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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
lINIThD STATES NATK)NAI. MUSEUM.
The Fishes
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NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA:
A DKSCKIPTlVli CATALOGUE
Si'KCIl'S or I-ISll-l.IKH VKRTHBRATHS R)UNi) IN THH
WATERS ()!■ NORTH AMHRICA, NORTH Of- ',
THH ISTHMUS OV i'ANAMA.
'■*;
A,
DAVH) STARR JORDAN, Fu. D.,
rKi:siui.NT UK Tin: lelAnu Stanford junior univursitv,
AND
BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Pii. I).,
u;iiTiiYoiot;isT oi- tiik uniti;d statls iisii commismon.
PART I.
^i
WASHINGTON:
(iOVKKNMKNT PKINTINCi UPRCh.
I.S06.
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TUOSK TrilTITYOI,Oni8T8 OP THK PAST WHO UAVK STUIUKI)
AMEUICAN KISIIKS IN AMEUIOA,
IN TOKKN or
"TIIK ONLY UKWAHD TIIKY ASKKD- A (iKATKFUL
REMEMBRANCE OK TIIKIK WOUK."
Gr.iiiKi MAUConAr, lOKi-Kllt.
BlAiiiicK (iK Nassau, 1('>04-Hi7y.
CllARI.KS I'l.UMIKIl, 1«4(>-17<>1.
(iKOItCK WiMIEI.M StKI.I.KU, n(l!)-l"l5.
Mahk (Jatkshv, lG~il-174!l.
Hans ,Si.(iank, 1000-1752.
I'ATUICK BlillWNK, 1720-1790.
Alkxaniier Gakhf.n, 1730-1701.
Antiinio 1'aiiha, 1750*-18(H).
.I.HIANN David Sriiiil'F, 17r>2-18(K).
STKI'IIAN KitASCIIKNINIKllW, 17K0*.
rKTKUSSlMllN I'Al.lAS, 1741-1811.
Otto Fahkicius, 1744-1822.
William PANiiiiiDiiP. Tkck, 176;1-1S22.
.Iran Baitistk Simx, 1781-182(1.
SaMURL I,ATI1 am JllTCIIILL, 17(i4-lH31.
William Tiikoi'iiius Tii.eshs, 177"i*-
18;J5*.
ClIAIlLEM Al.EXAMUlE I,E SUKI'I!, 1780*-
184(1*.
OoNSTA.NTiNi: Samuel IUeinehquk, 1784-
1842.
.lAME.s Elmwortii De Kav, 17ilil-18.'>l.
Zadock Thompson, 17%-18.">G.
Alexander v«in IIumholdt, 17!)()-l8ri!).
Uamon dk la Sa(ira, 1810*-18ri()*.
flLArPKOAY, 1800-180;'..
John RiciiAiiimoN, 1787-1806.
UoiiEiiT Hermann Schomiiuikik, 1804-1805.
Francis de Castelnau, 18(10*-18C5*.
George Suckley, 1830-18('.!1.
•toiin kowards iioliikook, 1704-1871.
Louis Aoassiz, 1807-1873.
HERHERT EltSON OOPELANK, 184!t-1870.
Jaked Potter Kirtlaxd, 1793-1877.
Jameh William Milner, 1841-1880.
Samuel Steiiman IIai.demax, 1812-1880.
Charles Koiiert Darwin, 1809-1882.
Charles Leslie McKay, 1854-18S3.
Si'ENCEH FUI.LERTON lUlRD, 1823-1887.
•Fames Carson nitEvoouT, 1818-1887.
PiiiLii- Henry Gosse, 1810-1888.
Silas Stearns, 1859-1888.
Charles Hauvey Bollman, 1S08-188S.
Felipe Poey y Ai.oy, 1799-1891.
William 0. Ayres, 1817-1891.
David IIumpicreys Storer, 180'1-1891.
PiiiLo Romayxk Hoy, 1810*-1h93.
Charles GiRAUn, 1822-1895.
John Adam Ryder, 18.12-1895.
Mausiiall McDonald, 1830-1895.
* Circa.
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J*TP»f'SWI»!?f?8Ppp?r
I* W K FAO K.
i-t,
III tliiH work tho writers liavc cndeiivored to ^'ivo conriso doscriptlons
of 111! tlie species of lishes known to iiilialtit tlie waters of North and
Middle America. In scopes the work includes, therefore, all the species
known to exist in Nortli America, ('(Mitral Ameri(;a, the West Indies, the
Carilibeaii Sea, the (Jalapajfos Archipelago, with tlie offshore hanks and
continental slopes of both oceans inclndod, as well as the waters of the
(riilf Stream. All marine species known to ociiir north of the Eipiator,
and all fresh-water species north of the Isthmus of Panama are included.
The fact that over a hundred spe('ies have be»Mi added to the list within
the time taken for printing,' the present volume, shows that this catalogue
is still far from complete.
The classilication and sequence of /groups adopted by us is essentially
that of Dr. 'Mieodore 0111, freely moditied to suit our present purposes.
This system in many of its details is purely tentative, to be confirmed
or changed wlien the anatomy of the various forms is better known.
This fact has been 8tronf,''ly emphasized by Dr. Gill and needs no further
discussion here. In the arrangement of the families and genera we
have endejivored to avoid unnatural associations and incoherent groups,
even at the risk of what may seem an excessive subdivision. In gen-
eral, lujwever, no correct idea of the relation of large groups can bo
forme<l until the component parts are separated and iletined.
The rules of nomenclature recently formulated by the American
Ornithologists' Union, and now adopted by nearly all American natural-
ists, have been iFollowed in this work. The only exceptions are those
arising from the operation of two minor regulations which seem to be
impracticable or unnecessary,*
?^
•The first of tlicso excepUons concfriiK Caium xvii, 2, which gives to sjiocifif niinies applied
to males, pri'c<'Ut'iico over iiaiiies used for foinalus, wlieu the two occur on the sami' page. In
Huch cases of synclironous names, we have awarded priority to tlie name standing first on the
I>age, regardless of other considerations. The other exception is in the rule abundouiug a
name (as ScaiilihliijncbHs; Xipliidkni; Cuulhiilermis) when a i)rior generic name is of like etymcdogy
and of nearly the same spelling (us Scaphorbj/whiis, Xiphitliiim, or Ainiitlioilernm). Vfe regard all
generic names as ditTerent unless originally si>elled alike, and the original orthography (mis-
jirints aside) is in all cases retained.
1 fV)
yi
PREKACE.
The proHent work is, In a senso, a revision of the " Hynopsls of tlio
Fishes of Nortli Ainorlca,"*publishe(l In 188)J ity Jordan ii Gilbert, as
flnlletin XVI of the United States National Muueum. While the frviu-
eral ciiaractor of the work is the same as in the Synopsis, the text in the
present work has been entirely rewritten, and the jreo^'raphi(;al ran^e
greatly extended by the addition of the faunas of Mexico, Central Amer-
ica, and tlio West Indies. The luunber of species Included has been thus
more than d()ul)led. An effort has been made to show In tlie setiueuco
of forms, something of our knowledge of the line of evolution of the
.different groups of lislies.
Our recognition of Indebtedness should include In greater or less
degree most contemporary workers in systematic ichthyology, for It Is
not easy to separate tlie aid given to our Individual studies from tliat
given as direct assistance in the preparation of the present work.
Dr. (.'harles Henry Gilbert has turned over to the present junior
author his sliiiro In Jordan & Gilbert's "Synopsis," and has also freely
given litlp and advice, unpublished observations, descriptions of new
forms, and other aids wliich increase the usefulness of the work. Most
of the descriptions here published have been written in his laboratory
or verified In the museum In his charge.
In ways similarly Important, we are under the deepest obligations to
Dr. Theodore GUI, who has looked over all our proof sheets, and who
has given numberless valuable suggestions arising from his extensive
knowledgfi of comparative anatomy and of the literature of zoology.
Every part of the work has been made more valuable by the friendly
interest of this master of taxonomy.
Still other aids of importance have come from Dr. G. Brown Goode,
Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in charge of the United
States National Museum. The work of rewriting the Synopsis of 1883
was undertaken at his suggestion. Every help toward rts completion
has been freely extended, the most important being the use of the
advance proof-sheets of tlie "Oceanic Ichthyology" of Goode & Bean.
To Timothy Hopkins, esq., of Menlo Park, Cal., a generous patron of
biological research, we are indebted for the kind interest which made it
possible for Vae junior author to associate himself with the present work.
Dr. George A. Boulenger, of the British Museum of Natural History,
has examined many type specimens for us, and has most kindly furnished
advance proof-sheets of the first volume of his Catalogue of Teleostean
Fishes. Large use of these proof sheets has been made in our accounts
of the PercidcB and Serranidm.
I'UKKACE.
vn
Valued aids in tlio Holution of doubtful 'luoHtions havf boon rocolvp<l
from Dr. Fninz Stolndiichnor of Vloniia, Dr. Fran/ llil^'O'idorf of Morlin,
Dr. Christian V. LlUken of Coponha^'on, Dr. Robert Collott of Chris
tlaniu, and from Dr. I/on Vaillant, M. F. Hocourt, and M. Aloxandro
Thominot, in Parifi.
In our own country, we linvo ospoclally to oxpross our oblijjfatlons tor
favorH received from Dr. Tarleton H. Dean, of the Now York Aipiarium:
from hirt brother, Mr. Barton A. Hean, and Mr. R. Pidward Karjl, of the
United States National Muweum ; from Prof. p]dward D. Copo, of Phila-
delphia, and Mr. Samuol (Jarman, of tlie MuHoum of Comparative
Zoology; Dr. Iiuj,'li M. Smith and Mr. William C. Kendall, of tho United
States Fish Commission ; Dr. Steplien A. Forbes, of the University of
Illinois; Dr. Edwin .T. Nolan, of the Acavlemy of Natural Sciences of
Piiiladeli)hia, and Prof. Simon II. (laf^e, of Cornell University. To
the Hon. Marshall McDonald, United States Commissioner of Fish and
Fislieries, and Mr. Richard Rattibun, chief of the Division of Scientific
Incjuiry of the United States Jish Commissh)n, we are under especial
obligations for assistance in many ways.
Our own students, present and past, especially Dr. Setli E. Meek, Dr.
Wilbur \V. Thoburn, Mr. Edwin C. Starks, Dr. Frank Cramer, Dr. Carl
H. Eigenmann, Mr. Albert J. Woolman, Mr. Cloudsley Rutter, Mr.
Keinosuke Otaki, Mr. Thomas 31. Williams, Mr. Georfje B. Culver, Mr.
Norman B. Scofield, Miss Suale B. Bristol, Mrs. Flora Hartley (ireene,
and others, have rendered aid of various kinds. Dr. Meek has devoted
a winter in Palo Alto to the prepan'tion of the tirst draft of the account
of the Pomai'entrida', (huJiihv, Brotulidiv, and other families. Mr, Cramer
is the author of the account of the Scorpienuhv and Agonithv, and to Dr.
Thoburn we owe the outline of tlie Cottida'. Mr. Starks has spent much
time in the verification of descriptions. An especially important service
has been rendered by Prof. Walter Miller of tlie chair of Archa-ology In
Leland Stanford Junior University, and Mr. William Barnum, Editor of
the United States Fish Commission publications, in reviewing and
correcting the etymology of names of the genera and species. Prof.
Augustus T.Murray, of the chair of Greek in the Leland Stanford Junior
University, has also contributed valuable suggestions. To Mr. George A.
Clark, President's Secretary of the Leland Stanford Junior University,
we owe many"" favors In connection with the preparation of manuscript.
Under tlie head of each species, enough synonymy has been given to
connect this work with other descriptive works, and no more. Reference
ii
fli
E' ,1
/
VIII
I'KKKArK.
Ih niaiitt to <MU'li ()i'l);liial tlcHfriplioii nT HuppoHiMl new spcrios or tr*>iifra,
til tin- (U)scriptii)iis ill Dr. (}niitli(M''s "('atali)KiH' ul' tin- FIhIh'- of tlio
Hiitisli MiistMiin," tit.Iunlaii A: (Jillmrt'M "SynDpsis of tin* Kislu'mil' Nortli
Aiiiorica," ami to otlicr works in which special inrorinatioii is ^'ivcii.
Tin- limits of the jircsciit worlt prcvoiif us from ^'iviiij,' a l)ll>lio):rapliy
of tin- works roiisuitt'd. Fii ^'t'licral, we havo tri(Ml to (ixamliM- cvrry
paper which throws lij,'lit on Aiiu'ricaii Ichlhyolojj:y.
Ill coiicliisioii, wo may say that no one can rcali/c the imperfections
of tills work mor«' keenly than we do. We otFer no excuse for iiiaecu-
racies and errors, luit it is fair to say that, thronj,'liout the four years in
which this work was written, l>otli its authors have fouiul their ener-
j>;ies crowded to the utmost Ity executive work to which systematic
lehthyolojfy hears no relation. Had it not Ikmmi so, this hook would
have come somewhat nearer our own ideals, and es])ecially would it be
more exact and detailed on the side of Osteolo^'y, Embryolojjy.and Pal
a-ontolomry. As it is, we trust that the work will lio a useful ri'pn^senta-
tioii of the present state of our kiiowledj^e of the fauna in (|uestioii.
David Stauk .Ioudan,
HaU'I'ON WaKKKN KiVKllMANN.
I.KI.ANII STANniUI) .ll'NIoH I'nI VKHHI'i t ,
I'AI.O Al.lil, .SaNT.\ (Ji.AKA CllfNH, Oai.o'ounia.
Mitiiii /', isn:,.
f
N < ) r !<: .
Til our (los<<ripti()ii-i of species, we Imvo iifU'inpted to Itr'nij.' the jirlii-
cipiil eoiiipiirative nieasiireineiils tirsf. Tlie expressioiM "IkshI I," of
"(leptli 4" mean that tlie h'ii;,rth of th(^ head in tlio one caise, or th«
^Toatest (loptli of tiio body in ttie other, is contained 4 limes in tlio
lenj,Mli (»f file llsh measiiretl trnm tiie tip of the snoni 1o liie end of Iho
hist caiuhd vertebra, tiie caudal tin liein;,' not inclinled. The size of tiie
eye and tli(^ h'n^'th of Hiioiit and otiier iiuad parts are compared wltlitho
len;rtli of tlie sldo of the iiead, unless otherwise* stated; thus "eye 5"
means tlial tlie horizontal diameter of tlie eye is I the lon^'th of tlie
head. ''Scales ri(J4 7 " means that tiiere arc 5 rows of scales luMween
the base of the dorsal lln and tliei lateral line (tlie scab* in the lateral
lino excluded), (J4 ol>rupu> transve'-st* s( ries crossing; tlie lateral line, an<l
7 horizontal series lietweeii tiie lateral line and the base of the anal or
the vent. Wlien tlie number of pores in tlie lateral line is fewer than
the numlier of scales in it, we have usually indicated the fact.
The tin formula' are usually shortened as much as possible; thus I).
10,"'- I). TV, »,"or "I). VIII-IIV nieiinsthat in the first case the lish has
ft siii^fle dorsal tin of 10 soft or articulated rays; in tlie second case, a
sin^'le dorsal lln of 4 siiines and 9 soft rays; and the last indicates a lish
with 2 dorsal tins, the tirst composed of 8 spines and the secimd of liJrays.
Spines are always indicatecl in romaii loiters.
The abbreviations for the other iiii birimil.i' are similarly explained.
The measurements jriveii in the text are inlendeil to apply to the aver-
ago of mature tish«'s. Youn^ lislies usually have the dt^ptli less, the head
and eye larger, and the mouth smaller, than adult examples of the same
species.
Descriptions not taken from npecimens, or at least not voritied by us,
are credited to the author from whom they have been copie(l.
"Eu." after the at'count of any species indicates that it b found in
J^urope.
The names of the localities from which the types of the species were
obtained, are printed in anti<pie old styb* type in connection with the
synonymy of each species.
When the tyiie sfiecimens are in the United States National Museum,
wo have given the numbers which they bear on the register of that
institution.
An atlas, containing anatomical figures and illustrations of many of
the more important species, is now in jireparation and will appear upon
the completion of the second volume of the present work.
(IX)
u
(
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
I>.IK.-.
CLASS I. LEPTOCAKDII — 2
Obuer a. Amimikixi .. 'i
Familt/ I, Itrancliwutotnulie ' 'i
Goniisl. nniDchioHtoma, Costa ;i
1. IiiDcooIatuin (Pallas) „. 3
2. (-aribicum, SundcTnll a
3. californieuse, Gill . 4
OoDus 2. Asyminctron, Andrews 4
4. lucayanum, Andrew, . 4
CLASS II. MAllSIl'OBBANCHII 4
OllDEK 11. lIVPEnOTIlETI 5
Familj 11. lu^' Uremiiiie 5
GonusS. Polistdtrema, Gill fi
5. Btouti (Lockington) G
FamUy HI. Myxinidie 7
GounH4. Myxine, LinniciM .: 7
fi. glutiuosa, LinnaiUB 7
OUDEII C. HyPEROAR"!! . 8
Family IV. Pelraniyzonida: 8
Genus 5. Bathymyzon, Gill „ . 9
7. bairdii(Gill) 9
Genus C. Potromyzon (Artedi) Linniims 9
C 8. marinus, Linntcus 10
8a. unicolor (Do Kay) 10
Genus 7. Ichthyomyzon, Girard 10
■-: 9. oonculor (Kirtland) 11
10. castnncns, Girard 11
Genus 8. Eutoeplieuus, Gill 11
C !»■ tridentatus (Gairdncr) 12
Genuu 9. Lampctra, Gray .. 12
<■' 12. aurca(Bean) 13
13i spadicca, Bean . 13
c- 14. cibaria (Giranl) 13
c 15. wildori, Gage 13
CLASS III. PISCES 1 14
SUBCLASS SELACHII 15
Order D. Diplcsi'ondyu 16
Family V. CMamydoselachidie ... „ IC
Genrs 10. Clilamydosclachus, Garman ... 10
10. anguineus, Garman .,_. 10
Family VI. Ilexanchidx 17
Genus 11. Notorhynchus, Ayres 17
C 17. raaculatus, Ayres 17
Genus 12. Hcxanchus, Kaflnesque 18
<- 18. corinuB, Jordan & Gilbert 18
19. griseus (Gmelin) . . 19
(XI)
4-
I ;
XII
CONTKNTh.
CLASS III. I'ISCKS -('oiitiinii'il. Vn^c.
OllfPKIl E. A.MTKIl(>.S"ilNriVI.I 19
Si llOllliKK I'llM.VUTMKI 1!)
Family VII. lleUritiloiiliihi 19
Ooiiuh13. Gyrdiilciiniiliis, (iill •>!)
'M. frnncisci (<iiriiiil) 'JO
Jl. (iiKjyi 1 1' iviiiiiivillc) 21
i3i'iioui)K.i[ Oai.ki . 21
h'niiiilil VIII. Snjiliiiihiuiilii 'It
Goiiiis 11. .s< ylliorliiiiiiH, Uliiiinillc 'i'i
22. (ifofiiiiiliiniiii, (IiNiilc,^ lU'iili 22
tioniiR V>. CiiliiliiH, Smith 2:J
Siili^;i'ini.'< Ciitiiliis 21
21!. xaiiiiinis, Gillioit 24
24. Iiriiiiiieii.<, (iillicif 24
2.'.. cciiliiiluti, (Jlllicrt 24
2tl, ictiffi- (fiiiriimiO 2.')
SiilPKcMiiis ('(!|ilmli>sc>lliurii, (Jill 2'>
27. iili'r, .Idriliin \ (Jillii'it '!.•>
I'lUllilii l\. Iliiliilj/iii'i^l"iiii(lii 25
(Jciiiis 1(1. (iiiij;l.viii()sti)iiia, Miillcr A lloiiln 2()
2H. (■irratiiin (Giiii'liii) . 20
Fittnihi \. l*si ntliilvHtkiiUi . 2P
(Jcrnirt 17. I'siiiilolriakis, Capcllo 27
2!l iiiirrixldU, CaiH'llo 27
Inmihf M. i:<,ln,l:, 27
Goiius IS. .^liisti'Iiis, Ciivicr 28
(I. liiinilatns, .Ionian \- Gillicrl 28
:il. .aiiis (Mitcliiin 29
Goiiiis lit. (ialciis, lfatiucK<iiiP 29
:',■>. iloivaiiH((;iii) ;«)
:;;i. calirorniru.s (Gill) _ ,10
Gi'iiiLs 20 IthiiKili'iac'is, Gill liO
34. hoiilci, Gill ;!1
Genus 21. TiiaKis, Miiilcr.V lli-iil.' lil
r..5. (■c'lnil'a.-icialiiiii, Giianl 111
(ii'iiiis '/•_'. (ialrorliiims, Blainvillo lil
<1 'Ml /yoptiTus, .Inrdan I't Gillicil .'!2
(Jciiiis 2;t. Galoiiccrdip, Sliillcr .t Uriilr 112
;i7. tigliIlll^ :Milll.'iiV llonle ;i2
GeiniK2l. I'liDiiaic, C'aiitor lil!
C l'>*. Kli""''i (f'Slilia lis) lil!
Genus 25. Cari^liarliimi<. I'laliivillc 1)1}
SulifieiiUH Plulypoiliiii, (iill I!.")
liil. oliseurus (Le Sui'ur) 3^>
10. |ilatyrliyiH'liUH iCJillicrt) IIO
11. lalril'oiinis (iiilimii) llfi
42. am mot us (Poey) Itfl
■It. pi'l(V.i (I'dey) . III!
41. reiudtu.s (A'alonciouiios) .'i7
4"i. lienlei ! Valeiicicinics) 37
Suligeuus Ciicliaihinus l!7
4(i. niilliorti (Miillir A- Ileiilo) 37
47. luniiellii (Jdrdau Si Gilbert) 37
48. lauiia (RafiMesqiie) liH
49. platydildii (I'oey) 39
50. IVdntii (.Idi-daii .V Gilliei-t) 39
51. iiiianii:ueii»iH (Gill Jc liiuusford) 39
( ONTENTS,
XIII
rtASS III. I'IsrES— <'oiitiiiiiiil.
CMlKKIt K. AsTEROsroNltvi.l — < 'olltillllCil.
I'litiiUij XI. Oukiihi — (loiitiiuicil. riiRi'.
Siiligcniis iHOvioiiipliodiin, Oill 4(1
52. ii'lluUoniH (Jordan & GMIhtI) -- 40
f>;». liiiiliatim (MiilltT \ Ilenlo) 10
M. ox.viliviuliiis(Mull('r \ Ili-nloj Kt
Gciinx 2('i, H.v|i<>|>rion, MiillcrA Ili'iilc i\
55. brcvirDSlris, I'oey 41
50. Higimtim. Poey 41
(ii'imx 27. .Xprioiuxloii, Gill 42
57. isodoii (MiiUer \ lloiile) .. 42
Genus 28. Sioliodon, MliUer .V Hcnlc, 42
5K. loiignriu (Jordiin A Gilbert) 42
5!». terrx'-novM' iRiclmrddon) 43
I'miiilii Mil. Siiliiiniidii 4o
Oeiiiis 2!i. Siiliyrnii, ISittiiie:ic|iie V.i
,Sii!)n;eiiiis Keiiic('|ps, Gill . 44
(iO. tilmro (Iiiniiii'iiK) 44
Sutis''!""* I'ltt'yHqiialus, Swainsini 44
I'll, tildes (Cuvior) 44
SubK<'"ii8Spliyrna 45
Cii. /.ygn'na(Linnn'iis) 45
h'atiiUji XIII. Aliiimihi 46
Genus ;!0. Alopias, Raflnesque 45
li:!. valpes (Gmeliii) . 45
Vnmibi XIV. Cnrclmriuhr . . 4ti
Genus ;U. Carcharia.'<, Bafinesque 40
Subgenus Giigomphodu^, Gill 46
04. littoralig (Mitrhill) 46
Funiilii XW Lnmnidit 47
Genus .'i2. IsuruB, Raflnesque 47
Subgenus Isuropsig, Gill ._ 48
05. dckayi ((iill) - 48
.Subgenus Isurus 48
00. oxyrliynchus, Rafine.que 48
(ienuri :i:i Lanma, ('uvier .* 49
< 07. cornubica (Gnielin) 49
(ienus:i4. Carcliarodon, Smith 50
08. carcbarius (Linnniis) 50
Fiimilii XVI. Cetiirhinitlie 50
Grnuj 35. Ootorliiniis, Rlainville . 51
on. niaxin.Ms (GunDsr) 51
Fwiiihi X VII. UhinmlnnMir 52
(ienus 36. Micristodus (Gill) .52
70. punctatus, Gill 5J
Ordkii K. Cyclosi'ondyi.i 52
Sl'HOKDKR OvOI.OSPdNDVI.I .")3
Fiimili/ XVIII Siiiialiiliii _.. 53
Genus 37. Squalus (Artedi) Linnii'us ^>
71. acanthias, Liuuious 54
1-" 72. sucklii (Girard; 64
Genus 38. CentroBcyninus, Hocage .V: Capello 54
^■- "3. cu'lolopig, Boeage A Capello 66
(•enu!i39. Etmopterus, Rafinesquo 55
74. pusilhis (Lowe) 55
(ii'hus 40. Centroscy Ilium, Mii!lei'>& llunle 50
75. fabricil (Beiuhardt^ — . 60
m
'■ii
{fii
XIV
CONTENTS.
CLASH III. PI80KS— (Vntiniioil.
Ordkk F. Cy(;LosroNi)Vi.i— Coiitiiiuod. Page.
Fantity XIX. DalatiHie „____ . . -___„ „ .„..„ 56
0*nu8 41. SoiLniostiH, Le Sueur 66
C 76. microcepliiihiB (Bloch) -____.. ' 67
Familji XX. Kvhinorhin'uUe 57
QonHH42. Kchinorhinui, Blaiiiville 57
77. gjiiiiosuH ((imelin) 58
SVIIOIIDER Tkctosi'onoym 58
Vaiii'dii XXI. 8<]uatini(U^ 58'
Gouub4;I. Squatina, Duim'-ril 58
78. Bouutina (Linnii'us) 58
OiiDKii U. Batoidei 5!»
Hiiiioni>KE8Aii(,'inA CO
Fumilji XXII. I'rinlUlie GO
aunuH44. PriHtis, Latham 60
79. perrotteti, Valenciennes 00
80. poctinatuB, Latham . 60
Family XXIII. IViinobaliihe 61
GeniiH 45. RhinohatuB, Bloch it Schneider 61
81. lentiginoBUB, Oarman 62
S'.l. glaucoHtignia, -lordan A Gilbert 62
8;i. leucurhynchus, Giinthor 62
84. productUB, Ayres 63
85. percellens (Walbaum) 63
86. Bpinosus, OUnther 03
87. planicepH, Garman 64
Genua 46. Zapteryx, Jorden & Gilbort 64
88. oxasperatuB (Jordan & Gilbert) 64
89. xyBter, Jordan & Everinann 65
GenuB 47. Platyrhinoidis, Garman 66
90. trisoriatUB (Jordan & Gilbert) 06
Family XXIV. Hajidie 66
Genus 48. Baja (Artodi) LinDicus 66
91. erinacea, Mitchill 68
C 92. ocellata, Mitchill 08
f 93. fyJUc, LUtken-- 69
c 94. radiata, Donovan . . .„_ 69
95. plutonia, Garman 69
96. ackleyi, Garman 70
97. ornata, Garman 70
98. oglantcria, Bosc 71
99. Bcnta, Garman 71
: 100. iHiviB (Mitchill) 71
c 101. rhina, Jordan & Gilbert 72
C 102. blnoculata, Girard 72
103. inornata, Jordan & Gilbert 73
104. equatorialig, Jordan & Bullman 74
105. parmifora, Bean . 74
106. Btellulata, Jordan & Gilbert 75
107. aloutica, Gilbert & Thoburn 75
108. trachnra, Gilbert 75
109. abyssicola, Gilbert A Thoburn 76
Family XXV. Nnrcobalidve 70
GenuB49. Tetronarco, Gill 77
110. otcldentalis (Storer) 77
111. californica (Ayres) __. 77
QcdubSO. Narcine, Henle .„„ ____„ 78
112. brasiliensis (Olfers) 78
t'ONTENT8.
XV
CLASS III. P18CKS— Continue.!.
OuDKit O. Uatoiiiki— Coiitiniied.
/•hmiVi/ A'AT. Narcolialiilir — Contintirij. Pago,
OoiiusSl. Discopyge, Tm'hiidl 78
113. ommata, .Fordan & Gillwrt 78
SimoKDRR Masticuiia - 79
Family XX \'I. Lkuyatiilir _.„ 79
GpdiibS'J. UrolopliuH, Miillor t^t Hcnlo 79
li4. liftllcri, CoopLT 80
li5. neliiilosuH, Gai-man 80
110. JamaiconnlH (Cuvier) .-„_ ol
117. niunduH (Gill) - 81
118. goodcl, .Jordan k Bollman 81
119. aspidunis, .lordau & Gilbert 81
120. asteriaH, Jordan & Gilbert 82
QomiBS.'i. Dasyatis, Baflnosque 82
SubgoiiuH Ilomitrygon, MUilur k Ilenlo 83
121. centrura (Mitchill) 83
Subgenus Dasyatia 83
122. boBtataiDe Kay)- _ 83
123. gymnui-a (MUller) - 84
124. Biibliia (Le Sueur) 84
125. longa, Garman ........ 85
120. diptorura, Jordan iSc Gilbert . 85
127. say (Lo Suour) 86
Genus 54. Ptoroplatea, MUller & Henle 86
128. macluru (Le Sueur) 86
129. crebrlpunctata, Peters 87
130. marmorata, Cooper .. 87
Familij XXVII. mulwhaliilir 87
GenuB65. Aetobatus, bluinville . 88
131. nariiiari (Euphrasen) 88
132. latiieps (Gill) 88
Genus 50. Myliobatia, Dumeril 89
Subgenus Myliobntis . 89
133. frominvillel, Le Sueur 89
Subgenus Ilolorhinus, Gill 89
134. californlms, Gill 89
Genus 57. Bhinoptora, Kulil 90
Subgenus Rbinoptera 90
135. bonasus (Mitchill) 90
136. stoindachneri, Gvemiann & Jenkins . 91
Subgenus Micromosus, Gill . 91
137. ensenadw, Rosa Smith ..— 91
Familii XXVIII. ManlUhe 91
Genus 58. Aodon, Lacepode . . 91
138. hypostonnis (Bancroft) 92
Genus 59. Manta (Bancroft) 92
139. blrostris (Walbaum) 92
SUBCLASS HOLOCEPHALI 93
Okdkr II. Ciiim.1':roidei 93
Family XXIX. Chimariihe .. ...... 93
Genus 60. Chimivra, Linnaeus ......._.__ 94
140. monstrosa, Linnicus ... ,^.. . .. .. . . 94
141. aflfinis, Capcllo 95
Genus 61. Hydrolagus, Gill 96
142. colliei (Lay & Bennett) 95
Genus 02. Harriotta, Goode & Bean . ... 96
143. ralcighana, Goode & Bean ...._..., ...... - 96
F. N. A. II.
iyt
■■■'•, I I '4
■'%
•I
;■; t-
i n
XVI
<ONTENT8.
(
CLASS III. l>ISPI,'a <. ,
SUBCLASS TELKosTOMr
^"leK <j«„„j,|,.,
<'»ioiidrojranol(||.8 •
"««KH r. SKtACOMT,,,,, "
'■'"nil.; A.V.Y. /^,/y,w„,;;v;j
fatiiilu XWr i •
c '"""::'^' A''i-n«-, L.;r,:;,;r;
"C. .n,.,l.rostrig, A.vr..«. " ■
" H7. Nt„ri„, Linnn.,18
S ";• [•■•"'"•"i.-H. Lo s..,;,;'
H9. l,rpviroHfr„„,,L„.s,„,,/ " — -
^--;«Nn,.,iH.,....H,., „:;;;-----
..o,„«Tol!"'"-^''^''"^<^'""-/-)-:::::::::": ■
0«1>K.. K. II,.om„ooanom,eI
>V.»^ XXXIl. LepU.^,,,;- -
«--66. L.,,i„„,ton, t:::;^;^;
C ^"''S'"'"» L0,,i8o8(,,.„M
151. 08H,.„8 (Linna.,,8)
t^amihi XX\lli a -.
O'nns 67. A,„,„. Linn,;;,;"
155. CHlva, LinnH'us
Series TeloosJoi
Ostariophjsl
0«DKU M. N«MATOONAT.,r'lV.' -----.
yamihi Xwtt c-i . .
./ '^•^•\ll. SiluriJip
G-Us 08. K„„,b,,,,;—
' ,'• '""'"'"onsis (Gill)
'57. l'agre(Linua.us)
■«-■ »i...»,i,r.* ::"•""■■»") — z
|61. i..ariu„g(]„it,,,j„j
162. '»alnen8is (Castelnaul
Genera 6»-74. Galei.l.u.yro ;"r"": -
««nu8 CO. Galeic„tl,^8, c'n, ./t v''^^ * Valenciennes.. '
163. lentigino8U8 /f! ^''"ciennes ....
16o. tro8cl.oIl (Gill)
166. einphysetns (MillTer" «"t,""; ""
172 oil- * ^a'on(iennfis\
"2. albicans (Cuvior & Valencirnet:;;;—
'J7
100
— Kxt
- Uk>
101
101
• 101
102
— . 102
103
I04
• 104
10-,
loc
10(i
107
— 107
107
108
108
— 109
10»
lOU
no
110
Ill
Ill
Ill
Ill
112
112
113
113
114
114
115
116
117
117
■ 117
— - 118
118
118
118
— 119
— 122
— 122
— 122
— 122
— 122
— 122
— 122
— 123
— 123
— 123
— 124
— 124
\l
L^yt-ji^c™..
ii,i
COMTBMTH.
XVII
<XA8HIII. I'lrtOJaj— OoiitlninHl.
OllllKIl M. NCMATOONATIII— ColltlllUtld.
Fumilu XXXfy. Biluriilii — Contliiiinil. Pago.
Uouiig71. SelitimHpiH, Illcukur ._... — .... — ..........~_.......... 124
173. Jiorzboruli (DIocli) 124
174. «l<>wi ((illl) i25
176 luiiixruliH (Ciivior & Vitli-ncixiinoH) .... .. ..... 126
170. piirkuri (Triiill) 12r.
Uuiiuh72. Nctuinu, Itloukur 12ti
177. KruiullraHsiH ((Juvicr iV Vulcnrloiiiieo) .— 12<
178. HtricticasHiH (Cuvlor !i VukuKii'iiiioii) ... .. . 12(i
179. (lubla (Bloi'kor) 120
18(». keHsleii (Sti-iiuliicbliiT) 127
1«1, inBiiilpta (Joiiliiii A GlUitrt) 127
182. pluuicopM (8toiii(lii('lim'r) 127
IKI. platypoKoii ((illiitlicr) 127
184. Dscuhi (.loriluii A(iill)«rt)- 127
185. t-luttura (Jordan & GiUx-rt) 128
QoiiiiH 7:)< II()xiin«inaticlitli>'8, Blocker . , 128
180. foliH (Linnanis) 128
187. Hoemani (Gtlntlior) _. 128
188. jonlani (Eiguiimann & Gigoiiinaiiii) ... ._ .. 128
18!t. CHrulcBcons (GlIntlitT) 12U
190. guatoniaU'DHiB ((illnther) 12'J
191. aasimills (Gilntbor) „. 129
192. HuriDauiouBis (Bleokur) 129
193. dasyct'plialuH ((iilnlhcr) 130
194. longicopbalUH, Kigvnmaiiii & Eigeniiianii . 130
195. riigmpinuH ((Hivlor & A'alenoinuncs) 130
190. plirygiatiis (Cuvior & Valoncioiiiu'H) 130
Gt)iiii8 74. Tachysurug, Lacejiodu 131
197. nucbaliu (GUntbnr) 131
198. Abbus (CuviiT & ValoncicniioB) ..... _. .... 131
199. gpixii (AgasBiz) 131
200. molanopuB (Glliither) 132
201. furtbii (Steindachncr) 132
202. varioIoBiiB (Cuvior & Valoncienuos) 132
203. multiradiatUB (Glluther) 132
Genus 75. CatborupB, Jordan & Gilbert 133
20'1. bypopbtbalmuB (Stelndaehiior) 133
205. guloBUB (Eigcnnianu A Kigcnnianu) 133
GuniiH 76. IctaluruB, Kafinesiiue . 133
206. furcatus (L« Suour) _ 134
207. punotatns (liafiucsquo) 134
208. nieridionalis (GUntbcr) . 1:}5
OeiiuB 77. AmoiuruB, Baflnesqno .. 136
SubgcnuB Ilaustor, Jordan & Kvermann 137
209. lacuBtris (WallK:;ini) 137
210. lupus (Glrard) 137
211. catuB (LinnHMiB) 138
212. dugesi, Boan 138
213. okeechobocnsiB (Hoilprin) 138
Subgenus Ameiurus 139
214. erebennuB, Jordan ......... — . 139
215. natalis (Lo Sueur) 139
216. vulgaris (Thompson) 140
217. nobuloBUs (Lo Suuur) 140
2l7a. catulus (Girard) 141
2176. marmoratuB (Holbruok) .._... _....__.__._........_.. 141
■ii
'!1
M
III
fill
XVIII
CONTENT8.
0LA88 III. IMSCKS-OuntiiiiiiHl.
Oruku M. Nrmatoiinatiii— Coiitiniiotl.
t'amUy XXXIV. fc'i/tinVf/r— Ctmtliiiitil. I'age.
218. moIiu*(IlaflueH(nio) 141
•M9. i)luty(oi)liulUM(Olrar(l) 142
8ul>KoiiiiH tininiiis, Cope .. -„..„„—... _........ 142
220. iilKrIlabriH (Cope) 142
UoiiiiN 7k, Ijcptopx, HnfliiONi|iio „ .... .. „ . 142
221. ollvarlH (Ruflnoi(|iiiO 143
Goniis70. NotuniH, KiiI)iioh<|ii« ... .............. 14a
222. llaviiH, naflniHiim- 144
Geiiun80. ScliilbeoiliH, llli-ckcT 144
HuliKoniiK Si'liilljt'iiiluH . 146
22:». gyriiiUN(Mltclini) 14(1
224. U'ptacantliUH (Jordan) - - 146
SuliKoiiUM Itubida, Ji>r(laii & Kvornianii . 140
22.1. iKicturnuH (Jordan ."t Oilb«if) 140
220. luuebrig (Gilbert A Swain) 147
227. oxIliH (Nelson) 147
228. insiKniH (RIclmrdHon) - 147
229. ullborti (Jordan & Kvcrniann) . 148
2:J0. (d.'utluTus (Jordan) 148
2;J1. minruH (Jordan) — 148
2U2. fiiriomis (Jordan * Mofk) 1*9
GennH81. Rliamdia, Ulooker - 140
SubgpnuH Ithaiiidia — 160
2;53. wasnori (Gdntbcr) - 150
Subf^onns Klianidtdla, Kigennmnn t^ Eigvnniann ISl
234. iNironiit-iuiilIeri (Trowdiel) 151
235. inotaguoDHiK, (OUuthur) . 161
23ti. lirai-h.vptpra (Copo) _„ 161
237. walvini (Gllntlier) 162
2.18. li.vpsoluniH (Gllnther) 152
239. latlcauda (Heckcl) 152
240. godmani (OUntbcr) l.')2
241. KUi>t((nialonsiH (G(lnth«r) 152
242. nicaniguen^iH (Giintlior) . 152
243. microptorn (GUiitbur) 1.53
244. iiianagueuHiH (Gilntlicr) 153
245. ixjIyt-auluH (UUntlier) 153
240. petcnensiH (GUntlicr). 153
247. parryi (Eigenmanu) 153
GeuuK82. Piniclwlella, Eigenmann JcEigonmann 163
248. chagresi (Stcindachner) 154
249. nKKlcsta (Gllnther) _,_ __ 154
Gunu8 83, PiineloduH, Lacepide _.___ . . 154
2.50. inaculatus, LactJiHido 155
t\imil!i XXXV. LorirariUla: l.')6
GonuH 84. Loricaria, Linnaeus 150
Subgenus Homiodon, Kuer 157
251. pauamcDsiii, Eigeunniun & Eigeumann 157
Subgenus Sturisoma, Swainsuu 167
252. rostrata, Spix 157
Subgenus Rinoloricaria, Blceker 158
263. lima, Kner 158
254. bransfonli, Gill 158
Stibguuus Paraheniiodon, Bloekor 158
266. uracautba, Kucr <& Steindachuer 168
rONTRNTS.
XIX
OliASS III. PIHrES— Continued.
Orhkh M. Nkmatixinatiii— Cuntlniii'il.
t'timilti XXXV. hirifuriiilir — Cuutiniii'u. I'ligt'.
SuliKi<niiH Liirlciiria .. ...... . . . .... 1A0
2Mi. viirii-gata, Sti'lmliit'lnDir ._ ....... . .......... l.Vt
OoniiH HIi. lIuiiilanrititriiM, lilu(>k<ir ............. ..... .. ... IM
'i!)T, Kiiiicliitrute (('iivlcr A Valxncii'iiiioM) . . .... I.''i9
aOH. imiililolppiH (Ollntlmr) 15l>
rifiiUH Ht). Cliii'toNtoiiiuH, Kiior ......... -. .... .. . KW
26!>. nnflicrl, Stciiuliichiii'r HM)
OitiiilH H7. AnciMtriiH, Kncr . .. ... KM*
'ii'*). t-hui;ruHi, K>Kcnniuiin A Kigo'inmnn 100
OllDl'.ll N. ri.KlTlltlfoNliVLI . loo
.Sl'IIIIIIIIKK KVKN'roaNATIII .......... . 101
f'miii/// XXXyi. Catimlnmidiv 101
(ioilllNHH. IftiiilillM, IlatitirMqiin .. ........ ...... . lOIJ
BiiligeiiiiK .St'lorognathiirt, ('iivicr & Valeni'innnuH „ . 10.1
2»>1. cypriuolla (Cuvlor A Valoiiili-iinuH) 103
SubK*MiilH Ictliiliiii 164
202. uiUM (Agawi/.) lot
2K1. incriilionaliH (Gllnthm) 104
204. IpubaliiH (B<ifliii'«<nio) 104
OoniiH 89. OurpicxIoN, ltafliirHi|un . 10ft
205. carpio (Biiniitgque) .. _ 100
208. (llfformiH, C'op«. 100
267. thotnpHiini, Anawii/, . 107
2G8. volifer (RaflneKquc) 107
209. cyprinim (L<! 8ui'ur) 108
OoniixOd, CyclcptUH, Baflncsqud 108
27(1. eliinKBtuN (liC Suour) 108
GoniiHOl. PantoHt«UH, 0(>p«_._. ....._.._- . 109
271. arizutiH', (iilliurt.. 170
272. pcncnwuH ((Jirard) 170
27n. ploLeiuH (fiiiinl & Ginir.l) 170
274. (lelphiniiH (Cope) _ 171
275. guzniauienNiH ((iiranl) 171
270. jurdani, Kverniami 171
277. aripopus (.Tdnlaii) 172
278. olarki (Bainl & Giranl) 172
Oenu8 02. Catostomus, Le Sueur 173
SubgenuH CatostomuH 174
279. latipinniH, Baird k Glrard 174
280. grisous (Girard) 176
281. pocatoUo, Gilbert & Evormann 176
282. catostonuiH (ForHtor) 170
283. tahoensis, Gill * Jordan 177
284. rox, B. S. Kigenmann 177
Subgenus DccactyluH, BaflnoHqux 177
285. labiatus, Ayres 177
280. occidentalis, Ayros , 178
287. l)ernar(lini, Glrard 178
288. macrocheilu!*, Glrard 178
289. cummersonii (Liicepi-do) 178
• 290. ardenH, Jordan & Gilbert 179
291. gila, Kirsch 180
292. insigniH, Baird k Girard 180
293. fecundus, Cope & Yarrow 180
Subgenus Ilypentelium, Baflnesque . 181
294. nigricans, Le Sueur 181
295. rhothoecuB, Thoburn . 181
r
1^^
1 5
XX
COMTKNTB.
CLASH III. I'lSCfM-Coiitlnuetl.
Ubdkii N. 1*1. RiTimi>or;iivi,i— Continued.
FamUii .Y.V.VI7. < 'nlonlomiilir— (jont\nutK\. I*it^e.
(loniiH li:i, (IliaiinilHteH, Jorilitn .... .. .. .......... . 1H2
2»fi. lloriiH, J.irilan 183
207. ciijiiH, Oii|)o IKJ
20M. hrevlniHtrU, ro|>o . 183
2il!t. IiixutiiB, (;o|H) _. 183
OfMiiRtM. Xyraiichen, KiK*tiiinann tV KirM^h ... ................ IM
IKK), c.vplio (LocklnKton) 184
301. iinoom|ialiKru, Jordan & Kvorniann .............. .......... 184
GimiiR O.'i, Krimyaiiin, Jordan ...... ._. ... ............. 188
302. HUCotta(l-uei>i)i'de) 18fi
;«V2(i. iiMonKUM (Mitohill) 180
GnniiH OC. Minytreinii, Jordan . . . 186
;1(I3. inuliino|>H (KaflnnM(pio) ....... .. 187
OoniiH 07. MoxoHtonm, KaflnoHrjuo ... ....._ ........... 187
:i()4. ipaiillloHuin ((Jopo) .. 189
305. uiiigiirnni (ltuflneHi|uo) . ... .. . 100
1100. rollupsuin (Copo) _ 100
.307. Imcro (Cope) 180
am. pidlonBi- (Copo) 101
110!). corvgonuH (Copo) ... ...... . ... 101
310. iill.nni (Cope) 101
all. tlialiWHinuin (Copo) ._ 191
312. conBOdtum (Haird A Glrard) - 102
313. anstrlniim, Bean _ 192
314. aureolum(Lo Suour) ■ 192
316. robugtuni (Copo) 193
31C. niacrolopidotuin (Le Sueur) 193
317. crasoilabre ((!op<') 194
318. loHUOuri (RichardBon) _ 104
31!>. lintvicops (Copo) 106
320. iimus (Copo) _ 190
321. puM'iluruni (Jordan) . 106
322. rupiscartofi, Jordan A Jenkins 106
323. cervinuin (Copo) _.. 197
Qenuii 98. IMacopliarynx, Copo 107
324. du<iuosnli (to Sueur) J 198
OonuH 99. Lagocblla, Jordan A Brayton ... _„... 198
325. larora, Jordan A Brayton 100
Familii .Y.V.V 17/. CuprinUhe.. 190
Genus 100. CampoBtoma, Agassiz 204
320. ornatum, Girard - 205
327. pricol, Jordan A Tlioburn 205
328. anomalum (IiaflncB(|ue) 205
329. fornioBuluni, Girard 206
Gonug 101. Orthodon, Girard 206
330. microlepldotus (Ayres) 207
Gonug 102. Oxygenoum, Forbes . ...._.._ 207
331. pulverulontuni, Forbes 207
Genus 103. Acrocheilug, Agasslz 207
332. alutacous, Agassi/, A Pickoring 208
Genus 104. Lavinia, Girard •. 208
333. exilicauda, Baird A Girard 209
Genus 105. Chrosomus, Raflnogque . ... 209
334. erytbrogastor, Baflnesquo 209
334a. eos (Copo) 210
336. dakotensis, Evormann & Cox 210
336. oreaa, Cope .....„._.. 211
C0NTBMT8.
XXI
CLASH in. PIBCRS— Oontliiuol.
Ohiikii N. i'l.rx'TUHi'oNiivi.i— <'i>ntiniii'i|.
Familj/ XXXVIl. «>/}<nNi(/»— Coiitlimod. Paf*.
OoniiH l(i<l. AlKa>>"*<», Oiranl .._.........................- 211
;i:)7. llncella (Ciiviur tt Vuloncic-rinoii) 211
:i:iH. iIiikchI, Ilf'iin -. — 211
;t;i!». Hullii'l (Olliither) 212
QvniiN 107. II> lioKiiutluii, AkuhhI/. ..... 212
t(|iliK<'>>>i'* H.\ oKimtliiiR ...... ................. ....... .......... 213
;il(i. inuliiil -, AkikmiIz 213
:m. »r|jr)rlti->, OInirJ _ 211
:H2. hiiyl, Jiiriliin 2H
Biiligoiiiia Dioiulii, Girunl . . . - 214
ai.l. Horona (Olrunl) .... 214
311. fplmoim (Ciliuril) . .... 214
■.W>, mil.llu (Forlmii) 215
3»fi. amara (Glriml) _ 2ir)
347. moliinops (Olrnnl) .., 21ri
:»48. iiluml»>a(airiir(l) _- : 21(1
HomiM lOH. I'imoplialcii, Itjitliu>8<|iio . .......... . . 210
34!l. iiromolHH, l{iitlnua(|Uii - . 217
IU!)(i, iimciiloHim (Olniril) .. .......... . . 217
M'Jb. <.mlVrlii8 (GIrurd) 217
;m). notntuB (UafliKwiiiii') 21H
GoiuiH 100. Myldpliiirudon, AyroH .... . 218
361. conoccphuliiH (Miilrd A GIrurd) 21lt
riomis 110. Mylot-lidilufi, AkiihhI/, 21i»
3.12. caiirlmiH (lUclmrdwoii) 21'J
Gi>nii8 111. Stypodon, Guriiian 220
353. HignlCer, Gariniin 220
OoniiHll2. Suinotilus, KufliioMcimi ...... 220
HiiliKKUUH Loiit'OHdiniiH, Ilockcl . . 221
3.'.4. corporallH (Mltchlll). 221
SiibgoiniH StiinotlliiH 222
:tr«,'). atromttculiitiin(Mitchlll) .^ 222
355(1. tlioroaiiiitiiiiH (.Jordan) 2"3
GeiiuHllS. PoKonichthys, Girard 223
3.50, inacrolupidotus (Ayrcs). 223
OoiniH 114. PtycliochoiluH, Agaiwiz 224
3.57. orogoiienoiH (KichardNon) 224
;J58. harfordi, Jordan A Gilbort 22S
359. lurliis, Girard — 226
Genua 115. Gila, Uaird & Girard — 226
:;G0. elegauB, Baird & Girard 220
361. robuHta, IJalrd & Girard 227
.362. gcminuda, Copo & Yarrow 228
GcDiiB lie. LeiiciBciiB, Ciivior 228
SnbgenuB SilH)niu, Girard 231
363. criiBBlrauda (Haird & Girard) 2;il
SubgenuH Tigoiim, Girard 2.31
364. conformiB (Baird & Girard) 231
365. bicolor (Girard) 232
366. lineatUH(Girardi 232
307. nigrcscenH (Girard) 2,33
368. purpurcuB ((iirard) . 234
369. intermudiiis (Girard) 2.35
370. nigor (Cope). 235
371. alicias (Jouy) 236
' ;
n
' I
11
XXII
<:<»NTKNTK.
ill
CLAHSIII. I'lMCKS— Tonllnnocl.
URiiitn N. !M.r,i'To»ii'imi>vi.i -Coiitlniiwl.
tUmilji XXXVII. (V/»iii.,J,. -Ciiillnuiul. Tiiit*.
Sul>Ki'ini«<'lir.)iii|ii, (llmnl ...................................... 'i'M
;i72. ((."I'Tl (filnird) .... ...^.... .. 2:W
:n:i. liiinil-..Mtl (Oliiird) .. . 836
a74. okd^kIiix ((llriiril)..... ........ 3^7
:\V>. Iiy.liii|.lili.x (I'lilH') 23H
HilliKKtiilN KIcIiiiiiIhiiiiIiih, <ilrari| ................................. ........ 33H
;i7ll. liiilfi'iitiiM(llliliuiiUoii) .—........—........ *W
HiihKcliUH Cllnimloiiniii, tllriirii .......... ........................... 'iWt
.'177. vuiiiIiiImiiIiiii, ('iivii>r .V Vuli'iicienno.i...... ............. ...... 230
:»7H. i<l..ii«atmi(KlitlMiiil) 24«
Hl|ll|{l'll<lN I>|||.\|||I|H, ||lll\tH'Nl|Ul> .............. ........................... 240
:i7i>. iii'imii'iix (('"IK!) ................ ....... ...... . -..— 2.K>
;iw». miirn'irltii (''"i"') - ..— . . 241
:IH|. oi'riitti (KiK<'iiiiiiiiiii \. KiKnniiiiiiiii) ........ .. ............... 241
HiiliKimni) llc'iiiitri'iiilii, Cojm ............. .................... 242
:Wi. iiillticriaiiud (Coiifl) . 242
;ih:). tl>iiiimi'Uii(.lc>nliiii .1 (illlwrt) 242
8iiliK''i><i'* loliclilh.sN, Joriliiii .v Kvi'riiiBiiii ........................a.... 243
:iHl. iiliU<){.<(l tit (f'opn) . 243
(iuiiiiM 117. nutiliiH, IliillnrH<|iio..... .... ............._,..._.._. ....... 243
HiilmniiiiH I.t'iuoK, Ileckid .... . ....... ... .... ._ ... — 244
;iH,"i. oUviiriillH (f'oiM') „„ ... ..._...............„ . 244
HulPK<»iniK MvIcili'\iiiiH, Copo .... ..... ..... . .... ....... 244
;W(). Mcolor (<ilriir<l) ._ 214
:W7. n.vMimctriciiii(Iliiircl fc fllmrd) 24B
.'IHX. boiiniirill ((illnlli.T) .- 247
(ieiiui IIH. TiiixilliiuB, .roriliui 247
;tHli. occi(l(intaliH(Uairil A liinml) 247
Gi'iiiiH llii. OpHO|pii'iidiiH, May ..... . - ... 247
Hiibti'tiiiiH <»|woi)ii'odim _. .... . ... 'J4H
3!M). uaciiliiH, Kvoi'iiiaiin . . ._..... .. . . 24S
3!tl. oinillif, Hay 248
3!t'J. nional()|)H (ForlioH) ... . ._ 248
8uliK«'iiiiH ()pH<)|Mi 11, .Tnrdaii .t Kvermaiin 240
:i9:t. Ixillmuiii, (lillmrt 240
Conns 120. AliramiH, (!iivlor .... .... 240
HiiliRi'iiUH NotcniiKoiniH, ItafhicHqiKt .... . .... . 2.')0
:!',ll. cryHolcucaH (Mikliill)„ 2M
394i(. l)o«c'i (('uvicr .*t Vnleiicioniii'H) 'i.'il
3',»r). );ard()iipug (Oiivicr .t Valcncii'imcH) . Mt
flcinm 121. (!ochlo(;MalliUN, Baird A (iirard 251
;in(l. (iiiiata, lluiid .^: (ilmrd 252
;«I7. lii|?ilttata, CojKi ..-.._ 2,12
fJcnuH 122. Cliola, fJirard 2.'')2
;m.S. vigilax (Daird .t (iiraid) 25,T
:i!i!t. Hmlthii, Kviirmaun A Odx .— 2.53
OeiniR 123, KotropU, UafliU'8(|iii< .. .__. 254
SuliKi'DUK Aztocii, Jordan & Kvonnanii - .- 258
lOO. azti'cus, Woolman - 2.58
SiiligonusChrioiie, Jordan 258
401. bifronntiiH (Copo) 258
402. Jordani, EiKeuman!i & Gigenmann 250
403. niaculatUH (Ha.v) 259
404. anogoniiK, Forbes ..... «. ..— 260
405. cayuga, 3Ieok 260
406a. atrocaudalia, Evermann ..... - . 260
('0NTKNT8.
WlIT
CLASH in PISCES— roiitlnii.Ml.
OHiiru N. l'i,riTo»ivi<iii)\i,i— ('i)iiflinii(l.
h'limiltl XXXlll. <'v)pri»Wi/» -<'<iiitllllU<il,
■iiiti. |ii'li'riMliin(i'(i|i<-) .......
. 2tll
•»(ilt. MtMiiii', .iDrdim X Olllwrt 809
11(1. MiIiK-.-lliiM (Co|ie) 'ita
III. «7iia(('..|K)) una
•U'J. jiroc 111' (Copr) ..... U64
41:i. iilnriitniiluHiii(tilliilhi>r) SM
•114, kiiiiawlm, Jurclun A .IciikiDii ..... ......... .... 804
•ll'i. Iirayliiiil, .lunluii .V, Kvi'rninnn .................................... .. 304
41ll. »|iortnillrulllN (rii|i() ........... ...—.............«.. 8flfl
417. o/uraiiiw, Mci'U . .... 8fiA
4I«. I'liiliiiuliiin, U'oolninii ................ ..................... Sflfl
4ll>. topckn, <lllli«rt 8(U1
SnbROMiiM Iliiiliiniiliif), tMrnril .. . ....... „.-. ............ . 8'lfl
4J0. KlllwrtI, .lonlun A Muck StU
4'JI. pIptoluplH (C((|i..) ' 'J6fl
■\Ti. HimuH (('.i|ii') 807
4i». l.iiiirlroHtrln (Hjiy). 'J<i7
4a4. mix, Kvi'rmiiiiii .... ........... .. .... ...... 807
4'i''). iicicuiiiIh, Kvermiiiiii .......... ...... . ........... . — . 808
4Jti. Hliiniiurdl ((ilrani) '-'08
427. lllcrcl.rogiiH ((Jlmnl) 8IW
i'iH. IniilmiiiiuM (Do Witt Clinton) 2r.!)
42>*ii. neli-nc (.Jonluii) ...— 200
42«/<. aniunis ((Jlranl)... 27(1
12««'. )<aliiiJuniiH (Jdrilim \ Ilriiyton) . 270
SiiliKoiiiiH Cotloina, (iiraril . 270
4'J!». ..matin ((il> ard) — _ 270
SiiliK' niiH Moiiiaiiii, (llraril . 271
4;«i. f()rmiwiis((; Irani) 271
4111. frlKliliiH(( ilrani) - 271
4a2. liitronHls(I»ttli(l A (ilriinl) 271
4;W. iiroKiTpiiia ((liraril) .... 272
4:t4. riilllBiiiia (.lordaii) 272
SubguiiiiH CvpriiioUn, (ilrard 27.'»
4ar.. lpiil.allniis(Balr<l A (ilrartl) 273
4:tO. Iiuliliiindna (Cinird) 273
437. iiiarrostoniiiH (flirard) 274
43H. tcxiiiiiiB (fiirard) -- - - 274
430. notaluH (Oirard) 274
440. vcnustiiH (Ctlrard) . 274
441. cori'oxtignaa (Ciipc) 275
442. HtiKiiiatiirii.s (.lurilan) 275
443. ti'lihroiHtiuH (Jordan ic (iillicrt) 275
444. calliKfliis (Jordan) 270
445. carygtomiiH (Jordan) . 270
440. ciitiiUmih (Jordan) 277
447. nlvnHs (Cope) 277
447(1. chloriKtiuB (Jordan it Itrayton) 278
44S. whipplii (fiirard) .- 278
440. analoMtanitK (Girard) 270
450. galactiirus (Copo) 279
451. caniuruH (Jordan .& Meek) 279
462. ZKOuruB (Jordan) .. . .... .... 860
i
6: t
i- <
t. ;
XXIV
CONTENTS.
I
P' I
CliASSIII. PISCES— ContinnoU.
OiiDKu N. I'i,Ec'TiiHi'<iNi)vi,i— Continued.
Familji XXXVIl. Ci/prmulii' — Ci)ntinuotl. Vage.
453. liyiMwIoiitoruu (GUntlier) 280
464. pyrrhomoliifi (Cone) 2H0
iK\. garmani, Jordan 2K1
Siibgoniu LiixiluH, Haflncsqito .. 281
4r.O. .ornutus (MUchilF) 281
V^rui. frontaliM (Agasgiz) 28;i
4r.O/). cyanoiiH (Cope) .-. 283
Attl. .'oraBiuuH (Cope) , 283
4r.8. albeoInH (.Jordan) 283
ir,<). lacortosus (Cope) 284
8iil)fi;en\i8 Ilydrophlox, Jordan 284
460. niacdonaldi, Jorlan i^ Jonkina 284
401. rocrogenis (Cope) 284
402. zonatuH (Agassiz) 285
463. zonistiuH (Jordan) 285
404. rubricnMreuH (Cope) 280
405. rhlorocophalus (Cope) 28,1
400. lutlpinnia (.Jordan .t Bray ton) 280
407. chiliticua (Cope) 287
408. altipinnit; (Cope) 287
400. roscug (.Jordan) 287
470. clialybmus (Copo) 288
471. elirosomns (Jordan) 288
472. xii'iioceplialua (Jordan) 289
SubgenuH Orcella, Jordan & Kveriijann 28!)
473. orca, Woolman 28!»
Snl)gcnus Notropis 200
474. arioniDiiis (Copo) 290
475. Bcaljriccps (Cojw) 290
470. jcjuniis (Forbes) 290
477. swaini, Jordan 290
i78. anmliilirt (Girard) 291
479. leiiciodus (Cope) _. 291
480. pcopifer, Kigenmaiiu & Kigenniann 291
481. telescopurt (Cope) 292
481«. ircunsaniis, Meek 292
482. KoriiiH (Girard) 292
483. noteniigonoiiles, Kverniann 292
484. stilliius, Jordan 293
485. athe.'inoidi's, Eafiiicsquij 29;!
486. argo (Cope) 294
487. dili-ctus (Girard) . 291
488. fnii;eu8, Everinann 294
489. nd)rifrons (Cope) 295
490. pliotogoniH (Cone) . 295
491. auKLMius (Abbott) 290
492. soepticus (.Jordan & Gilbert)... 290
493. niicropteryx (Cope)... 290
494. metn'.licns, Jordan & aieek .' 297
SubgenuH Lythrunis, .Jordan 297
495. belhis (Hay) 297
496. lirus (Jordan) 297
497. roscipinnlH, Hay 298
498. umbratilis (Girard) 298
498(1. umbratilin (Girard) 299
4986. atripcs (Jordan) 300
CONTENTS,
x\v
CLASS III. PISCES— Contliniod.
OnnEH N. Pi,K<,Tnsi'nNiivi.i— ContliUK.'d.
h'amihi XXXVlf. Cirnrinirln — Continued.
"ag*.
49H,'. lythniniH (.Tordaii) 300
4((S(/ cyitiiiirt'pliiiliiH (Cdiicliind) 3()()
i<.)S,-. iirl lis (C.i'c) _._ 301
•lOH/. fiisoiiilaiis, (iillicrt 301
4!»S</. iimtutiiius (Coiic) 301
4U8//. imiirtnlatnH (Ilav;.. .-. 301
GoniiN 124. £i'iryiiil>a, Ciiiic 302
491). Imciata, Ciiih;.__ _ . 302
Ooniig l^f). Plicnaciiliius, Cope 302
fiOO. tiTctulus, Co\H- 303
col. iiiiraliiliH (Girard) .303
r)02. Knijiifcr (Colw) :M)3
fi03, iiniii(H)H, Copo , 304
.'iOJ. catipstoiinis, .Tiirdau . 304
G<'iiusl2G. Evaria, Wo.dmaii .304
50."). ci^ciimanni, iVooliiiaii 304
Ocini.i 127. Tiuroga, fJirard 30.'i
."lOCi. ccihitis, Ciirard 3(t5
Ociiiis 12H. niiiiiiclitli.vs, A-a-Hi/ 30.".
507. catararta' (Ciivii r.V' ValiiuU-iiiiii') 300
507<i. diilcis (Girard) 300
608. i^imuH, fiariiiaii 307
509. atronajius (Mitrliill) 307
509.1. crmfiis (Storrr) _„ 308
.'iOO;.. Iiiiiatus(C.iii.-) :!08
fi09r. luclca^'Hs (Agiitwiz) _— 308
Ceiiusl'iii. Aj^iwia, Girard 308
Siil>K<'iiii.s AjxH'opc, Ci>p(^ 309
510. oscul.'V (Girard) 309
Oil. jarrowi, .Ionian & Kvi'riiianii .309
512. coucsii (Yarrow) 310
513. adobe, Jordan it Kvi'rniann 310
514. iii'vadoiisis (Gilbert) .310
515. iiubiia (Girard) 311
515a. carrin^toiiii (Cope) . 311
516. velifera (Gilbert) 312
517. uniatilla, Gilbert A Kverinaim 313
518. faleata, Kigeiimaiin .t Ki<;eniiiaiin .313
SnbKeiiim Af^osia 313
519. ehrysogii.>iter, Girard 313
Goiui.i 130. iljbopsis, Agassiz 314
Snbf^eims Eriinj'Ntax, Jordan 315
520. tetraneniiis, Gilbert 315
.521. ivKtivalis (Girard) 31(1
5?la. inarconis, Jordan & Gilbert 310
.522. hyoBtoniiis (Gilbert) 31(i
523. K"lidus (Girard) 310
524. meeki, .lordan &, Evcrnianii 317
525. luontnnnH, Meek 317
52G. cnniingii (Giinther) 318
527. nionaeus (Cope) 318
528. dissiniilis (Kirtland) 318
529. wat.auga, .Tordau & Evermaun 319
Subgenus IlylpojisiH 319
530. labrosns (Co]ie) 319
631, hyitsinotus (Coi)o) 320
I'll
i M
I M
* f
i ?!
1 .
iri-.c-i^a
XXVI
CONTENTS.
CLASS III. PISCES— Contlnuod.
Okdf.h N. Pi,E(rrosi»oNi)yi,i — Continuoil.
fVimi7;/ \XXVtI. Cuprhi iiht:— Contitiuoi. Page.
53'J. rul.iifioi.H (.lordim) 320
.MKi. amlilopH (IlafiHCHqiii!) .120
Ji3-I. htdrcri'iniiH (Kiiilimd) „ . 321
SiilincrniH Yui'ii'iii, Jordiin * Kvitiiiiiiiii __„ . 321
r.35. iiltiis (J.mlaii) 321
SiilitfiiMH Noi'DiiiiH, (iiraril . „_ 322
53(1. knitiickiriiwin (Uaflm-wiuc) 322
fJciiiiH 131. C'diicNiiiH, Jordan - 323
r,;U. Hc|iiaiiiil('iitiH (C<)])c) 323
fins. jiliiMihi'iiH (Aj^awHiz) 323
.53!). iliwiiiiilis (Girartl) 324
A40. n<<'<'i>i, .Ionian 324
.141. adnstiiM, WiMdiiian __. 325
(iiMiiiH 132. I'latygoliio, (iill _ 325
542. pli.vsifjnalliUH (Cojic) 325
f.43. niaciliM (lUcliardson) 326
544. iiallidiis, Forl.cw 326
Ot'iiiiM 133. Kxoi^lossuin, Kaflncmjiio „ 327
545. inuxillingua (Iio Siicur) 327
(iiMiuH 134. IjciiidonuMla, Copo 328
.546. vittata, Copo 328
547. jarrovii, Cope 328
Gcims 135. Mcda, Girard 328
548. fiilgida, Giraid 329
Gcims 13(i. PlagoptiTus, Cope . 329
549. argi-ntisRiiiiUM, Copo ,_, 329
SunORDEIt IlKTEllOONATlII 329
F„milii XXXrin. KrijlhriuUlm .330
GiMnisl37. Macrod .i.MUll.T 330
560. inicndcpiH, GUiithor 330
Familji XXXIX. Cliartwinidir 331
Ooniirt 138. Cuiimata (Ciivi(!i) Chxiunt 332
5,51. nia^daliMiic, StciiulachiiiT 332
Goiius 139. Pialdicina, Ciivicr & VaU'ncicnnes . ._. 332
552. paiianicnsis, Gill 332
Geiiiis 140. Ti'tragouoptorus (Artcdi) Ciivicr 332
Subgoims Astyannx, Bainl & Girard _._ 333
553. RnioiiK, GUnthor 333
.5.54. ruiiliiH, Jenyns 334
5.55. paiiamoimiH, GUntlicr 334
556. microplitlialmiis, Giinthi'i" 334
557. ecrstcxlii, Kriiyor 334
.558. potcnensis, GUnthor 336
559. si'abriplnnls, JenyiiB 3.15
5C0. hutnilis, GUnther 335
661. l,.-ovimanii8, GUnther 335
562. moxicanuB, Filippi 335
563. argentatU8(Baird& Girard)-.. 336
GoniisMl. Brycon, MUller & Troschel 337
Subgenus Chalcinopsis, Kner . . . 337
564. dentex, GUnther 337
565. Btriatulus (Kuor) 337
Genua 142. Gapteropelecus (Gronow) Pallas 3.37
660. mar.ulatUB, Steindachner 338
Genus 143. Roeboidos, GUnther ; 338
667. guatemalensis (QUntber) .. ........... . 338
CONTENTS.
XXV U
CLASS III. P18CK&— Continncil.
Or.DKii N. PLE(;T08Pi)Ni)yLi — Continiutd.
Familn XXXrni. Erj/lhrinidn—ContlmiOii. Pago.
Ot>iniHl44. Braiiiocharax, GUI— IWH
50H. bransfordi, Gill- - .'IM
G(tnufl145. Luclocliariix, Stoind ■Imor ;i3',l
609. insculptiw, SteindtU'huor 339
SlIDOHDER GVMNONOTI 339
Family XL. (liimnotiihr ...» 3I((
aeuuHl46. Giton, Kaup 340
570. fasciatus (Pallas) 340
Guiiiia 147. Eigoiimannia, Jordan A Evermann 341
671. humboldti (Stelndachiior).. 34J
ORDKH 0. SVMHKANCHIA ^ 341
Famihj XTJ. Sumbrancliuhe 342
Oon'.iH 148. Symbranchus, Bluch 342
572. niarmoratus, Bloch 342
ORDF.B p. CAnKNCllElYI 343
Famihj XLll. Dmchlhyiihv 343
Gonus 149. Porichthys, Gill 343
673. BerpentiuuB, Gill 343
OuDF.B U. Apodhs .344
8uilOBl>ERENrilEI,YCF."llALI 346
Famihj XLIIT. AnyuilUdit 346
Gonus 150. Anguilla, Shaw 347
574. chrysypa, Itaflucsriuo 348
Finiiilji XLIV. Simenchelyidie 348
Genus 151. Simonchelys, Gill 349
575. pavasiticus, Gill 349
Famihj XL T. Ilyyphiihe. 349
tienusl.52. Ilyophis, Gilbert 34!)
576. brunneus, Gilborr 3.50
Family XLVL Synaphobranchidie 350
Gonus 153. Synaphobranchus, Johnson 351
577. pinnatus (Gronow) 351
Gonus 154. Hirtiobranchus, Gill 351
578. bathybius, GUnther 352
579. inferualis, Gill . 352
Famihj XLVIL laplocephcJidr 352
Genus 155. Leptocephalus (Gronow) Scopoli 3.5:1
680. conger (Linna:;.g) 354
681. caudilimbatus (Pooy) 355
GcniiBl66. Congermurii'na, Kaup 3S5
582. balearioa (Do la Kochc) 356
583. macrura (Gilbert) 3,50
584. prorigera (Gilbert) 357
585. nitons (Jordan k Bollman) 3,57
586. flava, Goodo & Bean 3,57
Genus 157. Uroconger, Kaup... 3.58
587. vicinus, Vaillant 358
Famihj XLVIIL Muncnesocidm - . 368
Genus 158. Mnrwnesox, McClelland 3,59
Subgenus Murtcnesox 3.59
588. coniceps, Jordan & Gilbert 3,59
,589. savanna (Cuvier) 360
Genus 159. Xenomystax, Gilbert .300
590. atrarius, Gilbert 361
Genus 160. Hoplunnis, Kaup 361
691. Bchmidtii, Kaup 361
692. dioniediauus, Goode k Beau 361
% i.y
.'k
! I
■ .1'^. -,'>"i,".-A'.-:/rt-'
xxvm
CONTKNTH.
■I i
I lii
t
■A
0LA8S III. ri80KS— t'outiiiiiiHl.
Orueh Q. Ari)DE8— CoiitiiiufO.
Family SLVIII. Miirivitfiiiiidii- — Continuod. Pago*
UcniiHlOl. NoKcougcr, (iirard „.. „ . . :SU2
593. inucronatus, Oinml :i(;2
KH. vcrnilfurmi;:, Gilbert 302
GtmuH Ifi'i. Li'ptooongcr, I'oey 362
5'Mt. porlonKiis (I'oey) 3(iH
(•onus IK). StilliiHcuH, Jurilan it Uollmaii 303
5!t0. cdwnrdHi, Jurduii & Dullniuii 363
Gt'iiuH lt'i4. (iordiiclithj-8, Jordiin & Davis 3C;>
."I'.iT. irrotitiip, .lordiin & David 3ii3
Ftimihi XI, IX. XrUastiiiuiiliv 3(i4
Gofliinl05. (JiilopaiH, ItaflncHqiio 30-1
598. e<iiiatorialis, Gilbert 364
tii'iiiiH M'li'i. A'ciu'lica, .lordaii & Davis 365
rj'.i'J. jinicora, (iDodc it Ik-aii 3(1.')
I'miiUij L. Xriiiirhlhijiiln 366
(iciiu.s 167. Sorrlvomcr, Gill A ISjiKt 367
COO. boanii, Gill A Bydor _ 367
GciuiH 168. Si>iiiiviinuT, (till .t Kydor 367
6(11. K'lodei, <iill & Ryder 307
Geiiii.-< !()!). Avocdttitia, Jordan' it Davis 367
6(12. iiifaiis, Glintlii'r 367
(Jeiui.sl70. Labiilitliys, (!ill it Uydt'r 36H
60:i. carinatus, Gill & ]!yder __ ^^C,H
601. cloiigatus, Gill it Itydcr 36!)
Gt'iniH 171. Ni'iiiiclitliyM, Iticliardsoii 36!t
6(1.'). scolopactiUK, Ilidiardsoii 369
606. avocotta, Jordan <t Gilbert 36'J
Familii LI. Myridiv 370
fioniis 172. Alilia, Jordan it Davis 370
607. eginontis (.lordan) 370
GPU118 173. Myropliis, Liitken 371
608. piinctatiix, Liitken 371
GO'J. vafer, Jordan it Gilbert 372
Genns 171. Cliilorliinus, Liitken 372
610. Buensonii, Liitken 372
Familij I. II. Ophichlhjiidif 372
Oeini8l75. Si)ha,i;ebranohus, Blocli 373
611. angui'brniis (Peters) 1 374
612. Belaclioiis (Jordan & (iilbert) 374
Genu-s 176. Verina, .(ordan itKvonnann 374
613. kondalli (Gilbert) 375
Genus 177. LetburcliUf*, Goodo & Bean 37.1
614. velifer, Goode & Beau . 375
Genus 17S. Myrichtliyn, (iirard 375
61.'). tigrinus, Girard 37(i
Gl(). oculatns (Kaiip) 376
617. acuniiuatuH (Gronow) 376
Genus 179. Pisoodonophis, Kaup .. 377
618. crucntifer, Goode & Beau 377
Genus 180. Calloclielys, Kaup 378
619. mununa, Jordan it Evermann 378
Genus 181. Bascaui(dithys, .Jordan it Davis , 378
620. scuti(Mris (Goode & Bean) 378
(i21. peninsubu (Gilbert) 379
622. bascauium (Jordan) 379
i 1.1
J4»t*i,i"
CONTKNT8.
XXIX
CIjASS III. I'IS('KS— Contiiiuml.
Ohdbr Q. AloDKs— ('oiitlniiiMl.
/■'iiiMiV;/ III. Ofihkhlhijiihi — Contliiueil. Pago.
G<'niiHl82. QiioxHirmnuB, Jorduii A >avU 380
fC'i. iidtliocliir 'Gilliort) 380
OJI. I'vlotitlms (.loicliiii A Uiillman) 380
(iuiiii.s 1S.1. ((pliiilitliiw, Tliiinborg* Ahl 381
Siil)K'<'>i"a (IryptDptoriiH, Kauji 382
GJr). |iiiiirtic(']iM (Kau|i) 382
Siil)j;<'iiim Oiiliitlitlius 382
(i2n. liaviiiiiicn8iH(Blofli & Scliiifidcr) 382
027. ri'tr<)iiiniiiH(Ei(J!mii»ann) . 3iS3
SuligcmiM Mura'iioiwiH, Kau]) 383
028. i;iittifor (Boaii A DroBcl) 383
029. ()colIiitu8(IiO Sueur)_. "383
(VJO. ti-iboriali8(K>niii) 384
!Sii!pgomi8 S<ytalopliirt, Kaup 384
(ilil. gdinoHii ((!aHtel',iau) 384
0:i2. /.uphocliir (Jordan & Gilbnrt) 385
<')33. niagniuctilis (Kanp) 386
034. paiilis (Kiihardson) 386
Gciiu-< 184. Mj'sti'iophix, Kaup . 380
Subgonus Ecblopsis, Kaup 388
G3.'> Intortinctus (Richardson) 386
GeiiiiH 18r.. ScytallchthjB, .Jordan A Davis 387
(■.30. niiurus (.lordan & Gilbert) 387
Okiiiis 180. BracliyBomupliiH, Kaup 387
037. t-rocodilinus (Bounott) 388
SlIIHIRDEK Cdldcf.i'iiali — — — _- 388
FdiMiV// III I, MuricnUht 388
Goiius 187. Enclielycoro, Kaup 389
038. nigricans (Bonnaterre) .__ _._... __....._-. 389
G(^nuH 188. Pythonichthys, Poey 390
030. BJinguincuH, Poey ..... ... 390
Ot'uus 189. Rabula, Jordan A Davis 390
040. Jirjuii'-dulois (Cope) 390
041. niarniorca (ValcncifnucB) . .. 391
042. ]ia^amonHis (Stoindachuer) . ... __. 391
043. longlcauda (Peters) 391
GeniiB 190. Lycodontis, McClelland 392
Subgenus Lycodontis .. 393
044. verrilli (Jordan A Gilbert) 393
045. vlcinus (Castelnau) 394
04G. virescena (Poey) 394
t'>47. 'polygonius (Poey) . . . . 394
648. niiiringa (Cuvier) „ . 395
049. inordax (Ayrcs) . . . . 395
050. funebri8(Ranzani) 396
051. Ban(ta!-holen»! (Gtlnthor) 397
052. dovii (OUnther) 397
653. conspersus (Poey) . 397
054. iniliaris (Kaup) 397
6.55. claboratus (Poey) . 398
656. obscuratus (Poey) 398
657. chlevastes (Jordan A Gilbert) 398
Subgenus Priodonopbis, Kaup 399
058. ocellatus (Agassi/.) 399
658a. Baxicola (Jordau A Davis) 399
6586. nigroniargiuatus (Girard) 399
,J*.
r^.
m
/4
xxx
IONTKNT8.
Il
J;i
CLASS III. riS(;KS— Coutiniiril.
OiiDKit H. AroDEH — CuntiiiuiHl. .
I'tiiiiilii I. III. Miiriiniihi — Coiitiiiili'd. Pago*
(it'KiiH 11)1. Miirii'iiiv (Artcdi) Ijiiiini'iifi . _.„. .„.._.„„.. 400
•'•M, iiisiiliiniin, Jonlaii A DiiviM . 4(iO
(iW). arniiH(Stoiii(liirliiicr) 401
fitil. rctll'orii, (idoilo it Bean . 40l
Ofl'i. molaii()tlM(Kaui.) _ _ 401
ti(Ut. It>iiti(;inoMi, .luiiyna 402
G('ihin192. Kcliiiliia, Korstor 402
(i()l, iiiH'turna (C'oiio) 402
('.()"(. catfiiHitaCIlloc.'.; 403
(lemiH IDIi. UroiitiTygiiiB, Rllii|)vll 40;i
SiiligcnuH Sciitica, Jordan vt Kvurinaiiii . 404
(i(!(p. ni'cturus (Jordan itGilliort) 4(t4
Gi'hUH 104. ChaniKiiniiraMia, Kicliardnoii . 404
007. vittata (lUchardson) 404
OitiiER H, LvoMKiii 404
Vamilij TJW 8<wciiphariin(jiilic 405
G(Miun VXt, Sacc'0]iliarjrnx, Mitcliill 405
008. aiiiptillai-oim (Ilarwood) 400
Faiiiilii LV, I'liriijihiiriiiiijiilii' 406
GnuiiM 1!)0. Gastio.stonnis, Gill & Ryder 400
009. Iiairdli, Gill & KydiT.. 400
OuDKIt .S. IscWrONDYII 407
J'lwiiln lAI. Eloiiiihe — 408
Gi'iiim 107. Tarpon, Jonlan & Evernmnn 409
070. atlanticiis (Ciiviia- & ValoMcicniics) 409
Genus 108. ElopH, Liuniinis 409
071. BauniH, Linna'us 410
Faniiln LVII. MhiiUdw 410
GonuH 100. Altmla (Gronow) Bloch & Schneider 411
072. vulpes (Linnieus) 411
Fumily L VIll. lliodoiUiln 412
G(>nu8 200. Iliodon, Lo Sueur 412
Sul)geuus Ampliiodon, Rafincixiuo . 411)
07;i. aloHoide.s (Uaflnesijue) 413
Subgenus Hiodon 413
074. tergisus, Lo Sueur 413
075. aelenopp, Jordan & Dean 414
Ftimily LIX. Clianiilx 414
Genus 201. Clianos, Lacepode 414
070. elianoB (Forsk&l) 414
Vamihj LX. Uoroaomidm - - 415
Genua 202. Dorosomn, RafineHquo 415
677. cepediauum (Le Sueur) 416
677a. exile, Jordan .fe Gilbert 416
678. mexicanum (Gtlntlier) 410
070. petenonse (Giinther) 417
Vamilii LXl. Cliipeidie 417
Genus 203. Jenkiusia, Jordan & Everniann 418
680. acuminata {Gill)ert) 419
681. lamprotiunia (Gosse) 419
682. Htolifera (Jordan & Gilbert) — 419
Genus 204. EtrumeuH, Bleeker 419
083. Badina(Mitchlll)... 420
Cenus205. Perkinsia, Rosa Smith Eigonmanu . 420
684. otbonops, R. S. Eigeumanu . 420
CONTKNTB.
XXXI
CLASS III. PISCK8— <'ontlnuud.
OnnKH 8. iHdSl'oNDYia— Continued.
Familii LXL r/iijiew/H— Continued. Page,
G«nuH200. Cliii)pa(Art(!dl) Llnnn'UH 421
68.">. harnngiiB, Linnii'im „. ... „, . .._...._ 421
t.86. imllanil, Ciivior* Valonclonnos 422
(iuniis 207. 01iii»anodon, Liu'vpi'du . 422
C87. cnTiilPUH(Glriird).- 42:i
688. |>Ncudolil.s|iunicuR (Pooy) . 423
OoniiH208. PoinololiUH, RaflnoNi|iia . 424
OH'J. I'hrysoriiloris, Itafln('gi|uo .. 425
()!M>. mediocriB, Mitcliill 426
()!tl. |mt>udotiarongu8 (WilHon).... . 4?.0
092. u'stivalia (Mittlilll) _ 420
OonuH 20!). Aloso, Olivier 427
093. sapidlssima (Wilson) 427
arnu8 210. Sitrdinella, Ouvlor t(; Valoncionnog 428
8uli|<onug Sardinollu . 429
0)94. ancliovia (Cuvler ik ValcnciunncH) 420
(')95. clupeola (Cuvier A Valenrittnnea) 420
(i9(i. apicalis (Mdllcr & Troscliel) 420
097. bisliopi (Mdller & Troschel) 430
Suligeniis Harengula, Cuvier & Valoncionnes 430
098. sardina (Pony) _ 430
099. macrophthalmus (Ranzani) 430
"00. tlirissina (Jordan A Gilbert) 430
701. hunieralis (Cuvior A Valencipnnes) 431
SiibgonUM Lile, Jordan & Kvermaun 431
702. stolifora (Jordan & Gilbert).. 431
Genus 211. Opisthonema, Gill 432
70.3. oglinum (Lo Sueur) 432
704. libertato (GUntlior) 433
Genus 212. Brevoortia, Gill 433
705. tyrannus (Latrobc) _ 433
705(1. aurea (Agassiz) 4.34
705&. brevicaudata, Goode 434
705t'. patronus, Goode 434
Genus 213. Chirocontrodon, GUntlier 435
706. treniatus, Gllnther _• 435
Genus 214. Ilisha, Gray 435
707. flavipinnis (Valenciennes) 435
708. bloekoriana (Poey) 4.30
709. panamensis (Steindacliner) 430
710. furtlil (Steindacbnor) 4.30
Genus 215. Opisthopterus, Gill 436
711. lutipinnis (Jordan ^Gilbert) 437
712. dovii (GUnther) 437
713. macrops (GUnther) .. 437
Genua 210. Odontognathus, Lacept'do . 4.37
714. mucronata, Lacepi" Je . 438
715. panamensis (Stcindaohner) . 438
Genus 217. Pristigaster, Cuvier 438
716. cayanus, Cuvier 438
Family LXII, EngranlUlidie 439
Genus 218. Stolophorus, Lacepude 439
717. mlarchus, Jordan & Gilbert 441
718. perfasciatuB (Poey) 441
719. exiguus, Jordan & Gilbert 442
720. cubanuB (Poey) , , . .,..„.., 442
F, N, A, III,
'. i
M
' til
Hi
<La> r.v
it
t!
.A—^1 4
tAH-k a>i->i
XXXII
CONTENTS.
li
0LAS8 III. PI8CK8— Oontlnucd.
OHDKI18, Ihompundyli — Coiitii dOll.
t\imUii LXll. f,'Mi/raH/»(/Wa— Continued. P*Bo.
721. porthflcatuR, Goodn k Itoun . 442
722. iHcbauuH, Jordiin & (iillMtrt . . 442
723. liro nll(fimcllii) 448
724. cultratus, Ollbort 443
Tir,. ilolicotlmlrauH (Glran!) 444
72(1. cha)roHtomuH(Goo(lo)— . .. . -—„.._ 444
727. iir(?yr«>pliaims (Ciivior A Viilenclonui'H) .„ . . 444
72H. ciirtUH, Jordiin & Gilbert - 446
721). pooyl (Kncrit Stnindacliiier) 446
73(1. oiicrcnlorlM, Jordan A Gilbert 446
731. mltchlUi (Cuvlor & ViilonclonneH).. _ 446
732. luciduB, Jordan 4 Gilbert 446
733. cliiiwoidoH (Swalnson) 447
7'J4. prodiictuB (Pocy) 447
73.'>. compreHHUH (Girard) 447
730. panumuuHJH (Stelnduchnvr) .. „— — _. 448
737. Hplnlfnr (Cuvlor & ValonclouneH) — 448
GonuM 219. Engraulls, Cuvier . 448
738. inordux, GIraru . 448
GonuH 220. Anchovia, Jordun & Kvermann . ... 440
739. macrolepidotu (Kncr & Stuindachncr) 44tt
GoniiH221. Ct'tougraullK, GUnthor 460
740. mysticetus (Gllnthor) 4.')0
741. odontulus (Cuvlor) . 460
QeuuB 222. PtorengrauliH, GUnthor 450
742. atherinoideH (LiuniciiH) 450
Gonuii223. LycenKrauIlM, GUnthor 451
743. grossldeng (Cuvlor) 451
Famitij LXIII. Alepocephalidic ... 451
Genus 224. AlopocophaluH, KIbso 452
744. productus, Gill 452
745. agasBlzil, Goodo A Bean 453
746. tenobrosus, Gilbert 453
GenuH 225. Mitcbillina, Jordan A Evermann 4.53
747. bairdii (Goodo A Bean) 454
GenuB226. Batbytroctos, GUnther. 464
748. stomias, Gilbert 454
GonuB 227. Talismanla, Goodo & Boan 455
749. autillarnni, Goodo A Bean 465
750. (cquatoriB, Goudo A Bean 45(5
Genus 228. Conocara, Goode A Bean 456
751. macdonaldi, Goode A Bean 4.57
752. macroptenv (Vaillaut) . 467
GonuB 229. Platytroctes, GUnther 458
753. apus, GUnther 458
Genus 230. Aleposomus, Gill 4,59
7.54. copei, Gill 469
Family LXIV, Salmonidie 460
Genus 231. Coregonus (Artedi) Linnteus 461
Subgenus Prosopium, Milner 462
755. coulterli, Eigeumann A Kigenraann . 462
766. williamsoni, Girard 463
750a. cismontanuB, Jordan . 463
757. kennicotti, Milner 464
758. richardsonii, GUnther 465
759. quadrilateralis, Richardson 465
':,J/.;.;/
CONTKNTB.
XXXIII
CLASH III. PIS0K8— Continued.
Okokk S. Ihohi'ondyi.!— Continiipd.
Fumilji LXIV. Mmoniilir—VoBtinuetl, I'age.
Sul>K('iiiiN CtireKoniii . .... 4nA
700. rliiiMjirormlM (Mltchill) 40S
761. nelMonli, IJciui 4m
70'J. liibnuliirlcuH, IllchanlHon 400
(iitniiN 'ilt'J, ArKyruHomuN, AKasHiz. ......_.........„__. .... ..... 467
Siil)Koi>»>* ArgyroHomuh . . .._.._ ...... . ...... 408
7n:j. (wmorirortnli (II. M. Smith) 468
704. nrtedl (LoSuour) 468
7(i4a. hIw'o, Jordan 400
705. lioyi, (illl 400
700. (lUHilluH (Bean) 470
767. liicldus (Ricliiirdnon) 470
7ilH. laurettiu (noun) _ 471
• 70!i. prognathuH (11. M. Smith) 471
770. iilKrlplnulH, Gill 472
SuhguiiiiH AlloHomua, Jordan _. .._. ... 473
771. tulllho.. (Richardson) 473
771.1. Msselli, Bollman.. 473
UeniiH 23.'J, StttncMluN, RichiirdHon .... . . 473
772. maclo'nzii (Richardson) .. . . 474
GenuH 2:14. OiicorhyuchuH, Snckh'y ._ _._„ 474
Subgonus UncorhynchiiH .... . ... 478
77.1. gorbuHcha (Walbaum) 478
774. keta (Walbauni) 478
775. txchawytHcha (Wallxtum) 47U
776. kisutch (Walbaum) ._•_ 480
Subgenus Hypsifario, GUI . 481
777. nerka (Walbaum) 481
Genus 235. Salmo (Artedi) Linnaeus 483
Subgenus Salmo . . 486
778. salar, Li&nojus 486
778a. Bobago (Glrard) 487
7786. ouauuniche, McCarthy MS . 487
Subgenus Trutta, Linnaius 487
779. mykiss, Walbaum 487, 492
779a. clarkii (Richardson).. 492
779fc. lewisl (Glrard) 493
770e. glbbsil (Suckley) 493
nOil. henshawl (Gill & Jordan) 493
779e. virginalis (Girard) 495
779/. spilunis (Cope) 495
779(/. pleuriticus (Cope) .. 490
779A. bouviorl (Bondire) 490
779i. stomias (Cope) 497
779j. macdonaldi, Jordan & Kvermann 497
780. gairdneri, Richardson 497,498
780a. kamloops (Jordan) 499
781. irideus, Gibbons 500
781a. masonl (Suckley) 501
7816. Shasta (Jordan) 502
781c. gllbertl (Jordan) .— - 502
781(1. Btonei (Jordan) 5C3
781e. agua-bonita (Jordan) 503
Genus 236. Cristivomer, Gill & Jordan 504
782. namaycush (Walbauni) 604
782r siscowet (Agassiz) ._ 606
■S'l
M-
v.:,'>:
i
^f
KM I
^ r
%
/
X3CXIV
CONTRNTfl.
l!i
h
OLAHSIII. PISCKH— Conllnuml.
Orkcr H. Ikohi-ondym— <'<inltnue<l.
Familji I.XIW &ilniiin<>''r— Contlniii'd. ragn.
aoniiM V!:i7. Balvcillliiiii (Nilnwiii) IlichanlRoii ....^..... AOA
7KX fontlimllii (MlUhlll). . MW
7s3<i. uKHMi/il (Oariimii) .. .... M7
7S4. innltim (Wiilli«um) - - r>(>7
7»6. ali)linin{Lliinii'U») Wm
78.1.I. iill|»'ii (niclmnlnon) Wf.t
Will. NtugiialiN(Faliriitiis) - MO
7«r><'. nrcluri:.; ((Jiinlhor) r.l(»
7H.''m(. uurooliiH (Doaii) .... .... Till
780. iMHiiimia (GIranI) -.— ftl*
7Hfl<i. iiarǤl ((Jllnthor) ... . fttfi
7HU/i. iiiarMoiil, (■arniaii ..... .. _......... ............. filA
tUmilii LX V. ThtimiiUiilir - ftl7
(Jonui2a8. Thymallui, Ciivlor ni7
787. dlgiilfcr (Uichartlgon) fil7
788. uiitarifliiHiK, Ciivior Jt Valeiiclenno* .... ....... ........ fil8
788.1. iiiuntaniia (Mllnor) . .. 519
Family I.XVl. Arijentiuiilir .. . . 61U
(JeiiuH 2.1!». Mallotii», C'uvlor 620
789. vllloHUg (MiilliT) r>20
Genim240. Tlialolchthys, GIrarJ 521
7iK). iiatlflcus (Rlrliardnon) r>2l
U»nuM24l. ()HmoniB{ArtC(li) lilnim'UH 522
Stibt^enuH SpirinrliUH, Junlun Sc Kvoriiiann .. ........ _.- •)22
791. tliololchthy*, Ajtch 522
702. uttcniiatiiH, Lockington ; 523
8iil>)(i'iiuH Oiimorus .... ... 52H
793. inortlftx (MItrlilll) 523
793(1. Hpoctrum (Cope) . 523
793/<. aliltotti (Coiw) 524
794. (k'utex, Stuintlachncr 524
GoiiuB 242. IlypomoKUB, Gill 624
795. prctiosuM (Glrard) 525
790. olidus (PallflH) 625
Genus 243. Argentina (Artodi) Linnii'us .'i25
797. siluH, AgraniuD ..... 520
798. Hialis, Gill)crt 520
799. striata, Goodo A Bean 520
Gunu8 244. Louroglossus, Gilb«rt 527
800. BtllbluB, Gilbert 527
yaniily LXVIT. 3IUroiilomi(Ur. . 627
Genua 245. Nansenia, Jordan & Evorniann . 628
801. gni'niandica (Ilcinhardt) - _ 528
Genus 240, Bathylagus, GUnther 528
802. benedicti, Goodo & Bean _ .529
803. curyops, Goodo A Bean 529
804. pafiflcus, Gilbert 530
Order T. Iniomi 530
Family LXrilf. BynodotUUlie 532
Genus 247. Trachinoccphalus, Gill 533
805. myops (Forstor) 5.33
Genus 248. Synodus (Qronow) Bloch & Schneider 633
800. intermedius (Agossiz) . 535
807. overmanni, Jordan & Bollman . . 535
808. poeyi, Jordan 530
809. synodus (Linnacns) . 530
ZX^VI
lOWTJCNTB,
01;
til. PISOift— Coutiniiod.
Or|>BB T. iHIOMI-UoBtilllli'tl.
nmiln I.XXV, J^oji/iiW/r— <;untliiiie(l. Psge.
Mft. liMMioiiitltll, OixHir X IV'nil «..—_..-...—... tiKi
OaiiiM 2*13. DtapliiiH, KIgKiiiiiuiiti X KIkoiiiiiuiiii ... ... ........ [>*'<i
M<l. tbote, KlK<'iiniiiiiii A Kitc'iinmiin .....— .................. HM
(liiiiiiH 2(13. iT'Ithopnini, (JixmIh X Uciiii ............................ ...... ftflfl
R47. luiMii, <!imhU(.1 Hi'Uii ..... 505
HI8. cITiiIki'Ii", OikhIi. .t IWiiii . .... Aoe
(i.iMiht litll. ('.illi'lllu, (iciKilr A lt<-»ii .._ MT
HI!). riifliii<m|iiiil (CiHcii) . ..... . M7
Hfid. iiiM'liiniii (Pocy) . flfl7
(IciiiiH 'i(W5. Uliliici««oiHilnH, I.itlkon .')6M
Hf)!. nircol (Cooni) r.«H
H82. aiiilrt'ic (Mltkcn) , fiCIt
C.'-a. rariiM (Mltknn) r.Ol)
tifiiiiH 20n. M,vi'tii|iliiiiii, ltiiflii<'Ni|iiii ...... .. ........ TiliO
nrd, iiiiiu'titliini, UalliuM<iuu . ... fiTO
8,V.. nniiio (Mltkon) _. _ r>7o
85(1. opiilinuiii, rioiHit) tV Dt'iiii ... .... . .... . 571
857. huinl)..I.ltl (UIhh..) __.. 571
858. ('iiliroriiluiiM), Kif(ciinianii <Sc KiKmimutiii .... 572
8,^!t, Kraril.i (t.lltkeii) 572
8(10. iKSliolti (Com.) 57;t
801. hytifonili (li(ltkon) 573
nctiniH 2()7. BonthoHoiiirt, Oooil« & B<,>an .. .._._.._. .. 573
8C.2. mulloil (nrnplln). 571
8(i3. nrctiiiim (LUtken) 574
OoniiH 2(18. DimyHcojioIuH, (iiliithor . . 574
8fi4. KphiiMiiri (Stuiiiilarhiior) 575
(iniiiirt 209. Turlutoiibeiinla, EiK«iimaiin k VAifvixmaixu . 575
8(1.';. (TcniilariH(Jonlnn A OlIlMTt) 575
8(10. tciiim, Ki);onniiiini & Eigoninitiin . 575
Family LXXVf. Mmirolicidir . 57(i
Qoiihh270. Maiirolicns, Cticoo . .. . _. . 57(>
8(17. pcmiimti (Walbaum) - 577
(!cniiH271. Vincijiucrria, Junlaii & Kvcriiiunn - 577
808. attenuata (Cocco) 677
Ucinis272. ValimciuiinelliiH, Jonliin & Evermann 577
869. tripuiictnlatiiH (EHiimrk) 578
Family LXXVII. rhaiiliodimliiliv 578
Ooniis 273. OoiiuHloniu, RaflucHqiio 578
870. (leiiuilatiim, Raflnemiuu .'')79
871. brovUlciis, Kner & StoindiiclintT 579
(ieiiiiH 274. n<inapartiii, Qotxle & noun 580
872. pi'diiliotn, Goodo & Bonn 580
GeniiH275. Cyclothono, Oomle it: Buan 681
SubK<'iinH Cyclotliono 582
873. mlcrmloii (GUntber) 582
874. batbypbila (Vaillaiit) 682
SiibfrenuH Signiu|)H, Gill - 583
875. olongattt (GUntber) SKI
Goiius27C. Yarrello, Goodi! & B<!uu 583
870. bluckfordi, G(mm1o &. Bean .'584
Genus 277. CbanlioduH, Blocb & Schneider 684
877. Bloanei, Bloch & Schuoider 585
878. luacouni. Bean . 685
I
'I
in
it
^ '^i 1
-;ii
,_ .. I
OONTICNTR.
XXXV
OrA'WIII. PIHCrR-ContlnuH.
i)|ii>riiT. iNinMi rontliiiii'il.
t'amilii t.W'lll. HiiitDiliiiitiilii — (lontlliiK'il, l*»K«-
Hid. liiiiTtliiiiH, <illlMirt ..........—..„.. 638
811. taiiniM (Llniiii'iiN) -..„......_.„...................... ............. A37
Ml'2. M'lliillcfiM, .Ionian A (illl««rt - 637
HIM. JoiikliiHl, .roriliiti A llulliimii M7
Hll. f(i'toni(Miiiiii'iiN) ftM
HIT). lii.|i>««<|i(t(A)'ri'ii) - MO
(lainiN'Jl!). llHtliyNiiiiriiM, Olliitliur.. S30
81tl. fiTox, <llliitli«r - . MO
QviiiiH ur>(). Itulliyliicu, (iiiuilo it lUtitii . . . 640
H17. nJKrii'uiDi, GoimIo .1 Bttan ... . MO
yamUt) I.XI.X. .iM/nyiK/H.. Ml
(!i>iiuit 'JSl, Cliloru|ilitlialiiiiiN, nonapurte ........ .. ... Ml
HIH. iiKifHi/'li, Donupurto ................................... Ml
Hl«. ilmlyboliiH (CmmI.-) . MS
H'ji). triii'iiluntiiH, (ioixlii fi Doan ... . .. ............... MS
Fiiiiiilii l,.\.\. IttiilhoiiiirUlir .... . . .............. MS
OeiMiH 2.12. Ih'iitlioMaiiniH, Oomlu .t Beau .._ .. M.l
821. Krallnt.ir, OimmIo A llvaii Ma
Fiimilii I.XX!. linlhj'iilero'Khi ............ ................ M4
Oi'iniH 2.'>:i. llathyptorolH, Olliitlmr. • M4
SuliK<'>iuii HyimptorotiiiuH, (iniKln A ncaii .... ......... . ...... M5
822. (iiuulriniJH, (iiliitlKT 54ri
H2:t. lonKlpoi, Gllnthor B4()
I'nmilii f.XXlf. fininjiiiliv. ... ....... ........ . .............. . 64(1
f!cimfi2.M. Ipnops, Giliitlier 640
HJl. iiiiirrajl, (illiitli<T M7
Faiiiilii hXXIIf. ll:»i,Mclii,hp 647
OoiuiH 2,V). Kcimlolctla, Ooodo A lli-aii M8
82.1. lil( oliir, OiKxln * Hcaii M8
t'ltmilji l.XXIV. Cfloniimiihi' ..... .. . ..._——.... M8
Oi'iiuH 2.1(i. r<itoiiiliiiiiR, G(M)(lo A Doau . ... . — MO
82<1. ulllll, Ooodo & Bcali 649
827. ftororl, GoikIo A Bfan 6.10
Fiimily I.XXV, Mijrto}ihUUe ._ ... ._ . ._ .. fiilO
Oeini8 2.17. Mai-roHtoiiia, Rlsno ..__. . 6M
828. qucrciniim (Ooodo A Duan) 6M
821). nmrgaritiforuni (Ooodo A B*)icn) 665
8.10. anKustldons, Risso 665
831. castanoum (Ooodo ABoan) 650
832. caiidinpinoguin (JohiiHon) ... 650
GoiniH 258. CoratoHcoptdiiH, OUnthcr . - 567
833. iiindeirouxiH (Lowe) 657
OtmuH 250. Lainitanyctus, Bonapprto . 667
8.14. crwcMlihiH (Ri884)) _. 558
R35. towiiHondl (Eigenmp;))' .( v^lgciimanii) .... 558
836. alatUH, Goodo A Boau 559
837. gUuthorl, Goodo A Bpuii 659
838. gommifor, Good A Bean 550
839. lacerta (Goodo A Bonn) 660
GoiiiiH 200. Lampatlona, Goodo A Bean SCO
840. ipccnligora, Gomlo & Bean 661
Genus 261. Nannobrachium, Gtlnther _._ 861
841. leucopmrum (Rigenmann A Kigonmann) 662
812. nannochir (Oillwrt) 662
843. inoxicanum (Gilbert) 663
844. regalo (Gilbert) 663
T
H^NTK^T».
XXXVII
f'l.ABM III. PisrKS-roiitiiiuwi.
Ohii»;h T. Inii>ni — ('oiitiiiiii'il, Pagn.
f.imi//( l.\X\lir. .{ulroHttlhiilii ....... ft""
liuiiUH '27H, Antrdiic'KtlioN, ItlrliitrilMiii .. .. . ... .... A80
R7I). liiK«r, Illi'Imriliioii... Md
H80. K'Hiliilf'T, (iixhIk U Bouii ............ Ami
HH\. ill liiinlMoiil (I'ooy) - - ..— . — AtT
Fitmilti /.V.\7.V. SUminliJii f>»*7
(l.'iiiiHyT'.i. Sloiiilai-, Ciivlor....- - — •'■•8'*
HK'J. fiiMX, Itiliilmnlt 'iSN
HH:i. ttHliiiH, (illiitluT f'8H
OmniH 'JMi. Ki'liloNtcitiiii, liowo ................ ....................... /(NU
HH4. iHirliiitiilii, I-nwo A«9
XH!). iiiiiri;i>rilH, (iii'xlti A Dean.... ... .. ............... AHU
ili'iiiiH 'JMI. <iriiiiinmliiH'(iiiiittH, CoikIh A ni'un........ .. . .. AtH>
88(i, iluiilillllH, <ioiHlii A. Until ........................................ nU()
tioiiiiH 2H2. IMiolKiiiMtiH, (Jllntlicr - Ml
887. Brill illH, (iomUi A Ilcnii . -. -. TiOl
Fomtlii hXXX. Mntttconleiilii filMJ
(ixiniN 281). MaluroxttuiK, AyroH .. ...................... fil'S
888. nigiT, AyrcH rm
Fnniilii LXXXf. .UfjiinmriiliK M'.\
riciiiiH 284. AI('|iiMaui'UK, Lowe .. .... .... ... .«..- ftiH
8uli|;«iiiiH Alu|iiHaiiniN ......... . ... ._. MA
889. fiTox, I.oWH AO.'i
8!)0. nmulnpliiH (H' an) --- ft!»A
HiiliKCliiiH CuuIkiiiih, 0111 ...... . 600
8U1. altlvfllH, I'ooy 600
802. l.oroBllH (Gill) 600
89.1. Horru((iill) - 507
Fiimilj/ LXXXn, OilniitoHlomiilir . ... ._ .. . 61)7
(JeiiiiH 28,'). OiiioHUilU, rilliitlicr 6U8
804. lowll, (Slliitlinr 608
F>wiilj) LXXXIir. rarahpiiliiliv 600
(ioniiH280. SuilU, Uiiflmwiuo 6!l9
8!)r.. lnturmo(liiiM(Pooy). WK)
890. ringonH, Jordan A Gilbert - 000
OoniiH287. ArctozoniiK, 0111 .._ COl
897. »H)ronMi4 (Uolnlianlt) 001
898. conisennH (Jonlan A 011l)crt) COl
GonuH288. l'anilopln, lli»«> 002
890. roregoiiolilcH, Kigmi 002
Fnmilif LXXXIV. Slernopliichithe GOCl
GonuH289. Sternoptyx, Hornianu _._._._ .._. ._.__.„.„ .. 003
000. iliiiphftiia, Hcmmiin 003
Ot-niis 290. Argyropclt'CUH, Cooco i ... . . . 003
001. liemigyraniiH, Cocco 004
002. olforsi (Cuvler) _ 004
Fiwiilii LXXXr. macanlhula: _. _. 004
OoniiH291. IdincunthiiH, Peteni . 0(»r>
903. ferox (Gllnthor) 006
904. antrostomuH, Gilbert 006
OniiKR v. Lyopomi 000
Family LXXXri. IlalotauHdir. 000
Gonufl 202. HaloNaurug, JohnHon 007
005. owcni, Johofion 007
OOO. gnutherl, Goodo&Bcan 008
Genug293. Aldrovaudin, Goode & Bean -. 008
607. rostrata (GUnther) (iOO
< 1
ii
Ii
■ * L
-1
xxxvin
CONTENTS.
i!;'
il
ill If-
CLA£3 III. PI80E8-Continne<l.
Orper U. Lyopomi— Coatinue<l.
' Family LXXXVI. i/iiIoiwiNriiije— Continued. Pago.
908. nmcrochir (G(lntlior) 009
909. goodei (Gill) \i\n
910. grnciliH, Ooodo A Bean 010
Oil. pallida, Qoo<lo &, Bonn Oil
Order V. IIeteromi- C12
Famity LXXXVIl. Nolacanlliiilir 01,1
Gohiih294. NotnrantliUH, Blocli 014
912. idicniiiitzii, BUicli 014
913. annlli, Gill- 015
914. phn8guiioru8, Goodo 010
OenuH 296. Macdoualdia, Goodo & Boan 017
916. ro8tratii(CoIl(tO — _ _ 017
916. clmllongori (Vaillaiit) _ 017
Fami);/ LXXXVIII. Lipoyenyiilie 019
Gonus 290. LipogcuyH, Goo<lo & Bonn 019
917. gillii, Goode & Bwm — 019
On KR W. Xenomi - - Oi'.O
Family LXXXIX. TkilUidie 020
Genus 297. Dalliii, Beaa 021
918. iM'ctoralis, Bean 021
Order X. IIaplomi 022
Family XC. I'mhridx 022
GenuH298. Umbra (Kramer) Miillor 02.3
Subgenus Molununi, Agatisiz 02.1
919. lirni (Kirtland) _. 023
920. pygina-a (Do Kay) 024
Family XCI. Liiciidit 024
Genus 299. Lucius, lliifinescjno 025
Subgenus Kenoza, Jordan & Evermann 020
921. americanus (Gmolin) 020
922. veriniculatus (Lo Sueur) _ 027
923. rcticulatus (Le Sueur) 027
Subgenus Lucius 028
024. lucius (Linna!us) 028
Subgenus Mascalongus, Jordan 029
025. niasquinongy (Mitchill) 629
925a. ohionsls (Kirtland) 029
925(). immaculatus (Garrard) 030
Family XCIl. P,-ciUidiB — ..030
Genus 300. Fundulus, Lacepedo 632
Subgenus Fundulus 0.37
926. puuctatus, GUnther 637
927. vinctUB, Jordan & Gilbert 637
928. pallidus, Evermann 638
029. similis (Baird & Girard) 638
930. majaIi8(Walbaum) 639
931. parviplnnis, Girard 640
932. heteroclituB (Linna;u.s) 640
932a. macrolepidotus (Walb inm) 041
9326. grandis (Baird A Girard) 641
933. ocoUaris, Jordan & Gilbert 642
034. fouticola, Cuvier & Valenciennes 643
935 bermudas, GUnther 643
036. robustus, Bean 044
837. lablalis, GUnther 644
tJONTBNtS.
tXKlX
CLASS III. PISCES— ContlnuGd.
Ordku X. Haplomi— Contitiuod.
Family XCIt. PirciUt<lit—CoDl\nnei\. i Pafco.
SuligcnuH Fontinus, Jurdnii & Kvormann ..„ <i45
938. iidinia, Jonl nAOilbert J 045
9M. diaphanuH (LoSuour) MH
O.'Jrtn. iiuinimii (Jordiiii & Copnliind) C45
il40. flxfensuH, Ji)rdaii & HillxTt 646
941. zobriiuis, Jordau & Qilbort <i46
942. Bemiiiolis, Girard 047
SiibgnniiH Xcni.sma, Jordan 048
943. ratonatus (.Storor) - 648
944. HtolliftT (Jordan) - 648
SiibgcniiH GambuHiuuH, Jurdaa & Evermaun 049
94.'). liiicatuB (Garnian) 049
940. ratbbuni, Jordan & J.. dck 049
947. albolineatiis, Gilbert 649
948. conflucutu!*, Goodo <& Boan - 6.')0
949. funduloldcs (Kvormann) 050
Subgenus Zygonottes, Agawiiz 6.W
9.''.0. d.vil (GUntbor).. _ 650
951. nmcdonaldl (Moek) 651
952. floripinniH (Cone) 051
953. jeukii>8i (Ilvernianu) 6.51
954. '^•...verous (Evorniann) 052
05,'>. arlingtonhis (Goodo * Bean) 652
9.50. beushalli (Jordan) _ 0.53
957. rubrifrons (Jordan) 653
958. si^artcs, Moek (iS-i
959. Kfiadicun, ijope 654
960. luoiio (Fainl) 054
961. rlirysotua, Ilolbrook 055
902. ciugulatus, Cuvior ife ValoucicnnoH 656
063. nottii (Agassiz) 0.")0
964. guttatUH (AgaKsiz) 053
965. bioroglyidiicu.t (Agassiz) 658
960. dispar (Agassiz) 058
967. notatU8(Raflne8quc) 059
908. melapleurus (Gossc) 659
Genus SOI. Adinia, Girard 660
969. guatemalonsis (Gilnther) 660
970. pachycopliala (GUnther) 660
971. dugesii (Bean) 601
972. multifasciata, Girard — 061
GenuB302. Kivulus, Pooy 002
973. cylindraceus, Pocy 662
974. inarmoratUK, Poey 063
Genus 303. Lucania, Girard 063
97.5. onunata (Jordan) 663
970. goodei, Jordan _ 004
977. veuusta, Girard 065
978. parva (Baird & Girard) 665
Genus 304. Girardinichtbys, Blceker 666
979. innominatus, Bleeker 060
Genus 306. Bmpctrichthys, Gilbert _ 600
980. merrlami, Gilbert 667
Genus 306 Characodon, GUuther 667
981. lateralis, GUnther 668
982. bilineatus, Bean 668
-fvi
]
fl
U
^A.JLi'* m -f,,- J.rf
XTi
CONTBJWS.
I;!!-
m
>-rt,
7- -
GLASS III. PISCES— Continued.
Order X, Haplomi — Continued.
FiimHn XCII. P(i»ci7i*lH'— Continued. Page.
983. variatUH, Hcan , ^^ «69
984. furcidons, .Ionian A Gilbert 669
QenuHMOY. Cyprinodon, Tiace|H»de 670
1185. variegatus, Lacupede 071
985a. riTsrendi (Poey) 073
986. oxiiniuH, (iirard _. 673
987. l)ovinu8, lliiini .t Ginird._ 673
988. maculariuB, Haird it Girard 074
989. biiileyi (Gilbert) 675
990. elegauH, Daird & Girard 075
991. martiv, Stuindaciiner 075
992. L-ando, Gllnther 676
993. felicianuB(Poey) _ 676
994. latifawdatus, Giinnan 670
• GenuH.308. Jordanulla, Goodo & Pean 677
995. floridoj, Goodo & Bean 077
QenuH ;M)9. PHeudoxipliophoruB, Bleelcer 678
906, biniaculatUB (Honlcol) 078
Genua 310. GanibuHia, Poey 078
997. punctata, I'oey •79
998. puncticulata, Poey 680
999. Infans, Woolman - 680
1000. aflinis (Bttiid A Girard) 080
1001. ni>bili8(Biiird & Girard) 682
1002. nicaraguonsia, GUntiier 682
lOOH. gracilis, Hocliol 6«A
1004. opiscopi, Steindacbner 683
1005. picturata, Pocv — 683
Genua 311. Boloneaox, Kuer . 684
1006. bclizanua, Kncr... 684
Genua312. Anableps (Artedi) Bloch 684
1007. dovii, Giil — 685
Genv8 313. Goodea, Jordan 686
1008. atripinnia, Jordan 685
Genua 314. Platypa'cilua, Glinthor . 685
lOOa maculatuB, GUnther 686
1010. mentalia, Gill 686
Genua 315. Heterandria, Agassiz . . 686
1011. uninotata(Poey) 687
1012. nietallica (Poey) 687
101.3. formoaa, Agasaiz _. .___ 687
1014. pleuroapilus (GUnther) 688
1015. versicolor (GUnther).. 688
1016. occidentalis, Baird A Girard 689
Genua 316. Lebiatea, De Filippi 689
1017. poociliodea, De Filippi „ 689
Genua 317. Acropcecilia, Hilgeudorf 690
1018. tridena (Hilgendorf) 690
Genus 318. Poecilia, Bloch & Schneider 690
1019. vivipara, Bloch & Schneider 691
10*20. butleri, Jordan 691
1021. gillii (Kner A Steindacbner) 692
1022. pavonina (Poey) 692
1023. Tittata, Guichenot 692
1024. mexicana, Steindacbner 692
1025. thermalla, Steindacbner 683
COKTKNTB.
ZLI
CLASS III. PISCES— Continued.
Okdeb X. IIai'I.omi — Continued.
Familij .\(^ll. PaicaiUlee — Continued. Page.
1026. chiBoyenslB, GUnthor 693
1027. iMitenonBlB, GUnthor 6»4
1028. Bph<^no|)B, Cuvier & Valonciunnes „_.- — - 694
1029. uovli, GUnthor 695
10;«). couch iana(Girard) 695
latl. boucardi, Stoindftchnor 695
1052. vandepolli, Van Lidth de Jeude 696
1032(1. arubcnsiB, Vau Lidth de Joude 696
1033. dominicensiB, Cuvier & ValonciunneB „«.. 696
1034. molanogastor, GUnthor 690
1035. BpiluruB, GUutlier 697
1036. olongata, GUnthor - 697
1037. presidioniB, Jordan & Culver 697
Oenu8 319. MollienlBla, Le Sueur 698
1038. jonesi, GUnthor 698
1039. formoHa (Girardj 699
1040. latipinna, Lo Sueur 699
1041. petenonBis, OUnther 700
Genus 320. Xiphophorus, Heckel . . j 701
1042. helleri, Heckel 701
104.3. guntherl, Jordan &Evcrmann 702
Famihi XCllL AmhhjopsUUe 702
Genus 321. Chologaator, Agassiz 70:J
1044. cornutua, Agassiz 703
1045. agassizli, Putnam . 704
1046. papillifcrus Forbes 704
Genus 322. Typhlichthys, Girard 7W
1047. subterranouB, Girard 704
Gonus 323. Amblyopsis, De Kay 706
1048. BpeloBUS, DeEay 706
Obpeh Y. Synentoonathi 707
Familij XCIV. ICgocidx 708
GonuB 324. TylosuniB, Cocco 708
1049. uotatus (Poey) 710
1050. BcapuIariB, Jordan & Gilbert 711
1051. timucu (Walbaum) 711
1052. euryopB, Bean & Dresel 711
1053. diplota?nia (Cope) 712
1054. microps (GUnthor) 712
1055. angusticcps (GUnther) 712
10.56. ardoola (Cuvier & Yalonciennes) 713
10.')7. Btolznianni(Steindachnor) 713
1058. exilis (Girard) 714
10.59. marinus (Walbaum) 714
1060. almeida (Quoy & Galmard). 715
1061. fodiator, .Tordan & Gilbert 715
1062. raphidoma (Kanzani) 715
1063. galeatus (Cuvior & Valenciennes) 716
1064. pacificus (Stoindachner) 710
1065. acuB(Lacei)6de) - 716
1006. caribbaiUB (Le Sueur) 717
Genus 325. Athlcunes, Jordan & Fordice - 717
1067. hians (Cuvier & Valenciennes) 718
FamQij XC^. Hemiramphidx 718
Genus 326. ChriodoruB, Goode & Bean 719
1068. atberiuoides, Goode & Bean 719
Ali
\--
#
r
/ /
Xlill
CONTENTS.
^^1
I ^ t
CLASS III. PI8CKS— Continued.
Ordrk Y. Synkntoonatiii— Continued.
FomiXy XCV. Ilemiramphidie — Continued. Page.
GennB327. Hyvoriiamphug, Gill 710
10«)9. unifrtKoiiitus (Ranzani) 720
Vm. roberti (Cuvlpr & Valenciennes) 721
1071. roflns (Jiirdan & Gilbert) 721
Genus ;i28. HeinirnmphuH, Cuvior 7i2
1072 brasilionsis (LJnnmus) 722
107;}. balao, Lo Sueur 723
Genus 329. Eulcptorhninphus, 0111 ._ 723
1074. velox, Pooy 724
Famihi X(WL Scomhremcidif 724
GenuH 330. Scombresox, Lacepvdo 72.1
1075. Niurug (Walbaum) _ 72.1
Gonim:i31. Cololabis, Gill 72C
1076. brevirostris (Peters) 726
Famihj XCVII. Exnartidir 726
OenuH3.12. Fodiator, .Jordan & Meek.. 727
1077. acutus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) ... 728
GenHH333. Parexoc(etus, Bleeker 728
1078. mesoKastor (Bloch) 728
Genus 334. Ilalooypselns, Weinland 720
1079. evoliuis (Linnnjus) 729
Genus 335. Kx^iutus (Artedi)Linna<us._.. 730
Sul)genu8 Exood tUB 7.12
1080. exsiliens, P. L. S. Miillor 7.32
1081. rondeletii, Cuvior & Valenciennes 733
1082. vinoiguerrii', Jordan & Meek 734
* 1083. Yolitans, Linnaeus — 734
1084. rufipinnis, Cuvier & Valenciennes 735
Subgenus Cypselurus, Swainson 735
1085. licterurus, Rafine8(iue 735
1086. lutkoni, Jordan & Evenuann 736
:087. furcatus, Mitehill 737
1088. nigricans, Bennett 737
1089. xonopterug, Gilbert 738
1090. lineatus, Cuvier & Valenciennes 739
1091. cyanoptcruB, Cuvier & Valeuciennes 739
1092. bahiensis, Ranzani 739
1093. californicuB, Cooper 740
1094. calloptorus, GUnther 740
1095. gibbifrons, Cuvier & Valenciennes 741
Obder Z. Hehirranchii 741
Familj/ XCVIII. Gasterosleidm 742
Genus 3.36. Eucalia, Jordan 743
1096. inconstans (Kirtland) 744
1096a. cayuga, Jordan .„ ._ 744
10966. pygmica (Agassiz) 744
Genus 337. Pygosteus, Brevoort 745
1097. puDgitiuB (Linnaeus) 745
1097a. brachypoda (Bean) 746
GenuB 338. GasterosteuB (Artedi) LinnoQus 740
1098. aculeatuB, Linneeus 747
1099. blBpinoBUB, Walbaum 748
1099a. atkinsii (Bean) 748
10996. cuvierl (Girard) 749
1100. catapbractas (Pallas) 749
."^T-",^ -V^v:
CONTENTS.
XUII
CLASS HI. PISCES— Continued.
Ordbr K. Hemirranciiii— Continued.
Family XCVIII. Oatterotleiilte—ConUaaoA. P»K<''
1101. willlamsoni, Girard 760
llOIa. microccphaluB (Oirard) 751
Ueoui 3i\9. Apeltes, Do Kay.. 752
1102. quadracus (Mitchili) _. 752
l^tmtti/ XCIX. Anlorhymhida 752
Genus 340. Aulorhynchui, Gill — - 753
1103. flavidus, Gill 764
Family C. Aulottomi<he 764
Genu8 341. Aulostomus, Lacfpude . 764
1104. maculatus, Valenciennes _. 764
1105. cinereus, Pooy . . 755
Family CI. FiMulariidit 7.")5
Genus .142. Fistularia, LinuH-us 760
1106. tabacariii, Linntcus 757
1107. deprcBsa, GUntlier 767
1108. petimba, Lacfep^do 758
FamiUj CII. Maerorhamphomhe 768
Genus 343. Maororliamphosus, Lacepedo 759
1109. scolopax (Linnmus) 759
OBDt,K AA. LOPHOBRANCIIII 759
SURORDEK SYNONATHI 7f)0
Family ClII. Byngnalhidie } 760
Genus 344. Siphostoma, Baflnosque 761
Subgenus DonnatostothuB, Gill 763
1110. punctipinno (Gill) 763
Subgenus Sipliostoma 763
1111. carinatuni, Gilbert 763
1112. californienso (Storer) 764
1113 grisoolincatum (Ayres) 764
IIH. leptorhynchum (Girard) 764
1115. flstulatum (Peters) 766
1110. barbaric, Swain 766
1117. mackayi, Swain 4 Meek 766
1118. floridfc, Jordan & Gilbert 766
1119. pooyi, Jordan & Evermann - 766
1120. auliscus, Swain 767
1121. pelagicum (Osbeck) 767
1122. rouBseau (Kaup) 767
1123. elucens (Pocy) 768
1124. jonesi (Giinthcr) 768
1126. brachycepbalum (Poey) 760
1126. afflne (GUnther) 769
1127. scovelli, Evermann & Kendall 769
1128. bairdlanum (Dumeril) 770
1129. louisiansB (GUnther) 770
1130. fuBCum (Storer) 770
1131. etarksi, Jordan & Culver 771
1132. arctum, Jenkins & Evermann 771
1133. crinigerum, Bean & Dresol .__ 771
Subgenus Corythroichtbys, Kaup.. 772
1134. albirostre (Heckol) 772
1136. cayennense (Sauvagc) 772
Genut .345. Doryrbamphus, Kaup 773
Subgenus Doryichthys, Kaup 773
1136. lineatus (ValencieuneB) . 773
i]
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/
XLIV
CONTENTS.
I'll'
> 'i
I'
14 „
III
w-
v\
%
CLASS in. PISCES— CoDtinuod.
Order AA. Lophobranciiii— Contiauod.
Familji CIIl. Sijiignathidtc — Continued. PaK**.
Suhgonui DoryrhiimphiiH . . .._... 773
1137. cRilfornlonBli, fllll 77?
Oenu8 346. Syngnathui, Linna-iii 774
HiibgRnuR SyngnathuB 774
1138. R>i|uorcua, Linnii-us 774
GenuB:i47. Osphyolax, Coito 775
1139. pelliiciduB, Coiie 775
Genua 348. HippucampuH, Itaflaoaqno . 775
1140. ingeuH, Girard 77C
1141. hudsoniuB, Do Kay 777
1142. punctulatus, Uuichenot 777
1143. Btyllfor, Jordiiii A Gilbert 778
1144. /.ostorn', Jordan & Gilbert . 778
Order BB. Acanthoptebi 779
SUIIORPER Sai.moperc.k 782
t'amay CIV. Percoptidie 78;»
^{ Genus 340. Percopsis, Agaaeiz 783
1145. guttatus, Agassix 784
GenuB 350. Columbia, Eigenmann & Eigenmann 784
1146. trangmontaua, Eigenmann & Eigenmann 784
Suborder Xenarchi . 78.'(
Family GV, AphredoderidK . 785
Gonua 351. Aphredodoms, Le Sueur... ... 78fi
1147. sayanuB (Gilliams) -. 786
SvBORDER Percesoces 787
FamUy OVI. AlherinkUe 788
Genus 352. Atherina (Artedi) LinnoDUB 789
1148. Btipefl, MUllor & Troschel 790
1149. laticepg, Poey 790
1150. aroea, Jordan A Gilbert 790
1151. barringtonensis, Goode .. _. . 791
1152. Carolina, Cuvier & Valenciennes 791
1153. microps, Poey 701
GenuB363. LotboBtolo, Jordan <& Evermann 792
1154. estor (Jordan) 792
Genus 354. Chirofitoma, Swainson . 792
1165. humboldtianum (Cuvier & Valenciennes) 793
1166. bartoni, Jordan & Evermann . _. 793
1157. jordani.Woolman 793
Genus 355. Kirtlandia, Jordan & Evermann 794
1158. vagrans (Goode & Bean) 794
1169. martinica (Cuvier & Valencieanos) 795
1160. laciniata (Swain) 795
Genus 366. Menidia (Bonaparte) Jordan & Gilbert 796
1161. peninsula) (Goode & Bean) 797
1162. gracilis (GUnther) 797
1162o. berylliua (Cope) 797
1163. audens, Hay 798
1164. gilberti, Jordan & BoUman 798
1165. sardina (Jenkins & Evermann) 799
1166. notata (Mitchill) 800
1167. menidia (Linnwus) 800
1168. guatemalensis (GUnther) 801
1169. pachylepis (GUnther) 801
1170. clara, Evermann & Jenltins 801
CONTENTS.
XliV
0LA8SII1. PISCES— Continued.
Oruer BB. Acanthoptisri— Continued. ,
Faiiiiln CVI. .lrt<TittWfl»— Continued. Page.
QonuiSST. LouresthrR, Jordan .V Gilbert 8()l
1171. cramori, Jordan •& Evermann 802
1172. tenuis (Ayre») 802
Genus 368. Eurystolo, Jordan & Everniann . 802
117.3. orlorcho (Jordan AGIIbert)... 803
(ienu8 360. Thyrina, Jordan A Culver 803
1174. evernmnnl, Jordan A Culver 804
1175. crystalllna, Jordan A Culver.. 8W
Oeuu8 360. Alhurinolla, Stelndachuer 806
1170. iHtnarnensU, Stelndachuer . 805
OonuH361. Labidesthcs, Cope , 806
1177. BlcculuH(Cope) 806
Genua 362. Atherlnopais, tilrard 800
1178. rulifornienglg, Glrard 1 806
GenuB 303. Atberlnoiw, Stolndacbnor :. 807
1179. inHularum, Gilbert _ 807
liou. afflnls (AyrcB) 807
1181. regis, Jonldns A Kvermann 808
Family CVIl. MiujilUlie 808
Genus 364. Mugll (Artedl) Linna3UB 809
1182. brasilicnslB, Agasslz 810
1183. copbaluB, Llnna>u8 8V.
1184. inclllB, Hancock 812
1185. thoburnl, Jordan A Starks 812
1180. curcma, Cuvler A Valenciennes 813
1187. hospes, Jordan A Culver 814
1188. galmardlanus, DeBmarest 814
1189. setoBUB, Gilbert 816
1190. trlchodon, Pocy 816
Genus 365. Chaenouiugll, Gill ' 816
1191. proboBcideus (Otinther) 816
Genus 366. Querimuna, Jordan A Gilbert 817
1192. harengus (GUnther) 817
1193. gyrans, Jordan A Gilbert 818
Genus 307. Agonostomus, Bennett „ 818
Subgenus Dajaus, Cuvier A Valenciennes 810
1194. percoides, GUnther 819
1195. monticola (Bancroft) 819
1196. nasutuB, GUnther 819
1197. microps, GUnther 820
Genus 368. Jotunis, Poey ?"0
1198. pichardi, Poey 821
Family CVIIT. Sphyranidie 822
Genus 309. Sphyncna (Artedi) Bloch A Schneider 822
1199. picuda, Bloch A Schneider 823
1200. ensis, Jordan A Gilbert : 824
1201. guachancho, Cuvier A Valenciennes 824
1202. picndilla, Poey 824
1203. borealis, De Kay 826
1204. argentea, Girard 826
1205. Bphyroina (Linnaeus) 8*6
Suborder Riieonoftebi 827
Family CIX. Pohjnemidse 827
GenuB370. Folynenius (Gronow) Linnoius 828
1206. quinquariuB, Linnaeus 828
'"^*'*'
it
I'
:i
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*-
CY
-'f&
XliVI
CONTENTS.
(
} '
; . J
(;
h\
w
wm
GLASS III. PI80K.S -Continued
OitiiKit IIB. AcANTiioPTEHl— Continued.
I'liiuili) r/.V. PitUjijnniMit — Cuntluuud. Page.
<i«nu»371. PolydactyluH, Lai'f'irf-de 828
1207. iippru-xinmuB (liHy & llcnnett) .. _..„_.. .-__.._ - 820
1208. vlrginiiim (Linna-UB) 829
120!». octoncinuM (GIrard) SUO
1210. oiKsrcuIiirio ((jill) - 830
Urou|i Ammodytoidoi .. . ._ .. Kll
Family «'.Y. Animodytidiv . 8111
l!(^nu8 372. AmmodytcH(Artedi)Linna>uB 832
1211. dubiuB, Uoinhardt. 8.12
1212. alaBcauus, (Jopo 832
1213. aniorkauus, Do Kay _ 833
1214. porsonatug, Ciirard 833
(jrou]) Bcrycoidol 833
Vamilii CXI. Ilalliydupeiilie 831
Gonug 373. llathyclnppa, Alcock 834
1215. argontca, Goodo & Doau 83.")
Family CXI I. Slephanoherycitlie 836
GonuB374. Stephauoberyx, Gill _ 830
1216. inonw, Gill 83(5
1217. gillii, Goodo & Bean 8,10
FamUy CXIll. Trachichthyiihe 836
Gonus 37r>. IIoplostothuR, Cuvier & Valenciennes 837
1218. meditorranous, C'uvier & Valenclonnes 837
tiimUy CXIV. lieryciilie 8.37
Genus 370. CauloloplB, Gill 838
1219. longidens, Gill 830
GcnuB 377. Anoplogastor, Gtlnther „ 839
1220. cornutus (Cuvier & Valonclennes) 840
GcnuB378. Poroniitra, Goodo & Bean ... 840
1221. capito, Goodo itc Bean 840
Genus 379. Plectromus, Gill 840
1222. BuborbitallB, Gill 841
1223. lugubrlB (Gilbert) 842
1224. beanii (GUnther) 842
1225. crasBiceps, GUnther 843
1226. cristiccpB (Gilbert) 843
Genus 380. Boryx, Cuvier 844
1227. dccadactyluB, Cuvier & Valenciennes 844
1228. splendens, Lowe 844
Family CXV. HolocenlricUe 845
Genus 381. Myripristis, Cuvier 840
Subgenus Ostichthys (Langsdorf) 846
1229. trachypoma, GUnther. 840
Subgenus Myripristis . 846
1230. Jacobus, Cuvier & Valenciennes 846
\ 1231. occidentalis, Gill 847
I 1232. p<ccilopus (Gill) 847
\ Genus 382. Holocontrus (Gronow) Seopoli 847
i 1233. ascensionis (Osbeck) 848
1233a. rufus (Walbaum) 849
1234. Biccifer, Cope 849
1235. Buborbitalis, Gill. 850
1230. coruscus, Pooy 851
1237. brachypterus, Poey 852
1238. marianus, Cuvier & Valenciennes 862
1239. voxillftrluB, Poey -. ._ , , 862
il:^
CONTKNTH.
XLVII
OLASBIII. : IS(!K8— Contlimod.
OHin.n lUJ. AcANTiiiiiTr.iii— CiintliiUDil.
family ''AT. Iloloiviilriilii — Coiitlliuoil. PoKO.
1240. i)gculii», Pony _ 863
1241. Himitl-iiaull, (iUiithcr _ 863
(}(>nuH :i8:t. Pli'<trv|«>|>H, (!ill 803
1242. rctroHpiiilH (Guichenut) . . 863
ramilii VXVl. Voliiiiii'Mie - 854
(ioiiiiH !1H4. Pol.vmixiii, Ijowo . 854
124U. li.wol, Giliitliir- __ HVl
Familit rXVII. Mulliihi- 855
tJeiius liM.I. Miillim, l.iniiii'iis . 860
1244. aunitiiH, Jordiiii .t Gilbert 86(1
OoiiiwllHO. MulliiiilcH, nioi'Ucr 857
1245. riitlilxiui (EviTiniinn it .Tonkins) 857'
QenuHliST. Upencnn, Cuviur , „„.-™ 867
124<i. miKmlatnH (Blucli) 858
1247. iliiMtiitus, Gill - 859
12»«. iiftrvns, Pooy. _ 869
1249. niurtinicnK, Cuvior A ViilcncionncH 850
125(). xantliDgraminuN, GiUiort 8fiO
1251. Kriinai.M(|uiimlB, Gill _ 8C(I
<in,u|>Sconil>ri)i(Iel 800
Famihi CXVIII. ffmwhridif .._ 86:i
GuMU»388. Soomliiir (Artfcli) Linnii'UH .. 865
Silbgcnim Sriinibcr 805
1252. scombniB, Tiinnii'UH 8(!5
.Siib^onnH l'nonmiito|pboniH, Jurdun & Gilbert 8G6
1253. coIiuB, Gmolin 800
Genua 380. Au-xis, Cuvior 807
1254. tlia/ard (Lucepodo) 807
GenuHaOO. Gyninosarda, Gill 868
1255. |)olaini8 (liinnu'iiH) 808
1250. alloterata (Raflnosiiuc) 809
Genus SOI. ThnnnuH, South 800
1257. thynnu8 (Linnii'UH) 870
Qenut)392. Germo, Jordan 870
1258. alalunga (Gmelin) 871
GcnuH303. Sarda, Cuvior . 871
1259. 8arda(Bloch) 872
1200. chilunisis, Cuvior & Valencionnos 872
Genus 394. Sconilieroniorus, Laeop6do 873
1261. (.'oucolor (Lockingtun) '. 873
1202. inacuIatU8(Mitihill) 874
1203. sierra, .Tordan & Starks 874
1264. rogttlis (Bloch) 875
1205. cavalla (Cuvier ife Valoncicnueii) . 875
Genus 395. Acanthocybiuni, Gill 870
1200. Bolandri (Cuvier & Valeuciennos) 870
Familn CXIX. GempijUdx 877
Genus 390. Bipinnula, Jordan & Evcrmann 878
1207. violacea (Bean) 878
Genua 397. R cttus, Cocco 870
1208. pretiosus, Cocoo j 879
Genus 398. Epinnula, Poey 880
1269. magistralis, Poey 880
Genus 399. Kealotus, Johuson 881
1270. tripes, Johnson 881
P. N. A. IV.
'■Ill
4
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U
I
''11
1|i
I :
V'i
XliVIII
CONTKNTB.
CLASH III. PiSOES-Oontinaeil.
Uui'Kn BU. A<'ANTiioiTr.Ri— Contlnueil,
tUmily OXIX. aempi/lulir—Oont\nwid. Pagf.
Oeiiua400. Prometlilolithy*, GUI . .. ..._ . 882
1271. iironiothuiiH, Clivlnr A Yalunclennoa H82
1272. |)ttrvl|iliinlH (Ooodo A IJcan) 883
OoiiiiM'IOI. (loinpylui, Oiivlitr i<c ValonflonnoH H83
127;i. Horponii, Ciivler A Vahaicloiinoi . 884
Family CXX, I^jiilnjnilir ........__......... .......... 884
0«iiuh402. AiilmnopiDi, Lowo ...... ...................................... 88S
1274. minor, Collott 886
aenu«4(n. Kvoxymotopon, Pocy 886
127r>. tn-nlutiw, Pony 880
QoniiH 4(14. Lopldopiii, Oouaii 880
127C, cAudatiiR (Enphrown) 886
GonuR 406. Duntliu<l<'Riniis, Goo<Io & Iloan 887
1277. atlantlcUR, Goodo & Bean 887
Family CXXI. TrichiurUlir 8H8
OoniiR4()0. TrIcbiuniR, Iiiuiin.<UR -- «H9
1278. leptuniR, Linnn-iw HHO
Fapiily CXXIL hliniihorhUe- 800
QeniiR 407. iHtiophoniR, Lac(<p(^do 800
1279. nIgriranR (LacC'i^do) . 801
GonuR 408. TetraptiiruB, RaflnoRqtio ...... .... 891
1280. Impcrator (Bloch A Sohnoidor) 802
1281. iinipluH, Poey . 892
t\imily OXXIII. Xiphiida; : 803
Oonng409. Xlphias, Lliinn-UR 893
1282. gladliiH, LinMBUR 804
Fimily OXXIV. NematiMiidie 894
Gonus 410. NematUtiuR, Gill 895
1283. iKJctornlio, Gill 805
FamUy CXXV. Oarangidm 895
0«nu8 411. Ollgoplltes, 0111 898
1284. RauruB (Bloch & Schneider). 898
1286. gallons (Bloch) 890
1286a. palomota (Ouvlor & ValonclonneB) 890
1280. altus (GUnther) 899
Genua 412. NaiicratcR, Bdflnesque 900
1287. ductor, Llnnicud 900
Oonu8 41.3. Seriola, Cuvior 901
1288. dorsallR (Glil) 902
1280. zonata (MltchlU) 002
1289a. carnlinonslR, Holbrook 902
1290. lalandl, Cuvler & Valencionnos 903
1291. dumorill (Rlsso) 903
Subgenus Zonichthyg, Swalnson . . 904
1292. mazatlana, Steindachner 904
129.3. faRclata (Bloch)— 904
1294. rivoliana (Cuvler & Yaloncicnnes) 904
1295. falcata, Cuvier & Vnlonciennes 905
GonnR414. ElagatlR, Benr > 906
1296. bipinnulatuR (Quoy A Gaimard) 906
GenuB416. Decaptenis, Bleeker . 907
1297. punctatUB (Agasglz) 907
1298. Bcombrinns (Valenciennes) 908
1209. sanctte-helenaa (Cnyier & Valenciennes) 908
1300. hypoduB, Gill 908
1301. macarellus (CuTier & Valenciennes) . 009
CONTENTS.
XLIX
t'LA88 III. I'I8(;KH— Contlnupil.
UauKU BB. Ai'ANTlloiTERl— Cnnllnuod.
i\ni4ilii CXXV. rtirim(//iJ«— Continual. P*Kp.
Geiiiiii4l6. TnkchiiriiH, ItaHnotqiie ....... .... . IKK)
WYi. plrtlirutUH (Ilow(llch) !M)0
130.1. trurliiiruH(Mnnii'iiii) . 010
(Ieniiii4l7. Trft<;liuro|iii, Qill !»11
l:i04. rnini(>:i()plitlmliiiii« (lilocli) .. . Oil
(Jriiu«41H. Ilfinlrariiiix, Ble{'kur . . 012
lliori. aiiiltlyrliynchuH (Ciivicr Si VHlont-lennes)......... ...... ....... 012
i;UHi. atiitimmw (Jordan A Gilhort) Oia
1307. Hi'Ciinduit (Poey) 014
1308. furtliii (.><toln(l»cliiior) 014
1,30!». leiicurug ((itInUicr) 014
OeiiiiM410. OBninx, Lurt'pido . 018
Hiil)Ki'nu8 Solar, Bleokor .. . .... . . 018
i;JIO. vliictiiH, Jimlau A GlllKjrt 018
Hubgeiiuit Caranx ....... . 010
1311. rubor (Bloch) J 010
11)12. bartliolunia'l, Cuvlor A Valencioniios . . 010
SiibgoiiUM Tricroptorui, ItafluoHqiio ..... . .... . . 020
1.313. Iiippoa (LinDH-iift) 020
SubKoiiUH Paratractus, Gill . .. .... 021
1314. crysoB (MItchlll) 021
1315. caballuH (Olliitlicr) 021
SiiltKenus CarangichtliyH, Bleokur 022
13l«. margliiatus, Gill 922
1.117. latiw, Agawiz.. 023
1318. mediisirula, Jordan A StarkH 024
1310. liigubria, Poey 924
1320. niulampyguH, Cuvlor A VuloncioDiieB ...... ...... 925
Sul)Kenu8 Uranpiit, Blocker ............ . .... 026
1321. gnara (l)onnatorre) 02G
GenuB 420. Gnatliaiiodoii, Blceker 027
1322. BpocioBUH (Fontk&l) 028
GeuuB421. CarangoidoB, Blocker . 028
1323. orthogramnius (Jordan A Gilbert) 028
Genus 422. Citula, Cuvier.. 920
1324. dorBalis (Gill) 030
Genus 423. Alectig, Raflnesque 031
132.'>. ciliaris (BlocJi) 931
(SiinuB 424. Ilyunis, Cuvior 932
132('>. cubonsid (Poey) 032
1327. hopkinBi, Jordan A StarkB 033
Genus 425. Vomer, Cuvier A Valenciennes 033
1328. dorBalis, Gill 034
1320. setiplnnis (Mltchill) 934
1330. galmuonsiB, Guichenc^ 934
GouuB 42G. Selene, Lac6p^do 935
1331. (lerstodii, LUtkcn . 036
1332. vomer (LinnieuB) 036
Genus 427. Cliloroscombrus, Girard 037
1333. orqueta, Jordan A Gilbert 037
1334. chryBurus (Linnajus) 938
Genus 428. Trachinotns, Lacdpide. 030
133.5. glaucuB (BIocli) 040
1336. rhodopiiB, Gill 941
1337. falcatuB (Linnasus) 041
■*.
I-;-
Y^ii
CONTKNTB.
H.
•■r
«
i
{>
V
!l
OliAHHIII. iTflOKH— (!imtlniii<l.
Dhukii nil. Ai'ANiiKiiTRlil -Contlinit'd.
t)amUii i'XXV. <'iiriiH(/iiJw— (^iitliiutnl. P»f«.
i:i.'M. I'ulvvri, .liinUii k HUrkii .... . Wi
\XV.\. ktinmxiyi, StcliKlinl r Wi
i;)l<). giHHinI, Jiinliin >V Hvormiiiiii ..................... .......... 043
III4I. lll'Ki'tltoilH, CiivliT iV Vnli'liriciiiit'l..... ....... ......-.._............. M'l
i:i4'J. t'liroliiiiiH, Iiiiiiiii'iiM — .................. 044
i;i4:i. |iuliiiiiji, Jonlikii >t HtiirkN ................................ 04A
i:H4. rik.vi'iiiii'iinli, (!iivl<'r>^ Vuli'iiiii'iiini .... .. 040
h'ltiiiilii <'.\'.\'I7. I'miialiimiilir ............ ..... ........ . Wt
OiMiiiH 4'J!*. I'oiiiatiiiiiiiH, Luc<'-|H'ilo ........................................... 040
1:11:1. Hitltutrix (I.iiiiiii'UM) 040
Familii i'.S.W II. Hiirhiiienlrithr .. 047
<iuMUH4:i(). Ituchyroiitron, Kaiip . 048
Vm. <'»imiluM (Liiiiiii'iiit) 04'i
rmtiiltl rXX Vlll. Snmeiilir Mt
aHiiiiH4:i1, NiiinoiiN, Ciiviur ._....._............... ...... .. .... 040
i;tJ7. unmovll (OiiK-llii).. 040
OoiiiiN 4:12, I'm-iich, (MivitT a VnluiicUMiixm . ..... .... ... . DM
i;»48. |i«llu<l.liiM, Ltltkon ftWl
1340, cyitiioplirvH, ('iivlor iV VuIoiiciciiiioM ............ ................ Or>()
laCft. iniiculutuN, Liltkuii 061
l:iM, roK<>l«>*t I'ooy.-.. ...... ...... ......... Oftl
MimiV// CXXIX. CoriixthirniiUr 1151
(ji'iiiiH 4n;t. Corvpliii'iiit, LintiiiMiri .. .. . ... .. 052
Vi^t. lii|>|>iiriiN, Liiiiiii»i« .. ............................. OSS
13/i3, uquiHutiH, Liiiiiii'iiH ..... . ............ . ........ 053
t'amilii ( 'XXX. Lampriiliv . ... .. . ..... 0A3
(ioiiiiH 4:U. liaiiipriH, Itotziuii . 054
ISM. liiim ((Jmdiii) 054
t\imily CXXXl. lie acUdiv. 056
G<>niiM435. I'liTiu IIh, flronow - ..... .... ......-._... 066
1:155, oaroliiniH, Ciivlor ik Vuloiicii'iiiicH . 066
Familii CXXXIl. linwiiilii _. !»6(1
(i(!iiua43G. TiiriictcM, Lowo —.__._. !(57
i;i5tl, wiuMuril (Luiiel) _. 067
(ioiiuH437. IlraniB, Hlotli & Scbnoiilcr 068
1357. aKiutgizli, Poey 959
135;. brevoortil, Pooy 959
1359. rail (Hloch) 959
t\imati CXXXIl I. Uleinem-riidiE 960
OoiiiiH 438. Stchiegoriu, Junlaii & Bvcrmaiin . 900
1300. rul)ewenH, Jonlau & Kveniiami .._ „ . 061
J!Vimi7;/ CXXXIV. < •eiitrolnitlMii; -_ _. 902
fleiiuH439. Contriilo|>hu8, Larupixlo . 902
1361. iiigcr (Gmulin) 903
iJohiib44(». I'ulinuriclithyH, Bleokor 963
1362. porclforiiiiH (MltchiU) ._ 904
Family VXXXV. SlronuUeiihc 064
QeniiB 441. lUiombtiH, Lac{>i)«iilo . . _j_ 066
Siibgoiiiig Itboiiilius _. 966
1303. paru (LinnaeuH) 906
1364. xantbiirua (Quoy iSc GaimanI) . 966
Subgenus Palometa, Junlau & Evcrmann . ... ..__ 066
1366. palometa (Jordan & Bellman) 066
1.366. niodiuH (Potors) . 967
1367. simlUlmiiH (Ayrcs) 907
SubgenuH Poronotus, Gill 907
1368. triacautbus (Peck) 067
CONTENTH.
l.Ill
CliAMH III. I'lHCKH— <'i>hI|iiiiihI.
(iui>r.ii nil. Ai'AN'riiiii'TKiii -CuntiniKiil.
h'liiiiily C\ l.Ill. /Vni.'/i— CiiiiIIiiiiimI. PIMI*.
SiiliKi'iiiiM fluiilnlii, .Iiinliiii ,V Kvi'riimiiii......... ...... ..................... 1040
IIJ',1. M(|imiimtii:i HJIIlM.rt .V Swiilu) ............ 1040
SullKI'IIIIH ll,V|l<il|M||M|H ............................................ 1040
UlMt. auruiitliuiiH (Copo) ....... HMO
M:il. <yiiiat..|(iiilii((ill»)«rt .t M.-ck) . . 1041
IIU.;. iiliiiiKiiiiMfilll'frt A Mcok) 1042
I 'X\. Hpllc.tllM ((illlllTt) HMD
(ii'iiiiN .''.H. Ciiti it(ii»(i'r, I'utiiain. ..................................... ...... 1044
HultKi'iiiiN (!iiili)KiiHti'r .. . . ... ..... . 1044
11:M. iininl.l.u (Jordiin A (JillicrO 1044
li;i.l. lopfliuicll (.lonliui) . ........ lOlfl
Hul>K<>i)iiH Iiniiatiiiiia, Jonliiii...... ............ ........................ 1044
H:hi. Hliiimiinll ((Jlnml) 1046
Geniu4iiO. UliH'i<iitra, Junluti .... . 104T
I4:i7. ntl({iii(io(.liiriliiii)-- — - HHT
14:tH. glllHTtl, Kvcriimim A Tlii.lmin 1O40
l-l;!!), vurcciiudu (Jiiriliiii A Kvcriimiiu) .. ... . ................ 1040
lUO. hlBtrld (Jordan A (JIllKirt; 1060
1441. (iliiiotora (Cope) loftl
144J. phlox ((!o|K<) „ 10ft2
OonuH'170. DipluHiiiii, ltufliii'Ri|uo ...... ... .......... 10V2
144:1. bloiMiioldi'H (ItulliiiiMiiuo) . 1063
Oeuiiit47I. BoIooHomu, Do Ku.v ....... ........—...—. .... 1084
1444. liiiiKiniiiiiiif* (Jordan) . . 1064
1146. ptxIoHtomoiiii (Jordan <fc Junklna) ... .......... 1066
1140. nlgriirii (llafliicdipio) . 1060
M40<i. oliiiHfodI (Storur) 1067
144(l/<. umilBons ((Ilrard) 106«
144t!<'. vexlllaro (Jordan) 1068
mad. niaLulttticoiw (CoiM)) 1068
144tJf. niewvnm (Cope) _ 1069
1447. RUianii) (Jordan A Swain) . 1059
SubgonuH Vuillantia, Jordan ... . 1000
1448. camurum, ForlK-g 1060
Genus 472. Cryntallarla, Jordan A Gilbert KMM)
1449. asprolla (Jordan^. _ lOfil
GenuH 473. Ammocrypta, Jordan - - lOfil
1460. pelluclda (Balrd) 1002
1460ri. Clara (Jordan A Meek) - 106.1
1460b. vlva.\(Htty) _ 10«:»
1451. beanll, Jordan 1004
GonuH 474. loa, Jordan A Brayton — .. 1064
1452. vitn-a (Cope) 1064
1463. vigil, Hay 1065
Genus 475. Etlicostonm, Ilaflnesquo . 1060
Subgenus I'ceclllclilhyp, .XgasHlz i. 1000
1454. varlatuni, Kirtliind 1009
SubgonuH Nanostoina, Putnam . 1070
1455. Bwannanoa, Jordan & Evermann 1070
1466. thalatelnum (Jordan & Brayton) 1071
1457. inscriptum (Jordan & Brayton) 1072
1468. blennlus, Gilbert A Swain 1072
1459. rupestre, Gilbert A Swain 1073
1400. clegans (Hay) 1074
1401. zouale (Cojw) 1075
1461a. arcanBaniim, Jordan A Gilbert 1076
i
•'i
f
\
Ni'ili
LIV
CONTENTS.
■ ::■ m
U-
J I
CLASS III. PISCES— Continued.
Obuf.r BB, Acantiioi'tkiii — Continued.
Fnmihj CXLllL rtiticfH— Continued. Page.
SubgunuH NotlionotuH, AguHsi/. . . .. ......... 1076
1462. camuruin (Cope) _ 1076
14t«. vulneratum (Cope) — — 1077
14(i-i. niiiculatuni, Kirtland 1077
1465. einorcum, Htoror 1078
14(!6. tcsuclliitum, Storer - 107«
1467. nililineatiim (Cope) - — 107l»
1468. joiduni, Gill)ert — 107!)
SuligenuH Torrontarin, Joriliin & Evcrnmnn 1080
146^. sagitta, Jordan & Swnin _ 10»0
1470. aiiHtrale, Jordan 1081
SuljgenuH Nivieola, .Torduu &. Kvcruiann 1082
1471. iHireuIe (Jordan) _ - 1082
guligenuH ItuflnesijiiiuiluM, Jordan & Kvormann ..... 1082
1472. poltsii (Girard) 1082
SuligeiiuH OligoceplialuH, (iirard 1083
147.3. iowie, Jordan <': Meeli — 108;»
1474. jossiH" (Jordan * Brajton) 1084
1475. luteovinctum, Oilliert & Swul-i 1086
1476. lupidogouys, EvcTnmun & Kendall 1087
1477. ((iTuloum, Storer 1088
1477(1. Biiectabile (AgaHsiz) 108!)
1478. lopidum (Baird .fe Girard) 1080
1479. tippecanoe, Jordan & iJverniann . 10!K>
1480. punctulatnm (Agassiz) lOOO
1481. crogiui, Gilbert 1091
1482. ()l)eyenHC, Kimdi _ 1092
1483. pagci, Meek 1092
1484. virgatuin (Jordan) 109.1
Subgenus Claricola, Jordan & Evcrniann 109U
1485. juliiv, Meek 1093
1486. artesire (Hay)... 1094
1487. alabamai (Gilbert & Swain) 1095
1488. Mhipplii (Girard) 10!)5
1489. squamicepg, Jordan 1090
Subgenus Ethoostoma 1097
1490. flabellare, Kaflneflipie •. 10!»7
1490a. cumborlandicuni, Jordan & Swain 1098
1490f;. linoolatum (Agassiz) 1098
Genus 476. Alvarias, Girard 1099
1491. lateralis, Girard 1099
Genus 477. Psycbromastor, Jordan Ic Evormann 1099
1492. tuBcuinbia (Gilbert A Swnin) IKK)
Genus 478. Copelaudellus, Jordan .t EYermann 1100
1493. ((uiescens (.Tordan) IICO
Genus 479. Boleiclithys, Gir&rd 1101
1494. fusiformis (Girard) 1101
1495. exilis, Girard _ 1103
Genus 480. Microperca, Putnam 1103
1496. proeliurls, Hay 1103
1497. punctalata, Putnam 1104
1498. fonticola (Jordan & Gilbert) 1104
t^tmUfi CXLIV. Cheiioclipteridie 1105
Genus 481. Apogon, Lacepiido . ..... . 1106
1499. imberbis (Linnteus) 1107
1500. dovii, QUntUer 1108
CONTENTS.
I<V
CLASS III. I'ISOES— Continued.
Oiint.ii HB. ArANTiioPTKRi— Continued.
I'niiiilii CXLIV. Cheiloilipleridn — Continued. Paffe.
1501. retroiiclla (<iill) IKm
1502. niBculatuK (I'oey) _ IKKt
l.WJ. binottttug (I'w.v) 110!)
1504. pigmontarius (I'oey) 1109
(ioniiH4H2. Apogonlclitiiys, Hluoltor . 1110
1605. alutuH ;jordiiii * Gilbe-t) 1110
1500. stollatug, Copi" 1110
1507. punrticulatuH, I'ooy 1111
aeiiug48;t. Ologgamiii, Oill _ , 1111
15<»S. pandionii((i(>odp &, Boau) 1111
OeniiH 4s4. KpigonuH, Ilalnu!fii|ue 1111
I50!l. oocidcptiilig, (toode & liean 1112
Genug 4S5. Cliollodiptorug, Larepi'do 1112
1510. nfflnig, Pocy 1113
Genus 4S(i. Amiiclithyg, I'ooy 1113
1611. <liapt<TU8 (Pony) 1113
(teuiis4S7. Spliyrii'nopg, Oill 1114
1612. huirdiaiiUH, I'ooy 1114
Genus 4HS. Hconibroitfi, Tomniiuck & Schle(!;el 1114
Subgenus liatobrus, I'ooy 1114
1513. oculutus (I'ooy) 1114
(ionus4H9. Ilypoclydonia, Gooio A IJoau 1115
1514. liella, Gomle & Bean 1115
Familji OXLV. (U-iUrtipomidir 1110
Gouus 4!»0. Oentropomus, La('e|)6do 1117
1515. viridis, Loclcington 1118
1516. undocimalig(Blo(h) 1118
1517. niKre.^ccns, Giinthor 1119
1518. podimacula, Pony 1119
1610. grandoculatus, Jenlcins & Evorniaiin 1120
1620. cuviori, Bocourt . 1121
1521. niexicanus, Bocourt 1121
1522. parallelus, I'ooy 1122
1523. pectinatus, I'ooy 1122
1.521. uniononais, Boco;irt 1122
162,".. annatUH, Gill 1123
1520. robalito, Jordan & Gilbert 1123
1527. affinls, Stoindachner 1124
1528. cnsiferug Pooy 1125
nimUii CXhVr. S.'tTamfte_ ._ _ 1120
Genug 4!>1. Roccus, Mitchili 1131
Subgenus Lepibcnia, Ratines(|uo 1132
1529. chrysops (Rafinosquo) 11.32
Subgenus Roocug 1132
1.530. linoatus (Bloch) 1132
Genus 492. Morono, Mitchili 1133
1531. interrupta, (Jill li:J4
1532. amcricana (Ginulin) ". 1134
Genug 4!)3. Lioproiioma, Gill 1135
1533. aberrang (Poey) 1136
Genus 494, Chorigtistiuni, Oill 1136
1.534. rubrum (Pocy) 1136
Genus 49,5. Storeolopis, Ayros. 1137
1535. gigae, Ayros 1137
Genus 496. Polyprion, Cuvier 1138
1536. americanus (Blocb c& Schneider) 1139
I ! 1
' 1
If
LVI
CONTENTS.
rii
I'll
iu^v-
11
CLASS III. PISCES-Continued.
Order BB. ArANTiiopTERi — Continiiud.
i'amily f^XLVI. Serranulir — Continued. Page.
Genn8 407. Gonioplcctrug, Olll ._ 1139
15;i7. hiipanuH (Cuvicr ic VuluucionneH) 1140
C}enuH4»8. Petronietopon, Gill 1140
153H. pimamongiB (Steindachuer) 1141
1539. criientatuH (Lac^p<>dc) 1141
l.')39a. coronatUB (Ciivior A Valenciennes) 1142
Genus 4»i). HodianuH, Blooh.. 1143
1540. tii'ni()|>8 (Cuvior & Valenciennes) 1144
1541. fulvus (Linuii'us) 1144
1541a. ruber (Bloili & SrVneider) 1145
1.'>41fc. imnctatus (Liunnius) 1146
Subgenus Monephorns, Poey 1140
1642. dulling (Poey) 1140
1643. pnnctifenig (Poey) 1147
SubfienuH KnneistuH, .lurdan A Evorniann 1147
1.544. acantliigtiug (Gilbert) 1147
GenuB5(H». Kpineplielns, Blodi 1148
SubgohUH Si'liiHtorn8,Gin 1151
1545. mygtaeinng (Pooy) 1151
Snbgcnug Epinepliolus 1152
1546. anuloguB, Gill 11,52
1.547. adsrengioniH (Osbeck) 11.52
1548. giia/a (Linnaeus) 1154
1.549. Inbriformig (.U-nyns) 11,55
1.550. flavolinibatus, Poey 11,55
1551. niveatus (Cuvier A Valenciennes) 11,50
1.5,52. striatuB (Bloch) 11.57
1553. inacuIoBUg (Cuvior & Valenciennes) 1158
1554. drummond-liayi, Goode & Beau 1150
15.55. niorio (Cuvier & Valenciennes) 1100
OonusSOl. Garnipa, Jordan 1161
1556. nigrita (Holbrook) 1161
Genus 502. Promicroiw (Gill) Poey 1162
1557. guttatus (Linnoens) 1162
Genus 503. Alphestes, Bloch & Schneider 1164
1558. afer (Bloch) 1164
1559. multiguttatus (GUnther) 1165
Genus 504. Dermatolepis, Gill 1160
Subgenus Lioperca, Gill 1167
1560. inermis (Cuvier & Valenciennes) 1167
Subgenus Derniatolepig . . 1168
1561. punctatUB, Gill 1168
Genus 605. Mycteroperca, Gill 1169
Subgenug ArchoiHsrca, Jordan & Evermann 1171
1562. boulcngeri, Jordan & Starks 1171
Subgenug Trisotropig, Gill 1172
1563. venenoBU (Linnaeus) 1172
156.3a. apua (Bloch) 1173
1564. bonaci (Poey) 1174
1564a. xanthosticta, Jordan A Swain 1176
1565. jordani (Jenkins & Evermann) 1176
1560. niicrolepis (Goodo & Bean) „_. 1177
1507. intcrstitialis (Poey) 1178
1568. diniidiatus(Pooy) 1179
1609. xenarcba, Jordan ._.„ „„. . 1180
CONTENTS.
liVH
CLASS III PISCES— Continued.
(tiiKKii Ufl. AcANTHOPTKRi— Continued.
Family CXLYI. Serr«)ii(te— Continued. Pag;e.
Sub^tinus PiirepinonheluK, Bleekor 1180
1570. rubra (Bloch) - 1180
Subgenus Xyatroperca, Jordan <& Evermann 1181
1571. iiardiiliH, Gilbert 1181
Subgenus Myctoropcrca . 118:1
1572. olfax (.lenyuB) 1183
1572a. ruberriniu, Jordan & Bollnian 118;i
157;i. rosacea (Streets) 1184
1574. falcata (I'oey) 1184
1574(1. pliena.x, Jordan ■& Swain 1185
1575. venadoruni, Jordan i& Starks 118ti
1576. calliura, Poey 118(1
1577. tigris (Cuvior & Valenciennes) 1187
1677a. camelopardalis (Poey) 1187
Genus 506. Cratlnus, Steindachner 1188
1578. agassizii, Hteindachner 1188
Genus 507. Hypoplectrus, Gill 1189
1570. lamprurus (Jordan & Gilbert) 1190
1580. unicolor (Walbanm) 1190,1192
1580a. puella (Cuvicr & Valenciennes) 1192
1580/). vitulinus (Poey) 1192
1580f. pinnivariuH (Poey) 1192
1,'J80(/. guttavarius (Poey) 1192
1580c gumniigutta (Poey) 1192
\m)f. crocotus (Cope) 1192
1680;/. aberrans (Poey) 119:1
1680/1. accensus (Poey) 119;J
ir.SOi. afflnis (Poey) 1103
1580/. clilorurus (Cuvier & Valeuciounes) 1193
1580A-. nigricans (Poey) 1193
1580/. indigo (Poey) 1193
1580)11. liovinus(Poey) 1193
1581. gemma, Goode & Bean 1193
Genus .')08. Paralabrax, Oirard 1194
1582. nebulifur (Girard) 1195
■i.')83. maculatofasciatus (Stoindacliner) 1196
1584. Iiumcralia (Cuvior & Valenciennes) 1196
1585. clathratus (Girard) 1197
Genus 509. Centropristes, Cuvier 1198
Subgenus Centropristes 1199
1686. rufus, Cuvier & Valenciennes 1199
1587. Ktriatus (tiinmvus) 1199
1588. of.yiirus (Jordan k Kvermann) 1200
Subgenus Triloburus, Gill 1201
1589. philwlelpliicus (liinnieus) 1201
Genus 610. Diplcctrum, Holbrook 1203
Subgenus Haliperca, Gill . I 1204
15110. sciunis, Gilbert 1204
Vm. radialo (Quoy AGaimard).. 1204
1592. macropoma (Giintlier) ^ 1205
1593. euryplectruni, Jordan * Bollnian 1-06
Subgenus Diplectruni 1207
1594. formosum (LinnieuB) 1207
GenusSll. Prionodes, .Tenyns 1208
Subgenus Prionodes 1210
159:. aequidons (Gilbert) 1210
I* 1
\\
in
■f'' ::!
LVIII
CONTENTS.
!| I
i
1
1
■:|
i
CLASS III. PISCES— Continued.
OimEH Bli. AcANTiiuPTiiRi— Continued.
Vamilj) CXLVl. Serranidir — Continued.
1596. fu8ciilu« (Pooy)
1597. piKnbe, I'ooy
1598. faflciutu8, Jouyng.......
Page.
. 1211
. 1211
. 1212
1609. bullori, BouJonger 121;<
SuligcnuB Mentiperca, QiH 1214
1000. tigrinug (Bloch) 1214
ICOl. tabacariuH (Ouvior i<[ Valenciennog) „ 1215
1602. t1av(!8ceu8, Ciivier & Valenciennes . . 1215
1603. liuioporcanuH (I'ooy) 1216
16(H. stilbogtigma, Jordan A Bollman 1216
GonuH612. DulcH, Cuvior 1217
1605. subligarius (Cope) 1218
1606. dispiliirus (GUnther) 1219
1607. auriga, Cuvier & Yalencionneg 1220
Genug 513. Parantliias, Guichonot 1221
1C08. furcifer (Cuvier & Valencionneg) — 1221
Genus 514. Iloniiantliias, Steindacbner 1222
1609. peruanus, Steindacliner 1222
1610. vivanus (.Jordan & Swaiu) 1223
Genus 515. Pronotogrammus, Gill 1224
1611. eos, Gilbert 1224
1612. niultifasciatus, Gill 1226
G«nuH516. Antliias, Blocli 1226
1613. asperilinguis, Giinther 1 1227
GenuB 517. Ocyanthias, Jordan & Evennann 1227
1614. martinicensis (Guichenot) 1228
Genus 518. Gramma, Poey 1228
161.'">. loreto, Poey 1229
Genug 519. Rypticus, Cuvior 1229
1616. xanti, Gill 1231
bicolor (Valencienncg) . 1231
saponaceus (Bloch & Schneider) 1232
arenatu^, Cuvier k Valenciennes 1232
coriaceus (Coj)©) 1233
Subgenus Promicropterus, Gill 1233
1621. bistrispinus (Mitchill) 1233
1622. nigripinnis, Gill 1234
Famay CXLYII. JMholidw 1235
Genus 520. Lobotes, Cuvier 1235
1623. surinamensig (Bloch) 1235
Fawihi CXLVin. Priacanthidie 1236
Genug 621. Priacantbus, Cuvior 1237
1624. areiiatus, Cuvier & Valenciennes 12.17
lij25. cruontatUH (Locupede) 1238
Genus 522. Pseudopriacanthus, Blocker . 1239
1626. serrultt, Gilbert 1239
1027. altug(Gill) 1239
1617.
1618.
1619.
1620.
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CONTENTS
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CLASS III. PISCES— Continuod.
Orpbr no. AcANTiioiTKRi— Coiitlnuoil. I Page.
Famihi CXXXVI. l<o»lei<lir — 0(W
(JonuH44U. IiriclithyH, Jonliiii * (iilliort 060
l;l6!». lockliigtoiii, Jordan & Gilboit 900
CieMiin443. SchedophlluH, Cocco 070
IIWO. niodiiHopliiiKUH, Cooco 970
aeniiH444. IcohU'iih, IjockiiiKtoii 972
1S71. H'lilKniaticuH, L(ickinKt<m 972
GeniiH44.">. Anotiis, Uciiu 973
1372. willouKliliyl, Beiiii 973
Family CXXXVII, dnwiniirokpidiiliF 973
QeniiH44U. (JramiiiicoUipis, Piioy „„ 974
1373. bnichiuaciiliiH, Pooy . 974
Familii VXXXVtIl. Tetraijoniiriilir 975
(ioniiH447. TetragonuriiH, Rismt 975
1.374. cuviiTi, RiHso 97C
Familfi CXXXIX. Femplieruliv 977
Goiiuh448, Poiiiplierio, Ciivior it Yaluucionnot) .„ 977
1375. mexicaiiiiH, Cuvicr * Valenciennes 978
1370. 8clioml)ur(?ki, Mtlller & Triwcliel 978
1377. niullcri, Pooy - 978
1.378. poeyl, Itean _. 979
Group Percoidoa 979
F(tmily CXL. Fliiimmiiibr 981
(<cniis449. KlaNNonia, .lordan „ 982
1379. zunatum, Jordan 982
1380. everttladei, Jordan 982
Famihj CXLl. Cenirarehidir 984
GuniiH 4.")0. Pomoxin, ItaflneHijiie 980
1381. annularin, IlaflneH({Uo 987
1382. sparoides (Larepede) 987
Genns 451. ContrarchuH, Cuvier & Valenciennes 988
1383. niacropt«ruH (Lacep^de) 988
GonuH ^.Vi. Acantharchns, Gill ._ 989
1384. pomotis (Baird) 990
Qonus 4.'i;i. AniblopliteH, ItafiiioHque 989
1385. rupentris (Bnfinesqiie) , . 990
138o((. cavifrons, Cope ._____. ...... 990
Genus 454. Archoplites, Gill 990
1380. intorniptus (Girard) 991
Genus 455. Ohwnobryttus, Gill 991
1387. gutosus (Cuvier & Valoncienues) . 992
Genus 450. Knneacanthus, Gill 992
1388. obcsHH (Baird) 993
1389. gloriosus (Holbrook) 993
Genus 467. Mesogonistius, Gill 994
1390. chsBtodon (Baird) 995
Genus 458. Aponiotis, Baflnesque ._.._- 995
1391. cyanellns (Raflnesque) 996
1392. ischyruB (Jordan & Nelson) 997
1393. phenax (Cojhj & Jordan) 997
1394. punctatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) 997
1395. syinmetrlcus (Forbes) 998
GenuB459. Lepomis, Baflnesque 999
SuligenuB Leiiomis . 1001
1390. aurituH (Linnmus) 1001
1390n. solis (Cuvier & Valenciennes) 1001
1397. niiniatus, Jordan 1002
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CONTENTS
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CLASS III. PISCKS-Contlnued.
Oriikii HI). AoANTiioPTERi — Coutinuod.
Familii CXLI. fWi/riircAiW/r— Coiitlliuetl, P*Ro.
SubjfonuH XeiidtiK, .Tonliin „ „-.._-_..._. . . ..... 1002
laos. gariiiaiii, Forln^H 1002
1390, niegalotlH (Rafliifwiuo) 1(HI2
SiiliKeiiiiN Ilolioporca, Jordan ........ . 1004
I4(K). hiiniiliH ((Jirunl) 1004
1401. haiiliiKimtliiiM, Coik! _ 1004
UO'J. iniuTui'liiriiH, liafliicm|ue .... 1005
1403. i)alliaiiH(Mitclilll) 10(W
^- QoiniH 4tiO. Kupoinutix, Gill >t Jordan lOOC
SuligonuH X.vBtmplitcH, Jordan . 1006
1404. pallidiiK, AganHi/ , lOOC
Subgenus Kn|H)niotiH 1(K)7
1405. »ieroH(Bairtl Jt Giriird) 1007
1400. holbrooki (Cuvit-r * ValoncienncH) 1008
1407. euryorus (McKay) IOCS
1408. gibbomiH (Llnnicus) 1009
QenuH4r>l. MicroptoruH, Tiact'i)c'de ...... 1010
I. 1409. doloniieu, liiici'ijode 1011
1410. xiilmoidcH (LaiOpudo) 1012
Fiimay CXUI. KuMiidK 1013
OeniiH 4(12. Kiililiii,(Jill 1013
1411. urge, Jordan & Uollnmn 1014
1412. xonura (Jordan & Gilbert) 1015
Familii ( XIJIl. Percidie 1015
GvniiH 4G3. Stixuntudion, UafinoHqno 1020
.Siibgcnu.-< StixoKti'dion ... . 1021
1413. vitreum (Mitcliill) 1021
Subgenus Cynoporca, Gill & Jordan •. 1022
1414. canadensc (Smith) 1022
1414<i. griseum (Do Kay) 1022
1414/.. boroum (Giranl) 1022
Oonus4('>4. IVroa (Artedi) Linnn-us .; 1023
1415. flavcsreiis (Mitcliill) 1023
Genus 4(i5, Perciua, Haldenian 1024
141(1. rex, Jordan <& Rverniann . 1025
1417. caprodes (Rafluosque) ___.^ 1026
1417<i. /.obni(Aga88iz) 1027
Genus 466. Ilatlroptvrus, Agussix .. 1028
Subgenus Alvordius, Girard .. 1030
1418. pboxocepbalus (Nelson) .. „.. . 1030
1419. macrocephalus (Cope) 1031
1420. maculatUH (Girard) 1031
1421. aspro (Cope & Jordan) _. 1032
1422. giintberi (Eigenmann & Eigeninann) 1033
1423. peltatus (Stauffer) 1034
1424. ouacliito! (Jordan & Gilbert) 1035
1425. roanika (Jordan & Jenkins) 1036
Subgenus Ericosma, Jordan & Copeland 1030
1426. evides (Jordan & Copeland) 1 1036
Subgenus Serraria, Gilbert 1037
1427. scierus, Swain . 1037
1427a. serrula, Jordan & Gilbert 1038
Subgenus Hadropterus, Agassiz 1038
1428. uigrofasciatus, Agassiz 1038
Genus 467. Hypohomus, Cope 1039
Sifi
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
' / ' UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BULLETIN
OF THE
NITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
No. -47.
THE FISHES
r
OF
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
\.
■icniPTiM; catalu<u;k of tiik spmciks of Fisii-LrKK vertkubates foi;nt) in the
WATERS OP NORTH AMERICA, NORTH OF THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA.
■•■?
I
DAVID STARR JORDAN, Ph.D.,
PRE8IDKNT OK THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR I'NIVERSITY,
BARTON WARIi^: h VERM ANN, Ph.D.,
ICIITlIVULOaiST OF TIIK UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.
PART I.
U i.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1896.
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^UVIOKTISICMKNT.
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I
This work (Bulletin N<>. 47) i.s ono of u scries of pajMrs iiib u\\
to illustrute the collectioiis hcloiijt^iii^ to tin? Uiiittid StHie;- i
coiistitiitiu^ tlu' Niitioiuil Museum, <»r which the Sniitiisitiiiuii ;i ^
tution was phieed in charge hy the act of Congress of Align
184(i.
Tlie publicutiouH of tlu; National Museum consist of two s( lic
the Bulletins, of which this is No. IT, in continu(nis series, ami
Proc(*e(Iings, of which the (Ughteenth volume is now in presto,
suiall edition of each |)aper in the Proc«ie(lings is (listiibutml
})amphlet fo m to specialists, iji advance of the publication ef i
boun<l A olume.
The Bulletins of the National Mus(^uni, tlu^ publication of wlmi
was conunence<l in ISTo, c(jnsist of ehiborate jiapers bast^l ;ii»(m i
collections of the Museum, reports of expeditions, (^tc, while tl|
Proceedings facilitate the i)rompt publication of fresh ly-a<^uiii
facts relating to biology, anthroi)ology, a'l^ geology, doscrjiptioiij
of restricted groups of animals and plani;*,.the discussion* f
ticular questions relative to the synonyu\j- of^^cfes, and tlilf.' U!.tu|
of minor expeditions.
Other pajjers, of niori; general popular interest, arenrintec. -in
Ajjpendix to the Annual Repoi't. ,
Full lists of the publications of the Museum may bo foi.nli
the current catalogu«.'S of the i)ublications of the Smithsonia
Institution. ^
Pai)ers int(;nded for publication in the Proceedings and Buili
of the National Museum are Joferred to the Committee on Piiili
cations, ccmiposed as follows: Fkedkkh^k W. True (chair lui^l
R. Edward Earll (edittn-), J. E. Benedict, Otis T. 3lAS(fl|
Leonhard Stejne(4Er, and Lester F. Ward. I '5
s. P. lanoleyI
Secretary of the Smit>unmian.Jtuitit^ '
WASUIKaTON, D. C
March 18, 1896.
\--.:
LIST OF NEW NAMES.
The followinj? is ft list of thu frtiuily, jyeiu'ric, snbKoneric, Hpecific,
iiiid HubHi)ecific iiameH which apiMiiir ua new in Part I of the present
N^ork:
I'ugo.
Lmipetrii wllderi, Ohro la
(htiiliiB liter, .lonliin k Oilliort 26
Znptoryx xyster, Jonlnn & Evornmnii Ci
Ihustor, Jonlan & Kvonnanii _ 137
lliblilu, Jordan A Evornmnii - — 140
Ciimpogtonia |irl(ol, Jordiin * Tliolmrn —..... 206
lotlclithys, JoidttM * Evorniann 24K
OiiaoiMi'a, Jordan & Evorinann 249
A tci-a, Jonlan A Everinaun 2M
N)troi)i«biaytoni, Jordan A Evcrmann — 204
Oic(>lla, Jordan A Eveniiiinii 289
n,?l)OiiBlH m(^eki, Jordan A Evcrmann 317
Yi'riria, Jordan A Evoriiiiinii 321
K!i{cnnianiiia, Jordan A Evorniann 341
Verina, Jordan A Evennaun 374
t*c itica, Jordan A Evorniann ._ 4(>4
Tarpon, Jordan A EvirniaDii 4()9
J'Mikinrtia, Jordan A Evormann 418
Li!o, Jordan A Evormann 431
Ai.fliovla, Jordan A Evermann 449
Mitcbillinu, Jordan A Evermann 453
Salnio fialar ouaniiniclie, McCarthy 487
S|iirinchu8, Jordan A Evermann 522
XaiiBoiiia, Jordan A Evormann . 528
Viiiciguerria, Jordan A Evermann 577
Viieiu'iennolIuB, Jordan A Evermann 677
Keiioza, Jordan A Evormann . 626
FoiitinuB, Jordan A Evormann - 646
OiiiiibuBinuH, Jordan A Evormann ..„._. 649
Xi|ihop)ioru8 gnntheri, Jordan A Evormann 702
(Vd jlabis, Gill - 720
K\')ca'tuB lutkeni, Jordan A Evermann 730
Sip'ioBtoma pooyi, Jordan A Evorma ■• 700
LolhoBtolo, Jordan A Evermann.. 792
(Uiiroxtoma bartoni, Jordan A Ev armann . 793
Khtlandia, Jordan A Evermann . 794
IjeiTcstlies crameri, Jordan A Evermann 802
KuiyHtolo, Jordan A Evermann . 802
.Mii;il thoburni, Jordan A Starks - 812
Dipinnula, Jordan A Evermann 878
Tin:hlnotu8 goodel, Jordan A Evermann 943
Stcinegeriidte, Jordan A Evermann . 900
I'alometa, Jordan A Evermann 966
Swninia, Jordan A Evermann 1040
Ulu'ontragilberti, Evermann A Thobum 1049
(LIX)
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MHT OK NKW NAMICH.
fS
TorrrntAriA, Joriliiii A Erormitnn .... .... .... 10(f>
Nivlciilu, Jiirilikii ft. KviTiiiaiiii . .. ....... ......... ........ lOti
Riklliii'MiiiilullnH, Jiinliiii tt Kv( riiiaiiii . ............... .... . ......... 10ft:
Clurlcolii, .Ionian >V K\i'niiiiiiii .... .................. ................ ..... lOVi
l'«,vcl>roiiiiiHtur, .IdicIiiii k Kvcriiiniin. ... .......................... ... ........ lOlvi
('opeliinilxlltiN, .Idi'ilaii k Kvi-iiiiiiiiii .. ... .... ....... ..—„', lICi
('\)ntru|iotiiiiH ('onitiiiitliiiiK, .lorditii k Htnrkit ... . . . . . WiU
Kniiniitliiii, .lonlitli k Kvcimijiiiii ....... ....................... .- ..... 1M7
Ai'i'li»|iori'ii, .liinlaii A Kvorinanii ............. ................... ..... 1171
X.VHtroiM^rni, .lonlikii \ Kvi'i'iniinn . . ........ . IIM
(Icyuutbiiw, Jurduu k Kvoriuauii............... ................... ........................ 1227
h-
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Bulletin y/, United States National Mineum.
Class I. LEPTOCARDII.
(The Lanc-ei.ets.)
Bkoloton inembrnno-ciirtilag^nouH. Notochonl porHiHteiit and extondiiig
to tlio anterior vtul of tho head, inolosed in a niuniliiunoiiH Hh<>uth ah U
thu cord-liku norvuuH uxIh above it. Heart u lougitiidiuul tubnlur v«hhu1
wliich giveet ott' branchial vchhoIh wbioli unite in an aorta; end of tho
nervoiiH uxiH not dilated into a 1>rain and not Huiroiinded by a protective
caimule,i)rHkull. Hlood colorleuH. Uespirutory cavity eontluent with the
cavity of the abdomen ; i;;ill Hlitn in great number, the water being expelled
through an abdominal pore in front of the vent. .TawH none; the mouth a
longitudinal flHsure, with cirri on each side, liody lanceolate in form,
more or Ichh llHh-like, and not enveloped in a tunic. Doraal iln preHent,
low ; anal flu uHually more or less developed.
Small marine unimalH, highly iutereuting to tho zo<">logiat uh exhibiting
the lowest degree of development of the vertebrate type. The oIubh in-
cludes but tho Hingle order, Ami'IIIOXI or Ciukostomi. (Afrrroc, thin;
wpdin, heart.) (SubcluHn LErrocAumi, Giiuther, Cat., viii, 513-514.)
Order A. AMPHIOXI.
(The CiRROSTOMEs.)
This order in equivalent to the family Buanciiiostomid*;. {n/iipif both ;
o^vi, sharp : Cirrontomi in from cirrua, a lock of hair; aru/iu, mouth.) (Cm
itOHTUMi, Uiiuther, Cat., viii, 513-514.)
1 1
Family 1. BRANCIIIOSTOMID^.*
(The Lancelets.)
Body elongate, lanceolate, compreHsed, naked, colorleso; tbefiua repre-
sented by u low fold extending along the back, with usually a rudimentary
fold below which passes by the vent to the abdominal pore. Mouth in-
ferior, appearing as a longitudinal fissure, surrounded by conspicuous,
rather stift", cirri. Eye rudimentary. Liver reduced to a blind sac of the
simple intestine. Small, translucent creatures found imbedded in the
sand on warm coasts throughout the world. Eight species are now recog-
nized, referable to 2 or 3 genera. They are all very similar in appear-
ance and habits, and the numbers of the muscular impressions furnish
the only characters thus far known by which the species can be distiu.
guished.t (Ciruostomi, Guuther, Cat., vin, 513-514.)
a. Qonads (reproductive Btructures) prvHcnt on both sides of thu nicdiun liuc ; anal fln present,
with traces of fln rays ; uo caudal process. - Branciiiostoma, 1.
«o. Gonads present on tho right side only ; anal fln without fln rays or euccessive flu-ray
chambers ; a long caudal process, or tail, about as long as the hoad. Asyhhethon, 2.
* In the arrangement of tho genera and Bi>ocicg of tliia group we have been guided by the con-
clusions of Dr. E. a. Andrews, in his recent |)apur, "An undcscribed Acrauiate : Asifmmetroii
lucniianinii." (Studies Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins University, v, No. 4, 2l;i-247, 189.3.)
tSee Giiuther, Rept. Zool. Voyage H. M, S. Alert, 18«4, whore tho value of this character is
flnt fully recognized.
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Thh Fishrs
>
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
l)Y DAVID SIAKR JOKDAN AND MARION WAKRLN I.VhKMANN.
IcIitliyoloKy (li<irr, UnIi; >ii)iir, a diHcourMo) in tho Htudy of lishos. A
" lUli," ill tho poimlar hoiimu, Ih ii iiiuiiibor of iiny uiio uf tlio tliiuo cIuhhus
of u<|iiatic ur liHli-liku vuttubrutoH, tlut groiipa lioru (ItiHi^iiutud au Lepto-
ctinlii, MiirHijxihrdncliii, and J'intrM, Tlwi Tuiikatu awl Entt ropncuHta ( Baluno-
glo$min), now rt'cugui/ml uh boluii^iii^ to tlio Ciiuuuata iiiul uppruxinmtud
to th«) Vkhtkiikata, iiru uxcliulod in tliiH dnlinitiou, no in thoii udult cuu-
dition tliuHu ct'otitiircH havo utidor^ouo u letrugrado luotumorphutiiH uud uru
liy no iiioans tiNli-liko. Fur an oppoHitu roanuu, tho DATitACillA, which de-
velop jointud liniliH in their adult cuudition, although cloaely allied tu the
title HhIioh, arc not included in the popular idea of a tinh.
Among the foriiiH conuuouly called tltihoa wo rucogni/e three cluHHoa —
Lvi>loairdii, Maraipobraiichii, and Piscea, Wo have preferred to leave tho
I'iHccH as a single class, including all lish-like vertebrates with paired tins,
though there is iiiiich to bo said in favor of regarding the Selachians and
Dipnoans as each constituting a distinct class coordinate with the true
iishes and tho Hatrachians. We see no warrant for separating the Ganoids
as a class from the true ilshcs, still less for uniting the Uauoids and Sela-
chians in one class, PaUvkhihycH, while the true tishes are placed in another.
Analysis of tiik Ci-.vsses ok Fisii-like Vkhtkbuates.
(I. .Ici'iiiiKi/ii. — Atitoriur Olid of thu iviitrikl uorvoiiti iixis uot diluted Into a braiu uud not Mur-
rouiiiU'd by a prottn'tivo caiwulo, or skull.
Ii. Nutoclioril iic'i'fui't, iiorHiHtont, cxtoiidiiig tlirougliuiit tho l)o<ly, iucliidod iu u iiioni))rauuua
ghuittli, as Ih tho ford-liko nervous axis above it ; body ulonguto, luncoohito, uot
worm-liko nor envoloiicd iu ii tunic ; wulla of tho body witli munculur luyotonioH ;
niiddlo lino of body with rudliiioutary flua ; no prcboscls; tho mouth slit-liko,
fr'-igod with cirri; iioart a louKitudinal tubular vesaol which gives off branchial
tubes which uiiito in an aorta ; gill Blita iuclosod oxtornully by a fold iu tho iu-
toguraont which incloscH a chamber (atrium) which opens bolow ; vont reiaotu
from mouth. Leptocakdii, i.
<i«, CcHiiioM.— Anterior end of tho nervous axis dilated into i\ brain which is contained withia
a protective capsule, tho skull ; notochord uot continued forward beyond tho pituitary
body ; heart developed and divided at least into two parts.
c. Skull imperfectly developed and without jaws ; shoulder girdle and pelvis obsolete ;
no paired llns ; a single median nostril ; gills purse-shaped ; skin miked ; skeleton
cartilagiiiouK. MAitsiPoiiitAN(;iiii, ii.
cc. Skull well developed, and with jaws; shoulder girdlo and pelvis more or less devoloiied ;
nostrils not mediau ; gills not purae-shai>cd ; limbs, if present, developed as rayed
flns, never with fingurs and toes like those of the higher vertebrates ; gills \>et-
sistont through life. Pisces, hi.
F.N. A.
(1)
jottiitn <*//(/ Jivirpnann. — Fts/its of Xorth Anifrim.
I. BRANCHIOSTOMA, Cuata.
(LAN«;KI.Kr8.)
/lriiMrfci"»'o»iii, (,'oiTA, (Viitll ZoiiloKlfl Niipol,, 49, \K\\, (liiliriami -^ Ittnceuliitum),
t,„,,l, M», Yakhhi., Uiillitli KUlii", 4tiH, l«;i(l, (Imtcfulttlwi),
LuiicttlctH with tliiv gunudm ov roprodtiotivo Htnu;tiii'«t pruHoiit on luitli
NiilitM of tlimni'iUiin line. Aiiiil tin pntiiont, with truc.itH of rayH. Vtuto-
liriil coliiiiiii not pnxliK'ud backwunl into a uaudul proc«MH. Six or 7
H|i*><'ifH KTo^ni/ud, found in the warm Huas, usually hiirii<<l in Hand llatH
lit no ^r(<at dt«pth. Thoy uru very tunaciuuu of lifu, and will vndiiru cun-
Hidorabhs mutilation. ((V').V"'» 8^1'" J i7T,',/i<r, mouth, the cirri about th«
luouth having been taken for gilln by Costa).
CI. M.viHuiimmla or iiiuHoulur bumlH, fiH to fi4.
h. MyuiiJiiiiiiutii liuhiiiil vc'ut, U tu M, tlio furtuulu iiHiiiilly M \- 14 I 12 ~lil.
I.ANl'KOLATI'M, I,
lib, MyiKDiuiiiatii bi'liliiil vuiit, 7 lo 10, tho forniulu uBuuUy ;tft | M | U - M.
CAHIIt;t:('M, 'J.
1141. MytM'uiiiiiiatii or iiiiiHciiliir l)aiulR, (IS tu 70, thu uauiil t'urmulu 44 | It) f 0=^0!); hIxu lurK<'i'
thuu ill utliiT Amuricau BpuulvH ; the tuil tihort. L'Ai.it'uK.Nie.Mti:, :),
1. BBANCHIOSTOMA LANCKOLATIIM, (Pallaa).
(KunuiTAN Ijancklet; Amimiio.xuh.)
Muscular bands usually 35 + H -f 12-01. Usual length li inches. The
common European species, with tho tail stoutish and rather long; abun-
dant on the sandy shores of tho Mediterranean, and known from Southern
England and Scandinavia. The Lancelet of tho Chesapeake Bay, accord-
ing to Dr. Andrews, is referable tu this species rather than tu li. carilKViim.
(laiiveohitiis, lance-shaped.) i^V.)
lAtiiax litiiceolalut, Pai.lak, Spicilogia Zoiil., X, 19, 1774, Cornwall.
RniiichiDsltima Inbriciim, <.'osTA, Ceuiii ZoiJi. Kapul., 41), 1834, Naples.
AiriihinxwtlanceiiltiluH, YAiinEM., British FiBbc8,4C8, 1830, nud of miiny writorH on uiiatomy ; OO.n-
TiiBR, Cut., VIII, S13, 1870 ; Joruan A Giiuf.ut, SynopBis, 867, 1883 ; GVntheh, Ropt. ZoUl. H.
M. S. Alert, 32, 1684 ; ANDnews, Studies Biul. Lab. Joliiis HopliinH Uaiv., v, 238, 1893.
11
■ ft-T
• i
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' i,
Mi
If
2. BBANCHIOSTOMA CABIB£UM,* Smidevali.
(West Indian Lancelet.)
Muscular bands (myocommata) usually 35 + 14 -f 9 =rr 58 ; gonads 22 to
26 on each side ; usual length 1| inches; tail short; extremities attenuate.
In shallow waters, buried in the sand, from Beaufort, N. C, to the mouth
of the La Plata; abundant off the Carolina coast and in localities in
Florida (Port Tampa), Jamaica, Brazil, etc. (Name from the Caribbean
sea.)
Ilr(iHrhioiitomamribKtiin,SvnDr.vAU., OlferB, Vot. Aliad. FUrliandl., 12, 1863 , St. Thomas; Rio
Janeiro; GPnther, Voyage Altirt, 32, 1884 ; Jordan & Gimiert, SynopsiB, 3; Andrews, I. c,
240, 1803.
♦This siwcioB iH not very difToront from B. /aiic«oI(i(uiii, and niiiy vary into it.
i^'
i ■
,;' .
I'f
I
/I
tli^^^
I M
n : I
Bulletin 47, United States National Mua-um.
:}, BUANCIIIUSTOINA CALIFOKMKNKK,'*^^ Uill.
(Oaufoiinia Lancelgt.)
Larger than the other American upecies, Avith the niUHuuhir handH in
greater number, usually 44 + 16 -f 9 --= 61). Tail very short. Usual length
70 nun., or nearly 3 inches. Coast of California, from San Diogo liay
southward, very abundant at the mouth of San Dif^go Hay, where it was
first obtained by Dr. J. U. Cooper about 1868; lately taken in large num-
bers at San Diego and at San Luis Gonzalen Bay, in the (iuU of California.
In specimens from the last-named locality (Aluatroso Coll.) the usual for-
mula is 45 -I- 14 -f 9 ::== 68.
liranvhiodoma, Hiiccius, Cooi'ER, Croniso, Nat. Woaltli Oiillfornia, 48!i, 1808, San Diego.
Bruiuhiusloina cal{fornieii»iii. Gill, MS., ANunEWS, /. c, 241, 18'j;!.
2. ASYMMETRON, Andrews.
? EfiigonicMhys,^ Peters, Borl. MoiiatBbor., 327, 1876, (eultellu*).
Aiynimetron, Andrews, Studk's lUol. Lab. Jolins Ilupkins Univ., v, 'ii:!7, imtli, {Imniiiiitiiin}.
Gonads, or reproductive structures, developed on the right side only.
Anal fin without fin rays or successive fin-ray chambers. A long caudal
process. Otherwise as in Branchiostoma. One spocies. {li-avu/is r/wi,
wanting symmetry.)
4. ASY.'MMETRON LIICAYANUM. Aiidiiws.
(Bahama Lancelet. )
Right metapleuron continuous with the median ventral (anal) fin, which
passes to the right of the anus. Preoral hood extensive, the cirri united
by the me/nbrane throughout the greater part of their length, and smooth,
without sensory papilla,'. Gonads on the iight, 29, extending from the
15th to the 43d myotomes inclusive. Mj otoine formula 44 + 9 -f 13=; 66.
Length i inch. Adult and yourg swimming at the surface in the evening
in June and July at Bemiui and Nassau, Bahamas; also taken buried
in calcareous sand. (Andrews.) {Lucaf/as, the islan'^:^ discovered by
Columbus in 1492, now the Bahamas.)
A^ytumetroH lucayiimtni, Andrews, 1. <:, 237, 189.3, Bernini, B. hatnas.
Class II. MARSIPOBRANCHII.J
(The Laisipreys.)
Skeleton cartilaginous ; the skull imperfectly developed, not separate
from the vertebral column. No true jaws, no limbs, no shoulder girdle,
♦Olocoly allied to this spocies is li. clomjahnn, Sundoviill. M.vuconiniata 4!) ! 18 |- 12 71).
Li-ng;tli 1% to 2J^ inclies, Cliinchas Islands, IVni, probaldj' extondiug nortbwani to I'aiianiu,
but not yet recorded within our limits. (Sundovall, Olfcrs. Vet. Akad. Kiirh., 147, THM,
ChinchaR Islands.)
, Ej^uionichthyn is said to differ from Jiranchiofloma in the n))scn.'"e of the anal Im. Dr. Andrews
Btates tiiat Mr. Arthur Willey, who has examined its Australian type, E. ciiluUm, finds (;ouad3
on the right siflo only, as in Astimmetron. If Afymmefrnn is .t valid genus, probably Epiijoiiiclithys
Is also valid. It is pnrhai)S distinguishable from Asyiiinielioii by the want of a caudal process.
t Prof. Cope makes the nTantijuibranchii a sul)class under a class AynMa, characterized by the
absence of jaws and shoulder girdl 3. This class is couiposed chielly of extinct forms, most of
them belonging to the subclass (htrncnilermi, and provided witli bony dermal plates and Interal
limbs. Sfc' American Naturalist, October, 1889, 8.W. The group Maraipuhiuiuhii in also ofteu
known as Cyclostomi, as Demiopteri. and as Myzontes.
■"":' ''?<'^-' ■-;;••
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
no pelvic elemonts, no ribs. Uills in the form of lixod hbch, without
liianchial arches, (5 or more in number on eacli Hide. Nostril single,
median. Month subinferior, suctorial, more or less circular. Heart with-
out arterial bnlb. Alimentary canal straight, simple, without ciecal ap-
|)(Midage.s, pancieaSjorspleen. (ionerativo outlet peritoneal. Vertical fins
w'ith feeble rays, usually continuous around the tail. Naked, eel-shaped
animals, inhabiting cool waters, both fresh and salt. They undergo a
motamoi )lio8is, the young being often quite unlike the adult. (Subclass
Cyc'.o' -omi, (iiinther, Cat., viii, 1«70, 499-512.) {ftupalniov, pouch;
/?p(l, oMUs.)
OrDRKS OV MARSIPOnKANCIIII.
/I. Niisnl tiilin (Inct-like, with cartiliiginous riiigB, penotratingtliopalato; Rill oponlngB remote
from tlio lio.nl, opfiiiiig (lifi'i'tly into tlio pliiirynx; uo «}•««. Hvpehothf.ti, H.
nil, Nanal iliict a liliml sac, not iicnctiatiiiK tlio i)alate; gill openings i-loso licliind the head,
' coiuniiiiiii .itiiig with a <onini(m hrancliial passage which opens directly into the phar-
ynx; eyi'H well developed in tlic adult. Hvpkuoahtii, 0.
Order B. HYPEROTRETI.*
.- I
aTss
(The Hagfishes.)
Nostril tube-like, with cartilaginous rings, penetrating the palate, its
position at the extremity of the head, over the mouth; snout with 8
biibels; mouth without lips; 1 median tooth on the palate and 2 corab-
liko series of teeth on the tongue. Branchial apertures at a great distance
from the head; a ssries of mucous sacs along each side of the abdomen.
Intestine without spiral valve. Eggs large, with a horny case provided
with threads for adhesion. Marine laniprey-like animals, burrowing into
the llesh of fishes, on which they feed. They may be referred to 2 families,
differing mainly in the strticiure of the gill openings, (bizepum, palate;
Tni/rmj, perforate).
a. Ilrancliinl uperturi'.H fl to 14 on cai-h side, each leading liy a duct to a branchial sac.
IlKl'TATIlEMin.l';, II.
I'l. Itrancliial iiperfures singloon each side, from which diverge ducts to (1 hranchial sais.
Myxinid.v, III.
Family II. HEPTATREMIDiE.
(The Borrrs.)
This family differs from the Myxinido! chiefly in the structure of the
branchial apparatus, there being 6 to 14 sacs on each side which receive
water directly from the aisophagus, as in Myxine, but the emptying
ilucrs, instead of passing backward and downward to a common external
opening, as in Mtjxine, jyass directly through the wall of the body, so that
there are as many external openings as there are gill sacs. Species about
5, relerable to 2 genera, inhabiting the colder parts of the Pacific, their
* For a general account of our species of Hyyerotreii, see Putnam, Froc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
I;!
\ ■■'
ipr
6
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
1 li
habits similar to those of Myxine glutinosa. Thoy fasten themselves on
the gills or eyes or isthmus of largo fishes, whence they work their way
very rapidly into the inside of the body. They there devour all the flesh
without breaking the skin, so that the fish is left a mere hulk of hoad,
skin, and bones. {Myxin'uhv, genus lidcUoHtoma, Giinthor, Cat., viil, 511.
The generic name HvpUiirema, I)uni<?ril, has priority over Bddlostoma.)
a. <iill u|ioiiiii|;f) 10 to 12 on cni'li sidu; base of < :ig)io opposite sixth or BRVciitli iiuir of RillR.
POMSTOTBF.MA, .'I.
3. POLISTOTREMA, Gill.
roUslolrema, Gn,L, Proo. U. S. Nftt. Muh., 1880, 30, {ilomheii).*
This genus is distingaishcd from Ileptatrema ( Bdelloftioma ) by the pres-
ence of 10 to 14 gill openings, instead of G or 7, as in Hcptatrcma. Two
or 3 species known, from the eastern Pacific. (A superlative of iTo?vg,
many ; rpi/ua aperture.)
i i
6. POLISTOTREMA STOUTl, (LockliiKton).
(Califounia Haokish; Lampeiiina.)
Gills usually 1 12 on each side, the number varying from 10 to 14. Teeth
10 in each series, Hrancbiiil artery dividing opposite sixth or seventh
pair of gills. Snout 20 times in total length ; head to first gill opening
4i; branchial region 8, tail 8. Plum color, palor below, the edge of tlie
lower fold pale. Skin thin, very lax, and separable from the muscles,
excessively slimy. L. 14 inches. Coast of California, and noi'th to Cape
Flattery, very abundant about Monterey, burrowing t into thellesh of the
larger flounders and Sehaatodea. (Named for Dr. A. 13. Stout, of San Fran-
cisco.)
liikUostmna slonli. Lockinqtov, Amor. Nat., 187a, 7!),T, Eel River, California.
BdeUoxtimia (Imnbi')/, JonnAN it GiMiEUT, Synopsis, 57, 18sr!, not of Cuvier.
* rolistotrema ilomheij (Cuvier) is. i species (iisliiict from P. slmtli. It istlmsilinrBcterized liy I'ut-
naiti (Proc. Host. .Soc. Nut. Hist., I.'*":!, l(iO), from speeimens from Chile: " Ileiid iihoiit '., (pf total
lenstli, and contaiiKid aliontlj., times in tlio lenntli of tiic iiliilomen. Tail 7 to 8 times in total
length. Ua.so of tongiio between tin; 7tli or 8th pair of rills. Gills, 10 on each side. Longlli
from 13 to 22 indies. Coast of Chile." Aecordingfo I'ntnam the branchial artery divides at its
baso into a right and a left trunk in this species.
Ia' GdKtrohrnnehe dniiilx!/, Laokpkdk, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., I, ,W1, 1798, Chile, non-binomial.
Oiislrohranchnii (limiheii, Vi\iKR, Kegiie Animal, 121, 1817, after Iiace])edo.
Ildellontnniti jmhilri'tiin', (iiRAun, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, ll)!t, Valparaiso.
lidellosloma pdliilioiiii, GUntoku, Cat., viu, 512, 1870.
f.Vccording to Dr. Gilbert, in 54 speeimens of Vnlii'Uilrenia stouti, 41 were found to have 12 gill
opening." on each side, 12 had 11 on each side, and 1 had IH. Occasional specimuna may have
eitlior 10 or 14, but tho normal number is 12.
ITheliagfish fastens itself usually on the gills or istlimus of large fislies, sometimes on the
eyes, wlienci) it works its way very rapidly into the inside of tlie body. It then devours all the
flesh of tho body witliout breaking tlio skin, so that the fish is left a living hulk of head, skin,
and bones. It is especially destriictivo to fishes taken in gill nets. In every gill net in summer,
at Monterey, moro or le8.s of these enijity shells of fishes are obtained. When these are taken
from the water the hagtish scrambles out with great alacrity. It is thought that tho hags
enter t.io fishes after they are caught. A fish of 10 to 15 pounds weight will be devoured by
them in a single iiiglit. Large fishes of even 30 pounds weight are often brought up without
flesli and without viscera, and they certainly do not swim into a gill net in this condition.
Tho fishes chiefly infested are Sebaslodes pinniget; 'niiniatus, and tnyalmm, Ophiodun elongalw,
Paralichthys cal{fomicM, and BhacochilM toxotei.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
■■t
Family III. MYXINID^E.
(The Hagfisiirs.)
Body eel-sliapod, covered by a thin skin, which is easily detached.
AlouR the lower side, for nearly the whole length of the animal, are 2
rowsof niucdiiH ^jlands, each with an external opening, yielding an abnn-
(laiKM! of nuicuH which renders these animals excessively slimy. No eyes.
Hrain small, of the normal fish type. Skull little developed, cartilaginous r
the llexihle notoohord inclosed in its sheath, and extending from the base
of Mui skull to the end of the tail, representing the spinal column. Mouth
round, suctorial, without lips, with a pair of barbels on each side. Nostril
single, large, on the median line above, and at the very front of the head,
provided with 2 pairs of barbels. Teeth strong, a single median one on
the roof of the mouth, and 2 rows on each side of the tongue, which is
a powerful organ, with a strong fibrous tendon moving in a muscular
sheath. Alimentary canal a simple nearly straight tube, without spiral
valve; gill sacs placed on each side of the oesophagus, lying directly
against its outer walls. The water passes into them by a small pore open-
ing directly from the oesophagus into each sac. It is then passed out by
a duct, which continues backward along the outer walls of the sacs to ■
the abdominal wall at the end of the last sac, where all the ducts from one
side unite in one, and the water is emptied at the branchial opening on
each side of the median line. In close connection with the branchial
opening on the left side there is a third opening that leads by a very short
duct to the nisophagus, and hence into the branchial sacs, at the times
when the supply of water through the mouth is cut off by the head being
buried in the flesh of the animal on which it feeds. Ovary single, on the
right side. No oviducts; the mature eggs falling into the abdominal cavity
and excluded through the peritoneal opening at the side of the vent. Eggs
with a horny case, and threads for adhesion. Parasitic animals, burrow-
ing into the bodies of fishes, and found in the cold seas.
Two species are usually recognized — Mtjxiiie olivacea, Lac^pede (=/»:.«-
trflUf), Jenyns), frcun the coasts of Patagonia, and Myxine glutinoHa.
(Myxinidw, geniis Myxine, Giinther, viii, 510-511.)
4. MYXINE, Linnteus.
Miixiiw, LiNN.TiiTS, Systpma Natnrro, Eil. x, 1758, 050, (.jhUmnaa).
(Idnlrnhrimchiix, I»i„irll, lolith., mt, 51, tal>. 413, 17U7, [cu-ciik).
Mnruniihlt'iiuii, IjAc'KI'KDe, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., v, 047, 1801$, (oliuacea).
AiinpKii^, UAFiNKsgtK, Aiiiil. (!«,' la ,N 'lire, 49a, 1815, (nlirucea).
Characters of the genus ncluded above. (An old name, from /ivin,
slime). /
6.' MYXINl GliUTINOSA,* LinnreuR.
(Uaqfish ; BoREU.)
Head 3^ to 4 in total length ; tail 6*^ to 10; lingual teeth 8 to 11 in each
row. Bluish above, whitish below. North Atlantic on both coasts,
* " 3f//.riiic is s'l'iierally or ahvaj-s in itH yoiiiis ftau;'' a male, while at a more advanced stage
it beeomos traiisl'ormed into a fcnialo. It secniH to ho an aiiliual wliicli in Bexual rospectn Ih in a
transition stance, from what and to what it is hard to say. It seenia to be seeking, without yet
reachint; that niodo of reproduction which is moat profitable for it in the struggle for exiateuce. ' '
— F)i'iljof Kanien.
I
8
Bulletin 4y, United States National Museum.
aouth to Capo Cod. Not abundant in America. "Intrat et dovorat
Pisces; a(|uam in gluten nmtat." (LiuuiuuH). (Eu. )
nij/xine ylutitumi, LiNNXirs, SyHt. Nat., Ed. x, 050, 1758, Atlantic Ocean; GOntiier, Cut., viii,
510, 1870; PlJTNABi, Proc. lloHt. Sim:. Nut. Hist., IST.'J, l:ir>.
Myxim limoiiu, Mikaiih, I'mc. A<;. Nut. Sci. Pliilu., 185H, 2£), Grand Menan, Bay of Fundy;
JOIIDAN it (Jll.llKRT, SyllDpHiK, ,1, 188;i.
0<i»lrobmm'linii nivM, Bi.oi'ii, Iclith., xii, pi. 41U, f'lfi, 171i.'>, Denmark, etc.
I I
Order C. HYPEROARTIL*
(The Lamprkys.)
Nasal duct a blind sac, not penetrating tlie palate. This order is
equivalent to tbo single family Vetromyzonldw. (iVtpMrt, palate; uprin^f
complete; i. c, entire.) (Petuomyzontid/K, Giintber, Cat., viii, 199-509.)
Family IV. PETROMYZONID^.
(The Lampreys.)
Body eel-sbaped, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed beliind ; tbe
montb nearly circular, suctorial, usually armed witb horny teotb, or tooth-
like tubercles which are simple or nnilticuspid, resting on papilliii ; those
immediately above and those immediately below the (usophagus more or
less specialized ; eyes developed in the adult ; gill openings 7, arranged in a
row along the sides of the " chest ; " nostril on top of the head just in front
of the eyes; lips present, usually fringed; dorsal iin more or less deeply
divided by a notch ; the posterior part commonly continuous with the anal
around the tail; intestines with a spiral valve; eggs small.
These animals undergo a metamorphosis; the young are usually tooth-
less and have the eyes rudimentary. Separate generic names (Ammocwtes,
Scolecosoma, Chilopterus) had been applied to these larval forms, before it
was discovered that they were the normal young of the true lampreys.
Genera about 7; species about 15; of the rivers of temperate regions.
They attach themselves to fishes and feed by scraping oflf the flesh with
their rasp-like teeth. Most of them ascend rivers or brooks at the spawn-
ing season, after which very many of the individuals die. (Petuomyzon-
TiD/K, Giintber, Cat., vui, 499-509.)
n. Second dorsnl continuous witli ciiudiil.
/>. Supruoral lamina {" maxillary ") and intraoral lamina ("mandiblo")de8tituto of teetl),
"the armature of tlio lamprey typo being obsoloscont;" otliorwise as in Petromy-
Sim ; Boa lamproya. Dathymyzon, 5.
1>h. Snpraoral and iiifraoral laniinn> witb tootb or tooth-liko tubercloH.
c. Snpraoral lamina coiitractod, tbo armatnro consisting of 2 or 3 cusps placed rlono
togellier; diKcal tectb numerous, in cnnccntric series ; anterior lingual tootb
witb a median depression or frroove ; buccal disk large in tbo adult, con-
tracted ill tbe youii}:.
Anterior lingual tootb witb a deep median groove and terminating in an in-
curved point ; dorsal fln divided. Largo lamiireys; unadromoua.
Petromyzon, C.
* For a detailed account of the North American Lampreys, see Jordan & Fordice, Ann. N. Y.
Ac. Sci., 188C. For au excellent account of the life history of certain Bpecies see Gage, in Wilder
Quarter-Century Boole, 1893, pp. 420-479.
* A;.tf.'W.VjiSreji>&^i;.a?*3i£K- .IffiA'Ait^'ii liiTf?
■ '■'^'}^-^^^^^^^:,:l:'l^.ii^^i'.
Jordan and livcrmann. — Fishes of North America. 9
iU\. Aiiti'i'ior liiiKHul tcintli divided liy a iiicdiiin ^ruiivt<; dorsal Ihi ('ciiitiniiouM,
Willi li limuc) notch. Small laiiipii'yH; fluviiitile. IcitTiiYOMV/.uN, 7.
<•<■. Sii|iriuiiiil liiriiiiia very lai'Kc, cxiianclcd liifi-rally, rorniiii); n croHcoiit-aliuiiod plato
with u i-us|i at cither end and noinetiniuH a niodiaiiciiNp; anterior llni^ual teeth
nmro or less Hcrrate.
e. Siipiaoral lamina with a well-developeci median cuap ; anterior lingnal tooth
weilno-shnped, its cd(?e finely serrate and nearly Ktralj;ht ; dorfliil flndivid-
i-d ; hiKM-al dislv moderate, Home of Its teeth hleiispid. Lar^^e lampreys;
anailronions. Entosphem's, 8.
rf. Sn|iraonil lamina with a very small median cusp or none; anterior lingual
tooth litth' developed, its vA%o crescent-shaped and dentate; the middle
denticle enlurKed; liuccal disk small, the teeth Binall and never tricuspid;
dorsal fins separate or deeply divided; small laniptoys; finviatile.
Lampktra, 9.
S. BATHYMYZON, (Jill.
Ualhumir."!!, Oii.i., »'ro<'. I'.S. Xat. Mus.,l883,2r.l, (lutirdii).
Stipraoral lamina contracted, its two converpfing teeth almost completely
fused, and only evident at the snniuiit ol" the comhined mass; infiaoral
lamina crescontilbrm and spout-like at the middle and with the den-
ticles obsolete ; discoperipheral teeth numerous and in obi icjuoly arched
series of 4 to 7, declining downward ; innermost lateral teeth of the 4 rows
diverging from mouth, in each side bicuspid, with the cusps approx-
imated and diminishing downward rapidly; lingual teeth 3, pectinate.
Hie anterior deeply impressed and sulcate backward at the middle, and
(he posterior correspondingly curved backward at their inner lateral
angles; the anterior dorsal tin distinct from posterior, {fla&ix, deep;
ftixo, to suck.)
7. BATHIMTZOX ItAIItDII, (Gill).
Head from snout to first branchial aperture about 7 times in total
length ; eye midway between snout .and fifth branchial aperture; diame-
ter of buccal disk equal to interval between eye and fifth branchial aper-
ture, the margin regularly fringed ; indications of 8 teeth on the iufraoral
laminii ; tips of the two supraoral ones barely perceptible ; pectinations
of lingual teeth well marked. Chest about as long as snout. Fins mod-
erate ; anterior dorsal somewhat higher in front of middle than diameter
of orbit, second dorsal about twice as high, or equal to the distance be-
tween eye and first branchial aperture. Color dark, belly grayish ; second
dorsal darker across middle in front and toward margin behind ; caudal
blackish throughout. (Gill.) Gulf stream, once taken. (Named for
Spencer FuUerton Baird.)
I'drcmii-im {ndlhiiiiiiir.mi) hitinJii, GiLi,, /. r., 254, 1883; lat. 49" N., 547 fathoms; GooDK &
Ukan, Oceanic Ichthyology, 4, 1801. (Type, No. .'CtSll.)
6. PETROMYZON, (Artedi), Linnaeus.
(Lampreys.)
Petrnmnsmi, (Artei>i), Livn.tu>!, Systema Natnrn-, Kd. x, 1758, 2;iO {murinm).
.■lmw.M,i/.«, (Pumeril), CuviEn, Kegne Animal, Ed. i, 119, 1817, {binuchinlui, larval form of any
oral! European species.)
^t)H)no(?.if(ii,s, Ui.AiNvltLE, Faune Franjaise, liv. xxiv, 3, 1828, {branchialis).
Lampreys with the supraoral lamina armed with 2 or 3 separate teeth,
pointed, and close together, not forming a crescent-shaped plate ; anterior
'"■■I
?ri
n!
vi
TTT — ^m
i!
/}
If ; .
'! t
10
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
lingual tooth with a median depression ; buccal disk large, with nnmerons
teeth arranged in concentric series ; dorsal fins separate, the second joined
to the caudal.
North Atlantic, ascending rivers; one species known, the largest of the
lampreys, {nirpn, stone; ftCCu, to suck.)
SyPETBOMYZON IWAKIM'S, LinnsBUs.
(Great Sea Lampkey ; LAHrnev Kri,.)
Head large, longer than the branchial area ; buccal disk large, with
numerous conical teeth, arranged in obliquely transverse series, 4 to 7 in
each row; lateral teeth on each side of mouth bicuspid, the other teeth
simple; dorsals low, well separated; the second dorsal with a depression
on the tail ; lips moderately fringed ; males and often females, in spring,
with an elevated fleshy ridge on back before dorsal fin ; 64 muscular im-
pressions between gill openings and vent. Color bluish brown, mottled
with blackish confluent patches, rarely nearly plain; whitish below.
Length 24 to 36 inches. Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America,
southward to Chesapeake Bay, abundant northward, ascending streams
in the spring to deposit its spawn. (^v.)
Petromyzon nmriiiHn, LiNN^fU'S, Sj'flt. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 230, European Seas ; (aftor Artedi);
GOntiier, Cat., viii, 501 ; Jordan & Gimikkt, Synopsis, 11, 1883 ; Jordan & Fokdice, Ann.
Ac. Sci.N. Y.,188C, 283.
Petrotny:oii americn>m», Le Si'eiir, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., i, 383, 1818, Coast of Massachu-
setts; Stouer, Fish. Mass., 2.')1, pi. 38, fig. 4,1867.
Pelromiizon nigvictmi, Le SuKrR, I. c, 385, 1818, Massachusetts.
Ammoarte» hicolor, Le Sfecr, /. c,, 386, 1818,(Iarva), Northampton, Massachusetts.
Petroniyzon ai)}>ewlix, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 381,1842, (young). Providence; Hudson
River,
fPelrmmjznnlnmolteni, Le Sueur, in Do Kay, h c, 382, 1842, no locality.
Represented in fresh waters by
8a. PETROMYZON NARIXUS UNICOLOR, (De Kay).
A dwarfish form similar to the common lamprey ; darker and more uni-
form in color, the dorsal ridge larger, the fins closer together ; found land-
locked in the lakes of northern and central New York ; abundant in
Cayuga Lake.
Ammocoplfn miirohr, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 383, 1842, (larva), Lalce Champlain.
Ptlrotnyr.fin mnritim dormhis. Wilder MS., JORDAN & GuDERT, Synopsis, 869, 1883, Cayuga Lake.
(Typo, No. :U36S) ; Gaok, Wilder Quarter Century Book, 18!»3, 420.
Petromyson iiinrinwivnicoloi; 31EEK,, Ann. Ac. Scl. I(. Y., 1886, 284.
7. ICHTHYOMYZON, Girard.
(RiVEU Lampreys.)
Ichthyomyzon, Gtkard, Pac. B. R. Sur., x, .381,1858, (argenleu»).
Scolecosoma, GiRAnn, I. c, 385, 1858, {cnnmlnr, larva).
Allied to Petromyzon, but with the anterior lingual tooth divided by a
median groove. Dorsal fin continuous, with a broad notch. Small
lampreys; confined to fresh waters in eastern United States. (Ix^vg,
fish; fiv^u, to suck.)
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America. 11
a. IIoiiil V/x ill li'iiRtlij iiifraoral lamina with 7 nispg. ioncolor, 9.
aa. H'liil '• in longtli; Infraoral liiniina with 7 to 12 cusps. castankus, 10.
9. ICIITIIYOMYZON COXCOLOR, (Kirtluud).
(Silvery Lampkev.)
Body considerahly compressed ; head broad, with large buccal disk,
which is iiiodcratoly fringed; teeth strong and nearly niiiforni, the 2
snpraoral tt'cth being Himilar to those on the rest of the disk ; lateral
teeth all simple; infraoral cuaps connivent, 7 in number, the middle ones
the longest; upper margin of dorsal scarcely depressed in front of the
vent; origin of dorsal nearly midway between the tip of snout and end
of tail ; 51 muscular impressions between gill openings and vent. Head
1\ ; depth 12. Color, silvery, bluish above, sometimes with bluish spots ;
a small dusky spot above each gill opening, usually conspicuous even in
the larva; larva with small toothless contracted mouth, as in /*. mnriniis.
It may be that this is the young of Peironujzon mnrinua. L. 12 inches.
Great Lakes and upper Mississippi Valley ; rather common ; ascending
small brooks in the spring, (cuncolor, uniformly colored.)
Pelromijznn anjmtiiif, Kirtland, Host. Jour. Nat. Hist., lii, 1840, 342, with plato (name pre-
occupied). Big Miami River.
Amnincd'U-s cimcolm; KiRTLAXi), I c.,47;i, with plato (larra), Mahoning River ; Scioto River.
f Amuiociiieihoreidu, Aijassiz, Lako Superior, 252, 1850, Michipicoten River.
f Aiiimociflen Kpylerm, Adiiott, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18t;o, 1127 (larva), Ohio River.
I'flioinyzim hilellium, Jdrda.n, Cat. Fish. N. A., 4, 1885, after Kirtland.
Pfliomir.ou concolor, Jordan & Foudice, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., 18Sfi, 2*2.
lehthyowysoH aryentewi, Jordan & Gildert, Synopsis, 10, 1^83.
10^IC;HT1IYOMYZO^• CASTANEUS, Girard.
Snpraoral lamina tricuspid; some of the lateral teeth bicuspid; infra-
oral lamina with 7 to 12 cusps ; head 9 in length ; otherwise as in /. concolor,
the color more yellowish. L. 12 inches. Missiusippi Valley, scarce.*
(castaneu8, chestnut color. )
Inhthyomyzon cantaiieim, OiRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., 381, IS.'iS, Galena,. Minnesota,
hhlhynmyzon hirwli, GiUAUD, I. c, 382, Fort Smith, Arkansas. (Tvpo, No. 980.)
Petri)mij::oH raxtfiiiciix, JoRiiAN AGll.DKRT, Synopsis, 808, 1883, and Jordan & Fordicr, '. r., 281, 18GC;
Gi'NTiiER, Cat., VIII, 507, 1870.
IchthyomyMH hinido, Gu'nther, <!at., vin,507, 1870.
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8. ENTOSPHENUS. Gill.
pntnaphetmn, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nnt. Sci. Phila., 18fi2, 331, {tridetiUitun, imnif" only); Joiidan & Gii-
iiEUT, Synopsis, 7, 1883 {Iriilenlaluii).
Lampreys of large size, with the snpraoral lamina forming a crescent-
shaped plate on which are 3 cusps, the middle one little smaller than
the others; anterior lingual tooth wedge-shaped, its edge almost st/aight
and finely pectinate; lips fringed; buccal disk moderate, its teeth com-
paratively few ; dorsal fins separate. One species, a large anadromous
♦Recorded from Galena, Minn. (Girard); Mill Creek, Shawnoo Co., Kans. (Cragin); Fort
Smith, Ark. (Girard); Forlorn Hope, La. (Bean); Manitoba (Evermann).
'\l I
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12
Hulletin 4^, Uniti-d States Nationn/ Atuseuin.
lamprey, found in th« North I'licifu;, Hiniiliir in hiiMt to I'ltromyzon inaihiUH
of tho North Atlantic. {Idtoi,, within; (yif>i/i>, wudgu; tliu lingual tooth
being wodgo-Hhapud.)
II. KNT(WPIIKM;s iniDENTATrs, (niilrdiinr).
LipH thick, fringod with nuniorouN papilhi>, within which are Hninll
teeth. Inirnorul laniinu with .j or d cuHpH ; hucctil tooth Ix'forc month
nnicuHpid, tlii)st< on HidoH larg<>r, the HrHt and l.iHt bicnspid, t\\t' middle
onoH tricuHpid ; median Bupraoral cusp little more than i tli*> length of
tho other 2; HrHt dorsal fin distant about i of its own length from the
second. Plead 8 to 10 in length ; 73 muscular impreHsions between gill
openings and vent. Color, plain dark brown, rarely mottled. Pacilic
coast of America, Unalaska to .Southern ('alifornia; ascending streams ut
spawn, going as far as Walla Walla, in the Columbia, its range southward
extends to Santa Ana River at Riverside, California. L. 18 inches or
more, (trideiitatus, three-toothed.)
Vetromii^on IriilenMm, (Oaiiidnfk M.S.), Kichaudson, Faiiiiii Itor. Am., 2911, 183(;, Falls of the
Walamet, now Willamette.
I'etromijzon fiHiUiiii, AviiES, Pnic. (!ul. Ao. Si-i., lsr>.'"), -14, San Francisco.
I'eiromywii liviilns, OiiiAitn, I'lic K. U. Siirv., IlTli, IsAH, Wahlahmath River, Oregon (Willa-
mette River.) (Type, No. 97r,.)
Pehomijz(m (ulnri, (iiiiARii, /. r,, 1180, l8r>K, Astoria, Oregon. (Tvpi', N(i. !t78.)
Ichlhiii>myr,ou Iriih-ttlnlm iinil <i»l«ri, Gi'.STiiKH, Cat., viii, .WCi, 1K"((.
Wiifti«j(/icinM qii/icj-oiJim, GiM,, rroc. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'liila., lac'j, XW, Fort Reading, California
aft or G Irani.
Lampfli-ii Iriileiitala, atlnri, and epiliexnih»i, .Ioiidan A' (ilMiElir, SyiiopHlH, 7, 8, 188H.
Ammocwlei lri<k)UiUm, .Iobdan i^ Fhudk'f., /. r., '2!tl, ISSCi.
9. LAMPETRA, (Jray.
(Brook Lampukys.)
Lantpetrn, Gray, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. London, l.sr>l, 235, (rfiii'ia/w).
Lampreys of small size, with tho dorsal fin omargiuate or divided into
two parts, the posterior portion continuous with the low anal fin around
tho tail ; supraoral lamina broad, forming a crescentic plate, with a largo
bluntish cusp at each end, and rarely a very small median cusp; lingual
teeth small, with a crescent-shaped dentate edge, the median denticle
enlarged; buccal disk sm.all, its teeth few Jind never tricuspid. Snuill
lampreys, inhabiting the brooks of Europe and North America. Five or IJ
specieskuown, bearing much tho same relation to fjHtotjihiuuH that Ivhthy-
omyzon bears to I'ctromyzon. (lambcri', to suck; pelra, stone.)
(1. Dorsal fin dividoil into 2 parts wliioh arc separate, or joinrd at base only.
*Tho namo Ammoccples was originally applied to the larval forms of I'eh(i)iiy::n)iiili< whicli are
in that Btu^o specifically indiHtili);uislialil(Miiid wliicli wen- siipposcil l>y Dumcril and Ciiviir to
liogeuurically distinct from tho adult tornis. After the identity of the two was discovered, the
namo /lHimoc(c<6'« was used by many writers, followiiiij; a HUggei'tion of Milne-Edwanl.i, as a ncn-
eral term to be applied to tlio blind or larval stage of all lampreys. Lainpitra of Gray slionld
therefore bo used for this gonus, for which it was originally proposed. Inasmuch as no Euro-
pean Ammoccetei can bo referred to any determinate species of Pelromyzonid, the nominal genua
corresponds with Petromyzona.B a whole and not to any subdivision.
/ordiin itHif Evo maun. — Fishes of North Amennt.
13
/'. Iiil'l'iioial hiiiiliia » itii 7 riiH|>N ; (IoihuIh wliolly iU'|iarut('.
/./i. Iiilniiiiiil liimiim w illi H nr !» cu-iih.
<'. l.ati'i'ul tcrlh usiiall.v t <>ti I'ltrli itiilc, ull liiciis|iiil ; ilui'HiiN h('|iui'uU'.
Al'UKA, 12.
HI'ADD'KA, Vl.
Iiiiti'i'iil teeth iHiinlly It on eaeli Hide nf illnk, the tiiidilli' niie lri<'ilH|ii(l, tliu ntlierH
liiill«Iiiil ; (liilsill!! Kll>;litl.V I'lilinccteil.
niiAlliA, II.
I)<>i'sal lliis (listiiK'tlv niiiti'd, with ii Hhur|i iioti'li ; littcrnl li'etli iisimily :i, liii'iispid.
liKlll, \U.
12. liAMI'KTKA AritKA, (Ueuii)
Dot Will fiiiH Hopniatci, tlio liiHt \ tlio Iiei^jht of tlio hccoiuI, tlio iiitci-
spaeo ii till) li;ii<j:t)i of tlio lirst; infniorul laiiiiiiii witli 7 ciih]>h, tliu oiitur
lai'^est ; liviul HliuitiT tlinii thorax, 10^ in lunj^th. PIutiibcouB, jroldeii
bolow. (lUon.) Yukon JvMvor and Htro.'iius of Alasku and Kamchatkii. L.
about a foot. Vt-iy closo to the V.\no\wiin L. JhuiatiHn. (<r«r«;«N, golden.)
.lmm.M„^^ .(iiim., Hkan, Tmc. U. S. Nat. Mils., IHHl, 1,V,), Yukon River; (Tjipc, X... 21.V2.I) ;
JiiunAN \ (Jii.iir.nT, S.vmiiisis, 8(IH, I88;i.
1,111111'rtiii fiiiii^rhitiirii, I'ai.i.as, Zoogr. Ito.sHo-Afiat., Ill, 07, lull, Kamchatka. TliiH wan
appai'i'Mlly not iiiteiidc d as ii hinoiriial iiatiie.
- /'W/.i)/(/r."i' /""■r"^'^, <JiiiAi!i), I'ar. It. H. Suiv., I!77, 1S5H, after I', jliiriiili", Uicliardaoii, iiieiitioiied
only as a Miiall laMipn.v uttaelied to an Iiicoiiiiii ill Great Slave Lake, " vt-ry liku Illucli's
llgliri'" of J,. Jlnriiililis,
1!J. LAMl'KTKA SIMDICKA, man.
DoiHals Hi'jiaratod, the intcMspaco i the Huout, insertion of tirst at
middle of liody; second dorsal little higher than lirst; infraoral lamina
with 9 cusps, the outer largest; lingual tooth with about 20 pee tin a^ ; 4
liieiispid teeth on each side of disk. Guanajuato, Mexico. {Bean.) {sjpu-
dici'Hs, nut-brown.)
lAdiqi'lm siKidiira, llKAN, Troc. l". S. Nat. MtiB., 1887, :i74, Guanajuato, Mexico. (Tyi*, No.
:WQOn.)
11.' I.AMPKTKA C'lItAItlA, (Girard).
Lips fringed; infraoral lamina with 8 or 9 snbequal cusps; about three
teeth on each side of buccal disk, the middle one usually tricuspid, the
others bicuspid ; teeth on upper part of disk 8inii)lc; dorsal tins slightly
connected at base; second dorsal not much higher than lirst, much lower
tiian ill L. iciUlcri ; insertion of dorsal a littlo behind middle of body;
(tIJ muscular depressions between last gill opening and vent; head 10 iu
length. Colorplumbeous, sides silvery. L. 8 inches. Pacific slope, from
Fraser Kiver to the Sacramento, Rather common in the riversand brooks
northward. (cihiiritiH, pertaining to food.)
I'llniiiiijr.im jiliiniliiiis, Ayuks, I'ldc. Oal. Ac. Sii., liTA, 28, (name iireorcupied), ban Francisco.
AiiitiKicalcs cihdiiiis, (iiiiAitn, Vac. 11. 1!. Surv.,;!S:!, l,s.')8, larva, Puget Sound; Jordan & FoiiunK,
/.<■., 202, lS8(i. (Type, No. (117ti.)
I'ltniiiiii.-iiii tiiinsi, (li'NTiiKU, Cat., viii, f)05, 1870, British Columbia.
lAiiiipi'tmjihiiiil.id, .loiiiiAN & (iii.iiKiiT, Syuopsis, 8, 188:!.
l.'i. LAMPKTUA ^VILOKItl, Gafje, new sp.ricrt.
(Small IIlack Lami'iiey.)
Head moderate, about as long as the thorax ; month small ; snout shorter
and lips, less fringed than iu L. planerl ; dorsal fins connected only in
breeding season, inserted behind middle of body, considerably depressed
in front of the vent, but not divided into 2 fins; posterior lobe highest;
1
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JiiiUftin ./7, UniteU Stata \ati(>nal Museum.
iiiHortiuii ot'tlorHiil a littlo liuturuiiiitMloof Ixuly ; l)uth<loiHulN higli, tli«t liiHt
U in luu}{litot'HucoiMl ; aiuiituliitvuiiHpiciioiiH in thoNpriii^; i\vi>n nio«l««rut<>;
Hupruurul laininu with itH cuHim lur^u, trianfriilur, well Huparated; a HMiall
|iointt!iI MUMlian ciiHp HoniotiineH prcNcnt in tlie adult; in liall'-^iown Hpuci-
niond the lamina I'urnm '.curved plato without diHtinct riiHpH; intraoral
lamina cuivtul, with 5 luU AudilM, Idiinti.sli, Hubuiiual riiNpH; aliont libicuH-
pid tflotli on rach nidi* of mouth; otlusr hucfal teeth tiimido. Head XJ; r»7
nuiHculiir impi'eHNions Itetween ;rill ttpenin^^n and vent. Mluiuh hlaek
ah(»ve, hilvery below. Ji. <> to 10 inches. A HUiall specien aHcendinjj went-
cin HtreaniH in the Hprin<r in ju;reat nnmbeiN to deposit its spawn ; abundant
from VVj'btern New York {Cayuj;a Lake; Meek, (iajje) to Iowa, both in
tributaries of the (ftoat Lakes and tho Ohio and Mississippi. Our species
HceniH to 1)0 distinct from A«;H^;i'/r« jW«/i(t», tjenenilly common in Noith-
westorn Europe. (Nan\eil for Hurt (Jreen Wihb'r, the distingiiisliud
anatomist, the lirst to study the lampreys of Cayu^ja Lake. Specimens
from that locality are taken as types of L. wilthri.)
Velriimijvm iii'jniiu, UAFiNK8iii'K, Icli. Oh., SI, t,><'J(», (niiiii" iiruLX (.•iipiuil), Falls of Ohiu.
' I'elroiiiii.-.dii lirimcliidlis, (ii .ntiii:i!, Cat., viii, finj, |S70.
AmmdaiU'.i tiiijei; Jdhdan XiilUtV.lVV, !S.vii(i|w1m, !t, 1K(<:1,
Amiiwfii'IfH bnuuliiuUii, JouVAS & FollUli K, I.e., ii'.Kt, lusi'i. (Jauk, in Wildi-r i^uiirti'i-Cciiiiir*
IVxik, 4;ttj, 18y3.
Class III. PISCES.
(Thk Fishes.)
The Pisces, or Fishes, may bo deiined as cold-ldoodcd ' ' tebrates adapt-
ed for life in the water, breiithing by means of gills win* . are attached to
bony or cartilaginous gill arches, the gills persistent throughout life;
having the skull well developed and provided with a lower jaw; the limbs
present and developed as fins, rarely wanting tluough atrophy ; shoulder
girdle present, furculashaped, curvt;d forward below, rarely obsolete
or represented by cartilage; pelvic bones present; exoskeleton developed
as scales or bony ])Iates or horny appendages or sometimes entirely want-
ing, and with the median lino of the body provided with one or more tins
composed of cartilaginous rays connected by membrane, the fins rarely
atrophied.
All recent writers on fishes agree that the Laucelets and the Lampreys
differ so widely in structure and development from the true fishes that
they must be regarded as forming distinct classes. Many writers go still
further, and remove from the class of fishes the Sharks, Skates, Chimieras
and Dipuoans. A smaller number remove the (ianoids, also. It seems to us,
however, preferable to regard these, with the True Fishes, or Teleosts, as
members of the single class of Pisces.
The class Pisces may be conveniently divided into 5 subclasses —
Selachii, HoLOCErnALi, Dipnoi, CKO880rTEUYGiA,aud Teleostomi. As
there are no North American representatives of the Dipnoi (Ceuatodus,
LePIDOSIKEN, Pl{OTOPTEKUS),or of the CU0880PTERYGIA (POLYPTEKUS),
these singular groups may be passed by v.'ithout further mention iu this
work.
,i^.i^^^i^ vi*i;;;i
'^^y. ^:->X.^^u^:
J or dim «///</ Evermann. — I'ishes of North Amerint. \'t
SUIICI.AHHKS OF PI8CK8.
.1 Mkiill wltlioiit njHtiiii of meiubr»iie li.im'ii(o|H'rcl«'B, etc.).
h, HuMiH'i 'iiiiii of lli« iiiniiiUlihi pri'iu'iit. nillM not frito, lioIriK attacliol liy tlui niitnr
iniiri^iii til till! hUiii ; ^'HA* I<'W anil lurK", iiiiiiri'xiiiittHl iiiiil Miiiii'tiiiii'Nili<vi'lii|i<til iiitrr-
unlly, riivcrril \%itli 11 tlilrk li'utlnTjr Kkiii « lieu ili'vcloiiuil oxtoriiiilly ; niitiryo wUli
(li'ciiliiiiiiK <<xli'niiil kIIIh \ n» iiiuinliritiKi Iiuiiuk lilmut ttioliuml; u|i|mtJiiw forini'il uf
luklutiiii' mill |ili'i'vKiiiil (<tumi>iiiH witliuut iimxilliiry or proiiiuxlllury; Hkrli'tmi oir-
tilii);iii<iiiN ; hUiiII uithoiit HiitiiniN ; tiiil Ih'Iitim (•iriil ; ventral Huh alHloiiilnal ; main
Willi liii'i;i' inlninillti'iit urKaiiMiir<'laN|ii'iN altaihuii tn tlin ventral linn, tlieHO ('omi|iIi<x
in ulnii'tiiri' in ixislinK h|ii'('I<'h ; NlmnliliT K'rillu imt atlarlii'il to llio Hkull ; skin
iiaki'il iirriivcrril witlicnmll roiMlmouloH, orHpliiuB, or Imny liiu'klorn; noairlilHiiilur;
arlcriul Inilli with ;t xerius of vutvea ; optic iiltvuh with a chiaHnm ; cereliral
lii'iniNpliiTi'H nniti'il ; ^'III opcninKHglit-lIko, 5 ti> 7 in uiiinlier ; Ja»H iliHtinct from
till' nIuiII, jiilni'il In It I'y Hnxpcnnury buui'M ; teetli dlMtinit. (fjliarkn anil Skati'H.)
Mri.aciiii.
bb. KuHpenxuriuni of the miinililile wanting; no maxillary arch; vuutral Ann with claH|H'rH;
Kill opeiiinK HinKle, leailiDK to 4 n\\\ HiitM; JawH coaltwoeiit with llio Hkull; tueth
uniteil in Ihr form of huny plateH. (Chinnerafi.) HuLOCKrilALl.
nil. Hkull with a will-devplopi'il HyMleni of niemhrano lioneH (opereluN, Nuliorhilal riuK, etc.);
giliK free, attached (o tlio ^\\\ urrhen liy tliclr haHcH only ; gill opening Hingle uii each
Hide; e)(K*i comparatively nntM and numerous; no cluiipers; a luaxlllury arch; ceruhrat
liemiBphervH not united. (Trne FinheB.) Tklkostumi.
Subclass SELACHII.*
(The Sharks and Skates.)
ThiH group, HuDlcioutly defuiod above, includes among recent HhIich, the
HIiai'kH iintl the Kuyu, niuiiiiu iLsheH niontly of large Hi/.e, ahounding in all
seaH. The group ih commonly divided into 2 orders, which are widely
different in appearance, so far an the extremes are concerned, but which
pass into each other by insensible gradations.
We begin the group with the archaic typo, the order or suborder Diplos-
{toiidyli, proceeding thence from the more generalized sharks to the special-
ized skates. The true sharks form an almost perfect gradation into tlie
skates, but there are no forms extant which connect the DiploHjwiidyli
with. modern sharks, ((T(:?.axor, shark; the word originally meaning
cartilage.)
OlU>El{S OK SeLACIIII.
II. (jiill openings 6 or 7 ; dorKal tin Kin^fle ; vertehral column imjierfectly soKmeiited, each seg-
ment being eiiulvalout to 'J vertebra', and bearing 2 neural aches ; anal flu preHenf.
Dii'i.osi'ONDyi,!, D.
CJill oponingB !> ; vertebral culumu well segmented, each segment formiug a neural
arch and 1 centrum.
Ii. Vertebra" each with the internal calcarooua lamelliu radiating from the central ring ;
anal fln preKent. A8TF.BO.si>oNnYLi, K.
bb. Vertebra' with the internal calcareous lamellae not radiating, Imt arranged in one or
more concentric circles or series around tho central ring ; no anal fin ; palato-
quadrate arch not articulated to the skull.
c. Gill openings lateral ; dorsal flus 2. Cycloshondyli, F.
CO. Gill o|)eniug8 ventral ; dorsal fins small and posterior, or wanting ; body and jiec-
toral tins formiug a depressed ilUk. Batohiki, G.
^ * Also frequently known a.s ElKsmobnmi'hii, Plaijiortomntu, Cliomlropterygia, or Placoidei. In Prof.
Cope's system, the AieduAu constitute one of the 2 orders in tli is subclass and all tho existing
sharks and skates are referred t o it. In the Sehichii, as thus understood, the claspers are complex,
while in the extinct order ot Ichlhijotomi these organs are simple.
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Ihillttin ./7, United Stairs National Museum.
Order I). DIPLOSPONDYLI.
(Tlir, NoTIDANOIl) vSllARKS.)
Hhiii'kNwith tli»i»al»toi|iiii(lnitMU]>pai-iitMs .articiiliitod ori>onuuot<t(l\vitli
till) poNtoiliitiil |in>ct«MH«m of tlio Hkiill ; Itruncliial upttrtiuoH in iniMuuHttd
iiiiiiiImm', (i or 7: only 1 tloiHul liii. Vertebral eoliiiiiii iiiiiierCeetly He;r-
inuntutl HO that from eaeli Ne^riiuuit 2 lUMual arulieM and 'J vurtui)ral bodien
iiriHu. AiiioiiK ^'^■'*tiii;;HliurkH tliiH^roii|) eoiitaiiiH li taiiiiliuH. NuiiieroiiN
fTuiiera repreNuiited by IohnIIh Htusiii allied to tlieN«>, which are uiiionp; the
"olde8t living vcrtebrateH." {(bT?''<';( , double; aixliv^^v'kui:^ vertelira; Ao/»
diiiiHH, (ruTiihifii^, dry back) in a (jlruuk iiaiiiu ot'Homu Hhuik, in AthuiiuiiH. ;
II, liudy Krt-ally (iliiiiKiitr, iiIiiiunI (■cl-nliuiicil ; ilnr-'itl, iiiiitl, iiml vmtrnlH clixio to^vtlirr on pon
torlur |iurt or biitly ; tvuth in tliu '^Jmwh iiliki'; nioutli iiiit«ri(ir.
ClII.AMYIIONKI.Anilll.V;, V.
iiu. liiiily iiiudorutcly ('luii(;iiti' ; to-tli In tli > ',:Jii\vm unliki' ; iiii>ntli Inl't-iloi'.
Hkxanciiiu.'I:, vi.
Family V. ("HLAMYDOSKLAOHID/E.
(TlIK FitlM.KI) .Shahkm.)
Hody oloii^ute, Hieiidor, HiiKK«'Htin}; the form of an ool. Iloud broad,
depruNNud. KycH Iat(«ral, wilhotit nictitating nienibrane. Nanal cavity
Heparat«t from that of the mouth. Month auturiur. Teeth with broad,
backward-extended bancH and slender cuspH. SpiracleH preHent. (jiill
upeuingHt). OnedorHal Hn, without Hpine ; anal fin prcHeiit. No pit at root
of caudal. Firut gill niembraue free acroHH the iHthmim. Intestine with a
spiral valve. Anterior basibianchial cartilages present.
This family contains a single species, recently discovered by Mr. (jarman,
from whose ))apers tiiis account is taken. It iuhabitti the open sea, and
may not occur in American waters.
I'lilaiiiyilmclnchidu, (iAHMAN, Hull. Erhcx Iimt., 1X84, 47, und olBuwhuro.
10. CHLAMYDOSELACHUS. Garman.
ChUnnijihiicluchiiii, Oaiiman, Bull. KMcxInRt., .Tan. 17, 18HI, 17, (niirjiiiiieiiii).
Opercular llap forming a broad frill over first gill opening. Teotli simi-
lar iu both jaws, each with 8 slender, curved, siibconical cusps, sepa-
rated by a i»air of rudimentary denticles, on a broad base; no median
upper series of teeth in front; a series ou the symphysis below. Month
wide, without labial folds at the angles. Pupil horizontally elongate.
Fins broad ; caudal without a notch. Basihyal elongate. Ouo species
known, inhabiting waters of some depth in the ojten sea. An extinct
apeciea, Chlamifdonehichiia lawhyi, Davis, has been described from pliocene
deposits in Tuscany, (x^afivg, mantle or frill ; aiT^axoc, shark.)
1«. ClIliAMYDOSKIiACIirS A\(U'I>'Kl% Uarman.
Dorsal iin small, opposite the anal, which is more than twice its size;
pectorals small, placed low; ventrals largo, placed far back, opposite
anal. Eye small. Gill openings large, curved, oblique, all of them before
.^^.•5;«&Wr^'*",- ^7i.
Jordan atui Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 17
juictoiulH. Tootli J , ,;,. ScaloM on upi»«r ««Ik»< of tail »ii>lurKe«l. HoimI 74
ill Iciintli. (liHMituMt (h'ptli of body iilioiit 15. Color, plain brown. L. 5
to ti fct't (dtdtiKiu). SuiiM iiltoiit .lapuii; iiUo tiikun otf Ma<b)iru, in tluup
wiitt'i. Nut (crlaiiily known froni thu Ainuiican roaHt, but if liHliuriiiun'ii
ilrawiii^H can he tiUNttMl, tliiH is found in the WuHtoin Atlantic and in
probaitly tlioorijiinal of Hoiiioof tiio ruconhul "mui HuipttntH." ((inijuineuit,
from aiiijuiH, tlio mIow worm, tlio word allied to uutjuiUa *),\;t>.i'c', ««!■)
(7i/iiiM.v'""'"'''""""i/"""'"«. <iMiM\N, /. <'.,'\nil 111 null. MuB. ('(imp. /.oiil., IHH5, XII, N". I, with
liliif.'K uiiil lucoiint of (iiuitipiiiy, off Japan ; OCntiikii, I)i"|i Hcii KIkIhh, Cliiillciini t, 1884,
Willi |iliiti'H, Japan; roi.i.Krr, Hull. Sm-. /oiil. Fruucu, l»m, 2l'.i; Punchal, Madeira.
Fiijuily VI. HEXANCHIDvE.
( TlIK Cow HHAUK8.)
Hody iiiodoiattdy olonfjut'S Hoinewhat depressed anteriorly, tajiering
towaril tbo caudal tin. Head dopros»ed, oblong, with the snout project-
iiii;. KyoH Hiibiiiudian or anterior, without niotitatiuj;^ inoinbrane. Mouth
Hultinforior, lai>{(', arched in front; no labial fold. Teeth in the 2, jaws
iinliki* ; in the ii|)p»'r Jaw 1 or 2 pairs of awl-shaped teeth, thu next
t) teeth broader and each provided with several cusps, one of which is
much the stronjieMt. Lower jaw with 6 large comb-like teeth on each
side, besides the smaller posterior teeth. Spiracles small, on the side of
the neck. Only 1 dorsal fin, without spine, opposite the anul, and
HJmiiar to it. No jiit at the root of the caudal. Uill openings wide, 6
or 7 in niimbor. Viviparous sharks, sometimes reaching a very large
si/e. Genera H; species about 7; of the warm seas. (Notiuaniu>k, (Jiin-
thor, Cat., viii, :«t7-3ltU.)
II. (ill! ii]iuiiiiiKH 7 Mil t'licli sliU- ; nicilian tooth of lowur jaw with ii Hiuall iiicdiiiii ciiMp or iionu.
NoTuRliyNCIIVrt, 11.
mi. (iill oponlngH r>iin cncb Hido ; iiieiliaii tooth of lower Jaw with u suiall mediitii euHp or none.
IIe.xancuus, 12.
II. NOTORHYNCHUS,' Ayres.
^"^.l7(//H(,|.|(», AviiKH, I'roc. Cn\. Ac. Sci., IS'iO, i, 72, (maculatiiit).
Uill Openings 7 on each side. Dentition in general much as in Hex-
iinchiix, the lower teeth uniform in size or decreasing toward corners of
mouth ; cusps on the cutting edge regularly graduated, while the ascend-
ing' inner margin of each tooth is finely serrated; median tooth of lower
Jaw with the median cusp small or wanting. Two species known ;
spotted sharks of the Paoitic. (i/urof, back; f)vyxoi, anont', the allusion
not clear.) ,
17.'NOTORIITNCHl'8 HACCLATUS, Ayres.
Snout broad, rounded, the nostrils near its tip; spiracles large, nearer
the gill openings than the eye; a long furrow at the angle of the month.
No median tooth in npper Jaw; 2 small teeth near together in front,
simple and pointed; 2 a little larger, behind and outside of these;
*Iii l[iiiim,uhii<K cinereus, the Kuropean type of UeplranchioB, the lower median tooth has a
Htrong central cusp.
1'. N. A. 3
X
[i'i'
"' ^\\
1 ' ^ ^ ^ 1
M M
- -V ■ - ■
d
|y y M^H
11 h
18
bulletin 4/, UrMed States National Afuseum.
V
' i
chci) 2 othorH directly boliind the fivHt puir ; next, ou each side, u tooth
much lai'got', painted, with a couHpicuous cusp ou the outer Bide at base,
aud one or more denticulations beside; the other teeth larj^er, similar, but
mcTo se.natod and more oblicjue, approaching the lower teeth in form;
median >'ootli in lower jaw broad, with a small median cusp and 2 or
3 larger lateral cusps on each side; the other teeth, 6 on each side,
much broader than high, with 4 to 6 sharp, outward-directed cusps, the
first cusp longest and bearing a small tooth near its base; these teeth
are (juite similar and increase slightly in size outward. Tail long,
21 in total length, the caudal fin mostly below it; anal small, just
behind the small dorsal. Sandy gray, with some round black spots,
larger than the pupil, rather sparsely placed. Pacific coast, from
Monterey northward to Washington ; rather common northward, espe-
cially in Humboldt Bay. {macdlatua, spotted.)
KolnrhiHclinsmijatUilHn, Ayueb, Proc. Cnl. Ac. Sci., 1850, 1, 72, San Francisco.
Nolorhi/nchus vmaihilus, Gu.h, Proc. Ac. Nai. Sci. Pliila., 18G2, 495, and 1804, 149.
Noturhunchm horcdlis, Gii.i., Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Philii., 18(14, 150, Nisqually, Washington.
IleittraiichUu macuUitus, Juiidan & Gilbert, Synopsie, 02, 188o.
12. HEXANCHUS, Kaliuesque.
Uexanchiif, Raiinesque, Caruttori, 1810, 14, (yriseKit).
KoU(Iumt», CuviEU, Ruguo Aliiiuiil. Ed. 1, 1817, 128, (</) iseio).
Monopterhinus, Blainvili.k, FauDO rruuyuisi', 1828, 77, (^rweiis).
Two species k:iowi) distinguished from all other living sharks except
the eel-shaped 67it(r»ij/(?o<'t'?ac/»u«, by the presence of 6 gill openings, (t?',
six; uyx'K, bend or sinus.)
(1, Mediau tootli of lower jiin with a sli 'it niodiuu cusp and about 3 luargiiial cu^ts ; flrst
.ateiul tooth with about G cuhi)s. coki.nu.s, 18.
aa, Modiau tooth of lower jaw without median cuBp, liut with 4 ur 5 marginal cusjig; first
lateral tooth with 8 or 9 cusps. uiuskus, 19.
; i
is; HEXANCHUS COBINVS, Jordai. & Gilbert.
(Shovel-nosed Shark.)
Head large, broad, depressed, and blunt. No median tooth iu upper
jaw ; abo'it 4 pointed teeth in front of upper jaw ; all entire and without
basal cu8T»d ; the next 3 teeth with a single btrong cusp ou the outer
margin; others with more cusps, approaching form of lower teeth; me-
dian tooth of lower jaw ^ery small, with a small cusp; lateral teeth
with 8 cusps, the first the largest, the others regularly smaller, the
median edge iu the adult finely serrated. Tail long, twice as loi.g as
head, about 3^ in total length. Pectoral as long as lower jaw from
gill opt niag. Scales on upper edge of tail enlarged. Color almost
black, uuspotted ; a grayish lateral streak. Monterey Bay to Puget
Sound, not comnion. {corinus, northwestern, from corns or caiirux, the
northwest wind.)
Hexanchus corinits, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 3.52, Neah Bay; and Soquel
and Bay of Monterey, California; SynopKis, 32, 1883. (Types, Nos. 37369, 27196.)
Jordan and Ej^ernuinn. — Fishes of A^orth Atncrica,
19
lU. liEXAM'lUS UltlSKlS, ((inx lii>).
(Cow Siiaiik; CaSa-IIota.)
Head laiKo, doprcssed, 1»luiit, tho noHtrils near tip of snout; no median
iMiper tooth; 2 on cacli side entire, liooked outward; tho next teeth
Nvitii () or 7 cuspN, the others siniihar; h)wer nuidian tooth huuiU, without
ciiHp ; lateral teeth each with 7 to 9 cusps, the nunibor of denticles on
most of the teeth being thus greater than in //. eoiiniin. Tail not twice
iiead, 'Sk in length, its upper Kcalos enlarged; pectoral shorter than
lower Jaw from gill oitfuing. Color dark gray. {Day). L. S to 2ti feet. A
very large shark inhabiting deep water, in the Mediterranean, thence
north to the west coasts of Scotland; also frequently taken in Cuba.
(I'ofif). {(irincti-s, gray.) (Eu.)
AiiiiiliiH grimiis^ (Jmk.i.in, S.VHt. Nat., H'.i.'i, 1788, Mediterranean, al'tor llrouHsonot.
Sijiuilii^ (jiisruK, IloN.NATKHUE, Tiilil. Kiujcl. Iclitli., 9, 1788, Mediterranean, iifti^r Griset of
Ilront^aoiiet.
SdliilaiiKs j/i-ideiM, <!('NTllEll, Cftt., Vlll, 397, 1870.
.\nli,l<mm ijihenn, 1>AV, IJritisli FisliOH, :i08, 1870.
llexuiiclms ijriseM, I'oey, SyuoiJBiu, i54, 1875.
Order E. ASTEROSPONDYLI.
(The Typical Sharks.)
'J'.'ie essential character of this order is in tho structure of the vertebrae.
The calcareous lamelhe within each vertebra radiate from the central
ring. The group contains the great body of living sharks, including all
of those with 5 gill openings, 2 dorsals, and an anal tin. (aari/i), star;
rym'wdvXor, vertebra.)
SUBOKDEUS OV AsTKUOSPONDYLr.
K. I'lilatdiiiii.drutn upparatuH ur*i<'>ilat('<l to proorbitiil jiart of skull; dornjil fuis with BpinoB.
I'ltOAKTIIIlI.
(III. I'aIatO(iim(lrato upparatus not articulated with tliu Nkull; no dorwil spiues. Galei.
Suborder PROARTHRI.
(The Cestraciont Sharks.)
This group is characterized by tho articulation of tho ])alato(iuadvate
apparatus by an extensive surface with the preorbital region of the skull.
Vertebraj asterospondylous. It consists of a single family, tin- IIktkuo-
DONTlD.K, which, like the preceding families, possesses much interest to
paiii'ontologists from its supposed relation to extinct forms. ( tt()i'i, before ;
npdixw, Joint; Ce,itracion,is an old name, from Ktarpa, a pickax ; the name
probably originally applied to Sphyrna.)
Family VII. HETERODONTID.E.
(TiiK Hl'llhe.vd Hiiarks.)
Sharks with 'J dorsal fins, each provided with a strong spine; the
first dorsal opposite the space between pectorals and ventrals; the
second in advance of the anal. Body elongate, obtusely trihedral,
\
:!l
m
II
;!l
^ 1
m
' \
i'
m
i
^
\':^
ivi
''I
( 1 i
I
20
Jiulletin 77, United States National Museum.
gradually tapering backward; lica<l liigli, with the forehead dfclivoiis,
little ))roiiiiiient ; nostrils couHueut witli nioutli: mouth rather narrow,
the upper hp divided into 7 lolies, the lower with a fold; spiracles
small, below the lower part of the eye; no nictitating membrane; gill
openings rather narrow ; dentition similar in both jaws, small obtuse
teeth in front, which in the young are jjointcd, and provided witli IJ to
5 cusps ; lateral teeth large, pad-Uke, twice as broad as long, arranged
in oblique series, one serifs being formed by niucli larger teeth than those
in other aeries; scales siriall, sometimes cruciform; caudal tin moderate,
more or less bent upward, and usually notched at tip. Oviparous, the egg
cases very large, subconic.il, without tintacles and spirally twisted.
S^)ecieH j^l>ont |,hII inhabiting the J'acific Ocean, usually placed in one
yoUlls; Li litsre rcicogni/ed. Sizosnuill. (('KSTHACloxriD.}:, Oiinther, Cat.,
Vllt, 417-118; but IIetkhooon ' s, I51ainville, IHltJ, has priority over
Ckstha(:io.n, pin ill, IbIT )
13. GYROPLEURODUS, (iill.
G\jroi>\i'm<n\m, (iii,l,, I'inc. Ac. Nut. Sd. Diilii., Isfi2, 489, (fmwchd.)
^•qjii'iJiMdii, Mill.,/, I',, {iiiiiilliinniin^- (iiiiijii).
lilauches of the Jower Jaw widely se/in rated, the iutevvul rtiundetl in
front, growing wi-.ler behind. Molars i/i few rows; ridges above eye
Iiromineiil. Characi -rs of the genus otherwise included above. Easleiii
^acilic. (yrpoi, whorl; 7r/.f r/mr, side, oi'orc, tooth.)
(1. (Jill opiiiiiiHH nut vi'i-y liipli, tlio Iciiiztli of the lirst slit \iriiin li'it lliiiu llml dl llic lii;iti> liuil
i('t;inii; iii(ilar.-< in I to (! mwK; riil^i's nl)ovi' cji- mi'v imiininint.
(1. ]\U)lui-8 convi-.x, till' liirfj;or ones nut niiuli if any caiiniiteil. 1 uancisci, )iil
iit. MiiliiiH ciiiiniiti' along their iniildlo. cji ovi, 21.
20. (aROPLKlROIUS FB.VM IMI, idirai.li
(BlJI.LIIEAll SlIAHK.)
Head short and high, broad, but with subvertical sides; the loreluad
very declivous fron\ eyes, the snout wide and transverse, but prominent ;
2 blunt, divergi:ig ridges continued from eiii'h HJdii uf tlio slioiit, ab
ruptly merging into tlio more eouspieuous siiperelllary ridges, the in-
terval between which is nearly plane; teeth in fioiit digitated, with
3 or 4 cusps, quincuncially distributed in rows slightly converging
toward the middle; in the upper jaw, on the sides, molars oblong ami
tlatteued, arranged in about 4 obli(|ii(i whorls, iiiiirorm or ineieitslng
backward, except the last, which is smallest ; on tlio sides of the lower
jaw, also, are molars, oblong, with Hattened crowns, and arranged in
transversely oblique whorls, but decreasing backward. Ihanclies of the
lower jaw widely seixuated by an interval rounded in front and becom-
ing wider behind, the sides themselves being curved outward ; She acute
teeth confined to the front, tlio molar teeth few anil OlHpnsed In tilltlllt
4 whorls, theiirst 3 of which slightly Increase, while the fourth is almost
rudimentary. Kranehial area almost oblong. l)oisal tins considerably
produced backward at their posterior angli;; the compressed spine form
ing about A of tI;o base of each tin ; anal tin large, reaching the root
"m
Jordan and Ever ma tin. — Fishes of North America. 21
of nuidal; caudal fin about i of the length, a notch at its tip, opposite
liLst vertebra. Color brown, with small black spots scattered over the
body and fins. L. 2 f«'et. Coas*. of California ; abiindant south of Point
Concej>cio)i. Its spirally twisted egg cases are very remarkable. (Name
from San Francisco, but its range probably does not extend sc far to the
north.)
r,',</)i"/"i/./V((iyi-(.s,/, (iiiiAiin, I'loi'. Ac. Nat. S<'i. Pliila., 18.'>4, 100, Monterey.
f',■«^■(l<(../(7V(((l(■/s<■l, (Ji'NTiiKU, fat., VIII, 4Hi, 1S70.
{iiiri,\iU'nrnihi* fruimi-ci, Gii.l., l'ri)c. Ao. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1802, 402; Jordan k Ctii.iiKiti', Synoii-
«i«, ;ti,i88:j.
•21. (JVKOPriKrilOnrS (jrOVI, (Kreminville).
First dorsal inserted nearer vcntrals than pectorals; anal fin low, not
reiieliiiig base of caudal; body slender. Ikown, with round dark spots
about a.s large as eye. (T "iicicnHes,) Galapagos Islands. (roM.(^uoy,a
French naturalist.)
Cmlniiidti 'iiii'iii, Fiti'Mixvir.l.E, Mftfj. Ziii'il., 1840, |il. 3, Galapagos.
Ceithdiiiiii itiiiilhi'i-iiiin, VAi.KN'tuxNES, Viiva;;c cli' la Vt'iiiis, about 1S50, 1120, Galapagos.
1'ct.lriirioii •iih.iii, (,ii'NTlii:i!,('at., viii, 410, 1870.
!l
Suborder GALEl.
(TiiK True Sharks.)
AsteroNp()ii<1yIoii.s .sliai|>s will) (lie pa'atoqnadrate apparatus not artic-
llliited y\\\\i l|ieH|<iil|; gill opeiiings always 5 and always lateral. Dorsal
jitis 'J, ^(i}\ |)t!VH)o|)ed, each without spines. This order contains most of
II. |<'|i's| i|ui'.-{i| Ijll iivi'i' oHii'Imlij ||ii' M!|iIIii|h; .^'|ill'lil'j|i III lisf'lj^ : 110 nictitatiiip; inoinliranc.
h. Tail Hot Iii'lit iiiiwarif ; imsfrils not coiilliiciit U'|((( i^b ilioiitli. Scvi.i.ioitiiiNiD.i;, viii.
hh. I'lill alii ii|<lly ilii< rli i| ii|ivuiiil aud bavkwUI'i) froltl (||p onnu ol' the caiulal tin ; noHtrilH
(■(llllllll'llt with tllr IllOUtll. OlNCiLVMOSTUMID.i:, IX.
.1.1. KIrst ilorsal llM |||ffi'rtei| fnofi) p^ |i>kii III in|vii|)cn nf flio veiitrald,
'■. First (Inival tin Imip; ami low, liiglic^l |iii3trlloflj- ; H||liacles dovi'lopoil; no pit at root
I niil.liil; u'ill I'I'iMiing.s all in advaiico ol poctunll. I'si'.iiiinTUiAKtn.i:, x.
,sj|| llli lilfill, IiIkIickI iiiid'iiorly, itn |)asi. wholly in fmrit of that of vmitralH.
ill llli |iii| litll.^tn, ItHiiIipiT liilic lH(Miriiioio||||M's(|ii' li'iigllj of tfiilowor, with
it KG
l CM
4 |io|(|) |(l.l/hv l|(ffar(l Its tip ; sldo oft
liiifi L'lj) tijiotilliK alioyi^ liiwi^ of poitor
f.
.;./
'tail not keck>d.
,■ ||wtornl.
iiioilclately (|(!Vu|iijioi(, |'ti)|!|j(ig |rs.s )|)a|) ](, of tlu^ total loiigth; eyes
with iilclitatinp p)clii))f-!i)|fci
(/. Iliiiid iiiiinially |>j((iiP/|. Uai.eiii.i;, xi.
in/. tU'itil liaiiitnur-iilia|aHt or kiiiiiny-sliapi'il liy tlio oxlcnsion of its sidus.
Spiivi!nii),t;, xn.
./;■. Tail cxcrndinRly long, forming ahout % tho total l.iigth : eyes without
niilitatiiig nicinliraiin. Ai.oi'iiD.i:, xiii.
«•. Tiiwt gill opi'iiingrnlircly in lioni nf iiorforal; .spiraclus pore-like; tail inodcr-
ati ly di^vclopi'd. Cauciiariiu.t-;, xiv.
I^aiidal fin lunate; caudal peduncle witli a keel on each side ; size largo.
Ii. lia-it gill oi)eniug entirely in fvont of iicctorals.
('. (Jill openings moderate ; teeth large and sharp. IiAti.vm.T-;, xv.
ii. tfill openingB very larpi^ nearly meeting utkIit the throat ; teetli very
small; size enormous. CRTomiiNiD.v., xvi.
hh. Last gill opening above tho haso of the pectorals. Riiinodontiu.d, xvii.
.1 ft
fil
mir
1 n
ii:
22
Jiullctin ^7, United Slates National Museum.
Family VIII. SCYLLIORHINIDiT"..
(TiiK Cat Sharks.)
Dorsal fins 2; both rafclier Hinall, without spines, the ftrst more or less
behind the ventrals; anal lin present, usually before the second dorsal;
caudal (in rather lon^, usually with a basal lobe; the tail not keeled, and
not bent upward. Spiracles present; no nictitating membrane; gill open-
ings small, th) last one above the root of the pectorals. Mouth usually
broad, with small teeth, several series being in function ; teeth each with a
median cusp and 1 to 4 small cusps on each side ; nostrils near the mouth,
sometimes conlluent with it, sometimes provided with cirri. Mucous pores
about head numerous, especially on lower side of snout. Egg cases large,
quadrate, with prehensile tubes at the angles. (ScYLUiD.K,Guuther, Cat.,
vm, 400-413.)
a. SCYI.IIORIIINI.V.T:. SpiracloH closo licliind oyc; gill openings nearly eriuidistant; tooth Kniall,
Timially triciiHpid.
h. Nostrils not separated by an isthmus, (he nasal valves confluont ; tail not serrated.
St'yi.i.ioitiiiNus, 14.
hh. Nostrils separated from each other hy a broad isthnms.
f. Scales on npjier margin of tli<! tail little if at all enlarged, usually similar to tlioge
on rest of body, or at any rate not forming a serrated edge. (Jatiii.iis, V*.
14. SCYLLIORHINUS, Hlainville.
(ROUSSETTES.)
ScijJUorhimi!), Blainville, .Tourn. Pliys. IHlli, 2il;! : {cnninihi, etc.).
tv-ijUium, Cuvier, IJegno Animal, Kd. 1, 1K17, 121, (nniiciiln).
Scyllinrhiiiiin, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nut. Hist. N. Y., iHiil, 41, reprint, (restriction to rniiinild).
This genus includes those Scyiiioid sharks in which the nasal valves
are conlluent, with their hinder border entire and free. Caudal moderate ;
gill openings eiiuidistant : spiracles close behind eye.s ; tail not serrated.
Species mostly of the old world. {aKvTi'Ainv, a small shark ; okvXXu, to tear ;
lUi'i/, shark.)
22. SCYLLIOBHISl'S PROFCXDORUM, Goodo & Bean.
Ncisal valves confluent, with a short blunt cirrus on the posterior as
well as on the anterior llaj) ; length of nasal cavity about equal to hori-
zontal diameter of the eye, the 2 cavities separated by a space e(|ual
to i interorbital area and '^ snout; distance of posterior angle of nasal
cavity from root of teeth at nearest point i area between cavities;
distance from sj'mphysis to tip of snout e((ual to width between angles
of mouth. A well-developed labial fold at angle of mouth, extend
ing on lower Jaw halfway from its angle to the symphysis, and on
upper jaw nearly in direction of nasal cavity, disappearing at i the
distance. Teeth moderate, with 2 small lateral cusps on each side of the
longer middle cusp, in about 5 rows. Gill openings narrow, some-
what less than long diameter of eye; distance from first to last, which,
like the fourth, is above angle of pectoral, equal to i snout. Ventral
fins thick, short, leaf-shaped, their origin twice as far from nasal cavity
as is last of gill openings; origin of anal under tip of first dorsal, its end
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
23
under end of dorsal ; itH base equal to .} Icnj^th of head to lirst gill
opening. Caudal continued in line of axis of body; lower lobe rounded,
and in its greatest height not deeper than the height of the caudal ex-
tension of the l)ody at the same point. Color, uuifornt grayish brown.
One specimen (85()4G, U. S. N. M.), 20J inches, obtained by the Fish
Commission steamer AlhatrosH at a depth of 816 fathoms, in latitude 39°
9' N., longitude 72° IV \v>'^ W. {Goodc <)'• Jieati). (profundorim, of the
depths.)
BcyUiorhiuiiK profundomm, Goodk * Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 17, 1894, Gulf Stream.
IS. CATULUS, Smith.
Pnluhif, Anprfw SMiTir, Proc Zool. Soc. Loud., 18117, S'>, (sli'llnrin).
Piirodenna, Smith, /. <•., {(ifricaiiiin).
fMnlnrm, Oii.i,, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. V., 1801, 407, {hihgeri).
Cephahm-nll'uw, Gll.l,, /. c., {latkeps).
As here understood, this genus is very close to the European genus
SojUiorhinus,* from Avhich it is distinguished by the separate nasal valves,
(iill has further divided the group into Catnlus, having the nasal valves
provided with lobes or grooves, Halwlurua having the nasal valves simple,
and Ccphalo8cyUium, which has a very broad head and the stomach intlata-
ble. The latter group is perhaps gonorically distinct, but we lack the data
for properly defining it. Catuhis differs from rrisiiurus in having the
scales on the upper edge of the tail notniuch, if atall, enlarged and usually
not dirterentiated from the others. The prickles on the body are usually
much coarser in (7a/HiM« than in Sciflliorhiiius or Pvisliiirus. Species numer-
ous, usually in rather deep water. (Catulua, diminutive of low Latin
catus, cat.)
T. Oatuu'r: Ilead not very broad; belly not onpalde of groat Inflation,
a. Rcdy plain brown, or marbled with wliitish without biaolc Bpota or inarkinp;^; belly duBky.
ft. Upper margin of tail with a broad band of enlarged closely appressed tricuspid Hcales
(obsolefo ill the young),
c. Snout from month forward % width of mouth; anal much longer than second
dorsal; belly pale. xaniubus, 21!.
}ih. Tipper margin of tail without enlarged scales; belly not pale.
i/. Snout, from mmitb, % widtli of mouth; anal 2)4 times base of second dorsal.
IIKI'NNEUS, 24.
ill Snout, from mo\itb, scarcely J.<J width of mouth; anal scarcely larger than second
dorsiil. CEPiiALUS, 25.
(in. Body not jdain brown; spotted, or banded, or marbled with black; no enlarged scales on
back.
c Back of tail covereil with narrow black lines which form a net work of polygonal
meshes; belly yellowish; body moderately elongate, the stomach probably not in-
tlntuble. UETiFEu, 20.
IL CEPiiAlosrYLi.n-M, {K((t>a\^, head; Scyllium, crKvWiov). Head very broad and depressed
Stomaih capable of great inflation.
/. Back with broad black crossbars; upper part with largo round black spots. UTEii, 27.
" Srylliorhiaus, Blainville, 18lfi = .Sf;/WiHm, Ouvier, 1829, typo Sq. caniatla, Linnrous.
i
■\'
1
i
t i
^ 1 a fl£y ^^^n
wmn.
f
,1 I
i i'
Ij'
I I
24
Bttlletin 47, Untied States National Museum.
Subgenus CATULUS.
!»!». ("ATULIS XAMl'Ul'S, (iilb.it.
Snout short, broadly rounded, its length from month, i pfreatest vrldi
of snout, which is ccjual to Avidth of month; angle of mouth with folds,
that on lower jaw twice as long as on upper, reaching about \ distance
to sym]iliysis; teeth small; snout and sides of hoiid with numerous mu-
cous poies; eyes largo. Pectoral small, rounded; first dorsal <»ver ven-
trals, its base 2 in the interspace between dorsals, shorter than that of
anal; second dorsal slightly shorter and lower than (irst, its base 1:1 in
anal: caudal i\ in length; upper edge of caudal in adult with a broad
band of enlarged, broad, crowded, tricuspid scales, the))and broader than
in the European Pristiuriia mclaaiomus, and the scales less acute; scales
of body much coarser than in rri-tiiinis. Color dark slaty browti, usually
uniform above, sometimes with small whitish spots, the linei often edged
with paler; belly jialc. L. 2 feet. Pacific coast of Southern California,
abundant in rather deep water; apparently a transitional form between
Catulus and rristiurua with the appearance of the former, but approach-
ing the latter in the scaling of the tail, (parlor, scraper; oiy^i, tail.)
CaUihis xaniitrun, Gii.nERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, TiiO; off Southern and Lower Califor-
nia, in 184 to 684 fathoms.
24. CATIJLI'S BRUXXEl'S, Gilbert.
Body deeper, head narrower, snout longer and sharpor than in C.
xaniurus. Prooral part of snout 'i greatest width of snout and | width of
mouth. Anglo of mouth with labial folds, the lower slightly shorter than
upper and reaching halfway to symphysis. Eye 3 in snout. Pectorals
more adnate to body than usual. First dorsal narrow and high, reaching
little beyond vontrals, its base li in i'lterspaco betwooii dor-sals; second
dorsal slightly larger than first ; anal very long, its base 2} times that of
either dorsal. Caudal Ilj in body, the scales along its upper edge like
those on rest of body, not saw-like. Uniform warm brown above and
below, the snout and edges of fins blackish. L. I'O inches. Gulf of Cal-
ifornia, in deep water; one specimen known, a female with mature eggs.
(Irunneus, brown.)
Calalm hnimiciis, Gii.nEKi, I'rtic. U. S. Nut. Mub., 1891, 512, Gulf of California.
2.'». CATl LI'S CEPHAIXS, Gilhoit.
Allied to C. xaniitrits, but the head wider, the snout shorter, the preoral
portion less than i its greatest width ; color darker, the belly dark brown
like the back, the second dorsal larger, more posteriorly placed, the first
dorsal larger, the anal smaller, scarcely larger than the second dorsal;
pores on head large, in rows instead of patches. Tail without band of
enlarged scales (these possibly developed in the adult). Teeth mostly
tricuspid, the inner sometimes with ^ or even 5 cusps. Size very small,
probably not over 15 inches when adult. Gulfof California and southward,
in deep water; no full-grown examples known. {kecjuM/, head.)
Caltilw rephnliis, Gilbeut, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1991, 541, deep water near the Revillagig-
edo Islands and in the Gulf of California, in 362 to 460 fathoms.
1i|; 1:1
y,
1^
Jordan ami Ever maun. — Fishes of North America. 25
•2B. (ATI LIS KKTIKKK, ((iiirman).
Body moderately oloiigato, the vent in front of its middle. Head de-
pressed, itHwidtli nearly oqiiiil to its length, from spiraclos forward ; length
of snout (Voni niontli less tiian distanoo between onter margins of nostrils;
nasal valves hidader than isthmus; length of arch of month a little more
than A its width; lower lahial fold reaching \ distance to symphysis;
teeth small, each with a <!entral cnsp and 2 small ones on each side.
IVrtorals short and liroad. First dorsal inserted near middle of body ;
<'aiidal not large, l.ight brownish, crossed at irregnlar intervals by gronps
«)t 2 to 1 narrow black lines, which are Joined by other lines, forming a
network of jjolygonal meshes; belly yellowisli. {Garman.) Gnlf Stream
in deep water, a few specimens taken off the South Atlantic coast, {rete,
nut; fero, to bear.)
Snilliiim Mif.'nnii, (iAinux, Hull. Mnf. ('ow\>. Zdlil., XI, '.i;i;i, IHKl, off coast of Virginia, in
deep water.
S<!illi'irlii,iii>i ii7;/;T,,laiiiiAN ^*i GiLBEUT, Synopsis, 8C9, 1883.
^ ( m
m
t I
Subgenus CEPHALOSCYLLIUM, Gill.
27. CATl'LI'S I'TEK, .Jonliiii & Gilbert, iiom. m-w species.
(SWEI.I. SlIAKK.)
Head very broad and (h^pressed, broader than long, and not i as deep
as broad. Snont very blunt, projecting a little beyond the mouth. Mouth
very broad, little arched, with only a trace of labial fold. Teeth similar
in both Jaws, small, tricnapid, in about 1 series, '^'l in number. First dor-
sal beginning over middle of veutrals; second dorsal beginning behind
front of anal and ending before end of anal. Grayish, tinged below with
yellowish; back with l)lack crossbars ; upper parts with large round black
spots; sides with small whitish spots also. L. 2i feet. Monterey to San
Diego; very abundant in Santa I'.arbara channel. A small voracious
shark, often taken in lobster pots. When caught it intlates its stomach
with air till its diameter is 1 its whole length. It will then lloat belly
iipwar>' on the water, {iilcr, an inllated bladder.)
f Sfiilliiiiii iviilriitfiiiii, Uauman, Hull. Mns. Coinn. /uiil., vi, 107, 1880, Chile.
SirijlliiDii iiiiiriiiHiiiii, .loiiUAN «& Gii.nKUT, .^iyiiopsis, 50, 1883. It is probablo that tlio Oalifornian
HlH'cii'S is distinct from tlio Chilean rfiitriosiis. IJoth iiri' clopo to the Auatnilian C.IuIki'iis,
lypfofllK^ gi'inis or subgenus (e]>l(aliisc!il!iinu, v;hU-h differs from Calnliis iu tho intlatablo
bi'Uy and the broad depressed head.
Family IX. (ilNGLYMOSTOMIDiE.
(TlIK NtJKSK rillARKS.)
Large sharks with general characters of the ScYixiORnixxD.iK, but with
the tail very long and more or less abruptly bent upward at its base, as in
tin: (Jalkid.k F'irst dorsal above or behind tho veutrals, the second
oitjtosite or rather before jinal ; eyes very small, with small spiracles behind
them; nostrils coulluent with the mouth. Nasal valves on both sides
fo'ining a quadrangular flap in front of the mouth, each being provided
i 11
■H
il'
1^1
v!M'i J
l-l;
:h
26
Bulletin 4y, Untied Stales National Afuseum.
with a free cylindrical cirrus; an upper and lower lip, the latter not ex-
tending acruMB the BympbyaiH ; fourtli und fifth gill openings close together,
(jlenera 3, species about 5; largo sharks of the warm seas. (Scyij.iiu4<:,
part, (Jiinther, Cat., vm, 407-t(H>.)
a. Tail motlurato, about ',, total luiij;tli; HpirncloR minuto; Riioiit rather blnnt. Tooth in holli
JuWH ill many Horii'N, ciicli with a KtroiiK nii'diaii iMisp, ami I or 2 Hnnlli<r riiRps on n\ li
Hiili) ; Hecond (lorxal nearly oppoHitu Hiial. Uinolymohtoma, Hi.
1. ^
i6. GINCLYMOSTOMA, Miillor & Heme.
Oi»gliim(irt<mm, MTllkr .1' IIr.ni.e, WioRinnnn'a Archiv., 2*2, 1K:I7, {clnalm).
Characters of this genus given above. (j/yyXr/iOf, Iiinge; (ttoiUo, mouth.)
S8. (IIXULYMOSTOMA CIRItATUN, ((iniuliu).
(NrnsF, Shabk; (Uta.)
Head obtuse, depressed; nasal cirrus reaching the lower lip; angles of
the fins obtusely rounded ; tail forming nearly ^ of the total length ;
skin very thick. Uniform brownish; young specimens with small, scat-
tered, round black spots. L. fi to 10 feet. A largo shark of the ■warmer
parts of the Western Hemisphere, abundant Ab(>\it coral reefs in the
West Indies and on the west coast of Mexico, and occasionally on our
South Atlantic coast, (virratus, bearing cirri.)
Squahm rimiliis, (Jmemn, SyMt. Nat., I, 14U2, 1788; American Seas, after Uroussonot.
(linghj»iiwliimii vimitmii, MCi.t.EU k IIeni.k, l'laKli>stiinii'ii, 23, 1838; (iCNTllEii, Cut., vill, 4(»8, 1K"0.
Si/Mn/im ciVni/in, IloNNATKKRK, Tablmiu KuryclopiMl. Ithtliyol., 7, 178K ; aftor ISarbilloii of llronR-
Boni't.
Sijualim piiiiclaluit, Btncii & SciiNEinEn, Syst. Ich., 134, 1801 ; Cuba, after Oata Hispanis of Parra.
S(iHnlui> prmctiildliiK, Bi.ocii A Schnkideii, f. c, .MO; Cayenne, nftor Si/nale pohUUIr ot hucvpcilc.
SqHdhiii arijnn, Uanchoft, Zool. .loiir., v, 82, 1832-1834, West Indies.
OiiujIiimoHloma fHlnini, Poky, Jli'iiiorias, ii, 342, IKOI, Havana. TIiIh name waH applied to
iinHpiitteil BpeciineuR; tbcfle occur on liotli coiiHtH of Mexico, and tlio aliBenco of tipotH in the
yoiiii);; ifl probably an individual variation. If not, (>'. fulvum may ranii an a Hpeeie.i or sub-
spec leu.
GinglymostomacabovcriUaniis, Cai'eli.o, .lour. Sci. Phys. Lisb., 1807, 167, Cane Verde.
Family X. PSEUDOTRIAKID^.
Body elongate; mouth wide, with a very short labial fold near the
angle; snout dopressed; nostrils inferior, not confluent with the month;
eyes oblong, lateral, without nictitating membrane; spiracles well devel-
oped, behind the eye ; gill openings moderate, in advance of pectoral ; jaws
with many rows of very small, tricuspid +eeth; first dorsal fin long and
low, highest posteriorly, Inserted opposite the space between the pecto-
rals and ventrals ; second dorsal rather large, larger than anal ; ventrals
and pectorals well developed; no pit at root of caudal; caudal fin very
low and long. Skin with minuto asperities. One species known, a large
shark of the North Atlantic, in most respects similar to the Scylliorhin-
iniE, but having the dorsal fin different in form and placed farther forward.
The insertion of the first gill opening is also different. For these reasons
we have placed the gonna provisionally in a distinct family. (PsKUDOTBl-
Acis, Giinther, Cat., vm, 395.)
1!'-
Jordan ami Kverinann. — Fishes of North America. 27
17. PSEUDOTRIAKIS. Capcllo.
;Vri<Mii.i*/», CaI'KM.i, .Iciiir. Sri., Miilli., I'liyn., Nat., Lisbon, iHtlH, :1J1, (mi. )-.m/..ii).
CiiaiaoteiH of tlio jjomiH j^ivcii above. ( i/'f i'('//f , falno; Tnak'xs.)
^ 5 '■'s
•.»U. rSKinOTKIAKIK NU'KOnOX, nipillo.
(JrayiHli brown, tlio (ins, oxctipt tluj fiiHt <lorNal, rdjjod witli dtiMky;
baHo of first dorHal 7 tiiiicH its lioijrht. Two NjMiciiiKMiH of this himumhh aro
known — tlio typn from Tortujiiil; the Hocond, 10 feet in lenjfth, taken at
AniaganHctt, on Lonf? Inland. {/uKpiic, .small; Mo/y;, tooth.) (Kr.)
I'tt-wlohiiikii' iiiiirnilnii, Cai'km.o, .Iimr. .Sci., Miilh., vU:, lilHlwrn, IHIJH, ;1J1, Portugal ; OCnttifu,
Cut., VIII, ;i«,'<, l«7ii; IlKAN, I'ror. V. 8. Nat. Miih., 1«8:1, 117.
Family XI. GALEIDiE.
(Thr RK(}riK.M SnAHics.)
Sharks with 2 dorKtil (ins, the lirst Hliort and hij^li, entirely before thc^
ventrals, the second eomparatively Hmall, oppo.site the anal ; no sjiines;
f;ill oiienings moderate, the last above the base of the pectorals; tail
more or less bent njiward fioiii the Itase of the caudal lin ; sides of tail
not keeled; eyes with nietitatinjj membranes; head not hanimer-sliap«!d,
the snout being longitndinally produced, as usual anion}? sharks. Ovo-
viviiiaroiis. Sjiiracles small or obsolete.
A large family of 20 or more genera and about 60 species; found in all
seas. The species are often closely related and dinicult of determination.
(Cah("U\kiM).i;, part (C'aiuiiaijuna and Mcstemxa), Giinther,Cat., viii,
8r)7-:^H(», and 3H3-:^«H.)
n. Oai.f.in.k: Tcrfli flat iiiiil jiavcd, without iii-^iiB or riiljrcs; Hiiirncle.s jirofient; no pit at root of
tail; labial Colil.H well divclopcil.
h. Knilirj-o not attachril to tlui utonis by a placi'iita; teeth vory blunt. JIrsTKi.r,<, IS.
I'll. Kiiihiyo atlaihcd to tli<' utiTu.s by a plaii'iita; teeth more acute. Galkis, 10.
ir.i. Teelli more or leris com pressed, with entire or serrate sliarp edgts.
(iAi.KoiiiiiMN.i::
('. Spiracles jnesent.
(I. Hoot of tail without pit.
i: Teeth rather small, I'aih with a medium cunp and 1 'or 2 small lateral cusps
on ea<'li side.
/. Teeth small, close-set, .■ipproaehiiij; tliosi' (,( ^;,(/eiis but with poiiiteil eiisj)!j;
snout slender; embryo attached to nteruH by a placenta, (('(doration
phiin.) ItiiiNOTiuAns, •.!().
/. Teeth larfcor, with shiirp cusps; snout of inot'/'rate liniiith; embryo not
attached to uterus by a placenta. (Coloration ^arie^;atcd.)
TuiAKis, 21.
f. Teelli lanjer, w itli a single cusp, oblicpK', notched aucl coarsely serrated on
the outer mar-in. Galeorhinus, 22.
</i(. Uoot of tail without I'oiispiiuous pit above; feetli all coarsely serrate, alike iu both
jaws and all with a (le('p notch on outer nmrgin; caudal (in with a (luuble
"otcl'- Galeocerdo, 2:!.
► 1
5 1?
'I'- ;^'
i ;
1
1. i
I \i\
hi
38
liulli'tiii ./7, Unitrd Sla/rs Natioiml }fiist'nm.
;•
,/ij
! ■■ I
i]
I I |!
ilT
J ..
IS
('auciiakiiinin v.:
ic S|iiriit'li'gi)lii*(ilt'tit; luwcr luctli iiiii-rnwcr tliiiti iippi'i' tct'tli,
i/. AdkI*' of niiiuth witlioiit Ki'iiovii or witli nii'rt'l.v ii nIIkIiI iluiirpHNlon, wlilcli iKicm
iKit <'\l<'iii| ali'iic litlicr jiiw.
h. KIi'nI. ildrHiil till iiisi'i'Ic'il |i<i-ti'riiii'ly, iii-iuir voiilriilH tliiiii |i('r|iinilH; <'|iiI>|'m>
lint .jiiitli'il til III!' lllcl'IIN liy II |>lii('c'i>lii; plriiili'l' nIiiiiK-, wIiIi M'IV Ntl'Mii;:l\
(iiriiitc'il tci'lh. I'liKiNAci:, V!l.
hh. Kii>t (lorBiil iiiHurti'il iiiiti'riorlv, iifiiriT iiiTtoratd tliitn vi'iitnilH; ciiilirvn i»"
fur iiM UridWii) uIIiii'IkmI Ici tlni \ilc>riiM liy a jiliicoiitii.
I. Ti'ctli all hcrrati' iiinri' or Ichm, nflfii ciilini In llir vct.v yoiiiit;.
('.MiriiAiiiliNrs, '.''■.
ii. Trctli iif iippor jiuv ocrriitc' at \<\\*i- only; lower tidli (.nliri', irii-t.
ilYI'KIMIION, 2i'>.
Hi. Toi'tli all I'litiri' at all \\v,i", iiinl nearly all cri'it. Ai'iiinMinnN '1'.
gij. AiikI)' of inoiitli pn>\ idi'il »itli a more or les-* iliNllnct (groove wlilili exteiiiU alun;;
one orliolli of tile Jawri; teetli entire, or very nearly no, more or lesH ol)lli|nely
plaeeil, tlnir pointri tnrneil away from tlie liicdiuu line; xmliryo (no far ax
kiiouii) Willi a plai'iMita. Hcouoiidn', 'JN.
i8. MUSTELUS, Cuvior.
(I)0(> SUAIJKH.)
MuitMm, riTvlF.n, Hi'pno Animal, Kil. 1, 12s, 1K17, (mimltln.i iiml mnin).
niushliin, (lii.i., I'roe. Ae. Nat, Sci. I'liila., ISdl, 1 Is, (re^trieteil to .t/um anil itn relatives, llie
allies of nTimleliis lieinj; calleil I'U'nnii inviiiJon).
Body olongnto, Hleiider; snout conipnriitivcly loiij; iiiul lliitt(Ui('(l ; nioutli
creHcent-sliajUMl, with wcll-dovoloix'd l.-ibiiil folds; tt'otli Hiiiall, ninny
rowed, Hat and Hinooth, rhoinhic, arraui^od like ])avcnH>nt, ali1<u in hotli
jaws, and Idiinter than in any other wliaiks; ovi'h lai'i^o, ohlonij;; Hpirach's
small, Just behind tli« «yes; jKictoral lin.s hi rye ; first (h)rs;il larj^e, nol
much behind pectorals; second dorsal somewhat smaller ; anal opposite
second dorsal and still smaller ; ventrals well devclojied ; basal lobe of
caudal almost obsolete, the tail nearly straiufht; embryo not attached to
the uterus by a placenta. Small sharks, among the smallest of the Ameri-
can species, {inunlrlus, a weasel or marten ; the same word used for shark,
as is the synonymous word (/(ilcns.)
a. ]Mi(l(ll(' of flrrtt ilorsul evidi-ntly nearer jio-itcrior root of pertoral than antprioi" root of ven-
tral; Rnuiit loii};, its length from month nioi'i! than wiiltli of month; teeth lilnnt. Km-
bryo not examined, jirolialily as in .V. muin. i.VNii.ATt s, :Ui,
(Id. Middle of first dorsal about mldwiiv Ijetweeii pectorals and ventrals (as aln.ve ineasnred).
First dorsal higher tlian Ion;;, the tip of nnlerior lolie reailiiiiK, when depresseil, lieyond
tip of posterior lohe, its freo margin dei'ply incised, its liuse 2',';i times in interval lietween
ilorsals; teetli blunt. cANls, .'il.
30. Ml'STKLrS LrXULATIIS, Jordan & Gilbert.
(Gato.)
Free margin of fins concave; first dorsal high, its narrow anterior lobe
reaching tip of the slender posterior h)bc when deflected, the tin about as
high as long; interval between dorsals 'Jit times base of first ; lower lobe
of caudal pointed ; tail ;"> in body, its terminiil lobe more than ^ its length :
pectoral rather sharp, its free margin incised, its tip about reaching mid-
dle of dorsal. Embryo unknown (probably without placenta). Very
Jordan ti>ii/ l-.virnuinii. — J^'is/ies of North Amiricu.
20
iiiN all pule. li. I'D iii«!li»H. WoNt coitHl ot' Mt;xi«-o, (Mtiiitiiuii in
ir orCiilituniiti. (/«)iu/((/i<'<,Muim)wliiit mooii-Nliiii>u(l, t'toin thecuiicuvu
|i;ili> K'i'.v
(ill
iiiai^riiiH lit' till) Huh).
Wm.</>/im (iiilil/"^l<', .ll>l|llA>' .V (iir.ii
lT.v|H', N.I. 'IViW.)
Kitr. I'roo. I'. 8. Niit. Miih., Insvi, Kw, Mazatlan, Mexico,
:»1. >IISTKI,rM TAMS, (MItclilll).
(hMdiiiii lliiiNii; DiMi-siiAIiK; llinA DuM't.)
hody NlrndtM', tii|it'riii>,' Imckwunl fntiii tlicdoiHiil I'm to tlit« Ioiik .sloiulet-
liiil: siioiil (li-prf^.sfil, iiuKlcnitcly nliarp: nututh hiiiiiII, tliu tei<tli alliiliko
liliiiitlHli : a loltl at tliu aiiKlo of tlio inoiitli ; lowur lotu of caudal Idiint;
till! iniii'u than \ body, IIh toiiiiinal lolio inoio tlian '', itH len^tli ; |ii;ut<>nilH
lailici olituHd, tlirir frco niar^'inn litllr inciMfd, t iioir ti|m rcacliin;; lirst
third of doiMal ; innt>r lol>»> of v»Milra.s produi'cd ; cniltryit without pla-
centti. Culomtion lijiht, gray, ntsarls nniforni, ,sonietiin«i« witli pal« HjiotM.
Li'iij,jtli L'lo ;{ ft'tl. C'apcCod t(»('iil)aand in Soiithoin Enrop*?; a)>undant
on tim Atlantic coasts uf both continents, cHpociully olf Now Yoik and in
tho Mcditcrninean. (cttnin, dog.)
S/ili/hs ,,„ii», Mm iiii.i., TniMK. i,ii. I'ljil. Sic N. Y., 1, lHir>, 48(1, New York.
Mii>lihi.i .iWi)i(i,<, Ci.iuM'f.T, Dirt., liiV, 1h2(i, Europe.
Mii.lJiis nilijiirit, ^I( I.I. Kit X lU.Ni.K, I'laiilMst'iMicii, I'.IO, pi. U7, li^'. 1. IHIIK, Europe.
.<lii,hi^ liiiiiiiiliii, Hi.Ai.NviM,!:, ^'(llllll■ I'liiiic., 81, 111. 'Jii, 11k. -, I*'-'', Mediterraneun.
l/(■^^//M»K^'^(/ll.■<, lii.-isii, Kur. Moricl , 1.VJ6, l'.iii, Nice.
Mii^lrliiH jitibrjiiM, Itn.NAi'AiiTK, I'liiiiiit Itiilii'U, |iioi VII I, 13, pluto l.'llt, In:(4, Italy .
Mii^liliiH nilifirin, (iCNTIllMi, Cat., Vlll, ILSd, 1H7II,
MiiMehiH ciiiifi, .SiiiiiEK, 1''InIi. BlacH., 2'J7, lis67; .Iokhan .V (iii.iii;i(i', S.viidiwiN, f<70, \»Ki.
(Eu.)
•Ics
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19. GALEUS, Ualinesqiio.
(..(/(■Ill, JlAKlNKsiji'K, CaiiilliTi Alru:il Niinvi (joiicri, Hi, IHll), (I'l'i*'''"*,* ftc ; Ih
Ih Hp|ini'ciitly Si/, (/ii/ciiv, I,., tlioiiKli tliatHpiMk'8 i,-< imt iiH'iitiuin<l liy name).
i..i/iii>,t fjK.Ai'll, Oliscrv. (ri'iiilN Siiiiidii.t, (I'J, 181li, (iiiiihIiIiih),
ll,n,;i,,;iiiiiilnii, till.!., I'roi;. Ac Nat. ."Si'i. I'liilu., IHtll, IIS, {hrnit^iiiiiKlehis).
iiiti'iidi'tl typo
* diilitiM iiiiisli'liiH (\i'\i\i\neuH), t\n^ SliKintti Hound, of Kurnpe, has liooii lir'ted ilm Ainuricaii by
1)|-. (tiintlier, wlio rmnrdis a stiiltod Hiicciiunu I'loiii Now Yiirk. No Aiiiuriruii collector Iihh rec-
n)illl/(d it.
trill' iiiiiiic '.'((/iHv was liibt u.soil in liiiKiiiiiiial luiiniiiclatjiiM bv ItarincHiinc, Tor a gviiiiH tliilil
il.rilH'il:
" Vlll. (i. (iAi.K.rs. I)uu spirugli, duo nlo dorsuli, iin ala aualc, clii<|Ui- britnclilo da ogiii luto,
' <>i|;i ilisc^fiialr, <ililii|Ua.
•■ 'i«i-rri(-i<,Hi'. La iiia(:t;iiir parti dclli <S'(/h((^ d('j;li autmi si aTiiiovcriiiio in ijuesto n""<'ri', it
■ |imIi' si ilistiiiciii' ilal vein unii ri' .Si/iin/ii* ilclla prc-irii/iiili iin ula anal^^"
I'liiir s|"'(j('.>< arc ini'iilioni'il, niljui iihii>,mrliisliinin!f, ailiiliis, and }iiiii'lelnii. Tlic npcuicH wliidi tho
iiitliiii- liail in inliiil wa.s dtiulitlcsH N/i(«/hs yiWcii*, I..
I'll is wcll-kiiiiun spci iis afrrccs with llic aliovcdlatinosis, and althnudli not explicitly included
111 llic ;;cniis (I'lii- I!a(iiicsi|uc's paper treated (inly of new species and new neiierii), yot it would go
Willi llie (ilheis lis one (lithe "inuirtrior liaiti delli N/iki/i." An ini]iortniit iirKUinont for tliiH
> iiw ii'sts ill the fact Hint Iia(iiiesi|ne ad.iptcu tnany Ijinniean specific names for lii.s genera, and
111 iiiii-t cases explicitly spei itied such l.inna'an species as the types of his fieneni. Tliero can he
IIP ihiiilit .hat S'liialus ijatvus, L., was his type of his genus (jaleiis, and iSi/Mniiis ttinhnriiiH, L., his
lype of Ills CiinhdvidS.
Ill Isj-'. Leaih priipiiseil a (lenus (Inletif, to include sharks with tho iinal tin preKcnt and the
I'iiii.liil I'm iire}.'ular (/. «., notluiialo). 'I'hiD genus thus delined, corresponds nearly to Galnisot
ll.Uiiie>.|iii.. itiil one species, (ialiiis iniifliliiH, is nientionid liy Leach, tho sumo Bpccioj having
I'liMi iiuluiloii in liiiliiiK, Halinesque. Kor this reason wt hav(! formerly adoi)tpd tho name
lyihiix for (.'. iiiti.ilrlii.t. ,<till later, n suliKcniis, (iiilKi)hiiiiis, was proposed hy Dluinvillo foreharks
ii^iiii'.'iiis'iiecl fidin l'(irihiiri)iiis, lllainville, liy tlie presence of Bpiiacles. This group again cor-
i' ^poiiils In the (.'(//iK.sof Hatinesipie and Leach. In this groU]i are included with others, &/ii(i/iis
/'M.,r..;ii« mill .Vi/Hd/iiM (/((/,.|i» of Linnieus, tli" latter species being oliviously intended as tho type.
>lill later il»17;, tho genera Muslclnn and UdUim were delined by Cuvier, and with liis dofiuition
':i
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I%3tographic
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Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 145*0
(716) 872-4503
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30
Bulletin 47, Untied States National Museum,
This ^uiiiis iH very close to MuHtclun, with which it ugiecH in most ex-
ternal icHpectH, the eHsential (lill'eronce being in the presence of a placenta
connecting the embryo with tiie nterns. The teeth are rather sharper
than in Miislihin. The bonndarie.s of this group and the preceding are
not yet well defined, and it may be that the two should be reunited.
(yuAtur, a kind of shark, like yu'Xi/, the weasel.)
II. Middln (it fi'Kt dorsiil iiliuiit niUlwuy iM'twcon |'<'*'l<'i'i'"' root ufiPcctoralH mul iintoiior root
of vmitriilH; liist iIoihhI longer tliilti IiikIi; ilHtil) not rcarliiiig tiiiol'puKleriorloliu, itsfn'u
iiifirgin Bciircidy inciHcd, itB buKuibout half tlio inturvul butwufu dorsuls; teeth Hhiirpiish.
(Knibryo not o.xaniin«d.) uoksams, :i2.
(III. Jliddlc of first dornul much neuier root of vciitralH tlmn in'itoials; Huoiit rather hhort, itK
lonjvtli from mouth a littloh'ss than distanci^ hotwi'oii angles of nmiitli; tectli ratliur
Nliarii. c'ALiroHNlcus, il3.
»'J. OALKl S lM>ltSAIiIS. (Cill).
Lower lobe of caudal not acute; tail less than I, total length, its terminal
lob > less than i it.-, length; pectorals obtuse, their free edges almost
straight, their tips reaching first fourth of dorsal ; inner lobe of vontrals
not produced, the free edge of the fin straight. Embryo with jdacenta.
Color dark gray, axils of pectorals and ventrals dusky. L. ii to i feet.
Panama and neighboring waters, north to the Gulf of California, the
largest species of the group, (dorsalis, i)ertaining to the back.)
SIitKleliitiliimiliK, (iii.i., I'roo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliilrt., l«Ot, 149, Panama.
.Musteliia dorMlin, JoilDAN it Gli.itKiiT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 110.
33. OALKIS <'AL1F0KXHH'S, (Gill).
First dorsal longer than high, its blunt tip when depressed not reaching
tip of jiosterior lobe, its margin deeply incised, its base 2i times in the
interval between dorsals; lower lobe of caudal blunt; terminal lobe of
tail more than i its length, pectorals rather obtuse, their free margin
little concave, their tips reaching little past front of dorsal ; inner lobe of
ventrals somewhat produced ; embryo attached to uterus by a placenta.
Dark grayish ; axils of pectorals and ventrals dusky. L. 30 inches. Cali-
fornia, north to San Francisco; rather common.
Mwstehts calif omic-.», GiLl, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1801, 148, San Frr.ncisco.
Mnntehis caUforniais, JonDAN Sc GiLliKUT, i'roc. U. S. Xat. Mus., 1882, 110.
Mtiilclus caU/ottiicut, Jordan & Gii.ueut, Synopsis, 870, 1883.
>l !
I!
20. RHINOTRIACIS, Gill.
Uhiuolmici.% GiLi., Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Philu., 1862, 48<), (henlei).
(jteneral appearance of Gnlciis, but with the teeth distinctly tricuspid
and not paved. Snout sharp. Embryo attached to tbe uterus by a
placenta. Coloration plain. One species known. (/)/v, snout ; Triads).
they have been accepted by nearly all later authors. It Beems to us best in cases liUo this to
follow the rules of nomenclature strictly. The strict b.-tter of the law seems to require tlie use
of Otileus in place of Plevrucromtjlnn.
The name Mnslelim was at firsi applied liy Cuvier to th(> whole group of smooth-mouthetl
siiarlvs. It has, liowever, been restricted by Gill to the subgenus typified by Jlf. f(m«», and it
should l)e retained for tliis subdiv.sion, leaving PIcnracromylon, or Gateiis, as the name of tlie
other genus or subgenus.
Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America. 31
»4. ltHI.>OTKIA<'IN IIENIiKI. Gill.
Snout i>io(lnce<'i, Hlemler. L. 2i feet. Color nnifbiiii reddish brown
above, pale below, the pectoral, ventral, and anal (ins margined with
p.iler. Coast of California from Humboldt Hay to Monterey, r, rather rare
iuid imperfectly known species. (Named for Prof. J. llenle, the associate of
.lohannes Miiller.)
Illiiiiiilriniit liiiiUi, (lii.i., rii.c. Af. Nut. Sci. I'liilii., 1862, IWl, San Francisco.
Tiiai-iii Iwiilei, JoiiDAN & Giliikict, Syiupsii.-, 2ii, l«8;i.
lid
a
?)•
to
use
it
llio
21. TRIAKIS, Miiller & Ilenle.
Tiinkin, MCl.l-Kll it IIeni.k, Magii/.iuti of Niitural lliNtury, ii, now Bfries, :t6, 18;!8, (ncijlliuw),
{TriiiiiK, C(irroctt'(l Hpolliiig.)
Hody compressed, elongate; mouth large, cresoent-shaped, with well-
developed long labial folds; teeth moderate, numerous, nimilar in both
jaws, each with a longer median ciisp, and 1 or 2 smaller ones on each
side; eyes small, with nictitating membrane; spiracles small, behind the
eyes; no Mit at the root of the caudal; no lower lol)e to the caudal ; first
dorsal fin opposite the space between the pectorals and veutrals. Embryo
without placenta. Coloration vai legated, black and gray. Pacific and
Indian Oceans, (rpnf) three ; u-iic, yoiut.)
35. TltlAKIS SKMIFASCIATIJM, Girard.
(Cat Si!..,bk; Lkoparu Shark.)
Snout moderately produced, rounded. NostrJl with a broad anterior
llap. First dorsal fin nearly midway between the i)ectoruls and ventrals;
the second dorsal not miidi smaller thru the first, and partly in advance
of the anal. Gray, the upper parts \»-ith well-djtined black cross bands,
narrower than the interspaces; a n w of rounded black spots along the
sides of the bodj', alternating with the interdorsal crossbars. L. 3 feet.
Cape Mendocino to San Diego, common , a handsome shark, readily known
by its variegated coloration, {ncmifasciatus, half banded.)
'IMckiii netDifiifcitiim, (iiitAui), I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Fhila. ,T8o4, 190, Presidio de San Francisco;
Jordan cS; Gimiert, Synopsis, 20, 188,'i; GCnther, Cat., viii, 384, 1870.
MimleUis felin, AvKES, Proc. Cal. Ac. S<'i., 1854, 17, San Francisco.
22. GALEORHINUS, Blaluville.
(Topes.)
Ualeiis,* lUfiNEsqrE, CarattKfi Alctini Ntiovi Goueri, 13, 1810, iu i>art, (yaleus, etc., although
that spccii'H is not ('xi)licitly mentioned).
H'llnirhimiH, Bi.ainvii.i.e, Hull. Sci. Philom., 181G, 121, {ijaleus).
(I'lleus, Cuvier, lU'gno Animal, Kd. i, 127, 1817, {'juleun).
iMjideuK, GilL, Proc. Ac. Nat. .*ci. Pliila., 1804, 148, (ijalcus).
First dorsal opposite the space between the pectorals and ventrals;
month crescent-shaped, with the teeth alike in both jaws, obliiiue,
iiotcaed, and serrated; spiracles present, small; nictitating membrane
present; no pit at the base of the caudal; caudal fin with a single notch.
Tropical seas. {yuTieo^, a kind of shark, like a weasel, fuvr/, shark.)
\
* Sec note under Oaletts.
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32
Bulletin 4J^ United States National Museum.
»«. (aLKOItlllM'S XYUl'TKHUS, .luiami ,V<^ilheit.
(OilSiiahk; Soi'i'-KiN Siiauk.)
Suuut dei>ies8od, latlier long, ronudccl at tip; nostrils nearer mouth
than tip of snout; teeth about jiri, the 4 or 5 nearest the middle much
smaller, the median tooth of each Jaw smallest, stihtiiangular, witliout
basal cusps; lateral teeth of both jaws similar, their points directed
strongly outward; a sharp angle near middle of outer nuirgiu, below
which are 2 to 5 sharp cusps or serrations; eye iuige; second dorsal
scarcely i size of hrst. Dusky grayish, most of pectoral, tip of caudal,
and anterior portion of both dorsals black. L. G feet. Coast of Southern
California from San Francisco to Cerros Island; very abundant. Valued
for the oil in its liver, and for the lins, which are much prized by the
Chinese; the gelatinous lin rays making a line soup. Closely related to
the Euroi)ean Tope f G. tjaleiin, (L.) ), from which it may prove to be indis-
tinguishable. (Cwi', soup ; TTTepiiv, tin.)
(Iiiletirliiiiiin :.ii(ipti'niK, JonuAti & CJiLUERT, Synopsis, 871, ISSIi, San Pedro, California. (Tjiie,
No. 26973.)
w )
f
f I
•I
4 i
{' I V
-33. GALEOCERDO, Muller & Henle.
tittleoivrtlii, Mi'Ll.KK & Hknle, PIii^iinBtnrni'ii, Ti'.!, ISIIK, {(iiiriniiy).
Uurcoijali'iin^ Gli.i., Ann. I<yr. Nut. Hint. N. Y., Ml, 411, 1801, (urclifiis).
Month crescent-shaped ; teeth alike in both jaws, large, obli(iuo, coarsely
serrated on both margins, with a deep notch on outer margin; spiracles
present ; caudal iiu with a double notch ; a pit on the tail above and
below at the base of the caudal fin : first dorsal opposite the space between
pectorals and ventrals. Large sharks, found in most seas. (yiiAeui;, a kintl
of shark, like yal/'/, the weasel ; Kt(nV.>, a fox or weasel.)
»7. OALEOCKRDO TKJRINrS, Milller k Iloule.
(TifjKit Siiahk; Ai.eckin ; TKiitoNK.)
Ciiudal fin forming about i of the total length, much longer than the
space between the dorsal fins; second dorsal somewhat in advance of the
anal; a long labial fold along the upper jaw. Color brown, with numer-
ous dark spots largei than the eye; adult nearly plain. Tropical seas,
not rare, occasionally northward to Cape Cod and to San Diego. L. 15 to
39 feet. A very largo and fierce shark, known by its variegated color-
ation, the most formidable of the West Indian species.* (tigrintta, tiger-
like).
Oiileocerdo tigriims, MCiXEn & IIenle, Plagiostomon, fiO, 1S38; GCntiiek, Oat., viii, 378, 1870;
.TOKDAN & Gii.HEUT, Syiiopsis, 21, 1883.
Gakus iiiaailatHii,-f Ranzam, Do Novis Sjicfioljiis I'lsiiuin. I>issort. Prima, 7, 1838, Brazil.
(Salencerilo vkicuUiIiis, Poev, .Synopsis, 455, 1808.
* " Luliasnoado del viontre del niadro mas do GO felos jjrontos a nacer vivos y apoblar ol abismo."
Foeji.
fWo aro iinaMo to docido which of those two names of tlio same date, lir/riuim iiiul mnculnhii', is
entitled to priority. Common usage has occordod procedeneo to the work of Milller it lleule.
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of Nort/i America.
33
24. PRIONACE, Cantor.
(Blue Sharks.)
I'riowiihii, MClleii .V IIknlk, riii!?ioHtoinun,,'!0, 1838, (tjtannii', vU:, nnmo prnoocupied).
I'lii'ii'iir, ("ANTiiii, Mala.viiii I'i.-slic!', ;5!)!t, IS.W, (gubfitituto for I'rioHinlim).
((iwi'i'li"!"", (Ki.k.in), tiii.1., Alln.Ly(^Nltt.IIiHt. N, Y.,18t>l, -101, (ijltvicim).
LaiKO Hli.'irks with the body and head alt ider; no Hpiraclos; the teeth
in h(>th,jaw8 stiongly Hcrratcd in the adult, those in the upper jaw broad,
tliosc Inflow iiunower, 8trai<;ht, and clavifonn ; first dorsal large, inserted
midway between axils of pectorals and -entrals; sceond dorsal much
HMialhn', usually not larger than anal ; embryo not attached to the uterus
by a placenta. Species rather few; large, slender, swift, voracious sharks
of tl<. warm seas. The gri)ups here called Priotiace, Ifypoprion, .ij>riono-
doii, ind Sfoliothn are usually i)laced as subgenera under Carchorhiiiiis or
('(ircliiiriits, as the grouj) has been commonly called. Their retention as
(ILslinct genera is apparently justified on the ground of convenience.
(-IH(ji\ saw; imii;, point).
38^PUIOXACE OLArCA, (LinnaiiB).
(Gnr.AT ni.i'E SiiAitK.)
Snout very long; nostrils rather nearer to the mouth than to the
extremity of the snout ; no labial fold except a groove at the angle qf
the mouth ; teeth of the upper jaw oblique, scarcely constricted near the
l)a.se ; lower teeth slender, triangular in young examples, lanceolate, with
a broad base, in old ones. Pectoral fin long, falciform, extending to the
dorsal, which is nearer the ventrals than the root of the pectorals. Color
liglit bluish gray above, paler below. A largo shark of the warm seas,
occasionally taken on our coasts (a few specimens from San Francisco
and Monterey). More common in Europe. (Eu.)
S /iialiis ijjimfiis, LiNN^tis, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 236, 1758, Seas of Europe.
Ciiyliiiriiis ijhiiicna, GCntiieu, Cnt., vin, .'J04, 1870.
Omli.trhiiiiiiiijhiuciin, Jdllli.vN & GILBERT, SyilopHia, 22,1883.
S.iiinliis rifrnleiin, Ili.AiwiLLE, Fauiie Frauyai.sf, 91, 1828, Medeiterranean.
>'.;«. i/i(.i hiiiimUnaceiiK, Valenciennes, in Miiller &. Hcnle, Plagiostonioii, :J7, 1838, Brazil.
25. CARCHARHINUS, Blainville.
Cmchdritin* Rafinesque, Carottori Alcuiii NuoviQonori, 10, 1810, (iu purt ; ^nm-Kx, tli(M)iiIy HpecioB
naiiu'd).
iiirrli'irhiiiiin, Hi.AiNViLi.E, Journ. Phys., 1810, 264; (oommcr^oHi, a iiaino liaced <ii liaci-pode'H
timiro of " .S/HiiJi(S Ciirc7i(in'<i» " ; it apparently r(>pr<'st,'nt8 CwcJ.nrhiimn hiDiin).
I '■uvhfirian, CuviT.R, Iteguo Animal, Ed.l, 125, 1817, (ciirc/mcifi.^, expn!s.sly idcntitied with Caiiin
t'ti'harUui of IKdon (do Aiiuatilibus, 1,()0), which is tho spocies cumniuuly callud Carcharian
I'Diiia).
I'lilamiii, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 401, {lamia).
I'l'iliipmlmi, GllL, /. c, 401, {incnincn-ah).
h",j„i,i])hi><l>i{j GiLl, /. (\,401, (oxyrhytiehuf).
I.'iiiiiopiiui, Gill, /. c, 401, {tenmiincki).
* Tti(' iianic Carcliarios as a generic term wa'i first used hy Bafincsquo in 1810. It was tluiB dc-
liiicJ:
"(l.CAiiciiAniAS. NoBsnni) .'piragliu, due aledorgali, nnalaanali, cinque aperture hranchiali
ilii oKiii lati). Coda disiguale obbliqua. Oss. , Questo genere i 1 prime noil' ordino doll! S(iualini,
'■ lunticne le Bpeclo lo pifi enormu e le pill voraci; dilferisce notabilinente del genore Gakm dalln
1'. N. A. i
.: I: i
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:
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34
Bulletin 4^, United States National Museum.
Body rather robust, the head broad and dcproHsed ; month inferior, with
the teeth in both jaws strongly serrated in the cdnlt, less so or entire in
the young; those in the upper jaw broad or narrow, those below narrow,
straight, and nearly erect. No spiracles. First dorsal large, placed not
far behind pectorals ; pectorals falcate ; second dorsal suiall. Embryos
attached by placenta to the uterus, as in Scoliodon,* Triakia, and GaUiix.
Species very numerous and difficult of separation. Voracious sharks of
the warm seas. (Kapxafuiti;, an old name of C. lamia, from Ki'ifix'tftof, jagged ;
fHVti, shark, the name first applied to Squatiua, from its rasp-liko skin;
I'nvri, a file.)
a. Tooth ill both Jaws distinctly serrate in thu adult ; tho RorrcD on tlio lower tci-th eniallor;
upper tooth rather broad, lower tooth nnrrowtr ; suout not very acute.
Platvpodon, (nAam, broad; iin-o, under; bdov^, tooth):
b. Upper teeth obli(|ue, deeply notched on the outer margin ; lower tooth narrow,
scarcely or not notched,
c. Pectoralg very largo, 3 timea na lung oh broad, falciform, extending beyond biiHe
of first dorsol ; color blue-gray. onsi.'ciius, 3!i.
cc. Pectorals shortor, not 3 times as longasbruad, extending littlo if any beyond
base of first dorsal.
d. Length of finout from mouth, littl<i if any greater than width of mouth,
e. Distance from end of base of first dorsal to veiitrals less than length of
base of first dorsal.
/. Nasal flap without sharp lobe.
g. Second dorsal smaller than anal ; snout depr»8scd ; first don^iO
close behind pectorals. Light gray. pi.atyrhynciii's, 4ii.
gg. Second dorsal and anal nearly equal ; color bluo-gray.
FALCIFOIIMIS, 41.
mancanzadegli Spiragli." Under this group one new species is described, Carcharian launm, a
species of OcUmtntipit, iis the genera have l)een understood.
No typo is indicated by Rafinesquo, but it is evident that ho had tho Siptnlu/i carchariait of Lin-
URUS in mind as type, in accordance with his custom of raising Linna-an species to the rank of
genera. In Raflnescjue's Indice, published in the same year, 1810, a few months later, Sijtiahm
carchariai), li., appears as tho type of Ckircharuu under tho name of Carcharim lamia. The Squalus
carcharias of LinnoiUH as understood by Rafinesquo was Carcharlntms la}iiia. It was primarily
based on Carcharodon carcharian, a species not known to most of the succeeding authors, wlm
applied the name Sqitalus carcharias to Carchariat lamia instead of to Can-harodon. Cuvier dis-
tinctly makes lamia the tyi)0 of his genus Carcliaria.i as he refers to BClou's figure of ' ' Oini-
carcharitui" as the only good representation of his species.
BSlon's figure plainly represents Carcliariun lamia. It is olso evident that Rafinesquo has tin-
lamia in mind in referring to bis ''Si/ualm carrhaj-ias" or " Carcharian lamia." The phrase "Codii
disigualo, obldiqua," shows this, as also does the fact that the species was planed in the list of Sicil-
ian fisfaos. Carcharias lamia is common in Sicily. Carcharodon carcharias is rare in the Mediterra-
nean. In fact, few of tho earlier writers in Italy or France knew the Carcharodon, and referred
all accounts of it to the great shark known to them, Carcharias lamia. So far as intention of tlic
author goes, Carchari(is of Rafinesquo should be strictly synonymous with Carcharias of ('uvior,
and both based on tho same typo as the Eidamia of Gill. Carcharhinus of Rlainville was originally
based, according to Gill, on his Si/nnfiis comniersnni, which seems to bo Curchariinis laviia. In tliis
connection we may note that Rafinesquo, in 1810, seemed to have used but two general tiealif^i-
on fishes, the Systema Naturic of Linnaeus, and the Historie Naturelle des Poissons of Lacfpide.
Raflnesque's genus Carcharias is Laceix'de's "Premier sousgenre, une nageoiredo 1' anus bum.-'
events." His Oaleiia is the "Second sousgenre une nagcoire de 1' anus et deux events," whili'
tho name Sqnahis is retained by him for the "Tn.sifeme sousgenre, deux events sans uageoirc
de r anus." Raflnesque's remaining genera, Dalalias, Tftrnras, Immis, Cerictins, Aloitias, etc., arc
based on sperios supposed by Raflnesque to be new.
If we should refer Raflnesque's genera to the groups of Lacepede, on which they wore really
based, Carcharias yio\\\A be equivalent to Carcharhinus and Oaleus to Oaleorhinvs. On the othei
hand, the strict rule of roquiiing the type of a genus to be taken from the species actually men
tioned by its author mak6s tho arrangement here adopted the necessary one. As in other di^
puted cases, we here follow the rules strictly.
* So far as known to us, the embryos in all our other viviparous sharks are without placentii .
i|
f ■"
Jofiiiin and F.vfnnanii. — Fishes of North America.
35
,// .N'iIMiI fllip Witll WW lll'lltl' llllir,
h. .Siiiiiit nut. viM'.v Hliiirt, itx ln||^tll from iiioiitli not iicitiildy Iokh
tliiiii wiilt'i i>t°imiutli. Colur yclluwiHli limwii.
AtllONOTt'H, 4'2.
A/i. Siiiiiif very nlKirt and bluut, lU lungtli I'niMi nmntli Imt ;/, width
(if nioiitli. rKUK/i, 13,
ci'. DiHinnci' from Pinl of liasu of flrat dorwil to vcntralH ;^i'(>ati'r tliiin lrn;;tli
of liint ilopHirl ; nnoiit nioilcriito, iikmoti h, W.
itil. I.rn^th uf Hiiuiit from niuiith gruutur than width uf inuuth; llr»t durHal small.
IIK.NLKI.45.
('.UK'M.MinlNl'S:
(.(/. ','piiri tii'th IrlaiiKnlnr, snliorcct, Hcarcidy notclicd oiitluMiiitor ninr^in ; lownrtouth
siiiillar liiit nimli narrower.
I. .Snout nioilorati^, ilH Icngtli from nnmth uliout <'(|inil to width :( ni.'ulh.
./. I'cctoialH not faltati^ ; tins not conMiiiciiunHly darker ut ti) . Atlantii-.
MII.IIKIITI, 40.
y. I'lM-torals soinowliat falrato ; Bocond dorsal ratlicr nmallcr than anal ; tins
scarcely dusky at tip. raciflc. i,amiei,l.\, 47.
ii. .Sniiiit very Hhort, its Icn^tli front ntoutli Iohs than width of mouth.
k. I'uctoral long and falcate, reacliiiif; to posterior i>art of ham? of dorsal. At-
lantic.
/. Anterior nnirKin of first dorsal <-ouve.\, tho heightuf the fin uliout ci[nal
to depth of liody. la.mi.\, 48.
kk. Pectoral (in moderate, Kcarcidy fa'cate, not reachint;; lo end cpf base of dor-
ual.
VI. Si'cond dorsal not larger than anal; lungth of snout from mouth l^j^
times in breadth of mouth; upjicr teeth very broad. Atlantic.
I'LATVODO.N, 4y.
mm. Seconil dorsal larger than anal.
II. Length of nnout froui mouth hut '.^ breadth of mouth; upper teeth
not very broad ; head very luoad above. I'licifti'. kronto, .10.
nil. Length of KUout from nioulh mure than ^.j breadth of mouth;
fresh water.-). nicaraouknsis, 61.
IsiiiiOMi'UoDoN, (i<ros, e(|nal; yonijioi, nail; oSovt, tooth):
'I.I. Teeth slightly serrated, similar in form in tho two jaws, narrow, claviform, constricted at
base; Hiiout rather sharp.
11. Snout moderate, its length from mouth uot greater than the breadth of mouth; teeth
moderate, i. MtSOiu each jaw; fins edged with Mack.
ji. Uasu of anal a little longer than that of second donsal; pectoral reaching end of base
of first doi-sal. a;tiiai.oiiis, .')2,
j);>. Base of anal equal to that of second dorsal; pectoral reaching past base of first
dorsal. i.iMiiATrs, 53.
"II. Snout very long and narrow, its length from mouth twice distance between nostrils;
teeth snniU, about 48 in each jaw. oxyuhynchl's, 54.
\ t I
Subgenus PLATYPODON, Gill.
3». VAUCHAllHINUS OBSt'l'KCJS, (Lo Sueur).
(Dii.sKV Sir AUK.)
I load rather pointed, flattened above and below; first dorual rather
lar^fo; second dorsal smaller than the anal, and considerably produced
lu'hind ; pectorals very large, falciform, extending beyond the end of tho
(loisal, their outer margin 4 times the inner. Dark clear blue above,
wliite below. A large shark, reaching a length of 9 or 10 feet, inhabiting
the Middle Atlantic and frequently taken on our coast. (ohscnruH, dusky. )
.^'./im'ms rifwiinio, Lf. SoEUR, .lour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818, 1,223, New York,
(•■".;„„■,„, ohsnmiK, Gl'NTHER, Cat., vili. 30(i, ICTt).
('•ii'/i.ir/iiiiiis i./iwiiiiis, .Jordan & Gilhert, Synnjisis, 22,1883.
^''"■■■Iinriiis fiikiphmis, LowE, Proc. Zoil. Soc. Loud., 183!), 90, Madeira.
iVi(.iiu,(yii iihfdiUus, Valenciennes, Poles, lies Canaries, 103, 1830, Canaries.
i
T
;{(>
liulUtin 4j^ Unitid Stales National Museum.
i 1»(
40. (AmilAKIlIM S l>l..\TIKilV>t'iirS, ((illicit).
Snuui iiuulurute, not pointed, very flat, and bnmdly idiindod ; itulen^tli
fruni luoutL ulightly j^roator than width ufniuuth, and Icnh tiian widtii ol'
Hnout o])]>OHito noHtrilH. No labial folds; ntmtiil llap without aciit*' IoIh;;
upper teeth broadly triangular, coarsely serrate, the inner edge oliIii|iie,
the outer more or less definitely notched ; lower teeth narrow, erect; eye
moderate. Pectorals little falcate, long, reaching beyond base of first «lor-
sal, the fin about \ as broad as long ; first dorsal inserted close behind pec-
toral, its distance from pectoral \ its base; its ba8e2.i times in interspace
between dorsals, and less tlian its height, which is less than depth of body ;
Hocond dorsal inserted over anal, its base 1^ in first dorsal, the fin smaller
than anal; caudal 3j in total length. Light gray, the fins colored lil;e
the body. Magdalena Hay to Galapagos Islands ; probably not rare. Kc-
sembles C iamivUa, from which it differs in dentition and in position ul
lirst dorsal. (nXaTig, flat; i'>i'yx<>Sj snout.)
Eiilamin philyrhiiiichii^, Gii.iikut, Vrov. V. S. Nut. Mun., IX'Jl, 544, Clarion Island, Socorro
Island, Magdalena Bay.
41. CAltCHAItlllM'S FALCIFOUiniS, (liibiuii).
(Cazipn i>k Ti.aya.)
Snout moderately prolonged and acute; nostrils without lobe; first
dorsal rather backward ; second dorsal and anal o])]iosite each other ami
of medium size ; pectorals not twice as long as broad ; upper teeth witii a
marked reentrant angle on the outer border; 2 jiores on the nape, well
marked. Color, blue-black, deeper than in any other species. L. 10 feet.
(Poey.) Cuba and neighboring waters, {falx, scythe; forma, form.)
CiiiclKiriiiH/iilcifiiniiis^ ItiiiiiiiN, ill Miillcr k Ilenlo'H I'la^iostoiiicn, 1", 18;i8, Cuba.
SijiiiihiHiiliiirii, I'liKv, IMoiiiiirias, 11, .ttl, ISGl, Havana,
Phitijiiudon fukij'iiruiUi, PoKY, Euumcratio, 191, 1870.
'■I ^A
42. CAKCIIAiailMIS ACKONOTUS, (P(xj).
Close to C.fulciformis, but with an acute lobe to tho nostril ; lirst dof^^.ll
farther forward; the second dorsal and anal larger; pectoral scarctl.v
falciform; nuchal pores inconspicuous; color yellowish brown. (Poeyi.
Cuba, ((i/cpof, sharp ; rwrof, back.)
Sijuahia acroiwtiu, Poey, Mumoriuf, ii, ;13'>, 1801, Havana.
43. rAKCHAItlllM'S PKRKZI, (Pooy).
Snout rounded, its length from mouth 3 width of mouth, and about
equal to length of mouth (measured from the line connecting tlit^
angles) ; teeth oblique, with a deep notch on outer margin ; lower tetili
narrow ; Nostril with a small, sharp lobe. Pectoral falciform, ratlur
large. First dorsal acute, inserted near tip of pectoral; anal opposite
second dorsal, Avhich has a bsise nearly i as long as that of first dor-
sal. Gray, tips of fins dusky. Cuba. (Named for Don Laureano Per/,
of the University of Madrid.)
PIa(2ir/)o(Ionjjere%i, Poey, Euumeratio, 106, 1875, Cuba.
i
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 37
44. CAItCIIAKIIIMS RKMOTVS, (ValoncloiiiuH).
Miizzlf roiindt'*!, tlio preocnlnr loiiKth equal to the intororbital area;
HiiDiit l)«>toi'u iiioiitli (M|ii»l to wi«ltli of iiioutli ; iippur to«th obliqiio with
!i loJ'iitiiint aiifjlo, till) h)\vcv narrow; lirst dorual a little higher than
loiij,'. coiiiiiieiiciiiK <'1<>N»* behind pectorals ; sccontl dcsal lower than anal,
tlie interspace l>et\vecn dorHalH nearly 3 tinioM Itane of anal; tliHtance
iKini Ihst (lor.sal to vontrals j^reater than length of first dorsal ; pectorals
Ijj times as Ion;; as broad, the posterior margin concave; the onter angle
rouiidcd : caudal ")! in length. Color gray. Martinicpie. (Dunu'^il.)
(»Y»/i(>/"", remote; the ventrals remote from the flrst dorsal.)
(\\rch»riii» riiiii'liis, VAi.F.NriRNNK8, in DiimfirirH IliHt. Nat. PuIrr., i., 374, 1870, Martinique.
45. (ARCHARHINrS IIENLEI, (Vulonclonnos).
Snont produced, the distance between its extremity and tho mouth
licin^ more than the width of the mouth, npper teeth oblique, notched on
tlie outer margin ; lower teeth narrow, nearly erect. Pectorals short, not
roacliingendof dorsal, their lower margin I length of upper. First dorsal
very small and short, its b.-ise much shorter than that of anal. Uniform
iiviiy. ((jiinther.) Const of Brazil and northward to (iuiana. (Named
for Dr. .T. Henle.)
(•„i;li,irhis hittlci* VAi.EHt'iENNKS, in MUlIcr & Henio, PlaKioBtomcn, 40, 18H8, Guiana.
r.i,. ;,„,i„y j,,.ir..«H<,* Hanzani, Nov. V\v. DShs. Prima., 70, 18:!8, Brazil.
r.ici/cdiKS jiiin/.siw, GCntiieii, Cat., viii, 30,'i, 1870.
Subgenus CARCHARHTNUS.
4«. CAKCIIARillNrS MILBKRTI, (MiUler >% Ilcnlo).
This species differs from C. platyodon chiefly in the following respects ;
Head longer, snout much less obtuse, its length from mouth eiiual to
breadth of mouth ; distance between nostrils ^ leas than length of snout.
Tcctli and fins as in Cplatijoclon. Pectorals rather small, not falcate, GA in
body ; caudal t in body, rather narrow. Cape Cod to Florida ; not rare,
but very imperfectly described. (Named for M. Milbert, a French natur-
alist who collected in America.)
I ',ii; liiiriiix [Prinnnihii) milhetii, MCm.eu & IIeni.r, PlagioHtomon, 38, 1838, New York.
CinhiiiiKxcni-nkus, Pr, Kav, N. Y. Fauna: Fislics, 354, 1842, New York.
<'iiirl,„)-ii,itr:iriileits, .loiiHAN .t GiLiiKUT, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 244.
I.iuniiii riiiiihiiii, Dk Kav, /. '■., 3.>1, 1842, Brenton Reef, Rhode Island.
i:,il;i„i(i mllhi;-!!, OiM,, I'loc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 18(14, 202.
< 'iiirliiirhiiiiis r.ini/ciis, .Jordan it Gii.iiKUT, Synopsis, 872, 1883.
11
} I
ill
I*
47. CARCIIARHINUS LAMIELLA, (Jordan & Gilbert).
(Bay Shaiik.)
Body robust, the back elevated. Head broad and flat ; the snout long,
but wide and rounded, its length from mouth a little more than width
1)1 mouth and greater than distance between nostrils, which are nearer
* We do not know which of these two names has priority of date.
' b
mwww
•I :
38
Jiullt'tin ^j, Uniti'ii Stafcs Natiotntl Afiisi-um.
11
H
1 '
HiKiiit than initio of tlio month, Eyo iiiodoratc. Tooth ^il, thoir form aw
in C. lamia, th» upper ro^iilarly triuuguhir, without notch, narrow in the
young, tlio hiwor narrowly triangular, oroct, on a broad liaHo; all tlio
tooth (liHtinctly and ovonly sorratod. First dorsal beginning at a diH-
tancn )| itH own baMO behind the pectorals and ending u little more than
itH base before the ventrals. Space between dorHals 2'> times base of first
dorsal, 7 times that of second. Height of first dorsal H the depth of the
body; i)entoral reaching past first dorsal. .Second dorsal very small, not
}, the height <<f the first, snniller than anal and nearly opposite it. Pec-
torals hmg and broad, reaching past base of dorsal, Gii in body. Tail HJ
in length. Color plain light gray. San Diego Hay and southward along
the Mexican coast, ^'^ery close to C. lamia, but the dorsals and pectorals
smaller and the first dorsal farther back. (Diminutive uf lamia.)
Citrrhariiin tnmielhi, .Iiirdan k Gll.iiRUT, Prnc. \j. H. Nat. Mus., 1R82, 110, San Diego ; .1 rhan &
GiMiKHT, SyiioiwiH, 873, lUKl. (Tyiio, No.2"3'!0.)
4«. CAHCllAllllINrS LAMIA,* (Riiflti.Rquo).
(Cun-aiiAiiK; Ukqi'in; Ukqimem ; Lamia.)
Head broad, depressed; snout short and rounded, nostrils midway be-
tween its tip and the front of the mouth; breadth of mouth 2^ times
length of preoral jtart of snout. First dorsal very large, inserted close
liehind the base of the pectoral, its height a little greater than the length
of its base, its anterior margin convex, its upper angle rounded, its pos-
terior border nearly straight, its lower angle pointed, its lieight about
equal to greatest depth of body ; second dorsal much smaller than first,
about equal to anal ; pectorals at least twice as long as broad, 5 times
in body ; noper lobe of caudal i the total length, twice the inferior lobe,
(jlraylsh, fins rarely darker at tip. L. 10 feet. Tropical parts of the At-
lantic; common northward to Florida Keys, abundant in the Caribbean
Sea and in the Mediterranean; a man eating shark, notorious in warm
regions as a greedy scavenger about wharves. (?.«///'«, lamia, sea-monster,
from hufwg, devouring hunger.) (Eu.)
Canin rnrrJinrinn, Lniniii cr liv(piiii of early nTitcrs.
Sqnabia carcharinn of most early French and Italian writorn, not of Linna>nf<.
CarchariimUtmiii, Kafinksqvf, Indico d'ltliol. }>ici1.,44, 1810, Sicily, (after Lacepedo).
Cnrcharlihwn cniiimfnimii, Bi.AiNViM.E, Hull. Sci. Fliiloin., 181(i, 121, (boned on LaceiH-do's figure
of SqHahiD carcharids.)
Squnlxn ctircliarixK, Cuvier, Kepno Animal, lin-^ed on Cmiis rarrharins of BelloiiiiiH.
Carrliimiixlmum, Risso, Ilist. Nat. Europ. Morid., iii, 110, 182G, Nice.
Sqniiliinloiiijimmiui>, PoEV, Mcniorias, 11, 338, 1801, Cuba.
Eulantia longimatia, Poey, Synopsis, 48, 18fi8.
Etdamia lamia, Poey, Knunieratio, 188, 1875.
Oarcharins lamia, GOntiieb, Cat., vni, 372, 1870, .TonDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,1884, 104.
* Carcharliinus leticns, (Valenciennes): Peetorals rallier lonjr, Iiut shorter than in C. Inuiia; first
dorsal with pointed angles, its anterior honler not <'onve.\, and its posterior Imrder little exia-
vated (Dumoril); otherwise about as in V. lamia, with wliieli it is juobably identical. West
ludicB ; Algiers. (Atuicds, white.)
Garciiariat leucos, Yulencieunes, in MUller iSc Heulo's Plagiostomen. 42, 1838, Antilles ;
Dnm6ril Hitt. Nat. Poiss., 358.
Jordan uhJ Kvertnann. — Fishes of North America.
.10
III. <.iK<'ll\ltlllMH IMiATVOIION, (l>»iy).
IStiily stout; lieutl voiy Hliort, Itruiul, (h^proHHetl, an<l bluntly roniuled;
iitdiitli twice as broad aH lon^;, its broadth ubuiit \, iiioio than hMi^tli of
Hiiont; upper toetli very broad, triau^ular, erect, coarsely Hurrato, not
notclit'tl ; lower tenth narrower, more finely Herrate. FirBt dorsal be^in-
iiin;; close behind pectoral, a little higher than long, not falcate, its base
'1\ in interspace between dorsals; second dorsal very small, its base 5
ill intorNpa<;o; caudal moderate, 2;i in body, anal a little longer than
Hecond dorsal, and placed a little farther back; pectorals rattier small,
not falcate, (S in total length, reaching a little past front of dorsal ; width
of jK'ctoral nearly \ of its length. 81aty blue, white below ; caudal
blackish, other tins with dark tips. L. 10 to 1.5 feet. Cuba to Texas;
abundant in the Gulf of Mexico; the specimen here described being from
(Jalveston. (Tr^arif, broad ; «(5oi'f, tooth.)
Si/niiluii pMjiodon, PoF.Y, Momnriiis, il, 3.11, 1801, Havana.
S'liiiiliiH iMiinif, PiiKY, /. c, 'MT, Havana.
Curi-liaiiiiipliiliiuitoH, JoBiiAN & Gll.UKUT, Proc. U. S. Nat. MiiH., 18H2, 243; SynopelB, 872,1883.
60. CAllt'IlAKIIINUS VRONTO, (.TuiJua Si. Gilt>ert).
(Tini'RON.)
Body short and stont; head very broad, depressed, broadly rounded
anteriorly, the front of snout parallel with cleft of mouth; snout from
nioiith i the distance between angles of mouth ; and about equal to
distance from chin to the line connecting these angles; interorbital
width twice length of snout to eyes. Teeth in both Jaws narrowly trian-
gular, twice as high as broad, all nearly erect and scarcely notched on
outer margin. Free margins of tins concave; insertion of tirst dorsal
nearer pectorals than vontrals; length of base of first dorsal more than
lis height, but less than interorbital width; interspace between dorsals
2i times base of first, 3s times base of second; tail 4J in body; anal
Hiiialler than second dorsal ; pectorals large, not acute, reaching a little
])a.st front of dorsal. Slaty gray, the edges of fins biownish. L. 10 feet.
Pacific Coast of Mexico ; a largo voracious shark remarkable for its broad
liciul. {fronto, having a wide forehead.)
('(iirlinriiuifrimto, .TouDAN & GiLBEiiT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 102, Mazatlan, Mexico.
(Tvpc', Xo. 28107.)
51. CARCHABIIINUS NICASAOUENSIS, (Gill & Bransford).
(TlORONE.)
Snout short, obtusely rounded ; distance from mouth to snout ^ distance
l)ot\veeu nostrils ; teeth |'« ; upper teeth triangular, scarcely notched on
outer margin ; first dorsal commoicing just behind axil of pectoral, its
height greater than length of its base; second dorsal larger than anal,
its base 2^ in that of first dorsal; pectorals moderate, their length not
twice height of dorsal. L. 7 feet. Lake Nicaragua and its outlet, Rio
San Juan, abundant, confined so far as known to fresh waters, the only
strictly fresh water shark recorded.
I'ulamia nicaragtietisis, GiLL & Bransfobd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Fbila., 1877, 190, Lake Nica-
ragua, Nicaragua.
H
Si' S:
I- I
M
i *
1 I !t
l-:H
^rj':i1ljlAk*;--iAi.^'i^^o;'.*^i;■■■L;■"f:■r:>^:vl^^■■il:\t^^
w^
40
JiiiUctiii 4j, Ihiiied States National Museum.
•i
m
P\ §
I'
1
I ■-'
i
1 'i
1 '■
■J J
^■:; •
SubKenua ISOQOMPHODON, <illl.
5S. CARCIIAKIIIMH l.TIIALOItrM, (Jonlmi .V <Jilliert).
Rody TobuNt, tlio hoiul rathur loii^f and pointed in proOIti, tInttiHh nbovo;
snout from mouth c<|ual to diHtancn l)otwuon rukIch of mouth, J grontor
than fromcliiu to lino connnctingthoHn angles ; intororhital widtliHJightly
morn tluin Hnout from eye ; 3 Hhort furrowH from angle of mouth ; tuetii
In both jawH narrowly triangular, nearly erect and scarcely notched
on the outer margin, all finely Hornite; jtoreH not couHpicnouH; gill open-
ings largo. Free margins of all llns concave. Insertion of tirst dorsal
chme behind base of pectoral ; length of base of tirst dorsal less than its
licight ; interspace between dorsals 2 to 2A times base of tirst dorsal and
4 times second, ^vhich is much emaller than tirst. Tail about i total
length ; anal a little longer than second dorsal. Eyes very small. Pec-
torals somewhat falcate, reaching to opposite posterior part of base of
dorsal, their tips pointed; pectoral, 6 in body. Slaty gray ; upper edge
of tail blackish ; tips of all fins blackish. L. 6 feet or more. Ma/atlau
to Panama; common; very close to C'. UmhatuH, (tiKiu'^j/, soot; <V«C»
margin.)
Cdrchariim nIhalDriis, JonoAit ic QlhVKKT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Muh,, 1882, 104, Mazatlan. (T}'!"'.
No». 28202, 2y519.)
S». I'AIUilAItlllNrS LI9inATUS,(Man<'r,<[IIotilo).
(Ca<;onktta.)
Snout somewhat pointed in front, rather produced, the distance between
its extremity and the month somewhat less than width of mouth ; nos-
trils nearly midway between the extremity of snout an'i mouth ; teeth
yf.ji' similar in form in both jaws, erect, conctrictcd, on a broad base, the
nppor more distinctly serrated than the lower; gill openings wide, at
least twice as wide as the eye, which is small. Pectorals falciform, ex-
tending beyond end of dorsal, the length of their upper margin being
nearly 4 timed that of lower. First dorsal commencing very close
behind the axil of the pectoral ; origin" of second dorsal and anal oppo-
site to each other, the bases being nearly equally long. Caudal fin long,
its length equal to distance between the origins of the 2 dorsal fins.
Color gray, lower side of the extremity of the pectoral, extremities
of the second dorsal and anal and of the lower caudal lobe, black.
(Giinther.) Tropical seas, north to Florida; a stray specimen taken at
Woods Holl, Mass.; common in Brazil; used as food by the very poor.
(Iimbatu8, edged.)
Carcharicu (Prionodon) liinhafut, Ml'Li.En & Henle, Plap;ioBtoinou, 49, 1838, Martinique.
Carcharicu Hmhatu/, Gt'NTirEK, Cat., viii, 373, 1870.
Itcigumphodon Imhatim, Jordan & Gii.iiEnT, Synopsis, 23,1883.
liognmphodon macHUpinnin, PoET, Kopertorio, 1, 191, 1867, Cuba.
Carcharia: muUeri, Steindachner, Sitzber, Akod. Wiss. Wien., 18G7, .356, West Indies.
Carchariai microps, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1840, 38, Madeira.
PrionodoH cucuri, Castelnav, Anim. Am^r. Sud. Poiss., 09, 1856, Bahia.
64. CARCHABHIXUS OXTRHTNCHVS, (MUIIor & Honle).
Snout very much elongate, pointed, narrow ; distance between mouth
and tip of snout about twice distance between nostrils ; a short labial
r "
Joriian and Rvtrmann. — Fis/irs of Xort/i Attierira. 41
told oil carli .jaw ; ti'ctli Hiimll, ,^ ,;,, t«r»'t!t, riitliiT Hlon<l»>r«T in l(»«vcr jiiw ;
only tln! iii>|ifr tc'ctli mIiow MTiutioii iii-ar llio tip. IVctomlN very liujjo
mill liroiid. »'xt<ii(Uii>; Itfjoiid <l<iiMuI, \vl»i«;li lii-^iiis aliuvinoot of' itcrtoral.
SccoimI (loi'Hal aiul anal 8t'.l)-u<|iuil, only \ xi/.n of liiHt durMiil, Kyo Hnnill,
j,'ill opfiiiiiK'* i"<"l*''"'"' (<'"'nMi«'r. ) Hiiriiiani. (o^Vr^Hliurp; /ii) v" , Hiioiit.)
i;,rrl,'iriii»'0!iihiiii'hiiH, Mri.i.rii AlIi'.M.K, l'hi(,'lo«ti)mi'ii, It, ls:iH, Surinam.
i:„ih<iiM«iuiirhijn'lii", OCSTHKII, Cut. , VIII, ;iTr>, 1«7<».
26. HYPOPRION, Miiiloi iV Ilonlo.
ll,il„ii}vhH, Mri.i.rn A IIkni.k, PIiiKinHtonu'ii, Ml, 1n;)s, 'm,irl„ii),
lliiiiiii'ii"iinil'ni, (ill. I., Ann. I.Nr. Niil. Hi«t. N. V., Isiil, 4o|, (li, iiii'i'lini) (Ii'olli Hi'i-rnfo mi oiitiT hIiIi'
nil!}).
CliamctcrHCHHCMiially as in < 'tnTliKrhiiiiiH, \t\\t witli tli«>low«(rt««tli i^ntiro,
the ii|.in>r tcotli coaiHcly .sciratt'tl at l>a.so only, on onoor liotli sidos ; lower
teeth cioet. ( / -r;, lielow ; T/)/(,>r, Haw ; tlio iipp<a' tuuth ii(;iii}; Horratod at
l»aM<).
<i. Siuiiit dbtiiNi' ; ItH IciiB li from inoiith ),j ititrrdiliitnl wlillli ; iiiipcr tri'fli wcaltly HiTiittc
cm tiiilli dicli'H ill mliili; scidinl diiriiil viTy liirni", nioro tliiiii '._, Iiiihi' hI" tlrst.
llltKVIHOflTIIIN, M,
11(1. Snout aciito ; Its Iciigtli from iikhiIIi 1',. tiinoH widll, if nidiitli ; iiiipcr t<'clli Htroni-'ly
Kirriit" (III liiitli Ki(iiH ; Hccdnil dorriiil Hiniill, alxiiit ' .j us idiipiiis (Irst. siiiNATrfi, fill.
CS. IIYiM>l>ltIO\' ltlti:VIIt(»STitIS, Pocy.
Body robust; head flattened, tho snout Hlioit, flat, broadly rounded;
nostril midway between tip of Hiioiit mid po,sterior edjjo of pupil; prcoral
jiart of snout half intcrorbital width ; wi<lth of mouth e(|ual to di.stance
t'loiii tip of snout to posterior iiiai'H;in of orbit ; fold at an^rle of mouth
lialf orbit ; upper teeth broadly triangular, the base finely serrate on outer
('dpi only in young, on both sides in adult; lower teeth (uect. EyoHinall.
SiM'ond donsal unusually largo, similar to first and nearly as high. Inter-
Hpace between dorsals 2i times base of first, 2^ times second ; anal about
l si/o of second dorsal; pectorals moderate, broad, nearly reaching
iiii<ldle of first dorsal. (»ray, fins dusky in young, inside of mouth
lirilliant white. L. 7 feet. West Indies, north to Charleston, not rare ai
Key West, where it frc<|uents the wharves with its more dangerous rela-
tive, Carcharhhins himid. (hrevirontrin, short-nosed.)
Ihiii'iitrinii lirn'in'Mirix, I'dky, Ttcpertorio, 11, ■l.')!, till). 4, ISOS, Cuba ; JoniiAN & Cimikiit, Troc.
I'. S. Nat. Bins., 18H2,f)81; Johdan, /. c, 1884, 104.
f>6. IIYPOPKION SI«NATi;S,* Pooy.
Snout long, acute, the preoral length 1,^ times width «)f mouth ; nostrils
with a short, acute lobe; ]iectoral acute, not falciform; second dors.il op-
po.site anal, neither J base i-f first dorsal; upper teeth strongly serrate
:it base, the claw sharp and nearly erect. Cuba. (Poey, description of
loiKi'irontris.) {Hitjnatus, marked.)
Iliiii.ijiriiinitujniilm, PoF.y, Synopsis, Vrl, 18C8, Cuba; Poey, EniimiTatio, 199, 187.').
lliijfiipriiiH limyiroslm, ToEY, Kuiiincratiu, 199, IST."!, Cuba.
' I'lii'V lias given iianios to 2 species of Ilyimprii,)! with tlio snout lonjr, tlii' 2 dillcriii}? only
in I'oiiii of the teeth. These aro luiiyiroitlnii, Uescrihed as above, and si<iii(itiiii, known from the
t''etli only. The upper teeth of silinutu/i, ncrordinR to Poey, have tlio claw triangular and
bluntish, tlie lower teeth blunti8h,'not flexuous, and Bomow'hat oblique. Probably tho 2 aro
not different species, and ligtiaius la tho older n&nio.
i:
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42
BuUetin 4^, United States National Museum.
'.' ' , I
I I
!^ij:,
if-i r
27. APRIONODON, Oi!l.
itpWon. Mt'Ll.KR & IIeni.K, IMitgloHtoli' 'II, 32, 18:)8, jircucnipiiMl, {iiiodmi).
Aprii)Hodi)ii, (iiLi., Aui Ii}'c. Nut. IIM. N. Y., vii, ISUl, 'HI, QiiimYn/iiM ~ Mii<{(in).
Snout more or loss protlucetl and conic; teeth entire, without serrm, nil
of them narrowed, on u broad base, tlio lower erect, the upper erect or
Hlightl) olliquo; dorual more or Ichh posterior, opposite the Hpuce between
pectoraU* and vei trals. («-, privative ; ttjuui', saw ; udovg, tooth ; the edges
of the teeth Iteing always entire.)
r,7. APKIONOIION ISOIM)N, (Milllor & Hcniu).
Snout short, little pointed; distance from angle of month to nostril
twice that from nostril to end of snout; pectorals reaching end of first
dorsal, which ismuchlongei and higher than sccontl. (irayish. (Dumdril.;
Atlantic Ocean, recorded from New York, Virginia, and Cuba ; probably
rare. ( tcrof, equal ; oJotff, tooth).
Otrchm 'tu ixidim, M'.'l.lKu & Uenle, ri»i;io8toiiinii, ;i2, lri38, New York.
Oirc/ian<i(ij)«Hi'<(i<M(i, GCntheii, Cat., viii, 3U1, 187(t, New York, (not S<jualuH punclaliu, Mitciiill,
whicli iH Si'oUodon tcrrx-noviv).
AjirinHiuloH inoilon, PoEV, Eiiumoriititi, 2(K», 1875.
Viircharias uodoiifDvutuih, Eluiiiuobrunulu's, 349, 187U.
28. SCOLIODDN, Miiller & Henle.
HcModoii, MfLLEii & IIenlg, Wicgmiiiiu'B Archiv. f. Natiirg., in, 1X37, (hUicaudnn).
Teeth entire or very nearly so, obliijue and flat, the points directed
toM'ard the sides of the mouth, so that the inner margins are more or less
nearly horizontal, the teeth in front more nearly erect; teeth not swollen
at the base, each of them with a deep notch on the outer margin below
the sharp ^loint; lips with conspicuous grooves. Otherwise as in Carcha-
rhimis, from which the genus is scarcely distiikct. Size small. (rr,\'6Atof,
oblique ; ddovg, tooth. )
<i. Teeth nnuutoly sorrulato above in the ndult, loss obii<iuo timii in tlio next; Hiiout Hliur]i, its
lougf' from mouth greater lliuu width of moufh. i.onourio, 08.
«<«. Teeth <">tiro, all very oblique; Kuout uotBhurp, ita lungih from mouth less than width of
mouth. terii;e-nova:, 59.
68. SCOLIODON LONG (TRIO, (.Tordun <«; Gilbert).
Snout much produced sharp, its length from mouth IJ times width of
mouth ; labial folds well developed, that on upper jaw reaching about i
distance to middle of jaw, the lower fold i as long; upper teeth broadly
triangular, minutely serrated, serrulate on both margins; lower teeth en-
tire, suberect, less oblique than in S. ternv-norce. Pectorals short, not
reaching end of first dorsal; first dorsal large, close behind pectorals, its
base 2ar in interspace between dorsals ; second dcsal very small, over anal,
which 18 nearly tv.ice its length ; base of anal nearly ^ thiic of first dorsal.
Dark gray, the young with the fins dusky edged. Pacific Coast of Mexico ;
not rare, {longurio, a slender youth, or stripling.)
Carcharias longurio, JoBDAN & "iLBKnT. I'roc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, lOG, Mazatlan. (Type, Nob.
28306, 28330, 28331, 29541, 29551.)
Jordan and J'A'ermann. — Fishes of North America.
43
5». MMM.IOIION TKKK.K-XOV.K, (RichitrdHon).
(SlIAni'-NiiSKt) 81IARK.)
Hodv sloiKlor; Knout dopressod, moderately ronndeil ; month U-Hlinped,
\» itli ii sliort labial {iioove at its anjjlo, which groove extends on the nppcr
jiiw aH well as on thi lower; distance Ixstweon nostrilH greater than diH-
taiice from nostrils to end of Hiiont ; gill openings narrow ; first dorsal niod-
orate, midway hetween pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal very small,
sljirjitly behind, and rather smaller than anal : anal fin much shorter than
distance from anal to ventrals; jtectoral fins rather large, reaching ahont
to middle of first dorsal; ventrals small. Color gray ; candal fin with
a conspicuous narrow blackish edge. Oapo Cod to lirazil, very common
southward along the Atlantic Coast. Size rather small. L. 3 feet. (Name
from Newfoundland, whei the species was erroneously supposed to occur. )
S/iiii/hi (Qnrrhnrinf) terrir-nnvir* KicilAimsnN, Fniiim Bor. Ainrr., in, 2S9, l«3fi, Newroundland.
rar.-)miiii.iten:i'-iinv!r, (iCXTlir.R, Cat., vill, :!fi(»,187n.
.s'./im/iis j)|(hW«("«, MiTciiiM., TraiiH. Lit. fc Phil. Sor. N. V , 1,Ih:i, IHI.I, New York ; iiiiimi jirr-
oiruiii<''l.
rairhiinas hihmdi, MCl.i.EU it TIkni.k, riaKlnstomon, .'M), 1S3H, Brazil.
Family XII. SPHYRNID.E,
(Thk Hammku-hkadki/ Siiakks.)
(ienoial characteristics of the (Jai-eid/K, but the head singularly formed,
Iddney-shaped or " hamm«r"-sh;'ped, from the extension of its sides, the
nostrils being .interior and the eyes on the sides of the "hammer";
month crescent-shaped, under the "hammer" ; teeth of both Jaws similar,
ohli(]ue, each with a "otch on the outside near the base; no spiracles; last
f,'ill oi)ening over the i)ectoral; first dorsal .and pectorals large, thedoiaal
nearer pectorals than ventrals; second dorsal .and anal small ; .a pit at the
loot of the caudal; caudal fin with a single notch tow.ard its tip, its lower
lolie developed. One genus with 5 species, inhabiting most warm seas.
Large sliarks, known at once by the singular form of the head, which is
not <iuite the same in any two species. (Cakciiakiid.k, ]»art, group Zy-
(i.KxiNA, tiiinther, Cat., vi 11, 380-383.)
29. SPHYRNA, Rafinesqne.
(Hammer-iiead Sharks.)
i^lihijrnn, RAFiJEPQrE, Indico d' Ittiol. Siciliana, fiO, 1810, (v/qmia).
Ci-slrtirhinuii, Rr.AINVlLLE, .loiirii. I'liys., HOt, ISlfi, (zijijinm).
Zininnn, CrviEii, UeRno Animal, Kd. 1, 127, 1.S17, {-ijijimn ; iiamn preocciipipf".).
l'i''iiis,j,ii,l„s, SwAiNsoN, Classn. Aiiiin., 11, 318, 18:?9, ("Hhuro"— links).
<"■ f^lrtii'ion {Ki.r.is : pre-Linnwaii), Gii.i, Ami. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, ISlil, 412, {zijgiena).
I'l'^l'hjini, GlLI,, /. c, (hlochii).
/i'.iiiVc;)s, GlLI,, I. c, {tihtiro).
"' This spociw, with otlmrs bolongiiit^ to thi' Florida fauna, Ih said l>,v Richardson to havo been
l>!c)iij;lit from Newfoundland by Audubon. They doul)tle8s came from Bonio locality in Florida
or Carolina.
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44
Bulletin 47, United States Nationiil Museum.
Characters of the jreniis included above. In the fonn of the head, there
is a perfect gradation among th») Hpecies from the narrow hammer of S.
hlochii, with the lobes 3 times as long as broad and deeply grooved
along the anterior edge, to the kidney -shaped head of aS. tihuro, in which
tlie anterior grooves are obsolete, {a^i'fxi, hammer.)
II. NostrilMiicnr tlio oycs.
h. NoHti'il with tlic frontftl rpoovo short nr ohsoloto; latoriil oxteriRioii of licii'l iiiodoi-iitc
HO that thn hcuil is riitlicT Ividiir'y -shaped tlian haninu'r-slin|i<'d.
c Renicki'S, (iviki, Uidriftj- ; cc^i, head): Nostril with tlic groovo obsoli'tc ; antorior and
hitural niargiiiH of head confluent into a gcniicirclo. Tinrno, fiO.
rr. I'l.ATYSiiUAM'S, (»r\aTU!, liroad; nqiiiiliin): Nostril with asliort };i<iovo; antorior inariiin
of head curved, not rontiniioiia with htteral cdfics. tidk.s, (11.
SlMIVRNA :
W<. Nostril with n well-dovclopcd p;roove, which extends alonjc the front of tho haniiner-
nhaped head, the anterior and posterior outlines of wliiili are nearly paralhH.
7.v>i,i:na, r,2.
Subgenus RENICEPS, Gill.
60. Sl'HYRNA TIBURO, (Linnaus).
(SnoVEI.-lIEAI) SlIAnK: llONNKT-IIEAn.)
Body rather slender, not mnch compressed; liead depressed, senncircn-
lar in front, reniform, the posterior free margins short, the lateral margins
continuous with the anterior; pectorals large; first dorsal high, midway
between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal much smaller, produced
behind, higher and shorter than anal; ventral fins moderate; ' gaudal
moderate; mouth small, crescentic; teeth small, very oblique, with a
deep notch on the outer margin. Head 4^ in length, to tip of caudal ;
width of head slightly less than length of head. Color uniform ashy,
paler beneath. L. 3 to 5 feet. Atlantic Ocean; abundant on our coast
from Long Island southward; ranging to China. (/(■?)«ro,8hark, in Spanish.)
Sqiialmtihiirn, LiNNiEUs, x, 1758, 234, America.
/.ili/niia tUmrn, GOnthkii, Cat., viti, 382,1870.
IlenicepB tilmro, .Tobban ife Gilhert, Synopsis, 25, 1883.
Subgenus PLATYSQUALUS, Swainson.
«1. SPHYRNA TCDES, (Cuvier).
Intermediate in all respects between S. s\i(j(vna .and .*?. ilhuro, the head
longer and the hammer less produced laterally than in the former. An-
terior margin of the head much curved, but not continuous with the
lateral edge; length of hinder margin of one side of the hammer less than
its width near the eye. Nostril close to the eye, its groove longer than
in S. tihuro, but very short, continued for but a short distance along the
side of the head, and followed by a line of pores. A large shark, of the
warm seas; Gulf of California, West Indies, Mediterranean, and Indian
Ocean, (tiides, hammer.) (Eu.)
'/.ygicna liules (OuviEii MS.), Valknciennes, Mom. Mus., ix, 22.'), 1822, Nice, after r.mtonlliir ol'
Risso.
Sphfma Inden, MOlt.eb & Henle, Plapiostoinen, 53, 1838.
Xygmia tudcn, GCntiier, Cat., viii, 382.
Sphyma ludts, Jordan & Gildert, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1882, 105.
Sphyma tude», Jobdam, Cat. Fish. N. A., 9, 1885.
\f ' ;/
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 45
Subgenus SPHYRNA.
e-J. SPEIYKN'A ZY(J,ENA, (Liuun-U8).
(irASIMElt-HKADRI) SlIAllK.)
Head truly hainmor-shaped; width of head about twice its length;
Iciigtli of hinder nuirj^in of liaimiier nearly oiiiial to its width near the
eye: nostril dose to eye, prolonged into a groove which runs along nearly
flic whole front nuirgin of head; lirst dorsal large; second quite small,
hiiialitT than anal; pectoral rather large. Color gray. A large voracious
siiark, reaching a length of 15 feet or more, found in all warm seas; occa-
sional on our coasts from Cape Cod and f.'om Point Concepcion south-
ward. (C'7'"w, Zifijwna, the ancient name, from Cvyoi^, yoke.) (Eu.)
!<,liiitlii> iiiijn nil, LiNN.in's, Syst. Nat., Eil. x, 17")8, '2.M, Europe; America.
.s./.m/".< "/«'/< "S llissci, Iclitli. Nice, 34, 181(1, Nice.
/,ijij:niii /H((/?f«.'i, .'^TiiIlKI!, Fisli. Mass., 2.'i8, 18(!7.
f^lihiirmt y/ihi nil, JoniiAN iV (Jir.iiiaiT, S.vtiopslH, 2."), 188;).
/.iiijuun kiciiii, Luiiu ill GitiFirrii, Aiiiiiml KIiikiIi'I", x, MO, 1831, New Holland.
/.ijijiuM suburctiuta, Stobeu, I'loc. Uvni. Sue, Nut. Hist., 1818, 70, Cape C,od.
! i
::. i
Family XIII. ALOPIID^E.
(The TiiiiESiiEH Sharks.)
Hody moderately elongate, the snout rather short; mouth croscont-
iduiped, teeth equal in both jaws, moderate sized, Hat, triangular, not
serrated; the third tooth of the uitper Jaw on each side much smaller than
(lie others; gill openings moderate, the last one above the root of the
pictorals; no nictitating membrane; spiracles just behind eye, minute or
uli8cnt; first dorsal large, midway between pectorals and ventrals; second
dorsal and anal very small; caudal tin exceedingly long, about as long
as the rest of the body, a pit at its root, a notch on the upper lobe near
its tip; lower lobe moderately developed; no caudal keel; ventrals rather
huge; pectorals very large, falcate. A single species, reaching a largo
size, inhabiting most seas, known at once by the great length of the tail.
(Lumnidw, part, CJuuther, viii, 393; geuuu Jlo^tmun.)
30. ALOPIAS, Kafinesque.
(Thkesueu Sharks.)
l/'/'ms, Hafine.si)T'k, ("iiriiltci'i di Alcuni (JiTieri, etc., 12, I81(i, (iii,iniiiinis=riilpeii).
Miiliiiiiis, Mi'ii.KK A- Ueni.k, I'liiKiostomeu, 74, T838, aiiuiuled ortliofjriipliy.
The characters of the genus are included above. (/tAw-of, a fox, Latin,
rulpis. A. vttl2>cii was known to the ancients as aAuneKiur, fox-like).
«3.''aL0PIAS VI'LPKS, (Omolln).
(TlIRKSHF.R ; Fox-RIIAllK ; SWINQIE TaII, ; LnNli-TAIJ, .SHAKK.)
A large shark, abounding in all warm seas, especially in the Mediter-
ranean and Atlantic. It is also frequently taken on our Pacific coast.
(I'Kl'j^ys, fox.) (Eu.)
f
■' '.
46
Pulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
S<iimlii> rnlprf, CiVF.MV,* Hydt. Nnt., I, llOfi, 1788, Mediterranean, (iiftci- I'l'iiiiaiit).
^■</lll(/lHl i'/(//)iiiii», Jtip.NNATEKKK,* Tiiblciui Kiicycl. IcHiy., u, 17BS, Mediterranean, (after PeDoaut).
AlojtecUu vuljws, (JCN'riiKU, Cat., vm, 3'J;J, 1870.
Altipiiinndpes, JoKDAN Si Gli.iiKKT, Synopsis, 'J7, 1881!.
Aliqiiiu macrimrun, llAKiNES(<rF,, I. c, 1810, 12, Sicily.
S<itMlut ulopecias, tinoNuw, Out. FislicB, 7, 1854.
Family XIV. CAKCIIAKIIDvE.
(The Sand Siiakks.)
Body rather elongate, the snout sharp; ii\outh croscunt-shapod, wide;
the teeth largo, long, narrow, and sul)u]ate, most of them witli 1 or 2
small cusps at tlie base, thuir edges entire ; gill openings rather large, all
of them in front of the pectorals; two dorsals, moderate, subcqual; the
anal similar; lirst dorsal well behind pectorals; caudal well developed,
with a short basal iol)e and a notch toward its tip; no caudal keel ; pec-
torals rather short ; no nictitating membrane ; spiracles minute, pore-like.
A single genus, with 3 recognized species. A number of fossil species be-
long to this family. Voracious sharks of moderate size, chietly inhabiting
the Atlantic. (Lamnid/E, part, Giiuther, Cat., viii, 392; genus Odontaapis.)
31. CARCHARIAS, Kafincaque.
CarchiriM, R.iFlNF.SQUE.t ''iirnttt'il di Alouni Nuovi (iciicii, Id, l.Slii ; iiiimrt, tin; only spofiert
liit'litioucd, JiiioH*, belongs licrc. (See nolo umltT Canimrlniiii",)
Odontditjiiii, Aa.\s,siz, I'oissonH Kossilcs, in, 87, 1830, (/civm-).
'l\-iijlocliis, Mt'Li.Kii &. 1Ii:ni,e, Mat;. Nat. Hist., 1837, ii, 88, (j\n,x).
Eugomphodus, GiLi,, Proc. Ac. Nat. tsci. Pliila., 1804, 200, [liltundia).
Characters of the genus given above. {Kni)xai>i(ii, a rough shark.)
a. Tcetli largo, n\Yl-Bliape(], most of tbeni with 1 or 2 small cuBp.s at iiase.
EvooMriloDi's, (tu, true ; yo/uii^os, nail ; bSovi, tootli):
b. First and fuurtli tcotli of iippur jaw and lirst tooth of tho lowur uiniplc, without baual
CUHpS. LlilUKALIH, 04.
Subgenus EUGOMPHODUS, Gill.
64. CARCHARIAS LITTORALIS, (Mitchill).
(Sand Shark.)
Body elongate, its depth i the length; head rather pointed, about f of
the length : tins small, the tirst dorsal not much longer than the second,
♦Tlu'geueial workHofDr. J. V. Gniolhi and thu Ahbr IJonnati'rrc lii'ur tiiiiBanio date, 1788. Wo
do not know which in tho earlier, and follnw roninum UKige in retaining in this and othorcasvx
the name given by Gniclin. Neither writer nii'iitions the other. Ginolin's prefare iK dated
March 10, 1788, wliile the page devoted by Bonnaterre to the " Privilege du Uoi " bears date of
May 10, 1788. Bonnaterre states that there liave been thirteen editions of Linnii'iis' Systema
Natura'. Of these tho tiiirteenth istlio work of Gmelin. But there is no evidence that Bonna-
terre had seen or used this thirteenth edition, or that tho latter had ap|iearcd when bis own
work was published. Tho two works were nearly simultaneous in appearance, but tlieruisa
slight probability in favor of Gmelin. Gnielin's names have been generally used by eubseijucnt
authors, while tiiose of Bonnaterre have lieen almost totally ignored.
t Cnrcharias, KafiuoB<)ue, was establisiied for those shiirks, "the most enormous and most vora-
ciouBof their order, which difi'er from the genus ddetm, Rafinesque, by the lack of spiracles."
Tho group corresponds to tho first suligcnus jindttr Sipialus, in the arrangement of Lacepede.
The type of this subgi'uua is Sr/MaJus carcharhif, whicli was identified by liatinesque with Carchar-
hinvulaniia. Carc/Hinns /aicm shouhi, therefore, luive been designated as the type of Carehanas,
but Itafiueeiiuo failed to no indicate, ai:d v.o leave the uanio with tho only Bpecies bemeutiouB.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
47
iMitli Niiiiilar to the anal ; pectoral iina short, obtiiHe or tninvate. Color
^rray. L. 5 feet. A small voracious shark with very sharp teeth, rather
(•(million on our Atlantic coast, especially between Cape Cod and Cape
Ihittoras, said to differ from the European C. taurtiH in its more anterior
(Idisal; the two species need further comparison. {liUoralis, pertaining
to the shore.)
>./".(/"« iinieriaiiiuf, MiTCillLl, Trmis. Lit. and Phil. Soc, 181,5, i,483, New York, (iiotol Sliaw),
S/ic/ki /i(/"in^'/i, iind.S. macrodtif, MiTClliI.L, Am. Monthly Miif?., ii, 1818, :V2«, New York.
(•.irriniihiMiirisrii.i, AviiKH, BoRt. Juiir. Nat. IliHt., 1844, 288, Long Island.
(i.l.iiil.i.^pinaiiieiiraHiiH, GC.NTilF.li, Cat., VIII, 302,1870.
Emjnmphodnii liltoriilin, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sol. Pbiln., 1804, 2f.O.
OiivlMriat americanus, Juudan & Giluekt, Syuupsls, 27, 1883.
Family XV. LAMNID^.
(The Mackerel Sharks.)
Sharks of large size, with the body stout, the mouth wide, with large
tpctli, and the tail slender, the caudal tin lunate, the 2 lobes being not
very unequal, the upper lobe ■'trongly bent upward; caudal peduncle
with a strong keel on each side; gill openings wide, all in front of the
]M'ctoral8, entirely lateral, not extending under the throat; first dorsal
laifio; pectorals large; ventrals moderate; second dorsal and anal very
Biuall ; a pit at the root of the caudal ; spiracles minute or absent. Genera
;{; Hi)ooies 6 or more, besides numerous fossil species. In this family the
dtuititiou, as well as the muscular system, reaches its highest degree of
specialization. (Lamnid.e, part, Giiiither, Cat., viii, 389-392.)
u. TiAMNiNfl!. Teoth slender and sharp, with entire cdpes.
/). Teoth without liiisiil cusiis, long, flexuous, and acute. IsuRim, 32.
lib. Te(!th, or most of them, with n Hinall cusp on oacii Hide at liiiso, compressed, sharp, and
somewhat triangular. Lamna, 33.
(til. ('aucii AKonoxTis^E. Teeth with serrated edgt-s, conijircssed, and triangular in form, without
biiMil cusp. Cakuiiauouon, 34.
32. ISURUS, Rafinesque.
ImniH, Rafinf..s(}ue, Oatattori di Alcuni Nuovi Gonori, 11, 1810, (nrijrhynchtit).
Oriirhiiiii, AiJASSlz, Poissons Fossiles, ill, 276, 1830, {sjmUuuzanii — oxyrhynchufi).
[iiivpsh, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., viii, 153, 1801, ((jlaiiciiii).
Siiont rather long and pointed ; the body formed much like that of a
tiumy or mackerel ; first dorsal and pectorals large; second dorsal and
anal vory small : caudal {)edunclo slender ; teeth long, lanceolate, with
sliarp entire cutting edges and no basal cusps, (mof, equal; ovpu, tail;
the two lobes of the tail being nearly equal, as in all the members of this
family.)
IcriMi'sis, (i(T09, equal ; oupo, tail; oif/ii, appearance):
II. Kirst dorsal inserted entirely behind pectorals, nearly midway between pectorals and
ventrals.
''. Height of dorsr.l 1% in head; pectoral as long as head. pekavi, 6,5.
IsuKVS:
an. First dorsal inserted close behind i)ectoral8. oxyriiynchub, 00.
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It >
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48
Bulletin V7, United States National Museum.
Iff
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'•• ; I
Subgenus ISUROPSIS, Ulll.
66. ISUUl'S DKKAYI, ((till).
(Mackeiif.i. Shark.)
Head 5 in length to tip uf caudul ; x)octoral uh long uh head, a little
longer than upper caudal lube. DuroalH and puctoralH falcate ; fiiHt dorsal
inuerted behind ituctoral at a distance equal tu ^ head ; base of fuHt dorsal
2^ in head, its height If. Middle teeth very long, much longer and
narrower than lateral teeth. Dark bluish gray above, white below, the
color abruptly changing on the tail; upper tins dusky, lower pale.
L. 10 feet. Cape Cod to West Indies, not eonunon ; described here from
a specimen taken at Pensacola. The American species seems to ditl'er from
the Asiatic /. gluucuH in its longer pectorals and higher dorsal. (Named
for James E. De Kay, author of the Fauna of New York.)
Lamnu juiuclatii, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishi'H, 352, 184'2, New York, (not Ajitaltu punvtalu$,
MlTC'HII.L).
hiiriqiniH ihkiiiii, OiLi., Ann. Lye. Nut. Hist. N. Y., 18(il, l.ia, after Do Kay.
hnrtip»i>t gliiiiciis, I'oEV, SynojJsiH, -140, 1SG8 (not Oxijrhina ijluiica, MCllkr •& IIenle).
laurtu dekayi, JuuuAN & Gilii»;bt, Synopsin, 874,1881).
Subgenus ISURUS.
6«. I8URUS OXYltHYNCHU!^, Rutintsquu.
(Mackerel Shark ; Pesck Tondo ; Cane i>i Mare.)
Muzzle long and pointed, the preoral portion of the snout as long m
the cleft of the mouth and greater than interorbital space; snout in
the form of a cone Hattened below; spiracles very small. Teeth {jj on
each side, long, lanceolate, without basal cusps; third tooth on each side
of upper jaw much smaller than that next to it. Gill openings very
wide, the width of the first rather more than its distance from tlu)
last. Origin of dorsal close behind base of pectorals, which are falci-
form, the length of the lower margin i that of the upper; second dorsal
very small, opposite the anal and of the same size ; caudal lunate, the
upper lobe J longer than the lower. Size very large. A voracious shark,
similar in habits to Isurua delcayi, from which it difiers in the back-
ward position of the dorsal; from Lamna cornubiea it is separated by the
absence of lateral denticles on the teeth. Mediterranean Sea and ueigli
boring parts of the Atlantic, probably occasionally straying to our coast,
as the description of the large shark published by Capt. Nathaniel E.
Atwood, under the name of Carchariaa tigris, * could refer to no othei
known species, (ofif, sharp; ^iijvYof, snout.) (Eu.)
*Oapt. Atwood describes this specimen, which was 8 feet 10 inches in length, as dark lilin'
above, an irregular lead-colored lateral band; belly white. Largest teeth 1J4 inches long,'.,
inch broad at Imse, smooth (edged) and curving upward. Snout pointed, 2 feet long, fmin
first gill opening: branchial apertures 9 inches long, the distance from first to last Siudics;
7Ji inches between the eyes; nostrils 254 inches l)eforo eyes. Front of first dorsal :! inclirs
behind pectorals; it is 13 inches high and 12 long at buse, the free posterior edge 2% indie.-.
Second dorsal 25 inches behind posterior root of first, 2*4 inches high, 4 inches long ; pectoral
23 inches high, 11}^ broad at base; ventrals inserted at a point midway between the two dorsals.
anal similar to second dorsal, inserted an inch farther back. Upper lobe of caudal 2.3 inclu-
long, lower 18; the distance between the tips 31 inches. "The first specimen of this very 'aiv
shark was brought from the Gulf of Mo.vicoand presented to the State Cabinet, the second ""^
taken at Truro and presented to the Museum of Ccmiparative Zoiilogy ; the third, which liinl
bitten off and swallowed largo portions of asword fish, was captured in 1864, at Provinceti)Wii
and given to the (Hoston) Society ; a fourth specimen, and the one described above, at Province-
town in August lost."— .<4<u;oo({.
foriian tuid Evermann. — Fis/irs of North America.
11)
(',(/,.. ,\i mnrf ili M'hiiii'i, Si'ALi.ANZANt, Vinculo 'l""' SIclllc, IV, 32r>, 1797, Messina.
l.,iinn ii.nir'inii'l'i", KakinekcM'K, Canittml, etc., I'J, iHll), Palermo.
hiuit,n„<lhiir.imi, U.\iiNKSi;i I-, Iinliii', (IK, l.Sl(», (after Spalliin/.iiiii).
(>.r,iiiliiiiuf}i(iliiii:iiiii, UiiXAl'AllTK, Filillia Itiilini, xxvi, 1:J4, pi, lilt'., f. 1, 18;il».
{hmUiiniijxiiiiihoiUm, Nri.i.Kii A IIenle, I'luttinKtomcii, <iH, 1m:!«, Atlantic Ocean.
S;».,^r« nWriidis Maiiii, Mi'iii. Ac. Sci. Niipoli, Ti.'), 181!i, Naples.
/..imii.i fpMm.'iiii, (irNiiii;i(, Cut., viil, 300, 187(1.
(i.nirliiirti'iiiilhiiir.'iiii, DlMl'lui, KhlKlUDliruiichcH, -108, 1H70.
Ciinlmiidi tiijriii, Atwouo, rriic. UoMt. Soc. Nut. Hint., xii, '.!(iH, Iwtl'.t, Provincetown, Mass.
33. LAMNA, Cuvior.
(Porbeagles.)
/,.it»ii(i, (U'ViEH, R^'-pno Animal, Eil. i, 120, 1817, (.•(.ihh'kVhn).
I.iiniui, Kissci, Kiir. MiTiil., l'j:i, iii, lS2fi {cnrniibicm, imiiio proocciipiwi;.
Si'liwi'iiiiif. Ki,i;miN(^ llcilisli AiiiiimlK, 111!), 1828, {inM'ri = f'iniiihifHs).
Hody short and stout, tho back consideniltly elevated ; Hiiout prominent,
jKiinted; teeth tiiansnlar, pointed, entire, oacli one with a small cusp on
lacli side at Imse; one or both of these sometimes obsolete on some of
tlio teeth in the younj?; gill openings wide; doreal and pectoral fins some-
what falcate; second dorsal and anal fins very small, nearly opposite
ea'-h otlier; first dorsal close behind the root of the pectorals. This
i;cinis iH very close to 7««ri(s, with which fossil forms seem to connect it.
l\'rliaps the two should be united under the older name Isitrus. {?i(i^vu,
:i kind of shark, from hi/iia, a horrible anthropophagous monster, a
bugbear used by the Greeks to frighten refractory children.)
/
/
67.'LAMNA CORNUBICA, ((imoliii).
(POKDEAQI.E ; MaCKEUF.I. SHAKK.)
Siioiit conical, pointed, rather longer than tho cleft of the mouth ;
tenth lii^Ii on each side; the third tooth on each side in the upper jaw
small; first dorsal beginning over the axil of tho pectorals. Color bluish
<iviiy, A large and fierce pelagic shark reaching a length of 10 feet.
North Atlantic and North Pacific, occasionally taken on tho coast of New
Kiigland and southward; not rare in California. {cornuhicuH, from Corn-
w iiil, from which region tho species was early descrilx d.) (Eu.)
S'jiHilii.i ciiniiiliii'iiH*, (i.MEi.iN, Syfit. Nftt., 1, 11!)7, 178S, shores of Cornwall.
hiiiiiKi oiniiihka, GCntheu, Cat., viii, 1181), 1870 ; .Ioudan & Gu.beut, Syiioiisis, 3(1, 1883.
Stjiiiihis »((.s»(i, BoNNATERRE, Tabloau Kncycl., Iclitli., 10, 1788, Cornv/all, after Bcauuiaris of
I'l'miaiit.
Siiiuliis iieiiiKiiiii, Walhai'm, Artodi PiHcium, 517, 1792, Cornwall, after Pennant.
^'7"»/»s ))io);t'?i>i's, SiiAw, Gen. Zoiil., v, S.W, 1804, Anglesea.
S'liiitliis fchiiinnii.", Leach, Edinb. Mem. Wern. Soc, 1819, 11, pi. 1, fig. 2, 55.
iH-idioiiiiin inilkcri, Fleming, Britisli Animals, 109, 1828, Lochfyne, Argyleshire, "Sintif Sela
IKilldlS."
* Wi' do not know which of tho two names, coniubictu and nasus, baslpriority ; we follow usage
iu retaining tho name of Gnioliu.
K. N. A.-
li
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11
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50
Hulletin ^7, United States Natiomtl Afitseum.
i
34. CARCHARODON," Smith.
(Man-eatkr Shauks.)
Otrehnrnihiii, Andriw Smith, Proo. Oeol Soc. London, v, 80, ISSV, (((ijichiim -(•aro/xiridii).
(^enorul cliaractorH uf fnurii8 and Lnmna, but with a difforont dontition,
the touth being large, Hat, eroot, regularly triangular, thoir udgeH Herrated ;
lirHt dorsal moderate, nearly midway between ])ectorala and ventralu;
Hecond dorsal and anal very small; pectorals large, ventralu mixlerate;
caudal peduncle rather stout ; spiracles minute or absent. Sharks of very
large si/e; the strougoKt and most voracious of all fishes; pelagic, found
in most warm seas. («''/),v"/"'f) rough; odoi'f, tooth.)
68. CARCIIAKODON CAReiIARIA8,t (LinniuuB).
(Man-eatkh Shark; Oueat White Shark.)
Body stout, depth about 5J in total length; mouth very large; both
jaws with 5 rows of large, triangular, serrated teeth, those in tlie lower
.jaw narrower, about \^ in each row ; first dorsal somewhat behind pec-
torals; caudal lin large and strong. Color leaden gray; tips and edges of
pectorals black. One of the largest of the sharks, reaching a length of
30 feet. It is found in all temperate and tropical seas, and is occasionally
taken on our coasts, both in the Atlantic and the Pacific. One caught
near Soquel, California, was about 30 feet long and had a young sea lion,
weighing about 100 pounds, in its stomach, {napxciudi, an old name of
Caroharhinua lamia and of other man-eating sharks.) (Eu. )
Lamia, Bondei.f.t, Hist. PoisB., 305, 1558, good flfriiro, Nice, Marseilles.
Siiuahts carch' ::w,l LiNN.tu-Sjg Syst. Nat., Ed. .\, 1768,235, Europe, after Artedi.
Carchariasrims, AoASSlz, Poiss. Fosb., hi, 01, 1830.
Ctvchnrodon roudchli, BlrLLER & IIenle, Plai^iostomoii, 70, 1838, after UoudoUit, Mediterranean
Sea and Atlantic Ocean.
Carcharoilonromlelvli, GONTlIKn, Cat., viii, 392, 1870.
Ctxrchariai atwoixli, SrouEn, Proc. Boet.Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1848, 71, Provincetown.
Ciircharodon carclmriiw, JoiidaN & Gii.iiekt, Synopsis, 875, 1883.
Carcliarodoii capeiisia, Smith, III. Zoiil. S. Africa, pi. 4, 1842, Cape of Good Hope.
CarcharotloH gmillii, Bonaparte, Sclach. Tab. Anal., 9, 1839, after Sniilli.
Family XVI. CETORHINIDvE.
(The Basking Sharks.)
Sharks of immense size, with the gill openings extremely wide, extend-
ing from the back nearly to the median line of the throat, all of them in
* Ono species of this genus, Carchnrodon megaloilon, now extinct, must have reached a far larger
size than the living Carcharotlon carcharias. Its teeth are found in great abundance in tertiary
deposits along the coast of South Carolina.
tA good .iccoiint of this species is given by Dr. W. B. Stevenson, Proc. Vassar Brothers Sci. Soc,
Ponghkeepsie, 1884, and in the American Naturalist for the same year.
JThis species, well figured hy Rondelet, and described by Artedi. and after him by Linnieiis,
acems to have been lost sight of by subsequent writers from 1758 to 1830, the various reforenee^^
to Sipialus ciircliarias, between Ijinnieus and Miiller & IIenle, belonging chietly to CarcliwUia lamia,
The true Squalus carcharius of Linuieus is, however, unquestionably the Uarcharodou.
g"Jonant Prophetani, ut vetcrcBlIoruulcnitriuoctem, in hujus veutriculo tridui spatio, bu;8iss<
Teroeimile est." — Linnieut.
Jordan and Kvermann. — Fishes of North Anurica. 51
tViiiit ot' tlio pcctoralH; niuutli inudorate, the tuuth vory small, niinieroiiM,
cuiiicnl, without citHpH or Hurraturos; no nictitating iiioinln-anis HpiracloH
vi'ij Miiiall, altovo tho corners of tho mouth; first dorsal largo, midway
lictsvuuii puctorais and vontrals; second dorsal an«l anal suiall ; caudal tin
luiiiito, tho upper lohe considerably the larger; caudal peduncle keeled;
IM'ctoralH and vuiitrals large. Hrain very small. A single genus, with
piolialdy hut one species; the largest of living fishes, pelagic, iuhahitiug
ihe northern seas. (Lamnid.k, part, (iiinthor, viii, lUH, genus Sdavhe.)
35. CETORHINUS, Hlainville.
(Basking Siiauks.)
.-"/■.Yivimji,* BaFINF.SQI'E, Ciirattcri, 11, 1810, {nwjioin).
( W"i7iiii"s Ht.AiNVii.i.K, Juiirii. IMiys., ISlli, 2i'>4, ([/iiiiiieri =: miuriimi*).
fiiliuhc, (,'rviK.ii, U^•^Mlo Animal, ImI. i, I'J'.i, 1817, {iiKuiiniif).
l'i>}ijimit>njmii, CoiTlI, HiHt. Brit. FiHh., l, tl7, I8til, {rivilileiijh(tutu = m(ixi) •).
Tlie characters of the genus are included above, (wz/tof, whale; /i/i'v, a
shark (Sniialina), t'roin I'lin/, a file or rasp, the rough skin of the shark being
used for polishing wood and marble.)
««.''(KTORIII\|IS MAXIMUS, (Guniiei).
(nASKiNii Shark; ITxi^rin; Ki.ki'iiant Shark; Done .Shark.)
Body rugose, the skin very rough with small spines; head small; snout
liluiit : eyes small ; teeth in or 7 rows in each jaw, about 200 in each row ;
first dorsal large, triangular, over tho space between pectorals and ventrals ;
s(!Cond dorsal much smaller, rather larger than anal; pectorals long, tail
lar;;o. Uill rakers slender, long and clo.se set, resembling whalebone
(lit'uco the name Bone Shark). Largest of the sharks, reaching a length
(if nearly 40 feet; found in tho Arctic seas, straying southward to Portugal,
Virginia, and California. Occasionally taken by whalers in Monterey Bay.
It id ill general a rare species, but gregarious in tho breeding season, num-
bers swimming together on the surface, sluggishly, like logs, (maximiis,
greatest.) (Ku.)
S'jn.ihmiwt.rimiii, GuNNER, Trondhjom SolskabHkr., ni, 33, 17G5, Coast of Norway.
Sfhiihii viaximus, Storkr, Fisli. Mass., 22'.», 18G7.
titl'irhc viaxima, GOnther, Cat., viii, 394, 1870.
(Vl^rhiiiiif maximm, JORDAN it (ilLllGBT, SynopHis, .11, 1883.
SijiiiiUi^ (jninu'rianus, Ulainvillk, Jour, ilo PhyH., 1810, 'i.lR, uftor Giiunor.
,<:lii,tlut pehjriHHs, Blai.nville, /. c, 1810, 257, Europe.
.'''i/iid/Hs hiiminmts, Hlainville, I. c, 1810, 257, after Evoranl Ilonie.
cioiliiiiHushaviimiiii, Ui.AixviLLE, /. c, 1810, 204, after Shaw.
Symi/ii.s ismliis, Saverii) Macri, Mem. (lulla U. Ac. Sci. Napoli, lsl'.», i, 5.5, pi. 1, li^. I, aud jd. 2,
flj;. 2, Naples.
&iii,ihis elephai', Le Sueur, Joiir. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 343, 1821, New Jersey.
.Si/ici/ms cetacem, Gronow, Cat. Fisbos, C, 1854, Norway.
&/H(i(»s rasMeiijIianns, Corcil, Trans. Linn. Soc, xiv, 91, 1825, Cornwall, (a monstrosity).
Aovilhrns hlitinvillei, Capello, Plagiostomos, i, 21, 180fi.
Piilniinmpui macer, Coccu, Hist. Brit. Fishes, 1, C7, 1861, England.
* The dpscription of Tetrorcu is apparently taiton from hearsay, and applies to no known shark.
It cipiiicB nearest the present species, but may bo mulango of Ittiriia and IleptranchUts. We have
tlicr. lore hesitated to substitnte Tetroraa tor Cetorhinns. Tetroras aii>/iV>ru is described as having
"twii ilorgals; one anal; four gill openings; tail unequal, oblique; snout blunt; teeth rasjilike;
a kicl on each side of tail; eyes very small; gill openings rather large; length about feet.
Oiilled .1ii>;ioi'ii at Palermo," The uam'o Anciovn is now applied at Palermo to Heiilranchias cintreus,
according to Prof. Doderlein.
¥( <,.'l- '
1:1
( :•
i
ill
> rj ii \
52
BulUtin 47, United Stahs National Museum.
Fumilv XVII. UHINODONTID.i:.
(TllK. WllALK SlIAUKS.)
Orifi^iii of the th-Ht durHal tin Hoiiiuwhat in lulvaiico ol'tlitt vt-iiHulH; tho
Huvund Hniull,()|>|)OHite the anal ; botli withont H|-<nuH ; a pit at I ho root uf
tho caudal; lower lobo of the caudal well developed; sideN of the tail with
a keel; no nictitating; niein1>i'aue;T)pii'acle.s very Hniall ; mouth and nostril
near the extremity of the Huont; teeth very nmall and nnmerouu, conical ;
gill opeuingH wide, the laut <»ne above tho bauu of tlio pectoralH. Largo
aharku, of warm HoaH. Two HpooioH are known, h'hhiodmi li/piviix, IVoni
the Cape of (iood Hope, and the following. (Uiiinodonhu.k, (iiinthor,
Cat., VIII, 390).
II. Tuuth oac)i reciirvi'il IxickwAnl itiid uvutcly iiointud, nwoUoii, iiiulivitli a liuul-hku projur-
tioii ill fniiit I'iNiiit; fruiii itx liuao. MlciUiiToiii h, 'Mi.
36. MICRISTODUS, (Gill).
Micrinlodut, Gill, Proc. Ac, Nat. 8cl. Plilla., 1805, 177, (iminiutm).
This geuuH is known from its teeth only. These arc described an fol-
lows: "The teeth are iixed and extremely minnto, the largest little more
than a line in length (in a shark 1^0 feet long) and decrease towards the
ends of tho jaw; they are dis|)osed in regularly transveiso rows, of which
there are 164 to 107 on each side, while in front there are 13 to 10 in each
transverse tow; each tooth is recurved backward and acutely ])ointoil.
swollen, and with a heel-like projection lu front rising from its base."
((iill.) (^t«/«(f, small; (ffroi;, an upright projection ; oiVn'c, tooth.)
70. MICItlKTOIMIM PUNCTATHS, Gill.
A very large shark found in the Gulf of California. No description Ikin
lieen given, and only the teeth are yet known, (punctatun, spotted.)
Micristoditu piiiictuliis, Gill, Pruc. Ac, Mat. 8ci. Plilla., IStW), 177, Gulf of California.
f^
ll . I
; I
|:^
■1; Ir
1 <i
■y
Order F. CYCLOSPONDYLI.
(The Cyclospondylous Sharks.)
Calcareous lamolliu arranged in one or more concentric series or rin<;s
about a central axis in each vertebra. Spiracles present. Anal tin warn-
ing. Dorsal tins 2, with or without spine. As hero understood, the ordti
Cycloupondyli includes tho sharks of the groups called CyvloapoHtlijli aud
Tectoapondyli by Hasse. The vertebra! in tho rays show similar structurts,
and it is probably from sharks of this group that tho Latoidoi are dc-
Bcended. (/ci/cXor, circle ; amMvXoi;, vertehra.)
Families of Cvclospondym.
a. OvcLOBPONDyLi : Vertebrii' witli tlie oalcaroous laniollin arranged in a ring alioiit tliocenlinl
axie. Pectoral fins normal, not expanded or deci)lyiiotclu'd. Anal fiu absent ; sjiirailrs
prwent ; no nictitating tncinbraue ; gill openings before ]>ectorals; caudal bent ui>\vui'i,
the lower lobe little developed.
b. Dorsal fins each provided with a stout spine, the first dorsal far in advance of veiitnls.
SyuALii).*:, xviu.
[I m
Jordan antf FirrniiVin, — Fishes of North America.
53
/</.. Itiiimil lint wliliMiil «iiiin', til" flfHt ilorNiil (ivcr or in lulviini)' nf ventrnlN,
>'. V\\*\ iliirmil iiiiii'li liuriii'4< vi'iitruln; xkiri nuiilcmti-ly ihukIi.
I>AI.ATIIt»:, XIX.
<■!■. k'irxl ilor-nl ii|i|>(mllc vcntnilK; kUIii with tliurii-liki' tiilxTi'lim.
RrillNORIIINIII^, XX.
■|'irT"«r'.M'Vi.i (TKTuir, II liulldur; (TTTiii'i^iiAof, vi'itiilirn) ;
,„•, \i'iri lirii' uilli till- fiilcikri'oiiH litinrllii' rariL;i'<l in Novnntl concentlir nitIi'n or rln^ii iilioiil \\
itinlnil uxIh ; |ii'rti>i'al Dhh v> r.v litrci', \|iitriil)Ml linri/onliilly itiiil )'Xt('niliMl lurwiinl at
liii'«' In rriint, Kivln^ lln' li iily thit I'orn. of tliii lliittcni'ii ill^k of tho nivH; tli<' iiiitt'rior
''Xli'MHliir fii>|iiii'iiti'<i froiii tlio neck liy a <lm<|) iiotcli, In wlilrli tlii< ^\\\ niMMiitiKN Hi' ; n<>
mini liii ; ilnriiil tInHHniiill, inMirrior ; nioiilli liroiiil, antvrior. HgttATiNin.K, xm.
Suborder CYCLOSPONDYLI.
Family XVIII. SQUALIDiE.
(TlIK I)00-FI8IIK8.)
Ilody moro or loat elongato. Head doprcHHod. EycH latornl, without
niotitiitiiij; iiKMiihr.'intv Mouth inferior, rather lar^n, arched, a dec)> K''<»"vo
oil cacli Hide. TtM'tli compn'H.spd, variouHly forniod. Nostrils iiit'orior,
Hf|);ir.'il(> ; Njiinu^lrs nitluM' lar^o ; gilln o]ioiiinKH moderate, all in front of
til)' pectoral Huh. DoihuI fiuH 2, each armed with a spine; the (irst dorsal
in IVdiit of tlie vontrals; anal fin wanting; caudal (in with the lower
IoIm; sinail or obsolete ; ventral fins inserted posteriorly, not nnieh tiefore
Nccoinl dorsal. Oviparous.
(leneratior more; species ahont 15; rather small sharks, chiefly of the
Atlantic. These sharks represent a comparatively primitive type, appar-
ently not des(M>nded from any other existing; St/iiali. (8riNACiI>/K, )>art,
(Jiinther, Cat., viii, 417-42;..)
» lluily riitlior clniiKiitc; no fold of Bkln aInnK siilo of iM'lly; (lorml npinoB both ilircctnil liack-
wnril.
Ii. UiipiT ti'ctli Hinipli', without Bmallcr cuspg nt hnRo.
r. Ti'otli ulikd in l)ot)i jawH, sii>ii|uniIrnto, oarh with ft itbarly horizontal rnttini; oilgn
and a point diri'ctrd outward. SguAurx, 37.
re Ti'ctli nni'ijnal, tlio upper very dmnll, narrow, and lanrcolato, orort, tho lowornioro
or lesH olilii|iio; ihirnal spines hidden in tho Hkin. Ct;NTRos(;vMNr«, 38.
ill. I'ppnr teetli eacli witi) 1 or '2 Bihall ciinpH at luMo on racli Hide.
il. Teeth nneipial, tlie upper preet and trirnspid, tho lower oldii{iio. Ktmoi>ti!ih's, 3!).
ilil. Teetli ecjuiil, very small and pointed. (!KNTiioRVYl.Li(tM, 40.
37. SQUALUS, (Artedi), Linna-ns.
S/ii'ifin, CAtiTKin) I.iNN.T-;r.s, x, IV.W, 2;t3, (inrludeB all BliarkR).
S/ie//»«, ItAKiNK.sfji'K, Caratteri, etc., 13, 1810, (acaulhian and tiiinln; ftrHt rpftrirtion of the nnmo
S'liiiihiH^ to Kjiecies with Bpirarles and without anal fin).
Ariiiilhiiiliiiius, Ui.AlNViM.K, .lournal de rhyHiiine, 1810, 203, (ardnthiiu).
.h'nilhiiii, His.fn, Kiirope Mcridionale, m, 131, lK2f>, (armithiim).
r\l:.ni,hirm, CiiM, Pror. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1802, 40r,, {mjaUi).
limly rather slender. Month little arched, with a long, straight, deep,
olilii|iie ftroovo on each side ; no labial fold. Teeth rather small, all sim-
l>lt', ((iiial in the two jaws, their points so much turned aside that the
inner mar^nn forms tho cutting edge. Spiracles rather wide, just behind
tho eye. Fins moderately developed, the first dorsai ^rger than the sec-
ond, much in advance of the ventral fins,, which are behind the middle of
■4|
1 S
ii;- !
\ \- 'n
. \\
,' " j,- -,
■ ^ p-p
y i .1
s;t ■
1
\^\ \
u
li
54
Jiuiietin y/, United States National Museutn.
ll %:. '
II- :
■ i
tho IxHly, ulllioiigli ill aih'uiiCMoC tlu) hocuimI (IoismI. DoihuI HpiiioN Htroii^,
not ^Ktovftl. Tuil Hciircoly hoiit upward. Hiiiull HhurkH ulioiiiitlitiK in
till' ti<iiiporut« HtMis ; I or 5 Npociim known.
'1 Iii4 LinniiMtn k*''!)!** Sifualun wuh IliNt HiilMlivided by HuUnoHqiin, who
KtNti'irti'd tlio niiiiio to tliimo HpncioH with apirudoH »nil no anul tin, tho
type hoin^ StiimliiH avunlhinH. Thirt ,";oiiiih nuiHt thomfori) lio callud SqiiuliiH
anil not Ae<inlhian. (mimiliiM, Nhark, a word cognatu to tho Urunk }"(/(//.)
It. H|i|iii> III' nr>t ilorxiil iiliiiiit } llin lii>l|;lit i>( tin' llii, Ni'i'ui.il ikliiiiit J; nniiii' nf tlii' wliiia i||iii(h
on luii'k iinimlly inTMinti'iit llirmiKli U(<: aiantiiiam, 71.
nil. .S|iliin ol DiKt (liirHikl I, to '.| tlio l|i'i);lil iiC llii> flu, tlilll of tlir Horiilnl tlolMll lllioiil ■ . , ;
wliilo tt|HilH (HI Inn k iiNyiklly illiiu|i|H>ai'liit( Willi it^i'. Ml'i'HI.II, Ti.
71. N({|!Ali|!S ACANTIIIAS, I.lnnaMiM.
(DoiiriMii ; Pii'Krn DouriHii ; noyRixxi; Skittlk-iioii.)
Itody Hlondoi'; Hiioiit pointed; head (i^ in Inn^tli ; depth ahoiitH. Dor-
nal HpinoH rathur hi^fh, that of i\w i\tni dorsal about j huight of tin, tlii>
Hooond dorHal Hpino tiliout v| huight of tin. Slati^ color above, pale below,
back with oblong whitiHh spots, espciiially in the young, these rarely all
obsolete in tho adult. L. 2 to 3 feet; weight 5 to Impounds. A Hniall
shai p-toothed shark, ranging widely in the Atlantic, very alnindant along
the shores of the Northern and Middle States, and taken as far south as
(!uba. From its livers " Dogfish" oil is extracted. It feeds largely on
herrings. (uKavxiiac, an old name from uKai>^(i, spine.) (^V.)
N/iiii/m« iiciuiihiiif, liiNN.v.f.s, S.vHt. Nnt.. VA. x., 176H, i, 2:i:t, Coast of Europe.
(iillKilliKiUKIilhiiiii, .lolllPAN A OiLIIKItT, .SynoJisiH, Hi, ^HM.
Aeinlliini americiuiitf, STunElt, Mniii. Am. Ac, II, 184(1, 500, Maasachusetta.
/li'iitiMiiid miKTi'i'iiinii, Stiiher, Fish. Murh., ';32, 1HC7.
.IriiiiMi'iM I'li/j/iiriii, Kisso, Kur. Mc'rid., Ill, llll, IH^il, Nice.
i4r(iH//ii<i«fiWj/urt», Gl'NTllEU, Cat., viil, 41H, 1870.
;2yS<JllAI,rS SrCKLII, (r.lranl).
(Califoiinia PiKinsii.)
Very similar to tho Atlantic spocios, S. nciivthias, but with tho ^.orsal
spines lower, the first about A tho height of its fin, the second about 1.
Gray, tho fins usually edged with black ; young with white spots on tho
back, which usually wholly di.sa])pear with age. Aleutian Islands to
Santa Darbara, very abundant, similar in habits to tho preceding, and
likewise producing " Dogfish " oil. A similar species, possibly the same.
S.fcrnandinus (Molina) occurs in Chile. (Named for Dr. Uoorge Suckloy,
a naturalist ou tho U. S. Pacific R. R. Survey.)
Spinnx (AcanOiio.) mtcklii, GiRARD, I'ruc. Ac. Niit.Si'l. I'liila., 1854, 100, Fort Steilacoom, Wash-
ington.
Si/im/im oKcW/i, Gii.i,, I'roc. Ao. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1802, 499.
Acanlliiai lucklii, GiitAun, I'aciflo U. 11. Survry, :iU8, 1858.
38. CENTROSCYMNUS, Bocage &. Capello.
Centrotcijmnuii, Bocaoe & Capello, PrfPcZoiil. Soc, 1804, 203, (adnhpii).
Dorsal fins each Avith a spine, which is hidden in tho skin ; mouth wide.
but little arched; a long, deep, straight, oblique groove uu each side of
1 :'l
V
Jordan tttui liver mann. — Fishes of North America.
r.5
iiiotith. Tooth oflowtM jiiw nl»lii|iio, with tho point iiioro or I»hh iliru<<t«<l
iMitwitrd. I'ppttr tt)«tth lunuuoiiito, on a <|Uu<li'unK»lHr hiiHo, with ii Hin-
Kluouap. SpiruulcH witio, holiinil th««<yo. (lil! op«>nin);H narrow, (kH'tihw^
spino; nKi'iivu^, au ancient niiniu of some ahurk, from tiKinvoi;, n lion'H
wliulp. )
7:i. CKNTItOSriMMM ('(ELOLKIMS, no< nRn ,V (ii|><>llo.
liahiiil K''<>**vo prolonged forwAril, but Hopnratcdhy a broad spaoo from
that of tho other Hido. Upper tuotli vory Hinall, narrow, and lancoobitu.
UiHtanco botwtMMi tho noHtrilH ratliur Iohn than h the length of tlii) pri<>oral
|iiirtion of thu Hnout. Lower anghM>ftho pectoral rounded, not produced.
Dornal thiH Hhort, ospocially the ilrHt, the length of which (without tho
N|iiiio) iH «>nly about i*; its ditttanoo from theaocond; extremity of thoven-
tnilH below the end of the Hccond dornai. Scalea on the head and nape
with Htriii', the othern Hmooth, with a depreaHion at the baae. Uniform
lihickish brown. (Uiinther.) Coaat of Portugal and neighboring parta
of the Atlantic, occaaionally taken in deep water otV Uloucoater, MaHH.,
and ort" the banka of Nova Scotia. (xo/Aof, hollow ; Xrn'/f, acale.) (Eu.)
( ,„lt,Miiiium» riflolepit, BorAOB it CapeM.d , Proo. /nill. Soc, 20.1, 18(i4, PortUKCl.
C<iiln>iilwni$ iiiliii'jiiii, Gt'NTIir.lt, Cut., VIII. 42;i, INTO.
(Jeiilron'timnitu citlolfjiin, JuRUAN & UiLDEUT, 8yiiu|)HiH, 17, 18H3.
it
!tl
39. ETMOPTERUS, Raflnesque.
FimnpUnm, RAnNBSQtiE, Pnratterl, otr., 14, 1810, {nnilmlim).
iS/iiiin/, CuvtEii, Rvgno Animal, Ed. i, 129, 1817, {nciiHthum anil ajniinx),
Siiimix, MOi,i.r.R<& 'Irnlr, PluK'n''ttiincii, 8G, 1k;)8, (xyiin'ij-).
Aniulhiilinm, LowR, I'roc. Zool.ffoc. London, 18:tU, 91, {iinHlUim).
Mouth little arched. Teeth of lower jaw with the point ho much tnrned
a.sido that the inner margin of the tooth forma the cutting edge; upper
t<>eth erect, each with a long pointed cuap and 1 or 2 smaller oiiea on each
8i(h); spiracles wide. Two species, in the Atlantic. (Irfjayov, to cut;
nriiMV, fin, the original type having frayed fins.)
74. ETMOPTERrS PUSILLU8, (Lowo).
Hody smooth, scales very small, each with a minute tuberosity, but with-
out spines ; first dorsal fin much shorter than the second, midway between
Bocoud dorsal spine and the eye; tail relatively shorter than in K. apinax,
it.s length less than the space between the snout and the origin of the pec-
torals; color brown. (Gunther.)
The Blake took a single individual, believed to belong to this species,
at Station CVIII, off St. Christopher, in 208 fathoms. It had previously
been known only from Madeira and Cuba, and the Travaillcur fonnd it at
the Cape Verdes at about 290 fathoms. (Goode & Dean.) (pusillus, weak.)
AritnthiUum puailUnn, LowB, Proc. Zoill. Soc. London, 1839, 91, Madeira.
Siiiiiiix pimUtin, Qt'NTiiEB, Oat., vill, 425, 1870.
Spmax hilliantu, Poet, Memoriae, ii, 340, 1861, Cuba.
)
;■ a;'';...**.
' '
\i i
in.;
t ' ' ' ;
I
*■|er^■■-v^«,^- ' -i.T*"i|rrj(^w7^ ;
,1
'V.^
56
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
40. CENTROSCYLLIUM, Miiller & Ilenle.
OeutroiciiUium, MOllkr & UzvhK, SystciniitiHcho BcBctiroibung dor PlagiuHtomou, 101, 1838, (/nb-
ricii).
Teeth equal in bo*h jaws, very small, straight, pointed, each with 1 or
-2 smaller cusps on each side at base; mouth croscont-shaped, with a
straight, ohli(]uo groove at its angle; spiri'-clea moderate; gill opeiiingH
rather r arrow ; dorsal fins small, each with a strong spine; the second
dorsal entirely behind tlie ventrals. One species, in the Arctic Seas.
(KtvTfiov, spine, aKv'AX'iov, Scyllium, an allied genus, from rrs/vlAw, to rend
or tear to pieces.) ,
76. CEXTROSCYLLIUM FABRICII, (Reinlmnlt).
Body covered with minute stellate ossification ; dorsal fins short, with
strong spines; second dorsal behind ventrals; color nearly black ; Green-
land Seas, southward in deep water ; occasionally taken off Gloucester and
off the Nova Scotia banks. (Named for Otho Fabricius, a Danish natural-
ist, the first to study the fishes of Greenland.)
Spiimx fahricii, Rkiniiardt, Uaiisk. Viil. Selsk. Forli., 1828, 111, xiv, Greenland.
C''"iroscDlHHm fahricii, GCntheu, Cat., vili, 425, 18"(».
(-'■eiUroscylliwu fahrku, JORDAN & Gilbert, Syuopsis, 10, 1883.
Ih.
Family XIX. DAT^ATIIDiE.
(The Scymnoid Sharks.)
Sharks with no anal fin and with 2 dors.il fins, each without spine;
fins al' small ; ijiil openings small, entirely in advance of pectorals ; moutli
but little arched ; a long, deep, straight, obliquQ groove on each side of
it; spiracles present. Oviparous, the eggs without horny case (at least
in SoMNlOfUS). VertPbraj cyclospondylous. The absence of dorsal spino
chiefly distinguishes this family from the Squalid.i;, of which these arc
somewhat degenerate allies. Genera, 5; species, about 10, mostly of tho
North Atlantic, soi.T? of them reaching a large size. (SpiNACiDyK, part,
Gunther, Cat , viii, 425-429.)
SoMNIOSINiE:
<i. First dorsal nnich in advance of ventrals.
b. Upper teeth narrow, tlio lower qiindrato, with a liorizontal edge ending in a point
directed outward ; body very robust, tlio fins very small, the dorsals about equal ;
akin moderately rough. Somnio.su8, 41.
P
41. SOMNIOSUS, Le Sueur.
Somnhstu, Le Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818, i, Z22.{hreripiH)ia—mierocephabu).
Leiodon, Woon, Proc. B)st. Soc. Nat. Hist., li, 174, 1847, {echinatiwi -niarncephnhis).
Licmargtu, Mf ller & Henle Plagiostomen, 93, 1838, (horcalis—microcephahii).
Rhinoicymnus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18G4, 264, (rostratus).
Body thick and clumsy; mouth transverse, little arched, with a deep,
straight groove running backward from its angle; nostrils near tlm
exi lemity of the snout ; jaws feeble; teeth in upper jaw small, narrow,
conical ; lower teeth numerous, in two or more series, the point so mucli
Jordan and livermanit. — Fishes of North America. 57
turned aside that the inner margin fonuH a cutting edge, which is entire;
-.piracies moderate; no nictitating membrane; gill oponings narrow;
tins all very small, the ventrals between the dorsal flns; skin uniformly
covered with minnte tubercles. Tail short, much bent upward. Eggs
liipi'c, soft, globular, without shell, dropp^l in the oozo on the leea bottom.
Six'uies 2, of the Northern Seas. (Latin Honmiosiia, sleepy.)
Jft^SOMNIOSUS MK^ROCKPIIAIil'S, (niocli).
(Si.EEi'F.n SirAiiK; Nimise.)
I'.ody robust, rapidly tapering behind ; greatest depth a little more than
■ tli(i length; head somewhat less; mouth moderate, upper jaw with .'>
rows (if small sharp teeth, which are incurved and lancet-shaped; lower
j;i\\ with 2 rows of broad, ((uadrangular teeth, d.vided in their centers
liy a i)ori>ondicular ridge and directed outward, about 26 teeth on each
Hide ; tins sniall, the tlrst dorsal about as large as the ventrals and larger
tliau the second dorsal ; pectorals short, caudal short and bluntish. L.
iil.Kiit 25 feet. Arctic Seas south to Cape Cod, Oregon and franco; a
liiigc clumsy shark, not lare northward. An enemy to the whales, biting
out large maoses of flesh from their bodies. (utKpdf, small ; Kfitii-Vii, head.)
(Eu.)
fi.jh„hi!i h\icrnrpjilia1m, ni.orii * SrirvEinr.n, Syst. Iclitli., l:!r>, 1801, Northern Seas.
fi,Miriinyiishrri-lpinnn, Lf SiTEvn, .lour. An. Nat. Sci. Pliila., i, 12'.i, 1S18, Massachusetts.
S.ii„iiiiiiilireripiu>iii, SroRER, Fishes Blass., 23.5, IStlT.
,S,;ii„;»s hiireiiHs, ScoBESiiY, Arct. KoR., i, 1)1. 15, figs. ;\ anil 4, 1820, 538, Arctic.
L:n,„tr,jiis hnre((U.i, GCsTliER, Cat., 'Ill, 42(), 1870.
Sqinihis ijlncinlis, FAnEn, Fischo Isl., 23, 1829, Iceland.
Siwilii.i wn-wpriinwif, Bi.AiNvii.i.E, F.aiin. Fran^aiRe, 61, 1828, Norway.
Lmil<m etiimaimn, WooD, I'roc. Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 174, 1847.
Family XX. ECHINORHINID^.
(TiiR Bramiilk Siiauks.)
Characters of the family included below in those of the single genus.
n. First dorsal oppusito ventrals, liotli fins very sniall. Teeth ocjnal in the twi> jaws, very
(ibliiiHc; skin with scattered round tuborelos, like the thorns of hninihles.
K0IIIN0RIIINI'.<l, 42.
42. ECHINORHINUS. Blainville.
f.V'/iiMi/i/ims, Bi.AiNViM.E, Bnll. Soi. Philom., ISlfi, 121. {HpiiioiiHs).
'.'oiiiniJks, Aoassiz, roias.ms Fossilea, in. 183, 1830, {spinostis).
Two very small dorsal fins without spine, the first opposite the ven-
trals ; no anal fin ; skin with scattered, large, round tubercles, surmounted
liy ]irickles like those on a bramble, and, like them, leaving a scar when
(It'taclied. Motith crescent-shaped; a labial fold around the angle of the
iiiontli and the end of the snout. Teeth equal in both jaws, very oblique,
the , ;iut being turned outward; several strong denticnlations on each
8i(l(> of the principal point; no nictitating membrane; spiracles small;
gill openings of moderate width. A single species of the East Atlantic,
straying to our coast, (txh'og, a hedgehog, or sea urchin; |5(f 17, 'shark.)
r ;
I '
!■
^ I
fl
I :
58
fiulletin 4y, United States National Museum.
77. GCLINOUHINVS SPIBJOSUS, (Gmo'in).
Spiraclea behind the oye, behind the vertical from the angle of the
month. Teeth ^~^-j. Dorsal fins close together. Each tubercle with a
small spine in the center. Brownish violet, with or without dark spots,
((liinther.) A largo shark of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and Africa, in
rather deep water; a stray individual taken on Capo Cod. L. 10 feet.
(Eu.)
Squahio tpinomit, Omemn,* f'.yst. Nat., 1788, loOO, "the ocean."
Kfliiiiiirhiiiiiimjiliwiiiiii, GiintluT, Cut., VIII., 428, 1870.
R-liiitoiliiniin /qniuisiiH, Jordan & Giliiert, Syiio|iHi!i, 14, 188M.
Si]tmUu hnicKs, BoNNATKUiiK,* Talil. Encyolop., Iditli., 11, 1788, "the ocean."
Echinorhintu ohemm, Anprrw Smith, III)). 7,M\. So. Africa; Fisiiort, |i1ate i, 184.5, Cape of Good
Hope.
Suborder TECTOSPONDYLI.
Characters of the group given above. (See page .53.)
Family XXI. SQUATINIDiE.
(The Angei. Sharks.)
Ray-like sharks. Body depressed and flat, the snout obtuse, the month
anterior; tooth conical, pointed, distant; pectoral fins very large, ex-
panded in the plane of the body, but not adherent to the side of tho
head, being deeply notched at the base ; ventral fins very large ; dorsal
fins 2, small, Huboqual, on the tail behind the ventrals; no anal fin;
caudal small; gill openings wide, partly inferior, partly hidden by tho
base of the pectoral; sp'Tacles wide, crescent-shaped, behind tho eyes;
nostrils on tho front margin of the snout, with skinny flaps; males with
small prehensile appendages ; vertebra) tectospondylous. A single genns
among living forms, with but one species so far as known ; a small shark
of singular appearance, found in most warm seas. In appearance, as in
structure, this family is strictly intermediate between the sharks and tho
rays. Its nearest living allies are probably the Dalatiid/E. Two or more
related generaare found as fossils. (Rhinid.i:, Gunther, Cat., viii, 430.)
43. SQUATINA, Dumdril.
(Angel Fishes.)
ffqualina, CONSTANT DuMi^RiL, Zoiil. Analyt., 102, 1800, (migehis—xjnalina). '
Rhiua, B '.FiNESQUE, Caratterl Alcr.ni Nuovi Generi, 14, 1810, (sipialina).
Illiiiia, (Ri.f.in), AiinusTK Dum^rii., Elusmobranchcs, 4G4, 1870, (squatitia).
Characters of the genus included above. {Squatina, the ancient name,
akin to the English words "skate" and "squat.")
78. SQUATINA SQUATINA, (Linnseus).
(M0NKFI8I1; Anqel Fish; Squato.)
Caudal fin triangular, the lower lobe the longer ; dorsals short and high ;
skin rough, with small stiflTprickles, largest along the middle line of tho
back ; eyes small . Ashy gray above, much blotched und speckled w ith oil ve ,
white below. L. 2 to 3 feet. Warm seas ; common in the Mediterranean ;
rather scarce on our Atlantic coast from Cape Cod southward ; rather com-
mon on the coast of California, especially from San Francisco to Monterey.
*We do uot know which of these uamcs has priority, but follow usagein retainiDg that of Gmelin.
I .
JordifH and Evertnann. — Fishes of North America.
69
The East coast form has been named Squatina dumerUi, tlio Pacific form
Sqnatiua calij'oniiai, but all belong apparently to the same species. (Eu.)
»iml,<K sqnadM, LiNN.KUs, x, 1758, S.a, Coasts of Europe.
S/H'i/i'iia fcr/M, CuvrEn, Ri^gnn Aiiim., EJ. 1, IM, 1817, a(, r LiiinnMiH
fi,liiiiliiia angtlim, DuMfRii, Ziii.l. Aiml., lOJ, l!*OC, aftiT Liiiiiinis.
S^imliwi ilinw'rili, I.ESirEim, Jour. Ac. Nat. S.i. I'liilu., 1, 22:., 1H18, i.rol.al.Iy Florida.
S^liwUiincnll/nrmcfi, AviiKH, Proc. Ca!. Ar. Sci., I(i59, 2!», San Fr&ncisco.
Ilhhiu fqmlinn, nCNTiiEii, Cat., VIII, 4;!0, l87(t.
S.iii<'tiiii""ifrl"'> .'"noAN AGiMiKUT. Synopsis, 3r>, 188;i.
N/iiifd'ii'i (i»;/i'mS f'lVlEIt, Ri'tjno Animal, Ktl. II, 36!l, 1829.
Sijitiitimi viilQarif, RiSRo, Irlitli. Nicp, 45, 1810, Nice.
S.iiiiilhia fimbriiila, MClleu .t IIenm.k, PlagioHtomcii, 101 niid 102, 18;»a, Mediterranean Sea.
S'/iiatina ociikUi, 13on.\p.\I(TE, Faunu. Ital., Peso., .xxviii, 18-10, Italy.
S^iKilinajnponica, Bleekeii, Act. Soc. Sci., Iiido-Noorl, in, Japan.
SiiuariM letm, Coi'CH, Truiis. Linu. Soc, xiv, 'JO, 1825, Cornwall.
Order G. BATOIDEI.
(The Rays.)
(Jill openings inferior, slit-like, 5 in number; spiracles present; no
anal fin ; dorsal fins, if present, insetted on the tail ; body typically disk-
likt , broad and flat, the margin of the disk being formed by the expanded
pectorals; tail comparatively slender, the caudal fin small or wanting.
Vertebrie cyclospondylous. With the exception of the Kajid.k, most or
all of the rays are ovovi\iparous. (Suborder Ii.\TOii)Ki, Utinther, Cat.,
viii, 434-498.) (i3nTn(;, a Hiy, tldog, likeness.)
a. f'ARCUKA (Topf, il<!sli ; ovpd, tail). Tail comparatively thick, with 2(1or8al8 and a caudal fin;
no Bcrr.itud caudal Rplne.
h. Snout Baw-like, much producod. Hat, armed with strong teeth on each side, set at riRht
angles to itH txi.s; body Homowhut nhark-like, the disk gradually patiRin^ into the tail.
PRIRTIII.I', XXII.
bb. Snout not saw-like.
c. Electric'orgaus alisent; nkin not perfectly smooth.
il. Species ovoviviparous, the yonnj; developed within the body of the parent.
Pisk ])assing gradually iiito the long stout tail; pectorals nut extending
to the snout. UiiiNonATin.i;, xxiii.
(/i/. Specieri oviparous; the cfrRS deposited in wheelbarrow-shaped leathery egg-
Ciuscs; disk abruptly contracted at base of the tail; pectorals extending to
tliesnout. Rajid.i;, XXIV.
cc. Electric organs present; a structure composed of honeycomb-liko tubes botv/cen
pectoral tins and head; skin i)erfcctly smooth. Nabcciiatida:, xxv.
aa. MASTicruA (uno-rif, whip, ovpd, tail). Tail comparatively slender, thedoreal fln single or
wanting; the buck of the tail usually with a serrated spine.
e. Pectoral fins unintarrupted, confluent around the snout; teeth small.
DaSYATIDA^, XXVI.
Of. Pectoral flns interrupted, one jiortlon forming detached appendages en the snout
("cephalic flns").
/. Teeth very large, flat, tessellated, few in number. MvLlonATin.i-:, xxvii.
/. Teeth numerous, very small, thit or tubercular; size enormous; cephalic fins
conspicuous, resembling horns. Mantid.i;, xxviii.
The rays form a highly specialized group of Selachians, of which the
typical forms present an appearance quite unlike that of the average
shark. The intergradations between the two groups are, however,
extremely perfect, the families of Squatinid/e and Pristiophouio/K,
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ray-liko (tharka, closely approaching tlio Puistid.k and KniNOitATiD.i;. Ah
above noticed, the Batoidei Hiieui to bo deHcouded from the CycloHpomljflouH
sharks.
Suborder SARCURA.
(The Thick-tailf.i) Rays.)
Family XXII. PRISTID.E.
(The Sa\vf:.siie8.)
Body olonptato, deprosaod; pectoral Uhh modorato, the front margin
quito free, not extending to the head; Hnont prodncicd into a very long,
thin, flat blade, which is armed with a, Heries of strong, tootii-like pro
cesses placed in sockets along each edge; teeth in Jaws niinnte, obtnsts
gill openings moderate, inferior; spiracles wide, behind the eye; nostrils
inferior; no tentacles; no nictitating membrane; dorsal fins large, witli-
ont spine, the first nearly opposite the ventrals. Candal well developed,
bent upward; a fold along each side of tail. A single genns, with 5 or
more species, inhabiting warm seas on sandy shores, sometimes ascending
rivers. A family of sharks, PuiSTiopnoKiD.K, similarly armed with ;i
"saw," occurs in the Pacific Ocean. (Pristiij.k, (jitnther, via, 43(>-4:{i). )
44. PRISTIS, Latham.
Pritlis, Latham, Trans. Linn. Soc, n, 27t), 1794, {j>rinlis).
Pn'iihilintiiii, Ill.AlNVil.l.E, Joiirn. riiy-'., 181(1, 'JH2, {niitiiiiKinnii-priitliii),
Miiriiislmti, OiiAV, Proo. Zoiil. Soc, ISfi-l, (hiijijiiiKi, hasi'il on a fraRini-nt of a rostral procogs).
Characters of the genns included above. (Trp/ar^f, the ancient name,
meaning one who saws.)
a. Kostral tooth in 18 to 20 pairs; first dorsal chiefly hoforo ventrals; randal with a sninll
lower l(ll)0. I'KUnOTTETI, 7!>.
an. RoBtral tootli in 24 to ^2 pairs; first dorsal opposite ventrals; randal withont lower lohe.
< ^Ot^^ ^■^^ti t ^Cii^ /t^< '■ --• • I-ECTINATrS, SO.
-5^<-<. /^.^-.-v '^" - >t !i^ '.• <V JO. PRISTIS PERKOTTETI, V.aloncicnncs.
First dorsal fin chiefly in advance of ventrtl'i; seco'id dorsal mucli
^7f ''smaller than first; candal with a small lower lobe; root of pectoral
before first gill opening, its outer angle a right angle. Saw with 18 to 20
pairs of teeth, well separated and not trenchant behind. (Giinther.)
Tropical seas, north to Ma/atlan on the Pacific coast ; also said to occur
in the West Indies; not so common as the next. It may bo that our
Pacific species is distinct from the true perrotteti, first obtained in Africa.
(Named for M. Porrottet, a French naturalist, who obtained the types.)
Pri*ti« pi-n-otlcli, Vai.enoiennes MS., MClleii & IIenle, Plagiostomon, 108, 1838, Senegal River;
GPntheu, Cat., VIII, 436, 1870.
80> PRISTIS PECTINATCS, Latham.
(Common Sawfish; Pez Sikrra.)
First dorsal over ventrals ; second dorsal scarcely smaller than first :
no lower caudal lobe. Saw with 24 to 32 pairs of teeth, the posterior
farther apart than the anterior. L. 10 to 20 feet. Tropical seas ; nortli
to West Indies and Florida ; abundant in the Gulf of Mexico ; ascending
the lower Midsissippi. (pectiiiatus, comb-toothed.)
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IY,»IW imtuMlm, I.ATiiAM, TniiiH. I;iiiii. Sou., ii, 278, 17!tl, "in the ocean."
Vn.U> .//./»h/"«.i, I«i..)(ii .V >SciiNF,ii)Kii, Syst. I.l.thyol., 35^, 1801, (lifter rmiu), Havana.
I'lifiii I'liiiii'iiK't ^iiNiHKii, Cut., Mil, -1:17, 187(1.
I'rifti* in>lin'iliis, .!ij|ii>.VN A (ilLiiKllT, .■<yiiiip»in, 87,'>, 188:1.
/VW.-H mw(."i/.;'iV»»'», KAHNK.syiE, Icli. Oh., 80, 18'jii, lower Mississippi.
;V(W/« m,,iulii<l<ni, l)u.Mi';uii., IClaaiiiiilniiiiclics, 47(1, I'l. '.<, tig. 1S70, Cayenne.
;•,,»/,.. ,i.»/iV.W;(>, l)i:.Mf:itii., /. '■., 47'.), 1870, Martinique.
/•,..(« urt.i, DiM/auL, /. .■.,47!), 1870, lo.allty unknown.
Family XXIII. KHIN015ATID.E.
(TiiK (JuiTAK Fishes.)
Sliuik-likc rays. Trunk Kii»l»'ilb' piiwsiiig iuto tli« loiif; and strong
tail, which is inoviilcd with 'J well-dovcloj»ed dorsiil lins, a cuudul iln
and a conspicuous dermal fold on ea<!h Hide ; disk not very broad, tho
rayed portion of tlie pectoral lins not being contimied to tho Hnuut; no
conwpicuons npines, the skin being nearly smooth; no electric organs.
(iemua about"); sjtecies about 20; inhabiting warm seas, distinguished
ill' tlie Ua.iid.k (Oiielly by tho fact that the eggs are hatched within
the bod. . The typical species are also much more elongated in form.
(ivliiNoiiATlD.K, (iiiniher, Cat., VllI, •140-M8.)
.(. V\y-t (iDi-fiil much hohiuil the vnntrals; niitcrior imsiil valves not coiilliiont.
Ii. Disk siilitriiiiijfuliir or ihumhic; tlici Piiout iiioru or U'bs i)rodui;u(l; skin covorcil with
line shagruL'ii, usiiiilly witli Boiuuwhat larger sjiine.s on tho Imrk of tail.
RlIINOUATUS, 45.
bb. Disk rhoiiililc, the smmt less produced; uoaal valves dilated, o.xtending ou the space
hetweoii no.strlls; Imdy covered with irregular tuherch'S and prickles instead of
shngroeii. Zai'TKHYX, 46.
bbh. Disk broad, rounded iu front; nasal valves broad; body covered with shagreen, with
stout spines on huik and tull; labial fold well developed. l*LA'n'KillNOiuis, 47.
45. RHINOBATUS, liloch &. Schneider.
(GUITAl'. FlSIIES.)
IthiiKilialiii:, Hlocii i' SrilNElDEit, .Syst. Ichth., 35:!, 1801, {rhiiwbuliu).
Lfiiiliiiliis, llAFiSESQrE, Caratteri, 10, 1810, (luwiUinihts).
Siirrhiiiii, Jlt'LLKR Sc Hkm.k, I'lagiostomeu, llll, 1838, (colntnnH- ~ imuluratns).
(.7iihc(»/('|/h.<, BoNAi'AiiTE, Ciitiilogo Mctodico, 14, 1840, {rliiiwbiitioi).
Body depressed, gradually passing iuto the tail. Cranial cartilage pro-
duced into a long rostral process, the 8i)ace between the process and the
])ectoral fin being filled by membrane; spiracles wide, behind the eye;
no-strils obli([ue, wide; anterior valves not coulluent; teeth obtuse, with
an indistinct transverse ridge. Dorsal (ins without spine; both far be-
iiind the ventral fins; caudal fin without lower lobe. Claspers slender
and pointed. Species numerous in warm seas, varying considerably as to
the form of the snout; those with the snout shortened and the nasal
valves broader constituting the subgenus Leiobatua, or Syrrhina. (invr/,
a shark ; /3(irof, a skate.)
UllINOllATlS:
'1. Nasal valves not e.xtendiiig ou the space between the nostrils; disk su'jtriangular, the snout
slender and pointed.
b. Spiracle with two folds.
c. Skin abovi; everywhere closely freckled with whitish ; ridges of rostral cartilage close
together, uurrowly separated at base. lentiuinosvb, 81.
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Bulletin 47 y United States National Museum.
t'c. Skill iiliovii |i|(iiii ii1lvar<>(iiifi, or with otipu-iin! liirRo wliitisii Itiutclii-ii.
({. UidKi'H of I'liHlriil ciu'liluK'' Hiiutriitii tliroiiKliuiit.
f. I)iKl« nlxivc iiiiki'ld'd witli riiiiit, roiinil sliito-rolorcd H|)ot8 mh liiruo iih uyn;
Hiiiiiit 2,',j in li'iiKtIi of liinlt, iiiit very Hliiirp ut lip, iiLArcuHTKlHA, K2.
te. I)iHl( witli'iiit triu'us of |>iili' Hjiota uliuvu; xiiuiit nttiior luiigur, iiriitc ut
tip. I.Kl'COnilVNCIHS, Ki.
Ad. KldK^''* "' ruHtriil curliliij^u i'(iiithi<«iit iiliuut ^-g ">" l*'i>t;tli; Hiiuiit rouiiilcil ut
tip. I'UOIH'CTI'8, H4.
lUUX. KidK'OM of roHtral ciirtiliigo united iiioro tlmii J^ tladr length; BUuut pro-
(liired, narrow.
/, Grooves iM^twoou rostral ciirtilnf^eM iiKideratu; upper sinTiiii* witli mmio hirgc,
I'uiiit whitixh Njiutx; Nliuiilders with 2puti'ho!i of HpiiioH.
rKllCKLLENR, S.").
//'. firoovo Ix'iwoen niBfriil cartllaged very short uudemiull. sriNosus, 8<i.
bb. Spiracle with a sliigln TulU; siiuut blunt, ruuuded. I'Lanicbps, 87.
SI. KilIN0KATI7S LENTIUINOSUS, Garmuu.
Snout long and narrow, its ridges close together throughout. Eyes
large, twice as largo as spiracles. luterorbital space narrow, concave, as
wide as nostrils or the interspace between them. Distance between outer
angles of nostrils nu>re than \ the snout. Mouth straight, its width
not quite the interorbital space. Dorsal and preoonlar spines very small ;
five larger spines on tip of snout; supraocular and scapular spines obso-
lete. L. 2 feet. (Jrayish, densely freckled with small paler spots, uni-
form below. Widths in length; tail.about 2; snout to the month r>!f.
Charleston southward, not rare on the Florida coast. (lenlujlnoHux,
freckled.)
Uliinvhiidm Ivniigiiiosiis, GAnHAN, Dull. Miih. Comp. Zuid., 188U, 1<>8, Coast of Florida.
ItliinoUittus leiitiijinoms, Jordan & Gilukkt, Synopsis, (>u, 1883.
82. KHIN0BATU8 OLAUCOSTIti.nA, Jordan Si. Gilbert.
(GCITAKUO.)
Disk long and narrow, the snout produced but not acute at tip, its
length 2i in disk; interorbital width 3^ in snout; spiracle large, with
2 folds; rostral ridges moderately separated, slowly convergent ante-
riorly, but not united; snout in female without fimbriate appendage;
vent somewhat nearer snout than base of caudal ; dorsal fins similar ; skin
everywhere rough with fine shagreen; no spines on snout; ^superciliary
spines very small; 1 or 2 spines on shoulder; a series of low, bluntish
spines along the middle of back, becoming larger and farther apart
behind. Color light gray, with the usual translucent area on sides of
snout. Disk with numerous round, clear slate-colored spots as large us
eye, symmetrically arranged; a blackish blotch f)eIow snout. L. 2i feet.
Gulf of California, locally abundant; close to the next, but well distin-
guished by its color, which does not fade in spirits. {yXavKug, hoary blue;
ariyna, spot.)
IlUinohat.m yinneostkjma, Jordan & Gii.iikrt, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., 188.3,210, Mazatlan. (Type,
Nos. 28205; 282(6; 29547; 29G02.)
83. RHINOBATUS LECCOKIITNCHUS, GUnther.
Disk rather long, the snout acute at tip; rostral ridges separate for
their whole length, converging toward tip of snout* eye moderate;
Jordan and Evermann.— Fishes of North America.
63
iiitororbital width 3i in siumt; Hpiracle with 2 fohln. Roily covered with
nnil'orm HhaKiocn; Hiiiall Hpiiu^s on orbital ridgos; a row of small spiueH
on back, a pair on «ach shouldbr; dorsal (ins similar. Light olivaceous
brown, unspotted, the usual pale areas on snout. Panama aud vicinity,
n(»t rare. (Att)K«V, white; f^i'yr'H) snout.)
llhiwI^ii'itlciii'irhniK-hiiK, (iONTiiBB, I'foc. Zoiil. Soc. Loud., C()4, lOOC, Panama.
Uhiiiobuliu leiworhyMliiiH, (i.vBMA.v, I'loc. U.S. Nut. Muh., 1880,617.
84. RIIIXOBATUS PB0DUCTU8, Ayres.
(Guitar Finn.)
Snout rather long, rounded at the tip; iDstral ridges armed with small
Hpines above and confluent about i their length; spiracle with 2 folds;
moderate, liookod spines along raiddle line of back; smaller spines on
shoulder and around eye; females with a small digitate Hap, free behind,
above tip of snout. Color dull grayish, unspotted, a black blotch below
Huout. San Francisco to Sau Diego, coi muou southward, {produvlm,
produced.)
Itlimxh.itHs jn, iiliichm, AvRKs MS., ()iRAHi>, I'roo. Ac. Nat. Sri. I' Iiilii., 1854, l!t(i, Monterey.
UhiiinhiihiH iiin,lit,l,i», Gahman, I'roi-. U. .S. Nat. Mum., 1S80, f.l7.
Ithiiwbitliu pruiluctiii, .Joruan A (lii.uERT, SyiiopHiH, 87(1, 18*J.
86. UIIINOUATVS I'KKCKLI.KN'S, (Wullmuiii).
(FlUDlER KiKll; I'URAQl'K.)
Rostral cartilages very narrow, confluent more than ^ their length;
snout long and narrow, about 4^ times interorbital width; eye moderate;
spiracles with 2 tubercles on hinder margin. Mouth nearly straight.
Skin covered above and below with shagreen ; a " rtebral series of small
spines; a row of several near the middle of shoulder girdle on each side,
none on snout. Olivaceous, with a few round white spots ou middle of
disk ; snout with translucent spaces ; adult sometimes unspotted. West
Indies to southern Bra^^il, generally common southward, north to Jamaica
(Cockerell). {perceHens, smiting.)
Itiija percelleiin, Walhai'M, ArtcUi PiBciuin, rp2.'), 171)2 (uftc-r Puraque of Mttrc(;ii'.vo, 151).
IthinohiUnn thclriims, Bldcii Sc SoilNRinKK, Syst. Iclith., :15(), 1801, Brazil, bttsuU ou l>urui|UO of
Mtticgravo.
IthinobaliiH iimMatm^ (ii.FKus, Torpedo, 22, 1831, Brazil.
lihinohdlim Hmliildlitu, OCntiieii, Cut., vilt, 444, 1870.
Ilhinobntits ijlaucustitliis, iii.yt'.KS, I. c, 18111, Brazil.
Wiinobalua marcgntfu, Henle, Ucbcr Narcino, 34, 1834, Brazil.
86. RIIINOBATUS i>iPlN0SU8, GUuthor.
Snout much produced, the rostral ridges very narrow, largely confluent,
with a very small, short groove at base, their whole length armed with
spines; mouth nearly straight ; compressed spines dilated at base along
median line of back, on shoulder, and above eye and spiracle. Color plain.
Mexico (probably the east coast). (Giinther.) {apinosua, spiny.)
Uhinobatut spimsuii, GOntheb, Cat., viii, 518, 1870, Mexico; not recorded by nuy other author.
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n;. ItlllNOIIATrS l>l,AM<'i:i>S, (iurmnii.
Diak rhuinbic, alxxit 1.^ tiiiicH hhIuii^ us wide; liuiul liroiul, Hut; roHtnil
curtila^os iiioderatu, (Ulatiid at tip, witli tho ritlgoH cIoho togetliur uiittM'i
orly ; Huoiit louiuled; Hpiraclo witli u Hiii^lo fold. Itauk uiul tail witli
coinpi'UHMud, huukud Hpinou; 2 patclu'H of Hpiu<!H uu oucli Hhoiildur uud
a HericH altovu oyo. Color biowniHli ; youiij; with hoiiio \vliit«) upotM on
buck. CouHt of I'ei'ii uiid Gulapa^foH Islauds. ((iaiiiiaii.) (jWauHH, Hut ;
-ft'jw, for caput, liuad.)
Ilhiniilmtiia jilamcepn, Oarman, UuII. Mum. Ooinp. Kuiil.,lG8, IHHO, Peru; Galapagos.
46. ZAPTERYX, Jordan Af Uilbcrt.
/apleri/.r. JunDAN & QlLliKliT, Prof. V. .S. Nut. Miis., lf<8(l, filt, {eximiiirala).
This ^onuH is clos« to th«> Boction Lciohatiis {Syrrhinii) of lihinohatus, from
which it dillerH inaiuly in having tlio uppi^r parta covered with coarae, irreg-
ular atullated prick lea, inatead o.*^ a iiiiifonn ahagreun. The anout la ot
moderate length and the uaaal valve broader, exte:!ding on the apao'
between tho noatrila. Two apeciea known. (s(/-, an intenaive particle;
nrtfiv^, fin, tho vertical iiua being larger than in liaja, and the vcntrulu
not eniarginato.)
((. 1 sk sliKlitly loiigor timu I'l-oml; iio yellow Hpots ulmvo. KXAKrKUATUH, XH.
tui. hiak Bligbtly bruudur than lung; buck witli .volluw BpotH ubovu, HurruuudeU with bhick.
XY8TEU, 8'J.
88. ZAPTKUYX KXASI'KR ATI'S, (Jordun .k ailboH).
Diak rhombic, rather longer than broad. Snout prominent, but bluntiah
at tip, anterior margin of pectorala forming leaa than a right angle ; eyes
rather large ; anterior naaal valve prolonged to the internal angle of tho
noatrila ; roatral ridgea parallel, aepavate their whole length. Tail atout,
depresaod, with a narrow lateral fold. Upper aurface entirely covered
with atout, cloao-act, atellated pricklca of different aizoa, largeat on tin;
baaea of the pectorala and amalleat on the outer edgea of the fina, thoae on
tho tip of anout and anterior edge of tho pectorala not enlarged; atout,
bluntiah, alightly recurved apinea preaent aa foUowa: One at tho ujjper
anterior angle of the eye and 2 behind it; 1 largo one at tho middle of
tV.o ahouldera, in front of which are 2other8; 2 aerieaon the ahouldera out-
aide tho median line, tho inner of 2, the outer of 2 to 4; a aeriea of about
a dozen on the median line of the back and tail ; no lateral aeriea on the
tail. Under aide covered with ahagreen, made of triangular depreaailiit^
aaxioritiea; region from the noatrila to the ahoulder girdle amooth, except
tho lower lip ; a few other amall naked areaa below. Upper lip developed .
Teeth gg. Color brown, mottled and barred with blackiah ; tho markings
moatly iu the form of tranaverae bauda ; fore part of head blackiah ; m
black blotch on hinder part of pectorala below. Tail rather ahorter tlum
diak. Firat doraal not far behind vontrala, nearer hind part of root of
ventrala than front of aecond doraal. Snout ^ the length of diak, twice
the interorbital apace. San Diego Bay; locally abundant; only male
specimena known. L. 2i feet, {exasperataa, made rough.)
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fis/ies of North America,
65
/V.i/yW(iM>ii/<»»i<ir>i<'<, •'oiii>AN .V <iii.iir.iiT, I'roc. U. 8, Nut. Mu»., 1»«0, :i'2, San Diego. (TyiK-,
Nil. W'MM.)
/iti'hnjx tz-iiH^iiriiliiK, .lOHDAN * f!iMir.iiT, Pror. U. 8. Nat. Mu»., 1880, 53.
7V//7<iiMi7(i)i<i (ilieiild, Gahm n Hull. Mtm. Comp, Zoill., 18W), 1«9, San Diego,
.<,inhimiej-ti.'<peiala, (Ubman, I'roo. l', 8. Nut, MuN., 1880, f/il.
'tliiwMliiii ccucpenitut, Jordan A Uilueiit, Syuupslg, 011, 1883,
HU. ZAI'TKKYX XYHTl'B, Jurdnti & Kvornmim, new kixcU'N.
DjHk Homowliat broader than long, its length slightly greater than that
lit' tail. Coloration similar to that of Z, cxaspcratua, iucluding the large
lilatk blotch on posterior angle of pectoral below; upper side of dink with
Mvoial round yellowish spotH hh largo as pupil, each spot ocellated with
lilai kiMJi ; a very distinct spot on each side of shoulder; a second on pec-
toral tin ncaj posterior angle ; a third midway between latter and median
lino of back; several fainter spots on back anteriorly. Spines and
prickles above as in Z. exu/^peratiis, but entire lower surface covered with
lliiu Mliagi'oon, this perhaps a sexual character. L. 22 inches. Two female
Hpccinieus (Museum Yale University), collected by Prof. Frank H. liradley
at Panama in 1866. (^vari/f), a scraper.)
UtinhiiM t.'.uKperuta, Jordan A Oilueiit, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mug., 1882,621.
47. PLATYRHINOIDIS, Garman.
niiiirhitmiili!', CfAnsiAN, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 522, {IriMriala).
Disk broad, flat, and rounded, the tail moderate, depressed; dorsals
posterior; middle line of back and edges of pectorals and tail with stout
Npiiics; skin covered with tine shagreen as in likinobatuH ; labial fold well
developed; nasal valves not reaching the mouth, the posterior lobe rudi-
mentary. One species, with the general form of a ray and the color and
appearance of Hhinobatus, like which genus, it is viviparous. {Pluty-
rhiiKi, or Discobatua, an Asiatic genus of liajidos, which species it resem-
bles in form; doog, like; Flatyrhina from nhirvg, broad; {)iv, snout.)
DO. PLATYRHINOIDIS TRISERIATUS, (Jordan A Gilbert).
Disk broad, ovate, broader than long; snout very bluntly rounded, not
projecting ; the angle formed by the pectorals anteriorly very obtuse ;
anterior outline of the pectorals slightly convex, not undulated. Tail very
stout, much longer than the disk, its edges with a broad fold, broader than
in /. vxasperatm ; pectoral fins extending almost to the tip of the snout ;
rostral ridges wide apart, strongly converging forward, inclosing a trian-
gular urea. Eyes small, wide apart; the broad spiracles close behind
tliein. Caudal tin well developed above and below; dorsals similar,
their posterior free margins very convex ; first dorsal well backward,
its origin nearer root of caudal than ventrals. Mouth broad, its width
nearly equal to its distance from tip of snout, a deep crease passing around
it l)ehind, in front of which the lower lip has 3 folds of skin ; upper
lip not developed, a fold of skin passing from the angle of the mouth on
either side to the inner angle of the nostrils, thence straight across,
inclosing a depressed, trap<^zoidal / \ shaped area, bounded below by
the curved outline of the upper jaw : in this are 3 cross folds of skin.
1'. N. A. 6
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Teeth HH. (lili oponiiip;B narrow. Hkin ovorywiicro, ahuvo an<l bolow,
oovorod with Wiw Hliagroon, thu prickluH cuaiMur uii tho uiituriur uutvi
margin of the |t«>otoral« (^), whoro uro 2 or 3 rowH of rotroiHe HpinuN :
4 strong Hpinea on tho tip of th« Huout, forming u rhombiu tignru;4()i
5HpinuH uround oachoyo; along series of wry Htrong HpineH altuig tlif
median lino of liuck and tcM, and a serioH of Himilar oiioh on each Hidf
of tho tail ; a single strong spine on the outer edge of thu shoiildur girdle
and 2 between this and tho median series, breadth of disk i'„ more than
its length; tail nsually h longer than disk; snout ^ of Ituigth of dink,
not k longer than width of interorbital urea. Color light olivo brown,
without distinct markings. L. 2 feet. Coast of California from Point
Concopciou southward ; abundant, {trinvriatusf 3-rowed, irom the spineH
on the tail.)
nalyrhiiia t,-iterUila, Jordan A fJti.nrHT, Proc. IT. 8. Ni»t. Mi h., 1880. a", S«nta Barbaru
CaUfornla. (TyiM-, No. wmx)
BMuohnliittruerialiiii, JoRitKS & Oil.iiRiiT, 8ynn|wl8, <i-l, IHH:).
Platj/rhinoidiHtruerialuf, Oauman, Proc, V. 8. Nut. Mus., 1H8(», B22.
Family XXIV. RAJIDiE.
(Thk Skates.)
Disk broad, rhombic, tho skin more or less roughened with spines or
prickles; tail stout, rather long, with a longitudinal fold on each sidu;
usually 2 dorsal fins and sometimes a caudal fin present, all on the tail :
pectoral tins extending to the snout; ventrals largo; uo serrated spine
on tho tail ; uo electric organs. Oviparous, tho eggs being laid in large
leathery egg oases, 4-angled, with 2 long tubular "horns" at «<^ach end.
Genera 4 or more; species 40, most of them belonging to the genus Kaju.
Found in all cool seas, some of them in deep water. (Rajid.<i<:, Uiinther,
VIII, 455-471.)
a. Chudal flu rudiiiioutary ur iibsent; i)ectoraU not conlluuiit nround tho BDout; vontriiN
deeply nutclivd. Kaja, 4>^.
48. RAJA, (Artedi) Linnteus.
I{<ya{\RTtiVt) LiNN^iifi, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1768, 231, {batit).
Diplnrim, Kafinesqve, Cariittorl, 16, 1810, (baliii).
Plalopterut, Rafinesque, Analysode la Naturo, 03, 1816, (balin).
DaiybatM, Blainvii.le, .Toiirn. I'liyn., 1816, 200 {<o»ininniii).
Proplerygia, Otto, Nova acta Acad. Oris. Leop. Carol. Nat. Curios., 1824, W . (hypoUicta ; inoii
BtroiiB example, with flns not aduato to head).
Lmviraja, Bonafakte, Fauna Italica, xxv, 130, 1830, (oxtjrhynchm).
Vraptera, MVlleb A Henle, Plagiogtomon, 155, 1838, (agaigizi) ; (spficicH without niudal tin.)
Batu, Bonaparte, Cat. Hotod., 12, 1846, radula, no description.
Malacorliiuuii, Oarman, Bull. Mub. Comp. Zool., xi, 236, 1881, {philnnin) ; (sptM-ivB with imiwrfiM t
roBtral cartilngo; probably recogniKable as a valid genun, when the Hpeciosaru bettor known I
Raia, various authors, change of spoiling.
This genus, as here understood, comprises all those Bajida; which have
the pectoral fins not continued around the snout, the ventrals deepl,\'
notched, and the caudal fin little developed or wanting. The tail is very
distinct from the disk, and is provided with 2 rayed dorsal fins. The skm
of the body is usually more or less spinous ; the dentition differs in the
Jordan and /'.lerniann. — Fis/ii-s of North Atntrica.
07
I wo mtxuH, and tli« iiiaU^ Ih iiHiinlly provHlod with a (litVorentiutod putuh of
N|iiiieH uri cauli pMcturul. SpucittH iiiiiiuii'oiiM, inoHtly of tho Northurii hi^uh.
TIh-.v iiru, oil tlio wliolu, nut very witll knuwn, and an analytical taltio
wliiuii wouUl hIiow tlioir natural altlnitioH can not \w niadu out in tliu
pK^Hcntconditionofour knowledfju. Tlioro iHconnidoraldo variitty within
tlii< gttnuH, but tho natural Huh^cMUM-a aro ytt to bu duiiiifHl. TImih tar ail
iiituinptH at natural HuhdiviHion liavtt rt-iHultod in failuro. \Vu aro, th<>re-
I'oro, forcod to niako a prinuiry diviuiun on thu unnatural charactur of the
; coKraphical diHtribut ion of th« HpocioH. ThuHynoiiy my of houio spucivn Ih
hi ill uncitrtuiu. Tho bent account of tho eaHtorn HpociitH iH that ^ivcn by
Mr. (larman in Proc. Host. See. Nat. Hist., 1H74, 170, vt acf/. Of tiiin \v«
liave made lar^^u uhu in tho following aualyttitt. {raja, or va\a, a ray, or
Nkato.)
I. Atlunti<! H|>«rioN.
1. HidiD" linn of tinrk anil tnil Imhind 8linul<loi« iinnriiiod In tlie nilnit, with a row of NpinoH
In tho yoniiKI oiitlitui of tliitk Ix-ront Hiiiriu'luH obtuito, witlioiit iicutu iiiikIk lit lip of
HMoiit; Npci'loM witli I'oiniil (lurk H|iutM.
/), Tooth ill about 51) HurioH In ciicli jiiw ; iti/ii Rmnll, kiiina<'»:a, lit.
hh. Tooth In about !NI 8t'i'ifH In uiich Juw; si/o large; uatially » jioutoral ucoIIum.
OCKLLATA, W'l.
iKi. Miilillo lino of liiK'k with a row orBplnea at all agoa.
c. Tip orHiinnt ruuutlod, vory blunt, without niarki'd anglo. Skin very rouK'li; lulur varie-
gated. KYi.1,.1':, UK.
re. Tip ofanout with a nioro or loaa marked angl<\
d. Angle at tip of anout ahort, obtuao; teeth In 30 to r>0 aerieH.
t. Hotly and tail arniod with largo biicklern, oaeh wilh ii radiated or Ntollato buae.
IIADIATA, 04.
tt, Ilody and tail artnod with ainall, rloao-aet, atullate apiiioH; color dark brown
with Irregular marking*. plutonia, Ofi.
ree. Body and tail amooth orwithamall aapcrltlcg. Largor apineaon orbital re-
gion, back and tail; browuiali, with lighter and darker apota.
/. Disk a littlo longer than broad. acki.kyi, tiii.
ff. Diak a littlo broader than long. oi.nata, U7.
M, Angle at tip of snout acute, moderately long.
0. Splnca ou akin abovo acarcoly atellate; teeth iu 60 rowa; color brown witli
darker markings. f.oi.antkkia, 08.
gy. Spinca on akin above amall, their bnao fitellate; teeth in about 40 rowa; color
brown, aonietlmea with 1 or 2 paler apota above. senta, 09.
Md. Angle at tip of anout much produced, blunt at tip; teeth in 'to rowa.
A. Skin nearly amooth, ita apinea few and aniall; color browniah, with palor apotx.
L.»;vi8, 100.
II. Pacific apeclea; median lino of tail always with stronger apinea.
i. Snout acute or acuminate, more or leaa projecting beyond the diak, thu roatrul
cartilage well developed.
j. Snout vory long acuminate; usually no spines on median line of back iu
front of venfrala; intororbital apace littlo concave.
It, Snout tapering to apoiut; akin almost everywhere i)ricklyal>oTo; color
nearly plain brown. riiina, 101.
Ick. Snout long, but bluntlah at the tip; akin minutely prickly above,
smoother than in preceding; 1 or 2 spines at center of Imck; color
brown, with largo rounded white spots above. binocim.ata, 102.
jj. Snout of moderate length, rather sharp, but shortish; color brownish;
usually with 2 faint ocelli; intororbital apace deeply concave; prickles
on body rather amall.
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Jiulletin 4jy Unittd Suites National Museum.
I. Kyu witli row III' nil ii|iltii>ii Imliiw II; ilink ,'„ lirmulor tliuii ImiK
INollNATA, |(Kt.
/(. KyiMvltli I rowmir 1111111111 twlow M; iliik '., linmiliT tliiiii Ioiik-
Kgl'ATOHIAI.II, till
ii. Hiioiit tiliiiitliili, llN tl|i lltllo ir liny |irii|i>i-llnR; iihikI of ii|i|ii'r Hiirriirn roii)ili
Mfllli |iri('kli'ii; InwiT pinriK'i' iii'iirly i>r i|iiiti' hiiumiIIi; iniiiil rnililiiKi' »<'iili.
m, C'uliir ullvii lirowii; tlm H|Hitii, IT uiiy, |Hilf; iiiliiruililtitl wiillli It' ^ In Mmiit
I'.MOIIKKIIA, lll.'i
iHHi. Color (link limwM i>r Miuklnli; nlxili' ii|>|i«r Hiirrm i< rmiKli ^vltli iti'lluti'
{•rlrklni.
II. SluiiililiT Kirilli' with H|ilni'H,
(I. OrliituI rliii Willi u low of nlmit |irirkli>ii; timwii, niticli vurii'gntcil
with I'lm k N|i(itH mill Iuiik, ■oiih' ot Ihc n|HitN oci'lliilii.
NTKLI.CI.ATA, VK
•III. Orhltul rlin without niiIiidh; |ii'lrkli'n IIih'; iii/,i<, vnry liii'^o.
ALKU'I'K'A, II17
nil. Hbouldtir Kinllo without Kiiliii'n; color iluHky, nourly |ilaln.
TItACIII'IIA, lllK
Hi, Hnuut Huft, hluntUh; ilUk iihovouuil Imlnw, with cluMu-iivt, vulvcly iirirkli-
AUYMNICOLA, lU'J
01. UAJA KKINAC'KA, MIt hill.
(Common Skatkj Littie Skatk; TonACco Box.)
Form rhumbuid, with all tho uugloH roiindud; Hpiut^M largi )t on tlio
anterior oxteiiHioiiH of tlio pectorals, wlioro they (ire cIoho Hot, Htroii^',
laterally coinprtiHHod, and hooked backward; Hinallor oneu are Hcaltuntl
over the head above the HpirauleH, above and in front of the eyett, and on
the back, the median lineof which ia comparatively Hinooth, witlioiit hirgor
median soricH, except in tho youn^; a triangular i>utch on the Hiioiiidtn
girdle; inner posterior augleu of the pectoralH nearly ttmooth; in tho mal«-N
near the exterior angles of the pectorals are 2 rows of large erectile
hooks, pointing backward. Females with groups of Hinall scales on eaeli
side of the vent; teeth small, the middle ones sharp in the males; all
bluut in the females; jaws much curved; each side of tail with a dermal
fold; caudal tins rough, not separate to the base. Color light brown, witii
small round spots of dark browu ; uo pector^^l ocelli; females larger than
the males. L. 1 to 2 feet. The smallest and commonest of our skater;
abundant on our coast, from Virginia northward to Maine, {vriiiaveitx,
like a hedgehog. )
Ilaia erinnren, MiTCiiiLi., Am. Jour. 8cl. Arts, ?,i, liOO, 1826, New York; (iauman, ?.<•., 17(.;
Jordan & Gii.dkiit, Syiiopsln, 41, 1883.
iiaiu e(/{(iN<eria,OVNTliGR, Cat., vill, 402, 1870, i.t C <'. Liiceptide.
eS.^ BAJA OCELIiATA, Mitchill.
(Bio Skate.)
General form and appearance of the preceding but much larger; tin'
arrangement of spines similar, except that additional rows of spines aic
present down the back and along the sides of the tail; caudal tin 1101
separate, rough with small spines; jaws curved. Color light brown, witii
rounded dark spots; a translucent space on each side of the snout; ne:ii
the posterior angle of the pectoral there is usually (but not always) a
large white ocellus, with a dark spot in the center and a darker bordei :
\
Jtrdan and F.vermann. — Fiihti of North America.
60
L» Hiimllor Mimilur HpotH oft»>ii prown' fOftrinftn.) Count of New York,
Mii.snii(liiiM«>ttH,innl iioitliwimL Hi/o voiy much liirK«r than in U. irinaira,
n-iichiiiK 11 l«"i'Ktl' of iH"»i'Iy •' f««^- '^'•'" •'KK <"***♦"• •*•■« '""•■" t'"*" twioo
HH hirK" !*'• tlioHO of tlio Hinullor 8p«ici«H. (ovellatus, with oyu-liko Hputs.)
W.im .. .•/^|^^ Miriiiii.i., Tnm-. Mt. I'lill. Hor., i, 477, iHl.'i, New York; Oarman, 1. c, 177;
J.lHliAN A (iaii».llT, Syllci|ilil«, 4", IHMIJ.
OII.'ltAJi KYMi.K. lilltki'ii.
DJNlt latlioi liroftiU'r tluiii lonn, liroadly roundod niitoriorly; thn tip of
tlm Mnoiit vory blunt antl Kcarc«ly projuctinm a row of HtroiiK hat^kward-
hoiiki'il HpiiM^H aUiUff iiiutlian lino .>f back and tail; 2 Hiniilar HpincH on
cacii Mhoiildcr and 4 or 6 over each «yc; nkin very rouj^h with (doH«
Kct Hpihulcs, wliicli lire c(»arHor than in nioHt spocien; HidoH of tail vory
roujjii; tail longer than rcHt of body, ilrown, with nnmerona rounded
liluckiMli iti(itc)ii>N ttn tliHk, tail, and Hiin. Dav'H MtraitH, (treonland, in
HO iiitlioiiiH. Known from a yonngexaniple about 8 inchoHh>n){. (Liitken.)
(I'ljlla, name of the Danish cruiMoi by which the typo was taken.)
K'ljn/yllif, Lt'TKEN, VM. Mudd. Naturli. Koron. KJiHioiili., 1H87, 1, pi. 1, Davit Straiti.
04.^{A.IA IIAD'ATA, Donovan.
HcHJdoH the spines on tho pectorals, head, back, and tail couunon to
tiioNt spocioH, this species is marked by tho presence of lar^^e spinous
])lat*-H or bucklers; these are large, strong; spines, with L<road, stollate
or Nhield-like liases arran^^ed as follows: 1 or 2 in front of each eye;
I on each side between the eye and the spiracle; a pair on the shoulder,
the sinallor in front; and 14 or more forming; a dorsal row, beginning
JiiHt back of the head and extending to tho caudal; an irregular row
of spines on each side of the tail, separated from the membrane by a band
(if shagreen; males with 2 or more rows of claw-liko spines on the
pectorals. Teeth with a long, sharp point rising from the middle and
iKKikin^ liackwnrd in tho male, bluntish in tho female; females larger
tlian the males and more spinous. (Garman.) Sizo medium. L. 1^ to 2
fi-t'i. North Atlantic; found both in America and Europe, not common
on our coast. (rft({i'a<H8, radiated.) (Eu.)
;.'..i,r rivliiiii,, Donovan, Ili»t. Brit. Fluh., v, pi. 114, 1820, Great Britain ; OOntiier, Cat.,
VIII, 4t;o, IH70; (tARMAN, /.<•., 177; .lonnAN & GiLnERT, Synopsis, 41, 188.3.
Itiiiii itmtriniiia, Dr. Kay, N. Y. Kuuiih: FIhIios, 3C8, 1842, Staten Island.
U5. RAJA PLUTOMA, (iarman.
Disk broader than long, subqnadrangular, rounded in front; snout
a vory blunt angle; rostral cartilage short, imperfect; tail i longer than
disk; width of mouth i its distance from snout; toeth in 32 series. Eyes
larj^e, their length more than interorbital width. Rack and tail covered
with small, close-set, stellate spines, the points slender, compressed,
directed backward, a close series of large spines along median line of
liack and tail ; a supraorbital row, and a single spine on each side of back
of head; about 5 on each side of shoulder girdle, in front of which are
1 or 2 more; 2 series on each side of tail; smooth below. Color brown,
1,1
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the adults purplish, with irregular transverse series of ill-defined,
often confluent brown spots, besides some white spots; tail with white
and dark bands; dorsals dark, lower surface white. Deep water off
South Carolina. (Garman.) (j){MfoniM8, dusky; from Plato.)
Ilaja pbiiimia, GAnMAN, Dull. Miia. Corn)). Zuiil., xi, 2:tn, 1881, off South Carolina; Jordan &
GlLUEUT, SyiiopHiH, K78, 1883.
ee. RAJA ACKLKYI, Garman.
Disk, including the vcntrald, rhombic, longer than wide; anterior mar-
gins sinuous, posterior outline convex; tail moderate, depressed, with a
narrow cutaneous fold on each side; angle formed by snout less than
right. Rostral cartilage rather slender. Mouth moderate, much curved,
width Ig^ in distance from end of snout. Teeth small, cusps sharp, in 42
rows on the upper jaw (male adult). Eyes moderate; interorbital space
narrow, leeply concave, its width 3 times in the distance from the
end of the snout to the eye. Spiracles smaller than the eye. Yentrals
medium. Dorsals small, separated by a space with tubercles; a vertebral
series of small tubercles on back and tail ; 2 lateral series on each side
of tail; a series on each orbital ridge; a group of several above the end
of the rootral cartilage; a group on each pectoral opposite eyeand spiracle;
a group of retractile spines opposite the shoulder near the outer angle of
the pectoral; the disk otherwise smooth above; lower side of snout with
fine, sharp scales or shagreen. Differing from R. eglanteria, which it resem-
bles in shape, in a somewhat shorter snout and in coloration. Disk,
including ventrals, 9.5 inches; width 9; tail from vent 9.6; total length
16.2.5 inches. Light yellowish brown, sprinkled with small spots of brown
intermixed with others of white; on base of each pectoral a little behind
the shoulder girdle, a transversely oblong spot of brown, i inch in
diameter, surrounded by a ring of small spots forming a sort of rosette.
Yucatan Banks, in deep water. (Garman.) (Named for Lieut. Seth N.
Ackley, of the " Blake.")
n(\ja ackleyi, Garman, Bull. MuB. Comp. Zoiil., xi, 235, 1881, Yucatan Banks.
I '■
97. RAJA ORNATA, Garman.
Disk little broader than long, the anterior margins convex ; tip of snout
obtuf^e ; snout not produced ; width of mouth f its distance from tip of
snout; teeth in 44 series ; entire upper surface rough with small asperities;
a median series of spines on back and tail, a lateral series on each side of
this on back and 2 on tail, a series on each orbital ridge; a single spine
on forehead between eyes, several above tip of snout; a group on hinder
angle of pectoral and on its front ; lower surface smooth. Tail a little
longer than disk, Light brownish, freckled with paler, marked with a few
groups of small darker spots ; several spots on the tail ; one at base of each
dorsal. Deeo water off South Carolina and Florida. Pdrhaps a variety
of the preceding. (Garman.) (ornatus, adorned.)
Rqja omata, Garman, Bull. Mub. Coinp. Zoiil., xi, 235, 1981; off South Carolina, and Alliga-
tor Key, Florida; Jordan & Gilbsrt, SynopBis, 877, 1883.
z rtr^K^-Ti r'T'\r-
Jordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North America. 71
98. RAJA ROLANTEBIA. Bohc.
Prickles compaTatively small and very sharp, most numerous on the an-
terior portion of the pectoral, over the head, on the snout, on the middle
of the back, and on the tail betwdbn the rows of larger ones; enlarged
spines present around the eyes and spiracles, on the middle of the snout,
iu a median row along the back, and in 2 rows along each side of the
tail ; these spines very sharp; larger and smaller ones alternating in the
rows; a large spine in the middle of each shoulder; a spine between the
caudal fins. Color brown, with bands, bars, lines, blotches, and spots of
darker color in the middle of the pectoral ; a translucent space on each
side of snout, ((iarman.) L. about 2 feet. Cape Cod southward to
Florida ; not very common, {eglantina, tb" briar rose.)
Kai<i eyhinteria (Bosc), LAcfepfinr, Hist. Nat. doa Poiss., ii, 103, 1800, Charleston, South Caro-
lina; Cabman, I. c, 179, 1881 ; .Jdhdan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 41, 1883.
Ilaiailiaphaua, MiTCHiLr,, Trans. Lit. Phil. Soc. i, 1815, 478, New York.
Raid demnareftia, LeSueub, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., iv, 100, 1824, Florida.
Ham clunUtiiay, Le Sukub, I c, 106, 1821, Delaware Bay.
9»^RAJA SF::Ta. Qarman.
Form of iJ. eglunteria. Sr jut projecting, its tip acute and flexible; inter-
orbital space concave, 3| in snout; mouth littlo curved, i preoral part
of HHout; eyes and spiracles small; teeth in 36 to 40 rows. ■ Tail slender,
tapering. Entire upper surface covered with very small, close-set spines,
each slender, acute, strongly hooked backward over a broad stellate base ;
vertebral line with a series of large spines with smaller interspersed ; 2 or
3 large, booked spines before each eye ; a few moderate spines on snout and
back of head. Olivaceous, clouded with darker, a whitish spot sometimes
on middle of back, and a pale bar on back of tail. (Garman.) Banks of
Newfoundland to Cape Cod, in deep water, (sentis, briar.)
H.yi( Mita, Cabman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 43, Cape Cod Bay; Le Have Bank. (Type,
No. 21014 ami 24309.)
lOO; RAJA L£TIS,* (Mitchill).
(Baundoor Skate.)
Angles of the disk more acute than in any of the others; muzzle wmch
produced, somewhat shovel-shaped at tip. Spines of the body very few
piul small: some present above the eyes and spiracles, on the snout, along
the anterior border of the pectorals, and on the back ; those on the back
very small; a median dorsal row of larger hooked spines extending along
the median line of the posterior portion of the back and the tail; usually
2 lateral rows on the tail. Female rougher, as usual among rays.
Color variable, brownish, with paler spots, which are usually ringed with
darker. Thelargest of our Atlantic species, reaching a length of 4 feet.
New England to Florida; not uncommon northward. {Iwvia, smooth.)
* liaja granulata, Gil!. Allied t'^fi.tetfu. Back and ventrals surface covered with minute sharp
Rriinular ossifications. Teeth in about 30 rows; claspers slender and scarcely expantou. JIate
color.the ventrals with reticulate markings, (flill.) Bank8ofNowfoundland;adoul)tful species,
imperfectly described, apparently not different from It. leevis. {grauulatus, granular.)
i'
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Bulletin 47 ^ United States National Museum.
Jlq/a \mv\», Mitchill, Amer. Monthly Mag., it, 327, 1817, New York.
haialKvit, Stores, Iligt. Fish. Mass., 1867, 242; Garman, I. c, 180, 1881; Jordan k Qildbbt,
SynopslB, 41, 1883.
£aia ^rmiuIcUa, Qill MS., Goode <tc Bean, Bull. Ensex. Iu«t., xi, 1879, 28, Le Have Bank.
101. BAJA RHINA, Jordan k Gilbert.
Disk broad, the outer pectoral angle sharp, farther forward than in R.
hinoculata. Anterior outline of pectoral somewhat undalated and exceed-
ingly concave, bo that the snout is very long, acuminate, and tapering to
the extreme point ; interorbital space quite narrow, little concave. Supra-
ocular ridges slightly elevated ; eyes large, much longer than spiracles.
Spines on body comparatively strong; 5 to 7 above the eyes ; 2 or 3 near
the middle of the back ; none on th9 median line of the back until oppo-
site the posterior end of veutrals, where a series of rather sharp spines
begins; prickles on body above rather large, sharp, strongly stellate,
those on the snout largest and most stellate; skin above everwhere
prickly in the female ; the prickles small and sparse on the base and edges
of the pectorals and on ventrals; larger on the median region of the disk.
Male with bases of fins smooth, and the prickles generally fewer and
smaller; anterior edge of pectoral with spines; under side of disk almost
everywhere prickly in the females, smooth posteriorly in the males.
Mouth somewhat arched. Teeth i^. Color light brown, nearly plain,
with a dark ring at base of pectorals, which grows obscure with age.
Disk I'tt broader than long, its breadth twice the length of the tail.
Snout nearly i the length of the disk, 3| times the interorbital width. L.
2i feet. Monterey to Alaska ; not rare, especially northward, (/jiv, snout ;
l>ivTif rasp.)
fiq/a rhina, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 261, Monterey ; San Francisco.
Baia rhina, Jobdan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 45, 1883.
102. BAJA BINOCULATA, Girard.
(Bia Skate of California.)
Disk broad, its widest part behind the middle. Snout long, regularly
long acuminate, but not very sharp at tip; the anterior outline of the pec-
toral not much undulated, and little concave; interorbital space very
broad, almost flat, slightly depressed in the middle; supraocular ridge
scarcely elevated; eyes small, shorter than the spiracles. Spines on body
small and few ; 2 or 3 small spines around the eye ; 1 or 2 near the center
of the back; otherwise none on median line of back in front of base of
ventrals, where a series of spines begins, feeble anteriorly, but growing
larger backward; females (as in other species) with lateral series
of epines on the tail; upper surface mostly covered with minute prickles
which are largest on the median line of the back, on the tail, and the front
of the pectorals. Disk smooth below , except anteriorly. Teeth about ^ g ;
the jaws rather strongly arched. Disk ^ broader than long, its width
twice the length of the tail ; snout 3i in length of disk, 2| in interor-
bital width. Color brown, with a dark ooellate ring at base of pectorals ;
npper surface everywhere with round pale spots. The largest of our
II
i
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 73
skates, reaching a length of over 6 feet; the egg case nearly a foot long.
Pacific coast from Monterey to Sitka, abundant. (Ai's, two; ocuXaius,
eyed, Irom the pectoral ocelli.)
/;,;.( ''/i<')(;i(/(iM,Gi RARn, Pri)c. Ac. Not. 8ci. Phila., 18S4, 196, San Francisco; .Toudan ft On.-
i;kht, Synopsis, 878, 188;».
I'riijtl^m hiiioailata, (JllUIlI), Pac. R. K. SurToy, .373, 1858.
Il.iiii ("operi, UiBvni), Pac. R. R. Survey, 372, 18.'>8, Shoalwater Bay, Washington.
lliilii iiioperi, Jordan A Oiliiekt, Pruc. U. 8. Nat. Muh., 1880, V.i5.
\ i
103. RAJA INORNATA, .lordan & Gilbort.
(Common Skate of California.)
Disk hroad, its widest part well forward ; outer angle of pectoral blunt ;
posterior edge convex ; anterior margin of pectoral undulated, not strongly
coiK-avc ; snout rather pointed and prt^ acting at tip, but not very long,
itH ncnmination being confined to its anterior half. Interocular space
narrow, deeply and uniformly concave; eyes large, longer than spiracles ;
supraocular ridge prominent. Spines on body rather stronger than in
rt'lattid species; 4 or 5 over the eye; 5 or 6 (rarely fewer) along the
n.edian line in front of the middle of the back; a series of very small
spiiK'S along the middle of the back, changing opposite the middle of the
vciitrals into a series of rather strong, hooked spines; tail with a strong
lateral series in females only, as usual in the genus; prickles on the body
sinail and few; a small band of sparse prickles near the median line of
back on each side of the median series of spines; snout and interorbital
apa(H) prickly ; no prickles on the shoulders or on the fins, except the an-
terior edge of the pectorals; smooth below, exc(tpt on the snout and front
of pectorals; armature variable, smoothest specimens in deeper water.
Teeth i^. Jaws somewhat curved. Color I'ght brown, slightly mottled ;
a blackish rin^ at base of pectorals, which becomes faint in the adult; a
small dusky spot at base of ventrals and on posterior edge of pectorals.
Disk -^\f broader than long, its breadth twice the length of the tail.
Snout i the length of the disk, 3 times the interorbital width. L. 2 feet.
Coast of California ; very abundant from San Diego to Cape Mendocino.
{inornatita, unadorned.)
Rnj . ui'Ui, .TonPAN & GiLPURT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 1880, 457, and 1881, 74, San Francisco.
Rai, ,. ' ; •;] Jordan &GiLBF,RT, Synopsis, 378, 1883.
/?i(,, i.r I" C\nMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 43, San Francisco. (Type, 10704.)
Rata iH'r» '". .«, luis, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 74, Santa Barbara.
(Type, No. "G92C.)
* 11" <a jor(Iant,Garnian. Disk broader than long, the snout a little sharper than a right angle, the
tip pniiitcd ; wiutliof disk 1 )^ times length of tail from ventrals; tail slender, tapering regu-
l»rly to a point. Dorsals ser^iatod by a large spine. Interocular space broad, deeply concave, 3
iiisnciiit. Kye moderate, as large as spiracle. Mouth wide, curved forward; 1% in preoral
pai't cil' snout ; teeth in 38 rows. Head above, including rostral cartilages and skin between
tlnni, rough with small spines ; a row of larger spines along orbital ridges and median line of
liiu k and tail ; type ( cf! without lateral spines on tail ; 2 large spines side by side in front of
and near dorsals; a group of large spines on front of each pectoral; most of the disk smooth.
ClaspiTS long, slender, pointed, Iheir form unlike that of H. erinacea. Dark olivaceous, a
re I'dod pale spot with a darker center on each shoulder; dark mottlings on lower aide. L. 2
feet. (Qarman.) San FrauciKo, apparently not distinct from B, inomsJa, (Named for Darid
8t»Ti Jordan.)
'•■■;i
ii 1 1
i V
^■i ^ -jLtW •■
74
Bulletiti 4Y% United States National Museum.
M
104. RAJA EQVATOBIALIS, Jordan & Bollman.
Disk to posterior base of pectorals i broader than long, the breadth
exceeding the length by a distance equal to snout and eye ; the breadth
somewhat longer than length of tail (measured from vent>; ante-
rior margin concave in front of eyes. Snout produced at a nvther
ucute angle, its tip rounded, its length from eye 3j( in length .if tUsk.
Interorbital space rather strongly concave, its width 2§ in snout. Eye
not much larger than spiracles, 3 in snout. Width of mouth li in
prenasal part of head ; nasal flaps at angle of mouth deeply fringed.
Pectorals reaching middle of ventrals, which are as long as from tip of
snout to posterior border of spiracle. Claspers in typical example 1^ in
disk. Dorsals small, their length 2 in snout. Caudal small, not longer
than eye. Snout above with 2 rows of spines, besides smaller asperi-
ties; a row of about 12 before and above eye and spiracle; a row of
strong spines along line of back from posterior border of spiracle to sec-
ond dorsal, these alternately large and small on the tail ; a row of similar
spines on each side of tail commencing just behind posterior base ot
ventrals and extending to caudal ; a single spine on the shoulder ou
each side; 4 or 5 irregular rows near the anterior margin of the disk
opposite the eyes ; the length of this patch not as long as snout. Pec-
torals with the usual strong retrorse spines characteristic of the males of
this genus. Small prickles present along the outer anterior margin of
pectorals, interorbital area, on top of snout, and along its margin for a
distance equal to f of snout, and beneath from tip to opposite posterior
teeth, tho anterior prickles strongest; a small patch in front of eyes.
Teeth Jg.
Color light brown, spotted with paler ; the back with obscure reticu-
lations of the ground color, forming honeycomb-like markings, surround-
ing paler ; an obscure roundish dusky blotch at middle of base of pectorals,
and a darker one near their posterior base; edges of ventrals, pectorals,
and snout pale ; dark markings ou interorbital area and below eye ; no
markings below.
Related to Baja inomata, Jordan & Gilbert, from which it is at once
distingnished by having 4 rows of spines below eyes, a series of stout
spines on each side of tail in the male, and no prickles on back except the
median series and the spine on each shoulder. The size is much smaller,
it being one of the smallest of the rays, known from a single male speci-
men 14 inches in length ; dredged at a depth of 33 fathoms, at station 2797,
off the west coast of Colombia, between Panama and the Galapagos
Islands, 8° 06' 30'' N., 78° 51' W. (equatorialis, of the equator. )
Rya eqtuilorialis, JoHDAN & BOLLMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, l.'iO, off Colombia. (Type,
No. 41132.)
105. RAJA PABHIFERA, Bean.
Disk considerably broader than long ; tip of snout slightly projecting :
interorbital width 3i in distance from snout to eye ; tail as long as front
its root to eye. Teeth in 27 rows. JSnout, supraoccipital region and whole
margin of pectorals and ventrals covered with small prickles, as also au
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America. 76
area on tail ; back and tail with a median row of 22 to 29 large spines ;
tail witli u marginal row of large spines ( 9 ) I rest of disk mostly smooth ;
lower side mostly smooth except below snout. Olive brown, with
numerous paler blotches, 2 larger than the others. L. 3 feet. Coast of
Alawka. common. (Bean.) {parma, shield ; fero, I beai.;
i:„i„ p.<r.nifer<i, Bkan, Pror. U. S. Nat. MuB., 1881, 157, Iliuliuk, Unataska ; (Typo, No. 27f>.'>l).
JuiiiiAN A Gli.BKBT, Synopsis, 878, 18&3.
106.' KAJA STKLIillLATA. Jordan A Gllbnrt.
Disk much broader than long, anteriorly broadly arched ; the snout
very obtuHe, but its tip slightly exserted and acutish ; anterior margin of
ptH'torals somewhat undulated and convex ; posterior margin very con-
vex. A row of small stoutish spines above eye; about 6 spines on the
Hcapular region, and a median row of strong spines on the tail ; entire
upper su face rough with strong stellate prickles; these largest on
head, middle of back, and on tail; underside smooth, except anteriorly.
Teeth Jg. Nasal cartilage very weak. Color brown, everywhere strongly
variegated with light and dark colors; a black spot at base of each pec-
toral, surrounded by a pale ring, and this by a black ring; numerous
Mack spots of various sizes, some of them ocellated, scattered over the
l)od,v ; head with black crossbars. Disk jt broader than long ; the length
ef tail more than i the width of disk; the snout 4^ in length of disk,
and 2A times the interorbital width ; the snout is as long as in inornata,
lint much wider, appearing blunt and short. L. 2i feet. Coast of Cali-
fornia and northward, Santa Barbara to Unalaska; locally abundant
alioiit Monterey, (atellula, a small star, from the form of prickles.)
/,'.(/.( stelhtiala, JoRPAN A GILBERT, I'roc. U. .S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 133, Monterey ; Jordan & Git-
iip.iiT, Synopsis, 45, 1883.
107. RAJA ALEUTICA, Gilbert A Thobum.
OloHely related to R. atellulaia, differing in the much finer stellate
jirickles, which uniformly cover the entire upper side of disk, the con-
tinnuus series of median spines, the narrower disk, and longer, sharper
snout. The latter forms a right angle, Its length more than ^ length of
(liHk. Interorbital space deeply concave, the rostral cartilage a slender
rod, with semitransparent spaces on either side. Anterior margins of disk
gently convex near snout, concave near pectoral angle. Length of tail
eiiualing distance from snout to vent. Teeth f§. No spines or enlarged
prickles on orbital rim. Two large spines on shoulder. A broad band of
enlarged prickles on each side of tail.
The single specimen is a young male, 33 inches long, taken south of Una-
laska Island, Aleutian group, at a depth of 81 fathoms. The species
evidently reaches a larger size than either stcUulata or parmtf era, aa the
claspers failed to reach ventral margin, and the pectoral hooks were un-
developed in the type.
R'ija iihutica, Gilbert & Tiiobubn, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 181*1; Sannak Island, Aleutians.
108. RAJA TRACHVRA, Gilliert.
Allied to Raja iaotrachys, a deep water species, but the disk broader, the
snout much blunter, the angle muoh greater than a right angle. Upper
.■A^■.:
■.-.■i[i^.*'',V'.Vi*t.i*Hli'.l.:* ■,A-.;)=v'*ic"ij,, I'S.t-'-Jl.llteK''--
■ ; > ^ i i''V^*likTi\iiU-.>ii ;^ :.v.".KfS,^ r-V.'' li . ,^^
I
76
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
surface Bparsely and evenly covered with sniall sharp prickles with stellate
base, crowded between eyes, in a broad band along front of disk, behind
shoulders and especially on sides of tail ; no spines on orbital rim o^ shoul-
ders ; a small spine on middle of back between shoulders ; 23 spines ulon^'
median line of tail. Anterior outline .strongly undulated, convex near
tip of snout, which slightly projects. Length of disk 1^ in its width :
interorbital space concave, 1^ times eye, which is 3^ in snout. Distance
from front of eye to edge of disk, lij in snout. Tail longer than body by
i snout; dorsals small, equal, prickly. Color plum color, darker at
margin , brownish below, becoming dark on fins. L. 18 inches. One s|)eci-
men known from Santa Barbara Channel, in 822 fathoms. (Gilbert.)
{rpaxix rough ; o'v()u tail.)
Ilaia Iriichum, Oiluert, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Miib., 1891, 63<J, Santa Barbara.
lOO^RAJA ABYSSIC'OLA, Oilbort &. Thoburn.
Three strong spines on middle of back and a series down median lino of
tall. No other spines present. A band of enlarged prickles on each sid*'
of tail. Both upper and lower surface hispid with close-set, slender
bristles; the margins of disk, the ventrals, and the under surface of tail
partly naked. No scapular spines. Anterior margin of disk concave
near snout and near pectoral angle, a convex area intervening. Snoiil
broad, but not short nor blunt. Interorbital space deeply concav<>.
Claspers long, slender and flexible. Bostral cartilage imperfect ; skeleton
generally very flexible. Hooks on pectorals in male imperfectly devel-
oped. Nearly uniform sooty brown on both upper and lower sides, with
a few scattered black spots above.
A single specimen known, a male 4.5 inches long, taken off the Queen
Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, at a depth of 1,588 fathoms, tlio
greatest depth at which a ray has been found. A strongly marked spe-
cies, probably type of a distinct genus, (ahysaicola, living in the deptliH.)
Rya abymcala, Oiliif.rt Si Tiiohuhn, Rnll. U. S. Fish Cum., 18<J4, Queen Charlotte Islands'
Family XXV. NARC0BATIDJ5.
(The Electric Rays.j
Trunk broad and thick, covered with perfectly smooth skin. Tail com-
paratively short and thick, with rayed caudal fin, and commonly 2
rayed dorsal £ns, the first of which is over or behind the ventrals ; a longi-
tudinal fold on each side of the tail; anterior or nasal valves confluent
into a quadrangular lobe ; a large electric organ composed of many h')x-
agonal tubes between the pectoral tins and the head. Genera 7 ; species
about 15; rays of moderate or large size, noted for their power of giving
electric shocks ; found in most warm seas. According to Fritsch, the tor-
pedoes pass through 3 distinct phases of development, a shark-like, a
ray-like, and finally a torpedo-like stage. The very young have lonjj
external gills. (ToRPEDiNiDiE, Giinther, Cat., viii, 448-455.)
a. Dorsal flna 2.
h. Ventral fins separate, tail moderate.
0. Spiracles at some distance behind the eyes.
y
i
^^■.
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North America. 77
(/, Splrui'los rouiiilod, with entlro mlgoR, (not friiixt'U). Tbtkonarok,* 49,
cc. 8pi:'ui'U>H plucc'd cIuhu bobind the eye8, not fringed, but with tbu margin Hiiniutlniti8
tul>nruulato. Narcink, lA).
lib, Vontral llus united ; splraclog clone to tbo oyen, not fringed. Discopvui:, 61.
49. TETRONARCE. Gill.
■fvli-'iiitrri', OuA., Ann. Lye. Nat. Ifist. N. Y., IHIil, viii, :!87, (occUlenliiUi).
':iiwinilin-}ieilii, Vlinncu, Aicli. Aniit. I'liyn., lH8ti, ao.'i, {occuleiilttliit).
Klocti'ic nij-8 with the disk very hrotiil, abruptly contracted at the tail;
L' dorsal tiua; caudal tin well developed; ventral tins large, separate;
s|iiiacle8 lavKe, rounded, with entire (not fringed) edges, placed behind
the eyes; niuuth small; teeth pointed ; skin perfectly smooth. Species
niioiit 1, 2 European, the others American. (rtTpu-, four — four-cornered;
,('iphi/i i>u old name of Tetronarce narce, meaning numbness, equivalent to
I'nrindu.)
II. Ciilor nearly uniform black, rarely Hjiottod j first dorxal over middle of ventrali).
0CCn>KN1AI,I8, IIU.
,11 Ciiliir dark brown, UHually xpottud with black ; flrat dorsal inserted behind middle of ven-
trulH. CALIFORNIUA, 111.
110. TETKONARCE 0CCIDENTAL18, (Storer).
(CnAMi'Kisii ; Torpedo ; NuMni'isu.)
First dorsal more than twice as large as second, its insertion over mid-
illc of the ventrals; spiracles not fringed, their edges smooth. Color
almost uniform black, with obscure darker spots; beneath white. L. 2
to r> feet ; breadth f of length, the disk very blunt or almost emarginate
ill rront. Atlantic coast of United States, Cape Cod to Cuba ; not very
coiuiiion. A large species, allied to the European T. nobiliana, said to
reacli a weight of 200 pounds. According to the figures, T. nobiliana has
the second dorsal smaller and inserted farther back, (occidentalia, vi K^itevn.)
T'riiiilo ocridruMis, Stobeu, Am. Jour. Sci. Artn, 1843, 165, Massachusetts.
Tiirjx'ih) occiiUuMm, Storer, Fishes Mass., 247, 1867.
T'uiietio ofcUlentalis, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 39, 1883.
111. TETRONARCE CALIFOBNICA, (Ayres).
(California Torpedo.)
Color very dark brown, with small round black spots, which are
sometimes obsolete. Eye small; spiracles at a distance behind them
more than twice eye and more than length of spiracle; edges of spira-
cles not fringed; breadth of mouth about equal to its distance from tip
of snout; teeth small, sharp. First dorsal more than twice second, half
of it opposite ventrals. A large species, reaching a length of about 3
feet. Coast of California, on sandy shores, scarce, rarely seen except
about San Francisco and Santa Cruz; not noticed south of Monterey.
Perhaps not different from T. occidentalia.
* III the Old World genus Narcobalun, the typical genus of the family, the edges of the spiracles
are (ringed with papilUe. The synonymy of this genus is :
T"r(ir,/,j, DuMfcRiL, Zoiil. Anal., 102, 1806, (lorpeilo) ; name preoccupied for an electric catfish.
.Van "/)«/««, Blainville, .loum. Phys., 1810, 262, {iHactiUitii:<, ijuh-uni, etc.).
XarcicioH, (Klein), Bleeker, Nederl. Tidskr. Dierk. iii, 171, (torpeilv).
t\mbriotorpedo, Fbitsch, Arch. Anat. Pliys. 1886, 365,(marmornta— <orj»edo).
■I i fu
■ j^
! » I
i f
78
liulUtin V7, United States National Museum.
Tnrpnln niUfiirniai, Ayrrn, Proc. Cal. Ac, 8cl., IHM, 70, San Francisco.
Torpeili) citltftyrniua, JunuAN iV Oilbkut, Synupala, t)7l), l8H:i.
50. NARCINE, Henle.
Narrine, IIBNI.E, U«!l)er Narclno, 31, 1834, {linmletuu).
CifcUmarce, Qll.l., Aim. Lye. Nat. Hint. N. Y., 1801, VIII, 387, (.limlei).
OoHiomtrce, Qihh, I. c, {iuilicu).
Disk more or leas rounded, not cmarginate in front; spiracles vory
cloHe to the eyeH, their edges tuberculate or smooth ; month narrow, sur-
rounded by a circular fold of skin, which forms the freuum of the uasul
valve; teeth in qaiucunx, not occupying the whole of the jaw, most of
them visible whan the mouth is closed. Tail about as long as disk ; sec-
ond dorsal larger than lirst. Warm seas; the species usually smaller
than the species of Torpedo. (vapKr/, numbness, an old name of the Tor-
pedo).
llSi. NAKCINE BRASILIEN8IS, (Olforx).
Disk oval or nearly circular, the snout broadly rounded, not exsortetl;
spiracles with roughened edges; snout ii in disk, twice int»rorbital
width; mouth l^ in preoral part of snout; tail 1^ times length of dJHk;
second dorsal a little higher and a little longer than first. Color varia-
ble, a fact which has given rise to several nominal species; sometimt'H
nearly uniform dark brown (in deep water); sometimes marked above
with dark spots and dashes {umbroaa); sometimes with a dark band
across head and dark spots elsewhere (corallina). West Indies and
Brazil, occasionally northward to Key West and Pensacola. L. 2 feet.
Torjiedo hrmilieHiiii, voN Ol.FEiis, Torpedo, 19, 1831, Brazil.
Narcine bragiluimi*, QtlNTiiEli, Cat., Vlii, 4M, 1870.
^arcine bmn/teiMU c<>ra//iH(i, Gaiiman, Bull, Mub. Com]). Zoiil., xi, 234, 1881, Florida ; .Iokdan a-
GiLBEiiT, 8yiiopRis, 877, 1883.
Narcine umbroia, .Tordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. MiiB., 1884, 106, Key West.
Narciiie Itraiilieum, .louDAN A EvERMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nut. Miis., 188(), 472.
Tori>edo hancro/ti, Griffith, Anini. Kingdom, x, C4'J, |il. xxxiv, 1834, Jamaica.
Narcine nigra, 1)iim£ril, Bevuo Zool., 272, 1862, Brazil.
Torpedo piclm, Gronow, Cat. Fishes, 13, 1854, Antilles.
SI. DISCOPYGE, Tschudi.
Diicopiige, TsciiuDi, Fauna Peruana, 32,1844, (tschudii).
Ventral tins united into a continuous disk below the tail. Disk circu-
lar; tail with 2 dorsal fins and with a fold on each side; nasal valves
confluent; teeth flat, the hinder edge angular; spiracles close behind
eyes. Two species in the Eastern Pacific; small electric rays resembling
Narcine, but with united ventrals. (cJicrxoc, disk; nvy^, ramp, from the
disk-like ventrals).
118. DISCOPTOE OltinATA. .Tordan & Gilbert.
Spiracles with coarse fringes. Snout 4i in disk; eye small; interorhi-
tal space li iv snout. Width of mouth If in preoral part of snout ; tail
slightly shorter than rest of body ; second dorsal narrower and higher
Jordan otut F.vertnann. — Fishes of North America. 79
than tirat; ventrals lar^e, atlnate behind. Color brown, mottled and
Hituttnd above with lighter and darker; center of dink with a large,
blackish, ocellated spot, the darker center surrounded by a pale ring, u
imlo spot at center; ooellua as long as snout. Panama, rare. {oftfinTo^,
ey««l, from the color markings.)
lJiM.i>pi/yevmmata, Jobdan & OlLBeiiT, I'roo. U. S. N»t. Mill., 1880, ini, Panama. (Typo, No. 41 1:M. )
Suborder MASTICURA.
(The Whip-taileu Rays.)
Family XXVI. DASYATIDiE.
(TiiK Stino Rays.)
DJHk usually more or less broad than long; the pectoral fins uuinter-
inptedly confluent in front, forming the tip of the snout ; tail variously
tbniiotl, usually whip-like, sometimes short and stout, sometimes bearing
ii HJugle dorsal or caudal fin, but never with 2 dorsals; usually 1 or
more vertical folds of skin on the tail, rarely a lateral fold. Tail gener-
ally armed with a large, sharp, retrorsely serrate spine on its upper sur-
I'aco toward the base ; 2 or 3 spines occasionally present. Ventral fins
not eiiiarginate. Skin smooth oi- variously prickly or spinous, rough-
t'st in the adult ; no differentiated spines on the pectorals in the males,
the sexes being similar. Mouth rather small; teeth small, paved,
usually more or less pointed or tubercular. Nostrils close together ; nasal
valves forming a rectangular flap, which is joined to the upper jaw by u
narrow frenum. Spiracles large, placed close behind the eyes. Skull not
olevated, the eyes and spiracles superior. Ovoviviparous. Genera about
10: species 50. Found in most warm seas, some of them in the fresh
waters of the northern parts of South America. The large, jagged spine
on the muscular tail is capable of inflicting a severe and even dangerous
woiunl. (TKYGONiDiK, GUntber, Cat., viil, 471-488.)
riioLoi'iiiN.'t; :
(I. Tail Htoiit, providud with a rayod caudal fin; no dorsal flu; disk rouudinh ; caudal Hi)ine
Htrong. Urolopiiud, 62.
Dasyatin.h :
(i>i. Tail slender, without caudal fln; pelvis without BWord-8hai)ed* process, (Marine species).
h. Tail whip-like, longer than the disk which is rhomboid or roundish ; caudal spine strong.
Dasyatis, 63.
bb. Tail very short, shorter than the very broad, transversely rhombic disk; <-audal spine
weak, often wanting. No trace of dorsal fln. Pteroflatea, 64.
52. UROLOPHUS. MUller & Henle.
(Round Sting Rays.)
/.i'»ihn^»i, f Blainville, Jour. Phys., lxxxiii, 1816, 262, {irtieiahu; not Leiobahu, Raflnesque,
1810).
* In the fresh water genera Ettipetunu and Paratrygon, species of which are found in the waterH
of Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana, the pelvis has a sword-shaped continuation or process.
Sc'i> (iarman, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1877, 210, and Steiudachuer, Fische dcs Magdaleneu-
stromt'B, 1878,68.
t In the Fanne Francaise, 1828, Blaineville changes " baiu" in this and all similar names to
"batit," thus Lewbatit, Aiitobati$.
■ ! \
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liulletin ./7, United States National Museum.
itucitilm).
%
rVii/ofiAiia, MCm.kii .t llrNl.K, IMiiKt<>Ntiiint<ii, 1h;iH, \TA, (ivirnnlUmm
I'mlriiyoH, till. I,, l*|-<H'. Ac. Niit.Hi'i. I'liilll., IHtlil, 17:i, {miiniliu).
DiHk ovul or rlioiiibic, tlio IfiiKtIi liixl bn^iultli not vrry uii«m|iiuI ; niioiiI
roiiiidiMl ov tli«> tip i<XNi>rtod ; Hkiii Hiiioitlh ur moro or Iohh itiirkly. Tail
rallior hIioiI, littlo if any longer tiian tiio «liHk, iiuiNciilar, provitltMl with
u (liHtinut myud vuiitlal tin ; nu doiHal tin. irppur part ot'tlio tail vvitli a
Ntroii^ HtMiuttMl Npino. Warm Htum. Stin^; layH of Hniull Ni/««, tliu miohi
vi)<;uroiiH and inoHt dun^tu'ouH of tlio ^roup, nioutly ronlinod to tropical
America. ("I'lx'h tail ; '^int'ir, ui'i^Ht.)
(I. MItlillt' Unit of buck or tail with no <'iiliirK<><l oliii'lilH, ti|iliii>Ni)i- prii-klcH, (lii< HkiiiHiiiootli m
with |irirkli'H Niniillil' to lhoNi> Inuilcl clHcwhi'l'i'; dink I'oiiiiiliHli, thoNlioiil not |il'tililllii'iil.
(i. Skill i'vi>r,v\vlu>!'i' iirrlVctly Hiiioolh; Hiioiit liltln |in)iiiliii'iit; lull Nlioitri' than <ll,'.lt
IiimIv with yi'llow Htri-akH hikI h|iuIh, iiallkhi, II I
hf), Hklii moro or Icrm prickly aliovc.
r. Skill iiioHtly Nimxith, ooiiic wt>iik |irii'kli>N |ir<<Hoiit on iniildio of hack.
Nem'umiiH, ll.i.
<v, Skill aliov(><>vcrywlit«rcl>c«ot with Hiiiall pricklcH.
if. Tail rather Hhortcr than dink, which in loiiKor lliuii hruad. ('olor lirown.
everywhere H|iriiikli'd with yellow dolM. jam.mcknhih, llii
((((. Tail rather loii);er than dink, the caililal h|>ine iiiHerttMi liehind Un middle; di^U
UH hroad an loii^; |iricklea ntellate. Color plniii lirowniHh. munih'ii, 117.
aa, Miildle line ofliark or tail with I or nii>re iiiilai'Ked H|iinuHor (iricklvM; tiiiof Biioiit luuro or
lei<8 |iroiiiiiient. Color nearly plain.
t. Middle of hack with I or 'J Htoiit npinoa; nu BpinoM on tail; roHt of diak Binootli m
HliKhtly prickly; dink l>.'oader than loiift. Hhorter than tail. iiuuiiEl, ll>.
ee. Bliddlo of hack without dii'.erentiateil xpiiieH; median linecf tail with apincH.
/, Median lino of tail with 'J to H ntroiiK, hroad rooted HpineH; re8t of liody entinlv
Hinooth; tail loiiKcr than dink which U Nli);htly longer than hroad; the hiioiii
atrou|;ly projecting. ASi'immi's, Il'.i.
ff. Mi>diau line of hack and tail with 18 to 22 rocnrvcd RpiniileN; theso lar^uHt on tall;
disk above mostly covered with anmU Rtellate prlcklcM; Hiioiit hlightly pii>'
Jecting; tail aa long aa diak, which iaalightly broader than long.
A8TEKIAH, I'JU.
114. IIROLOPIIVS H.4LLERI, Cooper.
Diak nearly round, a little broader than long, with the anterior margins
straightish, meeting in a slight angle. Snout (from the eyes) longer than
the width of the interorbital space; less than i disk. Tail somewhat
shorter than the disk. Teeth obtuse in both sexes. Skin perfectly smooth,
without spines or prickles. Color light brownisli, with marbliugs and
wavy lines of yellowish and dusky, sometimes with yellowish spots, occa-
sionally with wide, obscure dusky streaks, which are crossed by similar
transverse streaks ; belly yellowish tinged. Coast of California from
Point Coucepcion southward to uorthen Mexico ; exceedingly abundant in
sheltered bays. L. 12 inches. The smallest of our sting rays. Closely
related to the Australian U. crudatua. (Named for Mr. Ualler, of Port
Townsend, Washington, who, "^s a boy, was stung by this species at San
Diego in 1862.)
Vrolophtm huUeri, Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Scl., 1863, iii, 95, San Diego; Jordan & Gilbkut,
Syuopaia, 46, 1883.
115. ITBOLOPHUg NEBULOSUS, Garman.
Disk nearly round, formed much as in U. halleri. Skin not quite
smooth, some asperities present about the middle of the back; no median
SS..-^
'
Jordan *///</ F.xwrtnann. — Fishes of North Anwrua,
81
.K\\
'..rii'H lit' HpiiioH on htick or tail; inoiilh with :( hiiiiiII pupillir. (!ol<tr
. !<iuiIim1 olivaruDiiH iiliovtt, whitiHli Im^I«iw. 4iiill'«>rCulifoi-iiiu to rHiiuiiiu;
not nii'o, I'fplariii^ V. /KW/criHoiitliwunl, uiid <lilIoriiiK(;liiully in tliuprivkiy
li:i(^k. (HfhiiloHiiH, cloiiilod.)
/ ,.7../i/iiMii.(iiWii"ii», (Jahsian, I'mr. II. S. N»». Mum., IMMA, 41, Colima. (Tj|«>, No. 7.V>ll.)
ll«. I'ltOMinillH JAMAK'KNNIN. (('iivlur).
MinU ovato, loti);or tliaii liroud, ratluM* lon^or tliun tiiil, itN front
KMiiiilfil, tli*> Huoiit not projcctinff. Kkin iilxivo ovt^rywIuMo NpaiHoly cov-
t'li'd witii Nniall pi'icklns. ('olor brown, Hprinklt>(I with Hniall yoliow
^|llltH, I'd^od witli tlarkor. Wtmt Indiiw, K*'ii*>i'<''lly common; ouco (pur-
haps crroncouHly) rt'cordod from New .lerHoy.
I .iihiilnn tliiiini, lli.AiNVii.i.K, .Idiirii. riiyit., IKIII, 2il2, iiiiino only,
/,'.>/. I iniuiiiinms, Citvir.li, Iti'Kiie Anininl, ii, l;i7, 1817, Jamaica, ul'tiir I'liKtiiiiu'ii Miiriim i>l'
.Sliiiitir.
7V',./..)(i./mi/ih (f.r/ici/iimii, Dkhmaiu'.nt, Pri''in. Pt'-n. Ichtli., ti, lt*2:i, Cuba.
Vi.l„l<Uii* liirimUiiiiH, (irNTHF.K, Cnt., VIII, 4Hfi, 1H70 ; Oaiiman, I'roc. V. 8. Nat. Mui., IHHr,, 4:t.
U-in, simiiii, IlANi'UOFT, /oiil. .louriiul, V, 8:), 1H21), Jamaica.
117. 1'ltOI.OIMirS NINIUIN, (Oill).
Disk orbicular, rounded in outline; the snout Hli){htly projecting, aH
li>ii;r iiN broad ; tail a little longer than dink; caudal Hpine iuHertcd a little
liiliiiid middle of tail; hh long uh from noHtrils to tip of Huout; teeth
pointed. Skin lieHet with numorouM small Htelliform tuborcles, largest on
till' liiick. Color unif<irm dark Srown. (Gill.) Panama ; not seen by us.
(iiniiidHK, clean.)
fnrfn/./.iH miim/iiH, <Jlll., Pror. I'. S. Nut. MuH., 186.1, 17H, Panama.
UK. IIROLOPIIIIS (lOODKI, .ronlaii /c nullnmn.
Disk broader than long, by a distance equal to snout and i eye;
fniiit margiuH of disk slightly convex, the tip of snout asserted and
Nliaiply pointed, its length 3} in length of disk ; eye equal to spiracle, 3i
in snout ; edge of spiracles entire ; width of mouth 2 in snout before it ;
vunlrulH projecting beyond disk, their length li in their breadth. Caudal
Hpine large, as long as snout and i eye, its edge with 8 to 10 retrorse
H{iinulc8, its insertion before middle of tail (from axil of pectoral), its tip
roacliing front of caudal ; tail longer than disk by a distance equal to eye
anil N])iracle ; skin smooth or somewhat prickly on upper surface of snout ;
1 or 2 Htrong spines near middle of back. Color plain brown, nearly uni-
form, the margins bright yellow in life. About Panama, at a depth of 33
futlioms; also taken in Magdalena Bay; snout longer, 3 in disk (Gilbert.)
(Named for George Brown Goode.)
Urnli'iihim goodei, JoBDAV & BoiLMAN, Pfoc. U. 8. Nat. MuB., 1889, 151, near Panama. (Type,
\o. 41150.)
1 19. UROLOPHIJS ASPIDURU8, Jordan & Gilbert.
Disk very slightly longer than broad, its length slightly less than tail,
its anterior margins nearly straight, the tip of snout projecting abruptly
as a narrow triangular prominence, rounded at end ; snout from eye 3
v. N. A. 7
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82
liuUetin 4-/^ United States National Museum.
Ill cIihU; tt,v<m Hinull, iiiiicIi 1»hh tliuii HpiruoluH. Mouth 2^ in Uh diHtaiicc
from Hiioiit. ('aiidul Mpiiitt very lurf;»,ulittloinor«t tliuii twico iiitororbital
widtli, ilH iiim>rtioii in front of niidillooftuil. Hkin vntiruly Hniootli,oxco|M
for u HuritiH t)f u fow ('2 to K)HtronKi liroud-root<f<l Hpinim or iMicklurH on
nppor pitrt of tiiil Ix^foru ciiiidiil Npiiio; tlitwu itro Htrai^lit, Hliurp, dlr«cti)il
luMtkwai'd, tluiir lioiKlitci|Uiil to width at haHu, which iH);roatorthuii pupil,
('ohir plain br«»wii. li. IK inch«H. I'unania. ('mTr/r, Hhiold; oi'/ja, tail.)
rri>/(ij)Aii* tminilunin, JoitiiAN \ (lii.iiKiiT, Dull, If. t*. FIhIi (^uiii., IHHI, ;uft, Panama. (Ty|)u, Nor.
mo. rUOLOI'lilN ANTKKIAN, .lonlmi .V (illlxrt.
Disk alnumt round, a littlo Itroadvr than lon^, about an loiij; aa tail; an
teriiM- niarffiiiH of dink nearly Htrai^^ht, thu tip acutu, Nli^rhtly uxHertiMl.
Snout, fi'oiii ()yfl,4 in <liHk. Ey«HHniall,niuch Hiiiallur than NpiracluH, about
i intororbital width. Mouth 2/; in diutanco to tip of Hiiout. Tuetli
HJiarp in nialtm, itavuiiiunt-liku in feinaloH. Caudal spino v»ry long, loiif^ui
than Hiiout, iuHurted 111 front of niiddlo of tail. Skin abov«) (nurywbnr*'
uovur»d with Hinall Htullato priokleH, thvHo lar);ur and inoru niimerouH on
median linu; ventralH Hinooth; both hoxch v(|ually rough; median line of
back with a HeriuH of 18 to 32 Hharp, recurved, HpiniilcH, from nhoulderH to
caudal Hpine, tlicHe beooming lar^rer and Hharper backward, but all iiiu<-li
Hiiiuller than llie priokleH in U. usphhiruH. Color plain light brown.
Mazatlan to Panama, not rare, (('lari/it, a tttar, from the Htellate HpiiieH.)
Vroloiihim ii»(eriiiK, .hinitKN A Uii.iiKiiT, Vrvr. V. H. Nut. MiiM., 1M8'2, 57'.), Mazatlan; Panamu.
(Typo, NoH. 282(tl ; a».V^I ; 2U6-I2 ; 'I'MViH ; V!!«1H.)
53. DASYATIS, KallneBciue.
(Sting Rays.)
Diwjhalm, Kl.RiN, 1742, (pro-LiDiiR'aii).
iJdinjiUiH, lUriNKsiM'K, f liiriitteri (li Alcunl Niiovl Gen., Itl, IHIO, {iijii»=ii(juitinuca).
Vroxin, IlAriNKHuuK, Iiulico (I'lttlul. Sii-ll., Ill, IHlO, (iiyui).
TrifjoniihaUm, Di.ainvili.k, .lour. I'liys., iMlti, 2li1, {rnlaarin).
TrygoH, (Adanhon) '.'rviKii, KL-giiu Aulnial, Eil. i,l:i(>, 1817, (iHutiuaca).
HemilryyoH, MI'i.leh & Uknlk, Mng. Nat. Iliut., 1837, DO, (bemietti).
Ilimimlura, Mi'LLEit & Henlf,, Wiogmunn'ii Arclilv., 1837, 4U0, (itamak).
Pimliiiiuii, SwAiNSON, Clossu. Aniin., 319, 1839, {oUfiicen).
AiMfanthun, Eiirknbruo, in Swainbun, /. <-., {orhiciilariH).
Piistiiiiira, Dr. Kay, N. V. Faunii: Flslios. 373, 1842, (ii-utiniica).
Diiaifidft'i, Gaiiman, in Jordan & Oilueut, SyuopHi8, (>.'>, 1883, {piiHlinaca; curr«cto<l urthugmpliyi.
Disk oval, flat, with ronnded angleu. Tail very lougand ulender, wliiii-
like, wit 'loutfin, but often with lor 2 vertical membranoun folds; aHtron^
serrateil upine toward the base of the tail. Skin more or leuu HpinouH <ii
prickly, rarely smooth. Teeth small, paved; a few papillu) usually pnt-
sent in the mouth behind the lower jaw. Species about 30. Sting rn.vs
of largo size, abundant in warm seas. Many of the spinous species aro
nearly or quite smooth when young, becoming rough with age. Some of
oar species are yet imperfectly known and much of the synonymy iu
uncertain, {danrg, shaggy or rough; fiarig, a skate; abbreviated from
Da8ifhati8. )
Joniiin and F.vennauii. — Fishes of Xorlh Anierim. 8.1
III MiiHVOON, (q^i-i half; rpvywf, TryKon, n iIiit<<, iIik hhiiik iiitiin- nUiiii|i|ilii'<| In tlin nIIiik niy*):
, 'I'ltil wllliii ki'ul i>r wliiK llk<ti>x|iiuinli>ii liclnw i>tily ; itiliilt with xtmit liiukliTN on iNnk ami
iitil ; titit niiiKli, iiiiii'K tliiiii twiiK IciikIIi <ir>liiik. ikmui ha, I'^I.
Pa a \ I IH ;
iiiil with Ik nnrrow ki-i-l or •>x|Niiiiiliin Imih uIhiv<> iiinl IhOow,
U. Tull Hliiiply ktii>li<il ithovo, with n wiiiK'Uki'i-xpitimliiii Ih<I<iw.
V, >*li>iiiliU'r with )l Mcrli'H nl' liilivn Icm; tail Ii'hh thitli twiri' lti|it;th nl'dlnk.
MANTATA, Vli.
ic MlmiililiT wllh li'UHthBii :i hitIoh cif liihiTch'H,
>/. Titll muiiil, nil "II thuii twlcu dink; littrk with «lruuK liihi>rcli>ii; Nuoiit Mharp.
•lYMNI'IIA, 12:1.
hh. Tiill iiiori' or li'HH i'iiiii|iri'HHi«l, witli it wlii|{-llki< i'X|iiuihIiiii itltiivi', u Iiiikit iiiiu IwIow.
)'. Skill iiiori' or li'nH jirirkly in mliilt, with a iiiinliikii Hurii'H ot tiilinrrlcHuii Imrk.
./', Tail iiKiri' tlinii 3,j Iiuikit IhiiiiillNk.
!/. Dink HiilM'Irciiliir, tlii'Niiciiit iiroiniiiont. iAtiiNA, \'i\.
I/I/. DlMk Niitii|uuilriiiiKiihkr, thii Hiioiil lilinil. lonua, 12/).
jf. Tiill ihil <.j loii)(iir Ihuii ilink; illHk Huti<|iiuilraiiRitliir, thnriuuut liliiiit.
Ill n Klin ha, HW.
ee. Hklii iii-ikrl> ur i|iiltii miioolli in ailiilt; iiiuiUuii lliiu of liakck nut |irlckly ur with Imt
I Ipllli'. MAV, 127.
Subgenus HEMITRYOON, Mill'tr A lloiWu.
Dtl. ItAMVATIN CKNTKIIItA, (Mitchill).
(OoMMON Htinu ItAYj Stindaukb; Olam Ciiackch.)
]>iHk «|iin<lraiiRul.)r, aliout i wider than loii^. Aiitorior inai'KinH hjiiu-
uiiH, t*(tiicavu oppuMite the eycH, convex tuwurd the Hli^litly ]ti'utiilM>runt
HiiiMit uiid rounded outer anj^lcH ; poHterior margin Htra ;liter, very little
cuiivux ; inner convex; hinder ungloH Idiint. VeutnilH truncate, with
niiiiHled anghm. Tail more than twice an long us the disk, much com-
primHiul, rounded above, witli keel or cutaneous expunttiou below, with 1
ur more strong serrated spines ut the termination of the anterior fifth of
itH length, rough on all siaet with spines ur tubercles. Till half grown,
tlu< young are smooth; as they approach maturity, Iiroad stellate-bused,
cuiiical-pointed, irregularly placed bucklers appear on the middle of the
biiitler part of the back and on top and sides of the tail ; very large
exiiiiiples have the central portion of the back closely mailed with small
tlattuued tubercles. Mouth arched forward, with 5 pupillie ; teeth in
(jiiiuouux, bluut, smooth. Color on back and tail olive brown ; nearly
white below. From D.paatinaca, the common sting ruy of Europe, which
tblH species resembles in shape, it is distinguished by the tubercles, by the
leiifTth and compression of the tail, and absence of all trace of keel or
expansion on its upper side. (Uarinan.) Coast of Maine to Cape Ilat-
teriiH, abundant, reaching a length of 10 to 12 feet. {KivTimv, spine ; uifui,
tail.)
Uiijuientnirii, MiTCIllM., Trans. Lit. Phil. See. N. Y., i, 479, 1815, New York.
lkuni)iiiu cmlnira, Jordan & Oilbbrt, SynupNJH, 07, 1883.
Subgenus DASVATIS.
122. DASTATIS HASTATA, (Do Kay).
Disk quadrangular, about i wider than long ; anterior margins nearly
straight, meeting in a blunt angle on the end of the snout, curved near
the outer angle to meet the slightly convex posterior margins ; inner
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
borders convex; outer and binder angles rounded. Ventrals alnioNt
entirely covered by the pectorals, their hinder margins convex. Tail
more than 1^ times the length of the disk, low-keeled on the upper side,
a long, broad, membranous expansion below , roughened with small aspori
ties; lor more serrated spines. Body smooth in young ; very old witli
scattered small asperities; a row of narrow compressed tubercles uluii^'
the middle of the back and on the base of the tail ; the points of theHr
tubercles are depressed and directed backward. On each shoulder, \yA\-
allel with the median row, there is a shorter row, the length of whi'li
varies according to age. Mouth with 3 papillae Jaws with more curva-
ture than those of centrura and less than those of sabina; young without
tubercles. Color bluish or olivaceous brown, pale below. West Indifs
to Brazil, north to Florida, the original description from a specimen taken
in Rhode Island, (haatatua, armed with a spear.)
Trtjgon hmlata, DeKay, N. T. Taunpr Fishes, 373, pi. 65, flg. 214,?, 1842, Rhode Island.
TryijoH haitata, Storer, Syn. Fhh. N. Amer., 261, 1846.
Trygon hai'ata, Di'm£:ril, Elasmobranclies, 6U2, 1870.
Dcaibatia hastala, Jordan & Gilbert, SynopBis, 70, 1883.
128. DASTATIS OTHNVRA, (MUlIer).
Disk quadrangular, a little wider than long. Snout produced, sharii-
poiuted; anterior and posterior margins nearly strai-^ht, the anterior
curved near the outer angle to meet the posterior, and the latter curved
near the hinder angle to meet the inner. Tail nearly 3 times tlie length
of the disk, with a slight ridge above and a narrow cutaneous expansion
below, roughened with small spines similar to those on the head; a row
of elongated tubercles on the back and anterior portion of tail, and 1
or more smaller ones on each shoulder; the posterior tubercles of the
median row much elongated, so as to resemble the spines. Mouth much
uadulated, with 8 papillae; teeth small, uneiual. Young without tubei-
cles ; as the animal grows older a few scattered asperities appear on the
head; still later these increase in number and size to such an extent as tu
cover the head and back with a heavy coat of mail made up of closely Hot
flattened scales ; the tubercles of the back cease growing as the scales
enlarge, and ultimately there is little distinction between them; usually
the tubercle on the middle of the pectoral arch 'j larger; those on the tail
continue to increase in size with age. Disk wider than long ; tail 3 times
length of disk. Color yellowish to olivaceous brown, darkening with aj;e.
(Garmar.) Surinam to Brazil, recorded from Grenada by Gunther, other-
wise no*^ ' nown from the West Indies, {yvfivoi;, naked; ovpd, tail.)
Paie tuberculveyl.Actpi.BK, II, 106, pi. 4, flg. 1, 1800, Cayenne.
Itaia tuberculafa, Shaw, Genl.ZooI.,v, 290, 1804, after Lacepede, not of Boniiaterro, 1788,
IVygon gymnnra, J. MOller, Ermaan's Reise um dlu Grde,25, taf. 13, 1830, Brazil.
Trifgon oste.osticta, .7. MCllER, I. c, 25, taf. 14, 1830, Brazil,
Trygoii tuberculala, GCnthcr, Cat., viii, 480, 1870.
Dasibat.is tiiberailata, Jordan & Git.bebt, Syuopsie, 66, 1883.
124. DA8YATIS SABINA, (Le Sueur).
Disk subcircular. Snout produced, blunt. Anterior margins of the
pectorals concave near the snout, becoming convex toward the broadly
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America.
85
roiiiHled outer extremities; hinder and inner margins convex. Upper jaw
with a deep indentation, receiving a corresponding prominence on ttie
Idwor. Teeth at the sides of this indentation much larger; mouth with
ft papillae. Tail less than twice as long as the disk, tapering to a fine
|ii)iiit, rough with small prickles, similar to those scattered over the
iii'ud aiid hack, a cutaneous expansion above, and a broader, longer one
licldw ; these end nearly opposite each other, the lower extends for-
w aitl under the spine. A median row of tubercles on the dorsum and 1
(II a ]>air on each shoulder. Distinguished from T). gymniwa by the
slia])(' of the snout, the rounded pectorals, the shorter tail, the larger
tcctli, the greater curvature of jaws, the smaller size, and the 2 cuta-
neous expansions. Proportional length of body and tail as i^ to 8; in
nr civso is the tail twice <as long as the disk. Color ochraceous brown.
Stroai >« and estuaries of Florida, abundant on both coasts; several speci-
iiiiMis were taken in Lake Monroe, at a distance from salt water. (Gar-
niaii.)
Trwj.')i mhina, Le SuECn, Jour. Ac. Nat. Soi. Phila., iv, 109, 1824, Florida.
Iht.'ih.iiiH sahina, .Iordan A Gilbert, Synopsis, 6H, 188:{.
12.5. DASTATIH LONQA, Oarman.
Disk quadrangular, about I wider than long. Margins nearly straight,
anterior meeting in a blunt angle on the end of the snout. Outer
aiij^los rounded, posterior blunt. Ventrals rounded. Tail variable in
l(Mif,'th, usually more than twice as long as the body, roughened with
small asperities, depressed anteriorly, compressed behind the spine, keeled
abovo the compressed portion, with a long, narrow, cutaneous expansion
on the lower side. Mouth curved, with 5 papilla) ; a row of small tu-
hcrck's behind the head on the shoulder girdle. Larger specimens prob-
ably with tubercles on back and tail. Gulf of California to Panama.
Perhaps not distinct from D. dipterura, from which it usually differs in the
slightly longer tail, and perhaps in tbu presence of .5 papillto instead of
3 in the mouth, {longus, long.)
;)iisi7.((/i's hngii, Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoiil., vi, 170, 1880, Acapulco ; Panama ; .loa-
iiAN' it Gilbert, Ijynopsis, C6, 188,3.
126. DASTATIS DIPTERURA, Jordan & Oilbfirt.
Disk rhomboid, slightly broader than long, its anterior margins nearly
straight, meeting anteriorly in a very obtuse angle ; posterior margins
curved ; lateral angles rounded ; tail variable, usually i longer than the
disk, with a conspicuous cutaneous fold below and a smaller but evi-
dent one above; jaws considerably arched; buccal papillaa 3; teeth f^.
Young perfectly smooth; adult with a row of low but rather stout tuber-
cles on the median line of the scapular region and 2 others on the hu-
meral region; tail with small prickles; caudal spine long, its length
nearly 3 'times the width of the mouth. Color bluish brown, nearly plain.
L. (i fieet or more. Bay of San Diego, and southward ; locally abundant.
((!('<;, two ; nrepbv, wing ; u'vpu, tail.)
Dasjihiitix dipieninif, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mud., 1880, 31, San Diego.
basiliiilis diplerura, Jordan & Gilbert, SynopsiB, 71, 1883.
' IV !
1 \
r^
f.i
\ ,
.^'d'
(i
i >
iW
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\ M
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86
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
127. DASTATIS SAY, (LoSiiuur).
(South KiiN STiN<t Hay.)
Disk quadrangular, ,'; wider than long, anterior margins nearly straight,
posterior and inner borders convex, outer and posterior angleo rounded.
Snout not protruding beyond the lines of the irargins. Ventrals rounded.
Tail strong, rather more than \\ times the length of the disk, with a
strong serrated spine, hearing a short, low, cutaneous expansion behind
the spine on the upper side, and a longer, little wider one below, ending
nearly opposite. Upper jaw undulated ; lower prominent in the middle.
Tooth small, smooth in young ai;d females, sharp in adult males; 3 pa-
pillio at the bottom of the mouth, and 1 at each side. Body and tail
smooth. Color olive brown in adult, reddish or yellowish in young; lower
surface whitish. Closely resembles the European species, />. paatinaca.
In J), sail, the anterior margins form a more blunt angle at the end of tlio
snout, which is less prominent at the apex, the outer and posterior extrem-
ities of the pectorals are rounder, the posterior margins are more convex,
the disk is broader toward the ventrals, and the tail is longer ; in D. pax-
tinaca the lateral and hinder angles of the pectorals and the lateral angle
of the ventrals are marked by blunted corners ; a single small roundod
tubercle on the middle of the back. Carolina to Brazil, common in Florida,
occasional northward to New York. (Garman.) (Named for Thomas
Say.)
lidjasaij, TiK SvEim, .Tour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 42, 1817, New Jersey.
Mi/HohnliH fwii, Dk Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 37<i, 1242.
TViigon Hivji, Dum(:rii., Klosmobranchos, fiO:}, 1870.
Danibntu) siijii, JoitnAN&GiLiiKRT, Synopsis, 09, 1883.
54. PTEROPLATEA, Muller & Henle.
PleropMea, MCi.i.ER A TIenle, Plagiostomcn, 1C8, 1838, (allnreUi).
Disk much broader than long, its anterior margins meeting in a very
obtuse angle, its outer angles more or less acute, the form, therefore,
transversely rhombic. Tail very short and slender, shorter than the
disk, without fin, armed with a very small serrated spine, which is often
wanting. Skin smooth or very nearly so. Size rather large. Warm
seas. The species are closely related, {nrepuv, fin; n'^arhg, broad; an
ancient name of /'. altavela.)
a. Spiracio without tontaole.
h. Front of tlick with a row of closc-8t;t paler pp.its or half spots.
c. Disk Rcarcoly twicn as hroad as loiijj; upper surface finely marbled with grayish
niottlings, besides specks; tail witli 4 cross blotches. macmira, li'S.
re. Disk twice as broad as long; upper surface with thick-set dark points.
CUEIIRIIM'NCTATA, Vl'.K
bh. Front of disk without distinct pale spots; dark markings above forming reticulations
around pale spots; tail without dark cross blotches. marhorata, 130.
128. PTEROPLATEA MACLUBA, (Lo Sueur).
(Butterfly Ray.)
Disk scarcely twice as broad as long, covered with perfectly smooth
skin. Tail about ^ as long as the disk, with a very slight dermal fold
above and below. Snout a little projecting, so that the anterior ed|^e
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 87
of each pectoral is somewhat concave. Color brownish olive, Hnely
marbled with grayish, and finely speckled ; anterior edge of disk with
halt' spots of paler; tail with 4 dark blotches above, forming half rings.
(Caudal spine wanting in all the specimens examined.) Long Island
to Itrazil ; not uncommon on the Carolina coast. (Nam d for William
Maclure, fonnder of the Academy of Natural Scieucep at Philadelphia.)
/,'.N'( mneUra, Le Sukub, Jour. Ac. Nftt. 8ci. Phila., 1817, 41, Rhode Island; DuMftRii., Eliisnio-
brancheB, i, 614, 1870.
I'i,roplalea maclura, GGntiier, Cat., viii, 487, 1870; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopnig, 46, 1883.
129. PTEBOPLATEA t'KEItRIPVNCTATA, Peters.
Breadth of disk twice the distance from tip of snout to vent. Snont
with a blunt projection; anterior margin of pectorals undulate, convex
anteriorly and posteriorly, medially weakly concave; outer angle sharply
rounded ; posterior margins weakly convex, the posterior angle rounded,
covering outer half of base of ventrals; spiracle without tentacle; tail
with a low fold on its upper edge. Brown above, with thick-set black
points; a row of small close-set yellow spots on front of disk, (iulf of
California and southward, along the west coast of Mexico : common, {cre-
bvr, abundant; pnnctatua, spotted.)
fiirnplatea (rebriptmclatn, Peters, Monatsber. Berl. Akad., 703, 1809, Mazatlan.
130. PTEBOPLATEA NABIHORATA, Cooper.
Disk about twice as broad as long, covered with perfectly smooth skin.
Tail 3f in length of disk, with a rather small cutaneous fold above and
below, the lower fold the longer, the upper about as deep. Interorbital
space a little snorter than the snout. Snout slightly prominent, but
forming a very obtuse angle. Olive brown, finely mottled everywhere
with darker, the dark forming reticulations around pale roundish spots;
tail without dark rings. Caudal spine very small, present in all speci-
mens examined. Coast of California from Point Concepcion southward
to Cerros Island ; common. (mannora<M8, marbled.)
VicmpUitea marmorala. Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. 8ci., iii, 112, 1863, San Diego; Joupan A Oii.beut,
SyiKipBis, 47, 1883.
Family XXVII. MYLIOBATIDiE.
(The Eagle Rays.)
Disk broad; the pectoral fins not continued to the end of the snout,
but ceasing on the sides of the bead and reappearing in front of the snout
as 1 or 2 fleshy protuberances (cephalic fins), which are supported
by fin rays. Tail very long and slender, whip-like, with a single dorsal
tin near its root, behind which is usually a strong retrorsely serrated
spine. Nasal valves forming a rectangular flap, with the posterior mar-
gin free, attached by a frenum to the upper jaw. Skull less depressed
tha^. usual among rays, its surface raised so that the eyes and spiracles
are lateral in position. Teeth hexangular, large, flat, tessellated, tiie
middle ones usual!y broader than the others. Ovoviviparous. Skiii
smooth; no differentiated spines on the pectorals in the males, the sexes
' , ; . i.tJ
?nl
...: i.
dtuti.
T
"»■
it<
; t
t '
il
88
Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
being Hiinilar. VentralH not omarginate. Uonera 3; HpocioH about 20.
Lar^e sting rays; iuhubitiug warm seaH, feeding chiotly on niolluHkB
which they crush with their large grinding teeth. (Group Myliohatina,
Ciiinthor, Cat , vin, 488-4J»5.)
AliToiiATlN.*;;
(I. T*>elli ill H BiiigUi KurioH, vury liroikd; nui7.z1it oiitiro. AKtomatiir, nn.
UiiiNiirTKiiiN.T::
(III. Ti-i'tli ill Nuvoral ooritm, tlii< miildle Buriitfi vnry liroail,
h. Miikk!)! ontlio. Mtuoiiatih, W.
Xth. Mii2/.l(< vniarginnte ; ('opliulic flns liolow tlio luvol of tlio (lisk. Riiinuitkra, D7.
55. AfiTOBATUS, Blainville.
Aiinhaim, Bi.AiNViLLR, Jour, de PliyH., Lxxxiri, 1816, 2r>l, (iii/(/urw, naniinW, etc.).
Aetulmliii, ISlainvillk, Fuiiiio Frunvaiw, Livr. 'M, :I8, IK'JK, (a>/iii7ii, cic).
AclobtUin, MCi.l.Kli Jl IIENI.K, Plugiustoinon, 179, WM,(n<iriniiri, tint rcHtrictiun).
Stoatoihm, CANTitn, Cutaloguc Miihiyuu Fislu-H, 134, WM, (nnrinari, stibHtltuto for ArlohatU; re-
stricted to (ll/lli{<l).
ChnMiaiUi, Auassi/., I'roc. Uust. Sue. Nat. Hist., 1859, 385, Qhnjelliim).
General form of MyliobaiiH. Muzzle entire. Teeth flat, broad, form-
ing a single series corresponding to the middle series in MifUolmtiH,
there being no small lateral teeth. Upper dental lamina straight, lower
curved, the latter projecting beyond the upper. Free border of the nasal
valve deeply emargiuate. Skin smooth. Tropical seas. (/lertV, eagle;
(inrm;, ray).
a Dink twirtuifl broad OH long ; palo s|)otA rntlior 8mall. Atlantic CoiiHt. narinari, 131.
aa. Disk more than twioo us liroad as long ; iialu spots large. 1'ucitlc Coast. latiokpr, 132.
131. aEtOBATITS narinari, (Eiiphroson).
(SpoTTKn Stino Ray.)
Disk twice as broad as long, its anterior borders a little convex, pos-
terior concave, outer angles pointed. Cephalic fln about i broader
than long. Teeth of the lower jaw straight or more or less angularly
bent. Tail 3 to 4 times length of disk. Brown, with small round pale
spots. (Dum^ril.) Tropical seas, north on the Atlantic coast to Vir-
ginia; not very common on our shores, {narinari, a Brazilian name.)
Raia narinari, Eupiirasen, Vet. Ak. Nya Ilandl., xi, 217, 1790, Brazil, (after narinari of
Marcgravo).
RaiaftagettHm, Bi.orii & SoiiNEinER, Syst. Ichth., 361, 1801, Corotnandel.
Aelobati» narinari, GOktiibr, Cat.,viii, 492,1870; Dum£ril, Elasmobranclics, 641, 1870.
R(ya quinqueaculeata, QuoT & Oaimard, Voy. Uranio., 200, 1824.
Stoamdon narinari, Jordan & Qilbbet, Synopsis, 879, 1883.
Myliobati$ eellenkee, RPppell, Kou. Wirb., 70, 1835, Red Sea.
Goitiobatit viacri>plera, MvClilland, Calcutta Jour. Mat. Hist., 1841, i, CO, Bengal.
A^-U} A^i^'C, '^'^/^f^-*^
\\\
A '-/^ V M. V^^ V ^ A 1 182. AfiTOBATUS LATICEPS, (Gill).
• 2 *? y ^ Disk rather more than twice as broad as long ; fontanelle on top of head
gradually expanding backward; tail 4 to 5 times length of disk. Bluish
black with numerous rounded yellowish spots on head smaller than eye,
much larger on body, assuming on the pectoral the form of ocelli. Gulf
of California to Panama, abundant southward. {latuSf broad; -cep8,head).
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fis/ies of North America.
89
,■(,/,),'.,••/(» /K/iVr/w, (iii.i., Ann, Iijrc. Nut. TlUt. N. Y, iwin, i:i7, locality unknown, received
from San Francisco, It Iiiin novur iMittn proporly coniiMtrud with A. uoWnari, and may
iiiit III' illMurunt.
56, MYLIOBATIS, l)nm<:>ril.
(Eagi-k Kays.)
' I j'liliitli'ullmiii', TlAriNF.NqiiK, Inillrc Illiol. Slcil., ♦11, 1H1'», {maniliiliin, prolMkbly a derormud ray).
Milliiiliiilis, IM Ml^llii. Ill (Juvicr, llt-Kiio Aiiiliiiil, Kil. I, 11, IM7, IN17, {witiila).
liliirliiiiiii', (Jll.i., I'riir. Ac. Nat. Scl. I'liilii., iHtl'J, :i;il (iiHjwrtilin calif nrniini)) .
Disk Iti'oad, tlio outer an^rlnH aciito. Cephalic iiiiH fortniiif; a noft con-
vex ii])])(;ii<lu^<>- in front ofHuout. JawH abont equal. Median teeth very
liioad, much broader than long in the adult, proportionally narrower iu
lli(f young. Several snrieB of narrower teeth on each Hide of the median
scricH; totnih changing conBiderably with age. Free edge of the naHal
viilvo not deeply emarginate. Tail very long and slender, with a small
(Idi'Hal fm, and one or more serrated spines. Skin smooth or nearly au.
Sizo large. In ail warm seas. (//fXtar, grinder ; /3nn<;, ray.)
M\ l.iiiliATis:
Vciitriil flnn nioilorato.
Ii. Ti'i'tli of main row 4 to r> timeH oa broad ao Iohk ; Bktn Hmootli.
Iliii.oitiiiNr.'^, (oAot, Kollil ; pt'r, kiiiiuI):
<M. Vi'iitrnl linn lai'Kt^ ; rlioiiilMiid, liroailiir tlian loiiK-
'', Tt'ctli of main row U to 4 tiiiioM as limail iim Ion);.
FRIMINVIM.KI, 13,').
CALirORNIOUH, 134.
I.
!"«; r
Subgenus MYLIOBATIS,
l»:i. MILIOHATIK FRKMINVILLKI, Ln Suour.
Disk broader than long ; the breadth equal to the length of the tail.
Viiiitral (ins much narrower than in C. mUformctis. Skin entirely smooth.
A lilunt, whitish prominence over each eye. Muzzle prominent. Teeth
of the n)ain row 4 to () times as broad iis long; small teeth in 3 rows.
Keddisli brown ; tail nearly black. Cape Cod to Brazil ; not uncommon.
(For Chr<^tien Paulin dc Fr^minvillo, a French naturalist.)
MijUohaiisfri'imnrUUi, Lb SrEUK, .lour. Ac. Nat, Sci. Philu,, iv, 111, 1824, Rhode Island.
MijUnhdl'ui hinjimimm, Stoiieu, I'roc, Host. Soc. Nat. HiHt., 1,1841, 53, Massachusetts.
Miili^luilishinpinosiis, DuMf;Kil., KlaHmobranclifH, 07, 1H70.
Miiliiiliniis acuta, Ayres, Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, O.'i, 1841, Connecticut.
Miilinlmlix frrmiwillei, JoED.\N & Gn.iiEKT, Synoimis, 51, 188,'J.
Subgenus HOLORHINUS, Gill.
184. MYLIOBATIS CALIF0RM€1IK, Gill,
(California Stino Ray; Batfish.)
Disk not quite twice as broad as long; .the wings anteriorly convex,
posteriorly somewhat concave. Cephalic fin very blunt, nearly 4 times
as liroad as long. Tail nearly twice as long as the disk. Ventral
lar<;e, broader than long. Lateral teeth iu 3 to 5 series on each side ;
iiu'diiin teeth only 3 to 4 times as broad as long, even in the adult. Skin
wliolly smooth. Color dusky brownish ; the young somewhat variegated.
I
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Mm
' I---}*-. V.-^i-c..,.
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Bulletin 47, United States /National Museum.
California from Cape Mendocino southward ; very comiuou along innd
flats. Destructive to oysters.
Khinnptera venptrlilio, Oirard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 137, Tomalea Bay; not MylUibatis
vtntertilio, Bleeker, also a MijliohatiH.
Ilolnrhitm* vefperlilio, GiLi., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, a.*)!.
MiiWilmliii califomicHs, Gii-i, Ann. Lye. Nat. nist. N. Y., ISOfi, 137, (aft«r Oirard).
nfylinhalu caHfomiciti, Jordan & Gilbert, Synojieis, 61. 1883.
57. RHINOPTERA, Knhl.
Rhinoplera, (Knit), Ouvieb, R^gne Animal, Rd. 2, 1828, {marginata).
Zygobalu, AoASRiz, Poisaons Foasilog, iii, 70, 1830, {jtu»ieui).
Mylorhina, GlLl., Ann. Lye. Nnt.Hist. N. Y., 18C5, 136, (lalandi).
Mierometttt, Gill, I. c, (adtperua).
Disk broader than long, with the anterior angles more or less acute.
Snout mere or less emarginate on the median line. Cephalic fin emar-
ginate and placed on a plane below the level of the pectorals, the snout
thns appearing 4-lobed. Free border of the nasal valve not einarginato.
Teeth in 5 to 20 rows, the median teeth enlarged or not, but often smaller
than in Cephaletitherus. Tail long, whip-like, with a small dorsal fin and m
serrated spine. Tropical seas. The species vary considerably in their
dentition. (/5/v, snout; Trrepw, fin.)
Riiinoptrra:
(I. Teotb of middle of upper jaw much broader than those of gidea, the lateral teeth Rrndiiullv
diminiahing.
h. Tooth in 7 rows ; the median teeth above about 4 times as broad oh long ; broadtli of disk
1% times its length. iionasus, Vi!).
hh. Teeth in 7 rows, the median teeth 3% times as broad aa long ; breadth of diak 1 '.,
times its length. bteindachneri, VM.
Micromksi'R (fiiKpof, small; fiiaoi, middle):
aa. Teeth of middle of upper jaw not much larger than the outer teeth; teeth in many aeries.
0. Teeth of lower jaw in about 15 aeries ; the tocth unequal but all ainall, the broailcst
being those of the 6tb to 8th aoriea from the aiiio which are twice as broad aa long.
eiisenad.I':, 1.'<7.
Subgenus RHINOPTERA.
186. RHINOPTERA BONASUS, (MitchiM).
(Cow-NOSE Kay.)
Disk i broader than long; anterior borders almost straight, posterior
undulated; muzzle deeply emarginate; teeth in 7 rows in each jaw, tlie
median teeth above 4 times as broad as long, the others gradually dimin-
ishing outward. Tail very slender, a little longer than the disk. Skin
smooth or nearly so. Color brownish. Cape Cod to Florida; not rare;
feeds on mollusks." {honaaus, buffalo.)
Biy'a honoDuii, Mitciiii.l, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1815, 479, New York.
liaia quadriU>ba, Le SirEUR, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 44, 1817, New Jersey.
Rhinoplera qvadrUoba, Gl'NTllEB, Cat., viii, 494,1870.
Rhinoptera quadrihha, DuH^RiL, Elasmobranches, 648, 1870; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopals, 61, 18S3.
* " He enters the bay and ranges very extonaively on the flats where the soft clam lives. Tln'se
shellflah he is supposed to devour, for a shoal of cow-noses root up the aalt-water flats as com-
pletely OS a drove of hogs would do." — Milchilt.
Jordan and Evermatm. — Fishes of North Atnerica.
91
1S«. UlilNUPTEKA 8TKINDACIINERI, Evirnmiiii li JenkinH.
(Qabilan.)
Width nf disk 1$ times its length; anterior horder nearly straiglit; tail
vt;ry slender, H to H times length of disk; mnz/.Ie emarginate; cephalic
111) a little broader than head; tail with 1 or 2 sonated spineH, their
Itiij^th 2i times eye. Skin everywhere smooth. Teeth in lower Jaw in
7 N<;ries, 7 in the median series, (i in each of the others. Median teeth
lii^xiigonal, their length 3s in the breadth, which is nearly twice the breadth
(if a tooth in the second series; this is again nearly twice as wide as
teeth in third series; upper teeth very similar to lower. Uniform dark
brown above, paler below. Gulf of California. (Named for Dr. Franz
.stfindachner, director of the Museum at Vienna, one of the most accurate
and conscientious workers in ichthyology.)
Hhittoplfi-n fteiivlachueri, Evfumann & Jenkins, Tror. 1'. .s. Nut. Mu»., 1891, l:i(), |il.l,li);. I,
Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. (Tyjie, No. 4:t235.)
Subgenus MICROMESUS, (iill.
137. RHINOPTERA KNSENAD;K, R(wi Smith.
Teeth of lowei jaw in 14 or 15 series, all small, unequal in si^o, the
liioadest being those of the sixth series from the loft side, which are twico
aH broad as long. Known only from a lower jaw picked up on the beach
at Eusenada, on Todos Santos Bay, in Lower California. (Smith.)
Ilhiwiiilira eusfiiudir, Bora Smitii (Mrb. 0. 11. Eioenmann), Proc. V. S. Nat. Mas., I88t!, 220,
Ensenada, Lower California. (Type, Nu. 37!)*>r>.)
Family XXVIil. MANTIDiE.
(The Sea Devils.)
Rays of enormous size, with the disk broader than long and the pectoral
(ins not continued on the sides of the head, the anterior or cephalic
portion being separate, developed as 2 long horn-like or ear-like appen-
dages. Mouth wide, terminal or inferior. Teeth very small, Hat or tuber-
cular, in many series, those of the upper jaw sometimes wanting. Eyes
lateral. Nostrils widely separated, their valves united, forming a Hap as
wide as the cleft of the mouth. Tail ior.g and slender, -whip-like, with a
single dorsal fin at its base, and w'.t < .-^i without a serrated spine. Ven-
tral fins not emarginate. Skin more or less rough. Males without differen-
tiated spines on the pectorals, the sexes similar. Ovoviviparous Genera
2; species about 7. Largest of all rays and among the largest of all fishes ;
fonnd in the tropical seas. (Myliobatid^, group Ceratopterina,
GuntLjr, Cat., viil. 490-498.)
n. Tneth in both jaws; mouth inferior. AonoN, .58.
mi. Teeth in lower jaw only; mouth terminal. Manta, .19.
S8. AODON, LacepMe.
Aoihm, Lac£p£d1!, Hist. Nat. Poiss., i, 30O, 1798, (mamiaiiaii, Frencli name only).
Aoilmi, Kafivesque, Indice, 46, 1810.
Moliitia, Rafinesque, Indico il'Tttiol. Sicil., fil, 1810, [anrictiMn ^ edpttliila).
■ipleritnis, Bafinesque, J. c, 62, (/afcroni = edentnliiit).
mJ
Hi
li
. ■■.-'i^'.'ir.Sif'^
92
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum,
Oephaliiplertu, (DlTt:(:RlL) Rihnd, Irlitliyul. Nice, 14, IHlU, (j/tonm --- e(/itifu{ii; Hut of (ii'unruySl.
IJilaiio, mrj, a tteniis of lilnjH).
DUerobatiiii, Ui.ainvii,i,k, .lour, du IMiyg., lHir>, 202, {mohiihtr ^ nUnluln),
Ojthitliiplerti, (DrMf:Rll.) (U'Vikk, TU-kix) Animnl, Kil. 1, ii, 138, 1H17, {giorna),
A'xlon, IjAc(:pi'.i)R, TIi«t. Nut. PoIhi*., Rilitioii IMIIot, il, nri, 18;iO, (mduiiwid).
Jteroo'phiiUi, Swainhon, Nut. IliHt. Finhon, ii, H21, I8;i0, (ijiornn).
Head free from pectoral fin, truncated in front, with the cephalic fin on
each side developed as a Htraight, horn-like appendage ])ointing forward.
Nostrils widely Heparated. Mouth inferior, wide. Teeth in hoth Jaw.x
very small, fiat, or tubercular, in many sericH. Tail very slender, with ii
dorsal fiu between theventrals; the serrated spine present or absent.
Species about 5, in tropical seas, reaching an enormous size niid therefor<'
not well known. ((*/ — , without; mJo/f, tooth; J/o/xt/ar isaname said to Ix'
used for the European species, Aodon edentulua (Uriinnich), in the Azores,
"diable des Caraibes.")
1S8. JtOnON HYPOSTO.'MirS, (Bancroft).
Skin smooth ; mouth inferior ; anterior margin of pectoral straight :
the spirach t situated in a groove under anterior base of pectoral tin.
This species, described from Jamaica, is w^ y imperfectly known, and
may lio the same as Aodon olferxi (Muller &. Ileule), afterward described
from Brazil. (vTro, below ; ctto/uh, mouth.)
CephalopUriii hi/po»(omm, Bancroft, Proc. Ouiiiin. Zoiil. See., 1830, 134, Jamaica.
I r
i
i ^ '
m
59. MANTA, Bancroft.
MarOa, Bavcroft, Zoiil. Jonr., 1828-1829, iv, 444, {maiilit — biroii(riK).
Ceralnptera, MCller & Hf.ni.E, Plngiostoinoii, 18ft, 1838, (rampynu — hiroiiriii).
BracliUtptilon, Newman, ZoologiBt, 1849, 74, (hamiltoni hiroutrh).
Dicaiolichthys, Holmks, I'roc. Elliott See. Nat. Hint., lK,5fi, 39, leUiotli=hiro>lrui).
Disk broader than long, its exterior angles a; ate, the posterior margins
of the pectorals concave. Head truncate i? Iront; the cephalic fins loii^s
turned forward and inward. Mouth l^r^e, terminal. Teeth minute,
present in lower jaw only. Tail whip-like, often (always?) without ser-
rated spine. Skin rough, with small tubercles. Two species known.
(manta, blanket, " a name used at the pearl fisheries between Panama and
Guayaquil to designate an enormous fish much dreaded by the diver.s,
whom it is said to devour after enveloping them in its vast wings.''
Dnm^ril.)
1»0. MAXTA BIROSTRIS, (Walbaum).
(8f,a Devil ; Devii, Fish ; Manta.)
Disk not quite twice as broad -x^ long. Tail abont as long as the disk.
Teeth in about 100 longitudinal series, which are separated by distinct
interspaces. Skin of body and tail everywhere covered with small stellate
tubercles, rendering the surface very rough. Brownish, the margins of
the disk darker. Tropical waters of America; north to New Jersey and
San Diego ; not rare on the Florida coast. Reaches a width of abont 20
feet, one of the most enormous of aquatic vertebrates, (bia, two ; rostrum,
snout.)
\ I
Jordan and Evcrinann. — Fishes of North America.
93
\lnw hirotlriii, Wai.iiaum, Arteiii PiHclnen, MB, 1792, ufti-r IHti'inlmi miirmim WlllU({lil>.v, <'tc.
i;.,i,i iiniiiiiii'i, Uliic'ii a Sciinkideu, Syat. Ichtb., 3U4, IHUI, Tropical America ; aftor Hnk mn-
,„ili<, Lnctipt'do.
;,.,)" i/i.ih-i'"' m-iWniK", Blocii & SriiNKlDKU. J. <;., 3«8, 1W)1, India; aftor Williinliby.
i:,„njin(hii<ilii, l.wf.viim), lllst. Nut. I'uiHM., IV, 077, iwo. Gulf Stream, 58° N.
< ■.■).hah>iilera vmiqiijrut, MiTciiil.i,, Ann. Lye. Nut. Hint. N. Y., \X-£.\ Z\, Delaware Bay.
('■ >iili>i)lirariimp!ini$, Dl'Mf:UlL, KlaHmoliriiiirhcN, r, OW), 1870.
I .nhiithnl nii/i/i.vriH, flCNTIIKH, Cat., VIII, 4'J8, 1870.
I . ,,hiih>iili nm ijiorwi, I.K MuEi'K, Juiir. Ac. Nut. .Sri. I'liila., IV, 18'J4, US, Georgia; (uot Ht^a
jliiinid, IiUC»''{H'do).
I • pliiilciiliiit iiKiiilit, or Miiiila iiiiii-ririinit, lUNi'RorT, /oiil. Journal, IV, 114, I>*1!8, Jamaica.
i;j,l„ih<i<liiiijiiltHi, MCi.i.KU A IIkm.k, riugioHtoniuii, 18«, 18118, West Indies.
l:,.i,liii>iiiitniiliuiiiillimi, Nkwman, Ziml., 74, 1840, Gulf r'' California.
\ uih«\irlilhii» elUiM, II111.MKS, I'roc. Klliott Soc. Nat. IliHt., 18.50, ;i!l, Charleston.
M.iiiluliironlii)!, JOUUAN i UlLIIKUT, riyuopKJK, .'(2, I88;i.
Subclass HOLOCEPHALI.
(The CHiMi-ERAS.)
Skeleton cartilaf^inous. Gill cavity with I cleftH within, bnt havin;;
OIK! external opening only, which is covered by a fold of skin. No spir-
iU'lcH. Mouth inferior. Jaws with teeth, confluent into 1>ony plates;
ii|i]ier, jaw, palate, and hyomandibiilar coalescent with thoskull; inteutine
witli a spiral valve. Pectoral lius normally developed, placed low ; ventral
tins alidoniiual, with claspers in the male. Derivative radii aessilo on the
si(lt'8 of the basal bones of the limbs. Skin scaleless, its muciferous sys-
tciii well developed. This group contains a single order, Ciiim.kroidei.
( 1 loLOCEPiiALA, Cat., (iiinther, viii, 348-352. ) (liAot', solid ; /ce^a/i//, head).
Order H. CHIM^EROIDEI.
(The Chim/Kroids.)
Characters of the order included above. The group includes one exist-
iuj,' family, Chim.kuid.k. (yv^'u/ot, chinuera; ehhc, resemblance.)
Family XXIX. CHIMiinUD^.
(The CiiiMiERAS.)
l?()dy elongate, rather robust anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Head
c()iii)>re8sed; month smaF, inferior, the upper lip deeply notched. Nos-
trils confluent with the mouth, separated by a narrow isthmus; jaws
with the teeth confluent into 4 bony laminw above and 2 below. No
Hpiiacles. Pectoral fina free, placed low ; ventral fins abdominal, many-
rayed, provided in the male with claspers; dorsal fin usually divided,
anteriorly -with a very strong spine, which is grooved behind; caudal
fin low, fold-like. Skin naked, rarely somewhat prickly. Lateral line
present, usually with numerous branches antariorly. Three free gills
and 2 half gills, 1 on each side; isthmus moderate; gill rakers small.
Ovi]iarou6, the egg cases long, elliptical, with uilky filaments. Genera 4,
(the following and Callorhynchus); species about 7. Fishes of singular
appearance, found only in the seas of the cold regions. Numerous
.{
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94
liulletin 47, United States NatioPuU Museum,
extinct ^unura art) uImo rul'eriuU tu tbiu fuiuily. (CiiiM/KUIIki-:, (jiiiiitlioi,
Cut., VIII, :MU-352).
ClliM.KHiN.l'::
u, Siiuiit Hliort, Mill, not txriuiiiutiiiK in a I'litiiniiiniN ltit|i; tail not Ih'IiI ii|>»'uril.
h. Olim|iorH ill tli<i iimlii trillil; tail (MuliiiK ill It llliiiiii'iil. (Imim.kiia, en
Ih. (>luH|ii<i'H ill (III) iiittlu liillil; tuil nut t'litliiii; >n » llluiiK'tit. llvitiioLAtiUit, I'll
IIaiiuiuttin>::
(III. HuiMit uxccHHivdIy long, witii lnuf-lilio lutiirul uximiiHiouit; ilurMtl h|>Iiii< vi "> liirKis cIuhihi
Hinull, Hiiii|ilu. IIauiiiuyta, w-i
6o. CHIMiGRA. LinmuuH.
(ELKI'IIANT Fisiiks.)
{'Uiinam, IiiNN*l'H, HyHt. Nat., Kil. x, 1768, liUCi, (;;«(iM/r<«ii).
Huad Hoinowbat coiiipiuHHod, the Huuiit liluntiHh, iirotrtiding, fleHliy,
not ai'iiiud at tip with an ai»penda)fo. Eyes vory large, hiteral. Teeth
rather strong. LipH thickiuh, the lower with a frenuni. Lateral lino
Hiniple on the body, but forking anteriorly, forming Heveral Herieu ol
niucouH tubes on the head. Male with a club-Hhaped eartilaginouH hook
on the head above the unout; this hook is curved forward aud down-
ward, and is armed at its tip with decurved spines; its tip fitting into ii
depression in front of the eyes; females without this appendage. Gill
opening small. Pectorals moderate; ventrals rather large, with lar^c
bilid claspers in the male; male also with rough appendages at the bam'
of the ventrals, protruding from a sheath of skin. First dorsal triangu-
lar, preceded by a strong spine, which is grooved behind aud serrated on
its edges; second dorsal and caudal fins low, oftou more or less notched.
Tail extending in the line of the axis of the body, more or less j)roduc('(l
in a filament at tip. Skin smooth. Fishes of singular appearauc*' ;
mostly of the northern seas; not vabied for food. (A7ju»</»a, chimuira, a
fabulous monster, with the head of a lion, body o'* a goat, aud tail of a
serpent).
a. First (lorHHl nhnust cimtiniiuiiH with Hucond; body stuut; pectonkls ruut'hinK |iOHtoi'ior cikI
of VC'lltrillll. M0NSTB08A, \\'\
aa. First dorsal well so|iaratiMl from sucoud ; body Hleudur; iiui^toialti not nuurly ruafliini:
vuntrals. affinis, Ml.
140. ClIIlHEItA NONSTUOSA, LinuuiUH.
(CltlMiKBA.)
Tail ending in a very long rayless filament about as long as body and
head. First dorsal fin close to second and subcontinuous with it, tliu
upper margin even, not notched except just in frimt of the low caudal
fin; pectoral reaching posterior extremity of ventrals. Each clasper ot
the male with 2 long slender branches, each rather longer than snout,
the inner branch again divided into a simply cartilaginous styliform part,
aud another coated with spiny membrane. Brown, marbled with lighter;
dorsal fins with a broad black margin. (Giinther.) Deep waters oft" the
coast of Europe ; recorded by Poey at Matanzas, Cuba, {monstromx,
monstrous.) (Eu )
fordan and Evertnatm, — Fishes of North Atnerita.
05
('ihiiHd"! i.Mi)M(r»<>(, LiNN.t:i'H, 0]rit. Nnt., I'M. \, I7&tt, 230, Atlantic.
C/lim.'i' > i/i'>N«<nM>i, aUNTHIB, Cltt., VIII, 310, 1X70 ; PoRY, Hyiiii|iHiN, 4in, iHtM.
I'/lllil/fn' o'v/ltlfi'ir, AMARIV* K'ONKH, Itov. Nat.,|il. XV, 1N()0.
(JiiHifM I \>«rtiA0, Shaw, (!«ii. /util., v, 2, 30A, j)!. KiT, 18()4, aftiir Ltliiiicu*.
(Viiiii/i .1 "LilOrmiHtii, UiH*i, Kur. MtTlJ., in, IflH, 1827, Nice.
(Viini.t' ii'o'x, Kaiiku, I'IkIio IhIiukIn, 1,°., 1820, Iceland.
(jhijtvf/i^^i ;iH<c'eM(riii(t uud C. u<<uH(iim', UuoNow, (.'at. FUIiuh, IA, 10, IHM, Atlantic.
141.' CHIHif:itA AiriNlH, Cuiwllu.
Hotly more elongate than in C. monatrom; baao of flrat ilurHal equal to
iiiti'i^i'.u-o lietwoon thoni ; Hocond (loraal low, with a HtraiKht border ; pvc-
tonil nut nearly reaching vuntials; caudal very HUiall, ending in a minute
liluiiiiMit; cephalic appundagoH with 5 apineH on the inner surface; claH-
pei'N III male trifid, the divlHiou of the 3 portions at ii the length from
tlii> hnsi\ the cylindrical portion larger, ditferout in form from the others.
(Capi-llu.) L. 3 feet. Deep waters of the Atlantic, off I'ortugal and off
tlie Aiiitu-ioun Coast from Cajie Cod northward. ( affiniH, related to Chimara
monilrdxa,) (Eu.)
Chiiniiiit 'i,fliiiii,i!KPr.i,U), Jour. Sue. Math. Lieboti, iv, 18<W, 314, ]il. in, Coast of Portugal;
(ii MiiHB, Cat., VIII, 360, 1870.
Chiitiiifi I'liiiiihiui, Gii.i., I'roc. Philuij. Sue. WaBh., Dec. 22, 1H77, Qulf stream oFT Cape Cod.
I'himnii iiliimlien, JoRUAN & OiLUBKT, SyiliiliHiH, 51, 18H3.
(1„ni.i>w ahbr ita, G11.L, Pruc. U. S. Mat. Mum., 1883, 254, Lat. 40" N., Long. 6o<^ W. (Type,
No. .'.3135.)
61. HYDROLAGUS, Gill.
H'jdri'Uvins, (iiLI,, Proc. Ao. Nttt. .Sci. I'lillu., 1802, 331, (eoHiei).
TliiH ^enus is very close to Chimcera, diH'ering ohietly in the form of its
claHiici'H, which are simply biiid, the 2 parts subequal. The tail is not
prodiicod in a filament. The single species lives in the North Pacilic, in
water of moderate depth, {'vduf^, water; Aaywf, hare, from the form of
tlie lipM and teeth.)
148. HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI, (Lay k Bennett).
(Ratfish ; Elephant Fibii.)
Body anteriorly stoutish, tapering into a slender tail, which is not pro-
duced in a filament. Pectorals about as long as head, reaching about to
baHe uf ventrals. Dorsal spine | the length of the head. Second dorsal
low, highest in front, then very low, then higher, ending abruptly just
l)efoi'i> the beginning of the upper caudal fold; a small fold between
lirst and second dorsal, free from both; lower caudal fold higher than
upper, neither quite reaching the tip of the tail. No distinct anal fin.
Color grayish, with numerous round white spots; both dorsals edged with
black iuh. L. 2 feet. Pacific coast from Monterey northward to Alaska;
very abundant in cold waters at a moderate depth ; rarely used as food.
(A personal name).
Chimm-a colUei, La* & Bennett, Beechey'H Voy., Zoiil., 71, 1849, North Pacific; GCntheb,
Cat., VIII, 360,1870; Jordan <Sc Gilbert, Synopsis, 66,1883.
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90
JiuUttin 47f United Slates Nationai Museum,
62. HARRIOTT A, Uoodo A Hoan.
HtirriiMit, (JoiiiiR .It Ukan, Oftiaulo Ii'lithyoloity, Si, l>*ul, (ralii'jhimn).
tSiioiit u\cuu(liii);l,v t'loii^atu, with 11 ciii'tilut(iiioiiH iniilril), uiid foliacioiiH
lutoral oxpaiiHioiiH of thu Mkin at itN hiiHu, Twu <U)I'hu1 Huh, thu utitciiur
with an iiniiioiiHo triau(;iihvr Hpinu, finely HorrattMl upon itH hitorul imI^im.
Anul tin rodncud MtnciitiiuuoiiH fold. LonKitutliiiul iixiHof tho tail ncaily
thu Hiinit) aH that of thu trunk, very ulongutu, with liluiuuntouti tip, tlu'
tin hulow much nioru uxtunHivu than that ubovu. Nu cuphaliu or^itn,
(jilll opunin^H laturul, Nupaiutud hy u wid«) iHthtniiH. ('luHpuiH Hniall und
Hiuiplu. ("Naiiiud in honor of'TlioiiiaH Harriott, thu nioMtuiniiiunt piiilim
opliur and naturaliut of hiH day in Englaml, who waH u inunilM'i oi
Haluif{h'H Koanoku oulouy in Virginia in 1585, and who publiuhud tho IiinI
work in Eugliah on American natural hiHtory."}
148. IIAKRIOTTA ItAI.KIdilANA, Ouodo ,V lUan.
Tail oxtundud in a very long ttiauiunt, much longer in the older iiidi-
viduaU than in the young; not prcHunt in very young. Fir8t dorMal tin
separated from thu Hocond by an inturval nearly uqual to tho diauuitt-i of
the eye in thu older individualH, very much greater in thu younger oiics,
in which the cartilaginouH portion iu excuudingly narrow and iiij^li;
Second dornal tin long and low, itH height about ecpial to diameter of tlif
eye, itH lungth uqual to that of head. Dornal spinu verj* strong ; its
length in thu older individuala u(|ual to thu diHtance from itH own liaNi'
to the origin of thu Hucond dorsal; in thu young it Ih proportionately
much longer and utouter; a double row of Htrong upinen in udvanci* ot
the second dorsal, and in tho notch between tho second dorsal and itN
continuation upon the upper part of thu tail ; a similar group of at iciiNt
6 strong spines upon thu top of tho head back of the interorbital H|ia(c,
and surrounded by the curve of tho forward extension of the lateral line.
Traces of these spines may bo felt beneath the skin in older individualH
of both Hexes. Clanpers in the young male examined, small and simple,
in length scarcely equal to jj^ the long diameter of the eye. Pectoral
fins immense, wing-like, rounded in the young, subfalcate in the (dder
individuals ; inserted slightly in advance of the origin of the iirHt dorsal,
and extending in the older forms beyond tho root of tho ventral. Veii-
trals also subfalcate; similar in form and appearance to the pectoral, and
extending to a point at I the distance from the origin to the endol'tiu'
second dorsal; in length little less than J thu snout. In the you n^; the
ventrals are placed somewhat farther back and reach to a point iiiidei
the origin of the third section of thu dorHal lin. Tail prolonged in a
slender lilameut, and in tho older individuals the cutaneous flap upon its
lower edge is 3 or 4 times as deep as that above, and extends beyond it
anteriorly and posteriorly. In tho younger specimens the upper ami
lower flaps are about equal in height, and the upper flap extends far in
advance of the insertion of the lower one. Lateral line extending in a
straight line from a point beneath tho origin of the first dorsal appruxi-
mately to the middle of thu lower caudal lobe, which it follows along
its base for the remainder of its course ; in advance of the dorsal I'm it
it
Jordan unJ Evtrmann. — Fiihvs of North Ameriia. U7
ImmiiI< downward in iin olUptioul ouiiiho, ruid Www riHOH verticnlly t'runi
till' (Mcipitt to Join itH coiintorpnrt from tho otiier Hid»; bridlo-liku
uxIriiMioUH of the Huine nyHteni uxt»iid on tiio aiduH of the head under
tlit< I' w H, curving upward in front of tlu)oyu, then downward and Joining
uti tint undrrHido of the Huout to u branch running from beneath tlie eye
tliiw II ward to tho baHe of tho pectoral in the young, or under the throat to
li jiiiii lion in the older ouuh, and aJHo forward from tlie Name point under
tho i'>L'H to ,|i>in on either Hide the circle which Murrounda the nioutli.
All I hilxiriite HyHteni of mucous poreu upon all Hides of tlie nnout ; on the
iiikIi'i Mirfiice of tho Hiiout in 4 longitudinal HerieM. In tho older indi-
vitliiiiiH there in an exteuHiou of the lateral line ByMtcm on either Hide of
the midrib on the snout to itH tip, and there are also Hyinmetrical contiii-
iiatidii^ of tho Hame upon the under Hurface of the nnout. Color brown ;
eauii'il liliiiiiont pule. Eye 5^ in Htiout in tho older speoinioiiB, and the
diittaniMt between tho eyen Ih equal to their diameter. Four specimeuH
known, tho largcHt, a female (No. 1)9415, U. S. N. M.), 25 inchoH in length,
fioiii ;(!t° 44' 30'^ N. lat., 70° 30' 45'' W. long., in 1,0«1 fathomH, taken by
the Htt-aiiier Alhutroxa. Another, a male (No. 38200, U. S. N. M. ), l*Ji inchoB
ill loii^th, waH taken by the Albtitrotm in 3t)° 45' N. lat., 74° 28' 30" W.
1011^,11* 1* depth of 781 fathoiiiH. A third, u young individual (No. 35.'»20,
U. S. N. M.), 4 inchcM in length, was obtained by tho Albatross in 39° 37'
IV N. lat., 71° 18' 45" W, long., in 991 fathoniB. Still another (No.
35();il), was taken at Btatioii 2235, lat. 39° 12', long. 72° 03' 30", 707 fath-
oiiw. ((jioode «& liean.) (Named in honor of Sir Walter Kaleigb, by whom
tlm liiNt KngliHh Bcieutiiio explorer was Bont to tho Now World.)
\Uiri>,li,i iiihiijlinmi, (iuuuK & Dkan, OofBiiic lohtliyology, ;»3, 181(4, 39° N., 70° W.
Willi tliiHextraordinary creature we close the Belaobiau series and take
iiji tlitt ^roiip of Ganoids, from which stock the true flshes of the present
(lay, us well as all tho higher vertebrates, seem to be descended. Tho
uld (iaiioids were doubtless largely amphibious. The group has appar-
ently early ditlbrentiated into the lung-bearing series, from which tho
two (inlurs of the 7>t^;notand the Batrachia are descended, and the aquatic
dories, in which tho lung becomes degraded to a swim bladder, tho last
buing the uuceHtors of the true iishes.
Subclass TELE0ST03II.
(The True Fishes.)
Skoloton usually bony, sometimes cartilaginous. Skull with sutures;
'".u.'oraue bones (opercle, preoperole, etc.) present; gill openings a single
slit on each side ; gills with their outer edges free, their bases attached
to bony arches, normally 4 pairs of these, the fifth pair being typically
moditled into tooth-bearing lower pharyngeals; median and paired tins
developed, the latter with distinct rays. Ova small; no claspers. Heart
developed, divided into an auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb. Lungs
imperfectly developed or degraded to form a swim bladder, or entirely
absent.
V. N. A.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
We here include under one bead the Ganoids and theTKLKOSTS. Tlio
former group is chiefly composed of extinct forms. While many of its rep-
resentatives are extremely dissimilar to the bony fishes, there is a gradual
series of transitions, and between the Cycloganoidea of the Ganoids uml
the Cluproids and others of the true Tklkosts, the resemblance iu much
greater than that between the Cycloganoidka and many other Ganoids.
The Ganoids are, in fact, the most generalized of the true fishes, thoHc
nearest the stock from which the Telrosts on the cue hand, and tbe
Dipnoi and Batraciiia on the other, have sprung. The real value or
rank of some of the current orders or i^uborders is still doubtful. {Ttltivr,
perfect; arufia, mouth.)
Omitting orders not represented in our waters, we have the followiug
analysis of—
Orders of True Fishrs.
a. Artcrfai liiilb muscular with numerous valvos; optic norvca forming u solid. chiaoina; veu-
trnls abilominal; air bladder witli a well duveluped duct; tail etruugly heturocen."!
tliruugliuut life; Bouie flns usually witli fulcra, (Series Omuiidei.)
Giionhuouanoidea:
b. Skeleton cartilaginous; ventrals with an entire BorieH of basilar segments.
c. Maxillary and iuteroperclo obsolete; skin naked; uir bladd;;r cellular.
Sf.i.aciiostomi, 1.
re Maxillary and interoporcle present; skin with bony shields; uir bladder simple.
CllONUItOSTKI. J.
HoLOSTE; or IlYOnANOIDGA:
M>, Skeleton bony; ventrals with boiiilar segments rudimentary; air bladder cellular.
d. VertebriB opistliocculian (concavo-convex); maxillary transversely divided intomv-
eral pieces; scales rhombic, enanioled plates. Rhomiiooanoidea, K.
dd. Vertebrroamphicoelittu (double concave); maxillary not transversely divided; BCttll•^
cycloid. Oyclooanoidea, L.
tsa. Arterial bulb thin, with a pair of opposite valves; optic uorves crossing, not forming u
solid cbiasma. (Series Telfostei.)
e. Anterior vortehcfc (about 4), much modified, coiissiflod ai 'I i-rovidcd with oseicula and-
itus, or weberian apparatus; shoulder girdle suspended from the skul' by a bony
post-temporal; moBonoracoid arch well developed. Air bladder (if present) connerlcd
by a slender air duct with the intestinal canal, this porsistent throughout lil'u;
ventral flns (if present) abdominal, T"ithuut spines, their basilar segments riidl-
mental. (Ostariophysi.)
/. Maxillary bono imperfect, forming the base of a conspicuous barliel; no subupi'r-
do nor symplectic bone; no scales; aupraoccipital and pnriotulB coiisnilii'd.
Nehatoqnathi, M.
ff. Maxillary bone perfect (rarely wanting) and never i^ntering Into the baxo ol u
barbel; subopercle and symplertic present; scales usually preaent.
Plictospomdyi.i N.
ec. Anterior vertebrre unmodified, similar to tbo others, or more elongate ; b ':"\n»te md
without ossicala auditus. (Descendants of Ilolostean Ganoids.)
g. Body eel-shaped, provided with very many (100 to 260) vertebras; scale- minutr or
wanting; no ventral fins; gill openings restricted.
h. Gill arches 4 paira; the hindmost being modified a:} pharyngeal bones; (nl-
titopterygoid arch present.
* ». Premaxillary, maxillary, and palat^ie bones well developed and distinct
from each other as in ordinary fishes; no paired fins; gill openings
confluent; shoulder girdle Joined to the cranium in our species 'trat
not in all). Symbbancuia, 0.
^"'d-*
''■•JW^Kfyn^f^
■'■\
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes o/ North Atnerica.
99
J)
a. PrHiiiiixilliiri<!S mid miixilliiries preHuut, iinitod liy Hiitiii'<* uiid iiiiiiiovably
cuiiiii'ctfd Id tliu i'riiiii\iiii ; otliorwiHo as tii Apmhu. Cakknciieli, I*.
III. rreiiiiixilhiry Htrii|iliii'ii i>i-|iiHt; iiiaxilliiriuH IiiIithI, iiiod' ur Icim coiithi-
ciit with thu paliitiuuri; Bhuulder girdlu not attiit'liud tu tlio gkiill.
Al'oiiKfi, Q.
Iih. (iill iiiclii'H Ci or li |iiijrH; t)i« |ioHtorior not iiKidifloil into jiliurynui'iils, itiiil nil vf
tlieiii, iiN wiOl iiH till! hIioiiIiU'I' f^irdlo, diHcoiiiibctvd IVoiii tlio rriiuiiini; nu
|ialiito|itrry);oid itrcli ; no oiieriMilur uluumiitf. Lyomkiii, It.
Holly not truly cid-sliaiied; tlio vortcbriu tisually in iiiodrriktu or nttlii-r largu niini-
bur (14 to ISO); vi'ntral fluH UHUiilIy present; ^111 oponiii»;« typically ainpir;
pruiimxillnry always proHunt, niid maxillary iiHuully so; ghouldcrgirdlonuurtho
craniiiiM, ll^*llally Imt not always attached tu it.
j. Ifypurcuracoid and tiypocoracuid cualescod in a singli' laniollar inipcrfurntu
plato; di'apular arch formud of proncapiila and poHttitniporal, tlio latter
impinging on Bupraoccipital unly; d'jrsal flu with many spiiios.
IIf.trhomi, V.
Ifyporcorncnid and hypocoracoid imperfectly difforoutiatud, repretiented liy a
cartilagiuous strip or plate, not perforate, and without seiiarato actinosts;
ventnilH abdominal; no tin 82iines. Xknomi, W.
jy. Ilyporcuracoid and liyiiocoriicoid well developod, not coaledcoiit.
k. lutorclavioles prosuut; air bladder without duct; vuntrala abdominal or sub-
abdominal, if present; :io mesocoracoid.
/. Gills pectiuatc; gill openings large; dorsal and ventral usually with
spines. ilKMiiiKANciiiii /.
//. Gills tufted; gill openings very small; operolo a simple plate; skin
with bony plates. Loi>iioiiitANciiil, A A.
kk. Intorclavicles wanting, so far as known.
m. I'reopercio entirely detached from the suspensoriiim, ruilin\i'iitiii\v and
attached only to lower jaw, its normal position taken by tlio siib-
opercle; no spines; no mesocoracoid. LveroMi, U.
mm. I'reoiierclo normally connected.
(.. Mesocoracoid well developed; flns witlioutspines; air bladder with
a persistent duct; pectoral flns inserted low; veutrals abdominal.
ISOSI'ONUVLI, S.
nil. Mesocoracoid always wanting.
0. Ventral flns abdominal, without spines; no true spines in dor-
sal or anal flns,
p. Air bladder with a persistent duct; lower pharyngeals
seitarato.
q. Shoulder girdbi not connected with the skidl in the
usual way, the post-temporal barely toiii'hing the
cranium. (Mostly deep-sea fishes, with weak
skeletons.) Iniomi, T.
77. Shoulder girdle connected with tho skull by a bifld
post-tomponil. (Mostly fresU-water flshes, the
skeleton well ossified.) IIai'Lomi, X.
2171. Air bladder without duct in adult; lower pliaryugeals
fully united. SYNENTOiiNATni, Y.
00. Ventral fins usually anterior in position ; spines usually
present in the fins; pectoral flns not on the piano of the
abdomen ; parietal bones usually separated by the
supraoccipital. (Spiny-rayed flshes chiefly.)
r. Pectoral flns not pediculate, the gill openings in
front of them. Acamiioi'teki, KB.
rr. Pectoral flns pediculate, tho liasal bones reduced
in number and elongate; gills in the axil of
the pectorals. Pkdicui.atj, CC.
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Series GANOIDEI.
J Z (The Ganoiu Fishes.)
The naiiio Uanoidri was first used by Agassiz, for those tishen which an-
armed with bouy platos, instead of regular cycloid or ctenoid suuleh.
Later, Johauues Miiller restricted the group to those fishes thought to
show more or less distinct reptilian ^v batrachiun afiiuities, and especially .
afiinities with the mailed fishes of the Devonian and Carboniferous iii^t'^
The group is a heterogeneous one, and one practically scarcely susceptililc
of definition. In some of the Ganoids, the air bladder still retains Us
original function, a lung. The existence of the solid optic chiasnia, tlii'
presence of several valves in the arterial bulb, and of a more or less devel
oped spiral valve in the rectum, distinguish the living Ganoids from all
Teleosts, but none of these characters can be verified in the extinct
forms. We begin the series with forms having the skeleton still cartila
ginous as in the sharks, but even less developed, {yiivut;, splendor, from
the enameled scales. )
CHONDROOA>OIDEA.
(Thk Cartilaginous Ganoids.)
Skeleton chiefly cartilaginous, the vertebral column entirely so, the
vertebral segments little developed, arranged along the uotochord. Ante
rior vertebra) simple, imperfectly formed. Ventral fins abdominal, with
an entire series of basilar segments. No subopurculuin or prcopurculum
Branchiostegal single or wanting; a niesocoracoid arch; no syniplucti>
bone. Mesopterygium distinct; interclavicles present.* Arterial biil.
with several pairs of valves. Optic nerves forming a chiasma. Intestinti
with a spiral valve. Air bladder connected by a duct with the a'sophagiis.
Tail heterocercal, its fin with fulcra. Skin naked or armed with boii^
plates, never with true scales. This group comprises two orders. Its
place seems to be intermediate between the Sharks and the Catfit*lies,
though without close relation to either. (Cuondkostei, Giiuther, Cat.,
via, 332-347.) (j^iWpof, cartilage ; Gunoidea.)
Analysis ok Orders of Chondroganoidea.
a. Maxillary and intcroi)oiTlo ubsuluto; skin uaknil; bratichiliyulH ('itrtila;.;iiiuii8; air Ma<l<l(T
culliilar. Ski,aciio8T().mi, I.
aa. Maxillary aud inturoiiurch! presuut; tikiii with buiiy Hliicldx; braiii'lilliyaiti oMKiniis; air
bladdur siiuplc. C'iium)Uj8ti.i, J.
Order I. SELACHOSTOMI.
(The Paddle-fishes.)
Notochord persistent, the division into vertebrin imperfect. Mesoctiu
coid developed; no symplectic bone; premaxillary forming bordei o;
mouth; no suboperculum, preoperculum, nor interopercnluni ; mesoiit j
* The OBtooloKical characters hero and in some other parts of tliiH work are )Hiitly taltcii ficifs
Cope's "Contribution to the Ichthyology of the Lesser Antilles," Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, i«7(n
''^ftbw.
-- ......J-
.4A..„.
u • i .
Jordan and Evennann. — Fishes of North America. 101
rv.,'iiuii distinct; basihyala and superior ceratobyal not ossitied; inter-
i;hivi('loH present; maxillaries obsolete; branchihyalscartilaijinons. This
Older contains but one family, Polyodontid.k. (CTeAa;fv, shark ; tiTofia,
llKllltll.)
Family XXX. POLYODONTIDiE.
(TiiK Paddle-fishes.)
lloily fusiform, little compressed, covered with mostly smooth skin.
Snoiil prolonged, expanded into a thin Hat blade, the inner portion formed
livtli' |noducod nasal bones, the outer portion with a reticulate bony
fniiiit work, the whole somewhat flexible. Mouth broad, terminal, but
oveiliiiiif; by the spatulate snout, its border formed by the premaxillaries,
the iii.ixillaries being obsolete; jaws with many fine deciduous teeth;
HJiiiil^n tooth on palatines; no tongue. Spiracles present. Operculum
nidiiiMiilary, its Hkin produced behind into a long acute flap ; no pseudo-
Itiancliii'N or opercular gill; gills 4i; gill rakers long, in a double series
on eacli arch, th(5 series divided by a broad membrane; gill membranes
(•(insidciably connected, free from the isthmus; a single broad branchios-
trgal. No barbels. Nostrils double at base of blade. Lateral line con-
tinuons, its lower margin with short branches. Dorsal fin well back, of
Noft rays only ; anal similar, rather farther back; tail heterocercal, the
lower caudal lobe well developed, so that the fin is nearly equally forked ;
Hides of the bent portion of the tail armed with small rhombic plates;
caudal lin with fulcra. Pectorals moderate, placed low ; ventrals abdom-
inal, many-rayed. Air bladder cellular, not bifid ; pyloric cmca in the form
of a sliort, broad, branching, leaf-like organ ; intestine with a spiral valve.
Two Hjiccies known — Polyodon apathula and Psephurua gladiua; singular
lislics, inhabiting the fresh waters of the United States and China. They
teed ciiiotiy on nuul and minute organisms contained in it, stirring it up
witli tiio spatulate snout. (Polyodontid.k, Giinther, Cat., viii, 346-347.)
<i. (iill rakora very fino nnd uumerouR; caudal fulcra Rinall and numorouB.
63. POLYODON, Lac^pMe.
Polyodon, 63.
(Paddle-fishes. )
Pnliimlnn, IjAcfii ftpE, Ilist. Nat. Pois.'f., I, 402, 1798, {feiiill'); French name only.
I'rihii«l,,ii, Bi.ocn & ScnNF.iDEn, Syst. Ichtli., 457, 1801, (ji,,,iini).
S)«(iJ.ri;,(, .Sll.\w, Oen. Zoiil., v, 3(52, 1804, (rellcitlaln).
nuiM^lm, Lk St EUR, .Tour. Ac. Nat. iz^l. Pliila., I, 1817, 227, (edentula).
Plimirdsirn, ItAKixF.sQUE, 1th. Oil., 83, 1> i, {edentnln).
PiiireriiH, Rafinf.s jllE, Ich. Oh., 87, 1820, niwuhitui).
(iill r.akevH exceedingly numero s, very slender ; spatula broad. Caudal
fulcra 13 to 2(i in number, of moderate size. Characters otherwise those
of tlic family. Rivers of the middle United States. {ttoAIc, many ; Mo/f,
tooth.)
144.'' POLYODON SPATHULA, (Walbaum).
(Pappi.e-fish; SpooN-nii.i, Cat; Duck-bill Cat; Spade-fibii.)
Opercular flap very long, nearly reaching to ventrals ; premaxillary
('xttiuling far behind the small eye. Skin smooth, or nearly so, except the
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Bulletin 47, United States National Musetim.
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rhombic plateH on the Hides of tbn tail. Veiitruls iiuiir the iiiiddlo of tiio
body; dorHiil well behind tboin ; anal uioatly behind the dorsal, and sonitt-
what larger; these fins somewhat falcate. Fin rays slender. Spiratlo
with a minute barbel. Isthmus papillose in the younj;. Spatula broail,
2\ to 4 times in length, proportionately longer in young. Head, wiili
opercular (lap, more than \ length; head, without spatula Hap, about r>
Color pale olivaceous. I). 50 to (iO; A. 50 to (55; V. 45. L. 5 to (J feet,
Mississippi Valley mid rivers of the southern States; generally abundant
in the larger streams; also known from Lake Krie. A singular fish dl'
rather sluggish habits, the llesh coarse, resembling that of the larger cat-
fishes, but inferior in quality, (njuithuhi, spatula.)
f^lH(ilii» npitlhulit, WAT.nAt'M, Arfoili Pise., 5^2, \^^•l, utter Sputhula of HoziiT, Jour. I'liys., 1771,
:i8i, |)1. 2.
"I'lihiiiihii ffiiille," LAcf pfinK, Illst. Nat. Poisd., i, 402, 171W, locality unknown.
VdIjioiIoh/iiUiiui, lli.oc'U Sc SciiNEiDEit, Syst. Ichth., 4,^7, IWll, aftur I.hcuim-iIo.
Si>(iliiliiriii rrriiiihilii, .SiiAW, Goii. Ziiiil., v, 302, 1804, after I.iu'<)|ii-(i<<.
I'htiroulm iikiititla (luliilt), Lk Suki'K, Jour. Ac. Nut. S<-i. Pliila., i, 1817, 227, Ohio River.
Poll/odoH foliiiiii, GCntmkk, Cat., viii,340, 1870.
Poli/ndiiii Hpnlliiihi, JoitDAN ife (ilMiRKT, Synopsis, 8.1, MiM.
Aciiwiisir tiiiji'itarwii, Rakinesqiir, Ifli. Oil., 86, 1820, Oliio River.
PivK.wiM niiiciiltiliin, St. Genevieve, Missouri, and Prwerot viUatm, Lake Ontario, Kakin
ESijuE, Icli. Oil., m, 87, 1820.
PImnrottra tpiiliila, Owkn, 0»tm)l. Oat., i, 8.'i, 1853.
Order J. CHONDROSTEI.
(The vSturokons.)
Notochord persistent, the cartilaginous vertebral imperfectly developed.
A uiesocoracoid. No sjinplectic bone. Maxillary present. No sub-
operculum or preoperculnm. Interoperculum present. Mesopteryginiii
distinct. Interclavicles present. Hasihyals and superior ceratohyal not
ossified. Branchiliyals osseous. This group is composed of the siuf,'lc
family AciPKNSKUin.i;. {^ovdpoc, cartilage; ooTtov, bone.)
Family XXXI. ACIPENSERID^E.
(The SturOiKons.)
Body elongate, subcylindrical, armed with 5 rows of bony bncklors,
each with a median carina which terminates in a spine, which sonietinios
becomes obsolete with age; a median dorsal series, and a lateral ami
abdominal scries on each side, the abdominal series sometimes decidu
ous; between these the skin is rough with small irregular plates, llt^atl
covered with bony plates joined by sutures; snout produced, depressed,
conical, or subspatulate. Mouth small, inferior, protractile, with thick-
ened lips. No teeth. Four barbels in a transverse series on the lower side
of the snout in front of the mouth. Eyes small ; nostrils large, double, in
front of eye. 01118 4; an accessory opercular gill; gill membranes united
to the isthmus; no branchiostegals. Maxillary distinct from the preniax-
illary. Head covered with bony plates united by sutures. Fin rays
slender, all articulated; vertical tins with fulcra. Pectorals placed low;
ventrals many-rayed, behind middle of body; dorsal placed posteriorly ;
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Jordan afui F.Termann. — Fishes of North America.
103
aiiiil Hoinowhatholiind it, Himilar; tail heterocnreal , th« lower caudal lobo
ilr\ eloped; the iipptu' lobo of tlie tail covorud with rhomboid Hcalos. Air
bladder large, Niniplo, connected with the insophugus. Paendobranchiiit
Hiiiall orolmoleto. Stomach without blind sac; rectum with a spiral valve;
liaiicroaH divided into pyloric appendages.
l/iirgefiHlieH of the seas and fresh waters of northern regions, feeding on
Hiniill animals and plants sucked in through the tube-like mouth. Most
of tlio species are migratory, like the salmon, which are found in the same
waters. Genera 2; species about 20; although more than 5 times that
nmiiber have boon described. The American species especially have been
niiiinly multiplied, particularly by Augusto Dumdril, who has found up-
wards of 40 of them in the museum at Paris. But American species are
known to us, and we doubt if any more exist. The changes with age are
cniiHiderable ; the snout, in particular, becomes much shorter and less acute,
and the roughness of the scales is greatly diminished ; the ventral shields
sdiiintimes disappear altogether. The number of plates, although one of
the best specific characters, is subject to considerable variation. ( Acii'KN-
8KKii)/K, Giinther, Cat., viii, 332-;j45.)
II. Spiracles prcRont; Bnout Buliconir; rowH of bony hIiIoIiIh ilintinct llirougboiit; tho tail not
(loprosstul nor niuilod; gill ral<nrH lancoolatc. Acipenkkk, (U.
ii.i. HpiracloH otiRoluto; snout Niilmpntiilato, rows of bony shiflldn confluent t)eliin(l tho dorHikl so
that tlio iloprosaeil tail is coniplotdy mailed; gill rakcro small, fan-Hhapeil, eniliuK in
3 or 4 points. Scapiiikiiynciium, r>,'i.
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64. ACIPENSER, LinniBus.
(Stukgeons.)
Acijirmfr, (AnTEm), LlNN^W-rs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 17.''>8, 237, {nliirio).
Sdiri'i, Rapinesque, Indico Itt. Sicil., 41, 1810, (uliirio).
Sinhlus, Rafinesqxik, loll. Oh., 79, 1820, (nerolimtii).
biwdwi, Rafinesque, /. c, 82, (Inmcdlm).
//ill", HbandtA Ratzeburo, Modiziii. Zoiil., ii, 3, 18.3.1, (htuo).
S(ii7i (lis, Bhanpt a Ratzedvro, t. c, 3, {nilhfnuH).
/ff/o;i«, Bkandt & Ratzeih'ro, I. c, 3, («fc'Hrt/H/i).
liohisats, FlTZiNOER & IIeckel, Ann. Wien. M«b., 370, 1836, (glaher).
Aiiliicfiis, Bbandt, Bull. Ac. Sci. Potorsb., v, 138, 18f>5, (tchijpa).
Snout subconical, more or less depressed below the level of the fore-
head. A small spiracle over the eye. Caudal peduncle moderately long,
(leoper than broad, the rows of bony bucklers distinct to the base of the
caudal fin. Tail not produced into a filament, its tip surrounded by the
caudal rays. Gill rakers small, narl-owed or lanceolate. Pseudobranchiie
pi'i'Hent. Species numerous in all northern rivers and seas, (adpenser,
sturgeon.)
1. Plates between ventrals and anal small, ia2 rows of 4 to 8; space between dorsal and lateral
shields with stellate plates of moderate size, in about 5 rows, intersporst-d with smaller
ones. Dorsal shields about 12; lateral about 45; ventral about 2. D. 47; A, 29. Color
plain grayish. transmontanus, 14.1.
"11. Plates between ventrals and anal large, in 1 row, or in 2 rows anteriorly and 1 posteriorly,
of 1 to 4 plates each.
b. S{)aco between dorsal and lateral shields with stellate plates of rather largo size, in .I
to 10 series; last dorsal shield of moderate size, more than )^ length of one before it.
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c. Shields all roiiprhly gtriutcil and ridRod; mini nearly m luni^ as dorsal and ainioht
entirely Ixdiind it. D. .'13 ; A. 22. Ddrxal nliiuldg a)>out 0; lateral ulmut 'J(.;
ventral about 8. Color decidedly grocniHii. mriiiuostrir, 14ii.
re Shioldg not roughly striated; anal a little more than % length of dornal nml
almost entirely below it. D. :)8 ; A. '27. Dorsal sliields about 10; lateral :.;:i;
Tontral 0. Color grayish. STunio, 117.
W>. Space botwc(^n dorsiil and lateral nliields with minute npiniiles in very many series.
il. Ijast dorsal shield of moderate si/e, more tlian % the one before it. Anal IJ^ '"
dorsal and beginning below its middle. Dorsal shields about ir*; lateral IIk,
ventral 10. D. U.'i; A. 37. nuiucrNims, ll.>>.
(/((. Last tiorsal shield very small, less than J/iJ length of the one before il; dors^il
shieldsll; lateral 32; ventral 0. D. 41; A, 22. Anal entirely below dorsal ami
Yi as long. BREVIIIUHTIUIM, llli
(
14A."ACIPENSER TRANS.MONTANrS, Uichardson.
(White Sturoeon; Oregon STtiROEOn; Sacramento STrROEON.)
Color dark grayish, scarcely olive tinged, and withont stripes. Dor-
sal shields mesocentrous, with a compressed bluutish spine, which is
anteriorly often serrated, and followed behind by a compressed keel. Skin
with stellate roughnesses, but smoother than in A. vwdiroatixH. Space
between lateral shields with stellate plates of moderate size, in about "i
series interspersed with smaller ones ; last dorsal shield \ length of one
before it. Snout sharp in the young, becoming rather blunt and shoit
in the adult, when it is considerably shorter than the rest of the beat I.
Barbels rather nearer to the tip of snout than to the mouth. Gill raker.s
comparatively long, more than 3 times as high as broad, about 2(5 in
number. Upper lobe of tail with rhombic plates. First caudal fulcrum,
above and below, enlarged and granular. Lower lobe of caudal ratliei
sharp and long, not much shorter than upper. Dorsal plates 11 or IL':
lateral 36 to 50, usually about 44 ; ventral 10 to 12. Anal fin below dorsal,
its base about \ as long. D. 45 (44 to 48); A. 28 to 30. Depth 7 in lengt 1: :
head 4. Pacific coast from Alaska south to Monterey, ascending tlic
Sacramento, Columbia, and Fraser rivers in large numbers in sprinj^.
It reaches a weight of 300 to 600 pounds, and is lai'gely used as food, l)nt
is rather coarse, {transmonianua, beyond mountains.)
Acipenwr trawmontaHnu, RicilARnsoN, Fauna Dor. Amor., in, 278, 1836; Fort Vancouver.
Acipenaer hrachjirhyiichus, and aaUirostria (young), AVRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1854, l.'i, 16, San
Francisco.
Acipenser (ransmnntauiis and brachyrhyuchm, GOnther, Cat., viii, 330, 337, 1870.
Aeipcnser trausmtnilKmiK, .Ioroan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 86, 1883.
f Acipeiaer aU'utfimn, FminarAi & llECKT.l, Ann. Wien. Mus., 1836, Aleutian Islands, iit'icr
Pallas.
Acipenser caryi, ayresi, and pulnami, Di'mCril, Nohv. Arch. Mus., in, 1(10, 171, 178, 18C7, San
Francisco.
Acipeiuer transmoHlamis, Kirsch & Fordice, * Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, 2,54.
14«.' ACIPENSER HEDIROSTRIS, Ayres.
(Green Sturgeon.)
Color olive-green, with an olive stripe on the median line of the belly
and one on each side above the ventral plates, these stripes ceasing
* This pa]ier contains descriptions and synonymy of all the Ameriean Sturgeons.
■ . jL <*'/*ini*t j.^ilt?-&t!**".'M'i^/* * -. * £'*^ij*^i
Jordan and Ever mann. — Fishes of North America.
105
()]i|i()4ito the vent. Shields generally opisthocentrous with a strongly
huoki'd spine; the surface very rough. Space between lateral and dorsal
ruwH (if shields with about Q series of stellate plates interspersed with
gniailor ones; last dorsal shield moderate; more than \ the one before
it. Snont about as in A. <ran«»ion<anM8, sharp in the young, becoming
blunt with ngc, usually rather shorter than the rest of head. Barbels
iipaily midway between tip of snout and mouth. Gill rakers scarcely
Iiij;Iicr than broad, about 17 in number. Upper lobe of tail with some
Hcattcrod plates. Caudal fulcra not enlarged. Lower lobe of caudal
short and blunt, little more than \ the length of the upper. Dorsal
pliit.s !()({) to 11); lateral 20 to 30; ventral 9(7 to 10). Anal nearly
as Idiig as dorsal and mostly behind it. D. 33 to 35; A. 22 to 28. Depth
1\ in length ; head \\. Pacific coast, ascending the rivers from San
FranciHco northward, reaching a large size ; less abundant than A. tranx-
moiiliinim, and smaller in size; not used for food, being reputed poisonous.
{medium, moderate; tostrum, snout.)
,l.,)rii(v, I- timlinislrh, Aynr.», Pror. Cftl. Ac. Sci., I, ITi, IHM, San Francisco; OUntiikr, Or!.,
Mil, ;tl2, 1H70; JoiiDAN & Oii.nKiiT, SynopsiH, 8fi, 1883.
.[ripriiscr injiissi.-.ii, (ilexandrl, and oUgopellui, Vvtuhiit., Nonv. Arcli. Mur., hi, 181, 183, 184, 1807,
San Francisco.
..l,i;i. )/-.»• (((/((K.s(',;i, GCntiier, Cat., VIII, 344,1870.
At'liiiii'i-riiciiliriixIriA, GCNTIIER, Cut., vill, 344, 1870.
Ai'ijiiiiri r vinliroslrin, KiRSCll & FoRlilcE, /. c, 249, 1889.
147.^ A<;iPENSKB STIIBIO, LinniPiiB.
(Common SirnoEON.)
Shields not strongly striated ; stellate plates small, in about 10 rows,
witli smaller ones interspersed; last dorsal shield moderate, more than
i leiif{th of one before it. Snout rather sharp, nearly as long as the
rest of the head, becoming comparatively shorter and blunter with age.
Harliels nearly midway between mouth and tip of snout, shortish, not
reaching the mouth. Gill rakers small, slender, pointed, sparse, not
longer than the pupil. Fulcra roughish, not enlarged. Lower lobe of
tail rather sharp. Anal more than i dorsal, placed mostly below it.
Anterior rays of pectoral thickened. D. 38; A. 27. Dorsal plates 10 to
II; lateral 29 (27 to 36); ventral plates 9 (8 to 11). Olive gray, paler
lielow. Atlantic coasts; ascending rivers of northern Europe and the
Tniteil States.
The American Sturgeon (var. oxyrhynchun, Mitchill) has the number
of lateral plates generally fewer (27 to 29 instead of 29 to 36, as in Euro-
pean examples). The stellate ossifications are also said to bo somewhat
rouf;Iier than in the European form. New England to Carolina; abun-
dant. {Hturio, sturgeon.) (Eu.)
AHpimer nhirin, LlNN^l'.s, S.vst. Nat., X, 1758, 237; GPntiieb, Cat., viii, .342, 1870.
Aeipeimrr oriirU\inchm, MiTClllLI-, Trans. Lit. & Pliil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 462, 1814, tli<> Amoricr'i
fiirm. New York; Jordan & Gilueut, Synopsis, 86, 188.3.
^nrin nilgnris, Uafinesque, Indice, 41, 1810, Palermo.
Aeilk'nnr Uclitemleiiii, Inlirostrin. honpUus, thnmpsnni, attihis, anA j/nrrcWi of European iutliora ; A.
mililiilli, New York; kennicntii, James River; girardi, Maryland; marrorhimiK, New York;
mnjuianpin^ Lake Champlain, milherti, New York, IminU, Maryland; ntnreri, Boston;
h-lhrnoki, Charleston; and lecontei, New York;Di'Mi;BiL, Nouv. Arcli. Mub., hi, 18«7.
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
I4H. ACIPKNHKK HUHICUNDIJH, L« Sueur.
(Laki STiJBdF.oN ; Ohio Stubobon ; Stone Sturokon ; Kock Sturokov ; Rfk Stiirokon.)
Dark olive above, Hides paler or roddiBh, often with irregular blackJNli
HpotH. Body comppratively elongate; snout slender and long in the
young, becoming (juite blunt with age, when it is considerably shortrr
than the rest of the head; shields largo, rough, with strongly hookcil
Hpines, becoming later comparatively smooth, the old examples almost
smooth. 8kin with minute rough spinules in many Herios; ventral shifilds
growing smaller with ago, and finally deciduous; lust dorsal shield of
moderate si/e, about i length of next the last. Anal \ length of dorHul,
beginning near its middle. Dorsal shields 15 (11 to 1(>) ; lateral shieldH ;m
(30 to 39); ventral plates 10 (8 to 11). D. 35; A. 2B. L. G feet. Weifrjit
50 to 100 pounds. Mississippi Valley, Great Lakes, and northward; tiio
common fresh-water sturgeon of the lakes and streams of the middle
west, usually not descending to the sea. The small rough "Kock Stur-
geon," A. maciiloauR, Lo Sueur, we regard as the young of this specicH.
(ruMcundus, reddish.)
AHpeni>er nibicHHiltiH, Lv. Si'ri'r, Trans. Amcr. Phil. Soc., i, 1818, 388, Lakes Ontario, Erie,
and all the upper Lakes.
Acipetuirmacuhmu, Lb SuKini, /. r., i, 393, 1818, (young), Ohio River.
Aripeuner niperiUinuii, RiciiAnnsoN, Fauna Ilor. Amur., yiii, 11, 183(>, Albany River, Rupert
Land.
Aeipetuer hevif, carbouariiis, ond rhynchmit, AoARSiz, 207, 271, 270, 1850, Lake Superior.
AciiienMrmbiciiudiin auA miiculomtii, GCnthf.r, Cat., vill, 338, 339, 1870.
Avipettner liopelliK, GCntiikr, Cat., viit, 3(1, 1870, Mississippi.
Acipeit/Kr mbiciiiKliiH, Mii,NF.R, Uvpt. V, S. Fish Com., 1872, 1873, 07.
Aripenner nibkmiihiM, JoiioAN & OunERT, Synopsis, 87, 1883.
Acipeiiter serotinus, ohietisis, nmX macrnstomua, Rafine.sqi.'R, IcIi. Oil., 80, 1820, Ohio River.
Diueftiis Intncatiu, Rafinrsqur, Ich. Oh., 80, 81, 1820, ((irronrons, on a drawing liy Auiliibon).
Acipenser copei, ? upper Missouri ;r()iiWii, Osage River; WcftunJuoHi, Missouri River; mm«' //"•»,
Missouri River; paraiuviimoii, Huntsville, Ala.; nnOinicinns, Lake Erie; biiiuirii, Missis-
sippi River; itirliispis, Saskatchewan River; rafmesipici, Ohio River; rusuriHw, upper
Mississippi, or Lake Erie; philjirhinHS, upper Mississippi ur Lake Erie; kiiihimli,
Lake Erie;»<'r/iHi>iHi»i, Michigan; honneymatii, no locality; Wiiciu»(i/i, Ohio River; uiiJ
buffalo, Lake Erie; Dum£ril, Hist. Poiss., ll, 108-2:)1, 1870.
liO.'^ACIPENSER BUEVIltOSTRUM, Lo Suonr.
(SHORTNOSEI) Sturof.on.)
Dusky above, paler below. Snout very short and obtuse, about i of
the length of the bead. Barbels short, simple. Skin between row.s of
shields with many rows of small prickle-like plates; last dorsal shield
very small, less than i the one before it. Shields rather large and
smoothish. Anal about half dorsal and entirely below it. Dorsal shield
11 (8 to 11); lateral 32 (22 to 33); ventral 9 (6 to 9); D. 41 ; A. 22. Cape Cod
to Florida, rare northward, extending further southward than other
species; our specimen from Charleston, {brevis, short; ro8trum, anont.)
Acipenser brevirostrum, lizSvEvn, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, I, 390, 1818; GOntheu, Cat., vm, 841.
Jordan & Gildert, Synopsis, 87, 1883.
Acipenser oblusiroslris, LovF.TZKY, Nonv. Mem. Soc. Not., iii, 257 (after Lo Sueur).
Acipenser microrhynchis. New York; lemieiiri. New York; deknyi, New York; and ronltVinii,
probably New York; Dum^ril, Hist. Poiss., ii, 164-173, 1870.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 107
65. SCAPHIRHYNCHUS,* Ileckel.
(Shovei.nosk Stuuokons.)
,'<Viiii'iirA.vn''AiM, IIeokkl, Ann. Wiener Mum. Niitiirizi'Holi., i, 18,15, 71, (ra/liMO/iKi plaViriinrhiiii),
(not Siaiihorhynchiu, Maxiniiliiin, a );<''<>iii of MnlN),
f;;ii,li!irliiiuihoi'i>, (iiM., TranH. Amur. IMiil. Skc, v, 12, 178, lH(;:t, {iihilDiiinihiii).
Snoitt brnad, (leprt'HSfld, Hiilmpatiilate or shovol-Hlmped. No H|>iracI<«N.
Ciiiidal potliincle very long, strongly deproHsod, broader than do«5p. Ho\\ h
of l)ony bucklors continent below the dornnl fln, forming a conipiett^ cout
of mail on the tail; tail producnd in a tilamont b«'y<Mid tlio caudal tin,
lliJH longest in the young, (iill rakers sonu)what tan-sliapcd. ]'n(>u<1o-
liiaiirliiii< obsolete. Species about 4, one of them inhabiting the fresh
waters of the United States, the otiiors in Central Asia (Tartary, etc.)-
(oiiK,"/) spado; i'ii'yx<>c, snout.)
160. SCAPIIIRIIYNCIIIIS PLATORTNCIIUS, (Kadnomiiio).
(Shovei.nosk STundnoN; Wiiitk STrndEnN.)
lioily elongate, tapering into a slender, depressed tail, which extends
lioyond the caudal tin in tho form of a filament; this tilanient is long and
Hloiidt'r in the young, but is usually lost in the adult, liony shields
oiiistliocentrous (or with the bony spine behind tho middle), sharply
keeled, the series confluent below tho dorsal, obliterating the smaller
plates between; 2 occipital plates, with short keels; a spine in front
of eye, and one at the posterior edge of the rostral '•shovel"; snout in
tlie young with a few spines. Barbels nearer month than tip of snout.
(hcatest width of head about I its length. None of the fulcra enlarged.
Dorsal and anal small ; anal a little more than i length of dorsal and
entirely behind it. Gill rakers small, lamellate, somewhat fan-shaped,
ending in 3 or-lijoints. Dorsal shields 18 (15 to 20); lateral 40 (41 to 40);
ventral 13 (11 to 13). D. 32; A. 20. Head 4 in length. Color pale olive.
L. 5 feet. Mississippi Valley and streams of the western and southern
States; comuiou. {Tr7iaThg, broad; (tuyxot:, snout.)
Aeijunsff jiUhrijuchm, Rafinesque, Ichtli. Oil., 80, 1820, Ohio River.
Arlpetisir riiliiphrdcliis, GRAY, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. London, 18154, 122.
Si'.i;//(iVA//iii7/H,s rnjinemjuei, IIeckei., Ann. Wiener Miis. NaturgoHrli., i, ls:i.'>, 71.
SivjihhliiiitrhiiH ciUiiphrurliis, GOntiieu, Cat, Vlll, 345, 187(1.
S'lii'liiiihiiiirhnpniihi/nrrhiiiichiiK, .ToiiPAN AGlLliERT, Synopsis, 88, l8H:i.
Hiiipliiiliiiiicliiisjilalyrlii/HcliHK, Kiitsc'U & FoiiBicE, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sii. I'liila., ]HS!», 246.
HOLOSTEI.
(The Bony Ganoids.)
Skeleton bony. Ventral fins abdominal, with the basilar segments
rndinientary, as in ordinary fishes. Primary radii of posterior limb gen-
erally reduced to one rudiment. Suboporculum and preoperculum pres-
ent. Mrauchiostegals present. Coronoid bone and mesocoracoid present.
Arterial bulb with several pairs of valves. Optic nerves forming a chi^
asnia. Intestine with a spiral valve. Air bladder cellular, lung-like,
* 1!> llio rules of the American Ornilliolojiists' Union, tho (jenorie namu Soujiliirhi/iifhojixHUoiM
be iiiei'errcd. We regard all generic names not spelled alike as distinct.
v
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
connuotud by 11 Hort of glottis with tlio rPHopliiiKiirt. Tail bctoroc(MTiil.
Skin covered with Hcalen, which are ganoid or cycloid. Ah httro unil< 1
Htood, thiH group couHiHtH of the two ordorH KllOMit()(iAN()ll>KA inid
Cy(;i.O(>an(>ii)Ka, the Ckossoptkuyoii" being conHtdurcd uh forming a iIi',
tinct HiibclaHH (Uanoidki IIoi.ustki, part, (iiinther, Cat., viii, :i2l-:ii.*:i.
.32H-;):U.) (m/.oc, complete ; ltnT\m,\w\\f\ aluo culled Hyoqanoiuka.)
Order K. RHOMBOGANOIDEA.
(Thk Gar Pikes.)
Pariotals in contact; pterotic, basis oranii, and anterior vertebni' sun
plo; syniploctics present. Mandible with coronoid, angular, articulai,
and dentary bones; third superior pharyngeal sniall, lying on fouMli:
upper basihyal wanting; maxillary transversely divided. Acartilaginnnis
niesocoracoid. Vertebrie opisthocudian, that is, connected by ball-iiii*l-
Hocket joints, the concavity in each vertebra being behind. Pectoral I'mih
with mesoptorygium and 5 other basal elements. Tail heterocorcal. Air
bladder lung-like, single, connecting with the dorsal side of tlie u'soplin-
gus. This order consists of a single family, Lki'I808tkii>.i:, (^V/iof , rlioinli;
Uanoidka; also called Ginglymodi, )/j7;ii7i'>f, hinge; Wfiof, like, in allii-
sion to the binge joints of the vertobrie.)
Family XXXII. LEPISOSTEID/E.
(Thk Uau Pike.s.)
Body elongate, snbcylindrical, covered wifl ' ird, rhombic ganoid scalps
or plates, which are imbricated in obli(|ue stsn. s running downward and
liackward. Both jaws more or loss elongate, spatnlato or beak-like, tiin
upper jaw projecting beyond the lower. Premaxillary forming mont of
the margin of the upper jaw; the maxillary transversely divided into
several pieces. Lower jaw composed of as many pieces as in reptil<'H;
coronoid present. Both jatvs with an outer series of small teeth, followi d
by 1 (or 2) series of large teeth, besides which on the jaws, vomer, and
palatines are series of small, close-set, rasp-like teeth. Largo teeth of the
jaws conical in form, pointed and striate, placed at right angles to t ho
Jaw ; these largo teeth rest, according to Agassiz, in a rather deep furn)\v,
protected on the outside by the raised border of the jaw, and on tiio
inside by a ridge of the same nature; those teeth are pierced in tho ceiitor
by a foramen, which communicates with the maxillary canal, and throufjii
which tho nerves and bloodvessels enter the pulp cavity of tho tooth;
the forms of the folded layers of dentine within the teeth .are pccnliar.
Pharyngeals with rasp-like teeth. Tongue toothless, short, broad, eni.u-
ginate, fr«e at tip. External bones of skull very hard and rugose. Even
small. Nostrils near the end of the upper jaw. An accessory gill on the
inner side of the opercle. Pseudobranchiie present. No spiracles. (JIIIh
4, a slit behind the fourth. Brancbiostegals 3. Gill membranes some-
what connected, free from the isthmus. Gill rakers very short. Air blad-
der cellular, lung-like, somewhat functional. Fins with fulcra; dot sal
* i^/j/j>(«ri<Iae; all the Bpociog Imloiigiiijj; to tlio Old World.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fh/us of North Aimrica.
lOU
All .sliort, rutluM' lii^lit poHtoriur, lumrly oppoHitc \\w anal, \vliii;li jh Himi-
lui ill turiii ; tail hotuiociMrul, in tlitt yoiiiitr prtMliKUMl uh » lilaiiimit lioyoiid
till caiiiluMlii ; ciiiulul convex; vontralH lu'urly iiiitlwuy iHttwot^ii pucto-
liil^ and uiial ; iivctoialH un«l vontraU niodoratu, fow-raytMl. tStoniacli ni»t
(iiial; pylui'ic a|iponila^t!H ntinu^rouH. .Spiral valvo uf intitNlinrci riiili-
rm nliiry. Finium «»f Mm IiohIi \vat»'lH of Noitli America anil China, of
Mlti;;;{iHh baliitH, but voraciouH anil iloHtructivuto Hinall«>i' liHlit^H. Tliollimli
is loiifrh and rank, valiiuIuNH art food. Uno ^onim with alioiit 5 Hpuuit)H|
itltllllll^h niont than >() havu ItutMi dcHurilit;*!. Tlumu liMhoH aro of much
mil ii^Ht to gculo^iNtiH from their rclationHhip to extinct ganoid (genera,
iimuy uf which arc nnually placed in thiH family, ( liKi'looHTKiD.Kiiiiin-
thci. Cat., VIII, :ii.'x-:!:{i )
66. LEPISOSTEUS, Laci'pede. (Jau I'ikks.
lffn»'i'leii», LAcfi'l^DE, Hint. Nut. I'ljiN^i., v, .Til, IHiKl, (i/hcik/m i,mci(»;,
Ojtm'lii'fileiiii, lUflNKMwiK, Irh.Ohii'iiHiH, 7'J, l»<'.il», (jWud.nfomiii;.
iliiiii'i'lfiiii, IIahnesi'^i K, /. I'., 7J, (./Vnu-).
ij.|p'(i"iii, lUflNKSrM'E, /.<•,. Hli, (((M/ciifiHd).
Lelnh'Stfim, AllAHHIZ, (roITUCtl'll KpcllillK)-
Cppcr Jaw With an outer Huriuu of Hinall, Hharp, even teetli, then u
HuriiH of la ri^u teeth. Homo of the anterior teeth being UHiially movable ;
next comeu a seriuH of line teeth, iu one row in front, becoming a band
lull i 11(1. In HomeHpecie.**, the inner row of those tooth contains larger ouch;
iiixl tlio vomorino teeth, also in a long band, and pouteriorly a palatine
baiiil. ThoHo bandH on the roof of the mouth are freiiuontly Homewliat
coiilliitiit or irregular. In young Hpecimeno Homo of the palatine teeth are
ofti'ii enlarged, these Homotiincs t'ormlng regular sorieH. Lower jaw w ith
uii outer series of small teeth, ne.vt a scries of large tooth, next again a
liiuiiil Itand of tine teeth on each side. Each of the large teeth litting into
a (It'iMcssiou in the opposite Jaw. Kivors of North America. A wingle
species {L. sinens'm, BleoUer) found in China. (AeTrif, scale; oariof, bone.)
II. Liir)?o teutli of upper jaw in a siiiKlc row on each tiiili'.
I.EI'lSOHTKfS;
li. Uouk luug uixl Nluiidor; tlie siumt iiKiri* tbuii t\vici<tlio luiigtii ot' tliu rent iirtliulii'aii.
OSSKl'M, 151.
CvMNDnosTF.fs, ((ciiAiv^pov, c.vlimlor ; ocreov, bouu) :
Wi. Iteak Hhorter and Ijiiwuler, littln loiiRer than r«8t uf hoaJ. i'i.ATOSTOMi'8, \'>'i.
Atihi ni.sTKrs,* (ciTpaKTos, Hpimlli-; oo-Ttov, lioiit'):
nil. l.argi! tuutli ill uppoi' Jaw iu 'J ruwn uu vucli tiiilu; liitak iiliurt ami liroail, iint luiiKt'i' tliau
rost of lioad.
c. Siali-'s iu latiiral liuu about 00. laisTiKriicH, l.^'l.
1.1 . i<calvH largur, tLoso iu latural lluo 52. tuoi'Iuuh, l.Jl.
Subgenus LEPISOSTEUS.
15i; LEPISOSTEUS OSSEl'S, (Liuna!U8).
(LoNO-sosED Gab; Billkibh; Common Gar 1'ike.)
Siiiiiit. a little more than twice the length of the rest of the head, its
leiijftli 15 to 20 times its least width. Olivaceous, pale, and somewhat
*Tlii' iiiiiiiu Litholepin, KafiticBiiiit', applied by liim to a iLClpaiitie gar, Lillmlqiis ailaiviiitlimif, tlio
"Iii'vil-jack Diamond tlsli," in bused ou a drawing by Audubon, uut iutendi'd by Audubuu to
ri'iiroseni uuy possible litih.
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Hilvt^ry h«l<>\v ; voiticiil Huh niid puHturioi' pait of tlio ItiMly willi roiiml
liliick HpotN, wliicli ui'«< iiiiM'u (liNtiii(!t ill tlin yoHii^; vttr.v yoiiii){ witli ;i
MiiokiHli lut««riil liaiiil. Moiul It in loii^tli; tl«t|)tii I'J. \).n; A. i) ; V.tl,
1*. 10. Lilt, liiitniltoiit tt2. L. alMtiit Ti fcot. (iroat l<ai<«-H anil rivetH of tli><
IJnitud StatcH from V'criiioiit to tlio Kio (iiaiulit ; ){i'ii<M'ally alMinilunt ainl
i|nitr varia))li', tli«« loial variatioiiH liiiviii^ ^ivi-n iini^ to many Hiiucilic
iiumi>.s.' •Soiitlu'in NpcciintuiH aro ofton moro iliNtinctly H|iott«til. A il<
tailuil conipariHon of many N|i(>cim«>nH, from (iitt'entnt partHof tlio uuuutiv ,
will jirohaltly nIiow tli«> i^xiHtiMico of ruco^ni/uMu HuimpttuiuH, lutt thi8
coiiipai'iHon in yot to liu inailo. {ohhvuk, bony.)
/•.'*,.i- .i«..H., IjtNNl.iH, H.VBt. Nut., Kil. X, 17.'iH, ;u:i, iiftiT Arli'ill, IhihciI on .Ich/i mntima nquatmiai
viriilm, tliii lirrcmiiiir Fi»li nf t'liliwby, 17 is, pi. ;i(i, Virginia.
Kkix riiiilii; (IMKI.IN, Sy»t. .Nut,, l:iM!), IThh, iiUo niter CiitiHl.y.
^«'/ll»ll«^■Mll j/<inii7i», liArCrruK, Hint. I'iiIho., V, :i.'i:i, Ihou, "lakes and rivers of both Indies."
LeittKiiiliiinixyiiruK, IlAKiNt:.'<iM'i;, Irlilli. itli., 7:i, lnj(», Ohio River.
l,eiii'<">leiiiilo)i<jir<>iiinK, IlAn.vKsyn:, /. r., 71, lH'.i(i, Ohio Uivcr.
l.fluDii^ii'iiH hiiriiiuiiHiH, Kii'MMiDHiiN, I''i4iiiiik lliir. Aiiici'., ill, 'i'M, IH'M; Pcnetanguishene, Lake
Huron; orNTiiEii, C.it., viii, :):tii, l«7(i.
I,eiitiliii>li'iiH (jiiiiiliH, .\ijAKsii!, PdiHMoiiK FuhnIIuii, II, 2, IHItl).
/.(i/ii'i/iWciit (/"milt li("NTiii;ii, Cat , VIII, ;i:i(>, 1H70.
l,ilii>iiMleiuiieiHiriiilinla!t, A<i\NMiz, /. <•., ii, 2, pliito 2, 18110.
I.iIikIiihIi'Iiii iiHsriiH, .FoRPAN .^: (Jll.iiKUT, SyiinpHln, !»1, lHH;i.
Sitii'hiiuH lUlnliiUfiiUiX SiinhtrKHitrijiiileiit, Uah.nkh(jik, Irhtli. (111., HI!, 1K2(», (yoiiiin), Ohio River.
/,*}(M<)»/«nji hinim, Dk Kay, N'W York Kimiiii: Fi»hcM, 271, 18IJ, Buffalo, New York.
Lyfiinniilm* UiienlnH, Tikimi'hu.n, IliKt. Vfrmoiit, W\ 1SI2, Lake Champlain.
MiiriiiijmilUmlitruiiliii', (Jikinow, I'lit. Kmli., MH, Ix.VI, iiftcr IiiliiiitiiH.
I.ffiiiliiflim li'plorhijHihiiH, V,\\i\\{\\ I'm'. It. K. Kxpl., it.ll, 1S,'>M, Devil River, Texas.
I.epiihittlfm criimiit, Coi'K, I'ri).'. Ai'. Nut. Scl. I'lilla., XWiU, 80, Bombay Hook, Delaware River,
LepUhaUM ulnrmt, Coi'k, I. .■., 811, ' ' Platte River near Fort Riley;" but Furt KIloy waa ou ilic
the KaiiHiiri Kivur.
Subgenus CYLINDROSTEUS, lluniio8<iuo.
162. LKPISOSTKC^ PLAT08T0.m'!«, liafluos'ino.
(SaoRT-NogKi) Gab.)
Suout iiHually about ^ longer than thu rest of tbe head, sometimes about
equal to it, its length 5 to G times itn least width. Colors of L. oshciis or
rather darker. Head 3^ in length; depths. D. 8; A. 8; V. 0. Lat. lino
about HG. L. 2 to 3 feet. Great Lakes and southuru and western rivi mh,
with the preceding, but less abundant northward. Still more varialiiu
than the preceding; possibly inoro than 1 species confounded; not al-
ways readily distinguishable from the young of the next, (jr/larij-, broad ;
aTufid, mouth.)
Lepiaosteus platuntomtu, Rafinehqve, Ichth. Oh., 72, 1820, Ohio River.
LeptsosteiiH iMhii, Kakinesque, /.<•., 73, Ohio River.
Lepuosleiis plalyitomim, QUntiieu, Cut., viii, 329, 1870; .Iohda.n & Qiliiert, Synopsie, 01, IhHII.
*M. AngUBto Dumljril (Hist. Nnt. Poigs., Vol. ir, 1870) rtlviiloB this specii-g, as rcpresoiiti.l jn
tlio MiiHRum at I'ariH, intu 17, which ariMliNtiiiftuiHhud by trilliiiK (lifTureiiroN iu propuFtioiis anil
nunilxTH of scales. His new nitinos aro L. IrecKli, Mississippi, 327; L. miWerti, New York,
328; L. Iiiiilaiii, Wabash River, 32!); L. miiitlii, upper Mississippi, 330; L. ai/refi, Wabash
River, :J31; L. cnnei, northern North America, 332; L. lesiieuri, Wabash River, ;i.t'>: L
eluahelli, no locality, 33H; f,. laiiinri, northern North America, 337; /-. rlinlomi, no lo-
cality, 3.38; L. Ininsli, United States, 'M'i; L. piiinolmuiis. Lake Erie, 340; L. Iwrnlii, north-
ern North America, 311; L, thompaoni, upper Mississippi, 342; L. louitiaHeniia, New
Orleans, 344.
I tout
i.s or
I line
lable
It ul-
nitl;
■tl m
lis M\i
/ork,
kbash
In:.; ;..
io lo-
lorth-
New
Joniiin and /u<frmiinn.--/us/u-s of North Atnerita. Ill
I, l.i.h:'!. Ill frani, AdAMiK, I'tilmiiiiiii Kin«IIi«, ii, 2, I83«l, Louiaikoa.
;.,,,. .1, n, iihliifhini III, l»r. Kav, N. Y. Iiiiiim: Fldhcn, i!7:i, 1h4'.', Florida.
l^l.,l<iriithUrii,iru>,UinAUi>, I'lic. II. It. Kxpl., :i:>U, IHAM, Rio Pecoa, Texaa.
l^l,nlo'ifHiiiHitl<iiii', WiNi'iiKi.r., rriM-. A<-. Niit. i^i. I'lilla,, 1x04, IHa, Huron River, Mich.
l'i,l,i,:l,.:<irii»pr<iiliiiiitii, ('i)i'K, I'rw. Ac. Niit. Hci. IMiilit., IMil.'>, H)l, San Antonio, Texaa.
i'lfl,„:li' 'himiujiiuuii, iM'MddL, Hint. Nut. I'DiNH., ii, ;iri|, 1H70, St. Louia.
fiiliwir'ih'Hi Milioki, I>i'm(:i(ii., /, I'., ll.Mt, uppcT Miasiasippi.
Ciili„l,.,ih'H»ri)jlHfiKiiiii, I'l'Nf.iiii., /, <-., ;i.VI, United Statea.
(V/i ''""'«ii"''<'<'''"i"<i IX Mdiii,, /. ('., IIAA, Lalte Lafayette, Florida.
(yi>i ^"'MiiC'iirlotii, Di'Mfiiii., /. <'., :iAit, New Orleana.
Subgenus ATRACTOSTEUS, ItHliiii-Nqiw.
lfi». liKI>IM»HTi:rs TItlNTWCIIl'S, (lll<M'li A (kOiiit'idi'r).
(Al.l.iiiATciit Oak; UiirAT <iAit; Manjuahi.)
.^iioiit iiHiinlly not qiiito ho long aH tho ront of tliu huiul, itH least width
cdiitaiiiutl :4 tiinoH in ilH lun^rth. Head 3) in length- L). K; A. H; V. G.
Lai. liiKtOO. ScaluH in an ubliqnc Hurio.s fi-oiii thu vuntrala to middle of
liii( k IH to 20. (7olor gruonish, palur hulow, tho adult nHually not apottod.
L. H III 10 fout. Kivei'H of tho Hoiithuiii Stati*H, Cnha, and northern Mux-
ico, mirth to St. Loiiiu and (^Mncinnati. A lingo, iniiHculur, voraoionu fiah,
urtflcs.s aH food, rumarkablo for ita arniaturu of ouanieled acalea. (r/uir,
tlitfi- ; ffn>t,|;of, row.)
fjuir li ifliirhun, ni.orii A SriiNKlDKii, Syot. Irhtli., .IDA, 1801, Cuba, uftcr Miuijuari uf I'uru.
ieiiiin^h iiniimdilii, liArtpr.ni!, Ilist. I'oidH., V, ;i;i;i, lm:\, no locality.
Ul,i>.,yi. Ill (MnicloiUiitii) /vrnx, UAfLNKgyiT, Iclitli. Oil., 7:i, 18'20, Ohio River.
Uyi'li'iliiinmitiijiiari, PoKV, Moiiiurian, l, 2711, IHCiO, Cuba.
ifluil,.-l,iii {Alractonteiiii) herlawlini, GiiiAun, I'ikc. It. It. K.xpl,, 'M};\ IH^s, Tamaulipas.
/,.(,M(..«r.»« viriiUn, GOntiieii, Cut., Vlil, 112!), 1870, imt /.'iiox nriilu, Gmki.in, which ih L. uaaeua,
f,i/;i.J.;.i«/iiii/.ii7iH(i, JultliAN & (Jii.iiF.itT; S.viiDpHJH, 92, 1883.
Mm'i'nifiin hwiim, DcM^niiL, I. >.'., 'MM, 1870, Tampico, Mexico.
164. I.EPISOKTKl'S TltOPICUS, (Gill).
Il('iid4 in extreme length; depth 8i; acalea 8-52 to 54-12. Otherwise
as ill fj. irinUrchus, from which it may not be diatiuguiahable. (Gill.)
StroaiiiH of the Pacific Coast of Central America, (tropicus, tropical.)
.l(ml■^.<^Hlt /roj)iVi(«, Gii.i., I'rnc. Ac. N«t. Sci. I'hllii., 180.'), 172, streams near Panama.
Mml'ii'leiii trojiicut, Dvutuih, I. c, 367, 1870.
Order L. CYCLOGANOIDEA.
(The Bowfins.)
I'uriutala in contact. Pterotic, baaia cranii, and anterior vertebnn aim-
pie. Mandible with opercular and coronoid. Maxillary not tranaveraely
segmented, bordering the mouth. Third auperior pharyngeal lying on
enlar^fed fourth. Upper baaibyal wanting. Vertebrse aniphicoilian, tho
anterior not modified. Pectoral fins with meaopteryginm and 8 other ele-
incntH. Air bladder cellular and lung-like. This order includes only tho
family Amiid.k. (kikao^, circle; Ganoidea; also called Halecomouimii,
halaomorphu8, formed like a ahad ; halec, in allusion to the reaemblauce
between thia group of Ganoids and the Ihospondyli. It ia probable that
the aiiceators of the Isospondyli are to be found among forms allied to
the existing Halecomokphi. )
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Bullitin .//, United States iVationui Museum.
Family XXXIII. AMIIIhK.
(The Bow kins.)
Hody obJoiif;, coiiipressetl behind, teroto jiiiteriorly. Head Hii)>coiiic:il,
anteriorly blintiHli, Hlif;htly depressed, its Huporticial bones ooriugaU'd
^ind very bard, scarcely covered by akin. Snout 8h«)rt, rounded; latenil
ni.ivf^ij 8 of upper jaw formed by the nuixilluries, which are divided by a
lon,i;itudinal suture. .laws nearly oven in front; cleft of the mouth nearly
liori/.ontal, oxtendiujj beyond the wmall eye; lower Jaw broad, U-shaped,
tiio rami well separated ; between them a broad bony plate, with radiat-
inj? striie, its ponterlor edj^e free; Jaws each with an outer series of con
ical teeth, behind which in tlfo lower is a band of rasp-liko teeth; bandn
of small teeth on the vomer and pterygoids; palatines with a series of
hirger, pointed teeth; premaxillaries not protractile; tongue thick,
scarcely free at tip. Nostrils well separated, tlie anterior with a shoit
barbel; suborbital very narrow ; a bony plate covering the cheek, similai-
to the plates on the top of the head; operculum with a bread dermal
border. Branchiostegals 10 to 12. No pseudobrauchia* nor opercular
trill; no spiracle; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill membranes not con-
nected, free from the isthmus. Two peculiar, long, lanceolate, obli(|U('l.v
striate appendages on each side of the isthmus, projecting backward and
c'jvered by the branchiostegal rays, the anterior wholly adnate to the
isthmus, the posterior freo behind." Isthmns scaleless. Gill rakers stout-
ish, very short. Scales oi' moderate size, rather firm, cycloid, Avith a mem-
branous border. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin long and low, nearly
uniform; the \ jsterior rays not much higher than the others; its insor-
tiou in front ot the middle line of the body, opposite the end of the pecto-
ral. Tail somewhat hoterocercal (more so in tlie young), convex behind.
No fulcra. Anal fin short and low. Pectoral and ventral fins short and
rounded, the ventrals nearer anal than pectorals. Vertebrie amphicadian
or double couoave, as usual among fishes, none of ;,hem specially modified.
Abdominal and caudal parts of the vertebral column subetjual. Air blad-
der cellular, bifid in front, lung-like, conneeti'd by a glottis with the
pharynx, and capable of assisting in respiration. Stomach with a blind
sac; no p^ loric cteca. No closed oviduct. lulestine with a rudimentary
spiral valve. Fresh waters of the United Stat'is. A single species known
among li>'ing fishes. Several fossil genera are usually referred to tlnn
fau^ily. (AMiiD.t;, Giiuther, Cat., vui, 324-325.)
67. AMIA, Liunajus.
CBOWKINS.)
i4mia,t I'iNNfl'.l-s, Syst. Nat., I'M. \u, 17«lt), oCO; (<(i/m), not of Oroiiow, 17C;(, wi.icli iH a iion
biDOiuial nunio for Apiuj.m.
♦Sep '.VilJiT "On tho Serrated Appoudagos of the Throat of Aniia," Proc. Amor. Assoc. Adv
tici., T87(), 2.5'J, for a disciissi.)ii of tht^si^ curious organs.
•"If tho nonbiuoniiiil generic pames of (Jronow are to ho recoguizod, tho nanio Amia must In'
trasdforred i,o Aiiogim and tho pros' nt gonu.s must bo called AmialHs. The date of Gronow's woi |.
lioH bctwoen that of the tenth edition (I7r)8),(>f Linntvus, .Systema Natura;, and tliatof the tweiltli
(170()). The character of Gronow's work iseusentiallyprc-Linnawin.and it contains no refereiue
to i;he Linunian system. It seems to us that the genera of noubiuomial writers should not i^
given precedence over those of the binomial system.
\
Joriian and Ever man n. — Jus/ies of North America. 113
/liMi'i'" , KAt'iNKSijUK, AuulyHo do la Naturo, 88, 1815, (calm); Hubotituto Tor .Imia, rogi'.rduti oi)
;,,., >li..ii furH.viniiK'try.
CliiiiiicterH of tliti ^enus inclndod above. (I'/u/a, aucieut uame of Home
lisli, |>iobably the bonito, Sarda mrda.)
UruXniX CAIiVA, LinnwuB.
;Mn.(i-ii ; I'liOFiaii ; Ho vriN ; f! Hindi, e ; '■.John A. Orindi.e;" IiAWVKr; I'i>i880N DB MabaIB.)
Dark olive or blackJHb above, paler below; sides with traces of dark
ifiu'iilatu iiiiii'kini^H; lower jaw and gular plate often with round blackish
ypots; tiiiH mostly dark, somewhat mottled. Male with a round black
tj|iiit ;il IjiiHo of caudal above, this surrounded by an orange or yellowish
hIiiuIc: in the female this ocellus is wanting. Lateral lino nearly median,
(liiccttil slightly upward at each end. D. 48 (42 to 53) ; A. 10tol2; V.7.
Lilt 1 1 111', 1)7 ((!"> to 70). Head '^'i in length; depth 4 to 44. Male about 18
iiicliis in length; female 24 or more. Great Lakes and sluggish waters
tVoiii Miiini'sota to Virginia, Florida, and Texas; abundant. A voracious
ami ii^n\y lish of remarkable tenacity of life. The llesh is peculiarly soft
ami pasty and is of no value for food.
Aminr.ilni, LiNNA^us, Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, 17CG, 500, Charleston, S. C; Cit'NTiiEB, Cat., viii,;i2.'i,
Amin Iliriiiidn, RiciiAKPSOw, Fauiia Bor. Ainor., in, 23G, 183(1, cf , Lake Huron.
Ami.i<";'i,l,;ilnlis, I)r Kay, Now York Fauna: Fislios, 2(!9, 1842, 9, St. Marys River, Mich.
.1,111,. ,„,•,„„, ri(((r, CuviEitit Vai.f.ncif.nnek, XIX, 412, 1840, New Orleans.
.Imid ,"i,'i(ii, LESrr.ru, in Cuvicrit Valeucioiiiics, I. o.,420, Chibault, on Mississippi River.
.l„,i,(i,ii,/is LeSceiiii, /. c, 421, New Orleans.
Amiaii'iiiiKi, CiTviEU & Vai.enciennf.k, I. c, 424, Lake Erie, a*'ter Kirtlaiid.
AiiiiKlniii'jiiiimi, Ci'ViEn& Yai,eni'iennes, I c, 42(i, after Bounaterro, no locality.
A.ii'.d siil,r:inileii, Cl'viEK & Vai.kn'ciknnes, /. c, 427, New Orleans.
Amiii nnenii, Ci'viF.ii A Vai.enciennes, /. c, 430, Charleston, South Carolina.
Anna i-,7„m/i(/i(, LbSuf.i'u, I. c, 4.'11, Wabash River.
AmiatliniiiiiKimi, DuMf:uiL, Iliist. Nat. Poles. , ii, 419, 1870, Lake Champlain.
Amunii'iHotii, VvukHit, I. c, 423, loTO, Upper Mississippi.
Series TELEOSTEI.
(The Bony Fishes.)
This group is sufficiently characterized in the analysis on page 97. The
uaiiit) (7f>,;H)f, perfect; oartoi', bone) is not entirely distinctive, inasmueli
as the skeleton is well osaitied in certain Ganoids. In general, however,
till' i:roni» is well characterized by the absence of the anatomical features
aNcrilii'd to the Gani.-ids.
Wo liegiu the series with those Teleosts in which the air bladder con-
nects throughout life with the alimentary canal as distinguished from
tlio.sii ill which this connection is a feature of.imniaturity. Slight as this
cliaiat'ier is, it has value as an indication of relationship. Among these
foiiiis in which the air duct is retained there are 2 well-marked series,
piolialily distinct in origin, the one characterized by a singular modifica-
tion of the auterior vertebra), the other without this character. The first
of till' groups (OSTARIOPIIYSI) includes the great n^ajority of living fresh-
watir lishes. From the other group the specialized spiuy-raytd fishes and
uio»t murine fishes seem to bo descended.
r. X. A. 9
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114
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
OSTARIOPHYSI.
This group, which inclndes tho great majority of tlio living fresh-walM-
fishes of the worhl, is characterized chielly by the luodiiication of tho
anterior vertebrae. These are coossifled and have some of tlieir lateral
and superior o1eM)outs detached and modified to form a cliain otciniil!
boues, tho Weberian ossicles, which connect tho air bladder wiih the ear.
The three orders, Nkmatoi;natiii, Pi.ectospondvm, and SCYriioi'iioin
(A/on»iy>'i(/((), which conii)o8e this group, are doubtless derived from u
coinnion stock, (iiarapiov, a little bone; (pitjoi;, bladder.)
Order M. NEMATOGNATHI.
The CatI' ishes.)
I'ariotals and snpraoccipital ronllncnt. Four anterior vertebra' coossi-
lied, and with ossicula auditus or weluMian apparatus. No mcsoptery-
giuin. Basis cranii and pterotic bono simple; no corom/id bone, Third
Hllperiur jihacyngeal bone wanting, or small and resting on the fourth;
second directed backwards. One or 2 pairs of basal brauciiihyals ; 2 paiiH
of branchihyals. Snboperculum wanting, or niodiUcd into tlie upperniust
branclilostcg, '. Mesocoracoid present. l*remaxillary forming Itordur oC
month above, except in one family, Du'I.omystiu.k, in which the maxil
laries also bear teeth. luterclavicles present' No scales. H|iiu naked o)
with bony plates.
"This division istho nearest ally to tho 8turgeons(t!!IONl)lM>8ilci)aHnMiK
Physostonious fishes, aud I imagine that future discoNciies will prmo
that it has been derived from that division 1^ di'HC(^nt. In the same Wiij
tho Isospondylous fishes are nearest the IIalkcumoiii'III, and have proli
ably doscended from some Cro88opteryj>iaii, lieur the Hait.istia, throiij;!!
that order. The afitinity of tho calllshcs to tho sturgeons is seen in llio
absence of symplectic, the rudimeutal maxillary bone, and, as observed l)j
Parker, iu the interclavi des. There Is a Biipuillulal rcseniblance in tlie
dermal bones." — (Cope, 1. c, 451.)
This group comprises the Simtiud.k* and their relatives, now dividid
into several families by Prof. (Jill. (Siijiuid.i;, Oiinther, Cat., v, ^-277.)
()7///H, thread ; yi'(i\!>()i-, Jaw ; from the maxillary barhels, which arortlwiiyH
preseut. )
Anauisis of Families ok Nemato(inatiu.
u. Air blinldc.r wull dovolopi'd, U8tiall,v siniplo (ir with tniiiBvoi'Ro coiiBtrictiuiis, lying frn In
tile ulxloniiiiiil ciivity. Mimlli tuiiniiinl; (iitli villifdriii, roniml, incisor iir ni 'liir
liki'; iiitcstini'E! short; artaiij^cd in hjn);itiMllniil foldn; lioily nuliud, or willi one si iii>
of lateral iilutcs; iliaiiliragni nionibranoiiB; tip of Bcapiilar prorcps reaching l'a>i-
occipital. Dorsal (\n short, cnulliKiiI to tho nlnloinlnal part of the vcijohral tolnmii;
oporchi woU (li'velopeil and inovalili-; niilpi.se tin liurinnlly jircHcnt; gill oponiiigs u' n
erally wieli"; caudal vcrti'linc not coinpri'ssiMi, tho neural BpiniK fiirn|ilo, Bpinc 1 U
Maxillary fiidiuientary, forming the hasu of a long barbel, the prcniaxillaries ,i!"iii-
fortutng tho margin of the upper jaw. SiM'urn.i-:, xx mi
* In the arrangement of tho tropical genera of Nematocinathi, we have followed cloBuly '•"■
'BoVigtiui of tho South American NKMATOdNATUl," by Kigenmanu & Eigenmann, 1890.
n,-
[\
i
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of N^orth America. 115
Air lilaiMer riidlinoiitiiry, oiio iliviHiuu on oitli<-r hIJu of tho coiilcriLvd vitrti'ltnu uuU uiitircly
Kiirrciiiiiilcd ))y a bony cRpHule; tliH capHiiIc forinod by tho nkull unci by tliu lut-
iTiil iiroccHges of tho aati'rior vcrtcl)rn'; diiiiihra^ini wholly osKcrniB, formed by tho
oxiiiinsionH of the claviflo iind scniuiUir procesH. Scnpniu and \\* piiicocs flrnily joined
to tl'o skiill. Gill Mienibriincs joiiiiMl to tho istliinuri; gkiii covered with bony plutes.
/'. ('audui vuitebrie conipiessed, tho nenrul iind liitMiikl Hpincs expanded, forming u con-
tiuuona ridtre ubovo iind bulow; nkin with i<ev('ritl KerieH of platen; month inferior,
the lower lip reverted; teetli turned abruptly baek above and usually oxpiinded;
a oin^lo NC-rieg of teeth erect and in funetiou, the preniaxillariesund denlarieH box-
tthaped, lilleil with nninerouH relay teeth; intestinal canal e(>iled; cavity of air
bladder coniinunieutiiiK with the exti^rinr at a notch in thu posterior margin of the
temporal plate at begiuuinj; of lateral line. Louicakiid.i:, xxxv.
^^m
i
1. \ \
Family XXXIV. SILUKID^E.
(The Catfisiies.)
Body more or less elongate, naked or covered with bony platiH. No
tnio Hcales. Anterior part of liejid witli 2 or nioro barhelH, tho biise of
tho ioii;;ost pair formed by the small or rudimentary maxillary. Margin
of ujiper jaw formed by premaxiliiirieM only. Snboperciilum absent;
(i|ii)iruliim present. Dorsal lin usually present, short, above or in front
of the ventrals. An adipose fin usually present. Anterior rays of dorsal
iiiid |ii clorals iiHimlly spinous. Air bladder ustially present, large, and
t'DiiiicctL'd with the organ of hearing by moans of the auditory ossicles.
I.DWci jiliaryngeals si-paralo.
After the removal of nulllfiCOtlH aberrant forms as distinct families, the
liiliillv of Hn.tJ|<l|)i: contains more than 100 genera and upward of 900
8|)e(i(;s. \\\\'eX H^ MlP P|f.|J|fn>.I'; are fresh-wj^ter fishes, inhal)iti:ig the
HvolH of- H\\\\ ||5f/|li|(ri, |<(lit|())(lrt|lr Sfililll k\\\m\\ ^|ul Africa; compar-
atively fi»w of tiiom are maijne, ati(l tliese ibw KJIt jlltJsny tropical. They
me t'Hiuscially (^liaractorisllu of the Ania/on (ejlloM in South America.
iSliX'itiD/E, part, (liinther, Cat., v, 30-00; (J!»-li20.)
n, (iill membranes frou or fortllhig a ^too fold ai rosn |lie|8t|)|nt|8, (l))"li|y JuUieil to ihe isthmus;
anal fln sliorter than caudal portion of vertebral colutliti.
TAiiivst'ldN 1::
h. No8trilBc)o80 fotol,(||of-i ()p|t||n>- with W biirbfl, llio poBtetlof ullli a valvo; leeth on the
|4llttu| catiqii| l»tBts*|. (^jiccleH c|i|e(ly luarlne.)
I. tiuwer Jaw wiih 2 batitoU; Imixllllll'y Imlliel band-llki : pectoral npilie with a bainl-
liko lilanieiit. FKi.triirnvs, G8.
CO. tower JiMv n|(|( | |iarl)els; pHlafl|)n feetli (It'll; hotli Jaws wlt|: leeth.
(/. Gill rilliufg tew, ft to 'J6; eyes «l)(ivo (uvol of inoutli.
dAI.BIDIII'IHH, i;|c., (genera (i'J to IK).
M. (iill rakera very many — H' or more, lont; and slender; eyoM scarcely above
lovej uf nioiiUi. CATiiouors, lU.
Iill. NuBtrilR romoto from each otiier (Frosh-water species.)
|etAf.)!llIN.t;;
c. i'oBlerior nostril with a barbed; liarbels 8; no toetli on voniiT or palate.
/. Adipose (in with it.f posterior niargii. free.
(/. rremuxillary band of teeth truncate behind; not jirodnced backward at
thu outer angles.
h. Eyes normal.
^::\"^^i:l
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110 Bulletin 47, United States National Afiiseum.
t. 8iiiirai)cci]iilnl liiiiiocoiitliiiic'd liiK-kwaril rroni tlii' nii|i(!, \U nor imi
ti|i recuiviiig th<* liuiiu at Iiiihi' ofiiurMil N|iiiii<, ho thai a i nu
uuiiH bony lii'itlf^ti iH f'ormcil imilcr tlit- nkiu I'luiii tinuiit to i i~<
ofdorHal; fuiulal tin forked. Iotaluhi -, 71;.
ii. Sii|iruo'<ci|iital not rvacliiiiK iiitersiiinal boucH, tliu bony lunl^.
iiioro or b'BH iiicoiii|)lut«. Amkh'ui -, 7;
gij. Pruniaxillury l)aii<l of tectb with a lateral backward uxtuiiHioii om .i,li
side; lower jaw iirojtjcting; doraal Kpluo Wfak. Lki'toi-, 7-
Jf. AdipoHe flu k('('l-lik>-, adiiatit to the back.
J. Itaiid of teetli in upjierjaw with abuckward e.xteiiHion at its outer pi>>i.ii,,i
anj?k', a8 in LejitujiH. NoTi'ui -, 7',i
jj. Uand of teutb in ujiperjaw without backward uxteUHiou, aH in Almoin 11:1,
BciiiMiKoiii:,-. till,
PiMELODiNyi-::
ee. PoBterior nostril without barbel; barbelH i); adi|iuHe tin well developed; tueili ju
villiforni bands.
A:. Teeth on vomer none, or in Rniall patches.
/. Head covered with soft Hkiii above, not p;rannlated. .Snout bniad, Rciimlv
produced; barbels terete or Hiiglilty llattened, iioi margined; head InhL'ii
than broad.
VI. Occiiiital process, if present, not reaching the dorsal jilale; li .imI
spini^ pungent. Riiamiua, M.
Him. Occii)itai process narrow, reaching the dorsal jilate; fontamdle I'luh
ing base of occipital i)^!!'^^^, a bridge across it above ihj.-Ii riur
margin of eye; humoral process spine-like. l'iMr.l.iilii;i,i s, .vj.
II. Head granulated above, naked or partially naked ; occipital procchKii-iinllv
reaching dorsal plate; fontanelle not continued behind eyes; iiili)iiM-
fln longcrthan high; humeral process broad; not spine-like.
PlMKLOIHS, S3.
68. FELICHTHYS, Swainsou.
(Gaff-Topsail Catfisiies.)
lireii-rps, SWAINSON, Nat. Ilist. Fishes, 1, 328, ISIiS, (fmijie), name ]ireoccupietl.
FeUchlUijs, SwAlNSON, I. c, 11, 305, ISIJf), substitute for llrfnivjin, (hmjn).
Ailuriililhiin, Haikd & Gihaki), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18&4, '2G, {tmiriiim).
A'llurichthijK, Gil.l,, corrected Bpelllng.
Mj/stiis, GuoNow, Cat. Fislios, Ed. Gray, IdSt, 18,14, (cnrolineimfi), name preoccupied.
I'imehdiis, Bleekf.r, Siluros de Suriuame, il"), 18('i4, {iKujre), not of Lacepede, as restricted liv (iill
Body rather elongate, little compressed. Head depressed, brojid aliovp.
Mouth large, the upper jaw the longer. Teeth all villiforni; those on tlif
vomer and palatines forming a more or less perfectly crescent-shaped Ii.iimI,
iJarhels 4; maxillary barbels band-like, very long; chin with 1? ^Ihiii
barbels. Nostrils close together, the posterior with a valve ; nuchal r< ;;i(iii
with a granulated, bony buckler. Fontanelle large, well forward. Doi
sal fin short, in front of the veutrals, with 1 sharp spine and 7 rays. IVc
torals with a similar spine ; pectoral spines, and sometimes dorsal .■^piin
also, ending in a long, striated, band-like lilament. Adipose fin niodcmtc
free behind. Caudal fin widely forked; anal moderate, emarginate: veii
tral rays 6, Gill membranes somewhat connected. Tropical Avatt is el
America, the species all marine, {/elis, cat ; Ix^vC) fish.)
a. Dorsal spine not produced in a long filament; occipital process largo, Eha|icd like n i'l< vir
leaflet; gill rakors 5 )- 14; baso of veutrals about e(|uidiBtaut from snout and c^i mini.
> I'ANAMEN.^IS, 15l'i.
Jordan ninf F.'iwr matin. — Fishes of North America. 117
„„. I'Mi'stl 8|iiiin ]irn(]urpil tii a loiiK fllnmoiit; occipital procoM normal; k'H rakcrfi not more
than !•.
.',. |iJHtanri> from iloi'Hnl fin toti|iorHiiniit3'.'',ti>4inlongtli; ttiise of anal moru than J lonf;tli.
<'. Antt^rior lobo of anal with nilnntn dots, itH highcnt ray Iuhx than '^j itM base;
voniorino and palatino \iatrht<!i uf toi>th Neparatc; anal ray^ li'i to Wh.
IIAORE, \U~.
11'. Antorior lolnt of anal with a largo dark blotch, itx hi);hcgt ray mom than \<^ itfl
liaHo; vomorinn and palatino patches of teeth Joined; anal rayg '28 to 30.
PINNlMAOri.ATIS, l.lH.
fir. Head broader; occi|iltal procoHi) narrower than in P. j(i»Himad(/ii^i(»; body and fins
nnit'ormly colored; no black lilotch on ventrals or iinal. kymouxii, 1')9.
\.i.. Distiiiice of dorHai from tipof Hnoiit about II in length; highent anal ray about e<|nal In
biise of anal, which is about 'y the length; anal roys 20 to 20.
il. Auiil niyrt aliout 20; occipital buckler large, triangular, its width at base XV;, in its
length. FILAMENTOHUS, 1(10.
r/i(. Anal ruyB22lo24; occipital buckler Bmall, oblong, nearly ae wide behind as iKifore;
to)) of head smoother than in most other species; pectoral spine shorter than
heaii, a little longer than dorsal spine. makims, Ull.
tUi\. Annl rays I!) to 21 ; i>ectoral sidnoas long as head, much longer than dorsal spine;
palatino teeth in a narrow band. iiahibnsis, 1<'i2.
15ff. FELH'HTHYS PANA»KX!$IS, (Gill).
Ho(l\ robust; dorsal spines not produced; maxillary barbels reaching
hamidt' ventrals; candal deeply forked. Steel blue, with bright reflections;
liiiH (lotted. Head 4; depth 5. D. 1,7; A. 29. Mazatlan to Panama;
coiiiiMon. (patiamensix, from Panama.)
.\.hinrl,fl,i:g jxiunmetuin, Giu,, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Phlla., 18fi3, 172, Panama.
Mliirlihiliija tiiKliitlh, GdNTHER, Cat., V, 17!l, 1804, Panama.
.lUiiriiliihiin paimmenm, EloENMANN & Kwenmann, S. A. Nematognathl, 31, 1800.
157. FELK'IITHYS RAflRE, (Linnn^us).
Itoily rather elongate; maxillary barbels reaching beyond front of anal;
i;ill iiiktirs very slender, 2 + ^j dorsal filament reaching candal. Dark
IMiiiilisli, fins dotted. Head 44; depth SJ-. D. I, 7 ; A. 32 to 35. Coast of
Iir;i/il, accredited to the West Indies, but rare north of Surinam, (hnyre,
I'ortu^niese name of some catfish.)
fibmishitiii-e, TjiNN.T.rs, Syst. Nat,, Kd. xii, 00.5, 1706, South America, after Oronow.
Mliiiirhiiiii't tKvjri', Kkif.nmann, S. a. NeiTiatognathi, 33, 1890.
ikki'hihiis (jrimoni, ('uviEii * VALENCIENNES, XV, 40, 1840, Guiana, Maracaibo, Naua, Bahia,
Cayenne.
.Uh'i-i.hll,iix iirnnovii, GI'NTHEU, Oat., v, 178, 1804.
fti</ni< iii.irroiieiiiii.i, Kanzani, Nov. Coui. Ac. Sci. Honon. 1842, v, .'5.34, pi. 28, Brazil.
Uv./"s •■^nnliiipnuh, Gronow, Cat. Fishes, Kd. Gray, 150, 18.H, Rivers of South America.
158. FELiniTHYS I'lNNIMAniLATlIS, (Steindachner).
Hatlior elongate; maxillary barbels reaching middle of anal; dorsal
spine ii in bti.td, its filament reaching to caudal. Metallic blue; anal
witli a large black blotch in front; lower caudal lobe pale. Head 4? ;
ileptli \'i. D. I, 7; A. 28 to 30. Mazatlan to Panama; common on sandy
shore, s. {jntina, fin ; wat'M7rt/MS, spotted.)
.■li(m-..;„i/;/ii jtiimimacHlnliiii, Steinpachneii, Ichth. Beitr., iv, W, 1875, Panama, Altata, Costa
Rica; EtasNMANN, {. c, 35, 1800.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
150. FELICIITIIYS KYDOrXII, (Ciivlur A ValonrionnoB).
Head broader than in ¥. pinnimaculatus. Dorsal shield an long as hmul,
the lateral edges rounded ; its surface granulated and grooved ; ccipitnl
process narrower than in F. jnnmmaculalus. Teeth on palate li niiii;;u
transverse liand, subinterrupted in the middle. Maxillary barbel leiH^h-
ing niiddlo of pectoral spine. Dorsal spine grooved, granulated on
anterior edge; pectoral lilunient reaching end of anal. Body and I'min
uniformly colored, no black blotch on ventrals or anal. Head4f. D. 1,7;
A. 30. Guayaquil. (Sauvage.) (Named for M. Eydonx, its discoverer.)
CitlfiihlhijueijiUmxii, ('I'viKii k Valknciennes, xv, 411, 1840, Guayaquil.
Ailimrlilhyii eyiloiLrii, Sai'VAoe, in Jordan, I'ruc. U. S. Nut. Mua., 1884, 40; duHcriptiunof ori);iniil
typo.
1«0. FKLK'HTHTS FILAMKNTOSUS, Swaindon.
Very close to F. marinitu, which it represents southward. Shields on
top of head rougher than in F. mariniis, the granulations extending on
each side of fontanollo to before it ; granulated area before occipital pro-
cess broader than long, its width more than i head; occipital process
triangular, emargiuato behind, its width at base 1^ in its length; basal
bone of dorsal spine short but broad. Dorsal spine a little shorter than
head, a little longer than pectoral spine; its filament reaching to or
beyond adipose fin ; pectoral filament to front of anal ; maxillary barbels
to end of pectoral spine. A. 26. Sandy coast of tropical America, on tlu'
Atlantic sid;' ; Jiero described from specimens from Lake Nicaragua. {JUu-
metitosHs, bearing filaments.)
FelirhilliijHftliimeutiini's, SwAlNSON, Nat. IliHt. Aiiiiii., ll, 'ADH, 18.10, iiftor Bloch, pi. 365.
AilurklilhiinJiUimeiiliiiiii!', .ToiiDAN, Tror. U. S. Nat. Miis., 1888, 411.
GaUu-Mhinhhchii, OuviER & Valenciennks, xv, 4-1, 1840, Bahia.
1«1. FELR'IITIIYS .MAUINl'S, (Mitchill).
(Sea Catfi.'!!! ; ("Iafk Topsaii..)
Head rather short and broad, rounded anteriorly. Occipital buckler
small, oblong, not much broader before than behind; band of palatine
teeth nearly continuous, extremely variable. Maxillary barbels extend
ing about to the end of the pectoral spine ; pectoral spine longer than the
dorsal spine, 1 the length of the head, its filament reaching the vent;
dorsal filament reaching adipose fin ; upper lobe of caudal much tlie
longer; anal fin falcate. Dusky bluish, silvery below. Head 1 J. D.I,
7; A. 23. P. I, 12 ; \\. 6. Vert. 20 -|- 30. Cape Cod to Texas ; coinnion
southward; not valued as food.
.Si/iinis iimrimis, MlTCiUl.l,, Trans. Lit. ami riill. Soc. N. Y., I, 1815, 433, New York.
Aihirii-Wiija vinrinu.i, GCntiibr, Cat., v, 178, 1SC4.
Ailuricklhii.ivmriwift, JoniiAN & OiI.nF.iiT, Synoiwis, 111, 1883.
AilHricJithiis marinm, Kioenmann, /. c, 30.
1«2. FEIilCHTIIYS BAHIKNSIS, i« iwtolnan).
Very close to F. marinun and perhaps not distinct, the pectoral spine
longer, as long as head, the maxillary barbels extending about to root of
ventral; palatine teeth in a very narrow band. A. 19 to 21. (Giintlior^
, 1
'i
Jordan and Evertnann. — Fishes of North America. llO
Mexico to liahia, a doubtful Hpecies, placed by Eigeninann with F. fila-
mniloHus, as synonym of F. marinua.
ilil. . Iillnin hdUieimit, rAHTl.KNAr, Aiiiiii. Amor. Slid., 'AT, 185.'), Bahia.
,\,in N hHiiiK li'iKjiiipmui, UCntiieh, Vat., v, 178, 1804, Mexico; South America.
69 to 74. GALEICHTHYS, Cuvier & Valenciennes
(Ska Catfish.)
T'liiut'iiriiii, TiA('f:pf:i>K, IliHt. Nut. PoIhh., v, 1,11, 18():i, {chinenfin).
liih.'hiUiiK, CrviKIl & Vai.KNCIKNNKB, XV, 28, 181(t, { feliirim, (itc.)
.^)■l"^, CiviKri A Vai.knciknnkk, /. c, 52, (i//(iii(Ji(iii«ii)i, uriim, etc.) (Hostrictod to iiriim liy Bleekor
III I8."i8) -'ViichijiiiiniK.
.In'o /■ ., JK'M.F.li A Trosi'Iiei,, Iloriv Iclitliyol., 111, !l, 1840, {m-nwrim, etc.) ( -TitvlujmtruH.)
UexaunnitticUlhif, Hi.KKKKit, Iclilliyiil. Arclii|i. liiilici 8iliiri, (it, 1858, (lumiliuau).
Cejilfil'iraitniii, Ill.KRKKll, /. (•.,02, {miUmiKliir). (z^llexaiu'iiMtwhthijii.)
Set'li,i:l, lIl.KF.KEIt, /.(•., 1.2, (h««i(Ai).
^'iii/iViii|;(f, Ill.KKKEK, /. c, 02, {cotiimetnmi). {=.\iiiim<i.).
Hfiifl'i'lilhii', Ill.r.EKER, /. c, 62, (fmiihyaelim).
S.7./i.r«/"S lll.KEKKIl, /. f., 02, (hfnherijii).
Ileiiiinii(tii, Bl.KEKER, Noilorl. TijdHkr. Piork., 1, 18t'i2. !W), (Hloniii). (—IlernurmnlirhlhiiK.)
rseii'I'triiix, Bi.EEKEll, /. r., 01, ((iii(i»; gnitKHcdKsin licing ropirded hh typn nf Arim). (--T<irhj/iiimit.)
Iffi.mii*, OiLi,, Proc. Ac. Nat. .S<i. Pliilii., 18G:i, 170, (ihnoi). (=.S«/en<(i«i>M.)
,lrir.;isci, Oii.l,, I. c, {milherti=fili»). {:=lli'xiiiiiiiiiUielilhii».)
.\'./wii»v, (iir.t, ^ c, ((/rniii/toiic'ii*). (—Xeliimn.)
Hody more or less elongate, siibtereto. Iload armed with a bony shield
above, behind which projects an occi])ital shield ; another smaller shield
at tlio baHO of the dorsal spine; these shields nbuaily distinct bnt some-
times covered by the skin as in FcUchthi/a. Skull with a fontanollo.
Montli not large, the upper jaw the longer. Teeth villiform or granular,
ill ii liaiid in each jaw ; teeth in 1 or 2 patches each on the vomer and
pulatiiioH, all of them sometimes continent into one band; the palatine
toi'tli never movable. Barbels 6 (the nostrils without barbel), close
toj^etlicr, the posterior with a valve ; maxillary barbels usually short and
terete or somewhat compressed. Eyes with a more or less free orbital
maifiin, the upper edge sometimes adnate. Dorsal fin short, in front of
tlie veiitrals, with a pungent spine and about 7 rays; adipose tin well
developed, posteriorly free; caudal fin deeply forked; anal fin short;
pectorals each with a spine ; ventral rays 6. Skin smooth, naked, except
on tlio occipital and nuchal regions, where it is usually confluent with
the Hiirface of tlio bony bucklers. Marine catfishes. Species very num-
eroii.s on sandy Hhores in the tropical seas, never about coral reefs. This
grouit lias been treated as one genus by (iiinther, Eigonniann, and .lordan
& (iil)iert. It seems to u.s more natural to separate the American species
into several genera, Avhich is done in the descri[»tive text below, too late
for insertion in the key. (nn;/*;, swift ; oypa, tail.)
riAl.FiiiiTiiYS,* (yoA^, weasel ; ix^ii?, fi»li): (geiiiiH 09.)
1. IIi'iiil luid occiput entirely covered by flesh and Bkin ; occipital proceas Bparingly jrranu-
lat.Mi.
♦Tliis analyxis nf gpecios is condensed from that given l)y Eigonmann, 8. A. Nomatognathi,
ii, aiil Iroin that given I>y Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U.S. Kisli ^om , 1882, .37. We omit from
thi^ aiiulysiH all those species which have not as yet been found north of Guiana. Tho sub-
geuerii' groups are recognized below as genera.
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
h. Anal flu twico at* long ax IiIrIi, witli 22 rayn ; fontanello with iin indiHtinrt groove;
orcipltal procoM twIco aH Iiiiik im broad ; HidoH fincklud. i.entkiiniisis, lti:i,
bb. Anal flu liiglicr than long, with aljout 15 rayo ; rontunollit contlnuinl hh a dt'cp grodvn
tu liuse of occipital ])rocofiri, which Ih 3 tiinuR uh lung aH hrond ; Hiduri wllli a lirnnd
paloliand. rKRHViANCM, ici
on. Orclpltal proc<'§H itnd Imnng of head oxpoiicd or covered with very thin fikin ; honoK on top
of h<>n(l and occipital procoKft grnnnlar.
r. Falatlno piitchcH of teeth with a backward projecting angle on the Inner margin (tliir<
often ubRoU'tct In the yuiing in Selennnpiii); vomerine bandn coiitignouR or continent.
Ocnenil color brown, with bronze reflection*.
({. Domal plate Hud(llc-8liap<!<l, enlarged; ItH length on the niciliiin line morn than ,'„
that of head ; teeth on the palate villiforni or binntly conical ; vomerine baii'l^t
of teeth nnited.
SciADElcMTiiVH, (Sciadet, a rolnted gonilfi, from <ricia, Bhade ; Ix^vv, flsh); (geniiH 7ii )
e, I'ofiteriur nanal openings not connected by a membrane. SpecioR I0.'i-172.
/. Dorsal plate longer than bmad, pointed in front, entering thcHliort, emargi-
uate occipital procesH; fontunt^lle large, ending acutely at a puiut
nearer base of <lor8iil than tip of Bnont ; eye moderate, t>l-., or less in
interorbltal space ; maxillary barbels not reaching beyond base of pei -
toralH; no pterygoid teeth ; head 3).^ in length. TiioscnKM, li,."p,
Selenaspih, (acAiji'i), the moon ; anTwit, shield:) (genus 71.) Speciep 17.'1 to 170.
ee. Posterior nanal openings connected by membrane (young with the dor>;il
plate reduced and no backward prolongation to palatine patch of teelln,
DorHal shield much broader than long, its anterior margin trnncatt'.
g. Occipital process very short, truncate behind, Vii wider ut base than at
tip, its length loss than y2 "^ greatest width ; gill rakers 7 4-1':
fontanello short, ending obtusely at a jioint much nearer tip of stioni
than front of dorsal ; head 3}^ in length. nowi, 171.
dd. Dorsal ]ilato crcHccnt-shapcd, not enlarged, its length on the median line mu< li
less tliau ,'g head.
Netuma, (A'Wiima Mi'li, a name used at I'ondichcrry for Nelnma iicliimn) : (g(^nus 7J.)
Species 177 to 185.
h. Occipital jirocess widest at its base.
i. Fontanelle obtuse, not produced backward as a groove ; interorbltal regi.M
granular ; barbels short ; caudal not |-{| head ; jiosterior nostrils n"f
connected by membrane ; heail very larg<', It);i in length.
KE.ISI.KIII, l.^ii.
li. Fontanello continued backward as a groove (in one species nearly oluiH-
Icte), and the toji of bead not granular.
j. Tnterorbital region and shields of head finely granular ; no axillary
pore; maxillary barbels long, reaching middle of pectorals; cau-
dal more than % head, which is 4 in length.
lNsc^IM■TI^s Ifl
j;'. Interorbltal region flat and smooth or with smooth ridges, a trllln^'ll■
lar smooth area extending backward from it.
k. Vomerine jiatches of teeth united, except in young.
/. Groove of fontanello almost obsolete, not reaching occipitil
process, which is about as broad at bas" lus long, with ( -
cave margins ; caudal a little shorter than head, \vhi( li i-
3J in length ; shields of hoad coarsely granular.
PI.ANICF.rS, ISJ
H. Groove of fontanelle well defined, reaching occipital proce>>,
which is longer than broad at base and with straight edg' -;
barbels short, compressed at base ; head long :ig in lengtli.
its shiolds finely granular ; paired fins often black at Im-
PLATVI'OQON, l^:l.
kk. Vomerine patches of teeth separate on the median line.
)\
fonian and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 121
m, Splnoi loni;, xrarroly uliurtor timn liond ; caiidnl nrarly An toiiK
nKlicitil ; lioiidHiiiiill, 4 in loiiKth ; nuiuthiiiinll, itHbruadth
IKlt ' J lll'lld. OSCll.l'H, IM.
mm. SpiiicN gburt, not -., head ; linad InrKO, about 3^, in leugtli;
tcoth on luiliilc in I iiatilicH, Idiintly coniral; occipitul
priieoM Hrarci'ly hh lung aN liroitd ; rniidal xhiirtitili;
moiilh large, itM breadth at loaat ^'^ h'nKth of licad.
Ki.ATTrm'B, 18r>.
-. I'ulatlno pntrliPH of tpcth without a backward projocting angle on the Inner margin;
dornul lliield Hniiill, iTCNcenl-sliaiii'il ; goncrai cidorbrown with lilue n-tlnrtimiH.
IlFXANF.MATicMiHVs, (if, HJx ; vi/Mfl, thread ; 'i\ivi, flili): (goniig 73.) Species IKOtoliHi.
II Teeth on palate villitoini.
11. Teeth iin |ialale nioNtly in 4 patrbea.
p. Granniatiiins ofliead not extending forward to between eyo8,
7. Fontanolle continued liai^kward as a narrow groove.
r, Oec'ipitftl proceH-i long, about ' /, bead, its tip convex ; inner edge
of ventralrt pale ; beail liV^ in length. vkms, 1S(>.
rr. Occipital proresg moderate, not \\^ head ; inner edge of vontraiR
black ; head longer.
K. Head flat, depresned In front ; occipital keel blnntlsh ; grnnn-
lationH of bead coarRe and conHpicnous ; fotitanelle reach-
ing Imihc of occipital pruceHN. KEKHANI, l><7.
M. Head scarcely depressed ; occipital keel i-liarper than in any
othcrHiieclcH ; sliieldHof headNnioothertlian in Il.H'emitni;
p;itclies of palatine teeth much smaller, foiilanello nar-
row, not quite reaching occipital keel. .loiniANi, ISS.
qq. Fontanelle not continued backward as a groove into the granulati-il
re;;ion of the head.
I. Palatine i)atclio8 of teeth small, scarcely larger than vomerine
patches, which are widely separated ; occipital process keeled,
truncate at tip ; barlMils rather long ; vertical fins dark ; inside
of ventrals dusky. c kiiii.kscknk, 180.
II. Palatine patches nnich larger than vomerine.
II. Fontanelle almost obsolete, ending between eyes, not pro-
longed backward as a groove ; boily slender, caudal about
as long as head ; paired fins pale. otrATF.MAr.KNSls, 1!»().
nil. Fontanel, I ending midway between tip of snout and middle
of dorsal jdate ; head broad(T than in preceding.
ASSIMII.IS, 1!)1.
pp. Granulations of liend continued forward to between the eyes; fontanelle
continued as a groove to base of occipital process ; interorbitul area
with 4 granular ridges.
I'. Head moderate, 4V;Jin lenglh ; dorsal spine \]■,^ in head ; highest anal
ray less than 2 in head. iiAsvcKi'nAi.i s, T.i.'l.
rr. Head long, ajl in length ; dorsal spine 1% in head ; highest anal ray
2';', in head. i,on(iicki>iiai.i!k, 194.
TAcnvsunns : (genus 74.)
iiii. Teeth on palate granular ; gill membranes not forming a free margin across the
isthinus.
II'. Anal rays l!)io 22 ; head broader than high, more than 3 in length.
.T. Ventral fins blackish on inner margin ; axillary pore large ; groove of fon-
tanelle scarcely reaching base of occipital process; vomerine teeth
small, the patches widely separated ; bead 33^ in length.
MKLANorrs, 2(X).
x.r. Ventral fins pale ; axillary pore small; pectoral spine reaching at least
halfway to middle of ventral ; occipital process little narrowed
behind; vomerine teeth course, the patches close together; head 3%
in length. fCrthi, 201.
wo. Anal rays 27 ; teeth on palate in 2 atnall bands widely separated ; fontanelle
long and narrow ; head rough. multiradiatus, 202.
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Jordan 6^ Evetmann. — Fishes of North America.
69. GALEICHTHYS,* Cnvier «fe ValenclonneB.
168. flALKICIITHYM LKNTIUINUHl'H (KiK«iiiimiin A KiK«iiMiiitiii).
Oill rakerH H -f- 4. Color li|;ht brown, paler Ixtlow, the aidoH frf^cklnl;
head 1 to 4.^. A. 22. Paiiania. (Kigoninaiin.) (/crWi/zi/iusuH, t'reckltHl.)
Tiu'hiimnDi Ifiitiyimimii, Ekienmann, I'ror, (!al. Ac. Scl., IMHM, lil'J, Panama.
164. (ULKK'HTHTN PKKIIVIANI:H, (Llltkiii).
(jill rakors 3 -f 10. Hack and sideH bliio black; a conHpicnouH broatl
pale band alon^ the lateral lino. Head 3;^. A. 14 to !(>. I'auilic CouHt of
Mexico to Pern, rather rare; this and the preceding HpecieH well niarkid
by the ukin-covered head, similar to that of specieH of Fvlichthyn,
nulfiihthiin iieriiriiimiii, liCiKEN, VIdiiigk. Med,, 2()-l, 1H7I, Callao.
'/'iiWiuiNriM jirniridHHii, El<iBNMANN,8. A. Nuinut(iK>iatlii,01, I81M).
70. SCIADEICHTHYS. Bleekor.
166. 8CIADEICiITHYS TK08CIIKLI, ()iill).
(nxOHK ('ill.OItAliO.)
IJody robnst; dorsal plate lonjjer than wide, its snrfaco grannlar; griin-
nlations of head extending to above eye; occipital process short, eniar-
ginate behind ; fontanttlle lur|re, ending acntely at a point nearer base ot'
dorsal than tip of snout ; upper caudal lobe 5 in length. Head 3| to Itf.
A. 18. No axillary pore. Female as in some other species, with the hoiul
smoother and covered with thicker skin, as in the subgenus GalcichtlniH.
Dark brown, with a brassy luster. Mazatlan to Panama, not rare ; out' of
the largest species, used as food. (Named for Dr. Franz Herniaiiii
Troschel.)
Sfiiulis irimMi, P.iM, Pfor. Ac. Nat. Scl. Phlla., 1803, 171, Panama.
Arim hriiiidli, Steinhaciineu, Iclitli. Uoitr., IV, 21, ISTO, Altata; Panama.
Tiwhuuiriiit hramlti, Eigenmann, S. A. Moniatogiiatlii, 05, 18!H).
166. SCIADEICHTHYS EMPHYSETUS, (Mllllpr * Troschol).
Closely allied to S. troscheli, of which it is the Eastern representative.
Palatine bands of teeth with a backward projecting angle; teeth villi-
form ; posterior nostrils not connected by membrane. Eye modevatf, 5
in the interocnlar space, 11 in head. Maxillary barbels flattened, reacli
ing middle or end of dorsal fin. Dorsal plate pointed in front, enteriiif;
the notched occipital process ; as wide as long, its surface pitted. (Granu-
lations of the head extending to above middle of cheeks. An elonf^atc
patch of teeth behind each palatine patch. Caudal deeply forked, tlif
upper lobe 3Hii the length. Head 3if. Depth 6. D. 17; A. 18, Yellowish
brown, paler below. Surinam. (Eigenmann.) {lu(i>v(J(io>, to inflate.)
n<i//r»s (Sci<i(/('«) ewphijuetiiH, MCil.En & TuoHniEi, Ilorre Ichthyol., iii, K, 1849, Surinam.
Aritm cmphijseluit, GOntiikr, Cat.,v, 150, 1804.
TacAvmrun en)ji/<//8e/iiii,EiaENMANN, S. A. Nomatoguatlii, 53, 1800.
167. SCIADEICHTHYS TEMMINCKIANl'S, (Cuvicr * ValcnHcnnoB).
Palatine bands of teeth with a backward projecting angle on the inner
margin; teeth on palate villiform or nearly so. Dorsal plate pointed in
* For the characters of this and other genera related to Tachyturm see the analysis above.
Jordan and Evertmuiu. — Fiahfs of North Ainrrica. lli«l
t'l.iiit, eiitoririK \\w notclie<l ocMMpital pmctmH, it uh wide iin tiio hUiiII lio-
liijxl tliu oye; Hurfauo of tlie hoium Htriiilo luthor than frruniiluto, Kyo
Hiii ill, <> tu 7 ill tilt) iiitororhital. Mnsiliaiy biirhvlH riMcliiii^ t ips of vni-
tiilH. 1). I, •• ; A. 21. (CnvitM- iV V'uIoiicioiiimH.) C'ayouim. I,ik<( tlio
nt'\t, known only from tlio ori^iiiul ilcHt^riptioii, liotli apparently ailit-il
ti) S. trohvheli. (Nainod for C, J. Toniininck, tlirii director of tli«^ Miinuiimi
lit Kolland.)
n,,./"" ''■"""""'*'"'""". I'l'Vir.n A V»i.R'«<'in\NrK, xiv, 40:1, H:in, Cayenne.
,iti'<ilimiiiiii<hii, OI'NTllEli, Cut , V, l.M, iMil, iiftir ('||V:« T \ ValiMciiiiiK'H.
f„, h.Mlinill IflHllllHi kmilll'', KlIIKNMANN, S. A. Nl>nilltllKllUtlll, tti, IM'.UI.
I«H. SriADKiniTIIVM KI.AVKSrKNS, M'liviri .V Vi»I(-nrl(»niio»).
Palatine liaiidH of t(M'tli with a tia<'kwar(l projection on tho inner
iiiaiKin. DorNal plate ciilarKetl, pointed in front , entering the notched
nci'ijiital proceHN ; einarKinate l)ehind, a^ \vi<le mh the craiiiiini liehind eye;
(juiiiulatiouH not extending forward to<!yeH ; o])orelean(l hiinieral pioeesM
Htiiate, not ^rannlar Kye vor.\ small, !) in interorltitiil. Dorsal and jiee-
tdial Hpines uraiinlar, moderiitely Herrate. Upper Jaw little lon^jer; pal.i-
tiiic handa of teeth oval. Maxillary harhe! extending to midille of
lii'ctoral. Ventral shorter than ]>e(;t(>ral tins; adipose k h^ss than anal
ilii. [Ipper caudal l«)l»o little the longer 1). I, 7 ; A. IH. (Ciivier A
ValoncieniieH.) Cayenne. (Jlavitia'tin, yellowish.)
/;,/,;) lis /(.riviicH/i, Ci'viKa.t VAi,F.ff('iRNNEs, XIV, •t^'j, iH.ifi, Cayenne,
,|Mii«y'"'''«'''"», f'f'NTIIKIl, Cut., V, 1,11, l.''fi4.
VnliifHirimjIiiriMfHK, KkiknmANN, S. a. Ni'lillttii|;lllltlli, .la, lH!)(l,
I«0. SriAIIKKilTllYS MKSOI'S, (CnviiT \ Viilem-lPiiiicH).
Palatine teeth villiform, the hand with a haekward projection ; poste-
rior nostrils not connected l»y membrane. Dorsal jilat^^ enlarged, notched
in front, receiving the point of occipital proct^ss. Kye midway Ix^tween
siKMit and preopercle ; occipital jirocess twice as long as broad, its tip
iiiiu^ronate, corresponding to a notch in the dorsal plate; top of head
|fianiilated to front of eyes; opercle granulated superiorly; humeral pro-
coHM as long as high, strongly granulated. V'entrals as long as pectorals.
D. I, 7; A. 18. (Cnvier Ar Valenciennes.) (luiana. (/itnnr, middle;
t'lij', eye.)
fti./iim riK-mj)*, rrviEn ,t Vai.enoiknnkr, xiv, 4r>ri, IRM, Guiana.
.l/iM.< )»(■«);)«, CCntiikii. rat., V, 14.'i, isril.
T,i,/ii.<H)iifl jwi'do/i.i, EiiiRNMANN, S. A. Ni'matogiiiittii, ,"i7, 18iHi.
170. M'lAIIKICIITIIYS IMIOOI'S, (CnviiT .V Val.MwiPnncH).
Head 4 to 4iv depth, 7. D. I, 7 ; A. IS. Palatine l>ands of teeth with a
liackward projecting angle; jiostcrior nostrils not connected iiy membrane;
dorsal plate large, buttorlly shaped, notched in front, receiving the point
of occipital process; bones of head coarsely granular. Eye nearer snout
than to preopercle, IJ in snout, about 3 in interorbital. .Taws snbequal ;
occipital process broader than long, miicronate at tip ; opercle striate,
liody slender and elongate ; head depressed ; teeth on roof of mouth in (>
contiguous patckes. Caudal deeply forked, the longer upper lobe 4^ in
1'
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Hiotpgraphic
Sciences
Corporation
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
!li
body; pectoral spine IJ in head. Plnmbeous above, witli blue luster ; fins
dotted with brown. (Eigenmann.) West Indies from Porto Rico to .Sui i
nam and sonth to Pernambuco. (7rp/(, before; in\), eye.)
naijriin jtronps, Cdvikii A Vai.enciennks, xiv, 457, 1830, Guiana; Porto Rico.
AriiiK pniiipH, GCntiikr, Cat., v, US, IHlH. •
Sehniiii jironpn, IlLKEKEit, Siluresdo Siiriiiaiiic, C'2, 1864.
TarliiHumn prmpK, RiOKNVlANN, S. A. NcriiatoRnHtlii, 57, 1890.
171. SCIADRICIITIIYS PASSA.W, (Cuvinr A Valonrim.rieH).
1). I, 7; A. 17. Palatine patches of teeth with a backward projcctiiiu
angle; dorsal plate notched in front, receiving the point of ocrijdtal pro
ccHH. Eye nearer snout than to preopercle. Lowe'- jaw longer; occipital
process wider and shorter than in S.proopa, its tip reduced; dorsal plate
more or less crescent-shaped. Eye nearer snout than in S. proopn. Head
<lat, especially forward; opercle strongly granular; liuinernl jiroccss
obtuse, higher than long, granular; dorsal and pectoral spine granular
in front, weakly serrate behind ; veutrals longer than pectoralr,. ((!uvi( r
& Valenciennes.) Cayenne, (pnamny, the vernacular name at Cayenne.)
liiujriiH jiKSKmij, Ci'viER & Valenciennes, xiv, 4.')8, I'^.'W, Cayenne.
Ariiia jKUi.wii//, GCNTllEn, (!at., v, 149, 18114.
TiuMnurM pasmmy, Eioenhann, S. A. Nomatogimthi, 58, 1890.
172. SCIADEICHTHTS ALBICANS, (Cuvier & ValenciennoB).
D. I, 7; A. 19. Palatine bands of teeth with an angle behind, the teotli
villiform; dorsal plate notched in front, receiving the point of occipiia!
process. Eye nearer snout than to preopercle. Jaws equal ; dorsal jtlad'
large, almost as wide is the skull behind eye ; opercle st^L-iate ; top of head
granular forward to between eyes; a triangular smooth area in front:
humeral process, dorsal plate, and outer margins of dorsal and pectoral
spines granular. Snout 3 in space from eye to preopercle ; eye .5 in intci-
ocular space. Maxillary barl)el8 scarcely reach gill opening. Adipose
ilmost as long as anal. Caudal lobes subequal, 5^ in the total length.
Head 4f in the total, its width H in its length. (Cuvier & ValencienncH.)
Guiana to the Amazon, (albicans, whitish.)
Jiagnis alhicam, CuviEn & Valenciennes, xiv, 401, pi. 420, IS.IO, Cayenne.
f liitgrm rahiirinmeni, CASTEL>'Ar, Anini. Ainer. Slid., 31, jit. xiif, f. 1, IS.W, Amazon.
Arim vttleticifnneM, GCntiieu, Cat., v, l.'iO, 1804.
Tnckimnut albkmvi, EiaENMANN, S. A. Nomatogimtlii, 59, 1890.
71. SELENASPIS, Bleeker.
17». SELENASPIS HERZKKRCUI, (Hlocli).
Head 3.3 to 3J; depth, 5 to 6. D. I, 7; A. 18. Palatine bands of teoili
with a backward projecting angle ; teeth all villiform. Posterior u'l.sal
openings connected by a membrane ; dorsal plate and occipital ])rocoss
truncate where thej' meet, at least in the adult; in the young the dorsal
plate is somewhat convex in front, the backward projecting angles of 1 lie
palatine pa^^^ches not developed. Occipital process \ lis wide at tip as ;it
base; its len.-jth more than \ its width ; its middle scarcely keeled ; jiill
rakers 5 -f- 10. Body elongate, the head longer than wide ; plates on head
Jordan ami Evertnann. — Fishes of North America. rj5
.'r;iiiiiliii ; roiitJiuollo not continued beliiiul tht.eyeH jin«l witliout backward
iiiniictiuj^ groove. PlnnilMUdis above, sides Hilvery. fine dnsky. (Eigen-
naiiii.) CoastH of South America iVoin Cayenne to Para; common. (Named
loi llcizborg.)
s,'»,/i< hirJieKjii, Hi.ocii, Ichtliyol., viit, 'Xi, ]il. 'Ml, IsOl, Surinam.
l,,„shri:hciyU, GI'NTiiEU, Cut., v, Ml, lHt;4.
r >, l,,s,i,ii« lier.-.liviijii, KiuKN.MANN, JS. A. Ncinutogliiitlii, 5!!, 18110.
I\.„,l,„lii« iiiiji'iitriis, IiAcfc -KDK, Hist. Niit. I'oisH., V, il4, IS03, Surinam.
/,■.„, /lis iiiiiH'iix, CrviKK .'; Vai.kmii.n.sk.s, xiv, 4r>G, iKli'.t, Cayenne.
I„,.iriix riiloliiiiii', >li"'i.i.K.u Hi, Titusi'iiKi., lldTir Iflitli., Ill, 7, Isllt, Guiana.
/r.,,,»(ii((i/iW(%s /(;/"iiii'"''i«"'','U''K';rki(, Siliires do Siiriiiiiiiii', .^7, jiIh. xi iiiid xiii, I.stH, Suri-
nam.
174. SKLKNASPIS IIOWI, ((iill;.
Iltiitl .^i in length. Gill raker.s 7 + 15 ; A. It'. Dorsal shield and occip-
ilal process truncate, the former much broader than long, the lj>,tter very
sliiii 1 : the length of occipital process not h its greatest widtli ; fontanelle
.sluiit, ending obtusely at a point much nearer tip of snout tlian front of
(Imsal. Young with dorsal shield reduced, vomerine bands separated and
the backward prolonga-tion of palatine bands obscure. Panama to Guay-
aiiiiii. (Named for Capt. John M. Dow.)
;.,,,;■ ,iM.v ./.)«■(, (iiLi,, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hllii., ISC.'t, 170, Panama.
,l,ii > .i/"/"-, Stkindai'iinku, Iclitli. IVitr. iv, !'J, l.S7(!, Panama.
.In.i.N ,/..»■(, .l(iKl>AN & (Jii.iiKHT, Hull. V. in. Fisli Com., 18S1, 37.
Tiii:lii>i'ni!< (Uiwi, 'hcKNMANN, S. A. Nuumtoj{U!itbi, 01, 1890.
175. SKLENASIMS LrMSC'l'TIS, (CiivicrA ValeiicienncH).
Head 'S'i ; depth 5J to 6. D. I, 7 ; A. 10 to IJ). Palatine bands of teeth
witli a backward projection. Teeth in jaws coarse, conical; those on
voiiui iuul palate finely granular. The patches separate in young, but
uiiittul an<l covering most of roof of mouth in adult. Margin of dorsal
])latc and of occipital process convex where they meet ; palatine patches
of t((!th connected by the vomerine patch in front, their inner margins
not touching behind. Body rather stout. Head large, tlattish above;
top of head coarsely granular in young, becoming more finely granular
witli age. Occipital process broader than long. Dorsal plate large, sad-
(ll(!-sliaped, broader than long or longer than broad. Fontanelle crossed
l)y '2 (ir \i bony bridges, the middle portion more than A its total length.
Barlitls short. Purplish brown, with brown dots below. (Eigeumann.)
Huniuun to liio Janeiro; common. (/«««, moon; scHtitm, shield.)
Aii'i-^li'iiisfuiix, ('iiviKii it Vai.k.nciennks, XV, lO'J, 1840, Brazil.
.[iii'~liiiiisailis, Ct'NTHKlt, Cut., v, l.')2, 1864.
Twhifin-Ks liiniscutiii, EloENMANN, S. A. Nemtitogi.athi, 03, 1890.
17«. SELENASPIS PAKKEUI, (Traill).
(Bresson.)
Alli(>d to 8. hinisctttis; the teeth on the palate granular. Dorsal plate
lai'f^e, emarginato in front, receiving the pointed occipital process; pala-
tine patches either separate or united for their whole length. (Bleeker.)
Miulily river mouths, Guiana to Para. (Named for Mr. Parker.)
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Bulletin 77, United States National Museum.
Sitiirmimiiiiti, Traii,l, M«m. Woriior. Sue, \M1, vi, U77, id. ti, Guiana.
.IWhh l)i(i-A<T(, OOntiikr, l!at., v, ITj;!, lm>l.
T'liiiiniirni jiiiihii, KiiiKNMANN, S. A. Ni'iimtogiiiitlii, ().">, 18tK).
Ariiiii iiiiiiilriHriilis, CrviKii & Vai.knciknnks, xv, 111, islo, Cayenne ; Mana.
Xeliwui qiHidriacutui, Dleekkii, iSiluruH du Siiriiiiiiiiu, '>'.), iHi;;, with plutuH.
72. NETUMA, IHeokor.
177. NETl'.MA IJIUNDH'.iSSIS, (Cuvior A Valuiioi<riiiieB).
Ileml 3fi to 3J; (l"pth 5n to 6, D. 1,7; A. 18. Dorwal pliitm cresent
Hhapcd, not eularj^cd. Occipital pioccHS Nhapcd like a clover lealiot,
einaigiiiato at tip, narrowly and deeply constricted at base, its margins
regularly and strongly convex ; its middle keeled or not ; its length not
much greater than its breadth. Uody cylindrical in front, taperin;;
behind. Head greatly depressed, longer than broad; center of fontaneilc
over middle of eye, not continued backward as a groove; interorbitiil
region with 4 ridges; upper Juw considerably i)ro,jectiag; lip wide; vome-
rine teeth in small patches or wanting; palatine patches triangular, jno
duced backward. Guiana to Haliia. (Eigenmann.) (j/»7(»irfi«, large; f«*«(s,
helmet.)
/liii(8(/(<(»'(i><i»«'i', Ci'viF.ii & Vaienciknnes, XV, fi:!, 111. ••27, 181U, Guiana?
AriiiKiiniwlKiimK, OCntiikii, Cut., v, ^r>^, WM.
Taditmnu uruiuUcd-iKi", Kkiknmann, S. A. Nomatogiiutlii, «.'>, IH'JO.
178. NETl'MA STUICTICASSIS, (Ciivicr & Val.-iu iviiiirs).
Entirely similar to X. granificuxsis, but with the occipital process much
narrowed, its margins scarcely convex, and its length 2 or 3 times its great-
est breadth. The form of this process varies, so that Eigenmann regards
this form as a variety of ^V. grandicassin, another subspecies (jxirmovitxsis,
C'lvier & Valenciennes, from Bahia), being intermediate between the two.
Surinam to Bahia. (Eigenmann.) (strictus, narrovred; caastD, helmet.)
Arins striHiiimii', Ct'viK.ii it Valknciennes, xv, fi.s, 18'1(I, Cayenne.
Arw» stricticaafiii, UCntiiv.u, <'at., v, l.'J4, 1804.
Taihuiirus (jramlwusnu atridicMt'ii, Eigenmann, S. A. Neniatognuthi, 08, 18'J0.
179. NET1:MA DI'BIA, (Bk-k.r).
Head 4i to 4^ in length ; eye 4 to 41 In bead, IJ^ to li in interocular space ;
body little broader than high ; caudal compressed ; head depressed, acute,
its width li to li in its length ; width of mouth 2Jt to 2^. D. 1, 7 ; A. 18 to
20. Dorsal plate, crescent shaped, not enlarged. Palatine bands of teetii
without backward extension. Teeth villiform. Occipital process widest ;ifc
its base. Interorbital region granular, or if smooth, the fontanelle with-
out a groove. Posterior nasal openings not connected by a membrane.
Fontanelle not produced backward as a groove. Maxillary barbels reach-
ing to base of ventrals. Occipital process keeled, not much longer than
broad; snout scarcely longer than eye, depressed, a large axillary port;;
dorsal spine li in head, granulated on its basal half in front, striate on
sides, slightly serruto behind; adipose longer than dorsal fin, twice as
long as high ; pectoral spine broader but not longer than dorsal spine, its
inner margin conspicuously serrated ; ventrals much shorter than pecto-
rals; anal as high as long; caudal 4? to 6 in the length. Surinam.
(Bleeker.) (dubiua, doubtful.)
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\.l,i,nidiihi:i, Ili.KF.KF.h, AVH. M.mI. Ac. Wot. AniatiTiI., xiv, HS-l, l«tiJ, Surinam,
I,,... ./"'.i"«, (i(\-iiKii, Cat., V, 111, I'*!!-*.
T.,. In.-nnii iliibtm, KiuB.MMANN, S. A. Neiimto^nathi, 6!), Ih90.
ISO. NKTr.MA KKSSLEKI, (Stcimlnrlin.T).
llfiul laifjo. 3A ; can lal not ^ head; foiitauelle ohtviHe liebin.l. A. 17.
SliicIiU of Ix-ad coaim'Iy fjramilar; barbels abort, reaching base of pec-
torals. Altala to Panama; not rare. (Naniedlbr Dr. K. P. Kessler, author
,:f til.- Ichthyoh^Ky of Turkestan.)
I,,". A.«.«/in, Stkinkaciinkh, Irlilli. Hcitr., iv, '24, 187fi, Altata; Panama.
\,in. /,■.■"•: n, .lollPAN A- (llLllKItT, IJllll. 0. .-<. Fisli ConiiM., 1K82, 40.
't\„himnin kissteri, ElQKNMANN, S. A. Ncmatognathi.C'J, 1890.
1«1. NETUMA ISSCULPTA, (Jordtm A Oilboit).
iloati 4. A. 18. Eye 6^ in bead; Fontanollo gradually narrowd behind,
liicominij a narrow groove nearly reaching occipital process; dorsal and
|ii-('t(>ia< spines subequal, H in head; tins pale. Panama, (iniiculptus,
•siiilptnred.)
.l)iM« i)i.« ic/p/iu, JuuuAN ii GiLiiEiiT, Hull. U. 8. Fish Com., 18«2 (188a), 41, Panama.
1H2. NETIIMA PLANICEPS, (Stoiudaclincr).
Head .^J to 4. A. 17. Shields of head rather coarsely granular ; barbels
very tslKirt, scarcely reaching pectoral; caudal a little shorter than head;
iiitt'ioibital area flat and smooth; flns dusky. Altata to Panama; not
rare, (p/ajiuo, flat ; -ceps, head.)
.i/i".s;i/'i)iiaj<8, STEiNDAiiiNEii, Iclitli. Boitr., IV, 20, 1876, Altata; Panama.
188. NETUMA PLATIPOOON, (GUiithor).
Head ;|^. A. 18. Shields of head finely and irregularly granular, the
granules not in lines. Inner margins of palatine patches of teeth straight ;
t'ontan(;lle continued abruptly backward <as a groove; anterior margin
lit" dorMal spine sharply serrate ; body rather elongate, the top of head
witli an unusually large smooth area. Gulf of Califcrnia to Peru;
generally common. {nXarvc, broad; nuyuv, beard, the barbels being
widened at base.)
Alius I'liiiiiluignH, Gl'NTiiF.R, Out., v, 147,1864, San Jose de Guatemala.
.(li"> liUllllliogiill, JOKDAN & (iILIIG.'T, /. C.,44, 1882.
Tfhimnts ptali/pixjon, Eioenmann, A A. Nomutognathi, 71, 1890.
184. NETUMA OSCULA, (Jordan & Gilbert).
UeadSJ. A. 18. Mouth small, with thick lips; occipital process naiTow,
itH edges almost parallel until abruptly widened at base ; median keel well
developed; fontanelle broad and shallow, becoming a narrow groove
lioliiiKi, nearly reaching occipital process. Shields coarsely and sparsely
granular; interorbital space nearly plane, witn smooth ridges; barbels
Hliort; tinsblackish. Panama; scarce. (O8culu8,diminutuveof 08,moutb./
.In"«..«ri(/)(s, JoKDAN * GILBERT, /.c.,1882, 46, Panama.
TiuhmrM uKuhu, £ioenhamn, 8. A. Nematognathi, 74, 1899.
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ISfi. NKTUMA KLATTUIIA, (Jordan k Oilbert).
Head 3ii. A. 18. Mouth rather large; vomerine teeth rather coiirae;
pahitiuo patches small; barbels rather short; occipital process Nlidit,
broadly triaugular, with couca\e sides, the base abruptly broiulciitd:
median keel well developed; fontanelle broad and shallow, with a iiaiiow
groova behind, uearly reachin;^ occipital i)roceH8; shields roughish, 'out
smoother than in .Y. kesaleri ; barbels rather siiort ; caudal short, 1 , in
head. Panama; scarce. (t/^«rroir, reduced; ot/ju, tail.)
AriiiH duttitriiii, Juudan \ (in.iiKitr, '. i., 't.*), 188^, Panama.
73. HEXANEMATICHTHYS, Hleeker.
1H«. IIKXANKMATK'HTIiVS KI-M.IS, (l.iniii. uh).
(Ska Catfish.)
Ilea*', 'iij ; depth 5. D. I, 7 ; P. !,(>; A. 16. Body rathni elongate, not
compressed, tapering into the slender tail; head subconic, depres^tud,
llattish above; maxillary barbel nearly as long as the head; gill uiciii-
branes broadly united, forming a narrow, free fold across the isthmus;
occipital process with a niediiiu keel, long, about i head, its tip coiivlx;
fontanelle forming a narrow groove; top of head comparatively smooth ;
humeral process nearly h the length of the pectoral spine; caudal dciplv
forked, the upper lobe the longer. Steel blue, sides and belly silviiy,
lower fins pale. L. 24 inches. Capo Cod to Texas; common southwanl
along the sandy coast, the most abundant of the salt-water catlisiies m
the United States coast, and the only one of the Tuchysin'iid type fouiul
much north of the Tropic of Cancer. (J'elis, cat.)
SUuriitfeliK, LinN;T.it8, Syst. Nat., Ed. xii, 5(i;i, ITOG, Charleston, S. C.
Ariid iiiilhtrii, CrviEU & Vaienciennks, xv, 74, 1840, New York ; Charleston.
AriiiH milherli, (.iiJNTHEll, Cat., v, 155, 18G4.
AriitH etiiiffliiH, Uaiki) & Gikard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phila., 18.'>r>, ^0, Indianola, Texas.
AriiiH fiiiientii^, GCntiieh, Cut., v, 173, 18t)4.
Ariits fvliii and ennestria, Jokuan & Oilugkt, Synopsis, llO, lH«;i.
187. HKXANEMATICHTHYS SEKJIAXI, (Giintlicr).
Head 3!}, A. 18. Head llat, depressed in front, its shields coaisoly
granular; occipital process wider than long, with a bluntish keel ; ton-
tauelle open to above the posterior margin of the eye, with a deep bank-
ward extending groove; barbels reaching slightly beyond base of pectorals;
vomerine teeth in 2 small ovate patches ; each joined to a larger palatine
patch ; axillary pore large ; gill rakers 5 + 12. Paired lius dusky within.
Panama. (Named for Dr. Seemau, who obtained the type.)
AriiiH tfemaiii, GCnthek, CV , v, 147, 18G4, "Central America."
Tachimnis seemain, Eigenmann, S. A. Ncmatognatbi, 78, 1890.
188. HEXANEMATICHTHYS .JORDAN!, (Eigentnann cV Eigcnmaiin.)
Head 3i. A. 18. Rather robust; interorbital area llat and smooth;
shields Om. head finely and sparsely granular; opercle smooth; occijiital
process about as long as head, with an unusually sharp keel ; fontanelle
AriiiK luinilesc
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
129
,.„iitiiiiif<l as a (l«ep groove to baHO of occipital piocoMH ; inaxillaiy liarhclH
nailiin" axil; snout l)luut; vomerinu tcotli in 2 Hiiiali, separate palchoH,
colli i>;ii(iiiM to the larger palatine patches; ^\\\ rakers U + J». Caudal
iliiMilv Iniked. Inner surface of paired tins black. Panama; two spcci-
indis known. (Named for David Starr Jordan.)
;,,,,.„, lis /..yliiiii, EniF.NMANN & KiriKNMANN, Proc. Cttl. Ac. Scl., 1H88, 142, Panama ; Kkien-
MANN, S. A. NcmiitoKmitlil, 7.>, 18!M).
IM». IIKXANKMATiniTHYS <' KltrLKSt'K>S, ((iUiitli<r).
iliMd ;U to '.Vi, A. 17. Palatine patches of teeth small, scarcely larjjer
tliiiii tlH- vomerine patches which are oval and widely separated on metliaii
line; oicipital process broader than long; head !f as wide as long; eye
OJ ill ln'ad, 2 in snout, 3 in interorbital width maxillary barbels to mid-
dle 1)1' pectorals; occipital i)roce88 keeled, subtruncate posteriorly; dorsal
Njiiiw - ill lit'Sid ; pectoral spine ecpial to head without snout ; upper caudal
lolic iiliotit as long as head. Steel blue; fins largely black. West coast
of (Jiiattirala. (Giinther.) (Latin, bluish.)
,\rii'.< ' :i niltfieiiK, Ut'NTiiEii, ("I., V, 149, 1804, Rio Huamuchal, Guatemala.
11»0. IIKXANEMATICHTHYS (IIIATKJIALKNSIS, (Giintlior).
Iload 'M. A. 18. Palatine patcheo of teeth much larger than vomerine;
I'outaiielio almost obsolete, ending between the eyes, and not prolonge«l
into a ;;roove; head I as wide as long; body slender; fins mostly dusky;
uaadai uNoutas long as head; body slender. Mazatian to Central America;
nut rare.
Arm •jii iiniialemii>, Gl'NTiiEB, Cut., v, 146, 18fi4, Guatemala; Chiapas.
Amf'jiiKlrmitleims, Joudan Si Oilbebt, /. c, 48,1882.
101. liKXANt^MATICHTHTS ASSIMILIS, (Giinther).
Foutaiiclio short and narrow, ending midway between tip of snout
and middle of dorsal plate; head ^ as wide as long. D. I, 7; otherwise
essentially as in If. (jaatemalcnsis. (Giinther). Atlantic coast of Central
America, ascending streams, {assimilis, similar.)
.Iriiw iwiiiiMis, (ii'NTiiEB, Cat., V, 14f), 18t>4, Lak" Yzabal, Guatemala.
.Inmamiiiil'.y, .louDAN, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philii., 1883, 281.
1»«2. llEXAXEMATiniTHYS SURINAHKXSIS, (Uleeker).
Head II!; depth 6. D. 1,7; A. 18. Palatine bands of teeth without
backward i)rojecting angle; teeth all villiform, those on the palate in 4
patches, the vomer and palatine patches sometimes contiguous. Granula-
tions of the head continued forward to between the eyes. Fontanelle not
continued backward as a groove; interorbital area without ridges; adipose
fin about as high as long, shorter than the dorsal fin. Depth of head 1'^ in
its length ; width 1^. Eye 5^ in the head, 2^ in the interocular, less than
2 in snout. Occipital process not longer than broad, not conspicuously
keeled. Snout depressed ; upper jaw little longer than lower. Vomer and
palatine teeth contiguous. Maxillary barbels reaching to the base of the
I
M.
K. N. A.-
-10
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130
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
pectorals. Oporcle smooth. Dorsal HpiiieHhoitor than thn ]>octoral h|miii',
about 2 ill the head, granulated in front, striatiMl on sidus; oaudiil I in
length Surinam. (Bleeker).
Ilfj-imemiiliihlhyii Hiirimimentiii, ni.r.r,KT.n,\i'Tn\. Mcil. Akml. Wot. AiiiMterd., ;IH(), IHCli, Surinam.
Ariui mriiiameimii, OdNTllRlt, Cat., v, 14H, IHM.
Tuchimirut surinmmuiu, Eiuknmanm, S. A. Nttiiiatof^iiatlii, Kl,18»().
1»3. IIEXANK.MATH'IITIIYS DASYCKI'llAlirN, (UUntliKr).
Head4!^. A. 21. Intororbital area with 4 very rough granulated ri(l;,'es;
(smoother in 9); shields of head coarsely granular; voniurinuandpalutiue
teeth on each side conlluont in a small roundish patch; gill nieniliianei.
not forming an angle; fontanelle continued backward as a groove to ImNe
of occipital process; spines high; the dorsal 1^ in head. Fins blackinli.
Panama (wrongly ascribed to the Hawaiian Islands), ((iaoi'e, rough;
Kf^aAf/, head.)
Arius tUitycephaliiii, G(Intiif.k, Cut., v, 1804, \!VJ, Oahu, appuroutly an error.
Ariut (liisjicephalm, Jordan & (iILBEIit, /. c, 51, 1882.
104. lIKXANKnATU'ilTIIVK LONUICEPHALI S, EigcntnutiM A Kigiiiniann.
Head 3J. A. 20. Allied to .ff. d«8yoci;.''a?Ms, but with the granular ridges
on the head largely obscured by thick akin; occipital process an loiij;
as broad, its margins concave; fontanelle produced as a deep groove:
barbels short; gill rakers short and thick, 4 -f- 5; npines short; tiusduHky.
Panama. (Eigenmann.) (lonyus, long; KKpaXi/, head.)
Tachmirm liiiigiieiilinliin, Eksknmann &, Eiornmann, Froc. Cat. Ac. Sci., 1888, 143, Panama;
KioKNMANN, 8. A. Neiiiatognathi, 82,1890.
195. IIEXANKMATICHTIIYS RUGISPINIS, (Cuvlor & ValoncicnnuB).
Head 3i to 4 ; depth 5i to 6. D. I, 7; A. 19 to 21. Palatine bands of
teeth not continued backward; teeth all villiform. Teeth on the palate
in 2 patches. Eye small, about 10 in the length of the head; fontanelle
not continued as a groove. Sides of the dorsal and pectoral spines gran-
ular; fontanelle angular behind, its posterior portion separated by a
bridge and not ending in a groove; iuterorbital region Avith 4 ridges;
intermaxillary band of teeth 4 times as wide as deep; palatine imtches
of teeth less thaiidiameter of eye in width. Barbels villiform, the max
illary barbel reaching beyond base of pectoral; mouth inferior, the lips
thick; no axillary pore. Body slender; head broad, depressed. Suriuaiu
to Para. (Eigenmann.) (rM(/a, wrinkle or roughness; 8j>{/ta, spine.)
ArimrugUnpinin, Cuvif.u & Valenciennes, xv, 77, 1840, Cayenne.
Ariiis ruguipmi!<, GCntiieii, Cat., v, 156,1864.
Tachuiirtu rugigpinis, Eiuknmann, S. A. Nematognathi, 83, 1890.
196. HEXANEMATICHTHTS PHRT0IATV8, (Cuvier & YaloiiciciincH).
This species or variety is very close to H. rujrispinis, differing as followj;
Teeth on the palate in 2 patches. Eye small, about 10 in the leu<>;tb of
the head; fontanelle not continued as a groove. Sides of the dorsal and
pectoral spines striate; fontanelle broadly rounded behind; intermaxillary
forihin and Evermann. — Fishcx of North America. 131
Imiiil <" tt'oth times uh wide as (h'ep; ])alutiiiu patcliua li iliainu-
t,.is (il r\() in width iiiul lenfrth. (Ei);«iiiiiami.) Siiriuaiii tu Marunhau.
Tbis li'i'ii is rej;ar(l«Ml l»y Ei^tuiiiiaiin as a Hiil).s|u'ci«8 of the precudiii^.
Ah tln' i^vd inhabit tlio saino wattsrs, phryiiiatuH shoiiM ho either a distiiiet
spucics lit' uii extreme uf individual variatiun. (phriftjiutnii, embruidored
III},'"''' '
,inH« ;''".":'"''"'' •''■^■"''" * Vai.km'iennes, xv, 7!), IHIO, Cayenne.
.[riii'i'lor'!''''"", •iCNTiiEii, Cat., V, ir.i;, I«(i4.
i.i.liiimnu ii'ijiHjiiiii) phrygiatim, Kiubnmann, S. A, Nunmtugiiatlii, Ml, I8!)(J.
74. TACHYSURUS, Laci'i)Lde.
107. TACHYSI lUS M'CIIALIS, ((Jiintlar).
Ih'ad I ; deptliS. D. I, 7; A. 21. Teeth on palate lar^o, ;<;raunlar; no
ti'etli (Ml vomer; occipital process triangular, as long a<i broad, obtusely
kei'ltMl: groove of foutauello not reaching baeo of occipital process; pala-
tliiu tt'i'tlt in 2 subtriaugular patches which sometimes meet in front;
iniixill.i.y barbels nearly reaching tip of pectorals. Dorsal spine slightly
hirnituil on boih edges 11, in head; adipose tin shorter than dorsal; i)ec-
tuial H]t\j\o as long as dorsal spine and stronger. Guiana. (Guuther.)
[iiitchalin, pertaining to the nape.)
.Inii»ii"''i"'i», OCmiikii, Ont., v, 171, 1«GI, British Guiana.
I'iidimruK iiM'.,'i(i/iii, ElcKNMANS, S. A. Ncmntuguutlii, 80, 180(1.
I«8. TACII¥SrKI!S FISSl'S, (Cuvior & Valenciennes).
Head I! in lengtlt; maxillary barbels reaching ahuoat to the middle of
tlie pei'toral tin. Teeth on the palate granular; no teeth on vomer; gill
membrane not forming a free margin across the isthmus. Head broader
tliau hi<;li. Soft portions of the head not pitted. Surinam. (Eigeumaan.)
{.fimm, split.)
Arimfiisuf, CrviEii & Vai.f.nciennks, xv, 107, 1810, Cayenne.
Arimpsiit., (iCNlliEB, Cat., v, 172. 18ti4.
facliimrn.s lin-mit, KniENMANN, S. A. NeiiiatOirii.'Ulii, 88, 18'J().
AmipMidindatus, CuviEU & Valenciennes, xv, 108, 1840, Buenos Ayres.
199. TACIIYSURl'S SPIXII, (Aga.s8i/).
Head '.ij to 4; depth .'j to 5i. D. I, 7; A. 21. Palatine bauds without
backward prolongation. Teeth on the palate, granular ; no teeth on
vomer; gill membrane not forming a free margin across the isthuuis.
Head l)roader than high, more than 3 in the length. Axillary pore much
smaller than nasal opening. Pectoral spine reaching halfway to the
posterior third of the veutrals, or shorter; upper jaw projecting; poste-
rior margin of the eye about in the middle of the head. Occipital pro-
cess greatly narrowed behind, its width at tip not more than i diame-
ter of eye. Teeth on the palate large, granular, 20 or fewer, some
of the posterior ones usually much enlarged. Body compressed ; head
narrowed forward, fontanelle narrow ; not interrupted, continued as a
deep tapering groove to near base of occipital process. Maxillary barbels
variable, long. Brownish above, silvery below, sometimes dotted. Coast
of (iuiana and Brazil, south to Santos; common. (Named for Jean Bap-
tiste Spix, of Munich, explorer in Brazil.)
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PiiiK'tiiiluH nlliiiliit, Hi'ix, ill ARaMi/, Ooii. Sjioo. Pine. Ilrii»ll, 1!», 1H.;1I, Equatoriul Brazil; iin,,
|irootru|ii«il.
I'mielixliiH n/iUii, AoAMiz, Qua. Spoc. PIhc. DniHil, l!i, lH2(t, iiftor Spix,
TiirhiHiiriiii Kjiixii, KkiKNMAN.N, S. A. NcllllUOKHlltlli, M, IhlHt.
AriiiH iiriwihtii, CuviKK A Vai.enciknnkh, XV, 1(»0, l«li), Cayenne.
Ariim areuiilnt, OCntiikk, Cat., v, 172, IHtil.
Ariiu laticepn, UCntiiku, Cut., V, 171, 1H04, British Guiana; Trinidad.
200. TACIIl'SIKI H MKIiANOIMIS, (fJllntlinr).
Head 4j^. P. 10; A. 21. Paliitine toeth, bluutiHh cuiiiual ; axillurv poK
large. DoiHal spine as long au from front of eye tu gill opuniug ; pociDiui
Hpine nearly aH long; sliivhlH of head finoly granular; groove of I'onta
nolle not qnite reaching occipital process ; orbital rim of eye not frctuiimvc
tins al! more or less blackish ; inner surface of ventral blaGkish. lioili
coasts of Central America; Rio Mot'igna ((Jiinther); Panama (Steintlncli
ner). Our speciuians from Uio Ahome, on the west coast of Mexico, alidvi
Mu/atlan; the original specimens from the east slope of Uuateiiiaia. It \i,
possible that the Pacitlc Coast form may be <litt'erent from the ori^Mnal
melanopug. According to Oiinthor, the axillary pore in iiii'laiii'iinti in
nearly as large as the nostril. In our specimens the jtore is much smiillei
than the nostril, (//t/^ac, black ; To/f, foot or ventral On.)
Ariua mehmoput, GCntiikr, Cat., v, 172, 1804, Rio Motagua.
201. TACHVSrUlS Ft.RTIIII, (Steimlucliner).
Head 3^ ; A. 25. Palatine teeth granular, coarser than in T. melunuinii:
pectoral spine reaching at least halfway to middle of ventrals ; Jaww 8iil)-
eipial ; occipital process not greatly narrowed behind ; gill rakers loii^'
and slender, 4 -}- 11 ; gillmembraues united to isthmus, without fre<' niiii-
gin; axillary pore small. (Eigeunmnn.) Panama. (For Ignatius Fiiilli,
Austrian consul at Panama.)
Arim/iirthii, Stkindai'iinku, Ith. Ut-itr., iv, 29, 1870, Panama.
Tachimrua fiirlhii, Kioenmann, S. A. Neiiiiitognatlii, 90, 1890.
202. TACHYSUIUIS VARIOLOSUS, (Ciivicr and Valoncieniios).
A. 22 or 23. Teeth on the palate granular, the patches without backwaid
projection; no teeth on vomer; gill membrane not forming a free niin;;iii
across the isthmus. Head broader than high; soft portions of the licad
pitted ; length of head to end of occipital process little less than 3 in tin;
length, granular portion i longer than smooth portion of the head. Fun
tauelle not continued as a groove. Maxillary barbels extending beyond
middle of pectorals. Cayenne. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.) (iviriy/i/Mc*,
pock-marked.)
Ariu» varioloms, Cuvier & Valenciennes, xv, 107, 1840, Cayenne.
Arius variolomf, GCnther, Cat., v, 173, 1804.
TachistirtiK variolostif, Eioenmann, S. A. Nomatogiiathi, 92, 1890.
203. TACHYSURUS MULTIRADIATVS, (Gilnther).
Head 4 in total length; depth 5i. D. I, 7 ; A. 27 (5, 22). Barbels elioit,
not reaching gill openings; teeth on palate granular, paved, in 2 sniull
bauds, widely separated on median line; foutauelle long and nanow,
i II
Jordan and Evermatin. — Fishes of North America.
13.'i
rcacliint: almost to occipital process; boiios of head loufjlily Kiiiiiular
imil M'lll''"'*''' ' occipital piocons an lonjj as hroatl; llns palo. Kio Kay-
., ii> ;ii I'niiftina. An ally of T.fiirthii, apparently (listiiiKiiislKMl by tlio
longer ;iii;il tin. (Kiior.) (>««/<««, many ; radiatun, rayed.)
;i,i.;ni. ./ " "'' ». Ksrn, fltzlicr. Akad. WIhs., Mtlnrhnn, 18(W, £27, imt of Cuvlrr A Viiloiiciminoii;
aii'l IvNt " •*; Stkindaiiiskii, Bayer Akml., iHfil, 47.
Iriin i,iult:ot'li'iiu», flCNTiirii, ('lit., V, 173, 18()-1; (iifttir Kiht), Rio Bayano.
75. CATHOROPS, Jordan & (Jilhort.
(T,/;,nr..(r.. .rMiiiiAN .V flil.iiKllT, HilH. V. 8. FIhIi Ciinuil., 1HH2, M, {hiipofihlhnlmiu).
This l;i<m||( Is closely allied to tlie typical section (»r jjenns of TttchtinnrHH.
It is (iisti'i<;iii.sli«>d cliietly by tlio slender and nniiieroiis gill rakers and by
tiic low iii.soition of tlie eyes, snggestinjj the genns Hi/itoph thai mux. Tlio
t\v(p six'cies are American. (««i9o^)(m,), to look down ; mi/'> oyo.)
,r. I'|,|ii riii« ininli iiniiliiccil; brunilth "f mnufli 2'.j in Ji' ml. iiYl'orilTii.ti.Mtm, 201.
i.i. ('p|m1 jiiw Hiaronly proiliicoil; liroailtli ofmoiitli 2 in head. iii'i.oHt's, 20.'>.
•J04. <'ATIIOROPN IIYP0IMITHALMU8, (Stolndnchnor).
Iltiid 1 . A. 22. Hody elongate; head long, narrow, depressed; palan-
tiiic fcdli small, bhintly conic, almost granular; vomerine bands widely
sipiiiiiti . tMch continent with the large palatine baud, which is not pro-
iliKcd liMcU ward ; both jaws thin, depressed, with narrow bands of teeth ;
liarlicls M ry long; the maxillary reaching near middle of pectoral spine;
lidisai s|(iiio long; pectoral shorter; dorsal shield small; occipital pnt-
rcss sulitiiangular, longer than broad, its sides concave, its middle
;ui;;ii!iir l>nt not keeled; fontanelle long and narrow, not quite reaching
()(ci|)ital ])roco88; shields of head rugose, with reticulating furrows. Fins
imistly )iale. Eye small, placed low, its middle below level of angle of
iii'iiitli. L. 14 inobes, Panama, rather scarce. (I'l-o, below; o^)9«A/i(<r,
eyo.)
\r'mliiili„lilitlifthmiii, STF.lNn.toiiNEU, lolith. Beitr., iv, 31, pi. x, IS?."), Panama.
20.5. CATHOROPS flllLOSlIS, (Kignnniann & EiRpninann).
Ht'iiii ;>i. A. 2.3. Body slender; head broad, depressed ; width of head
\\ in its length; occipital process about as broad as long, obtuselj-
koiled: t'oiitanelle narrow, continued backward as a gntovo; bones of
liciid ni^id.se; eyo obli(|ue, its center over posterior end of mandible, on
It'vil of Miigle of mouth; barbels reaching nearly to middle of pectoral;
jaw.s VI ry thin; no vomerine teeth; palatine teeth widely separated, in
very iimrow bands, the teeth obtusely conical; gill membranes united,
with ficc margin. Gill rakers 12 -f 30, li times diameter of eye; pectoral
]i«relar<^o; spine slender, rather long. Panama. (Eigenmann.) {(JiiIosuh,
larf^Miionthed.)
JV'iiwpiis ijiihiiiis, ErisENMANN * EioENMANN, Pfoc. Onl. \c. Soi., 1888, 1-lfl, Panama; Kkiev-
.MAN\, S. A. Nomatogiiatlii, 03, 1890.
76. ICTALURUS, Rafinesque.
(Channki. Cats.)
hhihiriK. li\KiNF.sQUK, Tclitli. Oh., 01, 1820, (maculatiis—piinclatiiii).
EHiifs. H iriNK.SQl'E, I. c, 01, (marulatus).
Synedoghiuia, GiLl., Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1859, 3!), {beadlei=pmictatiu).
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Jiullctin ,/7, fhtitid Slatts National Afiiseum.
Body «!l()ngat«>, alondor, (M)iiipr«>HHO(l {lOHtoriorly. Koiul islondei' nid
<M)iiical. Hiiprnoccipitdl hoiio cir prooBHs ]>roloii(r(til Imckwunl, its oimii-
frinatod aprx i'i>c<tiviiiK tlio aciiiiiinattt anterior point of Mio hocoihI inter
Hpiiiul, t]iiiH forming; a contiiiiKMiH Itoiiy lirid^o Troiii tlio hi^ad to thodoiHitl
Hpiiio. Moiitli Hiiia]!, ttM'iniiial, tlio iipptM' Jaw \o\\^ii\. Totitli Hiiliiilati, in
a Nli«>rt liaiid on «>acli jaw. Dornal fin tii^li, with onn lon^ Hplnn, aiid
iiHiially (i layH. AdipoN(> llii over iioNtorior portion of anal. Anal tin
lonu, witli !.'."» to Hr> lays. Vontral (inn each witli 1 Niinph) and 7 hranclicd
rayH. Pectoral fhiH pa«'li with a Htout Hjtine, lotrorHo Hcrrato within, ami
ahont !) rayH. Caiuhil (in elongate, d<>*>ply forked, \\w IoIioh |)ointod, tlir
nppor tJio l«injior. (Adoration pale or Hilvcry. Fronh watorw of Nditli
Aniorica; H Mjtecies known; tli« hfwt of th« ('atliHhcH aH food. Tho\ arc
active fisbcH, froipicntin^ cHpucially rivor channt'lH and ripph's in lar);(<
NtroaniH. (/j^iV/i;, tiHli ; m/^oi'/xij, cat ; luinco more corn-ctly, lvhUiti(vhnnt.\
a. Aiml fill very Iniiff, |t« luiw nciii'ly ) ;i Hh tmily, Its riiyn 112 It);)"). FiltrATis, JOC.
an. Aiiiil fill Rlicirtrr, its nivH 'Ih to 2'J.
h. Iliirlii'lN loll);, I'xtriiiliiiK i'oiiHi(]i>mb1y lioyoiid ^ill (ipi'iiint;; annl rnyn iiNiiiilly iiliont %.
ITNCTATlN, 2ii7
'>''. Itarlx'lH Nliort, the lunKoat only roai'hlni; kHI opcnhiK; mini rayn 2H or 2!).
MKKiiiio.VAi.is, 'm.
20«. I( TAMItrS FriM'ATlS, (!,.• Smnr).
(ClU'CKLK-liEADKI) CaT.)
Hnad email, ahout 4^ in length; depth 4 in adnlts to 5^ in yonii);.
Anal fin extremely elongate, its base nearly \ the h^ngth of the body (witli-
out candal) ; itH rays 32 to S.'i in number. Eye small, wh(dly anterior, tiic
middle of the head being behind its posterior margin. 81o])e from doiNal
to snont somewhat concave, especially in adults. Pectoral spine rather
long; liumeral spine stout, shortish, not reaching middle of peetoinl
spine. Skin thin. Color silvery, plain, or somewhat spotted. Size rat iicr
large, reaching a weight of over 10 pounds. Ohio to Iowa and Texas ; not
very couunon. (fii^'catitH, forked.)
Pimehxhio fHrciiliif, Lk Si-Ei'it, in Cuvior A Vnlcnrienncs, ix, VM, 1840, New Orleans.
TddliiniKfiircatiin, .Iohdan X fliMlKliT, Syiio|isis, 109, 18H3.
AmiiirKt fiirrnhiii, OCnthkii, ('at., v, lOII, 18(!4.
PimehxliiH affliih, lUiiii) * GinARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1S.')4, 20, Rio Grande. lyi».
Nor. 8117 anil K;i8.)
207.^ irTALUBlIS PrNCTATUS, (IlntlnoBquo).
(CiiANNEi, Cat; White Cat; Bute Cat.)
Head 4; depth 5. Anal 25 to 30. Head rather small, narrow, convex
above, so that the eye is little nearer the upper than the lower outiiiif.
Eye large, the middle point of the length of the head being near it.s pos
terior margin. Mouth small. Barbels long, the maxillary barbels reaciiiiid
more or less beyond gill opening. Spines long. Humeral process loiip;
and slender, more than i the length of the pectoral spine, which i«
strongly serrated behind. Color liglit olivaceous above, the sides pale
or silvery, and almost always with irregular small, round, dvirk sjioIh;
fins often with dark edgings. Body rather long and slender, back little
elevated. Rivers of the (treat Lake region and Mississippi Valley and
streams tributary to the Gulf of Mexico ; generally abundant in the
JorJan t}nd Evertnann. — Fis/us of North Anurua.
I.'iri
oljat Ih of tho laiKor utreaniH, «Mpcciiilly Hoiithwtwtwanl. It nnichoH a
woiu'lit ')t' I'Oto 2') poiiiHlH, Hiitl JH iiii exc<<lluiit tootl IIhIi, not iut«'<rioi' to tlio
Hlack Hiias. Viiriiiltlo. (/xinctd/HM, npottud.)
<,;,„„, J /,i(ifii, K\HNK.'"jrK, AmiT. Month. Miiif., IxlH, :riM, Ohio River.
/,;,(/,»'"."» ,„i„ihilii , JoiiiiAN, Dull. U. S. Niit. .Mm., x, lf77, 7li.
/•wKh^'ii" iMli/iirrii/in, liK .SiiRiiR, M6m. Mill., V, l.VJ, IBIO, Wabash River, MimiisHippi
Rjvrr.
I",,,,^!,.'!"' ■ ■ niUvrH; ItAriNRiigcr, Irlith. Oh., n:), 1820, Ohio River.
l,„j"r"«' "'■'■'.'"'■'"'«". OI'NTIIKK, (;«t , V, llfj, 18(14.
I'lmrh"!"' iiiiiniliilw, ;i(l//i''H«, mi/. ii/iMil.<, ii/;;;(r«», with viirlotirH friilhroplrrii, ninrijiiiillil', liili'inli;
l„u:.i.l,.'i, liAtlNF.Hgl'K, (illiil-t. .loi.r. Si'l. I.oliildii, iH'iO, litiil Irlitll. ( )li., )','^ i>ti'., 1H2U, Ohio
River.
l>,ni.i,„iH.~ iiiififrr, OiTvim A VAt.rNCir.NNr.H, w, 13!t, imo, Surinam, 1>y irmr.
I>i„„l,.,l,i»,irm-iliii, lliit'dii, Ann. It<'|it. Ki'K'i'nrM, .Vlliiiny, IRTJ, 'Ji'i, Somervillc, N. Y.
lUfMu'inliH-n, (iiit.MiK, rriic Ar. Nut. Hii. Chilu., iH.'iS, 170, Rivers of Texas. (TyiH',
Ni'C ''I:'., HI.'', unci Hit'..)
.S,/ii.Wi.|;'.iii/« l-iidlei, (Jim., TriitiH. l.yr. Nat. Ilint. N. Y,, IH.'.n, 2. St. Catherines, Ontario.
fTviM, No.Ml.V)
;v,,i,/m./«./ "My'ii, UiiiABii, I'roo. Ac. Nut. Hcl. I'lilla., IS.ia, Ift'.t, Somerville; Ogdensburgh;
Foxbu-K, Penn. (T.vpp, No. I.M12.)
;'imW'"/"» II, ,itilniiii,QiHknv, I, e., lol, Black Warrior River ; Bigsby River, Alabama.
(Tj|i<-, Nu. i:.:i2.)
I'iiHfMui ijriirioiiut, (iiRAUP, I i'., IM , Prairie Mer Rouge, Louisiana. (Ty|i<', No. ir>U.)
J'inul'i'liis iiiimnimnH ni\i\ niilnhin, Aiihdtt, Vvnr. Ar. Nat. Scl. I'lilla., 1800, BOH, Fort Riley.
I,i,iliir«i'-iiiii>^iiiii, Oii.i., I'riK'. UoHt. Soc. Nut. Ilint., iHiiJ, \^, Platte River.
Hiliiruiiriiliiiiiii»,Ji>KVAS, Hull. U.S. Nut. MuB., X, lH77,7ii, Cairo, Illinois. (Tyjm, No. ^o.'pC. )
•20H. K'TALntl'S .MKItllllONALIH, (Oilnther).
Head r> ; depth 4. D. I, 6 ; A. 28 or 29. Similur to /. puiictatuH, but with
the biulicis Hhorter, tlie lungost only reaching gill opening. HrowniHh
iiliovc, with blue reflections, silvery below. Rio Usiinuicinta, (tuateinalii.
((iiiiitlicr.) {meridionalis, southern.)
.liiii'tiriN iiieriiliimnUii, (i('N'rMr.ll, Cat., v, 18U4, 102, and ill Truuii. /uiil, Sue. Luud., 18U8, 473
Rio Usumacinta, Guatemala.
77. AMEIURUS," Raflnesque.
( Horned Pout. )
/liii«iiii-M.«, R.\riNE8QUF, Ichth. Oh., 05, 1820, {ciiprtiiii=n(iUiliii).
Uriiiiim, I'.pi'K, Proc. Ac. Nut. Scl. I'liila., 1804, 231, (uujrilahrui).
iliiiisliir, .IdiiruN AND EvF.UMANN, RubgoH. nov., {Iwuitrit),
AiiihiriiK IT .liiici'iii'ii", corrocted spelling.
Body moderately elongated, robust anteriorly, the caudal peduncle
mncli compressed. Head large, wide; snpraoccipital extended backward,
terminating in a more or less acute point, which is entirely separate from
tlie second interspinal buckler; skin covering the bones thick. Eyes
ratiier wmall, but developed. Mouth large, the upper Jaw inmost species
the ioniser. Teeth in broad bands on tho premaxillaries and denlaries;
band of upper jaw convex in front, of eciual breadth, and without
*Tlit> Hiirned Pout aro "dull and blunderini; follows," foud of tho mud and growing best in
woody pdiids and rivors without current. They stay near tlio bottom, moving Hlowly about
with tlii'ir liarbtds widely spread, watching for anything outaiilc They will tak(! any kind of
bait fmrn iiii atiglo worm to a piece of tomato can, without hesitation or ('oquetry, and they
•cliloiii fiiil to swallow tho hook. They aro very tenacious of life, opening and sliiittlng thfir
moiitliH fir half an hour after their heads have been taken off. Tlic^y spawn in spring, and tho
old fishoH load the young in great schools near the shore, caring for tliein as a hen cares for her
cliii'keii8. "A bloodthirsty and bullying set of rangers, with ever a lance of rust and ready to
do battle with their nearest neighbor."— 2%or«au.
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Bulletin ^7, United States National JTuseum.
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baok ward prolongation at the angle. Dorual between the pectorals ami
ventralB higher thMi long, with a pungent spine and about 6 branched
rays. Adipose fin short, inserted over tho posterior lialf of the anal.
Anal fin of varying length, with 15 to 35 rays, the usual number bcin^
20 or 21. Caudal fiL short, truncate in typical species, more or Icnh
forked in those species which approach the genus Ictalurua. Ventrals
each with 1 simple and 7 branched rays. Pectoral fins each with a stout
spine, which is commonly retrorse serrate behind. Lateral lino usually
incomplete. Hpecies very numerous, swarming in every pond and slnj;-
gish stream in tho Eastern United States; especially characteristic of
quiet waters; 1 species (A. cantonensU) in China. Tho species avo
variable and not easily distinguished. Those in which the caudal fin is
forked make an approach to the genis Ictalurua. The lack of connection
between the supraoccipital and the interspinal buckler is the only o'lai-
acter by which these species can be separated from Ictalarus, of whicli
group Ameiuru8 should perhaps be regarded as a section, (u, privative;
fieiovpoi, curtailed; the caudal lin not notched.)
IIaustor, {haustor, ono who swallows):
a. Caudal fin Innate or forked; occiiiital process produced backward, not falling far short of
tho iuterspiual bones; spocies of large size, approaching Icluliirun; coloration n)orc ur
less grayish or silverv .
/). Anal rays 25 to 35; Numeral process very short and bluut, usually covered by sUiii,
about y^ length of pectoral spine. i.acustris, 'im.
W<. Anal rays usually 20 to 22 (19 to 24).
c. Huso of aual fln longer than head; head rather narrow, the bony occipital lirirl^-i'
almost complete. lui'L's, 2bi.
re. Httso of anal fln much shorter than head.
d. Humeral process strongly rugose; head and mouth narrow in young, becom-
ing very broad in tho adult. catus, 211.
(kh Humoral process slightly furrowed; head narrow. nucir.si, 21'.;
hhb. .\nal very short, ol about K- rays, its l)aso not ^ length of body and liitle mnv
than ^ head; head broad, with long barbels. okeeciiodeensis, 2l:t.
Amehi Ill's;
an. Caudal fin entire, truncoto or vorj slightly marginate behind. Eyes well dovelopi'd.
Coloration, brown or yellowish, not silvery.
e. Aual fin long, of 22 to 27 rays (counting rudiments), ita base more than 14 body.
/. Head and body elongate, the back high, tho head much longer than br »d; pecto-
ral and dorsiil spines very long. erebenndk, 214.
//. Head and body robust, the back low, the head not much longer than broail,
pectoral and dorsal spines moderate. natalis, 21.'i.
ce. Anal fln ;noderate or short, of 15 to 22 rays, its base 4 to 6 in tho body.
g. Lower jaw projecting; anal rays 20. vuloaeis, 21ii
{((;. Lower jaw not projecting.
h. Body rather robust, the depth in the adult Z% to 4}^ in length; head net
very flat above,
i. Pectoral spines lun, ,, 2 to 2}/^ in head; anal rays more than 20.
NfcBULOSUS, 217.
a. Pectoral spines short, 2^^ to 3 in head, longest in young. Anal tin
shorter, of 17 to 19 rays counting udiments. hei.as, 218.
hh. Body slender and low, varying with age, tho depth 6\^ to 8 times in length:
heod in adult broad and very flat; anal short, usually with 18 or 19 rajs;
a broad dusky shade across the base of dorsal which is rather high.
PLATY0EPHALV6, 210
Gbonias, (ypiivti, a cavern):
aaa. Caudal fln entire; eyes covered by thick skin.
j. Color chiefly black. miobilabrib, 220.
(('.*i r, -11 lie THE
"•■ unjri'weiiH, ..
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of North America, 137
Subgenus HAUSTOR, .Ionian d Kvermitiin.
2007 AMKIlIUdS liACUSTKIK, (Walliauin.)
(CaTI.-II ilhTlIK liAKES; (iaKAT FoRK-TAItRH OaT ; MlHHIRSIPPl CaT ; FLORIDA OaT ; FlANNF.L
MiHTii Cat; Matiikmf.o, or Udtv kisii.)
Htiid 4 in leufjtli; depth 5; distaiico to dorsal Hpine 2J. I). I, 5; P.I,
i); A. 28 (25 to 32). Body ratlier stouter, head lijuch broader, lower,
anil more depresaod than in lelalnrn:! punclniun, its greateHt widtli ^
its li ii^'th. Intciorhital space honiowhat more than i the length of head.
Width of the month about i head. Eye moderate, wholly in front of
niidtlli' point of head. Top of head covered with a thicker skin than in
i,ini(/((/(/s, 8o that the honeH aic nearly concealed. Upper surface of the
lifiid <|iiite llattish so thiit tiie eyes are much nearer the upper than the
jinvi'i surface of the head. Harhels long, all black, the maxillary barbel
reaching Iteyond head. Humeral process very short and blunt, covered
l)yskiii,a little more than i the lon};th of the pectoral spine. Caudal
(leeiil.v forked, the upper lobe rather longer and narrower than the lower ;
(loiHiil a little nearer snout than adipose fin. Anal base as lohg as head.
Olivaceous slaty, growl. 'j darker with age; sides pale, without dark
spots : anal dusky edged. Saskatchewan River and Great Lakes to
Florida and Texas ; abundant in all large bodies of water, especially
in tlio Mississippi and the Groat Lakes. One of the largest of the cat-
lishes, reaching a weight of 150 pounds or more, (laeusfriit, living in
mkpH.)
Oa'liii l'h-ii»tri<i, WAl-RAtiM, Artfdi Pise, 1792, 144, Arctic America, hasml oil tho Mnthoineg,
or 1,1111(1 Cod, of roDiinnt.
rimi-lu.iiin iiigriiiitis, T>K SiErn, Mrm. Mns., v, 153, 1819, Lake Erie; Lake Ontario.
Vmeluiliix )ii<jrPKi:eiiK, ..iriiAiiPSON, Fauna. Hor. Amor., ill, ISlit;, 1114, after Lo Sue".«-.
I'Mitfliis iHirenli*, KiciiAniisoN, /. c, l:t5, 1S:!(), Pine Island Lake.
[imiiric lioreaUs, GPNTHER, Cat., v, KM), 18(14; .Tokhan, I. <•., 84,1877.
Ui/"i"< /'(CKs/nX Jordan & Oii.heiit, Syuopsis, 108,1883.
Aimiirif ivimleroKm, * BEAf, Pror. U. S. NiU. Mii.«., 1879, 280, St. Louis. ^ Type, 23.388.)
H.ihtrii^ poiidernsm, .Idrdan & Gimiert, Synopsis, 189,1883.
lehtimis nigricmis, Jordan & Giluert, Synopsis, 882,1883.
210. AMEIURrS LCPl'S, (Girard).
Anal 23. Body rather slender. Head narrow, longer than broad, its
width 45 in length, being less than its length above. Dorsal spine much
ucai'fcv snout than adipose fin. Base of anal longer than head. Pectoral
spine.s long and slender, dentate. Barbels long. Supraoccipital bone
almost meeting the interspinal ; the relations of the species therefore very
close to Ictalurus punctatus. Dusky olivaceous, sides silvery. Rio Nueces
and Kio Pecos, Texas ; a rather doubtful species, apparently inicrmediate
iietween Ictalurm litinctatns and Ameiurus cat us. (liijuis, wolf.)
V'metii'hi/i Inpns, Girard, Pac. K. B. Expl., ^.. 211, 1858, Rio Pecos; Jordan, I.e., 83,1877;
GC.NTiiEH, Cat., V, 101, 1804.
WioHs Utptis, JoRD.VN & GftiiERT, Synopsls, 107, 1883,
* .hiiiimis ponderns}!!:, Bean, dcscribod from the Missis^^ijipi Kiror at St. Loiiin from a sppcimeu
Uivt long, weigliing 150 pounds, is probably a giant oxamplc of this species, from which it
'liffi.'p. only in tlio presence of 35 anal rays, lu 4 specimens, which we refer to A. laeiiMriH,
«cioii;it 2!>, 27, 28, iind 32 rays. We see no reason for doubting the identity of the "Lind Cod,"
wMathemeg of the Hudson Bay region, with Ameiurus nigricans. This northern species, called
Itoredis by Richardson, is the original lacu^ia of Walbaum.
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811. ANEIURUS CATU8, * (LiimwiiB).
(WiiiTK Oat ; Ciiannf.l Oat or the Potomac.)
Body stout, slender in the young, the head becominfj; exceaaively broad
in the adult. Barbels long, except nasal barbel ; caudal tin deeply forkiid,
the upper lobe the longer. Humeral process more than \ the lengtli of
the spine, extremely rugose. Anal rays 21 (19 to 22); base of anal I* to
5 in length. Dorsal fin inserted nearly midway between adipose fin and
snout. Pale olive bluish, silvery below without dark spots, but hdmic-
times mottled or clouded. L. 2 feet. Delaware River to Texas, very
common in the coastwise streams and swamps, especially about C'ltiHa-
peake Hay and in Florida ; also lately introduced into the Sacramento and
San Joaquin rivers, where it is becoming abundant. (Low Latin, C(i/i(«,
cat.)
SiJuriMco/tw, LiKN^Kl'S, X, 306, 1758; baficd on the Catflfth of Catcsby, (liagre nenti.tffe njifciei mnrc-
gravei nffiuiii), which iH a riidi) flgiire of the adult, or " lophiiis," form of this H|M!civH; North.
ern part of America.
Pimelotlm alhiilim, IjK StiEt'B, Mom. Muh., v, 148, 1810, Delaware River.
PiincWim /j/)i.f , (iiKAiii), I'roc. Af. Nat. 8ci. Phila., 1859, 160, Potomac River.
Amiuriut alhUhiii, Jordan, /. c, 84, 1877.
Irlalnrttn albiiUw, Joroan A GiLfiERT, Synopsis, 107, 1883.
Amiunu niueirfuliin, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Hoc, 1870, i.'ft, Neuse River; Jordan, J.'c, 8:?, 1877.
IvIalHrtm niveuviUriH, Jordan Sc Giibeiit, Synopais, 107,1883.
Amiurtts lophbm, (.'ope, Proc. Am. Phil. So<"., 1870,480, Potomac River; Jorpan,?. r.,85, 1S77.
Idnlttrut lophins, Jordan A (Jimieut, Synopsis, 107, 1883.
IctaUirii* viacwikeyi nud I. kevinskii, Staufker, History Lancaster County, Pa., 678, 1869, Lancas-
ter County, Pa.
212. AMEIURUS DUMGSI, Bean.
Allied to A. catu/i, but with narrower head, its width 5 in lengtli;
humeral process slightly furrowed, not strongly rugose as in J. catiis:
caudal deeply forked. Color plumbeous, silvery below. D.I, 6; A. 21.
Rio Turbio, Guanajuato, Mexico, west of the Sierra Madre. (To Alfredo
Duges, a naturalist and teacher in Guanajuato.)
Amniirtudngfsi, Beav,Pioc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 30-1, Rio Turbio, Guanajuato. (Typf, No.
23122 and 23123.)
213. AMEIURITS OKEECHOBEENSIS, (Heilprin).
This species is known only from a figure, t no description having been
published. This figure shows the form of Ameiurua catiis. the caudal
deeply forked, barbels long and slender, the fins low, the anal very short,
* Wo indbiitify the Silitriin catiw of Linnaeus, or rather the figure of Catesby on which it is Inured
with AmiiiniK alhulm of Le Sueur, the adult of which species v ell auswurs to Catesby's arcoiiiit,
and fairly matches liia rough figure. Catesby's flsh was from the " Northern part of Anii'iica,"
and had a mouth no large that the flsh could swallow another of its own size, ("ejusquo amplitucl-
inis rictus, et piscom w<|ualis magnitudinis capere pOiisit." It reaches a length of 2 feet. The
adult form (called "/if/>/iiii«") of the present species abounds in the Potomac, and has a larger
mouth than any other of the tribe. Southern s|xtcimens called niveiventris by Cope, from the
Neuse to St. Johns, are rather slenderer in from, but we know of no character by which tin' two
can he positively separated. If a difTorence exists, the southern form may stand as AmeiiirHi
nieeiventris, the northern as A.caiut.
fThe figure of Heilprin has much in common with that of Cutesby, which is the basis of tbo
name Ameiunu caUu,
Jordan and Everniann. — Fishes of North America.
139
appan'iitly of 15 or 16 rays and much shorter than head, the spines small,
tho occipital bridge apparently complete as in IctahiniH (to which genus
it may l)clong), and the color entirely black, as is tho case with nearly all
IIsIk s in black-water swamps. The typo is from Kissimee River, near
Lake Okoechoboo, in tho everglades of Florida.
li.ih'ni'^ lAerfhi'heemin, HBiLPniN, Trans, WagriiT Inst. S<'i. IMiila., i, 1S87, pi. 18, Kissimee
River, Florida.
Subgenus AMEIURUS.
214. AMEiridS KRKItK>M:S,.Ti>r(1an.
r.ody rather elongate, compressed, the depth about 4^ in lengtli. Dovsal
reftio'i latlior elevated; the head quite long and narrowed forward, 1 times
in iiMifitli of body. Head more narrowed than in A. natalin: width of
head in front of eye little more than i its length ; width of the niouth
aliont ^ length of head. Greatest width cf head contained Ij^ times in its
longtli. Dorsalfinslightly nearer the snout than the .adipose fin,unusu<ally
high, ito spine long. Pectoral spines strong, about J as long as the
head. Anal fin long, deep, nearly ^ the length of the body, of 2*2
to 21 rays. Adipose fin l.-irge; caudal fin rather short, truncate behind.
Jaws Hijbequal. Supraoccipital process but little free behind. Color
black; beliy paler; fins and barbels black. Coast swamps and black-
water Rtreams from New Jersey to Florida. Close to A. tiatalis, but with
narrower head and longer spines, {tpefievvoc, color of Erebus, which is
very i)lack.)
Ameiiinix neheunux, .TonPAN, Hull. U. S. Nat. Mur., x, 85, 1877, St. Johns River, Florida;
.fcpuoAN \- Gii.iiERT, Synopsis, lOri, 1883.
Amiurm iirdslhisHiis,* Cops, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 188.3, 133, Batstoe River, N. J.
SIS."^ AMEII'BITS NAT.4LIS, (Lo Sueur).
(Yellow Cat.)
Anal rays 24 to 27. Body more or less short and chubby, sometimes
extremely obese (var. natalia), sometimes more elongate 'var. lividiis).
Hf.ad short and broad; mouth wide, the jaws equal (var. lividus), or the
upperjaw longest (var. cupreiia). Yellowish, greenish, or blackish, (ireat
Lake region to Virginia and Texas, and southward ; generally abundant,
extremely variable, and running into several varieties.! {naialis, having
large nates, or buttocks.)
*Exi'i'|)t that tho raiidal fin is 'aid to bo roundod rather than trnncato, A. proslhisliii.') aprnes
with I. nTlii'iiim% with which we think it will prove identiral. GroiitcRt width of liead f(|nal
tiii|i|illi (if body; eyo Bniall, 5 in iniororhittd width; dorsal spine inserted nineh nearer tip of
smmt ili.ui adipose fin ; pectoral spines a little larger than dorsal spine ; maxillary harhel r( aeli-
iiiL' iniiliiln of pectoral spine ; humeral process extendiit; a little farther ; hiack, whitish lielow ■
fiiH lilaik; pectoral and ventral pde at base; head 3%; depth i\i. D. I, G ; A. 24 to 27.
liatstur Klver, New .Icrsey. — Cope.
tTlic.sc viirietios have been thns diagnosed:
a. Diirsiil considerably nearer snout than adipose fin.
h. ,Taw9 equal; spines very short; anal rajs 25; colors yellowish brown. Ohio Kiver to
Arkansas, North Carolina, and south. ' MVinim.
Wi. .laws unequal, tho upper the Ioniser.
c. Anal rays 24 or 25, the fin rather low, its base 3^^ in body, nape not swollen.
4. Colors pale, yellowish brown. Mississippi valley and south. cupbeus.
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I'imelodiuualnlui, IjF.StTiitm, M('m. Mtis., v., ir«-l, 1819, North America.
Amiunm ntiliilU, GCnther, v, 101, 18(14 ; Joiidan, /. c, 8(1, 1877.
SilnniH liviilnn, var. /luca/in, and Silnnin cupri'iif, RAriNRNQCE, Qiinrt. .lour. Sri. London, 192fi, 4S,
r>l, Ohio River.
I'imeliiihiii felhiiiii el anlniiit-nsu, GiRAliP, Par. U. K. Kxpl., x. 'Jllfl, 18.18, Canadian and San An-
tonio rivers, Texas. (Typo, Nob. it24 mid <.)Z\. )
I'imflodiiH idtiiK, QiFAKD, Proc. Ar. Nut. 8<'i. Pliilii., IS.I!!, 1."iO, Aux Plaines, Illinois.
I'iiiuhiihis viipreoidtH, Giraud, I. c, 18.'')9, 1.19, Aux Plaines, Illinois. (Tjpo, No. 1407.)
fimi'/niiioini'i.'oiiKii, ItiniARiisoN, t'luiiia Hor. Amur., iii, 132, lK)(i, Lake Huron.
I'iiiieldilHiii-iiiireus, lUKiNF.HQt'K, lolith. Oil., C'!), 1820, Ohio River.
AminniH iialdlii, .louiiAN it Oii.iiEUT, Syiio|)Hi8, 11)5, 1S8;|.
/l)niMni« W/i, CoPK, Hull I'. S. Nut. Mus., xx, :t,\ 1880, Little Wichita River; Texas.
Aiiieiiints hiiVi, .Iciudan >t (iiLiiciiT, .^,viio|>nU, 881, 1881) ; thin furiii has rather lou);ur H|ihio.M lli.tn
UHiial in nnlnliii, approachin); nihennm.
Aminnm valalu aniilii, Joriian, I. c, 1877,81, Arkansas River. (Type, No. al()88.)
•n^.' AMEICRIIS VULOARIS, (Thompson).
Anal rays 20. Body moderately elongate ; depth 4i to 5 in length; head
3J to 4. Barbels long ; mouth wide ; head longer than broad, rather nar-
rowed forward ; proGle rather steep, (svenly convex ; dorsal region more en
less elevated. Lower jaw more or loss distinctly projecting; in otlicr
respects scarcely distinct from A. nchuloaua, with which it may iiitci-
grade. Dark reddish brown or blackish. L. 18 inches. Vermont to Min-
nesota and Illinois, chiefly northward ; not rare, {vulgaria, common,
which is not true in most of its r.ange.)
Pimeloiliti vulgarii, THOMPSON, Hist. Vermont, l;^8, 1842, Lake Champlain.
I'iiiii'hiilii.1 /Ukniji, CiRARn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18,")9, 160, Oswego, N. Y. (Type, No. l.M:i. i
P.meliiiltifmhirun, GiRARP, Pac. R. R. Expl., x, 210, 1858, L.Amelia, Minnesota. (Type, No. '<>il)
Aniiumii H'liiriis, Jordan, I. c, 1877, 88.
Amiurti/i vnlgaris, Jordan A Giluert, Synopsis, 105,188.3.
217. AMEIURHS NEBl'LOSUS, (Le Sueur).
(Horned Pnrr; Common Bullhead; Small Catfish; Schuylkill Cat; Saciramento Cat.)
Body rather elongate; depth 4 to 4i in length. Anal fin usually with
21 or 22 rays, its base 4 in body : dorsal fin inserted rather nearer adipone
fin than end of snout. Upper jaw usually distinctly longer than lower.
Humeral process more than i the length of pectoral spine, which is ratlicr
long. Color dark yellowish brown, more or less clouded, sometimes yel-
lowish, sometimes nearly black. L. 18 inches. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley,
eastward to Maine, southwestward to Texas, and southeastward to
Florida. The common bullhead, or Horned Pout of the North and East,
abundant in every pond and stream; also introduced about 1877 into the
Humboldt, Sacramento, San Joaquin and Gila rivers, where it is now
excessively abundant. Variable, (nebulosus, clouded.)
Pimehdiut nebiiloHiis, Le Sueur, Mom. Mua., v. 149, 1819, Lake Ontario.
Pimelodns atraritf, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fish., 185,1842, Wappingers Creek, Dutchess
County, N. Y.
dd. Colors dark, black or greenish. Great Lake region, north and east.
C(F.NO.-'S.
cc. Anal 2(1; rays low, its base 3 V^ in body; spines weak; nape more or less swi.lliii
and elevated. Alabama River to Texas. anton'ien-i^
ccc. Anal 27, its base ^% in length, its rays high, more than J^ head; spines stnniu',
nape not Bwollen. Little Red River, Ark. anaiis.
aa. Dorsal spin«i instated nearer adipose fln than tip of snout, the posterior part of body iliii'k-
ened and shorteued; jaws subequal. Great Lakes to North Oarolina and south.
NATAI.IS.
m
fordan and Evertiutnn. — Fishes of North America. 141
,\m,<>rvf <-'ii«s .'I'lKAN k nii.iiKUT, S.vn()|p»l», 104, 188:J.
l',mrl■^■l"^J'tli^<, AiiAssiz, Laki' Siii>crii>r, 'JKl, 1«,">(), Lake Superior,
P,i,„tn,h,iniliii-ciilti'', (linAiiii, I'idc. Ac. Niit.Sci. I'hila., Is.V.t, if.o, Charleston. (Tyi>e, No.lKJO.)
p,,,,,/. ,/H«/i'7/i, (tiiiAUii, /. I., l'«0, 18">9, Racine, Wisconsin. (Tj|>c, No. ir.;ta.)
.4)H,iiin.> ii(ii>iiillieii»i», Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. iSoc, 1870, 4H('>, Mispillion Creek, Delaware.
(»!' tlif viiiiiitiims of this specieH, the following? seem worthy of rccog-
iiiiidii ii8 HiibspucieH:
217a. A.MKH'KrS NKIil'LOSl'S CATULL'S, (UiranI).
Colcir iii'iuly Mack; profilo very steep. Abundaut in tlio streania of
iVxiis. ( J>iiiiiiintive of cuiitn, cat.)
l',„t,l.;„,,,iiiihis, (iiiiAUi), I'ac. ]!. n. Siirvi^}-, 208, 185H, Fort Smith, Arkansas,
217b. AMKll lU S NEBILOSIS MARMOBATUS, (Holbrook).
liddy Hliarply mottled with brown, greenish, and whitish; jaws equal,
or iiiiiiv so ; deptii about 4 in length ; slope of profile very steep. Dorsal
till lii^'li; the Hpino more than { length of head; dorsal spine nearer
a(ii|i<-si; tin than snout. Barbels long. Head 3i in length. Anal 21.
LowIiuhI streams and swamps from southwestern Indiana (Switz City)
Noutiiward and eastward to Florida; the color strongly marked, but this
intciiiriules with mot,;led specimens of A, nebuloaua. (marmoratua, mar-
ble. 1.)
l'iiinl.''l"i iiiHriiiiiiiilits, HoLimooK, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 54, South Carolina. (Typi',
N... :"r.i.)
.l»itiiirii« munnomtnii, JouDAN iV GiLBEiiT, Synopsis, 104, 1883.
ais/AMEIURirS MELAS, (Uaflnesque).
(Black Dulliieau; Small Catfish.)
Ctilor almost black, varying to yellowish and brown. Body stout,
hIioiI mid deep, the depth 3i to 4^ in length. Head broad behind, rather
colli ia( ted forward, the front steeply elevated. Pectoral spines short, 2i
to !< in liead. Anal fin short and deep, of 17 to 19 rays, its base nearly 5
ill leiij^th, the color of the rays forming a sharp contrast with that of
the (liisky membranes. Jaws nearly equal. Barbels longer than head.
Hiiiiieial process rather long, rugose. Size small. Northern New York
(lieiH'set! River) to Kansas and Texas. Common, especially west of the
Miticiissippi. Variable. Much resembles A. uebulostia, but smaller, with
slioiter, deeper anal, and especially shorter pectoral spines, (wtv^af, black.)
■S/iiniv i,i,/„,«, KAKiNKKQt'K, Qiiurt. .lout. Si'i. Lit. Arts Loud., 1820, 51, Ohio River.
Pim,,'.../M«.„i,Hms, (iiuAnii, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sii. Phila., 1859, 15!t, Racine, Wis. (Type, No. 1514.)
.tmi.oHs n/,«iis, Gii.i,, Pro.-. Boat. Soo. Nut. Hist., 1802, 45, Nebraska. (Type, No. 8908.)
J"]iii.\N,;. c, HU, 18T7.
I'iiiii-IhIih j.ulhin, I)E Kav, N. Y. Fauna : Fishes, 184, 1842, Lake Pleasant, Lake Janet, N. Y .
Ammriisiiiilliin, Jdhdan, /. c, 93, 1883.
Amiunis ciij./iiii, Gilhkut, BiiU. Washh. Lab. Nat. Hist., 1884, i, 10, Garden City, Kansas.
(Ty|.,., No. 30814.)
Ammriiflii.whyucantlms, CoPE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xx, 35, 1880, Medina River, Texas.
Aiiuiiini.i hniihi/acaiithui:, JoKiiAN & GlLBKiiT, Syiio^sls, 881, 1883.
Hilimit xmthneephalus, RAi'iNESQt'E, Quart. .Jour. Sci. Lit. Arts Loml., 1820, 61, Ohio River;
JimiiAN,/. c, 42,1877.
Amemni!ijrniilhwei)haim, Jordan A GlLBEUT, Synopsis, 104,1883.
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am. AMKIUltUS Pl.ATYrKIMIAMrS, (Qirunl).
(Mi-ii('at; HuownCat.)
IJody oxtremoly elongate; niesially, nearly terete. Head low, flat, and
bruad ; upper jaw (ttrongly projecting, tlie head much broader and nunf
depreHHed in old Hpeciniena. Dorsal tin high, Ji length of head, its h|iiih>,s
nearer Hiioiit than adipoHe tin ; depth 5A to Kin length. IIead3A; itHwultli
3 to 5, baHe of anal ii;anal rayu 16 to 20. Caudal slightly onuirgiiiuii<.
Young Hpeciniens much less elongate than adulto. Clear olive blown,
varying into yellowish or greenish ; a blackish horizontal bar or shuilcat
base of dorsal. L. IH inches; slenderest of the species of the gen, m,
and almost entirely herbivorous, its elongate intestine being alwayN
filled with water plants. A good food lish. The form called hriduKK.,
IS the young, differing from theadult muchas theyonngof J.cvj/HsdiliiMs.
Abundant in the streams of Carolina and eastern Georgia, Cape Fear to
the Chattahoochee. (7rA«rtf, wide; Kt<pa?i'//, Imad.)
I'iiiichxtm jilalywplialiiy, GliiAiii), Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei. I'liilii., 1869, Kll, Anderson, S. C. ('h|"
No. 15:H.)
Amiunts briinntuii, .Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nut. Hist. N. Y., Is77, '.100, Ocmulgee River, Flat
Shoals, Georgia. (Type, No. 2(ill8.)
Aineiunm hnnmi'iin, Jordan, L c, 93, 1877.
Amiiirm hniinieiiii, Jordan & Dkayton, Bull. U. B. Nut. Miia., Xli,28, 1878.
AmiuruH biimiicun ami platijciphnlus, Joiidan Hi (<ll.iiK.itT, ^^yuopBiH, 1U3, 1883.
Subgenus GRONIAS, Cope.
220. AMEIUKl'S MflRILABRIS, (Copv;.
Black above; Jaws and tins black ; sides varied with yellowish ; Itt'lly
pale. Eyes more or less rudimentary and concealed beneath the skin
.Taws equal. Dorsal spine midway between snout and middle of a(li|iiitiv
tin ; barbels short ; caudal slightly eniarginate. Anal with lf> rayis
lUanchiostegals 10. Cave streams tributary to Couestoga River in east-
ern Pennsylvania. Very close to Amciurua mvlas, from which, or .some
similar species, it is doubtless recently descended, {niger, black ; lahritm,
lip).
Gronias iii<jrilabri«, Cofe, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18C4, 231, Conestoga River.
Amiunia nigrilahris, Jordan, I. c, 92, 1877.
Grottias nifjrilabris, Jordan & Gilbert, SynopsiH, 1U2, 1883.
78. LEPTOPS, Ralinesque.
(Muu Cats.)
Leplope, Rafinbsqiib, Ich. Oh., 64, 1820, (i-itcosus — uUvaris).
OpUulelud, RAFJNKsm'K,/. c, 64, (nebidosut).
[liclis, llAFlNESQUE, /. ( ., CO, (limosus).
UopliKleliis, Gill, (corrected 8p(!lliug).
PelodiddhyH, Jordan, corrected Biiclliiig of Pilodictis,* Rafinesque, which is an iuiagiiiury lir-li
Body elongated, slender, much depressed anteriorly. Head large, very
wide and depressed. Skin very thick, entirely concealing the skull ; su-
praoccipital bone entirely free from the head of the second interspinal;
*"PU«diclis Unwsm," Ratinewpie, Jour. Phys., Paris, 1819, 422, wai liiised ou a "UniwiiiK' by
Mr. Audubou," which dr.awing, as shown by Raflne8()uo'8 copy, is merely a fancy sketcli of au
imaginary catflsh. The name should therefore be disregarded, although it is the earliest iiU|i-
posed to belong to this group. Of the remaining syuonyms Leptops stands next iu date.
%
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fordan iiiui ExH'r matin. — Fishes of I^orth America. 143
fVi'H Hiiiiill. Month very large, aiiteriur and truuHv»rH», tlie lower Jaw
iil\vav-i pt'djectiug beyond the upper. Teeth in broad villit'orni baudHon the
■iir Ilia xillarieH and dentarieH; band of upper Jaw convex anteriorly, and at
iiiM'i lion ot'tiieiuaxiliaricH, abruptly angularly delbtctod, proceeding back-
waiil iiH an elongated triangular extenaion. Baud slightly divided ut the
nviiiplivHiH ; lower band of teeth anteriorly semi circular and attenuated to
tlif coriM'rH of the mouth. BranchioHtegala 12. Dorual tin over the poH-
tciiur half of the interval between pectoralH and ventralH, with a upino
and 7 niyH ; ttpine rather Huiall, more or leua enveloped in thick ukin.
Adiposu fin large, itH elongated baae over posterior ^ of anal. Anal fin
.siiiull, conunencing far behind the anuH ; of about IJraya. Caudal oblong,
Miilitiiiiicato, with nunierouH accessory rays, recurrent above and behind.
Pectorals with a broad compressed spine, serrated on both margins and
witli a prolonged fleshy integument, obliquely striated. One species
kiiuwn ; a large catfish living in the muddy bottoms of deep rivers.
{\t-jii^i slender; (Jt/j, face, the head being slender in profile.)
221. LEPTOPH OLITARIN, (llanuesquo).
(McD Cat; Yellow Cat; Bashaw; Russian Cat.)
15()(ly HJonder, depressed forward, the head extremely flat, the lower jaw
tiiu longer. Barbels short. Dorsal spine very weak, ^ the height of
thu till ; caudal very slightly emargiuate behind. Anal short, its base
al'out ,', the length, its rays 12 to 15. Humeral process short. Yellowish,
imich mottled with brown and greenish, whitish below. Size very large,
reiicliiiig a weight of 50 to 75 pounds. Elvers of the Mississippi Valley
uiid Southern States, southwest to Chihuahua ; abundant in deep, sluggish
\vator.s. A fish of unprepossessing appearance, although one of the best
oltiio family as food. {olivariH, olive-colored.)
,Si7hiii/i .i/iraris, Rafinesqub, Amer. Month. Mag., 1818, 355, Ohio River.
llophi'leliiH ../ii(iri», Gill, Ichth. Simpson's Kxpl.,42G, 187G.
relmlichtlnjs olivarii, JonPAN, I. c, 05, 1877.
Silurm nebiihiniK, viscoHUn, and Hmomt, RAriNSsqi'E, Quart. Juur. Hr.i. Lit. Arts Lcmd., 1820, 5u,
Ohio River.
hmeli'ilus imndHlatM, GCnther, Cat., V, 101, 1864.
I'iilnilUli.s Umomin, Rakinesque, Ichth.Oh.,67, 1820, lia8<Ml on a drawing l)y Audubon ; Ohio and
Mississippi rivers.
Pimelii'his )iunctulntnii, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, XV, 134, 1840, New Harmony, Indiana.
PimelinlHii .THciid, CuviEB & Valenciennes, xv, 135, 1840, New Orleans.
/Wi..(i.7i« ..(iniiM, JoEDAN & Gilbert, Synopsis, 102,1883.
l.i-liioin uUfarit, Jordan & Gilbert, Synoiwis, 881,1883.
79. NOTURUS, Rafinesque.
(Stonk Cats.)
Sntiirm, Rafinesque, Amer. Month. Mag., November, 1818, 41, {flavu$).
ThJH genus contains a single species, similar to the species of Schilheodes
in appearance and habit, but having the dentition of Leptopa, the band of
teeth ill the upper Jaw having a backward prolong.ation from the outer
posterior angle. The adipose fin is adnate to the back as in Schilheodes,
and there is a poison gland at the base of the pectoral flu. The species
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I'DUi^lioH 11 liii'Koi' nIxm thun thoue of SchilbiodiM, ami it fre(|iuMitH rivers and
uIiuiiiiuIh riithei' thau aiiinll brouku. (tbini^-, hack; o/'/x), tuii, in iiiliiNion
to the (ionnuction of the cuudalwith thu udiposu fin; " uieanu tuil ovei iho
luck." KatiuuHijue.)
222. NOTl'itrs FLATUS, Rannigtiuo.
(Stonk Cat.)
Dody ulongato; tho Iiead dt'preHHed, broad, and llat, nearly as broad an
lon^; middle of body Hiibcylindriual ; tail uoniprcHNud. Head about I i iu
length; width of head 5^; dept'j 5ft in length; distance to ilorHul alioiu
3 in length, liarbelu short. A Htrong keel on back behind doruai, liiul-
ing to udipoHO tin ; adipoHO tin deeply notched. Dornal Hpinc very Hiinit;
pectoral spine retrorsely sernite in front, slightly rough or nearly oiitiro
behind ; its length '.i in distance from snout to dorsal ; caudal rounded lie
hind. Anal rays about 16. Humoral process very short and sharp. Color
nearly uniform yellowish brown, sometimes blacki.sh above, tins yellow-
edged. The largest species of stone cat, reaching a length of more llian
a foot. Great Lake region, westward and south to Montana, Wyoiiiiii;,',
and Texas; rather common, especially westward, (tiavuii, yellow.)
SoliiniK Jlttuiu, Rafinkhqi'i-'., AiniT. Moiitli. Mai;., IHIS, 41, Falls of Ohio River.
Siilimm htteiti', lUKlNKstii'K, .Uuii. ilu I'liy.-i., ISl'J, 421, Ohio River; Uinthku, Out., v, Idl, l>i.|
Jdkdan, /. ('., Uli, 1877.
\<itiinisor<:identiUi9, Gill, I'roc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hint., I8(ij, 4.'j, Platte River; QCntiikh, Vm., \
105, I8tl4.
Sodtms plnlj/cephuliii', Ot'NTiiKii,Cftt., v, 104, lHr.4, North America,
Notiiriin Jhwiia, JoiiUAN &Gilbe:ut, SynuiisiB, lOU, 1883.
8o. SCHILBEODES, Bleeker.
(Mau Toms.)
Sihilhemlfii, Bleeher, Ichth. Archip. Iiidici. I'roilr. Sihiri., IS.'i.H, '^.ix, (;///riMiiii).
Hilhitlil, .luKDAN fc KVKIIMANN, UOW SUbgl'UllS, {/llliiimls).
Body more or less elongate, anteriorly subcylindrical, thence more or Icsti
compressed. Head depressed. Skin very thick, entirely concealing tiie
bones. Supraoccipital entirely free from tho head of the second interspinal.
Mouth anterior, rather large; the upper Jaw more or less projecting. Trttb
subulate, in a broad baud, in each jaw ; the baud in the upper jaw u
abruptly truncated at each end as in Jnu'iitrMs (not prolonged backwanl
by a continuation from the external angle, as in Leptops and Notiinis).
Branchiostegals 9. Dorsal fin over the posterior half of the interval
between pectorals and ventrals, with a short sharp spine and 7 rdys. Adi-
pose fin long and low, usually more or less connected with the accessory
rays of the caudal fin, not free posteriorly, but adnata to the body ; the
membrane sometimes high and continuous, sometimes notched. Caudal
fin very obliquely truncated or rounded, inserted on an equally obli(|iiL'Iy
rounded base; numerous rudimentary rays present, both above and bclnw
the caudal peduncle. Anal fin short, with 12 to 23 rays. Ventrals roniuled.
Pectoral fins with a sharp spine, of ditlerent forms in the dift'ereut species.
.Vent at some distance in p.dvance of the anal. Lateral line complete. Iu
m
/onA/n and Evermanti. — Fishes of North Atnerica. 14«5
or alM>vt' Him axil of tlie pectoral flna is nii oriflco, which iH X\w o|ienlti)( of
tlioilii<'( of a poiHoii gland. "From it may fr«M|iioiitIy l)o dnuvii a Holid
^r,.|at.ii()iis Htyloeuding in a tripod, each limb of wliicli isdicliotoinoiiHly
(liviilcd into sliort hrancheHof r»>gular lengtli." — Coiw. Thonting from tlio
iMTtiMMl spino is very painful, resnmbling the sting of a l»co, but \vorH«\
\tiv Miiiill catftshoHof the fresh waters of thu Eastern United Status, hav-
ing hiiiiit'what the habits of Elheoatoma, or Cottitft, lying on the bottom
ainoiii; mcks and weeds, and delighting in small rocky brooks. They
aio rs|ir('iiilly numerous southward. (SchiUw, an African genus otSilurmifx,
wit!) uliioh those Ashes were supposed to agree in lacking un adipose flu ;
tlihi;, likcnesH. The word Schilbo is of Arabian origin.)
Si'llll.llK'iMKS:
(1. I'm. iiiiiil Kplne ontlro or Rroovcd behind, novor rotrorso dorrnto; atli|ioBO flu liigh nnd con-
tiiiiioiifi, not fii'pnnitej by n notch from cniidal; randnl much roiindc<l,
I'. Iliad Hhurt, broad and dcop; iiocturuNpino without PHrratioii any wIiitu, (;roovudb<>hliid,
2lnli(<nd; barbuls short; plain dark brown, th n narrow )>la('k lateral Ktr*<ak.
A. l.l or Ifi. (jYiiiNVs, '2'S,i.
hit. llcinl fiMiall and narrow; RplncR vory nhort and weak; poctoral npino weakly rctrurRu
Hcrrnto wlthunt, grooved within, 3*^ in head. A. 14. Color yellowish, slightly
nintlled. LEPTACANTIIU^, 2'J4.
Kaiiiiia,"'''!'''"', mini):
ml. I'l'ioial ^piuu moro or lesa distinctly serrate behind (the aonrn sometimes absent in S.
id ■• I II niui').
I. .\'li|iiisu tin continuous with the caudal, thoro boiug no evident notch between them;
pcctural spino short, 2 in bead, its inner mnrKlu usually with a few short, sharp
li'clli on basal half, Its outer nearly entire, a few points near the tip. A. 1& or 10.
lolur plain blucUlsb. Nom'RNis, 225.
,-., .\i|ipiini' fin with a more or less distinct notch separating It from the caudal.
il. Anal An comparatively long, of 23 niys; body elongate; adipose fln conspicuously
notched; spinoB slender and short, pectoral spines with weak teeth on each
margin. Color plain blackish. fuxebius, 226.
(M. .\iial fin rather short, of 12 to 18 rays.
I'. IV'ctoral spino with its posterior sorriB short, their length not l^ diameter of
spino. Color nearly plain.
/. Adipose fln moderate, the notch shallow, not separating it from the caudal
fin; caudal slightly rounded; vertical flns broadly edged with black.
g. Pectoral spine very short and weak, about 3 in head in adult; head
small, 4 in length. exii.is, 227.
ijy. Pectoral spine moderate, about 2 {1% to 2J^) in head; head larger.
IN8IONI8, 228.
//. Adipose fln very low, the notch completely separating It from caudal;
pectoral spine "ery short, 4 to It in head, its outer margin nearly en-
tire, the inner with sharp teeth at base; caudal slightly emarginato;
base of dorsal and lower lobe of caudal black. oilberti, 229.
ee. Pectoral spine with its posterior serras strong, spine-like, recurved, almost o8
long as the diameter of the spine, the long curved spino itself more than
% head; anal rays 13 to 16; caudal much rounded.
h. Adipose fln nearly or quite free from caudal; color nearly plain brownish,
the saddle-like blotches faint; everywhere covered with small dots;
anterior edge of pectoral spine retrorse-serrate. elevtherus, 230.
hh. Adipose fin not quite free from caudal; color much variegated, tlie back
with black saddle-like blotches; flns marbled with black,
t. Pectoral spine strong, about 1% in head, its anterior edge with few
serrations. hiukus, 231.
li. Pectoral spine very strong, about IJ^ in head, its anterior edge with
many serratioDs. fubiosvs, 2i32.
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SubKenut SCHILBEODES.
iiH. Nnill.HKODKM (lllllMH. (Mit.lilll).
Hotly contpariitivoly hIioiI and tliiuk. Ilouil lar^ts itH width \\\ to \\ ji,
loiifxtliot' 'xidy ; duptli 4 to 5^ ; boad ',\h to I. HpiiicH Htoiit and nitlier
lon^ ; tliat of thn |»u(.>toral tin Htrai^ht, not m<rratud, ^nms cd holiind, L',\ in
tilt) diHtanco from Hnout to doimil (in. DorHal lii^hur than lon^;, inNntiil
noamr unai tlian Hnont. Anal 13. JawH nearly o(inal. Iliimural pioccmt
Hliort. Nuarly nniforni ytdiowiuh brown, Honietinu'H l)biclciHli, wit limit
tranHvcrHO blotcbuH; a narrow dark lateral Htruak and 1 or mure tlniKui
ones. L. 5 incbuH. Hndson Uivor and westward thron^h alinoni ijie
entire MisNiHHipiM Valley, and upper lake region; rather eoinnion, tspe-
cially northwestward ; the weutern 8]iecinienH more robuut and pvr!ia|iH
diHtingiiiHhable an var. HiaUn. {)vi)iv!ir, tadpole.)
Hiliinin gyrinim, MiTciiii.L, Amor. Month. Mbk-, IflH, ;i22, Walkill River, New York.
SiiliiriiH fjiiriniiH, Jokdan, Hull. U.S. Nat. Miih., x, 1(12, 1877.
Niitiirun Htiilin, .TciitDAN, Hull. r,.S. Nat. Mns., x, loj, 1H77, White River, Indiana.
NoturuH yi/riiniH, .IuIiuan it Gii.brut, S.vnopMJH, 98, 1883.
224. SCIilliltKODKS LEPTACANTIIVS, (.Fonlaii).
Itody Hiender, tlio bead Hniall and narrow, longer than broad. Kjf
small. Upper jaw much projecting. Spines very short and slender; that
of the dorsal not i- the height of tiie fin ; all less than ft the length of tli*,'
bead; that of the jtcctoral retrorsely serrate on the outer edge, ciitiii)
within. Head -H in body ; its width r>J ; depth 5h ; distance to dorual '2>, ;
pectoral spine 5 in this distance ; dorsal nearer anal than snout. Anal II.
Humoral process very short. Color yellowish, somewhat mottled. I,, 3
incbes. Gulf States in sandy streams ; scarce, known from the baniimof
the Ogeeche, Alabama, and Pearl rivers. (Acnrof. slender ; uK(ivd<t, spine, i
Kolunm kplacauthiu, .ToitPAN, Ann. Lye. Nat. Illst. N. Y., 1870, 362, Silver Creek, branch of
Etowah River, Kome, Ga.
Xiilnnm liittmanlhiif, Jordan, /. c, l(t2, 1877.
Siiluriu lei>laaiHtliu», Joboan & Gilhert, 8>'nopelR, 08, 1883.
Subgenus RABIDA, Jordan ilc Kvorniann.
221;. 8CIIILBE0I»ES M0CTVRNU8, (Jordan .V (il!l><rl).
Head 3|. A. 15 or 16. Rather robust ; bead moderate, little depre.sHud,
eyes small; barbels short, barely reaching gill opening; pectoral Hpiiie
short, 2 in bead, its inner margin with short, sharp teeth at base (i-iitirv
in specimens from the lower Wabash); its outer margin with a few poiuts
near tip, otherwise entire; adipose fin high, continuous with caudal; nnul
high. Color very dark brown, everywhere dotted with black ; fins diisliy.
with narrow pale margins. L. 3 inches. Sandy streams, among weeds, in
Lower Mississippi Valley, known from the lower Wabash in Indiana, and
from tbe Poteau, Washita, and Saline rivers, Arkansas, (nocturnui, noc-
turnal, from its black color.)
Kotunit twrtunmii, JonPAN & Gilhf.ht, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8.,188t), 0, Saline River, at Benton,
Arkansas. (Type, 30461.)
Ionian and livennann. — I'is/tcs of North Anurica. 147
•.>'.•«. M'illLIIMUII'iS ■•INKIiltH, ((illli<it Hi. Swuiii).
||,;i<t I. A. 12!<, itH b»Ho 3j in Ixxiy. Hotly olon^atn, tliu IummI hU'ImIi r
I, lit iK'i (IrpreMSt'd ; mouth iiiodtTtitt!, v«ry convex, tlio lo>vtw- jaw ultorttir ;
liailiil-i Nicntlcr, thoHo uf niaxillury i'i>arliin){ lioyund bam) of portoral;
,.v(' Miy ^HMiall. Hpinurt Hlmdur an<l Hliott ; pectoral Hpine :( in head,
i(iii;:lifiicil without, and Avilii 3 or i HUiall weak ttu^th on inner margin.
A(li|i<<-i« llii wclldovoluptMl, with actMiHpicuoiiN notch. Anal much longer
tliiiu III iiilieiHpccioH. L. \S\ inchcH. liody and tiuH iinit'orm black. Trilm-
iiiry <it" Mlack Warrior Kiver, TuHcalooHa, Ala. {J'uinhrin, funereal, from
tlmdiirk color.)
V,.(i„M./""''<'-, •iiM'K.iiT.V Swain, Bull. 1'. S. Fi»li. Com., 1k8',), 1,'.;», North River, Tusca-
loosa, Alabama. (Ty|>c, No. iliKiiiii.)
!i'.>7. KCilllillKODKS KXIMS (NMhum).
II(;iil I ill lcii>;th; depth a t(» (5i. Anal layM U to 17. I'ectoral Hpine
liiiiiill, alxiut :{ in head, Hlijrhtly retrorsu serrate without, with about (>
siiiiill sii:ii;;lit teeth within, which are not ^ the diameter uf the Hpine in
Icii^'tli. Head huuiII, not very broad, but thin and depreuHed; itH width 5
toll in Iciif^th of body; jaws nearly equal. Dorsal Hcarcely hij^her than
loii^. Dintanco from Huoiit to dorHal about 3 in length. I'ectoral npine
mi) \ in thin dit.tance ; dorual Hpine low, as near unout uh anal. Ilum-
I ra! pKM't'HH obscure. Color yellowiHh brown, mottled, the Huh Homewhat
iiiai(;iii('il with duuky. L. 4 incheH. WiNcotiHin to Minnouri and Kan-
8!i8, coiiiiiion in prairie HtreaniH; close to <S'. (/i»tf//ii8, but Hlimmur, with
weaker iirmaturu. (ixilin, sliui.)
.Y..(iirii»,/i/M, Nm.soN, Bull. 111. MuH. Nat. Hist., 187i!, fil, Illinois River ; .Ioiidan, /.<■., Km,
li*7T; .liiiii'AN .V: (iii.iiDiiT, S.vii"|wis, 1(H), l8,s:i.
V./iiri(.iiii>.UH7iiV, Swain .v Kami, I'ruc. I'. H. Nut. Mux., 1882, <>U!), Illinois River, Napiervitle,
Illinois. (T.v|if, No. 'J!M)77.)
22H. HCIIIIiBEOilES IN'SIUMS, ;lUclmril8uii).
(Mad Tom.)
Hotly rather elongate. Pectoral spine moderate, about 2 in head, retrorse
serrate without, weakly serrate within. Head broad and Hat, upper jaw
luojectiiig; head aiiuut U iu length; depth G. Dorsal tin i higher than
lon>r. Distance from snout to dorsal about 2^ in length. Length of
pectunil Hi)ine 2f in same distance. Dorsal much nearer anal than snout.
Anal rayH 11 to !♦?. Humeral process conspicuoiis, sharp. Color dark
brown, Honicwhat mottled, tins all broadly and conspicuouHly dark-edged.
One of tlie largest species, reaching the length of nearly a foot. Pennsyl-
vania to South Carolina ; very common iu streams east of the Alleghanies.
{mignh, remarkable.)
I'imelii'liiK iififjiir, ItiriiAansON, Fuiinii Bor. Amer., in, .Ti, 18^(1, liiiHed on Pinielmle lirrre, liK
SvBrii, Mi'Ui. Mas., v, 1K19, l.")."i; locality not known.
I'imrlmlmkiiiuiscafus, CrviF.u * Vai.en<'IF.nnf.s, xv. 111, 1840, iiftcr !,<■ Sueur.
.V^iiriw ?pmi ;;iii(i/i(», (BAinu), CoeK, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hil' '8i>!t, 2.'J7, Pennsylvania. (Typo,
No. l.-,71.)
.Vohinw iiui:;Hi.«, .Jordan, /. c, 100, 1877 ; Jorhan & Giiiieut, .Syuopsls, 100, 188.1.
mm
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Bulittin 47, United States National Afmeum,
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tiV. M'lllMIKOHKH UILRKKTI, {J„r<U\n A Kv rriiuim).
Hixly hIoikIui', Iohh <!oiii)ir«>HHti<l tliiiii in >S, iniiynh, tlio h»ail nuriowfi
and nut HO low ; oyuMHniall; lowrrjuw inrludtMl; IturliulHHlioit, nut iruch.
iuH ni'urly to ^ill opening; Hpine vury Hliort, tliitt of |>ttctoml uImmii I in
huiul, itH iiiniT margin with Hliurp tovth ut biiNu, itH oiitur nuiirly iMiiirv
AdipoHu fin vury lov\, HO|)ariitud from tlio candal by a dttup notoli wlmli
ruacliuH itd ItUHu. Aniil Hhort and liigli; doiHal Hpiuu H(;ar<;uly longi'i ilmn
oyo; candiil broad, Bliglitiy onuirginiitu. Dark yellowiHli biovxi, iiii^iol
canilal and moHt of its luwur lobu black; doiHal black at biiHu. JIimiI iv
A. 10. L. 1 inclii^H. Roanuko River in Houthurn Virginia, locally itiuiii
dant. (Namud for CharluH Ilitnry Uilburt.)
ttuliinii yUherii, JonuAN Hi KvKHMA^N, I'riK'. U, H. Niit. MiiH., 1HM8, 'Mi'i, Roanoke River. iT^iic.
>'o. a!»u;ji.)
iiilO. NCIIILIIKODEM KLKIITIIKKIM, (.li>r<luh).
Hoad 'Si,. A. 13. Iluad broad, flat, dopruHHvd, tiu^ form rcNomblinu that
of LvplojtH olii'itrin ; bnmttral process obscuru ; ttyu a.) in bead; Unvii jaw
inclndud ; barbels short, not reaching gill opening ; adipoHo fin frco from
candal j pectoral spine stunt, of moderate length, lij to 2 in aead, itsoittct
nnirgin more or less retrurse-serrate, its inner with aliont (> to K relnuHi'
hooks, scarcely weaker than iu S. viiiiruti. Color nearly plain bro\\iii»ii,
the black saddle-like blotches usnally not very distinct ; body everyw liea-
covered with line dark dots. Dorsal blackish at tip ; caudal dark at \mw.
L. 4 inches. Mississippi Valley, rare, but widely distributed. Trilmtu
lies of French Uroad River (IJig Pigeon River, Clifton, Teun.); ricnrh
liroad, at Hot Springs, N. C; White River, Uosport, Ind.; (Jreen Kivur,
Greensbnrg, Ky. Schriuer Lake, Columbia City, Ind.; White River, Fay
ettesville, Ark.; Sallisaw River, Indian Territory. Only a few speciinmiH
known. {lAeln^efio^, free.)
Koliirim elriilhfniii, .loRiiAN, Aiiii. N. Y. Lyo. Nat. Hint., 1«77, 371, Big Pigeon River; nut mI
aunio latur paporx, iu whicli it iH cuufouuded witli S. furioms.
2»1. S('HILBKUni:S MIURUN, (Jonli ).
Head 3g^ to 4 ; depth 4* to .5. A. 13 to 15. IJody rather stout, not imicli
elongate nor much depressed ; eyes not very small ; barbels modt rate,
about reaching gill opening, mouth moderate, the lower Jaw included.
Adipose fin with a deep notch, but connected with the caudal iiii. Di:*-
tance from snout to dorsal about 2g in length. Pectoral spiiio 2k in tiiU
distance ; If to 1^, in head. Dorsal nearer anal than tip of snout. I'l'c-
toral spine somewhat curved and finely serrated without, with Ostioiig
recurved pectinations within, each nearly as long as the diameter of the
spine. Humeral process short. Body much mottled, bluuk and grayish;
top of head, tip of dorsal, middle of adipose fin, and edge of caudal dofi-
nitely blackish, occiput dark; body with 4 broad cross blotches, 1 licfore
dorsal, 1 behind it, 1 on middle of adipose fin, and 1 small one bobiiid it.
L. 4 inches. Mississippi Valley and tributaries of Lake Michigan, Houth
to Louisiana; common in the Ohio Valley. {fieiovfMgj curtailed.)
Nolunis miimm, Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1877, :I7I, White River, Indiana ; M.-
DAM, {. c, 100, 1877 ; Jouuan & Uilbrrt, Synuixis, Oil, 1883.
/on/ivt ami F.verpnatin. — Fishes of North Awftitii.
140
<!(>.'. M'llll.HKOnKH rntlOHrH, (.l.mUn A Mi«k).
y,<i\\\it( Sihilhtoileii miKrim ; eyen rather largo; barholH iiKidonitn, roiirli-
lii^ ,.'iii <i|ifiiiii^' ; tloiHiil Npiro 2^ in lioiul ; ]i«^ctornl N|ilno 1^ in Ii«<a(l, nnirli
Itiiiui I , Ntri>ii);i>r, nioro cimvimI, nn<l nutru lioavily arnHMl tlian in any oMkm-
Nnttli Aiiioriciin ontllHli; anforior niaiftin of spiiio with many Hniull
itiitroi-H' ti'i'tii, tho tip (if N|iin« without tt^tth ; innor margin with 7 or H
ivciii 'li hiKikN; mli|Mmo lln high, with n th'op notch nearly to itH Imne;
iniiilal loll);, niiirh roinxloil in ontlinn. Col«»ration much variogatcd, tho
|i:ilt)'iii UM in S. nininin. liiglit hrown, with black dotH ; a diiHky nrna
)h>iw<'i'ii fy<>H ; .1 black NiuUlht acroHS occiput; 1 Itcfitro and 1 btdiind
iliM.-«al, uikI I on adipoHc (in; ii dimky bar at baHo of caudal; .'< dark
rnrvfti ntroakH acroHH caudal ami 2 crosa dornal and anal. Head Hi;
iliiptli r>^. A. II. L. o inchoB. KaHtern North Carolina, known from thu
Nciisc, Tiir, and liittlc rivorH. Very clone to S. miitnin, and probably a
u'coKiiipliital variety of that HpecicH, from which it ditVerH only in 'ho
liirt;*'! r^piiieN. IIh hting ih more virulent than that of any other "Mad
Idiii." ( fiinoHUH, furiouH.)
.V.,(mii« _hn, .■»!», .lonnAH A Mr.KK, Proc IT, 8. Nut. Miin., IHHS, am, Neuse River, N. C. (Type,
.V„(i„ii« il.iilli.nn, .ToilDAN ,% (llMlFKT, Syno|MliH IH(, lHs;», not tyiMt,
8i. RHAMDIA, lUeeker.
(Baoiirs i>k Rio.)
f7fi-..iii./i.., SWAINSON, Nh*. Hint. FIkIiok, II, nm, IKtO, (i/KiMi/iO'-Znihinifn/Hfi); lirpomipUvl in
lllc.llll-l<»'.
Ithmnlui, Iti.r.rKF.R, Ir)itli. Anli. Iml. SllnrI, 18ft8, 107, (i/mc/ch).
rimrloHr,/M., r.iil, A:.n. I.yc. Nut. Hl«». N. Y., IV. aOl, 18ft9, (rilttmi).
yiilnijliiiii*, lUNrilKIl, Cut., V, VM'i, ]8(i4, {iiii(lliniiUiilnii).
niuiiu,l,'ll,i, i:i.iK.NMANN .V' EidF.NMANN, I'roc Ciil. Ac. 8<'i., 21 (mtIoh, I, 129, 1H88, {miirclm).
Fit^li water catfiHliea with no teeth on tho vomer; the adipoHo fin
iimii' 111 IcHH elongate; Buout rather broad, not produced; barbels terete
or Hoinewliat llattcned, not having a broad membranous border. Head
lint )>siit'(MaI1y widened; occipital proceHS small or wanting, not reaching
t(i tlio tldiHiil plate ; the fontanelle variously developed, in typical species
NJioit, nut continued backward beyond the eye> except in the young, in
whicli tlnnt are n.sually 2 bony bridges across the fontanelle, tho one
litiiiiid till' eye, the other in front of the occiput ; the depressions behind
tlii>8o briiljfis persistent, in some old. specimens the entire fontanelle
liiToiiifi.s oliliterated. In the subgenus EhamdeUa, tho fontanelle is better
(lev('l(i|Mil, pxteiuling to base of occipital process. Species numerous,
instiraiiis from Mexico southward to Western Peru and the Rio de la
I'liit.i. I'liis genus has been divided by Eigenmann into two — RhanuUa
ami IHidmiliUa'' — distinguished by the development of the fontanelle. As
*Tlii» i;,'niH llhnmilella roiitiiliii^ those gpecieg hitherto referred to lihamdiii or to Pimrhxhif, in
"liiili fill' liiMtanolIn IN ciiMtinuod hacliwiird to the occipital pro<!e(», with a hriilf;o across it
•"•liiinltlii'cv "s. ^IciitriilpliKed bolowur behind tlio dorsal, orhit witli a free margin. Two Nortli
•\iiiiTiiiin H|ic,icH, j)c(cMcHiiw and ;)(irr;/i, are l;nown to belong to iiAnnidfHii. It is probable that
ni""!!!! till- i.ilR.rs lioro montioiied belong to KhnmdeUa rather thf.a to Rhtmdia. lu Kigea-
mauu'ii latest catalogue, nearly all of thorn are provisionally placed in RhamdeUa.
i
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
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but few of the following spucies have been examined as to this charncter,
wo are forced to refer all to the single genus lihamdia. {Nhamdia or Iltitjri'
da Iiio,a Portugnose name, applied by Marcgrave to lihamdia aeha , ^ui
written '^lihamdia" by Vabnoiennes, perhaps a misprint.)
RllAMl>:.\:
(I. Ki>iiiiiiie1li> in tlio adult notcontinnod bnhind the oyo; maxillary band of tboth not wjil i,.,;
ut tlin edge; occipital piocoKH ]>■ 'xciit.
I. SiilcH with a dark lateral luiiid; maxillary liarholH roacliin): littlo beyond front .if nili
poHo tiiiH; pectoral spino Rbort. waiinkim v;.\.
an. Ppfl.-icH witli llio fnntanollo nuu .'scribed, most of tliem probably liolonKinK to liliiinnhWn.
r. A Mill riiys 11 or 12.
<l. AdipoHO fin moderately long, 3>4 to 3% in len^'tli.
e. Maxillary barbels very lonR, reacliiMK tip of ventrals.
nAnoNis-Mvi.i.Eiii, 234.
ee. Maxillary barbclfl roncbinK end of donal.
/. Deptb f>»4 in length. motaoI'ENsis, 2:l,i.
ff. Depth 6J i'l in longtii. imAciiTPTKnA, 2;if).
(!(/. Adipose fni short, 4 in length; barbelg short, not reaching tip of pectorals.
SALVINI, 237.
cc. Anal rays 1.3
(/. Adipose fin Nliort, about 4 in length; barbelti reaching end of dorsal.
1IYP8ELIIIU S, 2,')8.
(i!l. Adipose (in moderate, 15 to .1),(J in length.
h. Occipital i)roct8B rather short. IiATIcavda, 2'i!i
/(/(. Occipital process rather long. GonjiAM, 2Jn.
f/f (/. Adipose fin lorn;, more than J^ of length.
I. Itnrbels very long, the longest reaching iniddio of adipose fin.
OUATEMAI.ENSIS, 241.
II. Tarbels moderate, the longest reaching front of adipose fin.
NICARAQT^RSSIS. 242.
iU. Barbels shortish, tlio longest reaching end of dorsal. microptkua, 24;i.
tec. Anal rays 14 or 15.
./. AdipoBo flu long, more than '/, of length. manaovensis, 244
i). Adipose fin medium, ;J3fi in length. poltcai'ms, 24,V
RiiAMDEi.'A, (diminutive of llhamilia):
ana, Fontanelle continued backward to the occipital process, with a bridge across it Ijehiiul
tlie eye.
it. Up|xfr jaw scarcely longer than lower; tail deep; pectoral spine about ]/^ the hciiil.
PETENEXSIS, 24fi.
kk. I'pper jaw longer than lower; pectoral spine 2 to 2J in head; dorsal Si)ino very weak,
about 'ili in lutad; caudal fin about S in length. pariiyi, 247.
Subgenus RHAMDIA.
3»3. RHANDIA WAONERI, (Gilnther).
(BAHniiDO.)
Head 4jt; depth 5 i to 7. P. I, 6; A. 9 to 11. Head flat above, with
vertical sides; occipital process narrow, reaching about halfway to doroal
apine; maxillary barbel variable, never reaching to end of adipoho (in.
sometimes little beyond base of dorsal ; gill rakers 3-f 7; caudal deeply
divided; its lower lobe broad and rounded, the upper pointed. Color
brown, with many dark dots; a dark lateral band, darkest forward ; Imso
of dorsal pale. Rivers of Central America, on both sides of the moun-
tains, very abundant. (Eigenmann.) (Named for Prof. Moritz Waj^ner.
an authority in zoogeography.)
Jordan and FAh'rmann. — Fishes of North America. 151
;v„i./. // • iiMi/iiei'i, OrNTiiKB, KiKhcH Cunt. Am., 474, 1H09, Atlantic and Pacific rivers cf
Paiiunia.
[{\t.u'i' '■■■iii*i''>i<li, (hit, Proc. Ac Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1«7(1, :VM, Panama.
Itl,„„rl.' ii.fjnen, Eiokn.mann, 8. A. NwDiitoguiitlii, 133, IHltO.
Si^bgenus RHAMDELLA, KigtMimiinii Si Gigonnmnn.
HcMdes tho species ascertaiued by Dr. Eir;eninanii to belong to Rhamdia,
the I'oliowiii); additional speoies have boon do.scribod from within oit
liniit'^, Ixit in none of tbeso has the character of tlio foutanullo been ^ivon,
so tliat it is impossible to say whether ' hey belonjj properly to Jihamdia
or U> llhamdclla; most likely the majority of them will bo found to huve
tlioir jilaces in the latter group:
2»4. RHAMDIA BA1I0NIS-MULLERI, (Troschol).
ITond T) in total length. D. i, 6 ; A. 12 ; P. I, 9. Head flat, forehead
broadly rounded; upper jaw the longer; maxiilary barbels reaching tip
of ventrals; outer mandibulary barbels to beyond base of pectorals,
nearly twice as long as inner. Eye high, before middle of head; snout
nearly twice length of eye; interorbital space 1^ times eye. Head covered
witV soft, eniooth skin, occipital process narrow, pointed, covered with
skin; Imnieral process reaching middle of pectoral spine. Body taper-
ing backward from head, much compressed behind. Pectorals reaching
to opposite third dorsal ray, the spine serrate within; ventrals shorter
than pectorals, falling far short of anal, reaching halfway to base of
third anal ray. Adipose fin 3i times in the whole length. Caudal deeply
(livide<l, tho lobes rounded, the lower larger. Brown, paler below, the
lateral line a narrow black streak. "Pacific Ocean" in Mexico. (Tros-
chel.) (Named for J. W. von Muller, tho title " Baron" distinguishing him
from tho naturalist Johannes Miiller.)
PimelodmlKimms-miilleri, TuoscilEi., in Miiller's neitrago /iir Geschiclito, Stittistil: Hn<l Zoiilogio
Ton Slexico, in, C3G, I8ii5 ; no definite locality,
235. RHAMDIA MOTAOUENSIS, (Giinthcr).
Head 5A; depth 6}. D. 1,6; A. 12. Occipital process short; adipose
fin 3i iu length; maxillary barbels to end of dorsal; dorsal spine very
feeble; pectoral spine striated; its inner margin strongly serrated. Cau-
dal peduncle as high as long; caudal forked; the lower lobe rounded;
the upper pointed and longer. Browni8h,dor8al with a white band. Rio
Motagua, Guatemala. (Giinther.)
I'imelddus motagueimt, GVntiier, Cat., v, 127, 1804, Rio Motagua, Guatemala.
236. RHAMDIA BRACHTPTERA, (Oopo).
Head .51; depth 5J^. D. 1,6; A. 11; P. 1,9. Occipital process short;
maxillary barbels reaching beyond dorsal; lower jaw a little shorter;
dorsal longer than high, its spine very weak; pectoral spine striate, flexi-
ble at top, strongly serrate on inner margin; adipose fin 3t in body; caudal
deeply emargiuate; its lobes largely rounded. Blackish, a pale shade on
is: i .
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dorsal. Oriza'ia, Mexico ; allied to R. ifiotaguensw, but with smaller • ye,
deeper l)ody, and slight ditterence in flu rays. (Cope.) (Bftaxbct slioit,
nrefiuv, flu.)
PimeloJus hraclnjpleruii, CoPE, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, 18C6, 404, Orizaba, Mexico.
237. RHANDIA SALTIM, (Gllnther).
Head 5; depth 6. A. 11. Occipital process short; adipose fin 4 in lenirth;
maxillary barbels short, not reaching tip of pectoral; dorsal spino miv
feeble; pectoral spine very short, not k head; oandal lobes suberpial.
Coloration plain brown. Rio San Qeronimo, C4uatemala. (Giintlicr.)
(Named for Oscar Sal^in, who collected largely in Central America.)
Pimelodu* Mhini, GOntiier, Cat., v, 130, 18C4, Rio San Oeronimo, Guatemala.
238. RHAMDIA HTPSELURUS, (Giintlier).
Head 5; depth 6. D.I, 6; A. 13. Occipital process triangular; adipo.se
fin 4 in length ; maxillary barbels reaching to the end of dorsal. Caudal
peduncle deeper than long; caudal lobes both rounded. Uniform blackiHli.
Mexico. (Giinther.) (i)i/)M6f, high; oiipn, tail.)
Pimelodut hypselums, GUntiier, Cat., v, 126, 1864, Mexico.
239. RHAMDIA LATICAUDA, (Hcckel).
D. I, 6; A. 13. Occipital process short; adipose fin 3^ in lcn<;tli,
maxillary barbelu reaching ventral; tail about as deep as body; pectonil
spine i as long as the rays; caudal subtruncate. Mexico. (Heckel.)
{latuSf broad ; cauda, tail.)
Pimelodiis hilicaudm, Hkckei,, in Kner, Sitz. Wien, Ac, xxvi, 420, 1857, Mexico.
Pimelodm laticaudus, GOntiier, Cat., v, 127, 18C4.
240. RHAMDIA 60DMANI, (Giinther).
Head 4 ; depth 6. D. I, 6 ; A. 13. Occipital process triangular, mndi
longer than broad. Adipose fin 3 in length. Lower jaw little shorter
than upper. Pectoral spine not more than i head, serrated. Caudal
lobes equal. Color brown; dorsal with the usual band. Valley of Rio
Usumacinta, Guatemala. (Named for Mr. F. Godman, associate of
Salvin.)
Pivtelodm godmani, GVnther, Oat., v, 124, 1864, Rio Usumacinta, Guatemala.
241. RHAMDIA GUATEMALENSIS, (Gunthcr).
Hepd 4; depth 6. A. 13. Adipose fin long, 2i in length; maxillarr
barbels about reaching middle of adipose fin. Dorsal spine very fei'l)le:
pectoral short, i as long as head ; lower caudal lobe long. Blackish : <lor-
sal with very light band. Huamuchal, Guatemala. (Giinther.)
Pimehdm giuUemalemis, GUnther, Cat., v, 122, 1864, Rio Huamuchal, Guatemala.
242. RHAMDIA NICARAfVENSIS, (GUnther).
Head i^; depth 7. D. I, 6 ; A. 13. Adipose fin 2i in length ; maxillary
barbels reaching its front ; pectoral spine ^ head. Blackish; dorsal with
a faint pale band. Lake Nicaragua. (Giinther.)
Pimeiodm nicaraguemis, GUnther, Cat., v, 125, 1864, Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua.
I
lor Jan i\;id F.ver man n.— - Fishes of North America. 153
848. BHAMDIA MICROPTKUA, (Giinthcr).
ni;Hl4i; depth 7i; D. 1,6; A. 13. Occipital process alender, not reach-
\\\g liMse of dorsal ; adipose flu 2\ in I ngtli ; maxillary barbels reaching
t>iMl 'i' (loi'Hal. Pectoral spine a little more than \ head. Ventral very
hIiih ! . shorter than pectoral. Anal small ; caudal short, the lower lobe 7
in l> (ly. Blackish; dorsal with a faint baud. R'o San Geronimo.
((Jiiiiiiier.) OuK(>lic, small ; Trrtpov., fin.)
I':„„i n,<mliriip(friiii, GUntiier, Cat., V, 124, 1864, Rio San Geronimo, Guatemala.
244. RHAXDIA HANAOVENSIH, (Ollnttier).
F[< 11(1 5; depth 6. D. I, 6; A. 14 or 15. Occipital process slender, not
rfiii'Iiinir itasiil bone of dorsal; adipose fin more than ^ leujy^th; maxillary
liailii'is short, reaching nearly to base of dorsal spiiio; dorsal spine short.
Color uniform brown ; dorsal with a pale cross-band. Lake Managua,
Nicaiagua. (Giinther.)
Pimeh'^hm munatjuensU, Gl'NTiiEit, Fishes Cent, Am., 474, 18C9, Lake Managua, Nicaragua.
24r>. :...ASIDIA POLYCAULUS, (GUntlior).
HoadS; depth 6. D. I, Y; A. 15. Occipital process short ; adipose fin
loiiR, '-^h in length ; maxillary barbels to tip of pectoral; dorsal spine very
short : caudal lobes equal. Uniform blackish. Rio San Geronimo. (Giin-
tlier.) (ToAi'f, many ; xafvlof, stem; the number of dorsal and anal rays
being greater than usual.)
PlnieMim poliicanlns, GCnth ill, Cat., V, 131, 1864, Rio San Geronimo.
246. RHAMDIA PETENENSIS, (GUnther).
Head 4^; depth 6. D.I, 6; A. 11. Adipose fin low but long, more than
t length, the maxillary baibels reaching to its front. Tail deep ; its depth
more tliau i the head. Lower jaw scarcely shorter. Dorsal spine very
feeble ; pectoral spine not quite i head. Ventral fin short, brownish, with
a (lark lateral band; dorsal with the usual band. Lake Peten, Yucatan.
(Giiutber.)
Pmeliilim petenensu, GCNTHEn, Cat., v, 120, 1864, Lake Peten, Yucatan.
247. RHAMDIA PARRTI, (Eigeninann).
Head 41! ; depth 4i to 5. D. 1, 6 ; A. 12 to 14. Upper jaw longer than
lower. Occipital process moderate. Dorsal spine very low and weak ; 2i
to 21 in head ; pectoral spine 2 to 2J in head ; caudal 4^ to 5J. Occipital
process very narrow and short. Maxillary barbels short, extending little
lieyoiid dorsal fin ; caudal lobe short and broad. Adipose fin 3 to 3^
in length. Brownish, a dark lateral band. Rio Zanalenco, Chiapas.
(Eigoiimann.) (Named for Dr. C. C. Parry, a well-known botanist.)
RhamihlUi parryi, Eioenmann, Proc.Cal, Ac.Sci.,1888,130, Rio Zanalenco, Chiapas.
82. PIMELODELLA, Eigenmann & Eigemannn.
Vtfti(i:irhnm<lia, Steinpachner, SiiHswasserf. Sndiistl. Bras., in, 1876, 46, (Inlerislriga) ; not of
lili'uker, which is Pimelodm.
Pimflodella, EiOKNMANN & Ein^ NMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1888, 131, (cri$tattu).
■
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Jiullelin 4j, United States National Museum.
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Occipital process narrow, reaching tbo bony plate at base of dorsal
spine. Foutanello continued to the base of the occipital process, witli a
bridge across it above the posterior margin of tlie eye. Dorsal and pec-
toral spines pungent ; humeral process spine-like. Dorsal rays I, 6. ThJN
genus is an ally of I'imelodua and Jihamdia. The numerous specieH arc
confined chietiy to the Amazon region. (Diminutive of Pimelodua; ni/ji'/i/i,
fat.)
n. AdipoHn fln IcM than ^/J tho Im.gth. D. I, 0. Pectoral flns not roacliinf; vontral, nor Trn-
trill to niiiil. Pcotonil Riiiiio modoruto, with 8 to IT) recurved IiooI<h.
h. SidoN witli adiirk lateral liaiid which contiDiiua forward on the head. Tip oT pirtnrnl
Rpino ^ diunii<ter oTtho 8piue; Rpinu very hroad. cilAiiiiKsi, 248.
hh. Sides without dark lateral baud, the rulur plain. Itlaxillary barbola reaching frunt
of anal. mouehta, '^-19.
248. PIMELUDKIiLA (HAOREKI, (Stoindaclmer).
Head 4|; depth 5^. D. I, 6; A. 11 or 12. Body elongate, slender. Kj-o
3| in head. Maxillary barbels reaching front of adipose fin. Doinal
spine straight, scarcely roughened in front, except near the tip, U in
head. Adipose fin 3^ in length ; caudal deeply forked, upper lobe much
the longer. Pectoral spine Hat, Ik in head. Color brown, with a wtill-
defined band from tip of snout to middle of caudal; dorsal fin with n
dark bar on the membrane upon each pair of rays. Rio Chagres. (Ei<{cu-
mann.)
Pimeloihim-hatjresi, Steindaciiner, Ichth. noitr., iv, 34, 187C, Rio Chagres, at Obispo.
I'imelDileWi chaijreni, Eioenhann, I. c, 130, 1888.
249. PIMELODELLA MODESTA, (Otlnthor).
Adipose fin long ; nearly 3 in length. Maxillary barbels reaching front
of anal fin; eye 4 in head. Dorsal spine slender, little more than \ the
head, somewhat shorter than pectoral spine; caudal forked, the upper
lobe the longer. (Giinther.) (Esmeraldas, Ecuador; also recorded, per-
haps doubtfully, from Rio Chagres.) (modentuf, modest.)
PimeloiliiiivwdeiitM, GOntiier, Proc. Zoiil. Sor. Lond., 18G0, 230, Esmeraldas, Ecuador. OI'k-
TiiER, Cat., V, 117, 18C4.
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83. PIMEI.ODUS, LacdpMe.
(CONGROS BaRBOSOS.)
Pimehdui, LAOfepfiDE, Ilist. Nat. Poim., v, 94, 1803, {i]ua<lnmaculatug, etc.; inclndcn \iiiiouB
genera).
PimelodHf, CnviER, Regno Animal, Ed. i, 203, 1817, {qnadrimaailatiis, etc.; species with one liiviiil
of teeth above).
Pivielodus, SwAlNSON, Class'n Fishes, etc., 11, 305, 1839, {qnadrimaculaftu).
Pimelodtis, GiLi, LCtken, etc., who take maadatus as type.
Pmidariodes, Bleeker, Noderl. Tijdschr. Dierkunde, 1803, 99, (clarias).
PieitdorhamdM, Blf.eker, I, c.,101, 1863, (mactdatus=clariaa).
Teeth on the vomer in small patches or none; no teeth on paHtines;
pterygoid teeth sometimes present. Fontanelle not extending backward
beyond the eyes. Humeral process broad, not spine-like. Crown of
hepd granuloae, or covered with thin skin. Dorsal and pectoral spines
lor (fail and F.i>frmanu. — Fishei of North America.
155
Btoii, adijioHe tin loup, longer thfin high; dorsal rays I, 6. Species
chit II \ lini/ilian, about 10 recognized in the genuH as now reHtricted.
(r///i'//i;, fat.)
260. PISIELOIH S MAftlliATIIS, LocCpisao.
(CoNOno nARIiiisn.)
II. iid 3Ho4i; doptli 3;|to5. D.I, 6; A. 11. Head granulate'', entirely
niil<i'<l iiliovc. Vomerine teeth none or in very minute patches, teeth on
tlic jiti'iygoidH. Eye T) in head; intcrorbital space .SJ. Maxillary barhels
cxltiHJing beyond tip of dorsal. Dorsal spine with its dermal tip as long
as Ih'.kI, Hot quite reaching the short adipose fin, which is 3^ to 5^ times
in lidily. Anal emarginu o, some rays extending beyond tips of last rays.
Xo lirown bars on caudal ; a dark cross spot at base of first dorsal spine.
Rio Maiiioni (Panama) and southeastward to Rio de la Plata; extremely
variiiiiio, generally abundant in lira/il. (Steindachner; Eigenmann.)
(miicttl(tfiin, spotted.)
..■riiiiltirKi.-; I/iNN.Ki's, X, 30f), 1758, in part, not tlio typo.
Piiihln.litH cUiriiiii, .'TEiNDAciiNEii, FIusBllsclic SiiilaniiT., II, 10, 1870, and nf vnrioiiB antlinrR.
rii"</..,/M.«)»ii™/((/i'«, LAcfci'fSnE, Hist. Nat. roiss., v, 04. 107, l'!03, Rio de la Plata; <!('ntiikr,
Cut., V, ll."!, ISM, and many autliors.
PiriiMiiidiiahloiliii, Oi'NTiiKU, Cat., v, 111, 18fil, Cayenne, Surinam.
Piml'limriiiiihiK, Si'ix, in Agassiz, I'iBC. Bra/il., 10, 1820, Brazil.
PiHii/h.Ihh hloehii, Cl'VlER it VALENCIENNES, XV, 188, 1840, aftiT Hldcll.
Mii<liix iixfila, GnoNow, Cat. Fishes, ISt'i, 1S.54, no locality pivcii.
l'iiii,ln,liis waniiiieiiitt. Bi.eekek, SilurcB do Surinanic, 70, pi. II, ISlii, Surinam.
I\eiiihmfiih's jniHtlierhtii*, LOtken, Moddol. Nat. Hint. Foroin., 1S74, Nos. 1, 2, pp. 104, lOS, Vene-
zuela.
r<eii'liirhitiiiitin]>is('nlri.r, CoPE, Proc. Am. Pliil. Snc. Pliila., xi, .IfiO, 1870, Pebas.
I'iriiitiiii'iiKi iiiiirrdspihi, GCntmeii, Ann. and Mag. Nat. lli.«t., .Inly, 1880, 10, pi. ii, Rio de la
Plata.
Vimil'-lim fhriits, EiOENMANiJ, S. A. N miatoKnatlii, 171, 180<i.
Family XXXV. LORICARIID/E.
Catlishes with sideu and back covered with bony plates and with the
caudal vertobne compressed; the neural and htemal spines expanded,
f(>.iniiig a continuous ridge above and below. Mouth wholly inferior,
provided with broad, disk-like lips. Maxillaries thin, with a terminal
barbel, which is partly xinited with the disk at the mouth. No barltels
at the chin or nostrils. Teeth, if present, hooked and usually two-lobed
at the tip; the functional ones in one series; premaxillaries separate
from each other, box-shaped, filled with numerous relay teeth; dentaries
sopaiiite from each other and formed like the premaxillaries ; no teeth on
palate; no frontal or occipital fontanelle. Dorsal fin present, situated
on the abdominal j)art of the vertebral column, not connected with the
occipital process. Adipose fin, if present, composed of a spine with a
tliiu membrane. Anal short. Gill membrane joined to the isthmus ; the
gill openings restricted to the sides. Intestinal canal long and coiled
upon itseif. Nostrils close together, a flap between them ; placed a lit-
tle above and in front of the eyes ; iris with a flap encroaching on and
sometimes dividing the pupil. Air bladder cavity narrow at the base;
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expanded beueath the temporal plate, naually comuninicatin^ 'witli the
outside air at a notch in tlie posterior margin of a temporal plato or
sometimes by many holes in the temporal plate; strong movalOe hones or
rihs extending from near the posterior end of the coalesced vertebra! out-
ward; these compressed and sometimes forked at base; those strnctnics
form a more or less complicated arrangement which gives fixity to I lie
dorsal spine, but prevents a lateral motion of the head. A large familv
of small and singularly armed catfishes, chietly confined to tlie river . dC
South America; 21 genera and 247 species are deHtribed by Dr. Eigcu-
mann, who is the most recent authority on this group. (Sii.ukid.k Ilvros-
TOMATiNA in part, Gilnther, Cat., V, 221-2H0).
Loricauiinm:
o. Tail long, tapering posteriorly, witli a HinKlo Horios of plntofi on tlio hIiIoh. Porsal fin usu-
ally in8ort(!<l lifhind llio origin of tlio vcntrals; no aitlituNn flu. IntoNtinal catinl ii-ii-
ally not lonKor than lio<ly. I'lipnr caixlnl loliu Ho'.notinii'H prodiirod.
h. Dornal fin iuHurtod above or RliKlitly bcliinil anal; 2 to r> platox l>i>t woon it anil orclpital
procuBN. Kyoa snperior. Tail with strong lateral kjuls. 8iioiit not cxpandiil ;ii
tip nor margined with spines. liUitiCAUi a, HI.
IIypostomin,*! ;
nil. Tail g'lort, compressed or rounded. Lips entire. Adipose fln nmially present; ventral sur-
face naked, or covered with niiniite granular plates. Intestine gn-atly (Hini^iile,
many times as long as tliii body; lower caudal lubo sometimes pro<luced.
c. Temjioral plate not perforate.
({. Margin of the snout granular, with somotimes a naked spot at tip, Sctit<"< on
lower surface of tail exposed. Dorsal rays 1, 7; or I, 8. Teeth liri'- iiuil
numerous.
<•. Interopercio with erectile spines liorne on a movable plate. Dorsal and .inal
<listinct. IlEMiANnsTiti s, H.V
fc. Margin of the snout naked, without bristles, granules, or tentacles. Interopercio with
erectile epines. C'ii.ktostomis, si;.
ecc. Margin of the snout with te.itaclos, or, in the female, sometimes naked. Ventnil sur-
face naked. Interopercio with a bunch of spines inserted ou a movable plate
Ancistiu's, 87.
84. LORICARIA, Linnteus.
loricano.^LlNN^EUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 17.58, 307, (rntnphr—'i).
Sturuoma, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, ir, 304, 1839, {roslrala).
Hemioilon,Kfir.R, Panzerwelse, 89, 1853, (deprcitiinii).
LoricariichOuja, Ulerker, Ncdorl. Tijdschr. Dierk., 80, 18(i3, {dura — cntaphracta).
Pieudolorkarw, Bleekeb, I. c, 80, (Ueviuscula).
Parahemiodon, Bleeker, I. c, 80, (typus).
Hemioloricaria, Bleeker, I. c, 81, (caracnuenfis).
Pseudohemiodoti, Bleeker, I. <:, 81, (platycephalus).
Rineloricaria, Bi.eeker, /. c, 81, {lima).
Oarj/Zoricnna, Bleeker, J. c, 81, (6nrfca<<j).
This genus, sufficiently characterized in the analytical key above, ron-
tains a very large number of species, abounding in the rivers in the cist-
ern part of South America. They are remarkable for their elongate form
and for the coat of mail which covers the body. A few of these extend
iiorthwardto the waters about Panama. There is considerable variation
iu form among these fishea, but the different groups run into each other
and are best regarded as subgenera, (lorica, a cuirass, or coat of mail.)
Jordan and Kvennann. — Fishes of North America. 157
„ >' It I'liiKun*! ■■'^■'''"^1 ItH lower Rurfocu gntnulttr.
Ill ,;m|,.i\, (r)iu<, liiilf; 6^''<'«i tootli):
/ . .MuiKiii <'f Ix'*^'' '■> '"'tl) Htixi'H granular. Troth miiiuto or wantiOK. Iiutunil koolR
bt'CuiiiiiiK parallut, uut rouliwL'iug. No kuclH uii lif^ail or griitfH bcfuro ilurMil,
. 'IV'i'tli iiiiiiuto, nuincroufi in both Jaws. Lowur Biirfaco of huud partly naki'<l; ii|i-
lier and lower caudal raj-H Krcatly jiroducod. tk-uluH 33. i-anahkhhih, '.'.M.
SinJsoMA,(i'(HnV), sturgeon; ffw/ia, body):
hh. Jbii'K'in of lioftd In nialcH with niimnrous brlHtk's. Tooth well dovcloped in both Jawi;
lutiTul kei'ls loalt'Hcing.
,\. ItiOly with 6 BorloB of plates. Outer caudal rayo produced. Scaleti 34.
11U8TIIATA, Ih't.
mi. .^I'liit lunli' or ripumlcd, not produced.
l;i M 1 iiiii'AniA, CpiVii, raHp; Lnricariu):
Miir);iii of lilt' ht'ad in niali'S with nnmerous briBtloR. Teeth well developed. l°p[M]rcau-
ihil riiy gri'atly produ'-cd. LipB not greatly expanded ond without long cirri.
/. Orbit notched; licad naked below.
I/. Anal plato rothor largo, with 3 nmaller plates before it; lower lip2-lol*od;
n\i)'lial plutcH each with 2 Htrong koelH; mucous iiuruH of anterior part of
body black; all the fiiiH hpottod. mma,253.
ij'j. Anal region with suuill sculeii like those ou belly; uuchal ridgci vory low;
till rays spotted. iiitANHF0RUl,2ni,
<>'. Margin of the head in both sexes granular or hispid.
h. I'liilcs between vontrals large; nioru or lesH connected to form a buckler.
P.vuAHKsiioiioN, (jTopoi, Doar; Jlitiiimhn):
i. Head longer than broad. Belly with 3 or more lougitudiinil series of plates.
J. Uppermost caudal ray npinous; lower lobe eniarginate with short cirri.
Each jaw with 8 or lU teeth; no keel on caudal or uuchal plate.s.
URACANTIIA,205.
l.oKII'AltlA:
hh. Plates between vontrals, if present, small; no largo anal plate.
k. Belly jiartly naked, the middle lino and sides urmod; lower lip with numerous
cirri am! margiiitil fringes; teeth 'ew, small; an occipital keel; upper
surface with liglit and dark lines ; all fins, except anal, spotted with violet.
VAHIEUATA,256.
Subgenus HEMIODON, Kner.
851 LORICARIA PANAMENSIS, Eigcnniaun & Eigcnmann.
Head 4 J. D. 8; A. 6; V. 1, 5. Scales 33. Lower surface of head partly
iiak(>(l ; 110 keels on the head or nape ; a large naked area about the mouth.
()il)it without notch, 4 in snout ; anterior profile concave. Belly with 5
seiies of plates. Upper caudal filament about as long as body ; first dor-
sal liiv very high. Brownish, a blackish area iu front of eye; dorsal
HoMiuwiiat spotted; a stripe on each lobe of caudal. Panama. (Eigeu-
muiiii).
lorUitrU jiimametisui, Eiugn>iann,S. A. I.eriiatoguathi,305, 1890, Panama.
Subgenus STURISOMA, Swainson.
262. LORICARIA ROSTRATA, Spix.
Head 4|. D. 8 ; A. 6. Scales 34. Body little depressed anteriorly ;
head without keels or ridges ; its surfaces and plates evenly hispid ; nuchal
plates weakly bicarinate. Orbit without notch, ii in snout. 7i in head.
Anterior profile very concave; the snout long and narrow; upper lip
granular; lower lip entire and rounded, elongate; papillose; free part of
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barbel Hliortor than eye. Dolly with 5 auriuH uf platuH ; lutural ki iIh
iiiuduruto, cuaI«H<;iii^ into uue nt thu twontioth hcuIo; bruaut aud lown
Hiirfucu with i.aiiy irregular plateH. Firut doi-Hal ray luiigur than hmil;
uiitur caudal rayH I) in length. IhowniHh; liiiH uiootly Hputted. (Ei^^cn.
niann.) Rivers of eastern Suuth America fruni Panama to the I'ara^Miity,
widely dlHtribiitod uud abundant, (roatrutus, long-noHed.)
/,»riV<iria niKlnitd, Sl'ix, rim-. Hru/il, Ti, 1K29. Rio Branco; GCntiiku, Cat., v, 'A^d, 18(11; Im.,es
MANN, S. A. N'l'llllltii^'tllltlli, illili, 1H!M).
l.orirnriu itnitii, CuviKli A VAi,KNt'iKNNKs, xv, 472, pi. 452, l8'IO, Barra do Rio Negro.
hirUiiriitliiiil'iilii, Knkii, I'liiizcrwolsi-, 87, Ih.lU, Rio Cujaba.
lAiricaria biirhiidi, (jit'NTiiKit, Cot., v, 267, l8tH.
Subgenus RINELORICARIA, Hlorkor.
2.'>a. LOKK'AltlA lilllA, Kn»r.
Head lii. D. 8; A. <). Scales 27. Hody depressed and elongate, tlie
depth 5 the width. Head long, tapering; the cheeks in the male thickly
covered with lino bribt'cs; slightly rough in the female. Superciliary
margins raised ; nape with 2 ridges, which widen backward. Orbit with
a largo notch behind; sinterior profile convex. Teeth few ; lips well dc
veloped, the surface covered with short cirri; barbels about as Ion;; an
eye. • Head nuked below ; belly with 3 to 5 series of scuies ; lateral keels
coalescing at the sixteenth scute. Upper caudal ray 2^ in length ; ventral
short. Marbled above, with about 4 faint forked cross-bars. Vortical IIdh
more or less spotted. Coastwise streams of Brazil, from the Paraliylia
northward to Panama, widely distributed and abundant in rocky brookH.
(Eigenmanu.) {lima, a file.)
Loriiiirin lima, Kner, I'uii/.erwolsp, 8!), I85:i, Brazil; GOntueu, Oat., v, 260, 18(il; Eiuenmann.
S. A. NoiiitttoKiiutlii, 308, 180O.
Lorivaria ilriyiliUa, IIknsel, Wiegm. Arch., 1868, 368, Santa Cruz.
254. LORICABIA BRANSFOBDI, Gill.
Allied to L. lima. Scales 28. Eye small, i interorbital width, which is
fiat, bounded by slight crests ; orbit with a slight notch (snout and jawH
lost in typical example); lower part of head naked; opercle and marginal
scutes of bead with a broad dense band of erectile bristles. Scutes of neck
with 2 obsolete carina). Scutes of thorax polygonal, those of belly scale-
like; lateral ridges coalescing on eighteenth shield. Caudal fin slightly
emarginate, the upper spine swollen at its basal half, the lower lube
truncated. Yellowish brown, the fin rays spotted. Isthmus of Panama.
(Gill.) (Named for Dr. J. F. Bransford, its discoverer.)
Luricitria brmisfiiriU, GiLi., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliilu., 1876, 338, Empire Station, Isthmus
Railway.
Subgenus PARAHEMIODON, DIceker.
256. LORICABIA UBACANTHA, Knor & Steindachner.
D. 8; A. 6. Uppermost caudal ray spinous ; vertical diameter of eye 2
in interorbital width ; belly with about 6 series of plates. No keels ou
occipital or nuchal plates ; lower lip emarginate, fringed with short cirri;
each jaw with 8 to 10 teeth. None of the caudal rays produced ; barbels
very short. Rio Chagres. (Eigenmann.) (ov/ja, tail; uKavi?a, spine.)
Lorkaria uracantlia, Knkr & Steindaciineb, Abh. Bayr. Ac. Wiss., 66, 1865, Rio Chag res.
f,>r,hin am/ F.vertnann. — Fishes of North Amtrica.
IfiO
Subgenus LORICARIA.
2ri«. LORICAKIA VAKIKUATA, Stiliiilactiiur.
lltMil .'). I'. I, 7; r. I, r»; v. I, 5; A. I, 5. Lat. line, 30. Doily ttud
licii'l itioiinly (IcpreHsed, thts li«a(l triangular, Munt forward; t««tb very
u- \ , 1' >ii oacli HJdo al)ovo, 5 or ti Itelow; nnduraide of head naked. Eye U
in li<';iil. '> i» MMuiit; upper lobe of caudal produced in a long tllanient.
r|i|i>'i jiartH with many browniuh HtroakH ; iius all, except the anal,
H|i(ilt('l with violet, liio Mamoni, Panama. (Steiudachuer.) (i-arte-
ijalHs, ■, ;irit'Katc(l.)
/,„n..ii../ ..(n-i/ii/ii, 8tkisi>achn«ii, FIngHnmlio Stlilamor., I. 15, 1879, Rio Mamoni.
85. HEMIANCISTRUS, Bleeker.
Unimiii'i'iiin, Ili.KRKKR, TiJilHclir. Diork., I, 7K, 1803, (nim/iuiin).
/Vmi/'" ■'"''"'■"«, Hi.EKKER, /. i\, 79, 18(i:i, (Hcrraliii).
Lips <'iitiro; tail Hhort, compresHed. Adipoao fin entire ; remote from
tliu (1iiin:i1 fiu. Body covered with bony platea ; teeth small; anout with
tilt' iiiiuirin jjranular ; temporal plate not perforate; iuteropercle erectile
iind lu'iu inn Hpincs. The numerous Hpecies are not well known and do
uotNt'ciii to be abundant; they are chiefly Hrazilian. (;;/it-, half ; liyxtCTr/jof,
AnvMrtii, a related genua.)
II. IiitiToiHTclu witli iiliout '10 t-rectllo gpincR; tlio luriKi'>*t K^ liciiil. (iCAc'llAniiTK, 2.'>7.
.Ill, Iiili'ro|if rclu with vury fuw Bliort, Butifurui HpiiiuH, tlic loiigost shurtur timn t-yu, not mure
tliaii ,'„ liuiiil. ASPtUOLKPIK, 2.'>8.
2.-.7. HEMIANCISTRUS OUAC'HAROTK, (Cuvior & ValoncieuiioH).
D. I, 7; A. I, .'); P. I, 6; V. I, 5. Interoperclo with about 20 com-
liressetl, erectile spinea, the longest i head ; head depressed ; snout semi-
oval; b' ties of head rough, without keels; eye 5 in head; teeth very
tine, doiildy curved. Pectoral spine reaching first fourth of ventral ;
dorsal Hpiiie slender and rough. Caudal 4 in total length, forked, with
poiuted lubes. Belly smooth to the anal. Brownish. L. 5 inches. Porto
Rico. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.) {guacharote^ the Spanish name.)
UijfiifiommijwwiHtroU', C't;viKii & Yalcnciennes, XV, 508, 1840, Porto Rico.
Oiittottmmu (jiiiichitrole, GOntiikr, Cat., V, 245, 1804.
'ir>H. HEMIANCISTRUS ASPIDOLEPIS, (Oiinther).
Head3^. D. 1,7; A.5; P. 1, 6. Lat. line, 25. Head depressed, a little
lunger than broad; snout very broad, rounded in front; iuterorbital
Hpace nearly flat, 3 times diameter of the small eye ; iuteropercle with
very few, short, setiform spines, the longest i eye. Thorax and belly
granulated, with naked patches. Seven scales between dorsals. Pectoral
spiue strong, longer than head, with setiform spinules ; 12 scutes between
anal and caudal. Scutes of body with prominent keel, each keel with
itoTsiiort, setiform spines. Each scale variegated with dirty yellow
and dark brown. V-^ragua. (Gunther.) (a<r7rtf, shield; AcTr/f, scale.)
^'hubxtomw impUiolepui, GOntker, FishuB Central Amer., 478, 18(i9, Veragua.
T
100
liulUttn 47, United States National Museum.
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86. CHiETOSTOMUS. Kiier.
ChuV*lnm*», Knkii, ll.vpiMtoiiiitInn, 272, lHr>3, (Uiliorhijnvhm) .
Tliin guiniH, as iindorHtootl Ity Dr. Kiy^oumitiin, innlmloH all thr I'drni^
ttUiud to IlypoatomHH and lli'mhnichlnm in wliitih thoHiioiit in iiaktxl. Tim
iuiinerr>uHBpooiu8ar«;cliit)(ly condiiud toiiioiintain brookH in Hutith Ann-rica,
{xiiini, liriHtlt); (iTi'ifid, uiuutb.)
<i. I'octiirul Hpiiio loiiKiT tlinii lii'itil; cyu H}^ In lioiuJ, II iu iU')ut; lutoi'U)Hin'UlHr nplti's ii||„ri
uud Htuiit, I ur 'i uii vach nIiIc, ruiiii hi, 'i',x
2AU. ClI.KTOKTONrS KIMt'llKKI, Stoiiuliuliiior.
(ColcilU.)
Head 3,^ ; depth r.f. I). I, H; A. I, 5; V. I, 5; V. I, (5. Intt-n.i.ercle
with 1 or 2 Hhort hut very Htiong curved teeth «»n ouch side. Mouth lnuud,
Eye Hi iu head, about '.i in Hnou*" Pcctutut spine very Htrong, loiij^tr
than head by 1 or 2 diaineterHofthe eye; ventral npine lA to 2diaiii<'t(iH(ii
eye Hhortor than head; lougeHt ray of caudal alightly lougtM- than liciul.
Scales 23 or 24. Yellowitih, with very many yellow dots ; (iiiH with nomc
faint dark spots. Uio Mamoni, near Panama. (Steiudachner.) (Nanail
for W. Fischer, who collected the type.)
ChutontomuH jMitri, ISrEiNUACHNr.B, FliiwlUcho jjlldiiiiiur., i, 14, 187U, Rio Mamoni.
87. ANCISTRUS, Kuer.
AneMrin, Knkh, IlyiKwtuuiidvD, 272, 18MI, (rirrhimiii).
, This genus includes numerous species of cattishes, allied to IfifpoHlomii*,
with the snout provided with tentacles. These tentacles are nsiially
present iu both sexes, even in the very young. (ayKiaroo^, a tishhook.)
300. ANCI8TBUS C'HAURESI, BiKoumaun Ac KigoDmiinii.
Eye r» to 7i in head. D. I, 7; A. 4 or 5. Scales 24. Margin itf tlie
snout naked, provided with tentacles. Females with a narrow iiaivid
margin and a series of simple tentacles ; male with a much wider iiuiicd
area and simple marginal tentacles ; thorax and belly naked ; sciitt's uf
the bo<ly not keeled ; region between eyes and gill openings partly nuked.
Oiiercle erectile ; head broad, depressed, with keels. Lower cauditl lolie
scarcely longer than upi>er; margin of tie caudal obliiiuely truncate.
Prcopercular spines 11 to 15. Breast with a ^..lall granular patch of Hpines.
Rio (.'hagres. (Eigenmann.)
Aneiitnui chagreiii, Eiuenmann, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1889,47, Rio Chagres, Panama.
Order N. PLECTOSPONDYLI.
(The Carp-like Fishes.)
Soft-rayed or physostomous fishes Avith the parietals broad, dintinct;
pterotic normal ; symplectio present ; opercular bones all present : me-so-
ooracoid present; no interclayicles ; the 4 anterior vertebrsD much nioditied
and joined together, provided with the Weberian apparatus or o.ssicula
JorMm and F.vermatin. — Fishes of North Amerka.
101
■iiiditii'^. HriiiH'liioMt«g»lH fow, iiHiiully \\ or 4 ; hIi<mi1«1(m- ;;inllo uttii(;lio<l to
ilif kIviiII. TliisKrouproiiMiNtB ontiroly (»t' fn-Hli-wjitm- liNlioH,uii(l iiicIiitleH
iliiMii M;iiiiili<'s, to wliich holong tlio iiwtjority of all tlio fi'vHli-\vatt«rllHluw
,,i till uoiltl. i !>•* cHHvntiiil charactvi' of the order lioH in thoinodilicutioii
of tlui anterior vortohriit, as in tliu Nkmatoonatiii, but without tliu
rli:kiii"i< I' of tli*< nulimuntury Huhopurclu uud uiuxillary autl tlio HoaluleHH
>kiii ^v liii'li *'>^t''>K"''*'' ^'"' ^'^^''''''*''^- 'l'l>r"() Htronf{ly iuarku<l HuhorilorH
;iit' III! Iiiilt'd ill it — vacli of which huH botui HouietinioH ruKardud uh u diu-
tiiict null r. Thuru iH no room tor doubt t!iat tho Evkntuunatiii and
||Kri:i:>"<NATiii,aH wtdl aH tlio (ivMNUNOTi, sprang from tho Hanio utock
jiM till' <':iiti^lii''<i aH it iH not likuly tliat tlie singular modilioation of tlio
\L<rtt'lini , piiidiicinK tho Weberian apparatus has aoparatoly dovehiped
ill tlit< iliU'eiont jjroups. (7r?.f«rof, woven toKothor ; ffn-iirdu^of, vertebra.)
Analysis ok Suhoudkiis of Plkctospondyu.
I. I,ii»''i iilmryn^'i'iili raU'irorin, piirnllt'l with tho f^lll nrchits; Jitwri tooth Iosh; liraiii ciim< pro-
. III. I'll iM'tui-jii urhltH; hnnlH cranii simplo; ouly 2 iiupeM»i- phurynguul hoiit's.
Kvr.NTnilNATIII.
.1.1. Liiwii iplinryiiKUftl" ""t fiilclforni; ^ hannl hrniichihyalii; tenth in Jhwh oflon pri'Mriit;
liiaiii I iiw nut prodiicud liotwctMi orhitH; I)H81h crnnii doulilo, KuiiictiiriuH witli mtisculur
raii.'il: I til I fiipirliir pliiiryiiKi'lil hoiioH.
h. AiiiH Hiiliiui'iliiiii; liiiily not u(<l-8lmpo(l; dorRal fln presont; ventraU ulidoiniiml.
IlKTKIIDliNATIII.
Ml, Anus at thrtiul; liody ulongiitu, raoro or Iom cul-Hhaped; duranl obHolute; vontialH wiuit-
iiig. Gymnonoti.
Suborder EVENTOGNATHI,
(The Carps.)
i'loctospondyhius flHhos with the lower pharyngeals falciform, parallel
will) tiitt ;;i 11 arches; 2 upper pharyngeal bones; brain case produced be-
iwccii iiiliits; Jaws without teeth; dorsal fin present; no adipose fin; ven-
triil.s iilidiiiiiinal. Uill openings restricted, the gill membranes attached
to the iKtliiiiuH. Streams and lakes of northern regions, tho species ex-
ivs.sivel,v imiiierous. (eii, well; ^irof, within; ymWof, jaw.)
I !
5*
,1 i
Analysis of Families of EvKNXooNATni.
.1. I'liniyiip'ul toctli numerous, pectinate; maxillarieM forming part of tho margin of the up-
IK'rJaw; liasiil hraiichihyaJH '2. OATosTOjiin.*:, xxxvi.
.1.:. I'liiirviiKial ti'ctb few; margin of upper Jaw formed by premuxillarinti alone; biiHttI
bruiicliihyttl8 3. Cypbini'j.*:, xxxvii.
Family XXXVI. CATOSTOMIUiE.
(The Suckers.)
Body olilong or elongate, usually more or less compressed. Head more
or less conical. Opercles normally developed. Nostrils double; no bar-
liels; mouth large or small, usually protractile and with fleshy lips.
Margin ot° u))per .jaw formed in the middle by the small premaxillaries,
aud (in tile side by the maxillaries ; jaws toothless. Lower pharyngeal
bones falciform, armed with a single row of numerous comb-like teeth.
F.N. A. 12
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V -•■ ?r^rii4f9:-y
162
JiultetiH ^7, United States National Afitsenm.
■i
II
DrnncIilofltflpfnlH 3 ; ((III nxtmbrnnei mor« or 1am nnitfld to tho iNilnnMn,
rKStrictiii^ tlin \*\\\ opuniiiKH to thuahlim; ^jIIh I, u nlit buhiiMl tlio tnurth:
|m«n(lo))raii<!liiii« piumtnt. 8oaIvH uyoluid, iar({n ur hiiiuII. Lutoral liii«
iluciirvud, HoinuliiiivN wanting. Ilnud iinktnl ; IIiih not nculy. Doi^uliiu
coiiiparntivuly lon^ (of 10 to fiO ruyit), without trtio Hpiiiu ; uiial lln Nhort;
oiiiidal tin nioru or Iumh forkiMl ; vuntrulH abdominal, with about li)
riiyH; pectoral tlnH plucod low, without Hpinu; no adipoHu tin ; bcilyuut
Hurrutvd. Aliniuntary canal \miy^. Stoniuch Hinipir ; no pyloric cuca
Air bladder large, divided into 2 or 3 partH by tranttvurHc conHtiirtiuiin,
not Hurrounded by a bony capHuIe. Ueneru 14; HpecieH about (lU; in.
habiting the frcHli waterH of North America; 'i HpecieH in Eastern AMJa:
aHconding Htreanm in largo numberH in the npring. They are not niiiili
valued an food HhIich, tho lleHh being lliivorleHH and full of huiuII boiiea.
(Cypkiniim;, group Catostomina, Oiinther,Cat., vil, 12-24.)
n. Donal flu c'lungatt', ili dev(<lu|ivil ruyit 2fi tu SU In uuinbur ; uir blatUlvr la 2 |iurtii.
Ictioiiina: :
b. Kontitiixllo iifPHent ; liody ovato ; icaloi targe,
c. Uiirmil rayN 'i,\ to 'X\.
d. Moiitli liii'KO, inuriior l<'Hnti<riiiliiiil, priitriki'tllu forwunl ; li|>H tliiii ; iiIihivukiiiI
lioiK'N mill ti-rtli iiioiliTUti' ; liu'K" M|M'rii'H, iliii'k 111 ciiliir. Ictiimii k, »n,
d<l. Muiitli Kiiiiklli-r, liil'urlur, iiiiitriu'tllo ilnwiiwitiil. I'liiiryiiKi'ikl Ihuh's nurruit,
with till' tuvtii thill uiiJ wi'iik; Hiiiiillur ii|iu<'it<H ui iiuIk ciilonttliiii.
(!yri.BPTiN.v; ; «'Aiciiiiiit>, >'i
bb. Fuuliiiicllu olilitorntuil by tli« iiiiluii of tln' |ukrii'tul ImticH ; boily I'loiiKittc
<', Muiitli Hiimll, iufvriur, with thicit, iiupilluKu li|M ; soaluH rulhur miiull.
Oatostomin.k: Cyclkitc*, '*>.
(Ill, Durgul till Hhiirt, with 10 to 18 iluvulopud royH.
/. Air hladili<r In 2 |iartH.
I/. Laturiil liiiii roiii|ilrt(i mid cootliiiiiiilR ; firaluB Hliiall, Tiri to lin in the littiTiil liin'.
h. Funtniii'llo iiourly or quito olilit<Tiit(Ml in tlm luliilt by tho iiniuii <>f tln' ixirh I>|
buueK ; JaWH with hard Hhuiitlm ; |io8turiur divlBiuii of uir blmldcr i>li miiT.
PAKToiiiriK, 'i|
A/i. Fontitn(i!ie liroiid and evidunt ut all Btn^oB of Kruwili; iHwtt'rior dirinluu ofui
blikdiii'r broad.
i. Niichiil rti^ioii without lium|>, tho intornonrnl Hpiui's noruiully ili'vi>li>|x>].
j. Miiutli Infurior, iiniall, with tliiulc |ia|illlo«<) lip*. C'ATiiHTi'MrK, '.i:'
jj. Moutli vi'ry lurgo, terminal, oblit|uii ; lipH thin uud nrurly miiwIIi
idiaryngeula wualc, with niiniurounHninll ti'uth. ('HAN>ll^1E><, '«
a. Nuehiil region with high aharii-odgod huinii, forniud liy tho ({natlym
lai'K<'d and expanded interiieunil BpiiicH. Xyrai'iiikn, !H
gg. Lateral line int "luptud or wanting ; acak-s lurgo (40 to 00 in lungitudiiiiil hitI'M
k. Lateral linn I'ii' irely wanting. £itiM\/.<»i, 'X>
kk. Lateral Ui;.) noru or loBH doveloiied, 08|)ecially in the adult. Minytiiema, '"'.
ff. Air bladder in 3 jmit '.a ; fontauolle present ; Bcalea largo ; lateral line uouiplctu.
/, Month normal, the lower lip entire or merely lohod, the up|ier protructili'.
tu. Piiuryngoal bones moderate, the teeth compressed, gradually lari^er (lu»u
wanl; mouth moderate or small, tho lips usually jilicate. Moxosthma, 'SI-
mm. Pharyngeal bones very strong, with the lower teetli much eiilaiK'<"l, >'"'>'
cylindrical and truncate, the teeth of the upiior part of the Ihujc mall
and compreBsod ; mouth large, somowhat obliiiue, with very tlili k ll|i«..
PlACOPIIAIlVNX, Jt".
U. Mouth singular, the up])ur lip not protractile, greatly enlarged, tho lower Ii|'
developed as 2 separate lobes ; pbaryngeai bones and teeth ordinary.
Laoociiila, 1)9
Jordan <///</ liver ttuuui. — Fiifus of Xorth AmirUa.
103
88. ICT OBUS, Kalliii<H<|iio.
(IUtI'I-'ai.o Fihiikh.)
{.Wl<t, hAHNKmd'K, Irlllll. oh., ftft, 1H.!0, (».H»..i/««),
,i/,„»/*i//i"<, (.'!•> iru mill VAi.iiNciRNsr.n, XVII, 177, Mil, IriiiirutrlliO.
/,»Wi<*/*"-, .\..\HM/„ AiiiiT. .r..iir. Mil. AitK, I'J'J, iNfi.'., {H,H'>).
;.«Af<*>", A..»-««i/, (lurivrlnl i)rllii«i;rii|iliy).
Iliiih loliiiNt; lu'atl very liir^o luul Htroii^' Kyo iiiodnratn, Hiit«M-ior.
FiiiitaiM'lli' li'i){*<, woll <)|MMi. O|ioi'ciilar u]>|iariitiis Itir^ttly iloVdloptMl ; tlm
Hiilio|i)Mi'iiliiiii liroiMl ; tlii^ o|M-r(Miliiiii atroiiKly t'ltrrowod. Mouth liirj^o
for It Hinkir, toriiiinal, |irotrii<.-tilu tbrwanl, or tlownward and roiNvanl.
Mutiilil'l' ■•tioiiK, oMiqiiu. Li|)H littl«Ml«n'ulop»«l ; tli-; iip|MM iiairow uud
KiiiiMitli ; ilx' lowur ratlu^r fiiil on tlitt nIiIuh, Itiit retinue*! to a narrow rim
III ftuiit. .liiwH without uartilaf^iii'iUHHlieath. MucituroimHyHtuin of head
will (1(vi'Ii>iiimI, iHtliiniiH narr«)w. Pluiiyn^ual Itonua rathur wttuk ; tlio
tft'tli iiiiiiii'ioiiN, inodorato or Hinall ; tlio h>\vur onuM ^ladnally larger than
till' iipiii'i' onoM. (^111 rakvi'H long ami HltMider above, bucoming Hhortur
iliivviiwiml. ScaloH largu, thick, nearly C4ual over the botly ; lateral line
well (lovi'loped, Hli^j^htly decurved anteriorly. Dorual tin elongate, itH
ra.VN L'.'i til :<(); anterior rayH Homewhat elevated, their length aitout i that
(if the liHNu of the llii ; ouudttl not much forked; anal tin not much ele-
\utfil, ilH liiyN about !); pectoralH and ventraU moderate, the latter with
aliiiiit 10 lavH. Sexual ditlereuceH ulight. Coloration dark, uot uilvery.
Ail liludtli r with 2 chambeiH. FinheH of very large Hi/.e, inhabiting deep
liverH, cliiolly in the MiuHittHippi baain. (fV'^if;, iinb; /3(iO{-, bull.)
ScLliliutiNATIirH, (fficATipiit, liiiril; yi'dtfo?, Juw):
'I. Miiutli liirK'i', tiii'iiiiiiikl, prutrurtilu I'uiwunl; li|>ii vury tlilii; luwur |iliuryiiK<'i>lN uiiil tiM-lli
WI'llU. • I'YI'ltlNKM.A, Uiil.
I'TIOIMh;
»u. Muiitli Kiiiiilli'i-, moro or lo88 liifurior, |iiiitrai'tilo duwiiwiinl, ami with thii-ki'i' 1I|ih; Iuwi'I'
l>li.ir.VMKiiiil biiiiL'R HtrouKi'i'; tliu teeth ('uiii|iurutlvely couriiii uiul liirgu, iiicrruHiii)! in
Ki/.n ilnWIlWIII'll.
h. Biiik Hiaicrly cli'ViUi'il, thi' ili'|i0i :J ti>M' ( in li>iiKtli.
c. Moiitli riitlirr litr);i< unit ulili(iui>, lipiiruuchin^ tliiit of /. tiiiiriuella, Miuro olilii|iii!
thiiii III tho next. VKITH, 202.
r<: IMonth Diiiiill, iiiforiiir. Mr.ttinioNALig, 2(j:i.
bh. lliii k I'luviituil uiid cuiii|ii').'H8cil, tho dupth 2}^ to 2'^ In li'iiKtIi; luoiitli Hiimll, inl'fiior.
Ul'UAI.I'H, 2)i4.
Subgenus SCLEROGNATHUS, (Mivior.t Vulcm iuniuM.
'ittL^'ICTIOKlIS CYI'KINKLIiA, (t'livior A Viilonoiuimos).
(Bed Mouth Buffalo Kinii; Common Uuffai.o Fish.)
llcud very large and thick, 3^ in length; depth 2i to 3^ in length.
Developed rays of the doraal 27 to 29; anal rays 9; ventrals 10. Scalea
7-37 to 41-0. Body robust, moderately compreased, the outline aome what
elliptical, but the back rather more curved than tbo belly. Opercular
apparatus very strong, tho operculum itself forming nearly i the length
of the head. Coloration dull brownish olive, not silvery; fina duaky.
Size very large ; reaches a length of nearly 3 feet and a weight of 20 to
30 pouiultj. Missiaaippi Valley ; generally abuDdaut in the larger streams.
(Diminutive of cyprinua, carp.)
p^
164
Bulletin 4J, United States National Museum.
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Brlerogitnlhiu ciipriiieUu, ClTViRlt & Valbncienner, xvii, 477, 1844, Lake Pontchartrain.
Jvhihyiihm buhahii, AoASHi/., Amor. Jour. Sci. Arte, 1854, 19G, not of Kiifini'Hiiiic.
lo'ithyobim ci/anelliis, Ncr.soN, Hull. III. MiiH. Nat. IliHt., I, 4t), 187C, Illinois River.
IilMijiibui Imhalun, Jordan, Dull. V. S. Nut. Mii8., xil, 214, 1878.
Scleruj/iMllius cDprineUa, UOntiikii, Cat., vil, 24, 18*18; JoiiUAN & Gilbebt, Syuojiniii, 88;^, ]b>ii.
Subgenu:: ICTIOBUS.
2«2. ICTIOBUS tRUS, (Agassiz).
(Mongrel Buffalo.)
Scales 8-41-7. D. 30; A. 10. Body much lees elevated and less com-
preHsed tban iu I. bubalus, the back iiot at all cariiiated ; axiHoi'lMMly
above ventials about at the lateral line, and but very little faitlici (roni
the dorsal outliuo than from the ventral ; depth 3 to 'Si in length. Ilciid
very stout, strongly transversely convex, thicker, larger, and less iiointtd
than iu /. huhalus, about 4 in length. Eye about equal to snout, 5i in licud,
much smaller than in I. huhalus. Mouth large, considerably uliiicjne,
opening well forward, approaching that of/. cypr'meUa, Mandible lon^r,.,
than eye. Premaxillary somewhat bi<low suborbital. Dorsal lin lower
and less rapidly depressed than in the next, the longest ray scarcely \{\w
length of the base of the fin. Anal fin rounded ; its rays not i iijiidly
shortenod ; the middle ones not much shorter than the longest. Colors
very dark; fino all black. Mississippi Valley; in the larger strcanib,
less common than the others ; certainly distinct from /. huhahoi, but wccaii
not always separate it from /. cyimnella, and perhaps it is not really dif-
ferent. {uru8, a wild bull.)
Carpiodei tirtm, AdABsiz, Amor. Jour. Sci. Arts, ISM, 3f).'>, Tennessee River, Huntsville, Ala.
BubaUchllii/s vrm, uigcr, Ohio River, and boiinsus, Osage River, AoAssiy,, Amur. Jour. Svi. Ar(»,
18r)5, 193, 195.
Bubalich.lhtjs unis, Johdan, I. c, 209; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 883, ?''S3.
2«3. ICTIOBUS MEKIDIOMALIS, (GUntUer).
Scales 7-C8-7. D. 29; A. 10. Mouth small, inferior, slightly cornij,Mted.
Depth 3J to 3i in length. Head4to4i, not much longer than high. Eye
rathei small, ^ of the length of the head and § that of the snout. Sul)ur-
bitals narrow. Anterior dorsal rays not much produced, shorter tliiiu tin-
head; caudal forked; origin of ventral vertically below the fourth dorsal
ray; pectoral not extendingtoventrals. Coloration uniform. RioUsu'ua-
cinta, Guatemala. (Giinther.) (meridionalis, southern.)
Sclerogiiathus meridhnalu, GUnther, Cat., vii, 23, 1868, Rio Usumacinta, Guatemala.
/
2«4. ICTIOBUS BUBALUS, (Rafinesque).
(Small-mouthed Bcfi^alo; Bazob-backed Buffalo; Sucker-moutiied Buffaui.)
Scales 8-39-6. D. 29; A. 10; V. 10. Body considerably elevated and
compressed above; the dorsal region subcarinate; belly thicker; depth
2i to 2f in length ; axis of body above the ventrals, below the latoial line,
and nearly twice as far from the back as from the belly. Head moderate,
triangular iu outline when viewed from the side, 4 in length. Eye equal
u
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North Atnerica. 105
to stionl. I to 5 in length of head, much larger than in /. ur\i». Month
Miiito .small, not.ahly smaller aud more inferior than in /. urus; nian-
(lililc iii'Diit i'qiial to eye. Dorsal fin elevated in front and rapidly
ik'iliiHii, the highest ray rerching much beyond the middle of the fin,
tboscvt'iith ray about \ the length of tlie third or longest. Anal rays
ra|ii(11> shortened behind, the middle raya much shorter than the first
I, ,111; OIK'S. Cuioration paler; the lower fins slightly dusky. Mississippi
Valltv anil southward; generally abundant. {(inijIuXot;, but)al<>.)
l„iW„.;..H /.' '..i/h-i, Uakinesqui,, Jour. Phys., 1818, 421, Ohio River.
r.ii,„i,„„ii^ /.../,,i/».«, KiKTI.AN-u, Roit. Zoiil. Ohio, 108, 1838.
l:i,l.,ili,liihii- hnlidliis, AdAKSiz, Am, Jour. Sci. Arts, 1855, 195, Ohio River.
/!ii;,.i/i.A(/i.'i> '"''■"'"», JoKDAN, /. c, 206, 1878.
sl,P"jififli"^ I'lM, (iVnTir.R, Cat., vii, 22, 18C8.
i;«Uirlilliih "III'", Nef-son, in Jordan, I'roc. Ac. Nut. .Sci. Philii., 1877, 7;i, Cairo, III.; Jorpa.v
,vfliii:i:i:T, SyiiopsJH, 8S;5, 188,1.
l>\i,iriiioiI.xtiiiiiiix, Mobile River, uiid ('. vitultiii, Wabash River, Aoassi/, Am, Jour. Sci. ArlH'
l.sM, :;;,.-., .•);.(•■
HiiMiMii.'i l'iil"ilin,ii>. .loiinA*, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 50, 3877, Ohio River.
89. CARPIODES, Rafinesqne.
(Carp Suckkrs.)
(',i,im,l,s, IIafinesque, Iclitli. Oh., 5fi, 1820, {cypriims).
Head coinpuratively short and deep; its length 3^ to 5 times in that of
ilicliody: its upper surface al'.'^ays rounded. Kye moderate, median or
anterior. Suborbital bones well developed. Fontauollo always well de-
veloped. Mouth small, horizontal and inferior; the mandible less than
( jpiiiftli of head; lips thin, the upper protractile, narrow, the lower quite
imiTow, f) shaped behind; both lips feebly plicate or nearly smooth.
laws wiiliout cartilaginous sheath. Muciferous system moderately de-
veloped. Opercular apparatus well developed; the subopercle broad.
Isthiiuis moderate. Pharyngeal bones remarkably thin, laterally com-
jiressed, with a shallow furrow along the anterior margin on the inside,
and anotlittr more central one on the outline of the enlarged surfaces;
teeth very small, compressed, nearly equally thin along the whole inner
cdfjeof tlin bono, forming a fine, comb-like crest of minute serratures;
tlieir cutting edge rises above the inner margin into a prominent point.
liill rakers slender and stiff above, becoming reduced downward. Body
olilonj;; the dorsal outline more or less arched ; the ventral outline nearly
straight : the depth from k to i the length; sides compressed, the back
notahly so. Caudal peduncle short and deep. Scales large, about equal
liver the body; lateral line well developed, nearly straight, with 34 to
II scales; 12 to 15 scales in a cross-row from dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal
tin beffinuing near middle of body, somewhat in advance of ventrals, fal-
cate; its anterior rays elevated, often filamentous, their height ranging
tVom i to H the length of the base of the fin ; the number of developed
lays raiii,Mng from 23 to 30; caudal fin well forked, the lobes equal; anal
lin comparatively long and low, emarginate (in males), its numuer of de-
veloped rays usually 8; ventrals 8.horti8h, with usually 10 rays; pectorals
* !■
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
abort. Sexual peculiarities little marked; in some species, the iiihIi-h in
spring have the snont minutely tuberculate. Coloration always iilain;
pale olivaceous above, white below, but hardly silvery, the fins pliiiii.
Air bladder with two chambers. Size medium or rather large. Thitt
genus is very close to Ictiohus and its species are oven more difliciiltto
determine. Compared with letiohim, the CarpmleH are smaller in size
and paler in color, with weaker dentition, but no technical charactor of
importance separates the 2 groups. {Carpio, elrJof, carp-like.)
(1. Body Hiibfiisiform, tlin dopt'i about .T in longtti ; lipH thin, silviTy white in life, the li!ilv(.
of tlio lower lip nifetiiie nt ii wide nuf^Io. cakiio, 2i'A
aa. Body ovate; oblong, tlin l>ncl< olovated, tlio depth about 2}/^ in length.
b. Opcrcio Btrongly Ktrintc.
c. LipR thin, nilvor-whito in liTo, tho halvoR of tho lower lip nioeting in ii wiilc ancle,
R8 in (\ rarpid.
d. Ilciid hirgo, with blunt snout, tho nostril near itH tip; nyo largo, 3'.; Id 4 in
head. difioumis, a;ii.
(ill. Head Muall and pointed, the snout projecting ; eye small, 5 to .'i',^ in lioail.
THOMrsOM, 21'.:.
cc. Lips full, thirk, reddish in life, tho halves of lower lip meeting in an acntc aiiclr.
first ray of dorsal usually very long. VKi.iKru, 2i;8,
66. Operclo nearly smooth ; otherwise osaentlally as in C velifer. ovpiicnts, 2(1Ii
2«r>. t'ARPIODES CARPIO, (Ilafincs<iuo).
(Catip Sucker.)
Head comparatively short, its length 4 to 5 times in lenpth oi ..ly.
Body more fusiform than in the others, compressed, but not much arched,
the depth 2| to 3 times in length. Anterior rays of dorsal short, notalily
thickened and osseous at base, especially in the adult ; the first ray nearer
tho end of tho muzzle than tho base of tho caudal fin, the longest ray a
little more than A the base of the fin ; caudal moderately forked. Eye
medium, anterior, ii in head. Muzzle short but projecting beyond mouth,
D. 30. Lat. line 36. Size largest of the genus, Ohio Valley; southwi'Ht to
central Texas, generally abundant, apparently a valid species but varia-
ble., and its synonymy uncertain. Perhaps more than one species it* livrr
included, (carpio, carp.)
fCalostomtu carpio* Kaftnesque, Irhth. Oh., 56, 1820, Falls of Ohio River.
Carpwilen ntimmi/er. Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Sic. Phila., 1H7(), 484, Wabash River.
OirphilfH cnrph, Jordan & Giliieut; Synopsis, 118, 188.T; Jordan & Oimiert, Proc. II. .S. Nat.
Mus., 188C, 20; Toxo-s specimens.
fCarpiodet hison,\ AoAs.siz, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 356, Osage River.
2«6. CARPIODES DIFFORMIS, Cope.
Snout very blunt, the maxillary reaching to front of the pupil. Nostrils
very near tip of snout, above or below upper lip; lip^ thin, silvery colored
*The following is Rafincsqun's description: "Diameter Ji of the length; olivaceous bIioto,
palo beneath, chin white; al)domen bluish; lateral lino straight; dorsal tin somewhat laloati'il
with 36 rays; anal trapezoidal with 10 rays; head sloping, rounded. Seen at the Falls uftlii'
Ohio, commonly called Carj). Length rroni 1 to 2 feet. Kyes very small and black; fins oliva-
ceous brown, tho pectorals olivaceous, trajiezoidal, short, and with 16 rays; tail with 24. Porail
beginning before tho abdominal and reaching the end of tho anal flu. Not so good to cut ks the
Buffalo fish."
fThe following is Agassiz'g description: "Moto elongated than C.laurut. Tlio head issniallor;
the operclc also smaller and tho sulicperclc triangular. The dorsal has its anterior rays longer,
henco its hinder border is more deeply emarginate.- Anal more lunate. Horizontal diameter of
scales greater."
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 107
f I
•■.r>.
in life, tim lower ^-shaped. Head 4i in length ; depth 2i to 2}. Eye
(iiiilo l;iij;t', Hi to 4 in head. First ray of dorsal nearer nnizzle than base
of raiiiial, the anterior rays of dorsal usually very high. Scales 6-35—1.
1). 21 ; A. ^\ V.9. Ohio Valley and westward, generally common, (rfi/"-
formis, (leformod.)
r,iriiin,i,, ,;i/"rmw, OopB, Troc. Am. Phil. Sor. PIiHb., 1870, •IHO, Wabash River; Jordan, I. <■.,
I!ir>; .Ii'HiiAN A Oii.iiKRT, SyiiopHls, 120, 188,'l.
r,iP))i>.'/c'icii/«.iHJi«!ri«H(i, t'oPE, I. ('., 481, 1«70, Kiskiminitas River, Pennsylvania.
2«7yCABPIODES TIIOMPSONI, Agassiz.
(Lakb Carp.)
Body stont, short, the- hack much arched, the depth 2i in length. Head
small, 1 to 4J in length, the snout pointed; lips thin, white, meeting at a
wide aiifile. Dorsal rays considerably elevated, S as long as base of fin.
Eye Hiuall, 5 to .5J in head. Tip of lower Jaw much in advance of nostrils ;
maxillary reaching line of orbit. Origin of dorsal about midway of
body. Scales rather closely ibricated, 8-39 to 41-6. D. 27; A. 7; V. 10.
(Jreat Lake region ; abundant ; our specimens from Lake Erie at Toledo,
Ohio. (Named for Rev. Zadock Thompson, who found the species in Lake
Clianiplaiu.)
air/i/i: /fW/i'M/i/w)iii, A0AB8IZ, Am. Jour. Scl. Arts, 1855, 191, Lake Champlain, Jordan, /. r.,
1!IS; .Idi'dan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 119, 188."}.
fr.iij.im/.s seUne* CopE, Proc. Am. Phil. Sec. 1870, 481, suppogod to Im from Root P'ver,
Michiga''..
2«8. CAUPIODES TELIFER, (Raflncsquo).
(Quillpack; Spearfisii; Sailfish; Skimrack.)
Muzzle conic, projecting, obtusely pointed ; tip of the mandible reach-
in;; to opposite nostrils; maxillary reaching to opposite front of orbit.
Lips full, thick, flesh-colored in life, the lower lip /^-shaped, the halves
mpoMiig in an acute angle. Anterior suborbital as deep as long. Head
3J to 4 ill length. Eye moderate or small, 4 to 5 in head. Body much
arched above, the depth 21 to 3 in length. First ray of dorsal usually
nearer muzzle than base of caudal; anterior rays of dorsal always elevated
or tilainoutoiis, sometimes as long as base of fin. Caudal deeply forked;
its lobes slender, the upper the longer. Scales 7-35-5. D. 26 or 27. Miss-
issippi Valley and southwestward to Rio Grande and upper Missouri, gen-
erally abundant and very variable. Much of the following synonymy is
doubtful, some of the names perhaps belonging to C. carpio or C, difformis.
(ri'Utm, fiiiil ; fero, I bear.)
fnh'stoiiuiii vclifer, Uafinekque, Ichth. Oh., BC, 1820, Ohio River.
(•.ir)iii.ilfsrcU/er, CoPE, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1870, 482; Jordan, I. c, 196, 1878.
Ciiriiioilee ciiprinm and tumidns, Jordan <fe Gilbert, Synopsis, 119, 1883.
hliniiis ivJifer, Jordan, Man. Vort., Ed. 5, 45, 1890.
hii'hm rrllfer, Jordan & GILBERT, Proc. U. 3. Nat. Mus., 1886, 18, iloscription of var. tiimUlHii, from
Tcxiis spocimeno.
C,irim,l,si:.,ni,i,iii, Baird & GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 28, Rio Grande at Fort
^rown, Texas. (Type, No. 178. )
Oirjii.i,/,., ilanialis, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 170, Milk River, Montana.
Oir-ii,„i,.f ijrnyi, CoPE, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 482, Western States.
*£}u 3g in lioad; color silvery white. D. 26. Tliis may bo identical with C. difformin
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
2«e. CARPIODES CTPRINU8, (Lo Sueur).
(Eahtcrn Carp Suckbu.)
Very similar to C, velifer, the mouth similar but the opercle nearly
aniooth with scarcely any wrinkles or furrows. Bo'ly rather elon^iute.
Eye quite small; dorsal fin high, color silvery, dorsal disky; paired liiia
edged with white. Streams about Chesapeake Bay, common in the CIksm-
peake and Potomac, rare in the Delaware, (cuprinus, cavp.)
CkUoHhimm qipriuut, Le Subvr, Jour. Ac. Nat. Scl. Phila., I, 1817. 91, Elk River and other
tributaries of Chesapeake Bay; GOntiier, Cat., vii, 10, IKiiH.
Carpiudei vacca, A0A88IZ, Am. Jour. Soi. Arti, 1854, 25G, Susquehanna River.
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90. CYCLEPTUS, Eafluosque.
(Black Horse.)
Oycleplm, Rafinesqi'e, Jour. Phys. Chyinie. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1819, 421, (nigreiceiu),
UhylUlosloirms, IIeokrl, Ilustsoggori? Ru'sou Syrion, 1023, 1842, {ehmodliis).
Head very small, short and slender, 6 to 7 times in body; its upper
surface rounded. Eye small, behind middle of head, not very hij;li up.
Suborbital I'ones small and narrow. Fontanelle entirely obliterated l>y
the union of the parietal bones. Mouth small, entirely inferior, overlapjjpd
by the projecting snout ; upper lip thick, pendent, covered with son cral
rows of tubercles ; lower lip moderate, formed somewhat as in CatoKtonnis,
but less full, incised behind. Jaws with rudimentary cartilaginous sh<>uth,
Mnciferous system not greatly developed. Operculum smooth and narrow.
Isthmus moderate, ({ill rakers moderate, soft. Pharyngeal bones stroiif,' ;
the teeth stout, inr leasing in size downward, rather wide apart, iiody
elongate, modern tely compressed, not much elevated ; the caudal pediiucle
long; scales moderate, about equal over the body, with wide, exjiosed
surfaces, the number in the lateral line from 55 to 60. Lateral linn well
developed, nearly straight. Fins rather large; dorsal fin beginnin<r in
front of ventrals and ending just before anal, of about 30 rays, struiifjly
falcate in front, the first and second developed rays in length more than
i length of base of fin, the rays rapidly shortened to about the ei^^lith,
the remaining rays being all short; caudal fin large, widely forked, the
lobes about equal. Anal fin quite small, low, of 7 or 8 developed rays,
scaly at base. Ventrals moderate, with 10 rays. Pectorals elongate,
somewhat falcate. Sexual peculiarities marked; the males in spring
with black pigment ; the head thru covered with small tubercles. Air
bladder with 2 chambers, the anterior short, the posterior elongatt.
One species known. (kvka.oc, Tonvd; XfTTTof, slender ; "the name means
small round mouth." — Rafinesquc.)
270. CYCLEPTUS EL0N0ATU8, (Le Sueur).
(Black Horse ; Goubd-beed Sucker ; HissorRi Sucker ; Suckerel.)
Depth 4 to 5 in length ; head 6 to 8i ; eye small, 6 to 7 in head. Dorsal
rays 30 ; anal 7 or 8 ; scales 9-56-7. Longest dorsal rays a little longer
than head; pectorals rather longer than head. Coloration very dark,
for Jan and FA'ermann. — Fishes of North America.
IfiO
tlu- niii1< -< in Npriiig almost black. Size largo. Length 2} feot. Missis-
hiiipi Vill'v; rather coinmou iu large streams. A singular and intorest-
\\\g lisli- [iloiiyatus, elongate).
r,iM'"""'""y'"". LESi'Ktn, .(our. Ac. Nut. Sci. Philii., i, 1817, 10.1, Ohio River.
iy-;.i..:/.-irt"^ .'■"ly"'"', OCntiieii, <"iit., vn, 2:j, 186S.
CvJ.j''"- ""':/"'"". •I"iii>AN it GiMiKiir, SynoiwiH, \i\, 1883.
C(/r;. (''■■« "';/""•""'. ItAKiNKsijrE, JotiF. PliyH., 18l!i, 4:il, Ohio River.
.ImW"/"" hi'i'f, lUi'iNKsgiK, /.(.•., 421, (doBciiptiou iiisulIicJoDt; ut sucoutl iiauil),Ohio River.
91. PANTOSTEUS, Copo.
(Mountain Suckers.)
;>,i,i/.«(."«, CoPK, liiput. Whoelor's Expl. W. 100th Mor., v, 07.3, 1870, {platyrhyHchtis^.
Head lather small, 4 to 5 times iu length of hody, flattish and rather
liioad iiiiDve, anteriorly somewhat pointed. Eye rather small, usually
lit'liinil I lio niiddle of the head. Suborbital bones narrow. Bones of head
rather thick, the 2 parietal bones in the adult more or less united,
partly or wholly obliterating the fontanelle, which, however, is evident
in tlio young. Mouth rather large, entirely inferior; each jaw with a
nidii' or less developed cartilaginous sheath. Upper lip broad, papillose,
with a rat her broad free margin and 2 or more series of tubercles. Lower
hp larfTiiy developed, with a broad free margin deeply Incised behind.
I'haryni;i>al 1>ones and teeth essentially as iu Catoatomus. Isthmus broad.
ilody clonjiate, subterete, little compressed. Scales quite small, 80 to 105
ill the course of the lateral line, and 30 to 35 in a cross series between
dorsal and ventrals, usually more or leas reduced iu size and crowded for-
ward, as in CatoHtomux. Lateral line well developed, straightish. Fins
generally rather small. First ray of dorsal usually about midway of
l)()(ly, Its rays few. 9 to 12 in number. Ventrals inserted under posterior
part of dorsal, the rays 10 or 9; anal short and high, with 7 developed
rays. Caudal rathoi- shallow emarginate. Pectorals well developed.
Air hla<ldcr with 2 chambers, the posterior chamber very slender. Size
rather small. Rocky Mountain region, mostly in rocky brooks in the
arid district. The genus is close to Catoatomus and may bo inseparable
from it, as in 3 species of Pantosteus the fontanelle never (juite disappears,
rotainin^^ through life the characters of the young of other species of
Pantoxtcn^. This iudicatcs the probability that Pantoatciix is a modiiied
descendant of species of C«<o«<o>wm». {nuv<:, all; ofrrtor, bono.)
a. Funtiiiiitlo ontiroly oblitorated in tlio adult.
h. S-ali's (pf back vory miicti otiIiir>;cd, tliorn being less than 20 between dorsal fin and
iia|>i', along the median line; about 75 Bcales in lateral lino. Head very broad, and
llaltish above. Gila basin. arizon*, 271.
iili. SiKle." of back not notably enlarged, there being 30 to 50 before dorsal.
i: S('ttles moderate, 80 to 00 ; mouth and lips moderate; dorsal rays ntnially 9.
rf. Head short and small, nearly 5 in length ; body slender. Utah b isin.
jF.NEnostJs, 272.
(M. Ilead rather large, about 42 in length; body stout. Bio Grande.
I'l.EnEniR, 273.
rr. Scales very small, 90 to 100 in lateral line, usually about 95; mouth large, with very
full lips; head short; tail slender; dorsal rays 9 to 12.
r. Oaudi-xl moderate, shallow-forked, its lobes shorter than head; flns low. Colo-
rado basin. deli-iiinus, 274.
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J3uUetin ^7, United States National Museum.
re. Caiiilnl loii);, deeply forked, its \»\wi pulnted, loiigur tliiin hcnd. Ileml ^||o^t
Tiiii leiiKtIi. Coithiiila basin. uii/manif.nsi., 'j;,',,
(Id. Fontamtllo rtiinuinlnK i>artly o|)on in tho adult; ncalcH mnall, crowded auturiorly; iIorMHl
Nliiirt (tranNitiiin spcclpfi, iippmaeliing C<i('<fi{»mii/i).
/. HealeH in latenil lino IK) to IIMI ; heail aliort, 4>^ to T) in lungtli. Up|)or Misiiniiri imd
Columbia baHinn. jordani, 27A.
Sf. SealeH in lateral lino about 70; lowor lip morn inciNed.
(/. 8i-aleii iKiforo dornal 42, tlio scalex of tlie liody iKMOg much crowded InrHiinl.
Nevada baniu. An.v.nri s, t'Cl.
gg. HcaloH bcforu donial 2.'(, tho scalcR of body littlo crowded forward. Uila bu^in.
ci.AllKi, 278.
871. FANT08TEU8 ARIZONJE, Gilbert, new Rpeelex.
Head 4? ; depth 4f . D. 12 ; A. 7. Scales 8-75-11 to 17 ; nnnsually large
sca]eH bef«>ro dorsal. Body rather robust, the caudal peduuclo stuiitiHb,
compressed. Head shortish, unusually broad and flat, tho interurliital
very wide, flattened or even slightly concave, the orbital rim being Hoine-
w hat raised; eye moderate, posterior, the snout very long, considcrably
longor than rest of head ; eye 3 in snout, 1| in postorbital part of licad,
5^ in head; mouth very wide, with wide papillose lips and well-ci')VGlo|ie(l
cartilaginous sheath to the jaws; fontanello obliterated, tho bone ahove
it very thin ; isthmus broad. Fins all comparatively large, the pectoral
liV in head ; caudal well forked, IVtr iu head, with numerous basal riuli-
mentary rays; edge of dorsal straight. Scales peculiar, those on hack
very large, those along lateral line moderate, those on belly very Hinall,
becoming minute below ; scales posteriorly along lateral line much larger
than anteriorly. Dark brown above, pale below. L. 9 inches. GilabaHin.
PaHtoaem araomv, Gii.nRRT, MS., Salt River, Tempe, Arizona.
272. PANTOSTEUS OENEROSUS, (Girard).
(Mountain Suckkb.)
Body moderately elongate, the depth 5 to bl in length. Head short
and small, 4ji to 5 in length. Dorsal rays 9 (rarely 10); ventral rays 10
(rarely 9) ; scales 15-81-14. .Lower lip full, with 4 or 5 rows of tuber-
cles ; upper with 2. Isthmus very broad. Heiad with conspicuous mucous
tubes. Lower fins large. Light brown above, with dusky spots aud
clouds ; males with the chin and fins red, and a crimson lateral band. L. 8
inches. Great Basin of Utah ; very abundant in streams about Great Salt
Lake and southwest through the Sevier basin and the desert. (GentronvH,
generous.)
Cn/o«<omiM(;eiiero»tu>, GiRAUD, Pioc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., IS.Ifi, 174, Cottonwood Creek, Utah.
(Type, No. 250.)
Minomiis jarrovii. Cope, Proc. Am. Phll.Soc. Phila., 1874, 129-130, Provo River, Utah. (TyF.
No. 18008.)
PantniiteHS generomiii, Jordan & Gilhert; Synopsis, 12.1, 188.3.
Mhomiii pUilyrhyHchm, Covti, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1874, 134, Utah Lake at Provo.
(Ty|)e,No.l57C3.)
I'anloKleiu phUyrhynchM, .loRWAN & GltBERT, Synopsis, 124, 1883.
273. PANTOSTEUS PLEBEIVS, (Baird & Girard).
Head comparatively large, 4^ to 4| in length ; depth 4f ; eye 5 in head.
Ventrals reaching nearly to vent. Scales moderate, scarcely crowded
anteriorly, 80 in the lateral line, 25 to 30 in a cross series. Body rather
-1
%
I
foniiiu and Eiermann. — Fishes of North America. 171
stout. HiilifiiBiform. Dorsal inserted midway l>etwe<!n snout and upper
caiiilitl ijivh; vandal short, eiiiar^inato. Color dark brown, faintly
mot I It <1. Hides with orange in the males. L. 1 foot. Kasin of the Kio
(iritnde, Colorado toChihiialiua ; very common, (plvheiun, commonplace.)
r.i/...«("i/in ji/./viii/i, lUini) \ (iiKARii, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. IMiilii., 1K')4, 28, Rio Mimbres, a
tributary of Lake Guzman, Chihuahua. (T>|i(>, Nn. V'<H.)
(■,il,.,l..,„ni lihliriim, (iCNTllEn, ('lit., VII, l.'i, IHCi.S; r,iiilinl,ii^ pUhfiiiH, .loRIIAN, /. r., IHI, 1S7H;
.lollHAN V (iir.llKKT, S.VII(>Ilf 1h, 122, 1H8;!.
Pmihiilni' I'lirnrii, Ca)VK & Yaurow, l)Ut not Miiiotivu jdrroi'ii, C'oi'F..
274. PANTOSTEUS DELPHINU8, (Copo).
(nLUF.iiEADKit Sucker.)
Head rather "''.'^;t, 4,!|to 4f in length; npper lip broad and pendant;
lower lip very broad, more deeply incised thun in P. jordani, the lobes
poiiitt'd: tail very slender, the camlal long; mouth large, with very fnll
lips: licpth about 5 in length ; scales 16-96 to 105-14. D. 10. Colordnsky
liluiHli above, males with sides moreor less rosy, the snout and tins tuber-
cnlate. A curved yellowish streak extending from bolly behind, and
abov(< pectoral axil. L. 12 inches. Mountain streams tributary to the
Colorado River in Western Colorado and Wyoming ; very abundant.
(di'lpliiniix, dolphin.)
V:i';mii!i ililiiliiiiuH, Cope, Ilaydou's Gool. Snr. Wyoming for 1870, 4;W, l)t72, probably Hen/y
Fork of Green River, Wyoming.
.ViiiMi.iim Ifiinhii', Coi'K, /. c, 4;iG; locality not certain, but probably Henry Fork of Green
River, Wyoming.
p,iiihi'l<'ii rill SITUS, (Jiii'E, Whoelor Survey, ZoJil., 07.% 187ti, wrongly asiTiboil to Arkansas
River at Pueblo; .Fordan & Oilbeiit, Synopsis*, 124, 188;i. (Typo, No. I(i758.)
;'.iii/...(.ii«.?./;i/iiiiHS .loRiiAN, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1889, 19.
27ri. P.4XT0STEUS OUZMANIENSIS, (Giranl).
Head '>; depth 5. D. 9; A. 8. Scales 14-90-14. Body stout, little
conipro.ssed. Head nearly as broad as eye; eye sr U, about i snout;
moiitii small ; lips with considerable free margin. Dorsal inserted mid-
way Ixitwcon snout and caudal ; caudal deeply notched ; .anterior rays of
•loisal longest. (Garman, description of C. nihuUfernH.) Streams of
Coaliuila and Chihuahua, tributary to the Rio (irande. Possibly iden-
tical with r. pleheiuH, but the small scales and short head approach
nearer /'. dclphinus, which is in a diftereut river system.
/iilosioiiiii.'i (/i(.:iiii(iii>iisi«,* GiuARB, Proc. Ac. Nat. S<'i. Pliila., IS-W, 173; Rio Janos, a tribu-
tary of Lake Guzman, Chihuahua. (Type, No. 2<'i0.)
r.i/.i»/,„„iisHWiii/(/ini«, Garman, Bull. Mui). Conip. Zoiil.. viii, 89, 1881, Rio Nazas, Coahuila.
Oi/iin/iiiHii.s uihnli/er, Jordan &■ Giliiert, Synoiwis, 883, 1883.
27i». PANTOSTEUS .TORDAXI, Evormann.
Iliad li to 5^; depth 4^ to 5. Eye 4^ to 5 in head. D. 10 or 11 ; A. 7.
ScalcH Ifi-OO to 100-14, 48 before dorsal. Body rather stout; subterete;
iicad Kliort, conic; interorbital space broad, little convex ; snout long, 2 in
head; mouth large; lower lip broad, little incised, covered with moderate
♦Till' typo iif t^itoslomm gnzmiiuiengis is a I'diilngleiin. It liivs 100 sculfs in tlio lnti>ral lino, 48
soalis li.'lore dorsal, the fins bigb. Don^al rays 11; bend 6 in Icnprtb, pycs Hmn!!; an orange Jat-
>'rul liaiid. It is probably identical with C. nebuli/er, from the same fauual area.
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Bulletin -//, United States National Museum.
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tuberclon; upper lip broad, oxtoiKliii); well down on sides of nioiitli, itn
tiibercloH in {( or 4 rows; lower lip tbiii; more deeply iiiciHed tiiaii m /'.
gcnvroHHH, the lobes rounded; the cartiliiginouH Hheath well dcveloinil;
caudal peduncle stout; scales small, much crowded forward; dorsal sukiIi,
its liei);ht l\ in head, a little more than base of fin ; pectorals long, an Imi^'
as head, reaching halfway to vontruls ; ventrals short, not to vent ; ion-
tanelle a very narrow slit, or quite obliterated in old individual.s. :iir
bladder small, the posterior part very long and slender. Dark grecnisli,
finely speckled, males with an orange lateral band ; peritoneum very Muck
L. about a foot. Clear streams of upper Missouri and Columbia iivir
basins, IMack Hills, and northwestward. (Named for David Man
Jordan.)
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VanUtRleuii jnrdmii, KvRnMANN, Bull. U. S. Finli Com., 1S02 (Jan. 27, 1893^, 51, with pint,,
Whitewood Creek and other streams of the Black Hills, South Dakota; Red
Rock River, Red Rock, Montana, and numerous other localities. (Typo, Nu.'l.:'ji):i.i
CitloKloiimK iluHjiMm, Kvermann, Hull. U. S. Fbh (,'oiii., 18111 (18'Ji), 41, plute 18, llj?. 1.
I'ltiitimteuH rirencmn, JouDAN, Bull. 4, U. S. Nat. Muh., 1878, 780.
PiihIdhU'iih cnlniiihianiiii*, EiOENMANN & ElioR.SMANN, Amoriam NattiraliRt, Fehnmry 4, l(<'.i:i, l,',l,
Boise River, Caldwell, Idaho, (Tyiiua in ludiana University and British Mim: .)
CaloMomm<iucobuln», JouUAN ib CilLUKKT, Syuupsis, 125, 1883 ; uot of Cope.
877. PANTOSTEUS AR.EOPUS, (Jordan).
Fins moderate; dorsal higher than long, with 10, rarely 11, rays; ven-
tral rays 10. Scales small, crowded forward, 10 or 9-70-8. llody don-
gate, fusiform, subtorete, the greatest depth 4i to 4 J in length. I lend
small, conical, i^ in length. Mouth quite large, with full, thick lips,
the upper very wide and pendant, with about (5 rows of very stKin;;
papillte ; lower lip two-lobed, similarly papillose. Interorbital .'<|)ace
wide, convex; eye elevated, posterior, quite small. Color dark; wcales
with dark punctnlations. Kern River, California; Carson liivcr and
Reese River, Nevada, (dpatof, slender ; wrr//, aperture.)
CtUotlomm arieojtiiii, J()HD\s, 'BuW. U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1878, 173, Kern River, California.
(Typo, No. 31228.)
Catoalimina arwopm, JoiinAN & IlENsnAW, Ropt. Chief Engin., App. nn., 1878, 188; Jordan k (Gil-
bert, Synopsis, 127, 1883; Gilbert, Death Valluy Expedition, 228, 18!)3.
278. PANTOSTEUS CLARKI, (Baird & Girard).
Closely related to P. arwopus, with rescricted fontanelle and cartiln};!-
nous sheath to jaws, but with the sca'.es less crowded anteriorly, tliiro
being but 23 before dorsal. D. 11. Scales 70; fins all small. Kio Uila
and tributaries in Arizona. (Named for .John H. Clark, who iir.st col-
lected it.)
<kUotUymm clarki, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 27, Rio Santa Cruz,
Gila Bas'n, Arizona; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 130, 1-<S3. (Type, No. ICifi.)
♦Head 4§ to 4?. D. 11 or 12 ; A. 8. Scalr'S 16 to 10-80 to 1(M)-15. Eye 1^ to 2 in Rii.ni. 1! to
IJ in interorbital, 31 to 4 in head. All tlio fins pointod, tho caiida) lobes considoraMv liiii;.'i'r
than the head. Light brown with indistinct clondx of darker. Three s|H>oitncns, !)2 to 1< 'n-
in length. Boise River, Idaho, a tributary of the Columbia. Related to/', gcnernsus, tin' <',vu
lai -3r, the caudal longer. (Eigenmann.) (Named for the Columbia River.) An e.xaiuiiiiitiou
of numerous specimena from the Columbia basin shows this to be the young of P.jordani.
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of Nortli America. 173
92. CATOSTOMUS. L« Su«ur.
(FiNK-HCALKD SUCKKH8.)
(■,i(„./m, Ml', \,y. SfKVR, Jciiir. Ac. Niit. S<'l. Pliila., i, ISl", H!J, (cri^n/iimiiii).
U,il„,(l'lt"i'i, lUriNlusglK, Jdiir. Ac. Niit.Scl. I'lilIii.,lStN,4'.il, (mi(.)v.;i/('nim = Hi</rienn»).
fiiTOH^'H"". ItA»'iNf''*'i''Ki It'll. (»i.,. V.I, \><'1<), {iiii'(j<tKi(>iiiiiii, Imscd (III iin liii'orrtrt (Irawiog).
Ii,;iirliilii', Il.M'INSSyrr, Ii'll. Ull., t'ld, 18'JO, {liimliiiiii'main -- cn)itiiuriuiiii).
Iliil'ii:>i:"i, Aii.vsHiz, Am. Jour. Si'i. Art», iH55, '20,'j, (nigricani).
l/i.i""""-. <!inAiiii, Proc. Ac. Nnt.Scl. Plilla., 1850, 1711, (mm'i/iiiii).
|,,„„i-, lau.MU), /.c.,173, IwriC, (/<r(i/m(iiiii«).
Hi'iul iiioi'o or leNS elongate ; eye rather sinall, high up : Huhorbital bonea
iiiuiow. foiitiuiollo always present, widely open. Mouth rather large,
ulwiivH inferior, upper lip thick, protractile, papillose; lower lip greatly
(Icvcloi'til, with a broad free margin, usually deeply incised behind, so
tliiit ii i'oiiiiH 2 lobes which are often more or less separated. Mandible
linii/iiiital, short, not ^ the length of the head and not reaching to oppo-
site till- i\vo. Opercles moderate. Pharyngeal bones moderate ; the teeth
shortish, vertically compressed, rapidly diminishing in size upward.
Hmlv cliiiigate, more or less fusiform, subterete. Scales comparatively
(tmail, tvpioally much smaller and crowded anteriorly, the number in the
liitcnil liiif from 50 to 115, the number in a transverse series between
(huNiii mill ventials from 15 to 40. Lateral line well developed, straightish.
Doisal with its first ray nearly midway of the body, with from 9 to 14
,lcv('i(i|ii'il rays. Anal fin short and high, with 7 developed rays; veutrals
iimt'ttiMl under the middle or posterior part of the dorsal, with 9 or 10
rays; cainlal fin forked, the lobes nearly equal. Sexual peculiarities not
miieh mil iked ; the fins higher in the male and the anal somewhat swollen
ami tiiliorculate in the spring. Breeding males in most species with a
rosy or orange lateral band. Air bladder with 2 chambers, the poste-
rior chamber large. Vertebrae 45 to 47. Species very numerous, all
licioni,nni; to the United States, except the Siberian C. rostratus Tilesins.
Many of tiie western species are imperfectly known, and the following
key is far from complete, (/cdrw, inferior; aTo/ia, mouth.)
I. II>':i<l ii':in:<vi'rscly cuuvcx iibovu, thu orbitiil rim not eluvatod; scales iu lateral liuo GO or
('ATi'>i'iM rs ■.
h. Si aliH via-y Binall, much roduced and crowded anteriorly, the number in the lateral
lino 80 toll,"),
c. rppi^r lip very broad, with sovoriil (5 or 0) rows of papillnc.
i(. Dorsal fin of 11 to 13 rays, very high, especially in the male, the free edge of
dorsal deeply incised; caudal very strong; the rudimentary rays at its base
largely developed in the adult, the caudal peduncle slender; tlie-so charac-
ters all most strongly marked iu adult males; lips very full.
LATIPINNIS, 279.
(III. Dorsal fln of 10 to 12 raj-s, moderately developed; caudal fin moderate, its
rudimentary rays few, the peduncle rather stout; lips full; lower lip split
to base. orisevs, 280.
cc. Upper lip .ick but narrow, with 3 rowo of papilln;. D. or 10. pocatei.lo, 281.
ctv. Upper lip comparatively thin and narrow with 2 to 4 rows of papillae; dorsal rays
10 or 11.
e. Scales in lateral line 95 to 115; body slender, the head long-conical; mouth
narrow, lower lip wplit to hose, but the lubes short. catostomus, 282.
ee. Scales in lateral lino 83 to 87; body and head stouter. taiioensis, 283.
cee. Scales in lateral line 80; lowoi jaw strong. hex, 284.
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UKOAcrrLCH, (()««a, iHii; iaxTvAot, too, i. .., viMitnil riijfd);
\th. t!<<'»l<iH Kiiiiill, but liirKur timii 111 tkit iirttcuiliiiK i;i'uii|>i tlx' iiumbur in tlii) lati'iul Inn
Wi to 7r.,
/. tk'iili'N ill lutcrnl lliiu 70 tu V^\ lo\vi>r lip bi'uu<l.
(/. Diirxiil (III iiiDilrriilc, of II to i:i ra.VN.
h. Diii'N'il till nliot'l, hiKliur tiiiiit Ioiik; Iii'UiI riitliur bliintUli, KY^ In l«ii|.'tli.
LAUIATI'i<, 'JM
Mi. UorMul till Ii>iiK<'r tliitii IiIkIi.
I. Svuli'H bi't'oru ilurxal about 4n; licinl coiilfiil, miiull, 4' |^ in IciikiIi.
OCt'lllKNTAI.IH, iVi,
II. 8('(il(>H Iwforu (lurMkl :tl; liuud larK<'r, 4'/, in IciiKtli.
IlKBNAItniM, 'JtiT.
ijij. Doi'Hili llii long, of uliout 15 riiyx, liuiul liirgi', tin* lii>N vory full.
MAL'UUCIIKII.I S, 'JSK.
Jf. Si'itli'H in liiluntl liiii' fiH to 70; lipK willi iilxint 4 rowH iit'inipillif.
J. "NoHii" llttlii (luvclopcd, not jiidjiTtirit; iniicli beyond tiiu inudoriitc iiiuiiili;
niiiiiilible uviirly liori/.oiitiii.
k. Dui'nikl iiioclcrutu, Hciircuiy liiglicr tliitn Ioiik, its Imwi \\!^ to IJ in Ik'uiI;
tlii< ruyH U tu 13,
/, Muudlblu :t),j to a?,^ In bond; iippor lip narrow, witb iimially but :i t" ,'i
ruwrt of papilbr, tlic nniiilxir grealt-r in woHti'rn HjitrlnitsiiH (viir.
oHcWit); HCttloB 10-04 tu OH-0, crowdod iintorlorly.
C0MMKU80MI, ■JKII,
//. Maudibit' 11 to :i';'| in bi'ad; uppor lip broader, wItb 4 to luws di
liapilbi'; Bralcrt !)-till to 71-0, crowded anturiuriy. aiii>kn>, ',;itii.
**. Doi-sal Hliort, diKtiintly biK'bor tlian long, ItH baau IJ., In head, ItH ray,- 11 i»r
12; iipjier lip witli 4 to (i rowriuf papillic.
III. Svali'HHiiiallaudcrowdiMl anteriorly, .VJ in latoral linu; foiituiieile luryc
mi. A, 'J'li.
mm. Scaleii larger, littlo erowdcd antorlorly, about GO In thu btteriil lini',
each with a dark upot ut bane; foutunello giuall.
INSIIJNIS, 2!»i
jj, " NoBu " Inrgoly devoloped, sU'iidor and projvetiug at an anglu boyinul the
proHle, its length '2'/) In head; luuiith nmall, inforior, thu lips BiiKiotliiiili;
U. 11 or 12; Hcales 04. (Approiichus C/msiiiu/iu) ieul'Mii s, :i'j:).
Uyi'KNTKMIIH, (iiiro, bolow; -aivnt, llvo; labium, lip, "lower llii flvo-lobed");
(1(1. Iload broad, dopressod, and troiisverwly coiicavo between orbitH; scales nearly eiiniil over
the body, not crowded anteriorly 48 tu TiG iu thu latural linu; lips vary thick; lower
fliiH largo.
«. Head large, 4 to 43^ in length; iutororbital space concave. niouicann, liW.
tin. Uuad very small, iu leugth; iuterorbitul space Uattish. uuoTiiuicii>,'.iU5.
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Subgenus CATOSTOMUS.
£7tf. CATOSTOMUS LATIPINMS, Baird & Oirard.
(Flannel-mouthed Suckeii.)
Depth 5i in the length. Head moderate, 4| in length, rather sleiider,
with proiniueut snout and rather contracted, inferior niuuth ; outline of
the mouth triangular, the apex forward ; lips very thick, greatly de-
veloped ; lower lip incised to the base ; its posterior margin extending
backward to opposite the eye; tubercles on lower lip smaller beiiiud;
jaws with a slight cartilaginous pellicle. Eye small, high up; tiieheiul
flattish above. Scales long and low; posteriorly rounded, their hori/outai
diameter greater than the vertical, 17-98 to 105-17. Body slender and
elongate; the caudal peduncle long and slender. Fins exceuHively
Jordan and Evennann. — Fishes of North America. 175
ilvvi-l<)|>i'il< uHpeciully inthuuhl iiialvH; tho fr»o border of the tlurHultluepIy
iiiciM'd. lIuJKlit of oac\\ of tho 3 vortical tiiiH in tho iiialoH groator thau
titt) It'ti^'tii of tlio hoiul. Dorsal iiHiinlly 11, Hoiiiotiiiies 12 or 13, iuHvrtod
nt'iun Kiioiit than biwe of uaiulal. Caudal very strong, the rudimentary
iuv!4 at itH huso unusually developed; least depth of tail less than i^ the
licail in iiiiih's, stouter in females. Dark olive, abruptly paler below;
HJili's anil tins largely orange in both sexes, the anal and lower lobe of
uiiiiiliil iiiborculate in males. Herbivorous. L. 2 feet. Rio Colorado and
Kio (;il:iiiMd their tributaries, very abundant, ascending the rivers in
ttpriii},'' Variable. (/ufuM, broad ; 7>tH»a, fin.)
r,ii..^i,',iiii- l.iiiiiitiiiis, lUiitDitUiiiAKD, I'roc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Pliila.,18S:i, 3X8, Rio San Pedro, Gila
Basin; (.('ntiikb, Oat., vii, U, 18<i8; Joudan, I. c, 178, 1878; Jobkan Ac Uiliikht, Syimimin,
lis l!"*:i. (Typ<',Nn.2(>i'78.)
CiiMnmiii ih^oUliit, Cope. llayUou'H Oeol. Surv. Wyo., 4:J6, 1870, (youug), Green River,
Wyoming. /
«S0.^CATOHTONUH aRlSKVS, (airar<l).
Hotly long and slender, subterete, compresoed behind, the form esaen-
tiaily tiiatof C. vuto»tomu8, the depth contaiueil 5^ times in the length.
Head lar^^e, 4 in length of body ; the interorbital space broad and flat, 2i
in longtli (it'head. Scales 16-(K) to 110-11. Eye small, high up, and rather
IKiHtcrior. Mouth largo, about as in C. latipinntH, the ui^per lip pendant,
very iarfjo, with 5 to 8 series of tubercles; lower lip incised to base,
lubes loii^; sheath pretty well developed. Dorsal fin not elongated, nor
t'specially elevated, its rays 10 to 12, usually 11, the beginning of the dorsal
rather nearer base v'' caudal than snout, much nearer in type of C.
nirupiuiiix. Caudal fin long and strongly forked ; anal fin long and
high, reaching base of caudal; ventrals not reaching vent. Caudal
Iiediiiicio Htout and deep, its least depth more than i length of head; its
length about I that of head. Scales quite small, about as in C. catoatomuti,
the uxponed portion not notably lengthened. Coloration dusky brown,
HunietinieH v. ith a dusky lateral band, sometimes irregularly mottled or
burred. Snout quite dark. Size large. Platte River and upper Missouri
regiunH, very similar to C. catoatomita, and perhaps not separated from it,
apparently differing chiefly in the larger mouth and broader upper lip.
SpeciineuH from Gardiner River (Yellowstone Park) have larger scales, 88
to 'JO, representing a possible var, lactariua. {griacm, gray.)
Acomm jrimwi, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1850, 174, Swreetwater Fork of Platte
River; (K'ntiikr, Cat., vii, 14, 1868. (Tyi)c,No.202')7.)
f (Mioti.mim hilariui, GiRAKD, Proc. Ac. Nut Sci. Pliila., 180G, 174, Milk River, Montana; may
lie C. niloxliimut.
t'aloilumm nlropiimiii,* Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns., xii, 178, 1878, Milk River, Montana;
may possibly be a distinct species, distinguishod by the fullur lips and more backward dorsal;
it is i)robably an aduU grisetts, (Type, No. 21197.)
aSl.'^CATOSTOMUS POCATELLO, Gilbert * Evermann.
Head 4; depth 5 to 5^; eye ii to 5 (about 4 in young); snout 2i to 2}
(2i in young); interorbital width 2}. D. 10 (rarely 9); A. 7. Scales
*Tlio typo (if C. retropinnis lias very much larger lips than in any other specimens we Lave
(xtmiDod, Hiid the scales are smaller. It may be a good species.
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ulxMit W\ (SM) to lOK ill HuxuiiiplimooiiiiUMl), vory iiiiiuli rudiicoil in NJ/tt uii,|
cr(>\v<lr«l iiiitoriorly, nliotit M Itufuru thu (IoihiiI. Luturul linu iiii|ii-rrei't,
ot'ttMl lltl<luVt)lo|MMl for IkH lllllllil UH ^ I tH lull){til.
lto«ly iiiodniitoly hIuiiiIoi'; lit-ud lu'iivy ; Niioiit not vury pointol; i'\c
ratliur larf^i*, IiIkI' np, niiddlu of jnipil u littlo nuuior poHtvrior iiIki; of
oput'«'l«« tlmii tipofNiioiit. Uppor lip tliick and narrow, lint not pi iiilinii,
3 rowH of papiliii' ; lowur lip inclNod to ItaMf, tlio t>vo lobuM Hlm.t ami
roiindud, with altoiit (i roWH of Htron^ papillii'. CartilaginouH hIk ;ii||„|
jawM not much d(!V(>h)p(;d. ()ri)j;in of doiHul about niidway hutwven tipul'
Hiioiit an«l haH*M»f niiddio caudal layH ; frruatttrtt liuight of doimil liu I)
in IkumI, itH fru«MMl)i;oHti'aiKl>t. Anal lln pointoil.itN ht^i^ht unuaily ;;i inter
than that of doiHal, roauhiug haHu of caudal, H in head; puctorain alumt
»i|ual to anal in luiif^th; vuntialH tthortcr, 1{ in head. Leant tlipiliuf
caudal peduncle 2{ to :t in head. Peritoneum pale, with dark piiiiiliila-
tioiiH. Air blodder laifje. Tlii.s species in related to C. yrimiis ((iiranli,
from which it may bediHtinguiHhed by itH heavier head, larger eye, ratlur
narr<»wer mouth, Hhorter l(»beH of lower lip, and tiie Ichh developiiunt hI
the cartilaginous sheaths of the Jaws. L. H inches. Snaku Kivei liaoin;
the types from near Pocatello, Idaho.
{•iitimtomim jiiiniliMo, (ilLBRIIT X KvK.llMANN, IJilll. V. 8. VMi Colli., 18U-J, iri'.t, with plal., Roi^i
Fork of Snake River, near Pocatello, Idaho. (Ty|i<', Nu i'l'Mb.)
882. CATOSTO-nrS CATOSTO.nilH, (Forstor).
(LoMi-.NOMKii SiTKiiii; NoKTiiKHN SrcKKii; Ukii .Sickkh.)
Body elongate, subtereto, the depth li to 4J in length. nd i|iiite
long aud slender, ii to 4| in length, depressed and tlattenei] >, lnoail
at base, but tapering into u long snout, which considerably ovorhaii;;^ tlie
largo mouth. Lips thick, coarsely tuborculate, the upper lip niirmw,
with 2 or 3, rarely 4, rowsof tubei;cles; lower lip deeply incised, tlir lobes
shorter than in C. ffrheHu, and the mouth narrower. Lower Jaw with a
slight cartilaginous sheath. Eye rather small, behind the middle of tlir
)")ad. Scales very small, much crowded forward, 95 to Hi in the lateral
lino, and about 29 (26 to 31) in a crossrow from dorsal to ventrals. Dorail
rays 10 to 11. Males in spring with the head and anal fin profusely tuher-
culate, the tubercles on the head small ; the sides at that season with a
broad rosy baud. Size large. L. 2H'oet. Great Lakes, upper Missuiiii
River, upper Columbia, and northwestward to Alaska; very abuiiilaut
northward, but not coming south of lat. 40°. The most widely distributed
species, (/carw, below; aro/ua, mouth.)
Cyprinns catostomiif, FoRSTER, Fliil. Trans., 1773, IS.*), Streams about Hudson Bay.
Calontomniilongiroslrum, and hudtomiiK, after ToretoTtliK Svr.vn, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. IMiilii , 1S17,
102, 107, Vermont.
Oatoitoimu fitnteriiinut, Kiciiardhon, Franklin's .Tourniil, 1823, 720, Lake Huron; Great Slave
Lake.
CatoMomm atirura, AoASSiz, Lake SuiM)rior, 3G0, 1K5U, Lake Superior.
auosiomtu hudsoHiui, GOntiiku, Cat., vii, 13,18(58; Jorhan, I. <•., 170,1878.
Cbto<<oniiM longiroitrU, Jordan & Oiliif.ut, Synopsis, 120, 188;).
Jordan tin J /'nermann. — Fis/trs of North America. 177
Hi/,,./. ' I, iii,im,i/;"«,' M*TiirH, Twrlfth H<>|it, N. V. KIbIi Cum,, Miir«r> A'llruiiilttck Itogtou,
1^-1 ' . Big Moot* Lake, northarn N«w York. (Ty|>o, No. :i3ul7.)
ItHS. t'ATOSTUHCH TAIIOENHIH, Ulll .t Jnrdnn.
(TAiinr. Ni'CRKK.)
Hittliir Mtoiit<>r thnn C. ealo»tomH», the dopth 4^ to 5 in loiiKtIi. Hna<l
vorv liHu'i' niiil lon){ iicniiiinatv, the iiuixzlo iiuarly i Hn l«)iiKtt>, ovorhuiiK-
iii^ till- MtluT liir^o mouth. LipH moderate, the nppor puiiduiit, wUli
ikliiiut i! KiNVN of Hmall pupillii>; tlio low»r rather full, Himilurly pnpilloae.
Kvn nciiily III 'dian, rnthor (•mull, H} in hoad. HoaleH Huiall uiid crowded
furwitnl, cloHoiy imhrioiitod, H'> to 00 in the oourHO of the lateral lino,
1111(1 alxiiit 'JH ill a croHH HorioH from doi-Mal to ventralH. Dorsal short, but
ioii);i>r tli.in liiKh, its rays 10. Coloration very dark ; Huh dusky; scales
evvrywiicro tinvly punctate. lirvediiiK males profusely tiiborcnlate. Hixe
'vco. I'lil^u Talioo, very abundant. We have specimens also from Hum-
boldt UiviT, at Wiunemucca, Nevada.
iWn<f„,MiM i.ih.'iiii'iM, JoHDAN, (. r.,17.'l, 187H, Lake Tahoe, Calirornia (Ty|M-, No. 51220) ; Joroan
i IIcNiiiiAW, lte|>t.Clil«f Eugiii.,a|i|). nn, 187H, IMS ; Johuan 4c Uilueht, 8>uo|>ilit, 127, 1S83.
844. CATOSTOMl'S RKX, R. S. Eigonmanii.
Hond t : depth 4. D. 11 ; A. 6. Scales 13-80-8, 35 before dorsal.
lieiid l>iii,'t<l, tlattif'h, the cheeks very long. Mouth small; lower jaw
tttroii^;, tliu proinaxillaries forming a hump on the snout; 2 rows of
impillii' 1)11 upper lip; eye 8 in head, little behind the middle; snout 2i
iu head. iScalcs peculiar, covered with skin n t base. Vontrals not reach-
ing' iialfway to vent. Dorsal as high as l^ag, its last rays almost as
ion;,' at) tin' liiHt ; pectorals reaching halfway to veutrals. Caudal peduncle
luuK, ter(>tt>. Lateral line interrupted behind. Teeth moderate. Black-
ish a))()V(t, palor below ; scales of belly dark-dotted ; Ans dark. Length of
type 32 inches. Lost River, Tu!e Lake, Oregon. (Uigenmauu.) (rex,
kinn.)
Ottniiomm r.r, Ro8A SMITH EtOENMANN, American Naturalist, July, 1801, CC7, Loat River,
Oregon.
SubgenuB DECACTYLUS, Raflnesque.
286. CATOSTOMl'8 LABIATVS, Ayrci.
Head H in length, rather bluntish ; mouth moderate, the labial papillie
iarf,'uly developed; the upper lip full, with about 5 rows of large but
ratlier Hparuu papillie. Scales 12-74-10. Dorsal tin short, higher than
luug, of altuut 11 rays. Color dark above ; sides clouded with black and
yellow. Klamath Lake, Oregon; only one specimen yet known, (la-
H(i(m«i, large-lipped.)
(Attuitonnu hiin.iiiis, Atees, Proc. Cat. Ac. Sci., 1856, 32, Klamath Lake, Oregon ; Jobdan, /. c,
173; JoiiDAN & GiLDERT, Synopsig, 128,1883.
♦Thua (leeeril)eil liy Mr. Mather: " Brown; male with a red lateral band In the breiMlinn 8ea8on;
hcail slender, lliittcned alwva, the snout shorter than In C. calnttomim; Iljw thick, the lower with
3 or 4 rowB (if tulicrcleg ; oye large, 4 In head, \% in snout. Scalt-i BmalU-r anteriorly, but littlo
crowdocl; iliirsul liiglu'r than long; {wctoralt* reaching front of doraal; head 4; depth 6. D. I, 10.
A. 7. V. 9. Si alLH 14-99-11; L. (spawning Biieclmcn8)4'4 niches. Big Moose Lake, Adirondack
region. Appiiitiitly a dwarfed brook variety of V. ctUottomM, but inliabiting the same region
•ml Bpawniiig iit a much snialler aite."
V. N. A.
-13
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Bulletin 47, United Sta^:» National Museum.
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28«. CAT08TU3IU8 OCCIDENTALIM, AyroH.
(Saokamknto Suckp.r.)
Body rather slender, little elevated. Month compuiutivoly -,i,.,ii,
smaller than in C. commeraonii *he upper lip with 5 or 6 rows of NinaliiHL
papillu) ; lips rather thin. Head quite small, rounded above, 4^ iu Icn^rth,
the profile steeper than iu C. commeraonii; the snout more ]>ointi'(l, the
two sides of the head more convergent forward. Eye small. Doisultiu
longer than high, its rays 12 to 14; caudal well forkecl, the upper lobe tliv
longer. Scale 13-75-10, 40 before dorsal. Dark above, gradually pu'er
below. Streams of California ; abundant in the Sacramento aud Sau
Joaquin rivers, {occidentalia, western.)
Cafottomwi oeoidenlulu, Ayhes, Froc. Cal. Ac. Sci.,1854, 18, San Francisco ; Aoarsiz, Aiii.Jnur
gci. Arts, 1855, 200, San Francisco ; Jobdan, i. c, 172,1878; GCntiikb, Cat., vii, 17, box,
JoBDAM & Gilbert, Synopsis, 128, 1883.
287. CA108T0MUS BERNABDINI, Glrard.
Closely allied to C occidentalia, but with the head less conic and the
lower fins larger. Scales much crowded forward, 31 before dorsal, 75'm
lateral line ; fontanelle large ; lips broad, without nheath, formed as iu
C. occidentalia, the lower deeply incised ; fins high, the dorsal longer than
high, with 12 rays ; caudal lobes equal ; head 4^^ in length. San liernar-
dino Creek, a tributary of Rio Yaqui, on the boundary of Arizuuu aud
Sonora.
Catostotnus bernardini, Girard, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 176, San Bernardino Creek;
Jordan & Gilbkbt, Synopsis, 128, 1883; Jordan, Cat, 18, 1886. (Typo, Mo. 174.)
888. CATOSTOMUS MACB0CHEILU8, Girard.
(Columbia Kiver Sucker.)
Head 4 in length, depth 5. Scales 12-72 to 75-10, 40 before dorsal. Bodv
heavy forward ; snout blunt, i.iuch overlapping the horizontal mouth;
mouth quite large, with very large lips, the upper full and pendant, with
6 to 8 rows of moderate papilla>. Head large, 4i in length, rather narrow,
quadrangular, the snout projecting. Eye large, 6 in head. Dorsal fin
much longer than high, its rays abpnt 13; pectorals long and narrow;
caudal well forked. Coloration rather dark; a dusky lateral stripe ; below
abruptly pale. Columbia River r i far as Flathead Lake, Montana ; uot
rare,, (/ua/c^wf, large ; ;j;etAof, lip.)
Oaiotiomw macrocAeiliw, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 176, Astoria, Oregon : ,IoBt>AN,
I. c, 171,1878; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 128,1883; Evebuann, Bull. U.S. Fish Com.,
1891, (1892), 40, plato 18, flg. 2. (Type. No. 240.)
SSO.'^ATOSTOMUS COMMEBSOMII, (Lacepfede).
(Common Sucker; White Sucker; Brook Sucker; Fine-scaled Sucker.)
Body moderately stout, varying with age, snbterete, heavy at the
shoulders, the depth 4 to 41 iu length. Head rather large and stout,
conical, flattish above, its length 4 to 4^ ^n body (3^ to 4i in young). Snout
moderately prominent, scarcely overpassing the mouth. Mouth rather
large ; the lips strongly papillose, the upper moderate, with 2 oi 3 luws
p-.----
lor Jan and F.vertnann. — Fishes of North Anierica. 179
of iiiiiiilli'' J 1 to 6 in specimens from eastern Colorado, (var. Hucklii),
Hciih'^ r row lied anteriorly, much larger on the sides than below ; scales
l(Mil I . 70-i>. Coloration olivaceous ; males in sprin<? with a faint rosy
litL'i;iI land ; youpg brownish, more or less mottled, often with conduent
liliicki-!i lateral blotches or a lateral band. Lateral line imperfect in the
veiv \i>inig. D. usually 12. L. 18 inches. Streams and ponds froiti
Out'lx' !iu*'- the Great Lakes to Montana, Colorado, and southward to
Missoiii: and Georgia; the commonest of the suckers, excessively abund-
ant troui Massachusetts west to Kansas. Variable; western specimens
(xiuU'i t liiivi' hroader lii>s and approach ('. Ardeim. (To Philebert Com-
iiurson. an able early French natnralit^ and traveler, whose collections
were (slmlied by Laci^pode.)
0,j)nii"« '"""'"onii,* LACfipSuE, Hist. Nnt. Poiss., v, 502, 180'i, locality unknown.
Oiimni"!' '■■■', MiTciiiM-, TiauB. Lit. and I'hil. Sor. N. Y. 1815, 458, New York.
r.ilnfttimn^ !■ "'f, (K'NTIIEn, Cut., VII, 15, 1808 ; Joiidan, /. c, ItiO, 1878.
i\ii,iftiiiiiin<.n.Mi»h, Delaware River, ond bustoiieHtin, Boston, Le Suedk, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila , I, 1H17, 95, 100, etc.
CiMoiiiii^ '""inierHOHii, JonDAN & Gii.BF.nT, Synopsis, 129, 188;J.
(',iMi>i)ii'«/'' '•""»"'', Kafinesque, loh. Oh., 59, 1820, Ohio River.
t'.ii.iilomiii r'tinihilim, lliciiAltDSON, Fiiuiia Bor. Am : Fislics, 303, ISIiil, Albany River, (SculeBTO
to 77).
i\,l„sliniiit^ ili'irilif, KiRTLAND, Kept. Zoiil. Oliio, KiS, 1838, Cleveland, Ohio, etc.
('aMiimiifi'illiiliifi, De Kay, New York Fimiiii: Fislies, 200, 18 12, New York.
(W„<(.)wi(«sii./,7ii, GiRARD, Proc. Ai'. Niit. Sci. Pliila., 1850, 175, Milk River, Montana.
Otl(.(lomHii cliliiropterou, Adhott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1800,473, Kansas.
OiMimiisdlliroUif, CopE & YAUROw,\Vhoeler Survey, Zool.,v, ()77, 187G, Twin Lakes, Colorado.
(Tyii.', Nns. 15777 anil 12915.)
iloiuilniim in^iijimlum, CoPE, /. c.,679, 1870, Arkansas River, Pueblo, Colorado.
ratutliimit' uliimiiiii,f Matiier, Twelfth Report N. Y. Fi.sh, Coin., Survey of AiliroiiilackK, 18»4,
30, iiilwitrf form from Blue Mountain Lakes, New York. (Tyi>o, No. 33918.)
200. CATOST0MU8 AUDENS, Jordan & Gilbert.
(Mi'LLET OF Utah Lake.)
Head Si; depth ih D. 12 or 13, A. 7. Scales 12-70 to 72-12. Body
rather elongate, little compressed, the back broad. Head broad, conical.
Mouth entirely inferior, the mandible nearly horizontal; upper lip very
•The C!)i)yiim.i commersonii of Lacepide is it Bucker and prol)ably this Bjiecies rather than C.
c'iMomm. The description is, h)wever, very imperfect and tlio typcKiid to have been observed
by Caiiiinorson iu the East Indies; u statement apimroutly derived from a confusion of niaiiu-
»iTi|it9 Rucl tiperimens of Commerson with those of Bosc, who collected at Charl'jston. Lace|)ede
was indebted to Bosc for the next species ho mentions, Q/priuiis mcelta. Lac<^pi!de'8 description
Is as follows: "Onzo rayona ii la dorsale; sept A la nageoire do I'anus; neuf a chaque vontrale;
huit a iiPiif H'diaque pectorale; la nageoiro du dos et celle do Tanus qiuidrilateres; Paiuilo
eiroite; I'lui^ht do I'tixtreuiitu de cotto derniero uagcoiro tresalgii; laca\idahteu ci'oirisunt; la
lijine iateraiu droito; la inachoire supe'rieure, un peu plus avancee que cello d'cn bus; Im OcailleB
arnindicB et trus petites. Le Commersouulen dont nous publious Ics premiers la description,
etqiio lo e-iviiut Commerson a observe, preEunto un double oriflce pour chaque narine; sa tcto
wt Jpnoueo ill' pi'titesecailles; scs ventralea et scs pectorales sout arrondics tl lour extremite; la
dorsale e'eline vers lo milieu de la longueur totale du poissou."
fThe email ".Tune sucker" of the Adirondacks thus described by Mather : "Olivaceous, white
Mow; males without rod in the breeding season; body slender; head not small, flattened
above; Biiout little prominent; upper lip with 2 rows of papilla}; eye 4 in head, 2 in snout;
dorealaslongas high; pectorals .learly reaching front of dorsal; head 4. D. I, 11 ; A. 6 ; V. 9.
Stales 9-6 7-8; length of cdult4J/^ inches. Blue Mountain Lakes, Adirondack region. This
Biuall flsli I was at first disposed to consider as a dwarfed mountain form of C. teres, but the fact
lliat the latter tish is found in waters inhabi ed by this species, and while it grows to a length
iif Vi or indre inches there, this little sucker barely reaches 5. Added to this the fact that
till' larger species had flnislied spawning in the inlets in May, while this fish was found in
maxi in tlin swift mountain streamn which tumble rapidly over rocks iu the latter part of
•une, depositing their eggs, thereby showing that they are adult fish."
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
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widu, full, pendaut, with 4 to 8 ruwH of coarse, iiru^ular papilla', lower
lip very broad, coarHely papillose, cut to the base by a sharp iiiri^iun.
Eye autall, 7 iu bead, 3^ in interorbital width ; snout 2i in head. I)ur.sal
fin long and low, its anterior rays \ longer than the last rays; pctorals
and vent rals short; caudal short; anal long. Pharyngeal bones utliei
weak, with smallish teeth. Ulackish above; males with the sides lusy;
fins dark. L. 18 inches. Close to C. commemonii, diirering chielly in tin
rather larger mouth and lips. Lakes and^ccams of great basin oT I'tali,
swarming in myriads in Utah Laj^/?.-" Also abundant in upper waters of
Snake Kiver in Idaho. Iu„7^,'?ait Lake, iu the Yellowstone PaiL, it i»
infested by a verv Ijy^ar'parasitic worm (Ligula catoHtoiiii, Linton), liirj;ei
than its own j'/scvuia. (ardcuH, burning, from the red sha do aja^<rtT>' male.
C'((/<«*yn>*>.- .M .lin«, Jordan & Oiliikht, Vtw. U. S. Nut. Miis., 18i;(), 4(<l^flMK> Lake, Pro vo; .Im,-
^lAN & GiLiiEUT, SyuopsiM, 12«; Joiidan, Hull. r. S^|M^'v,uui., 18.S'.), C5, 77, itc; Linton,
Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1889, CO.
(Tyi'o, N;
Head 4i; d^pTlC 4^'. D. 11 or 12. Scales 11-58 to 60-10. Close tu(.
ardenn^ ?nvy tbe nape lower, the tail shorter. Dorsal shorter and lii^'bei,
/tA longest ray nearly twice the last, and longer than base of liii ; fm
margin incised. Snout 2i in bead; eye small ; lips large, the upper with
4 rows of papilhe, the lower split nearly to base. li. 14 iuche.s. Dark
brown, scales darker at base. Rio Uila.
CatostomtiH gUa, Kiuscii, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8., 1888, 55.% Rio Gila, Fort Thomas, Arizona.
292. CA'iOSTOMUS INSIONIS, Bair.l & Girard.
Body rather elongate, subterete, heavy at the shoulders, taperinj^ iiack
ward, the depth about 5 iu length. Head moderate, about 4i in U'liglh.
Fontauelle rather small ; mouth comparatively small; lips moderate, tlw
upper narrow, with several rows of large tubercles; no sheaths on Jawn.
Scales subequal, about 56 iu the lateral line, 19 in a cross series, 27 befoie
dorsal; scales on back largo, those on belly small. A series of dusky spots
along each row of scales; the spots often obscure. D. 11. Very close to
C. commersonii, the scales less crowded, the upper lip broader, the color
somewhat different. Gila basin ; not rare. (JHsjVjiJits, notable.)
Caloslomtis iiidiV/'''*. Baird & Gikakd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sui. Phila., 1854, 28, Rio San Pedro.
Arizona ; Cope & Yabrow, Wheeler Survey, ZoiJl., v, C7C, 187U; Jobuan, /. c, l(i.),ls7!<;
JOBBAN & GiLBEBT, Syuoiisis, 130, 1883. (TyiHJ, No. IC'J.)
293. CATOSTOMUS FEt'UNDUS, Copo & Yarrow.
(Webuo Suckeb.)
Head 4 ; depth H. D. 11 or 12 ; A. 7 ; V. 9. Scales 8-64-8. Hodv mod
erately stout, little compressed, the tail slender. Head subcoiiic, tlie
profile decurved from the nape to the base of the premaxillary .spiiieo,
which abruptly i)rotrude, forming a distinct "nose," as in Cha-<miiiU''
liorus; premaxillarieB in front scarcely below the preorbital. Mandiblf
large, oblique, placed at an angle of 30° when the mouth is closed, its.
length 2f in head. Upper lip full, pendant, smoothish, with about 1 rows
ofpapi!'
■( ■
about t'
11
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it
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JKiiie tliiek.
Upper lip vc
lia.s upward <
oped, strong!
('iiIokIdiiikh ])i
Pectoral (ins
luster; belly
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dull red, wit
Nidc8 spotted
and Kansas,
streams, whi(
waters; less
(nigricans, bit
'■■ci/ris/riiiiiK iil'iricir
Cut., VII, 17,
%/"W;/V")i iii'jricai
Cilnfilmiim iiinciilm
Ihifitiii'liiiiii iiiacrn
'''il'itlmiii.* ynothop
^'■itliSidmllll »/;/)(0<l(i
Rome, Ga.;
Oihilmidm >iirijiifito
hero if.'invwl
Head :") ; de
dorsal. Allie
is lesB depresG
J'rJan and Ever maun. — Fishes of North America, 181
of papi!' ' : lower lip moderate, divided by a broad notch, each lobe with
about I' I'lws of papilla). Eye a little behind middle of head. Dorsal
slioitci .ml higher than in C. artlena. First ray of dorsal twice height of
the liisi . its length greater than that of the base of the fin; caudal forked,
the lower lobo longest; pectorals long; anal high. Dusky above, pale
lielow. L. a foot. Utah lake, rather scarce, and ) ot yet seen elsewhere.
■fl,i^ sp. ( ios resembles Chasiimtea liorus, (fecutuhia, fertile, in allusion to
its Hiiiip'is«Ml abundance, but the "fecund" species which has made Utah
Lako till- "jjtreatest sucker pond in the world" is really C. urdena.)
(•,./..»/'«"'- 'riiuiliis, f'ni'F. A YAnnow, Zoiil. Wlieclor Survey, v, 078, 187(', Utah Lake ; .ToiinAN
,t Ciiiri;!, Proi'. T.S. Nut. Mus., 1880, 46.3; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopgis, 1'2B,188;{ ; Jordan,
liiill. 1 .". FiHh Com., 1889, 31. (Typo, No. 16930.)
Subgenus HYPENTELIUM, Hafincsqup.
aOI-'^CATOSTOMlTS NIflRICANS, Le Sueur.
(Hid Sikfr; Stonr Roller; Toter; Ckawl-a -bottom; Hammer Head; Stonb LrooRR;
llod Molly.)
1). 10 (If U ; V. 9. Lat. line 48 to 5.5, 12 to 15 scales in a cross series.
Depli li to 5 in length; head 4 to 4J. Eye rather small, 4i to 5 in head.
Ilfiad llattcMUMl above, transversely concave between orbits, the frontal
1)0110 tliiik, broad, and short, the physiognomy being therefore peculiar.
Uiipci lip very thick, strongly papillose, with a broad free margin, which
lias u]>\viiid of 8 to 10 scries of papilhe upon it; lower lip greatly devel-
oped, Rtionj^ly papillose, considerably incised behind, but less so than in
('(tloxti)iniix proper. Fontanello shorter and smaller than in C. commemonii.
IVctoviil fins unusually larger. Color olivaceous; sides with brassy
luster; btdly white: back brown, with several dark cross blotches, irregu-
larly arranged, these becoming obsolete in old individuals; lower fins
dull red, with some dusky shading; young considerably variegated, the
sides spotted. Size large; length about 2 feet. New York to Minnesota
and Kansas, Arkansas, and the Carolinas; abundant in swift or rocky
streams, which it ascends to spawn; never found in muddy or warm
waters; less tenacious of life than the other species of Catoeiomus.
{mgrican:<, blackish.)
r,ii„si„mm iii:jr!emii>, Le Soeur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phlla., 1817, 102, Lake Erie; GCntiier,
Cat., VII, 17, 1808; Jordan, 1. c., 162, 1878 ; Jordan & Gilbert. Synopsis, 130, 1882.
Ilijhmiir.iin ui'jricatis, AoASSiz, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1855, 205.
r.tinilmiim mnciilofim, Le Si'EVR, I. c, 103,1817, Pipe Creek, Maryland.
Iliiiv'uli'liiim mncrojtteritm, Rapinesqi'e, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., I, 1817, 420, Ohio River.
I'^ihslnmim j-nvlhopus, Rafinesque, Icli. Oil., 57, 1820, Ohio River.
i'.i/o,«f"iu>i«ji/.:ii,(('j)i», CuviER & Valenciennes, xvii, 450, 1844, Wabash River.
CiMniiiHs iPi./n'eiDW f/()icn»irs, .Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1877, 345, Etowah River,
Rome, Ga.; a brightly colored variety from the Alabama basin.
Oilnilniiiiiit viciitinlomuH, ItAFiNEsquE, Icli. Oh., 59, 1820; based on an incorrect drawing; bi-loiigs
lioro if anywhere.
29.1. CATOSTOMITS RHOTHffiCUS, Tholmrn.
Head ">; depth 5. D. 11 ; A. 8 or 9. Scales 7-48-5, 19 rows in front of
dorsal. Allied to Catostomua tiigricana but with much smaller head, which
la less depressed between eyes. Head very small, flattened above but not
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
concave between the orbits; somewhat pointed in front, the snout pro-
jecting beyond the mouth. Width of head equal to its depth. Moiitli
large, its width 2\ in head, its opening nearly a straight line. Each jaw
with a strong cartilaginous sheath. Upper lip thin, with about 2i) Iiuch
of minute papilla^ Lower lip broad, each lobe with 8 or 9 broken ](licji'.
each with minute papilla; on edges. Lobes of lower lip separated liya
notch from which a strong frenum reaches to the chin. Fontanolle sliort,
its length about \ eye. Eye 4 in head. Pectorals large, 1^ length of head
and reaching to the sixteenth line of scales. Dorsal inserted slightly in
front of middle of body. Anal reaching beyond base of caudal. Ciiudal
forked. Air bladder very small, with 2 chambers. Color dark olivac tdiis
above ; a darker narrow lateral baud from snout below eye straight to baso
of caudal ; the upper edge of the band obscure, the belly below the liand
abruptly silvery ; 5 or 6 obscure dark cross bars on back and side, most
distinct on the dark longitudinal stripe ; base of caudal with a light liaiid,
edged behind with brown. Six specimens, 3^ to 5 inches in length, col-
lected by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, at some point in eastern Tennes.seo or
southwestern Virginia, thought to be from French Broad River at Wolf
Creek, Tennessee. It closely resembles Moxo»toma cervinum, but the mouth
is different. (/w)9of, torrent ; oi«t<j, to inhabit.)
('iitoHliimiiH rhothwriis, TiiORUUN, Pror. U. S. Nut. Mus., 1894; supposed to be from French
Broad River. (Tyiie, No. 14840.)
93. CHASMISTES, Jordan.
ClinimiMeii, Joni)AN, Bull. Ilayden's Geol. Siirv. Torr., iv, No. 2, 417, 1878, {tiorus).
Lip(imyr.<m, Corn, American Nuturulist, .Tanuary, 1881, r>9, (brevirostrU).
Head largo, broad and flattish above, the sides vertical. Eyes small,
high up, rather posterior. Mouth extremely large, terminal, the lower
jaw in the closed month being very oblique, placed at an angle of about
45°; lower jaw very long and strong, its length more than i length of
head, its tip, when the mouth is closed, about on a level with the eye;
upper jaw very protractile; upper lip thin and nearly smooth. Snout
usually elevated above tlie rest of head, the premaxillary spines gen-
erally foi-ming a conspicuoiis rose. Lower lip moderate, consistiiijj; of a
broad flap on each side of tho mandible, in front reduced to a narrow rim,
the surface of the lip nearly smooth, without papillie; nostrils large.
Suborbital bones narrow, but rather broader than in Catostomus; pre-
orbital large; mucous channels moderately developed; fontanello well
developed. Pharyngeal bones weaker than usual in Catostomus, the leeth
generally smaller. Fins moderate ; pectorals rather long ; dorsal i iiys 11
or 12; anal 7; anal flu high, reaching caudal ; caudal flu rather long, its
lobes equal. Scales moderate, large on caudal peduncle, smallt-r and
crowded anteriorly, 60 to 80 in lateral line. Sexual peculiarities not
marked. Coloration as in Catostomus. Air bladder in 2 parts. Size
rather large. Species confined to the Great Basin. (;^;«<T/udw, to yawn;
one who yawns.)
a. Scale-! moderate, 60 to 65 in tlio lateral lino.
6. Scales 9-C3-8; dorsal rays usually 11; nose prominent. hori's, 29C
bb. Scalei 13-66-11; dorsal raya 12. cujoa, 2.
fordan ami F.vermann. — Fishes of North America. 183
„„. s. V* oiimll, 7" to 80 in Uio liiterfti line.
,', ;-tHiiit Hliurt, tlio itrotnikxillary H|iinBH not forming ailiHtlnct |iro|nrtinR nofl<>; ilnraal rayx
U; Scales 12-74-11. DRKVinosTRls, 2ilH.
I', Snout loiiK, tho prunmxillnry spineo forniiuK a difitinrt |ii'oj(>ctiiig no8u, as in C {iV>n(«.
Scales 12-80-9. LVXATl'8, 29.t.
206. CHAHMISTEM LIORUH, Jordan.
(June Sucker or Utah TiAKe.)
Heiiti lar^^e, 3} in length ; depth about 5. Scales 9-6.^-8. Interorbital
Hna('<^ Imiiul, 2\ in head; eye 6 to 7 in head; width of tho open mouth
'S\ in lii'iid. D. 11, the fin elevated in front, its longest ray twice the
lu'i<;lil •>>' the last and about equal to the base of the tin. A. 7. Caudal
dceiily forked, the lower lobe long; lower fins sinall. Color dusky
hI)uvo, pale below ; the scales of the back and sides profusely covered
with (laik punctulatious. L. 18 inches. Utah Lake; very abundant.
(/f(>, Hinooth; (Vof, margin, referring to the lips.)
r/,ii«Mi«'' < /luMm, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Miia., xii, 219, 1878; Utah Lake at Provo, Utah;
JuKiiAN' k (JiLBERT, Synoi)8ie, 132,1883. (Typo, No. 27301.)
297. C'HASMISTES CVJV8, Cope.
(COUIA.)
Head l»road and flat ; upper lip very thin ; lower lip represented by folds
on each side, which do not connect around the symphysis; eye %\ in head ;
iiiterovl)ital space 4i. D. 12; A. 8. Scales 13-C5-11. Color pale olive.
I'yraiiud Lake, Nevada, in deep water. (Cope.) (couta, the Indian name.)
vUmMii i-iijm. Cope,* Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 149, Pyramid Lake, Nevada.
298. CHASMISTES BRETIROSTRIS, Cope.
Scales 12-74-11. D. 11 ; A. 9. Shorter than C. luxatus, especially the
ma7,/lo, and the latter is without the hump produced by the protuberant
premaxillary spines. Parietal fontanelle small. Lower lip fold present
only on tlie sides of the mandible. Body nearly cyliudric. Color dusky
above, silvery below; fins colorless. (Cope.) L. 16 inches. Klamath
Lake, Oregon. (6reri«, short ; ro«<rMm, snout.)
CiMsmisle* lirmrostrui, CoPE, American Naturalist, 1879, 785, Klamath Lake, Oregon ; Jorpan
AGuiiKiiT, Synopsis, 132,1883.
290. CHA8MISTES LrXATUS, Cope.
Scales 12-80-9. D. 11 ; A. 9. Form elongate. Head long, flat above
with a large fontanelle. Mouth terminal, the spines of the premaxillary
pi'ojectin<i; so as to form a hump on the top of the snout. Lower lip a
very tliin dermal fold, extending entirely around the chin. Color clouded
above, with black punctulatious, below paler, with red shades in some
specimens; fins uncolored. (Cope.) L. 3f?et. Klamath Lake and River,
Oregon, {luxatus, put out of joint, referri»ig to the nose.)
ilimiisiea h(.rnim, CoPE, American Naturalist, 1879, 784, Klamath Lake, Oregon ; Jordan &
GiLiiEur, Synopsis, 132,1883.
'This jiaiior "On tho Fishns of the Recent and Pliocene Lakes of the Western Part of tho
fireat ftwin mid of tho Idaho Plioceuo Lake " contains an important discussion of tho fish fauna
01 Nt'vadik, Oritgon, and Idaho, with description of numerous fossil forms not long extinct and
closely alliuU to recent CyprmUlx and Oato$tomitUe.
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94. XYRAUCHEN, Eigeuinann &. KirHcli.
(Razor-uack Sucker.)
Xijrmiehen, Eiobnmann & Kmscii, Proc. U.S. Nut. Mug., 1888, 556, (0^1/10).
Characters of the genns Catostomua in all ruHpccts except that IhIijikI
the occiput is a sbftrp-edgcd hump produced by the siugulariy dov(;l(i|)e(l
intorneural bones. The nutorior portion of the hump iH supportcil )iya
large internoural formed by a thick central pillar with anterior and \im.
terior wings, the former coming to a point on the medial projecting' ])latn
of the Bupraocoipital, forming a large opening beneath it; the lattor win^r
is somewhat smaller and articulates with the second interneural. TIiIh
interneural is a thin, flat, subrectangular plate ; the next is an irre^Milar,
flat plate about i as large as the second, while the next 3 are Kiniiii,
flat plates above and bent forward. Other bones of the anterior ])ait of
the skeleton are somewhat modified in form, but the essential chniactur
of the genus is in the great development of the bones at the nape, show-
ing externally as a sharp-edged hump. Two species known ; largo Hiiciters
of the Colorado basin, (fv/oof, razor • ni^z/v, nape.)
«. Scales about 13-73-13 ; dorHal rays 13 or 14. Body doop, tlio back bigh, tbc liiuiip cnm-
nieiiciug at tbo napo with no scales befuro it or 011 its edge. cvi'iio,3(i(i.
aa. Scales lG-81-13 ; dorsal rays 12 ; body more sloiidor, tlio hiimi) miicli lower ; sralcn [H'm nt
Iwfore it and on its edge. vnvompaii(jiii:,30I.
800. XYRAUCHEN CYPHO, (Lockiugton).
(Razou-back Sucker ; Hum. -backed Sucker.)
Head 4 ; depth 4. D. 13 or 14 ; A. 7. Scales 13 to 15-72 to 77-13. Hody
stout, compressed, the head low, the profile ascending to the prominent
hump, which is largest in adult specimens and usually begins at thn nape
with no scales before it, its anterior edge straight, sharp, and scalolcss;
mouth wide, inferior ; upper lip with 2 rows of papilhe ; lower lip dioply
divided, with 8 rows. Dorsal long and low, with concave edge; ciuulal
broad and strong, with numerous rudimentary rays; pectorals moderate.
Scales loosely imbricated. Pharyngeal teeth small, uumerouH ; peritoneum
black. Coloration plain olivaceous. Basin of the Colorado and (jila
rivers ; very abundant where the water is not too cold ; reaching a weiglit
of 8 to 10 pounds, (cypho, hunchback.)
CaiotUnnm cypho, Lockinoton, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philu., 1880,237, Colorado River at mouth
of Gila, Arizona.
Oitostomns ci/pho, Jordan & Gilbrrt, Synop.sis, 129,1883.
Xyrauchen cypho, Kirscii, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 556; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., l>-^n, 20.
301. XYBAUCHEN UNCOMPAHORE, Jordan & Evcrmaun.
Head 4; depth 4J^. D. 12; A. 7. Scales 16-81-13. Body more elongate
than in X ci/pho of the same size, the form resembling that of a Gihi;
head flatter, narrower, and less depressed than in X. cypho, the small lip°
rather larger and more coarsely tuberculate. Nuchal hump much lower
than in X cypho, but forming a sharp keel which does not extend fur-
ward to the uape, there being 13 scales before it, its surface also Bcaly.
Jordan ami F.vermann. — Fishes of North America. 185
Snout J ill hflad ; liroast naked; caudal peduncle much slenderer tlian
ill V. (i//i/">, dorual fin lower; caudal large. Coloration plain olivaceouH.
Known I'h'iii a siugle s|>ecimcn, 7 iucheH long, taken in Unconipaligre
Kivfi ' olorado basin) ; possibly b variation of A'. Cjfpho, but quite unlike
all kn(i\Mi oxaniples of the latter.
\,ii,iii,l,.,i inin.iuiiiilKjr,, JoHKJiS fc EvKiiMANN, null. tT. 8. Flsli Com., 188!), 2fl, |mhliHlio<l 1891,
Uiit I'lpahgre River, Delta, Colorado.
95. ERIMYZON, Jordan.
(CiiUH Suckers.)
yiitmlm,! I, AiiASKlZ, Am. Jour. Sol. ArtH, 18.''4, 200, (ohhingm), not ttf RiiflnPRqiin.
Krimii-"'!. .'"iiii.xN, Hull. niiftaloSoc. Nut. Hint., 1870, 05, (ohUmtiut).
Body nliloiig, compressed. Head moderate. Mouth moderate, some-
what inferior; the upper lip well developed, freely protractile ; the lower
iiiodoiiito, infolded, /V-^I^tP^'^ 1*1 outline, plicate, with 12 to 20 folds on
each Hiilc. Lower jaw without cartilaginous sheath, rather stronger than
iisuiil, iuhI oblique when the mouth is closed. Eye moderate. Suborbital
lioncfl will developed, not much narrower than the fleshy portion of the
cheek lulow them ; opercular bones moderately developed, not rugose.
Fontancllo rather large. Gill rakers rather long. Pharyngeal bones
weak ; the teoth quite small, slender, and weak, rapidly diminishing in
!t'ii(,'tli upward, each tooth narrowly compressed, with a cusp on the
inner nnirgiu of the cutting surface. Scales rather large, more or less
crowded forward. Lateral line entirely wanting at all ages. Dorsal tin
rather short and high, rays usually 11 or 12. Pectoral fins moderate.
AnaMin liighaud short, more or less emarginateor bilobed In adult males.
Cnndiil lin moderately forked or merely lunate, its 2 lobes about equal.
Air hladder with 2 chambers. One species ; widely distributed. (//»-, an
intensive particle; nvt^nu, to suck.)
802. ERIMYZON SVCKTTA, (LacSpdde).
(Cheek Fish; Cnun SucKEH.)
I^ody oblong, compressed, becoming gibbous with age, the antedorsal
region nioreorless elevated in theadults, the depthaboutSin length, rang-
ing from 2\ in adults to 4 in young. Head stout, short, about 4^ in length,
the intiTorbital space widn. Eye rather large, 4i head. Scales usually
closely imbricated and 1 lOr' or less crowded forward, but often showing
variou.s irregularities in arrangement, the usual number 36-15. D. usu-
ally 12; A. 7 ; V. 9. Coloration varying with ago ; usually showing pale
8treak,s along the rows of scales ; young with a broad black lateral band,
hordcred above by paler ; in some specimens from clear water this band
in of a. jet black color and very distinct; in others it is duller; later this
baud becomes broken into a series of blotches, which often assume the
form of broad transverse bars ; in adult specimens these bars disappear,
and the color is nearly uniform brown, dusky above, paler below, every-
where with a coppery or brassy, never silvery, luster; the fins dusky or
smoky brown, often reddish tinged. Sexual difference strong ; males
in spring usually with 3 large tubercles on eaoh side of the snout, and
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
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with the anal fin more or less Bwolleii and emarginate. Length alioiit 10
inches, (treat Lakes, Mississippi Valley, and eastward in lakesjiiiil low-
land streams ; very abundant ; the typical form, aucetta, occurring coast-
wise from Virginia to Texas. (French eiicet, sucker.)
Ouprimi nuvilii, LA(-(;i'£nR, Uiet. Nat. Puim., v, 600, 18a't, South Carolina.
MoioftonrnkitiHirliii, QiHAHD, Pruc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 18S6, 171, Dry Creek, Victoria, Texai.
(Tyixs N... 101.)
Mi>rii»imnt% emHi>hHU, Qirakd, {. r., 172, IHflfl, Live Oak Creek and Devil River, Texas.
Mnronlnma lenne, AoAHflls!, Am. Jour. Sri. ArtH, IHAfi, 20.3, Mobile, Alabama.
Enmir-'myiiadei, Jordan, Bull. U. 8. Nut. Muh., xii, 148, 1H7H, St. Johna River, Florida.
KrimyMnn ymulei, JoiittAN & GlLUERT, Hyiiopiifi, 134, IHMII.
Representod northward by
803a. KRINTZON 8UCETTA OBLONOITS, (Mitchill).
Body more elongate and less compressed than in typical surdin, the
greatest depth being contained about 3i times in the length. Nupc mure
gibbous than in E sucetta. Head quite small and short, the eye siuiiller,
about 4| in head, being almost exactly midway in its length, which is 4}
in that of the body. Scales smaller and less uniform in their imbrication
than in E. aucetta, the nsual number 43-15. Color dark olivaceous uliove;
the adult nearly plain, the young Arith a distinct black lateral band
which breaks up into bars with tti^e. Great Lake region to Maine and tiie
Dakotas, south to Virginia and Indian Territory, everywhere abundant in
northern upland streams, gradually passing southward into the typical
aucetta. (oblongus, oblong.)
Cypriuui Mongu», Mitciiill, Tranfi. Lit. and Phil. 8or. N. Y., 1816, 1, 451), New York.
Afoxonloma ohhnigum, GOntiier, Cat.,vii, 21, 18IS8.
CaloUoiituii gibbonu, Connecticut River, Northampton; luherculalun, Cermantown, Pa.;
and rittaiut, Wissahickon River, Pennsylvania, Lf. Sueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. 8oi. I'liila.,
I, 1817, 02, 93, i04.
Oitoilomm fausiolarw, Rafinesque, Iclith. 01.., 58, 1820, Ohio River.
Laheo elegann, New York; e/iopiw, New Y ''T'.; and elougattu, Mohawk River, De Kav, N. Y,
Fauna: FidhcB, 1842, 192, 195, 394.
Moxottoma elaeiformU, GiRARi), Proc. . Nat. Sci. Phila., 185C, 171, Coal Creek, Canadian
River, Indian Territory. (T>|> ■., No. 105.)
Erimyzon suceUa, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 134,1883.
96. MINYTREMA, Jord vn.
(Spotted Suckebs.)
Minytrema, Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S., Ed. 2,318, 1878, {melanopt).
Head moderate, rather broad above ; mouth moderate, inferior, liori-
zontal ; the upper lip well developed, freely protractile ; the lower rather
small, infolded, /^-shaped in outline, plicate. Lower jaw without carti-
laginous sheath. Eye moderate, rather high, placed about midway uf the
head. Suborbital bone" well developed. Opercular bones well developed,
not much rugose. Fontanelle rather large. Gill rakers rather long.
Isthmus moderate. Pharyngeal bones essentially as w Moxoatoma. liody
rather elongate, subterete, becoming deep and rather compressed with
age. Scales rather large, nearly equal over the body. Lateral line in-
terrupted in the adult, bat with perfect tubes, imperfect in partly grown
Bpeoimeus, entirely obsolete in the young. Scales in a longitur'ijial ucriea,
II to 1:
and lii;,'li
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appoarauco.
CiilnnliimiiD iiirhm
Miiiijlreiiiu iiii'hm
ilixiMomn vicluri
Pliiclioiliiiiiiis hdji
Pierre, Ne
Mcirntloma, RafI
Tfretiilm, Raki.m
Pljichotluiuiis, Ao,
Body nioro
less coniprosj
of the body,
the head. Si
Mouth varyii
j or Jan and FA'^ennann. — Fishes of North Attierica. 1H(
It to I' )>i iiuuilier, 12 to 14 in a transverse series. Dorsal An ratlittr sliurt
aud )i> ;lw \^''tb about 12 rays beginning rather nearer snout than base of
caudal I'Lctoral iius moderate. Anal high and short, more or less emar-
iriiiuti' III males. Caudal fin moderately forked, the lobes about equal.
Air Id.iiiiler with 2 chanibers. Males in spiing with the head covered
witli many small tubercles. This genus is intermediate between Kriimjzon
and M'.'oxUmm^ differing from the latter mainly in the structure of its
air Mailder. (/itvi'i, reduced ; t/)//^«, aperture; in allusion to the imper-
fectidiiH of the lateral line.)
n liiul. Mii'iikH along roWH of Bdili'Bi'vldoiit; sciilofl 7-40-0. mrlanoi-r, ;UKi.
y
»(>8. MINYTRKMA MKLANOPK, (Rannoiqup).
(WiNTEn Sucker ; SroiTEi) Suckeu.)
Dody (ihlong, little compressed, the young nearly terete, the adults
deo{M'i'; ilopth about 4 in length, varying from about 3 in adults to 4^ in
tlio young. Head not very large, 4^ in length of body (4^ to 4i), not
Hpccialiy dopressed. Mucous pores rather strong. Eye small, 5 to 6 in
head. Scales large, firm, regularly and smoothly imbricated, in 4(5 (44 to
47) loii<;itndinal series, and 13 (12 to 14) transverse series, the scales not
crowded forward. Fin rays usually, D. 12; A. 7; V. 9. Coloration
diiNky iiliovo, with usually a black blotch behind the dorsal fin; each
Ncale iiloii;^ the sides with a small, more or less distinct blackish spot at
its baNi>, thoMO spots forming interrupted longitudinal lines along the rows
of Ncalcs; those lines are usually very distinct, especially in the adult,
Imt yoniif; specimens often show them faintly; sides and belly silvery,
with a coppery luster. Sexual peculiarities moderately marked; very
old males with the head covered with small tubercles in spring; no great
cliango with age, either in form or coloration. Size large; maximum
length altout 18 inches. Great Lake region to North Carolina (Cape Fear
River) and west to Texas; rather common westward, {fit^ac, black; i»}>,
appoarauco.)
Ciitoilumiix iiifhniopf, Bafinesqie, Ichtli. Oh., 67, 1820, Ohio River.
OiMoiiMn/iisciVifiu Le SuEi'R, in Ctivier A Viilonciennns, xvii, 449, 1844, Mississippi River.
Cttoni'inim/'iHriatiis, GCnther, Cat., vii, 19,1868; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu». xii, 138,1878.
Mimjlmiiit iiiihninpn, JORDAN A GiLiiERT, Synopsis, 13G, 1883.
MiiTn.iifiin,i riloriir, OiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philtt., 1856, 171, Dry Creek, Victoria, Texas.
Ptiichnilniiiiis luii/ileni, GiRARD, I.e., 185G, 172, YcUowBtone River; Missouri River at Fort
Pierre, Nebraska. (Type, No. 20263.)
97. MOXOSTOMA, Rafinesqne.
(Red Horse.)
Mnrntloma, Hafinesque, Ichth. Oh., 54, 1820, (nHiMiriM).
T'tetiilm, Rafinf,sque, /. c, 57, 1820, {anreoUti).
Piijchoiiuiuiis, AaAssiz, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1856, 203, (aureohit).
Body more or less elongate, sometimes nearly terete, usually more or
less compressed. Head variously long or short, its length 3i to 5i in that
of the body. Eye usually rather large, from 3 to 6 times in the length of
the Lead. Suborbital bones very narrow. Fontanelle always well open.
Mouth varying much in size, always inferior in position, the mandible
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bfllng horizontal or nonrly ho, LipH iiHiially well dovelopod, tlio foiniof
tlio low«tr varying, iiHiiiilly with 11 Hlij^ht ni«Hlinn tlHHnro, hut nuvur <!< iply
inciand ; tho lipH with triiUHVurHo plica*, tho fohlH rurttly ho hrokon iiji no
to form papillti'. .Tiiwh without cartiluginouH Hhoiith. MnritHroiin Nvstmi
oonHidoruhly duvolopod. Oporciilar hon«>M nio«l<>ratuly dovolopi^l, miirlv
HHiooth. iHthniUH broad, (iill rakerH w<«ak, nu>d<!ratt>ly \o\\)i. riiMiyn-
u;nal hont>H ratlutr weak, niurh an in F.rlinfizon and CatoHlomiiH, i\w iii-iii
rather coarMcr, Htronj;ly coniproHHcd, the lo ;vr 5 or «> Mtron{;fr than ilit<
othorH, which rapidly diminiHli in ni/o upward, each with a itroninitnt
internal cuap. HcalcH largo, more or lenn qnadratu in foini, nearly i'<|iijil
in hIko over the body, and not Hpocially crowded anywhere, ii.siiaily
ibout 44 in the lateral lino and about 12 ncrieH between dornal ami voii-
trals. Latural lino well devoloped, straight or anteriorly curved. Kins
■well developed, the dorHal inHortod about midway ot body, itH HinI layn
uaually rather nearer Huout than caudal, tho number ot devolo])i'il rays
URually about 13, but varying from 11 to 17. Anal tin Hhort and lii;;li,
usually omarginate in the male, with 7 developed rays. Caiuliil I'm
deeply forked. Air bladder with 3 chambers. Skeleton oHsentiaily ms iti
Catostomufi, tho vertebrie (in ^f. aniimntm) 27 -f 14 .= 41. Sexual jicniliar-
ities little marked, tho males in the spawning season with tho lown lins
■eddened, and tho anal rays swollen and somewhat tuberculato. Spenips
/ery numerous in tho United States oast of the Kocky MountaiiiH. Tin y
spawn in spring, running up from tho rivers into the smaller streams for
that purpose. They are dithcult to distinguish and have been iiti<1nly
multiplied by authors. They are less tenacious of life than the njkhjch
of Catoatomuft, (/iviiaL), to suck; nro/ia, mouth; hence, more j)r()|tt'rly
^f!IZontoma.)
n. Lips full, tho foMx Iirokoii up into ovidont papillii>; inoutli wry finmll, tlinHtioiit iinijnl'
ing. 1). 12 to 14. PAPll.i.dsi M, ;i(il.
iMi. Ijipfl plicnto, tlio fuIilB not furniing diBtlnct papillir.
fl. DorKiil fln largo, of IH to 18 rayH; owit lip V-^lmpoil, Nomowliat papilloR'.
c. Mouth ino<lorat« ; lowor fln piili . AMsriii m, .lo:..
cc. Mouth (|uito gmiiU ; lowor fln ruddiNli. roi.i.Ai'siM, :w<
hh. Dorsal fln Hmaller, of 10 to It rays.
(/. Lower lip narrow, infolded, V^shnp'"'! wlion soon from liclow, witli ii •lintirii'l
modian croa8o in which tho halvcN nirct, forminK an aoutu angle.
c. nody stout, with broad, bluntish liead, wliich iH flatteueil aliove; dorsal lav^'I'i.
inn .1, :iii7.
ee. Body elongato, Buhcylindrical, littlo comprcsBed ; miout trunrato.
PIKIFXSE, .Ifl*.
«■(•<■. Hody eomproBBod, tho hack elevated; muz/.lo projecting hoyond I lie viry
Bmall mouth, couEciOM s, :'M.
ihl. Lowor lip thin, forming a narrow, ereacont-Bhapod border around tho iniimlilili'.
/. Head Bmall, 6 in length; snout prominent; dorBnl rayH 12 to 14. ai.ium, itl"
JT. Head stout, 4 in length; snout not projecting; dorsal rays 14 or 15.
TIIAI.ASSINIM,;!!!.
ddd. Lower lip full, truncate behind, not evidently V-''hnp<'d or (J-shaped.
g. Dorsal fin moderate, its rays 12 to 14, usually 1.3 in number; body niin" or loss
compressed.
k. Caudal fln normal, tho 2 lobes similarly colored.
t. Caudal fln with the upper lobe not conspicuously longer timii the
lower.
Jordan and Evermann. — I'iihis of North Anurica.
18»
J, Uutttl ruthiT InrK*', rIoiiI, lirimil nliovx, 4 to niiirly U in lnHly; itiiuut
httlu |>riiJ<H lliiK ItuyiiMil tliii iiioiitli.
k. Uunwl tin low uinl miiikll, IIn llmt my wlu'ii iIi'Iuchhi'iI ri'iu-liliiK
liililillo of liiHt, tlut iiiliiilior of ru>'« I'J; iiioiitli Hiiiiill.
roNciENTrM, ;irj,
kk, Dorwkl tin rnlliiT IiIkIi hiiiI pniiiliMl, IIn ttnt my iilHuit rouili-
liiK tl|) of liMl, IIn myit but II ; inoiitli rntlicr Miintll.
AlIHTItlNUM,:!!:).
kkk, DorHiil Dii lnrK«r iiiiil Ioiikit, it« myH iiKimlly 111.
<. Dui'Mtl till Willi ilH fri'i' iiiitrKiii iii'ai'ly HtrnlKlit; luW4>r tin-
ulwiiyn ri'il III lil'i-.
III. Iloily (ililoiiK or m(lii>r t<loli)rnl«, tlio linck lltllx clr-
Vllti'il. AUHKoM >i, :U4.
mm. Iloily tituiit, tliii linck iiiuvli I'luviiti'il.
HilllimTHM, .'IKi.
n. Duraiii tin with ItH Um- imirKin iilwayH inori' or Ichn Iii-
cIhoiI or (•(iiiciivr; lower IImh |ii»I».
M. Iloud iiioiltirulc, ■lj{ ill lioily; Ixick not xIuvuIimI.
MACIIOMSPIDOTI'M, 3lli.
nil, IIouil very Hliort iiiul liliiiit, A lu l>u<ly; Imrk «leviili>il,
CKANHILAIIIIK, :)17.
./. IIi'Uil Nliort, low und Hniiill, I'onic, ft to Ti'.j in limly; iiioiith vury
Hiiiiill, till' Hiioiit iiiiicli proJii'thiK bcyoinl it; ciiiultil IoIiuh
ii|iliiin'iitl,v <'i|iiiil. i.ENi'Kitiii, :itM.
a. ('uiiiliil Mil with the ii|i|M'r hiliu mom or leNH iiriMluceil iiinl fiilcatc;
Hlioiit iiiiii'h |iliijoi'tiiiK liuyoliil the Kliiiill iiiiiiilh; lieiiil Hniiill iiiiij
conic, uhoiitri'.^ in len);th; ilorwil tin with thu True hur(lurlnci«<Kl,
the HrNt myH |iroiliicod.
«. Lower tUiH ruil in lITu; eye xiiiull, 5 in lieiiil. iiiikvioki'N, :i1U.
nil. Lower IImh pule; eye lurKer. com s, Wis).
hh. C'ltiidiil with thii lower lohu dlHtinctly longer than thu iip|H-r, and Jut black,
thu 2 lower myH abruptly |ialu; npiHT lolm rod; liody ulongute;
mouth niodurute. imkciluucm, :i21.
iiy. Doi'hiil lin Kiiiiill, iU rayH 111 to 1'i in niimlier; body eluiiKate, subttirtito, ur
Nlightly coiiiproNKed; head Hhortish; mouth iiioderute.
}i. 8culuH ()-r>IMi, 1H befoi'ii dorMiil; dorHiil with itH freu edgn couoavo; color
nearly plain brownlHli, tipH of dorsal and caudal tioDiuwhat dusky.
iilirisoAUTBH, :i22.
pp. ScaloH li-4;l-r), Vt before dorsal ; series of pale streaks alont; rows of scales;
tips of dorsal and caudal inky black. ceiivinijh, 323.
u
H04. MOXOKT<)NA PAPILLOSIN, (Cope).
(WllITK MfLI.KT.)
Ituilv (HMiiparatively stout, thu (IuihuI ru^iou aomewhat elevated uutl
luiiiuleil, the depth 4 tu Ai in length, the head abuut the aauie. Eye rather
large, lii>rli up and well back, the preorbital space being longer than iu
iiiiMt H|iecie8 ; top of head Hat. Dorsal rays 12 to 14. Scales rather large,
(M2-5. Li])s moderate, deeply incised, the folds more broken up than in
utlier Hpecies. Caudal lobes equal. Color silvery ; back with smoky
slmiliii^r; lower fins more or less reddish. Size moderate, length 1 to
2 feet. Coastwise streams from the Dismal Swamp in Virginia to the
Ocmuljjce River, Georgia; common. (Papillosus, bearing papillte.)
llijeliottdiiiiifjtapiUnms, CoPK, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 470, Catawba and Yadkin
rivers, North Carolina.
Jfo/iW«iiii iiitpillimim, JouuAN, Uull. I'. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 134, 1878; JottDAN & GiUEBT, Syuopsis,
U", 1N8:!.
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HOS. HIOXOATOXA ANINIIUUM, (R<knm>»|ii»).
(WlllTR>Ni>«Kn HlMKRII.)
Dody Htutit, <lo«>p, compr«HHod, tho hack olovntiul, tb» depth 3 to 4 in
loiiKth. Iltmd Hliurt, hoavy, lluttiHli and broud above, \\\ to \\ in ItMi^th;
ditptii of cheuliH i length of liuud. Eye rather lurge, inidwny in li«-u<l, 1 to
5 in it(t length. Mu/kIu rather prominent, bliintinh, ovorhangiiii; the
rather large mouth; upper lip thin, lower strongly V-Hha]>ed; tliii vt-ry
large. Dorual long and high, its height \ the length of head, itu freo Ixinjii
Htraight, the lirHt ray about aH long ao Hn. I'ectoralH nearly roiahiii);
ventrals; upper lobe of caudal narrow, longer than lower. D. 15 to 18.
Color very pale and Hilvery; Huioky above; lower ihiH white or pal« n-d,
Si/e large, Ohio Uiver and Ureat Lake region; not very eonunou, Ixit
widely diHtributed. ((ivteror, unequal; oi'/xi tail.)
Ci\h>tt»mnt ixnitnrm, lUriNi:8gi<E, Ii')it)i. Oil., M, |H'J(), Ohio River.
« WoD/oniiM cniTit'ii, CiiviKii it Vai.enciennks, xvii, li'iV, IH-O, Lake Ontario, iiutuf |{ullri<'N<|iii'
( Vi/ii/i/omMJl i:>ii'j(i<), (JCntiiKH, Cut., Vll, 'JO, IHOH.
Mi>jriiilimiiHHrpii>, JuiiDAN A *ilLli£liT, Sy iioijhIn, 1:I9, IHKl.
I'ljivhimttmiii leliUim, Cdl'i;, I'roc. Am. I'hil. Scjc. I'lillu., l87(l, 471, YoughioKheiiy kivcr,
Pennsylvania.
Miixiitioma rtliiliim, ,Ioui>an ,1 (iii.iir.itT, .>>,vrio|iHiH, IHH, \HK\.
Miiiimldiiiii viilencieuiiesi, .loiiliAN, I'i'uc. I'. S. Nut. Miih., IhH.'i, 7<'i, Hubvtltutu totvarpiu, |iri'i» i ii|>l>'(t.
Jlf()xua/»m(i anwunim, JdliUAN, Muu. Vurt, Kd. A, 47,18UU.
H06. MOXOSTOMA t'OLLAPHlJM, (Oopd).
Head 4; depth 3jt. I). 15. Scales 0-42-5. Hody rather atout, com pivswd,
the back elevated. Head Hhort,Hniall, conic, broad and tlat above. Month
(imall,the lips plicate, the lower lip /^-Hhapod. Mu/^Ie truncatf, ovci
hanging the mouth. Eye in middle of Hide of head, 4 in its len^'th (in
apeoiuieu of 8 inches), i in snout, 1^ in interorbital. Depth of clieek,
i length of head back to preopercle. Dorsal long, its free edge stiiii^'ht,
its first ray as long as its base, § length of head. Caudal lobes huI>(m|uu1.
Silvery, dusky above, without dark spots on bases of scales ; doiMil and
caudal membranes blackish; other tins plain, said to be orange in life.
(H. M. Smith.) Lowland streams of North Carolina (Neuse, Catuwlm,
Yadkin, and Roanoke); said to be very abundant. Apparently vlm.v eluse
to M. aniaurum, but with the mouth smaller ; perhaps not distinct, (cul-
lapHua, flattened sidewise.)
Plychoilomus collitpnu, CoPK, I'roc. Am. Pliil. Sue, 187U, 471, Neuse, Yadlcin, and Catawba
rivers. North Carolina.
Moxostoma coHai)imiH, Smith, Bull. U. 8. Fiali Com., 18'Jl, 198.
807. aOXOSTOMA BUCCO, (Coi>e).
Head short and very wide through the opercles ; front and vertex flat.
Body stout, the back somewhat elevated ; depth 4 in length. Muz/io Bub-
truucate, slightly projecting. Lips thin, the lower with lateral lobed
inclosing a /^-shaped interval. Eye large, 3^ in head, width of head liehiud
orbits If in its length. Scales 6-40-5. D. 12; A. 7; V. 9. Olivaceous,
/,»,/an <///</ F.vennatiu. — Fishes of North Aitierica.
101
Dilvtiv lu'low ; (lorsttl tin duMky. (Cop«.) MiHHiMiri Rivor at St. JuHopli.
I'viMi iilioiit 1 iii«'heH lung; a (loiibtfiil apeoioti anid to be nlliutl to Alonm-
l.iwii i"//i//'>"'m, Init tlio (lurHnl liaH fewer rnyH. It Ih poHHihlu tliut tliiH ih
viiliii Hiifcit'H botweeu uniHurum and pidietme, but no spuoieH with tlio
AHliiiiH-il li|iH o( (ttiituriim have been funnd in tlio MiHSuuri Kiv«r by otber
,„ll(« tois. It will not unlikoly prove to bo u yoiuiR red liorHoor poHHibly
l\i,> \i<m))io( Miniilrvmnmelanopa. (ftuoco, thick obeekH, from thointuroper*
nilar width of tho head.)
l<t,j,l„„i,miit him,, (iopii, lliijrdoirH (JpoI. Burv. WjromliiK, 1872, AM, St. Joaeph, Miaaourl.
.W../...(.-'Mi (.Hf..-, Ji.KKAN A OiMiEBT, «ynui«l», 138, 18«3.
aOH. MOXOMTOMA PIIIIENNR, (Cupe).
Ili'ii'l ratlior IonK> 4^ in length, flattiah above. Body elongate, more
iiciiilv cyliiidrioal, little oompreasod. Mii/.zle truncate. OlivaceouH,
Noiiii'tiiiK'N with ruw8 of faint spots along the seriea of Boales; doraal and
cuiidiil IliiH black-edged. Size quite small. Kesembles M. cervinum but
tilt' month oL'tirelyditl'erent. Groat Pedee Basin. (Cupe.) (Name from
I'tMleo.)
Ii,,.l„„i,<i>im piiliaifi*, OoPB, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phlla., 187", 471, Yadkin River, North
Carolina.
M.ij:,>iniii,i iwlifiw, Jordan, Dull. U.H.Nat. Mus., xii, 13.1, 187H; Juhdan AQilubut, Synuiwli,
i:i(t, 1HH3.
809. X0X08T0XA C0BEU0NV8, (Cope).
(Blvb Mullet.)
Mu/./lo conic, much projecting beyond the very small month ; body
much coiii[)re88ed, broadly fusiform, the back elevated and arched. I)or-
Hiil tiivH II. Color silvery, with plumbeous shades above ; lower Una white.
Si/.uHiiiall. Catawbaand Yadkin rivers. North Corolina. (Cope.) (cor-
eijoiiiis, thu white fish, from the form.)
l'i!tr)„,Hi,,i,iii!ii;)reiionH; OopR, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phils., 1870, 472,Catawba and Yadjcin rivera.
M'j/oni(ini.i mreijoHiu, JuBUAM, Bull. U.S. Nat. MnR.,xii, 134, 1878; Jordan & Gilbert, Hynopsio,
13», 1883.
810. H0X08T0HA ALBUM, (Cope).
Hfiad small, 5 in length. Muzzle prominent, but less so than in Jlf.
conijoniiH. Mouth moderate. Back a little elevated. Depth about 3jt in
Iciigtii. Dorsal rays 12 to 14, its free border often incised. Scales 6-45-5.
C'uloratiou very pale ; lower tins white. Size large ; reaches a weight of
1 puiuidH or more. Catawba and other rivers of North Carolina, {alhm,
white.)
n,jchn^ninn» aftiM, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 472, Catawba River, North Caro-
lina.
MuxoMnma (iHiiim, JORDAN, Bull.U. S. Nat. MuB., xu, 130, 1878 ; Jordan A. Gilbert, Synopsis, 139,
1883.
811. M0X08T0HA THALASSINUM, (Copo).
Head Htout, as in M. anisurum, rather long, 4 in length, flattish above,
muzzlo truncate, not very prominent. Mouth moderate. Back elevated.
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DoFMal fin long, of 14 or 15 niyu. (h-een above, white below ; lowci ling
wliito. Yadltiu River. (Cope.) (</((({<(«8tni(«, Hea green.)
Itijihiiflitmm llmiiuisimu, CoPK, Proc. Aim. IMiil, .Sor. I'liilii., 1H70, 47'J, Yadkin River, North
Carolina.
Miitiistomu lliidwvtiimn, Joui>AN, Dull. I'. 8. Nut. Miia., xil, l.'il, 1H78; Jordan k (iilukkt, S;, nn|«],,
l;i'J,l883.
•AVi. MOXOSTOMA C'UN'UKSTl.ll, (Uulrd & Glrard).
(Te.\a8 Ui;i> IIuitsR.)
Head 4* to 4J; deptli 4. D. 12. Scales 6-45-5. General form of.)/,
aureolum, rather robust, moderately compressed, the back somewliat ele-
vated. Head comparatively short, rather broad above and pointed alitor-
iorly; the snout a little projecting, mouth i,ither small, the lower lip lull,
formed as in AI. aureoUim; eye small, about 5 in head; doi^al tin uiiunii
ally low and small, little elevated in front, its iirst ray, when dcpiesHed,
reaching about to middle of last ray; caudal not deeply forked, tin; lulira
equal; lower fins moderate. Smoky yellowish brown above, yellowish
silvery below ; lower ilns whitish ; none of the fins red in life; tlit^ iin'iii-
brancs of the dorsal always dusky. Teeth as in M. aureolum. Streams of
Texas (our specimens from Lampasas River), said to have been taken iu
Ash Creek, Arizona, but this is doubtful. The types of coagestum and alhi-
dum belong to this species, which is close to macrole^ndotum. {cuiujenlini,
b wollen.)
CiUiistomu;. congeslw, Uaikd & QiRARn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liilft., ISM, 27, Rio Salado, Texas.
I'lyclwHtomuH albidHH,* Oirakd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliilu., 1850, 172, Rio San Juan, Mon-
terey, New Leon. (Type, No. 170.)
M<>r<>al<im<ialbUliim, JoaoAH AGlLliEHT, SyuojiKis, 141,188.'?; .Ioudan, Proc. U.S. Niii. Mun., 188il,lj<
ValoslomnK tcxatius, Aduott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliilu., 180U, 473, Colorado and New rivers,
Texas.
313. M0X08T0.VA AUSTKINUM, Bean.
Head 4J; depth 4. D. 11; A. 6. Scales 6-44-6. Body rather stout:
lips plicate, truncate behind. i?^ontant.ilo very small. Eye small, nearly Giii
head. Dorsal rather high, its margin concave, it.*) first ray when depressed
nearly reaching end of last "ay. Air bladder in 3 parts. Light brown
above, yellowish below, some scales brownish at base; paired fins with
dark blotches in the adult, these markings wanting in the young which is
nearly plain silvery. Basin of Rio de Santiago, Michoacan, Mexico (west
of Sierra Madre). Our specimen from Rio Lerma, at Salamanca, {attn-
{Mnus, southern.)
HTyxontoma aiistiina. Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 302, Piedad in Morelia, (Michoacan),
Mexico. (Typo, Nos. 23120 uiid 23121.)
Minytreina auatrmum, Johdan & Giluekt, Synopsis, 13G, 1883.
314.'^M0XOSTO.nA AUREOLUM, (Lo Suoiir).
(Common Red IIorsk; Mullet; White Svuker ; Laroe-scaled Sucker.)
Head comparatively eloagate, bluntish, rather broad and liatteiuMl
above, 4 to 5 in length, its size somewhat variable. Body stoutiBli, vary-
♦Tlie typo specimen of riyclioslumu.- albidus lias 44 scales iu tlio lateral line, iustiail nf .W,
•s represented in Girard's figure.
/or dan (ind Everfnann — Fishes of North America.
103
iiiir to m-'ltiatoly elongate. Lips rather full, the blnntish lunzzle pro-
jecting i'l/voud the large mouth; greatest depth of cheeks more than i
tlisiiUico tVom snout \\j preopercle. Eye rather large. Dorsal fin medium,
its (Icvt'ioi't'd rays 12 to 14, usually 13 in number, its free edge nearly
striiiijl''- i"* lo"S*^st ray shorter than head. Scales large, about 45 in the
lateral 1 "•'• Olivaceous; sides silvery; lower fins in the adult red or
oiiiii"!'' l.ako Ontario and Lake Michigan to the Missouri River, Hoiith
to Arkansas and Georgia; everywhere abundant west of the Allegheny
iiiouiitaiii^- This perhaps may vary into M. macrolepidotum, of which it
has liet'i considered a variety, but for the present at least we think it
best to lo^Mi'd it as distinct, (aureolua, gilded.)
C«toi(imin (."t'"''i«, ■ Li: Sueur, Jour. Ar. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 95. 1817, Lake Erie, near BufTalo.
riiMoi""s<'.v''i'"»niii, Uafinesque, Am. Month. Mag., 1818,354, Ohio River.
(Wo</"m"<''"7"«»'"', OCntiieb, Cat, VII, 18, 1808.
Cih'stomii^ !'"■ i'",t D*' Kay, N. T. Fauna: Fishes, 198, 1842, Oneida Lake.
Rn/i/iu me':"!'!-!!-, Rafinesque, Ich. Oh., 51, 1820, Ohio River.
Pliichoil' iiiKH diii,'<em'A,X enjthmrus, oveida, etc., Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Pliila, 1870.
}iijxntiomii riiri/njw, JORDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 348, Oostanaula River, Rome,
Georgia, is probably a monstrosity of this species.
815. MOXOSTOMA ROBUSTUM, (Cope).
Body Btont, the back elevated. Head short and deep; the snout not
prominent, truncate in profile. Eye 4 to 5 in head. Dorsal short, its
upper margin straight. D. 12. Head 4 to 4^ in length. Color smoky or
clouded aliove,with golden reflectiows, yellowish below; dorsal, anal, and
Miidal dark crimson. Size large, weight 6 pounds or more. Yadkin River,
North Carolina. (Cope). A doubtful species, apparently resembling ^1/.
mirfo/MHi,aud perhaps identical with it. (robustus, robust.)
/yMn/iwiMs )(,,'-n«(i(«, Cope, Proc. Am. I'hil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 473, Yadkin River, North Caro-
lina.
816. iWOXOSTOMA ItlACROLEPIDOTUM. (Le Sueur).
Head moderate, rather stout, its length 4? in body, eye If in snout ;
dorsal fin with its free edge concave. Scales usually with dusky shade at
base; low or fins pale. Streams about Chesapeake and Delaware bays.
» C. miK (./hs.— " Anal ftn lonp, pointed and passing considerably beyond the base of the caudal
iiu, wliiili is I'orkcil, with pointed loT)e8, tlie inferior of which is the largest ; abdomiuul tin
tniiii'atiMl. Biiily fiubcylindrie, elevated at the nape; head quadrangular, gilibous alwvo the
Hv. alnidst a" high as long; the rays of the anal fin are very strong and large; scales
riiuiiilmiiial, Kinal ; body of a beautiful orange color, which is deepest on the back, the basciiof
tliiiwales (lark red; the sides are heightened with golden reflections; pectoral, ventral and
iiiialfins(.t' a fine red orange, caudal fin of a deep carmino color — the dorsal fin is paler than
Ibori'ft; tlu' lateral line is nearly straight, and commences in a lino with the eye. Length of
iiiUvi'lnal dcsi'ribed Ki inches, its depth 3 inches and its thickness 2}^ inches. P. 18. 1). 14.
V.9. .\. 8. ('. 18. This beautiful species I discovered near Bufialoon Lake Erie." — Le Sueur.
TliTfl is no reason lor supposing this to ho anything other than the common Ked Horse.
The naiiKt M' ixnulnuic aureiihtm has been applied by up to short-headed specimens of Red Horse,
but wp liave iii'vcr felt sure that these were specifically distinct from the ordinary sort. Some
'PKinii'113 tints named probably belong to Moxostomabrevicepii.
+ .l/o.ros//)i)m oneida (De Kay), a species with the back much arched, the head small, nearly 6
in total U'litrtli with caudal; '•ye small, 6 in head; mouth inferior. Bluish above, paler below.
D. 13. Oneiila Lake (De Kay). This is probably identical with M. aureoUtm.
IC. ilii(iiimiei,Xic Sueur has been usually identified with this species. It seems, however,
more likely to linvo been what h"" usually been called Placopharyfix carinatu*.
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and southward to North Carolina. It seems in some respects interme-
diate between M. aureolum and M. craaailabre, but we can not at present
identify it with either. {naKpo2.eniAoTui , large-scaled.)
Calnubnnm macrolepuMiu,* Lb Siiftir, Jour. Ac.NHt. Scl. Phila., 1, 94, 1817, Delaware River.
Ptijchonlomm lachrymali»,\ Cope, Proc.Am.Phil. Soc.Phlia., 1870,474, Neuse River, at Ncwbern
N.C.
?^7. MOXOSTOMA CRA88ILABRR, (Cupo).
Body robust, the back elevated and compressed. Head short, broad,
flattish above, mouth moderate, the lips full; lower, truncate lichind;
snout short, little projecting. Scales large, .5-44-5. Dorsal rayw usually
13. Head 5; depth 3J^; dorsal fin elevated in front, its edge much incised;
its first soft ray longer than the base of the fin and about as long as bead,
Caudal lobes equal. Color silvery, with smoky shading above, some of
the scales blackish at their bases ; anal and caudal with some red ; top of
head, humeral bar, and a broad shade across dorsal fin, dusky. .Streams
of eastern North Carolina, our specimens from Little River at (ioldsboro,
a tributary of the Neuse. (crassws, thick ; lahrum,\v^,)
/¥yc/(0«/omi(«craMi7(i/>ri(i, OopE, Proc.Am.Phil. .Soc. Phila., 1870, 477, Neuse River, Raleigh.
Moxontoma criiMilahre, .Tordan & Gii.nERT, Synopsis, 140, 1883.
Moxotloma cnusUabre, Jordan, Bull, U. S. FiHh Com. for 1888, 128.
818. MOXOSTONA LESUEURI, (Richardson).
( PiCCONOU.)
A species from the far north, allied to M. hreviceps, -with short lipiid
and small mouth. As it is unknown to us, we copy from Richardson the
following " description of recent specimens at Cumberland House, April,
1820:
"Color: Itack, sides, and gill covers wood brown, reflecting; when
opposed to the light many brilliant tints, in which emerald greeu ami
gold yellow predominate; bases of the scales bluish gray, producing an
appearance of reticulation; belly reddish white. The dorsal has tlie hue
of the back with a reddish margin, the other fins are almost entirely red.
" Scales large, quadrangular with parallel sides and irregularly curved
ends; their length and breadth nearly equal. Except in the i)ectoriil
region, where they are small, their size when in situ appears nearly the
• C VMcroIepidolus. "Dorsal fin short, greatly hollowed, upper lohe elevated ninl iminliil.
lowor lohe rounded. Body a little compressed and fusiform, elevated on its anli'iinr i«irl,
rounded near the nape; head somewhat declivous and longer than deep ; anal fln stnii^'lit, I<>iil',
and passing the base of the caudal ; pectoral and abdominal flns small; caudal fin forked, with
pointed lobes, and of a gray color; dorsal, anal, and ventral fins tinted with blue and ycllnw;
scales large and disposed in a lozenge form ; color of the back dark blue, base of tlie soslc*
brown ; sides wliitish, with yellow reflections ; opercula yellowish ; head reddish tirciwii ; tlie
lateral line rises at the nape of the neck, descends along the gill cover, and theiico to the tail
in a line with the center of the eye. Found in the river Delaware, P. 18. D.16. V.9. A. 9.
C. 18 i rays."— ie Suetir.
t M. lachrymale is said to resemble the common Red Horse. The cranium, vitli oliliqif
Buperopercnlar region and elevated vertex, with a ridge on each side as in M. nuur'ilepiiiol
Premaxillary spines forming a distinct projecting nose ; mouth inferior, but Iar(;e, tin' lil«< ''"V*
and thick. Eyo small, 2 in intororbital space. Back gently arched; Depth :i% in lengtj.
D. 12 or 13. Olivaceous, scales pale or smoky at base; lower flns white. Neuse River, (Cope.) K
is probably identical with SI. macrolepidolum.
Jordan and Everfnann. — Fishes of North Atnerica.
195
saiin' iiv< 1 till! whole body ; the vertical height of their uncovered portion
^)ii.ti(l( M.ilily exceeds its length. A linear inch nicaHiired longitudinully
on tlio fi<l''S iiiolndes 3 scales, hut vertically only 2. There are 47 scales
on tlio Ittt-ral line, and about 10 in a vertical lino under the dorsal. A
HCiiki (liiiiclied from near the lateral lino above the ventals measures 8i
linen in length, and 1\ in width. The lateral line turns up decidedly at
tliiian;il as in ('. hndnoniiis (Catostomits cntontomitu).
"Foiin nioie compressed than in the preceding species, (/o>-«<tTJ«H«»).
I'lofiln (.1 long, having the greatest height (which is about i of the total
len^tli, inchiding the caudal) at the beginning of the dorsal. The head
isHinallt'i than in either of the preceding species, forming scarcely ^ of
tilt' totiii length. The very small mouth is farther back than in C /(M<i-
,„)iii(,s, 1)t in^'. when the jaws are retracted, an inch behind the tip of the
latlit'i' na! row snout, and just even with it when they are protruded. The
liiis, insteail of being papillated, are furrowed vertically in a very regular
ami lieiintiCnl manner. The palate and gullet resemble the same parts in
C.hiiiJ^oiiiK^, but are smaller, the comminuting apparatus being morodeli-
cato, and tlie <i'8ophagu8 remarkably contracted at its origin.
•Fins. Hi. 3-3. P. IG. D. 14. V. 9 or 10. A. 9. C. 18 ^
'Tlio ilDFisal fin is larger than in the foregoing 2 species, and is nearly
ill till' middle of the fish. The pectorals measure rather less than j^ of the
ilistancc between the gill openings and caudal fin. The ventrals are
under tlie middle of the dorsal. The tip of the anal, when turned back,
rather overlaps the base of the caudal; its last ray is very small, and its
liiHt one short and applied to the base of the second. The caudal is more
luikfd than in the preceding species. The rays of all the fins are thick,
[larticulaily those of the anal.
"Intestines: Lining of the abdomen white. There is no distinction
lift ween thi' stomach and rest of the gut. The alimentary canal makes 4
i!ouvolution!s between the gullet and anus, and bears a proportion to the
total length of the fish, excluding the caudal, of 41 to 16. The lining of
the intestines has the same minute longitudinal rugai as that of the pre-
ceding 2 species. The air bladder is divided into 3 ijortions, the central
one being the largest, and communicating with the oesophagus. The
upper one alone has a thick shining capsule.
''This handsome species was observed by us only in Pine Island Lake,
lat. 54°, Ii'ng. 110° ; but it is not iinknown in other parts of the fur
countries, though ninch more rare than the 2 preceding species."
Elsewheio (p. 303). Richardson gives measurements of a specimen
from Albany Ki ver. Fi m these we take the following, reducing the dimen-
sions to proportions of the length : Total length 19^ inches. Head 5^ in
length; eye li- in head; < ludal lobes IJ times Ifength of head; caudal fork
IJ in head. Height of dorsal equal to length of head. (Named for
I'barles A. Le Sueur, artist and naturalist, the first to study the fishes of
thetJreat Lakes and author of the first review of the Catostomida'.)
Oi/n»(()mi«;f,»ri,iini, RiCHAnDSON, Franklin's Journal, 1823, 772, Pine Island Lake, British
America.
C)prJHiij(Co/(isroiiii(.«) i!)ie»rii, ItiuilARDSON, Fauna Bor. Am., in, 1830, 119, 303.
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i(l». SIUXOSTUMA BHEVIC'KPS, (('oi»).
Furm o(aCore{fonu8, with deep compressed body, Hiiinll liuud and Nlmrp'.
ly conic Biioiit, which overhangs the very small month. Caudal lin with
the upper lobe falcate, much lunger than the lower, at leant in the ndult,
the lobes similarly colored. Dorsal fin short and higli, falcate, I lie an-
terior rays 1^ to IJ times base of fin, the free border much Cftiuave.
Depth 3} in length. Head 5 to 5i^ in length. Eye small, 5 in licid. 1),
12 or 13; anal long falcate, reaching beyond front of caudal. Scaler
6-45-5. Lower fins bright red. Ohio Valley and Great Lake nijion,
abundant in Lake Erie; our specimens from Toledo, Haudusky, and ('in
cinnati. This nuiy prove identical with M. linueHri, but the species (d' tin
far north has never been critically examined, (hrvviit, short ; -apx, luad.
Itijclwthmm hrefkepit, Coi-K, Proc. Am. Pldl. Soi;. I'hila., I»s70, 47H, Youghio^heny River,
Pennsylvania.
Mojcuttovia Hnimnim, Jokdan Ik, Giliieiit, SyiioiMie, 141, 1883, uot of ]lajhifm|iiu.
Moxoatoma craiiUabre, Jordan, Miin. Vert., Ed. v., 48, 18!K), not of Coiiu.
Coloilomita aiireolus, De Kay, iiud probably of Coi'K ulso, not of Lo Suour.
320. MOXOSTOMA t'ONlS, (Oopo).
Body fiiittish, the dorsal outline elevated, the form like tlial of .1/,
coreyonus. Head small and conic; mouth exceedingly sniall, the >>iM\a
far overpassing it, the mu/zle being much longer than in .1/. (iiinvhiin.
Dorsal rays 11, the fin high, its free border concave. Caudal deeply
forked, the npper lobe the longer. Eye large. Coloration smoky aliovc
some scales dusky at their bases ; sides pale ; lower fins white. Nensf
and Yadkin rivers, North Carolina. Perhaps in8ei)arable from M. hna-
cepa. {conun, cone, from the form of the suout.)
linchiisliimim ciiimii, Cove, Proc. Am. Phil. See. Phila., 1870, 478, Yadkin River, North, Carolina
Mii-roslomii cdiiiin, JouuAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xn, 120, 1878 ; Jokdan & Oiiiikut, Synii|iKis, 141,
i88;j.
S21. M0X08T0MA PtECILUKVM, (Jordan).
Body elongate, moderately compressed, somewhat elevated fi/iwanl,
Depth 4J^ in length; head 4^. Mouth medium, the lips full. DoMal
rays 13. Scales largo, 5-44-4. Coloration usual, except that caudal tin is
red, the lower lobe jet black, the lower margin abruptly white ; otiiei liiis
all red, with blackish shadings. Size small. Souihern MissL-isiiipi to
Eastern Texas (Pearl, Tangipahoa, and Sabine rivers) ; not rare in saudy
streams of the pine woods. (7rot/c/Aof, variegated ; oiyni tail.)
Mijxonloma peKUnni, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mub.,x, CC, 1877, Tangipahoa River, Louisiana.
(Type, No. 2109ti.)
Moxoslomii piKvilurum, Jordan, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., xii, 12i), 1878; Jokdan & tiiLiiKiir.S.vmiiisii',
141, 1883.
822. MOXOSTOMA RUPISCARTES, Jordan & Jenkins.
(JUMP-KOCKS.)
Body long s>nd low, subterete ; head very short, broad, flat above ; suoiit
bluntish, projecting beyond mouth, 2J- in head; eye moderate, 4i in bead.
Lips full, the folds somewhat broken into papilla;. Scales smaller ilmn
in related species, 6-50-6, 18 before dorsal. Dorsal low and small, its fiw
edge concave, its first ray H iu head. Caudal short, lunate, its lote
•; , .. luiij; one and i
"'^•'f surfaces had boer
1 i
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fjn/an atui Ri^ermann. — Fishes of North Awerica. 107
l,liiiiii-li i"'l eM"»^'> pectorals long, vontrals abort. Dark olive browu,
.riailiiiillv jtaler below, young witb pale streakH along the rows of scales ;
^faiiii iImiIv spot above pectoral; tips of dorsal and caudal more or loss
iliisky. 11" ad Ij! ; depth 5i to 6. D. 11; A. 8. L. 12 inches. Kivers of
Ciirolii'' '"'1 (Jeorgia from the Catawba to the Chattahoochee; abundant
•ilioiit MH tks and rapids, representing the next species from the Catawba
sdiiiliwanl. (nipiscarti'H, rupin, rock; (T/iri^r>/c, jumper, a word used by
SwiiiiiM'ii i'or a blenny which jumps on rocks like a lizard.)
„ ,,„, , ,.,,;.MiW(«, .FoniiAN A. Jenkins, Pror. V. S. Nat. Muh., 18HH, 353, Catawba River, at
Mornaiiton, N. C; Buck's Creek, at Pleasant Garden, N. C; Pacollet River, at
Clifton. S. C; Tiger River, near Spartanburg, S. C; Saluda River; Chatta-
hoochee River; Ocmulgee River. (Typo, No. 39927.)
828. MOXOSTOJIA (KHVINITSI, (Cope).
(JuMPINd Ml'LLET.)
Hoad v( ly short, roundish above, rather pointed forward, about 5 in
IciiL'tli. Cliet'ks snbvortical, their depth less than 4 the distance from
siKiiit to i>i('oporcle. Month rather large, with thick lips, which are
stiiiuu'ly jilicato, the folds somewhat broken np. Eye small. Fins very
small; tlic dorsal rays 10 to 12; free edge of dorsal straight, its longest
lav less tii.in head. Scales rather largo, C-43-5, 13 before dorsal. Color
.riernisli liiown ; a pale blotch on each scale, these forming continuous
>tit'iiks along the rows of scales, back with more or less distinct brownish
iKjss liliit(iu'.s ; fins brownish, not much red, the dorsal and caudal inky
Mark at tip. Size smallest in the genus, length 8 to 10 inches. Rivers
(if the Soiitli Atlantic States from the James to the Neuse, abundant in
iiiliids ami pools among rocks, (cervinm, fawn color.)
l.r.iiilm leniiii's, Coi'E, .lour. Ac, Nut. Sci. Pliila., 1868, 236, headwaters of Roanoke and
James rivers, Virginia. (Typo, No, 14994.)
I1ii,-h>slniuii!i lerriimn. Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 478.
lf.,/,.>/..miif.rii»»iH, JouDAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mua., xii,129, 1878; Jordan & Qii.BEnT, SynopsiH,
142, IW^i, ulirro 8i)ecimcn8 of 3f. rupincarien ara included with it.
98. PLACOPHARYNX, Cope.
lli'Ojihm-im.r, CciVF., Proc. Am. Phil Soc. Phila.,1870, 467, (fai-iiin/iM).
Suckers like Morostoma in all respects, except that the pharyngeal
liniies are much more developed and the teeth reduced in number, those
(111 the lower half of tho bone very large, 6 to 10 in number, nearly cylin-
iliic in foini, being but little compressed and with a broad, rounded, or
iliittciied ^'linding surface.* Mouth larger and more oblique than usual
ill Moxoatomii, the lips thicker. Size large. (7r/\«f, a broad surface;
O'lii;;, pharynx.)
Till' fiiitiH Mini position of these enlargod teeth vary considorahly ; in a specimen heforo us
III' first toiitli is the highest and most compressed, its summit heinj; rounded and then ahniptly
ifiiiioiti! ; tlicwiond tooth is notnhly shorter and thicker, much larger, anil rounded on top, the
l"«lviif till' tnntli serving as a peduncle for the swollen grinding surface ; the tliinl tooth isBlill
sli'.it.r mill siiniliir in form ; the fourth tooth is similar to the first, being much higher than tho
* 'mill .'iiiii thiril, anil flat on top ; tho others seem to ho irregularly alternated or arranged in
luiiv, 11 Ioiil; oiii' and a short one, the long teeth in all caBos being the motit truncated, as if
iliiir surfaces liad been moit worn off.
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Bulletin 47, Untied States National Museum.
824/pLACOPHARTNX DUQUESXII, (Le Suoiir).
Head 4; depth 'ii,. Scales &-4r)-6. Dorsal rays 12 or 13; vpiitnil 9,
Body oblong, inodorately compressed, heavy at the shoulders. Head
large, broad, and flattish above, its npper surface somewhat uneven. Eye
small, behind the middle of the head. Mouth large, the lower jaw olilique
whon tlio mouth is closed, the mouth, therefore, protractile forward as well
as downward. Lips very thick, coarsely plicate, the lower lip full and
heavy, truncate behind. Free edge of dorsal concave, the longest ray
longer than base of fin, Ij^ in head; upper lobe of caudal narrower than
lower and somewhat longer. Color dark olive green, the sides hraNHv,
not silvery; lower fins and caudal orange red. L. 30 inches. Michigan
(Detroit) to Tennessee, Georgia, and Arkansas; abundant in the larger
streams, especially in the French IJroad and in the Ozark region. (Named
for Fort Ducniesne, now Pittsburg.)
Catoslomm dnqncmii,* Le SuKun, Jour. Ac. Nat. S<'i. Pliilu., i, 1817, 10.5, Ohio River at Pitts-
burg, Pennsylvania.
I1iicoj>liiiryit.r, carinatnn, Ooi'E, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Pliila., 1870, 467, 'Wabash River.
PlwoplKinjiiJC cdritMliif, JOKDAN', Bull. U. S. Nat. Mils., xil, 108, 1878.
Ptavophiiriinx mriiKiUtu, Jordan Sc Giliikrt, Syuopsiti, 142, 1883.
99. LAGOCHILA.t Jordan & Brayton.
(RAnniT-MouTir Sucker.)
lAiijorhilit, Jordan & Brayton, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hila., 1877, 280, {Incera); nnnio similar t.i
Lnjncheiliis, a gciiiis of inolhtskB.
Qiiiiiwihiliid, Jordan & Brayton, Man. Vert. E. U. S., E(i. 2, 1878, 401, {Utcern); suUslitutc fur
Lng<ichilii, rofiarded as preoccupied.
Suckers like Moxonioma in every respect excepting the structuie of the
mouth. Head shortish, conical, with lengthened snout; the oimrcnlar
region short, so that the eye is well backward. Suborbital bones nar-
row. Fontanolle large, widely open. Mouth large, singular in structure,
inferior, the upper lip not protractile, greatly prolonged, closely jjlicatc:
lower lip much reduced, divided into 2 distinct elongate lobes, whieL
ar(i weakly papillose ; the split betw^n these lobes extends backward to
the edge of the dentary bones, which are provided with a rather Iiard.
horny plate; the lower lip is entirely separated from the upper at the
angles by a deep fissure ; the skin of the cheeks forms a sort of cloak over
this fissure, the crease separating this skin from the mouth extending up
*0. Diiijiiesnii. — "Head largo and long; mouth wide; scales larfre, suhtrilobate ; doi^al fiiii|Uii.l-
raiig:ular ; tlio anal fin extends as fjir as the liuse of tlu! caudal fin, wliich is greatly forli^ il ; latiml
line arched at the center of the body. Body loner, a little coniprcHsed; snout strong; tin' umi'tli
irt furnished with thick, plicated, and very large lips; pectoral fins pretty large; tin- fcajcsiir.
strong, greatly radiated, and as wide again as long— they are of nearly an equal size on tln^ wli"!'
body ; the lateral line fornisa long curvature toward the back ; lobes of the caudal fin ipniiitcd, lli '
npi)er lobo somewhat the largest; length from the snout to the extremity of the caiuliil fi"'^
inches ; depth 3V> inches; thickness 2 inches; the head measures about i part of the wlmle Mi'
P. 17. D. 14. V. 10. A. 9. C. 18J rays. This new species is so strongly marked lliat it will
be easily distinguished from the foregoing. It inhabits the Ohio, and was discovered at I'ittslmrj:.
the ancient Fort Dui|ue.sne, by Mr. Thomas Say." — Le Sueur.
The name dwiiifjmii has i)oen usually applied to the common red horse, but tin.' description
applies much better to the species 0/ Ptacopharyiix.
t By the rules of the American Ornithologists' Union, QitnimUabia would be i)refeni'il to hf-
child, on account of the similarity of the latter to LagocheiUu. As the two words aii! spelleJ
differently, we regard tbein as distinct.
Si
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for Jan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
199
on tilt' -"itlos of the muzzle ; the crease between the lips extends down on
the iiiKlt'i Hide of the head. System of niuciferoua tubes well developed.
i'liitivii;.'i>al bones about as in Moxoatoma, rather weak, with numerous
Biiiall III til. Body elongate, not much compressed, not elevated. Fins
modem 1 1', formed as in Moxostoma. Scales largo, as hi Moxoatoma, the
lateriil luif well developed and nearly straight, with about 45 scales in
its com St*. Air bladder in 3 parts. Sexual peculiarities littlo marked.
(/.u-,u\u'/Mr, hare-lipped.)
3S5. LAnOCHILA LACERA, .Jordan & Brayton.
{nARK-i.ii'Sit'KF.n; CUT-Lipsj Sput-moutii SiTKF.ii; May Sucker; IlAnDiT-MouTii Sccker;
Pea-lip Suckkr.)
Hoatl Hliort, conical, with lengthened snout, the region between the
evcH tiat toned and with prominent mucous ridges. Cheeks and lower
part ol liead rather swollen. Opercle much reduced, its greatest length
scarcely ^neater than the diameter of tho eye. Head about 4J in length.
Eye 4^ in length of head, about 2 in length of the snout, its situation
thus (luite posterior. Length of the top of the head 2J in the distance
from the snont to the base of tho dorsal. Body rather slender, the form
much as in Moxostoma cervinum, the depth 4f in the length. Dorsal flu
rather low, its rays 12. A. 7;V. 9. Scales 5-4.5-5. Color olive or bluish,
brown alio ve ; sides and belly silvery; lower tins faintly orange. Clear
fltreaniB of the Mississippi Valley, abundant only in the Ozark Mountains,
thus far known from the Scioto, Wabash, Clinch, Cumberland and Chick*
amauga rivers, and the White Kiver of Arkansas, (lacer; torn.)
LiijitiiiiUi hicmi, Joni>AN & BnAYTON, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Fhila., 1877, 280, Chickamauga
River, Ringgold, Georgia. (Type, No. .31129. Coll. Jordan & IJruyton.)
Qii<u»i7«)/i<i tiiceni, JouDAN, Man. Vort., Ed. 2, 406, 1878; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 144, 1883.
Supplemental Note on Catostomid.e.
Chasmisfci^ hreviroatris, Cope, should apparently be transferred to the
genus Ctiloxtomus, standing next to Catostomus fecundus, Cope* and Yar-
row. The two seem to constitute a distinct section, or subgenus {Lip-
omy:on, Cope), intermediate between Catoatomua and Chasnmtes.
Family XXXVII. CYPRINID^.
(The Carps.)
Cyprinoid fishes with' tho margin of the upper jaw formed by the pre-
maxillaries alone and the lower pharyngeal bones well developed, falci-
form, nearly parallel with the giil arches, each provided with 1 to 3 series
of toeth in tsmall number, 4 to 7 in the main row, and a less number in the
others, if more are present. Head naked; body scaly (except in Meda&nA
I'kgoptiriis, of North America, Phoxindhia and Aulopyge, of Europe,, and
a few others). Barbels 2 or 4; absent in most of our genera, and not large
iu any. Helly usually rounded, rarely compressed, never serrated. Gill
openings moderate, the membranes broadly joined to the isthmus. Bran-
chiostegals always 3. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchiae
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usually present. No adipose fin. Dorsal fin short in all the AmrM icun
species, elongate in many Old World forms. Ventral lins abdoniiuul. Air
bladder usually large, commonly divided into an anterior and a poNtcriur
lobe, not inclosed in a bony capsule, rarely wanting. Stomucli with-
out appendages, appearing as a simple enlargement of the iutoHtiucN.
Fishes mostly of moderate or small size, inhabiting the frenh waters uf
the Old World and of North America. Genera about 200; species luaily
1,000; excessively abundant where found, both in individuals and N|)(ci«8,
and, from their great uniformity in size, form, and coloration, conMtiliiting
ono of the most difficult groups in natural history in which to distiii<;uiHli
genera and species. Our genera are mostly very closely related, nml arc
separated by characters which, although reasonably constant, arc often
of slight structural importance. The spring, or breeding dress, of tho nmiu
fishes is often peculiar. The top of the head, and often the fins or varioiiH
portions of the hody, are covered with small tubercles, outgrowtlis I'loni
the epidermis. The fins and lower parts of the body in the spring' iiialoH
are often charged with bright pigment, the prevailing color of which is
red, although in some genera it is satin-white, yellowish, or black.
It is not easy to arrange the genera of Cyjyrinid'o; in accordance with
possible lines of descent. The herbivorous species with straight teeth in
one series (as Orthodon), are doubtless nearest the primitive type, wlijcii
has degenerated into weak forms like Uyhoynathus. In like niaiiiiei
Notropis seems to have degenerated from Leuciaciia, and perhaps Hijhoimh
from Gohio. Such forms as Mylovheihta and Ptychochcilua doubtless
approach the original line of descent. The Old World Cyprinidiv are at once
more primitive and more highly organized than American forniH. Tlic
Pacific Coast species approach the European types. (Cyprinjd-i;, part,
Gunther, Cat., vii, 25-339.)
Note.— Young Cyprinidw are usually more slender than adults of tlie
same species, and the eye is always much larger; they also freinieiitly
show a black lateral stripe and caudal spot, which the adults may not
possess. In the following descriptions the rudimentary rays of dorsal
and anal are not counted. The fins and scales, are often, especially in
specimens living in small brooks, covered with round black specks, ininia-
ture trematodes. These should not be mistaken for truo'color maikings,
No progress can be made in the study o^ these fishes without careful
attention to the teeth, as the genera are largely based on dental charac-
ters. The pharyngeal bones in the smaller species can be removed by
inserting a pin (or, better, a small hook) through the gill openinjir, under
the shoulder girdle. The teeth should be carefully cleaned with a tooth-
brush, or, better, a jet of water, and when dry may be examined by any
small lens. In most cases a principal row of 4 or 5 larger teeth will he
found, in front of which is a set of 1 or 2 smaller ones. The two sides are
usually, but not always, symmetrical. Thus, "teeth 2, 4-5, 1," indicates
two rows of teeth on each side, on the one side 4 in the principal row and
2 in the lesser; on the other side 5 in the main row and 1 in the other.
"Teeth 4-4" indicates a single row of 4 on each pharyngeal bone, and so
on.
In the Leuciscine genera, these teeth, or the principal ones, are "rap-
tatorial," that is, hooked inward at the tips. A grinding or masticatory
surface is an excavated space or groove, usually at the base of tlio book.
Sometimes the grinding surface is very narrow and confined to one or two
'''"itiimaiinihis, (
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America, 201
t,,,.tli Sotnotimos a hcvoleil or ilattonod ed^ro lookH so mnoh like a grind-
in. ^ «i:i I.I' <> a.s to iiiiHioad a Hiipertioial observer. In some casus tbe edge
(ifllif idotli in crenate or sorrato.
|j,.!*i<lis the native species here mentioned, representatives of several
(itlit !■ miH-ni luive boon introduced from Europe, and two of these have
lmconu> i-iiiiuiion inhabitants of many streams, east and west. These are
Ciiliriiii"- > LiiiM!''"**! imd Cartmshta, Nilsson. The first is distinguished by
the v(i\ \oi\ti (lorsal, which, like the anal, is preceded by a strong spine
Hi>rr:iti'<l lioliintl. About the mouth are 4 long barbels, and the teeth are
iiKtliu. I. •> •'. !• ^'li's genus is represented by the carp (Cuprinns carpio,
L.). rill' cup is normally covered with large scales. In domestication,
liowcvci, viiriations have arisen, prominent ones being the "Leather
Carp, " naked, and the " Mirror Carp," with a few series of very large
HCIllo^-
t'ani''^iiin, NilsHon, differs from Cyprinus chiefly in the absence of barbels
and in liavin<; the teeth compressed, 4-4. The goldfish (CuriiHDiiiH aiiratiiHf
LiiiiiMiiN). iH originally olivaceous, but only the orange-red variety is
valued lor a<iuaria. Both Caramua and CypnnuH are native in China.
*rminiii>i:r. 1)nrf)Hl flii oinnpcate; ilornal and anal flns each preceded by a aorratud gpiue; teeth
mnlai. Spc'iic'fl iiitruductMl t'l'Dni Europe and Asia.
1. ISlirliiN I; tenth 1, 1, ;t-;i, 1, 1. C'Yl'niNUS.
,M. Itiirl" Is nono ; teeth 4-4. Gabassius.
CvrniNus (Artodi) Llnnaeug. Tim Carps.
f'i/iimiii«, (Artpdi), LlNN.T.fS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 17.'>8, 320, [carpio).
Hoilv rdliiiBt, ooiiipressed, resninhlinf; that of the linfTalo-tifih. Month moderate, anterior,
witli i I"!'!.' Iiivrlii'lii. SuDUt blunt, rounded. Teeth molar, broad and truncate, 1, 1, .3-3, 1, 1.
Seal's liir:;.'. Liiteral lino continiioiiH. Dorsal fln very lone, with a stunt npino, serrated
lii'liiihl; iiiial fin short, uKso with ii spine. Largo lislios of the fresh watern of Asia ; intro-
(liici'ii ii>t'> I'liinipeand America as food-tishos. It has been generally introduced into private
l»iii(ls ill iieiirly all parts of the United States; from there it has escaped into the streams
ami lakiM, :iiid is now an abundant fish in most of our larger, warmer rivers and in the
|inuil> iiiiil l>;iyouB of the 9[ississippi A'alley. Un the south shore of Lake Erie it bus boconia
wi'll ostiililislicd and is uf cunsiderablo cummurcial importance, (xvirprfos, the ancient
name i,f tlie carp.)
(JypEiNUS Cabpio, Linnicus. Carp.
Dorsal TIT, 20: A. Ill, 5; sralos 5-38-5; teeth 1, 1, 3-3, 1, 1. no<ly stout, more or less com-
pri'sscil, liciivy anteriorly. L. 18 inches or more. Fresh waters of Central Asia; introduced
iisaloi'il-tisli into Europe and America. In domestication it has run into many varieties,
(liiitiii);iii>hod by ditlorences in form, squamatiou, and development of flns. (Curj)io, carp.)
Cjpriiiiu ciirpi", LiNN.KUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 320 ; GCnther, Cat., vil, 25.
Cararsius, Nilsson. The Crucian Carps.
c.nmm, Nii.ssoN, Prodromus, Ichthy. Scand., 1832, (cnrafwi'iis).
Iloily olilciiit;, compressed, and elevated. Mouth terminal, without barbels. Teeth 4-4,
nioliir, liut ciinipressod. Scaleslarge. Lateral lino contiunous. Dorsal fins very long, with
till' tliinl niv developed into a stout spine, which is serrated behind; anal short with a simi-
liii>|iiiii'. Ventnils well forward. Large species of the fresh waters of EuroiKs and Asia;
(ifti'ii ilonicsticated. {CammuK, a Latinizution of the vernacular names Harass or Karausche,
applied to the European Crucian carp, C. caroMttn.)
Carassius AURATt'S (Llnnueus). Goldfish.
D. II, IS; A. II, 7; Lat. 1, 2C; teeth, 4-4. Body stout, covered with largo scales. Domil
ami anal liiis with the spines strong, coarsely serrated. Coloration olivaceous, nsually
oranjic, ur variegated in donieHticati(m. Length, 12 inches. China and .lapan; introduced
oviTYwlii re ,is an a<)uarium fish, and now naturalized in many of our eastern streams. Thn
variations are innumei-able. {luiralnn, gilded.)
Q/jiriiiii* iiiiiii^iis, LiNN/T.rs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 323.
''<iio«m«aMn(/i(.s, GuNTUEB, Oat., vii, ,i2.
•WierEumiiiaii species, as the Tench (Tinea Imra (Linmcns)) and the Ide (him iijiifi (Linmeus)),
luvu livcii iutruducod into America, but none of these are yet well established anywhere.
I
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202
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
A. Donal fln ihort, without (loTt<l(i|io(l Hpluu ; no iiiiiil ipliie.
Oampohtomint. :
a. Air bladder lurroumliMl by many eoriToliitloiiii of tlio very tung ullmnntary r«Ml ; lir>rbW-
oruui.
h, Toeth 4-4, or 1,4-4,0, with iihllqnc KrindiiiR mirfaco and idight Imok ; perli"ii«iini
Mack. Camfortd.ma, Iiki.
aa. Air bliul<l«r nbov<! the aliiiiciitnry catiitl, an nniinl In fliliei,
ClIONHBOHTOMIN.V..*
c. IntoNtiiiiil canal olonRato, UM\iaIly mor(< than twire tli<> length of the Itody ; teeth l-rowi^,
with KrindlnK Hurfuco well duvelopod; piTitoiiniini iiiiially block- hcrblvinnis.
<{. Teeth n-0, Mtrongly ronipre8ged, knlfe-HliajHMl ; pRendubmnchiiu none; r idliii'jilitry
caudal niyit greatly devolo|H<d ; HcaIeK very Hiiiall. - Ortiioimjn, bi],
till. Teeth 6-r> ur4-ri ; dunial fln Innerted iHiHterlorly ; icalnR Hmall.
e. PHeudobranchiie none ; lower Jaw thin, with hard, Hharp edge ; upper Jnu pro-
traetlle, with lloHhy covering; body elongate, Hubturute. ~ Uxvoenkih, In:;.
««. Pfiendubranchiie preoent.
/. Jaws ouch with a conHplououi, broad, Btralght-edged, horny pliitt ; tci'th
4-5, Btoiit, bhintUli, hooked, und short. i Acrocheii is, 1(i;i.
f/. Jaws without horny plate.
g. Lateral llin- conipletu ; rudimentary caudal rays nunierouN ; anul l>a.<i<
elongate. Lavima, Ii)4.
gg. Lateral line incomplete ; luiul boHlx Hhort ; Hcales minute.
ClIUOSIiBII K, 111-
ddd. Teeth 4-4; dormtl tin nearly median ; Jaw* without horny plate.
h, FirHt (rudimentary) ray of dorxiil Hieudor, flnnly attached to the first >l< \ iliiinii
ray, as usual among tishcH.
i. Scales very small, &5 to 72 in the lateral line, which is complete.
Ai.oanskv, \m.
a. Scales larger, 36 to 46 in the lateral line. IIvnonNATiii s, In;
hh. First (rudimentary) rnv '' dorsal somewhat enlarged and blunt, coiiini tcil l<>
membrane with ii, ist doveloi)ed ray.
PiMF.rHAi.rs, 108.
ee. Intestinal canal short, less than twice the b^ngth of the Inxly ; poritoneum M^uall.v
pale ; teeth 1 or 2-rowed ; carnivorous or partly ko.
Mtlopiiakouontin.t: :
j. Toeth S(.-arcely liooked, some or all of them molar, bhint, or stump-shaiH'd, iiiik li
•inlarged and obtusely truncate ; large, course Ashes.
Ic. Teeth 2, 4-5 or 5-5, 2.
/. Upper jaw not protractile; no barbels.
11. UpiKsr jaw protractile ; maxillary with a barbel.
H. Teeth U-3; <ipper Jaw protruc-tile.
jj. Teeth hooked, slender, none of them molar, the grinding surface, if present, iiiir-
row or rudimentary.
LEUCIRCINiK :
VI. Lower jaw normally formed, the dentary bones curved, free from eiioli (itluT,
except at the symphysis,
n. Teeth in the main row, 5-5 or 4-5.
o. Al)domen behind ventral flns transversely rounded, the Bcah':< jiasiiiri^'
over it ; tlie edge not forming a scaleless ridge ; anal luiso (.'i-nor-
ally, but not always, short,
p. Maxillary with a barbtd ; premaxtllaries protractile.
q. Barbel minute, not (juite terminal ; teeth without frrinJin):
surface ; caudul fln symmetrical, its rudiuieiitaiy l>ii-<iil
rays not greatly developed. Semotim's, 11--
*Thi8 subfamily, as hero recognised, is extremely heterogeneous. Some of the American
genera of herbivorous minnows and chubs, jis (hlhodou, AcrocheUiiii, and perhaps Orygimiim auJ
Laviititt, are allied to the European Ch<m<lroMoma. The others may lie desceudud from Li.'uciscine
types, or they may have degenerated from other herbivorous forms.
Mvr.opiiABi>r)ON, loii.
Mvi.')ciiKii.rs, no.
STVI'iUmiN, 111,
Jordan and Kvtrmann. — Fishes of North America, 203
i/>;, Idirhol tiTiiiiiiiil ; tuoth with griinllii); Hnrfiim ; riimlal tin
illiH.viiiiiiftrirnl ; tlii< ii|>|ii'r l<ilii> iinii li the liiiiKfir ill tho
luliilt, tbu tuwal caudal royit Kroutiy ilfTi>lii|M-il.
PCHIONIL'IITIIYII, 113.
pp. Maxillary withmit Imrbol.
r. Ti'i'tli 'J-Kiwi'tl; iiNiially 2 tooth in thn lomor row.
«. Tectli HiilH-(ini('ul, warciily liooki'il, hIiui'ii-i'iIki'iI, wiiln apnrt,
tlin loiiK liiiili or tlio |iliaryiii;<'»i Ikiiik t'loimiiti' ; IxHly
KldiiKiito ; mouth iiirgo ; luturul lili» riiiii|ili't<>.
Ptyciiiiciikim'n, 114.
M. Tonth ronipreHNiMl, cloHo-Hot, HtrniiKly hooked ; tlm pliuryn-
gi'iil l)uiii> (il° the iiHiiikl forni.
!• Cuudnl pi'diiiiclo nli'iidi'r mid oloiiKftto, tho rauihil flu
widely fiirki'd, itri luiNtl riidiiiK^ntii iiiuili devid-
opi'ii ; hoiili'M very hiiiuII ; hea<l deprcNHed in thn
adult. <iil.A, US.
(/. Caudal ptidiiiii'le Htout ; basal nidinientN of oaiiilal
little devel(.|«>d. LEi'risci'H, 110.
rr. Teotli 1-rowed, 4-.1 or 5-5.
u. Mouth of UKxIerate Hl/.e ; teeth entire.
t;. Olll rakerH short aiicl Hiiiall ; htidy not much com-
proMed ; anal flii short in Amerieaii Hpecieg.
RlTIMS, 117.
w. Qill rakeri slonder; liodymucli ronipresMod ; anal fln
rather loiin. Luxii.i.M'h, IIH.
fill. Mouth oxtromvly Nmall ; teeth serrate.
Opsoi'iKonus, Hit.
oo. Abdomen heliind ventral flns compressed to asharpedKe over wliieli
the HculeH do not pasK ; alidoiiion in front of veiitrals, rounded;
anal liasis elon({at<( ; dorsal poNlerior ; ti'otli 5-5, serrate or entire.
AnitAMiH, 120.
Nil. Teeth in the main row, 4-4, tho leRsor row often absent ; anal basis usually
short.
If. Maxillary without barbels.
X. Upjier jaw dintinctl.v iirotractilo.
\i. Seal** ( oiiiparatively larRe, 3<> to '10 In lateral lin«.
z. Jaws each with a hardi'iied bony sheath ; first ray of dorsal
Hpino like, connected by membrane with the first devel-
oped ray; teeth 4-4. Cecil loon at iius, 121.
iz. Jaws without bony sheath,
<i'. Lower jaw with the lip thin or obsolete, not devel-
oped as a Meshy lobe on ea( li side at base ; scales
larjfe, ;J0 to 50.
v. Mandible, interoperde, and suboiwrcio not cav-
ernous.
d. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal siinplo,
detaclied from the first doveloiied ray, to
which it is connected by membrane (pre-
cisely as in l\mei>ha\e» and CoclilogtuUlms);
a conspicuous black siiot on front of
dorsal and on base of caudal.
Clioi.a, 122.
re'. First simple ray of dorsal rudimentary and
closely adnato to the first branched ray
(as usual in the family). NoTiions, 12!).
W('. Mandible, interopercle, and suborbital with
eonHi)icuou8, externally visible, cavernous
rhambers ; teeth 1, 4-4, ; scales large.
Ebiothba, 124.
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Jiullettn 77, I ' nil f if Staffs Niitionat Sf use urn.
an'. Iiiiwcrjiitv Mlili the ll|i (|i'M'|ii|ii'i| 111 II iIi'nIiv Ii.i n
t'Hi'li hIiIi' ; t)')'lli 'l~l ; ilnlxiil iiiilt'ilor ; wuIm
niOii'i' miiiill, •10 to I'.o. I'liKNAcoiiii ■, li'i.
\l\l. Hciili'i vi>ry niiiiill, x'\ l<> (Ml In liitiial IIih' : \««\\ ImiK iml lnw,
■iiililcri'ti' ; niiiiilli Hiiiiill, IliK ii|>|<> r iiisv Utile iinitin' tili';
tCOlh -l-'l. KVAHHI, I'.'ii,
»r. |f|i|H<r Jitw mil |ir<>lrnrtil<> ; ll|i* tlcKliy; lioily i'IomkhI)', luvinil
\lllll lllliniti' xriili'H; ti'i'tll Hlllllll, I, I 4, I. 'llAIIDi t, l.'T
toic. Mnxllliiry »ltli iihiiiuII Imrlirl at i>r near itn rxticniity.
i/'. i'ri'tniixilliirli'H not |iniliiii tlli ••, tlie rri'iiiitii very liriHul ; t' > ili ■.',
'•-1, 'I; wiili'H Hiiiull, iliirxal iiiwlniinr. KiiiMriiiin ~, Kit,
thV . I'ri'Unixllliii'li'H iM'iitl'uctilo (riirrly Jnlni'il In tlie rnrnlicihl liy n
niiiTtiw t'li'iiiini),
>■'. Snili'rt very Hiiiiill, I'.li to M(l In liiteriil liiii". Ititeriil llii" <>ri<'ii
liii'oMi|>l<'li> : ilorMal iiimteilor. Aiiomi, I'.'ti,
tt'. SeiileH liirue, ;i,'i til Tiri ; (|or<al inrdian ; lllteriil lln(iroiii|ili|i',
/'. Toetli 4-4, iir 1, 4-1. I or o, the le^er low with ucicr
more than 1. IIviio|'>i., l;iii,
/', Teeth nHniilly 'J, I--I, 'J, the hwi-er row riirely wiih Ii.h
thiiM 'I.
J/'. Ilcil.l convex llliovo; teeth without urilnilllK "MiIhi ■ ,
liiirliel not i|nlte terniiniil. Cm run >, Ml.
j/</'. Ileail inrreor leriS Ihltte 1 iiliove ; teeth with t'riml-
lllKRIII't'llce ; liarhel temilliill. ri.*TY>iii|ii<>, ]:VJ.
■xilOUlditlNV. :
iMiii. liower Jiiw Ningiilarly fornioil, Ihn ileiitary hdiitm |iiirnlli>l, iinlteil lot llidr
whole length.
W. ProiiiiixilliirieH not |irotriietih': miiinlllile with a cnnKiiii'iioiiM lleHhy Inluiiii
•nch iii<U< nt tho hiwe; teeth 1, I I, n ur 1 ; no hiirhol; waleH nioili-riite.
EXclcil.ll>sl M, l.'C.
Pi,AiiopTKniN.v. :
.1.1. Jhinwt t\n Nhurt, iio«terlor, with ii Htroni; ttpine, eonip<iMeil of'.!, tho |ioNterior receiMd Ini.i
a lonKitililiinil irroovo ol' the anterior; inner honler of tlio ventral IhiH ttdhereiil In llic
Uicly; ttfoth hdokuci, without i;rinilini; rinrliiee, in 2 mwH.
i'. Body witli snmll uciiled; toetli 2, 1-4, 2; no biirholi). Lkimdomi i.\, l.il.
I'i', Hmly neiiloleHH; toeth 2, 4-.'i, 2.
j'. Maxillary without liiirhel. Mum. 1:1'.
i)'. Maxiltury with a harhel. ri.Aiioi-TKiii s, 1*'..
100. CAMPOSTOMA, A^aHniz.
(Stonk Rollkkh.)
Annpontoma, AoASRiz, Amor. Journ. Sci. .\rtH, Igsri, 218, (i\.»ii\»n\mi)).
Hody moderately oloiiKuto, little conipiessod. Month normal, tl»\jiiw8
with thick lips and rndimoiit of a hard Hhoath. Premaxillarics pi()( mrtilf;
no Itarhel. Teeth 1— I, or 1, l-l, 0, with o1)li<|iie jjrinding snriaco, aii(l;i
Hlight hook on 1 or 2 tcoth. Air bladder suHpended in tho alxloininal
cavity, and entirely snrroiinded by many convolntioiiH of tho long iilimcii-
tary canal, which is to 9 times tho total length of the body; ovarifs
similarly inclosed by tho alimentary canal. Peritoneum black. I'siMido-
branchiie present. Scales moderate. Lateral lino present. Dorsal nt'inl.v
over ventrals. Anal short. No spines. Herbivorous. Sexual dillirciices
very great, the males being covered with large tubercles in spriiij;. Tl""
singular arrangement of the intestines in relation to the air blinlilcr is
peculiar to CampoHtoma among all known fishes. Size moderate. (miuTii,
curve; aro/xa, mouth)
/,<r,/tiH (///«/ I'.ventuinii. — Fishes of North /Imerica,
2(W
„, ),. .,;. , III liiliriil IliM- nl'oiit TA.
I, I.I null) i>r li>|i cif lii'inl I iliHiuiii'o lit orlKlii »f iliimnl llii, iiiniitli r.itlicr lurK'', niitxllliiry
nut •iuH<- niichliiK llit« <'yH. mknaii m, :iiM.
I.I . I,. iiKili iif tup (if Ik-iwI '.j itlHtuiiri' tu origin nt ilonutl tin; iiiiiiith Niiinllrr, iiiiixillitry
ii'iii'liliiK vi'iili III rriiiii iiiiti'iiui- noitlril. hkiii.i, 'Ml.
„„, -. .1. » III l.thTiil liii.' r.» t.i :>:.. anomai.! h, :wh.
>,„!,., larKor, 4S to 47 In lutcriil IIim'. ruiiMuanLUM, ll'JU.
HM. <'AMI>OMTOnA OKXATI'W, (ilrnnl.
Ilfuil li'l; «lt']tth I; t'.vt' I. 1). ><; A. X; latuial liii« 7li; 'II Iniforo tlorHut.
ItoiU I iiIdt NtiMit; lit>ail niotUtiate, tint Hiioiit |it-oj«'Ctiiiti' and NoiiitiwUitt
ai'iiii . iiKiiitli Hiiiall, till) iiiiixilliiiy iiol loiu'hiii^ to front of uy**. Coloru-
tiiiii III mult', liiilliunt, prticiHoly uh iu C. anomiilnni, tliu h<>m1ch of buck
miiiIIIkI. i<iko (', (imimtdum in all rt^HpttctH except th«i nnirli Ntuallur Hcah^H.
('Iiiliiiiliiia Kivt'i, M4^\it'o. Our tipecintunH obtuiiiud luconlly by A, J.
Wdoliiiaii. {oinutnH, ailornuil.)
(',iii,;i.«6 ."i"niii'»iiii,<iiiiMii', rroc. Ac. Nut. Sti. I'lillii., IHriO, 1711, Chihuahua River, Mexico.
(Tj|ii', N'. 77. <''ill. J. I'lilt'.) (il'.STIIK.II, Cut., VII, !«;», 1Hi;H ; JoltKAN ilc (ill.llKIIT, My UIIIHlit, 14U,
lh>.l.
i\-il. i'A.nrOSTO.MA rUICKI, JoKlim & Tholmru, now iiiM<dt<H.
llciiil ;M ill adult nial«; dopthi; i>yo5i; D. 8; A. 8; Hcal«s l()-75-!», 32
lifrdiciliMsai: ti't'tli l-t. Body stout, inodoiatwiy coniprcHm'd; hwul lar;;e,
niiiical, wilii lur^o tuborcluH, eafli witli a central Hpinu; mouth Minall,
iiia.viliai y icacliinjj vertical from anterior iioHtril, it dlHtunco to eye, or JJ
III lit'ail. Ddisal fin o]i])OHito ventralH, itH fii'Ht ray A distaucu from unout to
KiiMiircaiiila! : anal basis Hliort, 3 in licad. Leuf^tb of tup «»f bead nearly
liall'(li>iaiiid tVom tip of Hiiout to orij^in of dorsal (i in ornutum). Scales
laiiiiT Hiiiall, deej), Humowbat crowded anteriorly. Color a.s in C. tuioiiia-
liiw. liniwiiiMli, witii brassy luster on back and sides; scales above pro-
I'lisi'ly .siMckU'd with black, the color arranged in longitudinal baiulH,
i|iiitt' (•\ iilciit back ot'tbe dorsal; less black below; a vertical black band
lii'liinil ii|icrck'; a distinct lilack spot at baso of caudal; a broad band of
lilack acmss dorsal tin, and traces of a similar band on anal; fins all
iiii>lu'ii with red (in spring ntales). Very close to C. ornatum of the Chi-
liiiuiiiia Kiver; the head longer, the snout longer, and the mouth and eye
siiiaili-i. Springs in tlie Chiricahua Mountains in Southern Ari/oiia,trib-
iitiuy to till! Kio Ya(|ui, locally very abundant. The waters of these
spi iii^jn all! lost on the desert, very rarely overllowiug into the river. The
[\\m a single specimen, 3i inches long, taken by Mr. W. \V. Price, in
Kiickci Canon, Chiricahua Mountains, iu southern Arizona. (Named for
William Wightman Price.) (Type, No. 1552, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mas.)
328.' CAMl'OSTOJIA ANOMAIilMI (Kafliies-iue).
(.'(KiNK-IlOI.I.ER ; STONE-iailiaKR ; STEKI.-BACKED ClIUIl ; MaMMY ; l)ofOH-IlEM.V.)
Head ti ; depth 4«. D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-53-8 ; teeth 4-4, or 1,4-4, 0. Body
Htoiitisli, iiiodcrately compressed, the antedorsal region becoming swollen
iiiiilinoiiiincntintheadult. Snout moderately decurved. Scalesdeep, rather
MiKili, and crowded anteriorly; maxillary not reaching to opposite the
t'tuiit uf the eye. Color brownish, with a brassy luster above, the scales
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Bulletin 4y, United States National Museum.
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:,) (
more or less mottled with dark; a dnsky vertical bar behind the opcrcle:
doruul and anal l\u» each with a dnaky crossbar about half way u|i, the
rest of the tin olivaceouH in fenialeu, fiory red in the males in the H]iring;
iriu orange in males. Males in the spring with the head and ottcu the
whole body covered with large rounded tubercles. In no other Cjn^iuoitl
are these nu|)tial appendages so extensively developed. Extremely var-
iable, the young very difl'erent iu appearance from the old males.
Length 6 to 8 inches. Central New York to Tennessee, Wyomini;, and
Texas; everywhere abundant in deep or still places in small streams, run-
ning uj) small brooks to spawn in spring. Herbivorous. One of the most
interesting and curious of our fishes, (anomalus, extraordinary.)
Iiiililiiii<mi)iiinliiK, llAKiNEsgrK, Iclitli. Oh., !>2, 18i(i, Licking River, Kentucky.
CiiloMiimiix iiirhdiiiliis, JiAKiNKSyiE, Ic th. Oil., M, 18'.i<t, Ohio River.
hlriKjIiMinm fpiuiceiihiilinn, Cuvikh & Valf.nciknnks, xvii, 48i), 1844, Wabash River.
Leiiiisnin pnilixiis, Stoheh, Proo. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., July, ISUi, Alabama.
Exiiijli'xsHin dnhiinii, IviHTl.AND, Jdiirii. Dost. Sue. Nat. Hist., v, 1HI6, 272, Yellow Creek, Ohio.
Clwmlriisloiiin piilhuii, AuAssiz, Anier. Juiiru. Sci. Arts, 1804, 357, Burlington, Iowa. (Coll.
1)1. .1. II. idtiisi'h.)
Caiiipimloniii mi'iiliiiii, (JiuAUD, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pliila., 18.50, 170, Cadereita, and near Mon-
terey, New I^eon. (Type, No. 70. Coll. Liont. Couch.)
OwipoMomii calUpterijx, Coi'E. Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila., 1804, 284, Flint River, Michigan.
(Coll. Prof. Miuily .Miles.)
CauijioKtoma miriiiijrii», Copk, I, c, 284, Bruce, Michigan. (Coll. Miles.)
Criiipi)slo:iiit yohiimiimi, Coi'E, /. c., 284, Bi'uce and Grosse Isle, Michigan. (Col!. Mllin.)
Cniiipostomi hippmif, Ciii'E, /. <:, 284, Platte River, Nebraska. (Coll. Dr. W. A. lliiDirimnil.)
C'li ■lumldiiia nnomulitm, AuAoSiz, Ainer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1805, 218j Jouvan & Gilbeut, .'Symipsis,
lil», 1883.
C<ii»;>"si()»iu ilithimii, Gt'NTllER, Cut., Vll, 183, 1808.
OatiipuHlomii prolLruiii, Jordan & GiLiiEKT, Synopsis, 100, 1883; this namo applied to southern
spL'tiiuons iu which the teeth aio usually 1, 4-4, 0.
329. CAMPOS" }MA FORMOSULUJI, Girard.
ilead 1; depth 41. D. 8; A. 7; scales 46. Head short and blunt, with
broad, projecting snout. Grayish above, whitish below ; sides more or less
marniorate ; a black pa; ch at base of caudal tin and one on the dors;" 1. iSan
Antonio River to the Rio Grande, {/onnosuluiti, diiuinutivo of fonnonun,
pretty.)
CmnpoKloma formomlnm, Giuari), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 170, Rio Sabinal, near San
Antonio, Texas. (Type, No. 70. Coll. I>r. Keunorly.) Gikard, U. S. & M<'.\. liounJ.
>vurv., Zoiil., 11, pi. XXV, figs. 0-8, 1851) ; Jordan & Giliieht, Syuopsis, 150, 1883.
lOi. ORTHODON, Girard.
Gi-thodon, Girard, Proc. Ac. Not. Sci. Phila., 1856, 182, (microlepido(a).
Body elongate. Jaws normal, the upper protractile, the lower sharp-
edged, with a knob at the symphysis; no barbel. Teeth 6-6 or ()-">. much
compressed, lancet-shaped, erect, nearly straight. Upper limb of the
pharyngeal bone very broad and concave, separated by a deep notch from
the dentigei-ous portion, the bone thin and brittle. Intestinal canal elon-
gate, about 7 times the length of the fisli; peritoneum black; scales small;
lateral line present. Dorsal tin opposite veutrals. Basal rays of caudal
largely developed. Anal basis short. Pseudobranchiai none. Gill rakers
moderate, clavate, the inner edge fringed. Size large. This gciius is
--^•■1
/or\hvi and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
207
iiliilt'il '" ^l*" Europeau genus, Chomlroxtomn, ditfeiing chiefly in the
•ilisonci' <>i' pseudobranchiiu anil of the horny mandibular plate. {opOdg,
,stiai!,'tit: '"''>' f. tooth.)
SiSO. ORTHODON MICROLRPIDOTirS (AyreN).
(Bi.ArK-fisii.)
Il.iid I: depth 4i D. 9; A. 8; scales 21-10.5-12; Vert. 24+20. Teeth
il-t; or ii-.'i, very long. Body elongate, not much compressed. Head mod-
cratf, iliittiHh above, with two bony ridges ; snout very broad ; eye small,
alioiit IialC length of snout. Mouth terminal, somewhat oblique, broad,
tilt' iiiiixilliiiy not extending to the eye. Fins rather large ; the caudal
Htron". Lateral lino decurved. Coloration plain olivaceous, paler below,
Sizelar;,"'. Length 12 to 16 inches. Lower Sacramento and San Joaquin
rivers and neighboring streams; locally abundant in «iuiet waters.
{uiKf)"/.t~ii^"'<'»:> small-scaled.)
i.'i/d miiri.U)<i'htUi, Aykks, Proo. Cnl. Ac. Nat. Sci., i, 21, 18r)5, Sacramento and San Joaquin
rivers, California. (Coll. W. (). Ajtcs.)
(/rfV.,(,.M Ml '•'',./,„w.,(., riinAiti), Par. U. B. Sur ., riBh., 237, pi, iiii, flg. 1-4, 1858 ; GUntiieb,
Cat., vii, 'rj\ 1808; Jordan & ftiMiEBX, Synopsig, 152, 1883.
102. OXYGENEUM, Forbes.
(irijiiniiin)!, rouiiES, Bull. 111. Lab. Nat. Hist., 1855, 130, {pnU'erulentitm).
Body elongate, 8ubt3rate; head small, conical; mouth large, terminal;
n]>ppr .jaw protractile, with lleshy lips; lower jaw thin, with sharp, hard
(dpe; no pseudobranchia^; scales rather small; lateral line complete.
Aliinent.ny canal elongate, more than twice length of body; teeth 4-5 or
."1-5, in one row, not strongly hooked; peritoneum blf ak. Herbivorous
species of Hmall size, (o^/'f, sharp; yhnK;, chin.)
aai. OXYGENEUM PULVERULENTUM, ForheB.
Head t,";; depth 5; eye 4. D. 8; A. 7. Lateral line 63; 31 scales before
the dorsal. Form of Moxonloma; head small, conical; mouth large,
tirminal ; gill rakers slender. Breast scaly.- Dorsal fin high. Color
pale, the back and sides dusted with dark specks. Length 2J inches.
Illinois Kiver. (Forbes.) (piilvenilentun, dusted.)
0/ij(jnifinii iitilirrutentiim, FoRiiF.s, Dtdl. 111. Lab. Nat. HiHt., 188.'>, 130, lUinoiB Hiver. (Coll.
ForbiH.) Jordan, Man. Vertobratos, Kd. v, 62, 1890.
103. ACROCHEILUS, Agassiz.
(Chisel-mouths.)
Ai'mhfilm, A(iAS.si7., Amor. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 211, {ahitaccuK).
Body elongate, little compressed. Each jaw with a large, straight,
borny plate, sharp externally and very conspicuous. Upper jaw pro-
tractile; no barbel. Teeth 4-5, stont, hooked, with broad masticatory
surface. Intestinal canai elongate; peritoneum black. Pseudobrauchia)
present. Scales small, loosely imbricated. Lateral line present. Dorsal
fiusliKlitly behind ventrals. Anal basis moderate. Caudal fin broad, its
rudimentary rays recurrent on the caudal peduncle. Size rather large.
A single species, American. (uKpot;, sharp ; ,ietAof, lip.)
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
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8»2. AfBOCHEILUS ALIJTACKUS, ARasBiz * Pickering.
(OiiiREi,-MOUT)i ; SQi'AilE-MorTii ; IIahii-moiitii.)
Head 4i; depth 1; oyo 5i D. 10; A. (t; scalew 20-85-16. Tcotli I-5,
houked, Homowhat club-shapod, with a lnoad grinding surface. I'xidv
elongate, not much compressed ; caudal peduncle very long and ulciuler,
nearly terete. Head moderate, bluntisli, the profile loimded, the inter-
orhjtul space strongly convex. Mouth horizontal, suhiuferior,ovi'rl.i|ij)e(i
by the broad, blunt snout, its breadth considerable, but the maxillaiy
not extending far back, to opposite the front of the eye. Upper j;i\v jno.
tractile, covered with a fleshy lip, inside of which is a small, stiaijrht,
cartilaginous plate, similar to that on the lower jaw, but much Hiualler
and not evident externally; lower lip covered with a firm eartiia^inous
plate, shari 'externally, the upper surface being formed by its licvcld
l)j(ge. The msverse width of this phite is l)etween 4 and 5 titncjs its
(longitudinal) breadth; the plate extends in nearly a straight line fiom
one angle of the mouth to the other; its transverse width is contained
2J times in length of head. Eye rather large, IJ in snout, its j^sition
anterior and iiot high up, 2J in interorbitul space. Dorsal long, nitlur
Jow, its first ray just behind first vay of ventrals, midway between muoiii
and middle of base of caudal ; caudal llii very long, the lobis uImuii ((inal,
onger than head, widely forked, the accessory riiys al its Ihihc vny
numerous and recurrent on the caudal pediuit'|l>; about H of these iiiiiy
be distinguished on each side of tlu! tin. Anal lln rather lillgoi viiilia^
broad, roaehiug vent. Pectorals moderate, not reaching two-lliii(ls (il
the distance to the ventrals. Scales (|ulte small, sonuiwhut elnlii tjiliii iii
the skin, very loosely imbricated, the ex|tUse(l surfaces lullgcr than liigli
profusely punctate; s([uanuitinli t|uite itregular. The scales siiialli'idi
back and belly than on sides, most exposed on caiid.'i! peduncle. Lateral
lino much decurved. Colotiitioll vety dark; belly paler, but nearly all
parts of the body stuilded with minute dark points. Peritonemu lilad;:
intestines much elongate, usually filled with ^rgel able substance. l,c'Ui,'tii
12 inches. Lower Columbia Ulver and tributaries, as far up as Spokaui
and Shoshone FalU; locally abundant. (uliitaveiiH, lealludy.)
Acrocheilnx ulitlweus, AuASSiz iiiiil I'lfKDlilNd, Anier. .Iiinri). Si'i. Arfn, xix, 2H, iHfi.'i, Willatiiette
Falls and Walla Walla River; (llNiiirii, Cat., vii, 27C ; .I()it()AN, I'ruc. U. M. Niil. I|ii»
1878, 8;t; JoHliAN A (.iii.uEiiT, S}nii|iHis, 150, 188;$.
104. LAVINIA, (Hiaid.
Lavinia, UinAiU), I'rjc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1854, I;i7, (exiUcamli).
Body elliptical, elevated, moderately compressed, rapidly contracted
to the slender caudal ]teduncle. Head small, conical. Mouth nioderatf,
terminal, obliiiue; the lower jaw included. Scales moderate, not closel)
imbricated, the exposed surfaces souu'what liexagonal. I>ati'ial lim
decurved, coiuploto. Holly behind ventrals entirely scaled. Dmsal fii
well behind ventrals, its last ray just in front of beginning "f anal.
which is rather elongate. Caudal fin little forked, its riidimeiita liasal
rays much increased in number and very strong. Intestinal ci.niii <l')"
gate, 3 times the total length of the fish; peritoneum dark. Teeth 4-5 ui
J,
fi'iddn and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America.
209
-,-•( s( "Ml cly liooked, cnltriform, with rather Itroad luit shallow grinding
Hiirtiiti ilu' larj^cst Htanding up well al)ove the surface of the bono. Gill
nikri> lutlit-r lonj? and slender; pseudobranchiie large. Size large One
spicii s. Aiiit'ritiui. (AariHiVj, a classical name, without special applica-
tion to tlitvsii fishes.)
333. LAVINIA KXILICAUDA, Iliiinl k Girar.1.
(Hitch; Chi ok Chigh.)
11*
(I I ; depth 3i ; eye 4. D. 10; A. 12; scales 13-«;i-«; tooth 4-.'> or
l'i(iil\ «lo»'p, conipresaod, tapering to the caudal i)eduucle, which is
\(.iv hUndcr. Upper lip on the level of the lower part of the pupil, the
iiiMxilhii \ liilliiig short of the eye. Preorbital short and deep; suborbital
iiioilt'iMtf. Eye rather large, anterior. Scales rather large, 42 in front of
(liiisiil. I'orsal I'm rather small; pectorals short; anal high and long;
ciiiiiliil well forked, its rudimentary rays strong, about ten in number.
Coldr (laik above, sides somewhat silvery; scales with dark specks.
Lcii'tli 1- imliC'*. Streams of the Coast Kange about San Francisco and
Miiiiltivv . Idcaliy common as far north as Clear Lake, (cxiiis, slender ;
(■i(i((/(i. tiiil.)
;,i,,iiM . .,/„.ii' ' I. I!Aiiti> ii!i<l <iiRARi>, riMC Ac. N'lt. Sci. Pliilii., 18."i4, 1117, Sacramento River,
Californi;i. (Typo, Nos. 207 ami 209. Coll. neermarin.) (iiuAiii), I'uc. K. 14. Siirv., .\, 211,
|< .^, ,1 III ' \ \- (Jli.iiF.UT, Synopnis, l')3, l«S;i.
(, ,1 ;,,iiii/.;m,, diuAiii', Troc. Ac. Nat. Kri. Tliila., 1850, 184, Monterey, California. (Type,
N. .;|o. ' ruil. A. STiiyl'T-)
(,ii,iVii» r-M/i /(., til's III r.ii, Cat., VII, 248, 1808.
105. CHROSOMUS, Raliuesciue.
;. . I- II : !m:s(I r. r.litli. nil., 17, |8"i), (piiithvoijuster).
Iliid.v iiiiMliDilely elongate, lltl|o(!ii)||llh;Hspd. Jaws normal; no barbel;
Intli Ti .') (M in, liKdjerately liooketti tvjfll well-marked grinding surface.
Aliiiiciitaiy caiial elongate, aliotifc twice mm long as body; peritoneum
lilmii Scales very Huiall. fiiiteral lino short or wanting. Dorsal behind
viiitrals: anal liasis short. Size small. Colors iu spring brilliant, the
liiaiMi'iit liii|,'lit red. This genus is of somewhat doubtful relationshij),
|i the snhgenuH Phorlnns under Leuciacun.
iiiiij ^|iin\H liiiiliy analiigiii:! «v||
I I ^ ■, lii|o| : ni.i/^ii, |)Olly.)
<i. I."»iilili(k liili'illi liiilld o«ti'l|i|||lg |iac(twap) to 1 asiMif cainlal.
I. I.u«.ii,|ii( i; iiiiiuj iiKliug iij li \mi\i Btltll- ervthuogaster, :i:i4.
" I I". I l^jai'k biini| |]fiiii(jef, Ijjilj tipt (■tilling hi it lilil .J! 8pot. dakhtknkis, .cs.'..
Ill liiitti I Mm U lati'iul liamt n,^|iit^i|in^ uuwpwitril uiiil liiuUwanI, ciiiling aliuvo liasit of aii.il.
Ilii' ii|>|m'i Imiiil furiniug ttio lilurk caiajitj Hjiiit urea.'', :j:;i:
3!U. CHItOSOMrS KltYfllKOO.iHtl-;!!, DanncBque.
(Ued-iiei,i,iei) Pack.)
Iltiiit I ; ili'iiih 1. D. 7; A. 8; scales 16-85-10; t'^eth usually .")-5 Body
Mini;;, littjf compressed, tapering each way from tie middle. Head
iii'iik'iate, ratlier pointed. M:>uth moderate, terminal, oblique, the Jaws
iilmiit i'i|iiiii. Fins rather small; tlie dorsal and anal high and short;
K.N. A 15
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210
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
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oamlal lung. Scales quite small, liriiily attaclied, bnt not mucli iniliri.
catud. Lateral lino dovulupetl lesu than half the length of tlir IkmIv.
Color brownish olive, with a dusky dorsal line and often sonio IdackiHli
spots; two black lateral bands nearly parallel, the one from thr iippiT
angle of the opercle straight to the caudal, sometimes broken iiiti) Npotu
behind, the lower broader, extending from snout through eyi-, ciiived
downward along the belly and extending to the caudal, where it ends in
a black spot; between these bands a bright, silvery area; bellv Ih'Iow
the lower band abruptly silvery ; .females obscurely marked. Mules in
spring with the belly and the interspace between the lateral baiuls lnii;lit
scarlet; bases of the vertical fins also scarlet; in high coloration the
body is everywhere minutely tuberculato and the lins are bright yellow.
Length 2 to 3 inches. Ohio and Michigan to Iowa and Nortiioiu Ala
bama; also common at Frceport, Ma<ne, (Kendall and Smith.) Alniiiiiant
in small clear streams; one of the most beautiful of our lishes, c«|)ecially
attractive in aquaria, (f'/""/'"';, red; ydorijii, belly.)
lAiJtilm or Chrammm erjilUrogaMer, R.vkinksqiie, Ii-litli. Oh., 47, 1820, Ohio River.
ChosomiiH piirrhiHjmter, JuiiDAN, Mau. Vort., Etl. 1, 284, 1870, White River, Indiana. (Coll
Juriluu.)
hMilmnrythroijiuhr, KiltTF,AN'l>, IJost. .lourn. Nut. IliHt., iv, 21$, 1844.
Lenii»iH»€rijthriuj(>stc)\ <i('NTiiFU, Put., vii, 247, 1808.
Chrositnmn eri/lhnKjtinli'r, Jciiidan A Uli.iiKit'J', SyiioimiK, 153, 1883; CoPK, Cypr. Pciin., U'.il, 1808.
Represented in the Susquehanna River by
334a. CIIItOSOMrs KItYTIIiUXiASTKK KOS (Cope).
Head 4; depths. D. 8 ; A. 8. Lateral line 77; teeth 5-5. Uoilv Nlen
dorer than the preceding; the lateral line less distinct, often eiitinh
wanting. Male with the two black lateral bands uniting on the canilal
peduncle, the lower broader and decurved, the upper luiiiow and
straight. Length 2^ inches. Sns(iuehanua River. (?/wf, sunrise.)
C'lirosiimiis (■()», Cope, Pror. Ac. Nat. Si-i. IMiila., 1801, 523, Meshoppen Creek, Susquehanna
County, Pennsylvania ; C'oi'e, Cypr. Peun., 3'Jl, 18G8 ; Jordan A Gilukut, ^<yllullii8, 15),
1883. (Coll. Cope.)
835. CHBOSOMUS DAKOTENSIS, Evormaiin & Cox.
Head 3^ ; depth 4i; eye 3^; snout 4i. D. 8; A. 8; scales abciit 80,21
in a cross series ; teeth 4-4, with slight grinding surface. Body moder-
ately stout, head heavy, caudal peduncle shorter than in related Hpeciis.
Eye moderate ; interorbital width 3 in head. Mouth small and oblique:
maxillary short, not nearly reaching vertical at front of eye, it:i length
IJ in eye ; lower jaw projecting ; tins moderate ; height of doisal 11 in
head, its origin behind the base of ventrals a distance greater than
length of snout ; anal similar to dorsal; pectorals short, li in liead;
ventrals very short, not reaching anal. Color as in C. irnthrnijmkr.
except that the back is darker and Vac upper dark line is contiiuionsiinii
not at all broken up into spots; the lower black line is mom distinct,
broader, and does not end in a black spot. Length 2 inches. Missouri
River basin, in Nebraska and South Dakota.
Ctirommms dukotinnis, Kveiimann it Cox, Kept. U. S. Fish Coram., xix, 1895, Crow Cretk.
Chamberlain, South Dakota. (Typo, No. 45680. Coll. Everuiann, Uuttir, i Coi.)
[,>r(ian and lu'ermaun. — Fishes of A'orth .Imerica. 1511
:;»N. niiiosoMis <MtKAS, coih.
II, ;m1 I ; depth 4J. D. 8; A. «. Lateral lino 67; teeth iVu. Suout, pro-
oil. imi, ;iii<l maxillary a littlo longer than in C. cri/tliroi/itntcr. Coloration
Hiinilai lo tliat of ChronomiiH tri/tlinindiiler, except for the diflerenco in pat-
ti'Mi. ilic upper band befjiuning oi)i»OHite the vent and extending back-
wiiiil lo middle of caudal, ending in a black Mpot ; lower band extending
lidiii snout tliniiigh eyo downwar<l and liackward, ceasing at base of
iiiiiii; Iniik clear olive-green, with <lark HpotH and crossbarn; belly,
iiilfrMjiuco between the lateral band.s, and bases of vortical tins bright
( riiii.soii ; liiiM otherwise yellow. Length 2i inches. Jlead waters of
lk(tiiiu)kr Kivei. The most brilliant of the genus, locally abundant in
moimt.iin Mtreanis. Specimens of criilliroi/aiiter approaching onus in
(•(iliinitiiiii are also found in clear tributaries of the Tennessee Itiver, in
Aliiliaiiiii. [oriitu, 6f)eiti(:, a mountain nymph.)
1 7,r ,-Mi"- ■■"■i\ <'i>i'i:, Jijurn. Af. Nut. Sci. I'liilii., 1H<18, 2;!3. Head of Roanoke River,
IWontfiointTy County, Virginia; (Coll. Ciipc) ; Joiiii.^N & Gilukkt, Syuinmis, lol, 1«k;) ;
JniiiiAN, Hull. f. S. Finii Coiiiin., vm, IH.SS, VS\.
Io6. ALGANSEA. Uirard.
.i;,;.rii«,.i, HlllAIUl, Pror. Ac. Nut. Sli. I'llilll., lM")t;, l^il, (<llli<'//l().
riiis i^cims is verj' closely related to Ilijhotimithiin, difforing chielly in
tlii^ siiKill si/e (if the scales, there being Ho to 70 in tho tiourso of tlu)
latti;ii line; preorltital bones very wide, as in Uyboytiatlnm ; teeth 4-1,
^carcfjy iiookcd, with rather broad grinding surface; intestinal canal
tl(iii;,'atc ; |)tiituneum black. Mountains of Mexico. (A coined name.)
.1. S' alis vrv i^iimll, iilHiiit "0 in thi' lateral line; liinly and Iii'ad rol ust.
I'. Itinsil inscitnl over Vi'iitruls; maxillary not rtailiinf; cyi'. tinckli.a, I!37.
I'll, liiiival ii:sc:tiMl rather licforo ventnils; maxillary rcacliinj; front of oyu. iiI(;ks(, >'t;!H.
'(.(. Sciik'S nHiilcratf, r)."> to GO iu the lateral line; eyo Kinall. ball.ki, 'A'M.
•Ml. ALOANSK.i TI>'('KliliA (Cnvier A ViilcncienncH).
Head .'i'i ; (lt'])tli 3?; scales 17-70-9; teeth 1-4. ]k)dy stoutish, tho head
heavy. Mouth moderate, obliijue, the maxillary not reaching to tho eye;
jaws altuut etjiuil; eye rather small; tins small, tho caudal short.
Dorsal iiisiTtt'd just over veutrals. Scales quite small, lirmly attached
and nut cloHcly imbricated, as in Myloclicilnn and Gila. Coloration dark,
plaiu; tiiiM uusimtted. Length (> inches. Lakes about tho City of
Mexico, ((Uminiitive oi tinea, a tench.)
/.iiiiViM iini-:iht, ('i'viE)i & Vai.enciknnks, xvm, ;!2:i, 1844, City of Mexico; (iC-NTUKU, Cat.,
Ml, 214, l.sts. (Specinien.f, No. 2753, U. S. N. M.; origiual typo iu Museum of I'ttris. Cull.
Miij.Wpii. itiHi.)
Uums Unallii, Joiipan A Gii.uEiiT, SynopsiB, 240, 1883.
338. ALUANtSKA DUUESI, Beau.
Head 1; depth 4; eye 5i D. 7; A. 6; scales 18-69 to 72-13. Teoth
4-1, slightly liooked, with well-developed grinding surface. Gill rakers
4+15. Body robust. Lower Jaw slightly included, with a small knob at
the symphy.sis; nusxilhiry reaching opposite front of eye. Doisal
iiiherted soincwhat before ventrals at a point midway between su( ! and
haae of caudal ; lower tins short; caudal large. Scales very small and
erowded anteriorly, larger behind; lateral line shari)ly decurvod over
p-'ctoral. Dubky brown ; sides of bead silvery, a very faint dusky spot at
ir t
I
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;. ?
t t
i 1
:■ !
n
i i
{4
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'iiiiilinil"^
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rii — T ffi ;
■ -n-W fTf^t^'IffTMl'
212
Bulletin ^7, United States National Afuseum.
Mi ii
■liiil
. J
^i''\
:v,ii
m:i
4 , >
base of caudal; upper fins dusky, unniaikcd. Leiij?tli JiJ inclics. Ccn.
tral Mexico, in streams tributary to Hio de Lor!ii:i ; our Hpeciim ns c.,!.
lected by Mr. Woolnian, at Salamanca. Very c -m to J. iiuflhi^ |,|,{
proliably distinct. (Named for Trofessor Alfredo 'ugis, who (ollntid
the types.)
Alijiiuum (liiijini, Bkax, Troc. IT. S. Nat. Mub., 18!I2, 28.% Guanajuato, Lake Yuriria. (Tvi..
Nu8. 41818 uud 43764.)
.180. AMMNSKA NAM,.i:i (Ullntlior).
Head 4 ; depth Ss ; eye 5. D. 7; A. 6. Lateral line M; teeth 1-1. lonjr,
curved, with grinding surface. Caudal peduncle not (juite twice ;is m\<^
as deep. No barbels. Snout obtusely conical, longer tluiii the ivc.
Upper jaw slightly overlapping thti lower. Ma.\illary not extciiilini; id
the eye. Dorsal immediately behind ventrals. Fins short. Jiilc,stiii;il
canal with few convolutions. Urownish, green al)ove, minuttly ilotid
with black along the sides. Length H^uches. Streamsof central -Mixiwi.
((jliinther.) (Named for M. Salle, a collector in Mexico, who nlttainwi
the types.)
Gn-'iliiliihiiKiKiUiii, G('xTHEn, Cat., VII, 484, 18C8, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
Zophi'iiihiin mist rah * ,Iiini).\N, I'roo. U.S. Nat. Muh., 187(1, ;u><», Lake Tupataro. Tvpc, X i-.
2:nnO!iii(l 2:ii:il. Coll. IMor. a. Diigi'S.) .Ihrdan tc Gimikht, .><yu(>i)Bis, 'JA, IhKi.
Hiiihiiiiim HiiUii'i, JoiiDAN, I'roo. I'. S. Nat. Mns., 1879, 22C.
Cliola lallu'i, JOBDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 1G4, 188:i.
107. HYBOGNATHUS, Agassiz
IlyhognnlliuK, AOASsiZ, Aiiier. Joiiru. Sci. Arts, 18.5r), 223, (iiiiclialis),
Dhmtlii, UiUARD, I'nic. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 185(1, 177, (epincnpa).
Al(joiiia, GiiiAnn, I. c, 18<t, (amnra).
Body elongate, aomewhat compressed. Mouth horizontal, ilio Jaw.
normal, sharp-edged; lower jaw with a slight, hard protuberance in Innit:
no barbel; upper jaw protractile. Teeth 4-t, cnltriform, witli ol)lii|iii
grinding surface and little if any hook. Alimentary canal el()ii;;att', lit"
10 times the length of the body. Peritoneum black. Scales larj;c ; lateral
lino continuous. Dorsal iii.serted ))efore. ventrals. Anal bavis slmit
Size moderate. Sexual changes very slight, no red or black pijiimiit div
tinguishing the males in spring. Species numerous ; mostly soiUliwestiiii,
and not well known, (ifio':, gibbous ; yvuUoi;, jaw.)
HYiincNATins :
11. Toetli comparatively long and Miircfly hookcil ; Bilvory Hpecics, UHnally nini-.' (haii 3'
iiiclios in longtli when adult ; scales al>out :i«.
b. Suborbitals liroad, the anterior not nioro tlian twice as Imig as deep.
c. Mouth narrow, its cleft not reaching nearly to oyo ; lower jaw shorter ili.in nii|ier.
obtuse at tip. Nl ' HAMS, il".
cc. Mouth wide, its clc'ft about reaching eye ; jaws Hubequal, the lower ,1 utishiit li|
AH'.Vl:lllS,iiil-
66. Suborbitals narrow, the anterior alioul 3 times as long as deep ; month lalli'Msiiiiiil.
IIAVI, ''ii--
■th \
*Algmii>e(i aiislrnlin, (Jordan). Head 4; depth 4J.f I). 8; A. 7. Scales lii-."i(i-s. ToetliU
Body rather elongate, formed as in Cnnionlnma uiwdkiIiihi, H(unewliiit conipnssi i|, llie l>.iit
somewhat olevateil and rounded anteriorly. Head rather large, slightly di'pressedal' ne. M"""'
moderate, low ; the lower jaw slightly included ; the premaxillary liidow the lev'l of tln'c.v^
maxillary just reaching the front of tlie eye. Lower jaw thin-edgod, with a sliglit synipjij'' J|
knob. Kye 'imall, »)in bend. Scales small. Lateral line complcle, decurved. ii.isil sligli'i.'
bi-hind ventrals. teisky bluish above ; everywlieri^ wilh dark points; a black ■^yt at W'-"'
caudal. Lengtii 7 iiichee. Lake Tupntaro, Guanajuato, Mexico, a tributary of Iti ■ berma,if*'
of the Sierra Madre. I)oubtless the adult cf Al'iuniieti lallivi.
Jfordan and Evennann. — Fishes of North America. 213
jip.viM .1 ' lini'd nann') ;
„, Ti. i!i cumimriitivdly slmrt, iliHtiiictl.v hooked ; diiborliitiilH mcxlnratu ; |>liiniboouH Kpecies,
iiMi.illv with (lurk liitciiil luiiid, tlio adult Iohh tlmii :J inchcH loug.
,/. s lies ill liitcnil lint) 32 tu 4;i.
,. Iliily iiitlicr Blender, (lie (lopth 4 to 4,'.^ in loiigtii.
(". Siiilist large, 32 to :M iii lateral line. serkna, 343.
ff. Seales smaller, nsiiuUy 37 to 40 in llio lateral lino.
(/. SideB with a dark lateral liand, ondint; in a morn or loRS dlotinrt dark Hpot
at liuso ol' caudal.
/(. Cleft of mouth about Ti in head ; Huout bluntlHh. ki'ISCOPA, 314.
Ml. Cleft of mouth about 4 in head, the Hiioiit moroaeiito. mjiiii.a,3'I'i.
gg. Sides without diitiiict dark lateral band or caudal spot ; body elliptical ill
outllno; eyo 3'.^ in head, ratlier longer than snout. AMARA,34(i.
.■. . ll.iily rather Ktoiit, the depth 3'.j to 3'1:| in length ; sealos about 37 ; sides with
ihisky liaiid and rauilal spot. MEI.anoph, 347.
,/,/, >-' nil 's ill lateral line fiU to (>U ; body r.ither sUinder, the deptli 4>;, in length.
FLVMBEA, 348.
Subgenus HYBOGNATHUS.
84o/lIYllOOXATIirS M'CHAIilK, Agassij!.
(Sii.vKUY Minnow.)
IToiitli^ (()'>; depth 4i; eye 4. D.8; A. 7. Teeth 4-4; scales 5-38-4.
Hody ('liiiii,Mto, coini)iiratively slcudcr. Head moderate, rather short, the
jinitilci'vciily eiirv«!d ; HuboibitalH l)road, the anterior about twice as hmg
as ilci'i). Kye moderate, rather lougor than muzzle. Upper jaw heavy ;
lowei );i\v thin. Scales large and silvery. Lateral line decurved ; 12 to
II larj;t scales in front of dorsal. Intestines very long, 7 to 10 times
Icii^tli of licily. Olivaceous green above, translucent in life; sides clear
silvciy, witli bright reflections; fins unspotted, coloration becoming
iliisky ill siicciiiiens living in dark waters. Length 4 to 7 inches. A
,'iiicetiil iiiuiiiow, abundant in clear streams from the Delaware and Neuse
til tile rpiicr Missouri and southward to Georgia and Texas ; common in
iiineiU' !ii I jr<' livers. Variable; tangible varieties are : subspecies jj/rtci/rt,
iiiiiaid), fVoin tlio Arkansas and Missouri rivers, the eye smaller, 5 in
licail; tlic snout depressed and blunt, with very small mouth; subspecies
I'l/ia, ((iinird), Potomac liiver, more than G inches long (western forms
are Msually It'Ms), with deeper body and larger eye, 3J|- in head; the form
calKil (i^iinritnis, from Delaware River, is not evidently dift'erent from
<iii(/i((lis, V liich is the common form of the Missouri Valley, {nuchalis,
pertaiiiiuej to the nape.)
ll)l«)ijmilhmi,:'hi(Vn', .\oA8Biz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, ISHo, 224, Quincy, Illinois, (Coll. Dr.
Wiitsoii.) CCntheu, Cut., VII, 184,1808 ; Jokdan A (Jii.iiERT, S.vnop.sis, ISti, 1883.
IMifliwWiiis |lll(,■ill(.^, GiiiAitn, Troo, Ac. Nat. Si'i. Phila., 185G, 182, sluices of the Arkansas
River, Fort Makee, Arkansas. (Type, No. 87. Coll. Dr. Suckley.)
Ili/'imllms ,,.,,i^<i, (iiiiAitii, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 182, Fort Pierre, Nebraska.
(C'"ll.l)r. Kvuii.^i.)
Hy-yiwHiM ir,,(».«, C.inARP, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 20',», Potomac River. (Coll.
Girard.) CixniKii, Cat., vii, 18.''., 1808.
lh'".uathm „si„rrwiis, CoPE, Proc. Amor. Phil. See. Phila., 1870, 466, Raritan River, New
Jersey, (Coll. C, C, Abbott.)
i ■
III
;-'• \
i ii- r '•'
i - I m
I . 1^
i!
i I
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214 Bnlh'tin ^7, Ihiited States National Afuseum.
iUI. ll¥BO<JNATIirS AlUaUITIK. (iiriinl.
Moutli wi«lor than in //. nuchalla, its cleft reaching to opposito fiontof
oyo; jiivvH Hiiboqiial, tlio lowur acutish at ti]) ; HiiburbitalH broiid, tlie
anterior about twice as h)ng as deep. Silvery. Length i inches. Very
cloNolo //. viirhaHs into which it may intergrado. Upper Missonri ngion
and lied Itiver of the Nortli. {artjijrith, uiiyfiilnr, silvery.)
njlhoguiilhitH iifinnilii', (iiuAKii, Vriir. Ac. Nut. Sri. Plillii., IS.Ifi, 1H2, Milk River.
S4-.>. IIYIHMJNATIirS IIAYI, .Tonliiii.
Head 4;^ ; depth 4? ; eye 3s ; snont 4i. D. 8; A. «; scales .^>-3r»-;i : toeth
4-t. ]<ody rather slenderer than in 7/. vucIhiUh, the protile more iiiiiidiy
declined. Head small and low ; snout short, less obtuse than in nurliuliH;
eye large; maxillary 5J in head, not quite reaching eye; suborbital Iiones
very narrow, the anterior 3 times as long as deep. Scales and fiuH » sseii-
tially as in If. nitch(d}H', color the same; intestine shorter, 4^ to 7^ timrs
body. Length 4 inches. Lower MisHis8i]>pi and neighboring rivers,
known from Pearl Kiver, from Memphis, Tennessee, and from streams in
Mississippi. Perhaps a variety of JI. vuchalib. (Named for Dr. Oliver
P. Hay, discoverer of the species.)
Unhdijiinllmn iiriiiiril'iK, Hav, null. V. S. Fisli ('iiiiitii., Ii, 1S82, <'i8, imt of OinARl) ; .ToiiinN A fin-
llEItT, S.VIIi>|i.-is, IMiS, IMS,"!.
Uijhiignnlhin liniii, .Iuudan, I'roc. V. S. Xiit. Mum., 18S4, !)4H, Pearl River, Jackson, Mifsis-
sippi. ('''yi'O. No. 3230(1. Coll. Ila.v.)
Subgenus DIONDA, Olranl.
843. IITHOONATIirS SKKKN'A (Oiranl).
Head IS ; depth 4 J ; eye 3)^. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales .5-3^ to 34-3. Eyo large,
a little loHH than interorbital width. Ventral lin nearly reach iii!,' vent,
Color dusky, with a black lateral band ; fins plain. Length 21 liiciieH.
liivers of Western Texas ; with the next, from which it may be known by
the larger scales, (serenua, serene.)
Dinwln mom, GiiiARD, Tror. Ac. Nat. Sri. Pliilii., M^hr,, 177, Sabinal River, Texas. (Tjifc
No. 43. Coll. Kciiiicily.)
Diiwda iKiihitin, CiiuAui), I'roc. Ac. Nnt Sci. Pliilii., iH.Ml, nn, Delaware Creek, a tributary
of Pecos River, Texas. (Coll. Cupt. Pope.)
Diotiiht chiiisilin, GiKAiiD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1850, 178, Live Oak Creek, a tributary
of Pecos River. (Coll. Cliiik.)
lIilhiijnalhitsnigrotiTnUita, CoPE, Bull. I'. S. Nat. HIus., xvii, .37, ISHl, ^Va^ace Creek, a tribu-
tary of Medina River, Texas ; .Thrdan .V <Iii,iieut, Synopsis, 150, 1883.
844. HYBOJJXATIII'S KPISCOI'A (Girar.l).
Head 4^ ; depth 4^ to 4^ ; eye large, 21 to 3i. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 9-37 to 41-4,
Slender, fusiform in profile, and compressed, with the back slightly
arched. Head large, the snont docurvod to the small, terminal m()"tli,tlie
maxillary reaching about half way to the eye. Dusky above, a lihickisli
band along the sides, ending in a dusky blotch at base of cautlal; tins
yellowish, niunarked; scales with line black dots. Length •> iaulit*
Rivers of Western Texas and NoTthoastern Mexico from Uio Comal to Kio
(iraiiiii'
• a)
tain, .it':
(•i\
Njlt'Cii'M
•<.\s
liifU'ln I'i'i
•■■r
and C
ulUi
[lii.lnhl (■ '.
.,.(.«,
.\(.. 11,
Ci
U)i"nil'l III;/
nto>
River,
tril
IhllMjiiiitJi'
,il.„
River,
in 1
■!l[l,hu,ji,.,ll.,
■■(/'
sprinj;
nea
ll!lh.„Jl„M:'1
. ->•//
IlljhiiiiKllliiK
.;,;«,
tihiiiUiiiiiii'li/er 1
Head 1]
; (1
liiioked.
lie
aiiteiioiiy
(I(
l)efoi(i ddi
sal,
III' raiiil,il
(ii
Wvoiiiiii-,
an
IllitCOJIII, 1)11 1 (
cleft 4 in, 1
oat
Mhnii'iiv nuhihi\
Illinois.
(T^
l'/li;/i| Ullbil'i, ,1
mil
I
Jordan and Ever>nann. — Fishes of Nortfi America.
215
(JraJiil"' : ai'undaut. (tiricKoKiK:, biMliopor pope, a remote alliiHion to Cap-
tain, all' 1 \^iii»l8 (ionoral, John Pope, iu charge of the party by wliich the
H|)iH'i»'8 \\ IS collected.)
Iimi.in '!■ V"' f!'"^"i'. '''■"<^- A'- Nut. Sci. Phlla., 185fi, 177, headwaters of Pecoa River,
and C''iianche Spring, tributary to Rio Grande. (Type, No. 't."!. Cull. Cti|it. Topi'.)
f,„„„;„ I, ,■ <, (iiiiAiin, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liilii., IHflt;, 177, Nueces River, Texas. (Tjim',
\-„. 41. ('.ill. CliiiU.)
?f«..(ii/iii(i:;"'i'«i', fiinABii, l*rop. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1850, 178, San Felipe Creek and Devil
Rivci tributaries of the Rio Grande, in Texas. (Tyix', Xd. li'J. (.'nil. Clink.)
lliil,o,iiiitili <: jl'ii-iiiliiiiis ('i)i'K, Hull. U. S. Nut. Mils., xvii, ;i(), Is.Hi), Johnson's Fork of Llano
River in Kimble County, Texas; .Touiian &Gii.m;iiT, .»<\ iiopHl-', ir.li, lss:t.
■illiiluHjmiil'ii- (liii'ii'I'i) piiiii(i/ir'^, Oauman, Bull. Muh. Cdiiip. /niil., viii, 8!i, ISHI, Parras, and
sprint; near Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico; .ruiiiiAN ic (Iimikkt, S.viio|KiiH, 8h|, isHii.
UnhinJIKllfi"
liiuniUiiiiii
itlliii\ <'iii'K, TraiiM. AiiuT. I'lilld. Sue, ln8l, 1(17, Monterey, New Leon.
. </ii»<o;.iiii, .ImiDAN it (iii.iiKUT, SjiiopNiH, l.'iH, lH8:i.
.()((/• mill ijiimojiK, KvEitUANN it Krkdam., Hull V. 8. FiBh Cimini., xii, IK'.t'i, 99.
!t4ri. HYKOOXATIII'S MHILA (FnrbcH).
Head I'; (lt'ptli4; eye 3. D. 8; A. 9; scales 5-37-3; toeth 4-4, little
hooked. Ilt-ad narrow; month inferior and horizontal. Lateral line
aiitt'iiorly delloxed. Eye larjje, rather longer than muzzle. II scales
be fort) doi sal. Color very dark; a dark lateral baud from ninz/le to base
(ilraiiditl: Huh all ]>Iain. Length 2^^ inches. Western Illinois, west to
Wvoiiiiiii;, and southwest to the Ozark region, abundant. Close to //,
ijiixcoiKi, iiiit ditfering in the more pointed snout and larger mouth, the
cldt 4 iii.iioad, not 5 as in II. ij)\iicoi)a. (iiuhilua, dusky.)
AViimifiix iiiihilii'i, FdiiiiFS, Hull. III. Lab. Nut. Ilisf., il, 50, 1878, Ror.k River, Ogle County,
Illinois. (Typr, No. '.^841(1. Coll. ForbcH.)
I'Uuliuwhih:, .ImiKAN A' (JiMiKiii, Synopsis, ](;7, 1883.
34«. HYBOdXATHI'S A.MAKA (GirarU).
Head 1 ; depth 4 ; eye 3^^. Dorsal 8 ; A. 7 ; lateral lino .35 to 38 ; teeth 4-4.
liody elliptical, rather chubby. Head short and blunt; front ctmvex.
Siiliorliil.'ii bones rather narrow. Eye moderate, about as long as snout.
.Scales moderate, 16 in front of the dorsal. Silvery ; no dark lateral band,
nor caudal spot. Rio Grande. Possibly the young of If. iiiichaU^ or some
Nimilar si)ecie8; perhaps identical with II, artjvnlom. {umartis, bitter, the
type being found in brackish water.)
Aljiiiud (imnrii, GiuAni), Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'liila., 18,")0, 180, Lagoon near Fort Brown,
Texas. (Type, No. 14'J. Coll. Clark.)
AlfiiMjIitrliiiilis, GinAuii, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Plilla., 18.')0, 181, near Monterey, New Leon;
GiKUiO, U. ,*<. iV Mcx. Houiiil. Siirv., /oiil., 4.'), pi. .\xvii, i\s». 17-'J0, 18.'i'.l. (Coll. Coucli.)
U!ihi„iiml)iiisiliirialilis, JoitnAN & GiLiiKUT, Synopsis, ir)7. In Giraril'H litiurc, .//"c/d/i'/in ban Nniiillcr
settles tliiiii (iiiiani, about 40 in lateral lino, liu. tbo plates of tho Mu.xicau Itouu^ry Survey
Hro vi'ry uiitrustwortby.
Uiil««jiMlhiixiimaivs, JoiiliAN & Gll.DKliT, Synopsis, 150, 1883.
'Ouo of till- types of It. argcntiMi, recently examined, gives; Ileail 'ii/, doptb 3^.-J; oyo S%,
aiiil is luiivier and stoutor tliau tyiiical epixiitpu ; tliu doiBivl is less anterior. Possibly a distinct
f\ii:m.
•Uiihiujii.ithus jmnrlij'ei; OAnMAN, from LaRuna did IMucrte, Ooaluiila is not evidently ditferont.
Sialis 6-40 ;!. Head 4; deptb 4; tbo form stouter than in If. fjiiscinm.
'Ilii}:n,jii.iti,ii.i i-irilis, Cope, from Monterey, New Leon, is alsr) not appreciably dilTereiit.
Ut.iiiltilrii.i' I'aiiit or obsolete; deptb of body equal to loii(,'tb of bead, .'>',' in l.ital w'itb caudal;
'). 3-.jiii liciid; pectorals not reacbiui; veiitials.
All these last itirtjeuUiKd, punelij'er, rivilif) may beloiiK to a distinct species, (Ifiibaiiunthns nnjen-
l'«), idliid to //. episv(>iM, but stouter, witb smaller eye, and tbo lateral bund faint or obsolete,
ili(i"8idiM silvery us if painted witU iiuicksllver."
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216
Bulletin 47, United States National Mituum.
»47. IfYHOflNATIII'H MKI,A>OI»H ((iimnl).
Head 4 to 4i ; (l«|)tli ',\\ to IIJ. I). H; A. 7 ; scaloH 7-:UJ to .'{S-f ; teofli 1.4.
Hody (locpor than in related HpecioH ; Hiioiit rounded ; eye niediiuu. Ulai k.
iuh above, sides smoky, with black dots ; a l.lack spot at base «»1" caudiil.
Len>,'th 2i inches. Streams of Coaliuila, Chiluiabna, and Nmcvo l,(.(»n.
Two specimens coliticted by Mr. Woolman in Chiliinihua J{iver a«rcc wiih
//. ipiHvupa in all respects except that the depth is ll'i and the scah'N L'or
43. It is doubtful whether the two species are really distinct, (filhii;,
black ; I'.nl', eye.)
himiilii iH./.iMoj.i, (iiRAUD, rro(!, Ar. Nut. Stl. I'liilii., IbM), 17«, Buena Vista, Coaluijla
(Tj|p.', No. 41. Coll. Couch.)
/>i..)(,/.M..i(,/,(,(;inAKi), Pror. Ac.Nat. .Sri. IMilIii.,1850, 178,Ouajuco, Monterey, andCadtreila,
New Leon. (Tvpc, Nc KKi, (2(Ci>7). Coll. Miillliuum-ii.)
lll/hiiyHUtliiiH militmijn; JoliUAN, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Snrv., iv, No. 2, -iOii, 1h78.
848. IIYIMMJNATIH'H I'LI'MliKA* (Glriinl).
Head 4J! ; depth 4jt. D. 8; A. 7 ; lateral line 53 to 5«. Body rather slen-
der. Head moderate, rounded in front. Lower jaw included, Hi.isal
inserted before voutrals. Color uniform, eomotinum a black sjiut at tlie
base of the caudal. Tributaries of Arkansas Kiver in Indian Temton.
(Oirard.) {j)lHinhiun, lead-colored.)
Dhiiila iihtmhia, (iiitAiih, I'roc. Ai:. Nut. Scl. Plillii., IS.'ir,, 17M, Canadian River. (Cull.
Mollliauricii.
Diomla tjmilii'ca, (Jiu.\Ki>, Proc. Ac. Nut. Scl. Plillii., 1850, 178, Fort Smith, Arkansas. iC„\\.
MolllmuBcu.)
Dioiiilii !//i.»'.i, (liiiAiin, I'acHic 11. 11. Surv., .\, 'SM>, \t\. i.ii, figH. O-Kl, 1858, ao milen west of
Choctaw Agency. (Coll. MiillhuuKcii.)
Zophewhim ji/iimbeiiiM, Jordan t^ Gilbkiit, SyuuI>Hi^4, 165, 1883.
I08. PIMEPHALES, Kaliuesrjue.
(Fat-iieads.)
Piinephnle.i, Hafinksque, Iclitli. Oil., 62, 1820, diinmchi'),
llyl'iirhiiurhiiK, AdASSiz, Aiiicr. .luuiii. Sri. Art«, ]8."i."i, 22, (iintiitiis).
(jDlinctm, CorE, HaydenV Kept. Gi'ol. Surv. of Wyoniint;, l,s72,4;;7, (pKrieUilin = young of jiromrltiii).
Body rather robust, little compressed. Hejul short and rounded. .Mniitli
small, inferior ; upper jaw protractile; nobarbe^. Teetli l-l, with oliliiiiic
grinding surface, usually but one of the tooth hooked. Dorsal over vtii-
trals, its first (rudimentary) ray separated from the rest by meuibianc,
not adnate to it, as usual in minnows ; this character is most distinct in
adult males, in which the skin of the first ray is thickened. Anal ba.sis
short. Intestinal canal elongate. Peritoneum black. Pseudobiancliia'
present. Scales rather small. Lateral line complete or variously incom-
plete. Size small. Breeding males with much black pigment and witii
large warts on the head. {•^ifiOJn, fat ; Ki(p(M/, head.)
«. Liitoral liuo nioro or loss incuniploto ; body very short and stout. pkomki.as, ;i49.
aa. Lateral linu coinploto ; body nioderattdy olongatu. notati s, XM
'''The nomiual spocies hore uuitud na Hyhoijnuthiu pliimbea arc all uukuown to us. (ilnril
figures all of thorn as having smaU Bcalos, Homo 53 to 58 in the lateral Hue. In general .iiipi'iir-
ance thtso figures seem to agree, and except for the scalen, they seem to bo closu to tin- "tlifi
species called Dionda, It is possible that their relations are with Algamta rather than JMundii.
It may also be that the scales are erroneously figured by Oirard.
f: I
Jordan and Jivermann. — Fishes of North America, 217
849. riMKIMIAI.KH I'ltOMKIiAK, Uullnfii<iii«.
(Fat-iicaii; ni.»rK-iiRAi> Minnow.)
H.Mil I; ilt'ptli I: l>. I, 7; A. 7; hcii1«'s 1~V,\ to 47-«>; tooth 4-J. Hody
very ^lioit and «h>i'n, HcikI Hluirt, «*v<'rywlH'n» «;onvt>x, ulinoNt goliiilar
III mill 1 1 iiiali>N. Month hiiiuII, iiitV'iiur, liori/.uiilal. HcaloH <l«><*p, cloaoly
jiiilitii iM'il. I^utoral liii<< rxtioiiicly vaiialilo, NoniotiiiK'H uuarly coiiiploto
((■()/(/V»//c<>,8oin«tiiiieHalino8t wai»tiiiK,(tjpi<'ul^>n)M»<'/rt*). OlivaccoiiN, the
iliiiNiil \Nilli a lar;;t' black bar {kmomh it, nearly half way up, nuwt tliHtiiict
iiiitfiiiirly, aii|M-ai in;; as a niinplo dnNky hIukIo in tlio yoini);. Malu
lihli ilii>ky, tliii hoa«l Jot-hhick, with Movoial larger tulmicleH on tho Niiout
iiiH|iiiii,u'; ii (liiNky Hhado along Hi«luH of caudal pcdunclv. Length 2^ incheH.
LkKi' ( li.iniplain to Kentucky, Dakota, and tho Kiotirando; aluindant in
slii;;^i-li liiDoks, oMpocially in tho MisHouri Basin. VaricH greatly with
age, H(\ , and Hoason. (t^w, beforo; /ii?>nr, black.)
Pimf)iM(!i iiroiiirlim, MwiSKmivr., Iililli. Oh., 611, IH*), pond near Lexington, Kentucky;
(Coll. Will. M. Clltronl); (il'NTliKn, Cut., vii, 181, \»t)S; Jordan .^ (Jii.hfkt, .><yno|i«i>t, IM,
l>«:t.
I',„i.),lntl,^f.i.-d,ii,ia, (JiRAKi., I'roc. Ac. Nut. Sol. I'lillii., IS.Mi, ]go, Yellowstone River, ((!oll.
IIii.mI' II )
I1,i,.iii,"- <^„l.iiin,-eihalm, AiiiioTT, Vtw. \r. Nut. Mci. I'hllii., 1W10,325, Lake Whittlesey, Min-
nesota. (Tyi'/, No. :i:i7l. Coll. AI>bo(t.)
rm,l,l,oli< iiiihii,* Cwr., I'loo, Ar. Nut. 8ri. Pliilu., 18114, 2.S2, Grosse Isle, Detroit River,
Michigan. (Ooll. Miles.) GrsTiiKU. Tut., vii, iNl, 1S(!S.
;%iiij,/i.i/. • .1 ;/.i«ii,:i7, CiifE, <'v|)r. ri^mi., .'lOl, istit'i, Miami River, tributary near Rich-
monil, Indiana.
Co/nfi.. I ',i:, ■,il!s, I'oi'K, lIiiyiliMi'rt Itojiort for 1«70, Ctuolog. .Siirv. of WyomliiK, l^H, 1H71, Saint
Josepli. Missouri. (Coll. Iliiydxii.) .Iouhan Jii Gilbkht, HynopslH, 168, 18811.
Kcpri'siaitoil in ArkauMas and Indian Territory by tho cloaoly related
;U1»a. PI.MKIMIALKS IMUMIKLAS .tlA< I I.OSIS ((Jiriird).
nitlcrs only in having the lateral lino bettor developed; the pores want-
ing on Icmh than half tho scales, (/oloration, so far as known, as in /'.
pri>mt'hf<. Arkansas River, locally abundant, probably in other streams
tVoiii Kiinsas to Texas. {maculoHitu, spotted.)
/'iiK.j./iii/i - iwiriiliimm, C.iitAiii), rroc. .\('. Nut. Sci. IMilla., ISofi, 180, Sluices of Arkansas River,
Fort Makee, Arkansas; (Typi', No. 153, (272S(). Coll. Ito.kwitli.) (iiRAiin, I'li.-. U. H.
Smv., \, 'j:!l, iSfiH.
Ilijh'iliini'hii* niijelliis, ( 'oi'E, /.oiil. Wlicclor Siirv., v, 1171, 1875, (1870), Arkansas River, Pueblo,
Colorado. (Tyiut, Nos. 157'.K1 uml l."i7SI. Coll. Aikdi.)
llijlii'ihiiinl.i'smiijerhif, .ToRPAN & fiii.iiERT, in part, SynojwiH, l.'iO, 1883.
Ki'lircscuted in the Rio Grande basin by
84»b. PI.MKPIIALKS PKO.MKLAS CONFERTrS (Girard).
Similin to the variety maenlo>tHK, but more chubby, and the male appar-
liitly (lilVcrontly colored. An adult male from the Chihuahua River, col-
Iicted li\ Mr. Woolman, is black, with two broad white cross bands, tho
one aciDss the gill opening, including edge of operclo and shoulder
K'irdlu ; the other under front of dorsal. Another band, less distinct,
»J'iiiif;i//.i/.s milesi may bo a tangible variety; tho scales are said to be 40, with only 3 sorieg
Wtween tliu lateral line and the ventrals, while there are usually 6 to 7 in P. promeku.
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 W[£ST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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218
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
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across liaso of cautlul ; pectoral tins white, except the Mack outer (^dire
which is followed hj' a narrow, sharply-defined streak of bright silvcrv
other fins white, the middle portions black ; head all black. Lateral lino
complete. {conJ'irtuH, compact.)
IlylKirhjiiirhiiK riiii/irliiii, (iiHAMi, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'hilii., 1850, 17l», (9), Hurrah Citek,a
tributary of Pecos River, Texas. (Coll. MiillhauHi-ii.) Jobdan & (jii.iikrt, in imrt,
SyiiotwiH, 15!), 1883.
8.10. PIMKPKALKK NOTATIIS* (n.ifincK.iufi).
(Bi.uNT-N<iSKi> Minnow.)
Head i\; depth 5; D. T, 8; A. 7; scales 6-4.5-4 ; teeth 4-4. Body rather
elongate, not elevated, moderately compressed. Head moderate ; tiic muz-
zle blunt and convex ; top of the head depressed. Cheeks vertical. Moiiih
small, inferior, horizontal. Fins small; the dorsal moderate, the liist ray
distinct and spiue-lik'j in the male, slender in the female; anal Hinall,
Cauda - fin short. Scales moderate, deep, closely imbricated ; scales in
front of dorsal small and crowded, in 23 rows. Eye n^oderate. Color oli-
vaceous, little silvery ; sides bluish ; a black spot on the dorsal fin in front,
near the base, 'ess distinct than in CUola vitjilax; a dusky shade at base
of caudal ; fins often reddish ; males in spring with the black on the dorsal
more extended and the head wholly black; snout with about 14 disiHo-
portionately large tubercles. Length 4 inches, Quebec to Delaware,
Kentucky, Ala.bama, Arkansas, and northward to the Dakotas ; generally
very abundant in small streams west of the AUeghanies. (notatus, noted
or spotted.)
MinnihtK notalus, Rafinekquk, Ichth. Oh., 47, 1820, Ohio River.
fktlostomm vielanotit!<, RAKiNKSQrK, Idith. Oh., oH, 1S20, Ohio River.
HyhiirhyiwhiiH jierijiUiim, OiiiAiti), I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 185, Arkansas River, Fort
Smith. (Type, No. 141. Coll. Shumanl.)
Kyhdrlinnchnnlenelhis, GlRAltD, /. <•., 179, Choctav<^ Agency. (<!oIl. 31<illliaii.scn.)
Hyhorhymhm piiHicfUh, Girard, /. <•., 179, Antelope Creek, Canadian River, d'oll.
Kcnuerly.)
HyluijMui hiiiimtinitx, Cope, Cypr. I'oiin., 382, 18GC, St. Joseph River, Michigan ; Michigan
City, Indiana.
Hiihorhynehiis HtiperciUomis, Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1808, 234 ; Kanawha River. (Brwd-
iiig mail's wit)- lliu lips thickened). (Type, No. 20532. Coll. Copt,.) .Ioudan X iIji.iiert,
Synopsis, lOO, 1883.
Hyhnrhynvhm nnlidm, GdNTiiEB, Cat., vii, 1H2, 18f8; Jordan A Gilbert, Syuopsis, 1.59, 1883.
HyhogiKithiis jicrdjikiiiin, GrNTliER, Cat., vii, 185, 1808.
Leiii'm'UH hiimiilnriiit, GCntiier, Cat., Vli, 259, 1808.
Cliola hiimalnra, .ToBUAN & Gilbert, Synopsis, 100, 1883.
100. MYLOPHARODON, Ayres.
Mylopharniloii, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1855, 33, {mhuHtuii).
Body elongate ; head large, pike-like, the upper jaw not protractile:
no barbel. Teeth 2,4-5,2; 2 or 3 of the teeth in the main row molar,
*Tho foUowint? nominal species is probably the young- of l'im>'phale» unlnlus: Uyhi'i''ii lunm-
tiinio. Cope. Head 4; depth 4iS; pyc^%- T>.»; A. 7; scales 7-44-4; teeth 4-4, littlehooUcil. Iliwl
moderate, the muzzle litt'e obtus>\ Mouth moderate, terminal, oMiciue, the maxillary rcftchirit'
orbit; temporal region rounded. Scales rather small, 21 rows in front of dorsal. Lat'iiil liin'
slightly decurvcd. Plumbeous abi vc ; head blackish ; a faint dusky latc^ral ban<l, ciiiiiMgiiin
dusky spot at riM)t of caudal lin ; caudal fln dull red ; fins otherwise plain. Length :i iuclii's.
Streams about the head of Lake Michigan. Saidtubeubuudaut. (Cope,) 'aifiOi blood ; ovi>a,tMl]
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 219
tniacate or bluutly rounded at tbo apox, much enlarged. Mouth terminal,
lather laif,'o, with thickened lips. Scales rather small ; lateral lino cou-
liiiiions. Dorsal fin inserted hohind the ventrals. Anal basis short. Size
very large, racific slope. This genus resembles Mylochciliis, from Avhich
it ilitJ'.TH in the nonprotractility of the upper jaw. Both reprosijnt a
coiiiiiaratively priniitivo type ofC'i/j/WHiV/d, allied to Asiatic forms. (Short-
.iicd from Myh>pl>ariiniio(JoH—n'i>h)i:, grinder ; ^tipvy^, pharynx ; WoiV, tooth. )
tl'.l. MYLOrilAKOOOV rONOCEPIIALrS (nairil Adiiaril).
Head:}.}; depth 43 ; eye 7. D.8; A. 8; scales 17-74-7. Dody elongate,
HiibfiiHiforni, compressed. Head broad and depressed, the snout tapering.
Month liorizontal, the jaws about equnl, the maxillary extending to eye.
i',ve Hinall, 2J in snout ; preorbital elongate. Interorbital space as long as
iiia\illary,3 in head. Scales rather small, loosely imbricated. Dorsal fin
,1 little behind ventrals. Caudal tin li in head, the lower lobe very long,
longer than ippcr; caudal peduncle very long, 4i in length. Color dark,
iialti below, n'> red. Length 2 to 3 feet. Sacramento and San Joaquin
rivers: not very common; next to the species of .?'<.»/c''oc''t't'M«) the largest
of on:- Cijpriuida'. {km'oc, cone; KEij>a7Ji, head.)
<;il,(fi,iii'iii')filii, lUini) .V: (iiRAiin, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liilii., 1854, l:!l, San Joaquin River.
(Coll. Ilouniiiinii.)
M.ili.iilKirnih'nrul.iifliis, Ayuks, I'icic. fill. Ac. Nat. Sci., 18.15, XI, San Francisco. (C,(>]\. Ayres.)
M,,r,l,h,iii'<i'itow>ceiihiiliisH\\ilri>h>itliii>,Gink-UTi, I'nc. U. R. Surv., x, 'Jlf,, 18r)8.
M,,h,l,h<ir()di>n conocfj>hahi!t, Gi^STHT.n, Cut., vii, .12; .louDAN & Gilhert, SyiiopsiH, 225, 188,3.
110. MYL OCHEILUS, Agassiz.
Mijinrlipitus AnASSiz, Amor. .lourii. Sci. A rts., 1855, 229, (/((/<■: idh).
Ik)dy elongate, not elevated, little co'jipressed. Head rather short,
conic, somewhat pointed. Mouth rather small, little oblique, the lower
Jaw included; maxillary with a small barbel at its end; nipper jaw pro-
tractile. Scales moderate, not closely imbricnted. Lateral line decurved.
Dorsal tin beginning nearly opposite ventrals. Caudal fin with the rudi-
mentary rays little developed. Anal basis short. Intestinal canal about
ah long as body. Teeth 2, 5-5, 2, or 2, 5-4, 2, those in the main row hooked
in the young; 2 or 3 of these becoming molar with age, much enlarged,
blunt and truncate above. (A third deciduous row sometimes present,
according to Girard, in thio genus and in MyJophnrodon ; we have seen
nothing of the kind.) Size large. Pacific Slope. (//v2or, grinder ; Yf'^or,
lip.)
352. MYIiOCHEILUS CAUBINUS (Riclianlsmi).
(COMJMIIIA ClU'll.)
Head 4?; depth 4i; eye 5; snout 3^. D.8; A. P; scales 12-77-7; teeth
l,or 2,5-5, 2 or 1. Interorbital space broad, convex. Mouth horizontal
or nearly ,o, the maxillary not reaching the front of the eye ; suborbital
bones wide ; preorbital elongate. Teeth hooked in the young, some of
tliem bccomiMg stump-like with age. Color dark above; sides silvery, a
(lark lateral band; below this a pale stripe, under which is a dark stripe,
which extends about to the vent ; tins plain ; belly and pale stripe red in
J ,\
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220
Bulletin ^y, United States National Museum.
'm-v '
spring males. Length 13 inches. StrearnH of Oregon and WashiiiKfui.
from Frazer River, southward, ascending Clark's Fork of the Columlii,'
as far as Flathead Lake, (Evcrmann), and hinakoKiver to Hhoshonu F:ill.s,
(Gilbert &. Everniann); often entering the sea; abundant nortliv.iird;
frequents the spawning beds of the salmon wIhuo it devours their iu^ki^.
Specimens from Nanaiino sent us by Mr. Ashdowu H. (ireen, who Miys
that this is the only Ciiprinoid found in Vancouver Island, (catiritu, the
northwest wind, hence cauriiniH, north western.)
Vjiiirliivn (r.iiicisriis) ,inirutiii', IllcllAliDSdN, Fikiiim Ildrciili Aiiier., iil,;!OI, ISiid, Columbia River
at Fort Vancouver.
Miildclwihis fnilerniliii'*- GinAliD, Prcic Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liilii., IS'ifi, iriX, Baid fn lie finm Monterey,
California, pripbably erroiicdiiHly. (Type, No. 211 (27iih). Coll. TrowliriilKc i
MijIdrhiilitH laleiaUn, AoAssiz it I'ickkuino, Amur. .lourii. Sci. Ar(n, l.s.W.U'.l'J, Columbia River at
Fort Vancouver. (Tyiie, No. 212. Coll. .Suckley.)
Leitriinomtin rmini/».<, (ii'NTiiF.R, Cat., vii, 270,1^08.
niyhcheihin nmrhiwi, .Iokdan & tilLUEKT, SynolisJB, 224, ISSIl ; Evkhmann, Bull. i;. S. Fisli ('..iiiiii.,
Xl,18ai.43, 1>1. lU, flg. 2.
III. STYPODON, Garmau.
Slypodon, Gaiimax, Bull. Mus. Comi). Zoiil., vni, 00,1881, {.liijui/er).
Body oblong, compressed, covered with large, deciduous scales. Lateral
line complete, decurved. Dorsal and anal fins short. Mouth small,
anterior; premaxillaries protractile; fold of lower lip not cioHsiiii,^ tlid
symphysis; lower jaw trenchant, without horny covering; no l)iirli<l.s.
Gill rakers short. Pharyngeals strong. Teeth 3-3, of the Muhnlu'iUi^
type, more or less cylindrical, with rounded grinding surfaces ; posterior.
more slouder and subcou.cal. (nrriruc, stump ; o(5o/f, tooth.)
853. STYPODOX SIOMFKB, irumu.
Head 3|; depth 3,|. D. 8 ; A. 8. Scales 0-35-2. "Teeth 3-3, stout, stump-
like, withconvexBummits." Dorsaland ventral outlines similar ; eye larj^o,
longer than snout. Mouth obli([ue, the maxillary not reaching frinitor
eye ; lower jaw the longer. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the hit tti to
anal. Brown; silvery below; a broad, brown lateral band, bonliird
above by a narrow silvery line. Lago do Parras, an isolated lagoon in
Coahuila, Mexico, ((iarman.) A singular fish o*" uncertain rehitioiis,
known only from the original type, (niyniaii, sign ; fero, I bear.)
Slyjiodnn sii/nifer, Garman, Bull. Mus. Coiiiii. Zuiil., viii, 90, 1881, Lago de Parras, Coahuila,
Mexico ; .Iuudan & Gimikrt, Synopsis, 221,J8S:i.
112. SEMOTILUS, Kafiuesque.
(Fall-fisiies.)
SemolUm, RAFtNESOrK, Ichth. Ob., 40, 1820, (ilornolh^zntrnmacnlatini).
/yeiierwomiis, Heckki., Kusseggers Ueisen, I, 18411, 104:1, ("cliiynoli'itiiiii" =ror2)ornlU).
Cheilonemiis, JSaird, iu Storer's Hist. Fislics Blass., 285, 18 J5, (jwUliiUiis = foy}>(i,-(ilis).
Body robust; head large; mouth terminal, wide, the upper jaw pro-
tractile ; a small bavbel on the maxillary just abova its extremity, imt at
its tip as in most other American minnows. (In young examples tlic liar-
bel cannot always be found.) Intestinal canal short; teeth 2, Ti-l, -,
*M!ilocheilusfrnlercnhis, GiRARl>. According to Gii-ard's descriptinn and figure tbis spi'iii'sis
slcndurcr tbuu Jlfi/ZocAd/iiK (■(iHcimm, witli sborter b(;ail and sinallur scales. Head 4/, in li iiu'lli;
scales in lateral liiie about 85. D.8; A. 9. Monterey, Calilbruia, (Girard). No recent e. ill ytcir
has found any Mylocheilm iu California and this locality needs confirmation, {frateratliis, a little
brother.)
M li
Jordan and Evcrmann. — Fishes of North America. 221
ho
tiiii
Vti
ill \
U\\
I'Ibl
Ml.
knl, without siiixl'i'l! Hiirface. Scales nimlerato. Latural lino con-
ntiH. Doi.sal iiion; <»r 1(;8b poHtoiior to vontrals. Anal basis short.
iclirii" 2L'+20=l'i. Spocios oflaiffosizo, the largest of the chubs found
',iisicin America, diflcring from Lvnvm'na in the presence of a maxillary
1m 1. (aiiiin, banner, i. e., dorsal fin ; the second part of the word was
where used by Kafinesnue to mean "spotted.")
. -I'Mis : (A»ii)to?, wliitc; (Tco/jia, ))iiily):
I II i^'in 111 (loi'Mil miihviiy litwi't'ii iioNttil .'iiul liaso of riiiulal, between llith ntid 14th ver-
tiliije ; Kiiilos iKit miiili riowileil iinleriorl.v.
/. liiiiMil without )ili(cl; H()ot ; t-caleu l;ir;:e, silwry, iiliout 4S in litteriil line.
roiirnitAi.is, :!.'')4.
1 1 1 1 1 s :
. iiri;;in cf ilnrsal niidwuy between nii>lille of oiiiit ami liiiHd of ciiuiliil, lietwten l.'ith and
Mtli verleiilie. Scales irowded aiitci iorly.
I. Iiiiisal Willi a lilarli h|iot at hase of Ks anterior rajs ; walus Hnialicr, little silvery, 45
to 05 in lateral line. ATiioMAc'iaATlH, ;J55.
Subgenus LEUCOSOMUS, Ileckel.
y
».'>4rSKM<>TIM S <'(»Kl>UltALIS (Mitehill).
(Fai.i.-fisii ; .Sii.vKK C'liiii; WiNn-Kisii ; ConpouAL.)
Ileail 1; depth 4; eye U. 1). 8; A. 8; scales 8-4 .Vi ; teeth 2,5-4,2.
ISodv (>lilon<;, robust, little compressed. Head large, convex, the snout
hliintly conic ; nioutli largt*, terminal, somewhat obliiiue, the lower jaw
iiicliuhd ; premaxillary below the level, of tlio eye, the maxillary barely
reacliiiig front of orbit. Eye moderate, rather high up and anterior.
liiirhclshortertlian pupil, not evident in young specim^'>8. Scales large,
JJ ill iVoiit of dorsal, not much crowded anteriorly. Dorsal fin slightly
liehiiiil iiiiddleof body,. just ))ehindveu trals, inserted behind 13th vertebra.
FiiiN moderate. Coloration brilliant ; steel-blue above ; sides and belly sil-
very: inalesinspring with the belly and lower fins rosy or crimson ; no spots
iinthcliiis. Length 18 inches. Abundant from the St. Lawrence to the
Janus, east of the Alleghanies, in clear, swift streams, rock pools, below
eataract.s, aiul in clear lakes; .not found west of the Alleghanies. It is
mucii the largest of the eastern Ciipriniihr, ranking with the western and
ijonio European forms. " The chub is a soft lish and tastes like browu
paper, salted." (Thoroau.) (cwjjo)'«h'», pertaining to the body ; Mitehill
calls tlie 'ish Corporal or Corporaalen.)
Cj/jimiin nirjtnraliK*- MiTciiiM,, Amer. Monthly Mns., I, .Tnly, 1817, 280, preliminary notice,
• Wallkill River; Slirciiii.i,, /. c, ii, Folirnary, 1818, :124, detailed description.
Cifjiiiiii's lii'lliiris, Kafinesi^ue, An'er. Monthly Mag., i, December, 1817, 120, Hudson River
and Wood Creek.
Iciieis.i's w<niiieiin, SronEii, Fishes Mass., iiO, 1S3!), Worcester County, Mass.
Uii'ifriis jiiiUlielliis,StuHEu, Fishes Mass., 'JO, 18^0, Walpole, Mass.
I.fiidsnut iiiliitii/i, DeKav, a'. Y. Fauna : Fishes, 201), 1842, Lake Champlain.
I.'iwisais •hnisojilei-Ks, DkKay, N. Y. Fauna : Fishes, 211, 1842, N. Y. Harbor.
l.fiKmiisrtiiinijulii.i, OdviEn & Yai.enciknnes, xvii, 318, 1844, Carolina.
biiaf:iiajml,-helliis, Storek, Synopsis, 412, 184.1, Massachusetts.
ii'iu(..«..i„/r» (:uiiiravtus,jf Baikd in leonog. Eucycl., II, 216, and ia Cope, Proc. Ac. Na. . Sei. Phila.,
Ii<i!l,523, Susquehanna River.
* Ap to the priority of the namia of Mitehill and Raflne?(jue, gee note under Notropia cormUiu.
Tliis s|ii(i(;s is evidently Mitchill's Cii]iriuiiii vorpi 'talis, and the transfer of the name SewUlus
nirjiuntt::. tu the uext species by Abbott^ Putnam, and ( lope, lias been an unfortunate and coufusiug
ITMI'.
t Accenlins to Cope, the nominal species, ra(nraclii!> and rhotlievs, differ from the northern form,
l)uh-hilli'< (or corjtnralin), in the smaller scales, these baviug 47 in the lateral line, while jxWcAeJhM
ill .Mii.-^.sii liiisfttshas.')!). This dilVereiue has not been verified by later writers, who place all
imilcr uiii' head, (iiinther counts 40 to 48 in speoimeus mostly from Maine and CanaUa.
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Bulletin 4Y, United States National Museum.
LeiiomiiiiiiH iIwIIkiih, ('oi'K, I'roc. Ac. Nut. Si'i, Philii., isiil, ri'2;j, Brandywine Creek anil Kan-
cocos Creek, tributaries of the Delaware River.
SiiiKiliiii lii/iiliiiie, (Nii'K, I'roc. Ac. Nnt. Sci. I'liilii., l^oM, '.i8U, Conestuga River, Pa.; young,
Cliiilimiiiiua piililitlliiH, SioitKIl, FImIich Mush., 2H(!, 18(17,
l.fiicimimiiH iiiiliMliiH, (iVN'THr.H, Out., vir, ii<18, IHCiH.
ikmotUui buUaiit, JoitiiAN & On iikht, SyinipeiH, 2'J:2, iMs;).
Subgenus SEMOTILUS.
.v..
855; KCnOTILIS ATUO.HA' i'LATIS (Mitehill).
(IIOUNKIi-HAlK ; <'llKKK-('liril.)
Head3J; depth 4; oye about 5. D. 7; A. 8: Hcaloa ••-"i.'i-Ji, tliosc in
lateral lino varying IVoni 50 to (iO or even iiiore, tho number greatc.>it iu
northern exaniplew ; teeth 2, 5-1, 2. Body stout, tho dorHal outline urclied
iu front of the dorsal, the body tapering backwards fioni a point coiiHidor-
ably in advance of the dorsal, so that tho base of that fiii is oblii|ii»',
Head large and heavy, broad and rounded above; snout broad; iiioutb
broad, obli<|ue, lower jaw slightly included, tho upper lip just below
level of pupil; maxillary barely reachiiig front of pupil; maxillary bar-
bel small, not evident in specimens of less than 2 or 3 inches in lenj;tli.
E}-e rather small. Scales small, considerably crowded, and reduced
anteriorly; about 30 series in front of the dorsal fin. Lateral line connidoi-
ably decurved. Fins small ; tho dorsal well behind ventrals, inst-rtod
behind fifteenth vertebra, its last ray well iu advance of base of anal.
Color dusky bluish above ; sides with a vague, dusky band, black iu tho
young, disappearing in the adult; belly creamy, rosy-tinted iu males
in spring ; donsal fin always with a conspicuous black spot at tho base iu
front, which is bordered with red in tho male; a dark vertebral line;
scales everywhere edged with dark x^unctulations ; a dusky bar beliiud
opercle ; nuiles with snout coarsely tuberculate in spring. Young with a
small black caudal spot. Length 10 inches. Maine (Freeport; Kendall
Smith) and western Massachusetts (Housatonic Kiver, Jordan), to
southern Missouri, Wyoming, and Canada; everywhere abundant;
chiefly in small brooks, where it is often the largest and most voracious
inhabitant. («<<;)', black ; macula, spot.)
Oiipripun atromaatlatnn, MiTCliiLL, Amor. Monthly Map;., n, 1818, 324, Wallkill River.
8f»wUh(K<lormliK, lUiiNEStjUE, Iclith. Oh., 49, 1820, Kentucky River.
SemotiUiinrpiudns, llAFiNESgiiE, Iclith. Oh., 4i», 1820, Ohio River.
SeiiwIiliiH iliplemiiis, llAt'lNESQllE, Ichth. Oh., 49, 1820, Ohio River.
Leiirisniairis, CuviEii & Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. I'oisK., xvn, 25.'i, 1844, New York and Caro-
lina.
LcKCiwiis sloreri, CuviER & Valenoiennes, XVII, 255, 1844, New York.
LeiifiKriiiijmkheVdides, AvHEs, Troc. liost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 184!), 157, Connecticut.
Lennmiittim pallidiiK, GiuAnp, Troc. Ac. Nat. Sci, I'hila., 1850, 1!K), (latoral lino 52), Antelope
Creek, Arkansas. (Coll. Kennerly.)
Leucusimim incnis«uUis, GiRAun, f. c, 1850, 190, (lateral lino 64), Choctaw Agency. (Co".
Miillhauscn.)
SemoliliinvKurocephalii.i, GiRARU, /. <?., 1850, 204, Fort Pierre, Nebraska. (Coll. EvaiiH.)
Bemoliliisfjief^ioniis, GiKAUi), /. c, 1856, 204, Sweetwater River, Nebraska. (Coll. Hnwniun.)
Seiiintiliia hoiimoiiill, AiniOTT, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1800, 474, Kansas. ((!oll. HanunMnd.)
SemolihtH lOfpnriilh, .Jordan & Gili-ert, Synoiwis, 221, 1883; Coi'E, Cyp. Peun., 303, istlfi; not
GiiprinitK cirjuyraliii, Mitchill.
Ltmcomuiiis corpor(di.i, GttNTHER, Cat., vii, 209, 1808.
BemotiUis atromacididui, Bicknell A Drebslar, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1885, 16.
i ■ ^
n '"H ^
Jordan and Evertnann. — Fishes of North America. L*23
Koiutisenteil south of Virginia and TenneHsee by
,i:..'. a. SKM0TIM;S ATnOMACriiATI'S THOBKAI'IAM'S (.I..nliin).
Hp.kI I; depth 4. D. 8; A. 7; scales 0-46*-') ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Rather
8t(iul« 1 . witli hirger scales, less crowded forwards, 45 to 48 in lateral lino ;
the luiid slioit and thick, almost ronnd. Barhol well developed. Color-
ation ot' 'V. atromaculatua, the black dorsal spot distinct. Length 7 inches.
StreuiiiH uf Georgia and Alabama ; the extremes quite unlike atromaculaliin ;
iiitenncdiate specimens with scales 48 to 50 occurring in Cape Fear Itiver
and eloiiwhere. (Named for Henry David Thoreau, t naturulistand poet.)
gemni'l"^ tli'ireaiiianm, .loiinAN, Bull. U. S. Nut. Mus., x, 03, 1877, Flint River, Georgia.
(Tyi"', No. >J296. Coll. Hugh M. Ncisior.)
113. POGONICHTHYS, Uirard.
Pogouii'iliiii", GiRARK, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. I'lilln., 1854, laCi, {inirtiiiili)biit).
giimiiidriirii-:, JoRUAN, Bull, lluydoii Oeol. Surv. Terr., iv, 788, IH7«, (<iri///)ei«(iiM:=; young).
Itud.v (dongate ; head small, conical ; mouth moderate, terminal, normal ;
maxillary with a well-developed barbel at its end ; premaxillaries protrac-
tile. TeotL" 2, 4-5, 2, or 2, 5-5, 2, hooked, with Avell-marked grinding sur-
face. Scales rather large ; lateral line continuous, decurved. Dorsal fin
begiuiiing rather iuadvanceofventrals; anal basisshort. Caudalfmwith
its nidiiiieutary rays numerous and greatly developed, supported by strong
apopliyses of the caudal vertebrse, the upper lobe of the fin considerably
longer than the lower, this character not evident in the young, appearing
l»y deforces. Intestinal canal short; skeleton not peculiar, except in the
great development of the apophyses of last caudal vertobric. Chubs of
largo si^o, replacing on the Pacitic Slope, the eastern Svmotilun. (iruyuVf
beard; /.v'^i'r, fish.)
86«. POOONICHTHYS NACROLKPIUOTVH (Ayros).
(Sl"MT-TAIl.)
Head 4! ; depth 3f ; eye large, 4J in head. D. 9; A. 8; scales 10-66-6;
vertebrn- 26+15 ; teeth 2, 5-5, 2, rarely 2, 6-5, 2. Body elongate, somewhat
coiuprcHsed, back a little elevated. Head short, slender. Mouth mod-
erate, nearly horizontal, maxillary reaching orbit; lower jaw included;
preorbital longer than deep. Interorbital space convex. Dorsal fin mid-
way of body, rather in front of ventrals. Scales rather large, moder-
ately imbricated. Lateral lino decurved. Fins rather large ; upper lobe
of caudal half longer than head in adult, the lobes subequal in young.
Coloration uniform ; sides bright silvery, especially in young ; uo red.
Length 12 inches. Lowland streams of central California; very common
in the Sacramento and San Joaquin. Singularly distinguished from our
♦Scales 46 to 48 in the types from Flint Kiver ; 61 in gpocimon from Augusta, Georgia ; 62 in
one from HIack Warrior River.
t "Tlie first to say a good word for the study of Cyprinidn-." " I am the wiser in respect to
&II knowleilge and the Itettcr qualifiod for all fortunes for knowing that there isa minnow in the
lirook. SIcthinks I havo need oven of his bympathy and to be his follow in a degree. I would
know even the number of their flu rays and how many scales compose the lateral line."
{Thoremi.)
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Jiulletin -/7, United Staffs National Museum.
othov Cyprinidd' hy Ww groat dcvclopinont of the iijumr lol)c of tlic i nidal
uihI itH rmliiiiuiitary rays. {^inKi)(i?.F7rt^iiToi;, Iarg«-H(;alt!(l.)
LfiiiiKCim iiiitnnlepiili)tn», AvKKS, PliiotT TiiiirH and TriiiiMiript, IS.")!, Miiy :iii, San Fraiu i >co.
Voijimiihlhijti iiiiii^iiiliiliiia, ItAiuii A tillt.\iil>, I'roc. Ac. Nut. Si. I'liilik,, ls,"i|, Hit), (.\iilii i , San
Joaquin River, California ; and Oiiiakh, I'ac. U. It. 8nrv., x, 2 LI, IH.^H.
Piigouiihlli;i/i oiijiirfiiiiim, (iiiiAUD, I'liic. Ar. Nat. Sci. I'liilu., 1854, l.W, Presidio, Califurniu.
LlllCdUdlllliH WiJIIiciiillls, (jrNlllEU, Cut., VII, '^07, iHtiN.
LfiKimiiiiiiH iiiiiiiiiiliihitu, GCntiiki;, Cat., Vll, 271, I.SUH.
Puijoiiiihlhjii miiridlriiiihitiis, JiiiinAN, I'rur. V. S. Nat. Mufl., Is.so, ;i2('i; .Iiiiin.vN A (iiir.KKT,
SyriiipHih, 22:1, 1.S8;!.
Sj/mmetruriia urgyrfiomtK, .Iiiimian A (ill.aF.liT, .SyiiopgiH, 222, IHh;!; jnunK Hpninieu.-', I inilun luui;.
114. PTYCHOCHEILUS, Agasbiz.
Plyihorheihii', Aijassiz, Anicr. .loiirn. Sci. ArtH, is,")"), 2J!», {ijrarihK).
Body elougato, littlo olevated, tho caudal pcdiinclo not [com 1 acted,
Head long, sloudov, pike-like; month nearly horizontal, widely clclt, tlie
maxillary extending to below the eye, the upper lij) rather ht^jow tlie
level of tho eye : lower Jaw included, hoth anteriorly and latorall,\ : \m
barbel; lipu thick. Scales Hiiiall, littlo imbricated, mostly longer than
deep. Lateral line decurved. Gill rakers very short. Dorsal I'm well
back, Honiewhat behind veutrals. Anal basis short. Cauda! 'in .stioiii;,
its rudimentary rays not greatly developed. Intestinal canid Nhoit.
Teeth 2, .')-4, 2; the straight limb of the pharyngeal bone extreintlv lung
and slender, its teeth wide apart, subconical, scarcely compr»',s,s((l, and
but slightly curved at tip, the hook being turned in the direction ut' thu
angle of tho bono; no trace of grinding surface. Fishes of very l:iif;t;
size, reaching a length of more than 4 feet, tho largest of the LtKcimuc
Cyprinida-. With a general resemblance to Lcuciscm and Giht, tliiw '^fun*
difters strongly in the form of the pharyngeal bones and teeth. In tliis
genus, as in Gila, the vertebrte are more numerous than u.sual in [A'tid-vim,
45 or 46 instead of 42 to 45. (t^tI^, fold; x^'^^oi) Hp; the skin of the
mouth behind tho jaws being folded.)
a. Scales uf tlio lutorul lino 73 to 8G, tlios(! boforo dursal abuut 55. OREooMiNsi.s, 3o7,
aa. Scales iu tliu lateral lino about 00.
b. Head 4 in longtb; cloft uf nioiitli 3'-,,', in licad.
bb. Head 3% in lungth; cleft of mouth 3^ in head.
367^ PTYCHOCHEILUS ORKOONENSIS (RicliardBou).
IIAItf'oKlil, XlH.
I.fcil'ii, 359,
(SquAW-FLSII ; ClIAPl'AlI. ; SACUAMENTO I'IKE.)
Head 31; depth 48 to 5; eye small, 74 iu head, 2^ in snout; snoutli. D.IO;
A. 8 ; scales 9-73 to 86-7, 42 to GO before the dorsal ; teeth 2, 4-5, 2. Body
comparatively robust, withstout caudal peduncle. Mouth large, the maxil-
lary reaching front of pupil. Eye small, in young specimens proiiortiou-
ately much larger. Lateral Hue strongly decurved, much ueaiei belly
than back. Coloration muddy greenish, with a few silvery scale,';; lielly
silvery ; the fins, in spring, with red or orange; scales dusted wiUi dark
dots; young with black caudal spot. Length 2 to 4 feet. Kivoi,s from
Vanoouver Island south to the San Joaquin ; abundant in Culuiubia
for dan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. '225
Ki\.'i, Frascr Rivor, etc. ; ascending tho Coluinhia atul trilmtnriuH as far
•IS Missoula, Montana, and tho (jircat SlioHhone Falls in tho Snako, (Evor-
111:11111), also ovory where in the Sucrameiito, San .loaqiiin, SalinaH, and
oth. I Idwluml rivers of California. Common ; used aa food.
CVi riiiiH (/.Clin*' H») ..rrj/oiifwis Ui(iiABi)8(iN, Fiiunii Bor.-AnuT., m, KTO, lH3r,, Columbia River.
i\\U,juuM», AniEs, I'r.pc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Ciil., IkM, 1«, San Francisco.
;y„, ;„,.;„.;»» »H.()"r, Ad.vHsiz, AiiuT. Jdiirn. Si-i. Arts, \K<\ 2'J?t, San Francisco.
It.^.h.'.h.ilmijiifili", AfiAssiz, Amcr. .lourn. 8cl. Arts, 18r>r>, ii'J!), Willamette Falls.
I1,l,li.„lnllin<n-<,jn„nil:i>, (illlAni), I'llC. R. H. SurV., 2!m, IH.W ; JoilhAN A (JlMIEIlT, S.VIIOllHJH, 230,
l.s<l; KvKiiMANN, Hull. I' S. FiHli CoiiiMi., XI, 18!)1, 4ri, 111. lit, fij;. X
l>t,,,l,;ihf ihis riiii'ix, (liiiAiin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Plilla.,1«5fi, 2(1!), Monterey, California. (Coll.
Tmwliriilno.) Lar);i' spccimoiiB with doi'p liotly ((I(-i)th 4-{^) iiiiil HcaloH ImriMv dorwil ciowilotl,
I'l in mimliir(liiiAKi), Pac. B. B. Surv., x, 300, 1858; Jordan & Oilueut, Synoiisid, 220,
IXKt.
/,,)M«.i.«..rf./<i)i<H»i.'>, Cl-NTIIEB, Cat., VII, 2.3f), 1808.
I'lii.h.ch'ili'- [ii'imU^, Qiii\M>, Par. B. U. Surv., x, aO(», 1858.
;,,ii. IV 1'^ ./''"ii'is GCNTllKn, Cat., vil, 239, 1808; in part; porhapB mixod with /'. hnrfonU.
itSK. l>TVniO<'IIKIIil'S IIAUFOKIU, Jordan & Gill.ort.
llrud I ; depth 5J. D. 8; A. 7; scales 17-90 to 95-!); teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Form
(if /'. iiri ijoiicuHin, lint more slender, the lateral lino similarly ninch decnrved,
liiit scalrs smaller. Caudal les." deeply forkcvl ; pectoral longer, reaching ;,;
(listaiue to voiitrals. Maxillary 2J in bead, reaching just past front of
eve. Length 18 inches or more. Low )r Sacramento River, with /'. on-
tjoticunis, Iiut much less common in the markets; possibly only the extreme
vaiiation of that Hpccies. (Named for W. G. W. Harford, curator of the
innsciiin (if tlio California Academy of Sciences, now of the University of
California.)
iVj/i/ci/iiVi's hurforili, JouDAN & Gii.nERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Muh., 1881, 72, Sacramento River.
(Tj|«, Ni>. 27210. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.) Joukan & Giliiebt, SyuopsiB, 220, 1883.
a69. PTYCHOCHKIIillS LUCIUS, Girard.
("White Salmon" of the Colorado.)
Head 3 J ; depth 5} ; eye small, 2i in snout, 7 in bead. D. 9 ; A. 9; lateral
line 83 to 87; teeth 2, 4-5, 2. Vertebno 45 or 46. Body slender, elongate,
with loiiff, slemler, depressed bead; the form and general appearance
beinf{ that of/', onyonensia. Maxillary reaching past anterior margin of
the eye, '2'> in head. Lateral line very strongly decurved. Fins moderate.
Scales very siiiall. Coloration plain, darker above, the young always
with a black caudal spot and with a faint pale lateral baud below a
darker one. Length 5 feet. Colorado basin, very abundant in the river
channels as far north as the base of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado.
(Uncompahgro River at Delta.) The largest of the American Cyprinidw,
reaching a wcij^ht of 80 pounds, and having considerable value as a food-
fish. Known locally as "5aZmon." (iwcius, pike.)
Ptijchoehvilii.hciiis, fiinARi., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1850, 209, Rio Colorado. (Coll. A. Schott.)
Mcx. Hounil. Surv., Ic'jth., 65, 1869 ; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 227, 1883.
P. N. A. '.d
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Hulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
115. GILA,' Dainl iV (iirard.
(U\a, nAIiin A (iiiiAKii, I'roc. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Pliila., 1H63, :mH, (ruhxtOa).
liody elongate, little coinpreHacd, the back arched, especially in the
adult ; the caudal peduncle typically extreinuly long, Hlender, contracted,
much narrower than the haso of the caudal tin, which ia widely toikiMl,
with its basal fulcra very much developed. Head in typical HjKM'it'i*
broad, depressed, its piotile concave. Mouth large, horizontal, and omt
lapped by the broad snout. Dorsal iln behind the middle of the Imdy,
slightly behind ventrals. Anal basis short. Intestinal cunul nliort.
Scales very small, little imbricated, sonietinies scarcely imbricate at all,
longer than deep, especially posteriorly. No barbel. Pseudobiancliiic
present. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, close set, compressed and hooked, \vitli<iiit
grinding surface. Vertebno 42 to 46. Peritoneum dusky. Spcu'icN of
large size, the typical form remarkably unlike the usual Cyprinoid lyjie,
but varying through » series of intermediate forms directly into I.vxmwm,
so that tlu genus has no very satisfactory technical character. {Gilo, tlii-
name of the river where the typical species was first obtained.)
u. B«lly more or loss fully Hcalrd.
b. Caudal jiciliinclo vury Hlonilcr, itR least doptli l';Y, in maxillary ; Rculfs of hack ami livlly
much reduced. Ki.KiiA.ss, 'M.
bb. Caudal |icdunrlu not vnry Rlendor, its least depth l]^ in maxillary ; scales (it'ljiick iinil
helly moderately r<!duced. uoiifsTA, llill.
aa, llelly naked ; caudal pudunclu Blonder ; anterior profile scarcely concave.
BEHIM'HA, 362.
8«0. miiA ELEOANS, Baird k Oirard.
(BONY-TAII,; "QlLA TllODT.")
Head 5; depth 5; eye 5. D. 9; A. 10; scales 23-85-10; teeth 2, 1-5,2.
The extreme species of this type. Body elongate, somewhat comiJiessed,
the region before the dorsal elevated, forming a sort of hump, i\w dui i:il
fin inserted on the downward slope of the back, so that its base is (jiiite
oblique. Caudal peduncle extremely long and slender, as broad a-* doe|),
and nearly terete, its length (from end of anal to middle of \kiho of
caudal) 1} times the length of the head, its least depth 1} in maxillary;
its extremity dilated and compressed. Head short, broad, tlio snuut
depressed and broadly rounded ; the anterior part of the head from
behind the eyes broad and depressed ; the posterior part high so tliat the
profile forms a concave arc. All these traits of form more marked iu old
examples ; young specimens (emorii) having the anterior profile Hcaicely
concave. Mouth rather larger than in G. ro?;«s<a, nearly horizontal, tlie
upper lip on the level of the lower part of orbit, the maxillary cxteud-
ing to the front of orbit, the lower jaw on all sides included; skin
♦ "The food of Oila elegans consists almost entirely of Gasteropoda and caddis woiiiis, whifli
they crush with their powerful pharyngeals. The young differ greatly from the nlil, tliecra-
nium probably not becoming depressed until the second year. Thoy are very tenaii.nis of life.
Uhey have revived after being several hours out of the water and having become |i<'rfe('tlyilr.v
and stiff. They take the hook freely." (W. L. Carpenter, in Kirsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mui.,
1888, 558.)
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America, 227
of till' liivvt r jaw hur<l. Kye Hiiiall, anterior, placed low. iHtliiiiiiH iiar-
,„w. (ill! rakriH lather weak. Fins all loiij; and falcate, larger tliau in
(;. ,„/,»>/.(. I'lTtonilH reacliinj; ventrals; caudal tin deeply forked, its
1(iIm«. li'iiK ami iMiinled, the upper honiewhat the longer; the rudiniental
liasjil litvM Htroiig, altout V2> in nunihor on each nide. Scalen Hcarcely
imiiiifiitiil at all, tliowo on the caudal peduncle hardly touching each
„ili. 1,1.11 tlie HidcM of the body much hinger than «leep ; their texture
tliiii ami itieiiibranaceouH; BcaleH on hack and helly -nuch Huialler than
on sides and Minaller than iu other Hpecies, tlioHo on middle linu of hack
oiisdiiae or nearly ho. Coloration hluish above, pale below. Length 12
iiirlifs. Colorado and Gila riverH, abundant in the channels, but not
aMcmliiiK HO far as «. rohnniu, (viKjanti, elegant.)
r.i/.i.'./r,,-, li.Miiii .V CiiiiAiiii, rnic. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hila., 18M, .160, Zufti, Colorado, and Gila
nvcrs. (Tvpo, NoH. 03r) mid 2(i'J«.'). ('<ill. JIiiJ. TliointtH.) (iiiiAiii>, I'ac. It. It. Siirv., x,
■l>t\ I'.'pN; .liPiiliAN A TiiLiiKiiT, SyiinpBif, 227, ls8:i ; JuniiAN, Hull. U. S. Finli Cmiiin., i.\_
l!.s'i, 'JT; Kirwli, Pnic. U. S. Nut. 5Iu8.,*lSss,^r..%«.
Uih nn.,n,i, IiAiiti> A- (iiiiAiii., I'lw. Ar. Niit. Sri. I'liil., 1«.W, :\»H, Gila River. (Tyjio, No. 247.
('nil. .Iiiliii l.i> Coiiti'.) .loiii'AN .t Gii.riKiiT, Byuojisis, 229, IBSa.
/,fllMv«sW.;/.IH«, (K'NTIIKIl, Cut., VII, 211, lSi;8.
/..iitiViiH .mi,,-;i, Gt'.NTUEii, Cut., VII, 212, 18C8.
»«!. illLA ItOHCSTA, Baird \. Girard.
(Round-tail.)
Ili'iid I ; de)tth 5 ; eye 5 to 8. D. 9 ; A. 9 ; scales 17-80-10 ; teeth 2. ''^,
L'. llody elongate, the back elevated and the head depressed as in (iila
thijiniK, but the caudal peduncle notably stouter, its least depth about
oui-tiiird its length, 'S^ in length of bead and IJ in maxillary; young
with the head less depressed and the protilo scarcel.v concave. Mouth
lai<,'t', the upper lip on the level of lower part of orbit. Fins rather
lower than in O. vU(iaiiH, the pectorals in the male reaching'ventralf, but
falling short in the female. Eye small, low, anterior. Lateralliue much
dtcnr\ ed. Coloration plain ; males iu life with lower fins and lower side
(tt head nnl, and a vertical red dash on cheeks. Length 16 inches. Trib-
utaries of the Itio Colorado and Kio (ilila, very common up to the foot
of the mountains in Colorado (Uncompahgre'River at Delta) ; the flesh
f'till of small bones and nearly worthless as food. (t'obHntu», stout.)
(,;'a r..i.M«/,i, ItAiun .V GiiiAiin, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hila., 1853, 308, Zuni River. (Tyiic, No.s.
'.iTil aritl 277. Cull. Wimdliousu.) GiKAiin, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 2S5, IS.'iS; JoiiDAN & GiL-
i:kui, SjiiupsiK, 228, l«8:i; JoiiHAN, Bull. U. IS. Fish Coinm., I.\, 1889, 27.
(hi'tiir.iiili.-, nA'KD.t GiKAUi), I'roc. Ac. Nttt. Scl. rhila., 18.5;(, :jf>',), Zuni River. (Type, No.
^1'.. Coll. Cnpt. .^iilgreavfs.) Gikabp, Pac. R. R. Surv., .\, 287, 1858; Joruan & Gii.beut,
Syiioii.^is, 22'J, 188:!.
(lihi rjyuh.uni, Bairi) & Girard. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 18,53, 389, Rio San Pedro, tributary
to Rio Gila. (Typi-, Nu. 252. Coll. Clark.) Gihaui>, U. S. & Mex. IJouml. Surv., Ithth.,
'11, Is.'.O; .lORDAN .t Gimikht, Synopsis, 228, 1883.
I1iirh,.rl„iins v(ir.i.r, GiRARi>, Proc. Ac. Nrtt. Scl. Pliila., 1850, 209, and Par. R. R. Surv., x, 301,
li^''», locality unknown Tko typo of " iwu.r," examined by ua is a true Clila. (OoU.
Kitiizfcld.)
/.eii,,., «< -mtnmsis, GCntuer, Cat., VII, 241, 1808, Zuni River; substitute for gracilii', preoccu-
|'it''l in I.eiiciscus,
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Bullftin 47, United States National Museum.
U\\ni\£\m; Aiiiioir, I'nx'. Ar. Niil. Ikl. I'lillu., IHIIO, 471; t.v|iii i'rri>in>(iiii.l.y iuktIIm'.I Iu Kaniai
River. (Type, Nd. aHwM, Cdll. Aliliott.) Ji>nii,\N A (iiLiiKin, S.viMi|»ii<, 2J.t, Ikk)
<«'(7ii iiiiiiiii, ('i)i'K, lliivili'ti'ri (ii'iil. Siirv. Wviiiii. fur 1x70, III, 1x7.;; tributary of Green
River, Fort Bridger, Wyoming; .vhiiiim;, ikt1iu|i(<, of (,'. t7(</ii(iii; Jiihuan \ (iii.iii li. mii-
c>|.m1m, '.Md, ihh:).
l.lllliiK III rnllUflllH, Ui'M'lIKU, Cut., VII, 'J41, IMIW.
Leucitvumiruhuml, UI'ntiibu, Cut., vii, 2l!i, I»<II8.
»«2. UU.X MK.niMI»A, <'m|m' ><t Viuiow.
lloaan; (lopthSJI; eye t. D. 10; A. 10; HcakM21-!»H-ll>; t«eth J, :.-|,L',
Uody iimdeiiitoly Ueejt, witli nIuikIoi' aiul tiiperiiiK «'aiHlul jicdiiin Ii . tint
luuNt (lupth uf wliicli in abuiit uiuvtliinl itH luii^th. itack littlo i'li'\iiti>(|,
not (vrclied in front of doiHul. Head Hniall, transveiHely conv«ix, it:, pio-
iilu cuntinuouH with that of thu burk and not concavo. Moiilli ralliur
BDiall, obli(iuu, turniiual, iippor lip oppoHitu thu iiiiddU; of orbit, tin- max-
illary not roachin^ lino of orbit. Kyo larj;o, ratluM- anterior, Ixii not
very low. FinH moderate. DorHal Hlij^htly behind ventrals. liK.wni.sh
above, lower fina pink. Length «! inchcN. ]{io N'irgen, in I'tali, ,('(i|iei.
Not Heen by uh. ThiH Hpecies fornm a trauHition to Leiicinvn.s and otliti
uornuilly formed Cyprhiidif. {niminiidiiH, half naked. )
G'i'a Kimiiiiiitii, Coi'K A Yaiihow, /oiil, WIuh'Iit'h Kxpl. W. Iddtli IMi-r., v, (iiHi, l,s7."., (Is7()),
Rio Virgen. (T>j)t<, Nu. in{)ir>. Cull. Yarrow.) .Ii)iii).\n \ (iiiiiKirr, .s^ hoiibIm, smi, UA
ii6. LEUCISCUS, Cuvier.
(Dack.)
Leucitcim, (Ki.kin) Ci'vikii, lU-Kiie Aninml, Kil. I, lUl, 1K17, (''o(»m/i(, iniilii", /.ii.w/i.v, »//„/, „"-,uuJ
2>ll<IXillllK).
I'hoxmii", llAflNEBQl'i!, Icli.01i.,4.'>, 1820. (No tyiio Btntcd ; phoxmim imdurHtotid.)
Vobiilii, ItAKIMKHgl'K, lch.()li.,4r), 1820. (No typi' iiu'litioiird ; ilnhiila Uiidurstiiiiil.)
Lcwin'iiK, ItAKlSKSQiE, /. c. 4r>. (No tyjxi liiciitlontMl ; leiuiitiiin uiKliTstuoil.j
riioxiniiK, A(iAS8iz, Mc'iu.Soc. Sci. Niit. NiMil'cliatiO, IKir), ;i7, (yi/nM-iiiHn).
Leuvhriin, AisAKSlz, MOlii. Soc. Sii. Nut. NcufchatiU, l«;ir>, ;J8, (/.hi/mk*), (iicit y,cii(/».ii., Ilii/hKi,
niid uf GC.NTiiEii, wliicli ie Jliitiliis of IUfinksijik, tli<! t.viio buitig riiatiin).
iiijiiiiUiiH, lloNAPAUTK, Fuliiiu Itulk'u, 18;i7, <i G, {IjihermuH).
LeiiriiiciiK, BoNATAltTK, /. c, (nr(/('(i/t'M» = /ei(cMcii»).
I'elenlvii, UoNAi'ABTK, /. c, {muticelliin).
Cepliitliif, UoNAl'ARTE, C'atol.Moto(l.,181C,;i<.), {cepliiihiK ; iiu iliugiiosiH).
3[icrolejH», lloNArAiiTE, /. c, {liimkyi; no diugiiuHis).
llkliitril$iiiiiiis,* UiiiAKD, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'hila., iHuli, 201, (butlvaliiit).
Tiyinim, GiUAitl), I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. l>hilu.,l80U, 2U5, ijiukhellu).
Chmiiila, UiKARl), I. (•., 207, (ciwyferi).
Sibiiiiiii, GiRAitl), /. (-.,208, (irwuikaHda).
CHiidhIiiiiiiis, GlltAltD, /. ('., 211, ielinnjattia),
llimilteiiiiii, Coi'K, Proc. Amor. riiilOB. Soc, 1870, 462, (ritlala).
I'loliijioiiiH, Coi'E, II Av iiEN'e Geol. Surv. Sloiituuu for 1S7 1, 471!, 1872, (ili)iiiiiiimn).
iotklillii/ii, Jordan A Kvermann, new subgciiuH {plilfgclhuiitin).
Body oblong, compressed orrobnst, covered with moderate or small Mcales.
Lateral line docurved, complete, or variously imperfect. Mouth usiiully
large and terminal, the lips normal, without barbel. Teeth mostly -, "1-4,2,
(in American species sometimes 1, 5-4, 2, or even by atrophy, 1,1-1,1),
♦ Tlic ventral carination, used in tlui Syno|).sis uh the distinctive chnracter of Ki'W/n. (/*«""•",
has no real o.vistonce except in specimens shrunken by alcohol; the narrow belly is numledin
crosa section, fully ecaled over, and witliout keel.
forJiVi iTThi F.ri'rmann. — Fishi-s of Xorth .\tu erica.
229
iisiiall\ '_', ."•-•'•i- in *''•' Kun)|M'aii type ; luioktMl, with riithur iiurrow grind-
jii" siiiliK'tioriKiiic. Aiiitl IiiihIh Hliort or more or lcNHuloii);ute. DorNiil fin
ijii^li imi, usually Im'IiIiiiI vfiitrulH. IiiteNtiiinl caiiul Hliort. Siz«< ^t'liuriilly
Ijir'e.s.iiiH' N|i»'('i»'rt very HiiiiiU. A very laiKo Kfoiip, oiui of \\w liirn«'Ht
oiirK III iri'ii'Mii in ichtliyohtj^y, n!pn'Hoiit«<il l»y niiiiu^roiiN Mpfci««M in tli«
rivers of Kiirop«!,AHiii, and Nortli i»:ii«rica. MoHt of our HjmcicM huvo Im'oii
iiooih il« lin<<l. Ah tin- Mpocios are cxtroiin^ly variiililu it: form, tlinnntnlu'r
of iioiiiiiial iHit's liaM IxM-n viMy j^roiitly niuK ipliod. Munh lar^tu' hoiIoh of
enili fiMin aro iioccHsary lM'for« tlu» Hpocii'H oan bo pmpcrly diHcriiiiiiiatud.
In<iivi<liial ini'u'iilaritit'H in dentition ar<^ common in tliiH ^unuH.
Till t\ pical Npt'cicH of tlj« fj*'""**! l^' i«'i>i(iix truvhcits, In tlio common Dace
(II Vamlitisf of Eiirop*', and dill'ciH greatly from any of tlio Ani(«ricaii
ftiiMis. rin' prcHcnco of various inturnuHliato apncieH, 1iow«v«m-, makeH
it iiiiiMi^Hllilf fur UH to draw any Hatisfactory lino lt«dwceu tlio Daco
(/.ii(iiM/i>^ (in tlio one hand, and Huch oxtromo forntu uh tho lung-mouthed
niiiiiiiiws (('liiiontomux) on tho other.
In tlif siilijjt'UiiH LnicisciiH tho pharyngeal tooth aro 2, 5-5, 2, rardj' vary-
ing' t<i :!,'>-*>, -.and tho Ncalob aro rather largo (about 50 in lateral lino),
olimcly iiiilnicatcd and along tho HidcH distinctly Hilvoiy. The anal flu is
aNo Idii;:, of 11 to 12 rays, and tho lateral lino complete. Tho gonuH
S,liiiiJiifi,:is understood by us, is strictly synonymous with LriuiHciiH, In
Houtlit-asieni Kuropo and western Asia Xntci«(M» is replaced by tho sub-
(joniiH Tilislis, which has tho teeth 2,5-4,2, tho scales much smaller (70 to
HOi,iinil not HJlvory, tho anal fin still remaining long, and the lateral line
coiii|ili'tc. Tlio American species called Tigoma and Chionda aro very close
to TdcKlin, tVoni which they diftor only in tho less closely imbricated
scales, most of tlieiii,but not all,havit:g tho short anal flu generally cliar-
.lotfiisticof Aincrican Cjipriiiida: 7i7/(»»«can not bo gonorically separated
from Tilf-tra, though it may bo a question whether either should ln^ united
Uil.iiiciM'iiK. C/)n)»i(?<j di tiers from Tiyoma in having tho long anal fin of
Lfiici^ciin, IHrhdrilnoniuH is simply an extreme form o( Chcondu. tSihoma is
foiiiidcil on a TUjoma with very deep body and tho scales less loosely indiri-
catod t!:aii usual. CUnoHiomua is a peculiar group of small, flno-scaled
niiiiniiw.s, with tho gapo of the mouth larger than in any other Cifprhiulm
whatever. Tho relationship of tho species to those called Ilicharthonins is,
however, very close. The typo of P/MmwHs differs from LenchcuH in its
iiicomiili to lateral line and very small scales. In the latter respect the
8uli;,MMiiis Ifdiiitirmia forms a complete transition to Xc«ci»c«8, and some of
its speeirs (as murijarita) have tho lateral lino scarcely defective. Cou-
sideriiij,' all tho known species, Phoxitiua can not be separated from
Ltiivisciis. It may even bo necessary to merge liiUiluH and its American rep-
resentatives, Liucua and Mylolenciin, in tho same great group. (LeiicincuH,
old name of the Dace, from Aevkoq, white.)
I. Litoiiil Vmr ciiiiipleto in llio adult.
CI. Mui.ih iiiucliiate, turiiiinal, or Kut)in(orior, the lower jaw included, or Bcarcely projerting ;
t'lth iKinnally 2, i-Ft, 2 ; K-aleu rather Biiiali.
h. AiimI liusis short, Its rujd 7 iir H, riircly '•> ' tiiiH low ; malcH not lirilliantly ndored.
SiUdMA, (a coined namo without meaniL'^*):
*IjikiMii;iiiy oilier of Oirard's Kcneric names; drawn ontensildy from "words taken from tho
niirtii Aiiarinm [iidiauH as more (aphonic than any I might havo framed from the Grutjk."
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
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c, Cauilul ])('(lun(!li' vcr; <lu( p and compreHBcd, its leant duptli nearly equal to depth of
lioad; dorsal inserted nbovo ve itrals; scales comparatively large and well iini.riditol,
abuiit fili. niAHSiCAi ip.s, 'Mi\.
Tiau'<A, (u coined nninu):
(c. Caudal ncdiniclu not very stout, its least dipth not % depth of head ; ^calis jniall,
not closely inliricated ; doi al UKually inserted l>ehind ventrals.
<\. Scales of niediuni size, fiO to ITt in tlio lateral line ; young with the In lul niw
or I.H8 conical ; adults with the head flattunud and the hack clevalid.
t. Species from the Sacramento Basin ; srulcs large, about r>2.
rONFilIlMIS, Ml.
ee. Species from the great basins of Utah, i^ovada, Idaho, and Oren(.ii; mal..,
rather large, fill to (13.
/. Sides of body abrujjtly silvery from aline just above lateral liiii'; wcnlix
i:mi(>-7. Ill' (.i,,.n, 3iM.
ff. Sides of body scarcely silvery, the scales everywhere much ddlliij; Iii«,|
8ul)conical; ej'o small; form (^xtrei 'ely variable. i.ink.atis, :1q;.
eee. Specii^s from the basin of the Bio Grande; mouth large; head liii;,'c; l(>?tli
extremely variable; scales I") to 07. nkjuim ens, %',
eeee. Species from the baoin of Rio Yaqui ; scales 62 ; body robust.
pi'iii'nii'.rs, .ViS.
eeeee. Species from the Gila basin; head mor' blunt; scales 7:( to 7.'i; body
rather elongate. intcrmkiiiis, .31)0.
dil. Scales very small, 80 in the lateral line.
g. Head depressed above ; oack elevated with age ; species oi" lar^'o siz' ;
from the Gila Biisin. MiiEii, ?,!».
gg. Head not depressed ; 'he back not elevated ; species o' nmall size, frmii
the Great Basin of Utah. ai.ki i:. :1T1.
bb. Anal basis long, of 9 to 22 rays, the fins all high ; body more or less c(pni|)rc's,-(il;
head bluntish, with large eye ; scales moderate, not closely imbricated, Vi toBMu
lateral line.
CllEONnA, (a coined .lame):
h. Anal rays 9 to lH, usually 11.
i. Coloration plain ; body not ranch compressed. cdiH'cni, K.
ii. Coloration not plain ; sides witli a dark lateral band, or with two dark liands; llio
interspace; andtlu; b(Oly bright n;d in spring males.
j. Boily very clecp, the depth 3 in lengtn. nrMi;ni,iiTi,,Cl.
jj. Body modoi'alely elongate, the depth 4 ^,o 4)^ in length ; cheek with a silvery ur
golden crescent ; a pj^'o streak from gill opening above eye.
A'. Anal rays \i8ually 9 or 10 ; two dark lateral stripes. KiiriKdius, ll'l,
V.V. Anal rays usually 11 or 12 ; one dark lateral stripe, forking anterloily.
nvDUiiiMii.ox, llT.i.
RiCHARDSONlus, (named for Sir John Richardson):
Ml. Anal rays 14 to 2'i, usually K! ; body much compressed; a dark lateral Ktrijit' ; orcsdnl
on cheek very disfin 't. iiAi.iK.^rrs, Ha
Clinostomus, ((cAiVio, to incline ; trror.a, mouth):
aa. Mouth very wide, the lower jaw much i)rojecting beyond upper ; upper lip on lln! levi'l nf
the middle of the pupil ; maxillary reaching to below tl e i)upil ; body elciriiatu, com-
pressed ; dorsal well back ; ma'es with red pigment, often brilliantly coli'iid.
I. Scales moderate, 50 to 55 in lateral line. VANi)i)i.<rn-8, :i".
n. Sci'let! minute, (l.'i to 70 in lateral line. fi.iim;.\ii>, 'i'--
II. Latenil line more or less incomplete ; small speoijs, the males usually brilliantly columl,
tii9 sides and belly led in spring.
PlloxiNUS, (</)o(aos, minnow; from (/>o$o«, tapering; the old name of the T'^uropean "niinnuw,
ieiicwctM pliojebum) :
nt. Scales minute, >J0 to lUO in a hmgitudinal series ; lateral line very short ; snont liluiit.
.NDciii.Ki's, 3";i.
Hemitremia, {ritii-, half; rp^/txa, aperture = lateral line):
mm. Scales moderate or large, 40 to 60 in u longitudinal series; lateral lino variously devel-
oped, sometimes almost complete.
m
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America, 231
,1. Hialci ill 11 loiiKitudiual sorloa 52 to fiO: lateral lino well doveloimil, nearly ompleto.
0, Siioiit shiirt and very blunt ; month cmiill, "'-t rca^'liing orbit. maruabita,380.
oo. Snout siiliCdiiical , maxillary nlM)ut reaching front of oyo. orcutti, 381.
Mil. Sculi'H in a longitmlinal sorics 40to 45 ; lateral lino more or less doveloiK-d.
J). C'lindiil with a distinct black sjiot. milnehianus, 382.
jiji. Caudal witliont diittinct black spot. i-lammeus, 383.
I .TiciiTnvs,, (iwTo, llie smallest letter ; ix*us. fl»l' ; from the small size.)
iiimw. Scales in a lougitudiual series about ijJ ; no caudal spot | no trace of laceral line.
puLEULiuo:<°T:H, 384.
Subgenus SI BOM A, Glrard.
8«3. LEUCISCUS CRASSICAUDA (Uaird k Girird).
(Sacramento Ciiub.)
IIoaiHi; depth 3; eye 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales 9-56-7; teeth 2; 5-4, 2, usually
without grinding surface. Body short, deep, compressed, the antedorsal
lejiioii arched, the caudal peduncle nearly as deep as long, about as deep
ay tlie head. Head conic, the profile steep, the muzzle short and rather
pointed. Mouth small, oblique, the jaws nearly equal ; upper lip on the
level of lower part of pupil; maxillary scarcely reaching front of eye;
istiiiims very narrow ; preoibital nearly as deep as long. Eye small, ante-
rior. Fins low. Dorsal fin oppos!'" ventrals, nearer caudal than snout ;
caiula,' tin short, little forked, scarcely broader than the very deep caudal
})e(liiiiclo, the spines of the caudal vertebno very strong. Scales large,
latlier closely imbricated, their exposed surfaces rather deeper than long;
2(! doales before dorsal. Lateral line decurved. Color brownish: sides
white ; young spotted above ; scales e •'ery where with dark dots ; fins plain.
Lei!;;th 12 inches. Rivers of California ; generally abundant in the Sac-
ramento and San Joaquin, (crassus, fat ; cauda, tail.)
leucixnuKjIhhomi', Ayres, Daily Plact. Times and Transcript, May 30,1854, San Francisco, not
of Sb.rer, 1845.
l.ariiim < (v(>«iV((H-/o, Baird & GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pliila., 1854, 137, San Joaquin River.
ri./.;»iii (iKw.i,* GiiiAiu), Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila., 1856, 207, Sa-:ramento River.
St/wHiK cnvskatKla, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. iN'at. Sci. Phila., 1856, 208, aad Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 296
1808.
Leiicisriiscramauuhi, Gl'NTHER, Cat., VII, 243, 1868.
S<imliiis ijihhusus, JoBHAN & GllBEllT, Sy-iopsis, 239, 1883.
Sijmliii.: mtmm, Jordan & Gilbert, Sym pais, 241, 1883.
Subgenus TIGOMA, Girard.
3«4. LEUCISCIJS CONFORMIS (Bairl & Girard).
Head 3A; depth 3^; eye 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales 9-52-5. Body robust, rather
elevated. Head moderate, the mouth rather small, oblique ; maxillary not
(juite, reaching eye. Eye mod. rate. Dorsal tin considerably behind ven-
tiiiis. Scales large; lateral line decurved. Purplish brown above, yel-
lowit^li below. Length 4 inches. Tulare Valley, California ; only the
.ypes known; apparently close to L. craasic-^uda, hut with larger scales;
perhaps the young of the same species, (conformia, uniform.)
tn, mm ,;.,it'oniii)i, Baikd & GiKARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1*54, 137 ; Peso Creek, Tulare
County, California. (Coll. Heermann.)
Tiijwiin iniiformis, Girard, Pac. R. R. Snrv., x, 289, 1858.
SijKiiliimriiiij.minK, JoRUAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 237, 1883.
■Teoth with narrow grinding surface; scales 10-57-7; head 4 ; depth 3J^, in Girard's typo,
wliich was 10 inches long. (Coll. Dr. J S. Newberry.)
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
866. LKrCISCl'S BHOLOB* (Oinird).
Head 3}; depth 3it; eye small, 6. D. 8; A. 8; scales 13-60-7; teeth 2, 5-5, 2.
Body robust, heavy anteriorly, tapering backward. Head long, moiith
large, the maxillary reaching eye. Lateral line decurved. DorHiil lin
inserted almost directly over ventrals; lins rather small. Dusky .'iliove,
sides and bblow silvery, the color contrasting with that of tho liack.
Length 12 inches. Klamath Lake, Oregon. (fri>o/or, two-colored.)
Tiijonm hirnlar, GiiiAnii, I'roc Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18.'>f), 206, Klamltth Lake, Oregon; and
Pur. n. I{. Surv., x,'.i8!t, l«r)8. (Typo, No. 2.14. Coll. .T. S. NcwlKTry.)
Chdmila <;(n(/.K,t GiBAiti), /. c, 1850, 207, Lost River, Oregon. (Typn, No. 237 (2700). Coll.
J. S. NcwlM.rry.)
Bqitnlins timileut, Coi'E, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila., 1883, 140 ; Jobdan & GlLBKn, Synopsis, 241,
1883.
iSijuuIius hiculor, Jobdan & Oilbebt, Synopsis, 237, 1883.
866. LEUCISCrS LINEATUS (Girard).
(Gbeat Ciiun. Ciiuii or Utah Lake.)
Head 3|; depth 3i; eye 7. D. 9; A. 8; scales 10-155 to 63-5;t teeth 2,5-4,2,
short and stout, one of them with grinding surface. Body robust, elevated
anteriorly, the sides compressed, although the back is very broad. Head
broad, the interorbital space llattish. Adnlt with tho profile concavo, the
young with profile straight or convex. Snout broad, elevated at tip; pre-
maxillary on level of pupil. Mouth very oblique, tho mandible project-
ing; maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye small, anterior, If in snout.
Isthmus very narrow. Scales large, subequal, broadly exposed, tirm.
Lateral line decurved. Dorsal nearly median, inserted directly over ven-
trals; caudal evenly forked, the peduncle long and deep. Pectorals short,
extending three-tifths the distance to ventrals ; ventrals about to vent.
Lower fins short. Color blackish ; everywhere dark ; the scales much dotted
and with darker edges, which often form lines along the rows of scales;
males without red. Length 12 to 15 inches. One of the largest and tnost
widely distributed species, found everywhere in the Great Basin of Utah,
and also abundant in the Snake River Basin above the Sho^ihouo
Falls as far as the Yellowstone Park. Extremely destructive to other
*Mr. Barton A. Bean, who has kindly reexamined tho typos of Tigoma bicolor, writes to us:
"The typos of Tigoma bicoloriuxd Sihomn (i/ronVi differ greatly lu form, color, tind somewhiit in
size of sniles. Alniria ip more robust than hirolor, iis srales aro lartjor, and its color (piito dis-
tinct. Tho Milvcry color on the sides of T. hirolor, (extends from considoriihly above tlic laliial
line to all tho lower imrts. Tho Bcales of bknlor count 13-60-7, whilo in S. atratia of tin- sumo
Bize they aro but ll-r)2-/>3. In younger examples there arise a larger number of scales, I Iw type
of draria having 11-55."
iT.ettciiats ricni'eus, (GiBABP). Head 3%; depth 4}^. D. 9; A. 7; Bcales 13-01-7 in t.vpe;
teeth 2, 5-5 2, with narrow grinding surface. Body slender, subfusiform. Head siendiT, tlie
snout long, conical, rather flattened above, .laws equal, the maxillary reaci<ing to orliit.
Dorsal fin inserto<l behind ventrals; anal An quite small. Lateral line decurvod. Uusky Iduish
above, pale below; scaleii ovcry where with lino punctulations. Iiost River, Oregon; ccitiiinly
identical with L. bicolor. Tho original typo has tiie head longer, the snout much lon^i r and
pointed, tho mouth hirtjor, the maxillary longer and loss oblique, tho eye somewhat laijriT, aud
the top of tho head more Hat than in Lmicuickk Hnealiig.
{Scales 12-63-7 is the most usual number in the Snake Biver Basin. Tho number nwm^ to
vary from 53 to 63.
■;;a
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
233
IisIk H. .sixMially to young trout. Varies greatly with age and surronnd-
iiiTO. 'II'" I'roHoiit description iH talien primarily from Utah Lake spoci-
imiis, lyiiical of L. atrariua. We have examined specimens from Utah
Lakr, I'tovo River, Hear River, Jordan River, Sevier River, Heart Lake,
;iii(l .liicksoii Lake, Wyoming, and other streams tributary to Snake River.*
(liiiuittis, streaked, a character usually not conspicuous, and produced by
till' jialtr cell tors of the scales contrasting with the dotted edges.)
Ti'i'mi'i I""'''", fiiiiAitn, Prnc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 20fl ; locality unknown, tyiw lost.
(Ci.ll. DciUwith.)
7„/,„„.i -,)..«... (iiiiAiin, I'ror. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., lK5f>, 200, Salt Lake Valiey; aii<l Pac. U. H.
Siirv,, X, '-'!«•, lsri8; tlio name nbetim prooccupied in Ijeitciiu-ns. (Typo, No. 2773. Coll. Bow-
niHii.)
Sihfin,( ■iiniri.i. (iiKAKH, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 18j")ti, 208, Utah District near the Desert,
((',,11. ll.(k\vitli); aiKl Pac U. U. .Surv., x, 297, 18.58.
Ti'i'-mii M/"'ii».(/(i, Ciii.i., Priic. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1861, 42; anil Ichtli. ('apt. SimjiHon'B Expl.,
I^"(;, 4(i.'i, Salt Lake Basin ; a very doop-boUietl example; scales lo-fiO-.'J. (Type, No. 2C07.
(•(,11. C. S. McCarthy.)
l'i;,t,Y,iii<ili>niiiwi(ii, CorE, Ilaydon's Geol. Surv. Mont, for 1871, 47.3, 1872, Snak«; River, Fort
Hall, Idaho, (Coll. Ciirrington); a very young oxainplo with inconiplcto lateral line and
tiTth 2, 1-4, 1; Fcah'8 O-.W-fi; JnnnAN AOimiKKT, Syiiopsin, 2():l, 188:t.
;/i//...;i«is ),in7/ii/ii«, Cin-y., IIiiydctn'fi(Ji'(iI. Siirv. Mont, for 1871, 1872, 474, Warm Springs, Utah,
(('.,11. Cirriiigfon); junng with teeth 2, 4-4, 2 ; Hcalos 12-.5;?-ll.
;////...j)«N /i»(;mM"|/CH«i«, CiipE, Proc. Anicr. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874, 134, Tim-panogos, Utah;
yipiin); with iticoinplrto lateral liiu? ; wales ll!-.'j'2-2, and teeth 2, 4-4, 2. (Typ<i, No. 15769.
(■(,11. F. Klctt); (.'<ii'K & Yarrow, Zoiil. Whooler Surv., 654, 1875.
.S'i7,.)m.i .i/.vir/.i. iiml variety W/icc^w.t Coi'K, Zoiil. Wheeler Surv., (>67, 1875, (1876), Snake Creek
Valley, Nevada, near the Utah line, and near the Sevier Basin, belonging to
the drainage of Lake Bonneville. (Type, Nos. 12910, 15770, 1,5782. Coll. Yarrow;
V. (i. Newberry.)
S'lualim rhiimahm, JoiiDAN & Gii.nERT, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 461, very old ; scales 10-55-5,
Utah Lake. (Cull. .Jordan.)
SfjiKiliiis .;ii.,r<».'., .(iiRiiAN Sc (JirnERT, /. c, 460, 1880, Provo River; scales H-56-6 ; young.
(Type, No. lidSdC. (^oll. Madsen.)
Miiiiiiliis l'iritliii'(.'', .ioiiDAN ikGii.iiKRT, Synopsis, 195,1883.
Miiiiiiliin iiiiii"iiiii[it')iiiiii, ,IoKi)AN A Gii.UKKT, Synojisip, 1!(6, 1883.
Sfiiiiiliiis n-ii'in IIS and rhxinnleiis, .Jordan .fe Gilbert, Synopsis, 234, 240, 1883.
.'v/ii(i/ii((i /iiiciidis, .JoiiDAN & Oii.nERT, Syuopsis, 236, 1883.
iiilii,t],\i!i ,i\„ms, .ToitnAN it Gii.iiERT, SyiiopsiB, 237, 1S83.
,s'./im'ii,s rt//vWi,,-, .loiiDAN it GiMiEUT, .Synopsis, 241, 1883 ; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1889, 33.
Simtlins fijiiiimulw', .JouDAN & GiLiiERT, Synopsis, 241, 1883.
3«7. LEUCISCIS XHJKKS('EXS(Girard).
(Pescadito; Cmni of the Rio Grande.)
Uoin\ 1!, ; depth 4^ ; eye about 6. D. 8; A. 8; scales 15-67 (60 to 67)-10;
tw^Mi 1, 1-1, 1, or 1, 4-5, 2, usually without grinding surface. Body rather
Nli'iuler, little compressed. Head rather long and pointed. Mouth moder-
ate, oliliiiiio, terminal, the jaws about equal, the maxillary about reach-
iiifj; front of eye. Eye rather small. Scales moderate. Lateral line
(leciuved. Fins large; dorsal behind ventrals, its tip when depressed
reaciiino the posterior base of the anal; pectorals nearly reaching ventrals.
♦This Hpeoies has been attrilmted to Lake Tahoo, apparently hy error, Rulilm olivacetu having
|,i(il,:lily liceii inli^taken for It.
t'l liis vnrlety i.s said to differ from the typical form in having the head longer and the scales
liup'r. Scales l'.i-5t)-,5.
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
W ,:'
I'l
Coloratiou ilusky abov«; silvery below; males with the axil nd; gjdjg
with a vague di.sky liaiid; young with a black caudal spot. Leiii^ali ttto
12 inches. Rio (iraudo Basin, from San Luis Park to Mexico, evui v\vlier«
abundant in eddies and deep places in the river. Variable, the ilcntition
especiallv so. The present description from specimens taken in tlio Rio
Grande at Alamosa, corresponding to L. pandora ; further south tlir Hpeciex
grows larger with the back higher, the head more depressed. Probal)! v all
are the same species. {nigreacetiH, h\acliiB\i.) «
Gila pulchella, Baird A GlKAiin, Proc. Ac. Nat. ScJ. I'hila., IS.I}, 29, Rio Mimbres, Lake Guz-
man, Chihuahua; BcalugTiC; teoth 2, 5-4, 2; not Uncincus piiklielliu, Storek. (Typi', Sn
23.3. Coll. Clark.)
Tigoniii niyremrnii, Girari), I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 2<>7, Baca Grande and Rio Janos.
Chihuahua. (Typo, No. 210. Coll. Konntrly.)
Tigoma piilchra, (tiRARD, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 207, Chihuahua River: icctli 1, 4-i,
1, without grinding Biirraco; Rcalos 13-G7-7; color bright. (Tyiic, Noa. 227 ami Ti» (278j|.
Coll. Potts); Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichtli., 0.5, 1859.
ClinoHtnmm 2><in<lora, Cope, nay<Ion'8 (Jeol. Surv. Mont, for 1871, 476, 1872, Tributaries Rio
Grande, Sangre de Cristo Pass; Bcale» 17-5'.)-10 to 18-C5-1!; toctli 1, 4-4, 1 In j, 4-5, j,
witli or without grinding Burfaco, (Type, Nos. 157C1, 1S984, 16085, 15087, and i«iKiO. Coll,
Cope, Aiken, Yarrow.)
aUa gula, Vmvv., Zoiil. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer., v, 661, 1875, (1876), Rio de Acama, and
near Fort Wingate, New Mexico; largo Biiocimens with the scales 16-0(111, aud tlir
mouth largo; the teeth 2, 5-4, 2. (Type, No. 16979. Coll. Ilcnshaw.)
Cltemula modestn, Gakhan, Bull. 3Ius. Coinp. Zoiil., viii, 92, 1881, Rio Salinas, Saltillo.
Coahuila; scales 14-65-9; lioad 3*^; depth 3.%.
Tigoma contpema* Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., viii, 92, 1881, Rio Nazas, Coahuila.
SquaUtm pandora, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 235, 1883.
Stjiialimgufa, .ToRhAN <fe GlMiERT, Synopsis, 236, 1883.
S(itudiiis2>'tlchera,nd piilclieniin, Jordan <fc Gilbert, .'Synopsis, 230, 238, 1883.
SiitMliun cmmpernii, Jordan & Gilhert, Synoiisis, 230, 1883.
Bqualiiw nigresceun, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 242, 1883; scales 16-70-10; teeth 'i, t, with trinJ-
ing surface.
Squalim viodeslu$, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 242, 1883.
868. LEUCISCl'S PUBPUHKIIS (Girard).
Head 3^; depth 3}. A. 8; scales 13-62-8; teeth 1, 4-?, f . Stout and com
pressed; head long. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal fin slightly behind
ventrals. Fins all small. Blackish above, pale below. Sau Hernardiuo
Creek in southern Arizona, a tributary of Rio Yaqui. Only known from
Girard's type. It is not impossible that both intemiedius and nvjrcDcens inav
prove indistinguishable frova. purpureua, and very likely niger also nia.v be
the same. In view, however, of the general difference in the faiinn' ol
the Rio Grande, Yaqui, and Gila, we admit the three species as distiuct.
(purpureua, purple.)
Tigoma purpurea, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 20(), San Bernardino Creeli, Ari-
zona. (Coll. Konnerly.)
Squalius pitrptireuK, Jordan &, Gilbert, Synopsis, 238, 1883.
*Tigoma cotuperm. Form of Leveitcm niger.— Head 3% ; depth 3%. D. 8 ; A. S ; "tocth 4, 1-1.
4, clawed;"' scales 13-69-9. Proflleof head concave, maxillary reaching front of orbit. Fei™j
als extending three-fourths distance to ventrals, which reach vent. Brown iibovcj ecaM 'i
iMck and sides siieckled with darker; an obscure dusky lateral shade. Bio Na/.ius, Oo»niiila,»
tributary of Laguua del Muerte.
• ^ ^ t'.j.'ii- .v.= ».,■.* -jr^' '
Tordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 235
3«9. LKrCISCUS IXTKBMKDH'S(Oiranl).
Iload .^i; <loptli 4. D. 8; A. 9; scales tr)-7:Wt. Allied to L. vigrescenii,
l.iit from a dilieient river hasiu. Body elongate, heavy forward, the
(Miidiil iiidiinclo slender. Head long, rather pointed, broad above,
(l,.]irt'Hs«Ml over the eye; mouth large, oblique, the .jaw8 eciual, the nmxil-
laiv MiHt reaching eye. Fins moderate, the dorsal behind vontrals; pec-
toriiKs li'iig, nearly reaching ventrals. Color dusky everywhere, with
dark (lotH. t'lie sides soiled silvery; a plumbeous lateral streak; fins plain.
Stales 75 in lateral line, in our specimen from Rio Sania Cruz at Tucson.
(iila Hasin. Very close to //. piirpnreuH, but that species has apparently
liii'i r Hrales, and belongs to another river basin, {inttrmediua, iuterme-
,i,.n,,_l„itween L. pnlchelUin and L. imrpuretiH.)
'/;,,,.,„„ ,„i.nu,i\m, (iiuAitP, Proc. Ar. Niit. Si'i. I'liilii., 185fi, 20G, Rio San Pedro of the Gila.
' (•,,|,,ratii)riHilviTy with (link dots; sciilos ir>-7:i-<J. (T.vpc, No. 23'2. ("oil. Clark.)
S/pi>r/i"« /.'»'"""',* 1!'"*A Smith. I'ioc. Cnl. Ac. Sci., 1884, 3, Rillito Creek, near Tucson, Ari-
zona. (Coll. J. 0. Lenimou.)
S./iM'/<M< .n(in»ie(i(us, JoBDAN &. (JiLBEUT, Synoiwis, 2;;8, 1883.
a70. LElTCISCrS MOEB (Oopo).
ITca(l,3J; depth, 3?; eye rather large, 5 in head. D. 8; A. 8; lateral
line W; teeth 2, 4-5, 2, said l»y (Jirard to have a developed grinding sur-
Cace, wliicli, however, we are unable t ) find. Body robust, the back ele-
vattil anteriorly, the caudal ppduncle shortened and not very stout.
Occiinit dopres.sed. Head large. Mouth large, moderately oblique, the
lower jaw included, the maxillary extending to pupil. Fins small,
the (loisal well backward. Scales small, posteriorly smaller and more
crowded. Lateral line little decurved. Color dusky, the scales with
black (lots. Kio Gila. A large species, perhaps not distinct from L.
inld'niidiiis, the scales apparently a little smaller, the diflereuces in form
no doiilit duo to age. (niijcr, black.)
Cihi .;i(/..>w, r.Aiiiii .V i;iii.Mii>, I'rcM-. \i\ Nat. Sci. IMiila., 18.')4, 28, Rio Santa Cruz, Arizona;
(llir iiiiim'»!/iWi<)su is twico preoccupied in Leucinam). (Type, No 222 (277.">). (Coll. Clark;
llnrili^iMll.)
7'i;;i-m'i ijihl»Mi, (liitAUD, I'roc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila., 1850, 207, and U. S. Mox. Bound. Surv.,
lilitli,,<M, lN^)!t.
dill th.jn,, CoiT, Zoi.l. Wliool(>r'8 Kxpl. W. loeth Mer., v, GCS, 1875, (187(1), Ash Creek and San
Carlos. Arizona; Bciiles 78 to ,s7. (Type, No. l(i!)72. Coll. lluushuw.)
Sipialim iitijer, Jcjkdan i GiLUKUT, Synopsis, 239, 1883.
*T1k' Inlliiwinc is tlio description published by Miss Smith (Mrs. Eigonmann):
.s,,ii,i/iH.s h;„iii.,iii: Head 3'.^ W»); depth :ig (IJ); length Iil4 inches; D. 8; A. 8. Body not
rnmli (iiiii|inRst(l, Init ratlur slender; the dorsal and ventral outlines about eqtnilly undied.
Iliail snlicxiiiciil, little compressed, nearly as wide as dee]i, and Hat on top; maxillary oblique,
rciic'liiii;.' fn lit of eye, lowir juw barely included; diameter of eye not quite equal to snout, 1!.,
iiirli iiilinirliitiil ppiue, 1'.. in lie.ad. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, with evident grinding surface on three in
till' fTiTulcr row. I'rteiidobi'anohifi' present. Isthmus narrow. ScalesliS. l-ateral lino decurved,
Imt nut slioiifjly. ."<cales largest on sides anteriorly; much smaller on dorsal and ventral sur-
lair>. Sialcs nut very tirm, a few rubbed otf from each of the four examples studied. Insertion
il iliiiMil till very sliglitly behind ventrals, nearer snout than base of caudal. Pectorals IV, iu
luail; ventrals 2 in bend, very nearly reaching vent. Pepth of caudal pcilunelo2 in its length.
Coliir i;iniially smutty. Top of head, from tip of snout to orciput, evenly bluish black, sharply
s('|>aratln^ tin' liead from the trunk; a median blackish streak from occiput to base of cuuda*.
]ialiT liiliind dorsal. A leaden band about as wide as eye from upper angle of oporcle to biiso of
ciuiilul, ninuinK higher than the lateral lino except at its posterior fourth, where it is upon the
latiral lim'. ISidcsot headandbody dusky from numerous dark punctulatloD:). Below, plain white
friini cliiii to insertion of anal. Fins all dusky. Peritoneum blackish. Described from four
s|u'ciniins (tlir largest 5!,.^ inches long) collected in Arizona by Mr. J. G. Lemmon, for whom
till' HM'clis i.s named. These specimens have been donated by the collector to the California
Ai ailin.y uf Sciences. Mr. Lemmon states that he found these fishes iu Rillito Creek, a small
Htriain nt' the .'^anta Catulina Mountains, saveu miles north of Tucson, Arizona, and that the
largest cues caught were about ten inches in length.
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»71. LKlCISri'S Aliin.K (Jiiiiv).
([jK.atiiki(-hii>i:i> Minnhw.j
Head 4i ; doptli 3J ; eye 3J to 4. D. 8; A. X; Hcales about 1!'-8(M2;
teeth 2, 5-4, 2, typically without };riudiii}; surface, hut suhject to an
iinuHual amount of iri'0|rulurity, occanioually 2, 4-1, 1 or 2, ami soino-
times with jjfrindiuff surface. Body comparatively elongate juhI coin-
pressed, the caudal peduncle long and rather slender. Head short , ratlin
hroad and tlattish above, the interorbital space convex and broadii tlmn
the eye. Eye moderate, as long as snout. Mouth rather sniall, low,
tenninal, oblique, the premaxillarj' just below level of pupil, tlio maxil-
lary reaching to Just beyond front of eye. Di.rsal fin inserted soiiicwhat
behind ventrals. Pectorals short, not reaching nearly to ventials, tlii'
latter not to vent. Scales very small. Lateral line somewhat diMMirvnl
Klnish olive above, with dark points ; sides silvery, a dusky lateral
shade; fins nearly plain; axils red in the males; coloration in sjiii its very
pale, largely silvery. Length C inches. Great lUisin of Utah; very
abundant in the Bear, Provo, Jordan, and Sevier rivers ; not known out-
Bide the limits of the old Lake Bonneville, except from Little Wooil
River, Idaho, where it has recently been found by Gilbert and Evoniiann,
who found that the fauna of the Upper Snake River in Idaho is pia( lically
identical with that of Lake Bonneville. (Named for Mrs. Alice Juiiy.l
Tiijonin gracilis, GiRAun, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri, Diiln., ISSCi, 20fi, locality unknown, (f'..i|. ]\ix\i.
witli); llio typo lost; tlin iinino (/i-i((i7('.s' preocriiiiipil in I.eiicisnis.
S7im/iH«oo;M'i, .louDAV & Oii.iiF.UT, rri)c U.S. Nat. Bins., 1880,401, Bear River, Evanston,
Wyoming ; .Ioiidan Si Gimikiit, S.vtiopflis, 238, 188:! ; not Li'iicisfns rnpii, (iCNTiiKi;
SijiialiiiH nliciii, .Torv, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mils., 1881, 19, Provo River near Utah Lake. (Tyiit-,
No. 27412. Coll. Jobdan); Jordan & Gilbert, SynopsiB, 238, 1883.
Subgenus CHEONDA, Girard.
372. LEUCISCUS COOPEKI (Girard).
Head 4^; depth 4}; eye large, ii in head. D. 8; A. 11 or 12; lateral
line 63. Body rather elongate, subfusiform, much compressed. Head
moderate, the snout thickish, siibconical, slightly projecting. Moutli
oblique, the maxillary not quite rejiching to eye. Fins Large, the anal
notably so. T)orsal somewhat behind ventrals. Coloration reddish (jrav;
sides and bally silvery. Lower Columbia River. Known only from tlie
original type, above described. (Named for Dr. John G. Cooper, of Oak
land, one of the pioneer naturalists of California.)
Oienndit cooperi, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 207, Fort Vancouver ; iiii'l Par B.
R. Surv., X, 294, 18r)8. (Type, No. 238. Coll. Dr. J. G. Coojier.)
Leticinniti innpiri, GrNriiKU, Oat., vii, 243, 1868.
Sqtialius cooperi, .ToRPAN A Gilbert, SynoppiB, 242, 1883.
37». LKUCISCrS HITMBOLDTI (Girard).
Head 4; depth 3; eye large, 4. D. 8; A. 12; scales 12-5G-8 ; 1peth2,
4-5,1. Body short and deep ; head moderate; mouth terminal, "hliqiiCi
the cleft rather short, the maxillary reaching front of eye. Lateral line
moderately decurved. Dorsal fin rather behind ventrals ; anal fin
elongate. Color bluish ; sides with two dusky lateral bands. Humboldt
■•'i I
Jordan anJ Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 237
Ki\. I, Nt'Viida ; iicrliai»8 identical willi /-. viimjiiiH, hut tlu^ t.vp») 8|)«)cimou
IS iniiili ilf<i>t)r tlmii any njrtijlux wo havo scon. (Namoa for Alexaudor
VDii lliiiiilmitlt.)
,, , , ;„,/,;/,, (iiRAUii, Prof. Ar. Nat. Scl. Pliilft., IWd, 'JCKl, Humboldt River, Nevada;
' Ii„l i':i. U. II. Siirv., X, 2111, IMS. (T)|»', Num. 'J'i:., 2'Jii. <'oll. llowiimii; Uckwith.)
^,„.,l,„»h"n<h.,rili, JUKUAN \ (ill.llKllT, Syil..|.HiH, 'IM, 188:j.
»74. LKr<IS( IS KOKKtarS (QiruiiJ).
Il.ail :iS to ti: depth ;{,! titlj; eye 4J. 1). 8; A. 9; oculos I'Jor 13-52to56-6
to ,s. I'fi'th 2, I-."!, 2, w itliont griiidinj; surfaco. Eye larj?o. IJody rather
k.Imi-i, .ompit'Msed. Moutli ohliciue, the jaws ecpial, tlie maxillary about
icacliiii„' t'liiiit of eye. Fins all liij^li, the anal shorter than in L. hydro-
j,lil,i.r. Mack hlackish, with a broad blackisli vertebral streak ; usually
two iianillfl dark bands alonj? anterior thirdof sides, separated by aligut
^li.aii (iin'-liaif width of pupil. In life this light interspace is Hushed
witli 11(1. I'o.steriorly the two dark bands merge into a single median one
oil ( aiulal iK'duncloaiid the lower issoinetimes wanting ; belly golden, with
Mime nil m males. A l)road red streak nearly as wide as orltit bordering
the dark lateral ftreak and extending to opposite front of anal. Top of
head, siKiiit, chin, and an irregular band behind eye blackish; axil scar-
let; a j^'didou crescent on cheek; fins unmarked. Length 3^ inches.
Nevada to northern California, known from the Humboldt and Truckee
lianiiis and from Napa Valley ; extremely common in Lake Taboo and
Ti iickoo Hiver. Here described from specimens from the Humboldt River
at Wimieiimcca, sent by Frank Germain. These havo been compared
witli iluj type of L. chvclandi, which seems to be identical with them.
Thjpi Kpecies may ultimately stand as LvucIscv.h huinholdti. (egretjiua, sur-
piisiii^'.)
7V;/..»/.i f.;iv;/i(i, GiRAnn, rao. K. R. Siirv., x, 291, 1858, locHlity unknown, liut probably Great
Basin of Nevada, the drainage of Lake Lahontan. (Cull. Kruiixfulil.)
r,i7.( iiiilts,,!,;,* ii.iT., /.oiil. Wheel. T Siirv., v,ti()0, pi. xxx, fit;H. 1, 1«(, 1M75, (1870), locality un-
kiiinvii, |ii\.liiil.ly Nevada. (Type, No. KiDTl. Coll. Yiirrow &. IIonHlniw.)
.S/ii.i/iMs ;/.,/(/,i,t Cmi'f., I'roc. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila., 1883, 148, Pyramid Lake, Nevada.
}%'xiiiii>-il,riliiii(ll,l C. H. anil II. S. Eiuenmann, West Americuu Scioutist, 1889, 149, ^tna
Springs, Napa County, California.
Sjifiliii- rni/<»i(i<H«, JoiiDAN it GiLnF.KT, Synopsis, 2:15,1883.
.N/".(/iir.< tynyiiif, ,)0Ki)AN & liiLBEiiT, Synopsis, 230, 1883.
* ','.7(1 »)■.;. MK.y,, C'oi'r.. Head 3>-^; (lopth 4{ ; eye 4. D.8;A.8. Scales 17-fi;i-8. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2.
Il>"lv nilliiT Btimt, coiiiiireH.sed ; head jieavy, niu7.zle short ; mouth short, very oblique, the jaws
aliuiit ciimI, the niiixilliiiy reachiii); past front of tlio larne cyo. Pectoral ti • lonj;, nearly
rcii. Iiiiif; vciitrn!.". Olivaceous above, a narrow pluuibcouB lateral liuuil concurrent with tlio bucii.
tS/">i/iM» ;;.(»i,i, C<)i>K. Head 4; depth i}^; eyo 3 in head. D. 8; A. (probably) 8. Scales
IJ r.ii ;'i. 'I'd. Ill 1,1-5, 1, without grinding surface. Dorsal inserted a littlo behind front of
viiilriils; iiinzzle shoit; mouth obli(piu, without prominent chin, the end of the maxillary
riiuhiii),' 11 lilllelicyond front of orbit. I iiturorbital region gently and regularly convex, as wide
iisivi'. Olive iilidvc, as fivrasu plumbeous band, whii'h extends from the operculum to base of
liiiiiliil; l.cluw tills line, sides and belly silvery, o.xcopta broad band of crimson from the gill
iilieiuii^ t" Iruiit of anal ; side of head with a dusky baud. Pyramid Lake, Ne%-ada ; abundant.
; ;v,,..ri„M, clefiliui}!, KiijKNMANN & EiuF.NMANN, Head 4}/^; depth 4}4; cyo 4^^. 1). 9; A. or 10.
Nales 10 ".'.i-ii. Teeth 'J, .1-5, 2. Month oblique ; jaws eqiiai ; maxiliary 'reaching front of eye or
tlmlitly Inyniid ; evo I'.j iu interorbital space; pectorals reaching vontrals in males, shorter In
feiiiiiU-. Hiuk bniwii above, bordered by a darker stripe; a black band from tip of snout to
liase ut ciniilal,a i,al« band between this and dark of back; fins mostly dusky. Length 4
iiKlies. A-.i .. Springe, Napa County, California. One of the types received from Dr. Eigon-
niiinn noiins to agree fully with /,. ftjnyiua. In general, however, the fauna of the Sacramento
\uli'y has little in common with that of the Lake Lahoutau drainage to which the Uumboltd
uihI Irucrikee vers belong.
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Bulletin 4j, United States Matiotml Museum,
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:I7A. I,KI'<'IS< IS IIVDKOIMILOX (Cope).
(8ii,vr.R-Rii)r.i> Minnow; " I'o-iik-wa.")
Head 4^ ; depth i; ; eyo liirj»e, 3,1 to 3^ in lioad, equal to iutororbital npaco.
D.D; A. 10 to 13, UHually 10 or 11. .ScalcH 12-r)8-r>. H.Hly rather el(ni;,'ati',
but doop and conipresHed, funned as in the section ClinoiitomuH. liuiid
rather small, short, compressed, but broad above, the jaws coual. Month
oblique, short, the maxillary reaching front of orbit, the upper lip oppo-
site middle of orbit. Snout decurved and rather obtuse. Lateral lino
decul'ved ; 33 scales in front of dorsal fin. Colo.ation greenish silvory;
the back iliisky ; a dark blue or blackish lateral band between 2 silvery
stripes; the lateral band and below bright orange-red in the malts, tlie
red usually ceasing at front of aual ; a bright silvery or golden crtscciit
on cheeks ; a golden streak ^roni snout above eye to gill opening ; Hpecl-
nious in alkaline waters are very pale. Length 3 to 5 inches. Salt Lake
Basin ; excessively abundant in Provo River, Jordan River, and other
clear streams ; also recorded from the Snake liiver at Idaho Falls and else-
where in its upper waters as far as Heart Lake, Wyoming; the fish lauiia
of this region being mostly identical with that ot Lake Bonneville, which
was once tributary to Snake Kiver. The species bears some resenililance
to NotropiH coctiKjciiix in form, color, and habits. Our description is drawu
primarily from specimens from Provo River, typical of L. tania. L.
montanus is exactly the same, but L. h ydrophtox niaypvove to havowleu-
derer head and smaller eye. (iiStj^j, water; (jihi)^, ilame.)
CliiKistdiiiKH liijilniphliij; CiirE, Haydoii's Gool. Siirv. Mutil. for 1871, 47.'>, 1H72, Blackfoot
Creek, Idaho.
Cliiiiisli»iiii8ni(>iiliiiiii.i, Coi'E, /. <■., 47C, Grass Creek, Idaho; Ooi'K, rroc. Ac. Nat. f<ii. I'liilii.,
1874,130. (i ype, Nos. 10771, ir)77'J, uiid 12',)0S. Coll. Yarrow.)
CliiwKlniiiitu Utnia, Coi'E, I'roc. Anicr. Pliilos. Soo. I'liila., 1874, l3ii, Utah Lake, Prove, Utah.
(Tyjie, No. 10035. Coll. Yarrow.)
Gila vioiilaim, Cope, Zoiil. Wheeler Siirv., v,6o7, 187.1, (1870).
Htjuitliiin liydrophlox, liiuia, aud motitanm, Joudan >fe (iii.iiElM, .''yiioiwig, 234, 1883.
Leuciscus iiioutimun, Jokdan, Hull. U. S. Fish Coniui., i,\, 1881), 32.
Leuciicus hijdrophlox, JoitDAN, I. c, 48.
Subgenus RICHARDSONIUS, Oirard.
»76yLKrCISCUS BAI.TEATIIS (Kichardson).
Head 4i; depth 3i; eye 3^. D. 10; A. 11 to 22, usually 16; vertelmi! 10.
Scales 13-55 to 63-6; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, without grinding surface, liody
strongly compressed and somewhat elevated. Head small, the snout
rather short aud conical. Mouth terminal, oblique, the lower jaw hI ightly
projecting. Gill rakers very small. Eye large. Anal and caudal larjje.
Dorsal low, much behind ventrals. Base of anal 4^ in length. Colora-
tion plain, the sides bright silvery, usually with a dark lateral Itand;
sides and belly silvery ; cheek with a silvery crescent; a pale streak above
eye and opercle, crimson in males in spring. Length 4 to 6 inches.
Columbia River and streams about Puget Sound; generally abundant
everywhere in the Columbia Basin, and very variable; the specimens
\ •
i l!'1
Jordan an J Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
239
from any Hiii);Io locality iiHiially alike but ditVorent localitioH Hhowing
|aij;i' '. .11 iulionM. Aim) roconltMl (uh A. ifxlW) from the beadwatoiH of Clark's
Folk of the Coliiinhia. {balteatuii, girdled.)
iMiriiiii- ■ M'riviiiK) hnlleiiiiif, Uiciuitiwo!*, Kaiiiia Uor.-AiiiiT., iii, 301, IHMfl, Columbia River.
l'l„h,inl"nii>t' hiiinilis* (liBAUM, rri)c. Ac. Nttt. Hrl. riilln., XnM, 2o'2, Fort Steilacoom, Wash-
inyton, (Tvpi', No. f!l. Coll. Suckloy); and I'm. U. K. Siirv., x, 'iV.i, 186K; Jordan * Gil.-
iir.ki,.'^jrii(i|pi-i», '.'.'il, 1H83.
/,(n.-iVri«v'"'.t KvEu.MANN, Hiill. I'. S. Fisli Coiiini., .\i, IH'Jl, 44, Browns Gulch Creek, (iilver
Bow, Montana. (T.viic No. 4ri!i.W. Coll. Kvi'rnmiin * .IcnkliiH.)
U,ili'tni'''iiiu-l"ilii''ii"'<, GinAiin, I'ac. U. B. Siirv., x, 278, 1868; Joiidan A aii.iiKKT, Hyiio|HiiR, 2.'l,
1,>K1.
M>niini'Mli''il»', 01'NTHr.n, Cat., VII, 309, IHfiS.
/|/,riim/W.i/>ni//.<, (iCNTIIKn, ("at., VII, 300, 18<'iS.
l,.,,ri,ru»Mh(ilii»ii\ul Li>iciKUiiballetUmlateralu(,K\ar,fiviAtiN, Itiill. I'. S. FiHli Cotniii., MV, 18!)4,
II-.Vll:'..
X,«iii i-'Ms hiillititim, (iiLliEur t^ KvEitMANN, Inv).'8tlgiitionH ('uliinil)ia Kiver Ba«lii, 4r< 1HU4.
Subgenus CLINOSTOMUS, (iiriird.
377. LKI'CISCrS VAM»OIS|ILi;s, Cuvii-r A VnloinlenncH.
llcnd 'M: depth 3| to 4j-, the largest specimens most elongate, the
females (l»!oper; eye moderate, 3i. D. 9; A. 8; lateral line 48 to r>3 ; teeth
2, .")-;"), or 1, 2. Uody oblong, deep, and compressed. Head rather large.
Mouth larf,'»', oblique, the lower jaw projecting, the mandible extending
to the pupil. Lateral line decurved. Color bluish green; some of the
8culi>H of tiio back irre^'ularly darker, producing a mottled appearance;
a durk lateral band with a pale streak above it in the adult ; younp
uearly plain ; males in spring with the region behind the head and above
the pectorals as far back as thii anal of a bright rose-red, brightest anteri-
orily. Leu^tii 5 inches. Streams about Chesapeake buy to Georgia;
abuudant in the clear, swift brooks east of the Alleghany Mountains;
also (ah /.. (Htor) in tributaries of the Tennessee and Cumberland, west of
thenioiintai'is. (ramloise, French name of the Dace, Leuciacua leuciacus.)
Leuimiu niii'l<>i.«i/ii>, CrviEB & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. PoisB., .wii, 317, 1844, South Carolina;
(iC.NTiiKii, fat., vir, 2f)0, 1868.
CUnotii'miii tiffiiiin. (iiitAiii), Pfoc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 212, James River, Virginia; (Coll.
Baird); CmT,, .lourii. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 228.
Vlimilinmii fiiiiilithiidi-ii, (Potomac River &t Washington) and cnroliimM, (Sulem, N. C.)
GiRAiiP, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 212; Cope, Cypr. Ponn., 376,1866.
*Thc followiiip rlmractere aroaosignod to thoform called laieralit : Body slendcrorand leBscom-
prt-ssed tlian in //. I'nllealti». Mouth moderate, terminal, obliijiK*; .jaws equal. Anal baso 5*1^ in
iciigtli. Itlni'Uisli above; a dark lateral band; the interBpaco and belly ])alo, criniHon in lualfa in
emiinicr. Iloiid 4'.,; depth 3% to 4. D. 10; A. 14: scales 13-55-6; teeth 2, 6-5, 2. Columbia
liivrraiid BtrcitiriH iiliont Puget Sound. It apparently fully iutergrades with the precediufc, the
aiml ravfl i'aii„lii^' from 11 to 22. The name Leucucm UUeralit is preoccupied, and this form, if dis-
tinct, eliould Htiiiid a.s LeticincHs gilli.
■fTlie types of Acinisctig gilli are described as follows: Ilcad 4; depth 3J<J to 35^. D. 10; A. 14
(lit to 16). Teeth 2, 4-5, 2. Scales 11-66-7, 32 before dorsal. Body deep, compressed, much
livelier than in 1,. motUmmt, the top of head broader, the eye and mouth smaller; eye sy^ to 4 in
head, l%\u intcroibital space; maxillary not quite to front of orbit; snout short and blunt, X}^
ill head; lower jaw scarcely projecting;* mouth oblique; caudal peduncle long. Dorsal small,
anal larRe; caudal large; dark above, a dark lateral baud with a yellowish bund above it; belly
rnldirti or oraiiRe; cheek with a bright yellow crescent; body and fins with black specks; a yel-
low blotch at huff nl ])ectoral. Length i% inches. Browns Uulch, Silver Bow, Montana, and
Swan ^ke, near Flathead Lake, (Columbia Basin). Apparently not distinct from L. baUeaiui,
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
aUo rflor* Jimi'AS * HitAVTiiN, Iliill. l'. 8. Nat. Mii-<., xii.tii',, In7m, Elk River, Eatill S|.rinH
Tenneitee; Stone River, Murfreeiboro, Tennu«*ee.
l/puiiHiii»niniiit, OCnthku, Cut., VII, '>ir.7, IHIIH.
OUii viiuiliiinilii, JiiiiDAN ik HliAYToN, Hull. U. 8. Nat. Miin., xii, 24, 1h7h.
l.tHiinvHIl /lillllllli'iilti', tiCNTMK.II, Cut., VII, 'J.''lH, IhtiM.
H/Hii/iHK i'ii»i/«i«i/iiii iiriil /lllll/ll/llll(r^ .loitriAN .V (iii.iiKur, S.vii()|«Ih, 'JUU, 'iXi, lWi3.
6i/uu<iua eiUi/r, JuUOAN <fc UlLliKUT, Syiiuimlpi, '£i'i, IHKI.
87M. LKn'INCI'S KMKNd ATI'S (Kirtluu<l).
(KKII-glllKI>8lllNRR.)
Iload l; dupth ■>; eye ubout 4. D. «; A. II; hcuIos 10-70-5; Untli 'j,
4-{j, 2. liudy eluii|;atu, comproHHcd ; head luii);, rutber {tointud. Moutli
very large, oldiquu ; the lower Jaw nutahly projecting, with aHiiiiill kmili
at the syiuphyHiH beyond tip of upper jaw ; upper lip on level of |iii|iil;
maxillary exteuding to middle of orbit ; posterior angle of opercir iiciite.
Eye moderate. SculeH very small. Fins short and high, the dorsul noiiu;-
what behind veutrala. Lateral line deciirved. Color dark bhuMli; tlie
acales mottled with paler; sides with a broud black band ; belly inortt or
less silvery; t) e front half of the lateral band bright crimson in Hpriuj;
males ; belly and lower fins more or less reddenetl ; a dark vertebral liaiul.
Length 5 inches. Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley, chloll y tVuiii
Pennsylvania to Minnesota; commou in clear streams northward uuly.
{elonyatuH, lengthened.)
LuxUm I'Umijntm, KiaTIiANii, Rcjit. /oiil. Ohio, 1k;{(i, 1('>9, and in Doxt. .Toiirn. Nat. Iliitt., in, ;t;i!),
1H41, Mahoning River, Trumbull County, Ohio, and Lake Erie, near Cleveland.
LettciM'iiii prodHfUis, Stouek, .SyiiopHlH, Fixhcri N. A., 410, 1810, Wabash River.
Btjiiitliiiiipriirigir, Coi'K, I'roc. Ac. Nut. iSti. I'liila., IbCil, 280, Michigan.
Leuiuaiii eluiKjaluii, CiviKii Si Vai.e.nciknnks, xvii, 494, 1844 ; UCntiikk, Cut., vii, 246.
ClinoMtnmiH elowjtUnii, QiiiAliii, Proc. Ar. Nat. Bel. Pliila., 1860, 212.
CliiiDitormiK j)roriijir, Copk, Cypr. Punn., .'178, 1800.
Leucuu-Hn proriyei; GOntiieb, Cat., VII, 246; aiduM nioro cumpreHBud and iiiuru Hilvury; luliiiil liiii'
03 ; teeth 2, 4-5, 1.
Bqualiwi elongalui, Jubuan it (jilueut, Synopsis, 232, 1883.
Subgenus PHOXINUS, Bafluosque.
379.^ LKl'CISCUS NKUU.KUK (Cope).
Head 4; depth 'U; eye moderate, 3i in head. D, 8; A. 8; scalew lH-80-
10; teeth 2, 4-5,2. Body short and thick, little compressed, tint buck
little elevated. Head very large and broad, the muzzle blunt, 3 in iiead.
Mouth small, quite oblique, the lower jaw scarcely projecting ; niiixillary
*l^ni-i»riis exlor, (.Ionian * Drayton): Head 3%; depth 4^; eye 4. D. 8; \. 8; scalus S-SO-.I
tooth 2, 5-4, 2. Body elongate, comprossod, the cuudal ])ediinclo rather long, but not hm luiijiin
head. Iload very long and large, tiattiah, but not broad above. Mouth larger tliaii in nny
other of our C//;>r«i»(te, very obliijue, the upper Jaw on the level of the pupil, the niiixilliirii'<
extending to opposite middle of orbit; length of gape a little more than half Icugtii "( luail;
lower jaw considerably the longer. Kyo rather large, less than snout. Scales imnlemti',
Lateral line strongly decurved; 23 scales in front of doiwil fln; fins high. Color darli olivf
above, many scales irregularly darker; sides silvery; no dark lateral band; abroad .^limluot
deep rose color along the sides in spring males, below which most of the belly is bright iriiiisui],
these red colors brightest anteriorly; a narrow dark lateral streak like a pencil murk, t'rciiii
head to tail, overlaid by tho scales. Length 4 inches. Cunibcrhiud and Tennt^siieo rivcrn; in
clear brooks; not very coiumon. I'orhaps a distiix-t species, but wo aro unublo to find i ouataut
cbarsctcrs for distiuction. (Type, No. 31147. Coll. Jordan & Drayton.)
Jor-iitin iViJ F.vernianH. — Fishes of North America. 241
rca< liiiii,' to hoyond front of uihit, 2.! in lusad ; upp^M lip uii level of iiiid-
,11, ,,i |iii|)il. Fiii)4 iiiixliM'Utu ; dorNul wull backwuril, imiult lutuior (MViidal
til. Ill >ii<iiit,Nt)nHnv1iat Imliintl VDiitralH; pucturalH luiiK,lj in ht*u<l. HcaluH
vciv Niiiall,:iliii<mt «>nibu«l(l«Ml in the Hkin,covui-infr tho itody ttvnnly. Lat-
untl litii' tlt'i'iirvi-d, vfiy Hhui-t,notuxt«n<linK tu vontialH. Mack and Itully
Ninly. Colli!' palo or dark ; back plain duMky ; a black band tlironKh Hnuut
iinil I'VH to caiidiil ; aliovo tititi u pale itanti : bt>low tliiu abruptly whitu;
lit'lls !iii(l lowiT linN critnHon in Hpriuf^ inab h; puctoralH duHky ; nu caudal
spill, l.i'ii^'tli 3 inclios. MiHHJsHippi Valley and neighboring wateiH; not
ciiiiuiiiiii : ll>t) f*)^>' Hpcciinenii known, from LivingHton County, Michigan;
liiiialiiiii K'iTvr, WlNcoiiHin ; Whitt) Kiver, ArkaiiHUH; and tho ]lla(;k Ilillu
ol.'^outli i'akotii, (Cox Lake, Chicken Creek, etc), (i/oc, new ; >//, world;
tlioHpt'cicH Ih closely allied to the European lA'aciHCUH phoxiniiH.)
/V,..riiiM< »..../.! M», Cuvt, Cj|ir. I'l'iin., HTfi, IHCi!, New Hudson, Livintfston County, Mich-
igan; .liillli,\N .V <1II.1IF.IIT, S.VIH>|wlr<, 'HW, 1H8.1.
/,i,.i<."< ti..!;.iii», GCsTHEii, Cut., VII, 217, 1H)J8; Kvhkmann A (.'ox, Bull. I'. 8. FWi Oumm., xv,
1811.'..
itNO. LKIXIKCrS MAI«aiilTA(Cn|>«).
Il.a.l I; •b'i>th li. D. 8; A. i»; scales 11-52 to r>H-H; tooth 2, .^>-l, 2.
l!()(ly ^t(•ut atitl thick, little coniproMHed, tho back Honuiwhat elevatod.
Cuuilal pi'dinu'le thick. Head liliint, thick, and rounded. Mouth Hinall,
ttriiiinal.dliiiiiuc, the upper lip below tho orbit; eye rather large; Hoal«<t
ratlRMNmall. Lateral lino decurvod, more or Ichh incomplete, tho'itoroH
OHiiuliy ci'UHing behind middle of body. Fins rather large, Dorsal flu
liimti'iliM. Coloration above duHky olive, duHtod with dark Hpecks; HidoH
pliiinlii'iiiiH Hilvery, forming a narrow streak on tail; belly white, orimuou
in Hiiriii<r iiiale.s; snout dusky; tins plain; scales punctate. Lengths
inclit's. SuBi|U(!hanna Kiver to James River; not common; also taken
in tilt' head waters of tho Kanawha. A handsome little lish, (juite uiilike
imiMt (iIIkt Anuu'icau species, resembling most Leucincus neoynim. (mur-
gariUt, iiapyuiuTrii; , a pearl.)
(,7i)ii.>Aiimi« »i.ii;;.iii7i(, Ooi'i!, Cypr. Penn., ;i77, ISfifl, Conestoga River, Lancaster, Penn-
sylvania.
I'liuriiiiif in:tni,iritui>* vM., JoRDAN, Bull. U. S, FIsIi Comm., VIII, 1888, 141, Reed Creek,
Wythcville, Virginia. (Cull. Jordan, Evorniann it Junkina.)
L-iiiifrm nclnlnrilil, (il'.NTIIKR, Cut., VII, 2lfi, 18ri8.
ivyiiiidus iiiiinidiilKK, JoHDAN & GiLUEKT, SyuuimiH, 23.'), 1883.
»H1. LErCiSCrS OKCITTI (KlKeumann & Eigonmann).
Iload ',]^ to I ; depth 3J to 4^ ; eye moderate, l.i in adult, li in intororb-
ital wiiltli. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 58 ; teeth 2, 5-4, 1 ; hooked, their tips black
in tilt' adult. Hody moderately compressed ; head subconical ; maxillary
Hcarcely leachiug front of oye. Lateral lino little decurvod, more or less
♦Tlii'sy ripiMiiiii'iiH Hoeni to beloiiK to /.. viar<jnril<i, liut they liav(' ttic hciiIcs Inrpor, .')2 to 1)4 iu
latcriil line, jx lu'luic ilorsiil. Mouth very xniiiU, anterior; dorsal quito low, insertud liuliiiid
veiitriils. r,,ior ilark ; a very distinct caudal npot, and a well-dcfliiod black lateral liaiiil. Head
vy. ilcptli I'.,. lii'iigth 2 inchus. Iteed Creek, head waters of Kanawha Ri\oi-, Wythuville, Vir-
gmu.
V. X. A.
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Bulletin 47, Ihnted States National Museum.
incuiiiphttc, iiHiittlly oxtotiiliiiK to ciiudal |MMliiiicln. DtirHiil iti!«Tte<|
sliKhtly Itoliiiid vontritla. I'oritonniim black ; iiitostinn a littlo l<iii|;nr
tliAM budy. Dark gray, often a I'aint pliiiiibonuH lateral band. Unc tnof
Suutliorn ("alifornia tributary to tbo Paoiflo alMindant; (Itmcrilxil tViMu
Teniocula liivor; aJHo fuinxl in tlio Itfo Han Luis l{»y and Km San
•Jacinto, (Kdward Hyatt), and Hanta Ana Kivcr, (dlilbort). (Nimn'il fur
CharlcH I{u8H»ll Orcutt, tbu well known botanical collector who liritt
obtained it.)
/^ox<MN« >ir>'N//i, KioKNMANN k KioKMMANN, rriic. Ar, Hcl. Oal., 2(1 mtIm, III, lM))n, '<!, Tcmecul*
River, RIveraide County, California. (Typn, No. 410'jn,)
piii
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Subgenua HEMITREMIA, Cnpu
»H3. LKITIKCI'M niLNKKIANI'M (Coiw).
nea(14; depth Hi; eyo3i. I), 8; A. 8; Bcales 8-40 to4.'>-7; tuothL',.V4,2.
Body elongate; chin slij^fhtly projecting. 8caloH in 15 longitudinal iowh
between dorsal and ventral. Orbit c<|U)il to length of niii/./.le. Dortal
inserted behind the entire base of ventrals. Mouth very largo, nmxillary
exteudlng nearly to pupi! ; head rather Hat above. Length of latt-ral
lino unknown, the scales poHteriorly having been loHt in tho type.
Brownith olive above, below silvery ; a black band, not mcII d<'liiic<l ul
the borders, extending from the end of tho muzzle to the base of t lit' ciiudui
fin, where it endH in a black spot ; a reddish spot at baso of anterior doinal
rays ; niu//le dark. Length 2} inches. Upper Missouri Kivcr. ((.'i)|m'.)
Not seen by us. (Named for James W. Milner, then AsHt. IJ. S. Fish ('din-
missiouer, author of important contributions to Economic Ichtli,v<)lo{,'y,)
PhoriHw tiiiliirriimitH, Covr., Anicr. Nut., .Inly, 187!>, 440, upper Missouri River, probably
Battle Crtek, Montana; (Coll. <'opo); Jobdan Si Oildert, SynopilH, 243, IHKI.
SSa. LElJ(;iS(;iIK KLAnillEim (Jordan & Gilbert).
Head 4; depth 4; eye large, 3fr in head. D. 8; A. 8; scales 7-13-!';
teeth 2, 4-.'), 2. Body moderately stout, slenderer and more coniiiiossed
than in L. wogwus. Head rather short and deep, the upper outliioi
rounded, the muzzle rather blunt. Mouth small, obli<iue, the JawH about
equal, the upper lip on level of pupil; maxillary extending to fmiit of
orbit. Scales much larger and more loosely imbricated than in L. uroiitriin;
back and belly scaled. Lateral line short, dccurved, on 14 scah'u, uot
reaching base of ventrals. Fins small, the dorsal well backward. liaciv
dark ; a 1)lack lateral band, formed of dark specks ; above this a pah^ biiiid;
the belly below this pale ; bright scarlet red in the males in s|)riiig; i
email black sprj; at base of caudal. Length 2i inches. In tributarius of
Tennessee River, common in clear streams in northern Alabama. (/(i»i-
meu8, flaming.)
Ilemitrenua villala, Cope, Proc. Am. Philog. 8oc. Phlla., 1870, 4fi2, Holston River, Knoxville,
Tennessee; Jordan A Gilbert, Synopsis, lfi2, 1883; the name viUatiu is preoccii, 'il iu
Lrticucui.
Phoximu flammiits, Jordan A OiLnEiiT, in Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S., ed. 2, 303, 1S78, Elki
River, Estill Springs, Tennessee; Jordan A. Bbatton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mub., M<,6t<
1878; Jordan & Giliiert Syiioiwig, 243, 1883.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fis/ns of North Atnerita, 24.*l
SubKcniia lOTICHTHYS, Jonlitti .t KvHrniMiii.
HSt. I.KKIsnS I'lll.HiKTIIONTIS ('o|H).
Iffuil ;ii ; <lt'pth ;U. I>. 7; A.H; hciiIoh <»-;<()- 1, 17 Iti'dim <i<»rHu] ; tooth
I .VI, -. Mii'ly Hliort,tU't'p, <'(»injin'8H«'(l. Moutli ulioit, vi-ry ol>lii|tiu, tli«
litwn i^w |ii<>|i'('tiiifr, tli«t iniixillury rciichiii^ front <>t'«v<>, wliicli JHriithur
littu')'- I'oiMiil bDliiixl vuiitritlH ; portoriilH al>i>iit roucliiii^ vontrulH.
Luti'iiil lint> ciitir -ly wanting, not u portMhnuloptMl in tlio niiiny ■pticinu-iiH
fMiiiiiiii'il- Oliviio'dtiH ; a broatl pliiniltcoiiH lateral band; u (limky ihtiHal
lint-; Ixlly {{oltltMi, prohalily red in Hprin^; nialoH. LtMiKtIi \\ inclicH.
rriliiil.'iiit'M of (iifat Salt Lake, an.l HeviiT Lako (MaHin of Laku llonn«)-
\\\\y\ ; <'\f<'HHivi>ly common in pondN and warm puolH. Onoof tlioHniallitHt
uf oMi linliin, and ilio muHt aberrant of IIiuhu ht'iu n-furrud tt> A( iid«cu«.
((?/.< ;('"i.', to tlanic.)
(•/i»..v..ii.i'« iilAyrihimliii, Coi'K, I'roc, AiiHT. riilliiH. 8<><-. I'hila., 1^74, 137, Bca-er River, Utah.
(Tjir, .Sn. it;yH:i. Coll. Ymrow ,t llciiHliiiw.)
i;,t„iM.'jilh'niti', Col-r, Zdiil. Wlii'oloi'-i Mxiil. \V. KMlth Mt-r., v, tift7, iKTft, (In7i'i).
i'^./iiK- ].hh ■jilhniiti; JuKDA.S k (iILIIKHT, IS}'lltiI>NlN, 'iM, \m\ ; JuHDAN, llllll. ('. S. KUIl Coiiim.,
117. RUTILUS, KalineMciuo.
(RilACIlBH.)
UM«>, n.MiNK.8i<rr, Icli. Oh., 4H, fiO, 1«J0. (ni(i7i<« ; no fyim linll<nt<'<l oti paKti 4H ; uii |hiko bt\,
rutih'-- rii,'iitlimi'(l.)
/.fill,", IlKki.r, UiiHW'gger'H Ih^Uoii, 1, lOIlH, IHUl, (fi'iiliiinim). (Nut /,<inii», Kai i', li );<'»»'* <>f
GiiIIh.)
CfMUi^i/iiiiK, Bo.NArAHTB, Cuti'ihigo 5Ioli'i<licc) I'oscl Kur., 1840, 2!l, (j«iHj/<r»iH ; no tliaKiinNiH).
(;,i),'miii(», IliiNAI'AIlTK I. c, (ilecipieiif ; iKi (liilKnosiHi,
iVi;ii«, IliiVAPAiirr, /. c,,{iiigiiii ; no •liiiK""'*^''),
;V(H./,:/,'i,.,;iiii«, Iti.EKKKii, I'rodroiiniH Cypriii., ISr.O, (zeregi).
■.lii,/<;//"/'</», I'lii'F, rriic. AiniT. I'hiluH. doc. IMiilii., 1S70, 043, (/h/h«, afoxHil Hpucic*),
yiijIfhiiniH, Cii'K, llllll. Iliiyden'ij Guol. Surv. Monlunu for 1S7I, 47,"i, 1«7'J, {pHtnnilnduHj,
.•<Vj)Aii(. /«•>, CurK, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Scl. I'liilu., 1883, 140, (ciWu/Hn), younjj; with liiti-ral liun impurfuct.
Hody stout, compressed. Mouth normal, obliquo ; no Itarbel. Teeth 4-5,
orT)-,"), ur(!-5, liooked, with moderate grinding surface. Scales moderate or
Hinull. I. literal linocontinuous or incomplete, decurved. Anal basis short
ur ratlii 1 long. Abdomen not compressed. Intestinal canal not elongate.
SpecicH iiiiiiierous in Europe, Asia, and America. The American species
are cirtaiiilv closely allied to the European type of Jiutilua, Hatines<iue,
(iiicliKliiii; I.titvoxy Heckel), differing in the presence of toeth 5-5 or 5-1,
iuHti'ud ut i)-5 or 5-5, as most of the species of liiitHtta have. The anal fin
is long in Hiililitx, of 10 to 14 rays as in Lcitciacus proper, and as in Euro-
pean niinn()\v,s generally, while in these American lioaches {Myloleucus)
tlicit' arc but 8 anal rays. But as this character has not generic
value in Lriuincua and Xotropis, it can not be admitted here.
Ah in tiie case of Lcucisvus, tbo American forms are confined to the
woHtern waters. They are dusky in color, and have small, loosely-
einliedded scales which give an appearance unlike that of their relatives
in Kuropc. Aa in the other case, Austrian and Asiatic species (subgenus
iViirfoj hox\nuH, Jileeker) seem to form connecting links, liittilua zvregi has
teeth 5-5, anal rays 9, and scales about 63. We are therefore unable to
*"I tall tliis germs Ilittitut, iu tlio sujijiosition tliat tho Qiprimu rtililim iiiiiy ho tlm ty\H> of i(."
(Uiijinenpu.)
fl.- I
ii ^ f
I i'
U }
m
W:^ 4
u-
nu
241
Bulletin -//, United States National Museum.
draw any HatiHfactory liiut lietween Tiutiln8 on the one extrunie aixl l/j^/.,.
{('HCHM at tlie other. The American HpecicHof this genuH are very iinpci icctlv
known, an<l homio of them are Hiiltjiu;* to hir);o variations, {raiilini, i uddy,
the ancient name of the Kuvopeau lioach or Kotliauge, Jiutilus ritiilim.j
LRtiCog, (A«w«M, white.):
u, Tuotli T)-'), nt'vt'r 4-.'i, no.ri-Ci ; niial fln ftliort, nf about 8 ruyn ; scalvH HiniiU, hcxiiuI difTer-
onrt'HHiiKlit, iiiiiU'N with lUtic or no red iiiciiiiMt.
h, Sciilo'i iilioiit TiS 10 05 ill tli« lutcritl line, liutly Hluiider, tlio ditptli 4 in li-n^'ilj ; (■„]„,
olive, tlio lii'lly Bilvt-ry. ohva'H s, :th."j.
Mvi.oi.Ki riiH, (fjvAot, grinder; LiMi< oh) :
cut. Toetli •! -Ji, witii Krliidiiin Hurface ; anal fin sliort, of al)out 8 rayw ; hc.\\vh Hriiall hn-kv
Bitbi'iL'M, tliOHi'al<!RH|>i'!.iiliIud witli darlv dutH. Suxi.iil dilTt>ruucu8inodL-rato, UMMllyHt.un'
red piKnicnt in spring.
c. ScaI(>N in lateral lino i!'< to 07.
tl. ScaloH 8-4G to .^0-6 ; coloration paler and lem dotted with Mack.
iiiojiiiii, ;m,.
M. ScalcH 10 to 14-50 to ')7-') to 7 ; coloration duekjr, niuc}i duRtcd with diuK >i,irU.
SYMMKTIili IS, IWT.
cc. Scales rather large, 80 in lateral lino ; ahoiit seven rowH between lateral liti<' innl dnr-
sal ; sides with a plumbeous band and a black caudal spot. uoi'cakui, litif.
Subgenus LEUCOS, Hockcl.
886. IIITTILUS OLIVACKUS (Cope).
Head ''. ; depth 4^ to 4^. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 11-56-6 ; teeth alw.ays 5-.',,
wita grinding Bu..race. Body fusiform, compressed ; head narrowed to tbc
muzzle^ the mouth opening very obliquely forwards and upwards; maxil-
lary concealed in the closed mouth, its tip sca-cely reaching front, oi' eye.
Eye H in snout, 1^ in interorbital space, 5 in head ; middle of froi; t Hat,
its edges sloping to the superciliary border; pectoral long, loachin;,' ;t dis-
tance to ventrals. Dusky olive, with brassy luster, the belly .silvery;
body and fins much dotted ; no red or yellow ; no lateral band ; yoniii;
with lateral line incomplete. Length 1 foot or more. Lake Talioo. Pyra-
mid Lake, and neighboring waters; excessively abundant ; much resem-
bles Leudsciis lincatus in appearance and habits ; a greedy lish, destruc-
tive to young trout. (oUvaceu8, olive-colored.)
Leuciiaoliraceiii', (lopE, Proc. Ac. ..Jat.Sci. Phila., 188.3, 14!5, Pyramid Lake, Nevada.
LeiiciwdimiiUitlwt* ('oft, I. c, 145, Pyramid Lake, Nevada.
SiphixteUa vittaluiA Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 188:t, 140, Pyramid Lake, Nevada.
Subgenus MYLOLEUCUS, Cope.
388. ItUTILlIS BICOLOR (Girnrd).
Head 4; depth 4^; eye 4i. D. 8; A. 7; scales S-48-6; teeth 4-5. Body
moderately stout. Head rather heavy, the muzzle short and conical.
Mouth n.oderate, very oblique, "^he jaws equal, the maxillary reacbiiif;
line of eye. .Scales rather large. Lateral line decurved. Eye rather large.
Color transparent olivaceous; a distinct plumbeous lateral band; lius
*Eyo equal to interorbital width, 3}4 in head, a little more than length of muz/.li
oblique, the maxillary reaching front or eye. Ventral a little behind front of doi'.-si
brown above, becoming plumbeouH lower, the belly pure silver white. Hee.d 4 ; depth
Scal'jB 14-C.'>-8. Teeth 6-6, with grinding surface. Length 4 inches. Pyramid Lake
very abundant. (Cope.) Evidently the lialf-grown of It. oUmceii).
t Head 4 ; depth 4}^ ; eye 3. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 11-.5.5-5 ; tooth 5-5, with well-
grinding surface. Lateral line very imperfect. Kye a little less than interorbital widtl
oblique, the maxillary not quite reaching front of eye. Ventral fins beneath nnteiii
dorsal. Brownish above, t>elly and sides silvery ; a straight lateral band uf lead cd
rupted at liase of caudal by a vortical band of straw yellow, which has a dark postc
Length :t inches. Pyramid Lake, Nevada, evidently the young of H. jlivaveiis. (Coins.
striped.)
.. Miiutli
il. Mdit
4>.^. A.t(
, Neviula;
li'VcIn|iC'l
. Jloiitli
ir imrt ul
lor. iuter-
ii.>r flip'.
1
y
i
hid
At^
L> -
1
i
fordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
245
(Innkv --liaded; Hcales with Home brown 'lots, but not profusely dusted
with Mil k Hpccks as in the preceding species. Length 8 inches. Lakes
()>' Hiiii I 111 astern Oregon (Klamath, Warner, Goose, etc.), the old Lake
I(l:ilii>; liically abundant ; not found in Lake Lahontan, Lake Donncvillo,
iK.i ill tlio Sacramento Valley. Very distinct from 11. nifrnmrtrivitH, the
sra''s l,ir!.:<'r, tlio color less opa<iue. It is, however, close to Nutilnx oliva-
n)is, ill a|t|M'ar<'incu, but is more slender and has larger scales, besides the
(litrt'r<ii('<' in iho teeth, {hicolor, two-colored.)
l/,,„„„ , /„„;,„•,* f!iuAni>, Proc Ac. Nat. Sd. I'hiln., la'iO, 183, Klamath Lake. (Tyi*. No.
•jT.'.d, Cull, 1)1-. .1. ."*. Nowl.ei-ry.)
M/./.f/i".! ■M.i'"i,t '""I'Ki Prpc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliilii., 1804, 282, "Texas ; " .Iorpan, Proo. V. 8.
"Nat. Mil-., l.xs">, 121.
.W'//"'i"'"-''"''"""""'i' •^'"'•K. I''''"'. Ac. Nnt, Sci. Pliiln,, 1883, 143, Goose Lake, Oregon.
;„„,,,„<( ;,,!•, ("ii'NTiiEii, Cat., vii, 24.'i, IHtiS.
!,,„,■,■■> I;,nl,.r, .l.miHN .t IIENSIHW, /. c. , llKl, 1878.
Uitnml'iinl,,,. .I(mi>.\N A (iii.iiEKT, Synoiisis, 240), 1883.
Li-i.cM mi'c "s .louDA.v \- (iii.uEur, Synopsis, 240, 1883.
3S;. HI TIMS SYMMKTKICIJS (Baird & Girard).
Iload :!,' ; depth l.! ; eye 3 to 4. D.8; A. 8; scales 10 to 14-52 to 67-5,
extremely variable, usually 53 to 56; teeth 5-4. Body rather elongate,
inodoiately coniiiressed, not elevated. Head short, rather slender ; mouth
.sinnll. little obli<iue, the lower jaw included. Eye large, anterior ; snonfc
usually a little convex, alittielouger than eye; mouth not quite terminal.
l.aleial lino strongly decurved. Dorsa' distinctly behind ventrals. Col-
»,niti()n, dusky above, sides pale, scales more or less dotted with black;
luiijht-eoloied specimens have a dark lateral band from snout to middle
(if caudal, a second dark baud or series of spots below lateral line ceasing
at vent ; axils orange ; cheeks silvery. Color much brighter in specimens
from clear brooks (as Tres Pinos Creek, San Benito County, California).
Leu^itli 5 inches. Rivers of California and Nevada, probably generally
(listriliuted. Originally known from the San Joaquin and Merced
rivers and Kern Lake. It is also very common in streams of the coast
ran<;e.s from 8au Francisco to Salinas liiver, being in the brooks of Santa
Clara Valley the most abundant flsh. Other specimens corresponding
ratlier to uhnus occur in streams tributary to Owen Lake, Mohave River,
Washoe Lake, Truckee Ri.ver, Humboldt River, etc., (the basin of the
(^latcriiaiy Lake Lahontan.). Still other records are from western and
northern Utah, in the Lake Bonneville basin. If three species are con-
founded under the name aifinmetricus, they are likely to be symmetricus
(=/(*i'my«Hs), from streams west of the Sierra Nevada, o6t;sM« from the basin
*Tlio ti'Uuwiii^ notes liavo i)e8n niado on tho types of A^gawea hicolor : Length 7 inches ; head
4, ili|itli 4' /, eye 4' y in held. Kyo 8)iurtur tliiin snout; snovt pointed; maxillary uut rciicliiiif;
'■y. huwir Jiiw little projecting. D. 9 ; A. 8; scales 9-48-0. ScaloB larger than in types of
I'lii^n, fniin v liji'li it is distinct.
t.\ p|"'iiinrn from unknown locality has hern described &9 Algauiva aiilica, Cope: Head acnto,
mlii-miic: Mumt rather pointed; insertion of dorsal midway hetween pupil and base of caudal.
5l"Utli i<iiiiill, till' Jaws equal ; maxillary 4 in head, not reaching orbit. Lateral lino decurved.
iinuliil sliort, little forked; jiectoral short, not reaching ventrals. Eye 5 in head. Purplish
>l;ili'iiliiive, \illuw below; sides of head and edge« of scales punctulate. Head 3)!; depth 3g;
II. 8; A. (< ; H iilc- io-4',t-(; ; teeth 4 .5, little hooked, with a very broad grinding surface. Length
iincln'fi. "Texas;" hero described from the original type, its exact origin unknown, very
liki'ly nil' fium "' sns. It is probably identical with Jl. bicolor or It. Ki/mmetricuii.
4Kii(//ii«M.(/ii,«/iiii« pos.sos.se8 the following characters: Slenderer than /^ |)nroeniiH», tho color
ft liKlittmijriliicont green, quite unlike the heavy olivaceous of tho latter. Head 3yi; depth 43-^;
•\. !i; ncaies ii-lii-4; tooth 4-5. Length C inches. One specimen known, from Goose Lake, Oregon.
ITuliably identical with S. bicolor.
th^ '!
^•
? .
¥
! •;
r--- - I ■
. Ii
m
•f i
i
F 1
1
:.,|
l#i
i
i
i ' ;
1
4
''
246
bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
of Nevada (Lake Lahontan,) and j)uZperMlcn<Ms(=2>aroranM«), from tlnliasin
of Utah (Lake ]{ounevillo). In general the flsh fauuiit of the \y,mn» of
Nevada and Utah aid entirely distinct. But wo knowof noconBtuntclmr-
actors on which a division of this species can be maintained. (KjiinmcM-
CU8, symmetrical ; it being supposed to ditfer from PogonichihyH macrokpi-
autuB in the symmetrical tail.)
Po(jonichthy» $iimmelrwuii,* Baird ib Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. I'hila., 1854, 136, Fort Miller,
San Joaquin Valley, {■l^^ ioclicH long).
AUjaimea fiirmoiia, UiitAiin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hila., 18^6, 183, Merced and Mohave rivers.
{r>% inches). (Tyi)e, Nos. 2754 and 2755. Coll, A. h. Ilecnnann.)
AlyaiiHeu uhesa,^ Gikard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 183, Humboldt River; (JiriA.ui, IV
K. 11. Surv., X, 239, 1868. (Typo, No. 2^r,2. Coll. Lieut. Beckwith.)
Myhilntcun }mhvi-uh'nliii,l CoPK, Ilayiicn's Ueol. Surv. Montana lor 1871, 47.1, lH7'J, Warm
Springs, Utah. (Scales 13-58-9.)
Myluleucm pitr<ivumis, Coi'E, Proc. Anier. Philos. See. Pliila., 1874, 13(i, Beaver River, Utah;
Cope, Zoiil.Whoelor Surv., v, 009,1875, (1876); Coi'E, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., IHKi, l«.
Leucommm fummetrkuf:, GCnther, Cat., vil, 207, 1808.
CcraUchllinHsijmmetriciis, Jordan & Giliiert, Synojisis, 213, 1883.
Li'mUscus formosns, GdNTiiER, Cat., vu, 245, 1808.
Leucon formoaa, Jordan & Hensiiaw, Report Chief Eut;iiieers,App. NN, 193, 1878.
Leucm formoms, Jordan & Gilbert, Synoi>BiB, 244, 1883.
Leticiscun ohcms, GCntiier, Cat., vii, 244, 1808.
Leiicos obcsun, Jordan & Henskaw, Report Chief Eu8;neer8, App. NN, 192, 1878.
Leuciis ohe8>is, Jordan & (Jildert, Synopsis, 245, 1883.
*Tho type of I'ogonicMliyn njmmelricuft has uo barbel; the teetli 4-5; the head 4 in liii):th; the
depth 4Va; scales 9-53-6. It seunis to he the same species as AUjausta formona, which liiin waits
10-57-7. The typo spocimen of Algaiwa foninMt (No. 196), from Merced River, is 5Vg im Iks l(prig.
Head 3g; depth (eviscerated) 4}^.' F-o 5, IJ/, in snout. Snout 4 in head. Moiilli tcriniiial,
oblique, about as in No. 19:', but th^ lower jaw slightly included. Maxillary not reaiiiiiiguye.
D. 8; A. 8. Scales 10-57-7. Another of these specimens lias the snout sliorter and a little more
])ointed. Scales 11-57-7. The type from Mojave River (No. 197), 4J^ inches long, lius licail Ii',,;
depth 4. Kye 4^, shorter than snout, which is pointed, 4 in head. Mouth oblique; lnwer jaw
slightly projecting. D. 8: A. 8. Scales 11-51-7. This form from Mojave River eei'ins to cor-
respond with specimens from tributaries of Owen Lake, Inyo County, California. Tluw ditfer
from typical nymmetriciiii in the form of the head, agreeing in this respect with the types uf ohe.iu
and parovmms. The snout in tlie Inyo County specimens is shorter, barely equal to the eye aud
not convex as in mjiinnctricm; nioutli very ol)li(|ue; dorsal over ventrals. Scales lO-Sri-il. Tlicse
may bo the same us 11. jiarovaims, the figure of wliicli shows this form of mouth. IliUilu^ iianmum
is thus described: Body rather stout; muzzle short, conical; mouth very broad, tlic niiixillary
reaching front of orbit; protilc gently arched; eye large, 3 in head, equal to iuterorl>iliil widtli;
pectorals reaching little more than half way to ventrals; the latter just to vent. Traislucoiit,
with a plumbeous lateral band. Ventrals and pectorals dusky; dorsal and caudal rIiikIciI vitli
dark. Ileud 3i^; depth 4}^. D. 9; A. 8. Scales 10-48-5; teeth 4-5. Length 12 inclu s. (Cope.)
Beaver River, Utah, a tributary of Sevier River.
1 11. ohemts is apparently identical with Rulihiii symmetrkm. Body stout ; heod short; snout
4 in liead, moderately pointed, not much convex. Mouth oblique, lower jaw not prtijeciing;
maxillary i •)t reaching eye. Head 3^^; depth 3"^; eye 5, IJ^ in snout. Scales 12-57-8. liongtli
()% inches. Here described from notes on Girard's type (No. 194, U. S. Nat. Mus.) Iroiii Hum-
boldt River.
Another of Girard's specimens (No. 193, U. S. Nat. Mus.) from Humboldt River i^ ir'it iuclies
Jong. Head 3-%; depth 3J/^. Eye 5 in head, 1% iu snout, which is 3| in head. Moutli lorminal,
oblique, the lower jaw scarcely projecting; maxillary not reaching eye; snout pointiil. Scalw
14-58-8. D. 9; A. 8.
Another* specimen from Nevada, 5 inches long, has snout a little longer than eye; scalcdl-
56-6; depth 4. Still another, S% inches long, from " Camp 21, Nevada," has scales 12-.i4-f>;
snout not decurved; eye l^^ in snout. Of specimens from TruckeeRiv«r, one has acdiivexBUont
very pronounced; another "the snout slightly convex, the twu others not convex at all.
X Mylnl-ncus puherttlentm is thus described: Form stout; head short, muzzle udt ilenirved;
mouth terminal, slightly descending, the maxillary bone nearly attaining the ant.rior lim' "f
the orbit. Head 3.75 times i:i length, exclusive ot caudal; depth 3^^ times. Kyi; 4.'.; iu head,
1 in muzzle. Preorbital bone deejjer than long. Scales 13-58-9. Radii: D. 1, 9; A. II, 7. Cauda
well forked. Length 3^ inches. A dark plumbeous band extends from the origin of the lateral
line above to the caudal peduncle aud on it to the caudal fin; below this the color is silvi'rv,
thickly dusted with black dots; above it is an olive-yellow band, then a dark dorsal ru^'ion, all
dusted; sides of head silvery, dusted; fins unspotted. Numerous Bpecimeus from the Wain
SpringBi.Utah.
! ''■-
Jordan and Evtrmann. — Fishes of North America. 247
388. BUTILII8 BOVCABDI (GUnther).
Head 4; depth 4; eye moderate, 4^. D.8; A. 9 or 10; scales 7-39-5;
teoth .">-l, hooked. Body moderately elongate. 1. md thick, obtuse;
iiioiitli hioiul, its cleft not extending to the eye; snout convex, the lower
jiiw iiu liided. Caudal fin moderately forked. Origin of dorsal fin close
behind that of the ventrals. Pectorals not reaching nearly to ventrpls.
iirowiii.ili ; a Idnish lateral band, forming a faint caudal spot. Length ^\
inches. i;iiernavaca, Mexico. (Giinther.) (Named for AIphonseBoucard,
an oiiiitholoftist who collected largely in Mexico.)
;.,ii, ,« IK («,H< -dv/i, GCntiikr, Tat., vii, 485, 1868, Cuernavaca, Mexico. (Coll. Boucard.)
teiiti(» huwM-ih, JoRUAN A Gilbert, 8yno|)8iB, 246, 1883.
!i8. LUXILINUS, Jordan.
huWnws ■'lull'*". Catalogue Fishes N. A., 1885, 33, (occidenlalu).
Body oldong, strongly compressbd. Ventral edge of moderate width;
gcalt'd over and not at all curinated ; otherwise much as in Abramia. No
liailielH. Gill rakers slender, of modera+e length. Teeth 5-5, with entire
edges and well-developed grinding surface, their tips little hooked. Intes-
tines ol' tho short type, but longer than in most related genera; anal basis
elonjjate. This genus seems nearest related to Abramia or to its section
Xotmiiiitnus, but in its technical characters it stands near Itutilua. One
specits known. (Name, a diminuti> e of Luxilua; from lux, light.)
380. LUXILINVS OCCIF^ENTALIS (Baird & Girard).
Dorsal 10; A. 11; eye large, 4. Body moderately elongate; snout sub-
coaical, rather tapering. Mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching
orbit. Ihownish above ; sides silvery ; more or less speckled with gray.
San Joaiiuin Valley, California; not rare about Fresno, (occidentalis,
western.)
Lnitosomus niciilenlaUs, Baird&Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phi'a., 1854, 137, Poso Creek; Four
Creeks, tributaries of Tulare Lake, California. (Typo, No. 57. Cull. Heermann.)
Liiiiliit t.raih iilalis, GiRAHD, Pbc. K. K. Surv., x, 280, 1858.
Abrimii'i'niili'iitalis, GOnther, Cat., Vlt, 305, 1868.
h'otemujviim va.identalis, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 250, 1883.
1x9. OPSOPCEODUS, Hay.
Opsoproim, Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 507, (emilix).
Tryvlimiildii, F0RI1E8, in JoRDAK & GILBERT, Synopsis, 247, 1883, {megaUypi).
Opiiopiiii, JoKiiAN & EVERMANN, DOW 8ub)rcnuB {bollmani).
Moutli very small, terminal. Body fusiform. Upper jaw protractile;
no barbels. Teeth 5-5 or 4-5, with little or no grinding surface and with
serrated edges, the tip strongly hooked. Abdomen not compressed. Dor-
sal nearly over ventrals. Anal basis short. Lateral line complete, or
mure or less imperfect. Intestinal canal short. Peritoneum white. Sin-
gnlar fishes, of small size, confined to Easteru America, {dxonoiiu, to feed
daintily; (hi^, tooth.)
a. Mouth vory oblique, terminal, its cleft almost vertical ; no distinct caudal spot.
b. Lateral line complete, or very nearly so.
c. Dorsal flu plain, without distinct dark markings; head very slender. osculus, 390.
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
re. Dursal witli lilack blotcli on ItH untorior niy8, iiitunlly iiuno pusteriurly ; hcacl
deeper. Esiii.t i , siil.
hh. Lateral line iilwayR incomplete ; tlureal uoually with a coiispicuouB blark Motili on itn
liosterior portion. meuamii^, :i'i>j.
OPROPffiA, (6+oiroi«uj, to feed daintily);
an. Muutli i-cnrccly ol)Ii(|ue, it* cleft almost horizontal ; a black caudal spot nearly uh lariro ai
eye; lateral line imperfect. iioixmam, ;)93,
Subgenus OPSOPCEODUS.
8»0. OPSOPtRODUS OSCULIIS, Evermann.
Head 4J; depth 4ito 5; eye 3. D. 10; A. 8; scales 7-38 to 41-3; tt'ctb
i-r> or 4-4, serrate and hooked. Body slender ; head subconic, itH ilupth
at eye but half its length ; snout blunt, shorter than eye. Montli very
small, almost vertical. Breast naked ; scales before dorsal small. L.ititrul
line complete. Pale, with browu specks along edges of scales a1)uvo ; a
narrow plumbeous lateral band ; sometimes two rows of specks aliovc and
one below it ; no black caudal spot and no black blotch on doisal. Peri-
toneum silvery. Rio Neches, and other streams about Palestine and Hous-
ton, Texas. Very close to O, emiluc, but quite different in color markings,
possibly a subspecies of O. emiliw, (oaculun, a small mouth.)
Opiopamhis iiicuhis, EvERMANN, U. S. Fish Comm. Expl. in Texas, 82, 1892, Neches River,
• near Palestine, Texas. (Typo, No. 45560. Coll. Evermann, Scovell & Gurley.)
391." OPSOPCEODUS EMILI.E, Hay.
Head about 4i ; depth 4ii ; eye 3. D. 9; A. 8; scales 5-40-3 ; teeth;"-,"),
very slender, strongly hooked, and deeply serrate. Body rather elongate,
moderately compressed, not elevated. Head short, slender. Muzzlo blunt
and rounded. Mouth very small and very oblique, smaller than in any
other of our Cypriiiida;, 'yvith scarcely any lateral cleft; its size, when
opened wide, less than that of the eye. Mandible short and deep, strongly
curved ; jaws equal. Eye longer than snout. Dorsal beginning over
posterior rays of ventrals, nearer snout than base of caudal. Pectoral
small, not reaching ventrals, the latter to anal. Caudal peduuclo long
and slender, the caudal long and deeply forked. Anal short and deep.
Breast naked ; 16 large scales before dorsal. Lateral line complete or
very nearly so. Yellowish; sides silvery; scales above dark-edged;
usually a dark lateral band from snout to caudal, above and below which
are series of black dots ; no distinct caudal spot ; anterior rays of dorsal
dark; no black spot on the posterior rays. Sandy lowland streams. Lake
Erie and southern Indiana (New Harmony) to Georgia and MissiHsippi.
Rather scarce, but widely distributed. (Named for Mrs. Emily Hiiy.)
Opmpnmhi» emilin; Hay, Proc. tJ. S. Nat. Mws., 1880, 507, Artesia^ Macon, and Enterprise,
Mississippi. (Type, No. 32222. Coll. Ilay.) Jordan & Gilbert, •Synopsis, 247, 1S83.
^92. OPSOPtEOnUS MEOALOPS (Forbes).
Head 4f ; depth 4 to 5 ; eye 2f . D. 7 or 8 ; A. 7 or 8 ; scales r)-:i!M, 15
before dorsal. Teeth 5-5, hooked and crenate. Lateral line alwavs
incomplete, sometimes on 4 or 5 scales only, sometimes extending with
interraptions to middle of caudal peduncle. Body slender, fusiform;
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 249
,11, , nth small, terminal oblique. Eye very large, longer than snout; fins
luii,'!'. ilio caudal long, deeply forked ; pectorals extending } distance to
veiitnils, Iheast partly naked. Yellowish brown, sidos faintly silvery;
sriil<"' mImivo dark-edged. Dorsal with a snbmedian black blotch in front
oil I hi.vh: ii second blotch usually present on 3 posteri>.> rays. Length
2;\ iiiilii'H. Western Ohio to Illinois, replacing 0. emU'un northward;
j)('rli;i)is not a distinct species. (//f/rtAoi/', large-eyed.)
fm-hi-' ■'■■!! .»' ;/iif"j'», FoRiiKH, ill .lounAN Si OiMiF.nT, Synopsis, 2I«, 18H3, Illinois River at
Pekin and Peoria ; Mackinaw Creek, Illinois. (Type, No. 2840t'>. Coll. Forlios.)
Subgenus OPSOPCBA, .Jordan & Kvormann.
80S. OPSOP(KOI)i:s BOLL!)* • NI, Gilbert.
Hcail 1= ; depth 4a to 5; eye 3?. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-37-4. Head
Kiiiiill, siioiit compressed, slender, somewhat rounded at tip, resembling
Jbjhopx'ix Idhrositn. Mouth small, subterminal, slightly overhung by the
snout, its doft slightly obliqtie ; maxillary reaching vertical from posterior
nostril, siic tsr than "nout, 4^1 head. Eye equal to snout. Teeth 4-5
or .')-", with well-developed griL-ding surface, one edge of which is con-
spiciio 'y serrated, but less so than in O. cmiliw. Insertion of dorsal
lieiiind veiitrals, slightly nearer caudal than snout ; caudal deeply forked ;
lower (in.s moderate. Lateral line present on 7 or 8 scales only ; breast
scaled. Dark olive, the scales edged with dusky; a black lateral band
through <\ve to caudal; chin black; a V-s^a.ped pale area on snont; a
lilack spot nearly as large as eye at base of caudal ; a dark dorsal streak
and one backward from anal ; fins dusky ; males with a black blotcl^ on
first two dorsal rays ; marginal third of tin dusky ; anal and ventrals bor-
dered with black. Length 2 inches. Lowland swamps, known from
Satilla River, Waycross, Georgia, and Obion River, Cypress, Tennessee.
(Named for Charles Harvey Bollman, who first obtained the species and
who died untimely of fever, taken in the Georgia swamps.)
0|i«.);mo.;h> hnlliiiimi, CiiMiEUT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., viii, 1888, 220, 1890, Bucklaod Creek,
Millen, Georgia. (Coll. IJoUmun & Fcslor.) AVooiman, Dull. U. S. Fish Coniin., x, 1890,
272, 18',1'J.
Z20. ABRAMI3, Cuvier.
(Breams.)
.4ftm?m», CnviEn, Ri-gno Animal, Ed. i.. Ill, 1817, (hrama).
Solmiijimiis, ItAFlNERQUE, Joiirn. do Physiciuo, do Cliymie, et d'llist. Nat., I'liris, 1819, 421,
(iinniliis).
Ileiiiiiiliis, Uafinesque, Annals Nature, i, 6, 1820, {Incttstris).
^ilbe,J)r.K.\\, New York Fauna: FislicB, 2f)4, 1842, (vliryiu,h-m-a).
IMIinm, IIkckfi,, Riissoggor's Roiscn, i, 1032, 184;{, (lmllcrii»).
Stilbm, flu, I,, Canadian Natunili.st, ISC'), lS,(((HicriV<(im«).
il'imiiii./i.y/si*, SiEiioi.D, SUHSwasserflsclio Oetiterreichs, 117,1803, {letirkarti ; hybrid with JtulOm).
Body subelliptical, strongly compressed, both buck and belly curved;
bck narrowly compressed ; belly behind ventral fins forming a keel over
which the scales do not pass. Head small, conic. Mouth small, oblique
or horizontal, without barbels. Scales rather large. Lateral line con-
tinuous, strongly deourved. Dorsal fin inserted behind the ventrals.
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Bulletin 47, Untied States National Museum.
Anal fin with its base moro or less elongate, of from 13 to 40 rays; (9
rays in one species). Teeth 5-5, hooked, with grinding surface, the edges
of which, in American species, are more or less crenate. Alimentary cunal
short, though ;ather longer than the body. Size rather large. Ashore
understood, the American genus Notemigonus is included in Ahnim'tH,
from which it differs in tiie much shorter anal fin, from 9 to 18 rays instead
of 20 to 40. There is much variation in the length of the anal aud in the
form of the mouth among the species left m Abramis, and a reunion or a
different division of the group may be necessr.ry. In the American Hix^cies,
NotemigonuB, the teeth are more or less crenate, in form approachintj; the
serrated teeth of the European genus Scardlniiia. In the European sub-
genera, Abramis and Ballerua, the teeth are entire. In BalUrus tlnre are
30 to 40 anal rays ; in Abramis proper 20 to 28. (Ahramis, an old name uf
the Bream, Abramis brama.)
NoTEMinoMUs (fuTOf, back ; riiii-, half; yoivia, augle ; the back being almost carinatcil.)
a. Teetli rrenato or serruto ; mouth terminal ; aiiul Hhortish, its layH less than 20.
b. Anal fln with 12 to 18 rays ; scales in tho lateral line 43 to 55. cuYsoi.r.r('As,3m,
bb. Anal fin with 9 or 10 rays ; scales '.n lateral line about 40. aABUUNF.i's,395.
Subgenus NOTEMIGONUS, Itaflncsquo.
394^ ABRAMIS CRT80LKUCAS (Mitchill).
(Golden Shiner; Roach; Bream.)
Head 4^; depth 3; eye moderate, about 4 in head. D. 8; A. 13, (12 to
14) ; scales 10—16 to 55-3; teeth 5-5. Body moderately elongate, strongly
compressed. Head short, subconio, compressed, the profilotsomewiiat con-
cave. Mouth small, oblique, the upper lip on level of upper part of pupil,
the maxillary not reaching front of eye. Fins medium. Color clear
greenish above; sides silvery, with bright golden reflections ; fins yellow-
ish, the tips of the lower fins sometimes slightly orange in sprinix males.
Length 12 inches. Nova Scotia and Maryland to Dakota and Texas;
everywhere abundant in bayous and weedy ponds. One of the niostj
familiar and characteristic of our Cyprinidee. (xp^'"^it gohl ' ^eoKuc, white.
Cyprinns cnjtoleuc.aii, MlTCHiLi, Ropt. Fish.N. Y., 23,1814, New York
Cyprinm hemiphts, Rafinesqve, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1817, 121 Lake George; Saratoga
Lake.
Nolemigmmt auratiu, Rafinesqve, Journ.Phya., 1819, 421, Falls of Ohio River.
Hemiphts Uwuflriii, Rafinesque, "Annals of Nature, i,6," 1820, Lake George.
Ahramis versicolor, Db Kay, K. Y. Fauna : Fishes, 191, 1842, Connecticut and Hudson
rivers ; Peekskill.
Luxilufteco, Girari), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 203, Rio Scco, tributary of Rio Nueces,
Texas. (Coll. Kennerly.)
Luxilusleptosomm, Girabd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 203, and U. S. Mcx. MouikI. Siii v.,Iilitli.,
60,1859, Dry Creek, Victoria, Texas. (Coll. Kennerly.)
Leucisciu, Leticosomus, Luxilus, Plargyrus, Stilbe, Stilbitis, or Abramia aniericatius cif variuiis iiiitliotB,
(not CypritiM americantts, L., 1758.)
SiUbe americana, CoPE, Cypr. Penn., 389, 1860.
Leuo^iomut americanus, Storeb, Fishes Mass., 283, 1867.
Abramis amertcanus, G Jntheb, Cat., vil, 305, 1868.
Ahramitl leplosomiis, uDnther, Cat., vii, 306, 1868.
Nolemigmnis chrysoletMU, Jobdan, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mu8.,x,6.'), 1877 ; Jorpas & (iitiiKKT, Syuopeis,
2.S0, 1883.
Nolemigonut leploiomu$, Jobdan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 250, 1883.
H.
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lortian and Evertnann. — Fishes of North America. 251
K.l)rf8entt'd Honthward l>y
:itMa. AIIKANIS CKYSOLKITAH BOSCI (Cuvior .1 VHlenrionnflx).
Ilciid tit; «loptli:{fr; eye 3. D. 8; A. 15 to 17; scales 8-4.'J to 50-2; teeth
r,-'). Scales lar^jer, the jiiial fin iiioro elongate, and the male with hrififl.ter
colors. Kddy moderately elevated, very stronjjly compressed ; head rather
liroiidand Hat between the eyes ; mouth small, quite ol)li(|iie, tho maxil-
lary I'^'K-'y r<'acl>'"K til*' cyS ♦■y ^'®'"y hugo and prominent, anter. or.
Dois.ii I'm short and very hijrh, almost falcate, well hack; anal fin hi^jb
and Itiiifj. Scales rather large, the lateral line running very low. Color
pale olive, with silvery luster; loMer fins red in the males in spring.
LiMifitli 12 inches. Rivers of the South Atlantic Ptatos; ahundant from
tin; .lames to the Altamaha and St. Johns ; intorgrading with the typical
foiiii. (Named for M. Ik)sc, a French naturalist and collector, consul at
CbarK'Htou toward the end of the eighteenth century.)
/.eiiriMMs /..-soi', CuviKii 4 Vai.knciknnes, x vii, :il3, \M\, Carolina; Pennsylvania; New York.
Qipriiiii^'iiiieriniiiiis, LiNN.v.is, Sj'st. Nat., KM. XII, fillO, ITiUi, Chaileston ; not n{ Kd. \,17f)8,
wliidi is Miiilirinhiis,
A',(clll^/"/|"^ '>' '"'«"<, .I<>iii>AN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hint. N. Y., 187G, 'M4, South Forl< Ocmulgee
River, Flat Shoals, Georgia. (Typu, Noh. nMr, and 20112. Oill. Jordan.)
\o(emi>"""i itiiiaictiiiiis, ,IORl>.\N iSc GllliERT, SynoiMii*, a.lO, 1883.
905. ABKAMIS flARDONKlIS (Ciivior .^ Vulenriennog).
Head r>-} ; depth 3i ; eye 4 in head. D. 10; A. 9 ; teeth 5-5, with grind-
iiitrNiiiliit" '"nxl serrated edge ; scales 7-39-3. Bodj' moderately elongate,
coiniin's.sed. Head ohtuse. Isthmus narrow. Mouth small, ohlique, the
lowei Jaw included. Dorsal nearly midway of body, littlebehind vonrrals.
Olivaceous. South Carolina; one specimen known, perhaps a hybrid
between -1. cryxohucaa and some other fish. {Gardon, a Fi'^nch name of
the Koaeli, Hutihts rutiUm.)
Imiiiim .; uil'iiiim, CuviKR & Vai.ksciknnes, XVII, .Sl«, 1844, Charleston; GCntiirk, Cut., vii,
2.W, I.m;s
VlKmilri'nli'iii'i (jdrihtneiim, t'oPK, TraiiB. Anier. Phil. .Soc. Pliila., 180G, 395.
.Vi*mi;/.:mi.s .;.in/«MriM, ,T(iKDAN & GlMiKUT, Synopsis, 2,'iO, 1883.
121. COCHLOGNATHUS, Baird & Girard.
MihgiKillms^ Baird & OlitARl), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 18.'i4, 158, (nnmliis).
This genus has the general character and appearance of CUola and
rinephiths, the dentition and the structure of the iins being the same;
the teeth, however, are rather more strongly hooked and with deeper
grinding surface. It differs in the structure of the jaws, which are pro-
vided eaoh with a hard cutting plate, in appearance similar to that of
Diw/oH, the sharp, bony edge being surronndea by the usual lip. First
ray of dorsal separated by membrane, and spine-like, as in CUola and
Pimephalcs. Alimentary canal short. Peritoneum white. Pseudo
branch in' present. Lateral line complete. Anal fin small. Spring males
with tubercles and dark pigment as in Pimephales. Wo place this genus
and CUoht in the neighborhood of Notropis, on account of the shortness of
the intestines, but it is likely that their real relations are with Pime-
I'lialeo, and that the reduction in the length of the alimentary canal is a
(.
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252
Bulletin -//, United States National Museum.
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character iiulepwiKleiitly (Itnulopnd. (m'ix?^()<:, hIicU; yvtifior, jaws; tho
covering of tho Jaw boiii^ hard, lik« Hholl.)
a. Scaled nuMlorutr, alioiit 40 intli« Inlcral lino.
aa. Scale* larKOi about :tt In littxinl lino.
OKNATA, '.\%.
IlKll'TTAI A, lillT.
8»«. rO<'HI,0(JNATill M OKNATA, nnird \ CIrnrd.
Head 4; depth 4J. D. «; A. 6; lateral line 40; teeth 1-1. Apiiour-
ance, dorsal fin, and coloration ninch aH in I'lmcphahn noluliiH or I'Hola
riyilax. IJody moderately elongate. Head rather long. Dorsal (in over
tho ventruls, rather high; anal fln quite Hoiall ; caudal fin Nhort. Hdisal
tin with a black spot near the bane in front an<l a dusky blotch ImIiIihI;
caudal tin with a dnuky median band, in front and behind whicii \h a
pale area; a '.ludky lateral band. Snout tulKtrcnlate in H])ring nialis.nN
in Pimephiiles. Length '^ inchcH. liio Grande. A singular lift If HhIi,
with the mouth resembling that o( Chondrostoma or Acrocheil us, h\\\ the
structure otherwise difterent from either, (ornatiis, adorned.)
Cochl(i(jiialhH$ nniiihiii, lUiui) & GiitAKii, Proc. A,-. Nat. Si'i. I'liilii., 18/il, l.'i.s, Brownsville,
Texas; GOnther, Cat., vii, 187, l8(iH; .Iohkan .v (iiMiriir, SynoiwiH, V<1, 18Kt.
807. C'Ot'llMHiNATIirS BUJITTATA, Copo.
Head 5 in length, with tho caudal fin ; depth a little less. Eye liiifje,
31 in head, a little loss than muzzle and than interorbital space. 1). 8,
A. 7; scf'les 7-34-? Form of I'lmvphalvH notatiiH. Head oblong and
rather wide above. Muzzle decurved in profile; mouth terminal. liind
wide behind and tlat above. Maxillary not (|uite reaching line of oilnt.
Ventral fins inserted opposite second or third dorsal ray, reaclimi,' to
vent; anal fin small. Pectorals reaching three-fifths to ventrals. Color
silvery, without dark markings, except a black spot at tho base of the
caudal and on the anterior rays of the dorsal. Length 2i inclies.
Trinity River, Texas. Very close to the preceding, from which it may
perhaps differ in the larger scales. (Cope.) {biijuttatim, two-8j>otl»'il.)
CoMogwtlhm hignllata, CorK, Hull. U. S. Nat. Mub., xvii, 1K80, 37, Trinity River, Fort
Worth, Texas. (Coll. Cope.) .Ioiidan A Gii.iiEiiT, SynopBis, IGl, 1883.
122. CLIOLA, Girard.
Ojra«Wi%«,* BaihI) & OinABr, Proc. Ac. Niit. Soi. I'hilii., 1853, .100 ; (namo only ; no (Icllnilinn;
applied to rigHar, whicli was not intended iis type).
Clioln, GiiiAun, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., ]8,'">(;, 102, (rigilar).
Uypargynit, Foriies, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 2lM), ((Hrfi/niiiiJi).
Form and appearance of rimephahs, the same squamation, fin rays and
plan of coloration, and tho first ray of the dorsal similarly oeparattMl by
membrane, the structure of the mouth similar, but with the intostinal
canal short, shorter than body, the peritoneum pale and the teetli more
hooked, as in 2^'otropi8. The single species bears a striking resemblance to
Pimephalea notatus, but is distinguishable by the more contrasted coloration
and by tho generic characters which ally it, with Cochlo(inatlnix,tn tho
carnivorous species called Kotropis, The genus is certainly vci y near
Pimephalea although in its technical characters it approaches nearer to
Notrojns. (A coined name, without meaning, first applied to a railway
station in Hlinois.)
* We do not use tho name Ceratichthys for thiu genus, because no oxpluuation of its i;si' was
Kiven in the paper when it first appeared. It was at that time a MS. name of Professor liairu
for the fftorxp typified by H]/bop»u kentuckientis, and to this group C. vigilax was wrongly i^ 'erred.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. ;»53
„ \ni. linr tlorHul rii)H with u tiliick »|iot.
,1(1. Ni l-iikck HJiut oil ilorml tin.
ViaiLAX, 308.
HMITlIll, U'JO.
!I«H. i'\,l'\\,K VKni.AX (HalrilA«imr<l).
Ilciiil 11 ; (lopth 4i ; i\voluiK«s3i in head. I). H; A. 7 ; ncuIoh H-42-6 ; teeth
4-1, with ^riiuliii); t itfiuto, and Hiight liook. Hody Htoiit, Bunicwhat
cuiii|)>*°^''^<'d) broiid and Mat altovo, withdeop cattdal ]tudiinc]o. Iluadbiuad
ami ll it aliove, \\\i\\ an aii^U) at tlio t(Mn])oi'ul logion. Mn//,Iu bruad and
ohtiiM , less triinuato than in ViimphahH iiolatnu. Muiith latlierHmall, but
|ur<{i riliiin in I'iiiitphahn, liuri/ontal, toiininal, the, jawH about equal, max-
iliaiv not K'achinji to o])poHitu antorioi- niarjjin of eye. Dorsal inserted
uliovi vtMitrais, nearer snotit tlian caudal. Scales before dorsal small and
Clouded, nti in I'imrphitliH, in about 2X serieH. Dusky yellowish; sides
Hilvcrv, with ail obsolete dark lateral band, which terminates in a jet-
Mack --iiitt ; a very diHtinct black Hjuit on anterior rays of dorsal about
half way up. Length 3 inches. Strongly resembles rimejthtilis notatuH,
but nioro silvery, less pltimbeotis, and the black spots more sharj)ly defined.
Tlic s|ii iii<; males have little if any black pigment. Ohio to Georgia,
Iowa and Texas, very abundant; southwest as far as the Kio Uraude.
r'Kjiliij-, watchful.)
iVi.i/iV/,*/,//<ri;/i7(i.., llAiRii * GinAiiK, Pro( . Ap. Nut. Sol, Phila., ISniJ, 300, Otter Creek, North
Fork of Red River, Arkansas. (Coll. Cnpt, (!oo. H. MrCU-llaii.)
(Vi.7ii n.jihu-, i'Hiitit vtlix, San Pedro Creek, tributary of Rio San Antonio (Typo, No. 30.
('nil. I,iciit. A. W. WliljipK'), itnil Cliola lii-iij-, Rio Leon, tributary of Rio San Antonio,
Texas, (iinAiii), IToc. Ac. Nut. .'^••i. Tliihi. IS'iO, l!t2; niul in I'lic. 11. It. Surv., x, 2,'>7, 2.'58,
ls'''<. (\ rirtij- is Niiid tu liuvo Kcnk'H "u );uo(l ili'ul Hiimllur," but nu data mo givuu ; tho typus
iif ull tliTi'i) nrii now lost.
Iliil„li>i'^ t'liliiiDiiix, Coi'K, (i.vpr. Poim., :1H1, 1800, Detroit, Michigan.
Alln'rwir^ iiiiiiiifiphiihin, IIav, I'roc. I'. S. Niii. Mns.,l«K(», 503, Chickasawha River, Enter-
prise, Mississippi. (Type, Ni>. iJ743'.t. (^'oll. lliiy.)
l,ll,'i'rf,,liulihlltlll<, (rt'NTIIEK, Cat., Vlt, 2r><t, 18()K.
W,l,.ii.iiinf.lii,lilitiius, Gii.DKRT, I'roc. V. .S. Nut. MiiH., 18K4, iiOO.
vhuU UiiUluiut, tauroccpliala, and i'jiUij; Jukuan A (Jiliikut, SyuopsiB, 106, 100, aud 109, 1883.
800. ClilOLA S.V1THII, Evcrmaun A Cux.
Head 4; depth 3S; eye 4; snout 4; iuterorbital width 3. D. 1,8; A.
7; scales v-'il-G, 27 before the dorsal. Teeth 4-4, not hooked, grinding
surface slightly developed. Intestine not long. Body short and stout,
compressed; head moderate; mouth small, terminal, slightly oblique;
maxillary not reaching eye; preorbital broad. Back considerably arched;
caudal peduncle deep, its least depth 2 in head. Origin of dorsal tin over
veutraiH, nearer snout than base of caudal. Color, above densely covered
with line black specks, giving a general blue-black appearance; sides with
a bruad plumbeous baud | as broad as eye, darkest and bost defined on
caudal peduncle; sides below this baud with a few scattered specks
auteriorly ; lower part of caudal peduncle pale ; top and upper parts of
sides of head bluish-black ; dorsal, anal, and pectorals with a few dark
specks; other fins plain. Length 2^ inches. Southern South Dakota,
known only from Prairie Creek near Scotland. (Named for Dr. Hugh M.
Smith, Chief of the Statistical Divisiou of the U. S. Fish Commission.)
Cliola miiliii, Kvekmann (c Cox, Ropt. U. 8. Fisli Conini., xix, 1895, Prairie Creek, Scotland,
South Dakota. (Type, No. 45C81. Coll. EverniaDU, Kuttur, & Cox.)
^ n
r
iirj4
Jiulli'tin ^7, Unitt'ii Slalis A'ndouti/ Mitseum.
>•;
'1
I
i H
123. NOTROPIS,* I{alliuw|iu).
(HllINKKH.)
Nnlrnpiii, RapinKKQITI!, Amor. Mimthlv Man., 11. I^IH, !iOJ, {alhrrliiiiiilen),
MiimiliiM, UAriNENgcR, Icli. oh., I.'i, IH'JI, (i(iiifiiiii<).
Lxrilun, KvKlNKHgi'K., /. I'., 17, (i7i;7M'"''7''i'i'"»).
I'liiiijinvii, UAri.\KH<M'K, '. '■., 47, ( iiiniijiim»\,
lliDmilrfiU, (lUiiiii), .\iiAHMi/, AriiiT. Jipiini. S( I. .'.rtn, 1-M, Iiri'.t, (riirHMjii*).
/l«..irMr//i(», (iiiiAiiii, I'loc Ar. Nut. Sii. I'lilla., IHfifl, \<X\, (tUledut).
/l(/i»niii;M, UlHMll), /. i., I'll, [lil'imiiii).
('•i-ldiiin, (ilRAlin, /. r., lOt, {iiriinln).
CuiiriHrllii, (>IKAUI>, I. ('., 111(1, [hiihiilimiit).
Moniaim, (iiKAHl), /, c, I'JU, {lutrinHiii).
//hi/iKiMIHK, (iinAKP, /. 1:, '21(l, (llll(lll(l)litlll),
i'hiiliMjenii', <'c)i'K, Trans. AniiT. IMiil. 8<>c., 1H»1(1, 378, (npih^Urriii).
^;»ir()i/M», (iCNTirKIl, Cut. FIhIics, VII, In."), 18liK, (iiiijinl.i iiiiiliiH),
Lylhritniii, .ImtDA.N, Muii. Vert. K. I'. S., V.,l. 1, 27'.i, lM7ti, (tUjili-iniHi).
Kjiuifmii, Corr. A JonoAN, I'roc. A<\ Nii(. Sci. I'liilii., 1877, 77, {'iiihrii:«ii» ; iiaintt pri'miiiiii.-d).
Iljlilriqihlor, JoiiHAN, Bull. V. i*. Nut. Muh., xii, 1H, 1H78, 1 nidriiTocni") .
KrnijitUi, JoKDAN, /. c, 2(1, (itiijviidurun).
Clirin])i; JonoAN, Bull. Huyiloirn Surv. Ti-rr., iv, 787, 1K78, ((>i/rf'ii(i<u<),
Miiiielhin, Joiidan, Mini. Vert., Kil, v, .11!, 181H), (provne).
Aateca, Joiihan fi Kvehmann, now subgoniiH, (ritlala --■■ axttciin).
OrceU<i,Jinw,\f> A Kvf.IIMANN, new biiIiicoiiiim, (onri).
Body oblou^r ur elonguto, inure or Iohh coinpreHHud. Montli iiorniiil,
nioBtly terniinul and oblique, soiiietimes Hubiiiferior. No barbulu. Tvetli
iu one or two rows, those of the larger vow always 4-1, hooked, .sliui'i)
edged or with a narrow grinding surface. Scales large, often clo«oIy im-
bricated, those before the dorsal rarely very small. Lateral linecomiikto
or nearly so, usually decurved. Dorsal fin inserted above, or more iiHiiiilIy
behind, the ventrals; anal fin short or somewhat elongate. Aluloiiieu
rounded, never sharp-edged. Coloration more or less silvery, oftfn liiii-
liant, the males in spring usually with red or white pigment and the liead
* Tho following is Rafinc8i|no'H oriKinnl account of Sotropii unil its typical opccies :
N. G. Kotropin: Holubrani'lilal ulidominal. Body olongateil conipruNScil, lnu-k iiiriiialid,
nuarly straight, belly not carinuti'il, ocarcely bowed, a lateral line* and 11 longitudinal HJIvir l>ttnil;
Tent hearer tho tail than tho bead. Head oval coinprcased, convex above, mouth dingniiitl liuve,
jawB without teeth, tho lower longer and mobile, tho upjx r extensiblo ; eyes very liii ;;i' ; Kill
cover large, smooth valviform, throe branchial rays. One dortial fin opposed totlic iiili^rviil
between tlioaual andalidominal flns, which have nine rays.
Ohnermliont.—lUe generic nanio menns carinatcd or keeled back. It forms a remar'K.iMr new
genus, belonging to the third natural order (luflripin or the abdominals, tho sixteoiitli naliirui
family Ctipriiiia, and tbe second subfamily Gymnopinnia, (see Analynis of Nature) M>};etli>T with
the genera Ciipritmi, Atheriwi, Ifiidratgyra, etc. ItdifTeis from tli" first by tho con iircfrtrd Iwiljr,
ciirinated back, lateral baiiil, largo mouth deep-cleft gill cover, etc.. and from thott last ^euiira
by tho threo branchial rays, nine rays to thoabdominul fins, want of teeth, etc.
Kolriipvt allierinoiite.i: llead silvery, brown above; body pale fulvous, transparent, with ,1
broad silver band ; lateral line in the band ; flns whitish, dorsiil, and anal with eleven niv^, the
first very short, tail slightly forked.
JlitUn-y. — This new flsh was discovered in Lake Erie by Gov. Po >Vitt Clinton, wlm liail tho
kindness to present nio with many specimens ; they aro now deposited in tho Lyconin of Niitural
History. I have ascertained that" they belonged to a new genus, next to/lMeriMii, andlln'^^in'cilic
name which I have adopted implies such an affinity. These fishes come on the slioies i.f Luke
Erie, and even in the river of Niagara, in the spring, in great isboals ; but they aro bo siiuill that
they are scarcely noticed, and escajio through the common nets ; their usual si/.ebeinj; iroiiuine
to two inches, and very thin and slender; they aro called Mimiijov Miimiiii\ together wlihtwriilv
different other species offish, and often considered as tho young of other fishes. Tlicy liveiiithi.'
depth of tho lake at otberseasons, and are probiibly common all over tbe great lakes. Thiirevw
are exceedingly large, occupying nearly the whole foreside of the head, the lips are vcrv thin
and membranaceous, the nostrils largo, tho gill cover is nearly round, and split abovi' t'> the
eyes; they have small, thin, broad scales, tho rays of tho fins aro scarcely articulated, siinple and
brittle ; tho pectoral fins have about fifteen rays, and the caudal fin about tweut.v-t'our.—
llaftiteiiiue.
''■M~. 'i'. V ..:>f .
I
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 255
with umiill tiil)erclo8. A v«ry larne f^roiip of biiiuII fl^lieH, eHpocially
chariittiiiHtic of tho fresh waters of the Kawtorn llnite«l HtatoH.
Ah lii'io iiiul«»rBtood, Notropin ountaiiiH ahuiit lOOHpecum of Niiiall Cypri-
iioidM, all of thoiii ooiiflnod to tho HtrcaniM of North Aniurica eaHt of tho
Hdckv MoiintiiiiiH. They are in Home rvHpcctH a «l«j{eii«>rat« typo— prolia-
blv ofn'iii|iiuatively recent ori^jin and perhapH doHcendod from such forniH
as the I^iiiDpoan .tlburnnH and LkucIuchh. They are fi'ebht tishes of Hniall
gi/.e ii()iii< of thoni of value an food for man, but of ^rcat importance as
foinl fdi Iln< hirjjor p.^datory tishoH, particularly the I'lntrnrchida'. The
HpecicN iiii< liif^hly variable, readily atl'ected by Hurroundin^ conditions
while till- really diNtinctive characters are very few. The identification of
ftprcii'H in very ditlicnlt and in the case of young specimenH often inipos-
Hililo. riio following analytical key mtiHt be used with great caution as
allrliarn(-t(>rH are subject to individual variations. Even the dentition is
Niil».i«ct to variations, the ancestors of the group having probably origin-
ally liail grinding surfaces to the teeth, this becoming rudimentary in
80III0 I'oniis and disappearing altogether in others closely related. Vari-
ous attcinptH have been made to break up this group into smaller genera,
hv Hiiluliv JMion according to tho dentition. The various groups heretofore
|iru|H).so(l by Girard, Cope, and Jordan seem at the most to indicate sec-
ti(,i.fi of Hli;r|it systematic value. The most practicable division is that
matlo in tlio Synopsis of Fishes of North America, by which tho name
Solropi: ( Minniliin) is retained for tho species having the teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
while those with but one tooth in the inner row, or with the inner row
wautiii;;, would stand as Alburnoj>8. The frequent presence of two teeth
in one or both inner rows in two species {luicroilon, hn(honiiin) belonging
to --l/ftHniojw, renders this division o^ the genus unsatisfactory, (cwrof,
back; Tix'iTic, keel, but the supposed keel of Rafinesquo's type was due to
shriveling' in drying.)
a. Teetli 1-4; 1, 4-1, 0; or 1, 4-4, 1, (sometimcB two teeth in one or both Inner rows in .V. /iiij-
umiiin mill -V. Iietero(ltm).
b. Sfnk-f not v<Ty closoly imbricated, not notabiy deeper ttmn long; dorsal inserted nearly
(ivor the ventrnls; anal short, its rays 7 or 8; no Mack spot on dorsal fin.
c. Teeth one-rowed, 4-4, tho grinding surfaro more (ir less developed at least on one
or two teeth. (Tooth sonietimos '2, 4-4, 2 in N. Iielerodon.)
AzTECA, (Aztec, the ancient rulers in Mexico):
d. Scales sniall, about 60 in lateral line; body compressed; scales before the dorsal
smiiU; head blunt, nearly round; eolorntion plain. a/.tkcun, 400.
dd. Scales moderately large, 31 to 45 in lateral lino.
CliiiloPK, (xptia, want; loirrj, a|M.'rturo):
e. Lateral line usually (but nut always) more or less incomplete; scales before
the dorsal large. Small species, usually with a dusky lateral band.
/. Snout very obtuse; lower jaw not projecting.
g. Mouth moderate, the maxillary extending to opposite front of eye
or nearly so.
h. Chin black. BirBE.NATiJ.s, 401,
hh. Chin pale. .iordani, 402.
gg. Mouth very small, the maxillary not nearly reaching front of eye.
t. Chin pale. MACULATim, 40:(.
It. Chin black. anooenus, 404.
Jt. Snout rather pointed; lowi-r jaw projecting.
j. Mouth very small; chin pale. cayuua, 405.
jt;'. Mouth moderate; chin black. iiETEnoooN, 406.
i 1
!1
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I - 1-
:n
'4\-l
v^»-
n
1 1
•■4
i
250 Bulletin y/, IhnteU States National Museum.
Alhiirnoi'ii, (>i/huntii>, thu tilimk, Incii n/hiiD, mIiIIi>; ui^, ii|<|M>iiritiiri>);
M, Ijttti'rikl lino itlwiiyit i'oin|ili'li>; HntliHi liirK«, fewer llinii 40 In liit> mi Ung,
ti'i'ili 'It, Well liiiiikoil, Biimll, Weak H|H>rleH.
k. lliHJ)' rntlier eluilKnle, die i|e|itli lii>t lliiire iIhiii ' , tlia ItlllKtIi
I, 8c'aleit iH'fiir* tlin dorMtl 17 In llilliilHir; hi)|micI iif N. hrUrn.i „.
/(. McAleM liitriire the ilniHal \'l In l.'i In Miiiiilier.
»(, IliMly nut luiirUeil \vltli ilinlliirt lonnil <liirk h|iiiIn; tin- iipotajr
any, mere iMinrtnlallnnii.
N. IIOMt of rtuiillll wltllllllt llllltllll't llluvk H|Hlt, (I'Xi I |,| ill |||„
very yiiunn).
BI.ENNII'h; naiiin.v.; vi>l.i'rF.l.M'N; hcvm \. i'Kihmi;
niiiiiot.cniati'm; hihI kanawiia, fiH^ IH.
HN. BttHe of I'ltnilitl wllh Ii (iniull Mark H|Hit inuru "r l>-«<i||i.
tliiot.
MHAVTiiNi; •rinniNctnuH; oxaiicanih, ll.vii;,
niHi. Ilinly witli ninny Irreuuliir rniiiKl lilmk h|iiiIh iiml <liit<., ilm
InrgeHt iil'tiiii niMirly iih lurKuuH |in|ill; rutin nitlnTiiidiii.
<'MIIII AIIIA, ll\
kk, Kudy Hhort ami chubby, tho ili<|>tli nioro than '^ the IoiikIIi.
■liil'KKA, 41'J.
IIVDBONittH, (I'runi IIuiIkoii KWer):
ec. Tooth twu-ruweil, 1, 4-4, o or 1, 4-4, 1 or 'J; the Kriiiilliig Hiirfuce iiiurii <ir IcMdctul.
upe<l.
o, ll«a<l comparatively liirne, ,T.jfo4' | In biMly; ti'cth, 1, 4-4, 1; niii.ill, sli'i,-
iler MiiurleR, withonl iliNtlnit liaik xiiot at duNe of uuiiiliil.
}t. Kye miNJerate, ;t>., to I in head in adult.
iiii.iiKKTi; I'irroi.i-'.i'is; himi'm; i.oniukiistuih, VIUAV.
pp. Kyo very litrK*'. •> to ;i>.^ in head In itdiilt.
Ni'x; NdCOMis; huumaudi; ii.i.eckiiikim s, I24-I'.!7.
OH. Head Hhort, liluntiRh, 4 to r> In liody in adult; HpccieM of liir;.'e yi/v nmliil.
Tory coloration, uoually with a diotiuct black spot at luiNe oi cuinliil tin
nillMnMlH, tin.
bb. HcaleH duu|Hir thau Iouk, morn or Ioih cliixuly Imbrlcatod along nlduN of body ; ti'c^tii with
tho edgcH often crunutn, tho grinding Hurfacu MiinutinieH narrow or olwulctv,
I]. Teetli ono-rowod, 4-4, the young ttomotiincri 1, 4-t, 1.
CoiioMA, (a coined iiamn):
r. Iluiid very thick, bluntly roundod on ovory hIuu; mouth Biiiall, <ililii|iii', iii
cloft chlully auturlor; acalus large, about 40 in lateral line. (iiiNA'a>, I2'J.
MoNiANA, (a coined name):
rr. Head comprefiHt^, not bluntly rounded.
a, Doreal without diHtinct black blotch on \tn up|icr postorior portiuii; liixly
nioro or U'm deep and coinprPBSed.
t. HvaleB Bnmll, 4:i in lateral line; a dusky Bpot at base of caihlal.
idioi'isrfi, ■I'W.
II. ScaloB moderate, It!) to 38 i\' ^iteral line; adult without ciiiidal s|iut.
•/ ni ilDi's; i.iiTKENSlti; imjoskhmni, i:il-433.
M-, Dorsal with a black Hpot o:t im UBt ruyn above, thu Uu very lii;:li.
CALI.ltiKMA, i'M.
CYPniNRLLA, (diminutive of Oyprimin, carp):
(/(/. Teeth two-rowed, 1, 4-4, 1.
It. Anal fin moderate, of 7 to rays.
V, Dorsal fin without largo black blotch on its upper posterior rays iii iwluH.
w. Caudal fin without black spot at itn bane in adult.
.r. Body deep, comprestied, broadly elliptical in outline.
BlMAI.INri?, -135.
xx. Body subfusiform in outline.
lvdiuundub; MACU08T0MI.S 436; 437.
fordiin and F.vfrmann. — Fishes of North America. 267
iiTtr. CaikUI All with It illNtlnrt liUrk ii|ii)t •! >NtM> in itll iitfca,
Trx Hv%\ N'lrATiM; vrKiiiTi'd, ■ISM-MO.
rv. piiriMil III! with It larK<- l>l»<'k liloti'h o,t it* ii|i|mt iMwti'rior rn.VH in hiIiiII
(iil'li'ii oUiiIkIi' In ><>unK)i ulwit>N riinn|iii'iiiiiiN In old niitli'*; Ihi' tliiMlu
miili'ii with Mitln-wliitfl, itml nfti'n wilh n-il, |iiKnifnt.
fi. ItitK)' <<r I'ltmlnt witli a ri>nN|>iiMiiiuii hliu'K i<|Hit.
^. KiiiN in iiiitli'H with wliitt' or uritiiKi' |iit{iii<'Ml, Imt n<> ml.
I'Klll'imTlilMA; HTKIMATVHI'M, 'I'll: 142.
u. Klnii in inkloM with nil plKnD'nt.
THII'llllOIIITirM; rALMltTKIll; BI'RVMTOMI H, \\'.\-\\tl.
fiy. IluiM* uf rnuilal without ii coiiniiicnouN hliu'k Kpot; no rcil |iiKini>nt.
c.khi'I.rik; Nivrrn; wiiin'i.ii; anamistanth;
llALArTl'Hl'H; rAMrKIK, 'lltl 4.M.
iiu. AnitI Itn lonK, of 10 or II rityo; flnit liinch; lirmt<|lnK rolon* lirilliaut, tlie ni»tua
lurtTPly rill.
ii', HorMtl tin witli ii ronHplcuoiiH lilnck lilotch on ltd laiit rnyH.
h'. Ciiuilitl with It (Urk h|iiii: ut liiiiu>. X't:NiiHi'M; iivitiKl.iii'TKRt'N,4n'2; VA.
W. ('autUI with n diniky croM-haml, hut without iliirk ii|N>t iit liitMc.
i'YHIIIIDMItl.AII, 4M.
n<i'. Itomal fln In maloii without hiark blotih. uakmani, 4U.
„„. T.'C'ih J, l-'l, 'i.
c'. An;il III! Nliurt, It* <tevi>lo|)e<l ray* 7 to 0, nonietinici 10 In N. eonMitu.
it'. Ti-i'lli with tlm KrliiilinK mirrari- ilovulopud.
Lrxii.i!* (from Inr, Unlit):
,'. S|ii'ci('H ittliiiniiiK It larKi' ni'.e, with the iiralcH rIoiik the hIiIi'h vi-ry i-1oM>1y Inibri-
i-nlril HO thnt tliu cxiMXMiil lurrai'cg ar« wry narrow; lower Jaw incliiilud;
ilorMil over vcntraU; luliilt with neither doriwl nor caudal iipot,
COHNDTVl; OERAIINL'g; ALHEOLl'M; LACKHTORItM, 4!Ut-460.
llvi>itMi>iif,ox, (iitup, wator; ipAwf, flami'):
I'c'. SjH'rii'H of nioilerntu or iniiill sice, tlie colors gonorally hrilliaut in Rprlng
MinleN; dorxnl inmrtod more or lem behind ventralB; no black ipot at liaae
of ilonxtl.
/. Iiowi-r Juw projecting. MACixtXALDr, coccoornih, 400; 461.
/J''. Lowor Juw include<l or icarrely proji'cting.
g'. Biwo or caudal without dark R|)ot.
zonatub; zunihtii'n; riibriokocrvh ; ciiLORocBPiiALni;
LIJTIPI.VNIH, 4li2— IfiO.
gif. Ilase of caudal with a more or lew evident dark opot, at least in youuK.
(llETKROnoNj MI'DXONICO.) CIIILITII'|-H ; ALTII-INNI8; HOgElTN;
CIIAi.YH.V.t'K; rilROROMt^N; X.KNOCEI'IIAI.rH, 4fi7-472.
iliV. TiMith without evident grinding surface ; scales not i-losely imbricatetl ; no black
Hpot at liaso of ilonuil in front; sexes usually colored alike.
Oiii'Ki.i.A (illminiitive of Orca) :
/■', Top of head elevated, transTcraely convex, so that the small eye is lu near ven-
tral iiH dorsal surface ; boily little compressed ; color pale, no markings.
ORCA, 473.
NiiTitni'iN (part):
Idi'. Tup of head not especially elevated, the eye nearer dorsal than ventral out-
line of head.
r. Dursttl fln inserted nearly over ventrals; no distinct black caudal spot.
ARioMMi'x; hcabricei>b; jEJVNUri, 474-476,
It'. Donal fln inserted more or less behind ventrals,
y. Ilase of caudal without spot, hwaini, 477.
,i/''. Base of caudal with a faint spot. amabilis, 478.
,iii'. Base of caudal with a Jet-black spot, leuciodtjs; scopifer, 479; 480.
ccf. Anal fin long, its rays 11 or 12, rarely 9; dorsal inserted behind ventrals.
!<i '
F. N. A.
-18
!
If-^ ff;
M ;
I
u
m
f
11
1,
^
ini
j
268 Ihtlletin 47, Uniteif States National Museum.
NiiTHoPiN, (iMirt):
W. Si-nli'ii linwk'Iy imhrlcntcil, not iTowiUmI iilniii; bIiIck; Irclli iiioHtly witliunl Kiiiidliii;
Hiirfii(-(>; III) block ii|M>t nt Ixtiifl iif (lonuil ; caiiiliil it|i(it fiiliit nr wiiniin^; Dh,
iiioNtly |ilniii or with hmI; triiloR iibovn lateral lino iimiiklly liii'u'c, ui Tito?
•oriM.
TRLKHCoi'iiH; riocii's; NOTrMiiioNiunitN; stii.iiii'n; ATliKHlNiin)i:M:
AHIIE; llll.rcTI'S; KI'MKI'H; lirilltlKIIIINN; I'IKITOUKNIs;
amii:m'r; HCKiTins; MiciioiTltHYX; mk.tai.i.ici s, 1^1-491.
IiYTuminrR, (Aufloii, k''!"''; avfio.^ tiiil):
kk', SculcH iiuiro or li'im I'ltim-ly iiiiliricatoti «<> thnt the oxiMiBtil Hiirfiu'on anMlnpci- timn
loll);; ti'otli with a iiarniw KriiutltiK Hiirr»ci'; Hi'aIrN nimvi' lateral Ihm' Hinall.
in 7 to 10 si'rii'.i, thoH« lH>ror« llu> (iorxal rcilm-i'd ; uHiinlly a liark h|i.'t un dor.
mtl, rarely niio at hiiRn of caudal ; nialoH larKoly red.
V. Porsal flu without dixtiiictdark M|iot, or at themoHt only n few |iuiic'tiil:(tioiiH,
»i'. llinly Hliort and deep. iiki i,i s, lit.-i
Dim'. Itody Hlonder and elongate. i.iiirs, 4'.in.
\V. Itonial fln with a Mack H|Hit on itn anterior rayo, more or I-hh diHlinct.
n'. Black domnl pput aliovo the middle of the fln. iionkii'inms, 4'J7.
mi'. Black dorsal npot at the Ixue of the fln. iiMliUAiii.is, 4',I8.
Subgenus AZTECA, Jordan A Kvernianu.
400. NOTROPIS AZTECrs, Woolinau.
Head 4; depth 3 J to 4; eyo 5; snout II. T. 8; A. S; scalcH T-riO-4,
about 23 hoforo dorsal, Biuall; tcoth 4-4, hooked. ])ody rather Htuut,
heavy auteriorly, with long but ftrong caudal peduncle; back iiKuler-
ately arched; hoatl bluut and heavy, but less gibbous than iu A', ovnainr,
snout short, nut much lunger than eye ; jaws subequal ; mouth moderate,
quite oblique, the maxillary not quite reaching eye, the cleft of the
mouth cliiedy anterior ; eye small; scales very small for the genus, not
closely imbricated. Fins all low ; dorsal small, inserted behind voiitralH:
pectorals short, not nearly reaching veutrals. Lateral line deciirvud.
Color, dark above, below this a silvery band, and still lower a dusky or
plumbeous lateral band; young with a faint plumbeous caudal spot;
fins all plain; cheeks silvery; sexes alike in color. Length 3 inches.
This species has the head formed much as in NotropU ornatiin, but iu
form of body, color, and iu size of scales the two ditter widely. Valley
of Mexico. Our specimens collected by Mr. A. J. Woolman, at the City
of Mexico, where it abounds in the canals. (Aztecua, Aztec.)
Codoma iitf<i/(i, GiRAKD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 195, Valley of Mexico, (Coll. Pottn.);
and U. 8. A Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichfh., 53, \>l. 29, figs. 18-21, 1859.
Nolro})is <t:<<c««, Woolman, Bull. l'. S. Fisli Comin., xiv, 1894, May 3, 1894, 63, plate 2, City of
Mexico. (Type, No. 45569. Coll. Woolman.)
C/io/(i i'i(/(i/(i, Jordan & Gilbebt, Syuopeis, 172, 1883, (not Leucinctu viUatus, De Kay, 181'.', which
is also a Xotropis).
Subgenus CHRIOPE, Jordan.
401. N0TR0PI8 BIFBENATUS (Cope).
Head ^ ; depth 4^ ; eye 3. D. 8 ; A 7 ; scales 5-36-3 ; teeth 4-4. Body
rather slender, the caudal peduncle somewhat contracted. Head moder-
ate, the ruuzzle very obtuse. Mouth obliqtie, the jaws about equal;
upper lip opposite lower part of pupil. Eye large, longer than snout.
Lateral line developed for a very short distance. 13 scales before dorsal.
fordan and Ever mann. — Fishes of Norlh America,
250
Strii\v(i)l'>''p«l» till) HcaloH brown-mlKod abovo ; ii HliiiiiiiK l>laok band from
Hiidiit Ilii""i;^b oy« to caudal; thiH iiicIiuh^H tlio (mIj^o «(f llio lownr jaw;
aii Diiiiiu*' l»^»*l '^'x*^'*^ ^'''^ "" ^'"^ """"'' ' rt^Kioi"* bul«»w tlio black Itaiid
Hilv«Mv. Length IJ to 2 inoh«H. MaHHachwHHttH to Marybind, coaHt\viH«),
not cDiiiinoii. A MUiall but haudHomolv oobinsd HpuciuH. (/*i«, two;
fraiatu', luidled.)
(/„/,. (IMS h,fiiimlii», CoPK, Cypr. rt'iiii., 'Mi, IHiiC, Schuylkill River, Conshohocken,
fciiiisylvonia. ((!oll. (!o|m<.)
Ilniul.'mf I'l/nwilii, JimiiAN A Ull.BKUT, 8yili)|)Hi», lt>2, 1HM:|.
402yN«>TROIMK JOHDAM,* KiKxnmaiin A RiKiMiiiianii,
Aliioil to jV. hittrodov. D. !); A. H; BcaleH 4-'.i'>-\, 15 boforo dnrHul.
Slonili'i '. linH all small; orifrin of doiHal ovci vuntral, otjuidistaut
fruin l>:isi> of niiddio caudal riiyn and narcH ; Hcalus closely imbricated,
tlie ex{MimMl udgoH litMo higher than long. Lateral lino ducurved, the
liilii-a (l<'V(>lo]ied on fewer than 10 Hcaleu. A phimlteouB lateral ban<l
ovt'iliiil witii silvery ; a dark verte'^ral line from occiput to caiidul ; Hid«iH
witli a IVw dark sjteckH, dorsal surface more densely spockod, the margins
of the H<iilcs darker. .South Saskatchewan '^iver, Medicine Hat, Assini-
lioia (Kigonmunu.) (Named for D«> .id Starr Jordan.) (Coll. Eigen-
IIKIUU.)
Solwfii» ntl"'"liiii, KinKNMANN & EiOKNMANN, Amor. Nat., Kubruury, IK'.Kt, iri2, Medicine Hat.
Mlifiti jnnhllli, J'.KIENMANN A GlUENMANN, /. C, Juil(,>, iH'j:), &'J2, KUbHtitUtu fur alhciilUH,
prcooi'uiiiod in Nolropin.
408. N0TR0PI8 MACTLATIJH (Uay).
Head U ; depth 5; eye equal to snout, 3^ in b%ad. D. 8 ; A. 8; scales
5-3H-3; tooth 4-4, with grinding surface. Body long and slender,
flightly elevated at the dorsal, somewhat compressed. Head tlattened
above; snout rounded. Mouth small, terminal, slightly oblique, maxil-
lary not reaching to opposite eye. Dorsal slightly behind ventrals,
Dearer suont than brse of caudal. Lateral line with pores on 8 to 10
scales oniy. Straw color; a narrow dark dorsal band, and a dark streak
on each side of anal ; a plumbeous lateral band, and black specks on
each scale ; a black spot as large as eye at base of caudal. Length 2^
iucbes. Cbickasawba River, Mississippi. (Hay.) (»iacu{atu8, spotted.)
llmHwiiiu iimeiilnta, Hay, Froc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 505, Chickasawha River, Enterprise,
Mississippi, (Type, Nos. 32245 and 27438. Coll. Hay.) Johdan & Gilbert, SyuopsiB, 162,
1883.
404. NOTROFIS ANOOENUS, ForboB.
Head 4} ; depth 4? ; eye 3i. D. 8; A. 7. Lateral line 34 to 37, 13 before
dorsal. Teeth 4—4. Very similar to N. hetei'odon, but with the lateral line
usually complete; the mouth very email and very oblique, almost wholly
anterior; the lower jaw included, the upper lip above level of pupil; snout
*Tlie types of this species are now in the British MiiBeutn. Our friend. Dr. Boulenger,
«rit(8 us tiio mouth is of moderate size, the ,iromaxillary extending to below front of eye;
lower jAw not included, as long as the upper, which is somewhat convex, about ati long as the
moderate vyu. Chin not black.
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Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
very short, blniit, shorter than eye. Dusky; adusky lateral band tliiongj)
eye, ending in a faint black spot at base of caudal; a black speck above each
pore of lateral line; chin black. Length lA inches. . Western New York
(CayngaLake; Meek) to Northern Illinois ; rather scarce. («, witliout;
)tvw;, chin.)
NotropU amyenim, FuitiiKS, Dull. III. Lub. Nat. Hist., 1885, 138, Fox River, McHenry, Ulj.
nois. (Coll. Forbes.) /
405."' NOTROPIS CAYUGA, Meek. .
Head 4i ; depth 4^ ; eye 3i. Scales 36, 14 before dorsal. Teet h 1-4.
Allied to N. heterodon, from which it may be best known by the iilisoiice
of black on the chin. Lateral line wanting on some scales; niontii very
small, anterior, the maxillary not reaching the eye; jaws subeciual; eye
large, equal to snout. Scales above dark-edged, the outlines very ,^lliu'[)ly
defined ; chin not black ; a black stripe through snout and eye, u <liiNky
lateral shade and a small caudal spot. Length 2-k inches. Cayujirji Lake
and northern New York, westward to Assiniboina, South Dakota,
Nebraska, Kansas, and Arkansas, (Arkansas River at Wichita, Kaimus),
Not rare, but hitherto usually confounded with X. heterodon.
*
Notropm layui/n, Mkek, Ann. Ac Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1888, SOS, Cayuga Lake, New York, (('(ill.
Meok); Jordan, Hull. V. S. Fish. Conim., ix, 1889, 17.
NolropiH heterolepis* Figenmann & Etqenmann, American Naturalist, Fobruiiry, Isii,',, 152,
Qu'Appelle River, Fort Qu'Appelle, Canada. (Coll. Eigenniaun.)
Represented southwestward by
405a. NOTROPIS CAYUGA ATROCAUDALIS, Fvermaun.
Head 4^ ; depth 4 J ; eje 3^. D. 8 ; A. 7; scales 7-36-4, 13 before dorsal.
Snout somewhat longer ; lateral line complete. Body moderately eloiiffatc;
head short and bluntly conic ; snout slightly shorter than eye ; caudal
peduncle short and deep ; origin of dorsal slightly behind ventrals; anal
small. Olivaceous, dotted above, not crosshatched ; a black lateral
band half width of eye, ending in a black caudal spot, this band extend-
ing through eye and snout. Rio Neches, Palestine, Texas. Also iu Kio
Comal at New Braunfels, Texas, {ater, black; cauda, tail.)
Notropis caytiga alrocaujalio, Evebhann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xi, 1891, 76, (May '.:.'>, W92,)
Neches River, Palestine, Texas. (Tyim, No. 45557. Coll. Evcruiaun, Siovell, i
Gurley.)
*The following is the deRcription givea of Notropis heterolepix : D. 9 ; A. 9. Scales ri-:in-4, lo
scales before the dorsal. Teeth 4-4. Dorsal inserted oquidistunt between base of upjici- 1 audal
rays and anterior margin of eye, behind last ray of dorsal ; scales loosely imhricated, aliiiost em-
bedded in front of dorsal ; scales along tlio median lino with a deep notch near middle ot° |iosterliir
margin ; the line nearly straight; a few black specks along base of anal, a dark line Irimi iiiial
to caudal ; a dark band from tip of snout along sides to caudal ; a conspicuous black ciiivcil line
at base of each tcale of lateral line ; all the scales above lateral band dotted with bliuk : !i nar-
row vertebral line from occiput to dorsal, a broad dusky band on back between dorsal ainl cuuilal,
between this and lateral band a lighter band ; scales of back with dark markings ; series of iiiiu-
ute black dots along each ray of dorsal, anal, and anterior portion of pectoral ; dorsal ami caudal
quite dark. — Eigenmann.
Dr. Eigeomann has omitted to describe the mouth of this species. According to Dr. G. A.
Boulenger, who has kindly examined the type in the British Museum, the mouth is ()iiitu small,
moderately oblique, the lower jaw not included ; premaxillury extending to below .anterior nos-
tril ; chin not black. Eye very large, longer than the short, convex fnout. Only one s|ieciiiieu
(36 mm. long) known. Apparently not different from N-Aropu caijugix. {irtpoi, various ; Aem't,
scale.)
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 261
_ ■ - y - - -- -
40A. NOTKOPIS HETEKODON* (Cu|>e).
Heinl I ; depth 4; eye 3 in head. D. 8 ; A. 8; scales 5-36-3, the lateral
lino exti'inliii^j about half length of body; teeth 4-4, (aonietimes 2, 4-4,
2, SCO lii'Iow), often crenate. Body moderately stout, the back somewhat
olcvatcil- Head rather pointed, ^he uuizzle acuminate. Month oblique;
lower Jaw projecting; upper lip opposite upper rim of pupil. Maxillary
ixtoiKiiiii,' to opposite front of orbit. Thirteen scales in front of dorsal.
Lateral line usually more or less imperfect. Color olivaceous; chin black;
alilac'kisli rostral band ; Hi<les with a leaden or dusky band. Length 2^
iiK'lies. \ew York to Michigan and Kansas, common. Variable. {'tTtpoc,'
varyini;: HJotJf, tooth;)
.i;;.iiriin/)« Ichrnihrn, CoPE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phila., 1864, 281, Lansing ; Grosse Isle,
Michigan.
.V„(r"/-« ./. ...i.iHMs, Hay, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 252, Smoky Hill River, Wallace,
Kansas. (Tjiie, No. .37949. Coll. Hay.)
.V(.(r";ii> h.i. I . /"H, var., CiiiiiFiiT, Proo. U. ri. Nat. Mus., 1884, ^07, Switz City, Indiana, tribu-
tary of White River. (Coll. Gilbert.)
Uijhfti'h'i'i'idoH, Coi'E, Cypr. Pcnu., 382,1866.
Ijummithrleriiihii, GCnthep, Cat., VII, 261, 1868.
llmtlnmi't lirierndon, JouDAN & OiLBBiiT, Synopsifi, 163, 1883.
Subgenus ALBURNOPS, Girard.
407^NOTBOPIS FKETEN8I8 (Cop«).
iiead 4; depth 5; eye 3^ in head, as long as snout. D. 8; A. 8; scales
6-^,')-;?: teeth 4-4. Body slender and compressed. Mouth quite oblique^
the middle of the preniaxillary being opposite line of pupil ; maxillary
not reaching to orbit. Seventeen rows of scales in front of dorsal. Lateral
line decurved. Olivaceous ; a dark median dorsal band ; a plumbeous
silvery lateral shade ; cheeks silvery ; a dark spot at base of caudal; fins
lilain. Length 2^ inches. Detroit River, Michigan. (Cope.) A doubt-
fal species, porhaps identical with Xotropia cayuga. (JrctenHxa, inhabiting
fretuni or straits, i. e. Detroit River.)
lU'ifiis (rili'um, (loPE, Cypr. Penn., 382, 1866, Detroit.
tlliih fnUvm, JuBDAN & GiLiiKUT, Synopsis, 167, 1883.
408/mOTBOPI8 BLENMUS (Girard).
(Straw-colobep Minnow.)
Head t • i-pth 5; eye largy, 3 in head. Scales 5-36 (32 to 38)-4; teeth
4-1. lioii ,.,i '( ately stout, little compressed. Head rather broad, with
roundec ai,;. i- . VIouth small, inferior, horizontal; snout very obtuse:
' .Vfmjii'v heierndoH is .pparently subject to large variations. The following description is taken
frnmspci'iinciig referred liy Dr. Gilbert to this species, although there is a possibility that thu
firm ill (|iic8tlon isreally distinct and allied to N. xirnocephnlnn :
Heml4 ; depMi A%. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; lateral lino 37, 13 scales before dorsal ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with
Firoiig priiiiling surface, the edge of some teeth denticulate. Body slender, compressed, the
fbrm and npin'arauce as in N. heterot'^n. Mead small, the snout short and rather sharp, slightly
Jmirved. Ilouth small, oblique, the maxillary barely reaching front of eye, 4 in head ; snout
i:eye very larRe, 3 in head. Itorsal inserted just before ventrals ; pectorals not reaching ven-
tral*. I,atoriil line complete, little decurved ; scales not crowded. Dark olive above, the scales
trilli dark ciif^es; a dusky streak along sides, ending in a spot at base of caudal, this streak
uteniling fnrward around snout ; dark spt^cks along pores of lateral line; a row of si)eck8 along
lifiAO ufana!; flns unma'-ked. Length 2 inches. Sluggish streams of Indiana and Illinois.
TliiBdtiscn.'t on taken by Dr. Gilbert from specimens from Switz City Swamp, Indiana. Diffen
from the ordinary htlerodon in the number of te«tlt and in the complete lateral line.
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15 row8 of scales in front of dorsal. Dorsal low, its longest lav jf
head. Pale olivaceoua;' sides usually pale; usually a darker dorsal band
and a small dark blotch before dorsal, sometimes a plumbeous lateral
stripe but no caudal spot ; Bns all plain. Length 2 to 2\ inches. Obio
and Michigan to Tennessee, Dakota, and Kansas, thence southwestvvardto
Texas; generally abundant in small streams; an insignificant little I'mIi.
Very variable and running into several varieties, the typical hlnn'v
(= delx(Ao«xia = wijssuHensis), Missouri to Texas, having the scales iisuaily
32 to 35; var. atramineus, from Ohio to Iowa and southward with 'cales
34 to 38, usually 36. We follow Dr. Meek in identifying Girard's Alhur-
nopa hlenniua with this species, (blenniua, bleuny , from the convex profile.)
tMinnilus microstomuii* Rafinebque, Ichth. Oh., 47, 1820, Ohio River; not certainly ideiilifmMe.
flhjhopsis dorsalis,jf Agassiz, Amor. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 358, Burlington, Iowa; unidentifiable.
Albumops bleniiiiiK, GiRARn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 185C, 194, Arkansas River near Fort
Smith, Arkansas. (Coll. Shumard.) Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 261, pi. 57, fij;s. 13-10,
1858.
Mnniana delicinm, GiKAKn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 199, Leon River, a tributary
of the San Antonio River, Texas. (Type, No. il9. Coll. Kennerly.)
Hijhognalhva itramineiis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 283, Detroit River, Grosse
Isle.
HybopniH niimmnensia, CoPE, Hayrlen'g Surv. Wyoming for 1870 (1871), 437, Missouri River, St.
Joseph, Missouri.
Nolropis reticnlalm, KioENMANN & CtoENMANN, Amer. Nat., February, 1893, 152, Fort Qu'Ap-
pelle, Assiniboia. ' (Coll. Gigenmann.)
Hybopsis etramineun, CoPE, Cypr. Penn., 381, 1866.
Ctiola alraminea, .Tordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 167, 1883.
Cliola mitmtrietisiit, JORDAN & Giihert, Synopsis, 168, 1883.
Sfinuilus blenniuit, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 19S, 1883.
409. NOTROPIS 8ABIN J!, Jordan & Gilbert.
Head 3f ; depth 4f ; snout 3f in head, as long as eye. D. 8; A. 7; scaleB
4-33-2 ; teeth 4-4, hooked, with some grinding surface. AlMedto Xotropia
blennius, but quite different in form, resembling a young Moxostonm. Body
robust, the tail long and thick, the back elevated, the sides little com-
pressed. Head long, broad and flattish above. Mouth rather largo, nearly
horizontal, the maxillary reaching past front of pupil. Scales very large,
those on back not reduced, 14 before dorsal. Dorsal inserted nearly over
*" Thirty-eighth species, Littlc-mouthea Minny, Minnilm microstomtis, Minny microstomiie.
Diameter one-seventh of total length ; silvery, olivaceous on the back and head, sides with a few
black dots, lateral lino straight, pectoral fins reaching the abdominal fins. Dorsal mil iiiinl lin^
with 8 rays. A small species found in the Kentucky River. Mouth very small, nostrils larp,
iris silverj', fins fulvous, the pectoral with 12 and the caudal with 24 rays. Head elongiitDcl."—
Rafinesi/ve.
f" While these pages were setting in type, 1 have received another prelty specic-i of this
interesting genus, through the attention of Dr. I. H. Ranch, from Burlington, Iowa. Tlic large
number of specimens obtained enables me to make some additions to the characteristics of the
genus :
The mouth is protractile downwards, after the fashion of Catostomus, so much so that had
I not ample opportunity to examine young Catostomi, and to study the changes they iinclergn
with age, I might have supposed my Hybopsis to bo the young of some species of that genus.
Moreover the lips are not swollen nor thickened. The pharyngeal teeth differ also greatly Irom
those of Catostomi, there being only 4 or 5 compressed and hooked ones in each main row, and
1 or 2 in a second row.
This new species differs from that of riuntsvillo by its smaller size, its more pointed snout,
and the peculiar coloration. A deep black narrow band extends from the neck to the h^a of the
caud^tl along the whole back, dividing in advance of the dorsal to encircle that fin, ami uuitiug
again behind it upon the middle line. General color olive, silvery upon the KideB, tlu' ilorsal
and caudal faintly tinged with rose color and a deeper rose-colored spot upon the base of the
first ray of the dorsal. I shall call this species H. dorsalit, Ag."—Agas»u.
1
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
263
vciitials, tlio tin short and small; anal small; pectorals long, U in head.
Color very pale olive, scarcely silvery; edges of scales with dark points;
fiuH |iiile. Length 2 inches. Sabine River, Texas.
\o/"v " ""'"""' J'"»UAN k GiLBKRT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 15, Sabine RW*' at Long-
vicw, Texa«. (Typo, No. 30484. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)
41o/nOTROPI8 TOLUCELLVS (Ooikj).
Hrad 3}; depth 4; eye 3i in head. D. 8; A. 8; scales 4-34-3; teeth 4-4.
Uody moderately stout. Head depressed, the snout rather long. Fins
nioii' I'longate than in most related species, the pectorals reaching ven-
truls. ( 'andal peduncle slender. Olivaceous, a slight dusky lateral shade;
DO dorsal stripe; fins plain. Length 2i inches, Michigan, Wisconsin, and
Noitlii'in Indiana; rare. Similar to JS'. blennius, but with notably higher
fins, iuiil probably a distinct species, (volucella, a diminutive, from vo-
lucir, winged or swift.)
j{,jl,„i„.iihiixrolHciiliu, Cope, Pioo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 283, Qrosse Isle, Detroit River.
;/i/(,.7 s/^ ruhio'llHS, Cope, Oypr. Penn., 381, 1866.
irtiiiwus lolucellM, Gl'NTHEB, Cat., V!i, 260, 1868.
411. NOTBOPIS SCTLLA (Cope).
Head 4; depth 4i ; eye large, about Sk in head, longer than snout, which
is 4. D. 7 ; A. 7; lateral line 31 to 33 ; teeth 4-4, with narrow grinding sur-
face. Allied to X, hlennius, but with stouter body and shorter, blunter
bead; mouth small, with subequal jaws, the cleft somewhat oblique ; lips
rather thick. Scales larger than in K. blennius, those before dorsal smaller
aud more crowded, 14 or 15 in number. Maxillary as long as eye. Dorsal
tiu lu'ginning directly over ventrals. Color pale; back greenish ; side with
a silvery band; no spots on fins ; a dusky shade on each side of dorsal and
befuro it; some dark dots on ^nout; often a faint dark lateral shade.
Length 2} inches. Illinois Kivar to Western Kansas and Montana, abun-
dant in the shallow sandy streams of the plains. (Keference unexplained.)
Hijhcp'i" srijlla, Cope, Haydon's Qeol. Surv. Wyom. for 1870, 1871, 438, Red Cloud Creek, trib-
utary of Platte River.
f j/(<tiniti.s liHeolatm* Agassiz in Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoiil., 1863, 9, Osage River, Mis-
souri ; unidentifiable.
C/iofu Wi('ira, Jordan, Bull. Hayden'sGfol. Surv. Terr., iv, 791, 1878, Upper Missouri region.
(Tjpi', No. 20193. Coll. Dr. E. Cou<)8.)
Sotrifis ji/ieiiocobitu, t FoRDES, Bull. 111. Lab. Nat. Hist., 1885, 137, Illinois River at Peoria,
Illinois. (Coll. Forbes.)
Cliola Imcolala And Cliola cMora, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 169, 1883.
Mropis UUerali», (lap$u$ for 2ineo{a/iM), Gilbert, Bull. Washburn Coll. Lab., 1886, 207.
*" Alhiinms lineolalHt, AoASSiz, MS. 1854. Body light brown witii a broad silvery band having
dark |iuiuti4, extending from the head to the caudal fin. Average length, 2\-^ inches. From the
Osage Itiver. Collected by Mr. G. Stolley."— PM<nam.
"Tlie following descriptioh of this species is given by Prof. Forbes:
Xolrnjiix phenacobm.— thin fish unites with a strong general resemblance to Phenacobiui the
cljaractirs of NolropU. The body of the adult is short and deep, the head square, the nose long,
auiltliu I'vr unusually large. Length 2.5 inches, depth 3. 5 to 4 ; caudal peduncle 4 to 4.75. Color
in alcoliol indefinite ; Bide.9 somewhat silvery, scales along an<l above the lateral line slightly
Bptcked with black. The head is quadrate in transverse section. Hat above, 3.75 to 4 ; nose
(iecurvcil, 3.4 to 3.5; interorbital space 2.9 to 3.1. The mouth is inferior, horizontal, rather
email, li|i»tleshy, not lobed, lower jaw much the shorter, 2.75 to 3.1 <a head, upper lip opposite
tlie U.wer margin of the pupil, upper jaw to posterior margin of cjstrils, 3.33 to 3.9 in head.
Teeth 4-4. Intestine about equal to head and body, 0.97 to 1.17. Eyb very large, circular, placed
liigli It)!, 3.4 to 3.5 in head. Branchiostegals free from isthmus. Dorsal 1-8, decidedly before
veutrals, its length 7 to 8 in body ; anal low, 1-8 ; paired fins rather broad and sliort ; ventrals not
reachiii); vent, and pectorals falling far short of ventrals, the former 6.25 to 0.4 in head and
My. Tlie scales are thin, large, crowded anteriorly upon the sides, breast wholly naked in all the
specimens seen. Lateral line .35 to 36, longitudinal rows 7 to 9, 13 to 14 before dorsal. Described
hm lU FpccimeDB, the only ones seen, all taken at Peoria.
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412. NOTROPIN PRO€NE (ropo).
Head 4} ; depth h\. Scales 5-32 to 34-3 ; teeth 4-4 ; A. 7. Body Blonder,
with long caudal peduncle ; the back higher and the tail slenderer than
in N. hlenniusj the profile steeper. Snout obtuse, the mouth hori/.ontal,
inferior, small. 13 rows of scales in front of dorsal. Dorsal higher tlmii
in N, hlenniuH, its first ray as long as head. Eye large. Olivaceous ; a dark
dorsal line and a plumbeous lateral baud overlying black pigment; tins
unspotted, sometimes very pale. Length 2} inches. Delaware Rivtnaiul
southward, in coastwise streams, as far as the Neuse ; very common. One
of the smallest of the Cyprinidw. {npoKVJi, a kind of swallow.)
Hyhoijnalhm proctn; CoPR, Proc. Ac. Kat. Sci. Fhila., 1804, 279, Delaware River, Schuylkill
River, Conestoga River, White Clay Creek, Pennsylvania.
Hyhoptin loiiyicepn, CoFE, Jourii. Ac. Nat. Sol. I'hila., 18C8, 231, Head waters of James River
and Roanoke River, Virginia. (Coll. Coihi.)
HyhnpKU proem, CupE, Cypr. Penn,, 385, 1866.
LeuciKiis procne, GI'ntiif.r, Cat., vil, 260, 1868.
Cliola vticrotloma iini C. proaie, Jordan & Oii.deht, Synopaia, 168, ICO, 1883.
418. NOTROPIS MIGR0T«;NIATU8 (GUnther).
Head 4^; depth 5; eye 4^. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-35-3; teeth probably
4-4, although only 2-2 are present in one of the typical examples, and no
teeth at all in the others , no evident grinding surface. Body oblong;
snout obtuse, convex, longer than the eye. Mouth subinferior, small, tlie
upper jaw the longer ; maxillary not reaching front of orbit. Silvery, with
black lateral band ; no spots on fins. Length 4 inches. Atlisco, Mexico.
{niger, black; twniatua, striped.)
Graodm* mgroliemntiii, GCntiikr, Cat., vii, 485, 1868, Atlisco, Mexico. (Coll. Bouce.nl.)
Cliola Hiijrotseniala, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mue., 1879, 226; Jordan Hi Gilbert, Synopsis, 1G4,
1883.
414. NOTROPIS KANAWHA, Jordan it. Jenkins.
Head 4^ ; depth 4^ ; eye 3^ ; snout 3^ D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales 4-37-2, 16
before dorsal ; teeth 4-4, hooked, with grinding surface. Body rather
elonga'^e, moderately compressed, the back a little elevated. Snout blunt-
ish, gently decurved ; jaws equal ; mouth rather oblique, the maxillary 3
in bead, reaching front of eye; interorbital space flattish, slightly broader
than eye which is large, preorbital broad; suborbitals narrow; fuis all
la^ >ier high ; dorsal inserted distinctly behind ventrals. Translucent
green, sides silvery, with few dark dots; no spot on fins or at base of
caudal. Length 3i inches. Tributaries, of Kanawha River, southwestern
Virginia.
Notropif kanaieha, Jordan & Jenkins, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua., 1888,354, pi. xuv, fig. 5, Reed Creek,
Wytheville, Virginia. (Type, No. 39928. Coll. Jordan, Evermann, ic Jenkins.)
415. NOTROPIS BRATTONI, Jordan <Sc Evermann, new specific name.
Head3§^; depth 3f. D.8; A. 7; scales 5-32-4. Body stout, rather deep;
eye smallish, 3^ in head ; about equal to snout and about ^ less than inter-
orbital area, which is quite flat ; margin of upper lip on level of pupil;
*The accidental loss of the teeth in two of the three typical examples waa the occasion of
the establishment of the nominal genus, Oraodui.
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
265
inontli rather large, obli(|uo ; snout little pointed; maxillary reaching
HliKlit!y jtiiHt front of orbit, itH length about Z\, in head; lower jaw shorter
tliiin njipcr, included ; origin of dorsnl slightly nearer tip of snout than
liBM' of caudal ; about 12 scales in front of dorsal ; tips of dorsal rays all
coteiniiuouH when the iin is deflexed; le'^gth of longest ray 1^ in head;
))aH(> of tin scarcely 2 in head ; anal similar to dorsal, its longest ray 2 in
licad ; liiuso 3; pectorals reaching f distance to ventrals, \\ in head; ven-
trals reaching \ distance to anal, lii in head; teeth 4-4, little hooked.
Color iMownish, a faint silvery band along sides, little wider than eye, a
very Hinall faint dark spot at base of caudal; fins ail plain. Tributaries
of Kio '^au Juan, at Cadereita, andNuevo Leon. Allied to Is. blennius, but
difl'erin^' in the larger, more oblique mouth. (Named for Dr. Alembert
Wiuthro)) Uruyton, of Indianapolis, with pleasant memories of our explor-
ations in Georgia and the Carolinas in 1877 and 1878.)
llonitni't tiiii'lit, GiHABD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pliila., 1850,21, Cadereita, Mexico. (Type, No.
3905". Coll. Couch.) (Not Albur.u.. iiitiihu, KiBTLAND, alBO a Notro^yis.)
•■ f
■-,:
41«. NOTROPIS SPECTBUNCULirS (Copo).
Head 1; depth 5i; eye 3. D.8; A. 9; lateral line 37 ; teeth 4-4. Body
elongate. Head large, rather flat, nearly as broad as deep. Muzzle thick.
Mouth slightly oblique, maxillary reaching eye ; 15 rows of scales in front
ot doLsal. Pale olive, silvery white below ; a leaden band along the sides
and a cuuspicuous black spot at base of caudal ; head dusky ; margins of
scales above lateral line, as well as bases of dorsal and anal iins, blackish;
pectorals, ventrals, dorsal, and anal more or less orange in life ; no red on
snout. Length 3 inches. Head waters of Tennessee River, in Tennessee,
Virginia, and North Carolina; abundant in cold mountain streams and
spriugH. A well-marked species. (Diminutive of spectrum, an image. ^
ll!lhuiKiii!'iniiiuHnibis,CovT,, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868,231, Bear Creek, tributary of
Middle Fork of Holston River. (Coll. Cope.)
CMaspcdrtmciilu, JoBDAN & GiLBEBT, Synopsis, 16G, 1883.
417. NOTROPIS OZARCANUS, Meek.
Head4A; depth6i; eye 3. D.7;A.8; 8cale83G; teeth 4-4, hooked, with
narrow grinding surface, their edges crenate. Allied to K. spcctrunculus,
Imt witli slenderer body and head. Body little compressed. Mouth
small, little oblique, maxillary not quite to eye; lips very thin ; preorbital
lar;i;e; pectoral short. Olivaceous, sides with dark dots forming a faint
lateral band. White River, Arkansas, in the Ozark Mountains.
SolropiioMicnnut, Meek, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., IX, 1889 (1891), 129, North Fork of White
River, Arkansas. (Coll. Meek & Drew.)
H h
\ '<
1 ;,
ii'i
41S. NOTROPIS CHIHUAHIA, Woolman.
Head i ; depth 4 ; eye large, 3i in head, slightly longer than snout.
D.8; A. 7; scales 33 to 37; teeth 4-4, hooked, with very narrow grind-
ingBurface. Body rather plump, little compressed, the back little elevated ;
head largo ; snout blunt ; mouth slightly oblique, the maxillary scarcely
!,
ii'i
266
BuUetin 47, United States National Museum.
reachinf; eye ; front of dorsal midway between snont and caudal ; Hcales
deeper than long ; lateral line fltraight, complete. Light brown, s(;ale8
above dark-edged; numerous round dark dots above, the largeHt somo-
times nearly size of pupil, the spots unequal and irregularly placed, imich
as in Ilyhopitis <hativalin, or H. hyoatomua ; a plumbeous lateral stripe Trom
eye through snout, ending in a black spot at base of caudal ; linu iilain.
Kio de los Conchos, Chihuahua; locally abundant.
Nolrofiu rhilmahua, Woolman, Amer. Nat., March, 1892, 2flu, Rio de loa Conchoa, Chihuahua,
Mexico. (Ty|)e, No. 441&I. Coll. Woulman A Cos.)
419. NOTROPIN TOPKKA, Qilbert.
Head 4 ; depth 3J ; eye 4^. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-35-4. Body comproHsed,
stout and chubby; snout blunt; mouth small, terminal, oblique; It HcaloB
before dorsal ; lateral line anteriorly decnrved. Olivaceous, a dusky lat-
eral streak ending in a small caudal spot; males in spring and Hiiiumer
with sides and lower tins bright red or orange. Length 2} inches. West-
ern Iowa and eastern South Dakota, (Evermanu), to Kansas; locally
abundant in the prairie streams. A well-marked species, appuruntly
allied to the group called Codoma.
Notropu loptka, Gilbebt, Bull. Washburn Lab. Nat. Hiat., Topeka, 1884, i, 13, tributary of
Kanaaa River, Topeka, Kansas. (Type, No. 3(i609. Coll. Cragiii.)
Nolropii icneoluit. Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 245, Solomon River, Wa Keeney, Kansas.
(Type, No. 37946. Coll. Hay.)
Subgenus HUDSONIUS, Girard.
420. NOTBOPIS OILBERTI, Jordan & Meek.
Head 4 ; depth 5 ; eye moderate, about 3^. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales r>-354.
Slender, with long tail; head long, flattish above; snout niudcrate;
mouth rather large, little oblique, the lower jaw included. Lips a little
thickened, especially near angle of mouth. 17 scales before dorsal, whiub
is inserted slightly behind ventrals. Light olive ; sides with dusky
streaks and dark specks. Length 2i inches. Eastern Iowa to eastern
Colorado, abundant in muddy streams of the plains, from the Des Moiues
River to the Platte. (Named for Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert, joint author
of the "Synopsis of the Fishes of North America.")
NotropU gilberti, Jordan & Meek, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 4, Des Moines River and
Village Creek, Ottumwa, Iowa. (Type, No. 35840?. Coll. Jordan & Meek.)
421. NOTBOPIS PIPTOLEPIS (Cope).
Head 4; depth 4i; eye 3i. D. 7; A. 8; scales 6^36-4; teeth 1, W, 1.
Physiognomy of Hyhopais diasimilis. Body elongate, not elevated. Head
elongate. Mouth small, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching beyond
line of orbit, the mandible somewhat projecting. Region in frontut dorsal
fin more or less bare of scales. Dorsal beginning opposite ventrals, nearer
snout than base of caudal. Olivaceous ; silvery below ; a broad, silvery
lateral band, with dark specks ; sides of head with black specks; a dark
vertebral band. Length 3 inches. North Platte River. (Cope.) A doubt-
ful species, perhaps the same as N. gilberti. (wiirru, to fall ; ^enii, scale.)
ill; ^if
1^^
;
1?a
'i
fi::.
1
m
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 267
f>l„.t.i.„i»l>iptiU])i», Copr, Ilayden'ii Oeol. Snrr. Torr.Wyom. for 1870, (1871), 438, Red Cloud
v,rcek, a tributary of North Platte River.
«7i,.;,i -"iia/ii, JuBPAN Ac OiLBSllT, 8ynoj)i!li, IKJ, l«8;i, (not Nolropu ^matiu).
488. NOTR0PI8 8IMVH (Cope).
Head 4\ ; depth 4i ; eye 4jt. D. 8; A. 9 ; scalsH 8-35-4, 22 series in front
of (liiiHal liu ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1 ; said to be without grinding surface. Body
rolHist. Head short and broad, with short, decurved inuitzle. Mouth
lart^i', oliliiiiiCf uppor lip below level of pupil, maxillary extending past
front of orbit. Fins large, the dorsal well behind ventrals. Coloration
entirely Hilvery, brightest on sides. Length 3^ inches. Kio Urande at
at San Ildefonso, New Mexico. (Cope.) (stmws, atfiof, snubnosed.)
AUmniillM limw, CopE, ZoUI. Whcelur 8urv., v,649, 1876, (1870), San Ildefonso, New Mexico.
(Type, No. 10982. Coll. Yarrow.)
CMa »i»i<i, JoBDAN A OiLBBRT, SynopeiB, 170, 1883.
428. NOTROPIH LONfllROSTRIS (Hay).
Head 4i; eye 4. D. 8; A. 7; scales 4-36-3; teeth 1, 4-4, or 1,* with
grinilin^ surface. Form of Ericymha buccata. Head rather small; eye
Bliortt^r than the blunt suont. Upper jaw rounded, considerably project-
ing 1)e,voiid lower. Mouth rather large, horizontal ; maxillary extending
to front of eye. Scales large ; about 12 large scales in front of dorsal.
Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal, directly
over ventrals. Pectorals not reaching ventrals ; the latter to vent. Straw
color, with an obsolete lateral band and a narrow dorsal streak; fins
dusky. Chiokasawba River, Mississippi, to Escambia River, Florida.
{lonijitK, long; rostrum, snout.)
.Wnmi(ii"< Idiiijirotiru, Hay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 504, Chickasawha River at
Enterprise, Mississippi. (Type, Nob. 27440 and 322G7. Coll. Hay.)
Cliola lowjiroftru, .TonnAN & Gilbert, SynopsiH, 167, 1883.
Kotnijiif liiwjirostrU, QiLBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comni., ix, 1889, 108.
424. NOTBOPIS NUX, EvormanD.
Head t ; depth 4i; eye large, 3 in head, equal to snout, and to interorb-
ital width. D. 8; A. 7; scales 6-37-3, 13 before dorsal; teeth 1, 4-4, 1
orO, rarely 1, 4-4, 2, the grinding surface developed and a little crenate.
Body Hlcuder, the back somewhat elevated; head subconic, the snout
rather bliiut; mouth moderate, oblique; maxillary not reaching orbit ;
lower jaw slightly included ; caudal peduncle long and slender. Dorsal
inserted over ventrals, the longest rays as long as head ; anal small; pec-
torals short, not to ventrals ; caudal long ; lateral line straight, complete.
tireeuiah, the back with crosshatching of dark specks; a dark vertebral
Btreak ; a plumbeous lateral band, ending in a small, but distinct, caudal
blotch, this band extending across opercles, eye, and snout; fins plain.
• Known only from Neches and Trinity rivers, near Palestine, Te..>.as. (nux,
nnt; in Spanish, neche.)
^ofropij nu3t, Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., xi, 1891, (May 2.15, 1892), 77, Neches and
Trinity rivers, Palestine, Texas. (Type, No. 45555. Coll. Evermann, Scovell, &
Gurlt'y.)
♦According to Dr. Gilbert ; Dr. Hay found the teeth 4-4.
I
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208
JiulUtin 47y United States National Museum,
43r>. NOTItOI'IN XMONIH, Kvtrrimnii.
Head 4^ ; tlepth 4} tu r>; eyu liirgo, \\ to 3i in houd, (>(|nal to interoiliitul
width. D. 8; A. H; Hoalen ({-:^(»-8; teoth 1, 1-1, 1, Hinnll, liooki'tl, tlm
ffrindiii); Hiirfaco narrow, HliKlitly cronato. Hody Hlundvr, littln cUtvatiil;
head lieavy, formed aH in Clioht rinilax; snout liiiint and ronndi^l, fiinai
to eye; month oniall, inferior, horizontal ; hiwerjaw inclnded ; niaxilliiry
Hhort, not nearly reaching orbit; preorhital hroad ; candal pt'dnncle lonj;
and Blender. Dorsal high, inserted over ventraln ; pectorals short, not to
ventrals; lateral lino ocMnplet"^. Yellowish, with crosshatohin^ of ilnik
specks above; a dark lateral band, faint anteriorly; no caudal Npot:
ihis plain. Length 2i inches. Trinity, Han Marcos, and Comal rivorH,
Texas ; locally abiMidant. {Xocomia, an Indian name, applied by Uirard to
a group of fishes here regarded as a subgenus under IfybopaiH.)
Noiri>]>ii> noeomin, Kvrrmann, Bull. l'. S. V\*h Oumm., xr, 1K!»1, (May 25, 1802), 78, Trinity
River, Palestine, Texas, and San Marcos River, San Marcos, Texas. (Ty|K', No,
45560. Coll. ETermaun, Scuvull, iSc Oiirlcy.)
[I
■; i:
■■:t '
48(t. N0TK0PI8 8H11MAKDI (Oiranl.)
Head 3} ; depth 4^ ; eye very large, 2^ to 3 in head. A. 7; scales r>-:!r>-2;
teeth 1,4-4, 1, (2, 4-4, 2, according to Girard), with deep grinding Hiiifaco,
and the edge strongly crenate. liody compressed, the back elevated ; fjiil
slender; snoutshort, not blunt; mouth terminal, very oblique; lower Jaw
included; maxillary reaching front of eye; dorsal inserted over ventraln;
12 scales before dorsal. Olivaceous, sides with dusky streaks and dark
specks. Length 3 inches. Ohio and Tennessee basins to Iowa and the
Ozark region, in cold streams and springs; abundant in Arkansas, and in
northern Alabama. (Named for Dr. George C. Shumard, naturalist on the
Mexican Boundary Survey.)
AlbuninjM ihtimnrtli, GiRAni), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 194, Arkansas River, Fort
Smith, Arkansas. (Coll. Shumard.)
NolropuhoopH, (iiLiiRRT, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mug., 1884, 201, Salt Creek, Brown County, Indiana,
and Flat Rock Creek, Decatur County, Indiana. (Tyiw, No. 34982. Coll. Gilbort.)
MinniluM Bhiimiinli, .ToRPAN & Gilbert, Synoiwis, 194, 1HH3.
Mmuiluii icabricfpi, .Iobdan & Oilrebt, Synopfiis, 194, 1883, not of Cope.
427. KOTROPIS ILLErKUROSrH (Girnrd).
Head 4^^; depth 4i ; eye 3i ; snout 3f . D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 7-35-3, 11 before
the dorsal ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, slightly hooked, with slight grinding surface.
Body rather deep, compressed, candal peduncle deep, its least dcptii 2' in
head. Mouth largo, oblique, maxillary reaching eye ; lower jaw included!
eye large, greater than snout; iuterorbital width equal to snout; width
of lower jaw at base H in eye. Origin of dorsal very little behind iii.ser-
tion of ventral fins, a little nearer "'out than base of caudal. First rays'
of dorsal somewhat produced, their length greater than that of head ; free
margin of dorsal very slightly concave in the expanded fin ; base of tin 1^
in longest ray. Longest anal ray li^ in head. Pectorals equal loiijiest
dorsal ray. Pale straw color, side with a broad silvery band following
course of lateral line ; sides of head silvery. Length 3 inches. Deticrip-
fi!
, t if
<i|i
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America.
200
tiiiti iiiTc drawn tip from tint typuH. Luwur ArkaiiHas River bauiii, prob-
ttlil\ not (listiiict from yotropia nhitmardi. (iUeccbroHUH, ontioiiig. )
.IH,,.M, /.« i7/.r.')r...u», CJiBABii, Vnn: \i: Nut. Al Plilltt., iKftO, liM, Arkanaaa River, Fort
Smith, Arkansas. (T.v|m' No. fid. (!oll. Dr. Sliiimanl) ; Oikaiii), Vnv. U. K. Smv. x, 'JCa,
i.i. .v;, liKH. r>-H, iMH.
,1/imH/MJ. ^/lMmllr<lt', JmiiiAN & Giliirrt, HviidpmIn, lOli!, IHKJ (In port).
48M.'NOTK<>l>IN HrilSOMI'M (DoWitt Clinton).
! i
(Sl'AWN-KATKK ; .SroT-TAILKI) MiNNUW ; HlllNCH.)
Ilciid 4 J ; depth 4 ; eyo 3. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; soaleu 5-39-4 ; tooth 1, 4-4, or 1,
or 'J. Itody ulungato, coiiHidoraltly cumprusoed in the adult. Head quite
itliort. Mu/.xlu blunt, docurvcd, Hhortor than the very large eye. Munth
mo(l(Miito, nearly horizontal, the Jaws nearly equal, the maxillary nearly
reacliinjj; to the oyo. Lateral lino nearly straight, slightly decurvod ante-
riorly. 18 scales before dorsal. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the latter
not to vent. Coloration very pale, with usually a dusky or black spot at
baHe of caudal, especially in the young ; sidos with a broad, silvery band,
wliicli \h sometimes dusky. Length 4 to <i inches. The Dakotas and
Lake ■Sui»orior to New York, and southward to South Carolina; abundant
intho (ircat Lakes, and not rare east of the Alleghany Mountains; a largo
and Imiulsome minnow, the choice "live bait" of the St. Lawrence
Kiv*T angler. The typical form, kudaoniuaf in the Lower Great Lakes
and the Hudson, Susquehanna, and other northeastern rivers, has
the head short, 4| in length; eye 3';' in head, as long as the blunt snout;
Mioutli 1o8H oblique than in aelene, nivyre so than in amarus', maxillary not
rt'achiug front of eye ; caudal spot jet-black. Teeth 2, 4-4, 1. Specimens
apparently referable to /(uc^MoniHs rather than to amarnH ncour in the Poto-
mac, and in streams even so far south as South Carolina, but the bounda-
ries of hudsoniua, amarua, and aaludanua are hard to fix.
Cl«iiin liiiihimia, DeWitt Clinton, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1, 40, 1824, Hudson River.
llwlMHiit\ihirUUiU», GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8cl. Pliilu., 1850, 210, Hudson River. (Type, Mo.
14. Ci.ll. B.»ircl.)
Ilijliijisis hudfoiiiun, CorE, Cypr. Penn., 386, 1866.
LeneiscKK liiiitumiim, GUnthkr, Cat., Vll, 250, 1868.
C/io(<i Jmilsonia, JORDAN & OiLUERT, SynoptiiB, 171, 1883.
^■. t|
Represented in Lake Superior by
/
488a^^NOTROPIS HUDSONIUS SELENE (Jordan).
With the head very short, i^ in body, the mouth quite oblique, the pre-
maxillary on level of lower part of pupil; snout J eye; maxillary reach-
ing front of eye. Caudal spot jet-black. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2 or 1. {aT/Tiijvri,
the moon . )
Iwihinehmi; .loRnAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 00, 1877, Lake Superior, Bayfield, Wiscon-
sin. (Coll. Milner.)
ilimam ffl.iie, Jordan i& Gilbert, Synopsis, 188, 1883.
f':
■^li t::f
270
Bulietin ^7, United States National Museum.
»
!
j i
Hoiithwunl it giv<*H plucu tu
48Nb. NOTKOPIM lll'IIMOMIIM AM AKIH (dirnril).
Very oIoho to vnr. AM«/«(»iiMi,chAruotori7.«Hl by tlio loii^or and 1whhoI)Iuii«
huatl, 4^ to \> ill i«ii);tli, tliu oyu .'ii in liuud, lotiKi'i' tliiiii Niioiit ; the ctii-
(lal spot fuint or waiitiiiKt hikI thu tooth l,4-t,U. Uulawnro und I'litnuiuc
rivnrH. ThiaiHtiotiiiilikuly adiHtiiiutHpuoicH, uh Abbott huNcoiituiidt'il. Imt
there iH hoiiio ovidenco of itH inttUKradatiou with hudaoniun. (nmnniH,
bitter, the type from briickiah water.)
lliiilnmiuA itmariit, OiHAHii, rrof. Ac. Nitt. 8ci. I'tilla., IH&O, 210, Chesapeake Bay ; Potomac
River at Washington, (('oil. <iirar<l.)
I///I...p«i« ;)fc<ioiM<(, r.iivr., I'rof. Ac-. Nut. S.I. Plillii., 18(H, 271t, Delaware River, Trenton,
Nev*^ Jersey. (Cull. (!i.|k>.)
ir/h<>;«ii d/orcridiim, (liiPK, ("ypr. IVmi., ;I8»1, 18(1(1.
LemiMim uliirfriiiiiuii, (jrNTIir.ll, Cat., VII, i'lH, 1M|}8, Hot llulUiif Bliirenunun, KlHTLANI).
Hybiipiiiii t'hiii'imii, Abiiott, Amor. Nat., 1H74, XVi.
Ctiola itoreriiim, Jordan & (iiLBRiiT, .synopHlH, 17U, I88:i.
This form given phice Htill further Houthwurd to
UHe. NOTKOIMH iH'IIHOMIl'S NALI'DAXI'S (Jordun .t Itraytuii).
Head ii ; depth 4i ; eye 1ar);o, 3^, (3 to 4). D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-39-3;
teeth 1, 4—1, 0, two or three of the teeth obtuse, not hooked, only one or
two of tlium showing a grinding surfuce. Body elongate, but less mo tliuu
in var. hudHouiuH; moderately compressed. Caudal peduncle long. I load
large, rather heavy and gibbous forward, the muzzle rounded in protlle.
Mouth moderate, Hubinferior, the maxillary not reaching eye. SoaloN large,
thin and loose, about 12 in front of doraal. Lateral line sonunvlmt
decurved in front. ¥iu-\ rather small; pectorals not reaching vent rals,
the l<itter not to vent. Coloration pale olivaceous, nearly white, with
traces of a plumbeous lateral streak, this sometimes appearing as ii liluck
lateral band, (var. euryopa), and sometimes leading to a black caudal npot
ns in hu<l8oniu8. Length 4 inches. Coastwise streams from the .Jaintvs tu
the Ocmulgee. Close to subspecies umarus with which it may intor^rade.
Head notably lor;;er, 4J^ to 4^, the snout especially longer, as long au eye,
projecting beyond the inferior mouth.
Albumopt MliKlunun, Jordan & Drayton, Dull. V. S. Nat. 9Iiia., xii, 16, 1878 ; tributary of
Saluda River, Greenville, South Carolina. (Typo, No. 1)1128. Coll. Joriluii \ Itravtoii.)
Hudmrniui i-uryi>i)<i. Dean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mufs., 1870, 28.'i, McBean Creek, tributary of
Savannah River, Georgia. (Typo, No. 2:t'>13. Coll. A. Giuveg.)
Ctiola tiiluilaHU iod euryopa, Johdan & Giliiert, SynopRls, 17U, 171, 1883.
Subgenus CODOMA, Glrsrd.
429. NOTROPIS OBNATUS (Girard).
Head 3* to 4; depth 3; eye 3i to 4. D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-40-1, thoHe
before dorsal large, 17 ; teeth 4-4. Body stout and compressed, tlio back
arched, the head very blunt, thick and rounded, almost spherical in the
male. Mouth small, somewhat oblique, the cleft mostly anterior; the
jaws equal. Eye smallish. Scales deep, very closely imbricated, those ou
Bides much higher than long ; lateral line decurved. Dorsal a little Ijcbind
Ionian and F.vermanu. — Fishes of North America. 271
vfiiiialit. Finn nil rathnr niiihII. Hiioiit liiKhly prickly in HpriiiK inalM.
Colin (lurk ; iil(l<*i> with ttboiit H to 10 iiiurn ur Ichh (MiiiHpiciioiiH croHHlmrn;
Iii-ikI iiiimtly hinck iu iiialea ; Ikna all with \\\« iiiitlillu pint diiitky or hliiok,
the ti|i'4 inilk-whitu, tho vcntrulH ami tho aiiul tiotuhly ho; foiiialvH puler,
thf hitoritl hni'M iiurrowur iitul Hhortor, thu tWin with Iohh hluok. LtMi^th 2}
iiii'lifs. Chiliiiiihiitt Kivor, our Hpociiiiou* takoa in the uriijiuttl locality
i(y A. .1. Wooliiiftu. (or««<«*, adorned.)
CJ.mi riMK (iiiiAHii, I'roc. Ac. Nat. H<'i. IMilU., IHAn, 10A, Chihuahua River; •nil (T.H,
M<\. DoiiikI. Hiirv., Irlith., M |>l. UO, \\)f,*. ^2-'JA, IHrii); tlili ii|M>clt'i nml Aiifropw u^frii* both
«, II ilBiirt'il liy (Jlrard. (Typo No. IM. roll. .1, I'olfH.)
CIWl "Hiirfd, JoBDAN * (JltBltliT, SyiiopfU, 173, 1H83.
Subgenus MONIANA, OInrd.
480. NOTKOPIM I'ORMOHI'H (Olri»nl).
H.iitl \\\ ; depth 3 J ; eye 3*. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; HcaloH 7-4:^-4, 23 before dorsal ;
teotli t-t. Mody elliptic, oomproHsed, the form ahont aH in X lutrninig.
Moiitli iiioderntfl, oblique, tho maxillary 3^ in head. Doraal fin rather
hi^'li. HideH with a dusky streak, a brown Hpot at base of caudal. Length
2i inciu'H. Uio Mimbres, Chihuahua. Well distirguished from N. htiren-
m aixl related forms by the small size of the scales. (formoauB, comely.)
Mmtmwt f:<rmi'M, QinKMt, Proc. Ac. Nat . ^1. Phlla., 1K50, 201, Rio Mimbrea, Chihuahua.
(luiUilxniu.M, JoKliAN k OlLIIRBT, SyiiopulB, 174, 18«;i.
>'ofri'i)i«/"rmoi««, Jordan, Proc. t'.S. Nat. Mui., 1886, 128.
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481. NOTROPIM FBIOIDCN (Qlrard).
Head 4i ; depth 3^ to 4; eye moderate, 4 in head. D. il ; A. 9. ; lateral
Hue 37. Body moderately elongate, compressed, with long caudal pedun-
cle. Head moderate, tho snout suboouioal, somewhat pointed. Mouth
rather lar^o, oblique, the maxillary scarcely extending to orbit. Lateral
line (h'enrvod. Length 3i inches. Rio Frio, Texas; difi'ering from N.
htrenm in tho smaller scales, (frigidua, cold ; in Spanish, frio.)
Momma frigida, OiUAlD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 185tl, 2(X), Rio Frio, Texas. (Typo, No.
m. Coll. Clark.)
diota leonind, Jobdan & Gilbert, Synopsii, 174, 1883, iiut of Girard.
488. NUTR0PI8 LVTREN8IH (Dainl & Girard).
HeadSjt; depth 3 (adult) to 4; eye small, 4. D. 7 or 8; A. 8; scales 6-35-2;
teeth 4-4. Body oblong, elevated, strongly compressed, the back arched;
caudal peduncle rather slender. Head stout and deep, its upper outline
depressed, the nape elevated, forming an angle, so that the profile is
Humewhat concave. Young more slender, tho form variously elongate or
elliptical. Mouth rather large, quite oblique, the lower jaw included.
Lateral Hue strongly decurved. Thirteen scales in front of dorsal. Males
profusely tnborcnlate in spring. Colors in life brilliant, steel-blue; tho
lower parts silvery; the belly orange-rod in the males; a conspicuous
violet-colored crescent behind tho shoulders, followed by a crimson ores-
cent; fins reddish, the anal and caudal blood-red. Female plain greenish,
the fins uuHpotted. Length 2| inches. Soathera Illinois to South Dakota,
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
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Kansaa, and the Rio Grande; very abundant in clear brooks soutliwest-
ward; a very brilliant and very variable little tish. ({((<r<(, the otter
the species was first known from Otter Creek, Arkansas.)
LeiiiHactuliUrentiH, Bairi) & Girard, Pruc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila., 185,'i, ;!!)1, Otter Creek, tributary
of North Fork Red River, Arkansas. (Tyiio, Nu. '04. Coll. C'apt. Ucu. IS. McCltllaii.)
Qipi inella KiuiviH, GiRAKi), Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Philn,, 185G, lUT, San Antonio, Texas.
nfociViim Iteliihilin, Hurrah Creek, tributary of Rio Pecos; amchi, China, New Leon'
rtililn, Cadareita, New Leon ; ond yracilit, Monterey, New Leon, Giraiu), I'roc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 199-201. (Type, No. IIC. Coll. Couch.)
Moniana leoniint, Leon River near San Antonio ; and mmphinata, Brownsville, Texas,
Girard : /. c, 199, are probably tho HUine, tbuugh figured with Nmullur scuIoh.
Moniana put fhe!' 1, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nut, Sci. Phila., 1856, 200, Sugar Loaf Creek, tributary
of Poteau River. (Coll. Sliillhauscn.)
Moniana gibbona, Gihard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 201, Brownsville, Texas. (Tjiic,
No. 31159. Coll. Van. Vllet.)
Oyprinella hilUtiijHimia, Coi>E, IIayden'8 Geol. Surv. Terr. Wyom. forl870, (1871), 439, St. Joseph,
Missouri. (Coll. Dr. Wm. Stimpsou.)
Moniana jugalin, Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Wyom. for 1870, (1871), 439, St. Joseph, Mis-
souri.
Hyitilepi» iris, Coi'E, Zoiil. Whnelor Surv., v, C53, 1875, (187C), Rio Grande, San Ildefonso, New
Mexico. (Typo, No. 16970. Coll. Yunow.)-
OyprintUa forbeni, Jordan, Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. HiBt., ii, 57, 1878, clear streams of
southern Illinois. (Type, No. 29867. Coll. Forlieg.)
(Hiola nwnliifgiii, Coi'E, Proc. Amor. PhiloB. Soc, 1884, 168, Monterey, New Leon.
/ft'MCMCHs lulmmH, GpNTHER, Cat., vil, 258, 1868.
Cyprinellacomplanata, Jordan, Bull. Hayden's Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, 3, 005, 1878.
Cliola iVw, Jordan & Gilbert, SynopBis, 172, 1883.
Cliola jngalis, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 172, 1883.
Cliola gibbosa, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 174, 1883.
Cliola Iutren8i», Jordan <Sc Gilbert, Synopsis, 175, 1883.
Cliola mavis, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 170, 1883.
Giola billingsiana, Jordan J: Gilbert, Synopsis, 177, 1883.
Cliola forbesi, Jordan & Giljert, Synopsis, 174, 1883.
488. NOTROPIS PltOSERPINA (Girard).
Head 35; depth 4; eye 4; snont 3i. D. 7; A. 7; scales 6-35-3, 14 before
dorsal. Body rather robust; mcuth subinferior, nearly hori/.uutal.
Brownish above, paler below, but no silvery lateral band; a metallic
band of dark points from upper edge of preopercle to upper edge of caudal.
Length 2 inches. Rio Grande region. {Proserpina, Proserpine, the allu-
sion not evident.)
Moniana proserpina, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 200, '_ evil River, Texas. (Type,
No. 117. Coll. Clark.)
Monitma aurata, Girard, I. c, 200, Piedrapainte, New Mexico. (Type, No. 118. Coll. C'lurk).
f Moniana trislis, Girard, {. c, 1856, 201, locality unknown. (Coll. Beckwith.)
Cliola deliciosa, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 175, 1883.
Cliola aurata, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 175, 1883.
Notropis proserpina, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 125.
434. NOTROPIS CALLISEMA (Jordan).
Head 4; depth 4f ; eye 4i, D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-39-3; teeth 4-4. Mody
rather elongate, fusiform, compressed. Head elongate, the muzzle rather
blunt, projecting over the moderate, oblique mouth; maj nary not reacli-
ing to opposite eye. Eye moderate. Scales firm, closely imbricated, 15
for Jan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 273
in front of dorsal. Dorsal fin extremely high; its height in the males one-
fourtli I«>iigt)\ of body, in females somewhat lower; its insertion almost
directly over first ray of ventrals. In the other similarly colored species
of Xolnijiis the dorsal is evidently behind the ventrals. Coloration bril-
liaut, clear dark blue above, sides and below abruptly silvery; a blue
lateral Htreak, much as in K. caruleua, bounding the blue of the upper
partH, the white pigment of the lower parts looking as if painted over the
blue. Dursal with a large black spot on its last rays above. Dorsal,
aual, and caudal with the usual satin-white pigment at their tips; these
iiuH otherwise of a clear, ferruginous orange. Females slender and dull-
colored. Length 21 inches. Ocmulgee River, Georgia. An elegant fish.
(Ka/M(, beautiful; af/fia, sail, from the dorsal fin.)
F.jmciiHi r.ilhsi'uiii, Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. T., 1876, 363, South Fork of Ocmulgee
River, Flat Shoals, Georgia. (Typo, No. 17864. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)
Cidoiiiii i:(lli. -i«, Jordan, Hull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii. 52, 1878.
CUohi iMllisemi; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 173, 1883.
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Subgenus CYPRINELLA, Girard.
485. NUTR0PI8 BUBALINCS (Baird & Girard).
Head 4!i; depth 3; eye 4 in head. D. 8; A. 9; scales 32 to 35. Body
short, tlio back arched; head short and deep, blunt in profile; mouth
moderate, oblique, the jaws subequal; lateral linedecurved. Coloration
plain in Npirits, the males probably with bright pigment. Length 3^
inches. Streams of Arkansas and westward; not common. (Diminutive
of buhahuH, buffalo.)
;.cii(.'iw.'i Mialimis, Baird & GiRABD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 391, Otter Creek,
Arkansas. (Coll. Capt. Geo. B. McClellan.)
Cyprimlhi inchi'iOii, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1^56, 107, Arkansas River, near Fort
Makee. (Coll. Beckwith.)
Ciijiriuelli (jtmmoni, GiRARD, I. c, 197 ; said to be fro.n Cottonwood Creek, Utah, which must
lie an error, BS no AWrojjis is found in Utah. (Type, No. 139. Coll, Kreuzfeld.)
CiiprimVti iimbrnsa, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 197, and Pac. R. K. Surr., x, 266, 1858
Coal CrecK, tributary of South Fork Canadian River. (Type, No. 133. Coll. MiiU-
haiisen.
Cijiiriiiella lepUla, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 197, Rio Frio, Texas ; may b«
Uiirnisix ; and Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 268,1858. (Coll. Xennerly.)
CiiliiiniWi hiihuUna, GiRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 265, 1358.
('/.••)/(i lejiiilii, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 176, 1883.
Cliolu imihrosa, 6tibalttia, and gunni$oni, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 176, 1883.
486. NOTBOPIS LUDIBUNDU8 (Girard).
Head 4 ; depth 4f ; eye large, 3 in beau ; snont 4. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales
4-31-3, 13 before dorsal. Body elongate, subfusiform. Mouth oblique,
small, the maxUlary extending to eye. Doxsal fin high. Silvery ; lateral
lino with black dots. Length 2 inches; locality unknown, probably
Indiau Territory, (ludibundus, playful.)
Cyprimllu ladilmnda. Girard, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 199, locality unknown. (Coll.
B(!(k\vitli.)
Ciiola liidihinda, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 177, 1883.
F. N. A.-
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
487. NOTBOPI8 MACROKTOMVS (Girunl).
Head/ ; depth 4i. D. 8; A. 9; lateral lino 36; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. liody
slender, the form approaching that of N, atherinoides. Head moderate.
Mouth rather larger than in related species, oblique, the maxillary reach-
ing front of eye. Eye largo. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Dorsal
behind ventrals. Brownish above ; cheeks and Glides bright silvery. Kio
Grande region, northward to Kansas, if umbrij'er is the esanie siteuies.
(/uaKpoj-, wide; aro/iu, mouth.)
Ouprinella macroflovia, GinAKD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Piiila,, 18ri(i, 198, Devil River, Texas.
(Typo, No. 129. Coll. Clark.)
TCyprineUahtxoidei>, Giiurd, /. <-., 198, San I •?dro Creek, Texas. (Coll. Kennerl.v.)
fCyprinrUahiijubriii, Oiuaui), I.e., 199, locality unknown. (Coll. Ituckwitli.)
fKolropit timbri/eTy Hay, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,1887, 24.'>, Solomon River at Beloit, and Saline
River near Wa Keeney, Kansas. (Coll. Hay.)
488. NOTBOPIS TEXANUS(Glraril).
Head 4; depth 4^; eye 3 in head. D. 8: A. 8; scales .5-35-4, 15 before
dorsal. Body rather slender; snout bluntibh ; mouth nearly horiicoutal,
the lower jaw slightly projecting. Lateral line nearly straight. Fins
moderate. Eye slightly longer than snout, equal to maxillary. Silvery,
dark points along lateral lino; a small jet-black caudal spot slightly
larger than pupil ; a row of dark points along base of anal. Leu<rth 2
inches. Rivers of Texas from the Trinity to the Salado.
Cyprinetta lerana, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., IWO, 198, Rio Salado and Turkey
Creek, Texas. (Type, No. 182 (2710). Coll. Clark); Meek, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885,
124.
fiotfopvt texa»m, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., 188G, 17.
489. KOTBOPIS NOTATIIS (Girard).
Head 4; depth 3f ; eye 3^. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-35-3. Body stontish;
the caudal peduncle slender. Eye moderate; snout bluntish. Mouth
small, oblique, the maxillary not reaching to the eye. Ventrals in advance
of dorsal. Fins moderate. Coloration plain in spirits, except the l>]ack
caudal spot; sides silvery. Streams of Texas, from Austin westward.
Allied to N. veniintHH, but the scales larger, and the caudal spot faiut and
veiled by the scales, {notatus, spotted.)
Oyprinella uatala, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18.^(), 198, Rio Seco. Texas; aiul Pac.
E.B.Surv.,x, 269, 1858. (TyjH', No. 136. Coll. Kennerly.)
(HManolata, JjRUAN & Gilbert, Synopsis, 177, 1883.
440. K0TB0PI8 VENUSTtJS (Girard).
Head 4 ; depth 3i ; eye large, 31 ; snout 4. D. 7 ; A. 8 ; scales '>-'.M-S,
15 before dorsal ; teeth 4-4. Body rather slender. Head long and rather
pointed. Mouth oblique, the maxillary reaching front of eye; jaws sub-
equal. Fins moderate ; the dorsal behind ventrals. Coloration brownish
above; sides silvery ; a round black spot as large as eye at base of ciuulal.
Rio Sabinal, Texas. Allied to N. cercoatigvia, but with larger scales; com-
pared with N. notatua, the eye is smaller, the mouth more obli(iue, the
snout more pointed and the caudal spot more distinct in X, iriiu8tin<
{venustus, beautiful, like Venus.)
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 275
Cyjirmi/M r.uwUi, GlRAni>, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8<i. Philn., 1850, litS, RioSabinal, Texas, (Coll.
K.-iiiiirlVr; unil Mox. IJoiiiiil. Surv., Iclitli., tA, 1859.
f(i'j/ii rH,M«/'i, JoKUAN A (ilLBEBT, Syuopsig, 178, 188.'!.
441. NOTROPIS <'KRC08TIU.'HA (Copo),
Precinely like Xotropis stigmaiiirun excei)t that tlio scales are larger, 37
to 3i) in the lateral line, and the fins in adult males more deeply colored,
oiauf;*' yellow, with milky tips in life. Teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Caudal spot
nearly circular. Sandy streams tributary to the Gulf of Mexico, from
Pearl Kiver and lied River to Eio Nueces; abundant, especially so
iu Kio Colorado of Texas. {xtpKog, tail; any/^a, spot.)
Cijprinfll'i lereonliyma, CoPE, Proc. Ar. Nat. S<.-i. Phila., 1867, l.')7, Pearl River, Monticello,
Mississippi.
iii/i7ris ihi(i:iis<ireii!'iii, IIay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. MiiB., 1880, 50fi, Chickasawha River, Mississippi.
(Tvi«', N.), 2741'J. Coll. Hay.)
Clink iii"«/;./m.(, JoHUAN it Meek, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 47f>, San Saba River, Fort Mc-
Kavit, a tributary of Rio Colorado; Clear Creek, Texas. (Tyi/c, Non. 2044G and
ITxl'J. Coll. Anilerson, Kumleiii, & Earll.)
Mmmlici nTccxiiijma, Jordan & Gii.nERT, Synopsis, 173, 1883.
A'()/rii}ji« i-r iiiiWiiK, JiiiiDAN & GiLDERT, Froc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 19; but tlio tnio mimlnii seems
to liaYo Htill lart;er ficalcs.
442. XOTKOPIS STIOMATUKI'S (lordan).
(Spotted-tail Minnow.)
Head 4i; depth 4i; eye small, 4J in bead. D. 8; A. 8; scales 7-42 to
44-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body elongate, fusiform, compressed. Head (]uite
long, rounded above, the snout pointed. Mouth rather hirge, somewhat
oblique, overlapped by the narrow upper jaw. Iris white. Maxillary
reaching beyond nostrils ; premaxillary on level of lower edge of pupil.
Scales closely imbricated, 20 in front of dorsal. Fins low, the dorsal
rather behind ventrals, its height less than one-fifth body. Color pale,
clear olive; black dorsal spot not veiy distinct; fins with their tips
charged with satin-white pigment, otherwise plain ; a very distinct,
large, oblong jet-black spot at base of caudal, the color extending up on
the rays ; this spot is visible on all specimens, and is larger than in any
other of our Cyprinidar, its length about one-third that of the head.
First ray of dorsal dark in front; males with an obsolete black spot on
the middle of the sides in front of the dorsal ; the head, etc., tuberculate
in spring. Length 4^ inches. Alabama Basin; very abundant. Very
close to X. cercoatigma, from which it diifers chiefly iu the smaller scales,
and of which it may be an eastern variety, {ffnyfza, spot ; oi'/w, tail.)
t'hdidijtiih aihiiKitiunw, Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1870, 3.37, Etowah River, etc.,
Rome, Georgia. (Type, No. 17891. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert. )
Codnm,ifti,jiu,iliini, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, ,'>2, 1878.
CiiprimUti niliiimi, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., .\, (il, 1877, Black Warrior River, Alabama.
(Type, Nu. (;.SOf.. Coll. Prof. Alex. Winoli.'U.)
Cfiofa eu/fiiirii and stujmalura, Jordan & Giluert, Synopsis, 178 and 182, 1883.
448. NOTBOPIS TRICHROISTllS (Jordan A Gilbert).
Head4i; depth 4i; eye moderate, 3t in head; scales 6-42-3; teeth 1,
■1-1, 1. l?ody rather slender, compressed. Head slender and pointed.
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Month qnite large, very oblique, the maxillary reaching anterior margin
of eye, the premaxillaries on level of middle of pupil. Lateral liiic con-
siderably decurved, usually with an abrupt angulation between pectorals
and ventrals ; 19 scales before dorsal. Fins moderate ; dorsal well heliiud
veutrals. Nuptial tubercles sparse on the head; caudal peduncle and
sides, as far forward as the ventrals, tnberculate in spring males. Malus
bright steel-blue above ; sides bright white ; a large black spot at baiiouf
caudal, precisely as in N, callistiua; dorsal fin with a broad, dusky, hori-
zodtal band at base, the membrane of the last rays jet-black, the tip
milk-white, the rest of the fin of a bright, pale vermilion-red; caudal
rosy, its tips white ; anal and ventrals milky. Females duller, but the
black markings distinct. Length 3^ inches. Alabama Basin ; abundant
in clear streams, with the preceding and the next, (rpuf;, three; xfkt
color; Iffn'ov, sail.)
Codoma MchroUttin, Jordan <k Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1878, 50, Etowah River,
etc., Rome, Georgia. (Typo, No. .31131. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)
Oliola trichroislia, Jordan A Oiluert, SynopsiB, 181, 1883.
444. NOTROPIS CALLISTIUS (Jordan).
Head 4^; depth 4?; eye large, 3?. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-40-3; tcothl,
4-4, 1. Body rather stout and compressed, rather heavy forward, tlie
dorsal outline considerably elevated. Head stout and rather blunt, its
upper part flattish ; the nuptial tubercles not numerous, arranged in a
few distinct, longitudinal rows, not scattered without order, as iu related
species. Mouth large, nearly horizontal, slightly overlapped by the heavy
snout, the maxillary reaching nearly to eye, the premaxillaries anteriorly
entirely below level of orbit. Sc lies large, not very closely imbricated,
16 in front of dorsal. Fins rather large, the height of the dorsal in males
nearly one-flfth length of body. Coloration dark and brilliant; males
with the back very dark steel-blue; sides a clear silvery violet; belly
and lower fins satin-white; a heavy black blotch on posterior part of
dorsal, extending downward and forming a horizontal bar at base of tin;
rest of the fin vermilion, except the milk-white tip ; caudal fin bri{,'ht red,
yellowish at base, milky at tip ; a broad, golden vertebral baud and a
reddish lateral streak ; a large, distinct, round black spot at base of cau-
dal. Females olivaceous, with less black ; the fins dull reddish. Length
4 inches. Alabama Basin, (/cd^^oc, beauty ; 1(ttiov, sail, 1. o. dorsal lln.)
Photogcnis caUistius, Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1870, 3:t7, Etowah River, etc., Rome,
Georgia. (Type, No. 17882. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)
Codoma callistia, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 62, 1878.
ClMa calliilia, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 181, 1883.
445. NOTBOPIS £URTST0HII8 (.Jordan).
Head 4i ; depth 4J ; eye moderate, 3J in head. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; sealer 6-39-3;
teeth 1, 4-4, 1, with narrow grinding surfaces, the edges of which are
usually crenate. Body elongate, compressed, tapering toward the snout
and the long caudal peduncle. Head moderate, larger than iu X. niveus,
rather pointed, wide on top ; snout rather long. Muzzle large, quite
oblique, the premaxillaries on the level of the pupil ; upper jaw slightly
3 i^.^ -i^'i^^ifr
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 277
the longer. Scales moderate, rather closely imbricated, but less so than
in .V. whiiJpUt. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the latter about to vent;
vertical fius not capecially elevated. Color olivaceous, the sides bright
Hiivciy, a round black spot, nearly as large as eye, at base of caudal;
dorsal blotch rather faint; dorsal fin chiefly yellowish green, ferruginous
abdVf. tho extreme tip milky white; caudal fin rusty, with milk-white
tipH-. lower fins milk-white. Snout and front in males tuberculate; oiinute
tuboi I'los on sides of tail. Length i inches. Chattahoochee River, {evpiigf
Tride; (rro/io, mouth.)
Phni,..i>iii.t nmiflomno, JooDAN, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1870, 360, Nancy's Creek, tribu-
tary of Chattahoochee River, near Atlanta; exclusive of the Bmatlor BpeclmeiiB men-
tiiiiii'il, which aro Kolropin zohuUm; (not Oodoma airy»loma, Joiidan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.
p)i(ii(«jii.li> leiicdjiiiii, Jordan a Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 41, 1878, Chattahoochee
River, Gainesville, Georgia. (Type, No. 31124. Coll. Jordan & Drayton.)
Cliuht iwyiioma, Jobdan & Uilbeht, Synopsis, 180, 1883.
446. NOTROPIS C.ERVLEU8 (Jordan).
Head ih; depth 4?; eye moderate, 3i in head. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 6-38-3;
teeth 1 1-4, 1. Body fusiform, somewhat elongate, moderately compressed.
Head .noderato. Snout rather pointed, overlapping the small, oblique
mouth, ninxillaries reaching nostrils, premaxillaries below level of pupil.
Scales (inn, 15 in front of dorsal. Lateral line decnrved. Fins all high,
the height of dorsal nearly one-fifth length of fish ; dorsal behind ventrals.
Males with the snout thickly tuberculate. Color bright steel-blue ; sides
and belly silvery white ; a very distinct lateral band of a bright blue-green
color, most distinct posteriorly, and forming a spot at the base of caudal ;
black dorsal blotch rather faint and diffuse ; tips of dorsal, anal, and
caudal charged with satin-white pigment ; the fins otherwise all of a
clear, brijfjit yellow. Females and young with the markings obscure, the
blue lateral band usually evident. Length 3 inches. Alabama Basin;
conimoh ; a very elegant little fish. (cceruleuSf blue.)
rhohtiem^ cTiii/eiis, Jordan, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1876, 338, Etowah River, Rome,
Georgia. (Typo, No. 17883. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)
CudimacnrHlea, .Iordan, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., xil, 52, 1878.
Cliiihi aniilea, JoiiDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 182, 1883.
447. NOTROPIS NIVECS (Cope).
Head ! i ; depth 5 J ; eye SJ in head. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 6-39-3 ; teeth
1, 1-1, 1, with narrow grinding surface. Body regularly fusiform, the
dornal outline more arched than the ventral. Head conic. Muzzle obtuse,
not projecting. Mouth nearly terminal, slightly oblique, maxillary reach-
inj; front of eye. Coloration very pale, a nai'-ow bluish band aloug
caudal peduncle, forming a faint spot at root of caudal. Dorsal fiu in
males considerably elevated, largely dusky on its last rays, the rest of the
fiu creamy ; tip of dorsal, tips of caudal, and whole of anal with milk-
white pigment. Males with the snout and antedorsal region covered with
small tubercles. Length 2i inches. Southern Virginia to South Caro-
lina ; common ; an extremely variable species, which may prove to be
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inseparabin ns a Hpecien from JV. whipjtlii, from which it difierH in the
slenderer head aud in the blue caudal streak, (niveiiii, snowy.)
llyhojtHin iiiceim, Coi-E, I'roc. Anier. I'liil. 8oc. I'hila., 1870, 4fi(l, Catawba River, North
Carolina.
Pholni/eitiii tiiveiiH, Jordan A nnATTON, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 20, 1878.
Cliola uireti, Jordan A Uiliikrt, Synopgis, 180, ISS.t.
Represented in the Santee Basin by
447a. NOTKOPIM MVEI'S CliliOKISTIIIH (Jordan & Brayton).
Head 4; depth 4 ; eye small, less than snout, 4 in head. D. 7; A. 8;
scales .'i-SCi-S ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body short and deep, strongly coininesHed,
the form elliptical, as in N. pyrrhomeJuH, but rather deeper. Heiul ratiier
small and pointed. Month (piite oblique, the maxillary not reacliiiifr Hue
of orbit, the ni»per .jaw projecting beyond lower ; preniaxillary on level of
pupil. Lateral line decurved. Fins moderate. Nuptial tubercles cover-
ing the whole body, except space anterior to ventrals and below lateral
line ; those on the body much smaller than those on the head. Coloration
dark steel-blue ; a very distinct blue stripe along each side of caudal
peduncle; back clear green; lower part of sides abruptly milk-white;
black dorsal blotch large, the lower part of the fin with bright palts-green
pigment, the tip milky ; caudal dusky, its tips milky, its base pale; anal
and ventrals milky, a faint dusky spot on last rays of anal ; iris white,
Females slenderer aud less brightly colored ; no caudal spot. Leii<;th3
inches. Santee River and tributaries ; common. This form occurs in the
Catawba with the typical wiccMs, into which it seems to intergrado ; both
forms are very close to N. whipplii, but should probably be considered dis-
tinct species. (,\;>^wp6c, green; ianof, sail.)
Codoma chloriitia, .Toiidan & Brayton, Bull. U.S. Kat. Mus., xii, 21, 1878, tributary oT Saluda
River, Greenville, South Carolina. (Type, No. not given. Coll. Jordan & Itrayton.)
Cliola chlorislia, Jordan & CJilbeut, Synopsis, 183, 1883.
448yNOTROPIS WHIPPLII (Girard).
(SiLVEB-FIN.)
Head 4i ; depth 4 in adult males ; females and young more slender, 41 to
5; eye small, 4i in head. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 5-38 to 40-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1,
the edges more or less distinctly serrate. Body moderately elongate,
somewhat compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines regularly aud gently
arched. Head rather short and deep. Mouth rather small, quite oblique,
the lower jaw received Avithin the upper when the mouth is closed.
Leaden silvery, bluish in the males; edges of scales dusky; a dark verte-
bral line ; a large black spot on the upper posterior part of the dorsal.
Paired fins and lower part of belly, as well as the tips of the anal and cau-
dal, and the front and upper parts of dorsal, charged with clear, satiu-
white pigment in males in spring ; in full breeding dress the dorsal pig-
ment with a greenish luster ; no creamy band at base of caudal; males
with the head and front covered with small tubercles. Length 4 inches.
Central New York, Cayuga Lake, to Minnesota, northern Alabama and
Arkansas, in clear streams ; very abundant in the Ohio Valley. (Named
for Captain A. W. Whipple, who collected the types.)
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North America. 279
(',il„u:.n<i irhipjiHi, CiiBARi), Proc. Ac. Nat. 8<i. I'liila., IS.'iiJ, lUS, Sugar Loaf Creek, tributary
I'l'teau River, Arkantaa. (Type, No. 137. Coll. MiillluiUHeii.j
/•;<./.;» npUiijilenm, (Joi-K, Cypr. Ponn., 378, 1806, St. Joseph River, Southwestern
Michigan.
Li(/i(M< kiiiliickieniii', KiRTtANii, Host. Journ. Nat. Hist., v, 27, pi. viii, flg. 3, 1847, (not of lUft-
nc-i|iio).
;/„;i../.,.i« ;cii/M<tiV»Mi/i, CoPB, Cypr. Pcnn., 371, 1806.
/..iii-i-Ms spiliypterun, «('NTlir.n. Cat., Vll, 264, 1868.
(7i«/ii iihippU'i and amiliMitattii, Jordan & Gii.bkrt, Syno|wia, 178 and 170, 1883.
449. NOTKOPIH ANALOHTANr» (C.irard).
The eafltem representativfi of N. whipplH. Entirely similar to whipplii
except that the body is less elongate, the adult male 3^ in length instead of
4, ami thoHcaIeHlarger,34or35in tbelateral line instead of 38 to40. Prob-
ably tu be regarded as a difterent species, but possibly intergrading with
wliipplU on the westward and perhaps with nireua southward. Streams
about Delaware and Chesapeake bays; abundant in the Potomac and
JameH ; ivecorded from the Susquehanna and Delaware. (From Aualoatan
Island, iu the Potomac.)
Ciiiiriiiillit analontana, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 59, Rock Creek, Analostan
Island, Potomac River; Jordan & UiLnEUT, Synopsie, 179, 1883, (in part).
L ■'ii'iiit'iiii malontanM, GVmtiier, Cat., vil, 266, 1868.
460. NOTROPIS OALACITRUS (Cope).
Head ik; depth 4i. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-41-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, usually
with entire edges. Body fusiform, moderately elongate, not greatly
coniprt'Hsod. Mouth rather large, jaws nearly horizontal, the upper pro-
jecting. Larger than JV. whippliif more elongate and less compressed, the
Bcales loss closely imbricated, the lateral line less decurved. Eye small.
Steel-blue above, silvery below ; dcrsal with a black blotch on its pos-
terior rays ; caudal flu conspicuously creamy yellow at base, then dusky;
males with the belly, paired fins, and especially tips of vertical fins
charged with milk-white pigment in spring, the h^ad and front then
covered with small tubercles ; in high coloration the anal and caudal are
Bometimea pale reddish ; females olivaceous, obscurely marked. Length
5 to 6 inches. Ozark region to Cumberland, Tennesseo, and Savannah
rivers ; abundant in the mountain streams. Known by its large size and
the peculiar yellowish band across th<> uuidal. {ydXa, milk; oiipd, tail.)
Ihjfilepiii galiwtiirui, Coi'E, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. l^iia., 1867, 160, Holston River, Virginia.
(Tyrn-, No. 14981. Coll. Cope.)
Leufitcus hHtiwkiensh, GrNTHER, Cat., vii, 251, 1868, not of Rafluesque.
t'liola gidaciura, Jordan & Gilbert, SynopBis, 179, 1883.
451. NOTROPIS CAMURUS (Jordan & Meek).
Head i\; depth 'Si. D. 8; A. 9; scales 6-38-4. More robust than N.
galactm-iis, the back elevated ; anterior profile steep, the snout bluntly
decurved ; mouth small, oblique ; teeth crenate. Bluish silvery ; dorsal
fin in adult with a large dark blotch as in JV. whipplii ; males with silvery
pigment. Length 4 inches. Arkansas River and tributaries, not rare in
Kansas and southwestern Missouri, (camurua, blunt-faced.)
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OlMa (Nomura, Jobuah St BIkkk, Proc. V. S. Nat. Hui., 1884, 474, Arkanaas River, Port
Lyon, Colorado. (Type, No. 122&6. Coll. Dr. E. Palmer.)
4fi8. NUTROPIH XiKNURUS (Jordan.)
Head 4; depth 3| ; eye large, 3} in head. D. 8; A. 10; scales 0-39-3;
teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body moderately elongate, subfusiform, heavy forward.
Head heavy, somewhat elongate, rounded above. Month large, oliIi(|iie,
the lower jaw included ; maxillary reaching almost to orbit ; proniuxil-
lary on level of upper part of pupil. Fins all rather low, the hoi^Mit of
the dorsal fin, even in males, only two-thirds length of head ; caudul tin
large. Color dark steel-blue ; silvery below ; a faint black spot at base
of caudal; scales above dark-edged; males with the fins mostly Itright
crimson ; the dorsal largely black at its upper posterior part ; dorsal,
anal, and caudal fins with white pigment; belly and bases of lower tins
likewise pigmented; head and caudal peduncle tuberculate in Hpring.
Length 3 inches. Altamaha Basin, Georgia; locally abundant, {iidvu,
to scratch ; ovpa^ tail.) '
Minnilntrinumt, Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877,79, Ocmulgee River, Flat Shoals,
Georgia. Type, No. 17862. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)
Oodoma XBennra, ordan, liiill. U. S. Nat. Mils., xil, 62, 1878.
ClMa xiKimra, Jobdan & Gilbirt, Synopsis, 184, 1883.
458. NOTROPIS HTPSELOPTKRUS (OUnthor).
Head 4i; depth 4; eye 3. D. 8; A. 11; scales 6-35-3; teeth 1,4-4, 1.
Body short, much compressed, the back elevated. Head short, flattened
above, the muzzle pointed. Mouth large, very oblique, the ja\\n juHt
equal. Eye large, about equal to snout and to interorbital npace.
Scales with the exposed surfaces very narrow. Lateral line much
decurved ; 16 large scales before dorsal. Dorsal fin inserted entirely
behind ventrals, greatly elevated, its longest ray a little longer tban
head ; anal fin also very high and very long, e.»^dnding almost to Itaso of
caudal ; these fins somewhat lower in female>- Color silvery ; the dorsal
blotch conspicuous; a distinct black cau^^!;' spot, smaller than eye and
deeper than long ; sides with a silvery band which passes around the
nose, below this a dusky band. Breeding colors unknown. Len<rth 2^
inches. Southern Georgia and Alabama. (I'V'vAfH-, high ; Trrtpov, fin.)
Annirmm formomu, Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., l, 9, 1863, Mobile, (not M<miami fnmoia,
Qlrard).
£«ueMCH« hypseloptems, GI'nther, Cat,, vii, 255, 1868, Mobile; substitute for /omio»"«, jireocn-
pied. (Coll. Tbos. Moore.)
Photogenit grandipinnit, Jordan, Bull. V. S. Nat. Mus., x, 62, 1877, Flint River, Georgia.
(Type, No. 9296. Coll. Hugh M. Neisler.)
Cliaia hyp»eloptera, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 184, 1883.
4S4. NOTROPIS PT3RH0MELA8 (Cope).
Head 4; depth 3f; eye large, 3. D. 8; A.IO; scales 6-35-3 ; teeth 1,4-4,1.
Body deep and compressed. Head stout, rather blunt. Mouth o1>iique,
the jaws about equal ; maxillary reaching front of orbit. Pectorals
barely reaching ventrals, the latter to anal ; dorsal fin greatly elevated,
its height in male as great as length of head ; caudal very broad and
long, its peduncle stout and compressed ; anal fin large and long. Color-
ation of males dark steel-blue above; the scales darker-edged; belly
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America, 281
abruptly milky white ; head palo reddish ; Hnout, tip of lower jaw, and
iris scarlet ; dornni dunky at buHu, the UHtial large black blotch above, red
in t'ldiit, and broadly milk- white at tip ; tips of caudal milk-white, next
to lliis a dusky crescent, a wide crescent of bright scarlet inside of the
black, extending into the two lobes of the fin; base of caudal palo;
anterior region and sides of caudal peduncle with rather large tubercles.
Feninlcs duller. Length 'A\ inches. Santee Basin ; very abundant, the
nKct ornate of our CyimnUlan, (Tip, fire ; fitXng, black.)
ph,.i';inui piirrliovtelot, CopB, Pror. Amor. Phil. 8«)c. Pliila., 1870, 40.3, Catawba River, North
Carolina, (Coll. Voi»'.)
Oul'iiiii iii/irliimelnn, Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mud., xii, 22, 1878.
Cliiild I'ljnhoiHclat, Jobdan * Oimiert, aynopsiB, 184, 188;J.
46r>. NUTKOPIN OARMAN*, Jordan.
Head 4*; depth 2J. D. 8; A. 11; scales 7-38-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body
(Icon, much compressed, the back arched. Head small ; snout shorter than
eyo; maxillary not reaching eye ; pectorals not reaching ventrals, the lat-
ter to anal ; caudal deeply forked ; scales much deeper than long. Brownish
al)uve, sides rosy or silvery ; cheeks silvery, a brownish band from nape
to iiectorals; lower fins salmon color ; caudal reddish. Length 3 inches.
TrilMitaries of Lago del Muerte, Coahnila. (Garman.) (Named for Sam-
uel Oarman, the accomplished ichthyologist of the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoiiiogy.)
Ciiyriiirlliinihripinna, Oarhan, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zoul., viii, 01, 1881, Lago del Muerte.
X,lr''i'i> ij'inmmi, JORDAN, Cat. Fish. N. Am., 813, 188.'>, (Bubntituto for riiMpinHa),
cliuln nihripiniia, JORDAN A GiLUERT, SynopoiB, 884, 1883. Tlie name rubripiimu bas been twice
I'lirliur uscdiu Notropis,
Subgenus LUXILUS, Raflncsqne.
4S«AoTROPIS CORSUTl S* (MitcbiU).
(SiiiNF.R ; Red-fin ; Dace.)
Head 4}; depth 3i, varying much with age; eye 4 to 5. D. 8; A. 9;
scales <)-ll-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with rather narrow grinding surface. Body
*Vif iiiliijit tlio Biieciflc namo cothiWh* for this species, iis the first preliminary notice by Dr.
Mitrhlll, ill which the species is named CiiprinuH comutus, is sutticieut fur itx idontiflcatiuu. This
«ii»iiul)lislii'd in .luly or August, 1817. in December, 1817, the same specieB was described by
ltaliiicsi|ui' 118 C'!/priiiiin meijaUipn, and in February, 1818, Dr. Mitchill gives a detailed account call-
in); it ' 'iiiiriiiiit coniiitm. The following is the preliminary notice of the Fishes of the Wallkill
Uivtr, .\iiitr. Monthly Mag., I, 1817, ii89, July :
TltAN8ACTI0N8 OP LeaRNF.D SOCIETIFS. — LYCEUM OF NATURAL HlSTORV.
Si((iii>f of July 7, 1817.— Dr. Benjamin Alierly presented several Rpecimcus of flsh, which he had
obtaiiu'il in Wallkill Creek, and which appeared to bo uudescribed species.
HilliiKj (i/.hilii lit, 1S17. — Dr. Slitchill made a detoiled report on the ichthyology of the Wall-
kill, I'rnni tliu specimens of fishes presented to the Society at the last meeting by Dr. B. Akerly
in k'lialf of the committee of exploration. They consisted of several sorts of
CrpRiNU8,0R Carp.
1. Tho Corporal, or C. corpora .», a splendid silvery flsh inhabiting that stream, the sturgeon [?]
of .Mlinny iiiui tho western wat rs. (New.)
2. TlirMiiilHsh, or 0. atror iliik, so called from his having a black ptripe from tail to head, and
cucompiisHiiig tho nose. (New.)
3. Tlio Ked-fln, or C. cornulm, having elegant scarlet fins and knobrj, or long protuberances over
the head. (New.) SiLURVS, OR Catfish.
1. Tlio common Silurc, or American S. caiiis ; a steady inhabitant of our fresh riversand ponds.
2. Tlio rro); Siluro, or S. <j!/riims ; having but a single dorsal fin, and a lanceolate tail resembling
that uf ft tadpole when full grown. (New.)
Labrus.
1. Tlic Siinfish, or L. anrihis, with the scarlet fins to the gill covers.
2. Tho liiowii Labre, or Labrua append ix. ;so called from the black appendages to the gill covers,
broader and lunger than the preceding species, and with various uther marks of difference. (New.)
Esox OR Pike.
1, Tho wliite-bellied Shilli-fish [Killi-fish], or Smix piseiailw, of his memoir on the fishes of New
Yurk. The description by himself and tho drawings by Dr. B. Akerly, are all completed.
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elongate in the young, in tlin adult Hliort, cunipreHaed, with the anterior
doFHal region much awolleu and gibbous. Head ratlior heavy, conipioHHed
rounded between the eyes, the snout bluntiHh. Mouth moderate, iioarly
horizontal, the jaws nearly e(|nal, the lower somewhat included. Rye
moderate; maxillary scarcely reaching front of eye, the premaxillarieH
below the level of eye. Scales always deeper than long on the sides, In-com-
ing extremely deep in the adult. Lateral line decurvod. Dorsal modrrato,
inserted directly over ventrals in young, thrown somewhat baokwiinl in
adult by the growth of the nuchal region. Pectorals barely or not rcsach-
ing ventrals, the latter about to vent. Region in front of dorsal ty])ically
with about 23 scales, the number ranging from 15 to 40. Coloration dark
steel-blue above ; the scales with dusky edges, the bases also duHky; a
gilt line along the back and one along each side, these distinct only when
the fish is in the water; belly and lower part of the sides silvery, bright
rosy in spring males; dorsal fln somewhat dusky; other fins plain; the
lower ilns all rosy in spring males ; head dark above ; a dark shade liohind
scapula; lower Jaw and region in front of dorsal to tip of snout rovered
with small tubercles in spring males ; female and young fishes arc plain
olivaceous above and silvery below. Length 5 to 8 inches. Entire xi\g\on
east of the Rocky Mountains excepting the South Atlantic StatcH and
Texas ; almost everywhere the most abundant fish in small streauiN, Its
variations are great, some of them appearing like distinct species, [cor-
nutuSf horned.)
Ojiprinn* conm/im, Mitoiiill, Amor. Monthly Mag. Crlt. ReTiew, I, July, 1817, 2S9, Wallkill
River, Nev^r York ; preliminary notice ; Mitciiill, \. c, ii, Fobniary, 1818, 324, dutuileil
deicription.
Cyprhmn megalopn, Rafinksque, Amor. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Roview, i, December, IHIT, I'J),
Hudson River, above the Palls.
Oyprimu melanuniii, Rafinbsqve, I.e., 121, Hudson River, above the Falls.
Luxilm chriinocejilialuf, Rafinesque, 2. c, 47, 1820, Ohio River.
ILuxUtu itUemiptiiH, * Rafinesque, /. c, 49, Ohio River ; may bo N. ntbrifroiu.
Ilulilu» plargyrm, Rafinesque, Ichth. Oh., 60, 1820, Ohio River.
t JttUilM comjireitous, ■\ Rafinesque, I. c, 51, Monongahela Rive , etc.; ma^ bf .V. phnhKjeuit,
Leuciieui viUabm, De Kay, N. T, Fauna: Fishes, 212, 1842, Chittenonda Creek, tributary of
Mohawk River.
Argyreiu rHbripuiiiiK, IIeckel, Russeggers RviHeii, 1843, 1040.
L«uci«ctia api'rlmj7ti{ti<, Cuvier iSc VALENCiENNKg, xvii, 321, 1844, New Jersey; New Harmony,
Indiana. (Coll. Lo Suour.)
Leucitait ohetuit, Stoher, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., July, 184.'>, 48, Florence, Alabama. (Coll,
C. A. Hentz.)
• "42nd species, Yellow Shiner, Luxilua interruptuii, Luxile jaunjitro: Diameter one-sixth of
total length ; yellowish olivacoous above, silvery beneath, rufous brown above tlio lioad, a
rufous line from the dorsal to the tail, 2 straight and separated half lateral lines, the anterior
one above the posterior ; ixtctoral flus reaching the abdominal. Dorsal with 10 and aiinl with 9
rays. A small species, only 3 inches long, called Yollow Chub or Shiner. Seen in thoOhio,
Sides opaque, with violet shades. Iris silvery, mouth large, lips very apparent. Fins yellowish,
pectorals with IG rays, caudals with 24." — Hajineique,
f " 47th species. Baiting Fallflsh, Rntilu* compremu, Rutile appat: Diameter ono-soventh of
total length ; silvery, back fulvous, sides compressed, lateral line straight, raised upwards iit the
base, snout rounded, mouth hardly diagonal, nearly horizontal. Dorsal and anal fins with !i
rays. A small flsh from 2 to 4 inches long, called Fallflsh, Bait fish, Minny, etc. It is foniulin
the Allegheny Mountains, in the waters of the Monongahela, Kanawha, and even in the
Potomac. The name of Fallflsh arises from its being often found near falls and rippli's. Body
more compreH8ed than in the other species ; as much so as in the genus Minnihu. Scales large;
lips a little fleshy ; iris silvery gilt ; flns transparent ; the pectoral with 14 rays, and uut reach-
ing the abdominal ; tail with 32 nya."— Rafinesque.
■"n
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
283
/'/.iwvnm (W"''"*i '''•»*'«". I'r'""- Ac. Nat. Sri. Plilln., \*.m, lOfi, uftor ltut)iii'M(|iii-.
iV'ir'/viu '>""'"•»"'• GinAiii), X. 0,, lUii, Sweetwater River, Nebraska, ii'iill. lidMiiniii.)
I'liii. iij> HI •iriji'ninlu', liliiAiil), /. <• , '212, Jamei River, VirKinia. (Cull. llHlril. t
,i;/' »,.;.. ,,h,mheoUi», (\>n, I'rtic. Ac. Nat. 8cl. Phlln., 1804, '.M2, Saginaw River. Flint,
Michigan.
;/.,;,.,;fpi(if.^iH<M«, (-(iPK, I'roc. Ac Not. 8cl. rhlla., 18«7, 168.
/,„„,«. in r.iiN«<M», (iCNTIIKB, «'at., Ml, 24!l, 18»1H.
,Wi"iii/"» "i™"'"", JoRiiAN A OlI.iir.llT, SyiiolwU, 18(1, 188:J.
Will"''"* I'liuiilitnlllii, .JOHDAK A GlI.nEIlT, SyilopdlH, 1112, 188.1.
Koiirosented uorthwanU by the Hcaroely tangible
4fi6«.^XOTROIMK rOHNITrM FKONTAI.IM (AkumI/).
Tliirtoon to IH hcuIuh before (lorMal ; head very heavy. (»reat Lakes;
everywhere coimnon in nionthH of brooks. ( frontalis, pertaining; to the
foreliottd,)
/,,H"«'-"« /iiiiiliilu ami timcltin, A(iAH«i7., Lake SuiM-rlor, .'tC8, 37o, 18.10, Lake Superior.
Ilyiisilii'i' inrHiidm (/iW/ud, CoPE, I'ror. Ac. .\at. Sei. Philtt., I8t'.7, \M, Monroe County, Mich-
igan.
Ill Northern Michigan occnrs
4ri«byN<)TU0PIS ("ORNUTrS ("YAXEIS (Copo).
Sciih',s of the dorsal and ventral regions very small, 31 to 40 in front of
dorHiil ti. Scales 10-40- 1. Coloration extremely dark ; blue-bhick above;
fins eliiotly black. Northern Peninsula of Michigan ; not known to us.
(nvtivior, bhio.)
Wi/;i«i7.;iM intiiiiliit cymitM, Cori!, Pfoc. Ac. Nat. 8cl. Philn., 1807. lOO, Montreal River.
Keweenaw, Michigan. (Coll. Dr. John H. Slack.)
In the Koanoke River are two strikingly different forms which should
perliaps rank as distinct species.
4fi7. N(»TROPIS CERASIM'S (Cope).
Fifteen scales before dorsal ; scales 6-37-3. Eye 3i in head ; snout short
and blunt ; dorsal and anal high, their edges concave. Head 4 in length;
depth .'V^. Colors very brilliant. Steel-blue, the sides always marked
with irregular blackish cross blotches and bars formed by a broad dark
edging ou some scales. Males flushed with pink, the iins all deep red.
Lengtii never more than 4 inches. Koanoke River, in mountain brooks.
(cm(xiH«.«i, cherry-rett. )
HiifiiU'piii mrmilHi rertiiiituii, CoPK, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, l.'i9. Head waters of Roanoke
River, Virginia. (Coll. Cope.)
468. XOTROPIS ALBKOLI S (.Tonlaii).
Snout sharper than in the ordinary cornutua, the caudal peduncle and
fin especially longer. Dorsal and anal high, their free edges concave.
Eye 'U in head ; depth 4. Lateral line 38, 14 scales before dorsal. Pale,
olivaceous above, sides and fins silvery white, the tip of the snout sil-
very in the male. Length 5 to 7 inches. Roanoke, Tar, and Neuse rivers,
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in the lower Htrt'toliun ami in the river olinnii(«lH, never in the nuMintain
sfirinKH with N, ctraitinuH. I'robahly the reproiientative form in tliflHtioaniM
of the pine wooiIh. The typical cornutun ih not found coiiHtwise hoiiiIi of
the .lameH. (nlheohiii, whitiHh.)
Unirnpiii megiiliii>ii nlhenlii»,J<tH\)\ ', Dull. IT. H, KUh rUmim., viii, 1N88, (181)1), I'ill, Roanoke River,
near Roanoke, Virginia. (<'()ll. Jonlaii, Krvrnmnn, A Jniiklni.)
4M. NOTROPIH I.ArKKTONl'N (Cope).
Head i\ ; depth 4^; eye 3^. D.H; A.K; HcaloH r>-:iK-3, 17 before doiNnl.
Teuth 2, '1—1,2. Very oIohb to A^ cornutuH, and rvHoiiiliiin); the y<»mi;;()f
the latter, iiiit the mouth larger and the lower Jaw projootinm maxillary
3 in head, reaching ,juHt past front of eye. Hody Ntoiit, head liroad ami
deep. Eye large, equal to mu/xle and to width of intororhital Hpace.
FiuH all low, dovHal inserted Hlightly behind ventralH. (ireoii aUovo,
Hides silvery ; a dark Hp<M;k on front of opurde; no red. Length 1 indies,
Head waters of TennesHee Uiver; rare, (luctrlonuii, lizard-like.)
Hyhnimn htretioMiii, Cop«, Jniirii. Ac. Nat. 8<l. rjilla., 18(18, 2.12, BearCreck, tributary Middle
Fork Holaton River. (Coll. ('i>|h..)
3tinmliii liicerlomii, Jokiian \. (ilMiRlir, SynoptiiH, 102, 188.1.
Nittrnpu lacerloHHii, Jordan, Hull. U. 8. FInIi Cuiiim., viii, 1888, (1801), 144.
SubgrenuB HYDROPHLOX, .Ionian.
4«0. NOTROPIH NACDONALDl, Jordan & Jonklni.
Head 3f; depth 4J; eye 4i. D.8; A.O or 10; scales 7-.'W-2; footli
2,4^,2, with narrow grinding surface. Allied to Xotropin zouutna. liody
elongate, compressed, the snout little convex; eye moderate, a little
shorter than snout; mouth large, terminal, ol)li(]ue, the lower jaw pro-
jecting, the maxillary to opposite front of eye, 2| in head. Scales less
crowded than in N. cornutua, 17 to 20 before dorsal ; dorsal inserted Itchiud
ventrals ; tins moderate. Greenish, with a difl'use band of pIuiiil)e()ii.H
silvery ; a dark streak along back ; no caudal spot ; fins plain ; nuvlo.s witli
the snout, chin, and axils red. Length 5 inches. Mountain str<>ani.s of
Virginia, tributary to the James and Shenandoah ; common. (Named for
Marshall McDonald, U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.)
Nolropit mardoHaUU, JoitDAN Si JENKINS, Proc. U. 8. Nat, Mux., 1888, 354, pi. 44, f\g. 4, Shenan-
doah River, Luray, Virginia. (Typo, No. 30859. Coll. Jordan & Jenkins.)
461. N0TR0PI8 COCCOOEMS (Cope).
Head 4; depth 4i; eye large, 3^. Scales 7-42-3 ? teeth 2,4-4,2. Hodv
elongate, compressed, not at all elevated. Head rather pointed. Mouth
large, very oblique, the premaxillary nearly on a level with pupil ; lower
jaw projecting beyond upper; maxillary reaching past front of c,ye.
About 20 scales in front of dorsal. Back olivaceous; the scales dark-
edged; belly and sides silvery, rosy in spring males; a dusky scaimiar
band; a scarlet bar down the line of the preopercle; muzzle and upper
lip red; a red axillary spot; outer half of dorsal black, lower half yel-
lowish ; outer part of caudal dusky, base paler ; a faint lateral streak aud
a dark vertebral line; lower fins white; snout swollen and tuborculate
Jordiin and Hr'trmann, — Fishes of North America. 285
in spriiiK uiii1«!h; f«MMiil«H »ilv«ry, with luily trncoH of r«rt iiiitrkiu({i>
l.iti'Mli t'l iuolioa. CtiiMlKtrlancl, Thiiuuhhuis and Huvuiinuli riv«ra; ahtin-
iliiiit ill thu iiioiintaiii HtreatiiH, oHpocinlly in tho head waters of the Ten-
ii.-<Hc»'; aahciwy littlo HhU. («»««or, berry rod; j/mor, cheek.)
/;„,,.,/,,„» 0.,.. •,.„.•«<«, Corr, I'm.-. Ac. Nat. Sol. I'hlla., 1WI7, IflO, |»l. 87, Ag. ft, Holiton River.
ll.vpi., N'l. 3«H4l». (!<ill. (;.)|io.)
;.,,...-. M... ....>!/.««, OfNTIIKlt, Cut., VII, 2M. IHfiH.
i»/,„Hl/»» tW ui/«l(», JuBDAN A (JlLBMlT, HyilO|wi», 18K, 1HH.1.
4«2. NOTBOIMM ZONATI'H (AkomIi).
Ifiail \\\ depth lii ; eye very large, 3. D. 8; A. J); scales (M'i-l; teeth
2 l-l.-, with narrow grindiiifj surface. Body rather elongate, less slender
thiiti ill X coccofictih, tlie head long, not acute. Jaws equal ; maxillary 3
in liiMtl, not reaching eye; snout shortish ; lateral line decurved. Oliva-
r*'(Mis, with a lilack lateral band, (plumbeous in female); no caudal spot
anil III) s]totH on tins. Male in spring with the sides and lower parts flame-
ri-il. KiMigth 5 inches. Mountain streams in the Ozark region of Mis-
mmri anil Arkansas ; abundant. A brilliant fish, representing X. coecogenia
west I'f tho Mississippi. (tonatuH, banded.)
Mhirum -'»»'(/"» (AaAHHiz) Putnam, Bull. Muh, Comp. Zniil., 1, !), 18<1:J, OsaKe River, Mo.
Sulri'i'in MualHi, Joiidan & Gll.BEBT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., iMHfl, i.
4«8. NOTItOPlS Z0NI8TIVS (JonlHn).
Head 31; depth 3S; eye 3^. D.8; A.IO; scales 7-40-3; teeth 2,4-4,2,
with very narrow grinding surface on 1 or 2 of them. Body rather
Htoiit, ciiinprossed, the back somewhat elevated, the form that of a young
y,>tniiiis iitrnulu8. Head heavy, broad and flattish above, the profileevenly
(k'HCciiiliiig. Mouth large, smaller than in N. coecogenia, oblique, the jaws
aliont e(|ual, the upper lip opposite middle of eye, the maxillary reaching
front of orbit. Eye very large, longer than snout. Scales not very closely
inilii'iciitiMl, 17 scales in front of dorsal. Lateral line strongly decurved.
Fins moderate, pectorals scarcely reaching ventrals. Steel blue above;
sides with considerable coppery luster; dorsal fin with a sharp jet black
iiDi'i/oiital bur about halfway up, reddish in young fishes, the tip of the
tin Humew hat milky, the base pale ; a round black spot nearly as large as
oye at liase of caudal ; anal fin plain ; caudal dull ferrngineous red, pale
at ')ase as in N. coecogenia, milky at tip ; back and sides with gilt lines; a
faint red bar down the cheeks as in N. coecogenia; a dark humeral bar;
males with the snout tuberculate ; females plain, so much resembling
Xotropin iiirystomua, from the same waters, that the two species were
ut first confounded. Length 4 inches. Chattahoochee River ; the typical
examples from Suwannee Creek. (Cwvjy,zone; tdriov, sail.)
Cuiloma ciiniKloma, JORDAN & Beayton, Bull. U. S. Nat, Muh., xii, 42, 1878, (excl.8yn.,not Pho-
Inijtiiis ( Mn/s/omin, JoKDAN).
^ii/i7m,;oiii,«/(ii.s, .lonDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., 1879, 239, Suwannee Creek, tributary of Chat-
tahoochee River, in Northern Georgia. (Type, No. 23462. Coll. Jordan & Brayton.)
.1tiiiiult(j;:u<iis(iiis, JoBDAN <Sc GiLBEBT, SyDopsis, 188, 1883.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
464. NOTROPIS ltlTBKI('R0rKi:8 (Copo).
(ItRI) Fallfibii.)
Head 4; depth 4^; eye 3i. D. 8; A. 9; scales 7-38-3; teeth 2, 4-^1, 2,
the edges of the grinding surface often serrate. Body moderately don-
gate, somewhat compressed. Head comparatively long and rather pointed.
Mouth rather large, ohlique, the jaws about e(|UHl. Eye large, as long
as snout, premaxillary rather helow pupil; maxillary reaching beyond
front of orbit. Lateral lino somewhat decurved; 19 scales in front of
dorsal. Dorsal inserted somewhat behind ventrals. Females olivacooua,
sometimes Unshed with red. Mules da.k steel blue, a dark lateral l)iind
of coaly puuctulations, which is usually distinct on the anterior part of
the body , and passes through the eye around the snout; fins all rich, clear
red, the dorsal crimson, the caudal pink, the lower fins scarlet; head pale
red, the lower jaw ilushed as if bloody; eyes bluish or flushed with red;
a lustrous afcreak along sides; silvery helow. In high coloration the
whole body is more or less red. Males witii the head and antedursal
region dusted Avith fine white tubercles. Length 4 inches. Head waters
of the Tennessee and Savannah rivers; a surpassingly beautiful little linh,
abounding in rock pools at the foot of the cascades, {ruber, red; croceus,
saffron color.)
UijhiipHK riihricrocenH, 7oPE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philn., 1868, 231, pi. 28, flg. 4, Tumbling Creek,
tributary North Fork Holston River. (Coll. Copo.)
Jljldrojilihr nihricnxeiin, .lonDAN it UltAlfTON, Bull. I'. S. Nat, Mus., XII, 32, 1878,
Minnilus ruhricrocctw, Jordan & Gilueut, Synopsis, 189, 1883.
466. NOTROPIS CHLOROCEPHALUS (Cope).
Head 4; depth .5; D. 8; A. 8; eye laige, 3 in head ; scales 6-39-3; teeth
2, 4-4, 2. Body stout, with deep caudal peduncle. Head broad, with
descending muzzle; mouth oblique, the maxillary reaching beyond lino of
orbit; premaxillary apposite lower margin of pupil ; interorbital space
greater than muzzle. Lateral line moderately decurved; 16 scales ia front
of dorsal. Color olivaceous, everywhere dusted with blackish specks,
forming a lateral band which terminates in a dusky f.pot at base of
caudal; green vertebral and lateral lines; top of head and upper portion
of cheeks metallic green; males with the belly dark crimson, the whole
body more or less flushed; lower jaw not black; dorsal and caudal red at
base; sides of head and lateral band red; snout and antedorsal ref,Mon
tuberculate; fins plain. Length 2i inches. Santee i^asin, in North and
South Carolina; abundant in clear mountain streams. (xJi.upoi, green;
Kt<pa?ii/, head.)
Hiiliopm cliloroeephalus, CopE, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 461, Catav«rba River, North
Carolina. (Coll, Cope.)
Minnilm chlorocephalus, Jobvan k Gilbert, Synopsis, 190, 1383.
466. NOTROPIS LIITIPINNIS (Jor(1»n & Brayton).
Head 4i; depth 4J; eye 3f, D. 8; A. 8; scales 7-40-3; teeth 2, 1-1,3.
Body stout and rather strongly compressed, the dorsal region aonunvhat
elevated, the outline '>f the back sloping each way from the dorsal liu.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes ^f North America. 287
Iltiul short and rather deep, broad and flattisb above, the muzzle moder.
attlv rounded. Eye rather large. Mouth rather large, but smaller than
ill tlio preceding, quite oblique, the maxillary reaching orbit; mandi-
ble included; 18 scales in front of dorsal. In life clear olive, with very
intciiHo green dorsal and vertebral lines; an intense metallic blackish
haiiil along sides; below this the sides are bright silvery; the whole body
in the males bright, clear red; head and fins all bright golden yellow,
with no red; tip of lower jaw black. Length 3 inches. Small clear
streams of Jie pine woods, tributary to the Sautee and Oconee rivers;
rare. ^'' (», yellow; pinna, fin.)
lIiiilo>iih, . ipiimii, JoBDAN A Bhayton, Bull. V. S. Nat. Mu8., xii, 36, 1878, Oconee River,
Hall's Springs, Georgia. (Type, No. UIOOO. Coll. Joriaii Jit Uraytou.)
Mimiiltm liiliiiiiimii, .Tokkan * Ciii.nERT. SynoiMiis, 190, 1883.
Siiln.pi* lii(ipinnu>, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Fish Oomm., viii, 1888, (1891), 157.
467. NOTBOPIS CHILITICrS (Copo).
Head 4; depth 5^; eye large, 3 in head, longer than muzzle. D. 8; A. 8;
scales 7-36-2; teeth 2, 4-1, 2. Body elliptical. Head broad behind; occiput
convex. Muzzle acuminate, greater than interorbital width. Maxillary
exteudiiij? beyond anterior rim of orbit; premaxillaries opposite middle of
pupil; lateral line strongly decurved. Dorsal fin small. Olivaceous, a dis-
tinct silvery lateral band; usually a dark caudal spot; dorsal scales brown-
edged; males with the lips and snout vermilion ; a vermilion band through
dorsal and one through anal fin. Length 2 inches. Allied to N. aUijnnnis,
but more slender, with larger mouth. Basin of the Great Pedes River,
North Carolina, common in upland streams, (x^l^oc, lip.)
Ilyhoims ihilitiniK, CoPK, Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 4G2, Yadkin River, Roane
County, North Carolina. (Ooll. Cope.)
468. XOTROPIS ALTIPINJJIS (Cope).
Head 4^ ; depth 3^ ; eye very large, longer than snout, 2| in head. D. 8;
A. 9; scales 5-36-2. Allied to N. chalyhwus, but more robust in form. Body
rather short and deep; head short, compressed. Ventrals extending to
beyond last rays of dorsal, reaching anal. Dorsal elevated, its height
equal to half its distance from the snout. Scales before dorsal small.
(treenish; a lateral silvery band, strongly punctate with black; a black
baud across eye and snout ; lower jaw always blackish ; young with a
black caudal spot; no black at base of anal; snout yellowish; vertical
lins light reddish in life. Length 2^- inches. Clear streams of the pine
woods, tributary to the Great Pedee and Cape Fear rivers; abundant.
(ultuD, high ; innna, fin.)
AUmriieUm iilliinmiis, CoPE, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1870, 464, Yadkin River, Roane
County, North Carolina. (Coll. Copo.)
MimUm aUipinnui, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, lOfi, 1883.
469. NOTRCPIS ROSEUS (Jordan).
Head 4i; depth 4^; eye nearly 3. A. 7, never 8, as in the related
N. chahjbattn. Scales 5-38-5 ; teet' 2, 4-4, 2. Body short and stout, little
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compressed. Head rather short, thick, bluntly rounded. Mouth moder-
ate, slightly oblique, the jaws about equal. Eye large, about ('i|iial to
muzzle, a little less than the broad iuterorbital space. 15 scales Ixfure
dorsal ; dorsal fin high, directly over rentrals. Olivaceous ; scalns dark-
edged ; a broad plumbeous lateral band ; lips black ; a dark caudul sput;
a dark vertebral line; anal region dusted with dark points; checks and
belly silvery ; males with the dorsal, anal, caudal, and pectorals mostly
rosy red ; iris, top of head, and tip 01 snout red. Length 2^ inches. Low-
land streams of the Gulf States from the Ogeechee to the Mississippi;
the commonest species in the Okeefinokee swamps. {roneuH, rosy.)
LuxilmroMUK, Jurdan, Dull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 61, 1877, Notalbany River, near Tickfaw,
Louisiana. (Tjpo No. 17831. Coll. Bpuii.)
Miimilus rosrtis, JORDAN & Gilbert, Synopsifl, 180, 1883.
470. NOTROPIS CHALYB.Kl'S (Copo).
Head3i; depth 5; eye large, 3 in head. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-33-3 ; teeth
2, 4-4, 2. Body moderately elongate, the back a little elevated, wit li slen-
der caudal peduncle. Head flat above, rather narrow; muzzle ratlier
pointed. Mouth very oblique, tlje lower jaw the longer. Lat(MaI line
decurved. Dorsal inserted behind ventrals ; dorsal and anal very sliort
and high ; pectorals and ventrals short ; 16 to 18 scales in front ol" dorsal.
Color dark; a broad, black, shining lateral band from muzzle to base of
caudal; a light band above it on the muzzle; belly straw-colored, lirijjht
orange in spring males ; fins plain ; a small dark spot at base of eaudal;
a dark streak along base of anal. Length 2 inches. Delaware K'iver to
the Ogeechee River; in coastwise streams and swamps, rather scarce.
Strongly resembles X. anogentis, the teeth, and scales of back dili'ereut,
(xalvl3aloi, iron-colored.)
Hybopm chalybietis, Cope, Cypr. Pcnn., 383, ISGC), Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania.
MinnUut chalyhiKUs, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, V.)l, 1883.
471. NOTROPIS CHKOSOMUS (Jordan).
Head 4^; depth 5 ; ej'e 3J, as long as muzzle. D. 8; A. 8; scales ")-37-3;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Form chubby, little compressed, the back somewhat ele-
vated ; caudal peduncle not much contracted. Head rather large, rounded
above, the snout somewhat pointed. Mouth moderate, oblique, the upper
jaw the longer. Scales everywhere large, 16 before dorsal. Lateral Hue
little decurved. Scales hyaline green in life, with blue reflections; belly
clear silvery ; a scarlet bar across dorsal, anal, and base of caudal ; n nar-
row scarlet band from upper edge of opercles straight to caudal ; below
this a silvery band ; a row of black dots along lateral line, forming a
small, distinct spot at base of caudal ; top of head and vertebral line
golden. Snout tuberculate in males. Length 2i inches. Alabama 15asin;
very abundant in clear streams and outlets of springs. A graceful little
fish. {chro8omu8, colored body, came of a related genus.)
Hybopsisc/irosomus, Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 1876, 33.3, Etowah River, etc , Rome,
Georgia. (Type, No. 17881. Coll. Jordan & Gilbert.)
Hydrophlox chrotoimii, Jordan & Brayton, 7. <;., 49, 1878.
MinnUiu chroiomu$, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 191, 1883.
%li
Iindiin and livirmann. — Fishes of North Avierica.
28t)
47s. >OTBOPIS XKNOCKrHALIS (JorUau).
II, nd I \ ; depth 5 ; eyo very large, 2J in head. D. 8; A. 7 ; scales 5-38-3 ;
t,., 1 1 :-'. 1-1,2. Hody rather short and deep, with thick caudal pedimclo ;
liiK Iv viilc, not elevated. Head large, ilattish and broad above, the snout
louiult il ; mouth large, oblique, the jaws nearly eciual. Lateral line somo-
wliiit ilottirvcd; 13 scales in front of dorsal ; dorsal slightly behind veu-
tnil-i. Dark olivaceou.s above, the scales being extensively dark-edged,
HO as to ;,'ivc a checkered appearance; a dark band along sides of caudal
iiimIuiii 1' , which vanishes in black points along sides of body, reappear-
inn on t 111' lit'ud and passing around the snout ; a dusky blotch at base of
catiilal: iiiiiles without red markings, the snout swollen and tubcrculate
in till' spring. Length 2\ inches. Georgia to Mississippi ; common in
stRains (if the jiine woods, descending to brackish water ; abundant in
Pcnlid'i Hay. (^"/I'u, to scratch ; Kcipa?///, head, from the tubcrculate male.)
//,,(„ ;.-!» ,\n,.„,iihiili>i', Joiii'AN, Anil. Lye. Nut. Ilist. N. Y., 1S70, IVM, Etowah River, etc.,
Rome, Georgia. (Type, No. '20UG. Coll. Jordiin >t (iilburt.)
Miiii,ilii-':iiioa}ihulu>, Jordan & Oildert, Synopsis, 192, lb8,'i.
Subgenus ORCELLA, .Torduii i^' Evernmnn.
473. NOTBOPIS OKCA, Woolnmn.
Head 1 i ; depth 5 ; eye 1, small, slightly shorter than snout. JJ. 7 ; A. 8 ;
8cak',s «-l--l. Teeth, 2,4-4, 2, strongly hooked, with little or no grind-
ing Kiirlacf. Body plump, little compressed, with broad back and belly;
doisal outline somewhat elevated; head heivy, snout blunt, decurved;
month .siiliinferior, little oblique, lower jaw slightly included ; maxillary
scarcely loacbing vertical of pupil. No barbel. Top of head unusually
high and transversely rounded so that the eye is as near the lower as to
the ni>per inotile of head ; interorbital space very wide and very convex,
equal t" distance from tip of snout to i)upil. Fins moderate, origin
of dorsal a little nearer snout thsm base of caudal, slightly behind inser-
tion of ventrals ; dorsal falcate, its first rays longest, li in length of head:
lis last r-ays less than half length of first ; anal not so high, its longest
rays 11 in head, and about twice as long as its last ray ; margin concave;
liectorahs slightly falcate, about reaching veutrals, 1^ in head ; ventrals
short, 2 in head, not reaching vent; caudal ver^ deeply forked, the mid-
dle rays 2} in longest lateral ones, which are as long as head. Scales
rather large, thin, lateral line somewhat decurved. Color in spirits pale ;
side with a broad, distinct silvery 'land, as broad as length of snout, bor-
dered above by a narrow plumbeou line ; back sparsely covered with line
dark puuctnlations, median line of 'ack with a faint plumbeous band;
toji of head darkish, rest of head s. very; under part pale: tins pale.
Length liA inches. Rio Grande at El Paso, Texas; several specimens. A
' ciuiouH species, little related to any other, (orcrt, the great killer, from
;i slight resemblance in form of head to that of a dolphin.)
.V.iir..,,;* ,m„, Wnoi.MAN, Bull. U.S. Fisli Comm., XIV, 1894, (May 3, 1894), 56, Rio Grande, El
Paso, Texas. (Coll. Woolmun & Cox.)
F.N. A.
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Subgenus NOTROPIS.
474. NOTROPIS AKIOMIHVK (Copo).
Head 3f to 4i ; depth 4 J to 5. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales 6-39-2; teeth '2, 1-4, 2,
Body stout, moderately elevated, somewhat compreHsed. Ileud heuvy
broad above, the snout moderate, somewhat decurved. Mouth niuilt rutv,
oblitiue, the jaws ei^ual, the upper lip ou level of pupil, the iiuixillary
reachiug the front of eye. Eye very large, 21 in head, much loii<,'oi than
snout, larger than in any other of the American Cyprinidir, exii-iit .V.
awaini. Fins moderate, the dorsal almost directly opposite vtiiitraU.
Scales large, 15 in front of dorsal. Lateral line much decurved. Olivu-
ceous; scales above dark-edged ; sides and below bright silvery ; no red.
Leugth 5 inches. Ohio and Tennessee valleys, generally rare, but almiiil-
ant about Indianapolis; Greensburg, Kentucky; and Florence, Ahibuma.
A handsome species, (upi-, an intensive particle; 'i/ifj(i, eye.)
Photogenu ixriommm, Coi-e, Cypr. runii., 378, 1866, White River, near Indianapolis.
MimiUtiB ariummxu, Jobuan & Gilbebt, Synopsis, 194, 1883,
476. NOTKOPIS SCABRICKPS (Cope).
Head 4; depth 4J ; eye very large, 3 in head, longer than snout. 1). 8;
A. 8; scales 6-38-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body rather stout, little conipieHsed,
the back slightly elevated, the form as in llyhopais amblops. Head r.ather
short and broad, the muzzle bluntish, somewhat decurved. Mouth mod-
erate, terminal, little oblique, the jaws subequal, the maxillary reaching
front of orbit. Lateral line not much decurved. Fins rather small ; dor-
sal inserted over ventrals. Color plain olivaceous ; scales daik-edged
above ; sides Avhite, with a lateral band formed of dusky specks, tluH liaud
running through the eye aiouud the snout. Males tuberonlatc in wpriug.
Smaller than N. ariommuii and less silvery. Kanawha River, scarce; uot
yet recognized elsewhere, {scabcr, rough ; -cepa, head.)
Photogenu siabrkeps, Coi'E, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hila., 1867, 166, Sinking Creek, Walker's
Creek, tributaries of Kanawha River. (Coll, Cope.)
itinuilu* scabriceps, part, Jobdan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 104, 1883; confused with N. shuiinmli.
476: NOTROPIS JEJUNI'S (Forbes).
Head 4 ; depth 4i ; eye rather large, d^ in head, equal to snout, lesHtban
interorbital space. D. 8 ; A, 7 ; scales 5-37-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 1. Body latber
slender; head flattish above, the snout blunt and rounded ; mouth rather
large, obli«xue. Dorsal over ventrals ; 16 scales before dorsal. Color pale,
with a broad silvery lateral band overlying a plumbeous shade ; dorsal
sometimes puuctulate. Leugth 3 inches. Western Pennsylvania to Kan-
sas, and north to Winnipeg; not rare, (jejunus, hungry.)
E^itema Jejuna, FouBES, Bull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hist., ii, GO, 1878, Illinois River, (Cull. FurUu)
Minnilm Jejiinut, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 194, 1883.
477. NOTROPIS SWAINI, .Jordan.
Head 4J; depth 4^; eye very large, 2| in head, half longer than the
bluntish snout. D. 9; A, 8 or 9; scales 6-35 to 38-3, 14 baforc dorsal;
teeth 1, 4-4, 2, or 1, w^ith very narrow grinding surface or none. Body
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. !291
inotlfiately elongate, compreHsod, rather Htonter than in -V. rubrifrona,
Ht'iul Nliort and broad, the intororbital space 'i eye. Mouth large, obli<iue,
tiio |,.\vor jaw projecting; maxillary to near front of pupil, 2| in head;
(loiMiil iiiHorted behind veutrals ; fins small. Color greenish, with a plum-
bcuiis lateral shade and dark dots ; no spot at base of caudal ; iins pale.
Li'ii^'t li IH inches. Rivers of Texas from the Colorado westward, the type
from K'io Comal. (Named for Dr. Joseph Swaiu, I'resident of the Uui-
vemity of Indiana.)
.l/;,iiiii'i.s 1,11 ijulfipi, OiKARi), I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liilii., IsriC, loa, San Felipe Creek, Texas.
.Yi,(,,,; /< fir.iiiii, JoKDAN, I'roc. r. .**. Nat. Mug. 188.'"i, 12:i, Rio Comal ; Evku.mann uikI Kknuall,
liiill. r. i^. FiBli Coiniii., XII, 18112, (18!M), 103, plato xvii, tig. :i.
Alliun,'l!'iin(fijalo]hi, GiiiAni), V. S. Mux. Duiind. Snrv., Ichtli., .12, Is.VJ. (Coll. C'liirk.)
ilfiiiiii/iiii >iuij<dopi, Jordan <& Giliiert, SynopsiH, 195, 1883, not Ciquifiua megalo})/!, liAi'iNESgiiE.
478. KOTltOPIS ANAUILIS (Giranl).
Hea<l 3|; depth 4i^; eye large, considerably longer than snout, 3 in
lieiui. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-34-3. Body elliptical, rather deep, head short
and rather deep, less acute than in -.V. dilectuH, Mouth terminal, oblique,
tho luiixillary reaching front of eye. Jaws equal, snout moderately
puiuted Lateral line decurved. Fins moderate. Dorsal somewhat
behind ventrals. Color olivaceous ; sides silvery ; a faint dusky blotch
at base of caudal. Length 2i inches. Rio Leona, a tributary of Rio
Nueces, Texas. («m«l>iZi«, amiable.)
A'lbmmsaiiKihilis, GiiiAKD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18oC, 193, Rio Leona, Texas.
.Vu/rojiM iimahilh, JoKOAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Muh. 1885, 122.
Album lliix aiituhilis, GiUARl), U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Iclitli., 51, 1859. (Coll. Clark.)
Mmilus aiiutbilii), JORDAN & GiLREKT, Synopsis, 195, 1883.
479. NOTBOPIS LElCIOIUrs (Copo).
Head 4i; depth 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-39-3. Body rather slender;
muzzle rounded in profile. Mouth oblique, the mandible not projecting.
Lateral line nearly straight ; 13 scales in front of dorsal ; dorsal a
little behind ventrals ; anal short and high. Olivaceous ; scales above
dark-ed,<j;ed ; sides silvery, with a purplish band ; a black spot at base
of caudal, always very distinct ; muzzle and base of dorsal red in males.
Length 3 inches. Tennessee Basin, in mountain streams very abun-
dant, but not ascending cold brooks as far as N. telesvopua, apectrunciilua,
and rithricroceus. *It is close to N. teleacopiis, but has tho anal shorter,
the eye smaller, paler colors, and always a distinct caudal spot. (?^evK6s,
white; tiiuc, appearance.)
Photogeiiis leiiciodiis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 18G7, 105, Holston River, Virginia.
Mmilus leitciodus, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 194,1883. (Coll. Copo.)
480. NOTROPIS SCOPIFKK, Eigcumann & Eigouinauii.
Head 4 to 4}; depth 4^; eye 3 in head, little less than interorbital.
D. 9; A. 8 or 9; scales 6-36 to 42-4; 14 to 18 scales in front of dorsal;
teeth 2, 1-4, 2, grinding surface very narrow, on two teeth only. Allied
to SotiiipiH leucioduH. Head heavy, compressed, flat above ; snout blunt,
much docurved ; mouth small, little oblique ; maxillary extending to
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Jiulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
eye; lutural lino complete, eveuly and {gently ileciirved to above (,iijrj|,
of anal ; u couHpicuoutt black spot ut buHe of middle caudal iii\>; a
Hilvcry lateral baud, itH dorual nuirgin diutiuct. Manitoba; coinuDii;
obtained at Winnipeg, lirandon, Fort Qu 'Appelle and Medicine Hut.
(Eigeumann & Eigenmann.) (soo/xi, broom ; fero^ I boar.)
Kttlropis tcojii/inis, KiuENMANN & EiuKNMANN, Aiiirr, Nut., Fiibrimry, 18U;1, 1.W, WinnipLg,
481. NOTKOPIS TKLKS<'(»Pi:S (C.-i). ).
p[ead 4i; depth 4} to 5J ; oyo very large, longer than muzzle, jj ii,
head. D. 8; A. 10; scales 5-H8-3. Body elongate, not much (!oiiiii,i'.s.',e(l;
snout short, sharp; 13 scales before dorsal ; dorsal tin inserted about miii.
Avay between snout and base of caudal, a little behind ventrals. Mnutii
very oblitjue; mandible not projecting. Color i)ale greenish; the dorsal
scales extensively dark-edged, the two uppermost rows of scales i luiiiiiif;
into outline of back. Length 4 inches. Tennesseu liiver ; in cold iiioiiu-
tain streams, very abundant; with X. IciicioduH, nuiking the bulk of the
small minnows in the Holston River. (rz/AtrxKOTrof, far-seeing.)
Photuijciiin UlnHciipiig, Coi'E, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila,, 1807, 105, Holston Kiver, Virginia,
(Cull. Copo.)
LeiiriKcm liieHriijim, (iC.NTllEli, Cat., vii, 252, I8(i8.
Miiiniliiii tvhiaipiis, JuKUAN Si, GlLliKur, SyuupsiK, 2U1, 1883,
Kepresented in the Ozark region by
48l8. NOTKOPIS TELESCOPUS AKCAXSAXUS^ Meek.
Head 4* ; depth 5 to 5i ; scales 5-35 to 38-3, 15 before dorsal. A. in or
11. Eye 2J in head, the pointed snout 3h Smaller than the eustoni toiiii
and darker, the dorsal farther back, midway between nostril and liaso of
caudal ; slightly behind ventrals. White River and Little Ked Kivnr,
Arkansas.
NolropiK McscopiiH (i)r<i((«aiiM.«, McEK, Hull. U. S. Fisli Comm., i.\, 188!t, (1891), VS.i, White Kiver,
Eureka Springs, Arkansas; Mammoth Springs, Arkansas. (Cull. Mei'U .v Drow.)
482. NOTKOPIS S0CIU8 (Girard).
Head 4; depth 4 J; eye 3. D. 8; A. 10. Lateral line 33. Allied to
Notropis awaiiii, but deeper; the eye smaller, maxillary past front of eye;
lower jaw longest. Silvery, the sides without dark dots ; lins [iliiiu.
Live Oak Creek, southwestern Texas, (sociua, social.)
Albiirnim mcius, GiUARD, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliihi., 1850, 193, Live Oak Creek, Texas, l Tvi" .
No. 70. Coll. Pope.)
483. NOTKOPIS NOTEMIUONOII>KS, Everinann.
Head 4 to 4i; depth 4 to 4^. D. 8; A. 10 or 11; scales lO-ll-ii, L'H
before dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, hooked, crenate, with moderate grindin,i;sii]-
face. Body slender, greatly compressed, the back somewhat elc\ated,
the form much as in Abramin (Xotemigonus) crysoleucas; snout pointed.
equal to eye, which is 3i to 3i in head; caudal peduncle long. Fins
moderate; dorsal well behind ventrals; anal long; jjoctorals falcaie. not
reaching ventrals. Yellowish, silvery below; upper parts dusted with
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
293
V,-.
M;iik: n|K)tH on autt'iior part of oidcM ho arraiige«l as to form about 10
oliiiiM- anylt'H litting into each other, tlie angles opening forward, thuH,
fluise niarkiujjH on alternate scales; tip of lower Jaw with dark
Hiici kn: I'mih pnie, dusted with dark specks. Kio Neches, near Palestine,
IVxas, and .streams about Houston. (Xotemiyonus; eUhr, likeness.)
A„/i .,,,. ,„.u mi.j,<u„i<h'», KvRRMANN, Bull. U. 8. FWi Comm., xi, 1801, (May 25, 1802), Hi, Neches
River, Palestine, Texas, and Sims Bayou, Houston, Texas, (TyiM', No. •I.'m.'i!).
r.iii. Kvi'i'inaiiii, 8i'ovt'll, Hi (Jiirlt'y); Evoriniuiii k Kuudnll, Uiill. U. S. FIhIi Conini., .\ii,
IMI'J (IS!in, 103, III. XVIII, flg. 2.
4H4. NOTHOPIS STILRim, Jordan.
H.iid I! ; depth r>; eye 3. D. 8; A. 10; scales 5-37-2; teeth 2, 4-4, 1.
I'xidy rather slender. Head rather long, somewhat pointed. Mouth
liiiu^c. i>l(li(iuo, the nia.Killary reaching eye. Eye very large, greater than
Miiout iiiul iiitororbital width. Fins rather high ; the ventrals reaching to
opposito last rays of dorsal. Color pale green; side with a broad silvery
1)1111(1, on which are many dark punctulations ; these are numerous .just
li(l:iiid sliouldcr girdle and at base of caudal, where they form an evident
spot. II mark which will usually distinguish this species from the related
ones: ciiocks pure silvery; lips dusky. Length 3 inches. Alabama Kiver
ami tributaries; common. ((T7('/'i3;7, shining.)
.v./;,,,,;, ,</,//./»., .IdUDAN, Ann. Lyo. Nat. lliKt. N. Y., 1870, M:\, Etowah and Oostanaula
rivers, Rome, Georgia. (Tyixi, No. ;Ul:!2. ("oil. Jonliin & (iilbcrt.)
Miiiinlii.< slllliiiis, .IiiRDAN & Oil.nEnT, Synopsis, 201, 1883.
4S5y NOTHOPIS ATIIKRINOIDES, Haflnesqiic.
ITo.ad Is ; depth 5 J ; eye 3}. D. 8; A. 11 ; scales 5-38-3, 15 before dorsal ;
tcctli 2, 4-4, 2. Hody long and slender, compressed, the back not elevated.
Head blunt, conic, proportionately shorter than in related species.
Mmitli moderate, very oblique, upper lip on level of upper part of pupil;
ni.ixillary about reaching front of eye. Eye largo, rather longer than
Hnout. Fiii.s low; dorsal well behind ventrals; tips of ventrals extending
to linyoiid middle of dorsal. Lateral line decurved. Color tranBlucent
Kroin above; sides bright silvery; scales above faintly punctate, but not
tMioiiifJi so to render them dark-edged, nor to form blotches along sides;
a laiiit dark vertebral line; males in spring with the snout rosy. Length
1 to (i iiiehos. Great Lake region and Ohio and Mississippi valleys, and
iiori li to Winnipeg. Abundant in lakes, quiet places, .and river channels ;
very \ ai i.able. Next to X. nrf/e, the largest and handsomest species of this
typo, (nihirhia, the silverside; n(hc, resemblance.)
S'.'lri.fi-iilh.nmiUU'^, Uafinksqi'e, Amcr. Month. Mag. & Crit. Kev., 1818,204, Lake Erie.
Miiniihiy .Jiiii'iiiiif, ItAKiNEsi/iT., lohtli. Oil., 45, 1820, Ohio River.
Atl'in-iin^ riil,<llitf:, AoAi^si/, Lake Snpcrior, 3G4, 1850, Lake Superior.
.l/''iiiMH« uiliilKf, KiHTi.ANi), Olovcland Ann. Sci., 1854, 44, tributaries of Lake Erie.
Alhinii.ihi^ jariilm, Coi'K, Cypr. Ponn., 387, ISGC, St. Joseph River and Dowagiac
River, Michigan.
/.■M.i-;.« iiiMhii, CCxTHEn, Cat., vii, 254, 18C8.
/.fiiciM.ism;)!!, GCxriiEn, /. c, 2,')5, Rubstifute for jacuUia, preoccupied in Leitcisctu.
Wmuihis ruhellut and tlinemus, .Tohdan <j^ Oildebt, Synopsis, 202, 1S83.
H
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48«. NOTROPIS AR(>IK(Coi)o).
Head 4J ; depth fi; eye 2* to 3. D. 8; A. 11 ; scales 5-39-3. Close to
N, ath(rinoidt8 but the eye very large, longer than snout ; laterul line
nearly straight, head large, the snout not very blunt ; month lar^e, the
chin projecting. Pule greenish, the silvery band on sides bounded liya
blackish line ; a dark vertebral streak. Length 3} inches. Upper VVahash
Valley, southern Michigan, Green River, Kentucky, etc.; slenderer than
the usual atherinoidet*, the eye much larger, but apparently varying into
the latter, hence of doubtful validity, (u^iy//, shining white.)
AlhuriieUm urge, Coi'e, Cypr. Ponn., S88, 18CC, Detroit River or St. Joseph River; locality
confused.
Niilrnpis urge, KvBllMANN k .Tenkinh, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 47; Joudan, Man. Vort., cd. v,
02, 1800.
487. NOTROPIS DILECTrS (Girard).
Head 4* ; depth 4f ; eye 3. D. 8; A. 11 ; scales 7-38-3 ; teeth 2, 1-4, 2.
Body elongate, compressed, but a little deeper and more compressed, with
blunter snout ; eye largo, larger than snout ; mouth oblique, smaller than
in related species, the jaws subequal, the maxillary'3i in head, reaching
eye. Colors very pale; silvery, snout and bases of fins rosy; a row of
black dots above base of anal ; young often finely speckled. Lenffth 3^
inches. Lower Ohio to the Rio Grande, abundant in Arkansas and eastern
Texas, in sandy streams; representing r»<?>rJ/roM«southwe8tward, and per-
haps varying into it. (dilectus, delightful.)
Albumm dilectitf, GiRAni), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 185G, 193, Arkansas River, Fort Smith.
(Type, No. 71 (3«927). Coll. Shuiiiard.)
Albiinma tepiditlua* Girabd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 185C, 212, Black V^arrior River,
Alabama. (Coll. '■Wincholl.)
AUiurniu nlujniipis. Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 282, Kansas ; anal rays giv«ii liy orror
as 1, 14. (Coll. Dr. W. A. Hammond.)
AlhumeUm jenier.mms, Cope, Zoiil. Wheeler Surrey, v, 050, 1875, Rio Grande, San Ildefonso,
New Mexico. (Typo, No. 15981. Coll. Copo A Yarrow.)
Allmniellm dilectus, Girard, Pac. R. R. Snrv., x, 259, 1858.
Alhrivnh f olignnpiH, GCnther, Cat., vil, 309, 1808.
Minuihii oHijatpis, Jordan & Gimert, Synopsis, 200, 1883.
Minuilm jemezanus, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 203, 1883.
488. NOTROPIS FUMEUS, Kvermann.
Head 4f; depth 4i to 5; eye large, 3J. D. 8; A. 11 ; scales 7-10-3;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Close to Notrojna dilectus, but the lateral lino more
decurved, the scales a little smaller, and the sides with a dark band.
Body slender, greatly compressed, the outlines gently arched ; Hiioiit
pointed, shorter than eye; lower jaw somewhat projecting; maxillary
* This nominal species is prohahly identical with N. dilectm. The following description istnkcn
from 3 specimens 2'|ij inches long, collected in Pearl River, Jackson, Miss., by Dr. O. P. lli^v:
Body long and slender. Maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit. Front of dorsal einii'listant
between snout and concavity of caudal. Eye 3 in head, equal to interorbital space. Mandible
projecting slightly, its tip, when closed, opposite middle of pupil. Lateral line decurvi'd; 17
scales in front of dorsal. Dorsal fin high, its highest rays equal to head. Color pale, ilio j<iiluii
bright silvery ; a row of dots along base of anal. Head 4)^ ; depth 5 or 6. D. 11 ; A. 12. Scales
7-36-3. Sandy streama of Alabama and Missigsippl.
-T«-
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
295
scaii'civ roaching nrhit. Yollowiah above, much speckled, sides with a
briinil liark plumbeous band, overlaid with rather large brown spots, most
iiuincMiiis and distinct posteriorly; base of anal with row of specks; tins
pliiiii. ^vitll dusky specks. Length 2 inches. Hunter Creek, Houston,
TexiiH. Perhaps tt variety of 3r. dii«;ctu». (/u»ieu», smoky.)
M,(r„;«< /»»!»■»», EviKMANN, Bull. U. S. Flub Oomm., xi, 1891, (May 26, 1892), 81, Hunter Creek,
Houston. Texas. (Tyix-, No. 4.')fif)H. foil. Kvcrnmnn, Scovcll, * (Jurloy); Evorinaiiii A
a K, iMiull, Hull. II. S. FiBli Coinm., xii, 1892 (1894), 103, i»l. xviil, flj?. 1.
4»0. NOTROPIS RUBRIFRONS (Cope).
HpmiI I; depth 4}; eyo4. D. 8; A. 10 ; scales .5-39-3, those before dorsal
larff*'. 1"' t" 17 in number. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, little hooked, one of them some-
times Hliowing a slight grinding surface. Body moderately elongate, the
back Hrarcely elevated, the caudal peduncle somewhat contracted. Head
longer tlian in most related species, conic and rather pointed. Month
ratbei large, very oblique, upper lip abov.e line of middle of pupil, max-
illary loaching to opposite eye. Eye moderate, anterior, usually shorter
than tli() sharp snout. Olivaceous above ; scales with darker edges ; sides
Biivcry ; a dark vertebral line ; a row of dark dots along base of anal ;
inalcH with the snout tubercnlate in spring, the forehead, opercular region,
andbaHo of dorsal being then flushed with red. Length 2} inches. New
York and western Pennsylvania to southern Michigan, Kansas, and
Kentucky; very abundant in clear streams, especially in the Ohio Val-
ley. An elegant species, smaller than atherinoides, with larger head and
deeper body. It will probably be found, to grade into N. dihctus, but
in all specimens examined the eye is larger*in dilectua, the snout shorter
and more blunt, (ruber, red; frona, forehead.)
Athimmt riihri/romi, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Phila., ISRI, 85, Kiskiminitas River, a tribu.
tary of Alleghany River. (Coll. Cope.)
AnninieUiis iiirdihrotiwii,\Coi'r., Ilaydon'a Oeol. Surv. Wyom. for 1870,440, 1871, Missouri Kiver
at St. Joseph, Missouri.
AVriimillK^ nihri/roHS, Cope, Cypr. Penn., 388, 1866.
leuii»ni»irii}iri/rouii, Gt'NTIien, Cat., vil, 225, 1808.
MiiiiiiUnt nihiifrnmt, ,ToRi)AN * GILBERT, Synopsis, 202, 188.1.
ilimUuf pircohromui, JORDAN & Gilbert, Synopsis, 202, 1883.
490. NOTROPIS PHOTOOENIS (Copo).
Head 4i ; depth 5^ ; eye 3. D. 8 ; A. 10 ; scales 6-40-3. Body slender,
compres.sod, the form similar to that of N. rubrifrona. Head moderate.
Month (juite oblique, lower jaw scarcely projecting; maxillary about
reachiug'orbit. Back broad. Dorsal fin inserted behind middle of body,
a.little behind ventrals. Scales before dorsal 25. LMci'al lineidecnrved.
Eye larger than in N. rubrifrons. Color olivaceous, with brown vertebral
and dorsal lines ; sides and below, bright silvery, with dark specks along
the lateral line; none along base of' anal. Length 3 inches. Alleghany
region, thus far recorded only from the Youghiogheny and Kanawha,
unless X amocnus should prove to be a variety of it. The latter is stouter,
with larger eye, and has dark dots along base of anal. \a,T. engraulinus,
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Copp, from tli»( Kanawlui Ih Hiendoror, th« tlepth 6 iu leu^tli, tho hea I \\\,
{^i.>r, light ; ylvfiov, cheok.)
? Riiiilun rtimini'iuiiH. IUrrNr.i«ME, Iili. <»li,, M, 1820, Monongahcla River, etc.; not lil. ntida.
Ml' ; nmy In' \. <'iirn>ilitii.
Aliuiliiii i)hilngniii<, Coi'E, Ptoc, Ac. N«t. Scl. riillo., 18tJ4, '2S0, Youghiogheny River, I'cnti.
I'hi,l,'<i.nii< Iriirop; Cr- , Prnc. Ac. Ndf. S<l. I'liila., 1887, KH., Sinking Creek, and ncui Aui-
tinville, Va. (('..II. ('..iic.)
I'liuliHliiiiHlenfupii etiiiniiiliHii', <'.)|)i>, /, c, 18fi7, Ifil, tributaries of Kanawha River, Austin-
ville, Va. (('..11 (U>\n\)
I.iiiri'liiHjiliiiUKjniu, OfNTliKH, fat., Ml, 2'i2, 18(;8.
401. NOTKOl'IK AMtKM'S (Abbott),
TFoatl t ; depth r,},, ( IJ to 51) ; oyo 3^. I). 8 ; A. 10 ; HcnldH fi-n<t-:i. V]nm
to SolropiH riihrij'roiin, but tho scalos heforo dorsal Ninallcir, uh in .V. /i/io/o-
(/riKN. Mody olonj^ato, compr«8Hed ; oyo laryo, longor than Huout. Month
laifjo, obliquo, the jaws sultequal, tho maxillary to front of eyo ; 2- i.t 2"),
(rarely 18 to 20) Hcalos before dorsal ; lateral lino much decurvod. I>(iinal
high, behind vontrals; pectorals moderate. Translucent f^reen, Nidcs
silvery, with sometimes a faint plumbeous band ending in an <)))s(iiip
plumbeous spot. Length SiJ inches. Clear streams east of the AUegliaiiies
from the Raritan to the Neuse ; abundant; formerly confounded with
X. photoyfuiH, of which it may be a variety. {amdiiuH, attractive.)
Albiiriiclliin IIIIIIIIIII1, Aiiii.iTT, AiiK.r. Nat., viii, 1S74, n;t4, Raritan River, New Jersey.
Nolropi* (imniiiiH, .Ioiidan, Hull. U. 8. FiHh Oomm., .\ui, 1888, (1801), 102.
4«2. NOTUOPIS SCKPTICrS (Jordan A Oilbcrt).
Head 3}; depth JJ; eye 3. D. 8; A. 10; scales 6-;., .!; teeth 2,4-1, 1. Hody
short and deep, compressed and somewhat elevated. Head rather liiifjp,
deep, bluntish. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblicjue, lower jaw si i^'litly
included; upper lip opposite middle of eye ; maxillary extending to front
of orbit. Eye very large, longer than snout; interorbital space broad,
llattish. Lateral line much dccurved. Scales before dorsal largo, iii llf to
15 rows. Fins moderate; dorsal well behind ventruls ; tips of vciitiuls
extending to last dorsal ray; caudal peduncle moderate. Coloration vory
pale green ; sides with a bright silvery band ; scales with very little dark
edging ; a dark line at base of dorsal ; males in spring with the smmt pro-
fusely tuberculate. Length 3 inches. Kivors of Carolina from tho Cape
Fear to the Santee; abundant, replacing tho allied omamis, from wliidi it
differs in the deeper body and larger nuchal scales. (aKFTrriKor, observant,
from tho large eye.)
Nolvoiiis ]ih(ttmjfniii, (" palo variety "), Jordan & Dhavton, Bull. U. S. Nut. Mup., xii, Z\, 1><78.
Miiiiiihis iicfiiliinii, Jordan A Oiliiert, SynopKis, 200, 1SH;1, Saluda River, Greenville, South
Carolina. (Typo, No. 31081. Coll. Jordan & Briiyton.)
408. NOTKOI'IS MirUOPTERYX (Cop..).
Head 4^; depth 5i; eye3i. D. 8; A. 10; scales 5-38-2. Body very slen-
der, compressed ; head moderate, rather pointed. Mouth large, oblique;
upper lip on level of pupil; maxillary reaching to opposite front of
:»rbit. Eye moderate, about as long as muzzle. Scales large. Lateral
Imio decurved. Fins all quite small, tho dorsal farther back than in
i>liited species, so that the short ventrals do not reach much beyond its
:f
Jordan amf F.vi'nuanu. — Fishes of North America. L*07
mil .lior rnvH, thoir lon^tli -' in lioftd. Color olivaccoiiH; Hitlon bright
)i,ilvi I V ; iloi'Niil NriiloH noiis)ii(;iioiiNly iliirk-tMl^od ; ii (lii^ky blotch at ItuHo
of r:iii(lal, iiiMliTlyitiK tlio Hiivfiy liiNtor. LiMi^th 21 iiu'lit'N. Iltmd \viit»rH
(if ( iniilifilaiMl jiimI 'I'tMiiit'NMfo ri viurt iiiiil iiIho in tlui O/.ark r«*p;ioii ; nbiin-
(bii III clear NtrcaniH in northern ArkaiiHiiH. (/i(\ii<i' , Hniall ; Tn/>i'^, lln.)
A\U,\,iU\i>mieru\\ltr\it, Coi'K, .lonrii. Ar. Nut Sri. I'IiIIh., InHH, 2.'J3, Holaton River.
^\i„.H\n> ni'mi>y»<r\\x, Joni>AN A OlI.BKIlT, 8yni>I>»lH, '.ili:!, IHH.'t.
404. NOTHOI'IH MKTAIJ.in'M, .lonlnn X Mcfk.
lh;i(l I; depth Ti; eye If. D. S ; A. 11. sealeH '■^-'^'^-',^, K! lieforo <lorRal;
teilli L', I- 1, 2, the (rrinilin); Hiirface obsolete. IJody eion)jate, conipreHHod,
the liack a littln elevated. I((>ad Hiiiall, the Niioiit little acute, nhorter
tliiiii I've, wliich Ih laryo. Month larne,obli(|iie, the cleft reaching front of
eye,..' in head; chin projecting. Lateral line dccnrved. DorHiil inNerted
wt'll l.cliiiid veiilrals ; dorsal and anal lii<;h, the anal very lonf?. Dark
Inow II, a roHy bund from eye to upper lobe of candal; below tluH n metal-
lic itn^^ky Itand broader than eye, ending in a black ttpnt nt baso of cau-
iliil: (liiisal with a black band oblitinely acroSH it; no Hput nt itH bune;
oriii r liii.s nearly plain. Length 1'^ ineJieH. iSwanip Htreanm in (leorgia
antl Florida, from the Suwannee Hasin to the KHcambiu. (mitallicua,
nietiiilic.)
S.ilrnj'i'ifi'i'illieHK, .IdiuiAN A JIef.k, I'ror. V . S. Nut. Mhh., IxHl, -i'^u Allapaha* River, Nash-
ville, Georgia. (Typo, No, 'JKr.ll. Cull. W. J. Taylor.)
Subgenus LYTHRUKUS, .Ionian.
40.-I. NOTKOIMS IIKLMS (lliiy).
Ilcid \i; depth 3'f. D. S; A. 10 or 11; scales 7-4 l-.'i ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
"Nli.irp-edged, but with a maNticatory Hurface." IJody short, ileep, con-
HJdiralily compressed; the back elevated. IIea<l short; nni/zlo short,
ratlin ])()inted, the proiilo somewhat concave ; month largo, obli<|ne, the
maxillary extending to opj)08ite front of orbit; lower jaw i)rojecting.
Latciiil line much dccnrved. Scales crowded forward, '2't in front of
dorsal. Dorsal midwaj' between snout and oandal, behind ventrals;
linctorals not reaching ventrals; the latter to vent. Dusky above, with
a iiairow, dark dorsal line ; sides silvery, with plumbeous streak; no spot
at base of dorsal; fins mostly black-tipped; belly (lame color in life; fins
oiaiitreat b.aso. Length 2i inches. Tombigbeo River, Mississippi. (Hay.)
(hiUiin, beautiful.)
MiinilliK hiVim, Hay, I'ror. ('. S. Nut. MiiB., IMKO, ."ild, Tombigbee River, Artesia and Macon,
Mississippi. (Typi', No. 27l'.ii>. Coll. Iliiy.) .Ioiihan & (iii.iiF.iiT, Synoimm, 1!)9, IHKl.
40fi. NOTIlOriS LllUS(.ror(lan).
Head 4J-; depth fyi; eye 'A. D. 8; A. 10; scales 8-15-4 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
with very narrow or obsolete grinding surface. Hody slim, compressed.
Head small, short, moderately deep, ilattish above. M<»ntli rather large,
very oblicjue, the lower Jaw slightly projecting. Eye very large, longer
than snout; the maxillary about reaching its front. Scales small, loosely
imbricated, their outlines extremely distinct. Fins moderate. Colora-
tion very pale translucent green; scales of back finely punctate; sides
with a very distinct metallic blue band formed of dark punctulations,
this liand passing through the eye and snout, forming a most character-
istic color marking ; a streak of black dots along the bases of dorsal and
•Not "AUamaha River," on misprintod. The Allapaha is a tributary of the Suwannee River.
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JiulUlin 4J, United States National Afuseum.
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anal, that on tho domal iiii|;R«HtinK tliu peculiar Hpot of A'. umlmiiUiH ; ijp
of Huotit hluok; (hiH piiluolivaoeoiiH, rnd in tlin ninloH. MaleH in tlieN|iiiii^
with thu hca.l and antudorHul rflK><»> prufiiHuly tiiherculattxl. L«ii^mIi '2^
inchni. Alabama liivur; uhundant in Hundy Htreuma. (Xri/mf, lily-wliiu.,)
Nt>tn>iii» Hrii; JoRiiAN, Aiit). Lyo. Nat. llUt. N. Y., 187f), .14'.', Etowah River, etc., Rome,
Oeorgia.
S'ilr«)iu iiMmmii , Johiian .t MiRK, I'nx'. I'. B. Nal. Miin., 1HN4, 47n, Alabama River, Munt-
gomery, Alabama. (Ty|i<', Noh. M>\trt miil ;irr.'<t7. Cull. McDuimUI.)
Minniliit /jrti>, Jiihdan A (iiMirHT, Hyni>|wlH, Hit), IHba.
497. NOTItOPIM KOMKIPIMNIM, flay.
Head 41; depth 4; eye 3i. 1). 8; A. 11; BoalcB 8-Ji>-3. Body lontr .ind
Blender, innch ooniptuNHod. Muuth lar^e, ol>lii|nu, the lower Juw Nointi-
what prqiocttnKi the maxillary reaching vertical from front of oyo. Kye
large, HliKlitly longer than Hnoiit. ScaloH Hmall,eHpe<-ially along the back,
somewhat higher than long, bnt not ho cloHely imbricated an in A, hilhin.
Lateral line much decurved. Dornal far back, midway between |)U])il
and bane of caudal, conHiderably posterior to veutralH; pectoralH not
reaching ventraln, tho latter to vent. Dark ; Houles above all with hUmV.
points; a plunibeouH lateral band, ending in a vague caudal spot; a nar-
row doraal band ; a black spot on tho upper anterior portion of doiNul
and alHo on anal, each surrounded by a diffuse blotch; tip of ventralH
and edge of pectorals dark; vertical tins red. Length 2^ inches. Haiwly
streams of the Uulf States, from the Escambia to the Chickasaw lia.
(roaeuB, rosy ; pinna, fin.)
Miimihin rnliripinni', IIav, Proc. I', 8. 'Nat. Mnfl., ^HhO, 509, (not Anjiirtm nihriphwl; Urrkil .V.
coriiiilitu), Chickasawha River, Enterprise, Mississippi . (T,v|h>, Noh. 'SJ'Vio and iiZUfJ.
Coll. Iluy.) .loRiiAN & Ull.iir.UT, .Syiioiwifi, 198, 188:1.
Nolriipui roieiiihinif. Hay, in Jordan, ('at. Klah. N. A., 1885, 27,,iiul>atitute for riibripiiiHi*, pri'oo
cupied in Notruim. ^ I
408.^MOTROPIS lINnRATILIS* (Uirard).
(RED-riN.)
Head \\\ depth 4 to4i; eye 3 to 4. D. 7; A. 11 ; scales 9-40 to 52-3;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body compressed, tho caudal peduncle long. Head loug,
* "A oomitarinon of tliPBo wpcciinons from tlio ToniiOKseo Klvt-r with others from tho Ui'uiinko
Ilivor (iin/cnii), tlio Pamlico and Moimu (nwMimu), tho Wabash in Indiana, {yijanotei)UnlH»)\y\\\\\if\
Idlhrunm ; rfiniioteplinlii* camo from Itacini>, WiBcousiti], various Htrenms in Illinois (rt(ri/».<), iiiid-
tbo Arkanna:* Hiyer (umhrnlil in) I ~ niyripiiiiiit], hnsflliown thoimiioKHihilityofreroKnixinK ><i>.v of
th«iio forms as diHtlnrt spcciiiH. Mntuliiiiit in Nmallcr andpalurtliannri/enaandahowKleHHliiilliiuit
coloration, tlieHe din'on^nrcH being apparently dependt'Mt on thosluKgiHli charactorof tliuNtrcnnix
it frp<iHcnt«, with their fr(*i|ueut sandy strutcheii. The rcBomblancu between spocimons fr thi<
Itoanoke and the- Tcnnesaeo is very closo. Both have larger mouth and eye, murobrilliiiiitiiilnr-
atiou, and more olongatu form than in specimens from the north and west. Uur B|ii.'i'i[ii>'ni
from tho TenneBBoc, however, avonigo distinctly dt-opor than typical anleiif, and are fiiiihcr
characterized by tho presence, in males, of several (.'>to8) dark Bteol blue, vertical bars, ineL-iilur
in position and shape. This form I hero distiuguiHh provisionally as eubspecies /n«''i«/iiri.>. In
TennesHoo and Kentucky it undouljtedly passes iuHonHibly into tho form common in triliiitarlei)
of the Ohio and Mis^isHippi (cuanncnphalun, atriiieii), which shows usually an evidently deeper l»»ly,
asmaller eye, and a tendency to the accumulation of black pigment in the tips (if tho ventnila
and the anterior rays of tho dorsal and anal. Typical umbratilui from Kansas and Arkunsoii
a]>pears very distinct from the more easterly form. It has tho larger eyo of ftucUtlarit, i\ very
d(>epbo<ly, and adult males haveall the fins largely black and the sides uniform duHky. KiirtliiT-
more, the black spot at tho baso of tho anterior dorsal rays, so cliaractoristic of related funii", i;<
hero indistinct or wanting. In Iowa and Missouri, however, umbratilis appears to posn inipur-
ceptibly into <-yannfe])hahu, somo specimens lacking the dorsal spot, while others from thti Mimo
locality, and not otherwise difTering, have it well developed.
"I have thought it boHt, therefore, to consider all these forms as poorly defined varioties of a
ginglo widespread species, which may stand provisionally as N. vmbrntiluunibratitiii, N. nmbrnlUif
eyanocephalnt, N. umbrntilu fiuciolaru, N, uiiibratiluardeivi, and N. umbralUii matiUiiutB. East of the
Alleghanios the species has not been recorded north of tho Roanoke nor south of tho Ncuho, and
is not known from tho Quit States south of thu Tennossco and Arkansas Basins. Rafinos.jiio'A
BenwtUut dipl«miu», so long identified with this species, is evidently SemotUii$ alromaculatus, iiu a
aynonym of which it must appear." (Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish Coram., ix, 1889, 148.)
!l<
/on/an and F.^ertnaun. — Fiihfs of North America.
21)9
C(.iiii\ ratlior pointed. Month larno, modoratnly ohlicpin, tlio proiimxiU
luis 111 level of piipll, tho maxillary oxtwiuliiiK to oppoMitfl eye; low«r.jaw
Hoiiirw hat proJertitiK' Kyo inodorate, about oi|iiiil to iiuiz/lo. Scalcn
closi'ly iinliricatod, crowdod aiitoriorly, about •'<() iK^foru dottta! DorNa! tin
lii^'li. iiiHttrtiMl almiit midway botwecn vcntralH and anal; puctorals not
rciu liiiiK vvntrulH, tlio latter to v»nt; caudal tin long, ('ohtration dark
Htcrl Miio ahovo; paloorsilveiry !>«low ; a iiioro or 1«mh ovidout black npot
at liiiHK of dorsal in front ; thn thiH othorwiHO all plain. MalcH with the
mill lior dornnl rogion and tho head profnHoly covered with Hmall whitiNh
tiilM'irlcH, the belly and lower Huh being of a bright brick red in tho
H|)iiii>;. KoinaloH very paloolive, HometimoH almost colorlesa. Length Ki
indirs. Minnesota to Western Now York, (Cayuga Lake), North Carolina,
Alali.'iiiiiv, and Kansas ; generally abundant in small, clear streams. An
oniatK and excessively variable little flsh, of which the following are
recduiiiza^blo varieties.
Tint typical, that is, earliest known form, but the moat aberrant of
tboNiM'ius, occurs in Iowa and southwestward to the Arkansas Uasin.
40N». XOTROPIH I'MliKATIMS FMRRATIMK (Glranl).
Head t ; depth 3fr to 3ij ; eye about 4. D. 8 ; A. 11 ; scales 10 to 44. Hody
uluiit, (ItM'p and compressed. Eye smaller than in other forms. Lateral
lino (li'llexed. Male steel blue, smutty above, a dark curved bar on scapu-
lar rt'^Mon ; dorsal black except at base mesially, the dark spot in front
olwcnni ; lower ilns all dusky, flushed with rod ; females very palo oliva-
codiiN, tln! black scapular bar usually plain, the dark spot representt.l by
ilurk |iunctulations. Length 3 inches. Arkansas River and streams of
KaiiH.'is and southwestern Iowa, (((nibra, shade.)
A\h\m>m iimhritliliii, QiRARP, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phlln., 1856, 193, Sugar Loaf Creek, tributary
Poteau River, Arkansas. (Tyjip, No. 73. T'oll. MiillliaiiNi'n.)
LH/iluf hhl.liiy, C'liiAnn, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Scl. 18r>0, 203, Coal Creek, tributary South Fork
Canadian River. (Cidl. MiillliaiifiL'n.)
Miuniliia iiiijriiiinniii, (iii.nERT, Kull. WaHliI). Lab. Nat. Hist., 1, 1884, 14, Shunganunga Creek,
near Topeka, Kansas. (Typo, No. 30013. Coll. Cragln.)
f^o(m;.;.i i,(,irrolfiHilt>lvs,* FouBE«, IJull. III. Lab. Nat. IliHt., 1885, 138, Illinois. (Coll. Forbes.)
AlhHrnilhi»vml>r(ilil!s, GinAim, I'ac. R. U. Surv., x, 260, 18.18.
Miimilm iimlinililis, .loitDAN & GiMiFliT, Synopsis, 200, 1883.
Kotemiiionw liicidm, Jordan & Oiluert, Synopsis, 249, 1883.
* The fdlliiwing is Prof. Forbes' account of yolmpis mnrrnlepidolitu : Tliis fisli, reproHonted by
aiiiitfli'Kpic iriK'ii ill our collectioiiH from Illinois, closely reBeiiililcM Xolmjiis ulriiien, from wbicii
itililli'ivis|iicially in tbe larjjer scales, and in tli(> entire absence of any blotcli at tbe front of tho
liaaMif till' ilorfal tin. It is elliptical in outline, strongly compressed, its greatest thickness doing
Icifthaii liiilf it.s depth, the back making a uniform curve from the front of tho dorsal to the
iiintrlls. Length 2.1 inches, depth 4.2 in length, caudal peduncle i.r>. Color in alcohol plain,
the eltlfssiiniewhat silvery, the oiiercles brightly so; no dark vertebral line, but the scales upon
till! Iiack mill upon tho ujiper part of the sides thickly sprinkled with rather large circular black
Pl*fks; fins all plain ; upper surface of the head a little dusky, and thickly sprinkled with black.
Tlii'lipud is a compressed cone, 4.5 in length, uppiT surface convex ; snout regularly decurveil,
3.5inlii.ail; mouth rather large, terminal, obliiiuo ; upper lip op|iosito the middle of the pupil;
maxillary to posterior margin of nostril; upper jaw 3.15 in hetul, lower not projecting, 2.(i in
head ; teeth 4, 2-2, 4 ; cyo large, circular, 2.76 in head ; doi-sal fla 1-8, about 4 scales behind tlii»
nntrali ; nual 11 ; scale formula 6-40-3, 10 before dorsal.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
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Further oastwaril in Illinois and Iowa in prairio brooks occurs
40Kb. XdTKOriS I MItltATILIS ATltlPKS (.Turdaii).
Ilftad 4/,; depth 4; eye 4. D. 7; A. 11; scales {)-r)2-5. l{«»(ly \orv
utron^^Iy compressed. Head conii)ar.'itivoly pointed; eye small, slKnter
ihan n.uzzl). Coloration of liodydark hlnlHli, without traces of vciticiil
bi;rs;8ik'H not silvery, the scales dusted with dark i»unctnliiii(ii:s:
dorsal witli the usual black spot at base in front, smaller thiin in /////( /•»-
rut 01 aniens; a< black bar crosses its upper part; anal colored like tlic
d.irGal, with a black spot at base in front, the niarkinjjs paler; ventral
fu\b dusky ; males profusely tubercalate, and doubtless red in spi in;;.
Length 3 inches. Southern Illinois and Iowa. Crt/cr, black ; y^/s, toot,)
Li/lli.-uniK iihiitiH, JiiRDAN, Hull. 111. Tiiilf Nut. Hist., it, .">!•, ISTK, streams of Union and
j'ohnson counties, Illinois. (Tvpc, No. 2i'ii!t.'i. Coll. ForltPK.)
Miiini'iiKtihiiiiH, .loiiiiAN & QiLiiKRT, SyiiopsiH, l',l7, ISS:!.
Represented throughout the Ohio Valley and neighboring regioiiN by
49Sc. NOrnOlMS FMimATIMS LYTHRUUIJS (.Toidaii).
The central type from which the tithers soem to have diverged. Hody
Moderately elongate, the depth U in length, the females nearly .">; eye
large, abo.it o^ in head. Scales JM7-3. Dorsal with a conspicuous
black spot in front, the rest of the Hn mostly i)ale; no anal si)ot. Lcniith
Hi inches. Oldo A'alley and rivers of neighboring states. {?.rOi)ov, liiood;
ni'fx'i, tail.)
1,'iilihi.i rvlii /•*, Hafinesq ■;, Ich. Oil., U, IH'JO, Elkhorn and Kentucky rivers; iiiimiimI hut ii.^i
ilcwrihiil.
S'llii'iiis hiilininiii, .loviii.VN, I'riir. V. S. Nat. Mils., 1SSI, 47(1, White River, Indianapolis,
Indiana. (Tviio, No. W\15. Coll. Jordan k Coiidand.)
////;i«i7i'jiis i(i'y./,-i)iii<i, Coi'K, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., \St\~, 102.
Mimiih'n<..j>ltiiniuii, JORDAN it Gll.liF.RT, SynojisiH, 107, lK8lt; n^ . SimntiliiR (//;/?,•( ih/i(,«, l!al'inrs(|iii .
Represented northward by the deep-bodied
4J»S<I NOTUOIMS I -MIIRATILIS <YAXO('EI'HAI IS (Copeland).
Head 4Jr ; depth 4 ; eye 3f. D. 8 ; A. 12 ; scales 9--4r.-4 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2.
Body short, ' .out, chubby, moderately t ()m])ressed, the form reseinliliii;;
that of rhnvphales. Head very short, «iee|», us greatest deptli tlnoc-
fourlhs its length. Snout blunt, shorter than eya. Eye large, not so
wide a'j the interorbital space. Coloration dark b'uish above; sides not
silvery; males in spring profusely covered witl; small tubercles; tho
sides ,11. d lins clear, bright red; tho back, and e.«peeially the top ol' tiio
head, of a clear glaucous blue ; dorsal in both sexes with a large lilaok
spot at tho base of its anterior rays, tiiis spot about as large ns eye;
dorsal, anal, and ventrais blackish at tip. Length 2Hnclies. h^iveisof
southern Wisconsin, etc. (nvayeor, blue; kkki'/i/, head.)
Lylhniruit riiniinciitlKilHs, (yOrELAND, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Soi. Pliila.,
Wisconsin, ('rypc, No. 17H,'i7. Coll. Hoy \- rcippjaud.)
Minuihix < iiiiiinct'iiliaiiis, .Iokdan A GiMir.iiT, Synopsis, I'.Ki, lSS:i.
1877, 70, Racine K'iver,
* "'1st speci'^s, Red Miniiy, Iluli!ull^ ruher. Untile roupe. Kiitireiy red; tail forkcil. I aiM
hero u fine snjiill fish, which I liav(t never cecn as yet, hut it is said to live in tin' •iiii»ll
strcatn.3 wliich fall into the Klkhorn and Kentucky. It is a slender flsh, only 2 iuclics Inii):,
compnissed, and of a fine purple red. It may belong tu this genua, or to any othrr nf this
tribe. It is cumnionly called Ked Minny." — Safinesi^ut.
Jordan and Ever mann. — Fishes of North America. 301
laliiescutotl east of the Allcyhanies by tlio Hlim-bodieil
4»Se. XOTKOriS rMHRATILlK AKDENK (Oope).
Sleiulcr ami brilliantly colored, tlio depth 4ii in males; eye 3J in head.
.Sicil liliic, llie lins brijjht red, base of dortsal larj»oly black, lioauoke
l.'iMi, Virj^inia. A beautiful inhabitant, with }\oiroim cir««»»i«», of the
(■K;u liioiintain streams, {urdinn, burning.)
/(„,,.,/.),.« ll,.^•»^, Cope, I'roc Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., I«(i7, l('.3, headwaters of Roanoke River,
Montgomery County, Virginia. (Coll. C'oiiu.)
; ,„ „.. »,s iinl.iiH, lirNTiimt, Oat., vii, 2riT, 18i,8.
M.i„i'li,.,irth-i,K. J(»nii.\.\ A (JlLliKUT, !5,viu>|isis, 198, 1883.
h'tpresonted m Tennessee and northern Alabama by
4!Ksr. N(>TK(U'IS I.MItKATILlS FASl'lOliAUIS, (iillitit.
r.ddy UHUally deep, the males with 5 to 8 dark blue vertical crossbars
as in Solriipl'i ccratsiiiiis. Colors brilliant. Southern bend of Tennessee
li'ivci, in limestone streams; abundant, (/utitiolarifi, with small cross
liand.s.)
.V.(,..;m'. ii,i,hriilili> fic-rinliiris, (iii.iiEKT, Hull. l'. S. Fish Coiiiiii., ix, 188!), (18U1), 118, streams
about Florence, Alabama. (Tviic, Nu. 42504. Ci>ll. Gilbert & Swain.)
Ktpreseutcd in the Carolina i)ine wood.j by the slender and pale
498k. NOTKOFIS IMUKATILIS MATITIMS (Copo).
Head I}; depth 5^ ; eye 3i. D. 8; A. 11; scales 7- ;. -3. Body slender;
evf lar^O; .scarcely longer than muzzle, ecjual to interorbital width.
()liva('eoii-s above; the scales brown-shaded; a plumbeous lateral band
witli ihirk i)oint8; a small black spot at base of dorsal in front, pr 'ceded
by a ilaiU streak along middle of back; a dark spot at base of caudal.
Malts with the snout, chin, and upper half of dorsal red. Length 2^
incliLS. NeuHC and ranilicu r'vers; common in sandy brooks, with 2sutro-
jiis lillii'dlun. (mittutinus, of the morning, rosy.)
A!i.i:,u,llii-. niiiiiiliiiiis, Coi'K, Proc. Anier. I'Ml. Sof. riiila., 1870, 4G5, Neuse River, Wake
County, North Carolina. (Coll. Copo.)
WkhH"' iii'iliilii(ii.'<, JoKiiAN & Gn.liF.UT, Syiiopsis, 1'.'!), 18hi;t.
i\',)^..j;.> m.^liitiiiiis, JdiiDAS, Bull. U. S. Fish Coinni., viii, 1888, 125.
Represented in tributaries of the lower Mississippi by the deep-bodlod
4i)Sh. NOTBOI'lS I MUUATIMS I'l X( Tl LATIS (Hay)
Head IH ; depth t^; eye moderate, 3. D. 8; A. 10 or 11 ; scales 11-49-3;
tt'otli '-', 4-1, 2, with grinding surface. I3ody short, deep, compressed;
hack tlevatt'd in front of dorsal. Head short and deep; the prolilo nearly
Btniiyhl: month large, quite oblique, maxillary reaching front of orbit.
Scaler small, 25 in front of dorsal. l.iateral line much deeurved. Dorsal
'oeginning midway between muzzle and base of caudal. Straw color;
silvery on sides and below ; scales above dark-edged; a dark dorsal line;
a (laik 1)and on caudal peduncle; a spiall black spttt at base of dorsal.
Leiif;tli L' inches. Tributaries of Big Ilatchee River, northern Mississippi.
^^iiiy) aninctulatus, speckled.)
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museutn.
4 ■
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.
iv
!
Mimiilim imiiitiiliUuii, Hav, Proi;. U. S. Nat. Jlus., lH»i(), r)(m, Tuscumbia River, a trilmtary
of the Big Hatchee, near Corinth, Mississippi. (.Typu, No. iJTiao. Cull, lla.v.j
MitiHiliis puitclulatiis, JuiiuAN it QiLBKKT, SyiiopsiB, 1!)8, IHKfi.
124. ERICYMBA, Copo.
Eiiriimhti, Coi'E, T'roc. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'liilii., IHCifi, 8H, (hmrdtu).
Uody liither elongate, little conipiesHed; muzzle broad, rieniaxillaiy
protractile, luteropercle, Bliborbital, aud dentary bones coutainiiij; con-
spicuoiiH, extorually viaiblo, iiiucoiia channels; lips thin; no Itjulie!.
Teeth I, 4-1, 0, without grinding surface, hooked, tl'.o edges entire.
Scales rather large; tie lattral line continuous. Dorsal lln abo\ (; \eu-
^t-uja. ^ullj basis short. Silvery fishes of small size, known at once trom
all other minnows by the cavernous bones of the lower part of the head
Ouo species known; a cur -us and interesting little lish of the i;ii^^;;r
flteeUa. U/it-j ^U lutenslvi irticle; Kvftf3ii, a cavity; in allusion to the
itbvolopment of the mucous channols.)
409. KIIICVMBA BK ( ATA, Coim.
|luu<l 4 i (|o(ith i eye large, 4 in head. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scaloH 5-33-3 ; tt^eth
1, 4-4, 0. Body fusiform, rather elongate, littlo eoutpvesseil, the bael; not
elevated. Head rather long, somewhat depressed above, with broad iiiid
prominent muz e. Mouth r.ithersnuill, hovizoutal, subinferior, tlm imvcr
jaw considerably shorter than upper; upper lip below level iil iniitil;
maxillary not reaching to eye; dentary bones dilated, tho mu(!OUH ( iiiiu-
uels conspicuous. Suborbiial very broad, silvery, with an eleviiled Imigi
tudinal ridge aud conspicuous cross lines; operclo sliiall. Fins hiiiiiII,
dorsal over veutrals. Scales moderate; lateral line nearly 8traij,'lit;
breast scaleless; 15 largo si',ales before dorsal. Color (dl .aeeous, ratlior
pale; sides bright silvery with bluish rellectionsi a ilark dorsal Htiiak,
conspicuous posteriorly; tins plain: males without tuberclen or luij^bt
colors. Length 3 to 5 imhes. Michigan and western Pennsylvania to
Kansas and southward to Wejt Florida; locally very abundant Olio
of the most remarkable of cur littlo minnows, (hitcva, cheek.)
Ericymhi hnccatu. Cove, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sd. Diila., 1865, 88, Kiskiminitas piver, western
Pennsylvania, a tributary of the Monongahela. ((^oll. <'o|"0; f''i''K, Cypr. l\-iiii .'M,
18G6; Gt'NTHER, Cat., vii, 185, 1808, .Jordan * Gii.iti.uc, Synopsis, 204, 1883.
125. PHENACOBIUS, Cope.
Pheuacohim, Col-K, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Pliila., 1807, !)G, (Irreliilitu).
Sarcidhmi, Cope, Ilayden's <iool. Surv. Wyoin. for 1870, (1871), 440, (iittplfinnii).
Body elongate, little compressed. Head moderate, subterote; nioutli
inferior, the lower lip thin mesially, but enlarged into a fleshy IoIk.oh
each side toward tlie angle of the mouth, thus presenting a siip(;ili('iai
resemldance to thut of J'JxogloHsum, with which tho genus has piohalily
real affinities; upper lip with a callous covering within ; dentary ''n'les
distinct, excejit at symphysis. No barbel. Upp'ujaw protractile. loetli
4-4, hooked, without grinding surface. Scales rather small, lateral line
complete. Dorsal tin in front of veutrals ; anal basis short. Isthmus
-^
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
303
oxticiiicly ^vi(lo. luteotiues short; peritoneam white. SniuU Hpecies,
Willi the aspect of young suckers, (fivui, deceptive; /?('of> life; the
a|i|M-iiiuiice of the tish suggeutiug au herbivorouu dpecies with long
intrntiiU'H, which it really is not.)
((. Si ali'h moilorato, 42 to 53 in the lateral line.
h. llrcaNi ."raly ; no distinct spot at bosuof caudal. terrtulus, 600.
bh. liroiist imkfd ; caudal Bpot vory dibtinct.
c. Sculva in lateral lino 49 to 63, their outlineH blonded. hikaiiilis, 601.
cc. ScaU'H in lateral lino 43 to 45, their uutlim^s cinphaHi/.ed l>y darle udKingg.
SCUIMFER, 602.
.111. ScuU'H Hinall, alKiiit 60 in the courHo of the lateral line ; breast naked.
(I Hudy very slender ; baso of caudal with u iliMliiiit black Hpot. ubanoph, 503.
<<('. Body nioduratoly sloudor ; brae of caudal with a vague dusky blotch.
CATOSTOMUS, 504.
600. PIIENACOHIUS TKBETL'LUS, Cope.
Head 4J ; depth 4?; eye large, high up, 3i in head. D.8; A. 7; scales
G-i;)-"); toeth 1-4. Body slender, little compressed, the back not elevated,
tlio caudal peduncle stout. Head stout, the muzzle elongate, obtusely
dtciuvod, heavy. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal, the maxillary not
reacliing to eye. Isthmus wide. Breast scaly. Lateral line nearly
Htiuifjiit. Pale yellowish; the scales above dark-edged; snout blackish; a
|i1iiiii1m(iii8 Intdial band; fins plain. Length SJinches. Kanawha Kiverj
iKil '(iiiiiiioji. (Ti'iditUts, au okl name of the Red Horse, Moxostoma.)
l%mn>\iim Uriiului, OoPE, Proc. Ac. Kat. Sci. Phila., 18G7, 90, Kanawha River, Eggleston
Springs, West Virginia. ((.'u||. C'opo.) Juu )AN ifcGiLUEBT, Synopsis, 204, 1883.
AOt. I'llKNACOKirS MIItAUILIS (Girurd).
ii(Ml)
Hlllllll
itj |l: (jtihtjl 4i; eyp jaise, 4 in Ijeatj. p.8; A.7;
tl|il(|l)i(|(b(HlbiitlH. iM HJioit, Ju(|)f| ))lunt
, t'lo maxillary not reacjjjng to oye. i'ttlu pjjffic
scales 7-48 to 52-5.
anteriorly. Mouth
ceous ; a silvery lat-
m mm
I'lal liaiid anil a oonsplciimis hlaek spot at lifiNrt of caudal, smaller than
eye; (iiilliues of scales blended, not empliasizctl by dark edgings. Fins
pale. Length liHndies. Illinois Hiver to Arkunsiis, rather common in
8undy streams ; specimens examined from the JIIIiioIh, Des Moines, Osage,
Missouii, Arkansas, and Sabinn rivers, (mirabilia, wonderful.)
Kr,,.;/,*,,,,, iiihiililh, (Uiiknu, I'roc. Ac. Nat.Sd. I'hilii., 1850, l',)|, illid I'lic. II. ll.fliirv., x, 250, 1868,
Arkansas River, Fort Smith. (Coll. Hliumiird.)
I'linui'-'il'iiiK miriihilu, JoROAN & (tU.iJEFit, Synopsis, 205, 1883 | .tonn^ N A MeEK, I'roc. U. S. Nat.
Uus., ISS'i, G.
503. I'l^ENAf Oltas SrOI'IFKit (Cope).
I^i'.'id j to |}; depth ii; scales (i /.'} to ir>-.f). Very close to tlie preced-
ih|», dil/l'iifig so ^ar em kjiowij only in tne larger scales, the outlines of
which are sharply up/i/ioQ oil Accyjhil pf Aaiji. edgings. L'uudal spot dis-
tinct. Illinois to the fiju (Iranue, .'j(/i()i'if ;|i^ ajiiiudaiit ^s the preceding,
peiha|iH more widely di8/,ril»uted. U is possibio fliat tjiis form represents
siiiiply (he oxtrofne of variation of /'. tnlrnhilis. (acopij'er, tieariiig a stem.)
Sarriiliiim Mopifenm, CoVK, Hayden's Ocol. Surv Wyoni, for 1870, (1871), 44'!, Missc uri River,
near St. Joseph, Missouri.
r/ifii«i(.l.iiis tireiniM liuslenmi, Nki.son, Hull. III. Lab. Nat. Uist.i, 1870, 40, brooks of McLean
County, Illinois.
Phemnil.iiiH sciipifenis, JoiinAN, Bull. Ilayden's Geol. .Surv., iv, .iOO, 1878.
IVieiiiKu/.iiis mirabitis, in part, Jobuan & Uiluert, .Synopsis, 205, 1883.
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Bulletin 4J, United States National A/iiseum.
U
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r>o;i. i'liKNACOitirs iitAXoi's, coi"
IIoad4jf; depthli; eye3i. D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-()0-l); tcoth 1-1. llndy
very sloiulor, little conipreHSod; back not elevated, caudal pcduucle li)n<,'
aud Hlondor. Head long and rather ulender, flat above, the uiuzzlu hioad
blunt, aud projecting. Mouth entirely inferior, larger than in tlio dthci
Hpecies, with couspicuouH lipa. Eye large, placed high, behind niiddlf ol
head. Scales Buiall, 24 in front of dorsal. Lateral lino straight, lina.si
and middle line of belly naked; width of isthmus half length of licad.
Fins small. Color pale olivaceous, with a distinct dark spot at Icisc of
caudal. Upper Tennessee Basin, rather common in river chauuclH, not
ascending brooks, {ovpavur, sky ; (.'ji/;, eye; =8targazer.)
I'lunitciihivn uraniqis, Oiii'K, I'riic. At. Nut. Sri. I'liilii., IMiT, W'<, Holston River, Saltvillc, Vir-
ginia ; (Coll. (knpo) ; JoiiDAN & (jIMif.kt, SyiiojiHiH 200, 18»3; Joudan, Hull. U. ."-, I'isli
Cumin., viii, !»««, 140.
504. PIIKXACOBII'S CATOSTOMI'S, .J.iidan.
Head \h to 5; depth 5ii ; eye SJ. D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-r)0-r>; teetli I-}.
Body rather slender, nearly terete, scarcely com])res8ed ; back not elevated;
caudal peduncle stout. Head deejt, the muzzle blunt an(t heavy, the
cheeks tnmid. Mouth small, inferior, altogether below level of eye, the
maxillary barely reaching nostrils; lips much thinner than lu /'. nrmiopK,
Eyes large, high up, behind middle of head. Scales small, thin, loosely
imbricated; back and belly scaled ; breast naked. Lateral line nearly
straight; 22 scales in front of dorsal. Fins all small. Width of istliiiuis
2i to 3 in head. Pale olivaceous; white l)eIow ; a silvery lateral hand,
underlaid by dusky, which forms vague blotch at base of caudal; liack
dusted with dark specks; top of head black ; a yellowish vertebral Hue.
Length 4 inches. Alabama Banin, rather common. {CatostoinHa, afsiickei,
which it much resembles.)
Plienacnhiim calonlniiiin', .Joudan, Ann. I.jt. Nut. Hist. N. Y., IN70, illiJ, Etowah and Oosta-
naula rivers, Rome, Georgia. (Tyi)e, No. 17m8i». Coll. .lorduii & Uilb<'rt.) .Iuhhan A
GlLiiEiiT, Syuoiwl.'i, 200, 1S8;!.
126. EVARRA, Woolman.
Efarm, Woof.man, Bull. (J. S. Fish (,'oinni., .\iv, 1894, Miiy ;i, IS'Jl, 04, {eujeumuiim).
Body long and low, formed as in Tiartx/it, subtereto and covered with
very small scales. Head small, bluntish and thick at tip; mouth very
small, terminal, oblicjue, without barbels, the lips thickish ; the iiiiper
jaw protractile, but not much movable. Eye moderate; istlimus iiuidLi-
ate; lateral line complete. Dorsal low, inserted rather posteriorly; anal
small aud short. Teeth small, 4-4. Intestine about as long a.s body.
One species known, from Mexico. (Evarraf an Indian name, " uiakei of
gods in lands beyond the sea.")
505. KVAHRA EMiEXMANM, Woolmuii.
Head 4i; depth 5^; snout 'Si in head; eye small, 4. D. 8; A. 7; scales
about 17-88-10; teeth 4-4; intestine as long as body. Body long aud low,
subtereto, looking like a small sucker; head small, the snout auteiinily
truncate, the intororbital space broad and llattish; mouth short, mostly
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
;J05
iiiiti ! ml, tb« maxillary uot reaching to eye ; preniaxillary protractile, but
uut luiicli inuvablo; lips sutnowhat thickened ; scales very Hinall, thuHo ou
hells 1111(1 liufure dorsal minute; lateral linocomplete,deciirvcd anteriorly;
lins ;ill very small, the dorsal slightly behind ventrals, its tip not pointed;
iiectdiiils short, reaching about half way to anal. Olivaceous, belly sil-
vt'i \ . isidcs with a rather faint plumbeouH lateral band ending in a small
blai k ciuidal spot; a darker dorsal stripe ; fins all pale. Length 3 inches.
Cit V "t Mexico ; here described from one of Mr. Woolmau's types. (Named
for Di. Carl II. Eigenmaun.)
/■.'mri'i' '(""""""'< ^^'""''"'S'*>''""- U-^' Fish Coiiini., xiv, 1891, May ;{, IS'JJ.OI, City of Mexico.
(T,v|ii', No- -ISSVl Coll. Woolman A Cox.)
127. TIAROGA, (Jirard.
IV(irn[;i,<JiKAtti>, Proc, Ac. Nttt.Sci. Phila., 1856, 204, (fofciVw).
I'xxlv decidedly elongate, having the form of a loach {Cohitin), siibfusi-
I'onii, little compressed and covered with minute scales. Lateral line
coiiiiilcttv Head small, subconical, dei)res8ed, the mouth very small, ter-
minal, Dbliqiie, without barbels, the lips fieshy and the preniaxillary not
protiiicille. Eye moderate. Isthmus very wide. Dorsal inserted slightly
bLJiiiMl viitiiils, the tin high, its first rudimentary ray somewhat enlarged ;
anal with short base. Teeth very small, apparently 1, 1-4, 1, and without
grinding? surface. One species known, a very singular little fish from the
(.iila ivjfion. (A coined name.)
500. TIAItOOA COIilTIS, Giinrd.
Head I'j ; depth 0; eye 3J. D. 8; A. 7; lateral line 05. Teeth without
jjiiniiiiiir surface, 1, 4-4, 1.* Maxillary falling far shortof eye, 4 in head;
loweijiiw included. Eye moderate, high up, midway in head; iuthmus
very wide. Lateral lino nearly straight. Body olivaceous, with dusky
specks above; a black spot at base of caudal. Length 2i inches. Rio
San I'edro, a tributary of Itio Gila; only the types yet known, (cobiiia,
the loach, a European fish of similar form.)
Tmuija riil.ilh:, (liu.Mii), Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila., 1850, 204, Rio San Pedro, Arizona.
(I 'oil. Clark.) (JiliAilD, U. S. Mux. Hound. Surv., Ichth., 00, 185U.
Le\iri^r„<<.,hilix, (iCNTiiEil, Cat., VII, 247, 1808.
aio(.i r..f.i(,.., .JiiuiiAN & GiLbF.RT, SyiiopsiH, 170, 188a.
Tmiviju ojbUif, JuHDAN, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus., 1885,120.
128. RHINICHTHYS, Agasaiz.
(Black-nosed Dace.)
/li|/;/ri'"s, IIeckki,, Iliw80gg«rs Roisou, I, 1040, 1843, (dlrdnimin), iiuiiicprt'ucciiiuod in Kiitoiuology.
Wiiiiiihlliii.^, AUAS81Z, Lake Superior, aolt, 1850, (alroHaiim).
Body riitber elongate, not much compressed. Mouth small, subiuferior,
the upper jaw not protractile, the upper lip continuous with the skin of
the forehcai' forming a very broad frenum ; a small or minute barbel ter-
minal on t he maxillary. Teeth mostly 2, 4-4, 2 or 1, hooked, without grind-
ing surtace. Intestinal canal short. Scales very small ; lateral linecon-
tiuuous. Dorsal fin inserted behind the ventrals. Anal basis short.
*liot 1, :! 3, 1, us stated by Girard.
F. N. A. 21
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Coloration dark, the males rosy in spring. Active little iishes inhaluting
mountain springs, the species very difficult to distinguish, {(ny, Huoiif
Ix^v^t fish ; the snout being prominent.)
' ' 4
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|i- mm*.
W ;,
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a. Snout loug and prominent, projecting nutalily beyond tho uioutb, about twico leuKi r oyi<
in udiilt ; barbrl evident.
h. Scales 14-C5-8 to 14. CATAba( t i , 607.
6fc. Settles 0-60-7. siMi ■;, Ww.
aa. Snout moderate, projecting littlo beyond the email mouth, its length l^^ times oye inuiliilt;
barbel minute or obsolete. atbonakis, OOtf.
607/bHINICIITHYS CATARACTi: (Cuvicr & YalencicDDcs).
(LoNo-NOBEi) Dace.)
Head 4 ; depth 5 ; eye 2 in snout, 5 in head. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 1 1-0)5-8,
(62 to 68) ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body elongate, little compressed, not elc\ ated.
Head long, the muzzle flattened, narrowed, and extremely prouiiucnt, the
mouth being entirely inferior and horizontal. Eye nearly median.
Isthmus wide. Barbel evident. Pectoral fins enlarged in males. luHer-
tion of dorsal nearly median. Color olivaceous, paler below, with iiunier-
ons dusky punctulations ; the back often almost black ; some of thu Hcalus
usually irregularly darker, producing a mottled appearance ; no diMtiiict
black lateral band ; young specimens with a dusky lateral shade ; abluckiHli
spot on the opercle ; males in spring with the lips, cheeks, and lower tins
crimson. Length 5 inches. New England to Virginia and WiscunHin; its
varieties ranging to Utah and the Columbia Basin, frequenting clear and
boisterous streams and rock pools, {cataracta:^ of the Cataract, the orig-
inal type being from Niagara Falls.)
Oohio cataracUr, Cuvier & VAtENctENNES, xvi, 315, 1842, Niagara Falls. (Coll. M. Jlilberl.)
Leticisciis nasulut, Ayres, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, 1841!, 299, West Hartford, Conn.
RhinicUthyt marnwraliis, AoASSiz, Lake Suiwrior, 354, 1850, Lake Superior. (Type, Xo. 1X153.)
Scalbs smalliT, 10-70-10 ; otherwise similar. GOntiieu, Cat., vii, 189, 18G8.
Argyreiis nasulun, Cope, Cypr. Penn. 3fi9, ISUO.
Ilhinkhlliys nasulHs, GCntiier, Cat., vii, 189, 1868.
Ceraiiehthiii cataractic, GVnTiiF.n, Cat., VII, 176, 1868.
Bhiaichlhyi calaracUc, Jordan & Giliieiit, Synopsis, 207, 1883.
Represented in the Rocky Mountain region on both sides of the divide by
SOIa.'^RHINlCHTHYS CATAKACT;K IU'LCIS (Girard).
Head 4 ; depth 5 to 5^. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 11 or 12-63 to 70-!) to 12.
Body elongate, not elevated. Head long, tho muzzle long and projecting,
as in R. cataractw, but rather sliarper. Barbel evident, l)ut smaller than
in B. cataractw. Insertion of dorsal a little farther back than in (((/«-
ractw, being usually midway between nostril and base of caudal. Silvery;
darker abo\ o ; a dusky lateral shade, at least in the young ; males hn j?ely
rosy. Length 5 inches. Headwaters of the Miss'Hiri, Platte, Arkansas,
and Rio Grande; also throughout the Columbia basin, and in tributaries
of Great Salt Lake, the Jordan, Prove, and Bear rivers, with the species
of Jjjoco^)*', which it closely resembles ; abundant in swift brookw. (did-
cis, sweet, first taken in Sweetwater River.)
Jordan and Rifermann.— Fishes of North America. 307
Xrqiff'* ''"'<''»i OiiiAnP, Proc. Ar. Nut. 8ci. I'liiltt., 186t'., 1«,'., Sweetwater River, Nebraska.
I'lyix', Nil. 210 (2()2U'i). (^)ll. Downian.) Jdhdan, Bull. I'. S. Y\A\ Cceiiiii., ix, lf*S!i, 8.
/}/,,„.. Uihii* vnixilliiMK, C'OPK, I'roc. Ac. Nut. S<-l. riiilu., 1864, 278, Kansas. (Coll. Hammond.)
t HiKiV Yaiiiiow, Zoiil. Wlii'olcT Siirvpy, v, f.44, lS7r>.
gliii'f ii'l"i' I'"'""'"""'""'"'' Cdi'K, Aiiicr. Nut., .Inly, 1«79, 411, tributaries of Rio Grande in
Colorado and New Mexico. (Typu, No. 17081. Coll. Yiirrow.)
/Mi» • "',"« (i<.7/<i, Oahman, Sclemo Observer, 1881, 68, Northeastern Wyoming and
Montana.
Bhiiii' hihiii /"/.111, (■/>UMAN, t*cionco Observer, 1881, 59, Bear River, Ogden, Utah ; Hcaloa
l;rlow latiTiil lino about 14.
Ilhiiii'lilliif''"'''"' •'"'»'"*'< * CiLiiEHT, Syno|)HiB, 885, 1883; Kveumann, Hull. I'. S. Fitih Comm.,
M, ls')l,(18i>2),42.
Khinidiihiis iiiuj-iUotuii and iransmontanwi, Jordan & Gilbert, SynopsiK, -ah, l«8:i.
608. KHIMCIiTHYS KLVIIS, Gurman.
Head IJ. D. 9; A. 8; ecalee 9-(i0-7. Head depressed above and in front
ofc.vt's; Huont rather broad, thin, little projecting. First ray of dorsal
inidwiiv 1i*>tween eye and base of caudal. Cloudc(i brown, a dark lateral
8tiiiu% bordered above by a silver one. Coabuila, Mexico, ((larman);
not Hccn by us. (aimus, ai/toi, blunt-nosed, an ei)itliet early applied to
Socrat»)8.)
BhiiiiMhux ximiit, liAR.MAN, Sciouce Observer, 1881, 01, Coahuila ; Jordan & Giluebt, Synoiwie,
8«ii, l«g;i.
609.''ltHIMCIITUYS ATRONASUS (Mltcbill).
(BLAt'K-.NosEP Dace.)
Head 1; depth ii; eye liiu snout, 4i in head. D. 7; A. 7; lateral line
64; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Head
model ate, rather broad and flattish above. Snout moderate. Month
small, horizontal, Bubterminal, the lower jaw included; barbel minute
but probably al^N'ays present; upper lip on level of tlie lower part of
pupil ; maxillary not reaching nearly to eye. Eye small, nearly median.
Fins rather small; dorsal fin well back, its insertion about midway be-
tween nostril and base of caudal. Scales quite small, somewhat embedded.
Color lilackisli above ; «oaie of the scales irregularly darker ; a black band
passinjr from snout through eye and along sides of body ; a paler streak
below this; belly silvery ; males in spring ■with the lateral band and the
lower fins, and sometimes the whole body, bright crimson ; males in late
HUiimier with the lateral baud scarlet or orange, tho red color growing
fainter later in the season. Length 3 inches. Now England to Minnesota,
Northern Alabama, and Virginia; very abundant in clear brooks and
mountain streams. Exce8.>jivoly variable, running into several varieties,
the extremes of which seem like distinct species, {atcr, black ; iiaaus,
nose.)
Cyprinus (Uriinasus, MiTCHil.l., Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 1815, 4G0, Wallkill River;
brooks of New York; Mitciiill, Amcr. Monthly Mag., i, 1817, l)f(enib«r, 289.
Cuiiriiim rilliiltis, KAFiNEByi'E, Amer. Monthly Mag. I, 1817, 121, Deceinlicr, Hudson River
above the Falls.
Wunidilhijs aironuims, GCntheh, Cat., vii, I'Jl, 18G8; Jordan A- Gii.iikrt, Synopsis, 208, l8sa.
: t !.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Afuseum.
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KtipreHouted in tliu ToniieHHce liauiu by
6U1>s. BlIIMtilTHVS ATHONANl'M C'KOCKUS (8tonr).
Head 4; depth 4i; eyo 5. D. 7; A. G; HcaleH 70; tuoth 2, i--\, 2. Wry
Himilar to U. atronuHUH, but usually rather Htuuter, the uculett Htnullci . iIh-
barbel mure dlHtinct, the head u little Hhortur, the upper Jaw ukim pK,.
jecting, and the coluratiou suniewhat ditteront. Hack ulivuceoiis, iuikIi
luuttled with darker; uideu with a rather faint bruwnlHh band, niaiumnl
above and below with creamy yellowish; a duHky blotch in themidilU; oi
the base of the dorsal fin ; males with the pectoral iins enlarged, ami u iti,
the lateral band rosy. Length 3 inches. Tennessee liasiu ; abuittlunt iii
clear brooks, {croceus, saffron color.)
Leucimm trnttui, Stokeh, I'ruc. Host. Sue. Nat. Hist., July, 1845, 4H, Florence, Alulmma
(Coll. (JliUH. A. Ilcntz.)
llhinichthyti'ltlumt, Aoarhiz, Amor. .loiirn. Sci. Arts, 185-1, ;J57, Huntsville, Alabama , (li n imku,
Cut., VII, 190, 186M ; JoBDAN A (JiLIIKBT, SyiiopsiH, 2(tH, 1HK3.
UhimchOiyi badiiu, Gakman, Scionco Obsorvur, 1881, 00; "McuIuh M-80-1U," Clinch Kivcr.
Replaced northwestward by
600b. ItlllNK'HTHYS ATKONASUS LrNATlIS (C'ui)o).
Much like var. oroceus, the coloration mottled, the lateral baud obhoiute,
the mouth more inferior, with shorter and wider cleft. Eye 5 in litud;
depth 5 in length. Insertion of dorsal midway between nostril and liaw;
of caudal. Scales 62. The common form in the lakes and brooks of Miclii-
gan and Indiana, and probably of Wiscoiisin and Minnesota, also.
UhiHuhlhiis liiiuitiui, Coi'K, Pruc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., 1MG4, 278, Grosse Isle, Michigan (Cull.
Prof. Fox.)
IlhimclUhj/t arenalui, (Jarmak, Scicuco Obscrvi^r, 1881, U2, Sand Hill River, Minnesota.
Represented in the prairie streams by
509c. RHINICIiTHYS ATltONAKI'S NKLKACIRIS (AgRHKi/,.)
Similar to subspecies crocetis, but the jaws nearly equal. Head lnoail,
narrowed anteriorly. Scales 11-70-8. Illinois and Iowa, perliups indiH-
tiuguishable from lunatus. {mekuyris, generic name of the turkey, I'luiu
its color?) «
Hhiniclilliyii iiielcagrui, AoASSiz, Amor. Journ. Sci. ArtH, 1854, 357, Burlington, Iowa. (Cull.
Dr. fiausch.) Joiidan & Gu.ukiit, Synopais, 886, 1883.
129. AGOSIA, Girard.
Agosia, QlRABP, Pror. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 185G, ISfi, {chnifi'ijaster).
Ai>oco]ie, Coi-K, llaydeu'H Geol. >Siirv. Mont, for 1871, 472, 1872, {lairimiitmi).
Erilrema, (Jiii-E, Zoiil. WUcoRt'h, Ocol. Surv. W. iDOth Mor., v, (;|8, 187(1, (lieiiKluwii).
liopliendum, Jobuan, Bull. Haydeu's Gtol. Surv. Torr., iv, 1878, 786, {sideriiim).
This genus differs from Rhinichthys only in having the premaxillaiieH
protractile. Even this character shows a disposition to disappiai by
degrees, as many specimens of Ayonia yarrowi possess a narrow fiiinim,
which, however, is distinct from the very broad freniim of nhinid'Uinn-
In form, appearance, and habits the two groups agree perfectly, all the
species inhabiting mountain streams and springs. Kocky Mountain vei;iuii.
(A coined uaiue without nicauing.)
Jordan ami Evertnann, — Fishes of North America.
309
II.
(.)i
AiinsiM
.1,1. T.
R, (airoKoirt), a cnUinft away, frum the Imporft'ct latural lioo):
rtli tud-rowi'il, iiHiiiilly witliuut grindioK lurfuco.
. IicirMil till ruthcr low, and not ntrongly falcatu; caudal lolion olitiiM).
(', Snout rntlKT lon^', Inm tliitn 4 in In-od, reioniMing that nf llhiitiihlhyii.
il. Scali'H Kmitll, UBnally niorii than 70in lateral lino.
e. Head 4; nnout 4; Bcalv* very small, about 8!) in latoriil line. ohciti.a, MO.
<«, Head rathitr lung, nliuut 4\^\ ficaloii largxr, alM>ut in In InttTal lino.
YAititowi, rill,
rer. Iloail dhnrter, 4' j^ to Ti; iical«i alniut 74. couKfill, M'i.
(ill. Sriilc'H lurRcr, f<'W»'r than 70 in lateral lino.
/. SraloH about Ci; Hnout 2%; oyo fi to 6J/iJ. AnonE, r>13.
Jf. .MriiioH lar^o, utiually C2 to 6fi.
ij. 1lo<ly cjuito doop, do|itli '.)% to 4 in longth; flnii low. nrvaprnrir, fil4.
ijij, noiiy'inoro Hlondor, depth :i% to fi in length.
//. SoaloH modorato, uRuully fewer than 70. Nunii.A, 515.
. pnrnal (In liiRli nml Htron^ly f'lilcato.
i'. Iiinor rayH ofvontral flnx without momhranouH ntayx joinini; them to tho body.
,/. l';yo largo, :t in head; Rculen lar^o, about 56 in latoral lino. vkmi'Kka, fil6.
ji. Kyo smaller, 'S% to 4 in head; Hcales smallor, (ill to 70 in latoral line.
I'MATII.r.A, 617.
II. Inner rayfi nf ventral flns unitod to liody by 2 or 3 membranous stays.
FAI.OATA, 518.
ith ono-rowod, 4-t, with grinding surfaro; smloHvory small; intostinal canal Romowhat
elongate. cilltYgiKiAHTKB, 510.
Subgenus APOCOPE, Cope.
610. ACIOSIA OSC'ITLA (fJirard).
Iload 1 ; depth 4 J; eye4, shorter than snout. D. 8; A. 7; pcalos 18-89-15 ;
tt'ctli I, 4-1, 1. Hody rather cIon|rate, the tail Htout; unr/./.le obtuse, hut
naiKiwcd anteriorly, not overhanginji; the mouth; I>arl)el small, some-
tinu'.s obsolete. Scales very small. Dusky olive above, a blackish lateral
liiiiid: iriiilos with axils of pectorals and ventrals scarlet; a scarlet patch
almvo j^iil opening and one on side of niu/zle. Length 2 to 3 inches.
Lower Colorado and Gila rivers; not rare. {oaculu8, small mouthed.)
-Ir;;;//. M* i.>.i(/m.i, (iiiiARii, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., 18.')'), 1H6, Babocomori Creek, a tributary
of the Rio San Pedro, Arizona. (Type, No. 50. Coll. Clerk.) (iiiiAni), U. S. & Mox.
Il..ui(l. Surv. Zoiil., 47, plato xxvii, Arh. !) to 12, 18.")!).
Anjiir.ii^ wiiiliilis, GiKAni), /. <:, IS.")!!, 180, Rio Santa Cruz, Sonora, a tributary of the Rio
San Pedro, which is a tributary of the Rio Gila. ((.'oil. Clark.) (iiitARn, Mcx. itoiind.
Slir\. /oiil., 17, plato xxvil, figH. 5 to 8, 185!».
CniiHiiliiift rnilriiiitiio, Coi'E, Proc. Ansnr. I'hilos. Soc. Pliila., 1874, V.W, Arizona ; I'liignp.
Iclitli. ntiih, 10, 1874. (Tvpo, No. l.-)784. Coll. Newberry.)
A]K,r„p,: iviiiriama, Coi'R A Yaiikow, Zoiil. Whoelor Surv., tVi8, phito xxviii, figs. 1 and la, 1875,
(IsTc).
/t/Kv.yi ,-:, iihi (In part) and i'e»i^n'eo»(i, Jordan & Gii.iir.nT, SynojisiH, 211, 1883.
f.ll. ACJOSIA I'AIIROWI, Jordan A Kvormanii.
Head 4!;; depth 5 to 5A; eye 5^ to 6; snout short, obtuse, 2| to 2f.
1). 7: \. 7; scales small, averaging about 16-78-13. Harbel small but
tlLstiiict. IJody elongate, little compressed; head long and rather heavy,
bluntitdi, upper lip with or without narrow frenum Joining it mesially
to snout ; the frenum present in about half of our many spocinnens; lips
i'lill, iiia.\illary about 3^ in head. Lateral line complete. Dorsal fin well
backward, its origin about midway between base of caudal and eye;
1^ i.
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poctural U ill lu'ud, iihuiiM}' not (Hiito roacliiug vontralH, tlio latter Kiirh.
iu)f piiHt v«>iit ; <>iuulal lingw. Color <lark olive, inoro or 1(>hh iiiottiod iliove
witli Mack ; HiduH with two ill-duliiuHl dark lateral ItaiidH, tlie int«>iM|ij|('(>N
paler; axilHof tlie liiiN mostly criiiiHon in life, au in related NpecieH. I.i ii^tli
2 to r> iiii'lipH. .StreaiiiH of ('(dorado in the (*olorado Kiver HaMiii. M-ry
abundant in Hniull HtreaniH in the mountain nioadowH, lesH conuuon m iId-
larger streaiuN. (Named for Dr. Henry C. Yarrot!^^ uaturalist ul iju'
Survey West of the Hundredth Meridian.)
Aijimiii iiniTiici, .IditDAN Si Kvkumann, Hull. I'. S. FIbIi Coiiiiii., IX, 18S0, (189J1, liS, Tomichi
Creek and Gunnison River, Gunnison, Colorado. (Coll. .Jorilnii, KviTiiiiiiin, I'l'itlrr,
A DiivJH.)
Apnii'iii' iisciihi, ('iii'K A Yaukow, Zi)ii|. Whuelcr .»<urvoy, (147, 1875, (187(!), nutof Uiuauh ; .Iuuhav
A (iiMiEiiT, SyiiopsU, 211, 18>*M, in |iarl.
612. AiiOSIA t'OlKSII (Yarrow).
Head 4 to 4i; depth 4jl to 4A; eyo 4i to 5; snout 2^. D. I, 8, (Home-
timoH 7); A. 1,7; Hcales 12-74-11, (ran^o from 70 to 7(5); teeth I or 2,
4-4, 2 or 1. Harltel present. Hody moderately stout, ventral and dorsal
outlines gently arched; head long and pointed; snout pointed, month
broad, inferior; eyo small, high up; interorbital width equal to snout;
caudal peduncle long, slender, and compressed. Origin ol' dorsal licliind
insertion of ventrals, about midway between base of middle candjil iay»
and notttril. Scales small, tirm and closo-Hot; lateral line complete.
Color dark gray above and on sides to lateral line; below jtalr; nu
lateral band ; tins all plain. Length 4} inches. Colorado Kiver itasiii.
(Named for Dr. Klliott Coues, the well-known ornithologist.)
Apocopi- vomMi, Y'ARnow, Fiold and Fori'St, 1870, and Zool. Wlicolor Surv., 048, 187.'>, (1870),
Camp Apache, Arizona,
r>13. AiiOSIA ADOKK, .Tunlnn &. Kvermaiin.
Head 3J to 3;; ; depth 4i to 5 ; eyo 2 in snout, 5 to 5 J in head. I). 8;
A. 7; scales 12-H3 to 70-10. Hody slender and elongate, the head lon^'
and low, sharp in profile. Snout long, about 2j in head, its tip iirojcct-
ing considerably beyond tho thick upper lip; mouth larger than in A,
nubila,thci maxillary extending beyond nostril; barbel well developed.
Lateral line complete. Insertion of dorsal midway between front of eye
and base of caudal ; pectorals shortish; caudal large. Length '2 to 4
inches. Clay-colored, with a dark lateral band; back with somo dark
dots. Sevier River, Utah, locally abundant, {adobe, clay, in SpuniHii.)
Agotia atloh; .loRDAN k EvEUMANN, Bull. U. S. Finh Conini., ix, 1889, (1891), 36, Sevier River,
Juab, Utah. (Type, No. 41C74. Coll. Jordan, Evermonu, I'fslor, & DaviH.)
514. AnOSIA NEVADENSIS (Gilbert).
Head 3.^ to 4; depth 3i to 4; eye very small, 5i in head, half interor-
bital width, which equals distance from tip of snout to middle of eye.
D. 8; A. 7; scales 6.'>; pores about 58. Hody robust, with laoad,
heavy head, its greatest depth at occiput, 5 in body, (6J in A. unhilii,
of same size). Mouth terminal, very oblique, the lower jaw in> iiuled,
the promaxillaries not overlapped by snout. Maxillary 3 in hea«l. reach-
ing front of eye; barbels well developed; scales small, very irret^nlarly
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America, 311
I) need, thu Int«r»l lino inc()iii|il«)to in ndiilt. FiiiH x\\\ hiiiiiII ; front of
ildiMiiI Miiilway htttwcou Iiuhu of caudiil and niiddlo of occiput, hehind
li;i-c of vtintralH. V«intral raj'H apparently Hoven, the outer rudiiuentary.
Itiiiwn, iiiucli Npockled aWovo, wliito hulow, a dark lutoral Htripe ondin^ iu
an olmciiro caudal spot. Warm Hprin^H in tho duHortH of sonthwoHtern
Ni'vadu; AhIi McadowH, Indian (Jrook, and VugaH Creok, Nuvada.
l!liiiii'lith!in(Aii<ii-<r]ti) urrittleiitiiii, (iiLliKHT, Dt'Alli Vnlloy Kspi-ilitioii, ZiO, |il. VI, flg, 1, 1803, Aah
Mcadowi, Amargosa Deaert. (('ull. Merriniii it Bailuy.)
fiKi/AMOSIA M'HILA (Ulrard).
Iloftd Sf to 4ij; depth :^2 to 5; eye 3i to 5; snout 2f to 3j^. Dorsal
iiHiially 8, HomotinieH 9, one or two rudimentary anterior rays; anal 7;
NcalcH variable, ranging from 47 to 70, uHually betweou 52 and iir>. Teeth
1, 1-4, 1; 1, 4-4, 0; 1, 4-4, 2; or 2, 4-4, 2. Barbel usually present, espe-
cially in coastwiue specimeuH. liody not compressed, head rather short,
snout moderate, mouth inferior, horizontal or obli<[ue. Fins not falcate;
origin of dorsal usually somewhat behind insertion of voutrals and
iiHiially midway between base of middle caudal rays and posterior edge
of ))rf!<)percle, but varying either way as much as diameter of eye.
Color usually dark grayish above, becoming paler below, a faint lateral
liand of dark, extending through eye and around snout, especially plaiu
in specimens from the heavily wooded region of western WashiDgtou. Ao
cKtrcnu'ly abundant and variable species, and a study of a large amount
of material from many different localities iu the Columbia River basin
liuR not enabled us to recognize any differences of value for purposes of
speeitic separation. Length 3^ inches. Basin of the Columbia River from
western Idaho, below the Shoshone Falls of Snake River to the coast,
and in coastwise streams from Washington southward into Oregon.
.Specimens from the following localities are included under this species iu
tho above description : Clearwater River, Potlatch Creek, near Luwiston,
Idaho ; Boise River, Caldwell, Idaho ; Pataha River, Starbuck, Wash-
injjtoii ; Umatilla River, Pendleton, Oregon ; Mill Creek, Walla Walla;
Wall.i Walla River, Wallula, Washington ; Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho;
Little .Spokane River, Spokane, Washington ; Hangman Creek, Tekoa,
Washington; Columbia River Umatilla, Washington; Colville River,
Colville, Washington; Natchess River, North Yakima, Washington;
Ncwankum River and Skookumchuck River, Chehalis, Washington.
{iiulnlus, dusky.)
Argiiniis unMiin, OlBARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 185(J, 180, and Pac. K. B. Surv., 244, 1868,
Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound. (Type, No. 51. Coll.Suckloy.)
,1j).«..j„ iiiililti, .Jordan & Gii.iieut, Synopsis, 210, 1883.
Ag'isiii hiii'ila, Gilbert & Evermann, Invi-stigations iu Columbia River Basin, 41, 1894.
Represented eastward by
r>16a. AOOSU NUBILA CARRINOTONII (Cope).
Hea<l 3f to 4f ; depth 4f to 5; eye 4 to 4J ; snout 3 to 3i. D. I, 9,
rarely I, 8; A. I, 7; scales 64, (53 to 72). Barbel usually present. Teeth
variable, but usually 1, 4-4, 2, hooked. Body rather stout, back little
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elevated, caudal peduncle compressed; bead moderate, snout brund,
gently deciirved; mouth broad, inferior, oblique; interorbital widtli
equals length of snout. Fins not falcate; insertion of dorsal slightly
behind ventrals, about midway between base of middle caudal rays and
pupil; height of dorsal and anal about equal, 1^ in head; caudal not
deeply forked. Lateral line often, but not always, incomplete. Coloi
grayish, with scattered dark spots or blotches ; faint dark lateral baiui
extending forward through eye and around snout ; dorsal and anui tiiiN
with suine dark markings; other fins plain. Length 4 inches. Upper
Snake Kiver liasiu to Heart Lake in Yellowstone Park, thence extendiii},'
southward in the (Jreat Basin to Utah Lake ; very abundant and extremely
variable. To this form wo also refer provisionally specimens from Lake
Tahos and elsewhere in the Lahontan basin, and also those from various
coastwise localities in central and southern California, where it i.s
abundant in clear streams and springs as far south as San Luis Obispo.
Thef T California and Nevada forms may be distinct species, but if so, we.
are unable to define them. (Named for Campbell Carrington, naturalist
of the Hayden Survey in Utah and Idaho.)
Apocope ramngtonii. Cope, Uayden's Fifth Annual Report U. S. etiological Survey, 1871, (lS7.ii,
472, Warm Springs, [Box Elder County], Utah. (roll. Camphell Carrington.) Coit
A Yarkow, Zoiil. Wheeler Survey, C45, 1S75, (187'').
Apocope vuhicrata. Cope, /. c, 471), Logan, Utah. (Type, No. 15Vfi8. Coll. HenRliaw.) C.nvi-.
Sc Yarbow, Zoiil. Wheeler Surv., C4fi, 1875, (1876).
Tigoma rhinichlhtioiilcs, CorE, I. c, 473, Logan, Utah. (Coll. Carrington.)
Bhinichthjs hensharii, Cope, Proc. Amor. Philoe. Soc. Phila., 1874, 1.33, Provo, Utah; Plapnp.
Ichth. Utah, 7, 1874.
AgoKia iiorenirmliala, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1881!, 141, Weber River at Echo, Utah.
Ccrnlichthijn mthilnit. Cope, Haydon's Fifth Annual Report U. S. Geol. Surv. 1871, 0872), 172.
Apocope henthafii. Cope A Yarrow, Zoiil. Wheeler Surv., C45, 187.'), (1876).
Apocope cnn-iiKjIoiii and rubiemta, Jordan &. Hensiiaw, Report Chief Engineers, U. S. Geol. Surv,
W. 100th Men, 191, 1878.
Apocope catringloiii, ruhicriita, and hcmhavii, .Ioudan & Gil.nEnT, Synopsis, 210, 1883.
Agosin mihila, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Fish Comni., ix, 1880, (18C1), .■J2 and 48.
Agosia imbUa carriiigtotiii, Gilbert & Everhann, Investigations in Columbia River Basin, 41, 1894.
51«. AGOSIA YKUFfilRA (Gilbert).
Head 4; depth 4f ; eye 3. D. 8; A. 7; lateral line with .56 pores; 10
scales between lateral line and dorsal ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, hooked. Upper
lip as in A. yarrowi with a narrow frenum, thus indicating a transition
toward BMnichthys. Snout narrow, lluntly rounded, not projectiiif:
beyond premaxillaries. Month small, horizontal, the maxillary equal to
eye, reaching front of eye, 3^^ in head. Pectorals nearly reaching base of
ventrals, the latter beyond front of anal ; origin of dorsal behind ventrals,
midway between base of caudal and middle of eye, the fin unusually high ;
caudal lobei more pointed than usual. Brown ; a black lateral band and
a small black cand.\l spot. Three specimens from a hot spring in Pahran-
agat Valley, southwestern Nevada, {velum, sail ; fero, I bear.)
IthiniclMiis {Apocope) velifer, GILBERT, Death Valley Expedition, 229, pi. vi, fig. 2, 1893, Pah-
ranagat Valley, Nevada. (Coll. Merriam & Bailey.)
Jordan and £7>ertnann. — Fishes of North America. 313
517. AOOSIA UMATILLA, Gilbert k ETorin-\nn.
Head 4; depth 4} to 5; eye 3i to 4; suout 3. D I, 9; A. I, 7; scales
lU or 14-63 to 70-7 or 8 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, hooked. Body rather slender,
back 8oniewh'>.t elevated ; head pointed, narrow : caudal pednncle com-
pressed, its least depth 2 in head. Origin of dorsal fin slightly behind
insertion of ventrals, midway between nostril and base of middle caudal
rnys ; dorsal falcate, vts anterior rays nearly as long as head ; rudimentary
rays not mnch enlarged nor spine-like ; anal strongly falcate, the anterior
rays much produced, about as long ar head; pectorals not quite reaching
ventrals, \\ in head; ventrals reaching front of anal, 1^ in hend; caudal
deeply forked. Color as in A. falcata, which it resembles, but from whioh
it differs in the absence or very weak development of ventral stays, and
ill the notably smaller scales. Known from the Columbia River at Uma-
tilla and Payette River at Payette, Idaho. ( Umatilla, type locality.)
Aiimiavmalilln, Oilbert & Evehmann, Inveptigfttions in Columbia Blver Basin, 42, pi. ix, flg.2,
1894, Columbia River, Umatilla, Oregon. (Type, No. 46300. Coll. Gilbert & Butter.)
/
618^AG0?IA FALCATA, Eigenmann * Eigonmann.
Head 3i to 4^ ; depth 4+ to 5i; eye 3i to 4^ ; snout 2* to 3. D. II, 9;
A, I, 7; scales 52 to 57. Body slender, caudal peduncle and head very
HJeuder ; mouth inferior, nearly horizontal, overhung by the rather long
snout ; eye 1 irge, interorbital space wide. Fins falcate ; dorbal about
over insertion of ventrals, about midway between base of middle caudal
rays and pupil, its longest rays nearly as long as head; the two anterior
rays strong and spine-liT^e ; anal rays about as long as thoce of dorsal ;
pectorals variable, usuaUy nearly as long au head ; ventrals provided with
2 or 3 membvanous stays uniting the inner rays with the body. Dark,
mottled above, blotched with dark on sides and at base of caudal fiu;
head dark above and down to lower level of eye ; under parts pale. Fins
with some dark markings, especially the caudal; pectorals and ventrals
palest. Body and inner sides of pectoral fins often profusely covered with
minute tubercles. Columbia River basin ; locally abundant ; Boise River
at Caldwell, Idaho ; Payette River at Payette, Idaho ; Columbia River at
Pasco and Umatilla ; and Mill Creek at Walla Walla, {falcatus, falcate.)
i-l josi'd falcata, Eioenmann & Eioenmann, American Naturalist, xxvii, February 4, 1803, 153,
Boise River, Caldwell, Idaho. (Coll. Eigenmann.) Gilbert & Evermann, Investiga-
tions in Columbia Bivor Basin, 42, 1894.
Agmia thiisteap* Kioenmann & EiQENMANN, American Naturails*, xxvii, February 4, 1893, 154,
Shushwap Lake, near mouth of Eagle River, British Columbia. (Coll. Eigen-
mann.)
Agosia falcata thnstoap, Eioenuann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xiv, 1804, (July 7, 1894), 111.
Subgenus AGOSIA.
519. AOUSIA CHRTSOOASTER, Girard.
Head 4; depth 4; eye 4. D. 8; A. 7; scales88; teeth 4-4, without grinding
surface. Barbel small, but evident. Body fusiform ; head rather heavy, con-
ical ; snout tnberculate in males in spring. Mouth terminal, the upper jaw
♦ Dorsal oqnidistant from base of middle caudal rays and posterior half of eye, inserted directly
over origin of ventrals; lateral band well uiarktid, otherwise as in A. falcata. (Eigenmanu.)
Apparently not differing from A. falcata.
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Bulletin 47, Untied Slates National Museum.
^
the longer; maxillary reaching about line of orbit; month forming nioio
than a semicircle. Fins long, the ventrals reaching anal. Color, dark in/n
gray above, Bometimes spotted ; a darker band of same along sides above
lateral line, extending from end of snout to middle of caudal where it
is most conspicuous; males with the belly yellow or orange. Tributaries
of the Gila River, not rare in mountain bicoks. {xP^^^iy gold; yaart/i),
belly.)
AgoHa chrynogarter, Girard, Proc, Ac. Nat. Scl. Phila., 1850, 187, and U. 8. A Mnx. Bouiiil.
Snnr , Zool., 4!), plate xxtiii, Aks. 5 to 8, 1859, Rio Santa Cruz, Sonora. (Coll. CIuiK.)
Jordan & Gilrert, SynopsiH, 209, 188:i.
Ayotia metallica, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pliila., 1856, 187, and U, S. & Mex. Bound. Surv.,
Zoiil., 49, plate xxviii, fif^. 1 to 4, 1859, Rio San Pedro, Arizona. (Coll. Clark.) J.>ii.
DAN & Gilbert, Synopnl8, 209, 1885.
Hyborhynchtut tideriu*,* (lapsus for Ilybognalhm), Cope, Zoiil. Wlicoler Snrr., y, 670, plate xx\i,
flgs. 6, 6a, 1875, (1876), Camp Lowell, Arizona. (Type, Mo. 16984. Coll. Rutter.)
Zitphendum Hiderium, Jordan & Gilbert, Bynopsis, 155, 1883.
130. HYBOPSIS, Agassiz.
(Horny-heads.)
Hyhoptii, A0AS8IZ, Amor. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 358, {gracilii^^amhtopt).
Nocomig, GiBARD, froc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1856, 190, (HebraKeii»is-=keHtucJeien$iK).
Ceralichthyg, Daird MS., Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 212, (biguUalM = kentuckientit).
Erinemm, Jordan, Man. Vert., Kd. i, 279, 1876, {hyalimu - amblops).
Erimyitax, Jordan, Geol. Surv. Ohio, iv, Zoiil., 858, 1882, {dMmilii).
Yuriria, Jordan & Evermann, new subgenus, (alliu).
Body robust, or variously elongate. Mouth terminal or inferior, with
lips thin or somewhat fleshy, a conspicuous barbel always present aud
terminal on the maxillary ; a second barbel sometimes present on each side;
premaxillaries protr<^ctile. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1, or ; hooked, the grind-
ing surface narrow or obsolete. Scales usually rather large, 35 to 58 iu
lateral line ; lateral line continuous. Dorsal fin inserted over, in front of,
or slightly behind ventrals ; anal basis short. Males nsually with nup-
tial tubercles, and sometimes flushed with red. A large and varied group,
closely allied to Notropis, from which it differs chiefly in the presence of
the small maxillary barbel. We here divide it into 4 subgenera, but a
greater number of subordinate groups could be recognized. The group
shows a range of variation as wide as that in Notropis, though with a
smaller number of species. (t>/96r, gi bbous ; o-^iq, face.)
a. Species of moderate or small size, the mouth inferior, horizontal ; preorbital broad, silvery ;
se'^cB similar, the male sometimes tuberculate or with the fins rosy.
Erimystax, (ipi, an intensive particle ; ^vfra^, barbel or moustache) :
b. Teeth one-rowed, 4-4 ; lips thickish ; body long and low, with the aspect of GoUo nr
Fftenacobiw.
e. Teeth without grinding surface ; sides not marked by a series of dark blotcheR con-
nected by a lateral band ; eye moderate, 3>^ to 5^ in head.
d. Scales rather large, 35 to 44 in the lateral Hue ; barbel very long, sometiiiipfi
duplicated ; dorsal fin without black blotch on its upper posterior por-
tion ; snout projecting ; body slender ; fins high.
'*' Id the typo of It. sulerim the barbel is plainly evident, a fact which Mr. Barton A. Bean liiu;
recently kindly verified for us.
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North America. 315
«. BiirbelH four ; body Bpriuklod with block dots.
««. BarlielH two.
TETRANEMV8, 620.
/. Dack and Hides sprinkled n-ith dark dots.
g. Lowfr lolio of caudal pale ; snout moderate.
y. E.vo small, 3i<; to 4 in licad. xistivalis, 521.
hh. Eye rat.ier large, V-/^ in head. iiyostomi's, .')'22.
gg. Lower lobe of caudal black in life; color of back darker; snout
very long. ormdus, 523.
Jf. Back and sides pale, not dusted with dark dots.
i. Lower lobe of caudal black in life ; eye small, 4^ in head.
MEKKI, 624.
it. Caudal fin with both lobes pale ; eye larger, 3^ in head.
j. Scales 37. montanvh, 625.
j). Scales 4f>. cuhinoi, 526.
dd. Scales small, about 5C in lateral line ; dorsa' fin with a large black blotch
on its posterior rays ; a dark spot at base of caudal. iwoNAcrs, 527.
cc. Teeth with a slight grinding surface ; eye very large, abont 2% in head; sides
with a dark lateral band, expandc(1 at intervals into round dark blotches.
{■. Scales in lateral liau about 44 ; 17 before dorsal. DI88IHILI8, 528.
lik. Scales in lateral line about 50 ; 20 before dorsal. watai^oa, 529.
Htbopsip :
66. Teeth two-rowed, 1, 4-4, I or 0, without grinding surface ; mouth small, below the
blunt snout ; scalea large, 34 to 42 in lateral line. Silvery species, with conspic-
uous preurbital. Aspect of Xotropis.
I. Dorsal fin in adult with a large dark blotch on its last rays above ; lips thick, tho
barbbi very long ; eye 3*^ in »u'ad. LABROSUs, 530.
tt. Dorsal fln ])lain, without distinct markings.
TO. Eye moderate, 314 ♦<> 3J<J in head ; fins with red in spring males ; sides with
a dark band ending in a caudal spot.
n. Head small, conical ; depth 4 ; scales 5-40-3. rrpsiNorrs, .531.
nn. Head larger and less conical; depth 5; scales 5-3G-3. BuniilFitONS, .532.
mm. Eye large, 2% to .3 in head.
o. Sides with a dusky shade; size small, length 2 to 3 inches. amblo)>s, 533.
00. Sides bright silvery ; silvery preorbital broad and conspicuous ; size large,
4 to 1(1 inches or more in adult. stouer:anus, 534.
YuBiniA, (from Lake Yuriria, Guanajuato, where tho typical sjiecies abounds):
666. Teeth one-rowed, 4-4, with broad grinding surface and slight hook ; mouth rather
large, terminal ; scales moderate, about 45 ; 18 bcfcie dorsal. Silvery species,
with conspicuous preorbital and very small barbel; size very large, alti'8, 536.
NocoMis:
aa. SjKicies of large size, not silvery, with the month large, nearly terminal, tho dorsal inserted
slightly behind ventrals ; the teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1 Eye small ; scales in lateral
line about 41. Aspect of Se)fio/i7i(s. kentuckiensis, 536.
Subgenus ERIMYSTAX, Jordan.
620. HTB0PSI8 TETRANEMUS, Gilbert.
Head 4 ; depth 5i ; snout 21 in head, i of it projecting beyond mouth ;
eye small, 5 in head. D. 8; A. 8; lateral line 36 to 38; teeth 4-4. Closely
resembling B. wativalia but with two long barbels at each angle of the
mouth, the one pair taking the place of the flebuy prominence seen in
gelidus and wstivalia ; longest barbel as loug as eye. Head very slender,
slenderer than in aativalis. Dorsal over ventrals, a little nearer tip of snout
than caudal. Fins large. Color as in aativalia, translucent silvery, with
irregular, scattered black dots above ; median rays of each caudal lobe
dusky at base. Length 2 inches. Tributaries of Arkansas River in Kansas
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
and ArkansaH; not rare; a most remarkable little fish, the only American
minnow with more than two barbels, (rerpa-, four; v/y/i«, barbel.)
Hyhoptiii Mvnnemm, r.ii.BKRT, Dull. WaHlibiirn (lollom^ Lab., IHHD, 20H, Elm and Sp ing creek.,
Medicine Lodge, Kansas. (Cull. Cragin.j
521. ilYROPSIS flSTIVALIS (Giranl).
Head 3| ; depth .'ij. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales G-'M\-\ ; teeth 4-4. Rody hIoti
der, with long caudal pednncle, the back scarcely elevated. Head Iriiit,'
and slender,the snout much projecting and rather pointed. Moutli mod-
erate, inferior, the maxillary reaching posterior aostril. Uarbels con-
spicuous, nearly as long as snout, about 3 in head; each maxillary witli
but a single one. Eye small, 4 to 4^ in head. Fins rather long, the candul
deeply forked, its lobes subequal ; dorsal over ventrals, nearer snout tliaii
base of caudal. Color silvery ; everywhere sprinkled with small lilafk
dots; fins plain. Length 2^ inches. Arkansas River to the Rio (irai'dc,
abundant in sandy river channels, not in small brooks, (astivalh, {ici-
taining to summer.)
Goliio fenlivalu, Oikard, Pror. Ac. Nat. Sci. Thila., IS.IC, 180, Rio San Juan, near Cadereit.i.
New Leon. (Coll. Couch.)
CeriitifhijIhyK slerletim. Cope, Zoiil. Wheelor Siir^-oy, v, fi'>2, 1875, (187fi). Rio Grande, at San Ildo-
fonso, New Mexico. (Type, No. ir.973. Coll. Copo .t Slierld.)
C'ratichlhiin iterletiit M\i\ trntivalin, Jordan A GiLliKnT, Synopsis, 210, 1883.
Hybopsis mttkalit, Jokdan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 188G, 8.
Represented in Central Texas by
521a. HTBOPSIS iKSTIYALIS MARCOXIS, .Ionian & Gilbert.
Eye larger than in (estivalia, 3^ in head ; caudal peduncle stouter tliini
usual, its least depth half greatest depth of body. Length 3 inclies.
Abundant in Rio San Marcos, a clear stream issuing from an inuneiisc
spring at San Marcos, Texas; also known from the Guadalupe River,
near San Marcos, and the Rio Comal at New Braunfels.
Hyhoiim irMivaliit mnrconif, .ToRnAN & Gii.nEnT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., 188fi, 22, Rio San Mar-
cos, San Marcos, Texas. (Typo, No. :!t>'>24. Coll. .Ionian & Gilbert.) Evermann \
Kendall, Bull. U. S. Fish Comni., xii, 1802, (i894), 104, plate 19, fig. 1.
622. HTBOPSIS HTOSTOMUS (Gilbert).
Head 4; depth 5^; eye 3i. D. 8; A. 8; lateral line 37. Body mid
head very slender; snout long, acute, projecting beyond mouth for half
its length; mouth short, wide, inferior; barbel long; pectoral lai;,fo;
other fins small; 13 scales before dorsal. Silvery, everywhere dusted
with dark specks ; fins pale, the lower lobe of caudal like the otlnr.
Length 2^ inches.. Indiana to Iowa, and south to the Alabama River;
rather common in sandy river channels, (if, hog; ar/tfia, mouth.)
Nocxmm hjoitlomm, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 1884, 203, White River, Bedford, Indi-
ana. (Typo, No. 34980. Coll. Gilbert.)
623. HTBOPSIS OELIDI'S (Glrard).
Head 4; depth 5; eye 6i; snout 21. D. 8; A. 9; scales 6-44-4. Body
slender, not much compressed, back little arched ; head long and slender;
month, inferior, horizontal, broad, overhung by the very long, pointed
iv
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 317
.--iioiit, which is conaiilerahly decurved; barbel short, Iji in eyo; oj'os very
Miiiall, high up, iiiidwuy of head; iuterorbitul Avidth equal to width of
mouth, about 3 in head. Caudal peduncle very iong and slender. Fins
jiioderate; origin of dorsal a little nearer snout than base of caudal,
ilirectly over base of ventrals; free edge of dorsal fin slightly concave,
t lie anterior ray but little produced, its length Ijj^ in head; free edge of
;iiial little concave, length of first rays Ijj in head; pectorals much
Mliorter than in //. wiPtAi, li in head, the first rays not produced nor tila-
iiientous, and not reaching ventrals; ventrals barely reaching vent, Ijj^ in
iii^ad; caudal very long and deeply forked, the 1 bes as long as head, the
lower slightly the longer. Lateral line complete, straight; teeth 4-4,
strongly hooked. Color, sides silvery, pale below, scales of back each
with a group of fine dark specks on posterior border, these extending
almost to lateral line ; rest of back and upper part of sides sparsely
dimted over with minute brownish specks; fins all pale except the cau-
dal, the lower lobe of which is dark, with a narrow white border below ;
upper lube slightly dark at base. From Hyhopaia meeki, which it most
cloHcly resembles, this species may be distinguished by the much
longer and more pointed snout, the smaller eye, the much shorter pectoral
tint), and the darker coloration of the back. Middle Missouri River
basin from Wyoming to eastern Nebraska, locally common, but hitherto
overlooked; our specimens from Powder River at Arvada, Wyoming,
collected by Cox and Gillum. {gelidiiH, frozen.)
(,'.././» yelidns, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 188, Milk River, Montana. (Coll.
SucUloy.) GiRAHi), Pnc. R. U. S\irv., 248, 18,'J8.
fenUichthys (jclUlun, Jordan & Giluebt, Synopsis, 210, 1883, (iu part).
624. IITBOPSIS HEEKI, Jordan & Evunnauu, now species.
Head 4; depth 5^. D. 8; A. 8; lateral line 44. Body very slender, not
elevated. Suuut long, thick, blunt, overhanging the rather large moatb.
liaibel as long as eye. Head slender and elongate. Eye small, rather
hi<^'li, ii in head. Mouth small, subtorminal, the maxillary not extending
to eye. Fins all large; pectoral as long as head; caudal deeply forked.
Lateral line decurved ; scales rather large. Coloration silvery, unspotted;
a dusky lateral streak ending iu a blackish spot at base of caudal ; lower
lobe of caudal abruptly black, edged below with white. Male with the
iiiil)tial tubercles excessively developed, covering most of the body.
Length 2 inches. Missouri River at St. Joseph and elsewhere, in the
river channel; the types (No. 35889) collected by Jordan and Meek. A
curious little fish, heretofore confounded Avith IF. gelidus. (Named for
Dr. Seth Eugene Meek, of the University of Arkansas.)
Cemtichthys gelUliis, Jordan A Gilbert, Synopsis, 216, 1883, (in part).
Iljibopsk geluhts, Jordan & Meek, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 10.
625. IIYBOPSIS MONTANIIS, Meok.
Head 3S ; depth 5. D. 8 ; A. 6; scales 4-37-4, 14 before dorsal ; teeth 4-4.
Body slender, little elongate, the eye high up, 3i in bead ; snout blunt,
rather long, 3^ in head; mouth rather large, inferior, the lower jaw
included; the maxillary past front of eye; barbel long. Dorsal above
I
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
vcntrnls; fiDtt luodcrato. Color plain bruwiuHli, without black (lot8,Hi(leH
and below HJIvery ; tinu plain. Length 2^ inches. Types suppoHed to Ix;
from the upper Missouri.
Hyhi>iwui mimUiHim, Mf.ek, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mu8., 18X4, 62ii, locality unknown, but coUecteii
by Dr. F. V. Hayden. (Typo, No. 30882.)
6>i«. liYBOI'SIS ('UNINC)II(Oiluther.)
Head4j|^; body 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales (>-4.5-(); teeth one-rowed F Barbels
minute. Eye entirely in the anterior half of the length of the bead, aixi
nearly as long as the snout, which is obtuse, rounded, convex, the mouth
being subinferior. Interobital space convex, as wide as the orbit. Sub-
orbital ring extremely narrow. Origin of dorsal fin a little behind ven-
trals, somewhat nearer root of caudal than end of snout. Pectorals not
reaching ventrals. Olivaceous, u grayish silvery band from gill openiuji;
to the root of caudal, where it terminates in a black spot. Length ;].}
inches. California, (Giinther.) Not seen by us. (Named for H. Cumiufi)
CeralicUi'iyt ivmimjii, GCntiier, Cat., vii, 177, 1868, California, (Coll. II. Cuming); copied in
JoBDAN k GiLiiERT, SynopeiB, 21;), 188:<.
627. HTBOPHIS MONACUS (Cope)
Head 4; depth 5J. D. 8; A. 8; scales 8-56-4; teeth 4-4. liody slender,
somewhat compressed, not much elevated. Head long and rather slender,
flattish above, with projecting mu/zle; mouth inferior, horizontal, suiall,
the maxillary not reaching the eye, which is quite small, i^ in head.
Scales rather small ; 24 scales in front of dorsal. Fins moderate. Color
light olive; a metallic vertebral band ; sides and belly silvery ; no lateral
band; a conspicuous black spot at base of caudal ; muzzle dusky; mem-
brane of upper posterior part of dorsal fin black as in Notropia'whippUi
and related species. Length 4 inches. Tennessee Basin, in the river
channels; rather scarce, {monachiis, fiovaxoi, »o\ita,xy.)
Ceratkhtlitji monacut. Cope, Jouru. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 227, Holston River, Washing-
ton County, Virginia. (Coll. Cope.)
QercUic)Uh!/amonachtu,3oRVA.tf & GiLnr.RT, Synopsio, 217, 1883.
528.^HYB0PSI8 DI8SIMILIS (Kirtland).
(Spotted Suineu.)
Head 4^ ; depth 5. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 6-40 to 47-5 ; teeth 4-4, often with
slight grinding surface. Body long and slender, little compressed, with
long caudal peduncle. Head long, rather flat above, the snout somewhat
bluntly decurved, projecting a little beyond the rather small, horizontal
mouth ; lower jaw included; both jaws with the skin bard in front, form-
ing a sort of lip laterally. Barbel considerably shorter than pupil; max-
illary not reaching nearly to orbit. Eye very large, high up, somewhat
directed upward, rather behind middle of head, forming more than one-
third length of bead. Opercle small. Dorsal rather large, its posterior
border oblique ; anal small ; caudal well forked ; pectoral rathjer long.
Scales rather large, 16 to 18 in front of dorsal. Lateral line nearly straight.
Olivaceous ; back irregularly mottled; sides silvery, with a bluish lateral
,.-.ii*/.a*<--i;jv
r.'i
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 319
iiand, which is widened into aeveral dusky spots, formed by darkpunctu-
lationB,aud most distinct posteriorly; a dusky band on head, through
(yes and snout ; fins plain. Length 3 to 4 inches. Lake Erie to the head-
>vaters of the Tennessee, west to Arkansas and Iowa; rather common in
the river channels. (dt«stmtlt8, not similar, to other shiners.)
luxiUa tlusimilii, Kirtland, Bust. Journ. Nat. Iliat., iii, 1840, 341, pi. iv, tig. 2, Mahoning
River, Ohio, and Lake Erie, near Cleveland.
CcrcdicMhyt dMmilis, Coi'k, Cypr. Peun., 307, 18GU; UUntiiek, Cat., vii, 177, 1808; Jordan A
OiLBBBT, Synoi«i8, 215, 1883.
620. HTB0P8I8 WATAUGA, Jordan & Kvermann.
Head 4J; depth 5i to b. D. 7; A. 7; scales 5-48 to 52-4, 20 to 24 before
dorsal ; teeth 4-4, small, hooked, with slight grinding surface. Body more
elongate than in H. diaaimilis, the scales smaller and the coloration less
variegated. Olivaceous, with a bluish lateral stripe not so wide as eye
liassing around snout; on this stripe 8 to 12 blackish spots, dift'use and
Hiualler than eye, one of these at base of caudal ; a dark speck on front
of opercle; fins plain. Length 4 inches. Known from Holston River,
\'irginia ; Watauga Jtiiver, Tennessee ; White River, Arkansas ; Big Barren
Kiver, Kentucky ; and Tippecanoe River, Indiana; probably abundant and
apparently replacing H. dianimilia in mountain streams ; size usually larger
than in H. diasimilis.
llyhopiu watauga, Jordan tc Evermann, Proc. U. 9. Nat. Hun., 1888, 355, Watauga River, Eliz-
abethtown, Tennessee ; North Fork Holston River, Saltville, Virginia. (Type,
No. 39929. Coll. Jordan, Jenkins, & £vermanu.) Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xii,
1892,258.
Subgenus HYBOPSIS.
680. IITBOPSIS LABR08V8 (Cope).
Head 4i; depth 4i. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-34 to 40-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1.
Body long and slender, little compressed. Head rather long, narrow, and
pointed, very slender in young specimens, stouter in adults. Snout
decurved in profile, long, overhanging the large mouth ; lips much thick-
ened, the lower with an internal fringe of papillae ; barbels extremely
long, more than half diameter of eye. Eye moderate, nearly median, 3^
in head. Scales moderate, closely imbricated, 16 in front of dorsal. Fins
rather small ; caudal deeply forked, its peduncle long and slender. Males
dark steel blue, with black markings on back and especially at base of
dorsa. ; females very pale silvery, with a blue streak along sides of tail.
A small round black spot at base of caudal ; a dark lateral streak, obso-
lete anteriorly ; largo specimens with a large dark patch on the last rays
of the dorsal, as in Notropta tvhipplii ; base of the caudal with dark points.
males in spring with the head and neck profusely tuberculate and the fins
flushed with crimson. Length 3 inches. Basin of the Santee, in North
and South Carolina ; common, ({a&rosus, thick-lipped.)
Vtratichthiii labrosus, CoPE, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1870, 458, tributaries of Catawba River,
McDowell and Burke counties, North Carolina. (Coll, Cope.)
Ceralichthjt xanemus, Jordan & Bratton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mub., xii, 1878, 24, Sa'.uda River,
Greenville, North Carolina. (Type, No. 31126. Coll. Jordan & Brayton.)
Ceratichthya Idbronit and zaiiemut, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 217^ 1883. ^
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631. iIYB0P8IM HYPKINOTI'H (rop.).
Head 3f ; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-l()-:}; tenth 1, 4-4, 1. Body
etouter, mure elevated, and more compressed than in //. ruhriJ'ronn. Head
short, broad above, much smaller and more conical than in U. riibrifroti': ;
outline of back rather abruptly declining behind front of dorsal fin, so that
the base of the flu is oblique. Mouth inferior, horizontal, small, the niu\-
illary reaching line of orbit. Itarbels small. Eye small, 'Sh in heud.
Color silvery, with a double series of black specks along lateral line, and
a lateral band of dusted blackish, which passes through eye and snout and
ends in a faint caudal spot ; males with the fins bright red, and the body
with a deep violet luster, as in Notropis ruhricroceua. Length 3 inches.
Santee Basin, in North Ca. olina and South Carolina ; rather rare. Hesein-
bles Notropia procnc, but has an evident barbel. (('v'''-> high; vuTvi, bacii.)
Ceritlirhlliyt hjipiiuottt*^ CorE, Proc. Aiiicr. Phil. Sue. Pliila., 1870, 458, tributaries of Catawba
River, McDowell County, North Carolina. ((.'Oll. C<i]iu.) Jordan A. Ouaytun, Uull.
U. 8. Nat. Mua., xii, 1878, 25, and Jordan & Giliigbt, SynopsiH, 215, 1883.
682. IITBOPSIS RUBRIFRON!^ (Jordan).
Head 4 ; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales .5-36-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 0. Form of
Hyhopsia amhlopa. Head long, narrower than in //. amblupa. Eye moder-
ate, 'Si to 3^ in head, wider than the inturorbital space. Mouth siiiull,
inferior, overhung by the bluntly decurved but not very broad muzzle;
barbels quite long and distinct, 13 scales iu front of the dorsal.
Fins well developed ; the first rays of the dorsal about twice height of
last. Pale olivaceous; sides with u plumbeous silvery band, iu somu
Bpecinieus forming a stripe through eye and snout, and a dark spot at hatse
of caudal; cheeks silvery; snout iu males red, with numerous dust-liku
tubercles; specimens in high spring coloration have the iins largely red.
Length 3 inches. Basin of the Altamaha, Georgia ; common, (ruber, red ;
frona, forehead.)
Nocoiiiu riihr{fro)ui, JoBDAN, Ann. Lye. Not. Hist. N. Y., 1870, X'A), Ocmulgee River. Flat
Shoals, Georgia. (Typ<!, Noe>. 178C3 & 2U14G. Coll. Jordan.)
Cerutichlhyt rubrifrons, Jubdan & Qilbekt, Syuopsis, 214, 1883.
533. HYBOPSIS AMBLOPS (KaflnoBque).
(SiLVEB CUUB.)
Head 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-38-4; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body
rather slender, somewhat heavy anteriorly, not much compressed. Head
large, flattened and broad above; eye very large, longer than snout uud
longer than interorbital space, 3 in head. Mouth horizontal, subinferior,
and rather small; muzzle bluntly decurved; upper lip below level of
orbit; maxillary not reaching line of front of orbit; barbel evident.
Fins moderate. Lateral line somewhat decurved ; sixteen scales before
dorsal. Color translucent greenish; scales somewhat dark-edged; sidcH
with a bright silvery band which overlies dark pigment, so that some-
times a plumbeous or even blackish band appears; a dark baud throutrli
eye around snout ; males without tubercles or red coloration. Length 2
to 3 inc
mon in
(var. M'
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Nuvoinin nil
HerulUhtliiii
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circular,
diameter
intororbi
very. M
premaxill
Barbel co
(tinhlops, t
line some
dorsal, w
rather hig
well forwi
vontrals i
1,4-4, 0,h
sides and 1
very lustei
no red. I
Wyoming,
especially
excellent ]
opsis of th
Hiililiiii ttorcria
(liihio viriialiH,
(Coll. Shu
VirnlitUUujiiluc
Indiana;
llijboptia ilorcri
Head 3f 1
dorsal; tee
N.
'■■l.
IB'
1
M
.
■ wr • V ' ■ 7 1*^
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North Amer ca. 321
to 3 inchoi. New York to Iowa, and southward to AIa!Mina. Very com-
inon in the Ohio VaMey and the TonnuHseo Valley. Southern bpecinious,
(var. tviiichvlli)f have the head narrower and the barbel rather Hhorter.
((i/i/i^i'f, blunt; Liji, face.)
Hiililuii amblo])!!, BAiiNEsgi'K, Ichtli. Oh., M, 1820, Ohio River, at th> I alls.
lllih„imisyr<irilti>, AiiASHiz, Anu'i". JiMini. rtil. ArtH, 1«5I, Il.'iH, Huntaville, Alabama. v.,..-
Iliihcpftit irmrhtlli, <iiiiAitD, I'roc. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Pblla., 1806, 211, Black Warrior River Ala-
bama. (Coll. Wllicliull.)
tViiiiiihthiit hiiiiUnm, Corn, Joiini. Ac Nttt. Scl. Plilla., 1808, 22(1, tributary Holiton River
(Ty|)f, No. 14!»l>.'i. Ooll. Cojic.) GOntiiku, Cut., vii, 17!t, 1808.
HommiHiimlilopn, Jobkan, Ann. Lyo. Nut. Hist. N. Y., 1876, ^28.
CmUUhlhii» umblopii, Jordan & Oimikut, Synopsi*, 214, 1883.
634^IIYU01'SI8 STOREBIANl'S (Kirtland).
Head 4^; depth 4; ej'o 3; snout 3. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-42-4. Body
oh)iigato, compressed, the back somewhat elevated from the occiput to
biiHu of dorsal, thence rapidly declined to the long and slender caudal
peduncle. Head short, compressed, the cheeks nearly vertical. Interor-
Itital space rather broad and Hat, somewhat grooved. Eye very largo,
circular, high up, about 3 in head, nearly midway of length of head, its
diauiotor about ec^ual to length of snout, scarcely greater ithan width of
iiitororbital space. Preorbital bone large, obin»-jj, donspicuous, and sil-
very. Mouth rather small, horizontal, the lower jaw included; edge of
])reninxillary below level of eye ; maxillary not reaching to frou\ ot oi i)i
liaibol conspicuous. Snout boldly and, abruptly decurved, much as in }.
amhlops, the tip of the snout thickened, forming a sort of pad. Lateral
line somewhat decurved. Rows of scales along back converging behind
dorsal, where the upper series run out, as in Notropis cornutua. Fins
rather higher and move falcate than in H. Jccntuckieima', dorsal fin inserttd
well forward, over ventrals ; pectoral fins pointed, not reaching ventraU
voutrals not reaching vent ; caudal long, dee^.ly forked. Teeth usual!,
1,4-4, 0, hooked, without grinding surface. Translucent greenish above ;
sides and below brilliantly silvery; cheeks and opercles with a bright si.'-
very luster; fins plain; a slight plumbeous lateral, shade ; no caudal spot ;
uo red. Length 5 to 10 inches. Lake Erie to Nebraska and eastern
Wyoming, Tennessee, and Arkansas; abundant in the larger streams,
especially in Iowa. (Named for David Humphreys Storer, author of the
excellent History of the Fishes of Massachusetts, and of the first "Syn-
opsis of the Fishes of North America," (1846).
HiMus storerianm, Kibtland, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1842, 71, Lake Erie.
diihio vmudiK, Girabd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1850, 189, Arkansas River, Fort Smith.
(Coll. Shuniard.)
tVri(<H/(%iifMteti8, Jordan, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 238, Falls of Ohio River, New Albany,
Indiana; (Typo, No. 23402. Coll. Jordan.), and Jobdan & Gildbrt, Syuopsie, 213, 1883.
Jlyboptia atorcriaHM, JoBDAN & Meek, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 6.
Subgenus YURIRIA, Jordan & Evermann.
636. HTBOPSIS ALTUS (Jordan).
(Pesoa Blanca.)
Head 3* to 4i ; depth 3f to 4il . D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 9-45-3, 16 to 19 befor
dorsal; teeth 4-4, with broad grinding surface and slight hook. Bod
F. N. A.-
-22
■mf
m^^
tf ,*:.-T ; \'«i.!*i".! ' Jj;'2^^^ -\ .
J-
rrw
1
\
\
iiJ'
322
^MMifi 47^ United States National Museum.
ra(h»r elbn/.-ftt«, comproHHud, tli» buck «^lovato«l; lioad riither loii^ und
low, tb« *.tt«rioi ]irutlU) g^'i^b' <!iii-v»d, n little dupruHHud ovor the «ye;
snout long, rttthor liliint at tip, 'A\ in lit^ad ; «yo rather Hiiiall, X^\ in liead;
moiitii rather large, oblitine, the lower Jaw Mlightly included, the pro-
maxillary on \':.-'^y of pupil ; maxillary reaching about to eye, 3)( in head;
f-teiy ainall, bat evident barbel at tip, (overlooked in the original
desoription); proorbital broad; Huborbital narrow; operole broad, eil very.
Lateral line complete, docurved anteriorly. ScaleH large, not cloHoly
imbricatetl, those on breast and back little reduced. Dorsal high, pointed,
the anterior rays much longer than posterior, the tlrst over ventrals and
over 17th scale of lateral line, \\ ia head; caudal well forked; anal
short, pointed; pectorals pointed, reaching ventrals. Color pale oliva-
ceous above; sides silvery; ilns plain; sexes alike. Length 15 inches.
Lakes and stroanis of (iuanajuato, tributary to Kio Lernia, Pacific drain-
age. One of the largest minnows ; a food-iish of some local importance;
here described from specimens obtained by Mr. Woolman in Kio do Lernia,
at Salamanca, in Uuanajnato. (nttiiH, high, from the form of the body.)
? I
(
iM allHH, Jordan, Pruc. U. 8. Mat. Hui., l»T\ :101, Lake Tupataro, Guanajuato.
iTyv, Nu. 29) f fWfl. Oi>ll. Dugti.)
Ctialn aHa, Jo*l)V< A OiLi -T.^ynntwis, 163, 1683.
Uyhepti* uitM, V'oouiAN, Bull. U. 8. VMt C>.niin., xiv, IHM, CI.
^ /
'~\rf ■}' Subgenua NOCOMIS, Glrnnl.
'■ 6S«. HTB0P81H KKNTUfKIKMSIM (ItafliicHiiuo).
(Horny IIkad; RivRR (7iiuh; Jerkek; Indian Ciii'ii.)
fieaa4; depth 4i. D.8; A. 7; scales 6-41-4 ; teeth 1, 4-t, 1, or 1, 4-4,0,
sometimes 4-4. liody rather robust, little elevated, not much compressed.
^)ad large, rather broadly rounded above; the snout conical, bluntish.
' ivlouth rather largo, subterniinal, little oblique, the lower jaw somewhat
the shorter ; upper lip rather below level of eye ; maxillary not reaching
to front of eye. Eye small, mt^dian, high up. Barb*jl well developed.
Suborbitals very narrow; preorbita' large. Fins moderate; the dorsal
rather posterior, slightly behind insertion of ventrals; caudal broad,
little forked. Scales large, not crowded anteriorly, 18 rows in front of
dorsal. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Color bluish.olive; sideu with
bright green and coppery reflections; a carved dusky bar behind operole;
scales above with dark borders ; belly pale, but not silvery, rosy in spring
males; fins all pale orange, without black spot; males in spring with a
) crimson spot on each side of head ; adults with the top of the head
v.swolleo, forming a "ort Of crest, which is sometimes a third of an inch
higher than level, of the neck and is covered with large tubercles;
yonng with a dark caudal spot. Length 6 to inches. Pennsylvania to
Wyoming antf Alabama, on both sides of the Allegbanies ; everywhere
abundant in the larger streams, seldom ascending small brooks; one of
the most widely diffused of our Ci/prinidw; western specimens usually
'e the teeth in two rows. Variable.
1 \
\
l-ienmi, Bafinesqiib, Iclith. Oh., 48, 1820, Ohio River.
Vw^iM, Kafinksuiie, /. c, 58, 1820, Ohio River, at the Falls,
t, KiRTLAND, Host. JouHi. Nat. Hist., 1840, in, 344, pi. v, ttg. 1, Yellow Creek,
of .Mahoning River, Ohio,
1
JorUiin anJ Evertnann, — Fishes of North America.
323
\.,iHiix mhranm\*i», (linAiiD, I'riM'. Ac. N»t. H<:l. I'liilu,, INritI, lu<), Sweetwater River,
Nebraska. (Cull. Itowiiian.)
,\ ,„,Mi< M/kiix, (lit vui>, \. i\, '2t:t, 18.10, Black Warrior Kiver. (Coll. Win. hrll.)
i,..iti.hlliiiHlfi)i ■i-ijihiilim, OiitAiiii, I'rou.Ac. Nut. Hrl. riiilii., ixriii, 2i:i, Salem, North Carolina,
r, .iiirliihiinrfirl.itii,, Cdi'K, rn«-. Af. Nut. H«l. I'liilu., IHtU, 277, Orosse Ule, Waterford, Clin-
ton River, and L.-uce, MichiKan; (JCntiiku, Cat., vii, 17H, \Xi\H.
Oriili<lilhiii »ii«Ti)jKij/<>H, «;(,i'K. I'roc. Ac. Nut. .Sci. I'liila., 18(14, 277, Coneatoga River, Penn-
sylvania. (Coll. Juool) HtuulTor.)
, ,,,ii,liiliiiiiKli;iiii'ilirii; Coi'K, I. r., 27H, IHfJl, Michigan; OCnthkh, Cut., vii, 17!>, IhOS.
I ., ilitlilhlliihiyiilliiliiK, Cni'F., Cypr. I'lllll., Iltil>, iHfMp; (It'NTIIKll, Cut., VII, 17H, 1W1«.
I , ilirhtliffii bii/ii((u<ii« Ullj <'. miiropiiijim, .liiliUAN A (ill.liKUT, Syiio|mllt, 212, IHH,'].
131. COUESIUS, Joidttii.
( ,„.iuH, Jordan, llull. Ilaydiii's (iool. Siirv. Torr., iv, 7K,\ 1«7H, {mi7ii<H).
Itoily uhiuKiito. Iloatl iiorinal, not (loproHHucl, tho prullle convex. Month
til iiiiuiil, iioi'iiiul, a well-devulopud brrltel on tbo anterior Hide of niaxil-
laiy, .jiiHt ubove itu tip. Teeth 2, 4— t, 2, hooked, without grinding Mur-
fan>. ScalcH nither Huiall; lateral line continnouH. Dorual lin over or
Hli^'litly behind ventraln; anul hauiH chort. Si/e rather hirgo. ThiHgunuH
it) cloHoly related to the Hoctiou Nocomis tinder Hi/bopHiH, from which it
may he Hcparatcd by the presence of 2 teeth in the lesHer row, by the poni-
tiiiii of the barbel, and by the smaller scules. Its relatiouH with SiinotilitH
aw equally close. The spocieH are not well known. (Named, fc. Dr.
Elliott Coues, the most versatile and most inspiring writer on American
uniitliology, (1H42 ) who collected the- type species in large numbers.)
II. Scales in a itohs HurivH from iloraal to lutcral lino ulimit 17; <i)i in tli(> lutirnl linu.
Hi(i'A.Mn.KNTii8, s;n.
uii. ScnIoH ill u rrosH noriog from dorfial to lateral lino Id to 13,
b. 8i-ul<-H in the lutorul liiii< n:i to 72.
c. Fruo margin of dorHul fln coiu-uro, tho anterior ntyM nxti'iidiiiK lii'yoDd tlio tuHt ruyn
whfii tlio fln iH(lopro8HiMl. i'I.i.miiki'k, KiS.
cc Frnit iiiuiKiii of doival nutconcavo, the tiiM of tho uutuiior riiyH nut ruurliiii); tipn
of la»t rays wlu'ii tliu fln ih dcpri'suc-d. i>I8!<ihilii<, 0;i'J.
bb. tkaloH in tho latunil lino 65 to 58.
d. SculoH lieforo dorKal about 'M. onEKNi, 64U.
dd. Scali'u buforo durgal about 27. adu8TU8, 541.
587. COUESIUS 80UAMIILKNTU8 (Ccpo).
Head 3^ ; depth 5 ; eye 45. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 17-06-14 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 1.
Form stout, the protile nearly plane; muzzle not prominent. Mouth hori-
/.ontal, the maxillary not reaching orbit ; eye rather small, shorter than
Hiiuut. Isthmus wide. Barbel quite small. Dorsal tin slightly in advance
of veutrals, behind middle of body. Scales quite small. Olivaceous above ;
Bides silvery ; a lateral band of dark punctulations ; fins plain. Henry's
Fork of Green River in southwestern Wyoming. (Cope.) Perhaps not
diHtinct from C. dinaimiUs, but the scales in transverse series said to be
niucli more numerous, (aquamilentua, small-scaled.)
tVrtilirlithys siinaunlentut, Coi'E. Ilaydfiu's Gool. Snrv. Wyom., 1870, (1871), 442, Henry Fork
of Green River, Wyoming, Colorado basin.
t'«iu«i(.s tquamileultu, JoauAN & Oii.iikkt, Synopsis, Jls, 188:5.
638^. COUESIUS PLUSIBEUS (Agassiz).
Ilead4i;depth^.i;eye4. D.8; A. 8; scales 11-60 to 70-7; teeth 2, 4-4, 2.
Form of tSemottlun atromaculatua, but more elongate and loss compressed.
I
i?.
'.kh^.: i4*.' sJeJ-I -:u* .
, V-,.V'l-j ■" -H -.i.5t'.:-i---.^><y-.K.
* '
Wm-
I.
f
i
-
11 ^ ;!
^ ! in!
: ]k
h I h I
I .
-Jt**-.!.
324
Bulletin 47, United States National Musfum.
\ I
liiii!
Head ilr.ttisb above, the Huout broad, Hoiuowbat projectiuj; over tlio larjjo
oblique iiioutli ; niaxillury veachiug frout of eye. Barbel evident. Kyc
large, as long as suout, H i" iutcrorbital apace. Scaleu Hniall, cruwdnl
forv^ardH, those on the back smaller. Dorsal beginning over last ra^- of
ventrals. Height of dorsal flu I to li in head ; free margin of the lin com-
cave, the anterior rays produced and extending beyond the others wIkmi
the lin is depressed; longest anal ray 1^, to 1% in head, its form siniilai to
that of dorsal. Dusky above; sides somewhat silvery ; an obscure diiukv
band through eye around suout ; fins plain. Length G inches. Stroanm
and lakes, fiom T^ake Superior east to the Adirondack region and Ni;\v
Brunswick; not very common, except northward. QiJitrnfttMS, lead-colortMl.)
Gohio pliiiiiliniii, AoAKKi/, Liiko .Superior, 'Md, ISM, Lake Superior. (Coll. Agassiit.)
CeralithihijK pnislliciiiiiiK, Ooi'E, Cyjir. Penu., ;t05, ISOii, Montreal River, Keweenaw Point,
Lake Superior. (Cull. Dr. J. II. Slark.)
A'oc«)H(« mihieri, .Iokoan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus . x, frl, 1877, Lake Superior. (Type, No. -^nXVi.
Coll. Miliier.)
Ceratwh'hyii phirnhvim, GOntheh, Cat., vii, 17C, 18(;>^.
Coiieiius fliimhiiUiH, .Ioudan il; GlLiiKUT, HyuopBig, 218, 188.3, in juirt.
Coveaiiiiijiniritwmiiiii, Jouuan & Gilueut, Syiiupsis, 'Jltl, 188;i.
589. C0UE8IUS DISSINILIS (Girurd).
Head ik to 4^ ; depth 4 to 5; eye 4 to 5 in head ; suout 3 to 1. D. « ; A.
8; scaler 12-G8-8, varying from 64 to 72. Very close to C plumhms, the
Oxily important di.^ference baing in the form of the dorsal tin. Height of
dorsal lin li^ to IJ in head ; free margin of fin nearly straight, the autei ior
rays little if at all produced; when depressed barely reaching end of
other rays; longest anal ray If in head, the free margin of fin straight.
the first rays where depressed not reaching beyond others. Upper Mis-
souri and Black Hills region; generally common; probably a variety of
C. plumbeus, (dia&imilis, dissimilar, to Semotilux atromaculatuH.)
Lertconmiiu dimimilis, GiRAUP, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1850, 189, Milk River and Little
Muddy River, Montana. (Type, No. 158. Cull. Suckley.)
filO.'^COUESIUS OREENI, Jordan.
Head 4f,f; depth 4t'oJ snout 3f. D. 8; A. 8; scales 10-57-7; teetli 3,
4-4, 2. Body robust, the back convex before the dorsal, prolile of
head straight and rather steep, space between eyes broad and fiattiuh,
3i in head. Snout bluntish, but rather long; premaxillary just above
level of lower part of pupil, maxillary i'ea3hing almost to orbit, 3'^ iii
head; barbel well developed, not quite at end of maxillary; its len<:;t'i
considerably less than that of pupil. Mouth moderately obli<iue, the
lower jaw slightly Included. Dorsal fin inserted behind base of ventrals
and behind middle of body, at a point midway between preopercle and
base of caudal, the fin of moderate height. Pectoral shortish, 1^ iu
head, ventrals nearly 2. Caudal well forked, the lobes equal; scales
larger than in most related species, scarcely reduced forward and hut
little smaller on the back than on the sides; 36 scales in front of the
dorsal. Color dark olive above, the sides reddish silvery ; slight traces
of a lateral band, a dark streak below the eye, undulating and extending
from sic
tins wit
iiudies.
Lake Pe
(iioon, ol
' ''iiiminH ijret
(Typ.-,
1H04.
Iload 4
7; scales
elongate,
i;ithor coi
iiiiiiai, obi
tiil ; barJx
•liiito term
hital broai
lateral line
latter read
row plumb
caudal spol
Kio de los (
of these is
con.spicuouf
' 'iminim mhishin
Conches,
Ploii/j)nhh, Gill,
r^ody ratlK
or leas broac
riiinal, with i
maxillary.
ri')rly, rather
ffrindiug surf
colors, (nhn
". Anterior proi
4;;; in lie
'"'. Anterior pr(
''• Eye Bnial
size la
''''. Eye larg
Head 4S; d
^•^; A. 8, sea
grinding surfa
shorter, narrow
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 325
li oin side of upper jaw to opercle. Lining of shoulder girdle dusky ;
tins without definite marking, the upper somewhat dusky. Length 6
iiivihes. Stuart Lake, headwaters of Fraser River, British Columbia, and
l.ako Pond d'Oreiile, Idaho. (Named for its discoverer, Ashdown H.
(iioon, of Victoria.)
( .,Hf viiid <;re<»i, .InnnAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 1893, 313, Stuart's Lake, British Columbia.
(T.v|ii', No. •144.14.) (J1I.BKRT A EvEUMANN, IsivostigationB in Coiumbia Uiver Basin, 44,
1K1)4.
f)41. roCESirS ADCSTUS, Woolman.
IToad \\\ depth 4J; eye moderate, 3J to 4; snout 3^ to 3^. D. 8; A.
7; scales 13-58-8, 27 before dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body moderately
elongate, compressed, the back a little elevated, the anterior profile
nitlior convex. Snout rather long, slightly pointed; mouth low, ter-
iiiinai, oblique, the jaws subequal, the maxillary opposite posterior nos-
tril ; bar])el evident in young, inconspicuous in adult, its position not
quite terminal, in lerorbital space broad, flattish ; eye moderate; preor-
hital broad. Scales small, those before dorsal and on belly smallest;
lateral line decurved. Dorsal inserted over or » little behind ventrals, tha
latter reaching the vent. Olivaceous, dusky above; sidos silvery, a nar-
row plumbeous lateral band from snout to caudal, ending in a small black
caiulal spot which ih obsolete in adult; fins all plain. Length 4 inches.
l{io de los Conchos, Chihuahua; three specimens known. The smallest
of these ie deeper in body, more silvery, and with the barbel more
conspicuous, {adiistus, scorched.)
(..iiis/iis ndimhin, Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xiv, 1894, 57, May 3, 1894, Rio de los
Conchos, Chihuahua. (Coll. Wcolraan & Cox.)
132. PLATYGOBIO, Gill.
rialiigohin, Gill, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., v, 12, 178, 1863, {communu).
Body rather olongate, somewhat compressed. Head rather short, more
or less broad or depressed above; mouth normal, rather large, subter-
niinal, with a well-developed berbel at its angle, at the extremity of the
maxillary. Scales large. Laceral line continuous. Dorsal inserted ante-
riorly, rather in front of ventrals. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with rather narrow
frriiuliug surface. Size large ; males without nuptial pigments or bright
colors. (TT^rtrwf, broad ; GoWo, a gudgeon.)
'I. Anterior proflle nowhere concave, the lioad not specially doprcssod above; eye modciato,
4:% in lieiid. phtsignathus, 542.
till. Anterior prolilo more or less concave above the depressed and flnttonod licad.
/>. Eye small, 4 to G in head in adult; snout not tubercutate in males, so far as known;
sizo largo. (iracii.is, 543.
I'll. Eye large, S-)^ in head; males with the snout tuberculate; sizo small, faiudcs, 544.
fi42. PLATYGOBIO PHTSIGNATHUS (Cope).
Head 4S ; depth 4J ; eye 4f in head, 1^ in snout, which is 3 in head.
D. S; A. 8, scales 6-48-5, 20 before dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with distinct
grinding surface. Body slender, the caudal peduncle stout. Head
shorter, narrower, blunter, and less depressed than in P. gracilis. Dorsal
ir»i&u
H
' : \W
^M^
I I
i I
I ' i
iM (
326
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
\ I
I
^i
i >'
il
ontline little arched, the profile descending steeply to the lip, nearly
even and nowuere concave. Lower jaw included, maxillary reaching
anterior border of orbit. Barbels well developed. Dorsal fln inserted in
front of ventrals. Olivaceous above, white below; a plumbeous lateral
band; fins plain. Length 6 inches. Upper waters of Arkansas River;
very abundant in tlie channels, the most common lish at Pueblo, Colo-
rado. (9W(T(iu, to thicken ; yvUOoq, jaw.)
OrnWvMhtj* phjii'iiiiiiithuii, CoPE, Wlieelr>r Surv., Zoiil., V, 661, 1875, (187(1), Arkansas River,
Pueblo, Colorado. (Coll. Aikon.)
CoueniiiK ]>h!ii>iiiiiiilli:% JoHDAN & UiLiiERT, Synopsis, 210, 1883; JoRnAN, Bull. U. S. Fish <'iiniin.,
IX, 188il, 17. ^
643. PLAT YdOBIO (JKACILIS (Richardson).
(Flat-iieadkd Ciirii.)
Head ii\ depth 4t: eye G in adult. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-50-5; tenth
2, 4-4, 2. Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, little elevated.
Head small and short, its upper surface very broad and depressed, tlio
interorbital width being nearly half length of head ; region behind nape
gibbous, so that the anterior profila is more or less concave. Mouth
rather large, slightly oblique, the upper lip on level of lower part of
eye; maxillary reaching front of eye; upper jaw very protractile, lower
jaw included. Eye small, rather high up and anterior. Fins rather
large; dorsal in advance of middle of body; pectoral falcate, its upper
rays elongate ; caudal peduncle rather stout. Scales large and silvery;
lateral line decurved ; 23 scales in front of dorsal. Snout not tuberculate
in males, so far as known. Coloration pale ; back olive, sides and below
silvery; head mostly white; fins pale; no dark lateral band or caudal
spot. Length 12 inches. East slope of the Rooky Mountains, from the
Missouri and Yellowstone rivers to the Saskatchewan ; abundant in river
channels as far south as Kansas City, not ascending to springs, (gracilh,
slender. )
Cjiprimin {Leuciscus) gracilis, RioiiARnsoN, Fauna Bor.-Amor., Fishes, 120, 1836, Saskatchewan
River, at Carleton House.
Pogouirhlhiitcommimiii, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 185fi, 188, ami Pac. R. R. Sf.rv., x, '-Al,
1868, Fort Pierre, Fort Union, Milk River, Yellowstone River, Sweetwater
River. (Typo, No. 189, etc. Ooll. Suckley.)
Pogonifhthijs {Platijgohio) guhnellus, CoPE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18C4, 277, near Bridger's
Pass; "aual rays 9 ; scales 48." (Coll. Hammond.)
Lfiifidcwc gracilis, G(iNTiiEn, Cat., vil, 240, 1868.
Leucommm communis and guhtiellm, GCntiier, Cat., Vll, 267, 208, 1868.
Platygobio commiiiis, Gii.i,, Captain Simpson's Expl. Utah, 408, 187C.
Plaltjgobio gracilis, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 220, 1883.
644. PLATTUOBIO PALLIOUS, Forbes.
Head 4; depth 4|; eye 3f, 2 in interorbital width ; snoat 3f. D. 8; A.
8; scales 6-55-5; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, hooked and with masticatory surface.
Head fiat above, the snout overhanging the mouth, which is large and
wide, with a maxillary barbel about one-third as long as eye. Mcindible
reaching vertical through middle of iris. Scales with 22 rows before dor-
sal, where they are much smaller than elsewhere. Lateral line straight,
I'W ■
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North America.
327
except for a few scales in front. Pectoral fliis large and pointed, reach-
ing ventralo, the latter to vent ; front of dorsal a tride before ventrals
and a little nearer snout than caudal. Color plain, with a plumbeous
luster alon^ sides, and traces of a dusky lateral stripe behind dorsal.
Length 2i inches. (Forbes.) One specimen from the Ohio River at Cairo,
jtrobably adult, as the snout is tuberculate. A doubtful species, per-
liiips the young of V. gracilia. {pallidiia, pale.)
Vhtjiiiohio palliiliin, F0H11E8, MS., JORDAN * fliuiEUT, 8yni>ii8lB, 220, 1883, Ohio River, at
Cairo, Illinois. (Coll. Forbes.)
133. EXOGLOSSUM (Ratinesque).
Ef'^glnMnni, Rafinesqve, .lourn. Ac. Nat. S<;i. Phila., 1, 1818, 42(), {lenieuruimim).
ilij-iUinijua, UAFllJEsyrE, I. c, 1818, 421, (ma.nUmijHa).
Hody moderately elongate, little compressed. Mouth peculiar, the
mandible being contracted and incurved, its outline strongly 3-lobed;
tiiiK appearance is due to the fact that the dentary bones lie close
t()<^ether, parallel, and are united throughout their length, instead of
forming a broad arch, as in all other Cyprinoid fishes; lower lip repre-
sented by a broad, fleshy lobe on each side of the mandible. Upper jaw
not protractile; upper lip thick, somewhat plicate. Pharyngeal bones
small, the tooth hooked, Avithout grinding surface, 1, 4-<i, 1. Scales
moderate. Lateral line complete. Fins without spines. Dorsal slightly
boliind ventrals. Anal basis short. Isthmus broad. Gill rakers weak.
I'soudobranchiii^ present. Air bladder normal. Alimentary canal short;
poritoneum white. Si/e rather large. Sexual changes not marked, the
males with some black pigment. One of the most strongly marked genera
of Vyprinidw, with a single species, {i^u, outside ; y^.uaaa, tongue.)
545^ KXOGIiOSSU.V MAXILLIXOIIA (Lo Suour).
(Cut-lips; Niooer Ciuid; Niqoer Dick.)
Head 4; depth 4^. D. 8; A. 7; scales 8-53-5; teeth ±, 4-4, 1. Body
rather stout, little compressed. Head large, broad and flattish above,
with tumid cheeks. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the end of maxil-
lary not reaching line of orbit. Upper jaw longer than lower. Scales
rather crowded anteriorly, those in front of dorsal small. Color oliva-
ceous, smoky or dark above ; a blackish bar behind opercle, and a dusky
shade at root of caudal in young ; fins unmarked. Length 6 inches. Lake
Ontario, St. Lawrence River, Lake Champlaiu, Hudson River, and Cayuga
Lake, and southward to Virginia; abundant in the basins of the Susque-
liauna, Hudson, Potomac, James, Roanoke, and Kanawha, but not widely
distributed. One of the ;nost singular of the Cyprinidw, distinguished
at eight by its 3-lobed lower jaw. {maxilla , }avf ; lingua, tongue.)
C)iprmus truixilUngua, Le Suei'r, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., i, 1817, 8.1, Pipe Creek, Mary-
land.
Erogli'Uftum anmilatum, Bafinesque, Journ. Ac. Nnt. Sci. Phila., i, 1818, 421, Hudson River.
E/oglnssum nigresceiM, Rafinesqve, / r., 1818, 421, Lake Champlain.
Ejrtxjlossum viltatum, Rafinesque, I. c, 1818, 421, Hudson River.
E/ogtomtm Jemeiiriiimim, Rafinksq^e, I. c, 1818, 421, (after Lc Sueur).
Exoijlomm maxittingtta, GCntiier, Cat., vii, 188, 1868; Copb, Gypr. Puun., 360, 1866; .Iordam &
GiLBKBT, Synopsis, 160, 1883.
-.■sJk: ..A ., inm
1
328
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
M !
134. LEPIDOMEDA, Cope.
LepMomeila, Coi'K, Proc. Amor. I'liil. Soc, I'hilu., 1874, 1:11, (fillntn).
Body elongate. Month terminal, without barbels. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2
hooked, without grinding aurface. Scales snuill; lateral line complete.
Dorsal fin with a strong spine, composed of two, the posterior received
into a longitudinal groove of the anterior. Inner border of the ventral
fins adherent to the body. Dorsal fin inserted behind the ventrals. Anal
basis short. Size small. Extraordinary little fishes of the desert region
of Arizona. (Afm'f, scale ; ^cda.)
a. Eye 3% in head ; deptli 4% in lougth.
aa. Eye largo, 3)^ in head ; depth 6 in length.
VITTATA, TilC,,
.lAUIIOVII, ril7.
rt4«. LEPIDONKDA TITTATA, Cope.
Head 35 ; depth 4i ; eye 3J. D. II, 7 : A. 9 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body ratliot
stont. Head wide and 6at above, slightly depressed behind the eycn.
Muzzle obtuse, not prominent. Mouth terminal, oblique. Scales small,
covering the whole liody except space behind pectorals : 26 series above
lateral line and 56 in front of dorsal. Preorbital bone trapezoidal. Sccoml
dorsal spine as long as the first and wider. Dorsal rays somewhat enlarged
and ossified. Pectorals scarcely enlarged. Color silvery ; a lead-colored
lateral band and a black dorsal band. Length 3^ inches. Known
only from the Colorado Chiqnito River, Arizona, and from Pahranagat
Valley, Nevada, (vittatiia, striped.)
lA^iilomeda rillala, Cope, Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soc. Pliila., 1874, 131, Rio Colorado Chiquito,
Arizona; (Type, No. l.')785. Coll. nunshaw;) and Zoiil. Wheclor Surv., v, f«42, pi. xxvi,
flgH. 2, 2«, 1875, (187fi) ; .TonoAN & Oii.bkrt, Synojisia, 251, 1883, (1870); Gilbert, Fislunof
Death Valh^y Expedition, 231, 1893.
647. LEPIDOMEDA JARROYII, Copo.
Head 4 ; depth 5 ; eye 3J. D. II, 7 ; A. 9 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body more
elongate. Mouth nearly horizontal, lower jaw somewhat projecting. Eye
larger than in L. rittata, maxillary reaching its anterior border. Spines
slender. Scales very small and difficult to detect, 51 series before dorsal
fin. Olivaceous; a median black vertebral band ; sides silvery ; bases of
ventral fins red. Length 3 inches. Colorado Chiquito River, Arizona,
(Cope), also in southern Nevada, in springs in the desert, (Gilbert).
(Named for Dr. Henry C. Yarrow.)
Ijepiilnmeiln jmrovii. Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874, 133, Rio Colorado Chiquito,
Arizona; (Type, No. 15786. Coll. Ilcnshaw;) and Zolil. Wheeler Surv., v, C43, pi. x.wi,
flg8. 1, la, 1875, (1870); Jorban & Oilbekt, SynopBis, 251, 1883.
I3S. MEDA, Girard.
Meda, Girard, Proc. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 191, {fnhjida).
Body elongate. Mouth terminal, normal ; no barbels. Teeth 2, 5-"), 2,
hooked, without grinding surface. Body entirely scaleless. Fins as in
Lepidomeda. Size small. Gila region. (ifetJa, a classical feminine name,
of no evident application to these singular fishes.)
w
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
329
fi48. MKDA FVLOIDA, GIrard.
D. II, 7; A. 8; teeth 2, 5-5, 2. Body slender, elongate, compressed.
I lead elongate, subconical, the snout ronnded. Mouth large, suhterniinal,
,sli;j;litly ohli(ine, the lower jaw included; maxillary extending to below
()rl)it. Second dorsal spine )<.ighest ; dorsal behind ventrals. Coloration
nilvery. Closely allied to Plaffopt-riiH argcntwHimHSf hut with the eye a
little larger, the snout shorter, the lower jaw more prominent. Rio Gila.
{ fiiUlidug, shining.)
M,,hfiihji(ln, GiRAiiK, Proc. Ar. Nat. Sci. Phila., 185f>, 191, Rio San Pedro, Arizona. (Type,
No. 154. Gull. Olurk.) GUntiier, Cat., vii, 2G3, 18C8. Jordan i^ Gilbert, Syuoiwia, 251,
1883.
136. PLAGOPTERUS, Cope.
rbtfioptenu. Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. 80c. Fhila., 1874, .301, {argenliiainma),
Mody slender. Month terminal ; a barbel at the extremity of the maxil-
lary. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface. Body entirely
scaleless. YinB as in Mcda and Lepidomcda. Size small. ( tt Aay/y, wound;
TTTtfwVf fin ; in allusion to the armature of the dorsal fin.)
f.49. PLAGOPTERUS AR0ENTIS8INUS, Cope.
Head 4 ; depth 6; eye i^. D. II, 7; A. 10 ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Body slender.
Head rather broad, the mnzzle slightly depressed, overhanging the rather
small, horizontal mouth. Lips thin, the maxilliary reaching front of eye.
Eye moderate. Dorsal fin entirely behind ventrals, the first spine curved,
longer than the second ; soft rays of dorsal thickened and ossified at base;
fifth ray of ventral bound to the abdomen by a membrane for nearly its
wliolo length ; pectoral rays osseous at base. Lateral line complete, slightly
deflexed. Color clear silvery ; back dusky, with minute black dots.
Length 21 inches. Colorado Basin in western Colorado, ^Cope;) Fort
Yuma, (Gilbert.) {argentiasimun, most silvery.)
Vliujnpierm nrgonliMinnis, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1874, 130, San Luis Valley, Col-
orado ; (Typo, No. 1.1776. Coll. G. C. Nowbcrry;) anil Zoiil. Wheeler Siirv., v, 640, pi.
XXVI, llgB. 3, 3a, 1875, (1876); Jokdak & Gilbeht, Synopsis, 252, 1883.
Suborder HETEROGNATHI.
Brain case not produced between the orbits. Lower pharyngeals rarely
modified into falciform structures bearing difierentiated teeth. Jaws
with or without teeth; no pseudobranchiao. Adipose fin present or
absent. Fins with soft rays only. Frosh water fishes of the tropics, con-
stituting two families. They are really allied to the Cyprinido; and to the
other groups with modified anterior vertebrto, but in appearance they have
many analogies with the 8almonida\ (Jrepof, different ; yvd^/of, jaw.)
Analysis of Familiks of Heterognathi.
a. Supra-occipital conilnod to 1)ack of skull and with a very alight vertical crest. Adipose fln
wanting. Erythrinid^:, xxxviii.
aa. Supra-occipital partly superior and carinated by a procurrent crest. Adipose fln well
developed. Chabaoinidj:, xxxix.
1 i
!
1^'
"■\
hi
lit!
11' ^
330
Bulletin ^7, UnUed States National Museum,
Family XXXVIII. EUYTHRINIDiE.
Heterognaths with the sknll above truncated behind, and tlie snpra-
oocipital confined to back of akull and carinated by a very sliglit verticd
crest. (Gill.) Adipose fin none; gill openings wide, the nienibraix!^
■lightly nnited, free from the isthmus; nostrils close together; teeth in
jaws well developed; pharyngeal teeth villiform; cheeks covered by tlio
suborbitals; brain case inclosed above. Body elongate, belly rounded.
Dorsal fln short, of 8 to 15 rays. Carnivorous species, with short iiitoN-
tines. Otherwise as in the Characinidw. Fresh waters of South Americi.
Genera 4. Species about 20, one of them reaching our limits.
a. Dorsal fln insorted in advance of anal, ovor vontrolH ; gapp vory wide, littlo ol)lii|ui> ; IkiIM
JawB with 8trouK raninei ; maxillary with flnu pvctinato tooth ; tooth on ixilutincH ; riui-
dal rounded ; lateral lino dovolopcd.
b. WallH of air Madder normal ; t<<oth all pointod ; maxillary with a canine ; ]ialutiiii' tciih
with an outur series of enlarged teeth separated from tho villifurm tooth.
Macroihjn, ];i7.
137. MACRODON, Muller.
(TraHIHAS OR AlMAKAS.)
Macrodon, MOli.er, Archiv., 308, 1842, {trahira^malahariau).
Adipose fin none. Body elongate, the belly rounded ; gill openings
wide, the membranes slightly united, free from tho isthmus; nostrils closo
together. Mouth very large ; snout pointed. Teeth well developed; an
outer series of palatine teeth enlarged and separated from the villifurm
teeth ; a detached patch of teeth in front of palatines ; lower jaw with
canines anteriorly and laterally ; all the teeth pointed ; maxillary with a
canine anteriorly ; dentary process joined to the dentary at the symphy-
sis within the lateral canines and merging into the dentiferous ridge mid-
way between symphysis and posterior angle of dentary ; the pit formed
behind the larger canine and the one behind the lateral canine filled with
numerous short conical teeth which lie concealed in the muscles ; a deep
pit in the premaxillary for the reception of the larger dentary canine;
supratemporal plate single. Two species; large, voracious fishes, espe-
cially abundant in the Amazon region. (fiUKpoQ, long; o^ovg, tooth.)
a. Scales across back of tail from lateral line to lateral lino eleven in number.
MICR0LRPI8, r>r)0.
560. MACRODON MICROLEPIS, Oilnther.
D. 14 ; A. 11 ; lateral line 43 or 44 ; scales a little smaller than in M. viala-
barieus, * there being 11 in a row across the tail above, from the lateral
*This species, Macrodon malabrintt, is universally common throughout eastern South Aniorioa,
from Trinidad and Rio Magdalena to Rio de la Plata. Its scales are nine from lateral line to
lateral lino as above indicated. Its ocrureuce north of the isthmus is not improbable.
Concerning the name of this species Professor Cope remarks: "Authors who think, with tho
American Ornithologists' Union, that scientific nomenclature may record error instead of truth,
call this well-known Suuth American B|>ccie8 Macrodon malabaricwi, because Bloch describcil it
first under that name, under the mistaken idea that it was a nativeof India." In the judgment
of the present writers, the law ol priority by which the first unpreocrupied nanio is
right, and all others wrong, a rule which tends to secure fixity of nomenclature, is more impor-
tant than any rule leading toward truthfulness or purism in the name itself. On this ground,
Macrodon ntalabarictu does not mean a Macrodon from Malabar. It simply designates that Mwm-
donoi which the earliest unprcoccupied binominal specific name is ntodabwriau, Tho errorn in
meaning in specific names deceive nobody and rarely cause inconvenience.
{(VtiiracimdiT, QP
i:^f <Jii^js:^^'k^:^^'l'f:^ lMiA*6^fi,'ii^>.-,* ?■
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America, \\S\.
line on one side to that on the other; nideH mottled with li^^ht or dark
l.iown. Pananm to Ecuador, chiefly west of the Andes. Known from
Kio ChagreH and from Ecuador. (Eigenmann). {iukiu'ic, small; /en(,
Hcale.)
.yfifrniJnii nwrnlfpis, OI'ntiif.k, Cut., V, 282, 1R04, Western Ecuador ; Chagres River,
Guatemala ; (Cull. Fraii«r.) Ki.ienmann, Ann. N. Y. Ac. 8ci , 18K!), 102.
Family XXXIX. CIIARACINIDyE.
(The Ciiaracins.)
IIoteroRnaths with the sknll ahovo more or less invaded by reentering
valleys from behind, and the supra-occipital partly superior and carinated
by a procurrent crest. (Gill). Body vaiiously formed, covered with
cycloid scales. Head naked. Margin of upper Jaw formed mesially by
tlic premaxillaries and laterally by the maxillaries ; no barbels ; premax-
illaries not protractile. Teeth various, often incisor-like, often wanting.
Hi anohiostcgals usually H. Gill membranes united to the isthmus or not ;
no pseudobrauchiii>; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth ; lower pharyngeals
not truly falciform, but more or less curved, armed with small, sometimes
V ill iform teeth. Adipose fin present or absent.* Pyloric cicca usually
mimerous. Air bladder transversely divided into two portions, and com-
municating with the organ of hearing by means of auditory ossicles, as
in Ciipr\ni(l»", anterior vertebral coalesced and modified. A very large
family of some 55 genera and 3(H) species, inhabiting the fresh waters of
South America and Africa, where they take the place of the Salmonidw
and Cjiprinidai of the Northern Hemisphere. A single species reaches the
United States. The few species enumerated below are but the overflow
of the vast South American river fauna.
{(%mmm(iir, GOntiier, Cut., v, 27H-;{8(», 1864).
CrniMATiN.T-: :
n. PiMitition imporfcct.
)i. Teeth nono ; no gill rakors ; bolly tronehant or not, with a median sorios of firalos not
ending in Bpiniforni iiroro.ssos ; lateral line I'oniplete; month nearly horizontal;
tougno ndnate, Rhortanil tliirk. Ci'rimata, 138.
na. Teeth well developed in liotli jawR ; dorsal fins nhort ; gill openings wide, tlio membranes
not attached to the isthmuH ; nostrils cIoho together.
Tetra(ionoptkkin/V. :
c. Tooth comi)reiwod, notched or donticulatod.
d. Anal fln short, (10 to 12 rays) ; no lateral line ; promaxillary tooth in one series,
PlAllUCINA, 139.
dd. Anal fln moro or less elongate ; lateral lino more or less developed.
e. ISolIy in front of vontrals roumled ; gill raki-rs Hleiider.
/. Promaxillary teeth in a double sorien ; no conical teeth behind front teeth
of lower jaw. Trtraoosopterus, 140.
//. Promaxillary teeth in three or four series ; a pair of conica' teeth behind
niiddlo of the front KorioH of teeth in lower jaw. Urtcon, 141.
f«. Helly in front of ventrals compressed ; no canines ; ventral fins very small.
Gasteropelecus, 142.
*Tlioadipo-o fln in Charnciniilir in probably a survival from a remote ancestry which they
shiue with Siluroid forms. In the Sabunnidii-, it is doubtless also a Hurvival, but notwithstanding
tile Riiperficial resemblances in certain genera, (as Curimalitiir. and <V)r<!(/o»n"Mn»,) there is noovi-
di'iice of any special relationship between tlio Hidmoiiidir and Characinidie. They should not bo
plaouil in the same order ; scarcely even in related orders. Tbo adipose fin in PercopiidiB is
probaby also an indcpondeut survival.
:.^^..,iSm..
iff
332
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,
Ohabacinim* :
ee. Teutli In promaxlllary anil ninmliblo all ctmical ; domal nhort ; Kill mninbraniH
Troo from iHtliniui.
0. Tuotli on (hit |iii1nto nunv ; nnni fln long ; lioily ohIoiiK or cinvatcil.
h, Scnlcfl very Kniall; jftWH with fxtprniil tiiotli-liUtf innccsHCM; ti'ofli in IdWir
Jaw iwii-Rurial; In upper nniiicrlul or irroKularly liiHcrial
RiKiioinr.H, II ;
hh. Ht'aloii of mndorat)' nI/.r; JawH without tootli-lil{<* prori'itaoit ; tooth In y.wy ^
uiiiMorial. IiiiAHoi'ii«[t.\x, in.
gg. Tooth on tlin palato nunixrouK vory ninall; huail ami iMidy olonRatc; jnwn v^rv
long; BcalcB niodorato, (43,. LrciociiAnAX. Mr.
.'I i
il
138. CURIMATA (Cuvier) Cloqiiet.
Lei Curimaleii, CuviEn, lUgnn Animal, Kd. 1, 11, 1G5, 1K17, {idoUiiUu).
Curimata, Cloqukt, Diet. Sci. Nat., xil, 240, 1818, {edenlitliix).
Oiirimatuii, CuviEB A Valsnciennes, xxii, B, 184!>, {i-dnituhm).
CiirimateUa, Giokniiann & Eiof.nmann, Ann. N. Y. Ac. S<-i., 188!), 7, {lepidimu).
Bemilapicu, Eiuenmann & Eioenmann, I. c, !), (jihimrotlrin).
No teeth anywhere ; no gill-rakers. Body oblong or elevated, the out-
line of belly beliind ventrals trenchant or not, ahvayn with a median .scrii-s
of scales which do not end in spinous processes. Lateral lino complete,
Tongue short and thick, adnatc ; no lips; margins of jaws trenoliiiiit.
Dorsal fin nearly median ; adipose fin present; anal moderate; vontials
below the dorsal. Amazon region; one species north to Panama. (Curi-
mata, a Portuguese name used by Marcgrave, analogous to Qiier'maii and
Curema. )
661. CURIMATA MAOIIALEN.K, StRindachner.
(Sardina Blanca.)
IleadSi; depth 4J ; eye 38^ to 4^- in head. D. Ill, 9; A. Ill, 7; scales
6-37-6. Body not greatly compressed; caudal short, its lobes e»|ual. A
silvery lateral streak ; no caudal spot and no spot on dorsal. Rio Ma^'ila-
lena; and Rio Mamoni, Panama. (Steindachner.)
Ctirimnlim vtandalemr, Steindachner, Fisch-fauna doi! Magdalcnun-RtroniOR, ?A, 1878, Rio Mag-
dalena ; Steindaciimeb, Fluwifische Siidainorikas, i, 167, 1879.
139. PIABUCINA, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Piahueina, Cuvieh & Yalenciinnes, xxii, lf>l, 1849, (erythrinoideit).
Body oblong, covered with moderate scales ; l)olly rounded. No lateral
line. Mouth moderate, the teeth rather small, tricuspid, those of tiio \nv-
maxillary in one series, those of the mandible in two ; a few small teetli
on the maxillary; palate toothless. Nostrils close together. Gill open-
ings wide, the membranes free from the isthmus. Anal fin short; dorsal
fin inserted just behind the ventrals. Adipose fin present. Species few.
(Diminutive of Piabuca, a related genus, Piahuca being a Brazilian name.)
562. PIABUCINA PANAMKNSIS, Gill.
Head 3^ ; depth 4. D. 10 ; A. 12; scales 30-8. Lower jaw slightly ]no-
jecting; maxillary reaching middle of eye; eye 4 in head, longer than
snout. Caudal emarginate; pectoral 4 in head, longer than ventrals.
*Tli« gjKicies t
Jordan and Evfrmann, — Fishes of North America.
333
VullowiHh, with » (lurk liitural liuiid t^xtuiuling t'roiii hiiinural H])ut to (lurk
aicu ut base of cuiidul ; doiHal with u Uurk Hput ut buHo. Luiigth 3i
jiicheH. Uio Fi'ijuli, Atluntio Hlopu of iHthiiiUH of ranama. (Gill.)
Inihiiiimi piiiiniiteuKt; Uii.1., i'nic. A('. Nut. 8ci. I'liilu., lH7r>, ',VM, Rio Frijoli, lathmui of
Panama.
140. TETRAGONOPTERUS, Cuvl(jr
(SaUDINAH Itl.A.NCAH.)
f, ttiiijonojyicrm, CvviEn, Kogiiit Animal, KJ. 1, Vol. 11, Din, 1817, {urgeHlvHi),
Aslilinin.r, llAlltli t^k (ilUARIi, I'ruc. Ac. Nut. f^i'f. I'lliJH., \Hr<A, ■_>•'■, (iin/rii/utua),
I niliirichlhuii, (ill.I,, Aim. Ljc. Nat. Hint. N. Y., 1858, 417, (brenxjrli).
llriiii'jriiiiiiiniH, (iii.i,, /. >'.,42(), (iniiliiiniluii).
lUmihnjCiiii, (^I'NTIIKIt, Cut., V, ;i:J(», IKM, (iiiilijiiihm).
Hody obloiij; or olovated, coiiipntHHud, co^^^ered with inodorute HcaloB.
Lateral lino coinploto, (TtirayonoptcniM), or interrupted, {Htmifinimtiius).
liclly roiindod. Cleft of month medium, vnturior teeth strong, inoiHor-
iike; lateral tooth Hinall; premaxilhiry and niundibular teeth e(iual in
Hi/o,with ucomproHHod, notched crown, the former in a double, the latter
ill 11 Hiuglo Horios ; maxillary with few or many teeth, not produced at tip.
NostrilH of each side cloae together, separated by a valve only. Lower
Iiliaryngeals very slender, curved, ajiproaching the form in Vi/prinUlo;,
atiiied with a single series of slender, hooked teeth. Gill openings wide,
the membranes free from the isthmus and from each other. (Jill-rakers
Mctiform. Dorsal lin midway of body, just behind ventrala ; anal fin long.
Fill rays in males iu some species rough with small prickles. Species
aiiuut 40, in all the warmer ])arts of America, one of them entering the
I'liitod States. (rfr/i(iyw»»o(;, four-angled ; TrrtYnn, fin orwing ; ofnos)>ecial
aiiplication to this group, the original word used by Klein for his genus
iiK hiding ChatodonlUh, being TetragoH02)lrua = ^^TeTiHiyui'unT(ui(j, i. e.,
(liKulratuii uspectu,"
<i. liittoriil linu comiiiotu ; caudal tin with an oblong Hpot or bund at ImHO.
h. Ma.xilliiry witli fuw tbctli ui° nunu along itH odge.
AsTYANA.\ :* (Afityauax, Atrruafaf, a won of lluctor.)
I'. Body ovate, tli«t dopth Iuhh tiiaii linlf thu length ; unul ruyH Ii'hh tlinii 40.
d. Anal tin long, its rays 25 to 35.
e. Doptii 2'% to 22 ;i ill I»-ngth.
ji':NEi;g ; itUTii.vs ; canamknsis ; mii'kopiitiialhub, 553 to S5C.
ee. Depth 3 to 'i'l.^ in k-ngtli.
IKItSTKOlI ; rETENENKIS ; SCA llltl I'INNI.S ; HtMIMS, r>,'')7 to 500.
di\. Anal fln niodoratc, itH rays 20 to 23 ; liiiinural npot nliNnl'tu.
/. Pectoral not reaching vcntiuls. iikkvimaniiis, 5fll.
g. Pectoral reaching veutrals. mkxicam'h; auijentati's, 502 ; 5(i3.
Subgenus ASTYANAX, ISaird k Girard.
55S. TKTRAOONOPTERIJS ;KNKi:S. auuther.
Head 4; depth 2f ; eye 3i iu head. D. 11; A. 26; V. 8; scales 7-3S-6.
Snout rather compressed; upper profile slightly concave; maxillary to
front of eye; pectoral extending about to ventrals. Deep bronze color; a
''Till! siiecies of this group needs a critical revigion ; some of them arc of doubtful validity.
: n
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Hullftin 47, United States National Mtiseum.
( I
J I
ItliickiNli c-iiiidal N|iut. ((iiiiitluti.) Oitxacii, Muxico, and Kio ('liu){it>H,
Hoiitli to Hru/.il. (oiu-UM, bruHa.v.)
TelmijonniilirMt inifiiM, OCntheh, Prtic. Stolil. 8<m-. LoidI., IHW, lilU, Oaxuca, Mexico. (('.,||,
^)aIll^) aCNTiiKii, Cat., V, a2i), 1MA4.
r.ril. TKTRAIJONOPTKRim KI'TllirH. Jciiynx.
Head H ; di^ptli L'S ; «\ve lU in lioad. 1). 11 ; A. '2r> to 2!>; NcaloM »5-;t7_r,;
iipIM^r jiiolilu littli) concavo; iiiaxillat-y n^acliiiiK boyoiid IVuiit oC vimiIhiIm;
doi'Hal itiHtirtcd JiiHt Ituliiiid root of voiitralN; purtotalH luacliiiifr vutitraltt.
Silvery, with an indJHtinot ronnd dark Hput bt^iiind Hhonldur; Konunillv
a liand-liko blackiHJi Hput on root of caudal; HoniutiniuH uxtvndin^r as a
dark band to huniural Hpot; tliiH band HuniotiniuH Hilvury; HuniotinioH lioth
band and Hpots almont. Mexico to Kcnador and Kio do la IMata, rocordod
aH common in Central America. (Kio CliiHoy, Kio (iuacalate, Huamiiclial,
Cordova, etc.) {Nudlitii, the roach, from rntihiH, ruddy.)
Telriiijoiiniilituii riitiliiii, ,1r.yi\i*, /tiiil. Bi-iikIi', KIhIi., \2^i, IBI'J, Rio Parang, (('ull. Durujn).
FlUKSMANN, IViir. r. S. Nat. MuH., 18iil, .V2.
Tvlriiijoiiniiii'tiiii til iiitiiiiK, .Itnvns, /. <•., llitl, 1S42, Rio Janeiro, (rnll. Diirwiii.)
Ti'liiiij<iiiiij>UTii»/iin<iimr»lii», Castki.nai', Aiilni. Aiiirr. Slid; I'oIns., (id, pi. ;j:i, !!(;. 2, iHWi, Baliia,
Tvtruijimofili run minimtiiiwi, (•("NIHKII, Cat., v, WIW, lH(i4, Bahia, (CdII. Dr. WiicliiTur. )
3rt7rti</i>iii»/i<«'iHii/u»(/((<in<, UOntiikii, Cut., v, Wi'l, ISO-I, (not nl't'rviKU A Vai.k.nciknnkk).
U:u TETKA()(»>OI>TKKrK IMNA.TIKNSIS, (iiliitlicr.
Head 'M ; depth 2S ; oyo JU in head. D. 11; A. 2H; Hcalea 8-3«}-7. Simi-
lar to v. riitilnn, bnt with morescaleH in n transverHe Kories. Maxilluiy to
front of eye; pectoralH reacliin^ a little )>eyond ventral base, nuniciai
and candal Hpots present, united by a Hilvory band. (Oiiuther.) Strcaiim
about Panama and Lake Y/abul ; locally abundant.
'l\>lrii<j<>uoi>iini» jntmmeiiiiiH, QCNTHKit, Cut., v, :vii, \H(i-i, Panama ; Yzabal. (Cull, (iddnuin Jic
i^alviii.)
Tiiraijoiiiiiitiruitjm-heri, Ktkindaciiner, FlUHBllBvliit SiidaiiiorikaH, I, 107, IHVJ, Mamoni River at
Chepo, Colombia.
55«. TKTUAOONOPTKKIIH Miri{01MITIIAL.lirH, Ollnther.
Head-ti; depth 2} ; eye about -1 in head. 1). 11; A. 26 to 29; scales
7-36-^!. Similar to T. rutilus, but the pectoral fin shorter, not reaching;
base of ventral. Maxillary reaching front of eye. Silvery, with a band-
like spot at root of caudal ; usually a silvery lateral band. Guatemala,
(Lake Amatitlan), to Peru. (GUnthor.) (^//cpof, small ; o<^a/l|i(0( , eye.)
Titrngmtoptfrm miirophlliiilmus, UOntiieii, Cut., v, 324, 1HU4, Lake Amatitlan ; Rio Rimac,
Peru. (Coll. Salvin.)
5r>7. TETKAOUXOPTKKUS <KUSTEI»II, Kroyci.
Head 4 ; depth 3 ; eye 3 in head. D. 11 ; A. 29 to 31 ; scales 7-37-H.
Mouth moderate, the maxillary about to front of eye ; pectorals about to
ventrals. Humeral and caudal spots present, connected by a faint silvery
band. Rio San Juan, Nicaragua. (Lutken.) (Named for Professor A. S.
Orsted of Copenhagen.)
TetraijouoplentBoeritedii, Kkoveii, SIS., LCtkkn, let. Bidrug, ill, 229, 1874, Rio San Juan, Nica-
ragua.
'iilnigoHKpterun
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North Atnerica.
335
6AM. TKTIIAUONOPTERt'H FKTKMKNNIN, Olliitlmr.
I(<^n<1 t ; (leptli li ; uye 3^ in huud. I). II ; A. 27; mciiIoh 7-37-7. Stiout
nitliur roinpruHH«Ml ; iippor protllu of head H^arculy concave; niuxilliiry to
frtintot'uye; dorHal inHorted very nlightly lH>liind ventriilH; pect<»ralH not
ii'iicliing ventraln. A silvery lateral band ending; in uii oblong black
(iMidttI Hput. Lake I'eten to woHteru Kouador, Hoiitlieaiit to Argentine
h'(<public. (Oiinthor.)
'/</r<i>/uii»]i'<-niii jiWfiit'iiiiM, UCNTiiRn, Cut., v, WiXi, IBM, Lake Paten. ((!ull. 8aWlu.)
6A». TKTKAOONOPTKRim M('AHItlPINNI8, Joiiyn*.
Head3i; depth 3. D. 10; A. 25 to 28; ctcaleH (>-37-5. Upper profile
Hcarcely concave ; maxillary to beyond front of eye; pectoral e." tending
Ix'vond baHe of voutralu ; humoral and caudal upotu preuent, united by a
oil very band. (Uiiuther.) Jamapa, Mexico to Uio Janeiro, {wabtr,
riiiit^h , pinna, fin, the maleu having, uh in humilia, brevoortii, otc, aome of
the lin rayn roughened.)
Tdiiiiji'nojih'nui »ittt>ripi)iHii, Jbnynr, /oUI. Bwiglu, FiBlieit, 126, IM'2, Rio Janeiro. (Coll. Dur-
wlu.) UUntheh, Cat., v, ;>26, 1804.
500. TKTRAUONOPTKItlTH IIUMILIH, Ollnthor.
Head 4i ; depth 3i ; eye 3}. D. 11 ; A. 27 to 31 ; V. 8 ; scales 7-36-7.
Upper profile of head straight ; maxillary to front of orbit ; dorsal
iiisorted behind ventrals ; pectoral about to ventrals. Humeral and cau-
dal Hpots more or less distinct; sides silvery; anal and ventrals with
l)r()!ul, red margins. Lake Amatitlau, Guatemala. (Uiinther.) {huwilis,
humble.)
relrmiimoitteru* htmilu, OPntiibr, Cat., V, 327, 1864, Lake Amatitlan, Guatemala. (Coll,
Sulviu.)
661. TKTUAOONOPTEBVN BRKTIMANVS, GUiithor. >
Head 3i; depths. D. 11; A. 22; scales 6-38-5. Snout short and thick;
eye about 4 in head ; upper profile of head not concave ; maxillary extend-
ing to beyond front of eye. Dorsal inserted just behind ventrals; peo-
toralH not reaching ventrals ; caudal spot usual. Quatemala. (Giinther.)
(hrevis, short; manua, hand.)
Tetniiiiinoptenu brevimamu, GVntiikk, Cat., v, 325, 1864, Yzabal; Rio San Geronimo, Gua-
temala. (Coll. Godiiian & Salvin.)
6S8. TETRA00N0PTEBV8 HEXICANUS, Vilippi.
Head 4 ; depth 2| ; eye 3^. D. 10 or 11 ; A. 21 to 23 ; scales 7-39-5.
Snout bluntly rounded, projecting beyond the mouth ; forehead trans-
versely convex ; maxillary to beyond front of eye ; pectoral about to ven-
trals, as usual a little longest in males. Sides with the usual silvery
hand, ending in an oblong black caudal •— '>t. Lakes about the City of
Mexico. (Steindachner.)
Telriujniioptertu mexicamu, FiLiprt, in Gu6rln'B Uev, Mag. Zoiil., 1853, 166, City of Mexico;
Steinoacbneb, Ichtbyol. Nutizen, vii, 11, 18U8.
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Jiiillttin 47, United States National M acum.
Mill. TKTUAOOXOPTKRrH AR^KMTATI'H (nnlnl \ (tiranl).
IIcimI 1; (lupthli. D. 10; A. 21; Ht-ulfN r»-:iM-t;. Kudy oblong, ooinproNHeil.
tinotit Itliiut, lowor Juw HCitrccly iiiclii(l()«l. I'»ctunilH rvuirliiiiK vuntruU,
the latter to vent. OUvtcimxih; a broad Hilvery band along Hidtm; an
ubluug bluok Hpot ut base of caudal, runnin<; up on tlio tin. Suiulititi
TuxaM and Mexico, (KiuNui-ct^H, KioLoonu,and Uio(jrande); uIho rmM)i'ilt d,
probably by error, from ArkuuHitH by Lo Huour. Locally ubnndai:t; ilm
nortliernnioHt reproH(>ntativ« of tlie family, purbapH identical with T. mui.
aiNHH, but apparently a little more Hleiider, the lower Jaw Iohh inclndid.
Our Hpecinientt uollected by Wuulmun and Cox iu Chihuahua Ui\.«'i'.
(urgvntaivm, ailvered.)
AMifiiHiu- aryriilaliiii, llAlHD A (JinARP, I'roc. Ac. Nat. 8cl. Plilla., vti, IHM, '27, Rio Nuecen ; Kiu
Leona ; Zoquito, Texan; Comanche Spring; Elm Creelt ; Turlcey Creeic ; Sjun
Felipe; Devil River; Brownaville; Rio Sablnal. (('ull. OInrlt.) Uiuakk, I'. ,h. \
BIt'X. liuuiid. 8inv., Iclitli., 74, W,i).
TetrayoHoplerm arf/eitlatut, Ul'NTUKU, (.'ut., V, 3S0, Iti&l; JuunAN 3i UlLUEnT, i)yuuiMi«, 2S.'J, l8«:i.
NuTK. — III uudltioii to t)i<>«» H|iit('iuH nioro or U'rh wcli ilt'lliifil, wu aiM tlic fulliiuin^'', ton w untlly
cliurni'torl/.uil tn rt'cuivu u tlHtliiitx plitcu in tlio HyHtuiii. Tln'y itri' iiotoU hy M. K, llocuuit, lu
AiiiialvH dvn HciuiiccM Nalurullvii, Oi-mu Hurio, /.uitlugiu, T. ix, p. 02, lHt>8,
MuTK Ri>ii ir.» I'oiiwoNB nil Ukniir T£thaoonui>t»'.ur Puovknant nu MKxigue bt nK (Ji'atemai.a,
■■All M. UocolHlT.
liU (llviiiinn K<''i»'>'i'l«o <lo* roliionR do In faniillo dt's HalmonidoH h Inquollo CuTior n ri'-iwrvi' |r
nuniduTt'traKiinoptt'-rp, uniployt'. iiri'C('duiiini<>nt |>ur Artt'iH daim uriDurcniition |iIuh lurKu, ci>ni|,i,.
do uonibrciix rL>|iri'«t>ntanti« daiiN lea i>uux (Imici.H ilo la rt'^ion nit'xii'ulnd ct luirnii Ion t'Nii.'ccd ipiK
J'ai rtincontrcfH pendant innii vnyiiKtt danH cnttu ]iurlio do l'.\nu'rli|iiu, il (in ui«t pluHionrN i|iil nut
pariiiHHout nouvulloH. ,lo me |iro|MiHu d'on publior |)rocliuini'nn<nt uno dosi'iliilion drtuilli'c,
aceumpaKU^'o do flguroii, ot on attendant, |iuur prondru ditto, j'on dunuorai ici lu litito.
* 1. E«|H>ceii ctieK logfjuollea la longueur do I'uspaco iiitorurbitairo ost ogulo uu dianiotre loiigi.
tudlnal do I'uill:
1. TelruyoitnpleruK inhiiiimiiiK,
Oetto oinoco est bleu caraclvriB(M>: 1" par In lunguour I't I't'-palHKour do la tOte ; 'i'' par la dine.
tion rt'ctillKne du protll NUHcrplialiiiiiit ; !l'^ pur Icn diiiioiiMioUN iln la Iiiiho do I'uuulo i|iii ixjiit
molDdroH ijuo I'oHpat'u cunipriii« outru Iuh doux doraaleii. Uivii>ru do t'obau.
2. TelrayDiwiilfriin i)(i.racaiteniiiii.
Cetto espitce difT^re do la precodunto par la forme do la toto qui etit plus courto et pluH I'-puiw.
Oaxaca.
3. Telriujonni>terii» mlidim.
Cette ospi'co roMomble au T. artjfuUUui \Mt lo pou do longuuur do la biwo do hom analoH, iiiiiIm >'||i-
■'en diBtiugiio nottoment : l°|iar lu largour doxon intororliitniro ; 2^ pur In formo ft la Htnuniri'
de BOH ecailloB, doiit len vtrloii rodif oh hoiU nonibrouHi'B, bion doasint'OR ot truvoraooH |)ur dcx li|,'iii>ii
(!uncentrit|ueH uou diagonuloB, conirao duns I'eBpi-co procodonto. Do TaBco.
* 'i. EspocoB clioz loHiiuellos In largcur do I'ospaco iutororbitairo vBt plus graudu quo lo diuiiictn-
de I'ueil:
4. Tt'tragonopteruK fulgviiii.
Cette espdce bo diBtiuguo uubbI du T. hUuIiii par Ioh dimunHioiiM nioindri's do sv^ ycux rt |>ui lu
Bituation do la dornulo pla<;o« uu pou pluH en avaut. Frovioco do Cuornavucu,
f). I'elriujonnplertitjiiiilhiiiii),
Cette espece, tri'K-volBine du T. iiuKrophthitlmiiii, mais qui B'on distinguo : l°par In position plus
reculoe do lu dorsalo duut le premiur rayou est environ uu iniliei. Ju corps ; 'i° ] jlt Ivd lcuIMim
pluB fortemont BtriooB; 3° par la grandeur de Bes yoiix. EnviruuB de Uri/.aba,
6. TelriigoHopUrui hclhianitn.
Eap^co Toisino du T. jjaitainemiii : olio be dlBtlngno par uno plus grando olovutinii dii 'nrpii;
par la diBpoaitiou ot le nombre des BtrioH dee ucaiUeB (12 ti 13) ot par le ByBtoiue de colorutiuu.
EnTlrom de Belize.
^-v
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North Atnerica.
337
Z41. BRYCON, MiilUtr iV Troacliol.
/;>y«N, MPl.l.RIt A Tlinmiiil,, llorii' li litliyoloKlii', I. t'i, IHIA, (/n/iii/iii).
Ch ili-ini'li'i', Ksiin, .Sil/iiiiKiilM'r. A»ii<l. Wlo*. MUnrlii'ii, lHti:i, 'J'i)l, ( nlrinlulni).
Hi ittlottri/fim, UI'ntiiru, Vmr, 'AMX. 8u<'. Luml., IWI'.I, 4211, {rrphihii),
UorHnl iiiMttrtoil botiiiid vuntraln, in iiiithlle uf loiiKth of l*o<1y; anal tin
lu:.;^'. lUxly oblong, cuvortMl with HcaleH of nuiturni Hi/.u ; hiiUy rounded
lii'iDi'o vontrulH, roinpruHH«d behind thoni. Mouth wide, tliu pronuixillury
Willi :iorlK«ri(tHof triouHpid tu»th ; niiixilhiry with Hniull teotli ; niiiudiblc
with a HuriuH of Htrouf; triouHpid tooth and a pair uf conical tuoth in tlio
iiii'lillu, behind them. NoHtrilH oIoho toj^othor, HcparatuU by a valve. Gill
()|>< iiin){H wid", the nienibranes Hli((htly united, free from iHthnius. Uill-
nilvcrs lanceolate. SpcuieH uumeroutt, chietly Hrazillan. (^^)t)Kw, tobito.)
CiiALt'iNoi'NiN, {Chnli'iiiH>, n nOntiMl kimiiih ; ui^it, a|i|i<)ari>nce):
,1. rri'Miiixillury tri'tli In four nnrlf*.
Ik Si'llli'M lllii(l<Tllt(<, 4H tu Ari III liltcral lillo. UENTRX, &(VI.
lib. tkttloM Miiiull, 7:> to HO III lutoral llni'. itkiatulvm, riU6.
SubgenuB CHALCINOP8IS, Kiior.
r><l4. IIRYCOM DKNTKX, QUiithir.
Iload 4i ; depth 3^. 1). 11 ; A. 35 ; scalcH 9-48 to Ti.'V-T. Snont longer
tliaii eye in adult ; maxillary not ronchinK tocunterof eye ; caudaldeoply
I'oi kcd ; pectoral reaching about to ventralH. Silvery , ttouie BcalcH Hpotted
(II margined with black ; humoral part of gill opening black; UHually a
hlack Hpot at bane of caudal ; anal uHually black-edged. Yucatan tu
Kciiiidor. (Gunther.) {('jntex, large-toothed.)
f.Vj/' :ii <fcM/f/, OUnt'Ieu, I'roc. /oUI. 80c. LoikUih, IHiHi, 240, EsmeraldaB, Ecuador. (Coll.
rniwir.)
Chthiiii>im» ilfnUx, GCntiibb, Cat., v, 337, 1804.
6«r>. IlllYCON NTItlATULllS (Kiior).
I>. 11; A. 36 or 37; scales 13-73 to HO-i). Scales much smaller than in
H. diiilex ; sides of body ininiaoulate, or with rows of oblique brownish
H)i(its; caudal spot somotimes present. Rio Chagres and streams about
riiiiaiiia. (Kner.) {atriatulua, narrowly streaked.)
i'hii,iiiiili»u ttriiitnbiii, Knkr, SitzuDKBl)or. Akad. Wiea. MUnclien, 18C:i, 223, Panama; GUntiikb,
t'lit., V, :5;i7, 1804.
('liiiUiiinptii chiiDreiKDuu, Kneii, /. c.,223, Rio Chagres ; OI'NTIIRR, {. c, 338, 1804.
142. GASTEROPELECUS (Gronow) Pallas.
(',ii»iiropi'hvu», OiioNOw, Mu8. Iclithyol., 11, 7, HM, (nunbhiuniial).
iluMrrajiilvriix, I'allas, Splcilogia, 1769, viii, 60, (ilernicla).
Hody strongly compressed, the thoracic region dilated into a semicir-
cular disk; the belly compressed to a sharp edge ; scales moderate ; lateral
line incomplete, descending backwards towards anal fin. Mouth
moderate, with compressed tricuspid teeth in 1 or 2 aeries in pre-
maxiilary, in 1 series in lower jaw ; maxillary with a few minute conical
teeth ; palate toothless ; nostrils close together. Gill openings widt), the
F. N. A.-
-23
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338
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
membranoB free from isthmus ; gill-rakers sleuder, lanceolate. Dorsul lin
inserted behind middle of body, above aual ; anal long ; pectorals lon^ •
ventrals small or rudimentary. Species few, chiefly Brazilian, (yunri/ij
belly; irt^iKvg, axe.)
56«. UASTEROPRLECirS MACULATCS, Steindocbner.
iPficHE-PftcKB.)
Head 3J; depth If. D. 11 ; A. Ill, 33; P. 10; scales 31 or 32. Proimix-
illary teeth in two rows ; upper jaw with three simple canines on cacli
side; pectoral falcate, nearly half length of body; ventrals minute; dor-
sal small ; caudal moderate ; anal very long ; lateral line not reacliing
anal. Length 3 inches. Silvery, many of the scales above with dark
spots; a silver gray stripe from shoulder to caudal. Kio Mamoui, near
Panama. (Steindachuer.) {maculatus, spotted.)
Gaeternpfh i-m macnlaliit, Steindaciiner, Flusg-fischo SUdauinrikos, 1G8, 1879, Rio Mamoni, at
Chepo, Panama.
143. RCEBOIDES, Giinther.
Ra''oidea, GUntiier, Cat., v, 3-47, 18C4, (microlepu).
Body oblong or rather elevated, covered with very small scales; lat-
eral line complete. Belly rounded in front of ventrals, which are close
to pectorals; humerus dilated or produced in a process before pev;i(>;al8.
Mouth wide, with conical teeth in premaxil^iry, maxillary and mandible;
those on mandible uuiserial ; those in upper Jaw uniserial or irregularly
bisci'ial; front of Jaws with short, conical, tooth-like processes diiected
forwards; palate toothless. Nostrils close together, separated by iiiom-
brane only. Gill-openings wide, the membranes separate, not attached
to the isthmus ; gill-rakers slender, lanceolate. Dorsal fin short, nearly
median, beiiiud ventrals ; anal long, beginning below or before dorsal.
Adipose fin present. Species few. (/)"/3"t(5;/(;, crooked-looking.)
5«7. RiKBOIDES OlIATENALENSIS (Giinther).
Head 4 ; depth 2f ; eye 3i in head. D. 11 ; A. 51 ; scales 19-80-22. Ver-
tebra' 12 -f 22. Each Jaw anteriorly with a short, conical, tooth-like
process directed forward on each side ; no canine teeth above, those below
small and short; lower Jaw shortest ; maxillary reaching nearly to middle
of eye. Back elevated, the uppev profile forming an S-shaped curve.
Humeral process ending in a point. Dorsal inserted above fifth or sixth
anal ray; caudal deeply forked ; ventral below middle of pectoral, whicli
nearly reaches anal. Olivaceous, with a silvery lateral band. Rio Chagres,
and ptreams of Guatemala. (Giinther.)
Anacyrtx' giiatemalenm, GCnther, Cat., v, 347, 1864, Rio Chagres; Huamuchal. (Coll. Siilvin
& Dow.)
144. BRAMOCHARAX, Gill.
Bramochanix, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 189, {hrmufordi).
Body elongate, fusiform, compressed, covered with moderate-sized
scales; belly before ventrals roinded; lateral line decurved, complete.
liiamovharax br
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 339
I load moderate, with slender and pointed snout; suborbital bones well
developed; nostrils separated by a menibrauuuH pavtltion; mouth rather
iMi'ge, oblique, reaching to beyond front of eye; teeth in each jaw in
1 Heries, compressed and conical, some of the lower teeth enlarged near
^(yniphysis ; teeth of maxillary extending along nearly its entire edge,
Hiuall, compressed, and multicuspid; teeth on p'\Iate undescribed, proba-
bly wanting; gill openings broad, the membranes separate and free. Dor-
Kul fin short, behind ventrals ; anal moderate ; pectorals moderate. One
Hpccies, apparently allied to the South American genus, Salminua, but the
teeth uuiserial, not biserial. {Brama, bream ; Charax, for Characin.)
668. BBAHOl'ilARAX OBANSFOKUI, Gill.
Head 38^ ; depth 2| : eye large, 4 in head. D. 11 ; A. II, 26; V. 1, 8. Snout
Huinewhat longer than eye, attenuated and projecting slightly beyond
cliin; maxillaries much decurved, reaching beyond middle of eye; Physi-
u^nomy of subgenus Aatyanax, {Teiragonopterua). Scales and color unde-
scribed. Lake Nicaragua. (Gill.) (Named for Dr. J. F. Bransford.)
Bramocharax bransfordi, Gill, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philii., 1877, 190, Lake Nicaragua.
145. LUCIOCHARAX, Steindachuer.
Liiciocharwr, Stkindaciiner, Fisch-fauna dt-B Magdalencu-BtroinoB, 67, 1878, {inscutplvs).
Head and body elongate, the belly rounded; surfa'be of head bony;
Huout produced, conical; jaws very long, each armed with 1 series of
very small teeth with the points directed backward; raaxillary short, with
teeth ; many small teeth on the palate. Gill membranes free and separate.
Scales not very small ; lateral line incomplete. Dorsal behind ventrals
and behind middle of body ; dorsal and anal extended backward. Intes-
tinal canal short. One species. (Lucius, pike; C/mrax, used for Characin.)
669. LUCIOCHARAX INSCULPTUS, Stoindiicbner.
Head 3; depth 6 ; eye 9 in head. D. II, 8 ; A. Ill, 9 ; P. 20 ; scales 44, 10
in transverse series, the lateral line on 20 to 24. liody elongate ; all the
bones of the head sculptured; snout long and narrow. Grayish, sides
silvery, a black spot edged with pale at base of caudal. Length a foot.
Kio Magdalena and Eio Mamonl, (near Panama). (Steindachnei.)
{insculptus, chiseled.)
Lucioeharux iim'ulp'.aa, Steindaciinku, Fisch-fauna dus Magdaleneii-strumos, 67, 1878, Rio Mag-
dalena and Rio Mamoni.
Suborder GYMNONOTI.
Body more or less elongate and eel-like, with many vertebra). Shoulder
girdle suspended from the skull; parietal bones distinct, largely in con-
tact; pterotic normal; symplectic bone present; opercular bones com-
plete; mouth with its upper edge formed chiefly by the premaxillaries;
uo prfficoracoid or interclavicles; anterior vertebne united, modified, and
with the ossicula auditus, as in the Nematognathi and the other Plectoapon-
dyli. Superior pharyngeal bones simple. Dorsal fin wanting or reduced
to an adipose strip. Vent near the head, the anal fin being exceedingly
340
Bulletin 4J, United States National Museum.
'si;
•
loug. Scales Hmall or wanting. Kibs well developed. Air bladder ])iv.
sent, double. Stomach with a blind sac and pyloric ciuca. Ovaries with
oviducts. Fresh-water fishes from South America, about thirty Hpocic!^
being known. The group is divisible into two families quite diverse from
each other, the one containing the singular Electric Eel, {Electrojihonm
electricua), which Cope regards as intermediate between the eel-like 8ilii-
roids, (ClariidcB), and the Eels. In this group the maxillarics are riuli-
mental and the form decidedly eel-like. The remaining species, consti-
tuting the suborder Gymnonoti, resemble the Characins rather than the
Eels, and hafre no appreciable relationships to the hitter. It seems to ,'m
unlikely that any of the Eels are descended from fishes like the Gi/mnon-
oti, with the anterior vertebrie modified. The eel-like form of EUriro-
phortt8 is probably the result of independent skeletal degradation. ( ',')///,.
notidw, Giinther, Cat., viii, 1-11, 1870.) (yvfivog, naked; vutoc, buck.)
Family XL. GYMNOTIDiE.
Body elongate, compressed, covered with rather small scales, the lull
much produced and usually ending in a point. Mouth small, the teeth
moderate, sometimes wanting, the margin of the upper jaw formed partly
by the mamillaries. Dorsal fin absent or reduced to an adipose Hti'i]i;
caudal fin rudimentary or wanting; no ventrals. Vent close behind I lie
head, the anal fin very long. Genera 6; species 30; abounding iu the
rivers of South America, with the Charaeinidw, io which group they are
probably mos', closely related. (Giinther, Cat., viii, 1-9, 1870.)
a. Tail ending in a jioiut witliont flns; no trace of dorsal fin.
b. Each jaw with a series of conical teeth. Giton. Mo.
bb. Each jaw with a patch or band of very small teeth; eyelid covering the eye, witlumi
free rim. Eioenmannia, 117.
146. GITON, Kaup.
Oaraput, Cuvieb, Kdgne Animal, Ed. i, 237, 1817, (in part ; macrotmu, fiucUUim, etc.).
Carapiu, Mf lleb & Trosciibl, Hora; Ichthyol., 111, 13, 1845, (restricted toiifasciatits ; not C<mqms,
Baflnosque).
GUoti, Kaup in Dvh£bil, Analyt. Ichth., 201, 1856, (fiiBciatua ; no description.)
Snout of moderate length, depressed. A series of conical teeth iu each
jaw. Lower jaw projecting. Anterior nostrils wide, in the upper lip.
No trace of caudal or dorsal fin. Vent below the gill opeufng. (jivVur,
neighbor.)
670. OITON FASCIATVS (Pallas).
(Cabapo.)
Eye very small ; scales moderate. Anal beginning below point of pec-
toral; teeth ** J^^J!. Color dusky, the young with irregular dark cross-
bars, which break up into spots with age. Guatemala to Rio de la Plata;
generally abundant, especially iu South America; recorded from ]{iu
Matagua and Grenada. (fa$ciatu8, banded.)
Oarapo, Mabcobave, HiBt. Pise. Bras., 170, 1C48, Brazil.
Gynmolut fcLtciaUu, Pallab, Spicilegia Zoiil., vii, 35, 1769, anal rays about 180, frrsh waters of
America.
Oymnolut albm, Pallab, (. c, 36, 1769, Surinam.
OymnotM hrachiwrut, Bloch, pi. 167, fig. 1, 1787.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 341
(iiimnmiotiu carapo, Dl.ocii, Naturg., pi. 167, flg. 2, TTST; Blocii A Sciincidrr, Icbtb., 621, 1801,
aiiul rayslOH, fresh waters of America, (after /oucuifun, Palla8).
i;,,miinliiiipiilaol, LAc(:pf.DF., IlUt. Nat. PoiHit. II, 17G, 1801, Brazil.
Cirninii inif(inUnhialni>, V.VLENCIBNNES, in d'Orb. Voy. Anier. Merid. Poiga., pi. 14, 1839.
(,,nqiu»fa»ciattu, GOntiirr, Cat., vxii, 9, 1870.
147. EIGENMANNIA, Jordan &. Evermann, new generic name.
ri«(7«j»i, EifiKNMANN, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., vil, Febniary, 1894, 625, {humboliUi) ; preoccupied in
WoHMS.
This genus differs from Gymnotua or Sternopygua, only in not having
tlm orbital rim free. No trace of doraal or caudal. Mouth mod-
(Miito, the jaws subequal, both with a patch or band of small villiform
ti t'th ; a patch of minute teeth on each side of pu.Iate; snout moderate;
anterior nostrils on upper side of head; vent behind the orbit. Only
oiii! species in our waters. (Named for Dr. Carl H. Eigenmann, in recog-
nition of his excellent work on the fresh-water fishes of >South America.)
671. EIGENMANNIA HUNBOLDTI (Stoindachner).
(Macana.)
Head IH" greatest depth; F. 18, its length 1| in head. A. 24, Body
strongly compressed, the snout pointed. Eye without free margin, its
(lianiotor 2 in snout, which is 3 in head. Mouth small, the jaws equal, the
njiixT as long as eye. Anal beginning below upper ray of pectoral ; vent
nnder posterior edge of interopercle ; scales largest near front of second
half of body, alrng lateral line; scales on nape very small. Length 1^ feet.
ll'u) Magdalenaand Rio Mamoui, (near Panama). (Steindachner.) (Named
for Alexander von Humboldt.)
Slenmiijiguf humboltUi, Stei::daoiinek, Fisch-fauna dog Magdalenen-Stromcg, 65, 1878,Rio Mag*
dalena.
Wo next append four orders of fishes which agree in the degradation of
tliP skeleton and in the eel-like form of the body, this form being pro.
(Inctnl by the development of a great number of vertebrae, and the corre-
sponding deterioration of the fins and their basal segments. These fishes
are all probably descended from extinct soft-rayed fishes, but the liae of
descent is not yet traced. We put them in this place in the series because
less interruption seems to be caused by doing so than would result from
interpolating them elsewhere.
Order O. SYMBRANCHIA.
Hody eel-shaped ; premaxillary, maxillary, and palatine bones well
developed and distinct from each other, as in ordinary fishes. Shoulder
girdle Joined to the skull in typical species, (in one family, AmphipnoidWf
distinct from the skul! as in the eels). No mesocoracoid ; symplectio
present or -absent ; scales minute or wanting ; no paired fins ; vertical
fins rudimentary, reduced to folds of the skin ; vent at a great distance
from the head; gill openings confluent in a single slit; no air bladder;
stomach without blind sac or pyloric c(£ca; ovaries with oviducts; skull
solid, the bones firmly united ; vertebrie numerous, the anterior unmodi-
fiod. Eel-like fishes, widely distributed in warm seas and iu fresh waters.
*;
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i ;
■ I
( ?
i
i
Ml
" 1
!
'
\ ' - i'
-.
■ ■/ tJ'
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rs
ft' I
I ' jy"" ./fi [«
342
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
J
rr
;
The species are few, Imt Itighly divorsifiod in strnctiire, constituting two
suborders and four families. They are probably related to the Apodes, but
this is not certain, and in the structure of the head they approach n<.oro
nearly to the true fishes. They represent degraded rather than priniiti\o
types, and the line of their descent is as yet unknown. It is not even
certain that the forms grouped in this order are closely related. Cojin
makes two orders of them, h'hlh if ocephali, (Monopterido)), nnd JIoloHtnmi
{Amphipnoidw of Uill, and Si/mhra»chidw). But Dr. Gill has shown that t im
iS»/wiftrrtwc/uV/«i; belong rather with the Monopteridw. (Si/mbranchhhr, (Jiin.
ther. Cat., vm, 12-18, 1870.) (tCv, together; fiimyxia, gills.)
Analysis of Famixxes of Symhranchia.
a. Syniplcctic jirosont.
l>. 8hoiil<li'r pirdio conuoctod to tho skull by a bony post.-tomporal ; vont behind tho iiii,|.
dlo of thu luMly ; vprtobrm iiboiit 80 | 0,5 ; gillH woll dnvolopod ; |)u1iktirii> ti'i'th in u
baud; gilh without peculiar modiflcation. Svhdranciiid.k xm.
Family XLI. SYMBRANCHIDiE.
(The SYMnuANCiioin Eels.)
Body eel-sliaped, naked, the abdomen very long, longer than the tail-
shoulder girdle attached to the skull by a well-developed, bifurcate post-
temporal ; snout short; eyes small, anterior ; teeth small ; palatine teetli
in a band; gills well developed; gill openings confluent in a narrow nlit;
4 gill arches; no accessory breathing sac ; gill membranes free from f lie
isthmus. Fresh water fishes, 1 genus and 3 species known. (Sj/mhniii-
chidw, genus, Sym}>ranchii 8, (Jiinther, Cat., viii, 15-17, 1870.)
148 SYMBRANCHUS, Bloch.
Sj/mhronr/iiid, ni.ocil, IrhthyoloRin, ix, 87, 179.'), (mai-mnratiis).
Vmhrahchapeilimi, h\c(:vv.vK, Hist. Nat. Toiss., v, 0,18, 1803, {marmoratui).
Ophislenim, McCt.Ki.i.AND, Calcutta .Toiirn. Nat. Hist., v, 1!)7, l^l."), {bnifialeiiiiii).
Telrabrancliiis, Ui.f.ekek, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 11, (!!), 1862, {micr ipliOinlniuii).
Characters of the genus included above. 'Ihree species known, two
from India, and tho following, (fir, together ; (ipuyx^C, gill.)
572. STitlBRANCHlIS MAKNORATUS, Bloch.
Snout short, rounded or pointed ; eyes small, rather close to the end of
the snout. Gill opening narrow^, not extending to the edge of the ventral
surface, generally transverse, arched, frequently appearing as a longitu-
dinal slit unless drawn out. Vertebrso 79 + 57. Color brownish, variously
marbled, sometimes immaculate. Tropical America, in streams from tlie
Amazon northward to southern Mexico and St. Lucia ; generally abundant.
Recorded northward from Vera Cruz, Trinidad, St. Lucia, Lake Peteu,
Huamuchal, Rio Chisoy, etc.
St/mbranchus marmoralm, Bloch; Ichthyolopin. ix, 87, pi. 418, 1795 ; GdNTiiEK, Cat., viii, 1,5, 1870.
Symhranrhiis immactiMus, Bloch, /. c. , pi. 419, fig. 1.
Synbranchns Immvergalis, Block & Schneider, ,524, 1801, Guinea, after Oronow.
VHibrnMhap€rturagrisea,marmorata, imiiiaciilala, and lineida, LAcdpiiDr Hist. Nat. Pass., v, 0.58,
1803, Surinam.
Synhmnfhus fiiliginonu, Banzani, Nov. Comm. Ac. Sci. Inst. Bouon., iv, 75, i)Iate 11, fig. 1,
1840, Brazil.
Mursena lumh-icuii, Gronow, Catalogue Fishes, 18, 18.54, Sea of Guinea.
SymbranchM i^Ulalut, Castglnav, An. Amer. Sud., 84, pi. 44, flg. 3, 1865, Rio de Janeiro.
conic, in (
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. .143
Order P. CARRNCHELYI.
(The Lono-neckkd Eels.)
Teleost fishes with the internir xillaries (preniaxillaries), and supra-
inaxillaries (maxilluries), devttlopod and unit'Hl 1>y suture, and innnor-
ahly connected with the cranium; branchial apparatus as in Apodos;
Bcapular arch remote from tlio skull, and the body angnil'lform. This
oiilor includes a single family, Derichthyidiv, lately discovered in the
doop seas. (Gill.) (mpa, heai\ ', tyx^'^vc, eel.)
Family XLII. DERICHTHYIDyE.
Uody anguilliform, lender, with a neck-like contraction between the
hoad and pectoral fins, and submedian anus. Scales absent, the skin being
{MI fectiy smooth. Lateral line commencing on the side, behind the head,
near the back, but submedian behind. Head oblong, oval. Eyes in the
anterior half of the head. Nostrils lateral, in front of the eyes, neither
tiiliular. Mouth with the cleft little oblique, extending behind the eyes.
Jaws well 'leveloped, maxillaries approximated to the front of the vomer
and attenuated backwards. Mandible moderr.tely stout ; the dentary with
tbo coronoid process moderate and not far from posterior end. Teeth
conic, in cardiform bands on the jaws and vomer. Lips moderate.
Tongue moderate. Preorbital bones and opercular apparatus moderately
developed ; operculum inserted rather low on the byomandibular by a
peduncle, horizontally oblong, with emarginate upper edge and convex
lower one ; snboperculum curved and applied below operculum ; iuteroper-
culum long, connected in front with angle of jaw and behind with front of
snboperculum; preoperculum moderate. Branchial apertures lateral;
vertical 8lit>! in front of poctorals. Branohiostegal rays in small number,
(abort (J), rather slender avid curved upwards behind the opercula. Dor-
sal, anal, and caudal confluent in an uninterrupted fin ; dorsal commenc-
in^j; far behind the head ; anal commenciiior about midway between snout
and end of tail or middle of body; caudal pointed and reduced. Pectorals
inserted nearer the breast than back, narrow and rather long, with about
10 or 11 fine jays, ivndbent forward. Branchial arches slender ; glossohyal
moderately long ; iirohyal very slender and pointed ; first basibranchial
very long; second and third basibranchials moderate; epipbaryngeals
reduced to a pair (?); hypopharyngeala long and closely appressed and
superincumbent on the rudimentary fifth arch. One species known, an
eol like fish, from the abysses of the Atlantic. (Gill.)
{Dirkhlhyidw, Gill, Amer. Nat., xviii, 1884, 433.)
149. DERICHTHYS, Gill.
IhTii'hlhyn, Gill, American Naturalist, xviii, 1884, 433, {serpenlimu).
The generic characters are included in the family diagnosis above.
(Stpv, neck; t;\;fli'f, fish.)
678. PERICHTHTS SEItPENTINlIS, Gill.
Hody stout, somewhat compressed, especially behind vent ; greatest
height in region of vent, nearly equal to head; its postanal portion
equal to distance from vent to posterior margin of orbit. Head small,
ivfc '-i.^ ; -i&j* .^V -■. u ^ :.\jI ^:- . -;.;-*^ f ■■ V - A Ti'.* ■ . .
. ^,-.,.'
J
1
I
'\
U:
344
Bulletin 4y^ United States National Museum.
snake-like, its resemblance to that of a serpent being enhanced by the
contracted neck-like appearance of the anterior portion of the body ; its
anterior portion depressed, the outline from above abruptly trunciUi';
«idth of tip of snout considerably greater than interorbital Hpai o.
Lower jaw narrower and included; upper jaw projecting beyond \i» dp
a distance nearly equal to diameter of eye. Length of snout oue-thiid
that of head. Cleft of mouth extends behind eye a distance equal to or
slightly greater than diameter of orbit. Nostrils elongate, the cxtorior
slit occupying the middle third of the space between anterior margin of
orbit and tip of snout. Length of neck four-fifths that of head, opial
to distance from posterior limit of nostril to posterior portion of homl.
Pectorals inserted high up, almost in median line, and composed of 2 or
3 flexible, filiform rays. Origin of dorsal about midway between vont
and tip of snout, the fin composed of flexible, delicate rays, not sulii-
oiently di£ferentiated from the thin membrane to be easily counted,
those rays being longest in region above vent. Vent nearly modian;
anal fin beginning immediately behind vent, similar in height and
appearance to dorsal fin, which it apparently joins at tip of tail. No
ventrals. Lateral line inconspicuous, with minute pores, though its
location is emphasized by the lancelet-like arrangement of the muscular
fibers. Length of type 8 inches ; of head, \ inch ; of region in advance
of pectorals, 1 inch ; greatest height, seven-sixteenths of an inch.
Color, in life, ruddy brown ; in alcohol, light yellow. (Goode «& Bean.)
A single specimen known. {serpentinuSy like a snake.)
Derichlhyt terjientimis, Gill, Amor. Nnt., xviii, 1884, 433, Gulf Stream, Albatross Station
aog4, in loaa fathoms. (Coll. Albatross.) Ooode & Bkan, Oceanic Ichthyology, loi, f\^.
169, 1896.
Order Q. APODES.
(The Eels.)
Teleost fishes with the premaxillaries atrophied or lost, the maxillarics
lateral, and the body angnilliform and destitute of ventral fins. The
most striking feature is the absence of the premaxillaries, taken in con-
nection with the elongate form and the lit*' development of the sca^tnlar
arch, which is not attached to the cranium. Other characters not con-
fined to the Apodes are the following : The absence of the symplectic hoiii,
the reduction of the opercular apparatus and of the palatopterygoid arch,
the absence of ventral fins, the absence of the mesocoracoid or pra'cora-
coid arch, and the reduction or total absence of the scales. There are no
spines in the fins, the gill openings are comparatively small, and tluue
are no pseudobranchite. The vertebrae are in large number * and none
* Numberi of verlebrie in Apodes.
Murttnuox eonicepi 40 + 71 =
Anguil'a attguUla 46 + 70 =
Echid M catenata 65 + 51 =
Lycoii imtis meleagrii 60-|-60:
LycoiiotUif nebtilomu 66-f-67 =
LycodontU undtilatug 64 + 68 =
Ophichlhut oceUahu 52 + 82 =
Eehidm zebra 07 + 38 =
= 111. LycotJoiUu unicolor __. 65
= 116. Mursena helena 70
= 116. Ophichlhiis gomesi 45
= 120. LycodontU ocellalns 48
- 122. Ijycodontie tnorivyn 65
= 132. 8yttaphobra}ichiis pinnaius 31
= 134. Ijeptocephalm conger 55
- 135. Oordiichthyt irrelitut 125
H- 71=-WG.
+ 71 . 1 U.
+ 96 = 1 II.
+ 91 = 112.
+ 79 Ml.
+ 115 lie,
+ 99-1,54.
+ 100 = 226.
.. Jkr it^'c-^j^tji
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 345
of tbom are specially inudifled. The tail iti isocercal ; that is, with the
ciindal vertebrro remainiug in a straight line to its extremity, as in the
(Mub'.yos of most fish, and in the Anacanihini.
We begin our discussion of the ook* Tvith the forms which seem nearest to
the primitive stock from which the members of the group have descended.
II is evident that among the eels, the forms of simplest structure, as TJro-
ptrrygius, Channomurwna, and Sphagebranchua are not in any sense primitive
forms, but the results of a long continued and progressive degeneration,
80 far as the flns and mouth parts are concerned. The Apodes are proba-
bly descended from laoapondylous or Iniomous types, possibly from ances-
tors of the Anacanthini, and their divergence from typical forms is, in
most respects, a retrogression.* (a, without ; troif , foot, from the absence
of ventral flns.)
(i1/iif(rtiid«p, GOntiieh, Cat., viii, 10-146, 1870.)
Families of Apodes.
Enchklycepham :
<i. Gill openings well devolopod, loading to large interbranchial slits ; tongue present ; operclee
and brancliial bones well developed ; scapular arch present.
b. Skin covered with rudimentary embedded scalos, usually linear in form, arranged in
small groups, and ]ilaced obliquely at right angles to those of neighboring groups;
pectorals and vertical flns well developed, the latter cotifluont about the tail ; lateral
lino present ; posterior nostril in front of eyes ; tongue with its margins free,
e. Gill openings well soparatcd ; branchiostegnls long, bent upwards behind.
d. Gill openings lateral and vortical ; snout conic, the jaws not very heavy ; gape
longitudinal ; lips thick ; lower jaw projecting ; teeth in cardifornt bands
on jaws and vomer ; eggs minute. Anouili.id^, xliii.
dd. Gill openings horizontal, inferior.
«. Snout very blunt, with very strong jaws ; gape transverse ; lips obsolete ;
teeth blunt, in one series, on jaws only. SiHENCHELYiD.i;, XLiv.
ee. Snout conical and slender, ** i jaws of moderate strength; gape lateral;
lips obsolete ; tongue but little developed ; teeth acute, in bands on
jaws and vomer. Ilyopiiid^, xlv.
cc. Gill openings inferior, very close together, apparently confluent ; branchiostcgal
rays abbreviated behind ; head conical ; tongue small ; posterior nostrils in
front of eye. Synapiiobranchidje, xlvi.
bh. Scales wholly wanting ; eggs (so far as known) of moderate size, much as in ordinary
fishes.
/. Tip of tail with a more or less distinct fln, the dorsal and anal flus con-
fluent around it ; the tail sometimes ending in a long fliamcnt.
Coloration almost always plain, brownish, blackish, or silvery, the
flns often bluck-margined.
g. Posterior nostril without tube, situated entirely above the upper lip.
h. Tongue broad, largely free anteriorly and on sides ; vomerine
teeth moderate.
1. Pectoral flns well developed ; body not excessively elon-
gate ; lower jaw not projecting ; anterior nostril
remote from eye. Leptocephalid^, xlvii.
hh. Tongue narrow, adnato to the floor of the mouth or only the
tip slighMyfree; vomerine teeth well developed, some-
times enlarged.
j. Jaws not attenuate and recurved at tip ; gill openings
well separated ; anterior nostrils remote from eye.
- * Kor a detailed account of the s|M'cie8 of Apodes, see "A Preliminary Review of the Apodal
FiHiieBor Kols," Ropt. U. 8. Fish Comm., 1888, (flret published June 14, 1892), pp. 681-677, by
David Starr Jordan and Bradley Mooro Davis.
T^'
'^■Wi^MWW
346
Bulletin ^/, United States National Museum.
a*'*E
m
h. Puctoral fin* well dov(>lo|ie<l ; ikln thick ; iikniKtoQ
lirm ; miout moderate ; tail not ouiIIdk in a
fllirorm tip. MiTn>;NCM(>oiD.v:, xi.viii.
kk. Pectoral Aiih wholly wanting ; iinout ami jiiw*
iiiiich prtMliu-od, tlio upper lunger ; juwii
straight ; skin thin, tlio Hkelcton weak ; i,u|
ending ill a flliturm tip ; rIII openiiiKH Nimtll,
■uhinferior; toeth shar]), lulKxiual, riinirvil;
a lung mtrioH on tlio voiiiur ; deop-ava vein,
■oft in liddy, lilack in color.
Nettabtomid*, xi.ix.
ij. Jawg lonK and Hlondor, tapering to a point, rociirvcd
at tip ; uoMtriJH largo, both pairs close in fnuit of
cyp ; Kill opuning* oonvorgont forward, N<>|iunitn
or conlliiont; pectoralH and vertiral lliig wi'll
develo|H*d ; inenibritneg of Adh thin, nut fiivulnp.
ing the rays ; gkulutoii woll dovulupud ; dcfp-sua
oulg. Nemiciitiiyii).):, l.
gg. PoHterlor noittril cloiu to the edge of the upper lip ; tongue morn
or I0M8 fully adnate to the floor of the mouth ; teeth 8ubei|im|,
Mviiin.T-:, Li,
Jt, Tip of u<1 without rayg, projecting beyond the dorsal and anal flnn (not
filiforni) ; puHterlor nostril on the (nlgo of the upper lip ; antiTinr
noKtril near tip of snout, ><8ually in a xmall tuliu ; tongue UHimlly
adnato to the floor of the mouth. Coloration frequently varie-
gated. OPHIOUTIIYID.t:, MI.
OOLOOEPHALI :
aa, Oill openings small, roundish, loading to restricted intorhranchial slits ; tongue waiitiii);;
puctoral flns (typically) wanting : opercles feebly developed ; fourth gill arch inncli-
fiod, strengthened, and supporting pharyngeal jaws.
I. Scapular arch olwolete or represented by cartilage ; heart not far back ; |>ectoi alH want-
lug; skin thick; coloration often variegated. Muu^:mid.k, 1,111.
\\
1 i
Suborder ENCHELYCEPALI.
(The Eels.)
The characters of this group are given above, (iyxe^vg, eel ; KegxiAr/,
head.)
Family XLIII. ANGUILLID^..
(The True Eels.)
The trne eels or Anguillidoi are characterized by their scaly skin in
association with a conical head and a general resemblance to the Conijers.
The group is thus diagnosed by Dr. Gill :
Enchelycephalous Apodals with conical head, well-developed opercular
apparatus, lateral maxillines, cardiform teeth, distinct tongue, vertical
lateral branchial apertures, continuous vertical fins, with the dorsal far
from the head, pectorals well developed, scaly skin, and nearly perfect
branchial skeleton.
The Anguillidae approach more nearly than most of the other eels to tlie
type of the true fishes. In one respect, that of the minute ova and coii-
oealed generation, however, they differ widely from these. The single
genua of living Anguillidce is widely diffused in temperate and tropical
waters. Unlike the other eels the Anguillido} freely ascend the rivers,
descending to the sea for purposes of reproduction. One genus, with 5 or
more valid species. (MurKnidcPj genus Anguilla, GDnthek, Cat., viii, 23
to 37, 1870.)
a Dorsal fin inserted well behind base of pectorals, shoulder girdle well developed ; lower
Jaw projecting. AMovaLA, 15(i.
'I'Ab IB sbowi
Jordan and FA>ermann. — Fishes of North America. 347
150. ANGUILLA, Shaw.
(Eels.)
v4ii 'iii'Hn, 81UW, Gonoral ZoiiloRjr, iv, 15, 1804, {tnnjuilln).
il/iirn/Ki, Ill.KKKKn, I'oKY, i>t<'., (tukiiiK iiH tyiMt MnriTHit nngnilln, tlin flrat Hpet'lM ini>ntinnni| by
Autedi iindor Mimrnn).
liody elotifjato, compresqed bnliiiul, covered with oinbodded Hcales
which are linear in form and phicod obliquely, Honie of them at ri^rht
angles to otherH. Lateral lino well developed. Head lonj;, conical,
moderately pointed, the rather small eye well forward and over the angle
of the mouth. Teeth small, Hubequal, in bunds on each Jaw and a long
patch on the vomer. Tongue free at tip. Lips rather full, with a free
iiiiirgin behind, attached by r\. frenum in front. Lower jaw projecting.
Uiil openings rather snuiU, slit-like, about as wide as base of pectorals
and partly below them. Nostrils superior, well separated, the antorior
with a slight tube, Vent close in front of anal. Dorsal inserted at
some distance from the head, confluent with the anal around the tpil.
Pectorals well developed. Species found in most warm seas, (the eastern
Pacific excepted), ascending streams, but mostly spawning in the sea.
The eels often move for a considerable distance on land, in damp grass.
Waterfalls, dams, and other obstructions are often passed in this way.
It is thought that the eel spawns only in the sea, the female dying after
having once produced ova. The females are larger than the males, paler
in color, with smaller eyes and higher fins. Eels are among tlio most
voracious of fishes. " On their hunting excursions, they overturn alike
huge and small stones, beneath which they iind species of shrimp and
crayfish, of which they are excessively fond. Their noses are poked into
every imaginable hole in their search for food, to the terror of innumera-
ble small fishes." (W. H. Ballon.) The single American species diflers*
slightly from the European Anyuilla anguilla (Linmeus). {anguiUa, the
eol.)
'''Ati iH Bbuwn in tho following analysiH:
a. Distance botweon origin of doraitl and vont 5 to V,:^ in liwad ; pectoral 3 to 3% in head ;
head 2^ to 2^ in trunl{; uppor jaw Ujj to 4^ in bead. Yellow, brown, or black,
underparts paler. anguilla.
aa. Distance between origin of dorsal and vent I J to 2 in bead ; pectoral 21 to Sj in liead ;
bead 2 to 2% in trnnk; body more robust and trunk sligbtiy shorter than in
anguilla, otherwise similar. ohrysypa, 568.
Dr. Oltnther states tbat a specimen of tbo Euro{<ean eel from Now Jersey is in tho Liver-
pool MusiMim, There is no other American record, and this nuist be regarded 08 Tory
questionable.
l>r. Seth E. Mock, (Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1883, 4.30), after a careful comparison of American
mill European cols, concludes that "in American spucimens tho dorsal tin is proportionately
fartliur from the end of snout, making the distance between front of dorsal and front of anal a
little shorter than in European specimens. Otherwise no permanent differonco seems to exist.
VVu Hhould not, therefore, iu my opinion, consider tho two as distinct species, but rather as
(teugntphical varieties of the same 8|)ecies."
in ,1. chrysypa, according to Dr. Meek, the distanco from tip of snout to front of dorsal is, on
an average, .SS*^ of the length; the distanco from front of dorsal to front of anal, .00%, or
less than length of head, (.Viy^).
In tho European Anguilla anguilla the fli-st distance is .303^, the second, .13%, or a little more
tliuu length of bead (.13^). Cuban specimens, {Anguilla cnbaua, Kaup), agree fully with A.
chrynypa, us also Texan ones (Anijuilla "lyrannun" or "lexana"). Probably our eel should be
regarded as a subspecies, {chryiypa), of A. anguilla.
^f]
Ei.
348
liulletin 42 1 f^nitfJ States National Museutn.
A74. AUrUUILI.A CIIRTHTPA,* naAueMiiio.
(Amrriian Ki:i, ; Furmi Watf.h Kci..)
Di8tanc« from front of j'thuI to vent \\ to 2 in lu^nd ; pectoral 2f! to
3ii in liend ; heiiil 2 t(» 2^ in trunk. Form rutliur rohuNt. lirown, nearly
plain, often tinged with yellowidh ; paler below, the color extrenu-lv
variable. Lcnutb 1 "r H feet. Atlantic couHt of the United StotoH; v«i\
abundant from Maine to Mexico; ancendinK all rivers Houth of (;an!i(l,'i
and eaHt of the Kocky Mountainn and rcHident throuKliout the MIhsIh-
Hipi>l Valley. Common in the WcHt IndieH. Not fonnd in the I'acillc. A
food-flHh of importance, (.v/'iffm;, gold; i't^, below.)
An^jniWn chr{i»\)fn, ItAriNMgi'K, Amor. Month. Miij?. A Oilt. Hnv., 1H17, 120, Lake George ; Huil-
•on Kiver; Lake Champlain.
Augiiilln hltplmrti, Rkrisr.H'ivr., Amor. Moiitli. Miik. & Ciit. Itov., 1H17, I'JO, Long Island.
Auyuilla lalirniithi, ItAtlNKNgur, Amor. Monfli. Mu;. A Crlt. Hrw, 1S!7, 4V>, Ohio River.
Anguilln aterrhmi, lUt iNi,sgi'R, loli. OIiIoiirIh, 78, iK.u, i enneaaee and Cumberland rivers.
Angnillii xaiithoiiifliiii, ItAFiNEiigiK, Icli. OliicnRiM, 7H, lt<2(), Ohio River.
Aiigiiillaluten, llAnsrsiivt, Icli. OhioiiHiH, 78, lK2(), Ohio River.
MurHtinrotinita, \,r. Si'F.i'R, Juiirn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliilu., 1821, 81, Cayuga Lake.
Miirmia hitHlotiieuiitii, Lp. Siiritr, Juiirn. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., 1821, 81, Boston.
MiiriiHii ffr)>entmn, Lf. .Sukuii, .Toum. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'liilii., 1821, 82, Newport, Rhode Isloml,
Muriivtt marrnfephtilii, hr.Svr.vh, .roiirn. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'lilln., 1821, 82, Saratoga, New York
Miirtina argeulen, Lf. Si-F.iMt, .loiirii, Ac. Nut. Sci. riii' i., 1821, 82 Boston Bay.
Augiiilla teumrottriii, DeKay, FiNlioo N. Y., .110, 1842, New York.
Anguilla novirDrleiinetiiiii, Kai't, Ajiodoo, 4.'l, fig. .').'), 1850, New Orleans, Louisiana.
AiKjiiilln pnnrtiili'timn, Kal'p, Apoilox, 41, iHfiO, Niagara River.
AiiyuiUa ciihniiit, Kai'P, A|iudoR, 44, 1850, Cuba.
Anf/uitlnnomlenip, Kati', Apodos, 4.'i, tig. 35, 185(), Newfoundland.
Anyiiilla tfxanit, Kai'P, Apoilos, 45, tig. IIG, 18S0, Texas,
Anguilla wiibanlirniiiii, Kavi*, ApodoR, 4G, 185U, Wabash River.
Amjuilla tgmiimu, CtUi\RV, V. S. and Mcx. Dound. .Surv., 75, I8.''i<i, Rio Grande.
Angnilta rontrala, De Kay, FIrIior N. Y., 312, 1842.
Miirtrna ciilMina, PoEV, SynopsiR, 421, 1868.
Atigiiilla augnitla roHtrala, Meek, Bull. U. S. Fish Oomm., in, 1883, 430.
AttgnUla chryiypa, Jordan & Davis, Roviow of Apodal FioliuR, fi68, 1802.
Family XLIV, SIMENCHELYID.E.
(The Snuu-nosed Eels.)
This family contains a single species, a large deep-soa eel, parasitic in
larger fishes, having the general characters of Anguilla, but with tiie
form of the bead strikingly different. The folhtwing diagnosis is given
by Dr. Gill:
Apodal fishes with a blunt snont, transverse, anterior moiith, niaMsivo
jaws with an acrodont dentition, and inferior longitudinal branchial slitH
moderately far apart from each other.
♦Among the mnltltudeR of American ocls oxarainod by uh wo Imvo been uniililo to detect
Rpeciflc differences. As all thcso specimouR differ in a slight degree from any wo havi' seeii
from Europe, we may provisionally re'ogiiize the American form under its oldest naiiio, Awjuilln
chrj/nypa, as a distinct si)ecies. As these difTeronces are slight, it is not unlikely that iiiteniK'-
diato forms may occur, in which cane the American form nmy stand as var. fhri/supa. Dr. liiiiii
records in the "Nineteenth Ue|M)rt of the Commission of Fisheries of New York," pane J-^h,
five individuals from Great South Buy, Long Island, which he thinks may ri^present AniiniU'i
argenUii (Lo Sueur). These specinivnH are described as having " large eyes, short snout, ami
long |)ectoral fins as compared with tlie common form, silvery gray above with a clear satiny
white abdomen separated from the color above by the lateral line." These specimens are very
interesting because they were found "to be males with the generative glands ho well developed
as to leave no doubt concerning the sex."
Jordan and Evtrmann. — Fishes of North America, 340
I'lat Hkiii liiiH Ww |KHMiliitr rutUuiuiitury hciiIuh «if AHtjuUla; tliu ^«otU uro
l)ltiut, uuiHoriul, uii tliu etljrti of tlut Juwh only, aiul tkuio aio no lips.
151. SIMENCHELYS, Uill.
liiiiHHclifli/», (ill.I., lu (Joiiiic \ IIkan, Hull. KiMi'x IiiHt., 27, IHT'J, { jiariuiliriu).
I'.iitlw.lHKthx; t'oLI.KTT, Ullll. Hoc. /oiil. Krillico, I'J'J, IHH',1, (i/ri)iiii(i(ji).
Itody ool-Hliupud, covered witli linour oiiiboddod HoalcH, diapoHed at right
miikImh iiH ill Aui/uilln. Latural line picHunt, fuint. Head very Hhurt,
I'DiiiHled, very blunt anteriorly, uliKlitly conipreHHed. Mouth Hm»ll,
cnlirrly anterior. PreinaxillaricH and niaxillarioH of each aide coalesced
iiikI Hcparatud i'lom tlioHe of the other Hide by the ethmoid. Jaws e(|ual,
llioir ed^foH hard, provided with a HiiiKlo serieH of sniall, rounded, close-
H«it, inciuur-like teeth. No vomerine teeth. Tongue broad, somewhat
iVi'o anteriorly. Mandible very deep and strong. Operculum saber-shaped.
Cill openingH very small, inferi«>r, longitudinal, well separated, situated
ill front of the pectoralH and below them. Both nostrils large, the anterior
with a slight rim, but no tube. Lips full. Pectorals short; vertical fins
ciiiitiiient around the tail, the dorsal beginning not far behind pectorals;
M'lit in front of anal, near middle of body. One species known, (aifibif
[iiig-nosed; tyxf^^^'J} eel.)
076. SIMENCHELYS PAUASITICUS, Qili.
Eye H to 2 in snout ; pectoral 2^ in head ; head ik to 4S in trunk ; tail a
Iliad's length longer than head and trunk ; anterior profile of head bluntly
iiiiiiidud; angle of mouth at a point half way between the tip of snout
1111(1 anterior edge of eye; body stout, the depth at vent about equal to
length of head ; dorsal beginning about a head's length behind gill upen-
iii<>N; color dark brown, nearly plain. Length about 2 feet. Offshore
banks, in deep water, south of Newfoundland ; also recorded from the
A/ores; abundant; often found burrowing in the flesh of the halibut,
(whence the utrnie jtaraaitkun, parasitic.)
i^iiiii iiihi'hji pwaniticHii, (jIi.i. MS., in GooiiR & Uean, Bull. Esaox, Inat., 27, 187!), Newfound-
land Banks ; Uran, Pruc. V. S. Nut. 9Iun., 1S80, 113; Juhuan &, Uiliikht, SyuopsU, 303,
IfiKt ; GPnthkh, Voy. ClmlIoii(;er, xxii, 252, 1887 ; Jobdan & Davis, /. c, 670.
C'<>iic7iui;ita(/iiia grimahlii, Oollett, Bull. Soc. Zuiil. France, 122, 188U, Azores.
Family XLV. ILYOPHID^.
(The Ooze Eels.)
This family contains a single species with characters intermediate
hot ween the Simenclielyidw and the Sjfnapholranchidw, combining the gen-
eral physiognomy of SynaphoirancMia with the separate gill slits and
long-bowed branchiostegal rays of Simenchelyidw. Deep-sea eels from the
eastern Pacific.
152. ILYOPHIS, Gilbert.
Ilyophis, OiLDERT, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 361, (tnitiiieM*).
Hody scaly ; pectorals well developed ; lateral line prominent ; gill slits
horizontal, inferior, well separated ; nostrils lateral, the posterior imme-
iliatoly in front of the eye, the anterior with a short tube, near tip of
i.|
( :
: i
i I
! i
i ■ ; !!
I
srA)
BulUtin ^7, United States National Museum.
Hnoiit. Mnxlllariuii an in SiftinphohranchuH; tho oliiinpiiiKl»roc«n8eHcl(mc|y
u|i|)roHHU(l to tlio Hiilo «>f th» voinor l»«liin(l itH liund ; l<*w<>r Jiiw Htiotii'
uppun^ntly with th« curunoitl procnH* well thtvoliipml ; wrieit of t««tli mi
Ih!U(I aii«l Hhuft of voiiiur oontinnoiiH ; no lips; toiiKuw littlo duvolu'n i|
with narrow froo niurKi't ; hranohioHtu);)il rayH ir* in nuniltur, (uh Ui'dr-
niinnd without diHHHction), not Hhitrtoned, Honitt of th<>in curvud aroiitiil
andaltovr th« oporolo. DorHuI, aniil, and caudal oonlluont, ratlittr lii;;||
thu ra.vH oluarly viHiblu tliron^li tiut hUU\ ; dormil hu){inninf{ widl forwaid,
itn origin imuiodiatoly holiind thu baHu of p««(;toralH ; ori);iu of ana! near
end of autuiiui third of body. (/X/c, oo/u ; 'xpi,;, Huaku.)
ft7«. ILYOI'IIIS UKI'NMKI'N, (iillHrt.
Dody narrow, comprvsHod tbrou^tliont ; Hnout and Jaws slender ; ^upo
uno-balf length of head, oxtondiiiK beyond tho i^yo for a diHtanco Ichh tliiin
the diameter of the latter; maxillary teeth Hinall, bluntly conic, in nar-
row bands ; teeth on vomer largei conic, those on shaft of vomer in a hIii^'Io
row ; teeth in mandible in narrow band, those on the inner series eulai^^txl
and retrorse though less than half tho size of tho vomerine teeth ; front uf
pupil over und of second third of length of jaw ; gill slits narrow, inferior
horizontal, crescent-shuped, about e<|ualing horizontal diameter of t>vu,
their lower (anterior) ends separated by a distance <)«(ual to their own
length, their upper (posterior) ends by Ih times that distance; head 'J in
trunk ; hoad and trunk 3^ in total length ; pectorals small, 6 in IumuI, hivh
evident; scales very line, arranged in groups at right angles to one
another ; lateral lino running high anteriorly, its pores white and con-
spiououB. Color brown, the flns, lower side of head, and branchial regioMH
darker. (Gilbert.) Length 15 inches. One specimen, from Chutiuun
Island, Galapagos Archipelago, in 034 fathoms, (brunneua, brown.)
IlyophU bnmnexu, OiLnRUT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Muh., 181)1, M'l, Chatham Island; Jurha.n a
DikViB, '. c, ti70. (Cull. AlbatroBR.)
Family XLVI. SVNAPHOBRANOHIDiE.
This group consists of deep-sea eels, differing from the AniiuiUuhv in
having the gill openings externally contluent into a single slit. Thu fol-
lowing diagnosis is given by Dr. Gill:
Enohelycephalous Apodals with conic, pointed head, moderate opor(;u-
lar apparatus, lateral maxillines, cardiform teeth, distinct tongue, inf*M'iur
branchial apertures dischaij.'<og by a common aperture, continuouN vur-
tical fins, pectorals well devcKt^ied, scaly skin, and nearly perfect brauchiul
skeleton.
Body eel-shaped, covered with linear, imbedded scales placed at ri^Lt
angles, as in Anguillc. Lateral line present. Head long and pointed, the
snout produced. Mouth very long, the eye being over the middle of its
cleft. Jaws about equal ; teeth small, sharp, in a broad band in each jaw,
becoming a single series anteriorly ; those of inner series in upper jaw and
of outer series In mandible somewhat enlarged ; vomerine teeth in a nar-
row band anteriorly. Gill openings inferior, horizontal, close together,
convergent forward, somewhat confluent at the surface, but separated by
a considerable isthmus within. Branch iostegals peculiarly formed, in
Uifliohraneku», I
'""■IT' "" ""f Tf iiii • fV" 'X '"i"'
ITT- T-li-w^-' ■ff-T'
1
Jordan and Rvermann.-^Fishes of North America. 351
iiiixlorntn nuiiibor (uboiit I'), attuohvd to tliu ahlvH ol* tliu cuinprcitHetl oura-
tiiliyal and ttphiynl, Hlniukor, iihhroviiittHl, and niodurately Ituwod, not
iMMngourvtid np nhovo thu opt^rtMiliiiii. Tonguo lonK, friieonlyat thoMideH.
NoHtrilH lar^Of tho anterior with a nliort tube, \\m poHturior bufure tlio
lower part of tho uye. Pontonil well devi^lopud ; d<»rHal low, beginning
behind vont ; anal h>nKer tliim dornal, rather high, itH raya alendor,
liianohod, nut imbedded in the Hkin ; vertical flna conlliient around the
tail. Vont near the anterior fourth of Itody. Muscular and ohhoouh Mys-
toi'iH well developed. Stoniaeh very diHteniiible. Doop-Hoa IliihoH; two
^'(>uora with K or K HpeoioH known. (.t/Hniniffcr, group Synajthobranchina,
(}iinthor,Cat., vm, 22-23.)
0, Donal fln low, lN<Kli>iiing iMthliid vunt ; vomorlne tnoth in a •Initln imtcti ; |Hictiiral« lonR,
lllllK'T tllHIl tho rutlllT Mclll' T RllollC. SVNAI'llonRANCIII'H, 1A3.
nil, DorMi flu boKlnnlnic rltwn Itnlilml Iihmo of iwirtornlN | voiiirrliiii tooth In two |ialelioa, uiio
lM<bliid tho (ithor ; pecturali Nhorl, not lunger than thu iliort iinout.
IIlHTIOIIRANriKIH, IM.
153. SYNAPHOBRANCHUS, Johnson.
SyniiiihohrnncliHn, .Ioiinnon, I'roc. ZoOI. Hoc. Lonilon, 1862, lOI), (ilruupiO.
Dorsal beginning behind vont. This genus contains two or three species,
(leep-Hoa llshes from the Atlantic and Pacitlc. (avi'A^pi/tj, united ; 3f)<iyxi(i,
gills.) /
fi77:'NTNAI>HOHRANrHim I'lNNATIH (dronuw).
Dorsal fln beginning i to i head's length behind vent ; maxillary reach-
ing a point almost opposite gill opening ; head 3 tu 3^ in distance from
tip of snout to dorsal, i to } in trunk ; snout 3^ in head ; eye 2 to 2i in
HHout; cleft of mouth 1^ to 1} in head; pectorals 3 in head, their inser-
tion about equidistant from snout and anus. Uniform brown, vertical
fiuH darker behind, light-edged anteriorly ; inside of mouth blue-black;
gill openings dark. North Atlantic and western Pacific, common about
tho Madeiras, Canaries, etc., and also about the banks of Newfoundland;
"a common resident of the deep waters of the offshore banks in 200 to
30() fathoms, where individuals are often taken on the fiHherman's trawl
lines." The Japanese species, S. affinia, Uiinthor, is probably the same.
(pinnaitta, feathered or finned.)
Murunapinnata, Oronow, Cat. Fish. Drlt. Mm., 10, 1R54, locality unknown.
Syniiphvbranchut kmipii, Juiinsun, I'roc. /oiil. Boc. Lend., 18(12, 16U, Madeira. (Cull. J. Y. John-
BOD.)
T Synaphnbranchtu qfflnui, OrNTiiEn^ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xx, 1877, 446, Inoaima, Japan.
SynaphobranchHi imnahi», OrNTllER, Cut., viii, 23, 187U; Uooiie .& IIran, Bull. Kksox InHt., 2(i,
1879 ; Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nut. Muh., 1880, 113 ; Goode A Bean, Bull. Muo. Comp. /ool., 222,
1883 ; Jordan & Oitnr.RT, Synoiwig, 364, 1883 ; QCnther, Voy. Challenger, xxii, 253, 1887 ;
Vaillant, Voyage Travaillcur ut Taliaman, 89, 1888 ; Jordan & Davis, {. c, 678.
154. HISTIOBRANCHUS, Oill.
HiriiobranehHi, GiLL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Muh., 1883, 266, (it^ematu).
This genus is close to the preceding, from which it is distinguished by
the mere anterior insertion of its dorsal. Two species have been described.
; I
i 1
11
l^mT'
3
352
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
V
\ i .J
\ \
V,
miii
nATHYiin'K, .,7n,
INFEBNALIfl, .■.7'J.
perhaps identical with each other {iariov, sail, i. e. dursal flu; ^f)u)xi'i,
gills ; from the insertion of the dorsal.)
II. I'uctorttl All longer than Rnont.
aa. Pectoral flii ahorter tban snout.
678/lIINTIOBRANCHU8 BATHTBIVS, OUntlier.
Pectoral fin longer than snout ; eye \ or | of the length of snout; luad
and trunk li in tail ; dorsal commencing above or immediately bfliiiid
the pectoral, which is only i length of head; scales quite rudimentary,
lanceolate, imbedded in the skin ; cheeks naked ; dorsal and anal fins low,
especially the former. Uniformly black. (Giinther.) Northern and west,
eru Pacific in deep water, Bering Strait, off Japan, and off Cape of Good
Hope. One specimen obtained by Dr. Gilbert in Bering Sea in 18<,*0,
(Albatross Explorations). (/Jadi'c, deep ; /3(0f, life.)
Bynaphohranchus halhyhiwt, GCntiiek, Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist., xx, 1877, 445 ; and in Voy. C'liul-
lenger, 2S4, pi. lxii, fig. It, 1887, off Yedo; North Pacific; Kerguelen Island.
HitUcbranchxu bathybittt, Jordan and Davis, /. c, G73.
679. HI8TIOBRANCHV8 1NFERMALIS, Gill.
Body moderately elongated and compressed ; its height at the anus ,'„<'„-
of the length. Head 9 in total length, its width a little less than oue-lialf
its length; snout moderate, less than greatest width of head; eye nuxUsr-
ate, much less than one-half the snout ; upper jaw nearly one-tenth of
total length ; lower jaw a little more. Dorsal commencing not far behind
vertical from the root of pectoral ; anal inserted a little nearer tip uf
snout than end of tail; both are moderately developed. Pectorals con-
siderably shorter than snout. Color in life almost uniform dark plum-
beous ; in alcohol the trunk is dark yellowish brown, becoming almost
black on the abdominal region, as well as on the intermandibular inte^^u.
ments and around the pectorals, while the dorsal and anal are whitiHh
except towards the posterior fourth of the length, where they are very
dark or blackish. A specimen. No. 33279, was taken by the Alhatronn at
station 2037, in 1,731 fathoms, 38° 30' N. 69° 8' W. (Goode & Beau.)
(infernalis, infernal, from its black color.)
BiUiobranchut infemalit, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 205, Gulf Stream, Lat. 38° ;!0' N.,
Long. 69° W., in 1,V31 fatliomR. (Typo, No. 33279. Coll. Albatrosn.) Gookk & Bean, Ootiiiiic
Ichthyology, 145, fig. 166, 1895.
Bynaphobranchua it^emcUis, GOntiieb, Challenger Bojiort, xxii, 254, 1887.
Family XLVII. LEPTOCEPHALIDiE.
(The Conger Ekls.)
This family includes those eels which are scaleless, and have the ton<j:nu
largely free in front, the body moderately elongate, the en.i of the tail
surrounded by a fin, the posterior nostril remote from the upper lip and
near front of oye, and the pectoral fins well developed. All the species
are plainly colored, grayish or dusky above, silvery below, and the dorsal
edged with black. G-enera 3,* species about 15, found in most warnt seas,
•i»8 tho osteology of most of the sijecies is unknown, wo can not suy whether the Murieiiesruidie.
EchelUlx, and Heteroccngridx ehovld really bo separated from this group. Bleeker placoHnll lli(<su
genera with Nettattonia and Nctnichthija, also in his family of Conijriyitiei. GUuthcr ai)pro.\iiiKitt">
Conger to AntjuiUa, while recognizing tho allies of Mnremeeox, Erh'ehw, Heltroromjer, and Memkhthtjt
as BO many distinct subfamilies, Netta$totnu he places with Neoconger and Mureenetox.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
353
uHually at moderate depths. Most of the apechs undergo a metamorpho-
His, the young being loosely organized and transparent, bund-shuped and
with very small head. The body grows smaller with increased ago,
(iw iiig to the compuct'.ng of the tissues. ( il/unenufcc, part, Uituther, Cat.,
VIII, ;J7-14.)
(I. Vomerino tcvth In bands, iiono of them caniuo-liko ; lipa tliirk.
h. DorNiil flu inxcrtcd ut n puiiit boliiiul bnso of pol'toral, but nearer |iectOT<tl thnn vont;
Iioail with inronapicuoiiH inucouH cavitioH ; jawB with an 'Utur hitIoh uf ciugti-NOl
tucth, I'lrniiuK a oultin^ eUgu ; tail about half luiifter than rest of body.
LKPToiKriiAi.i'N, 155.
bb. Donal fln bpginuing over the gill opening ; bones of front of head with large mucif-
eroiiH cavities ; mouth rather Fmall ; jawN with bandM of small teuth, the outer not
forming a cutting edge ; ail from liulf to two-thirds of total length.
CoNOF.ltMl'B^F.NA, 150.
(Id. Vomerine teeth uniserial, some of them canine-like; maxillary teeth binerial ; dorsal
beginning above root of ])cotoral ; cleft of mouth extending beyond midille of eye;
tnil very long and slender, about half longer than rest of body. Ukoconueb, 157.
155. LEPTOCEPHALUS (Gronow) Scopoli.
(Conger Eels.)
(a) Larval Forms.
Ir^ilorcphalnf, ScoPOLi, Int. Hist. Nat., 463, 1777, (morristi).
(Kryiinis, Rakinesui'e, Caratteri, I'J, 1810, {rtrmi/onnis),
llilmirtii), Uakine8(H'E, ludieo d'lttiologia Siciliana, (>2, 1810, {jmnfbUui).
Hiliiiiihlhys, CosTA, Fauna V?.;.uii, Posci, 1854, {duiphaimn).
? 1.1 jilinrplKilkhthyn, Blgekrr, Act. Soc, Sci. Ind. Veerl., 1, Manado, 09, (hypocloaoma),
? Diaiihauichlli;/!, PETERS, Mouatsber. Ak. Wise. Berl,, 399, 1864, (brcvkaudus).
(b) Adult Forms.
Echelns, Rafinesque, Caratteri, etc., 63, 1810, (in part ; includes species of Conger, Opiiitoma and
Myrns ; restricted by Bleekor to Mynis).
Conijir, CuviER, Regne Animal, Ed. 11, 11, 350, 1829, {conger).
AriiiiDina, SwAlNSON, Nat. Hist., Class'n Fishes, l, 220, 1838, (uo type mentioned ; diagnosis
worthless).
Oiihisoma, SwA»N80N, Nat. Hist., Class'n Fishes, 11, 334, 1839, (acuta, nbluaa). Substitute for .Irio-
sunui ; not Ophisomtu, Swainson, /. c, 227 = MuncnoUles, Lacepede.
Cmiirut, Richardson, Voyage Erebus & Terror, 107, 1844, {conger).
Body formed as in Anguilla, the skin scaleless. Head depressed above,
anteriorly pointed. Lateral line present. Mouth wide, its cleft extend-
ing at least to below middle of eye. Teeth in outer series in each
jaw equal and close-set, forming a cutting edge ; no canines ; band of
vomerine teeth short. Tongue anteriorly free. Vertical fins well devel-
oped, confluont around the tail; pectoral fins well developed; dorsal
beginning close behind pectorals. Gill openings rather large, low.
Eyes well developed. Posterior nostril near eye; anterior near tip of
snout, with a short tube. Lower jaw not projecting. Skeleton differing
in numerous respects front that of An>juiUa. Vertebr.ai about 56 -f- 100.
In most warm seas. This genus contains the well-known and widely
distributed Ccnger eel and three or four closely reI«,i,o^l species. The
earliest generic name used for members of the group is Lcptocephalus,
based on a curious, elongate, transparent, baud-like creature with
F. N. A. 24
■'S«l.« ».-<(»,.
m
m
K-:i
354
Bulletin 4^, United States National Museum.
minute head and very aniall mouth, found in the waters of Europe, aiid
known as LejHocephalua morriaai. This has been shown hy Gill, (iiintlKM-
and FaocioM to be the young and larval form of Lcptoccphalua comnr.
A number of the genera and species of the supposed family of L<t))tu-
oephalidiit have been described, but there is no doubt that all of tlieiu .ne
larvm, some of eels, as Comjir, Cont/vriuurama, Ophiaurua, and Neituxtomn
others of Isospondylous fishes, as Alhula, Elopa, Alepocephalua, Slomian
etc. (See Giinther, Cat., viil, 136.) It is thought by Dr. Giinther that tlio
Leptocephalid forms are probably '' individuals arrested in the develop-
ment at a very early period of their life, yet continuing to grow to a cor-
tain size, v/ithout corresponding development of their internal or<raiiH,
and perishing without having attained the characters of the ])urt'uct
animal." The recent observations of Dr. Gilbert on the larviu of AlhnUt^
Elopa, and Conger^ hovever, seem to point to the conclusion that tlifso
curious forms are normal young, and that the individuals grow siiuillor
iu size for a time with increased age, owing to the increasing couipaot-
ness of the tissues.
Inasmuch as. the name Leptocephaliia has been associated for more than
a century with larval forms it is a decided inconvenience to accord to it
precedence as a generic name over Conger. The strict law of priority,
however, demands its retention, and the tendency among systcn, .^'m
zoologists is to recognize as few exceptions as may be to this nilr". i ^o
unfamiliar names Oxyurua and Uelmictia are both earlier than Cumjcr.
(AffTTTof, slender ; xe^a/?/, head.)
a. Dorsal begiuniug ucurly opposite tip of pectoral ; liead about 1 J in trunk. conoeii, 580.
aa. Dorsal flu beginning above middle of pectorals ; head about Ig in trunk.
/ CAUDILIMUATIS, .'iSl.
SSOyLEPTOCEPHALVS CONOKH (Linua-us).
(CoNOEH Gel.)
Doraal beginning opposite to or just behind tip of pectoral ; eye 11 in
snout, 5 to 6 in head ; snout 3i to 4^ in head ; gape extending nearly or
quite to posterior margin of eye ; head If to 1^ in trunk ; tail longer than
rest of body ; pectorals 3^ in head ; upper lip full, with conspicuous pores.
Ashy gray or blackish ; vertical fins with a black margin ; body Hoine-
times (var. niger) entirely black. Atlantic Ocean, generally conunon on
both coasts, from C^rpe Cod to Brazil ; also on coasts of Asia and Africa ;
almost cosmopolitan, but not found in the eastern Pacific. It reaciiuH a
length of 8 feet, and is a food fish of importance, especially in Lurope.
{Conger, the ancient name of the eel.)
(u) Larval Forms.
Leph)cephalu» morru$i, Omelin, Syst. Nat., 1150, 1T88, Holyhead, England.
Ophidiunt pellucUlmti, Couch, Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist., v., 1832, 313, 742, England.
Leplocephalui gracilin, Storer, Mem. Amor. Acad., ii, 524, 1839, Massachusetts.
Leplocephalut tyallanxanii, candidufimtis, etc., of European writers.
(I'l) Adult Forms.
Murfena mpremo margine pinnm donalis niyro, Artidi, Synon., 40, 2, 1738, Mediterranean.
MMTima conyer, huttunvB, Byet. Nat., x, 245, 1758, (basod ou Artedi).
Miirirnn ni
. I i,;/lll7/a or
CoiKjer ven
('iiwjer I'h/i
1870.
Gmijer riibt
nean.
Oi'liix'iiKi
Oni'jer orhi
Ameri
O'liiji'r oecii
Omijriis line
Ciiii'jer vent
(^im'jer e$ciil
Cimijer niijer
L>i>tucephah
Dorsal
snout, 4^
1} to If ii
Brown, v
w hite ; t
Atlantic;
margined
Filiehm cauid
O'lujer macr<i
Cciij/er cattdia
Silos Ste{
Omijer caudili
L'jiliKvphahii)
Leptocephahu
Conijer-Murien
tiiialhophin, K
CiiiKjromurivna
Ophmma, Uli
This gen
by the moi
nieut of th
related an(
a. Snout mc
6. Vent
bK Ven
c. 8
cc. I
♦By thoruh
bi^ Hdiipted. /
Oiiliistiina woul
on twii species,
onyiiious with
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
356
it/iir/cnn ni^a, R1880, Icli. Nice, 03, 1810, (black variety), Nice.
.lK;/in7/ao('eri)iiVa, MiTciiiLL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1818, 407, off New York.
0;ii>/''r renia, ItiBBO, Eur. Mor., in, 201, 182C, Nice.
{\,w)fr ri(/>/an«, CuviiR, R^gno Animal, Ed. 11, 11, 350, 182<J, France; OOnyiier, Cat., viii, 38,
1870.
Oniijer rnhttetnw Ranzani, De Novia Spec. Pioc. Diiui. Prima, l!i, pi. v, flg. 6, 1838, Mediterra-
nean.
Oiihimima ohtuia, SwAINHOH, Fish., Rep., and Anipli., 11, 3115, 183!), Sicily.
Cuwiei orbignyannt, Valrncienmes, VOrbigny, Vuy. Am. Merkl., PuisH., pi. 12, 1, 183'J, South
America.
Oimjtr occitlentalin, De Kav, N. Y. Fauna : FislioB, 314, pi. 53, flg. 172, 1842.
I'miijriit kiicophitm, R1CIIARD80N, Voy. ErobuB and Terror, FIhIios, 108, 1844.
Ci'ii-jer verrenuxi, KAur, Apudo8, 115, 1856, no locality.
Cm'jer etatk-ntu*, Poey, Momorlas, n, 346, 186<.), Cuba.
Cowjer niijer, Jordan <fc Gilbert, Synopsis, 362, 1883.
Li'iilucephalm comjer, Jordan & Davis, I. c, 664.
581. LEI OCEPHALVS CAUDILIMBATUS (Poey).
Dorsal fin beginning above the middle of pectorals ; eye as long as
Huout, 4^ in head ; gape extending to beyond the middle of the eye ; head
IJ to If in trunk ; tail longer than rest of body ; pectorals 3 to 3i in head.
Brown, vertical fins with a broad black margin, which is again edged with
white ; the dorsal black anteriorly for f its depth. Tropical parts of
Atlantic ; Pensacola to Cuba and Madeira ; not rare, {cauda, tail ; liinbatua,
margined.)
Eihelim raiuiilimlxttw*, PoEY, Repertorio, II, 249, 1867, Cuba.
Omijer macroj», QCnther, Cat., viii, 40, 1870, Madeira ; Bahamas. (Coll. llasslar.)
Coiiijer caudicuhi, Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 436, Pensacola. (Typo, No. 30709. Coll.
Silas Stearns.) Jordan & Gilbert, I. c, 262.
Ciiiiijer latidUimbatm, Poey, Knumeratio, 152, 1876.
Lijiiocephahi^ caudicula, Jordan <Sc Gilbert, Synopsis, 900, 1883.
Leptocephahit caudilinAalus, Jordan & Davis, I. c, 606
156. CONGERMURiENA, Kaup.
CoiKjer-Murfcna,* Kaup, Apodes, 108, 1856, (balearica).
(hialhophis, Kal'P, Aalo Hamb. Mus., 1859, {heteroijnalhnii),
OiiKiromurivna, GOnther, Cat., viii, 40, 1870, (amended spelling).
Ophisoina, Bleeker, Jordan & Davis, etc., (actifa).
This genua contains numerous species of small Congers, distinguished
by the more anterior insertion of the dorsal and by the greater develop-
ment of the inuciferous cavities in the bead. The species are very closely
related and not well known. {Conger', Murwna] related genera.)
(I. Suuut more or less projecting beyond mandible.
b. Vent submedian in position, the tody and tail about equal in length ; upper jaw little
projecting. balearica, 682.
b^-. Vent anterior in position, the tail much longer than rest of body.
c. Snout short and heavy, blunt, projecting little beyond mandible. ma(;rura, 583.
cc. Snout long and acute, considerably projecting.
* By the rules of the American Ornithologists' Union, the generic name Omijermurinia would
bi' nilopted. Ariosoma is iuoligible because no type is expressed, and the diagnosis is valueless.
Oiihisdiua would by some be set aside on account of the prior Ophisomim. Ophisoma was bofied
on two species, acuta and obUita, the latter the coiamoii Conger Eel, and this group is really syu-
ouyiiiuUB with Conger.
!»,"?■
350
Bulletin 47, UnitcJ States National Museum.
((. Tail I«88 tliau twice loiigth of rust of body ; uyu Hmull, 8< y in lioati ; iiiiiiiiiii,i„
atrODK. PRORIIiKltA, ,'),Sl.
i^(. Tuil iitiich mont tlmn twicx lotiKth of rest of body ; oyu largo, 7 in lii'iul.
NITKNH, f,.V,.
aa, Soout long, but not projecting; tlio lower jaw much longurthuu uiipor ; tuil twico Ii'n^rtli
of rest of body ; eye 6 In licad. flava, &«(;.
682. CONUEBMUK.KNA BALKARICA (De la Koch)).
Upper jaw but little projecting; lipu tliiii ; bead ubuut 6 iu total lun^tli ;
tbo tuil a little longer tban the bead and trunk ; eyea'iout e(iual tuHiiuni
5 in bead. Color browuisb or yellowisb; uilvery on sides and below ; vci-
tioal tins witb a narrow black edge. Tropical parts of tbe Atlantic and
eastern Pacific. Known from tbe Mediterranean, Cuba, Bra/.il, St. Ileltaia,
Cape San Lucas and tbe Galapagos. Possibly more than one Hpeeico
should be recognized, in which case the American form would stand kn V.
opisthophthalmuH. (£u.) (Name from tbe Balearic Islands, oft' the couHt
of Spain.)
mltriTiM baleariai, Dk La Roche, Ann. Mus., xiii, 1809, 327, flg. 3, Balearic Islands.
ErhvluHciiiriara, Rafinesqi'K, Caratturi, t'lH, 181(», Sicily,
Miiriina ciinsiui, Rikso, Ich. Nice, 01, 1H1((, Nice.
Conger opMiopliiiiatmut, Ranzani, Do Nov. Spec. TiHc. DiH8or., Prima. 10, pi. v, flg. 1, if<;)s,
Bahia.
Ophltoma aiithi, SwAlNSON, Fish., Rept., Ampli., ii, 3!m, 18:i9, Sicily.
Coiigir viicroUomus, Gastklnau, Anim. Nouv. Itares, Aniericjuo Uu Sud, 83, pi. 4'.', tij;. I, Ixli^i,
Rio Janeiro.
Comjer niialit* PoEy, Muniorias, ii, 318, 1800, Havana.
Cotijftr impre$tui>, Poey, Momorias, ii, 318, 186(), Cuba.
Oongromttriitia melliglii, 0('ntiier, Cat., viii, 42, 187U, St. Helena. (Coll. J. II. MellisH.)
Coiiger-MiirirHa halearica, Kaui', ApodeB, 110, 1866.
Congromnrinta baleurica, OOntiiek, Cat., vili, 41, 1870.
Op/iidoiria analh, Poey, Reportorio, li, 248, pi. 3, flg. 3, 18G6.
Ophiaoma baiearicum, Jordan & Davis, {. c, 661.
688. €OI«tiEBMUB.ENA HACRURA (Gilbert).
Vent anterior in position, the tail much longer than tbe body. Suont
comparatively short and heavy, blunt, and broadly rounded, projecting
but little beyond tip of mandible; tail twice length of body; lips full;
teeth in mandible in a broad band, those of outer series the largest; niax-
illary and vomerine teeth also in broad bands ; vomerine patch divided by
a groove into which fits tbe tip of tbe mandible ' no teeth on shaft of
vomer; posterior nostril an elliptical slit, on level of upper margin of
pupil ; anterior nostril a round pore near tip of snout; five large iiiucuim
pores on each side of jaws ; gape extending slightly beyond pupil, 2f in
head; eye moderate,! in snout, 6 in head; head Ij in trunk, 4 iu tail;
pectorals i length of head ; origin of dorsal slightly behind base of pec-
torals. Color dusky above ; under side of head and abdomen light, tbu
two areas separated by a well-defined line ; fins dusky, becoming black
towards tip of tail, with whitish border; inside of mouth, gill cavity, aud
peritoneum silvery. (Gilbert.) Gulf of California; one specimen known,
9^ inches long. {/laKpu;, long : ovpd, tail.)
* According to Poey the vent is exactly in the middle of the l>ody in Congermuriena analis, aud
au eye's diameter nearer tbe head in Congenntirietia impretsa.
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North America.
367
viMmma »na<Ti(r«m, OiLnERT, Proc, U. H. Nat. Mus., 18U1, 361, Gulf of California. (Coll. Alba-
truss.)
584. 4H)NflKR9IITRJ>]NA PRORIOERA (Gilbert).
Tail considerably longer than rest of *":'., • Eye small, 2 in snout, 8i
ill li<>a(1, slightly less than length of gill slit; snont long and sharp, the
ariito tip projecting beyond mandible for t length of orbit; teeth villi-
loriii, in broad bands, none of them enlarged, a transverse groove behind
litad of vomer to receive tip of mandible ; posterior nostril slit-like, the
anterior with distinct membranous tube ; mandibles very broad and strong;
^raito reaching to vertical from posterior margin of pupil, \ ut head; con*
Hpiciious pore just behind angle of mouth ; head equal to trunk, 8 in tail
witliout An; depth 13 in total length; pectoral 3^ in head; dorsal begin-
ning in advance of gill opening, its distance from tip of snout slightly
k-sH than half the distance from snout to anal. Uniform light brown;
iiiiHdnsky, black near tip of tail, and there with narrow bright white
margin ; mouth, gill cavity, and peritoneum black. (Gilbert.) Length 1
foot. Panama to'Ecnador. (jyrora, prow ; gero, I bear.)
Oiihimnia prnriiienim, Qiliiert, Froc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1801, 360, Coast of Ecuador; Panama.
(Coll. AlbutroPH.)
6S5. <;ONUERiMURJi:NA NITKNS (Jordan & Bollman).
Tail much more than twice length of body ; body slender ; tail com-
pressed ; lower jaw considerably shorter than the upper; dorsal beginning
elifjhtly in advance of the root of the pectoral. Head 1| in trunk, 5i in
tail; tail 2^ times as long as head and trunk; snout 4i in head, very soft;
oye very large, 7 in head, 1| in snout ; interorbital area 2 in eye ; cleft of
month 3ji in head, extending slightly behind middle of eye; pectoral long
and narrow, 2^ in head. If times as long as gill slit. Color olivaceous,
nppcr parts of head and body with numerous fine black dots ; a silvery
shade across opercles and below lateral line ; peritoneum bright silvery,
giving belly a pale color ; dorsal and anal with a narrow black margin,
below which are a few small spots ; pectoral pale. One specimen dredged
at Alhatro>}8 station 2801 off Panama, 8° 47' N., 79° 29' 3C W., in 14
fathoms, {nitena, shining.)
Oiihitnma ni/cim, JoRKAN & BoLLMAN, Proc. U. S. Nnt. MuB., 1889, 15.3, Panama ; .Jordan &
Davis, I. c, (!62. (Coll. Albntross.)
58«. C0X«ERMI7R4:NA PLATA, Goodo & Bean.
Lips somewhat thickened. Snout long, about twice diameter of eye,
which is 6 in head. Lower jaw projecting far beyond the upper.
Anterior nostril in short tube, posterior nostril pore-like, in advance of
eye, and above the horizontal line of its diameter. Cleft of mouth
extending very slightly behind middle of eye. Teeth in very narrow
bands, villiform, a dense clu8t<^r on the vomer. Length of head equal to
that of trunk. Tail about twice aa long as body. Dorsal beginning far
in advance of gill opening and pectoral. Color yellowish ; blackish on
termination of tail. Specimens obtained by the Albairdsa at stations
2121 and 2122, in 31 to 34 fathoms, and at station 2402, in 111 fathoms;
■ f
! ,
\ \
i
VI
m
I *
'k
H.
U
M
\
i'
n
! I
m
368
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum,
also by the lilake at station 264, in 84 fathoms. (Goode fk. Bean.)
(jiavus, yellow.)
CongfmwritMu fliira, Goonr. A Dran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 138, flg. l/>9, ISOTi, Oulf Stream.
(Tyi)o, No. 44012. Coll. Albiitrow.)
157. UROCONGER, Kaup.
Vroeongrr, Kacp, Apodos, 110, 1854, (}tptm,\t).
Mouth very large, its cleft passing middle of eye; vomerine teeth niii-
serial, some of them canine-like; teeth in jaws in two series. Tail loii^,
slender, whip-like. Dorsal inserted above pectoral. Species few. (oi'yui,
tail; Conger.)
687. URUCONOElt TICINU8, Vaillant.
Depth 20 in length. Vomer with two strong teeth anteriorly. Space
separating gill openings considerably greater than their diameter.
(Goode <& Bean.) Deep waters off coast of northern Africa; ayoungiudi-
vidual taken by the Albatross at station 2161 in 146 fathoms, (vicxn^in,
near, i. e. to Uroconger lepturua.)
Ihocimger viiiniui, Vaii.lant, Expod. Travaillonr et TaliRnian, 86, pi. vi., flg. 1, 1888, Banc
d'Arguin, off Soudan, off Cape Verde Islands; Qoodx & Bban, Oceanic Ichthyoln^'y,
138, 1896.
Family XLVIII. MURiENESOCID^.
Scaleless angailloid eels, with the posterior nostril not labial, the
tongue largely adnate, the jaws not excessively elongate, the end of the
tail surrounded by the caudal fin, and the pectoral fins well developed.
None of these characters appear to have in themselves great importauco,
but according to Dr. Gill, in the genus Murwnesox, the only genun in
which the osteology is well known, the characters are such as fully to
justify family distinction. Dr. Gill gives the following diagnosis of
MuriBnesocidte :
" Enchelycephalous Apodals with the tongue not free, the branchioste-
gal membrane connecting the opposite sides below, the epipharyngeals
reduced to one pair, and the hypopharyngeals linguiform and encroach-
ing on the fourth branchial arch."
To this should bo added: Gill openings rather wide; pectoral fins well
developed ; jaws of moderate length ; vomer well armed.
Whether all these characters are found in the other genera commonly
associated with Muramesox is not yet known. The family, as understood
by us, seems divisible into two well-marked groups, which are, perhaps,
as distinct from each other as from the Eehelidee or the Congridiv. Tlie
species of this family are not very numerous, and a large proportion are
American. In general appearance and habits they approach the Con-
gers. All are plainly colored and some descend to rather deep water.
(Murwttido!, Muramesocinoi, Gtinther, Cat., viii, 45-49.)
mur;i!NE80cin£:
a. Dorsal and anal flns well developed throughout, the donml beginning nearly above j;i11
opening; Hnout moderately produced; vomerine teeth very strong.
h. Teeth in Jaws in several series ; gill openings wide.
Jordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North America.
350
c. Tettth In Jawa in Mveral BerieH, tlime of one sorioi enlarged and comprowed, long
caninos in Tront ; vumur with leveral luug Borlos of toetli, the middle quo of
rouicul cuninos. Muba:ne80Z, 168.
ee. Teeth all conical, Hlondor and iilinr|), thoae of Jawo in wide bandi ; maxillary with
a det!|i groove, running thu (entire length of the bono, dividing the baud of
teeth into two ]K)rtionH ; ohaft of vomer with a niediau surios of coniral
tcetli. Xbnomybtax, 1S9.
hh. Toeth in Jiiwh biM>rial, BUiall; voniur with a Horica of long, iiointcd canlnofi; tail abo jt
4 timcB uH long aa runt of Inidy; gill o|)eningg narrow. IIuflunnis, 100.
(iTii.nificiN*:
na. Dornal and anal flns very low anteriorly, developed chiefly 6n tho tail.
({. Tail about as long as roHt of l">dy; tooth moderate ; dorsal beginning bctforo the vent.
AA. Tail Bhort, little uiorn than half as long im roHt of body; teeth all unlHorlal, untH|uaI,
Home of them cauiuo-liko; body very slender, whip-shaped.
«. Body moderately elongate, the diameter more thau one-thirtieth the length ;
dontal bugiunlng Jutt before vent. Neoconuer, 101.
ee. liody whlp-«haped, the diameter leBS than ono-flftieth the length.
/. Dorsal On beginning not far behlud pectoral. LGi'ToroNncR, 1A2.
ff. Dorsal fln beginning behind the veut. Stii.iiibcus, 163.
fff. Dorsal fln beginninit close behind the nape. Oobdiiohthys, 164.
158. MURiENESOX. McClelland.
Mnriencmr, McClilland, Calcutta Journ. Nat IlUt., iv, 408, 1843, (lyiciitpiAala).
CijnupoiUiau, C08TA, Fauna Napoll, Pescl., pi. 28, 18.')0, {ferox miiauHn).
Brachyconger, Bleeker, Nedorl. TidHHkr., Dlerkundu, 11, 230, 18G5, (tavatma).
Congrenox, Gill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mub., 1890, 234, (lalalxm).
Body robust. Dorsal and anal fins well developed, the dorsal begin-
uJng nearly above gill opening. Mouth large ; teeth in jaws in several
Hories, those of one series enlarged and depressed, forming long canines
in front; vomer with several long series of teeth, the middle one of
strong canines. This genus contains numerous species, large, conger-like
eolH, some of which are found in all warm seas. They are remarkable
for the strong armature of the vomer. (Muraina ^sox, pike.)
Mrn.TiNESox :
a. Mi'dian teeth on vomer enlarged, compresBod, and rnltrate ; median teeth on side of lower
jaw also onlargod and conipresBod or bluntish.
h. Middle BcrioB of teeth on vomer not dlHtinctly tricuspldate ; ])ectoral rather more than
half hood. coniceps, 688.
hh. Middle scrios of let^th on vomer dlHtinctly tricuspidate in young, becoming entire with
age ; pectoral 2% in head. ^ savanna, 689.
Subgenus MUR.SNESOX.
6m. MITR^KNESOX CONICEPS, Jordan A Gilbert.
Vomer with a median row of about 15 very large, strong teeth, which
nTh much compressed, the tip angular and directed backwards, and with a
nick on the posterior edge, thus : "32?; oneortwo of theanterior teeth only
fllightly tricuspidate ; on each side of the median row on vomer some very
small, blunt teeth, disappearing anteriorly, arranged in one or two rows
very close to the median row ; jaws with one or two outer rows of small,
bhint teeth, next a row of rather large, wedge-shaped teeth, and then an
inner band of small, conical, blunt teeth in two, three, or four series;
front of both jaws with groups of canines, which are shorter than the
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
pnpil; in old examples the teeth, especially those on the vomer, are oftoD
80 worn that their original form is not at all evident ; head 2 in trunk, \\\
in tail; pectoral tin 2 in the distance between the tip of snout and th« \n\m
of the Un or rather more than half length of head; eye 2^ in the snout, li
in intororbital width, 3^ in cleft of mouth, situated a little behind uiiddln
of gape; cleft of mouth 2\ in the head ; gill openings large, containing tlio
isthmus twice; dorsal beginning over the gill openings. Olive-brown
ab«)vo, dull-whitish below; dorsal and anal light brown with a dark
margin ; caudal and pectoral fins black. Length 2 or 3 feet. Capo haii
Lucas to the coast of Columbia, generally common. Very close to tlio
next, the difHerence in dentition evident only in the young, (counx.
cone; -c(;^)«, head.)
Muritnetox rnmcept, Jordan & OitnERT, Prot. IT. S. Nat. Mu8.,1881, 348, Mazatlan ; Jordan Si
Davis, J.c, 048. (Tyito, No. 2si:jo. Coll. Ollbort.)
689. MUlt.KNESOX SAVANNA (Ctivicr).
Median sorioa of teeth on vomer distinctly tricuspidate in the youiiK,
becoming entire with age, with nearly even surface, thus : 2^ ; pectoral iui
long as maxillary, 2f in bead ; eye 2 in snout, which is 4^ in head ; dorHal
inserted over the gill opening. Brown above, silvery below ; dorsal and
anal edged with black. Otherwise as in M. coniceps. Cuba to Rio Janeiro,
not common, occasional in the Mediterranean Sea. (Ku.) (Called '8a-
vanne" in Martinique.)
Murana mvamia, Cuvieb, Rdpne Animal, Ed. 2, Vol. 2, 350, 182t>, Martinique ; Bennrtt, Proc.
Comm. ZoUI. Soc, 135, 18;il.
Conger bratiliemis, Ranzani, Nov. Spec. Pise. Diss. Prima., iv, 17, pi. 13, flg. 1, 1838, Brazil.
Congrus eiirvidens, RiciiARDSON, Voy. ErebuB & Terror, 111, 1844, no locality.
C!iHoponticu»ferojc,CosTA, Fnuna Napoli, Pose, pi. 28, 1864, Naples.
Conger linibatHB, Cabtei.nav, Anim. Am. Sud, 83, pi. 43, flg. 3, 1855, Rio Janeiro.
Brachyconger lavanna, D'.eekkr, Atlas des Murtinea Indcs Orient, iv, 20, 18M.
Murxnaox tavanna, GUntiigr, Cat., viii, 47, 1870 ; Jordan & Vavis, {. c, 648.
159. XENOMYSTAX, Gilbert.
Xmomyilax, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 348, (alrarim).
Scaleless; pectorals well developed; vertical fins large, continnous
around the tail, tho rays evident; dorsal beginning before base of pector-
als. Gill slits vertical and rather wide, the gill membrane oontinuouH
below the throat. Branchiostegals apparently 11 or 12 in number, lung
and much curved, continuing around the posterior and upper edges of the
opercles ; mouth with wide lateral cleft, nov extending far beyond eye ;
maxillaries very wide, not extending far forwards, tho clasping processoa
applied to shaft of vomer well behind its head. Teeth all conical, slender,
and sharp, mostly depressible, those in jaws in wide bands ; maxillary
with a deep lengthwise groove running the entire length of the bone and
dividing the band of teeth into two portions; lower jaw much shorter
than upper. Posterior nostril a linear slit, midway between eye and tip
of snout ; the anterior in a short tube just behind the head of vomer ;
tongue small, with the tip free ; lips undeveloped ; the lateral line oou-
spicuoT's. One species, (fivof, strange; /uticrra^, maxilla.)
>i^ -Ji. ■- ^\.L>;it.fe:iA^>i*=i^-i;;::,'„v;;.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 361
ftOO. XKNONITHTAX ATRARIITH, Qllbort.
Snout very long and slender ; end of maxillary ectnidistant from tip of
niiiiulible and gill opening ; front of orbit over tbo beginning of last third
of ;;iipe ; long slit-like pores on margin of upper jaw, a conspicuous series
oil inandiblo and preoporcle; toetb iu jaws in wide bands, mostly depres-
f)il)]o ; maxillary teeth divided by a deep groove running entire length of
jnw, those on inner side of groove long, close-set, rigid, in single series;
nMixlible with much narrower and shallower groove, on the inner edge of
\Yluch is a single series of very small conical teeth, directed inwards; tip
of mandible enlarged to forma knob which fits into a toothless depression
jns(, behind head of vomer, the vomer extending well beyond the tip of
lower jaw ; teeth on head of vomer and knob of mandible similar, slightly
larger than those of side of jaw ; anterior part of shaft of vomer with
niinliau series of strong conical teeth, accompanied by smaller lateral
soricH and followed by a narrower band of very small conical teeth. Head
etiual to trunk and \f of tail ; gill openings broadly lunate, vortical length
of Hlit i of snout, interspace ^ length of slit ; pectorals narrow, \ snout.
Color very dark brown ; tins black; poresof lateral line white. (Gilbert.)
Cuast of Ecuador, at Albatroaa station 2792, iu 401 fathoms. (atrariuSf
blackish.)
Xeit'iiiiijiiUix atrariiu, Oildert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. MiiB., 1891, 348, Lat. i° S., Long. 8i° W. (Coll.
Uilbort.)
i6o. HOPLUNNIS, Kaup.
Ilnvlmmi*, Kaup, Anle Ilnmburg Musoum, 19, 1859, (nchiiiidtiC).
This genus diifers from Marnmcaox chiefly in the dentition ; the teeth in
tho Jaws are small and biserial and the vomer has a series of long, pointed
canines. The very long tail is four times length of rest of body. Gill
openings wide. Two species, American. (utt/Iov, armature; vvviq, vomer:
correctly written Hoplynnis. )
a. Eyo 3 In Hnout j tail four times rest of b<idy.
(III. Eyo 3 to 3]^ in snout ; cluft of nioutli oxtcnding'boyond eye.
8CIIMIDTII, 591.
PIOMKDIANUB, 592.
691. HOPLIINMN 8CIiNIDTII, Kaup.
Tail about four times as long as rest of body ; eye 3 in snout ; posterior
portion of vertical fins black. (Kaup per (itiinther.) Caribbean Sea at
Puerto Cabello ; one specimen known and very imperfectly described. (A
personal name.)
Hojihninw schmiillii, Kaup, Aaln IIaml>. Mu8., 19, pi. 2, fig. 4, 1869, Puerto Cabello ; GOntheb,
Cut., vni, 4'.), 1870.
502. HOPLUNNIS DIOMEDIANITS, Goodo « Bean.
Allied to H. schmidtii, with height of body 4 in head ; its width ^ its height.
Snout 3 to 3f Jmes eye. Cleft of mouth extends slightly beyond hind
margin of eye. Teeth in jaws small, pointed, in narrow bands, the inner
series of the lower jaw consisting of enlarged, widely separated canines
a pair of larger canines near the end of the lower jaw in the example fig-
ured ; a row of six to eight strong, large canines on the vomer. A single
:*^^r
:
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862
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
individiinl (No. 44240 U. S. Nat. Mus.) was obtained by the AlhalroHH nt
statiun 2402, (iiilf of Mexico, 111 fathoiiis, lat. 28° 3(K, long. m° nO'.
(tioode and Kean.) (Named for the AlbatrosH, Diomcdm.)
Ifri}i/uNN<« iliimttUnMf, GooDR A ItiAN, Occanir Ichthyoliigy, U(\, WOti, Oulf of Mexico.
i6z. NEOCONGER, Girard.
Sencoiiyir, OiiiAiiD, U. 8. Mox, noiind. Siirv., Ichth., 77, IHftO, (tinicmitnhu),
Hody nioderatoly elongate, not whip-like. Pectoral fins proHcnt ; v^rti-
cal tinH rudimentary, passing around tho tail, towards the end of which
they are more developed; dorsal beginning Just before vent. Cloft of
mouth extending beyond the small eye ; maxillary teeth slender, in snvirnl
series ; vomerine teeth uniserial, forming a patch in front ; tail not niiicli
longer than rest of body. Uill openiugs vertical, rather large. 'J'wu
species, {vioc, new ; Conger.)
a. P))ctoral Hiiiall ; Oiilf of Muxico. HticROKATiH, nna,
aa. Pectoral wnll dovolopud, S}/^ to 4 fn lioail ; Pariflc Oroan. VRRMiroiiMiH, li<H,
SOS. NEOCONOKR SIIK'RONATIIH, Oirard.
Head small, slendor, pointed; upper Jaw tho longer ; dorsal fln begin-
ning Just in front of tho vent, forming a membranous ridge until near I ho
tail, where it expands and becomes tin-like; pectorals small. Dark nd-
dish brown above, paler below. Coast of Texas, ((iirard.) One speci-
men known ; t'ae imperfect descriptiou not distinguishing it from A'.
vemti/ortniH. (mucronatua, mucronate.)
Neorniiyerviurrnuatiin, GlRARP, U. 8. Mox. Hound. Surv., Iclith., 77, ISfiO, St. Joseph Island,
Texas. (Coll. WUrdnnmnn.) OI'ntiier, Cat., viii, 40, 1870 ; .Iokdan A Oii.iiititT, S.vii(i|«iB,
.160, 1883 ; Jordan & Davis, /. c, 64C.
r>04. NEOCONUKK VKKNIFOKNIN, Gilbert.
Pectoral well developed, 3^ to 4 in head. Snout anteriorly short,
slightly projecting beyond mouth; mouth small, reaching 6li;rhtly
behind eye; teeth small, conical, uniserial in Jaws, biseriul anteriorly
on the vomer, uniserial posteriorly ; gill slits vertical, longer than fiy((, a
little longer than isthmus; dorsal beginning half length of head in
advance of vent ; body not very slender, its depth 2i in head ; head ^
in trunk ; cleft of mouth 31 in head ; tail usually a little longer than rent
of body; tip of tongue slightly free. Color uniform yellowish olive on
body and fins, finely dotted with black. Lower California and Panama,
in about 30 fathoms ; several specimens known. Length G inches (vermis,
worm ; forma, shape.)
Neoconger venni/onnU, Gii.nERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Muh., 1890, 57, olT Lower California, Alba-
tross Station 3035; 'doll. Gilbert); Jordan & Davir, I. c, C46.
162. LEPTOCONGER, Poey.
Ltploconger, Poey, Anales Hist. Nat. Esp., 260, 1880, (perloiigtu).
This genus differs from Neocongcr in the much slenderer form, the body
being whip-sbaped as in Stilmacua. Dorsal beginning between gill open-
ing and vent. (XcTrrof, slender; Conger.)
Sliihinnu, JoR
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
363
ft9ft. LKPTOCONflKR PERLONflVg (P*ey).
Iload 4 in trtink; tail about a third longer than rest of body; Rap« 4
ill hoad; oyo large, If in snout; Huout pointed; teeth hooked, Hliort and
roliiist, Hube«|ual and uniaorial, a few in front enlarged; lower Jaw much
ghortor than upper; dorsal beginning Just behind tip of pectoral. Violet
brown, pale below ; dark points over the entire surface. (Poey. ) Matan-
zivs, Cuba; one specimen known. {perlonyuH, very long.)
y,or(mgfr perlmtgun, Po«Y, Ann. I.yr. Nat. HUt. N. Y., (17, pi. 0, fl((. 3-4, 1H74, Matanzaii.
LxiitDfimyi-r perhmjut, PoKV, Ann. Hint. N»t. E«p., 'itM, iHSn ; Jdhpan A Pavih, /. r., iHA.
163. STILBISCUS, Jordan & noUnian.
StilhuiciiM, JoRRAN A Hoi,tMAN, Troc. U. 8. Nut. Mui., 1H88, MO, (r({iiHiri(«<).
Hody whip-shaped, with the tail very short; teeth uniserial, some of
tlii> anterior canine. Fins low, the dorsal beginning behind vent. One
species known. ((tt/A^w, to shine.)
690. 8TILBIHCITH EDWAIthSI, .lonlnn A Ilollman.
Head 7i in trunk, 4^ in tail; snout 7 in head, its length somewhat
^roater than distance between gill openings ;' eye 1} in snout, H in inter-
oiliital space; cleft of mouth reaching to posterior margin of eye; upper
jaw 5 in head; height of gill opening li in snout; teeth all uniserial,
Hdine of the anterior enlarged, canine-like; dorsal beginning It length of
lu'iul behind vent ; length of first part about equal to head and pectoral;
developed part of dorsal at tail contained 1| times in the head ; pectoral 6
in lioad. Upper part of head and body above lateral line brown ; lower
pai't>i bright metallic-bluish silvery ; dorsal and anal pale, the latter with
a (Insky stripe on each side of its base ; pectorals dusky ; caudal black.
Green Turtle Cay, one of the Bahamas. One specimen known. (Named
for Dr. Charles Lincoln Edwards, of the University of Cincinnati.)
Slilhisiw filwardti, .ToBDAN A Boi.iMAN, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mns., 1888, 649, C:een Turtle Cay,
Bahamas. (Coll. EdwanU.)
164. GORDIICHTHYS, Jordan & Davis.
Gnrdiichthyt, Jordan A Davis, Prelim. Review Apodal Fishos, 044, 1892, {irretUii»).
Hody whip-shaped, excessively long and slender; tail very short; ver-
tical fins low, the dorsal beginning close behind the nape. Teeth uniserial,
unequal, some of them oauine-like. One species known. (Gordius, the
horsehair worm, from Fopiho^, the king whose complicated knot was out
by Alexander; /;i:^i'f, fish.)
597. UORDIICHTHYS IRRETITUS, Jordan A DaviH.
Dorsal fin beginning before the gill opening, not far behind the nape ;
trunk very long ; tail 1} in rest of body ; head about 16 in trunk (15 to 18,
the type being so injured that the gill openings can not be made out) ;
greatest depth of body 40 to 50 times in length of body ; upper jaw much
the longer, arched, the eye behind its middle ; eye moderate, 2^ in snout,
4i in gape; lower jaw with one row of about 10 stoutish, recurved teeth
TI ^ T -II
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bulletin 47, United States N^ational Afusenm.
on each Ni«l», tlutNo in front onlttr>(o<l and canin«-lik«s iii>|hm' ,|u\r witli a
■erioH <»r Hiniiliir Uwi\\ on oitoli Hide unti another down niiddlu of voinfi,
thflHo tlirflo H«M-iHH convnrKiiiK forward and ninntini; nt a point oppoHJte
niiddln of luwor Jaw; In front of tliiiton prninaxillary and nanai Iiuhon
about t lar((o, Ntont, liook<ul canim^H, tlio larftnnt tcotli of all ; 1*J3 vtMto-
brat in trnnk (proltaldy nitont KM) in tail); pectoral, k'^I <>|**'i>i»K< "ihI
Hkin wliolly digHHted in tlio typo; coloration probably Hjniilur to SiilhiHdtt
Fdu'urthi, Lfliif^tli 2^ foot. Hnappor MankH of Wtmt Florida, in rullit>r
deep water, known from lialf dJKuated HpocinieiiH and fragmentH foiiml m
fltuniadis of other HhIicn. (imiUiit, entangled.)
CI<>rilii<IMi/ii irniiiiit, .loiiuAN .t Davin, A|MMlal KIhIh'k, AI4, 1H1I2, off Pentacola, PlorlJi,
((!iill. Htenrnii.)
Family XLIX. NKTTASTOMID/K.
(TlIK HUKCRKKUS.)
Eels without pectoral (Iuh, with the tongue not free, the poNtorior nns-
trlla remote from the lip, the gill oponingn Hmall, Heparate, and Niilijri.
ferior, the vent remote from the head, the tail ending in a Hlender tip or
filament, the dorHal and anal tins moderately developed, and the Jhwn
produced, nlender, and straight, the upper the longer, and both, as alHo
the vomer, armed with bands of sharp, close-set, recurved, snbeqiial t«>«>tli.
This family contains a few species of deep-sea eels, closely allied to tiio
Murainesocuid: in teohnical characters, but more resembling the AVmic/i-
thytdfv in appearance, form of the head, and in dentition. Three gonern
are known — deep-sea fishes, with fragile bodies and the thin skin charged
with black pigment. {Muro'u'>i(v, part, (jiinther. Cat., viii, \i "STo.)
a. Doraal l <i low, boKinninfr iionrly iibovti k'H np<>iilnK.
h. KiwtrilH )iiterul, tho ])oiit»rior alit-llkv, plariul Jimt in front ofcyn ; Mionl .< fli^liy
tip. ClILOIHIH, V\\
bb. NoHtrUH nearly Nnperior, tho poHtcriur iilmvn nml in front of <',v(>, tlin anterior iit tip of
bony portion of Riiout ; lieail with nnniuroiiH ninrouH poroH,
c. Snout witli a loni;, filondor, lleHliy tip or pruboM'iM, iit tint bni«t of wlilcli nrc llii<
anteriornoatrilH. Vrnkiica, ir,t;.
165. CHLOPSIS, Rafinesque.
Chhpti*, HAriNRHQiTR, Indioo Ittlol. Sicil, 58, 1810, (hicohr).
Sauretichelyt, I'KTKns, Deriinor MonatHlx^riclito, 18G4, .197, (cioirrtVord).
This genua, suflllciently characterized above, is very close to Nrftastoma,
differing chiefly in the position of tho nostrils. Two species kn(»wn, in
rather deep water. (x^>'>Vt » twig; oV'«c, appearance.)
59H. €HLOP8I8 K({UAT0RIALI8, Oillmrt.
Head, 2} in head and trnnk ; eye 3i in snout ; body extremely slender,
tapering posteriorly to a very narrow tail, which is, however, not filamen-
tous ; head long and slender, lower jaAv shorter than the upper ; eye
nearly over angle of mouth ; posterior nostril a long horizontal slit imme-
diately in front of lower margin of eye ; series of slit-like mucous pores
along upper jaw ; series of round pores along lower jaw ; transverse scries
on occiput ; both jaws and vomer with wide bands of short, sharp, conical
teeth, inner series ou jaws slightly longer than the other ; bands on skaft
A^-,^
Jordan ami Evtrmann, — Fishes oj North America. 305
of vuinur n^uuliiii^ buuk to tiont of poHtnior noHtiil; ^ill o|H)iiiu^H with
their iiiuigiiiH iiiiit!h oiirvod, foiiniii^ \ i»f u tiirolo, tlioir veiticul tiiiiuiwter
III Illy U411UI to tliut itf «)y«, niid iiioit) tliun twico tliu longtli of tlio iiitvr-
(t|iiii'M; t{ttpu 2){ in lioail ; body \S{ in tuil ; doiHai littginniiiK U It^n^th of
lii'iid btdiind tliu Hanio. Color diiHky olivo, dottod with coafHtt hruwn
(tli<'t;l<H ovDry wliorooxoopt on iindiUHiiht of hoiul and fhiH; blaukiHli Htruuk
uii iiMMlian lino of b<t||y ; linH trnnHhuutnt. ((jilburt.) ConHt of Kcnudor,
at .llhiitroHH Htatiun 27U2, in 101 fathoniH, (.Equator, Jivuathr, Jiquator, tho
^u'nt cir-'lo of hititudtt of t!i» oarth.)
0,U,l>$U •iiiml'iritili; Oii.iiKKT, l'r<H', 17. H. Nut. Mum., iHiil, .'147, off Coast of Ecuador, Lat.
I ' S.,Long. 8i" W. (Coll. Alhatiom.)
l66. VENBFICA, Jordan iV Davia.
I'liKVlia, JoHliAN >V HavIH, Apcidul KIhIixh, liril, 1H!)2, ( /'nx'.riim).
TiiiH KunuH Hiilllciently doHcribud abovu, diM'erH from tlio Knropoan kuoub
yillaiiloma, only in tliu preaeiiuo of u lluHliy proboHois on tho tip of tliu
Niioiit. Two BpuciuH known. ( I'eiujiva, BorceruHH, from the name Uoroiiiru,
tiHod at Niuu fur Neltuatoma melanurum, )
am. VKNKKICA I'KOt'KRA, Quixlo it Ikan.
Hody very elongatu, ooniproHHed, tapering to a very Hlender attenuate
point; itH gruatuHt height contaiiiud nearly 4 tinieH in diHtanoe from gill
opi'iiing to tip of lower jaw, and equalu half length of suout. Iluad
HJiMidur, conical; jaws somewhat dopisMed; upper jaw heavier and
tliickor, and jirojecting beyond the lowii a distance o<iual tu eye. Length
ut' Hiiout equal to distance from posterior margin of orbit to gill opening;
cli'ft of mouth extending behind eye a distance equal to orbit. On
eai'li side of upper jaw, and in advance of eye, are twelve pores; behind
eucli oyf) are three pores, while on median line, on top of upper jaw, are
Hevural pores posteriorly arranged in pairs, of which there are four, the
iiitiiiiate pair being between the posterior nostrils. A pair of pores upon
iia|)e, connecting postorbital rows, and seventeen on each side of mandi-
ble. Mandibular series continued by another series extending over
chouks and nape. Snout with a slender, 61amentous tip, whose
luiigth is ec^ual to twice eye. Tongue apparently absent. Teeth
iuranged as in Nettaatoma melanurum, but exceedingly small. Dorsal fin
cuiiunoncing above gill opening. Anal inserted at a distance from
Hiioiit equal to 3| times length of head. Tail twice as long as rest of
body. Lateral line highly specialized, with numerous pores, oorrespond-
iii^r in general character to those upon the head, and arranged in a deep
furrow, their distances apart being about the same as in the case of those
upon the head. Height of dorsal and anal fins about equal to half the
height of body. Color, apparently, brownish; peritoneum black. Types,
two fishes obtained at station 325, N. lat. 33° 35' 20'', W. long. 76°, at a
depth of 647 fathoms. Another mutilated specimen , about 190 millimeters
long, taken at station 327. This species is in many respects closely allied
to Nettaatoma melanurum of the Mediterranean, but appears to dift'er
from it in the greater length of the tail, the much smaller teeth, and in
4 ;
NSii^
366
Bulletin -//, United States National Museum.
! I
i
'l\
'''\ li-
the preHence of a tiluineutouB nasal tip. Length 30 inches, ((ioodo &
Bean.) Also taken off San Pedro, California. (Uilbert. Albatross Coll.)
(procerus, tall or long.)
NeltuiilinHu provcrum, CluouK A Uean, Bull. Mus. Oonip. ZoiH., x, IKSM, 224, Gulf Stream.
V*nefica prvcera, Jobdan iSc Davih, Apodal FiBhos, 662 ; Gookk & Hf.an, Ocuuuic luhth., U!i, Isu:,,
Family L. NEMICHTHYIDiE.
(Thk Snu'eEels.)
Body excessively sleuder, not strongly compressed, deepest near the
middle, tapering backward to the tail, which usually ends in a loii^and
slender iilameut, and forward to a very long and slender neck, which jy
abruptly enlarged at the occipital region. No scales. Lateral line rt^tre-
sented by one or more rows of pores. Head resembling that of TyluHunm,
the head proper small, short, and rathei- broad, with Hat top and vertical
sides. Nostrils large, close together in front of the eye, without tubo or
flap; jaws excessively prolonged, almost needle-like, the upper the loiif^er
and somewhat recurved. Teeth in both jaws small, very numerouH, close-
set, retrorse. Gill openings rather large, running downward and forward,
separated by a narrow isthmus or partly confluent. Pectorals well devel-
oped. Anal fin beginning near the vent, 'ligher than the dorsal, bceuiu-
ing obsolete on the caudal filament. Dorsal beginning close buliiud
occiput, its anterior rays soft, succeeded by a loLg series of very low,
simple, spine-like rays, which are slightly connected by membrane, their
height rather less than the length of the interspaces ; on the tail these
spines again give place to soft rays. The soft rays of the fins are con-
nected by thin membrane instead of being imbedded in thick skin, as in
eels generally. Color translucent, the lower parts dark, the back pale.
Stomach not distensible. Muscalar and osseous systems well developed.
Abdominal cavity extending far behind the vent. Genera 6, species about
10 ; singular inhabitants of the deep seas. The species are little known
and their anatomy has not been studied. They are certainly eels, and
their nearest relations seem to be with the NettaHtomidai, The truncate
tail of some specimens is probably a result of mutilation. (MurivHuki',
group, Nemichthyina, GDntheu, Cn ., viu, 21, 1870.)
a. Gill oponingB partly confluent, rather largo ; vomeri.io toeth conspicuously enlarged.
6. Vomerine teeth lancet-shaped, v(!ry close set ; jaws moderate, the suout not 'oiiger
than rest of head ; vent at a rlistance behind head about equal to postorbital piirt
of bead ; eye above angle of n'.;iuth. Serrivomer, l(i7.
h\>. Vomerine teeth conical ; jaws very l:>ng, attenuate ; color silvery. Si'Inivomkii, lii8.
aa. Gill openings distinctly separate ; vomerine teeth moderate ; jaws excessivel." attoHiiulo,
the upper longer and recurved; tail probably always normally with a filifuriii tiii;
(truncate in injured specimens ; short and band-like in translucent larva;).
c. Vent remote from the bead, at a distanro behind pectoral more thau 3 times Xvw^iU
of that flu ; color black.
d. Gill slits lateral, vertical, well separut-: •\ ; dorsal commencing above pectorals;
tail filamentous ; jaws long and slender ; a single series of poros along
lateral line. Avocettina, 169.
cc. Vent at the throat, at a distance behind the head less than length of ])ectiiral ;
anal fin beginning below middle of pectorals ; body very long and slendur,
most of the dorsal rays very slender, imarly free, appearing like skiider
spines ; jaws very slender, not expanded at tip.
Spinivomer, GiLt
■y». ■
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 367
«. One row of |ioroH alouK lateral line; tail truncate, (doubtlHm mutilated);
:olor l>lack. Labichthyh, 170.
«('. Throo rowH of purofi aluuK lateral line; color duHky nilvory, darker
below ; tail alwayn ondinf? In a Iomr fliument. Kemiciithtr, 171.
167. SERRIVOMER, Gill &. Ryder.
Sin-irmner, GiLL & RvDEa, I'roc, U. S. Nat. Miis., 1883, 26(>, ((<eiiHii).
Xemichthyidn yvlth the li-eod behind eyes of an elongated parallulo-
graiiiic form, with moderately attenuated jaws ; brauchioHtegai membrane
coiitliient at posterior margin, but with the branchial aperture limited
by iin istbmuH except at the margin, and with lancet-shaped vomerine
teeth in a crowded (sometimes doubled) row. (aerra, saw : vamer,
voiiior.)
(too. SKUKIVOMKK BEANII, Oill & Kydor.
Stoutest of the family, with much shorter jaws than any other, and
with a very formidable vomerine armature ; depth of head at vertical
from mandibular articulation contained 37 times in the total length ;
greatest height 29i in total length. (Gill «k Ryder.) Gulf Stream. (Lat.
41° 10' 30'"', long. 65° 28' 30''', at 855 fathoms.) Also taken by Dr. Gilbert
in the Gulf of California. (Named for Tarletou Hoffman Beau.)
Serriiiimer beanii, Gill & Ryder, Proc. U. S. Nat. SIus., 1883, 261, Culf Stream; Jobdan &
Uavis, I c, 663. (Type, No. 33383. Coll. Albatross.)
168. SPINIVOMER, Gill & Ryder.
Bpinivomer, Gill <Sc Ryder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Muo., 1883, 261, {goodei).
yemiehthyuh with a rectilinear occipitorostral outline, with very atten-
uated jaws, high mandibular rami, the branchial aperture nearly conflu-
ent; enlarged acute conic teeth in a median row on the vomer, and with
a silvery epidermis and liliform tail, (spina, spine ; vomer, vomer.)
«01. SPINIVOMER GOODEI, Gill & Ryder.
Silvery; recognizable also from its smaller eye and deeper mandibles;
greatest height of body at the branchial regions contained 52 times in
total length; rays ensheathed in a tough membrane. (Gill & Ryder.)
Gulf Stream. (Lat. 38° 19' 26", long. 68° 20' 20", at 2,361 fathoms.)
(Named for George Brown Good. )
SpiHiromiT goodei, 61LL & Ryder, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 261, Gulf Stream; Jordan A
Davis, I. c, 654. (Type, No. 33293. Coll. Albatross.)
169. AVOCETTINA, Jordan & Davis.
Avocvltina, Jordan & Davis, AiMdal Fishes, 655, 1892, {in/am).
This genus is closely allied to Nemichthya, but difl'ers notably in the
poHitiou of the vent. Lateral line with one series of pores. (Avocetta,
the avocet, BecurviroatrOf from the form of the bill.)
y
«02. ATOCETTINA IMFAMS (GUnther).
Eye rather large, contained 2 to 3 times in the distance between eye
aud pectoral ; jaws long and filamentous, upper jaw 4 times the length
of postoibital part of head ; both jaws covered with very fine recurved
368
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
teeth; pectoral iiu about as long as tbo head is high; gill openiii^^'s a
little less than eye ; postorbital part of head contained about 4 tiincis lu
trunk ; dorsal beginning over pectorals, consisting of very delicate rayy ;
trunk contained at least 12 times in tail; greatest depth of body about
equal to head without snout. Lateral line vritL \}uo series of (.oii-
spicuouB pores. Color uniform black, jaws lighter. Deep sea; known
from West Indies, mid-Atlantic, off Pernambuco. Also from Alaska, tlie
present description from a specimen taken by Dr. Gilbert oft' the cua.'st uf
Alaska, apparently referable to A. gilli, but agreeing with Oiinther's lig\iie
of A. infana. {infana, immature.)
Kemkhthys mfans* GCntiieb, Ann. anil Mag. Nat.HlBt., 1878, 24, andiii VojagoCIialkngor, xxii,
204, 1887, mid-Atlantic, 2,500 fathoms.
? La6ic/i%«t gilli, Bean, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, 4.% east of Prince of Wales Island,
Alaska. (Typo, Mo. 44239. Coll. Albatross.)
AvocettitM infant, Jobdan & Davib, I. c, C55.
170. LABICHTHYS, Gill & Byder.
Labichthyi, Gill & Ryder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 261, (carinatui).
According to Goode & bean the scantily described genus LahicJithyn is
identical with Avocettina.t The following is the original dia^uoHitj;
Nemichthyids with the head behind the eyes, contracted, with \ nry
attenuated jaws, the branchiostegal membrane connected to the throat,
and the branchial apertures limited to the sides ; with small, conical teeth
in a band along the vomer, and otherwise dentition of Nemichthy a; a black
epidermis, and the tail abruptly truncated. (Gill & Ryder.) (Aud//, grip
or hold, correlated with XaiUg, forceps; ixOi'g, fish.)
a. Ridges bounding the median rostral groove converging backward in a median keel.
CARINATUS, 003.
oa. Ridges bounding the median rostral groove nut confluent backward in a keel.
rLONCAHIS, C04.
ff08. LABICHTHYS CABINATUS, Gill & Ryder.
The ridges that bound the median rostral groove converging and form-
ing a carina along the median line in vertical from the anterior border of
the orbit; greatest height 34^ in total length. Color black. (Gill &
Ryder. ) Dorsal beginning over base of pectoral ; vent close behind the
pectorals. (Bean.) Gulf Stream, 41° 13'' N., 65° 33^ W.; a scantily described
species, not seen by us. (carinatua, keeled.)
LiibicMhya carinatui, Gill & Rtdek, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 253, 255, 201, Gulf Stream;
Jobdan&Davib, {. c, 650. (Typo, No. 33369. Coll. Albatross.)
* Nemichthya in/atu, GCnther : Body much less elongate and eyo much smaller than in Nemii-h.
tliystcalopacea. Vent twice or thrice as diitaut from root of pectorals as is the latter from ijo-
Kye of moderate size, its diameter about ^ its distance from pectoral fin, and about twiii^ iiitcr-
orbital space. (GUntber.)
t LabieMiys giUi, Bean ; Eye half length of postorbital part of head and % length of pcctiiral.
Postorbital part of head is 14 upper jaw and ,^f of lower from angle of mouth.' Dorsal bcnitiiiiiie
nearly over end of pectoral. Vent distant from bead a space equal to 4 times postorliitHl piirt
of head. Depth of body equals length of head without snout, ^ of total. Dorsal rays very
short; longest anal rays i length of bead. Lateral line of one scries of large pores. CnUir
uniform black. Length ISJ inches. Typo from oast of Prince of Wales Island, .')5° 20' N., VM]"
20' W., at 1,609 fathoms. (Bean.) Probably identical with /ivoceWtiio in/aiw. (Namod for Theo-
dore Gill.)
t We should accept this view wetts it not that the type of LabichOtya is said to have the veut at
the throat as in Nemichthyt. The posterior portirm of the vent deflneB AvocctHna.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
360
604. LABICHTHY8 ELUN0ATU8, Gill k Kyder.
The ridg^es that bound the rostral groove not confluent backwards in a
cai'inaform extension, but ending in a vertical from the orbit; greatest
blight of body 36 in a total length. Color Mack. (Gill & Ryder.) Vent
not described. Gnlf Stream, Albatross Station 2100, 39° 22' N., 68° 34" W.
(doiigatus, elongate.)
Lahirluhya ehmjalim, OiM, A UvDER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mub., 1883, 262, Qulf Stream; Jordan A
Davis, I. c, «60. (Typo, No. 33577. Coll. Alliatroew.)
171. NEMICHTHYS, Richardson.
Heinichthiii, Riciiardson, Voyage Sainarang, 16, 1848, (tcotopncettn),
lifhrhynchM, Lowe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., x, 1852, 64, (livrhleuhergii), (preoccupied).
liehnoptii, Brandt, Mem. Ac. St. Petonb., Savans ICtrangerea, 174, 1854, (lettchteitbergii),
Uill openings separate ; vomerine teeth moderate ; vent at the throat.
Body very long and slender, ending in a filamentous tail. Jaws very
slender, recurved, not expanded at tip. This genus contains one or two
epocies of long and very slender eels, living in deep water, though per-
haps nearer the surface than the members of related genera, {v^/ui,
thread ; Ixf^ijg, fish.)
a. Eye modorato, \c»» than half postorbital part of head ; doj)th of head 7 in its greatest
length. 8COI.OPACEU8, 6V5.
au. Eye larger, half length of postorliital part of head ; depth of head 9 in its length.
. AVOCETTA, 606,
606. NEHICHTHTS 8C0L0PACEU8, RichardBon.
(Snipe Eel.)
Head comparatively stout, its depth one-seventh its greatest length.
Eye moderate, less than one-third the length of the head without snout.
Length of pectoral fins slightly less than height of the anal, which is
less than the height of the body and rather more than greatest depth of
head. Pale above, belly and anal fin blackish, the color not abruptly
changing, the back somewhat speckled. Length 36 inches. Atlantic
Ocean, in deep water; very many specimens taken with the beam
trawl off the New England coast and off the Grand Banks. Common
about Madeira, {scolopax, snipe.)
Ni'iiiichtlnjs K'olnpnvea, RICHARDSON, Voy. Samarang, 25, 1848, South Atlantic ; GONTiiER,Cat.,
VIII, 21, 1870; GooDE & Bean, Bull. Essex Inst., 26, 1879; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus.,
1880, 485 ; Goooe & Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. ;;o(il., 225, 1883 ; Jordan & Gildert, Synopsis,
366,1883 ; GOnther, Voy. Challenger, xxii, 263, 1887.
LeptDrhiiHchm leuclUenbergii, Lowe, Mum. Soc. Savans ^trangiras, Petersburg, 171, 1854, Madeira.
IklmnpsU leitchtenbergii, Brandt, Mem. Soc. Sav. £tr., Petersb., 174, 1864, (with good plate).
NemiclUhys icolopacetu, Jordan & Davis, /. c, 657.
«0«. NEHICHTHYS ATOCETTA, Jordan & Gilbert.
Head 10; depth 58; depth of anal 64 in length of body. Head slen-
derer, its depth one-ninth its greatest length. Eye large, one-third the
bead, without snout. Length of pectoral scarcely greater than height of
anal, which is scarcely less than greatest depth of body, nd more than
greatest depth of head. Translucent ; belly with close-set dark spots,
K. N. A. 25
.IP W'
i.l
370
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
its lower edge and anal liu black, the back abruptly white and uuHpot-
ted. Length 22 iuohes. Puget Sound, near Seattle. One exaniiil«
known, found swimming at the surface; differing in some slight respucts
from all Atlantic specimens examined, but very likely not a distinct spe-
cies, {avoceiiai, the avocet. )
tfeinichthiiii aiocelta,3oHnAS Si Gimieht, Proc. U. S. Nut. Muh., 1880,400, Harbor of Port Gam-
ble, Puget Sound, near Seattle. (Type, No, 272U0. Coll. Univowity of Wai)ljiiigt<,ii.)
Jordan & Qilbeut, SyuopsiH, 307, 1881) ; Joudan & Davib, {.c.,067.
Family LI. UYRIBM.
(The Wokm Ekls.)
End of tail surrounded by the confluent vertical flns ; the postorior
nostril is in, or very near, the upper lip, and the tongue is more or Ichs
fully adnate to the floor of the mouth. The species are usually of small nize
and plain colors, more or less worm-like in form, and inhabit sandy coantfi
in tropical seas. The genera have but few species each. They are inter-
mediate in character between the Ophichthyidii; and the Murwneaocidw. Tlie
osteology has not yet been carefully studied, but they will probably l)c
found to be most nearly related to the latter family, if indeed thu two
should not be, as in Bleeker's arrangement, reunited with the LcjUoapha-
lida;. (Murwuidw, Alyrina, Giinther, Cat., viii, 49-53, 1870.)
u. Uody vloiigato, Bubtereto ; poctorals proHent. sonietiinos niiunto; anterior noHtril tulnilar;
dorRul flu beginning bvliind bead ; teetb eniall,
h. DorHul fln beginning bebind vent; no teetb on vomer; teetb mostly iiniHeriitl ; ImkIv
Blonder, teret '. Ahi.ia, \~'l.
bb. Dorsal fln beginning before tbo vent ; vomer witb teetb.
c. Dorsal beginning at a point about midway between gill opening and vent ; iJiitor.
als very small ; teetb subequul ; body slender, terete ; tbu tail much Iini^rcr
than rest of body. Myhopmis, 17;i.
aa. Body sbort, muvb compressed ; pectorals almost invisible ; moutb narrow ; vumeriiif v. elh
none; snout obtuse, depressed; vertical flus well developed, tbe dorsal beginuin^MuOiiiiil
tbo gill opening. Ciiilorhinis, 174.
172. AHLIA, Jordan & Davis.
Ahlia, Jordan A Davia, Apodal Fisbes, 639, 1802, (egmontiii).
This genus differs from MyrophU in the posterior insertion of the doiHal
and in the absence of vomerine teeth. (Named for Jonas Nicolas Alil,
oi Upsala, whose thesis " De Murtena et Ophichtho," ''modestly offered"
for the consideration of President Thunberg in 1789, furnishes the begin-
ning of our systematic arrangement of the eels.)
607. AHLIA K01II0NTI8 (Jordan).
Head small, slender, moderately pointed; anterior nostril in a short
tube; posterior large, labial directly behind it; cleft of mouth r.atlier
short, extending to beyond the rather large eye, which is more than half
length of snout ; cleft of mouth 3^ in head ; teeth on both jaws sub-
equal, pointed, slightly compressed, arranged in single series, tlioMe
of both jaws directed somewhat backward ; the lower teeth larger and
more oblique than tbe upper; about 4 small flxed canines in front of
liM
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 371
ii)ipui' jaw; no toeth on vomer in two speoimens examined; tongue not
i'l 1(1 ; lower juw considerably ohorter than upper, its edge considerably
curved, concave in outline. Nape aomewbat elevated; top of head with
liu^re porea. Head 5Jl in distance from snout to vent ; head and trunk a
little shorter than tail; body slender, its greatest depth a little more
than length of gape. Pectoral short and broad, slightly longer than
Huoiit; the gill opening short, oblit^ue, extending downward and back-
ward from near middle of base of pectoral. Dorsal lin beginning behind
vent, at a distance about equal to length of gape ; the fin very low in
front, becoming gradually higher towards the tip of tail; anal low, but
well developed, considerably higher than dorsal, highest anteriorly,
uniting with the dorsal around the tail. Dark brown, apparently uni-
form, somewhat paler below. Length 15 inches. Egmont Key, Florida.
Ono Hpecimen known.
M//''"/'/"' (■■/'"on'U) Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sui. Phila,, 18H4, 44, Egmont Key, Florida.
(Tyt«', No. 35086. Coll. Jordan.)
AUMa eymoiUii, JoEUAN & Davis, /. c, 639.
173. MYROPHIS, Lutken.
Miiiniili'K, LPtken, VidoiiBk. Muddul. Nbt. Forou. lijiibuuhavii, 1, IH.'il, (pinuititiit).
Huby slender, subterete. Pectoral fins small, but present; vertical fins
luw, surrounding the tail; dorsal beginning before the vent. Vomerine
teeth anteriorly in two or three series. ■ Three species of small eels,
resembling earthworms, found on the sandy shores of tropical America.
{iii'iioc, Myrus, a genus of eels; b^ig, snake.)
II. Itasu of pectoral lialf widtli of gill opening ; itnout very narrow. puNUTATUg, 608.
UK. Baau of pectoral as wide aa gill opening ; Buout ainioet m broad m> long. vafbr, 609.
608. MYK0PHI8 PUNCTATUS, LUtken.
Hase of pectoral fin half width of gill opening ; snout very narrow ;
jaws weak ; width of snout between the anterior nostrils less than diam-
eter of eye ; width of interorbital space equal to eye ; greatest width of
head less than that of body behind the gill openings ; teeth uuiserial on
vomer and mandible, biserial on maxillary ; head 3 times in tr ink, 7
times in the tail ; depth of body at gill openings 2} in head ; eye 2 in
Huout, which is 6 in head ; gape 3^ in head ; upper jaw projecting. General
color light brown, the sides and back punctate with dark brown dots ;
belly and throat plain, except a little patch of dusky points below the
gill openings. West Indian Fauna; coast of Texas to Surinam; common
along our Gulf Coast ; resembling an earthworm and scarcely larger.
(pKHctatus, speckled.)
Miiroplii* punclattu, LOtken, Vid. Med. Naturh. Foren. Kjiiben., 1, 1851, West Indies; Jorpan,
I'roe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, 282 ; Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miw., 1884, 33 ; Jordan &
Davis, /. c, 640.
Sti/rophit longicollU, Kaup, Apodes, 30, 1856, (not Murxiia hmgicollit Cvvier, which is Echelut
viyrva).
Myriiphii microdigmius, Poey, Repertorio, ii, 260, 1867, Cuba; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopaig, 900,
1883.
Myrophii hmhrictu, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mug., 1882, 261, Galveston, Texas.
(Type, No. 30896. Ck>ll. Jordan.) Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 899, 1883.
* '11
i
■4 -■
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I':'
fi 'l
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■I -r
t.
! i
i i
^
s
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372
Bulletin 4J, United States National Mitstum.
in
600. MTR0PHI8 VAFEB, Jordan ii Qilbtrt.
Base of pectoral fin as wide as the ^iW opening; snout almost as l>i<i;iii
as long; width at the nostrils greater than the interorbitul width; doisui
Goniniencing nearer the vent than the gill openings; teeth uniHerial on
vomer and mandible, biserial on maxillary ; head a little leHS than :t ja
the trunk, 5} in the tail; depth of body at the gill openings 3^ tu 1 iu
head; upper jaw projecting. Color light brown; sides and back with
minute brown specks, smaller than in punctutua ] belly and throat plain,
Pacitio Coast of Tropical America, from Guaymas to Panama; comiitun.
Similar to M. punotatuH, but the pectorals longer, {vafer, sly.)
Jir -o/i/iM V(^fer, JoBOAN A QiLBZUT, Pruc. U. S. Nnt. BIu8., 1882, 645, Panama. (Type , n„,
20081. Coll. Oilbort.) Jordan, Pruc. V. 8. Nut. Mub., 1880, 370 ; Joiioan Ic Davih, ^i'.,i;it.
Z74. CHILORHINUS, Lutken.
Chilorhinm, LOtken, Vidoiisk. Meddcl. Naturg. Foren. KJitbetihitTii, I, 1851, {nteimmii).
Body short, much compressed ; mouth narrow ; no teeth on vomer; hikiui
depressed, obtuse; pectoral fins very small; vertical iins well dovel(»|KMl,
the dorsal commencing behind the gill opening. One species known.
(,t«Aof, lip; ()iv, nostril.)
«10. C'HIL0BHINII8 8VENS0MII, LUtkon.
Head and trunk forming % of the total length ; dorsal fin commcii<;in^r
at a point half way between vent and snout ; depth 9 times in thu total
length ; eye 2^ iu interorbital width, the Htter equaling the mu//.lu ; teeth
on palatines biserial ; ten teeth in two transverse rows on the uauulH ;
teeth on lower jaw triserial. Color uniform dark brown ; throat paler ;
fins darker margined. (Cope.) St. Croix, West Indies, not known oIhu-
where. (A personal name.)
Chilorhiniiii Biietwoiiii, LCtken, VI d.Med. NiitiirK. Fon-ii., 1, 18.51, St. Croix ; GOntiikr, Cut., viii,
62, 1870; Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, 187(»,482 ; Jordan & Davis, /.c.,C30.
Family LII. OPHICHTHYIDiE.
(Thr Snaku Eels.)
This family includes those Enchelycephalous eels which are scalcIeH.s,
and have the end of the tail projecting beyond the dorsal and anal I'mih,
and without the rudiment of a caudal fin. Anterior nostrils placed in
the upper lip, opening downwards ; gill openings notcoufiueut; tongue
more or less fully adnate to the floor of the mouth. The species are, i'ur
the most part, moderate or small in size, and they are very abundant in
the tropical seas, especially about the coral reets. The eggs are nunieroim,
of moderate size, similar to those of ordinary fishes. Genera about 12,
Species nearly 100. Most of the known genera are found in Ametica, liut
less than half the species. Many of the species are singularly colored, the
bands or spots heightening the analogy between them and the serpentH.
(Muneuidw, part Ophichthyina, Gunther, Cat., vm, 54-90, 1870.)
a. Body without traces of Ads anywhere ; teeth all small, conical ; gill openings near togotlK't',
subinforior ; anterior nostril tubular ; tongue scarcely free iu front ; mouth small.
6. Gill-slits inferior, converging forward. Spiiaoehrancius, 176.
bb. Gill-slits small, lateral, placed vertically. Veum.<.. 17)3.
i,. 'i.'.iis.i-Ai'.i^i
t.ti^^^^--^\i.^^i-Jiiij^.-:,'^i'.i^4jAr^^i^i£ti^'i^A
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North America. 373
ii.i, IliHly with (llfltinct Aiih, nt loaat on tlio back.
c. Aiiul tin whully wuntinK ; no |iectoriU flu ; dorml An hlKli, boglnning on the head i
gill opuninKti Kiiliinforiur, couvertting ; anterior noBtrllii tubular ; tougue Blunder,
Homewhiit free in front. Letuauc-huh, 177.
re. Anal fln wuII<Iov«Io|>(mI ; anterior no«tril nsuully in a Hhort tube near tip of anout.
({, Tuuth blunt, mostly graiinlur ur niolur ; vomer with teeth; pectoral flno
prcflont, Huiall.
t, DorHal rather high, beginning on the liua<I, bHf(iri< thx gill opening.
Myiiipiitiivb, 178.
t*. Donal fln boginning l)ohind the gill opening, tho flnuaiially low.
l*I8()0miN0l>HI8, 17».
({<{. Tpt'th all imintod, nonn of thnm molar ; vomer with tovtli.
/. DorHal fln boginniug bvforo napi-, on anterior part of h<>a<l ; |)octoral
fln Bmall or wanting.
{/. Pt'ctorul fluH wholly wanting ; body romprossed, tb.o dorwil fln
high. OAr.Lr.oiiKi.vB, IKO.
gg. Pectoral fluH Bmall, but prexont ; body elongate, Rublori>t«, tho
(iorHal fln modorutu. Bmoaniciitmyh, 18t.
Jf. Dorwil fln beginning more orlitss btdiind gill oponing.
//. Pfcturul fluH rt'duciMl to a Huiall flap, not longer than eyo ;
tooth ftmall, raoNtly unisorial ; gill openings lateral.
QUAHSIREMUH, 182.
hh. Pectoral flns well developed, much longer than eyo ; to«th
gill-oponingH uBuully lateral, tiomotimog Bubiuforior.
{. Snout moderate or short, less than one-fourth head, tho
jaws not produced into a nlondor beak (an in the
Kuropoan genuH Ophitmrwt).
j. Lipa not fringed.
Ic. Teeth Bubequal, with no elongate caninoB on
jawa or vomer. Oi'IIICIitiii'b, 183^
lik. Teeth unequal, Bomo of thorn long caninoB, either
on vomer or on sldeg of one or both Jaws ;
mouth large,the snout L.iort, and tho eyes
more or Iobb superior.
I. Teeth on vomer Bmall, fixed, in two or
throe series ; tail a little longer than
roBt of body. Mybtriopiiib, 184.
U. Teeth on vomer u Bories of about four
deprossible cauincB ; tail much
shorter than rest of body.
SCVTAIICHTHYB, 185.
jj. Lips with a conspicuous fringe of iiapillo) ; canines
present on jaws and vomer ; Jaws rather long, tho
lower ])rojocting ; head doproGsod ; eyes superior ;
tail shorter than rest of body.
nilAI'HYB<>MnPHIB, 180,
175. SPHAGEBRANCHUS, IJloch.
SplKiijrhranchnu, Bloch, Ichthyologia, ix, 88, pi. 419, 1795, (ronlralit*)*
L'ltdtiii, Lacki'i^dk, Hist. Nat. Poiw., 11, 135, 180(), (hramlerMmt=c<fc<i»);(not Ctecilia, L., a genus of
Uiitriirhia).
A\ilinihlhiif, I>K lA RoL'iiE, Ann. Mus., xiii, 325, 1809, {cncui).
Umii'lcriuii, Rafinesuuk, AnulyHO de lu Mature, 1816, 93, (cwctu).
tf
* fiitlinpehranrhiif ronlralitg, Bloch, is known only from the original figure and description.
Ai-riirding to those the Rpecies is allied to Bphadebranchut neladinpt, having similar gilt opeuingH,
but with the tail scarcely as long as tho rest of tho body, the head larger, about 2 in body or 5
iu tdtiil length; snout very sliaiii; eyo moderate. According to Bloch, his type came from
the Kast Indies. Schneider (1801) corrects tho locality to "rivers of Surinam." We have no
uit'iiiis of knowing which record is correct, until the species is found again.
374
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
IBHSWr
ii
m
I
lehlhyaim; Brirovt dk nARNRViLi.R, Rovne Koillogique, 219, 1847, (aculiroiMt).
Ophi$uraphUi, Kaup, A)iodei, 20, ASM, (f/rm-Uu).
This geniiH contains several little-known species of small eels remarka-
ble for showing no trace of fins in the adult stage. The snout projtctH
beyond the small month, giving a shark-like profile, and the small tcctli
are mostly uniserial. The gill-slits are inferior and converging. 'I'ho
name SphaffebranchuH was based on a species which evidently belongs to tlic
genus. It has, therefore, clear priority over Ichthyapus and Aptericbihjis,
This genus is the most simple in structure among the genera of Ophirh-
thytdn;, as Ophichthiia is probably the most specialized. Its loss of tln.s Ih
doubtless due to degeneration, but it seems nearer the primitive typo tliaii
Brachyaomophia or Ophichthua. (<706^, thxoai'y ^pnyxi-c^i gills.)
a. Eyefl viaiblo. Tail nearly half longer than head and trunk ; gill Blits inferior, convonnnf;,
h* Head n timea in trunk. ANaiiiroRMiH, i;||.
bb. iload Ifttlfl more tliau 4 timeg in trunk. selaciiovs, iil2,
611. HPHAaKBRANCHIT8 ANOVIFORHIS (Potera).
Eyes externally visible. TmX nearly one-half longer than head and
trnnk. Head 6 in trunk, 17 in total length. Flesh-colored, with snnill
black spots,
once taken.
(Peters.) Open Atlantic, near the West Indies ; a small
{anguia, the slow worm; forma, form.)
tH)l
Ophichthyt (Sphagehranchu») aiigni'' rmi*, Pbters, Berlin Monatwbor., 1876, 840, Atlantic Ocean,
i5°4o'N.,a3°5'W.
Bphagebranchiu anf/ui/omiU, Jordan iSc Davis, I.e., 015,
«18. SPHA0EBRANCHU8.SELACH0PS (Jordan & Gilbert).
Eyes well developed. Tail marly half longer than head and trunk.
Head a little more than 4 times ir crunk; tail sharp-pointed ; snout sliarp;
cleft of mouth 2i to 3 in head' ^ill slits almost horizontal, converging for-
wards, as in S. roatratua, the idthmus equal to eye, which is 2 in snout.
General color light brown, slightly dusky on the back and more diiHky
along the lateral line; head mottled with dut>ky spots. Rocks about
Cape San Lucas ; not rare. (aiXaxog, shark ; iorp, face.)
Apterichlhyn telnrhnpn, Jorpan & Oilrrrt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8., 1882, 3.56, Cape San Lucas.
(Type, No. 4391. Coll. Xantus.)
IchOiijapm uplachoju, Jordan, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 1885, 309.
BpluigebraiKhtu tehtchopt, Jordan & Davis, I. c, 615.
176. VERMA, Jordan &, Evermann.
Verma, Jordan & Evf.rm .nn, new genua, (keHdalU).
Body greatly elongate. Anterior nostrils in a short tube; posterior
without tube. Teeth on head of vomer in a /^-shaped patch: noiio on
shaft. Closely allied to Sphagebranahua, but differing from that genus in
the transverse position of its gill-slits, which are as in the European
genus Coceula. (vermia, worm.)
o. Tail but little longer than head and trunk. Head 7^ in trunk ; gill slita small, tranRvonc.
KKNOALLI, C13.
\m
_> .^ »'. .«k..l .
tiMiA^nI »i^f<u«: ^
Jordan and Kvermatni. — Fishes of North America.
376
818. VKHMA KKNDALLI (Oilbort).
Head less than \ of trunk, contained 6} in trunk, body \\ in tail; snout
Hliiirp; oleft of mouth 4 in head; gill slits small, inferior, directly trans-
vorHe (as in Ctcula imberbiii), the isthmus very narrow, not as wide as eye,
wiiioh is 2 in snout ; tail sharp-pointed ; eye before middle of gape. Col-
ovation plain brownish, speckled. Coast of Florida, in rather deep water.
(Numed tor William C. Kendall, assistant in the U. S. Fish Commission.)
SlJiiKjehraufhiD hmihilti, GiLiiKKT, Dull, U. 8. Fiith Comiii., ix, 1880, (18!)1), 310, off west coast
of FloridK, 26° 34' N. S'i° r>0' W., in -25 futhoiiis. (Typo, No. ii:\M. Coll. Koiidall.)
177. LETHARCHUS, Goide & Bean.
Iclharchu*, GooDR k Bkan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Miw., 1882, 4:i7, (eeHfer),
Anal fin wanting; no pectoral fins; dorsal tin well developed, beginning
on the head; gill openings subinferior, converging; anterior nostrils tubn-
Inr; tongue slender. One species known. {Tii/Oofiat, to forget; tii>x<'>it
anus, for anal fin.)
614. LETHARCHUS VELIFER, Qoodo & Dean.
Teeth uniserial on jaws and vomer, small and directed inward and back-
ward; snout long and pointed, projecting ii its length beyond the lower
jaw ; gill openings subinferior, almost horizontal, equal to lower jaw,
three times the breadth of the isthmus; nostrils not prominent, without
tube; anterior under the tip of snout; lateral line distinct, extending
forward in a curve, ending in a pore on the top of the head, just in front
of the beginning of the dorsal fin ; head 6^ in trunk ; tail pointed, 2^ in
total length; cleft of mouth 4 in head; snout 9 in head and twice the
diameter of the eye. Plum-colored, head lighter, throat pale ; dorsal fin
white, edged with a broad band of black. Coast of Florida, in rather
doep water. Known only from the Snapper Banks off Pensacola and
Tampa, {velum, sail ; fcro, I bear.)
hihirchm velifer, GooDK * Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Miw., 1882, 4;i7, West Florida. (Typo, No.
31408. Coll. KaiBvr &. Martin.) Jordan & Giliikrt, Synupais, 8'JO, 1883 ; Joboan, Proc. U.
g. Nat. MuR., 1884, 33 ; Jordan & Davis, I. c, 61C.
178. MYRICHTHYS, Girard.
risnndimophui, Kaup, Apodee, 15, 1850, (in part ; not typo, as rostrictod by Blekker, which ia P.
famriooriii).
Mijrirlithiif, "'RARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 58, (tigrintu).
(>liliisiini>. .WAiNsoN, Bi.ERKER, «t<\, (not of LACtpiiDE, Hof of B1B80, nor Kaup, who rpstrict
tlio namo to O. iterpent).
Tooth mostly blunt and molar; pectoral fins small; dorsal beginning on
tiie head before gill opening ; otherwise essentially as in Ophichthus.
S)iccies numerous, found in most tropical seas. Coloration variegated.
(liil)oc, Myrus; '.x<)vi, fish.)
II. Spots on bo<ly large, blackish, witliout pale centers ; all of them circular or nearly so ; the
ground color paler. tiurinus, G15.
an. Spots on body large, black, mo8t of them with a distinct pale center, the ground color
paler. oculatii&, 616.
aaa. Spots on body large, round, nearly whitish in color, the ground color dark.
AOUMINATUS, 617.
376
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
I: <
r'
M
U
«1«. NTRIf HTHYM TIMRlNrH, (ilriir.1.
Head 3^ in trunk, 11 in totul length; oyo 2\ in Hnout, sitnatod a littlo
back of middle of gitpe, wliicli Ih 3 in head ; pttcturu! nieusnred from tup
of baae, about o<|iiul to eye. Coloration brown, witb largo dark h|iots,
which have not paler centers. Spots on sidoH of body all circular or
nearly BO ; those on anterior part of head huiuII and numerouH ; lighter
below ; belly almost plain ; 4 longitudinal rovvs of round black lilotcljt'N
on each side of body, the two middle series often forming one irregular
row, the central row very close to the median and consisting of hiihiII
spots not much larger than the eye, spots in the up)>ormoHt row often run-
ning up on the dorsal Hn, each dorsal row running forward, terminutin;;
in the snout; 8 or 9 spots in each dorsal row from the tip of snout to vim-
rtical from gill opening; a row of 5 or 6 spots from gill opening to ahovo
eye; two other rows running diagonally downwards and backwiinU
from eye; 7 or 8 spots on each side of snout; jaw with about a doTien
spots on each side; dorsal with dark margin; anul plain. Pacific Coast
of Mexico, rather common about Mazatlan, occasionally ranging n')rili-
ward, (Adair Bay, Oregon, Girard. (tignnus, like a tiger, in color.)
Mlirkhlhyi ligrinun, Giraki), Proc. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Phila., 18.5!), 58, Adair Bay, Oregon ; Johiun
& Davih, /. ('., 018 ; Jordan A Qimiert, 8yn()|wiH, :i<IO, 1H8;(.
OphuiiniD ryiluruii, Juriian AGiliiert, I'ror. U. 8. Nat. MuB., 1881, 340, Macatlan. (Type, Not,
28142, 28247, and 29<>42. Coll. Gilbert.)
PiiodmlophU xyntumi, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Fiili Comm., ii, 1882, IOC.
Old. MTRICHTHYK OfULATim (Kaup).
Eye 2 in snout; snout 6 in head, and 4 in distance from tip of snout to
beginning of dorsal fin ; cleft of mouth 3i in head ; bead 4 in the trunk,
and a little more than 8 in the tail. Spots on body large, dark, uiohI of
them with a distinct pale center. Body dark gray above, white bulow;
on each side two series of large roun iish dark spots, with pale centciH,
one row lying along the dorsal tin, the other a little below the lateral
line ; about 35 spots in each row ; a large spot in front of dorsal tin ; snout
with about 5 spots on each side; lower Jaw with small dusky spots; *1or-
sal fin with a dusky edge and with faint dusky blotches ; anal plain.
Tropical Atlantic, Cuba to Surinam and Cape Verde Islands, (ocuhttus,
having eye-like markings.)
»
Pitoodoth.phii oeulatiu, Kaup, Apcxiog, 22, 1856, Cura9oa.
Ophuuniilalimaculalii$, Vor.Y, Hupertorio, ii, 262, pi. :i, Hi:. 1, 1807, Cuba.
Ophifhthyi pardalu, GOntiier, Cat., viii, 82, 1870 ; (nut Opliuuriit iianlalu, Vai.kncibnnrn).
MyrkhOiyt octdatut, Jordan & Davib, /. <'., 618.
«17. SIYBICHTHY8 ACUNINATUN (Gronow).
Spots on body large, nearly round, and whitish in color; ground color
dark brown, pale below ; two series of round, whitish blotches on each
side of body, about 40 spots in each series ; spots somewhat larger and
more distinct anteriorly, where their diameter is nearly equal to loujjth
of snout ; head with irregular, round, whitish spots on each side ; dorHal
brownish, margined with dusky ; other fins pale. Snout 5^ in head and
*.^.,fc
Jordan and Ev<rmann, — Fishes of North America. 377
t^vic«> thudianiotor of tliuityn; clut't of tuoiitli .') in liend; hoiul 4 in trunk;
he kI und trunk \\ in tail; dorHHl l)«^){inniiif{ at a point slightly nuarorthe
ItiiM' of puotoralH than <\vo; pocturalH very Huiall, thoir baneH an broad bh
gill ()|)«Mting. Itody uxtr«>iiutly olon^jatc, thn dianiotnr about Ji liMiKth of
bi':i(l. W«Ht Indioa, oocatiionally northward to Florida Keys. (^ac\km\na-
tu-. sharp.)
jIfM iH.i (i>N»im>i'<i,* OnoNow, FIhIio* Drlt. Mum., 21, ISM, Insula Div. Euatachii.
pi„..h.Hi<ithinjnllnMm, Kai'I', A|ii>iI*'ii, 21, (Ik. Id, \>^M\, Martinique.
(>jii<>i»ii«/»ii</H/), I'liBY, Ii(>|>flrtorio, II, 'i!:>\, 1MI17, Cuba.
Ii))li,<hllii/iiitiiiiivariiiii, I'or.Y, .\iinl. Hiio. Kh|). IIlHt. Nnt., IIMJ, lH7r>, Cuba.
(>;,/.' hlliiimiiiimhiiiluii, UI'ntiikii, Cut., VIII, H», tg70.
pim.lmirjihiiili'iiijii; .loilliAN A OlI.liKIIT, 8.Yllo|mlli, KIIU, IHH:I.
(>l,l iniinmiuiiiiimntHi, .loitl'AN, fat. Flnh N. A., CI), 1885.
Mijii'hlhy* ucHmiiMlun, JoBi>.»N A Davim, I. <•., fill).
179. PISOODONOPHIS, t Kaup.
rit,imh)no)iMi, Kai'p, A|iiiilikl FIbIiuh, 17, \*M\ (horo) ; l'iiK»Uml'>i>hif, amended *p(illinK.
SiniiU eels, mostly of the Old World, having the blunt teeth of Myrichthyt
aiitl the backward dorsal of Ophichihua. Species slender, plainly colored.
{irinov, pea; oiJo/f, tooth; 'xpir^ snake.)
AlH. i'lSOODONOFIIIK CRITENTIFER, Ooodo A Bean.
lli'ad 4 times in trunk ; length of body about two-thirds that of tail.
CIct't of the Uiouth rather wide, one-third head. Snout conical,
ili')in!8Hed. Head snake-like, with powerful muscular enlargements of
till) cheeks and a constriction behind the head somewhat like that of
IhriihthjiH. Eye moderate, half snout, one-tenth head. Teeth granular,
in ct>nH]iicuoiis bands, a small oblong patch on premaxillaries and a long
biiiiil on vomer. Pectoral fin broad, spatulate, about two-sevenths head.
Doi'Hal beginning far behind tip of pectoral, its distance from tip of
HiiiMit one-seventh of total length. Dorsal and anal iins of moderate
hoifjht. Color uniform brownish yellow. Length 16 inches. Two speci-
mens (28!);W), station 1035 of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Fiah
Ilau% in N. lat. 39° 57' W., long, 69° 28', in 120 fathoms. Four others at
nearly same region in 245 fathoms.
" The ]»eculiarand savage physiognomy of this fish suggests at once the
^idea that it is a parasitic boring form, and in confirmation of this we
bavo specimens taken by the fishermon on Jeffrey's Bank, and also
another from New Bedford, taken by Mr. J. H. Thompson from the body
of a llsh. We have occasionally taken the dried and shriveled remains of
a ilsli apparently closely related to this from salted halibut and codfish."
(Guude iSi. Bean.)
*W(> liftvc roforrnd the nominal Bpecies, longim, gulliitatiis, and jiwni'ariHs to tli« nynonymy of
nnimiiialiin, thinking tlmt tint nllcKcd diflRrenrcgaru matters of individual variation. Imikjki is
(mill to Imvo, in tho coutcr of I'ach luilo Bpot, 11 yellow speck, surrounded l>y a dark circle. Tho
ntlicrs lire said to lack tliix central spot, but it may l)o that it fades in alcohol. Loikjiui ia said to
liave tho eilKo ot tho dorsal darker than the fin. In giittiilaluH and pitiu-ariiin it ia said to bo paler.
^V>r. Qiinther, (viii, 78), mentions a half-^rowu eel from Grenada in the West Indies, which
he wnn iiiiahio to separate from Pisooitonopliin horo (Hamilton), of the East Indies and China. It
ispoHaihle, however, that this specimen really came from China. In P. horo tho head ia 4 times
iu tho very luug trunk ; tho tins aru very low und tho color is plain brown.
; 'i I '•
P 1' t
\m
.
Ml M
1 1
I,
. v.
' i
378
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
This apfloiei ii very different ftoin PitoodonopMn horo, and may provo tlio
type of a diHtinot geiiiiH. (crueHtifer, huaring blood, bloody.)
Pinxhtuuphu cnuiU{f*r, Oiiodk A, Hban, Oii'niiii- Irhthyolnfcy, 147, flg. lOU, 18Un, Oulf Stream.
x8o. CALLECHELYS, Kaup.
Callfihrli/; K«i'l'. ApiMloa, '.jll, IMfl, (iiuiclimoli).
TbiH guiiiiH contuiDH one Aiiioiicnn and throe Kant Indian Hp«>('ioH,
agreoinK in tlin ulongato, oonipruHHed body, nliHuitco of puctorul tiiiN, md
anterior inm<rtion of tlie dorHiil. In oMiur r«NpoctH LulhchehjH in close to
Ophkhthm. (KfiXor, l>oautifiil ; /7;j:'^'''".> «»d.)
«ie. <'ALIiK('HELYM MIJK.KMA, Jordan h Kvernmnii.
Depth of body at gill o]>eningH a little more than length of nppcr Jaw,
which Ih 3 in head ; head 8 in trnnk, about 14 in total length ; cyo Hiiiall,
2 in Hnont, placed over the middle of upper jaw ; tipof lower Jaw ex tciid-
ing a little before the front of eye ; gill opouingH HUiall, iuforior, hhU-
longitudinal, the diHtance btttweeu them about half the height of mw of
them ; dorHal fin beginning on the head, at a dintancebehintl theari^loof
the mouth a little more than half the length of upper jaw. Dark olivo,
closely mottled and spotted with confluent blotches of darkoi olivo mikI
blackish, the spots more distinct anteriorly, posteriorly confluent, so tliat
the tail is nearly plain dusky ; belly scarcely paler, dorsal and anal cliicll y
blackish with pale margins. Snapper Hanks off Pensacola ; one Hperimt'ii
known. (Murivna, from the general resemblance of the species to a yoiiui;
Moray.)
OaUtchflyt murmia, JonnAN A Kvkrmann, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mur., 1880, 4nn, Snapper Banks;
JOKPAN & I>AVI8, {. c, 620. (Ty|M<, No. MTOiHi. Coll. Stourim.)
i8i. BASCANICHTHYS, Jordan &. Davis.
BaMeanMilhi/ii, Joiipan A Davir, Apodal FIrIich, 021, 1892, {baixmiiuiii).
This genus is very close to Callechehfs, from which it differs in the ])roH-
enoe of pectorals, the longsubterete body, lower fins and plainer coloration.
Three species are known. {Bascanion, the black snake ; ix^^rg, fish.)
u. Pectoral fln a nlonder rndlmont not longer than oyo ; lioad about 8 In trunk.
b. Snout to 7 in head ; no difitlnct Rpots on liody. Hcl'TU'ARIfi, C<2().
bb. Snout 6>^ in iioad ; n goricH of lurgu Hpotn hotween dornal and lateral line.
I'KNINSI'I, r, fill!
. aa. Pectoral fln nearly as lonfc aH snout ; head about 10 in trunk. bascanii'm, ii22.
620. BANCANICHTHY8 SCUTICARI8 (Ooodo & Dean).
Pectoral fin a slender rudiment about as long as eye ; head modorato;
body terete, the trunk a little longer than the tail ; teeth short, ItluiitiHli,
recurved, nnisorial in each jaw, biserial on vomer; head 8$ to OS in licad
and trunk, 8 in tail ; snout 6 to 7 in head ; eye 2 in snout, a little behind
the middle of cleft, which is contained in the head 3j times ; lower jaw
extending forward to middle of snout ; distance from tip of snout to
beginning of dorsal a little over 2 in head ; gill openings vertical, their
length about equal to breadth of isthmus ; lateral line curved over the
Calleehelyt pmi
ii
-^r»*s>jJ....Vik3'vr.U"-i.;./.;'ri.7'i-JE:A'-.f<iJ>\\4l*i*V.").,-\-iil^
Jorihm and Evcnnann, — Fishes of North Amen'ca. 379
oporctilar region, tlio poroM diHtHtit and well Huparatoil. Colur brown
above, lighter below, front of hnatl more oi Iohm niottUul ; dornal und anal
iliiH pale, without dark niargfMM. West couitt of Florida; not rare.
(Hcutica, a whip.)
Sl,Uijf^i«>ckH»ievlii;irU, QooDR A IUam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mnii., 1870, M\ Cedar Key. (Tjrpo,
No. 'msu\. Coll. Dr. J. II, Veli«.)
BiJ,'ii/>l>rimrhiu Itrr; Oouiik A Ur.AN, Proc. U. 8. Nut. Mil*., 1HN2, 4M, Weat Florida. (Typn,
No. aHftT. Coll. KulHur A Mnrtin.)
Oirii/ii icH/(f'nW«, .loaiiAN .1 (ill.liKHT, Myno|)Nl«, 3AH, IHK\.
0>>ll/<l/i'l'>'a, .loRDAN AOll.Hr.HT, 8yiio|MlH, Hl)7, 1HM:I.
r.iiiicamfhihy ncutkariii, .Ioudan A DAVm, (. c, tl2l.
691. BANt'ANICHTIiYN PKNINNlTIi.K (nillinrt).
IToad small, 3f in trunk (withont head); eye 12 in head; Hnont di in
liead, projecting beyond lower jaw for a diHtance equaling diameter of
oyo. Cleft of mouth extending beyond eye, it8 length (from tipof nnout)
3i in head. Anterior nostril in a long tube (near tip of snout), the pos-
terior on inner side of upper lip opposite front of eye. Teeth in double
tjories on all the dentary bones ; those on maxillary, shaft of vomer, and
sides of mandible small, bluntly conic ; those on head of vomer and front
of mandible much broader though little longer, and also very blunt. Eye
very small, slightly less than half snout. Gill openings short, vertical,
tlio length of the slit but one-half of the broad isthmus. Vent much in
advance of middle of length, the trunk contained l^';i times in the tail.
Dorsal fin beginning well forward on top of head, its origin equidistant
between gill slit and front of eye. Tip of tail sharp, free from fins for a
dintance equaling length of snout. Pectoral developed as a short, deep,
inombranous flap as wide as gill slit ; its length less than half its width.
Delicate rays are visible with the aid of a lens. Color light yellowish, a
series of large, round, brownish black spots nearly as wide as interspaces
between lateral line and base of dorsal ; a second series of similar but
much fainter spots alternating with the first below the lateral line; top
and sides of head with similar smaller spots, those on snout the smallest.
Lower Jaw with dusky mottlings; anal translucent, unmarked. Dorsal
with a dusky streak. One specimen 10^ inches long, from La Paz Bay,
(Julf of California. {Peninaalw, of the Peninsula.)
Palleihehji pininmihi; (Iilrert, Proc U. 8. Nikt. Mil*., 1801, 548, La Paz Bay. (Coll. Gllltert.)
«2'2. HAHCANIVHTHYS RASCANIirM (Jonlan).
Dark brown, nearl}- uniform; fins a little paler. Body extremely
slender, subtereto, its greatest depth little more than two-fifths length
of head; head short; snout 7 in head; mouth very small, the lower Jaw
thin, included, not extending to the anterior nostril, which is in a short
tube; teeth short, snbconic, bluntish, a little unequal, their points directed
backwards; lower teeth nearly uniserial ; upper teeth uniserial laterally,
partly biserial anteriorly ; vomerine teeth forming a rhombic patch. Eye
moderate, its length more than half that of snout, its center nearly over
middle of upper jaw ; cleft of month 3f in length of head. Gill opening
vertical, about as wide as isthmus ; its upper edge on level of upper base
380
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
of pectoral ; pectoral developed, small, a little broador than long, iiearlv
as long as snout; dorsal fin very low, beginning at a point nuihv.iv
between front of eye and gill opening; iiaal similar to dorsal. Head I \\
in distance from tip of snout to vent ; head and trunk a littbs longer tliaii
tail; head IK; trunk 14^. Length of type, 31 inches; Egmont Kcv
Florida; distinguished from B. scuticaris by the very short head, Ono
specimen known. (Baacanion, the black snake, which the body iiiikIi
resembles, from fia(iKiivo(, malignant.)
Ciiriilu banvaniiim, .louiiAN, rroo. i. c. Nut. Sri. I'hiln., 1H84, -13, Egmont Key, Florida.
Batcaukhlhyt btitfivwim, JoitiiAN & Davis, /. c, 021.
182. QUASSIREMUS, Jordan &- Davis.
Ouamirewuf, JoRnAN .fe 1)AVI8, Apoilnl FiNlios, fi2'2, 1892, {erimithan).
This genus contains two species from the Eastern Pacific, differing from
OpMclitliun only in the rudimentary pectoral fins. {quanHua, obliterated;
re»Jtt«, oar.)
a. Body with ratlior '• f rgo, yoUow sikjIb, uiich with a black ring, besliloH Muck Rpotsof Mirimia
BizeH ; ])<'<.-tui'nl not huir an long as cyu. notiiocmiii, (12:t.
act. Itody every where frockluil with small black H]iotH ; pautiirals about uh lone »^ eye.
KVIllNTIIAS, (Ul.
628. 4{UA8SIliEMIJS NOTIKM'IIIK (Gilbert).
Body marked with rather large yellow spots, each with a black riiifj,
and with black spots and blotches of various sizes. Teeth all unistvial;
pectorals represented by a small triangular fiap, less than ^ the diameter
of eye and i the gill slit ; head 4i^ in trunk; head and trunk longer tlian
tail by a distance equal to the length of the snout ; cleft of mouth 2| in
head ; snout 4 in head ; eye \ of snout, its anterior margin over middlo of
cleft of month ; gill slit vertical, lateral 6i in head. Middle of back with
a series of 12 elliptical yellow spots, ti.oir length one- half diameter of
eye, each spot surrounded by a black ring, coalescent below with a iai;,'e
elliptical black blotch on middle of sides; head closely covered witii
spots about the size of the eye, around which are reticulations of liglit
yellow. (Gilbert.) San Josef Island, Gulf of California, (ror/of, spurious;
XEip, hand.)
OphichthijK nothochir, Gilhert, Proc. »'. S. Nat. Miib., 1800, 68, San Josef Island, Gulf of Cali-
fornia. (Coll. Albatross.)
QKa»nremu» iiothnchir, .Tordak A Davis, I. c, (12.1.
«24. QUASSIUKMIIS KVIONTHAS (.Tordan * Bollman).
Pectorals very small, about as long as eye ; teetl\ in Jaws uniserial,
anterior vomerine teeth biserial ; head 4 J in ^l•unk; snout 4^ in head ; <\\ o L'»
in snout, much nearer angle of mouth than tip of snout; cleft of mouth
2^ in head. Color light olive, the entire bodj covered with numerous
small round or oval black spots separated at intervals by a yellowish
ground color ; in about fifteen places these spots are larger and darker
and tend to form cross bands. Hood Island, (ialapagos; one speeiuuMi
known. ( ', well; iovHui;, freckled; the word from Im'Hog, an eruption
preceding the growth of the beard.
4^ ILJ.M Jj"r.
-.rt-ilft O-rf'vi';-;)!.* "V I
\1
Jorda7i and Evennaiin. — Fishes of North America. 381
0),!,ii hthm eviotitlidH, Jordan X IIiili.man, I'I'im'. V. 8. Nat. MiiH,, 188'J, 164, Hood Island, Gala-
pagos Archip 'lago. (Type, No. 4H7C. Coll. Albatross.)
(juis'iremus efioiidiuK, Johuan & Davih, /. c, C23,
X83. OPHICHTHUS, ThnnboiK&Alil.
Ol.hirhllinn, TiMNiiEiKi & Am., Dc Murn-na ct Ophichthu, 17H!», {(iplik),
CiuiiniH, UAKiNKsgrE, Carattcri, uti'., 02, IKIO, {mneultitiiii).
(ijilniiiruH, Swainhun, Nat. Hist. Cliixen. Aiilir.., 11, n;t4, IKtt), (pirtut viai-utatiiit). (Not uf
I.ACKi'i^iii". ; tliu typi) of Lai tl'P.DE, uh restrictoil by II1B80, hoiug seriieim.)
Oiii'itroiiliis, liAt'i', Apoiit^B, 2, iKOii, {spaiKceus).
/'.ii/iicrji/Ki/iin, Kai'P, I, <;., 5, (hoiKijuirtei).
Jli, iiiihiiiiiphiii, Kai'P, I. <■., (!, {aWjiinnii).
Cnilniiliin, IvArr, /. c, fi, (viniipar).
Jltijiiioirhtlij/n, Kai'T, /. c, 7, {orimtisnimun).
K/iijis"]""", Kai'P, I. ('., n, (rerticoliir).
itfmvMcijw's, Kaiip, I.e., 11, {nrelliiliis), (Thu iiaiiio wrougly accrt'Uitod to Lk Subur.)
S-!iliiliii>liis, KaI'P, I, c, 13, {vKtijiiiovtilis).
I.ijilriliiwuihiii, Kaup, /. c, 14, (iiomesii).
(yiipiviitiriis, Kaup, Aulo IIamb\irg, isrii), (jmuiiireiiii).
('niiiiililli!i«, PoEY, Rcportorio, 11, 2r)C, lSfi7, {ImraHiieusis).
(KniuAimtirhthijii, PoEV, Aiiales 80C. Nat. Hist. Esp., 254, 18N0, (mHcninm).
(ililiiMhjin, IlLEEKER, Gt'NiiiEn, Riid of rucoiit authors gouorally.
'I'liis gcuus contuins all the Ophisuioitl ools which have sharp teeth, no
iii;i lived cuiiiues, well-developed pectoral fins, and the dorsal inserted
behind the head. The species are very numerons in the tropical seas, and
iiiiiny attempts have been made to split the group into smaller genera.
Notwithstanding the great differences when extremes are compared, these
Kiiiall genera can not bo well defined, {uifur, snake ; Ixtlii;, fish ; hence more
correctly written OplilchthyH.)
ci. Toutli of upper jaw in 2 or 3 sc^rios.
(/. Tpt'th of lower jaw imieurial or nearly so ; vomerine teoth in 1 series or Hliglitly biserial
in front.
Cryptovterus, ((tpurrros, concealed ; Tttspnv, fin) :
('. Coloration uniform or nearly so ; tooth of lower jaw not <juito uniserial ; tail half
longer than rest of body. pi'noticeps, 026.
Ornu'iiTiii'S :
cf. Coloration not \iniform ; anterior teeth slightly enlarged; eye rather large,
nearly ini'dian.
d. Sides of body with large, round, black spots; head with smaller ones; dorsal
inserted opposite tip of pectorals. iiavannenhis, 020.
d<l. Sides of body with large, round, whitish spots ; dorsal inserted behind tip of
pectorals. uetrupinnis, 627.
/i/>. Teoth of lower jaw in 2 to 4 scries.
MvK.DNOPSis, (Miiintm ; oi//ts, appearance) :
«. Vomerine teeth in one row ; anterior teoth of jaws or vomer sometimea enlarged ;
teeth in both jaws biseriul, those of the inner series sometimes small and turned
inward.
/. Spots on sides of body large and whitish, never black.
(/. Dorsal beginning an eye's diameter behind tip of pectoral, oi'ttifer, 028.
<jg. Dorsal beginning over or just before tijt of pectoral. ocei.i.ati, ,, 629.
ff. Spots on sides of body large and black ; tail half longer than rest of body.
TRISERIAMS, 030.
ScvTAi.oi'iils, 'tucvtoAt), viper; 6</)is, snake) :
en. Vomeri .u teeth biserial throughout; toeth in both jaws biserial, suboqual ; uo
canines. Color plain brownish.
i ...t'^ :'.vt f.;iu",-t?.''
:A-ki:'^i^-..
i>^lji:<^^.''].t : h- ./".J^.'-ii.
m^mt
.1 li
:li
i I
II
i ■-.J •^'^i
382
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
h. Kyo largo, moru tbiiu half lougtli of Buuiit.
i. Iload ruthor short, 2^.;^ t» 3 in trunk.
j. Pectoral about as luug as cloft of mouth, which is 1y^ in hond.
00ME8II, (i:;i.
jj. Pectorals longer than rloft of mouth, which Ih 2^ in head.
zoi'iiot'iiiK, ':.',t,
a. Head lung, X% to 2.\i in trunk ; pectoral a little longer than fi».\\v.
MAdNIOCI'I.IS, i.,i;i.
hh. Eye BMiitJl, 'i%i\\ Hnoiit : gill u|ioningH narrow; anterior nostril with j |..ri|,'
tube ; pectoral longer than gape. pariu8, Ii;s4,
Subgenus CRYPTOPTERUS, Kanp.
«26. OPHICHTHIJS PUNCTICEPS (Kaup).
Teeth of upper jaw in 2 or 3 series. Mandibular teeth not quite iini-
serial, uome in front furniing a Hecond series ; dorsal and anal tins diu:ip-
pearing for some distance before their termination near end of tail ; i)ec-
toral fin well developed ; dorsal fin commencing at a short distance behind
end of pectoral ; tail ^ of total length ; eye of moderate size ; cleft of
mouth of moderate width. Coloration uniform. (Kaup per Giintlior.)
Caribbean Sea, at Puerto Cabello. (puncius, speckled; -c<;2>«, head.)
fJrjiploptertt» jinncliaiyK, Kaup, Aale Ilanib. Muo., ii, pi. 1, flg. 2, 18.'i9, Puerto Cabello.
Ophkhtht/) puncticejin, UOnther, Cat., viii, 00, 1870; Jouuan & Davis, /. c, 029.
Subgenus OPHICHTHUS.
026. OPHICHTHUS HA VANNEN8IS (Bloch A Schneider).
Teeth of upper jaw in 2 or 3 series ; lower teeth uniserial ; vomerine
teeth nearly or quite uniserial. Sides of body with one or more series of
large, round, black spots ; brown ; head Avith numerous small dark Hpots
and longitudinal folds ; a series of large, round, dark spots along the tsido,
the interspaces as wide as the spots; another series of alternate smaller
spots along the back, and another along the sides of abdomen ; fins yel-
lowish, dorsal with a series of brown spots along the edge ; eye largo,
looking upwards, If in snout ; teeth moderate, those in front of upper jaw
somewhat canine-like ; pectoral fin well developed, its extremity nearly
opposite to the origin of the dorsal fin ; tail longer than rest of body.
West Indies, apparently not common, and not lately taken outsid*; of
Cuba. It is possible that this species is the true Ophichthus ophia, but tliis
identification is not certain, {havannenais, living at Havana.)
f Serpens viarimis nuiculoaiiK, Wii.luoiihy, Uist. Pigt:., tab. (J 9, lC8<i, no locality.
tMiirmiaophis, LlNN^T.rs, x, 244, 1768, (after Willuohiiy); (may be identical with OphichDmsreijiut,
a St. Helena species, likewise spotted with black).
Imwrnitiado, Parra, Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat., pi. 37, fig. 2, 1787, Havana.
3turiena havannenm, Blocii & Schneider, Syst. Ich., 491, 1801, (after Parra).
f Ophiiotrm giitlalnt, Cuvieu, Regne Animal, 232, 1817, Surinam ; (after ni.ocii, pi. 164).
t Slurmia maculnm, Cuvier, I. <■., Surinam ; (after Ophimrm npliii, IjACi^PiiDE, which igbanoa ou
Blocii, pi. 154).
Herpetoichlhya sHlcatus, Kaup, Apodes, 8, fig, 5, (not (1), 1856, locality unkno^vn,
Vraiiiclithyf brachycephalus, Poev, Repertorio, ii, 257, 1867, Cuba.
Uranichlhyii havannensis, PoEV, Repertorio, ii, 257, 1866.
Ophichthy» havannemU, GUntukr, Cat., viii, 67, 1870.
I i 1^ i
H^ i';i'
L<i- .■'.'^Ji':^,^iuA-i.'-J'l..'.-.::}:\''J,t''^
V'f
Jordan and Enermann. — Fishes of North America. 383
«'27. OlMIK'IITHl'S llETItOI'INMS (KiKuiimanii).
Sides of body with round whitish spots between darker areas; color
]i<r|it olivaceous, with about 2Uobloug dark blotches along the median line
of liiidy and tail, the interspaces between these each a round pale spot
iil)()iit as large as eye. Dursal inserted \\ length of pectorals behind the
tii)8 of pectorals ; i>ectoral8 2\ in distance from snout to their base; eye \\
in Hiiont, equal to interorbital space ; cleft of mouth 3 in head ; head 9 in
leii^'th; gill opening 5 in head; maxillary biaerial; mandibular teeth uni-
serial ; vomer with about 15 teeth. Snapper Banks off Pensacola. Close
tu (K ocellatua, but the dentition different, (rvirojnnnis, having backward
fins.)
Ophi' hlhyt retropinuis, Kkienmann, Proc. U. S. Nut, Atiis., 1887, IIG, Snapper Banks off Pen-
sacola. (Tyiio, No. •.mm. ('oil. StfiiniH.)
OiiliUhtlmsretropiwm, Jukdan & Davis, /. r'., C30.
Subgenus MURiENOPSIS, Kaup.
6'2N. OPIIKJITIIIIS (aiTTIFKIt (Boau & Droool).
Teotli in both jaws biserial ; the teeth of the inner series sometimes
Biiiall and turned inward. Vomerine teeth in one row ; anterior teeth of
jaws or vomer sometimes a little enlarged. Dorsal beginning behind the
tip of the pectoral, at a distance o(|ual to diameter of eye. Head 2'i in
tiimk, 4J in tail ; pectoral fin shorter than in octllatua, 'Si in head ; eye 1^
in Hiiout ; cleft of mouth 2k in head. Color very much as in ocellatua, but
palor; rather light brown above, pale below, with about 20 round pale
spots along the lateral line ; lower jaw and throat rather pale, dusted with
blown dots; pectoral pale, with a dusky border; a line of small white
spotH across the occiput, and a shorter but similar row on each side of
h(!ii(l. Snapper Banks off Pensacola, Florida ; close to 0. ocellatus, the
dentition the same, the dorsal farther back, {yutta, spot ; fero, I bear.)
Oiihichihiis ijuUifer, BEAN & Dresel, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1882, 100, Snappe*- Sanks ; Jubdan,
(lit. Fish. N. A., 53, 1885. (Type, No. 32C47. Coll. Stearns.)
Ophi'hlhuaguUifer, Jordan & Davis, I. c, 630.
620. OPillCHTHl'K OCKLLATHS (Le Sncnr).
Tetitli in both jaws biseria , those in front a little enlarged; vomerine
teetli in one row. Dorsal fin beginning over or just before tip of pectoral.
Color rather dark brown above, lighter below, with about 20 round whit-
iHh spots along . le side, averaging more than half diameter of eye; dorsal
fin coinniencing ». ver or a little before tip of pectoral, light-colored, with
a narrow dark ni: gin ; anal light yellow ; a row of small white spots
across the top of liead, sometimes coalescont into a band, and one or
nioro similar but shorter rows on each side of head ; pectoral decidedly
dimky ; jaws, throat, and chin dusted with brown dots. Vomer with
about 15 teeth, the anterior inclined to form a double series; tail ia
head's length longer than head and trunk ; head 2^ in trunk ; eye If in
suoiit ; snout 5^ in head ; cleft of mouth 2^ in head ; pectoral 2f in head.
We.st Indian Fauna, south to Brazil, north to Pensacola; rather common.
(oceUutue, with eye-like spots.)
] L
' i
i' i
It ..ibUs
il (' '
384
Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
JIfMrrtHojj/ifd »c.;/ii<i(«, Lb SuKun, .lourii. Ac. Nat. Scl. IMiiln., v, 1825, lOH, pi. 4, fig. ,1, South
America.
Oi>liiMuni$ ivmiyer, Valknci^nnm, ill D'OrHgny Voy, Ami-r. MiTld., i'oisH., pi. 12, (Ir. h. Is:).).
OphirhlhiiHoitlhUuii, GCntiibii, Cat., viii, fiS, 1870; Jokdan A (iii.iiKliT, SyuopBis, :if>y, l8«:j.
HerpeldiihtliyH ih'MiIkk, Oooiif. A Dkan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Muh., 187!», 155.
OphkhOiM ocellatiu, Jordan A Davis, 1. c, 030.
«»0. 0PHICHTHU8 TRISERIALIS (Knup).
Teeth in both JawH imiaerial, the anturioi-inoro or leau enlarged ; vomer-
ine teeth in one row. Body terete, the tail IJ tinieH the length of luad
and trunk; head llattiBh ; mouth broad, its width as great aH diHtiincu
between the nostrilu or as interorbital space; gill openings vertical, well
separated ; dorsal fin beginning a little before tip of pectoral ; head L'- in
trunk, 5i in tail ; pectoral fin 21 to 3i in head, labout equal to lower juw
cleft of mouth 2;? in head; gill openings less than one-half the pectotuls
less than eye, IJ in isthmus ; eye li in snout, 2| in cleft of mouth ; teeth
rather strong, one or two in front of upper Jaw almost canine-like; vom-
erine teeth small. Color light brown : a row of rather largo round lilack
blotches above the lateral line ; a series of smaller spots on each side of
dorsal, alternating with the large blotches; a row of subinarginal spoLs
along the dorsal fin ; anal tin plain ; top and sides of head with Hniallei
spots; in adults a faint, dusky shade across the pectoral; lower jiuitN
pale ; longitudinal wrinkles on throat conspicuous. Pacific Coast of
Tropical America, rather common, from Lower California to the Ualaiia-
go8. {triHerialiM, three-rowed.)
Murieiiopsit Irigfriaiu, Kaup, Apodes, 12, 1856, Pacific.
Uerpetoichthys calliuima, Ahhott, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Pliila., 18C0, 475, locality unknown.
Ophiifurut californiemis, Gahbett, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Cal., I8(ilf, <!(>, Coast of Lower California.
OphichtJmii rugifer, JonoAN ABoLtMAN, Proc. U. S. Nut. 3!iih., 1880, 15,'i, Charles f stand, Gala-
pagos ; young with loiigi-r pectorals. (TyiM", Nn. 41428. Coll. AlbatrusH.)
Ophichthyit triMriali*, GCntiier, Cat., viii, .58, 1870 ; Streets, Hull. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 5"), ]S77;
JoRnAN A Gimiert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 1880, 457 ; Jordan A Gilbert, Synopsis, 3,">ii, ISHS.
Ophichthus trinerialis, Jordan A Davis, /. c, <;31,
Subgenus SCYTALOPHIS, Kaup.
681. OrHIC'HTHUS UO.HESII (Castoluau).
(Sea Serpent.)
Vomerine teeth biserial throughout; teeth in both Jaws biserial, Hub-
equal, no canines ; pectoral 2it to 21^' in head, about us long as cloft of
mouth, which is 2| in head. Body terete; the head rather short, aliout
2t (2i to 3) in trunk ; the head and trunk I'i m "chryiiops" to 1,*,, "ma-
cruriiB") in the tail; snout rather short, pointed; interorbital space broad,
equal to eye, which is about 1^ in snout ; nasal tubes short ; dorsal in.serted
behind middle of pectoral; diameter of gill opening equal to eye, IV iti the
isthmus, 3 in the pectoral. Olive brown above, the coloration caused by
innumerable brown points on a yellowish ground; light yellow below;
pectoral dusky, dark along the upper edge; lower jaw with dusky mark-
ings; dorsal and anal fin translucent, with dark margins; pores on Jaws
M''^:
Jordan and Evermann. — Fis/ics of North America. 385
and head conspicuous. South Carolina to Rio Janeiro, generally common,
e(,[i('c;ially about the Florida Keys and Cuba. The variations iu the
leii^'th of tho trunk and tail have given rise to various uuniinal species.
Olio of these {m<ttruru8, Poey) with the head and trunk 1 1 to 2i in the tail
iiistoad of H to 1 J as usual in gomvitii may be a tangible variety, or possi-
bly a species. (Named for Dr. Ildefonso Gomes, who cured Castelnau of a
(liui^erous malady in Kio Janeiro.*)
Opln^intm rjiimesii, Caktklnav, Aiiim. AiiiiT. Sutl., 84, j)!. H, Ar. 2, 185^, Rio Janeiro,
Ojihi'oiriiii thriiui])!!, I'dey, Mcmorius, ii, 321, 1807, Havana.
Oiiymdichlhyii hrachyuriis, PoEV, Synopsis, ■{2fi, 18(!8 ; and I'ooy, Kniinienitio, ii, 15.5, 1875, Ha-
vana.
Ojtii- I'lilUhllii/n iiiairurm, 1'oey, Anal. Soc. Hist. Nut. Esp., 254, 1880, Havana.
Oj;ii''iiliMli!ii liiiibatio, I'liEY, Aual. Soc. Hist. Nat. Esp., 254, 1880, Havana, (nauiu a ^ubstitutu
lor hravliijuriis).
Oj^lnrUthjK ijomenii, GCnther, Cat., viit, 00, 1870.
Ojililrhihijn ihryitiipii, .Iordan JSc Cii.iikrt, Synopsis, 898, 1883.
OiiliiMliM gunusi, Jorpan & Davis, I c, r,^2.
682. OPHICIITHUS ZOPHOC'IIIR (Jordan fc Gilbert).
Dentition as in (). gomeaii. Pectoral longer, 2 to 2\ in head, longer than
t\u' deft of the moutli, which is 2i in head. Tail very nearly twice as
loii^f as rest of body ; snout rather long; interorbital space narrow, less
tliim eye ; nasal tubes rather long, llatteiied, the edge uneven ; dorsal
CDiiiiiieucing over or in front of the middle of pectoral ; head 2i in
ti link ; head and trunk a little more than half the tail ; pectoral fin 2\ in
head ; eye 14 in snout, i greater than interorbital width ; gill opening
less than eye, Ii in isthmus. Color brown above, light yellow below;
opercular regions, lower jaw, throat, and pectoral dusky ; dorsal and anal
edgtHl with black. Pacific Coast of Mexico, Guaymas to Acapulco;
rather common. Close to O, gomeaii, but the pectoral longer. (Co^of,
daikiioHs; ,\;e<p, hand (pectoral fin).)
OiihUliilii/ii zophocliir, Jordan 4 Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Miis., 1881, :t47, Mazatlan. (Type,
Nds. 2S28(i, 28277, 29220, and 202;W. Coll. Gilbert.) Jordan & Gilbert, I'roc. U. S. Nat.
MiiH.,1882, 623.
Oiihidilhm r.ophochir, Jobdan A Davis, I. c, 633.
638. (>I*HICHTHU8 MAONIOCULIS (Kaup).
Dentition gf O. gomeaii, but the head rather long, Ii to 2\ in trunk. Tail
loiifj, about 2^ times length of rest of body ; pectoral 2jt in head ; dorsal
inserted over middle of pectoral ; gape 2g in head ; head 14 in trunk ; eye
abuut 2'i in snout. Blackish, paler below ; dorsal and aual yellowish
brown, dotted and bordered with black. West Indies to Brazil, scarce;
our specimen from Aspinwall. (magtiua, great; oculua, eye.)
&!ititln]iliit< mwjnioatliii, Kait, Apodes, 13, f. 7, 1850, St. Croix ; Brazil.
Ophkhlhiin magnhadix, GCivther, Cat., viii, 59, 1870.
Ophii lillius magtiioculif, Jordan it Davis, I. c, 033.
*.Fi- iK'tlic cetto espoco ji M. Ic docteiir Iltlefonso Gonips, comnio nil tenioignago do ma recon-
D.iissaiici- jiour les solnn dusintoress^sqiril iii'a donnas h Kio d<! Janoiroen concurrpneoavec nion
ami ki doctvur Wuddell, pvudaut la dungereuse maladio dont j'y fus attuiut (Francis do Castel-
nau].
K. N. A.
-26
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386
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,
«84. OPHIC'HTHUS PAKIIJ8* (RiibanlHoii).
Dentition aH in O. gomtm. Eye sniall, about 2\ in Hnoiit ; gil] ()))in-
inga not very wide, approaching nearer together than uhuuI in iIiIh
genus ; anterior nostril with an elongate tapering tube; head 2 in trunk ;
cleft of mouth 2| in head ; eye 2\ in snout ; pectoral 2} in head ; dopHiil ilu
rather low, commencing above posterior third of pectoral; tail twici' au
long as rest of body. Coloration uniform. (Gunther.) Cuba to Brazil;
not common, (parilis, like.)
Ophimrtu parUu, Rioiiari>bo.n, Voyano ErebiiH A Terror, lO."), 1S14, West Indies.
Ophichlhijf paucipono, PoET, Keporturio, ii, 'i!j!'>, pi. U, flg. 6, 1808, Cuba; UCntiiku, Cat., mh
CO, 1H70.
Opinchthyt parilu, GI'ntiieb, Cat., viu, f>f), 1870.
Ophichthm parilu, Jobdan i!l! Davis, /. c, 6.34.
184. MYSTRIOPHIS, Kaup.
lUyilriophu, Kaup, Apodes, 10, 1856, (roitellcUtu).
OroUdoptis, Kaup, Abhaudl. Naturwisn. Vorcin llaiiibiirg, iv, Vi, ISt'iO, ( imnelifer).
Echiopiis, Kaup, Abhandl. Natiir. Verein Ilambiiri;, iv, 13, IHfio, {iulertinclii*).
Slacrodonophiii, PoEi', Rcpertorio, 11, 251, 1807, {mordax).
This genus contains three or four species of lilack-spotted eels, dJH-
tinguished from Ophichthua by the presence of strong canines in tliu lai|re
mouth. The vomerine teeth, as in Op/ik7i</i««, are small and fixed. 'I'lio
species differ considerably from each other and all are nearly related tu
such species of Opliichthtis as triserialis and havanncims. The valno to lio
assigned to Myatriophia is therefore doubtful. Our s]>ecios belongs to the
subgenus Echiopaia, (!;t'f viper; oipig, appearance), in which the JawM ;iio
narrowed forwards, not expanded at tip. (/ivarpiov, a spoon, from the
form of the snout in M. roatellatua ', o^if, snake.)
Subgenus ECHIOPSIS, Kaup.
686. MYSTRIOPHIS INTEBTIXCTUS (Ric hardson).
Jaws narrow and not expanded at tip. Vomerine teeth small, fixed; in
one to three series. Teeth in Jaws biserial ; long canines in front uf jaws;
outer teeth of upper jaw unequal, some of them canine; vomerine teeth
in two series, these sometimes partly coalescing (sometimes, var. putic-
tifer, partly divided into three); lowr jaw scarcely included; peetoral
fin about 5 in head ; tail a little longer than rest of body ; dorsal coiu-
mencing behind tip of pectoral, distance equal to about len^^th uf
same; isthmns equal to f the gill openings, which are large, elo.so
together, and subinferior, anterior in position ; head 2^ to 2;; iii
trunk; eye small, H to 2 in snout; gape 2i in head; snout 3 in cleft
of mouth, 7 in head. Dark brown above, paler below, side witli two
rows of large round or ovate black spots, the upper row close to the
dorsal fin, the lower row below the lateral line; besides these some
smaller spots, also black; head a little darker than the body, the Hpots
smaller and numerous, some larger ones below eye ; dorsal and anal with
* Pogsibly two species are included by ua under pari/i«. In parilis the luRcrtion of tlic (inrsal
is before tbe end of the pectoral ; in the ty|)e uf pauciportu the dunuil is naid tu Ijc iiiFcrtud
Itehind tip of pectoral ; no other diffcroncoa appear.
^*a,i i.3A.tirL:-k "^ 1
fi
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
387
(liiik burdera formed by spotH ; pectoral black at tip, the reiiiaiuder more
or leHH du8ky. Weut Indian Fauna, north to Ponsacola; rutber oonimon;
variable.* (inter, between ; tindus, colored.)
(>^.;,i>iirMii xnterlineXm, Uiciiari>8()N, Voy. KrulnM k Terror, FIsIk'R, 102, 1844, West Indiea.
Oplr.^iiriiit $ngiHnluf, Hiciiardson, Voy. Krotiim & Terror, 103, 1H44, probably West Indiea.
Cruiiiliiiim punclifer, Kaup, Abhaudl. Wigs. Voroin llainb., iv, 2, 12, pi. 1, flg. 3, 18C(), Puerto
Cabello.
Ciwii'tmordax, Poey, MomorlBB, ii, 319, 1800, Cuba.
OlihiihlhiidtchncUleri, Stkindaciinkr, Icli. Boitr., viii, 66, lH79,Braxil.
jloiniiliinophumorilaz, PoET, Repertorlo, ii, 252, 1868.
Ojihiihthii»itnnctifer, OPntiieb, Cut., 50, 1870.
Oiiliililliy' iiitertinctuii, OdNTilER, Cat., viii, 67, 1870 ; .Iordan, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. IMiilu., 1884, 43;
.loiiDAN, Cat. Fish. N. A., 53, 1885 ; Jori.an & Davis, I. <•., 6:»6.
Cii'hil<ipiii» mordax, GoouE & Bean, Pruc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 187!), 344.
185. SCYTALICHTHYS, Jordan & Davis.
SiitidlicMhyt, Jordan it; Davis, Apodal Fisheg, 635, 1892, (miiini*).
TliiH genus contains a single species allied to MysiriophiH, but dia-
tin^'uished by the presence of movable canines on the vomer, and by the
veiy short tail. ((tkuthX?;, viper ; /;i;^i'f, fish.)
«8«. SCYTALICHTHYS MIURU8 (Jordan k Gilbert).
Vomerine teeth in one series of about 4 slender depressible canines;
tail very short, much shorter than rest of body. Dorsal fln inserted well
behind tip of pectorals; gill opening midway between eye and begin-
uiii;; of dorsal fin ; pectoral fin very short, as long as snout, 10 in head ;
Buout short, 4 in cleft of mouth; head depressed and pointed, the mouth
largo; teeth long, those on vomer and side of lower jaw canine-like;
teoth of upper jaw biserial, rather small ; lower teeth uniserial ; vomer-
ine teeth uniserial ; eye small, placed well forward ; gill openings
small, transverse, inferior, as in Coccula imberbh, the alit as long as
snout and wider than isthmus ; head 4jf in the very long trunk ; tail
1} in rest of body ; cleft of mouth 2^ in head. Coloration light yellow-
ish, a series of roundish dark brown blotches on each side of body, the
two series alternating ; two alternating aeries of small half blotches on
the back, these coalescing into one on median line before dorsal ; head
with small, dark spots ; sides of lower jaw spotted ; fins pale. Length
1 foot. Cape San Lucas ; two specimens known, (udovpoc, curtailed,
from the short tail.)
OiilnrliilijiK miiirwi, JORDAN <k GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 367, Cape San Lucas.
(Type, No. 2304. Coll. Xaiitiis.)
Mnntnoiiliis miuruf, Jordan ■& Davis, /. c, 636.
i86. BRACHYSOMOPHIS, Kaup.
BrachijiKmophis, Kaup, Apodes, 9, 1850, {horridtui).
hlcliimjihichlhys, Bleeker, PoissoiiB Ined. Miirenes, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk., ll, 42, {tj/puf — young).
* I'ossibly moretlian one spocios is licre included. Schneideri is said to bavo tbo vomerine teeth
biscriiil, wliilo in "punclifer" (mordar) they are triseriul. In the true »n/<?rtiiii'/n» the teeth are
liiitorial in front and uniserial behind, while in sugillntiis the vomerine teeth are said to be unise-
rial. Ill suijiUiitM, the pectoral is said to bo longer than in intertincltu, as long as eye and snout.
Oiir HpccinieiiM have the teeth biserial or partly triserial in front. Probably all belong to one
s|i('( ill'. If two species exist they may stand as interliiKtus and punclifer.
^\
' '- ■ ■ ]
i!
r
^ii
388
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
This geiiUH differB from Myatriophit chiefly in tlio pruuence of a cdn.
spicuoiiH fringe of papilliit on the lipa. The vomerine teeth are caiiiin uh
in ScytaUchlhifs. Speciea East Indian, one being recorded from the (julu.
pagoH. { fii)axi'i, »hott'f mj/^a, body ; ('0tf, Hnake.)
«87. BKACHYSOXOPHIH €UOl'(»OILINrs (Iknriott).
Teeth unequal in size; maxillary teeth in a double row, those of iho
inner row stronger and less numerous than the outer; v«>iii<M-int) iuul
mandibular teeth uniserial, largo canine teeth; head 3 in trunk; Nnout
extremely short and rather flattened, scarcely twice as long an oy(t,
which is small and situated in the anterior ninth of the length of Dm
head; vertical fins moderately well developed; diHtauce between tin;
origin of dorsal iln and gill opening 2^ in head; pectoral Hmull; liody
longer than tail. Upper parts brownish, minutely dotted with darker;
a series of black pores along the lateral lino, sometimes a whitiNli linu
across the occiput. (Giinther.) East Indies, a specimen recorded by
Qunther from the Galapagos. {crocodiUtnig, like a crocodile.)
(>}>hii>itnif rrocodiUiiuD, Bennett, Proc. Zoiil. Sue. liOixl., ls;{3, 32, Mauritius.
ltrachy»3m<rj)hi» hiirriduh, Kait, Apoih'N, 1), flj; fi, 1850, Otaheite.
1 Afliiro])liiclilliyi> tyjitit, lir.EEKKH, Nod. TijdHchr. Dicrk., -12, Celebes.
Ophii-MijiH rrocodilmm, GCntiiek, Cut., VII, 04, 187(t.
Briichnioinophis crvcodiliHus, Jordan & Davih, {. c, 030.
Suborder COLOCEPHALI.
The characters of this group are given on page 34G. Three familivs are
now recognized. (/c6/^u{-, defective ; Kf^u^//, head.
Family LIII. MURiENIDiE.
(The Morays.)
The Murasnido' represent the most degenerate type of eels so far as tlio
skeleton is concerned, and they are doubtless the farthest removed fruiii
the more typical fishes from which the eels have descended. The euucn-
tial characters of the family are thus stated by Dr. Gill :
Colocephalous Apodals with conic head, fully developed opercular
apparatus, long and wide ethmoid, posterior maxillines, pauciHerial
teeth, roundish, lateral branchial apertures, diversiform vertical Hiih,
pectoral tins (typically) suppressed, scaleless skin, restricted interliruu-
chial slits, and very imperfect branchial skeleton, with the fourth brau-
chial arch modified, strengthened, and supporting pharyngeal jaws.
The Morays may be readily distinguished from the other eels by tiieir
small round gill openings and by the absence of pectorals. The body
and tins are covered by a thick, leathery skin, the occipital region is ole-
yated through the development of the strong muscles which move the
lower jaw, and the jaws are usually narrow and armed with knife-Iiko or
else molar teeth. The Morays inhabit tropical and subtropical waters,
being especially abundant in crevices about coral reefs. Many of tiio
species reach a large size, and all are voracious and pugnacious. The
coloration is usually strongly marked, the color cells being highly spe-
cialized. We exclude from the Murivnidce the genus Myroconger, from St.
Helena, which has pectoral fins, and is probably a type of a distiuct
;tji^-^.,i-v^>^W"ii._-.."*i-.-Vj--/.'.VU..S^kvii..'v.
.'.-^^^ .■.ij-l'.«i^A'i^' j3
Jordan and Rvertnann. — Fishes of North A tn erica.
389
fniiily. The renuiiniii); speoioa aro referablo to ten or twelve genera,
iiicmt of wliioh are found in America. About 120 specieB are known.
The Murd'nUUv without linu are the ainipleHt in Htrncture, but tlieir char-
ui'terB are thoue of dojfradation, and they are farther from the primitive
Htdck than Huch gonorii ns Murwna or Knchehjcore,
(Mimniidip HiKjiiKhiiilii , (J("NTllKii (.'at., viii, 93-130; order Colnrephali, Copr, Trana. Amor. Phil.
800., 1870, "Lin.)
a. Vortli-nt fliiH wull (lt'v<'li)|H<il, the dnranl iK'KiiininK Ixtfore tlio voiit.
h. I'oHtoi'ior luMtril (111 nliloii); Hlit ; anli^rior in n Hliort tiilio ; tcplli all pointed; dofial
ImKinninKnbovo tlin kHI opoiiitiK ; ninino tcotli Htroni; ; tiiil inodomto.
KNriiRi.rconR, 187.
bb. PoNtorior nontril t'imilar, with ur without tiihn ; tail miidorato, not twice nfilunf(iui
trunk ; liody not exeeHslvely elonniitf.
c. Toetli all, or nearly all, acute, nonn of thoHn In tho jawH obtUHU or molar-like.
(/. Anterior noRtrilH without tuhe ; vomerine teeth In many nerieK ; li|iH with a
Tree fold. Pythomciitmvh, 1H8.
((({. Anterior noHtrllH each with a long tube ; vomorino teoth In onoortwoHeries;
lipn continuoUH witli Hkin of head.
f. PoHtorior noHtrilH without tuhe, tho margin HomotimeD HllKhtiy ralBod.
/. DorHal fill inserted liohind the head, over or huhind the gill openinf(.
Raiii'i.a, 189.
jr. Pornal tin inserted on tho head, conHiderably before glW openini;.
liVCOnONTIS, 1!H).
«<■. PoHterior noRtrllH aH well an anterior each in aconspicuouH tube.
MlTR.KNA, 191.
ec. Tooth moBtly ol it UHe, molar-liko ; only anterior noRtrilH tubular; cleft of mouth
rather Hhort ; dorxal beginning before the gill opening. Koiiidna, 192.
Vortical flna rudimentary, conflneil to the end of the tall (often appreciable only on dit)f>ec-
tion, or altogether wanting) ; teoth rather Hmall, pointed, Bubequal, In xeveral Horiee;
posterior nostril round, with a short tube, or none.
!/. Cleft of tho mouth short, nothalflengthof head ; snout moderate, about half tho gape;
tail about hh long as trunk. Uroptkrygii'r, 193,
gg. Cleft of the mouth long, nearly half head ; Huout very short, lesH than one-fourth tho
gape ; tail very short, about half rest of body. Cuannomur.I'INA, 194.
187. ENCHELYCORE, Kaup.
F.wheXijcnre., KAirp, Apodes, 72, 1850, {enrijrh'ma).
Posterior nostril an oblong slit, otherwise essentially as in Ltfcodoniis.
One species known, (tyxe'^vf, eel ; Kopr/, girl ; the application not evident.)
«»K. KNfHKLYCORK KIORICANS (Bonnaterre).
Snout narroT?, rather produced, 2J in gape ; the jaws cannot be shut in
adult examples. Teeth of upper jaw bisorial, the inner series of very long
and slender deprcssiblo canines ; long canines not movable in front of each
Jaw ; lateral teeth of lower jaw slender, subequal, sharp, and recurved;
vomerine teeth small, uniserial, developed posteriorly; eye moderate, 2
in Hiiout ; gape 2 in head ; dorsal beginning above the gill opening ; tail
slightly longer than rest of body ; head 3 to 3J in trunk. Uniform black
or (lark brown, sometimes faintly marbled with darker; angle of mouth
sliffhtly darker ; gill opening pale. West Indies, rather common, (nigri-
cans, blackish.)
Mitnrna uuieolormaxUUt elotigatut teretUinatlis, it\feriore longiore, etc., Gronow, Zoophy., 1, 163,
17i>3, South America.
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300
Bui If tin 4y, United States National Museum.
Miiriitm nigririitm, lioNNATrniir, ICiicyi'l, Motli, Iclitli., !>4, 178N, (aft«r OnoNow),
Miirii-HiniHijHinii, OnoNiiw, Catklogiio KIkIii'h, IM, IhM, South Ain«ri:a.
F.nrhiliii-oui emyrhiMa, KaI'P, Apwlui, 7.'), 18A0, no locality,
(Ijimtiiilliiiriix Hij/riwri«/iiiici<<, (!iirr., Trnni. Amcr. I'hil, Hoc, 1870, 48:i, St, Martina.
llfimniilhiirax Hmbronua, Por.Y, Anil, Lye. Nut. Illit. N. Y., 1874, (17, Havana,
hht'helticorf iiiiirii-iiii', OCntiieb, Oat,, viii, VM, 1870 ; JoBKAN A DAvm, I <•., MH.
i88. PYTHONICHTHYS, Po«y.
Pythftnichthyii, Por.v, Ropertorlo, ii, 'Mf>, I8t>7, («rtMi/iiin««).
Thia geniia is ItaHod on u Bii)({le West Indian Hpecitm, which api>areiitly
difl'erH from LifcodontiH only in tho ontiro abuoncu of naaal tuhuH, 'I'lio
BpecioH iH deep red in color, and inhahita deeper water than uanal ainon^'
tho Morays. (nvOuv, a largo anake; /v"»''f» ilch.)
eSO. PYTHONICHTHYS NANIHUNKIIN, INxy,
Body terete, alim ; the depth contained 40 tinioH in total length ; don.
trila in a line between eye and tip of anont, about aa long aa eye ; lipg
full, each with a fold; doraal ooniniencing a iittlo before gill opoiiin;;;
teeth in Jawa biaerial ; thoao of upper Jaw amall and nuinerouN, Hliaip.
pointed ; outer row of teeth a little larger and leaa nunicroua than iiiiin ;
inner row of teeth in lower jaw granular; teeth on vomer pluriaorial
small ; eye very amall, C} in snout, 12 in gape; gape 3 in head ; bond '2 in
trunk; tail 2'li times rest of body. Color uniform blood-red. (rocy.)
Coast of Cuba, in rather deep water; rare, {sanguinnis, blood red.)
PylhoiiicMliyii luiiigHineiif, P(ir.Y, Rpportorlo, ii, 206, pl. 2, 11(1. 7, 1807, Cuba; .Tdriian ADavis, l.r.
mi).
Sliirieiui Mugniuen, OUntiikr, Cat,, vill, 12fi ^^70,
189. RABULA, Jordan & Davis.
liahidn, JonnAN A Davis, Apodal Flslics, Kept. II, S, FiKh Oonim,, viii, 1888, (1802), 580, (mpur-
This genus differs from Lycodontia only in the posterior insertion of
the dorsal flu, which begins over or behind tho gill opening. The livo
known species have so little in common that the value of the character
which separates them from Lycodontia is rather uncertain. (Hahnht, a
wrangler.)
n. Dorfuil flu ingcrtcd fur back, ncan-r v«nt tlian gill openini;. Park lirown, with iliniiHo
yollowiHJi MpotH uiul iiiarliliii);)*. Aqi'»nri.('is. *;iii.
aa. Doi'Hiil All inscrtuJ ovor or nliKlitly lirliind gill opening.
6. Ti-otli in both jawH iinisoriiil ; color yt'llowish brown, with dark retirulnHoiiH aiul
ycdlow BpotA. MAllMiillKA, I'.H.
hi). Tuetli of upper jaw unim'rial ; tail longer than roHt of body ; color ])iirpliHh Ihmwii,
nearly plain,
c. Jaws with rurvod coinmiwinro, and lionco not caimblo of being coinplcti'Iy cliwcd;
Homo of the teeth Horratc; head omall, blnntiHh ; tail a little longer than ri'st
of body. I'ANA.MENSIS, (',12.
ee. JawN with straigbtiHli commiwiuro, and hence capable of being rinsed; tail Iwilf
longer than rest of body. lonoicaida, MX
«40. KAHI7LA Ai^IJ.E-DULCIS (Cope).
Dorsal fin inserted far back, nearer vent than gill opening. Kyo
moderate, over middle of gape; lower teeth uniserial, with canines in
front; upper teeth biaerial, the outer teeth small; vomer with strung
Jordan anif Everfnann. — Fishes of North Americtt.
301
<Miiin«'N in front, thn poHtorior tenth Hmall, nniNorial; poHtnrior noHtril
iii'iiriir oyo tliun untorior unu. IiiHMrtion of (IuthuI U lonKtlm of the head
li-loro vMtit, nuioh n»arur v«nt thiui K'H opuniug. Tail lon^t^r than rest
of l)o<l,v by tho length uf the Juw. i{u»(l 3 in trunk ; K<^pe 2il in head;
t>vo 2 ill Hiiotit. Color much au in LycodontiH ntunlax, dark brown with
iirpgiilur (litrnHO yellowinh spotB nmaller than «>yo, wliiuh run together
into irrognlar niarblingH; gill opening HUiall, alightly dark ; tins nearly
|ilain ; belly without dark orosH linoH ; teeth ontiro. Two HpecinuMis
I iiown, the one (No. iUMS, II. S. N. M.), Haid to bo from San Diego, tlie
t\|iofrom liio (irande in CoHta Kica. It in probably not a fruHh water
H|K>cieH. (aqua-ilulctH, of the freuh water.)
,i; ..7iim .ii/H/i'-i/ti/iM, (!oi'K, r. S. Qtiol. Hurv. MuiitHim, etc., 474, 1H71, (1872), Rio Orande, near
San Joi^, Coata Rica.
li.imiiiilliorax aquu-tMcin, JoHHAN A Da vim, t. r., A08.
«41. KARri.A MAKNORKA (ValonrionniK).
llorHal inserted over or etlightly behind gill opening. Teeth in upper
jiiAv uniHorial; (dorual fin in figure beginning a abort diHtance behind
gill oiKUiing). Color yellowiBh brown with dark roticulatiouH, the longi-
tudinal branching streaks studded with oblong yellow spots; spots on
1h liv large, those on throat confluent ; dorsal and anal yellowish brown
with darker clouds; teeth all unisorial. (Valenciennes.) Ualapagog
iHlands; a doubtful species, perhaps based on Muraita hnthji»OHaf or
Hiihula aquiv-dulcis, {marmoreus, marbled.)
Mnnnii'iiliin mnnnnrem, VAl.KNfiK.NNWi, Voy. V*!!!!!*, Zniil., 347, 1)1. 10, flg. 1, 18.').'), Qalapagoa.
Cijiiuiolhiiriur tnarmorev», .Iiikdan it Davis, /. c, 598.
«42. ItAKIILA PANA.VKNSIH (.Steindiuhnor).
Tcoth of upper jaw biserial ; jaws capable of luring completolj' closed ;
Hotiio of the teeth serrate; outer teeth of jaws thickish, bent abruptly
liMckward at tip, the poHtorior margin below diHtinctly serrate ; lower jaw
strongly l)ent upward towards the tip, the largest teeth on the bent
iintiririr part of the jaws ; teeth of tho inner row above long, slender, and
niu\ able, twice as large as tho outer teeth ; teeth of inner row of lower jaw
slciidor (all loHt in specimen examined) ; vomerine teeth small, nnisorial,
Miiiit (slender and sharp accordingto Steindachuer ) ; head small, bluntish,
7* in l)ody ; tail a little longer than rest of body ; gape 2^ in head ; eyeljt
in Nnont ; dorsal beginning over gill opening. Color dark bluish black,
luDwiiish on tail; pores on jaws whitish. Pacific Coast of Central
AiiKU'ica ; a snuill sp(?cies, not common ; our specimen from Panama.
Miii.i nil pimnmtnuiii, STKiNi)AciiNr.ii, Iclitli. Boit., v, 19, 1870, Panama.
Siilt'tii iiiwameiiKis, Jordan &■ Gimieut, Pror. V. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 02.3.
Ciimiiiillitint.r jmiiimieuii>, .IoRl>AN & Davis, I, c, 508.
64». RABI^LA L0N4JICAIIDA (Peters).
Tooth of upper jaw biserial ; jaws withstraightish commissureand hence
comitletoly closing ; teeth all entire. Tail about half longer than rest of
bndy ; dorsal beginning a little behind gill opening ; vomerine teeth sleu-
dor and rather long; teeth in two series in each jaw; thoae of the inner
series largest and movable; anterior canines enlarged; outer teeth of
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302
Bulletin /7, Unitfil States Nathmil Afusfum.
upper Jaw MiiiitiMh nnit tiiriietl 1>a«>kwiir(l iin in ti. ponnmemtln \ NiH.ut
■hort, bliintiih ; eyo l»rK«^ ; hontl 2} in trunk, Kii in totiil ; k<U>» nIhh,
Color piirplith brown, finely niottU'd with darkur, thu niarkintrH fiiinf,
Tropioiil Atlnntio otV tlie Went Indit^H; two amall HpuoimenH rooonliii,
(lotKjuK, lon^ ; Cauda, tail.)
Mimniii l,»hjifiw<lii, I'KTr.Ri, Ihtrllnor MouMlobttrli'liti', 1870, itdU, Optn Atlantic, with M;i/<o,/f.
hrnwhui imgxi/iirmiii,
O^notkornx limyitsuiiln, Jordan •( I>AVlii, (. o., AOO.
190. LYCODONTIS, McCh^lland.
LyfO'lotilit, MrCl.ltM.ANi), Cnlmtta Jimrii.* Nut. Mint., v, Nn. xviii, IHI4, 173, (lilrraln - HIr).
Thiinmiliiliii, Mi'('l.Rl.t.ANli, (. r,, v, Nii, xvm, 1814, 174, {trlUiilnlii Uut'llnlii),
Riilera, Kwv, Apinli'ii, 70, pifttl, (yi/i-i/Tr W).
Kurfimyitera, Kavi', /. c, 7-, (iruiUlit),
ViilyurnHKiUm, Kaiit, /, <•., I((l, (Mill poUiMrann(\nn).
Tiriiioiihif, Kaci', AhIo IlniiilxirK Mim,, NitchtritK*'i 1", IHAO, (iffulphnli — /unrhrii).
Prioil<miii>hi», Kai'I', AnIi'iiiiliiillcliK Fiirlio llaiiiliiirK Miiitxuiii, 'i'i, Inr)!), {ncflhliif).
Ntoinunnia, (Jirahd, If. H, M<'X. lloiilul. Hurv., Finliod, 7(1, IH.M), (iiii/rnoiaij/iiKifci =octUntut).
Pifiidiiimiiiiiia, Jouhhiin, Vror. Zolll. 8<io, Loiiilon, Ihlio, 107, {miiiUir«n>i$).
nymuolhorojr, UONTIirH, Cut,, vill, 1(I0, 1870, {mfttiiijri; otc).
TluH geniiH, an hern unilorHtood, coniprineH the ^reat Imlk of the }fiirfr-
niihr, inoludinK nil tliu HjteoiuH with Hharptueth, thehody normally fornit'd,
tli«) anterior noHtrilH only tubular, and the dorHal <ln bef;innih^ on ilio
head. Priodonophia with Horrnted toeth ban been reco(rniz««d an a diHt iiict
genus by HIeokor, but tho character in question disappears by dt^^rct'ti
and seonis not to bo suitable for generic distinction. Tho Mornys of tliJH
genus are everywhere abundant in the tropical s^as, whore sonu* of llii<m
reach a great size. They are the most activo and voracious of tlin tcis,
often showing much pugnacity. Most of them live in shallow watur about
rocks or reefs. (Xi/coi;, wolf; Moi'f, tooth.)
Lycodontib :
a. ToKtIi nil ontiro, with no Horrations anywhore, nnd nnno of tlioin with bnral IoIior.
(. Dody without liliick traiiHVurfo Itaiuls, or vnry liir^o, irroguliirl.v iilncotl hliirlt gpots.
c. Body without Riiiull, round, liluiwh whitu or yidlow npotH, tho ii|i(itf<, il'iiiiy, liliiikisli
or dull grityish ; dunal without diatiuct pulur margin, orwitliniiTuIytlii' v<'ry
I'dgii whitiHli.
d. DorHal with n digtinct tdack margin ; anal with a palo odgo ; troth uniMrlikl.
e. Color lionrly plain brown, hni'ly frttckird ; 13 tucth on 8ldi! of lnwcr jaw ;
tall equal to head and trunk. vr'iiiii.m, c.ll.
ee. Color brownigh, flnoly mottled with darkor brown; '22 tcoth on nidc^df
lowor jaw ; tail longer than head and trunk. viciNCs, t'A\
dd. Dorsal without distinct, darker margin, itH border o<dorod nearly or (|iilti' lllto
rest of fin.
/. Body and tail covered with cloBP-Rot dark pointu ; tail longiT tlinn rc-t of
body. VIRKHCKNS, lilt',.
* There io in Aliicrica only one cnuipk'tc Hi;t of the Calcutta .lournnl of Natural IliHtory, ami
that is in the Library of the Acadt'iny of Natural Kcionccg of Philadflphiu. In Vol. v of lliis
Journal is found Mct.'ltdland'H pajw'r uiwn tho A|>odal Fishi's of Ilongnl, in which hovithI ihw
gonuric and Bpeciflc naniPH are projioHod. Wo aro indebted to Mr. Witnier 8tone, of tin- I'hilii-
aelpliia Academy, for kindly transcribing |)ortionH of that paper for <i8.
According to Mr. Stone the namo Lijvodoulis occuth on i>ago 17;i, of Vol. v, and tlircc spo ics
aro assigned to It, vi/: lifenita {-= tile, p. 112, Vol. viii, of Giinther's Catalogue), pmnlnUi ( tih\
ibid. Gflnther), and hmgicuudata { = laOteU, p. 126, Qilnther).
The name TImrodonlU o<:i'urH, with diagnosis, on ]iage 174, one page later than LiimdimlU, iiiiil
but one 8|)eciog, retinihda ( - lemeUala, p. 106, OUntber). Of these two names, Lijcudanlis iiiu.-it
take precudooco of Ihurodontii.
hi
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishfs of North Amirica.
393
/, Kody And tail not rovAred with rtoto-wl lUrk polnli.
g, Culur iillviiriiDiiM iir liriiwiilsli, wllli r()ii«|iii'iiiiiii iii«rkltiga, niitrtilltiffi
or Hpotit ilurkt>r tlmii tliii Kroiiiul rnlur ; hally willi'xit (Itntlnrt
traiiitvorNii llnon, niiirkxil llko the iMirk and iidua ; tall illgbtly
liinKxr lliun root of btniy.
A. Dnrk tiiiirklni;" foriiilnK narrow rotlrtilutloni, noTor rniindfd •|i<ita;
tlii'KK rollcnlnliiiiiM dntk lllito In color, rovrrliiK ''U'k and
■Idi'*, M>nia of thum oncluahiK irrngiiinr iiolyRonit.
i-oi.viioNirii, MT.
hh. Dark ninrklnK"lii tlioforni orroiintlcdiipotii, niornorli'Mrontlni-ut,
Noiniilhni'H olmnirinK tlio |iali> Krotind color. muhimia, IIIH,
0^, (!olor diirk lirowii, ditrk Ki'''<'n, or liln>'kiNli, oithor plain or mIiIi
fiilnl niitrklnK».
i. Dolly with black, wavy, tmniivi>nH> Unci ; nodnrk linnaalonKdomal
fln. MOHIIAX, tViU.
ii. Dclly without Mark trannvuriio linen; dormil and anni with dark
lonKltiidiniil HlrcakH ; body nearly plain dark olivo Itrown,
ri'NI'.HHIH, K*\.
ggg. Color brownish black with Irregular palo Rrayinh opota of varioua
hIxkh ; margin of aniil not pale ; cloft uf moutli Ionm than lialf head.
HANCT.K-liri.RN.V, Ml.
re. Body witli diRtinct iiniall wpota, bliip, wbitn, nr yellow.
,;'. Duraiil and ainti without <liitinct colored margin ; pale iipotHnioHtiyRinailer than
eye.
k. Teeth of upper jaw uniiierial,
/. Vunieriiie teeth uniNerial; H|HitH Irrogular, few, and Kcattered ; doraal
rolore<l likoback. novii, Wt'i,
11, Vomorine teeth biitDrinl ; entirn body covrred with Htimll blue dotH;
ibirNil with vertical bluiHh Mtreakfi. i'iiNNi>KHHrH, (Ut.
kk. Teeth of upper jaw bluiu'lal ; body with Hmall yellow apotn.
m. Vomerine tui'th uniiterial, nioHtly fimall and rounded ; color nearly
uniform from head to tail ; HpotH iununierable, Mii.iAniM, •i/i4,
mm. Vomerine teeth liiHurial, mnull and rounded ; color darl< brown, witli
yellow pointH excpsHively numerouH. glaiioiiatch, ftriH.
jj. Doraal witli ulilackiHh border, interrupted with white; anal with wbitn mark-
iugH ; biNly witli cioHe-aet, irregular pate opotfl. oii8<'1'HATII8, <>/iil.
hb. Body with about 20 black, tranaverRe ringH, about three timog tho brniidtli of the
interxpaccN ; tail u little longer tlian rest of body. ciilevantrm, 667.
I'ltiiinnNopifiA, (trptui', xaw ; n£ovf, tooth ; 6<f>is, Hnako):
nil. Teetli Nerrato, more or lew).
H. f'olor brown, with irrogular light yollowiBh Hpots irregularly placed ; dorHal witli large,
dark Hpots on itH edge, thuHe Hometinies obfuilete, iiHiially running together to form
a roiitinuouH dark band ; anal blaok-odgcd ; teeth largo, uniserial, the larger omoh
aerratu ; mouth nearly closing. ociLLATUti, (i5H,
Subgenus LYCODONTIS.
644. liYCODONTIN VEKRILLI (Jordan & Gilbert).
Toeth all entire. Color nearly plain brown, finely freckled; teeth tini-
serial, aboat 13 on side of lower Jaw ; vomerino toeth small, in a short
row posteriorly ; eye near angle of month, 3 in anont; head 3^ in trunk ;
tail about equal to head and trunk ; color light chestnut brown, finely
frockled, but without distinct spots; dorsal with a conspicuous edge of
blackish, the margin narrowly white; anal edged with white. Panama;
Olio specimen known, in the museum of Yale University. (Named for
Prof. Addison E. Verrill, of Yale University, a well-known naturalist.)
I
) 1
'11
:^ii
394
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
,1
: i
I
:;^i.
'^ w
Bidera verri//t, Jobdan * QiiDEnT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 1882, 023, Panama. (Coll. Erof. Bra.l-
i«y.)
Gymnothdrax verriUi, Jobpan & Davis, /. c, fi99.
M». LTC'ODONTIS VH'INUS (CaKtolnau).
Teeth all entire, xiniserial; lower jaw with about 22 teeth on each sido;
canines well developed ; gill apenings narrower than the eye ; eye lari,'(!,
2 iii Hnont, which is long, narrow and pointed; month capable of Iiciriir
completely closed; cleft of mouth 2 to 2j^ in head; head long, about Imlf
length of trunk ; tail longer than rest of body by about J length of bead.
Hrown everywhere, finely mottled with darkar brown or purplish ; anj;lo
of mouth duHky; dorsal with a dusky edge, the fin marked with dark
streaks as in L. funeiris', anal edged with whitish; black spot at ii;ill
opening faint or obsolete. Tropical Atlantic, Cuba to Africa and lira/il ;
rather scarce ; our specimen from Bahia. {i'icinus, near; to L. morimja.)
Murienophit vkina, CMTf.hVAV, Auini. Amor. Six), Foiss., 81, pi. 42, flg. 4, 1856, Bahia.
Gymnothorax ve.'fipuiirlatut, PoEY, ilnumcriitio, 156, 187.'>, Cuba.
Tkyrsoidea mucnlipinniii, Kaup, Apndps, 80, 1856, Gold Coaat.
Murienaricinn, GCntiier, Cat., viii, 121, 1870.
Murirhamaculipinhu, GI'ntiier, Cat., viii, 124,1870.
Gymnolhorax vicinnn, JnnnAN, Proc. U. !S, Nat. Muh., 1890, .116 ; Jobbam A Davis, I. c, Cno.
Tliyrmidea cormura, Kav r, Aalu Huinb. Mum., 26, 1869.
'rh]psoUlea margittala, Kaup, /. c, 24.
646. LYCODONTIS YIRESCENS (Poey).
Teeth uniserial, entire; gill opening larger than eye; tail longer than
rest cf body ; depth of body ISJt in length ; head 3 in trunk ; cleft of
mouth not quite half head. Olivaceous; head and tail with close-set dark
points most distinct about gill opening; snout chestnut ; dorsal niottled
with gray and yellow, without distinct darker margin, its border colored
like the fin ; anal with a yellow border. Cuba; unknown to us. (Pocy.)
(mreacens. greenish.)
Gymnolhorax virescen», Poey, Enumoratio, IftO, 187.'>, Cuba ; .Jordan & Davis, /. c, COO.
647. LYCODONTIS POLYGOXIUS (Poey).
Teeth uniserial, stot^t, and strong, not close set ; eye 2^^ in snout ; cleft
of mouth 2 to 2J in head; head 2^ in trunk, 3^ in tail, the tail slightly
longer than rest of body. Dark markings forming narrow reticulations,
never rounded spots; body and tail light olive, everywhere covered with
reticulations of dark lilac, the patches of gro,und color inclosed by the
ultimate reticulations, mostly smaller than pupil; some of the retieula-
tions more conspicuous and inclosing irregular polygons or squares eon-
siderably larger than eye; the lines are so branched that these markings
are not easily traceable ; margin of anal broadly yellowish ; a trace of a
pale line on edge of dorsal. Cuba; two specimens known, both ex;;ni-
ined by us. {polygonius, no'\i>yuviog, with polygons.)
Gymnolhorax pohjgoniw, T 'KY, Ann. X. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., 08, 1870, Havana; Joupan A- Pavis,
J. c, COO.
Sideravidna, Jobda.'S, Proc. L'.S Nat. Mua., 1886, 34, (not MurKtiophit vicitius, C. >.8TELNAu.)
Toetl
tiouth
(eeth ii
ahout
(lie con
liead ; h
trunk,
less conl
eulation
with bro
liiijiil of
color apji
of light
head and
in a large
gin of an;
spcoimenf
common,
pattern of
Indies. (.
Mmtnia vtacul
V. 'iijmnnthortu
ilhiiiKiii iiioriti
<"'lt., VIII,
''iimiiiillior<t.r r-
Mtit;, nil moriuij
Miin, m piincla
Miireimphii air
Janeiro.
Miiiniopliui caru
Bahia.
<'il>iii,i,l)ioraie ft(
'•i/iinittllinrii.r pi,
Siihr^i Miiriitijii, ,
Oymuolhorax moi
Suoiit shor
and nuich eie
Head 7 in len
•■'■" thoeye; p,
of I lie gape, 2
in head. (JH]
^^ith two seri
recurvtd, triai
similar, but lai
■"'■
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
395
648. LTCODONTIM HOUIXOA ^Cuvier).
(Common Spottkd Mokay ; tlAMLET.)
Teeth uniserial, irregular in size in the Jaws, those in the front of the
iionth long, slender canines; vomer with one or two large, depressiblo
tci^th in front and usually a row of small teeth hcihind ; eye ratiier large,
about 2 in snout (2i to 3 in dark specimens, the pigment encroaching on
tli<>, cornea, so that the eye seems notably smaller); cleft of mouth 2J in
licad ; head 2 to 3 in Irunk ; tail usually a little longer than the head and
trunk. Dark markings in the form of rounded spots, which are wMnn or
loss confluent, sometimes reducing the pale ground color to narrow reti-
culations on a surface of black ; ground color yellowish, the body cover«'d
Avitli brown or black spots of varying size, nev«5r much smaller than the
pnjtil of the eye, and sometimes so largely confluent as to make the ground
color appear as yellow reticwlsitions on a face of black; relative extent
of light and dark markings subject to very great variations ; spots on
head and snout generally smaller ; each pore on lower Jaw generally placed
in ji large pale spot; dorsal and anal fins spotted like the body; mar-
gin of anal fin narrowly yellowish, this marking obliterated in dark
8i>;oimens. West Indies, Pensacola to Rio Jiuieiro and St. Helena; very
cominou, and very variable in amount of dark color.ation, although the
pattern of markings is very constant. The most abundant eel in the West
Indies. (Moringa, a Portuguese corruptiou of Moray or Mitrana.)
Miirmia maciilala nigra, (the BlAck Moray), Catesht, Nat. Hist, r.roliiia, pi. 21, 17;i8, Bahamas.
V. 'hjvmithorax lifer, Bio(.ii, Icli., jil. 417, ni»'>, Africa.
iViiivniK viorhigii, Cuvier, Uegne, Animal, eJ. ii, Vol. it, .'?r)2, 1H20, (ivftiT Catekhv) ; (iCntiieu,
Cat., VIII, 120, 187C ; Goode, Bull. V. S. Nat. Mus., v, 72, 1870.
(liim>iolliorii.r .-"''ra/Hd, A(iA.s.<lz, Spix, I'iBC. Bras,, 91, pi. .'50 a, 18150, Brazil.
Mur.i nit moriuijKa, IiK::AKD80N, Voy. Ercljus ami Terror, Fishes, 8'>, 1844, Jamaica.
Mnr.nin punctata, GnoNow, Catalogiio Fishes, 18, 1854, North America.
Miireiiophii airviliiieala, Castei.nai , Auim. Amdr. Sud, PoisB., 81, pi. 42, litr. 2, ^f^M, Rio
Janeiro,
Mnii'iiopliin caraimifa, Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. Rare.s, Ame'ri(imi ilii Snd, Hfi, pi 4U, flg. 1, ISS."),
Bahia.
Cijutiiiiltiornj- jliiionirijitiis, PoEv, Eii\imeratio, 1.58,1875, Cuba.
uiimnotliiiriix pklmalm, PoEY, Anal. Sor. Esj). Hist. Nnt., 2."i7, 18Wi, Luba,
Si'liTii miirinija, Johdan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., 1884, 111.
(iyminilhoraxmoriugua,J\)lil}Ati &T>A\lH, I. c, (iOl.
«40. LKODOXTIS MORn.\X (AyrosV
(CoNOEU Eei.of Oamkornia.)
Suoiit short, narrow, and pointed. Occipital region becoming fleshy
and much elevated with age. Tail forming not <iuite half the total length.
Head 7 in length, 2^ to 3,;^ in trunk; tube of anterior nostril half as long
as tlie eye; posterior nostril with a slight border. I^ye above the middle
of I he gape, 2i to 3i in snout, which is 6i in rest of head. Gapo 2i to 3i
in head. Gill opening slightly larger than eye. Sides of the upper jaw
with two series of teeth posteriorly, the outer series of small, close-set,
recurvul, triangular teeth, which are immovable; inner teeth abo' t 5,
similar, but larger, depressible ; a groove between the two series; in trout
s I
I
■i:
)
,!
I
1
I
H
I >'
rl
I mm
39G
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
of these, continuons with the outer series, are 3 fixed, knife-8ha))C(l tw (h.
then a movable tooth, then 3 fixed teetli ; on the middle line of vom, 1 3
depresHible fangs, the posterior the largest of tlie teeth ; in the lowei j;nv
a single series, corresponding to the outer series in the upper Jaw, tsiiine
of tlie front toetli enlarged and fixed. Dark brown, vaguely reticnl;iii(l
wi'h narrow, paler niurkiugs and spots; a round dark blotch abom ;,riii
opening; lower side of head and throat with about 15 dark lengtliv. isc
streaks; belly with similar streaks running crosswise; dark line on ( adi
side of l»aHf^ of anal, with short cross branches. Httaches a length <if live
feet. I'oint Concopcion to ('erros Island ; abundant about the Saiitii Bur-
bara islands, icinarkablo for its ferocity. A food fish of some iniiwitanco.
(mordax, px "le to bite.)
Hitvil'iiii monh lYREs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Cul., 1850, :10. Cerros Island ; .Jordan Sl Gii ifrt,
Synopsis, ,'ifi(i, \)*h;\ ; .hmvAfi, Proc. U.S. Nat Mu«i., }Sm, .'lo.
Siileni m(ii(lii.r, .Fordan & Gii.iir.nr, Prnr. U.S. Naf. Mus., 188:!, IW.
(iytmidlhordx mordax, Jordan & ttww, I. <-., 0'.
•60. l-yrODOXTIS FI \RnRlH (Ranzftui).
(Hr.ACK MORAV , MllBKNA VEItllK.)
Tail a litt'elongor than \w\\\\ and trunk. Teeth uiilseiliil In the JiuvmIh
the adults ; teeth on von\m' uniserial (var. f crr/iKs), or biscrial {J'liiii briny,
long, depressible canines on front of vonuir; eye 2 to 2i In Nnmit, iilmvo
middle of gape ; cleft «>f mouth 21 in head i liniHl 2H» tnink. Color iliiik
olive brown, nearly plain, pahn on tliroat, sometinuiS witli very I'jiiiil
darker marblings ; dorsal and anal tins witli dark lines running loiigihuli
nally ; belly without black transverse lines. .laws not coniplclcly cIom-
ing. Tropical America, on both coasts ; the largest of our eels, reacliiiif,'ri
oi' 6 feet or move ; extremely ferocious ; common from Florida KeystoHIo
Janeiro, and from Gulf of California to Panama.' A very similar spccios
(prasinus) regarded by Dr. (iiinther as the same, occurs in the East IiidicH.
(fumhris, funereal, from its dark color.)
Mm-inia niiinduin iwjrii e) viihlh, (The Mimiy), OATEfiiiy, Nnf. ]\\Bt. C.iroHna, |il. '..'O, 17.18,
Bahamas.
OymiwIlKiriixfitiiehriii, Kanzani, Nov. Coinm. Ar. Sc. Iimt. Udmoii., Iv, 7fi, isiii, Brazil: .Ji'IKian
& Davis, /. -■., (103.
Murtinu liiif<iiiii>iiiii, IliriiARi>siiN, Voy. ErcliiiB & TtTror, Fisli., 89, 1844, f*tjerto Cabello.
Tieniophis irextphiili, K.ti i', Aalc IlainliiirK Muk, Niirhtriig., 1, 1850.
ThijnuiiiU'n alfniiiiii, Kaut, Aalo Ilaniliiirg Mus., 2'1, IKAO.
Mricriia hi/enmlis, PoKV, Jleinorias, il, 347, .3.")4, I8('i0, Cuba.
tli!ii»('i<lencimr„l,r, Aiuiott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, IMiHa., Mil), 479, Vera Cruz.
Mmtemi erehim, PoEV, Mciiioria.s, ii, 4iiO, 18(jli, Cuba.
diilem rmttniea, JnuvKS & (iil.iiKlii, Proc. ['. S. Nat. ft^u<., 1882, (i47, Mazatlan. (Tyiic, Nds.
2824'i, 20,'-);i.'5, mid 29.'i01. Coil. Oillmtl.J
Mmiriiii nfrit, GI'NTHKn, Cat., viii, 123, 1870, (not tiftlit 0|(ii:(|, w|))cli in iiioro like iiioiihi/k).
iliiiHiiii iilmlmii, ni'NTIIKM, Cat., viii, 124, 1870.
Sidem fiinehria, JlEAN il ll|lt:»<l;|,, i'roc. V. 8. Nat. Mils., 1884, 100.
'lllcoitontiiv'Mlmiemnf t|ie pacific isptullHiiif /i|»<l()' I fff/Wl t'llritifmlh .filliehrit.
Jordan and Everinann. — Fishes of North America.
397
«61. LYCODUMIS KAN<'TiE-IIKLKN.K ((ilinthti).
(left of month lesa tliau half of heiul ; teeth of jawH irregularly biserial;
voiaorine teeth biserial ; Hiioiit rather produced and narrow ; eye situated
alxive the middle of gape, 2\ in snout ; cleft of mouth contained 2i in
luail; head 2^ in trunk : tail longer than rest of body. Brownish black,
with nunieroub rather irregular pale grayish spots, the largest about the
si/o of the eye, the smallest mere dots; each spot again marbled with
(laikor, the smaller and larger spots mixed together. (Uunther.) Tropi-
cal Atlantic, recorded from St. Helena and the Bermudas.
Mm :i nil mm-tii-helemr, GCntiiek, Cat., viit, ll.'i, 1870, St. Helena. (Coll. J. C. Mulliw); Bean,
I'rci'-. U. S. Niit. MiiH., 1K80, 113.
liijvmothutux naiicUi-heleuu:, Jordan A Davis, /. c, t)02.
652. LYCODONTIS DOVII (GUnthor).
(MOHENA PiNTITA.)
Toeth all uniserial, those on lower jaw small, compressed, directed back-
Wiuds ; front of lower jaw with several canines ; upper with some tixed
canines tmong the other teeth ; head 2 to 2} in trunk ; cleft of mouth 2 to
2i ill head; tail longer than body. Hrownish or blackish, with small
roil III! bluish or yellowish Hjjots, ocellated or not, these spots scattered,
lingular in position, and smaller than eye ; dorsal colored like the liack.
Oiilf of fy'alifoniia to i,ho Galapagos; rather scarce ; variable. (Named
for C!ft(»t((|)i John M. Djw.)
Jfiiiiim ihirii, GCntiieii, Cnt., viii, 103, 1S70, Panama. (('(,11. Capt, Pow.)
^fii nfif ji/ii/(/ii, JiippAi^ i (iitiiEpT, proc. U.S. Kat. Miis., 1H81, 340, Mazatlan, (Tyi)e, No,
,m\. mmm , ,
Bi<l^nt ((.ii'i'i, JoktiiN &, atli'l.lti. I'llll' (I S. Nat. MuB., 1883, 209.
UijmtK'iliiit'ix, ifmii, JuRUAM A- IIavik, /. c, bili.
668. MCdIIONTIN ( OXSPERSUS (Pooy).
Voriierltie teeth lilsorlal ; tdiindible with about 17 teeth on each side.
FI( ad L'J in trunk ; tail l>ut little longer than rest of body. Entire body
tiu\i!tei\ wKli Hlliiill blue dols one-sixth diameter of eye, the distance
t;etwf'eii thoin brwng e(|ual to diiwueter of cyo : frttnt and top of head
witlioul (IoIh; dorsal with vertical cross sdeaks of bluish. (l*oey.)
C'liiiato lUii .lantifo. IfionsjurnuH, speckled.)
iliiitindfiljlt pjljjf^lifliff PABTKtNAti, Allirii. Noiiv, /(art'H Anu'r. ImkI, 82, 186.'>, Rio Jar>fifo ; (not
tliimiiolliiiHU plllliliilils, }ilOjU)-
tlniiiwllimiiy cmmtierwii, PoEV, ne()c/-^orlo, \\, 259, 1868, Cuba ; Jordan ite Davis, /. c, <i04.
SJiinnliiconnfiemi (.lptjjj}f.fi, piff., /o2, 1876.
im. j.ij'lJlUhUs nniARis (Kaui>).
Tooth of rippo^ Jaw bJNorial. Vomerine teeth uniserial, mostly small
diid rounded. Teeth biserial, except on vomer and side of mandible;
canines small; mouth can be shut complet.ly; gill opening as wide as
eye; eye 2 in snout; cleft of mouth 2i in head; head 2i in body; tail
ratlier longer than rest of body. Color nearly uniform frcii head to
• ■
« V
...^.Mk,.J^,r.^<^.':'i.,i.i.
i ;
' I
1
•
'
i ;
t :
'1
m\'
398
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
tail; brown or black, entirely covered with iunnnierablo yellowiah dotw,
the lurguHt the size of a Hniall pin liead. (Guuther.) Weut ludiuH.
(miliaria, in thouHaudH, referring to the 8i>otH.)
Thrj/Boulea viiliariH, Kai'I', Apoiles, 90, IWifl, Martinique.
MuriiuamnhiocMuUi, I'oET, 91«muriii8, ii, 324, 1800, Cuba; bused uii Hpucimons with smiilU'r
xpotH than uhuoI.
Oyvinolhoriix neripttiii, PoKV, RejMjrtorio, ii, 201, 1808, Cuba.
Murtina miliaris, GCntiikk, Cat., viii, 100, 1870.
Gymtwihurax viUiarU, Jordan 3c Datib, I. c, 004,
eSA. LYCODONTIK ELAB0RATU8 (Poey).
Vomerine teeth biserial, Hniall, and bluntly rounded. Mouth not clon-
ing completely; teeth of upper jaw biscrial, those of the inner serios
larger ; teeth of the lower jaw biserial anteriorly ; eye over middle, of
gape, 2i in snout ; head 2; in trunk, 4i in tail, which is a little longer
than rcHt of body ; gill opening large. Color dark brown, faintly mot-
tled with darker, the whole body, including fins, covered with points of
clear yellow, those on the head close-set and minute, like needle poiiitw,
but as large as a pin head on the tail ; (middle of body with intricate
markings of yellow, in the form of linear dashes, according to Poey;
none shown on our specimen). Cuba; two specimens recorded, {vlabora-
tu8f labored over, from the markings.)
Muriina dah„rtitu, I'OEY, Mcinorias, II, 323, 1860, Cuba ; Poev, Repertorio, il, 262, 1868.
Gi/niiiothorujc elahorcUut, Jokuan it Davis, I. c, 605.
«6«. LYCODONTIS OBSCL'RATUS (Poey).
Anterior teeth of upper jaw long and sharp, the rest small and in one
series ; vomerine teeth in one row, three large canines in front, the rest
small; teeth on lower jaw small, with two longer ones on each side in
front; head 2J in trunk; cleft of mouth 2 in head; tail a head's leufjth
longer than the rest of the body. Body marbled with brown on a green-
ish ground, dark enough to almost obscure the marblings, which are eoin-
posed of close-set spots as large as the pupil, often bordered on one bide
with a white edging, the spots sometimes being all white; dorsal fins
with a blackish border, sometimes interrupted with white; anal all black,
with a whito border. (Poey.) Cuba ; not seen by us. (o6»cwratit», dark-
ened.)
Gymmithorax ohncunUut, Poey, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., ix, 1870, 320, Cuba ; Jordan i IJavis,
/. c, 605.
667. LYCODONTIS CHLEVASTES (Jordan & Gilbert).
Head with 3^ rings which do not meet below ; tip of snout in one rinj;,
the top and front of snout on median line pale. Up[)er teeth biserial, the
rest uniserial ; dentary with about 14 teeth on each side ; eye 2 in snout,
midway between tip of snout and angle of mouth ; head 2J in trunk ;
head and trunk a little shorter than iail ; mouth completely closinf^.
Color pale yellowish brown, with about 20 blackish rings, which are
usually three times the breadth of the interspaces ; these rings broadtist
above, extending over the fins; tip of tail black. Galapagos iHlands;
one specimen known; a remarkably handsome species, (^/.cuaor/yi, a
harlequin.)
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
399
Mii/t/'<i rlileviutet. Juudan A Oiluriit, I'roc. IT. S. Mat. Mu8., 1883, 208, Galapagos. (Type, Mo.
•j():t85. Cull. Ciiiit. Ilurendcuii.)
dilDiiiotliorax chlei'tute; JuiiDAN ic Davis, /. c, (!06.
Subgenus PRIODONOPHIS, Kaup.
658. LTCOOONTIS OCELLATUS (Agasoiz).
(Spdttki) Moray.)
T<>uth all uniseriul in jaws, rather large and strong, the posterior edge
of ili« larger teeth serrate, like the teeth of a shark; vomer with few
small teeth or none; jaws nearly or «iuite closing ; head 2 to 2^ in trunk,
3k to ii in tail ; eye li to If in snout ; cleft of mouth 21 to 3 in the head ;
tail a little longer than rest of b«)dy. Color brown above, lighter below,
^viil) irregular light yellowish spots, variable in size and sometimes so
tlii<'l<ly placed that the ground work appears as brown reticulations;
dorsal iin with large dark spots on the edge, the spots often running
tu<,'*'ther, so as to form a black band (or sometimes obsolete); anal fin
witii a dark edge.
In typical specimens, (var. ocellatua), the spots are of moderate size,
much larger than pupil, rounded and yellowish in color, sube(i[ual and
not so wide as the interspaces ; cheeks coarsely spotted. West Indian
Fauiiii. Peusacola to Kio Janeiro; a small species, rarely exceeding 18
iuclies in length ; abundant and variable. {ocillatziH, with eye-like spots.)
aijmwillionu nreHiilim, AuABSiz, Spix, rise. Drasil, 91, pi. M) li, I8ii8, Brazil ; Uoude & Bean,
I'lof. U. S. Nut MiiB., 1879, 344 ; .Joudan & Davis, /. c, GOO.
l'riii,luit(>j>hi>i iH'ellalm, PoEV, SynopBiB, 427, 18fi8.
Mm. I, I, I (litlliita, GCnther, vii, 102, 1870 ; Jordan & Giliirut, Synoiwis, 350, 1883.
Hopresented in deeper water off Cuba and the Pensacola Snapper Banks
668a. LYCODUXTIS OCELLATUS SAXICOLA (Jordan & Davis).
Edge of dorsal and anal with confluent black blotches, forming a dark
maijiin to the lin, the anal chiedy black. Dark ground color forming
reticulations around roundish and jmlygonal pale spots of various sizes,
tlieso larger on the tail, the spots everywhere much wider than the inter-
8i)ace8. Otherwise similar to the typical occllatu8. (mxum, rock ; colo, I
inhabit.)
Mtirniiii meleafjri», QuoY & Oaimabp, Voy. Freycinet, Zoiil., 245, pi. .52, fig, 2, 1824, (not of Shaw).
(liiuunthorax oceUatng ttixU'ola, Jordan A Davis, /. c, fJOU, Snapper Banks off Pensacola.
Pno'liiiK'plii* meleayri)!, I'OEV, Rt'i)ertorio, ii, 2<i2, 18f>7.
%lniiocethtt<i, JonPAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliilu., 1882, 42.
Miiraiifi ocellata, JoBDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Kat. Mus., 1884, 2C0.
Replaced in shallow, sandy bays (Pensacola Bay; St. Joseph Island,
Texas) by
658b. LYCODONTIS OCELLATUS NIGROMAROINATUS (Giranl).
Spots very small, stellate, not much larger than pupil : spots whitish;
cheeks finely spotted like the rest of the body; body si inder, a dusky
shade along sides ; fins chielly black. Otherwise Similar to var. oeellatm.
(niytr, black; marginatus, edged.)
1
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u
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mmm:
im^^m^t
400
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
StonmrHmini^romarijinala, Qirard, V. S. and Muz. lioiitul. Siirv., 70, |>l. 41, 1860, St, Joseph
Island, Texas. (Cull. Wilnkiiianii).
Sidera HigrnmarijiiMlti, Jorhan & Evkumank, Troc. IT. S. Nut. Miin., I88ti, 473.
Umtuithorax uccvUiUwi HUjromuryimUiiii. .loiiiiAN & I>AVI8, /. c, tMHi.
191. MURiENA (Artedi) LinuucM,
(M0KAY8.)
Murtena, Artedi, Gou. PIhc., 23, 17:i8, (in part ; iucliiilvg till eels).
Murienii, K1.EIN, Hist. Nut. I'inc., '2H, 1742, (in imrt ; iucluiii-H all fciH without pectoral Rnn)
Murintii, LlNN.Kl'H, x, 213, 17r>8, [htlena, etc., includes ull cuIh).
Mnriinii, TllVNiiEiii) & Ahl, Pe Murii'uaet Ophictho, (i, 1789, (roatrictoil to heleua, etc., inclnrl...*
spocicH without iwctorul finti).
Oymnotliortix, Blocii, Ichtliyologia, I'OS, Bloruys, (riiiciilarul).
MuruHH, GCnther, and of authoFH K^ix'rull.v, (not of IIi.rkker).
Muricnojihin, Lac£p£i>e, IliHt. Nut. PoisH., v, 630, 1803, {lieletia, etc.).
LinuiniHriina, Kai'P, ApodcB, 06, lHM,{<juttata).
This genuB as now restricted contains some ten species found in tlio
tropical seas, distinguiHlicd from Lycodonlin and from the rest of tlie
family by the presence of two pairs of nasal barbels. The name J/uronrf,
originally applied to all eels, should be restricted to the gi-ou]> typiliud
by Murwna heltna. It was first limited by Thunberg & Ahl, in 17MH. to
the eels with out pectoral fins, those with such fins being set ull :ih
Ophichihua. (Mlpnivn, (Moray), ancient name of Mamma hilena.)
a, Teutli of upper juw in one series ;* all the teeth nniserial iu the adult, those of llm upper
jaw sometimes biserial in the young. '
6. Moutli rn])ahleof hciuK completely closed.
c. Dudy with round pale spotH, most numerous on belly and tail, the ground 1 oliir
dark brown ; (;•" openiiij; black. insulahtm. i.")',).
cc. IJody with niuny very fine yellow spots, the ground color brown, with threr iumh
of diffuse yellow blotclies. arcis, litiii.
66. Mouth not closing completely, the jaws curved along the gape ; body with wi'll-dcfliii.|i
reticulations, inclosing yellowish spots; gill opening black. Retifeua, iliil.
aa. Teeth of sides of upjier juw biserial, those of the inner series larger and farther a|iurt ; jaws
capable of being completely closed.
<i. Body scantily spotted, the spots ebscure and whitish ; gill opening largely blncK.
MKLANOTIS, W}'>.
dd. Body profusely spotted, the tipots light yellow, edged with brown ; gill opening' im-icly
dusky. LENTIUIN08A, t)(:;j.
669. .UUK.KNA INSULAKII!!!, Jordan k Davis.
Month capable of being completely closed, the jaws being nearly straight
along the commissure. Teeth all uniserial, entire, directed backwards,
most of them movable ; lower teeth 12 on each side, rather remote and
comparatively large; no larger canines in front of upper jaw; teeth of
upper jaw subequal, about 12 on each side, those in front smallest; vomer-
ine teeth small, uniserial, directed backward; posterior nasal tubes well
developed, nearly aa large as anterior; dorsal beginning before gill open-
ing; eye over mivldle of gape, 2i \u unont ; snout 2 in gape; head 2\ in
trunk ; gape 2i in head ; head and trunk a trifle shorter than tail. Colur
very dark leather-brown or almost black ; throat marbled with paler: a
* Character not verified in Mursena argvu, which noay belong to aa.
T'
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 401
bl'tck spot around gill opening; dorsal mottled with grayish; posterior
p.'ii t oi body with a few scattered round grayish spots about as large as
piijiil ; these irregular in size and position and rather faint, most numerous
ui"iiiid vent and on anal fln ; sides of tail nearly or quite plain ; angle of
iiioiithdark. Length 20 inches. Galapagos Islands; one specimen known;
rcM'inbling the European Munxna helcua, but less mottled and more dis-
tinctly spotted, {innulariim, of the islands.)
jV"M(|'1 i"8i'''<nim, .JoKDAN A Davis, Apodiil Fishes, 009, 1892, Chatham Island. (Typo, No.
Mm>. Coll. Dr. W. II. Jones.)
6«0. iHlIK.KXA XHUVH (HtoiudBchnor).
.lavro capable of being completely closed. Teeth all nniserial; those
of upper jaw strong, sharp-pointed, recurved; vomerine teeth much
8iii;illor, preceded by two long canines; head Ci in total length; oye 2i
ill rtiiout; snout 5J in head. Body with three rows of diffuse yellow
blotches, including fine spots. Color clear brown with a reddish tinge;
very small yellow spots covering head, body and fins, mixed here and
tlicio with larger spots; large yellowish blotches arranged in three rows
aldiiji the body ; the lower row fainter than upper. (Steindachner.)
AllKta, west coast of Mexico; not seen by us. (Aryiia, the hundred-eyed,
from the innumerable spots.)
Gijmiintlimiix {Limamiirieiiii) unjiii', 8tf.ini)Aciiner, Ich. NotizcD, X, 17, pi. IV, 1870, Altata.
iViir.dia argus, JuBDAN & Davis, /. c, 610.
mi. .VUU.GNA RETIFERA, Ouodo & Bean.
Vomerine teeth small, sharp ; teeth all uniserial, large and strong in
till'. Jaws ; those in front not enlarged; head 2i to 3 in trunk; tail a little
longer than rest of body. Jaws curved along the gape so that they can
not 1)0 completel}'^ closed. Body covered by well-defined reticulations,
inclosing light yellowish brown spots, which posteriorly are arranged in
jjioiips of 5 to 8; gill opening largely black, within a conspicuous dark
blotch ; angle of mouth with a dark spot; inside of mouth with yellow-
IhIi brown spots. Coast of South Carolina, in rather deep water, occa-
sionally brought to the Charleston markets, {retc, net ; fero, I bear.)
Mni.iiiii iiiif,r((, (ioDDE A: IIkan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 435, ofT Charleston. (Type No.
:u:!!i;f. Coll. 0. C. Leslif.) Jordan & Giluert, Synopsis, 894, 1883 ; Jobdan, Cut. Fish. N-
A., 51, 1885 ; JoBDAN & Davis, /. c, CIO.
««2. MIIR.ENA MELANOTIS (Kaup).
Cleft of mouth 2i to 2k in head ; head 2i to 2^ in trunk ; tail a little
loni^tfi- than rest of l)ody ; teeth of upper jaw anteriorly in two rows, the
inner teeth larger and farther apart; canines moderate. Color dark
brown with many small obscure whitish spots, these sometimes over
Avltilf body, sometimes confined to head and back anteriorly ; belly plain
brown ; dark spot on gill opening and at angle of mouth always conspic-
uous; a pale spot on base of lower jaw before the dark one. Tropical
Atlantic, from Africa to South America, its range in the West Indies
iiucertain, from confusion Avith other species- (MA«f, black; oig, ear.)
I. j^. A. 27
;
i
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a
m I
', At^^-^— .^•-
402
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
LimamurinKi im'Umtili', Kai'p, Aalu Haiiili. Miii., 27, |>l. 4, flg. :t, IH.M).
Mnrinui mW.in.i/i», (JCntiikk, Cut., V|II,!IK, lH7ii; .STUiNDArilNKH, KIncIii- Afiikiui,.'J.l, 1h«1 ; J,,,,,,,,;
A iiti.MEKT, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Miib., lS8i, 024; Jordan * Qilueht, MyimjtsU, Itfif), \hK\.
Munrnn melanuti», Juhdan ic Davih, (. c, tUO.
A«». NIIKKNA LKNTIOINONA, Jonyim.
(MnllKNA I'lNTA.)
Teeth of upper Jaw hiMerial, the inner nerieH of <lepreHNil))u cii. lines-
teeth on lower juw und vomer iiniHeriul; eye 2 to 'JJ in- Hnout, situatod
over the middle of gape; cleft of nututh 2i to 3 in head ; head 2 to '_' ; in
trunk. JawH capable of being completely cloued. IJody profanely hp^t.
ted; angle of mouth with little or no black ; gill opening ditHky; gciHuiil
color brown, the body with light yellow, diutinctly brown-edged hpots
which are about aH large an pupil, uometimeH larger; towardH the end of
tail the dark edgings form brown Hpotn; unout, jaws, and belly Mpotitd,
as altio the dorsal and anal ; a faint dusky bar from base of doiHul tu
behind cleft of mouth; spots more numerous around gill opeiiln<rH.
Pacific Coast of America from Gulf t>f California to (jialapagos; goner-
ally common, varying considerably in shade of color, (laitiijiimmis^
freckled.)
Muriiiia ItiiliijinoM, Jknvnk, Voy. Bnagle, Zdcil., 14;i, 1842, Galapagos Islands ; (iCniiiki;, (iu.,
VIII, !)!», 1K70.
Miinnia piiita, Johhan * Gilbert, PriM-. II. S. Nut. Miih., 18M, aifi, Mazatlan. (T.vi' , Nu.
282:)«. CcpII. (iilbert.) Jordan A Giuieut. I'roc. U. S. Nut. Muh., 1882, 371; Jouuan ,\ (in,.
BEttT, ibid, 381; Joudan & Davis, /. <•., 610.
192. ECHIDNA, Forstor.
Echiihin, FipRHTEli, Kncliiridioii, 31, 177^, (rdnV./ii/n).
Oyiiiiii>miir run, LAcf:rKI)E, Hist. Nut. I'oiwi,, v, fi48, 1803, {tluliula ■:' tiiuriiitniilu).
GyimiopiU, Rafinkkqi'k, Anulyso Nuturc, 1815, '.13, (iJo/ki/u).
Itfeijailenit, UakinesiM'E, /. o., 93, (noiVv/d/u).
Moliirii, Rkuiardkon, Voyngo Erebus & Terror, 7!», 1844, ((ijiliiii = ueliiil(iMi).
Pli'ciliiphis, Kaup, A]iO(les, 98, 1850, (i-udiiittnii).
Gi/miiutiiHrami, Kait, ApodeH, US, 1856, (ii(n'c(/a/<i = we/'H/iwa).
This well-marked genus is distinguished from the other Morays by iho
blunt teeth. The name Echidna was suggested for this group oC coIh
long before its application by Cuvier to a genus of Australian Mono-
tremes. There are some 12 or 15 species of Kcuidmi, iiioat of tliem
belonging to the Western Pacific. This genus represents the liinhcst
degree of specialization among the Moiays, as Uroptcrnijius repru.M'nt.s
the extreme of degradation, {ixi^vu, tw't'i viper.)
«. Color dark, with small, round ycllowisii Hjiots ; teitli Hulieijuul, bliintish, b'sn (>l>tii-<' (Imn
in /■,'. rahiKtIa, mostly uiiigcrial ; dorsal high, begiiiuint; over gill oiiviiing; hcinl j', in
trunk; tail about a sno'it's length shorter than rest of body. noctuiina, lifil.
aa. Color brownish, marbled and barred with paler ; bead 3 to 3}^ in trunk, 3J^ in tail.
CATENAT.\, Cit'j,").
««4. KCHIDNA NOt'TIJBNA (Cope).
Teeth suboqual, bluntish, less obtuse than in J<!. catinata, mostly imiIho-
rial; dorsal high, beginning over gill opening ; head short a t«l blunt, tlio
small eye half the stiout ; head 2| in trunk; cleft of mouth '3 in litud;
lyiUirii, JoBDA^
i
Jordan and Jivermann. — Fishes of North Amerua.
403
tail iiboiit a Bitoiit'H length Hhortur tliuii ruHtuf hotly. C'olur iliirk browu,
^•iili Hiiiull, I'MUud, yell«)w upotH, Hiiuillur tliun ixipil, liku pin pointH, Hcut-
tcKMl evenly and HpuiHely ovtu' tlio body ; HpotH with l>luckiHh imirKinH;
louiT juw mottled. I'ucitiu coaut of Mexico, the two known HpecinienH
from Kio Grande, Cottta Kica, and from Cape SSun Lncau. Cope sayn of
his Hpeuinieu that the anal lin Ih a little more than one-third the total
li'n<4tl>i which Ih not trueof the one here deHuribed. (novtuntuii, uouturnal,
l.l:l<k.)
/>„ ;<^|;>/||llll«•'(NrllH^ Corr., U.S. r:i'iil..Siii'v. Miiiit., 174, IH7I (IH7'.!), Kio Grande, at San Jos«,
Costa Rica. (<'i>ll. I»i. Vmi I'litton.)
£;,/,,.(iiiitit*c(uni(i, JoHiiAN A Davis, {.>'., 612.
««». K('IIII»'A CATKNATA (niorhV
Ilt>ad 3 to Hi in trunk, 3^ in tail ; eye Hnnill, 1^ to 2 in Bnout; cleft of
mouth 3 to Hi^ in head; tail a trillo longer than rcHt of body ; teeth of
u|)|it<r Jaw more or Ichh biuerial. Color, browniHh black, marbled or retic-
iiliitud with light yellow or white, the light nuirkingu HometimcH forming
nainiw irregular crtJHHbars; under the jaw and on the belly the light yel-
low often predoniinatcH, inclosing dark HpotH. West IndicH, I roni Hermuda
to HiU'inani; aHinall HpeuiuH, generally common; our HpeciiiieuH from Sau
Lucia. (catciKitim, chained, from the chain-like crosH bundn.)
Hhii:r)ia tfu roHi/cr fcni»i7i('»»i«, .'^EiiA, Tlicpaiirus, ii, 7'.', iil. Hit, finH. 4, .1, 17:i8, Brazil.
(luiiiHolli<irii.rcaliiiiilii», Iti.iicii, Aiinl. Kisi'lie, xit, 71, |il. 11.'), lij;. 1, 17U.'', Coromandel; iiii iTror.
Mtir:ni'n«>nliilii, f'rviKK, Iti'^'iio Aiiimiil, Kd. 1, 2.1:!, 1H17, uflcr Skua.
Mm:iii"i>liiKr<itniiiln, liArfpp.nr,, v, O'JX and (Ml, ISOU, nffiT Hi.ocil, Palmerston Island.
3l,ir:nii>i>hismiiliil'ilu, LAcfl'f'DE, V, (ij<», jil. 'J'J^, iHOIt.
,1/11). Mill n/fi«i«, lii.EKKER, Act. Si)i\ Sc. Iiid. Nl'ctI., (i7, IM.W.
i.'i/ii./iiii jhu'i'Hciipta, ToKV, llopertorii), II, 2C4, Cuba.
r.ilwliiii /ii'i'omaculiita, I'dkv, Reportiirio, ii, 2r<.\, isilH, Cuba.
Jliir^i iia idlenuld, Gr.sTllKK, Cat., viii, lIKl, \»^^) ; GnoiiE, Hull. U. S. Nut. Mus.. v., 7;i, lis7t) ; Jou-
HAN, Troc. IT. S. Not. Mus., IHHli, t;l7.
Kthi'lii'i catenala, JuRUAN & Davih, /. c, riI2.
193. UROPTERYGIUS, Riippell.
(lijnmoiiiurirna, LAOfipftDK, Hist. Nat. PoIrb., v, 018, MO'i, (dolialit ; nmnnorula). (lieatrictud flnft
l^y KaII', in 185(i, tn itnliiiln, wliicli isiv HpcM-ics of I'lhiilmi.)
Idlitfjlii", liESSDN, Voyage d« la Ciiiiuille, 11, 120, 1830, ( punlberimia == marmoralits ; not of FlTZ-
ixiiER, 182'.>, a gemiH of reptiles).
I'n.jiliiifjhis, Itt'l'l'EM., Nelio ^Virb(^ltlliel■e, Fiwlie, 8:t, 18.18, {ctmvolor).
Mm iuiiMiunn., Kai'I', Apodal FiMlies, 97, IMG, (<ii/riim), (not of LAcf i-fiie, IHOIt, whifli ia MyxMf).
(!!iMii"iiiiir:ni<i, Ui.KKKKit, (Ji'NiiiF.ii, ete., (not of LAcfcpKDB, as restricted by Kadi*).
A-nliiit, Jordan & Evehmann, iiuw KubgeuuH, {luctmus).
Thin geuuH containH several species of small Morays, distinguished by
the ap])arent absence of finn. The teeth are small, pointed, and subequal,
and the cleft of mouth of moderate size. In spite of its simplicity of
structure, it is not by any means a primitive type, but a further degener-
ation from the form of Lycodoiitis and Mnrana. Our species (with U.
tiiiriiiin) difl'ers from the type of UtoptcrifyiuH in having only the anterior
nostrils tubular. This may define a new subgenus, Scuticu (ncutka, a
whi])). (oi'/m, tail ; nrtpv^, iiu.)
4 .
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404
Bulletin 77, Uniiei/ States A^atiofuii Afusenm.
Subgenui SCUTICA, .Tonlnii .( KM'riimiin.
•««. IIKOrri:KV<lll'H NKCTrurM (Jorduu a Ollliort).
Toetli in Juwh luHoriul, oiitur tooth hiiihII, oIoho top^thor; iiinor low
OMiniutNed of lon^ <lo)>r«>HHibln catiinoH, not cloH«-H«>f , vonioriin^ ftiutlt niii.
atu'iul; ii puro Hituated just ubovo tho poHtorior noNtiil ; tail lutliur m nttt
with a vory HJi^rJit dorHal fold, nioro conHpicuoiia iu old HiuMtinienH, jtN tii)
in young HpecinionH wliittv, caudal tin ohHoluto; eye 2 to 2^ in hihmiI;
uh'l't of mouth 2^ to 21i in head; hoacl .S.^ in trunk; tail ^ lon^ov than
rest of body. Anterior nostril with a short tub«; posturior witlmiK
tube, situated directly over tho oye. IJody dark brown ulmve; below
paler, with small, dark freckles and pale spots; under side of lower jaw
light colored with brown and whitish blotches. Length 12 inches. <1 tlf
of California; not rare. (vr/KTrii;, swimmer; n'rpi'i, tail.)
111)111111111111111 im iicr/iirrt, JoiiKAN ic GiMiKHT, i'roo. IT. 8. Nut. Muh., 1882, 360, Cape San LiKas.
(Type, No. \rA\.l. Ca>\\. XniitiiM.)
Miiruniibleiniii m'clnra, .loitOAN, Cut. FiHii. N. A.,&1, lH8fi.
l'i<>})UrygittinedurHi<, Jiikdan & Davih, I. r., CtSVi,
194. CHANNOMURiCNA. Richardson.
Chn)i>ii>-!Hnrir)i(i, llii'iiAiti>8c>.N, Vi).v»go KrcliUH ami Terror, !t(i, ln44, (rilliiln).
This genus is near Urojttcryi/iuH, ditl'ering chiolly in the size of th(! >,':iii»',
the cleft of tho mouth being nearly half the length of the head: tlio
snout is very short, the tail also abbreviated, and there are no »'\ idiiit
fins. Species few, gaily colored, (^'ii^i"/, from, j;«/>(j, to yawn ; MuraiKi.)
e«7. CHAXNO.nrR.t:NA VITTATA (niilmrdBon).
Fins wanting. Lower jaw projecting; teeth slender, subequal, direcaod
backward ; teeth in lower jaw in two series, poinced backwards, the, inner
teeth the largest, and movable ; teeth in upper jaw in three senoN, tuo
two inner series larger and more or less movable ; vomerine teetii in a
baud, thick-set anteriorly, posteriorly biserial. Eye U in snout, situ-
ated in the anterior third of gape; snout 4^ iu gape; gape 2 in hfiid;
head about 4 iu trunk, 2J in tail. Color pale yellowish brown, with
about 15 irregular broad chocolate-colored cross bauds varying iu widtli,
sometimes interrupted, sometimes bifurcated, some of them forming
complete rings, the pale interspaces usually edged with ligutcr yellow-
ish. Coast of Cuba ; rare, (rif (»<»«, striped.)
Uaro, I'AiiKA, Itif. Pi<-zaH, Hist. Nat., (iO, pi. 30, flg. 3, 178(1, Havana.
IMhijoiihii rWitliix, Uichakdson, Voy. Siilpli., Fish., 114, pi. 53, figs. 7-!t, 1844, locality
uncertain ; Uicmardson, Voyage Grcli ih mid Terror, FiHheH, 9t), 1844.
Chanuuiiiiinniaiiiheiiiiiit, PoEV, Keportorio, n, JfiO, pi. 3, fig. 0, 18(')7, Cuba.
Gymnomurwita vittuta, QCnther, Cat., viii, 1.14, 1870.
Order R. LYOMERI.
(The Gulpers.)
Fishes with 5 oi 6 branchial arches, far behind the skull and none modi-
fied as brauchic jtegal or pharyngeal ; an imperfectly ossified craiiinin
articulating with the first vertebra by a basi-occipital condyle alone ; only
2 cephalic arches, both freely movable, (1) an anterior dentigorous our—
the maxillary, and (2) tho suspensorial, consisting of the hyomandibular
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishfs of North America.
405
mill qiinilrato ItounH ; iiu palatinu boncN nor diNtiiict poHtoiior liuiiy ul«)-
n)i iitN to tli*< iriaiuliltlo ; an iniporiVotHcaptiliir aroli runiote from tlio Nkiill ;
vtitrhra" Hcparat<Oy oHMifUul l»iit iniporfect. (<till aiul Itydor. )
I IliH or(l«M' COMHiHtH of Oel-HllUpOll tlNltcH foiind ill the tl««)|» HCUH. It id
ii|i|>:ir(Mitly a <t««;rrailf«l typo, ))«>rhapri an ollklioot tVoiii Homtt «tol-lik*) form.
It is cliaractflri/(Ml Ity a general loontuu'HH of Htructiiro antl lack of Hp«)oiali-
zillion, nniqiiH anion;; tint true liHlien. '* Tho tirancliial arclioN aro ruducod
to vory Himplu harn, on tliu Hi<l(< of thu (rHoplia^iiN, and liavo no cun-
III I lion with tliucraniiini ; tlio palato-pturysoid aroli iHontiroly wanting;
till' siiHpiniHoriiiiii for tlio lowur jaw in roinpoHod of only two piecoN, the
liyiiiiiandihiiiar and tho ((iiadratu, of an ulon^ato, Hiiboylindrical form
ami connocttid with tlio Hkiill hy a movahlu joint which allowH it to bn
swiiiiK in all directions."
'liu'Mo HhIirs have very Hin^ular pcdnncnlatod appondagoH in place of
till' latoiiil lino, "The ontiro oi'jirani/.ation ih peculiar, to the extent of
aiiiiiiiit!y,and our old concept ioiiH of the characteriHtios pf a fish re(iuire
to ))<> nioditietl in the light of our knowlod^^e of Hnch Htrange hoin^^H."
((iill.) Dr. (»ill is diHpoN«>d to rej^ard the various records as indicating;
tlu>exiHt('nce of two distinct families, Savcoplniryiifiidti^ and h'tirffphari/nijidtv,
eanli represented in our waters hy one species. ( A/'u, to loosen ; /iffxi^, part.)
Family LIV. SACCOPHAKYNGIDiE.
iTiiK UuLi'Kns.)
Lflinncrl with the hrandiio anal portion much longer than tlio rostro-
liriiiichial ; the tail excessively elongate and attenuated ; the cranium
unknown; the eyes antero-lateral ; the maxillary liones moderately
ext(Miil((d backwards (in comparison with the Eurypharyngidie), and
apparently not closable against each other ; enlarged teeth in one or lioth
jaws ; the dorsal and anal tins feebly developed, the pectorals small but
bioad. iiody eel-shapid, the bones deficient in inorganic, niiitter; musclea
t'i'cbly developed, except those connected with swailowin j;. Jaws very
clonj^Mto, the gape, pharynx, and stomach capable of groat distension.
Till' trunk moderate, with tho vent at its end; snout ^ol■y short, one
noHtiil on each side in front of the very small eye ; maxillary and man-
(lil)li' slender, armed with feeble teeth in one or two series; roof of mouth
tootlilcss. Gill openings far behind cranium, pl.aced low; gills very
short , and small. Tail excessively elongate, band-shaped, tapering to a
point. Dorsal and anal low, rudimentary. Pectorals present, small but
broiul. Deep seas, but few specimens being on record. These have been
referii'd to three species and two genera, but the assigned distinctive
clianu'tors of genera and species are all doubtful.
195. SACCOPHARYNX, Mitchill.
Siici-nphmiin.r, MiTCHiM, Ann. Lye. Nut. Hist. N. Y., 1824, 82, (no specific name ; tlie typo after-
wiinlH called S. jla(ielliim).
Oiil,i,',i>i,ilhiis, Hakwood, PliiloB. Trans., 1827, 277, {nmpnUarfiti).
Supposed characters of the genus indicated above. (/Tfi/cKOf, sack;
<l>ain'y;, pharynx, the inflated throat resembling the sack of a pelican.)
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««S. SACrOPHARTNX AlHPULLACEUS (Harwood).
Both jaws armed with slender, curved, T/idely set teeth, hiserial. or
their points in one irregular series, directed inwards. Lengtl: of Jnws
from \ to j that of body, from tip of snont to vent. Dorsal fin com-
niencing a long way heliind head, a ^ort distance in front of vent; like
the anal, it may or may not reach the tail, which eads in an extremely
delicate and thin filament. Pectoral fin very short, hut hroad, and with
about 30 very thin rays. Gill opening an elongate slit; black, with a
bluish white line along base of dorsal, and sometimes of anal also. Lon^'t li
of largest specimen about 6 feet, 14-f58 inches, the tail 4 times lenjjtli if
trunk. Atlantic Ocean, in deep water. Four specimens known, tliii(> of
these brought to the surface by having swallowed a fish too largo for the
capacity of the stomach. (Giinther.) (a»i_j)HZ7a, a llask.)
Saecopliiiryux, MiTCHiLi,, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hint. N. Y., 1824, 82, Open Atlantic.
Ophioijmilhir ainpiillncew, IIarwooi), Hiil. Trans., 1827, 52, Atlantic.
Saecnpharynx Jlaijeniim,C,vvir.n, Kegno Anim., EJ. 2, il, 355,1829, Atlantic; uftor MiTriiii.i,)
GI'NTiiKR, Cat., VIII, 22, 1870; Gt'NTiiF.n, Deep-.Sca Fisl.'-ss, Challongor, 250, 1887, .Ioiihav
& Oii.iiEnT, SynopsiH, 3fi5, 1883 ; Gli.i, & RvDEii, Proc. 1'. S. Nat. Muh., 1883, 271.
Surropharyiir rhordatua, Storer, SynopBis, Fishes N. A., 237, 1840, Open Atlantic ; nflei
MiTciiiir.
Family LV. EURYPHARYNGIDyE.
Lyomeri with the branchio-anal portion much shorter than the roHtro-
branch'al ; the tail very elongate and moderately attenuated backwards;
head ilat above, and with a transverse rostrp.1 margin, at the outer aiii;leH
of which the eyes are exposed ; maxillaries excessively elongated liaiik-
wards, parallel, and closing against each other as far as the articulalion
of tho 2 suspensorial bones ; with minute teeth on each jaw ; doiNal and
anal fins well developed and continued nearly to the end of tlio tail;
the pectoral tins minute, narrow. (Gill & Ryder.) Deep-sea tJMlien;
2 genera* and two "species known.
196. GASTROSTOMUS, Gill & Ryder.
Oailrniitomus, Gii.i, & Uyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 271, {hairtUi).
Cranium abbreviatetl and little or no longer than broad, the dentiRcr-
0U8 bones almost seven times as long as the cranium ; minute, acute, conic
teeth, depressed inwards in a very narrow band on the jaws ; no eiilari,'t'd
teeth at extremity of mandible ; tail with an eradiate membrane under
its terminal portion. (Gill & Ryder.) (yaarr/p, stomach ; cto/w, nioutb.)
y
««9: GASTROSTOMUS BAIRDII, Gill A Ryder.
Jaws with minute, acute, conical teeth, depressed inwards, in a very
narrow band, without fangs at the end of lower jaw. Length of Jaws
more than half body, measured from snout to vent. Origin of dorsal
nearer to tip of snout than to front of anal ; neither dorsal nor anal readi-
ing tip of tail ; gill openings narrow. Black, with no whitish streak
* The supjmsod j;enu8 an I spcrics, Enrijpharynx pdecaiiniilef, Vnillunt, (Comptos l{ciiilii>. l."''*2,
1226) from deep wati^r off i'^oroeco, has tho jaws about half length of body to vent, both j:iw8
with feeble dental gruuulati >nB, aud the lower jaw with two fangs in front.
Jordan and Ei'ermann. — Fishes of North America.
407
alonii I'asc "^ dorHal. Length 18J incIicN, the body 6^ inches. Deep
watt'i otV Newfoundland banks, 1^89 to 1,4G7 fathoms; alHo taken iu
1 1,1 vis Strait. (Named for Spencer Fnllerton Buird.)
{Ui4fn».Utn\whairilii, C,\\.\. !i IIydkr, Proc. IJ. S. Nut. Miis., vi, 18S:i, 271, off the Grand Banks
of Newfoundland. (Typo, Nos. 3:1294, 3329,"), and \SXim. Coll. Albatnvts.)
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Order S. ISOSPONDYLI.
(The Isospondylous Fishes.)
Soft-rayed fishes with the antoriov vortebric simple, unmodified and
witlnmt auditory ossicles ; symplectic presor.t; no ihterclavicles ; opei--
riilar bones distinct ; pharyngeal bones simple above and below, the lower
not falciform. Mesocoracoid* arch always well developed, as in the
O.-titriopln/Hi and the Ganoids, forming a bridge from the hypercoracoid
t(i tlio hypocoracoid. Bones of jaws developed, the maxillary broad,
always distinct from preraaxillary, and forming part of margin of uppei
jaw ; no barbels. Shoulder girdle well developed and connected with the
ciM'iium by a bony post-temporal. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Air
liiailder, if present, with a pneumatic duct. Dorsal and anal fins with-
out true spines. Ventral fins abdominal, sometimes wanting. Scales
usually cycloid, sometimes ctenoid ; occasionally wanting. No developed
photophores. Adipose fin present or absent. A large group comprising
most of the marine «oft-rp,yed fifihes, excepting those found iu the deep
sea, thaso composing; the degenerate group called Iniomi. Some of the
fonns, as Elopido', Jlhalidiv, etc., shov,- analogies with the Ganoid allies of
till' Cydoiiiinoidvo, This seems to indicate the probable descent of the
hoKpandjiH from a Ganoid stock, "out proba)>ly not from the same part of
tlic (Jaiioid series as that from w liich the Onfariophyai have sprung, (tan^,
pipial; amh'iM.oi;, vertebraj.)
CiiiriinEA :
(I. .\ili|iose fin none.
)■. Dorsal fin inserted more or Ipsb before annl (rarely sliKlitly behind it); shore fishes or
river fislies, usually silvery in coloratiun iind with the skelctiin firm ; air bladder
well dnveldljed.
r. r.ular plate present, between branches of lower Jaw ; mouth largo ; teeth present,
all pointed ; axillary scales and sheatLs largo, ELOPiD.fK, LVl.
fv. Oular plate none.
'' Lateri'.l lino well developed.
c. Teeth pn^sciit, no aceesHory branchial organ.
/. Mouth HMiall, hori/oMtal ; posterior part of tongue 'ind roof of month
covered with eourse paved teeth. Al.liri.lDJK, LVII,
//. Mouth large, the teeth all pointed, some of them canine, none paved
or molar IIiohontid/K, i.viii.
ef. Teeth none; an accessory bran 'hial organ behind gill cavity.
ClIANID.I':, MX.
dd. Lateral line wanting; no gular plate.
(/. Mouth small, inferior, toothless, the maxillary simple or nearly so;
stomach gi/.zard-Iike. Dorobomim.T':, lx.
* I'ncoraeoid of Cope; "Spangenstiick " of Gegenbaur.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
gy. Mouth iTK.deratc, torininal, the maxillary uf about tlirni* ptecog ; ntoiuiirli
not Ri/ziinl-liki'. Vhvvr.Jv.v, i\i.
ggg. Month nubiiifi-rior, wry largp, below a ta|iorin(;, jiiK-liko siioiit; iiiiixiU
lary vciy loug. ENiiii.Mi.iiUD.i:, i.xii,
(ifi. Dorsal On iioNtcrior, opponile anal ; dceivnoa flshrB, of loo8( orguniy.atioii ; ninstly
blackish in color ; mouth Hmall, with eiinall ]ioiute<l teoth ; air bladder wanting;.
Alk.i'ocei'iiamd.i;, iaiii.
Salmonidf.a :
(III. Adlpiisu fin well di-volojmd ; ovidui'tH none, the largo ogfrs usually fulling into tlii^ cai iiy
of tlic alidoinon iicfore oxtniNion ; air bliiddcr well dcvidopcd.
Ii. Stuinai h Kiplional, notbaviiiK the t'oriii ot a blind nac : i:<'U>ric co'ca many ; brancliiny-
tuKol'* rathnr numerouH.
I. i'ariutalH separated by the HUpraoccipital ; dorxal tin moderate, the simple rays in
front few ill number. SAi.MoNin.r:, i.\iv.
II. Parielals in c ontact, not separated by a supraocrlpitnl ; dort^al fin very lonp; ami
blt;h, the simple ray« in its anterior half very numerous. TirvMAM.in.i:, i,\v.
hh Stomach ciecal, of the form of a blind sac ; pyloric co'ca (generally few.
J. Uranchiostegals Ti or mora ; gill mombraneg separate, AiniKNTiNin.i:, i.wi.
jj. Dranchiostcgals :i or 4 ; body subturete ; mouth suuill. JMu'ito8ioMiu.i;, i.wii.
Family LVI. ELOPID^.
(TiiKTAitroNS.)
Body elongate, more or less comprof.sed, covered with silvery, cycloid
scales; head naked. Month broad, terminal, the lower Jaw promiiuMit.
Premaxillaries not protractile, short, tlm maxillaries forming the latciai
margins of the up{)er jaw ; maxillary composed of abont three pieces,
extending backward beyond the eye ; an elongate bony plate between the
branches of the lower jaw (analogous to the gnlar plate in Amia *) ; liaiuls
of villi form teeth in both jaws and on vomer, palatines, pterygoid.-*,
tongtio, and base of skull; no large teeth. liye large, y»ith an adipose
eyelid. Opercular bones thin, with expanded membranaceous bordcr.s;
a scaly occipitul collar. Gill membranes entirely separate, free from tliu
isthmus. Branchiostegals numerous, (2J) to 3'>). Gill rakers long and
slender. Pseudobranchia^ present or absent. Belly not keeled nor serrated,
rather broad and covered with ordinary scales. Lateral line prcNciit.
Dorsal fin inserted over or slightly behind ventrals ; caudal fin forked; no
adipose fin; dorsal and anal depressible into a sheath of scales; pectorals
and ventrals each with a long accessory scale. Parietal bones meeting
along top of head. Pyloric cceca numerous. Genera three, species about
five, forming two Avell-marked subfamilies, both widely distributed in tlio
tropical seas. The species are not much valued as food, the fiesh lioiiig
dry and bony. {Cliiptidw, group Elopma, Gunther, Cat., vii, 469-471, l><liS.)
Meoai.opin.v. :
«. Pseudobranchiir none; body oblong, covered with largo scales; anal fin larger than ilnr-
sal ; last ray of dorsal ]irodnced in a long filament.
(1. Dorsal flu inserted notably behind iusortiou of ventrals. Tahi'mn, 1'.(7.
EiopiN/K :
(HI. Pseudobranchia' largo ; body elongate, covered with small scales; anal fin smaller tlmn
dorsal ; last ray of dorsal not produced in a filament. Ki.ors, \'.'^.
*The gular plate suggests the similar structure seen in Amia, but its homology is not provi'd.
Although the Clupeiform fishes are probably descended from Ganoids related to Amia, there iniiy
be no closer relation between Amia and Elopt or Megalops, than between Amia and Clupm.
Jordan ati,i Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
409
197. TARPON, Jordan «fc Evermann.
(Grande r.cAii.LK.)
T.(ii"'ii, .loHDAN A EvF.KMANN, nnw (^ciiiia, (iillunliciiti).
liody oblong, compressed, covered witli very large, tliick, silvery,
cycloid scalob; belly narrow, but not cariuated, its edge with ordinary
Bcales. Mouth largo, obliciue, the lower jaw prominent; maxillary
Iddad, extending beyond tiio eye. Villit'orm teeth on jaws, vomer, pala-
tiiicK, tongue, sphenoid, and pterygoid bones. Eye very large, with an
atlitioHo oyelid. Lateral line iiearly straight, its tubes radiating widely
over the surface of the scales. Branchiostegals 23. Pseudobranchiie
winiting. (jill rak<^r8 lung and slender. Dorsal tin short and high,
in.scrtcd behind the ventrals (over the ventrals in Me(inlopii), its last ray
cl(>ii},'ate and filamentous as in MvgaJops, Doroxoma, and Opinthonima;
anal lin much longer than dorsal, falcate, its last ray produced; caudal
widely forked; pectorals and ventrals rather long; anal wiih a sheath
of Hcalcs; dorsal naked; caudal more or loss scaly; a collar of large
scales at the nape. Vertebrn' about 57 (28 + 29). Size very large, the
largest of the herring-like fishes.
Th'i posterior insertion of the dorsal fin distinguishes the single spe-
cies <»f Tarpon from the East Indian Metjalopa ci/priiioidtH, a fish of similar
baliit, in which the dorsal is inserted above the ventrals. (Tarpon or
Tarpnm, the common name in Florida, probably of Indian origin.)
670^ TABPON ATLANTICUS (Cuvicr A V.ilonciemiiss).
(Taiu'on; Taiu'um; Grande /^;caii.!.e; .?ii,ver-fi8h; Sabai.o; Savanim.a; Savalle.)
Hoad 4; depth 3^. D. 12; A. 20; lateral line 42; branchiostegals
23. Body elongate, compressed, little elevated. Dorsal filament longer
than head. Mouth large, the maxillary extending beyond eye. Uniform
bright silvery, the back darker. Length 6 feet. Long Island to Brazil ;
conuiiou on our southern coasts, but probably not breeding north of
Cuba; noted for the great size of its scales, which are used in ornamen-
tal work. It reaches a weight of 30 to 110 pounds. It is not much
valu<'d for food, although much appreciated by anglers. "An immense
and active fish, preying eagerlj' on schools of small fry, in pursuit of
wliicli it ascends fresh-water rivers quite a long distance." (Stearns.)
It iw often dangevous to seine fishermen, leaping over or tl .ough the nets
with great force.
Mijiilnfix (Uhnticiif, CuviER & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. PoiB.'., xiXj 398, 184fi, Guadeloupe;
San Domingo; Martinique; Porto Rico.
iU ,,„/„;.<. /„„y„/„s, OniAiii), Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Pliila., 18.')8, 224, Long Island.
ih'ijiilf],^ thrisnoiilfs, GUntiier, Cat., vii, 472, 18f>8, ami of iiioBt authors; but tho nanio Clitpea
Ihriiixniiies^ Di.ocii & Schneider, belongs to tlie Kast ludiaii Meyalups cyprinoides; Jordan &
tiiiiiEUT, Syuop.sis, 262, loSi.
198. ELOPS, LinnsBUB.
Wops LiNN.TUis, Syst. Nat., Ed. xil, 518, 1760, (srtMnis).
.1fm/i(o„„,,N.s; LACfcl'ftDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 398, 1803, (((HHa-caro/iW;.
Trichniiotits, Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, 1816, 88, (anHa-caroUna) ; substitute for Mugilo-
moms, considered objectionable.
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Body elongate, covered with thin, small, silvery scales. DorHal tin
slightly behind ventrals, its last rays short, the iiu depressible intu a
sheath of scales; anal fin smaller, similarly dopressible; pectorai.s ami
ventrals moderate, each with a long accessory scale. Opercular Ikuks
thin, with expand'.Ml, membrauaceons borders; a scaly occipital collar.
Lateral line straight, its tubes simple. Psondobranchiin present. Im;;,..
Vertobnu 43-f- 29— 72. Large fishes of tho open seas, remarkable for \\\k\
development of scaly slieaths. The young aro ribbon-shaped and
elongate, jtassing through a series of changes like those seen in .lllmld.
(t/oi/', name of some sea fish; a swordfish or sturgeon; from f-Adin.i, to
drive or move.)
«71. KliOPS SAURIES, Liimii'Ui'.
(Ten-pounder; .IoiiN-MAnio(ii.F, ; Hony-fisii ; TIid-eykh IliatiuNo ; Mata.iuei.o Keai, ; t'liino;
Lisa Fkanckha.)
Head 4J ; depth 5 to (5; eye large, 4 to 5. D. 20; A. 13; V. 15 ; 1'.. .iO;
scales 12-120-13. Uular plate 3 to 4 times as long as broad. Leiii,'tli3
feet. Tropical seas ; abundant and very widely distributed. Conuiion in
America, north to Carolina and the Gulf of California; straying on the
Atlantic Coast to Long Island, {aaurun, naifyor, lizard.)
FJopmimrm, LiSN.v.us, S.vst. Nat., Ed. xii, 518, 1700, Carolina j OC.ntiikr, Out., vii, 47(i, I8fiS;
.loiiDAN ife (ill.iiERT, Syiioimis, 201, IHSI!, and of iiici.st authort).
Argentina cariilma, IiiNN.i-;i!s, SjRt. Nat., Ed. xil, 519, 1706, Carolina.
Argenlina macliiiatii, FiiusiiAr., Descr. Auini., 08, 1775, Djidda, Arabia.
Miiijilnuinriinaiiiia-i-iirdUnii, LAcf:i'Ki)K, Ilist. Nut. Poisa., v, UKH, lf<o;i, South Carolina.
FAopeiiieniiiH, MiTciiiM,, Trans. Lit. and PIill. Soc. N. Y., i, IS 15, 44.'), New York.
Eh)>iifnpt')i<iui, Smith, /.niil. S. Africa, 1845, pi. 7, Cape of Good Hope.
ElopH jmriiurimoeiiii, Kiciiakiisiin, Iclitli. (!hina, .311, 1840, China.
Family LVII. ALBULID^E.
(Thk Lady-fishes.)
Body rather elongate, little compressed, covered with rather small,
brilliantly silvery scales; head naked. Snout conic, subquadrangular,
shaped like tho snout of a pig, and overlapping the small, inferior, hori-
zontal mouth. Maxillary rather strong, short, with a distinct sujiple-
mental bone, slipping under the membranous edge of the very bioail
preorbital ; premaxillaries short, not protractile. Lateral margin of
upper jaw formed by the maxillaries ; both Jaws, vomer, and palatines
with bands of villiform teeth ; broad patches of coarse, blunt, ))av(Ml
teeth on the tongue behind and on the sphenoid and pterygoid hoiit-s.
Eye large, median in head, with a bony ridge above it, and almost covered
with an annular adipose eyelid. Opercle moderate, firm ; preoperclc with
a broad, fiat, membranaceous edge, which extends backward ovtr tho
base of the opercle. Pseudobranchiiu present. Gill rakers short, tultiicle-
like. Gill membranes entirely separate, free from the isthmus; braiichi-
ostegals about 14; a fold of skin across gill membranes anteriorly, its
posterior free edge crenate; no gular plate. Lateral line present. ISelly
not carinate,flattiHh, covered with ordinary scales. Dorsal fin moderate,
in front of ventrals, its membranes scaly ; no adipose fin ; anal very Hinall ;
caudal widely forked Pyloric coeca. numerous. Parietal bones meeting
m
Jordan and Rvertnann. — Fishes of North America. 411
alniifj top of head. Vertebne bunierons, 42 + ^'^ -- 70. A sini^le specios
kiuiwn, fouiul . . all warm Hcas. In thi8, and probably in related families,
tli(> yoiuig paHH tbrou^li a motamorpboHis, analo^rouH to that soen in the
Conger Eels. They are for a time elongate, band-shaped, with very small
iH'itd and loose transparent tissues. From tins condition they become
^i.'idnally shorter and more compact, shrinking from .3 or 3A inches in
length to 2 inclios. According to Dr. (Jilbert, this jtrocess, like that seen
ii v.irions eels, is a normal one, through which all individuals pass. In
tli(« tiulf of California, where these fishes abound, these band-shaped
young are often thrown by tlie waves on the beach in great masses.
{Cliipridw, group Alhiilino, (iiinther, Cat., vii, 4(58, 4(59, IHGH.)
199. ALBULA (Uronow) liloch «.Sr Si iineider.
(^Lady-fishes. )
roiinrhiniciiii, NozEMAN, Act. Solcct, III, .182, 1757, (iiontiinomial).
Alhi(l<i, CiioNow, Zoiiiihyl., lO'^i, 1703, (iiimbinomial).
Allnilii, lii.cicli it ScilNKlDEU, Sj'st. I( litli., 4'i2, 1801, (cn»oi////n<'H« - vulpcs).
Iliiliiriiim, hxch-y.vr,, Hist. Nut. Poii-- . v, 4.'>, 1803, (hniiinin— intiws).
tUnsfmlm, (^rviF.R, in Agassiz, Spix, I'isc. IJniH., 48, 1829, (fnr»l,iiU viil),es).
Characters of the genus included above. (Latin albitx, white.)
«72. ALBULA VrH'KS (Linnicus).
(LAnv-Fisii; Bunf.-fikii; Ma>'aiiI; Sanduciia; Banana-pisii.)
Head .3}; depth 4. D. 15; A. 8; scales 9-71-V. Upper lobe of caudal
tlio longer. A broad band of peculiar, elongate, membranaceous scales
along middle line of back; accessory ventral scale large. Urilliautly
Hilvery; olivaceous above ; back and sides with faint streaks along the
rows of scales; tins plain; axils dusky. Length 18 inches to 3 feet.
Tropical seas, on sandy coasts, almost universally distributed and gen
eially abundant, ranging northward on onr coasts to San Diego and Long
luland. A beautiful and active fish, in most places little valued as food,
but in some regions, as K&y West, highly appreciated, {rnlpvs, fox.)
I'lilHiKimt, Maiicorave, Hist. I!ra.s., 1G48, Brazil.
Viilprs hahdiiieiisit, [the Ilo.SE-Kisii], Catesby, Nat. Hi»t. OaroIinaH, otc, pi. ii, Br. 1, 1737,
Bahamas.
Fmx niljw/i, Tj1nn«us, Syst, Nat., Kd. x, 1758, 313, Bahamas; hasrd on flici Uono-lisli, Vulpet
hulKimeiiKin, of (Jateshv.
Atij'ulinaglossoilonta, Fou.skIi,, Dpscr. Anim., 08, 177r>,Djidda, Arabia.
Maciihi, Pabra, Dif. Piozas Cuba, 88, pi. 3'>, fig. 1, 1787, Cuba; ba-'iod on Viihnrmm of Mauc .rave.
SiiniiilinKmieHloHx, Hi.ocH & ScilNEinEn, Syst. TclitU., 398, 1801, Asia.
€111)11 It hrasiUrmis, Hloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichtb., 427, 1801, Brazil.
AIMa riiiwrynchuf, Blomi & Schneider, Syst. Irhtli., 432, 1801, Antilles; after Gronow and
Pi.imier; railed Alhula plumieri on plato 80.
Amia immaculdia, Bl.ocn & Schneider, Syst. Idith., 451, 1801, Central America; aftflr
Miinihi of Parra.
r,ulyriuux banana, LAufti'EDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 46, 1803, lie de France.
ChifMi nmcrncepfuda, LACEPIiDE, Ilist. Nat. Poiss., v, 420, 1803, Martinique; on a drawinp V'y
I'l-IMIER.
Ghimxlns fmskdU, Agasbiz, Spix, Pise. Bras., 49, 1829, Bahia; i-alb-d Kii</»nii/i» jh'i-ipim and
Iji'jKinlut hiihieHsis on tlio jilates, 22 and 24.
Albuhi parrii; Ciivier & Yalemciennes, lIiBt. Nat. Puiss., XIX, 339, 1840, Martinique; Bahia;
Rio de Janeiro.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Albuld gnreemu, CliviFR * Vai.knciennkb, Hint. Nat. PolnR, xix, 342, IMO, Oorea.
Alhnhi neiiiinhiiiini, Cvvir.n A Valkntiennkh, /. <■., xix, H.IO, 184(), New Guinea.
Alhulii Krmiiniilii, ('iiviKii A A'a i.KNciF.NNKs, I. <•., XIX, anl, 1810, New Guinea.
Alhiln eriilhriirlifiliiH, (liiviKn Si V\i,KN(iKN!*KS, /. c.,' XIX, M'Jt, pi. Ml), iM-Ki, Friendly Islnnda
Alhiihi forntrri, frviKii k Vai.k.ncifnnes, /. c, xi\, ;i.'>4, 1h4(;, Tahiti.
Alhihtrimiriild, (iitoNow, ('u». FIslicM, IHi), IH.'i-J, American Ocean, etc.
AIIihIii niiiiiililiililiKH, (JI'NTIIKll, Cut., VII, 4r)S, IHOS.
Alhiilii nili>f$, JuuiiAN & riii.iiKiiT, .Hvn<i|MiH, 2riX, lKK:t,
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Family LVIIT. HIODONTIDiE.
(Thk Moon-eyks.)
Body oblonj?, imicli compreHHed, covered with inodorato-8i/ed, lull-
liantly Kilvory, cycloid HcalcH. Head naked, Hhort, the auout blunt.
Month modulate, ohliqne, terminal, the Jawa abont eijiial. Prema.viiiii-
ries not protractile. Maxillary Hmall, nlendor, Avithout evident sHpiiie-
nieutal bone, articulated to the end of the premaxillary, and forming tlie
lateral margin of the upper Jaw. Dentition very coniplete; premaxilliuy
and dontary bones with ainall, wide-Het, cardiform teeth; maxilltiii*>s
with feeble teeth ; a row of strong teeth around the margin of the tongim,
the anterior canine and very strong; between these is a band of Hhoit,
close-set teeth ; vomer with a long, double series of close-set, Niiiall
teeth; similar series on the palatines, sphenoid and pterygoids; hIiIos
of lower jaw fitting within the upper, so that the dentaries wlnit
against the palatines. Eye very large, the adipose eyelid not iniicli
developed. Preorbital very narrow. Nostrils large, those of each Hide
close together, separated by a flap. Gill inembranes not connected, I'n'v,
from the isthmus, a fold of skin covering their base. No gular itliito.
Branchiostegals 8 to 10. Gill rakers f»nv, short, and thick. Psoiido-
brancbiii^ obsolete. Lateral lino distinct, straight. IJelly not serrated.
Dorsal fin r.T.tLor posterior ; anal elongate, low ; ventrals well devel-
oped ; caudal strongly forked ; no adipose fin. Stomach horseslioe-
sbaped, without blind sac; one pyloric co'cum. Vertebrie about HO.
Air bladder large. No oviducts, the eggs falling into the cavity of tlio
abdomen before exclusion. A single genus, with three species, inlialiit-
iug the fresh waters of North America; handsome and gamy fisiies, of
little value as food. (Hyodontidiv, Giinther, Cat., vii, 375, 376, 1868.)
200. HIODON, Le Sueur.
(Moon-eyes.)
Hiodon,* Lr. .Snr.rR, .Tonrn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., i, 1818, 334, (lergims).
GloHsodnu,* Rakinesqi'f,, Amer. Monthly Mag.,ii, September, 1818, .'$54, (liareiujoides).
AmphiodoH, Rakinksque, .lourn. tie Plijsique, 421, 1810, {alusoides).
Clodaluit, Rakinesqit., lehtli. Oh., 4H, 1820, {vhtdahm Irrijium).
GloModon, Heckei., Russeggors ReiHon, l, IS.'JS, 1842, {sniilhU = (do9oides).
Elatltmistim, Gili. X- .Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, C8, 1877, {chrysopnis ^-^ (xlosnideii).
HyodoH, corrected orthography.
*Itig not certain which of these two names, Hioilon and (Uostodon, has prooedenco of dali'.
Kiodnn 18 in v.ommon use and was accompanied by a much bettor description than Katiiiesi{iie
UBually furnished. We therefore retain it.
Jordan -jnd ETermann. — Fishes of North America. 41. 'I
(inijoric charactnH iiicliulvd nitovc. {!(irt(yr/<;, hyoid; Moix, tootli;
•• liyoid " iH tlio bono Hliapud liko the lettur T, forming tliu base of the
AMriiMPON (oM"/") '"'*'< ; o^ovt, toutli) :
II, ISclly ill front of ventruU I'ltrinutcil ; doi'mil with !• iIovi'!i>|i<mI rnyH. aloihoideh, r>7M.
Hi.'iKiN ;
.111. lii'lly in (idnt nf vi-iitrnlH not rariiuUcil ; (lorniil witli 11 or VI (luvelo|H'd ra>».
h. Itclly livhiml vi'iitriil?* I'liriimti'd ; oyt< :i In lu'iiil. tkuiiihun, 074.
bh. Uelly uowhero cariiiatod ; uyu 2'.j in lioiid. hklenui'm, <>7u.
Subgenus AMPHIODON, lUDni'Hqiio.
67:{yillUIM» AI.OSOIIIKS (Uiiliiugqnu).
(La f^i^KHciiK ; Naccavsh.)
!Ie!i«l IJ; depth i^A; eye ;^.}. D. !•; A. 32; scah-s (>-r»(i-7. Body closely
cniiiprossed, becoming deep in tlie adult, the ventrul edge everywhere cari-
iiiitcd. Maxillary reaching to beyond middle of eye. Caudal peduncle
rather stouter than in //. tcnjixHn, antl tbe tin not ho deeply forked. IJack
less arched and Hnunt blunter than in the other HpecicH, the month larger
ami more obli(|ue. Pectorals longer and ventrals shorter than in If. ter-
ijisiix. liluiHh; sides silvery, with golden luster. Ohio Kiver and north
to the Saskatchewan; common northwestward. (Alosti, shad; f/fW, like.)
Anii'hii'iliiii iildniiidi'ii, (iiiisprinti'il a^viiiiJcs), Raki.nk.sih'k, Journ. I'liys., I'liris, I'Jl, l«lit, Ohio R.
llii,i<ln„(,miiliiiiiliiH, Kai-'inksiM'f:, lelitli. Oh., 42, 1S'.iO, Ohio Ri< er near the Falls.
Uij'Khm ilinjmims, KiciiAitiiso.' , Fiiuiiii nor.-.\mfi., in, 2;{2, IH.Ki, Cumberland House, Sas-
katchewan River ; Jokiian, Hull. l'. S. Nut. Miih., x, (i8, 1877.
llijvdoH alosoklet, JoBDAN & OlLBERT, SynopsiH, -2,59, 1883.
Subgenus HIODON.
674^HIOI>(>N TKItdlSUS, \.b Stioiir.
(Moon Evk; Toothed IlEKUiNii.)
Head ik; depth 3; eye 3. D. 12; A. 21S; scales .5-.55-7. Vertebra^ 30 +
31 - 61. Body oblong, moderately compressed. Eye large, the maxillary
barely reaching its middle. Pectoral fins not reaching ventrals, the lat-
ter just short of vent. Belly behind ventrals somewhat carinate, bnt not
before ventrals. Color brilliantly silvery, olive-shaded above. Length
12 inches. Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley; north to Assiuiboine
Kiver; abundant in tbe larger streams. One of our handsomest fishes,
not valued as food, tbe tlesh being dry and full of small bones, (tergiaiis,
scoured or polished.)
Iliiiiloii lirgisiiK* LeSiieuh, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1818, ati4, Ohio River.
(Ihissinloii iKirenijiiiilfs* KAFiNEMtjliE, Amor. Mouth. Majr., ii, Scpti'iiiln'i-, IHIS, 354, Ohio River.
fii'.i.xHiJ.Mi /i(/iTiirii», Rakinesqie, /. c, 1818, H54, Falls of Ohio River.
Ilh;I.,n rlodahm, Le Sleuk, Journ. Ac. Nut. .Sii. Philn., i, 181H, 367, Ohio River at Pittsburg.
Iliji.,l,,)i n'nmlis, Rafinesque, Icli. (»li., 42, 1820, Ohio River.
Ciijiiims {Ahrami.i f) smilhii, Richardson, Fauna, Kor.-Amer., ill, 110, 1836, Richelieu River.
Iliji'lim chiiiitahm, CuviEU &. Valenciennes, His. Nat. Poiss., mx, :ii;i, 184r); after Le Si'evk.
Uiiwliiii /f iv/iNiis, GOntheb, Cat., vii, 375, 1808; Jordan, llul. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 08, 1877; Jordan
i GiiiiERT, SynopHiB, 259, 1883.
*Wi' ill) not know which of ihe nearly Hyuchronous specilic iianioB /ov/isiin and iKiieiujouUn is
I'litiili'il til precedence. Terijism is in common use, was accomi)anii'd liy li better description and
is II lii'tter niiniu.
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Jhilli'tin 4J, United States Natiomil Afiisvum.
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A7r>. IIIOIM»X MKI,K\(U>S, Jonlm, .V ll.nii.
Ileu«14i^; <lu]>tli I ; oyu 2^. ]). 12; A. 27; lat<n'iil lino fiU. Hoily iiioiit
uUiiiKiitti tliaii ill tiiti otiivi' NpocieH of IHikIuu, littlo (M)iii]U'eHNu«l, not inm Ji
eluviitcd, th« belly iiowlioru (uirinatti. Kyo very Imno. I'uctoriilN imt
ruucliin^ to vuntiiih. Colomtiuii cltMir Hilvery. TunntmNoo, CiiiiiImm hind,
uimI Aluliainu i-iv«UN, H(!u.r<;it ; lucordud from Nutthvillu, C'liiittuiiuogii, iiuil
Montj^oniery. (rr^/z/i//, moon; I'lij', vyo.)
Uyuilim «.7.n(i/.«, .Ikhiian .t IIk.a.n, Hull. I'. S. Nat. Mum., x, (17, 1H77, Chattanooga, Tcim.
(Tyjio, >'o. lUHll); .Iduha.n \. (Jii.iiKitr, S.vuopMiH, 'jr.d, l«8;t.
Family IA\. (.MIANID.K.
(TlIK Mll.K FlSIIKS.)
IJody ohiong, comjiroHHod, ^o-eiod with Hmall, lirm, udliorunt Ncalcn,
Lateral line diHtiiiut. Abdomen broad and llattiHli. Snout depieNNed;
mouth HUiall, anterior, the lower jaw with a umall MymphyHoul tubenlc;
no teeth ; premaxillary Joined to upper anterior edjje of maxillary, Kyi.
witl an adipose eyelid. (Jill membraueH broa<lly united, free from tliu
iHthmuH. HranchioHte^als 4 ; pseudobranchiie well developed ; an accoH-
Hory l>ranchial or<;an in a cavity behind the j^ill cavity. DorMal lin
opposite the vcutralN ; anal lin shorter than dorsal. Mucous inemlnanu
of u'sophagus raised into a spiral fold; intestine with many convolu-
tions. Coloration silvery. Vertebrn' about 15. Large fishes of tiic
warmer parts of tiie Pacific. One genus and three species known,
{CUq>tida-, group Chanina, (Jiinther, Cat., vii, 173, 18G8.J
201. CHANOS, Lacepcdo.
ChiinoL, LACfipftnn, Hist. Nut. I'oiiw., v, auS, ISo:!, (unihinis).
LHtodcirii(\i\\\\) UCiM'Ki,, Nciiu Wirhclthitu'K .Vbvcsiuiii, IH, ISUS, (iIkuioh).
liychnlfjiiii, (JiiAY, Dicnciiliiirli'H TiiivuIh in Now /calitud, ii, "JlX, ulmut 1SI2, {siilmniiiiis).
Characters of the genus included above, (xuvoc, uamo iu modurii
Greek, from v'""'.") tlie open mouth.)
«7e. CHANOS CIIAN'OK (ForKUul).
(Mti-K-Kisii ; Sahai.o; Awa ; Ciiani; An()e:>.)
Head iV, depth 4. I). II, 12; A. II, 9; scales 12-80-14. Verttbni'
19 4-20 = 45; snout 3i; eye^^; maxillary 4Jt. Pectoral l;.; ; ventral 1|;
caudal^ longer than head; dorsal IJ in head. B. 4. Aspect of a laij;o
Cyprinoid. Body elliptical, moderately compressed, the caudal jiedniiclo
slender. Head pointed, rounded above. Eye and side of head covckmI
by a large trausparent, imi)erforate adipose eyelid. Mouth small, teriiiiiial
tootliless, transverse, the lower jaw included; maxillary broad, slipping
under the adipose preorbital, without supplemental bone. Opcrcle trun-
cate behind. Pseudbrauchiai very large. Gill rakers fine and liexiblo,
very close set, rather long. Bones of gill rakers llexible. Gill arches all
connected by membrane. Lateral line well developed. Scales firm,
cycloid, with strongly marked longitudinal striae Scales rather laij;c,
hard, firm, enamelled, becoming bony when dry, used by the Indians lor
ornamental work. Dorsal inserted somewhat nearer snout than base of
caudal, before ventrals, its iirst ray falcate, its last produced in a shoil.
V J .t, .it\-yj:^^.:i-^'^-ML*.j.
yon/an <///</ I'lvfrniann. — Fisfirs of North America. 115
tilMiiiciit, longer than piiiiil ; Imno of I'm with ti hir;;u Hculy Hhoiitli ; puo-
toiiil iiiul vuiitnil witli Huiily u\illiiry upin!ii<lii^ts uiial Hiiiiilur to duiHul
lull iimch Hiiiiillur; jUictorulH mid vt^ntnilH ruthor Hiiiall ; ciiiulal very luii){,
I'liikutl to tho )iuH«>, itN IoIm-h Niih«M[nal, Htiai^ht; buHu of tin witli Hiiiall
Miilc; vontralH Hoinuwhiit falcatt^. Color frn^uuiHh ultovo, the NitU'tt hril-
liiiilly Hilvui'y,tinH nioroor Iuhh (larkuntMl ; inHi(ht «)f voiitralH and pmitoralH
lil:ii kinh. Leii^tli 2 to 5 tout. I'licil'u; and Indian oceanrt, on Handy shoroH,
UDilii to tii» Hawaiian iHlandrt and t(» tli'* (inlf of C'alifornia, whtMo it jh
aliMiidant ; a foo<l tiuh of Honiu iuiitortanco ; ocoaHionally unturin^ Htiuaniti.
Mii'iil ih'iiii», KuiihkXi., DcHcr. Aiiiiii., 71, W!i, Red Sea at Djidda, Arabia.
Mn.iil nili(i"<ii'iii (Vi<u»\t:ii) Ht.dcii X .Si iiNKiimit, S.VNt. Iilitli., IJl, l^ol, Pacific Ocean.
(7, i,i..Miiii/iiiii«, liAcf :"M>K., I|i>t. Nut. I'DiHH., \, ll'.M'i, Ihdlt, Arabia.
r,ii.,,iii<i iifiliiMiiMiilii, ('(TTiKii, Itt'giio Ai'.ini., KU. 'i, ii, 27<i, lH-i!), Indie.
/,,(,,«. im ;.7/'"i"''"», Uknnkti', I'roc. Ciniiin. /. S<ir., 1h4, l^ll'J, Ccylorr.
I'liitiriiiiiH iii<iilnii.tiiiiliii>iii, .iKitiMiN, Aliiilr. .lourii. Lit. Sc, \v, :t44, Madras.
I V.>ll^'^ iiiiiili>, Isle of France, ililiiri'iiinuf, Madipolam, innhdli^, Vigazapatam, (niiiilnlin,
Jupun, ami iinnmelUt, Hawaiian Islands, Ci viku .V Vai.im'Ikn.'skm, lliNt, Nat. I'uitHt,,
\ix, IM, 1W8, lx4(;.
(•/,.ni.i iK'tiiiia, Hi.KKKK.ii, V'orli. Il:if. Gcii., XXIV, 11, l.M,')'J, East Indies.
( 7i.ii/.y« «i/muiiii(«, (jiC.MliEK, Cat., VII, 47;t, 1S(J8.
Family LX. DOKOSOMIDvK.
(TlIK Gl/./AKI» SlIAKS.)
liudyHlioit and doop, strongly conipresHud, covoiod with thin, docidiiotis,
(•vcli)iil HcalcM. l^oily conipiessed to an edge, which it) armed with bouy
HciratureH. Head naked, short, rather (small. Mouth amall, inferior,
(il)li(|iu), overlapped by the blunt snout; no teeth ; ma.villary narrow and
tilioi t. with a dingle uupplemental bono, not extending to opposite middle
of eye. and forming but a small jiortion of lateral margin of upper jaw ;
iiiaiidil>ie short and deep, its rami enlarged at base ; premaxillai-ies not
pioi Tactile. Gill rakers slender, exceedingly numerous, not very long,
HJiiiiiar on all the arches. Gill membranes not united, free from the
isthmus; branchiostegals about 6; pseudobranehiie large. An adipose
eyelid. No lateral line. Dorsal tin about midway of the body, usually
liL'lilnd ventrals. Pectorals and ventrals moderate, each with an accessory
Hcaio. Anal very long and low ; caudal forked. No adipose hu. Ver-
ttOirir lit. Stomach short, muscular, like the gizzard of a fowl. A single
jjemis ill our waters ; species about 10. Mud-eating lishes of the coasts
anil rivers of warm regions, of little value as food. The family is very
close to the CUquUUv, the distinguishing characters being not of great
importance. {Clupvidw, group Chutoc>isina (iliiuther, Cat., vil, 4Ut)-411,
18G8.)
202. DOROSOMA, l{alines(iue.
((tizzaud Shad.)
f)omsft»in, R.VFINESQT'E, Ichtll. Oil., 39, 1820, {mttdhi. cepvdiannm).
i'hiit'i' ssm, CrviKii, Ki'gno Aniiiial, Ed. 2, Vol. ii, 32lt, 182i»; in part, (includos Opisllicniemn, etc.).
Cliiiti'''s»ii.t, CuviEK & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poisn., xxi, 94, 1848, (cepeditmus).
Characters of the family, with the addition that the last ray of the
doiHal is prolonged and filiform as in Opisthomma, Metjalops, and Tarpon-
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Kullelin 47t Ihnted States National A/umum.
a ohurautt'ir wliioli 80]iar»tvH Porimomn from ihu AniiitU'- ffKunn .tuudDiiloii'
Utma. (ft'''/>i', laiiott ; nf.iiiu, body ; in alliiNioii to form of body in Hid yoiin^.)
II. Atittl r»yn ;ii) Id :i.'»; Iowit Juw Inrlinletl. i'Ipriuani >i, i;77.
an. Aiml iii.vh 20 tii'jr>; Jumh iiuIh'iiuiiI.
fi. Ddi'Mil Dii liiNi'i'lfil jiiNt linliliiil VHiitriilN; 1) HciitM lichinil vpiitnlH. mrxk^anim, i.Tn.
6(>. I>i>rriHl III) iriMtirtoil JiiHt liKfurn vi>iitriilH; I'J hiuIi'm IkiIiIiiiI vuntrulH. |'KTEnknh»:, b;:t.
<I77. IMMtOSOMA CKI'KinAM M (ho »iieiir).
(Gr/.KAUi) HiiAii; IIii'K(iry Shah.)
Heart 4^ ; rtepth 2i ; py«> 4A. D. 12 ; A. Ill ; Hoalcn 56-23 ; HciitrH 17+ 12.
Body doop, ooniproHH(>d, tlio back ul»vatod in tlio adnltH, DorHiil iilioiit
inudian, Hli^lttly buliind vnutralH, itH lilamentoiiH ray about uh iuni; ah
lioad, HomotimeH longer, HomotimcH Hliortor. C'audiil widuly forked, ilir
lower lobe the lonj^er. Silvery ; blnisli altove ; younj; witli a round dmk
spot at the Nlioulder; tipH of ventralu and ed;;e of anal often dusky.
Length lo incheH. Cape Cod to Mexico; abuu<lant Houthward, entering
all riverH, and permanently resident (var. h<ttrHnnii) everywhere in tlie
MisHissippi Valley in the larger HtreaniH ; also introduced into Lake Mich-
igan and Lake Erie, and landlocked in pondn from New .lerney to Tomih,
Ahaudaome li8h,of no value au food. (Named for Hernard (jermain r.tifiint'
de la Ville sur Illou, Comte do La C<?p6de (17")t>-lH25), known an Citovi'ii
Lac^ped^ during the French Revolution; a brilliant and moHt induHtridiiN
writer, who compiled hia great HiHtoire Naturelle dea PoIhsoiih under niortt
difficult oonditionH during the French revolution.)
MtgalopK fepetliiinn, Lk Sueuk, Joiini. Ac. Nat. Set. I'liila., i, IHIM, .'Mil, Delaware and Chesa-
peake bays.
Clupea helerura, llAriNKSQi'E, Ainer. Moiitlily Ma)^., 181s, ;t,'VI, Ohio I^iver.
Dorosoma iiotaln, Rai'Inehqui:, Ichth. Oh., ;W, IK'20, Ohio River.
Chiiloriuiiii elliptiriiH, KirtTi.AM), Itoport Zoiil. (thin, Itlll, IKIH, Ohio River.
Vitroionia iiiKdiiiihiliii, Aiihott, Pror. Ac. Nut. Sri. Philn., 18»iO, 1)05, Sturgeon Pond, Trenton,
New Jersey.
Chato'rii»u»rtimlMmui, GCntiikh, Out., vil, i()!l, 18ti8.
Doroiomd cepeilianinn, .loitDAN A Gimiert, SyiiopmH, 271, 18H3,
Represented along coast and in lower courses of rivers of Texas by
«77a. DOROSONA CKPKniANUN KXILK, Jordan i<k Gilbert.
Body elongate, the depth about one-third the length, (exilia, slender.)
DoroMmiii ivpiilimiiiiii fxile, .Ioim>an & GiLiiKiiT, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mu8., 1882, 585, Galveston.
(Type, No. :jOi)i;j. Coll. .rordan.)
078. DOKOKOMA NKXIOANUM (GUnthor)
Head 3;V; depth 2J; eye 4. D. 14; A. 25; scales 40-13. Maxillary
extending to below front of eye, which is equal to snout; jaws oiiiuil.
Dorsal inserted just behind ventrals, its iilanieut reaching end of anal;
nine scutes behind ventrals. Silvery, with a small black humeral Hii«t.
East coast of Mexico. (Giinther.)
Chatu'tsma iiiexicnnni, GCnthkr, Cut., vil, 40!», 18()8, Mexico. (t^U. M. Salle.)
Dorosoma mexicamim, Jocdan & Giluert, SyuupsiH, 887, 1883.
.'Wr':^
Jordan and F.vermann, — Fishes of North America, 417
A7». nOBOSON.i l>KTKNKNHK (Olliithor).
Kmidn}; depth L>} ; uyu 3i D. 14 or 15; A. 2U to 23; lateral liiin 40.
M:iAilliiry «^\t«ui(liiiK to Indow flout of oyo, which Im longer thau Hiiout;
|aw!4 t)(|tiiil. Doittal iii>««irt(Ml Hlightly in advaiico of vtnitralH and iioaror
ti|i of Hiiuiit than luiHO of caudal, itH lllaniunt ruaching ond of anal ; 12
Hi'iittm liiihind vutitralH. Silvury, witii a Hinali, round black ininiural
Hliiit. Luko I'oten, Yucatan. (diiinthur.J
CW"MIi»|iW<;m«m««, OOnthkh, Cat., vii, 408, iHtiH, Lake Peten, Yucatan. (<;oll. .><alvlii.)
Family LXI. CLUPEIU/K.
(TiiK Ukuhi.vus.)
Body oblong or elongate, nioro or Iosh conipruHsod, oovero»' with cycloiu
or {luctinatud Hcalou. Holly Honu;tiiueH rounded, Bonietin>o»« coiupieHNod,
iu which caHO it in ttftuu lunied with bony H«>rratureH. Head naked,
nsuaily conipresHtd. Mouth rather large, terminal, the jawH about
ei|iiiii; maxilliiricH forming the lateral m.trgiuH of the upper Jaw, each
cuiiipoHud of about threu pieccH. PremaxillaricH not protractile; teeth
iiuiH'ly small, often feeble or wanting, variounly arranged. Adipose eye-
lid prtNent or absent, (iill rakers long and slender; gill membranes not
coTii.fctod, free from the isthmus. No gular plate, (tills 1, a slit behind
the fourth. Hrauchiostegals usually few (G to 15). Posterior lower part
of opercular region often with an angular emargination, the tips of the
larger branchiostegals being abruptly truncate. Pseudobranchiie pres-
ent. No lateral line. Dorsal tin median or somewhat posterior, rarely
wanting. No adipose flu. Ventrals moderate or snuvll (wanting in Vrxn-
tiiianlrr). Anal usually rather long ; caudal flu forked. Vertebne 40 to
50. (ionera ai)out30; species 150; inhabiting all seas, and usually swim-
luiii;; iu iumiense schools ; many species ascend fresh waters, and some
reiiiaiu there permanently. The northern and fresh-water species, as in
many other families, difler from the tropical forms in having a larger
uumlier of vertebral segments. (Clupeichv, groups Clupvina and Dus-
mmkrllna, Giiuther, Cat., VII, 413-4G7, 1868.)
Dr.-siMiKiiiiN.v.:
(I. licUy roiindt'd, coveroil with ordinary gcalos; suppleinontal bouos of maxillary very nar-
iiiw; iiiial fill Hliort.
h. Vciitntl 8iuall; tuoth small, iioniatuut, oq juwri, vomer, i>alutine8, pturygoidn, aad
tllllgllU.
('. Scales of breast not forming a corselet.
il. Species very cimall, with tho teeth minute; a silvery lateral band; the dorsal
short, of 11 fo 10 rays; ventrals inserted nearly under its front.
.Ienkinhia, 203.
dd. Species of moderate si/e, with moderate teeth; no silvery lateral bund; the
dorsal long, of 18 to 20 developed rays; tho ventrals lnsorte(? much behind
dorsal, much nearer b.ue of caudal than tip of snout. ETKi;MEVri, 204,
CO. Scales of breast adherent, forming a ventral corselet, which covers tho closed
pectoral fins, except the upper edge and tip. Peukinsia, 2U5.
na. IW'lly compressed, armed with bony serrue; supplemental bones of maxillary broad.
l'. x. A. 28
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Cmipkina;:
c. Aiiiil flu nidilariitn, of 1ft tn 25 rays; doixal InHertciI nearly opposite viintrnlH.
/. Seal)'" with tlioir pustuiiur niiir)!iii8 ontiru and roumlud; iiitcstinul ciiiial of iiKiileiat^'
length.
(/. Tjant ray of dorHal not produced.
h. Verteltrio ahont H\ in number (Ki to .10); Bp<!<ipH of nortliern rof^ions.
1. Voinor with teeth; ventral Hcutes weak, ventralH bolow middle of iloi-.il;
vertelirie 50 to SO. Ci.ii'Ea, jim;.
it. Vomer witliout toetli.
j. Ventral Bcuteg very weak, tlie holly 'loro or lewi rounded; vcit' line
iilioiit .52; ventrals under middle uf dorsal. Cmtanoimin', ..(iT.
Xj, Ventral Heutes Btronj?, tho holly oMpreSHed; vertnliriK 40 to 50; mh-
trills Ixdow or Hli^htly heliind front of dorHal.
A'. I'remax'UarieH inei^tiuK at a largi! angle, ko that tho ti|i ot iii'i^t
jaw does uot appear to ho notched: cheeks longer than dccii.
I'OMoi.oni s, 'ios.
AA-. Premaxillarics meeting in front at a very acute angle, so tluit the
omarginati^ front of the njiper jaw receivcH tho slendcT ti|i(if
the lower; fore part of cheeks very doej), deeper than Iniif;;
jaws toothless. Alosa, i;0!).
/(/(. Vurtol>rn! abimt 42 (40 to 44); tropical species with the scales large aiul
usually tirmly attached; veutrais iuserted under middle of dorsal; adiiKiso
eyelid obsolete. Saiidinf.i.i.a, ^10.
</(/. Iiast ray of dorsal pro:'ucod in a long filament; scales large, not firmly attailicd;
otherwise essentially as in Vlmniiioddti. Oi'ISthonkma, '.ll.
ff. Scales with their jjopterior margins vertical, and pectinate or tinted; head very liiri;c;
uo teeth; intestines elongate; herbivorous. Bbevooutia, :;12.
rBlSTIOASTEUIN/l-: :
ee. Anal liu very long, of more than 30 rays ; dorsal tin iuserted Ixdiind ventrals.
I. Teeth not all villiform ; lioth jaws with strong canines ; veutrais present, very siiiall.
OuiUOCENTUOIMiN, •Jlii.
U. Teeth all villiform ; no canines.
III. Ventral fins present. Ilisua, 'Jl I.
vim. A'entral tins wanting.
ti. Dorsal fin present, inserted behind fron* of anal ; belly not very coiivix in
outline.
0. Maxillary not greatly produced backward, uot extending behind e,e.
OriSTiioi'TKiii s, 215.
00. Maxillary much produced backward, extending behind eye.
OnONTIMlNATIUS, 2IC.
mi. Dorsal flu inserted in front of anal ; maxillary short ; abdomen exii~siMly
convex in profile, so that the body is very deep. PiiiSTJOASlF.h, 217.
:«03. JENKINSIA, Jurdau &, Evermauu.
Jeukiiisia, JonnAN & Kvermann, new genus, {slolifcra).
Very small species, closely allied to Elnniienn, but withminnte toetli and
a cilvery lateral band; ihe dorsal with leg" than eighteen rays, tlic veu-
trais inserted below or just behind i*;. American. (Named for Dr. Oliver
Peebles Jenkins, Professor of Physioiogy in Jieland Stanford Junior Uni-
versity, in recognition of his work on the fishes of Mexico iiml the
Hawaiian Islands.)
a. Dorsal inserteda little nearer caudal than tip oi snout, the ventrals just behind it ; durpal
rays about 10 ; anal 11. aitminata, i'iSU.
aa. Dorsal inser'od midway between snout and biise of caudal; dorsal riiysl4 ; anal l"i.
lABU'ROTl-MA. lirtl.
aaa. Doi'sal inserted nearer snout than base of caudal; dorsal rays 11; anal 17. stoliFKHa, t>82.
m
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 419
«80. JKNKINSIA ACUJIINATA (Gilbort).
Head 3i; deptL fi; eye 4]. D. 16 or 17; A. 10 or 11; scales about 00.
I$(»(ly Hlciuler, the holly rounded. Eye small, Ij iu snout in specimens of
1 1 inches m length; snout acuminate, as lung as maxillary, 3 in head.
Tt'i-tli evident in both jaws and on maxillary, vomci, and palatines.
Front of dorsal nearer base cf caudal than tip of snout ; veutrals inserted
ht'irmd dorsal, slightly nearer base of caudal than biiijc of pectoralb.
TiauHlncent, with a faint trace of a narrow lateral silvery band, above
wliicli is a line of dark specks; black specks on bases of vertical tins.
Length 1^ inches. Gulf of California, at 22 fathoms. (Gilbert.)
Briimem luuiinmilui, GiLUEUT, rrcii'. U. S. Nat. MiiB., 18'J0, 5C, Gulf of California. (Cull.
GilbtTt.)
681. JKNKINKIA LAMPROT.KNIA (Gosxe).
Head 3J ; depth 6. D. 14; A. 15. Snout conical, as long as eye; Jaws
even. Maxillary narrow, reaching fror t of eye; minute teeth on Jaws,
vomer, and palatines. Front of dorsal midway between tip of snout and
hiitso of caudal ; ventrals below- its posterior half. A well-defined silvery
latfial band. Jamaica. (Giinther.) (?.aw7rpof, shining; ranm, band.)
Cli'iirii hwiprotiriiia, GosBE, Naturalist's Sojourn Janiait'a, 291, i;l. 1, lig. 2, 1861, Jamaica.
(SimilMmlt.,) Uimprotienia, GCntiieu, Cat., vil, 4G5 18C8.
«82. JESKIXSIA STOLIFERA (Jordan A Gilbert).
Head 3}; depth 5^; eye Li. D. 11; A. 17; scales caducous, about 36.
Body elongate, slender, moderately compressed. Snout sharp, tapering,
the Jaws e(iual, the maxillary 2J in head, reaching slightly beyond front
of I'yo. Teeth minute, evident in both jaws. Eye large. Dorsal high,
inserted at a point slightly nearer snout than base of caudal ; ventrals
under fourth dorsal ray, nearly half head, and slightly sliorter than pec-
torals. Translucent green ; sides with a silvery band as in Stolephoruti,
one-fonrth depth of body, a little broader than pupil; a double row of
dots along back befoie dorsal and a single row behind ; fins i)ale. Length
2 inches. Gulf of Mexico from Key West to Yucatan. A small silvery
fisli, very abundant in schools iu the surf with Stolephorua hrownii, a spe-
cies it nuich resembles in form and coloration, ((jro.l//, stole, a stole or
wl'ite l)aud worn by priests ; ftro, I bear.)
Dussiimiiriii ainlifira, Jour.AN Si Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 1884, 25, Key West. (Typo,
No. M'JtA. Coll. Jordan.)
204. ETRUMEUS, Hleeker.
Elrmiiciii>, BiEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen., xxv, Ja^^-^n, 58, 1853, {miaopiiit, a .Tapaneso species).
Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, the abdomen rounded and
without serratures. Mouth terminal, of moderate width, formed as in
Cltipru, but the maxillary more slender. Teeth moderate, in patches on
ja\v8, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue. Scales cycloid, entire, very
deciduous. Brunchiostegals numerous, very slender. Ventrals inserted
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pobteriorly, entirely behind dorsal; the dorsal iiu ratbor long, of IH to JO
rays; anal low, of moderate leugtb. rseudobrancbiie well devulopt il ;
pyloric ca;ca numerous. No silvery lateral stripe. Few species. AsiiUic
aud American. {^Ikan Etrumei, a Japanese name o£ Eh'timetta miaopuH.)
«88. KTIIUMEUS SADINA (Mitchill).
(RovND Herrina.)
Head 4; deptb 6. D. 18; A. 13. Body terete and fusiform. Montli
small, maxillary reaching front of orbit. Vomerine teeth present. Kyu
large, equal to snout. Fins all very small, the ventrals entirely boliiml
dorsal ; the dorsal inserted considerably nearer tip of snout than baisc of
caudal. Axillary scales very long. Olivaceous above, silvery on Hides
and below, no distinct lateral band. Length 10 inches. Cape Cod tu
the Gulf of Mexico, on sandy shores ; not rare southward. (Sadiiia. a
diminutive from Shad ; Mitchill called the fish the " New York Shadiuu.")
Clupea sadina, MiTCiiiLi,, Trans. Lit. anil Phil. Soc, i, 1815, 457, New York.
Aloiatereit, De Kay, New York Fauna : Fishes, 2t;2, 1842, New York.
Elrumem teres, QCnther, Cat., vii, 467, 18C8; Jokdan & GiiuiUT, Syuopsis, 20l\ 1883.
205. PERKINSIA, Kosa Smith Eigenmaun.
Ferl-imia, Rosa Smith Kioenmann, Amer. Nat., February, 1891. 15.1, (olhonojys).
Like Etrumens, except that the pectoral and ventral fins are shieldiMl,
the scales of the breast adherent, forming a ventral buckler, which covers
the closed pectoral lins, leaving only the dorsal edge and the extreme li])
of the fins visible ; the closed ventrals likewise slip under a poslei ior
buckler; axillary scales very large, that of pectoral extending nearly to
its tip, that of ventral reaching slightly farther than the fin. Ciuidiil
deeply forked, the lateral scales extending continuously on the centci- of
the tin almost to margin of middle rays. Adipose eyelid covering tlie
eye wholly without pupillary slit. One species, from California. (Named
for Hon. George C. Perkins, then governor of California, a patioii of
scientific investif^atiou. )
684. PERKIXSIA OTHONOPS, R. 8. Eigenmann.
Head 4 ; depth 5 ; eye 3. D. 17 ; A. 10 ; scales 50. Head compressed
forward ; eye longer than snout ; interorbital space 4^ in head. Occiput
with ridges forming a W, the top of head with a lanceolate, depressed
area anteriorly, a median ridge and a triangular area between it and
anterior pan of the W. Maxillary 3 in head, not reaching pupil, ilio
supplemental bone very narrow. Cheeks, opercles, and humeral nealo
with branching mucous canals; isthmus triangular, the gill covers not
emarginate below. Scales large, deciduous. Teeth as in Etrumcun fKtdina.
Pseudobranchia3 exposed Gill rakers long and slender. Insertion of dor-
sal midway between tip of snout and end of anal ; anal small. Ventrals
short, 3^ in head, entirely behind dorsal ; pectorals If. Steel-blue, sides
silvery; upper fins dusky; ventrals with median dusky blotch; inner
surface of pectorals blackish. Length 12 inches. Point Loma, Suu
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 421
Ditjjo ; one specimen known. (Eigenmann.) Evidently very close to
i:iiiiiiieii8 and Dmaumieria. {(Mvj)j veil; w^', eye.)
i;,i.msi(i uthimopi, Ru8A Smith Kiognmann, Amer. Nat., 18»1, 153, San Diego, California.
206. CLUPEA (Artedi) Linntvus.
(Herrings.)
(7i.,.<..i (AnrEDi) Linn.f.US, S.VRt. Nut., Kd. x, nriH, :n7, {hnrengim).
;/. ;/.„Mi, (^ivinn* Vai.encienneh, Hint. Nat. Poiss,, xx, IW), 1847, (n/h-i, "the M'hitobait," tlio
viiiini: of /mi'('H;/((«).
irilo lleriinga with the hody elongate, nnnierons vertobra*, the ventral
sciiatuieH weak, and an ovatg patch of Bniall but persistent teeth on the
vdiiuT. The few species belong to the northern seas, where the number
(il individuals is inordinately great, exceeding perhaps those of any other
giiniH of fishes. Not anadromous, spawning in the sea. (C?Mj>ert, herring.)
II I'm'IIv Hcrrntn both Iwfuro uud t)ehiii(l ventraU ; unal rayR 17. harf.niivs, 685.
ii'i. Di'lly Hurmte behiiul ventral)* only ; anal rays about 14. pallasii, USC.
«8r>. CLUPKA HAItKNUUS, Linnoiua.
(Common IIf.rrino.)
Head 4i; depth 4i; eye 4. D. 18; A. 17; lateral line 57; ventral
Hciiti's 28 -f 13; vertebra? 56. Hotly elongate, compressed. Scales loose.
Ciict'ks longer than high, the junction of the mandible and preopercle
uiiiIl'v middle of eye. Maxillary extending to middle of eye ; upper jaw
lint t'liiarginate ; lower jaw much projecting. Vomer with an ovate patch
lit' Niiiall permanent teeth ; palatine teeth minute, if present; tongue with
sniali teeth ; jaws with or without minute teeth. Gill rakers very long,
tine, and slender, about 40 on the lower part of the arch. Eye longer than
Niiout. Dorsal inserted rather behind middle of body, in front of ven-
tials. Pectorals and ventrais short; anal low. Abdomen serrated in
front of ventrals as well as behind, the serratures weak. Bluish; silvery
liclow, witli bright reilections. Peritoneum dusky. Length 16 inches.
Ninth Atlantic Ocean; abundant on the coasts both of Europe and Amer-
ica, cliietly north of Cape Hatteras where it is known as Labrador her-
linu; the young are canned as sardines at Eastport, Me., and elsewhere.*
Spawns in the sea. (Eu.) {harengits, low Latin for Herring, the word
allied to the German Heer, army, a fish that swims in armies.)
r/ii;..,! hatriigitit, LiNN,i;vs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 317, Seas of Europe; GCNTiiEn, Cat.,
VII, 11.'), lSii8 ; .ToHDAN AOiuiERT, Synopsis, 2(>'>, 1883.
('l,i]„iiif<ii, Waliiaim, Artedi, Pise, iii, 30, 1792, English Whitebait.
(Viiy,,,, inriuhriin, Pai.lah, Zoogr. KosH.-Asiat., in, 211, 1811, Baltic Sea.
i/ii;.i.( Imin; MiTiHiLL, Tiaus. Lit. and Phil. Soc, i, 1815, 451, New York.
0;i-„ ,-,7(,(/ii, Mnc'iiii.L, I c, 45C, New York.
Cl'ijini rnriilen, Mm-lllLL, I. c, 457, 1815, New York.
CI/171.. I vhmijatii, Lk SuEi r, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1817, 234, Massachusetts.
♦Till' liiTriiig iR abuudunt only to tho north of Cape Cod. Ml. W. C. Kondall reports that
it is .riiisioniilly taken about Fortress Monroe. It is rare on the coast of Maryland, being,
accorJiiig to L'hler and Lugger, more common after a severe winter.
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CTM;if.i hiln'iti,, CiTvrF.n, Rrgnu Anini., Kd. 2, Vol. ii, ;118, 1829, Whitobait,
Oliijiiit leitrhi, Yaiikkij., Zool. .loiini., v, 1H29, 277, \A. 12, England.
CHiiiimtniiiiiiiii, (I'FrK) Stuhkr, Itopf. Fioli. Mims., ll;i, IH.'JO, New Hampshire.
Chipea lim-olatu, (UjviER.k Vai.knciknnes, IliHt. N«t. I'oiBH., XX, 25t), 1h47, locality unknown.
liojjenia aWa, (Ji'ViKii A Valknciennkh, the yoiinn fcirm kuownati Whitebait, England.
«86.''CLUPEA PALIiASII, Ciivior A Vale:icionno8.
(('Ai.iFniiNiA Ilr.nRiNn.)
Head 4^; depth 4. D. IfJ; A. 14; lateral line 52. Lower Jaw 8tron<,'l\-
projectiiif; ; uppiir Jaw not oinarginato. Holly Hcarcely coniproHNod in
front of ventralH, Korrato only l»«tw«on vontrals and anal. Gill riiktiH
very long and slender. Vomerine teeth weaker than in C. liuniKinH;
nsnally a few teeth on tongne and preniaxillary. Vertebrin also fowor,
30 -f 20 = 50. InHertion of dorsal Hlijjlitly nearer front of eyo than luiso
of candal. lUuihh above; sides and ht'low silver}'; peritonenni diinkv.
Length 18 inches. Pacific Coast from Kamchatka to San Diego; very
simihar to C. haretigua, and eqnally abundant. Not entoriig rivers soiitli-
ward. (Named for Petrtis Simon Pallas, of St. Petersburg, naturiilist
and explorer, author of the excellent Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, 1811.)
Clnpea hnrriiguf, Viir., Pallas, Zoogr. Roi<8o.-A.''iat., Ill, 2(iii, 1811, Kamchatka.
Chipni}iallii.iii, (irviEK * Valencienmes, Hint. Nut. Poiss., xx, 2ra, 1847, Kamchatka; luiBcd on
PalliisV speciinoiiR.
Chipiii viirahilin, OiiiAKP, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila., 1854, 138, San Francisco; GCntiikh, Cat.,
VII, 418, 18t;S; .I.iKitAN A- (iii.iiEUT, SyiiopsiH, 'ir<r>, 1S8.X
Spmlellnideii hriioimrua, CopE, Proc. Aincr. Philus. Soc, 1873, 25, Sitka; .Jordan & GiiiiKnT, Syiiop-
Bis, 204, 1883.
207. CLUPANODON, Lacdpiide.
(TiJUK Sardines.)
Clupanndo)!, TiArf:pflPE, Hist. Nnt. Poiss., v, 468, 180.1, {pikhardus, etc.).*
Thriftn, Rafinesque, .Viialyse de la Nature, \SV>, 88; Bubstituto for Clupauodou, regarded as an
objoctionablo namo.
Sardinia, Poey, Mpiiiorias, ii, 311, 18C0, {pseudohiiipanica).
This genus is close to Clupea, which it resembles in the elongate I'orni
and weak ventral serratures. Vomer toothless, the teeth in the J.iwh
mostly weak. Scales thin, deciduous. Adipose eyelid present. (Jill
rakers very numerous. Species about 6, chielly confined to the two ttMii-
perate zones, all closely related to the European Sardine, Clupanodou pil-
chardus, and agreeing with it in the rich and delicate flesh ; less linn
than that of related species, and much richer in oil. Species marine, not
* "Six species are referred l)y LacApude to this (renus [Chipanodon], viz: lliritisa, L., (rt/isrto-
neina, Oill), mwica, Lac., (ikisks, Rlocli), [Dorosoma, Rat'.), pilchardim, L., {Sardinia, Poey), fiiiiKsis,
It., {Cliipeonia, 0. & V.), a/i-iVdiiits, Bloch, {Pellona, C. & V.), JHxsieu, Lac, (Cliipconia, C. \. V.).
One of these, Pi'Uona africana, does not confarm to tlie deflnitioii and sliould lie exrlmled.
All tlio others (except Dorosoma jiosim) are very clowly related and are probably all repicsciita-
tives of sections of the genus Clupea, rather than of distinet genera. The name Chiptiii<"l"ii is
prior to all of these and must take the place of one of them. So far as we know it has never
been formally restricted. It sc-eins to us bettor to consider C. jiissieui as the type of Cliquiiioihn
and to substitute Chipanodon for Chipcnnia." — {,)ordan i(- Gilhei't, I. c).
Inasmuch as the genus Sardinia is of later date than any of the others included under r/ii-
panodou, the name Clnpanodon must be used for its type instead of letting it take the place u( Clu-
pemiia as above suggested. This arrangement accords with the views of Dr. Gill.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
423
lUiadroniouB. Very close to Pomolobi(a, an iilao to Clupca, and perhaps the
tliroc h1h)u1(1 bo rouiiitod. {Clupta , Xwxv'nxg ', /n'ofSoiif, without teeth; this
^(timH bein^ supposed to ditter from Clupia by the absence of teeth.)
II. Opi'rrlcH roiiHpiriKiUHly Btriiito; side witli a RorlcH nf round black ajKitH dii level nf oyn, thcHo
(it)Hnlitt«< with a^e; no ti'(^tli in Juwh. Oaliforniii. C/I^kiii.kiih, 087.
nr.. OperrlcHKcari'oly Ntriittu; Hiilux without block H|)otM; ininutd tuoth on tonKUo unit lower Juw.
West ImliuU. I'HEl'UOlllHl'ANK'UH, 088.
/
«87^CLUPANODON CJ'lRIIIiKIIK (OiranI).
(Oai.ii'ornia SARniNR.)
lload 1 ; depth 5. D. 11; A. 17; lateral lino 53; Hcutes 18 + 14. Verte-
lnii' about .~>0. liody slender, subfiiHiforni, Hleuderer and Iuhh compressed
tliaii u lierrinju;, the back rather broad. Ventral serratiiros very weak.
Maxillary reaching nearly to middle of eye. Adipose eyelids present,
each covering nearly ^ of eye. Mandible little projecting, the tip
iiicliiilcd. No teeth in mouth, (jrill rakers longer than eye, very slender
anil numerous, close-set, some 50 or 00 on lower limb of arcli. Opercle
truncate behind, the edge vertical, the upper half with conspicuoas
liianching tubes and strias the lower with about 7 long striae extending
downward and backward' top of head with bony striie. A frill of
enlarged scales with dendritic striie about n.ape and shoulder. Insertion
of dorsal considerably nearer snout than base of caudal. Dorsal small,
ItH free edge concave; pectorals and ventrals with sheathing scales;
anal Huiall and low, its last two rays enlarged, forming a sort of finlet.
Daik-bluish above; silvery below ; a series of round black spots on the
level of the eye, running backward, bounding the dark color of the back ;
Hiniilar smaller spots above, forming lines along the rows of scales; these
sjiotH sometimes obscure or wanting, especially in old examples ; tip of
lower jaw yellow; lower part of dorsal yellowish; peritoneum black.
FIchIi darker than that of the herring and more oily. Length 12 inches.
Pacnlic Coast from Puget Sound to Magdalena Bay ; abundant on Cali-
fornia coast; spawning in the sea. An excellent food-fish. It resembles
tlie European Sardine {Cliipaiiodon pilchardua), but has no teeth, and the
belly is less strongly serrate. We have not been able to compare the
California Sardine with Clupanodon augax* from Chili, {civruleus, blue.)
MnlMa onni/ca.f GiRABi), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. ?hila., 1854, 138, San Francisco.
Almm fnUf,mih-ii, GiM,, I'roc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Pliila., 1802, 281, California.
CUiitra .s((;/i(j, Gl'NTiiEn, Cat., vii, 443, 1868; not of Jenyns;! Jordan k Gilbert, SynopBis, 966,
1883.
«88. CLUPANODON PSEUDOIIISPANICUS (Poey).
(Sardina de EsPAf^A, Bano.)
Head 4 ; depth 3J to 4^ ; eye 3|. D. 16; A. 16; scales about 45. Ver-
tebral 46 to 48. Body slender, little compressed, the belly scarcely cari-
* Vi'ry few specii'H of Rhore flshes are, however, common to the fiiunn- of California and Chili,
and as this Bardineia not found on tho intervening coust of Mexico, it is best to retrard cwrulea
as distinct from satjiix until [lositively shown to be identical.
t'l'liu name cremhti is preoccupied in C'lupea, but not in Cliipanodon.
t ('liipra samix, Jentns, Zciil. Beagle, Fishes, 134, 1842, Lima, San Lorenzo Island; Alota
mrntici. Giraru, U. S. Nav. Astr. Exped., 246, 1865, Chili; Alosa flmbriiUa, Kneb & Steinuaciiner,
S. A. K. Wiss. Wion, 1866, f. 15, Chili.
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Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
nated, its ecntes not prominent; mouth small, the maxillary not (inito
reaching pupil, 2? in head ; gill rakers very long, slender, and ninncron-i,
30 to 40 below angle, the longest f eye. Lower jaw with a few feelilo
teeth ; "ome minute teeth on tongue. Cheeks much longer than deep,
their '1«pth helow eye | eye. Adipose eyelid well developed. Opordo
with very faint striir, preoperclo with very few. Caudal well fork<<l,
the lower lobe as long as head and a little longer than the upper; vfii-
trals inserted nearly below middie of dorsal, a little nearer base of caudal
than tip of snout ; pectoral IJ in head, a conspicuous sheath of scaloH at
base. Color bluish, with no distinct markings, sides golden and silvery ;
peritoneum dusky ; opercle dusky within. Intestine 1^ length of body.
Length 8 inches, (iulf of Mexico; abundant about Cuba, and not ran*
in rather deep water off Pensacola and Tampa; also occasionally nortii-
ward as far as Cape Cod; sometimes taken in abundance at Woods Ifoll,
Mass. (William C. Kendall.) Closely allied to the European Sardine or
pilchard {Chipanodon pUchardus, L.), but distinguished by the absence of
radiating striio on the opercles, these conspicuous in the true Sardine.
(ipEVfVi/c, false; lanaviKog, Spanish; the false Spanish Sardine.)
Sardinia ineuiXohiKpanica, ToKY, MomoriaB, ii, 311, 18G0, Cuba; QOntiieu, Cat., vii, 442, Isr.S;
JoiiDAN k GiMiKiiT, SjiKipsis, 887, 1883.
Clupea pseuduhiiqiaHica, Kendall & Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xiv, 1804, 17.
208. POMOLOBUS, Raflnesque.
(Alewives.)
Pomohhm, RAFlNERQrE, Iclith. Oli., 38, 1820, {chrynochloriji).
Spmfellii, Ciivir.n & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 'dHO, 1847, (;)Kmi7n = young of Chii'tn
»})mlltis).
Melelld, CuviEH & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 366, 1847 (vulgnris = ipratlm).
Alatmlla, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 18G1, 35, (jtarntla = i>sciidoharengm).
Body oblong, more or less compressed. Mouth moderate, terminal, tlie
jaws about equal, or the lower projecting, the upper scarcely notciicd
at tip. Teeth feeble, variously placed, probably never wholly absent;
mandibles very deep at base, shutting within the niaxillaries. (»ill
rakers more or less long and slender, numerous. Adipose eyelid present.
Scales thin, cycloid, deciduous, entire, rounded posteriorly. Cheeks
with the free portion longer than deep. Dorsal fin rather short, ne.Tily
median, beginning in advance of ventrals, its posterior ray not pro-
longed in a filament ; ventral present ; anal moderate. Belly compressed,
strongly serrated before and behind ventrals. Flesh rather dry and poor.
less oily than in Chipanodon. Vertebrie 46 to 55 in number, usually "lO.
Species numerous, mostly anadromous, the typical species confined to
the northern seas, and mostly anadromous. All the northern species
agree in having a larger number of vertebrse than is found in the trojii-
cal species which constitute the genus Sardinella. If this rule holds
with the species in other regions, probably those tropical forms usually
referred to Clupea, constituting the subgenus Eowala, etc., should be
regarded as distinct alike from Clupea and Pomolo'bua. Fomolobus is very
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 426
close to Clupea, with whicli it may perliapR need to l>e reunited. It
Nccins to na beHt to regard the true herrint;, shad, alewife, and sardine as
(liKtiiict generic groups, although the characters of the dentition on
wiiich Valenciennes chietly relied for distinction have scarcely any value.
(t(.i/(«, opercle; ^o/3of, lobe.)
(I. Toctli in jiiWH |)r(wont, those on tip of both jaws mostly ponistont; ndipofio oyolid ii)o<lorato;
IxritonciiiM pale. ciibvhochlobis, 080
m. Tei'lli in JawH (liBApiM'aring witli ngo,
h. PiTitimcnni pnlo.
c. II«i»(l lonK, al)()Ut 4 in length ; form rather cllii'.ticnl. MroiocRiH, C90.
cc. Ileiid shorter and lieavicr, about 4V, in length ; body heavier forward.
l'8KVI>nilAI(EN(llIK, fi!)1.
hh. rorifoneum black ; fins low. jebtivalis, 092.
eSO. POMOIiOBI'S niRTSOCHLORIS, nanncsque.
(Skipjack ; IIlve IIerrinq.)
Head 3J; depth 3f ; eye shorter than snout, 4^^ in head. D. 16; A. 18;
liiti'ial lino 52; ventral scutes 20-|-13. Body elliptical, highest near the
uiiddlu, much compressed. Head rather slender and pointed, its upper
piotile straight. Lower jaw strongly projecting, its tip entering the pro-
file; upper jaw emurginate; preniaxillary, and often tipof lower jaw, with
nKidt-rate-sized persistent teeth ; maxillary large, reaching to opposite
postfuior part of eye. Eye large, well covered by adipose eyelid. Fins
iiKxlprate. Caudal peduncle slender, the caudal widely forked. Gill rakers
coiiiparatively few, short, stout, and coarse, about 23 below the angle of
tiio arch. Opercles with radiating and branching striae. Brilliant blue
above ; sides silvery, with golden reflections ; no dark spots behind opercle.
Pciitoui'um pale. Length 15 inches. Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi
Valli'.v ; abundant ; resident in all the larger streams, and introduced
tliioiigh the canals into Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. A handsome fish,
but worthless for food, as it is lean and bony. As ordinarily seen, it is
8tii( tly a fresh-water species, but in the Gulf of Mexico, in rather deep
water, specimens of large size and excessively fat, are taken. (xpva6g,
gold; ;t'/w/)of, green.)
Vntiinhilms chrysocMorii, Rafinesqtte, Ichth. Oh., 38, 1820, Ohio River.
Mfhii'i miirii, Ci'viER & Valenciennes, liist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 375, 1847, Wabash River.
tViijicii chrytoclilorit, JORDAN & Gii-bert, Synopsis, 200, 1883.
690. POMOLOBIJS MEUIOCKIS (I itchill).
(Hickory Shad; Tailob Hehrinq; Fall Herring; Mattowacca.)
Head 1 ; depth 3^. D. 15 ; A. 21 ; lateral line 50 ; ventral scutes 20 + 16.
Head comparatively long, the profile straight and not very steep, form
more elliptical than in the others, and less heavy forward. Lower jaw
cousiderably projecting ; upper jaw emarginate. Opercles rather less
eniaifjjinate below and behind than in P. paeudoharengiis. Fins lew ; dor-
sal tin inserted nearer snout than base of caudal. Bluish silvery; sides
^itli rather faint longitudinal stripes. Peritoneum pale. Length 24
incbos. Cape Cod to Florida ; rather common ; not highly valued as a
food-dsh; not ascending streams to spawn, {mediooris, mediocre.)
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Bulletin 47, Uniti-d States National Museum.
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Clwpcrt meiXU^tti, MiT( hill, Traud. Lit. nnd Plill. Six-. N. Y., t, 1816, 4r.O, New York ; J ii-
DAN k QlMIRItT, .Syilo]INi8, '^I'lti, 1883.
C7uj)ea jii(i«()ic.icc(i, MiTCHiLL, X. c, I, 1816, 461, jil. 6, fig. H, New York ; OCntiikii, Ctic, mi,
4;i8, 1808.
t Clupea jHirvula, MiTniiLi,, I. r., 1, 1816, 462, New York.
f Cliipeii pimilUt, MiTciiiM., I. c, I, 1K16, 4.')2, New York.
Chijwii fiiHiiiiia, liKSiti'.i'it, .Tourii. Ac. Niit. Sri. I'liila., i, 1818, 2:i3, Massachusetts.
Alomi liiiiaia, Stoiifu, I'roc. Host. 8oi'. Nat. IliHt., II, 1847, 242, Massachusetts ; Stokeii, II Ut
FiHiii'H MnHH., 1(;2, 18(17.
Cltipea virtfcent, Dk Ka>, New York Fauna : FUlios, 242, 1812, New York.
AOiyi'O.MOLOItrS l>SKi:i»OIIAKK><JrS (WilHoii).
(Al.RWIFF. ; ItRANCII IIkKIUNiI : CiAHI'F.RKAl' ; WaLL-EVF.I> IIrIIKINci; Itlll-liYRI) MKnillNil;
El.l.WIFE.)
Head 4S ; depth 3^ ; eye 3^. I). 16 ; A. lit ; lateral line 50 ; scutes 21 + U.
Body rather deep and compreHsed, heavy forward. Head short, lUMiily
as deep as long, the profile somewhat steep and slightly depreHHcd
above the nostrils. Maxillary extending to posterior nuirgin of pu))ii.
Lower jaw somewhat projecting ; upper jaw eniarginate. Eye hu'^c,
slightly longer than snout. Gill-rakers long, 30 to 40 below the augloof
the arch, shorter and stouter than in .1. Nnitidiasima. Lower lobe of cuiidul
the longer. Dorsal fin high, a little higher than long, its height )U in
length of body. Bluish above; sides silvery, indistinct dark striiicH
along the rows of scales ; a blackish spot behind opercle. Peritoiiciiiii
pale. Atlantic Coast of the United Stales; abundant; entering stroanm
to spawn; also landlocked in the lakes of western New York (var.
lacusiria), and in Lake Ontario where it is excessively abundant ainl
where great multitudes sometimes die in early summer, {tevdi/r, false;
har iigm, herring.)
Clupea 2<'eiidoliartiiijm, Wii.soN, Roes's Kiicycl., ix, nliout 1811, iirol)ably Philadelphia.
Clnpia vmmlin* MiTciiii.i,, Kept. Finlics N. Y., 22, 1814, and in Trans. Lit. & I'liil. Sim-. N. V.,
I, 1815, 454, New York.
Clupea megahpH, Kafinesque, Amor. Monthly Map., 1818, 200, Delaware River.
Melelta venoM, CiiviEtt k Vai-encienneHj Iliht. Nat. I'diss., xx, :!74, ls47. New York.
PomoMms psemhihanwjm hirustriK, JoiiDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. i, 2(15, 1870, Cayuga Lake, New
York; BpociincnH landlocki'd.
Pomnlohm paeudoharetKjvK, Gii.i,, Ropt. V. S. Fish Conini,, I, 1871-72, 811.
PomolohiiH reriialiii, floODE & Hean, IJull. Kshcx Inst., 24, 1879.
Uupea vernalU, Jordan &, Giluebt, Synopsis, 207, 1883.
eoayPOMOLOBUS .KSTIVALIS (Mitchill).
(Glut Herring; Bu'e-back; Ulack-hei.ly; Si'mmeii IlEiiRiNn; Kvaoii; SAw-nEtr.v.l
Head 5; depth 3i. Similar to the preceding, from which it is best dis-
tinguished by the black peritoneum. "Body' more elongate, the fins lower
and the eyes smaller, the back darker. First ray of dorsal not equal to
base of tin. Atlantic Coast, appearing later than the preceding; less
abundant northward, and less valuable as a food-fish, perhaps ranging
farther southward. In the Southern States, more abundant than the
* According to Dr. Gill, the paper of Alexander Wilson in Rces's Cyclopedia, was piililisln'il
b«forel814, the date of MitcbiU's name lemalia. See McDonald in Goodc, Nat. Hist. Aquut.
Anim., 680, 694, 1884.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North Amrrica. 127
pn-cediiiK) fi'«">' whicli few liHltorinon* diHtitiKiiisli it with coitainty.
(ititiixHiliH, uf the Hiimmor.)
riiiif'ii irnliniti', MiTi'iiii.i., Trims. Lit. A Plill. Soc. N. Y., I, IRir., 4'ifi, New York.
,ii i,i ijiiiwiiiiilnii, UTOHV.n, Hint. KIhIi. Miihn,, Hil, lK(i7, Provincetown, Massachusetts,
l;,„nli,bitiiiii>liniliii, CiiiiiKV.ti IlK.VN, Hull. KsHi'X Inst., 21, IK"!».
Cluiifii imliritliii, Jordan A (Jimieiit, !jytu>|>i*iii, U)I7, 18h:I; McDonalk, In lllit. Ai|imt. Aiiiin,,
ri79, 1884.
209. ALOSA, Cnvier.
(TlIK SlIAD.)
Ahi'^i, f'rviEn, nt'cnn Aninml, K<1. 2, 11. 'MO, lH2'.i, ((i/.)«(t),
AI:niMi, CuviKR A Valkni'IRNNkb, IIIhI. Nut. rolHH., x.\, .'iS!), 1847, (fiihjnrif).
I?(Mly <l«cp, conipros8«d, deeper than in related American genera, the
licad also deep, the free portion uf tlio clieeka deeper than long; jaws
wholly toothlees; upi)er Jaw wiili a shar]), de. j notch at tip, tiie pre-
tiiaxillarieH meeting at a very acnto angle. Vertebrn^ 56 (in Alona alomi),
otherwise as in I'omolohux, to which genus Alona is very closely allied.
Spt'oies three, of the North Atlantic, ascending rivers; highly valued
a8 food-fishes, although very full of small bones, the tlesh white and
rich, hut not oily. {Alona, Saxon AIUh, old name of the Enropoau >Shad,
A lorn nlova.)
«9S^ ALOSA KAPIIIISSIMA (WIIboii).
(Common 8iiAi> ; Amf.kican Shad ; Noktii Uivkk Shad ; Potomac Shad. )
lle.ad 4i ; depth 3. D. 1.5 ; A. 21 ; lateral line 60 ; ventral scutes 21 -f 16.
15()(ly comparatively deep. Mouth rather large, the jaws about equal,
thf lower fitting into a notch in the tip of the upper ; no teeth. Preorbital
iiioilerate ; cheeks much deeper than long, the preoperclo extending little
forw.'ird, joining the mandible at a point rather behind the eye. Gill
rakers extremely long and slender, much longer than eye, about 60 below
till' angle of the arch, the ntimber smaller in specimens from the Gulf of
Mexico, which perhaps represent a tangible variety. Fins small ; dorsal
miich nearer snont than base of caudal. Peritoneum white. Hluish
above ; sides white and silvery ; a dark spot behind opercle, and sometimes
several along the line dividing the color of the back from that of the sides ;
axil dusky. Length 2i feet. Atlantic Coast of the United States from
the Mirimachi to the Alabama, ascending rivers in spring to spawn. One
of the most important of our food-fish, of most excellent flavor, though
with many small bones. Also introduced by the United States Fish Com-
iiiisHion on the Pacific Coast, whpre it is now abundant from Monterey
northward. Specimens from the Gulf of Mexico are smaller, and have
shorter and fewer gill rakers, constituting a slight variety, (aapidisaima,
most delicious.)
* "Tlifiir judgment is by no moans infallible, for I havo liad them frequently sort out into
tw(i)iil(s, the fielies which they digtiuguish under these names, and found that their discrimina-
tion was not at all reliable, llie features to whicli they mainly trust in the determination of
/'. ■■iMitiiUf are the bluer color of the back and the greater serration of the ventral ridge," both
of these characters varying with the condition of the Bpecimeu itself. (Qoode.)
W
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Vlttpea Mpiiliifimn, Wimon, In I(«on'ii Nuw ('yRlnpcdin, txg., ti<> |>aglnatliin nor (Into, Imt priur
to 1812, * no locality, but probably Philadelphia; IlAriNKNgcr, Aiiiit. Moiitli. Mnir.,
Vol, II, 1817, 'jori, tributaries of Atlantic Ocean ; .Ihiihan .t <iii.iikiit, Syiici|i«l«, '.!i'>7, Im-:i.
rVii;i<'ii iii>/i,/>'Hii, Mi'rriiii.i., TniiiN. I.lt. A I'lill. Siir. N. V., i, lH|r>, IM, (vi'ry yoiinn), New York.
/|/..«.i;ir/i»M(>i/i«, I)K Kav, Niw York Kiiiiiia: KIhIiok, a.W, |>l. Ifi, 11k. 41, 1842, New York.
AUuu itipiiliimimit, of niuiiy Aiiuiricitii wrltorH,
210. SARDINELLA, Ciivier St. VnloiinionneH.
(8CAI.K1> Sahdinks.)
finnUnrlln, f'rviFn * VAI.rvrirvNrs, IIIh». Nut. PoIhh., x\, 201, IhH, (miriln).
]l(irniiiiilii, Cvwt.u ,\c Vai.kni'IKNnks, IliMt. Nut. I'kIhm., \.\, 2H(t, 1X47, (lnhilii),
CliiiK'iiiiiii, Ci'ViKli .t VAi.t.NciKNNKH, Illfit. Nnt. PoixH., xx, 'Mfi, 1HI7, (jiiuiiiiii),
Kowilfi, Ci'ViKii .t VAlT.NriFNNKM, HlHt. Niit. roliH., XX, Ilfi2, 1H47, (Ihin-iirala :^hiiraT).
Lilf, JoHDAN A KVKIIMANN, lll'W HIlllKCIIIIH, (uliili/ini).
Small liurrintfM of the tropical HcaH, with th« vortohni* in reduced iiiini-
ber, nhoiit 40 to 41, and with the HcalvK lar^e, UHiially firm and udlienni,
often croH8od l»y vertical striae Ventral Bcutes Htron^, 25 to 3."» in iniin-
ber. A'liposo eyelid obHolete. Lower Jaw projectinj^ ; upper jaw mmio-
what einarginate; teeth weak. VentralH inuerted behind front of dorHiil.
Itody coniprcHsed ; cheeks not deep; gill rakerH long and numerous;
otherwiue eaHentially an in FomoIohuH. The genuH S(ir<(hicU<f, an lino
underHtood, covers a wide diversity of forms and may be divisible into
several genera when the anat«>niy of the species is better known. (S(ir-
dinclla, diminutive of Sarditia, a sardine.)
a. Sliln of body without (li«tinct Hilvcry Iiitoriil liiinil; iiioutli moilornto, tlio tooth very hiiiiII,
hilt iH'rnianuut over moot of tho houoH of tho mouth; hcuIoh hirgu and iiHimlly llriii.
Saiuunki.i.a:
b. VuDtriil Hcuto8 33 to 36,
c. Dody Blondor, tho doptb uhoiit V/.^ in lonf^tli; ii hiack oporciilar siiot.
ANCIIOVIA, Ii'.)1.
ce. Itody rather doop, tho dopth about .'I'. J in IoiikIIi; no black oporcnlar 8pot,
CLUI'Kni.A, ('.',ir>.
bh. Spoi'ios linperfoctly dcscribod, ])n>1)ably allied to SimHuMt.
d. Siiciiit anil chiu bhu^k, ai'Icams, iVM.
till, Snout anil chin not black; a black humoral Rpot; Hides with dark strcakH,
uiHiioi'i, i;f)7.
Harenodla (diminutive of Jhremjuii, horriuK):
hhb. Voiitral HCiitoH 2r> to 28; body short aud deop, comprossod, tho scales UHiially with
vertical Btriii",
e. Scales uot very firm and little adherent, so that manyarolotit in preserved oxaiii|iNs;
each scale with four vortical wavy xtriie; ventral scutes about 15 i Hi; >|i'|itli
;iij in leuKtli; eye 2V.j in head; no liumeral spot, kariiina, i'-'<x.
ee. Scales firm aud closely adherent so that few, if any, are lost in preserveil oxain|il<'s;
UHiially a humeral Hpot.
f. Body moderately elongate, tho ventral outline uot strongly arched, tlie iliptli
3^;; to 3g in length.
(J. Head long, 3? in length; eye 2% In head. MACROHilTHAl.MrH, ''.;i;».
(jg. Head di'cp, 4 in length; eye ',i in head. tiiuissina, Till,
jr. Body deep, the ventral outline arched, forming an even curve from hiiouI to
vout, the depth 2% to 3; bead 3J in lengtli; eye Zy{^ in head.
Hl'MRRAI.18, 701.
* Dr, Gill writes " The copy I have before me ia in the original binding and has ' Thuuias
Hnnroe'a Book 1812' on fly leaf."
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
420
l.ii.K I >li>t(l-lll>', '»> IikIIoii liiiiii" Kivi'ii in I'lihilii-tiony In Clufi*aUlf) :
.1,1. 8i<li'H with a viT.v liiNtiiii't liitiTul r^livcry liumi; Krali'H x'ry linn, without vxrtiral iitriii>;
iiiiiiitli vi'ry piiiikll, iilnioit vurtical; teuth miiuli, iicnin mi vuiiior; tip nf niioiit, riiiii,
uiiil upper Hum ilimliy, dtomikua, 7U2.
Subgenus SARDINELLA.
A»4. NAKI>IM:I.I,A AN('IIOVIA(('iivl<'r.V VitlitinioniieH).
Ili'.itl uboiit 1^; ilepth li. I). 10; A. KS. Hotly oloiifrutu ami Nlentlor.
Hciili-H Hiiiuoth, lurgtf, Htriutiul. Siiltuiliital Iioiioh tiiMtly vtuiiiloHo ; teeth uii
toii^iio and palatiiivH, none on voinor; jawH inoHtly tttothhiNH. DuiHal
iirariT Hnoiit than root of caiitlal, tlio vuntralH inuertud Im^Iow itn ihMiIIm,
A liliick Hpot on operclo above. Martini(|iie to Hrazil ; Haid to bt* cloHely
allied to the Kuropean Sardinclln anrittt, alHo a littlu known HiteciuH;
!i|i|(iin*ntly recognizable by the opercular spot. (Cnvier tfc V'alencieuue';.)
(AtH-lioi'ia, anchovy.)
S'lritiw III iiiichiiria, CuviRR A Valrnciennfj, IliHt. Nat. l'ul8H., x\, '.^fi'.), 1N47, Rio Janeiro; Mar-
tinique,
r/iij (.1 <iiii7iiii'iii, QOnthbr, Cat., vii, 421, IHI>8.
flilS. KAItniNKLLA ClilPKOIiA (Ciivior A ValoncienueM).
(Caillkit.)
liciid I in total length with caudal; depth 4. D. 18; A. 18. Ventral
Hi'iitrs '.Vii. Head Hhort ; proCilu of back HtraightiHli ; Hnoiit rather long and
liliiiit. Luot rays of tlorual very short ; ventralu under seventh dorsal ray.
SciiliH very solid, striate; serrations of belly less strong than in some
HpccioH. Steel-bluo above, silvery below ; the back with traces of lougi-
tiiilinal streaks; yellotv blotch in life behind operclo. (juadeloupu; a food-
fiHJi of delicate flavor. (Cnvier Ac Valeucienues.) A little known species,
not rucognized by late writers, identiiietl by Poey with Sardhulla humcr-
iilin and later by Jordan with SardhivUa Hardiiut, but different from either
it'tlui above description is trustworthy;* the ventral scutes more numer-
ous. (Diminutive of Cluvea, herring.)
Uiir,ii,jnla vhipeota, CuviEii & Yalgncienneh, lIiHt. Nat. Poiw., x.x, 280, 1847, Guadeloupe.
«06. SARDINKLLA Al'ICALIS (Milllor ic Troscliel).
D. IS; A. 17. Lower jaw longer than upper; maxillary reaching first
third of eye, which is more than half head. Veutrals under middle of
•lui'Hal. Scales large, forming nine rows on each side of body. Scales sil-
very, each one on belly -with a copper-colored spot ; point of snout above
and beneath, black; a small, black, longitudinal band on front and a
lilaok Hpot over each eye ; tip of dorsal and edge of caudal black. Bar-
badotjs. (MUUer & Troschel.) A species of uncertain relations, {a^ncalia,
of the apex, the tip of snout black.)
Alof'i (ij.iVci/ui, MI'LLER & Troschel, in Schomburglt's HiBt. Barbadoos, G76, 1848, Barbadoes.
CUipea uj)ici!!», GCnther, Cat., vii, 441, 1868.
* Pnssilily idouticul with Clupra hrimtiemi», STElNDAril.NEU, lehth. Ueitr., vill, 64, 187!*, Rio
Janeiro; namo prooccupiod, changed to Clupea Janeiro, Eiobnmann & lliiAif, Ann. N. Y. Ac.
Nat. ijci., 1894, 626.
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«U7. MAKIMNKI.I.A IIISIIOIM (Mllllor .VTnwtlifl).
Allii'il to SiirdimUn iipivulix, liiit with ii Mitck Hpot Ituhinil o)Mtn*iiliiiii
mill 111) hliick on (lurHitl ; nIiIoh witli tiiiiit tluik HtioiikH; oyt) liir^i', liili
luu^lit of limul ; II ntWH of hciiIuh on uiicli Hido. KurliutlovH. (Mtillci A
TroHcliol.) A doiilitfnl H|KtciuM, uf nnc»i-tain ruIiitioiiH. (A purHnnal
niinio.)
Alu4it bulmiii, MOl.l.Kli A 'riiimciiiii,, in HrlioiiiliurKk'H Hint. lliirlutiliicH, nil), |h4m, Uarbadoei,
Subgenus HAKENQULA, CiivIit A Vulenciciiue*.
«»N. hAKIMNKLI.A KAKIIIMA (I'uey).
(Ha Hill N A UK liKY.)
Hoa<l3}; <leptli:<Ho:U. I). 15; A. IH; noaloH lit! ; HontoH Ifi-f 10. Ilnui
li',, in «l«'|ttli of body. Kyo voiy larj(»s k lonj^tir than Hiiont, lij in himl.
Itody rathoi' uloiiK'it«\ tho vontml ontlino little (touvHx, fo!'iiiiii)r a wiiik
urch. ScaluH U-hh linn and Iuhh a<Ihui'unt than in othor Hpt^ui^tH of llnrni-
ijula, many of thuni hmt in miiHunin or market HixioiinoiiH ; oacli acalo with
four vertical wavy Htiiii' on itn fn-o isd^o. Insortion of doiHal iiciirlv
midway butwuttn Hiiont and haHu of caudal. Color paUt ; no hlaik
huiiiural Hpot; trunk with longitudinal Htroakn; an oran^u arua boliiiid
opuinlu in life; tiptt of doiHal and anal diinky. Lon^th K inrlioM. Went
Indian fauna; abunilant; north to Key WuHt. (<SV(r(/i//f(, Haidino.)
Uiimujiiln luinliwi, I'nr.Y, MumoriaN, ii, ;il(), INIU), Cuba.
Ildrfiiyuhi i-iilhihiiiii, (JiioKK, I'roc. I'. S, Nut. Mum., Ik7!», 15'J, Bermuda.
Htirutigulii cUipeola, Jurdan, Vvuv. V. H. Nat. Mim., INHI), (i4(i, not iif Cuvifu A Vamsnciennkm.
«0U. SAItltlXKIiLA MACUOniTIIAI.'HrK (ltiuiy:unl).
Head 3?; depth 3» ; «y»i2.i. D. 17; A. 18; Hcalos 10-12; vertoinic in.
Uody moderately elongate, the ventral outline little convex, foniiinj; a
weak arch ; length of head 1 to l^ in do|ith of body ; eye large, ! longer
than Huoiit; iuHcrtiouof veutralH nearly midway between Huout and iiime
of caudal. BliiiMh above, sideu Hilvery; dark humeral Hpot UHuaiiy ovi-
der*^, sometimes wanting; above this u dark line e.\tendH, uounding the
dark of the back, above this a pale streak; caudal duHky. Scaloo Icon
striate than in .5i. humvralin. West Indies, Cuba to Brazil; not very com-
mon, (/in KIWI, large; i)ipS(i/fwr,oytt.)
Clupea vtiicroplitliiihiKi, ItANitANi, Nuv, Cuiiuii. Ac. HfA. liuiioii., v, 320, 1K42, Brazil; (iI'MiiKii,
Cut., VII, I'il, 1«6S.
llarcwjiilit miiittlimi, CiiviKii Si Valk.nciknnks, Hint. Nut. I'oiHH., xx, 2'J'.i, 1S47, Martinique.
llnremjuUijitijHimii, Poky, Ko|)crt<)rii>, i.llK), 18tWi, Jagua, Cuba, near Cienfur^os.
Hareni'.da iiiacrophthatmd, Jobhan, I'rur. U. 8. Nat. Miis., 188'J, 1140.
7<M). SAItlllNKI.LA TliltlSSINA (Jordan it GillM'rt).
Head 4; depth 3i; eye 3. 1). 15; A. 13; scales 40-10, Scutes 1(1+13.
Body deep, but less so than in S. humcraliti. Head large, rather blunt;
mouth moderate, the lower jaw projecting, the upper jaw scarcely tiiiar-
ginate; maxillary 2 in head, reaching past front of pupil. Both Jaws
with small teeth ; teeth on palatines, pterygoids, and tongue. Kye
large. Cheeks and upercles with liue but distiuct branching stria;. Gill
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fisfies of North America.
431
rukorn Mhurt, uIomo-huI, :U) Itolow an^lis tli*^ loiigoHt half uyi). S»iileH llriii
uml adliui'ont, tlio <Ml^)t iuii^IioiumI ; N(*iilfH iM^loro tlorHul Niinilur Itut
Hinulli'i. Ht'lly Hliiii'|ily roiiipruHHi'il, willi Htroti^ HtMitvH. VuntriilH 1! in
lii'iid ; poctorulH U. IMiiIhIi iiltovo, Hilvfiy holow ; ariiuiiil Muck Iniiiuiral
Npot. ; IliiH piilu. LoiiKtIi H iiicht'M. (Jiilf of ('iiliiorniii, latliur riiru.
( piiiiiiiiitivu from Thr\Hnu, yiiiiorn, a liurriii^ or Haiitiiiu, from tliu liuir-liko
Imiiii'h; i'>/i/;, a hair.)
(7i./i"i ilirMtiii, JoiiiiAN >V Uii.iii'.iir, I'rof. ('. H. M'd. Miin., 1h8'J, :\K\, Cape San Lucits.
(Ty|i«, Nm. U38H, Vi'ii, uikI ivxw. Coll. XiiiitiiH.)
7UI. SAKIM.NKI.I.A lirMKItAMN (Ciivlor .1 Vulom ieuiUM).
(Saiiiuna Kncami'iia ; \Viirr»>iiii,i. ; I'inikim.)
Head H< ; depth 2? to U, th« Kh)ri<ltt Hpocini«UH (var. iwnmcoln) uver-
a^iiiK -K; Cuban «t.\am))leH aliont 3; »yu '2'i, J). Iti; A. 17; houIuh
4(1; Hcutes Iti -f l!^- Kody «h)up, with the vuntral outline forminjr au
(>viii curve from chin to vent. £ye moderate, A longer than Hiiout.
luMiMtion of ventralN nearer tip of Hnotit than hane of caudal. Teeth iu
jawH Mntall ; a lar^e patch on tonf^ue. Scaled very udhorent, each with
one to four vertical curvtid Htriu-, thoHo before dornal more or leHH lacini-
iitc. Silvery, dark humeral spot UHually jireHent, but often obNCure or
wanting; Hurrounded by gidden iu life; uHually a row of dark pointu
extending backward from it along upper partn of body; no dintinct
longitudinal streaks. Length H inches. West Indies and (»ulf of Mexico.
Abuiulunt from Pensacola and Cedar Keys southward ; the speoinieaa
from Florida deeper than others, representing a northern variety or sub-
H[ibcle8 piuHavolw. {humeruUn, Pertaining to the shoulder.)
Ilniewinlii hiiiiicriiUn, ('iiviKi< & Valenciknnkm, Ilirtt. Niit. I'uiss., XX, 21)3, 1817, Rio Janeiro;
Bahia; Guadeloupe; San Domingo.
Al, iiiMi »trialit, OrviEii it Valencie.nnes, /. c, xx, 4i;'J, 1K47, Guadeloupe; Bahia.
Ihn iLjiitK iwiiminilii; (U>i>vr, A llEAN, I'roc. U. S. Nut. Muh,, lh7!i, IW, Pensacola, Florida.
(Typf, NoK. 22HM iiiiJ i:2HJ!l. Coll. Sti'uriiH.) Jobdan .t (Jilukiit, .Synojisi.s, 'JlJ8, 188;j.
('.'"/Ml liiimeniliK, (iCNTllEII, Cat., VII, -f^'Ji, 1H(18.
UamiijiiUi tiratulu, Juudan, I'roc. IJ. S. Nut. Mus., 1881), 040.*
Subgenus LILE, Jortluii JS: Kvurmiinn.
702. MAltlUN'KLLA STOLIKKUA, (Jordan .tc Qilbert).
Htjid V.i; depth 3h; eye 2*. D. 14; A. ItJ; scales 40-11; scutes 17 +
12 2!t. Vertebras 20 + 22 ;-^ 42, the membrane covering the vertebrio
silvery. Body deep, much compressed, the belly strongly arched; the
grt'iitcHt depth Just before dorsal. Head short; preopercle vertical.
MoMtii very small, very oblique, almost vertical, the maxillary reaching
frunt of pupil ; lower jaw longer, the upper scarcely enmrgiuate. Both
jaws with a few very small, weak teeth ; a linear patch on tongue ; none on
vomer or palatines. Gill rakers slender, numerous, the longest ? eye,
about 29 below angle. Eye large, longer than snout. Dorsal fin inserted
ueartT snout than base of caudal, the ventrals under its first ray; anal
* This species ig probably not identical witli Chipea arcuata, Jrnyns, Ichth. Voy. Buugle, 134,
1812, from Ualiia Blauca, Patagonia.
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Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
short and low ; pectcrals Iji^ m head; ventrals 1^ Scales smooth, tirtn
closely adherent, entire-edged, without striai; a very narrow sheutli of
scales along dorsal and anal; caudal scaled half its length. Voiiiml
scutes strongly developed, with .strong ntpines. Translucent greenish,
sides silvery, each scale with its marginal half punctate; a dark lino
along middle of back; snout and tip of lower jaw dusky ; side with a
very bright, well-defined silvery band, as in Stolephorna, margined liy
blu'sh above; the band widest mesially, as wide as a scale, a littlo wider
tLaiupupil ; at base of caudal the band expands abruptly; tips of doisal
and caudal lobes jet-black. Length J inches. Gulf of California to Pan-
ama; abundant about Mazatlan ; a beautiful and well-marked specioH, and
a very delicate food-fish, allied to the genus PcUonnIa, and to the East
Indian species Cl"pen lile, which belongs to the same subgenus (LiU).
(atolifer, bearing a stole, or white zone.)
Cltqieti rtoHfera, Jordan & Oilukrt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 1881, 339, Mazatlan. (Tyi"', No.
28126. Coll. Gilbert.)
211. OPISTHONEMA, Gill.
(Threau Herring.)
Opitthonemi\, Giti, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sol. Philii., 1861, 37, (thriisn = oglinwn).
Characters essentially those of iSardiHella, except that the last r;iy ot
the dorsal is produced in a long lil'i.meat as in Dorosoma, Metjalopa, and lar-
pon. Species few, American. {bnia'De, behind ; vf/fia, a thread.)
a. Head 4 to 4i in length ; depth about 3^ ; anal rays about 2',i , aideH of back |with dark ppcitH.
OOLINLM, Tllli.
aa. Head iarger, 3j( to 3| in length ; depth 3 to 3^ ; anal rays about 20 ; back witliuiit (l;irk
8I)Ot8. LIBEUTATE, TU-l.
703. OPISTHONEMA OOLINTIH (Lo iJucur).
(Thp'.ad HEnRiNO : Machuelo ; Cailieu-Tassabt ; Sprat.)
Head ii ', depth 3h D. 19 ; A. 24 ; lateral line 50 ; scutes 17 -f 14. Body
oblong, compressed, formed as in Harenyula, the belly strongly senate.
Tongue with minute teeth ; jaws toothless, lower jaw slightly project-
ing ; maxillary reaching nearly to middle of orbit. Gill rakers very long
and slender. Dorsal fin inserted in front of ventrals, much nearer unoiit
than base of caudal; dorsal filament about as long as head; anal very
low ; paired fins small. Scales smooth, rather firm, but easily detaclied,
much as in Sardinella Hardina. Bluish .'^.bove, silvery below ; an india-
tinct bluish shoulder spot ; each scale on the back with a dark Hpot,
these forming longitudinal streaks. Length IZ. inches. West Indian
fauna; regularly northward to Florida and Carolina, occasionally stray-
ing much farther (Longport, New Jersey, Beau ; and Fortress Mouioe,
Kendall). Abundant in the tropics. (Name uue&plaiued, unless lioui
the word ogle, in allusion to the large eyes.)
Clupea thrista, BaoubSONET, Ichthyologio, faigc. i, 1782, Carolina; Jamaica; not of Osbcck, iT'i?,
which is a Chinese species of Dnromma; GUnti'er, Cat., vii. 132, 1868, and of many initlimn.
Megalops oglina, Le Suevr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1817, 359, Newport, Rhode Island.
Megalops notala, Le Suiub, Journ. Ac. Nat. ijci. Phila., i, 1817, 369, Guadeloupe.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 433
Chiio' wm fiiitii/er, Vk Kay, N. Y. Fiiuna: FWioo, 264, 1842, New York.
t'/iu/utMus eumurphiii, UossF., NiitiiritliMt H Sojourn in .lainnlca, ii'JO, 1851, Jamaica.
704. UPlSTIiONKMA iJHKUTATE (Ollnther).
(SAimiNA Maciietr.)
I load 3s to 4 ; depth 3 to 3A. D. 17 ; A. 19 ; scales 48. Similar to Opia-
lliiiiKma oijliuum, tlie head louger, the gill ralrers longer and more uum«r-
•iiis. IMuIhIi above, Hilvery ou Hides and l^low, a yellowish streak on
level of orbit; an indistinct dark spot on opercle, and a larger humeral
Hpot; no dark-spots on side of back; caudal tipped with jet-black ; tip of
Hiioiit and lining of opercle black. Pacific coast of Mexico and Central
America, abundant, especially in the Gulf of California. (Name frcm
Liliertad, port of San Salvador, where the type was taken.)
MliWi lihertatiH, UCnther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., IStiC, G03, Libertad, Central America.
Chilir.: Iil„-rt,iliit, Gi'NTHKli, Cut., VII, 433, 18lib.
0)ii>lli"nenia Uhi'iitih; JiiRDAN A (ilLliKUT, riQC. U. S. Nttt. MilB., 1881?, 622.
UpMi'/nnma Ubertatiii, Eveumann & Jenkins, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18U1, 134.
212. BREVOORTIA, Gill.
(Menhadens.)
linrnnrtia, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. T'hiln., 1861, 37, (^menhaden).
Body elliptical, compressed, deepest anteriorly, tapering behind. Head
very large ; cheeks deeper than long. Mouth large, the lower jaw included ;
no teeth ; gill rakers very long and slender, densely set, appearing to lill
the mouth when it is opened ; gill urches angularly bent. Scales deeper
than long, closely imbricated, their exposed edges vertic:*,! and fluted or
pectinated. Dorsal fin low, rather posterior ; anal fin small. Intestinal
canal elongate. Vertebriii48. Peritoneum dusky. Species few ; inhabiting
ihe Atlantic ; spawning probably in brackish water in the spring. Coarse,
iiei'liivorous fishes, not valued as food, but the young of the greatest value
as food to other fishes. (Dedicated to .James Carson Brovoort, of Brook-
lyn, a goutlemau long interested in the study of fishes.)
705. BREVOOKTIA XyRANNl'S (Latrobe).
(Menhaden; Mossdunklr; Uony-fibii ; Wihtekish ; Buofi8ii ; Fatback ; Poav.)
Head 3^ ; depth 3. D. 19 ; A. 20 ; lateral line 60 to 80 ; ventral plates
20 4-12. Head rathtr short and heavy. Fins comparatively short, the
heij^ht of the dorsal less than the length of the maxillary; height
of anal less than half the length of the maxillary. Pectorals not
leaching to ventrals ; .dorsal inserted slightly behind ventrals, about
midway between snout and base of caudal. Scales moderate, strongly
seriated, arranged very irregularly, those before dorsal strongly pecti-
nate. Operculum strongly striated or almost smooth (var. aurea). Gill
rakers much longer than eye. Bluish above ; sides silvery, with a strong
brassy luster ; fins usually yellowish ; a conspicuous dark sco^pular
blotch, behind which are often smaller spots. Length 18 inches. Nova
Scotia to Brazil ; very abundant southward ; herbivoroua, running in
V. N. A.-
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Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
achoola, probably spawning in brackish water. Hold in no esteem uh a
food-tish, but very vai jable foroil and manure, {tyranniis, Tipavi^of ,rult>r,")
Chipea lyrannvt, Latrobb, Trang. Amor, riiil. Hoc Pliila., v, I8(l2, 77, pi. 1, Chesapeake Bay.
Olupea menhaden, MiTClui.i,, Trans. Lit. and Phil. .Soc. N Y., i, 1815, 453, New York ;
GONTiiEn, Cat., vn, 43C, 18(i8.
Clupea neglecta, IIafine8qvf., Amer. Monthly Mag., 1818, 206, Long Island.
Ctiipea caroUneiim, Obonow, Cat. Fixheg, 110, 1854, South Carolina.
Alalia vieuhadeii, .Stoiikr, Hint. Fishes Mass., .1:17, 18C7.
Brevoortia liirannuK, GooDE, Proc. V. .S. Nat. Mus., I, 1878, .5;!1 ; GooDE, Ropt. U. S. Figli Coniiii,,
V, 1877 (1879), 19; comploto biography ; .Iokda.n & GiUiEiiT, Synopsis, 209, 1883.
Represented on the coast of Brazil by
706a. BRETOOITIA TTKANNUS AVREA (Agassi/,).
Opercles almost smooth ; head rather shorter, jaws shorter and Ixidy
deeper, the scales more regularly arranged than in Brevoortia tyranintn.
Coast of Brazil, {aureus, goldmi.)
Clupanodon anreiiH, AoASSiz, Spix, Pise. Brasil, 52, 1828, Brazil.
Clupea aurea, GOntheii, Cat., vn, 437, 1868.
Occasional specimens taken along the Atlantic Coast of the United
States represent
705b. BRETOORTIA TTRANNIJS ItREVICAlinATA, Goodo.
Similar to aiirea, but the jaws and caudal shorter, the latter not lon<;(>r
than pectorals. Noank, Connecticut, and south. (Goodo.) (hrcris
short; caudatus, tailed.)
Brevoortia lyrannus brevkat' 'ala, GooPB, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua., 1?78, 34, Noank, Connecticut.
(Type, No. 14846, a. h. Coll. Goode.)
The common form on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico is
706c. BRETOORTIA TIRANNUS PATR0NU8, Goode.
(Gulf Menhaden.)
Head 3; depth 2^. D. 19; A. 22; lateral line 50 to 65. Head larger
than in li. tyrannus; fins long, the height of the dorsal greater than the
length of the maxillary ; that of the anal more than half the height <»f the
maxillary. Pectorals reaching beyond front of ventrals; insertion of
dorsal in front of ventrals, just behind the middle point between the
snout and the base of the caudal. Scales moderate, with their margins
en '■ire, fluted. Axillary appendages large ; large scales at base of i)cc-
toral. Operculum delicately striated. Greenish-gray above; Hidew nil-
very, with biassy luster ; scapular blotch inconspicuous. Gulf of Mexico,
generally abundant on the Florida Coast, apparently varying into B.
tyrannus. (patronua, patron, in allusion to the ever present Crustacean,
Cymothoa prcegustator. )
Brevoortia patronKK, Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 39, Brazos, Santiago. (Tyiic, No.
892, a. h.). GooDr., Kept. U. S. Fish Comm., v, 1877 (1879), 19 ; Jordan k Gil.iiEin, Sjn-
opeiB, 269, 1883.
*A parasitic Crustacean (Oymothoa priegmttUor, Latrobe) Is found in the mouths of a very
largo proportion of the individuals of this species. Tlio spociflc names lioth of the fisli nii'l tlio
Crustacean refer to this peculiarity, the ancient Roman rulers (ttjranni) having had their lii>ti'rs
{pr«gnUatoret) to taste their food before them to prove its harmlessness, thus to prevent |)ui8(iiiing.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 435
213. CHIROCENTRODON, Guuther.
C*irnreH<ro(JrtM, OPnthbb, Cat., Vll, 403, 1868, (/nuiaiiM).
]?()(ly oblong, much conipresHed, covered with deciduous scales. Belly
weakly serrated, the serno beginning at the thorax. Lower jaw project-
in^'; teeth strong, a pair of strong canines in front of each jaw ; evident
teeth on maxillary; narrow bauds on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and
t(iii{,nie. Anal long, of about 40 rays ; dorsal opposite ana! ; ventrals very
siiwill ; caudal forked. liranchiostegals 6, short and broad. One species.
(|£//), hand; Kevrpov, spine; Movi;, tooth.)
70«. CHIKOCKNTUODON T.KMATUS, GUntlier.
Head 4i; depth 45; eye 3^. D. 15; A. 41. Snout compressed, longer
tliai eye. Maxillary large, reaching to behind margin of eye. Uill rakers
lino, nearly as long as eye, 10+17 in number. Dorsal inserted behind
front of anal, midway between occiput and rout of caudal ; ventrals not
lonj;»'r than eye; pectorals nearly as long as head without snout. Serrat-
uic of abdomen not prominent; 11 scutes behind ventrals. White, with
a narrow silvery, lateral b<:iid. Jamaica. (Giiuther.) Not seen by us.
(taiiUtiuH, striped.)
CliiructntroiloH ttcniattu, OCntheh, Cat., vii, 4C3, 18C8, Jamaica. (Coll. Dr. Purnell.)
214. ILISHA, Gray.
liiiiioinsli't; SwAiNSON, Classif. Anim., 11, 294, 1839, (africanm); iianio {jrcocciipied.
Ili.-lia ((iiiAV) BicHAKDBON, Iclitliyol. Cliliju, ill Troc. Brit. Assoc, 1845 (1846), 306, (abuonnu);
iKi (li'S(ri|itioii.
I'illoiKi* CvMtiR & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xx, 300,1847, {orbiynymia —Jlavipi.mis).
Hinhii, liLEKKF.R, Ned. Tydskr. Dierlt., 300, 186C, (ii/dion/iin).
Body much compressed, the thorax and abdomen strongly serrated.
ScaicH moderate. Lower jaw prohiinent; mouth moderate, with rasp-
like bands of minute teeth on jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue;
noiio on vomer. Anal fin very long; ventrals present, small, inserted
before the small dorsal; upper ray of pectoral strong; caudal deeply
forked. Tropical coasts of America and Asia. {Ilisha, an East Indian
uanio of Sardinella Hsha.)
KLAV.I'INNIS, 707.
BLEEKERIANA, 708.
II. Anal i-ayH 40 to 45; anal placod buhiud dorsal.
''. Dorsal rays 19 or iiO; oyy 4 in head.
''''. Dorsal rays 13; eye SJ^ in head.
aa, Aual rays about 50.
c. Depth less than one-third length; the ventral outline weakly arched; anal placod
behind dorsal. panamensis, 709.
cc. Depth more than one-third length, the ventral outline strongly arched; anal
partly below dorsal. fubtui, 710.
707. ILISHA FLAVIPINNIS (Valenciennes).
Head 3^; depth 3^ ; eye 4. D. 19 or 20; A. 40; scales 65-18. Posterior
halves of ridges on upper side of head distinctly convergent anteriorly,
*/V//u,i,(is the Spanish name of Pellona Jiavipiimit at Buenos Ayres, apparently from pelon,
balil, ill allusion to the caducous scales.
If "tyiiotiyniB," or new generic names based on the indication of a type, without descrip-
tion, uiv to bo rejected, the name Pellona should take the place of Iliaha.
I:
i
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I i i:
436
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
very slightly so posteriorly, Insertiou of dorsal midway between .nd
uf snout and root of caudal. Base of anal 'd\ in lougtli; vuntrals l(iii;rt;i
than eye. Coast of Surinam and Brazil. (Giiuther.) (jlavun, yellow
pinna, fin.)
PrUtiyailer Jhivijiiniiiii, Valbnmbnnkh, in D'Orbigny, Voy. Aiiusr. Mi'r., I'oIhh,, \i\. x, fin. 'j, |h;!<j
Buenos Ayrei.
I'eUoHii orhiijiiyiiiKi, C'oviek & Yalbnciknneh, lliHt. Nut. I'uihh., xx, 302, 1847; Nume ty|i<>.
f I'ellonii cwili'liiicaiin, CuviKii & Vai.kn('iknn?s, IIIhI, Nut. PoIhs., xx, 30C, 1847, Mouth of Ama-
zon; (D. 19; A. 3(i to38).
PcUonuJlavipimiu, OOnthek, Cat., vii, 454, 1868.
708. ILIKIIA HIiKKKKKIANA (Pix^y).
(Anciioa Pel'.da.)
Depth 5Hu length with caudal ; eyeSi. D. 15; A. 43; scutes 25. Ven-
tral line strongly curved. Mouth wide, oblique. Anal placed btiiind
dorsal ; length of anal equal to its distance from posterior border of eye.
Scales very caducous. Silvery. Matan/as, Cuba; rare. (Poey.) I'ei-
haps not distinct from I. Jlavipinnis, (Named for Dr. Pieter van Bluoker,
surgeon in the Dutch Indies, the most indefatigable worker who Iuih vi't
appeared in ichthyology ; author of very many papers on East Indian
fishes.)
Pellona hleekeriana, I'oey, Bupurturio, ii, 242, 18(i7, Matanzas.
709. ILI8HA PANAMENSIS (Stciudiuhiier).
Head 3J; depth 3^ to 3'-; ; eye 3^ to 3-^. D. 16; A. 50; scales f.s-l'l;
scutes 22-f 12. Ventral line very weakly curved. Mouth very ol)lic|iie.
First ray of anal uuder last of dorsal, which is ,? of the eye's diamt'it'i
nearer snout than base of caudal. Silvery, with yellowish fius. Leii^'tb
16 inches. Panama; not rare.
Pellona panametuis, Steindaciiner, Iclith. Beitr., i, 14, 1874, Panama.
710. ILISHA rURTHI (Steindaciiner).
Head 3| to 4; depth 2^ to 2J' ; eye 3 to 3?. D. 16; A. 50; Scales 5,'):
scutes 23 + 12. Ventral line very strongly curved. Mouth very obliiiue.
First 5 to 7 rays of anal below dorsal, which is inserted an eye's diaiiuiter
nearer snout than base of caudal. Silvery, fins yellow, more ur Ichs
punctate. Length a foot. Panama ; not rare. ^Named for Ignatius Fiiitb,
Austrian Consul at Panama.)
Pellona /ilrthi, STEiNDACHNEa, Icth. Beitr., i, 14, 1874, Panama.
215. OPISTHOPTERUS, Gill.
Opisthoplenii, GllL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 31, (tarloor).
Body elongate, very much compressed, with the abdomen prominent
and strongly serrated. Scales thin, deciduous, of moderate size. Lower
jaw projecting; maxillary not produced; teeth rather small, in villifonu
bands on both jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue; vomer tootu-
leas. Dorsal fin small, inserted considerably behind miJdle of body;
behind front of anal; anal fin very long; ventrals wanting; caudal
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North America. 437
deeply forked. Tropical parts of the Pacific. (ftwiinSe, behind; nrepuv,
llij, the dorsal being placed farther backward than in Priatigntiter.)
11. Anal niyuM ; eye 2-J4 lu lioad. lvtipinnih, 711.
,!•:. Aiiiil rays fili ; «>yo 31-^ in liuail ; durBal nearer root of caudal than xrapiila. dovii, 712.
iiiM. Anal rays 01 , eye 3 in head ; donial midway betw'<en scapula and ruut of caudal.
MACROPS, 713,
711. OIMSTIiOPTKRIK LVTIPINNIS (Jordan & Gilbert).
Head 4i; depth 3i ; eye 2,t D. 13; A. 53; scales U-11 ; scutes 29.
Body elongate, strongly compressed, anterior profile straight. Mouth
laifje, very oblique, the lower jaw longest; maxillary a little more than
half head. Teeth rather strong, present on most bones of the h^iad
except the vomer. Eye very large. Gill rakers about 18, not longer
than pupil. Dorsal small, posterior, slightly nearer base of caudal than
occiput; pectorals long, nearly as long as head ; anal moderate. Scales
thin, deciduous; ventral scutes very strong. Greenish, sides golden-
silvery, lius mostly yellow; a black spot on preopercle and a very dis-
tinct b'^nieral spot. Length 6 inches. Pacific coast of Mexico, rather
scarce at Mazatlnn. {luteux, yellow ; j)inna, fin.)
Prisliijiii.i)T littipwiiiii, Jordan & Oildkrt, Proc. U. 8. Kat. Mua., 1881, 340, Mazatlan. (Typo,
NoH. 28126, 28209, and 28320. Coll. Gilbert.)
712. OPISTIIOPTERVS DOYII (GUnther).
Head 4;^; depth 3i; eye 3i. D. 11; A. 56; scales 51-13. Maxillary
leNs than half head, its supplemental bone moderate, reaching end of the
houe. Insertion of dorsal considerably nearer root of caudal than scapula.
Panama. (Giinther.) (Named for Capt. John M. Dow, formerly resident
at Panama, and who made large collections of fishes for the British
MiiMMim and for the Smithsonian Institution.)
Prifliijaster dorii, GUNTHER, Cat., vii, 461, 1868, Panama. (Coll. Capt. Dow.)
713. OPISTHOPTERUS MACROPS (QUcther).
Read 4^ ; depth 3 ; eye 3. D. 13 ; A. 61 ; scales 53-17. Dorsal inserted
midway between scapula and root of caudal. Maxillary less than half
liea<i, its supplementary bone narrow, extending to its extremity.
Silvery, scapula black. Panama. (Gunther.) (^a«pof, large; (ji/;, eye.)
Pris(i;;.(s/,i- »)i(icToj)s, GCnther, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1860, 003, and Cat., vii, 461, 1868, Panama.
(Coll. Salvin.)
2i6. ODONTOGNATHUS, Lac^p^de.
Odnntiynnlhus, LACfeph^DE, Hist. Nat. Poigs., II, 221, 1799, {mucromam).
(Inii'hohohs, Ulocii & ScilNKiDRR, Syst. Ichth., .WO, 1801, (muct'OHO/iis).
Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with caducous scales. Ven-
tral outline not prominent, covered with sharp scutes. Dorsal fin small,
niiu'h Itehind front of the long anal. Maxillary very long, in the adult,
extending beyond eye, shorter in the young. Teeth small. One species
known, (odot^f, tooth ; yvaOog, jaw.)
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Bulletin 4y, United States NaHonal Museum.
a. Anal rayn abotit 70 ; ociiteB uu belly 8 + 12.
oa. Anal rays about U7 ; Bcutea uu belly 13 + 10.
MUCBONATA, 714.
PANAMINSItl, 715.
714. 0D0NT0»XATIIU!4 MUCBONATA, Lacep(>de.
Head 5; depth 4 J. D. 11 or 12 ; A. 74 to 82; scuteB 8 + 12. Eye uh
long aH snout, 3j in head in youug. Maxillary tapering, extending in tlio
ndult at louHt a.s far as interopercle, shorter and truncate in yoiiiifr.
Insertion of dorsal twice as far from eye as from base of caudal. Coast
of Guiana, ((jliinther.) (»iucron<;<«M, with sharp points.)
0<iimto<jnalhm mucronahu, LAr'(:pKiir., Hi»f. Nnt. PoIks., 221, pi. 7, flg. 2, 1799, Cayenne.
GiKitliolKiliiH )Hii(T(iM(i/i(», Cuvir.K A Vai.kncik.nnes, Hist. Nat. I'fiBB., xxi, 91, 1848.
Prittiyaulvr miicrvnatus, GOntheii, Cat., vii, 402, 1808.
716. OUONTOONATHl'S PANAMENSIS (Steindachner).
Head 5|; depth nearly 4. D. 12; A. 67; scales 55 or 56. Eye erinals
snout, 'Si in head. Body very slender and compressed. Upper prolilc. of
head strongly concave; dorsal line before dorsal arched ; ventral outline
strongly arched ; base of anal straight. Mouth oblique ; maxillary pro-
duced in a slender process, which reaches beyond gill opening; a tliiii
accessory bone, with a bluntish keel on the maxillary, half hidden wlien
the mouth is closed. Teeth small, short, mostly in one row. Top of head
narrow, with five ridges. Pectoral longer than head by an eye's diameter,
the first ray broad. Dorsal small, twice as far from gill opening as from
base of caudal ; caudal as long as head ; ventral scutes 13 + 16 ; sculea
caducous. Panama. Length 8 inches. (Steindachner.)
PriaWjattii- (OJumoymUhus) panamensin, Stcindaciikeu, Ichtb. Buitr., v, 24, 1870, Panama.
217. PRISTIGASTER, Cuvier.
PriMigaiiler, Cctieh, Regno Animal, Kd. 1, 170, 1817, {cayanus).
This genus difi'ers from Opiathopterna in the deeper body, the ventral
ridge being very prominent and convex, and especially in the position of
the dorsal. This fin is larger in PriHtiqaiitvr thwa. in related genera, and is
inserted near the middle of the length of the body, before the anal. Cue
species know, from South America. (irptcfTrig, a saw ; yaari/p, belly.)
716. PRISTIGASTER CAYAN US, Cuvier.
Head 4 ; depth 2. D. 15 ; A. 46 to 52. Front of dorsal much nearer tip
of snout than base of caudal ; upper caudal rays produced in filaments in
adult, these longer than the fin itself. Abdominal profile subcircular iu
the adult. Scutes 32. Color silvery. Length 4 inches. Coast of Guiana
and northern Brazil. (Cuvier & Valenciennes.) (Cayanus, from Cayenne.)
Pristiganter cayanus, CuviBR, Ri^gne Animal, Ed. 1, pi. 10, fig. 3, 1817, Cayenne ; Cuvier A Val-
ENCi ENNES, Ilist. Nat. Poiss., XX, 334, 1847 ; GOntiier, Cat., vii, 403, 1808.
PrUtigaservtarlii, AuAsaiz, Spix, Pise. BriiHil., 5.'), 1829, Brazil.
Prietigai.ter phaeton, GvviEB & Yalencienxis, Hist. Nat. PoisB., xx, 338, 1847, mouth of Ama-
zon.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 439
Family LXII. ENGKAULIDIDiE.
(The Anchovies.)
Itody elongate, more or loss compressed, covered with thin cycloid scales.
Iluad cunipressed. Mouth extremely large, more or less oblique, usually
overlapped by a pointed, compressed, pig-like snout. Gape very wide,
till! niuxillary very long and slender, formed of about three pieces, extend-
ing liackward far behind the eye; in some species beyond the head. Pre-
iiiaxillaries not protractile, very small, firmly joined to the maxillaries.
Teeth usually small, sometimes obsolete, usually fine and even, in a single
row in each jaw ; canines sometimes ^iresont. Eye large, well forward,
witiiuut adipose eyelid. Preorbital narrow. Opercles thin and membran-
aceous. Gill rakers long and slender. Branchiostegals slender, 7 to 14 m
nuinber. Gill membranes separate or joined, free from the isthmus.
I'neiulobranchia) present. No lateral line. Belly rounded or weakly ser-
rate. Fins various ; the dorsal usually short and median ; no adipose fin ;
caudal forked. Small, carnivorous shore fishes, usually swimming in large
Hcliools on sandy shores ; abundant in all warm seas, occasionally enter-
iui; rivers. Genera 9 ; species about 80. This group is often regarded as
a .subfamily under the Clupeidw, from which it differs in uo character of
hi^h importance.
(I'iiil^iiitu, group Eugrtmliilina, GCntiiek, Cat. vil, 383-40C, 1868.)
.1. Tcoth ill tho jaw8 equally small, if present ; no ciinincs.
/., liisertiun uf dorsal befuru tbiit of annl.
('. Gill membrani'S nearly or i|uite separate, free from the iHt^mug.
(I. Teeth present at all ages ; maxillurieg not greatly produced ; no pectoral
filaments,
e. Vertebra} about 41 in number ; bonr" ''rm ; species chiefly tropical.
STOLEi'iionus, 218.
te. Vertebra) about 45 in number ; bones rather feeble ; Bi>ecie8 of the tem-
perate zones. ENGRAULI8, 219.
(hi. Teeth wanting in the adult ; minute, but present in the young ; body very
deep, but not strongly compressed. Anchovia, 220.
ci\ Gill membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus. CETEN0RAt;Li8, 221.
'''>. Insertion of dorsal behind front of the very long anal ; gill membranes separate.
I*TEREN<iBAULI§, 222.
till. Ti't'th in jaws unequal, some of them enlarged and canine-like. LycenorauUij, 223.
2 1 8. STOLEPHORUS, LacdpMe.
(SiLVBBY ANCIIOVISS.)
Stulephortis, LAcfepfiDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 381, 1803, {japotika).
Hotly oblong, compressed, covered with rather large, thin, decidnons
scales. Belly rounded, or weakly compressed. Snout conical, com-
presaed, projecting beyond the very largo mouth. Maxillary narrow,
Httlo movable, usually formed of three pieces, extending backward far
bebiiul the eye, to the base of the mandible, or beyond, not beyond gill
openiug. Premaxillaries very small. Teeth small, subequal, present at
all a<;e8, usually on the jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids. Anal tin
moderate, free from caudal (its rays 12 to 40). No pectoral filaments.
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Bulletin 47^ United States National Musnth.
Dorsal inserted about midway of body, posterior to veutrals. PeotoraU
aud ventrals each with a larjre axillary scale. Adipose eyelid obsolctu.
Vertobrnt'' about 10 (40 to 42) iu species examined. Flesh ratlior ]i:iIo
and dry, more or less translucent; the bones firm. Psendobrancliii'
present. lirauchiostegals 9 to 14. Uill rakers long and slender, (iill
membranes separate, free from the narrow isthmus. Species about *ii);
small, carnivorous shore fishes, swimmin;^ in large schools on sandy sIkhcfi
of all warm seas, occasionally entering riverB. Most of them are ninrktd
by a very broad, distinct, silvery band. ((ttoA//, a stole, a white band
worn by priests; f^hpoi;^ bearing ; in allusion to the silvery lateral band.)
p.. Anal raya 12 to 14 ; body vi-ry Blender, the depth in Icngtli ; no difltinrt latcriil liiind.
MIAUCIIl'H, 717.
aa. Anal rayn 15 to 17 ; body Blonder, compresdiMl, the depth 6 to In length.
b. Maxillary short, nut quite reaching margin of preopurclu ; lateral ban<l woll dotliicil,
•X".Vf- I'F.UFASCIATIS, Vl.''.
6I». Maxilliiry of moderate lonp;«)i. rcarhinp; Imyoud jin^opcrclo nearly to gill oponiiiu.
c. SidL'8 with a faint silvery Btreak; gill rukorH Hho;-t, the longcHt Y^ eye; li'lly
serrulate. Kxiouvs, 71',t.
<■(•• Sides with a wcU-dcllned lateral silvery band ; belly not Rerrulato.
(/. Kyo 4 in head, uh long as Hnuut ; scales caducous. cunANrs, 7'Jii.
({({. Eye 3% iu head, longer than snout ; axillary Bhoaths very largi.
I'KinilKCATI s, 7J1.
ihW. Kyo 3% in head, longer than snout ; scales not caducous. isuiia.m's, 722.
aaa. Anal roys 1!( to 24.
e. Side with a distinct silvery lateral band, with well-defined edges.
/. Maxillary long, reaching past root of mandible, nearly or quite to gill opening;
snout projecting considerably boyond lower jaw.
g. Body moderately elongate, the depth 4 to 4% in length of body.
/(. Silvery lateral band very sharply dofine<l, as broad as oye, not mudi nar-
rowed anteriorly ; eye largo, 3J^ in head ; belly serrulate; A. 'Jd; ^iH
rakers 7;^ eye. iiuhwnii, 7-3.
A/i. Silvery lateral band narrow anteriorly, becoming as broad hh eye
opposite auul flu ; belly comi)re88ed, nut serrulate ; anal rays 20.
CULTBATI','*, 724.
Wi/i. Silvery lateral .band throughout narrower than eye; anal niyM 2:i;
gill rakers neorly as long as oye. nEi.iCATissiMit;, 'ti'i.
gg. Body more elongate, the depth about 6}.^% in length of body ; gill niliiTS
as long OS eye. A. 2a or 24 ; eye 4|( in head. (■ikkiiostomi,';, 7jn,
ff. Maxillary short, not reaching root of mandible ; eye small, not longer lliaii
snout, 4 in head; silvery stripe rather dilTuse, half broader than eye; bdily
little compressed, approaching Kiigranlin monhix iu form, auoykophanvs, 727.
ee. Sides without distinct silvery band, or with a faint diffuse streak.
i. Djiercles short, th« distance from lower posterior angle of clinek to gill o|ii'ninK
much less than from the same point forward to middle of eye ; i-iinut
bluntish, not produced.
j. Dorsal rays 11 ; depth 4% in length ; belly serrulate ; anal 22 or 23.
ctTiiTis, 728.
jj. Dorsal rays 15 or 16 ; depth i% in length, pectorals longer ; anal 23 or Jl.
I'OEYI, 729.
ti. Opcrclo unusually long, the distance from lower posterior angle of cheek iMck-
ward to gill opening as great as distance from same point forward to cpi.ter
of eye ; cheeks very broad ; snout projecting ; eye 4 in head ; anal 22.
OPEUCULAUIS, 730.
* In but few of the many species has the skeleton been examined. In general the boms arc
firmer, the vertebras larger and less uumerouB than iu Engruulin, but the value of this cUuiucter
is yet to be proved.
Jordan and Ever ma nn, — Fishes of North America. 441
mina. Anal rayn aliuiit :)(l, (!2.') to 30).
)t. 8ilv«ry lutorul Imnil ililTuntt or obaolntn ; Ixxly iiiiicli <M)iii|irflMt<>(l ; eye 3 to 3)^ iu head.
{, (iill riiknrH HliiirtiT tliitii ttyi' ; liitrriil Imnd iiihtdw.
m. BiM' HiiKbtly Htirrulatu; gill raki-rN';^.'', «yit ; hcuIi'd uniliicoui; nnal rtiyH2Sor2n.
MlTi'iiii.1,1, 7:il.
mm. Ilelly not wirrulate ; kIII rakon half oyx ; iicali'H not I'adui'uiii ; anal ruyM27.
LUi'imiH, 732.
/{. Dill rnkon liiiii^ nml Blomlrr, InnRcr thiin <>y(> ; liclly tri<nchnnt, not norrntK ; ncuIsh
40; lateral band bniad and dinimn or oliHcilcte ; iniiiit niiicli proJi'i-tinK.
n. Snout nioduratoly polntod ; minute teetb In botb JawH ; lateral band dilTuHo.
CLUfKoiiiEH, 7:i3.
nn. Snout pointed ; mliiutn toiitb in upper Jaw only ; lateral band oliKolele.
I'BOnrr'Ti'H, 7:14.
K'. Silvery lateral band well deflnud ; Huout Hliorl, little jirojectini;.
o, Maxillary rearbin^ little buliind root of niandilJe ; nealex 40 ; gilvery lateral band
OH broiid UR oyu ; gill rakora nearly uh long aH eyo ; anal rayii 111.
I'OMPHKSKUR, 7.15.
on. Maxillary reaching gill opening ; acales 35 ; lateral band NiWer gray ; anal raya
31 to llt'i, PANAMKNaiR, 730.
aaann. Anal flu extremely long, itn rayH 37 or 38.
;i. Lateral band ill detlned or oliHoloto ; snout pointed, much projerting ; iuRertlon of
dorsal nearer Huout tban bane of caudal ; Huboporcle witb a Hat triangular
]>rominoncn. Hi'iNircR, 737.
717. STOI.KIMIORUS MIARCHIIS, Jordan k Gilbert.
Iload 4} ; depth f.. D. 11 to 13; A. 12 to It. Very slendor, little com-
pross»Ml, the belly not trenchant; snout Huhconical, projecting. Teeth
ovidoiit in both Jaws ; maxillary short, reaching edge of preoporclo. Eye
not very large. Insertion of dorsal midway between snout and caudal;
anal very short, its first ray under last of dorsal. Scales caducous,
rcrfoctly transparenv in life, with some black dots; a ditt'uso lateral
silvory shade, but no stripe. Length 2 inches. Ma/atlau to Panama;
abundant. At Mazatlan it is not taken in the Estuary with other Stole-
j)hor:, but is taken with dynamite in deep water, where it swims near the
surface. It is probable that the types are immature and are possildy the
yonujj of S. cxigitiia. Very young specimens taken at Key West and called
the same by Jordan, are not this species; they are either new or the
yonu'^of SlolephoniH j)erfa8ciatuft. (fietuu, to reduce ; d/>,\;«f, anus.)
Sliiliplmnis tHi(iri7ii(«, JoRMAN A GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 344, Mazatlan. (Ty|)o,
No. iiSU'J. Coll. Gilbert.) Jordan & Gildkrt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Muh., 1882, 622.
718. STOLKPHORVS PKRFASCIATUS (Poey). ^
Head 4 J ; depth 6 ; eye 3h D. 12 ; A. 14 to 16. Body rather elongate ;
snout compressed and pointed, shorter than eye. Top of head with a
sliKlit keel. Maxillary and lower jaw finely toothed ; maxillary unusually
short, its posterior end rounded, not extending quite to margin of pre-
oporclo ; gill rakers numerous ; pectoral 1 Jin head, not reaching ventrals ;
in.sert;on of anal below last rays of dorsal, the fin short ; origin of dorsal
midway between root of caudal and pupil. Color of S. broiniii, the lateral
band rather narrower, well defined, its width about f eye ; no dark punc-
tulatious except on b."8e of caudal and sometimes on anal. Length 2 to
3 inches. Florida Keys to Cuba ; common, but much less abundant than
Siolq)horu8 hrownii. (;perfa8ciatu8, well-banded.)
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Bulletin 47, United States National Afuseum.
Etujrmiliii prr/dfi'ilim, I'okv, Mt^nmriua, II, lllll, iHilo, Cuba; <J('NTiir.ii, Cat,, vii, 31(1, Ihcm; i,,,(
of Swain, Hull. t'. H. Kliili Ciiiimi., ii, 1hh'2, rtr>; not of JiinKAN A Oiliieut, Syuo|«i», i:t;|
lH8:i.
Ikoleiihoru* jirr/iufiitltu, HwAIN it Mrr.K, I'roc. Ac. Nut. Si'l, riiiln., I8H4, 34.
'lU. NTOLKI'IIOItl'M KXKM IS, .lordau )c (iilbirt.
IToR(l3}; depth 5; eyo :U. D. 12; A. 17; HcaleH .'W-.'). Hody hIoikI. r,
not ({ruatly coniproHHtMl utid not oluvated ; liully cuinpreHHtMl, Ncrnilair;
head Hhort; oporciihir iiiart;in not v«M-y ohli*|U» ; chcuk narrowly tiiim-
gnlar; snout j{ oyo, which Ih hir^o; maxillary ahoiit roachint; opeKMihir
margin, tapering to an acute point; teeth in both jaws. Uill riii«i'is
short, the longeHt i eye. Dorsal inserted midway between middio of
pupil and base of caudal ; pectorals not reaching ventrals. Scales cadii-
cous. Translucent, with dark dots; sidv4 with a faint silvery streaU.
Lengtli 2} inches. Maxatlan ; not common, {^fxitjiius, thin.)
Btoleiihonm exiyuim, .Toiidan A (ill.nBBT, I'ruc. U. S. N«t. Mu»,, IHttl, 'M'i, Mazatlan. (Tyjir, Nn.
2H120. Cull. Ollburt.)
720. NTOLICPHOKl'K C'lHANUS (I'ocy).
(BOCON.)
Head .5 in length with caudal ; depth (»J ; eye 4. D. 14 ; A. 17. Alliod to
S. h-otcnii, but with the anal shorter. Body slender, compressed. Kyn as
long as snout. Maxillary with teeth, its tip extending beyond the opiT-
cular border. Dorsal beginning midway between front of caudal ami
posterior edge of eye ; pectoral not (luito reaching ventral. Scales cadii-
oouB. A silvery band i depth of body. Length 2i inches. Cuba aiid
Porto Eico. (Poey.)
Engraidit ctihaitun, Poey, SyuopHls, 420, 18l!8, Cuba. (Coll. Pooy.)
721. STOLKI'HOItUS Pt:RTiIK<'ATl>l, Qocxlo A Bean.
Head3|; depth 5; eye 3h D. 11; A. 16; scales .38. Body somewliat
compressed, the belly not carinated nor serrated. Eye longer than snout ;
snout conical; teeth minute, in both jaws; maxillary with acuto tip
almost reaching gill opening; gill rakers numerous, J eye. DoiMal
inserted midway between center of eye and base of cauvlal ; pect<Ma!8
not quite reaching ventrals; axillary sheaths very large, almost as ion^
as pectoral or ventral. Olivaceous, with a narrow tilvery stripe, } dft|itli
of body, not half as wide as eye. Length 3jf inches. Pensacola, Florida.
(Goodo & Bean.) Apparently allied to S. perfasciatiia, but the maxiliury
longer, (perthecatus, well sheathed. )
Stolejyhoriu perlhecatiit, GooDE & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 434, Pensacola. ('I'mic,
No. 30483. Coll. Stoarns.)
722. STOLEPHORUS ISCHAJfllS, Jordan A Gilbert.
Head 3f ; depth 5. D. 13; A. 16; scales 40-7. Close to Stolejyliorufi
hrotvnii, but slenderer and with fewer anal rays. Body elongate, not
strongly compressed or elevated; belly compressed, its edge rounded.
Head long and slender ; opercular margin very oblique ; cheeks trianjiii-
lar, rather broad; teeth evident in both jaws; maxillary not quile
iitiri
Jordan ami F.i'frtnapin. — Fishes of North America.
443
ri'acliing ^111 opening. (Jill rakors nuniornuH, lont^ent J ey«'. Snout lonf;,
] *>y(n which ih \\\ in httad. I)«)rHal itiNttrtiMl niitiwiiy Itotwuori l>aie uf
iiiiMliiin caiKliil rayH and t'nmt of oyn ; anal Hhort; caudal Hhortor than
iii'iul; poctoralH Hhort, not nearly machine vuntralH. ScaluH thin, nut
ciuiiicoiiH. Trannlncunt, with a Hharply dotlned ailvory Htripn an in S.
liKiiniii, but narrower, confined to one Herii'H of HcalcH ; many Idaok Hpockit
on hody and flnH. Length H inchuH. Ma/.atlan to Panama; abundant,
ri'placinK SloltphoriiH hroitnii on the woHt coaHt ; a Hlender HpecieH, with
hliorttir anal than .V. hrownii. {h \{ti]i>iir, hUmuXot.)
^'^.^;l/lr>rH« itihitmiii, Jdiiiian tic Oiliikht, I'ruc. V. S. N'«t. Miu., 1H81, 3'l(), Mazatlan. (Tyiio,
N». 28-24U. Coll. ailburt.)
383. NTOLKPIIORI M ItltOWMI (Cmoliii).
(Str'prp Anchovy; Man.iOa.)
Head .3}; depth IJ; eye 3i. I). 15; A. 20; scales 40. Body rather
nldu^iitu, compressed, not elevated ; belly compressed, serrulate. Head
laliier short, the snout 5 in head, projecting much beyond the tip of the
lower jaw. Teeth pretty strong; maxillary extendinjj beyond base of
mandible, but not quite reaching to the ed^o of the frill opening. Eye
lar^iti; cheeks triangular, scarcely larger than eye. (iill rakers long, s
(iiamt'tcr of eye, but shorter than in S, comprtHSHH. Anal ^v^tll a sheath
ot Ncales; dorsal inserted nearer caudal than snout. Olivaceous, trans-
liict^nt, sides silvery ; the silvery lateral baiul about as wide as the eye,
vory distinct. Length 4 to (5 inches. Cape Cod to lira/il ; very abundant
Hoiitliward, both on the Florida Coast and in the West Indi«>s ; the nmst
abundant of the American species. (Named for Patrick Browne, author
of (ho History of Jamaica, ITijG.)
/V./"i7iii;/i(, Marcouave, IliHt. Bias., ITi!), I(i4«, Brazil, *
Miiiiiiiii, IlitowNK, IliHt. .Tatimlcii, 441, 17r>ri, Jamaica.
Alhiriiiiihroiniii, Gmki.in, Sjgt. Nat., i:i!l7, 17HH, Jamaica ; after Hhowne.
Kunri'imrliiH, HoNNATKiiiiK, Tiibl. Ichtli., llf), 17><H, Jamaica ; after Hrhwne.
t'lajmiiliii lemniiicuhu, CvviKR, lU'giiu Animal, Kd. 2, n, :)2.'), 1820, Brazil; after Pinnilimja of
MaRC(IRAVK.
KmjMuUn UkoUtr, AdAHSiz, Spix, Pi8c. DniRil., r>l, 1829, Bahia; Par^.
I'.iignii'lit pUiniliixja, AiiASgi/, SjiLx, I'iw. Krafiil., ]il. 2lt, \\)^. 1, 1829; types of trU-oUir.
Ariifiiliiin minidiii, GuoNOW, Cat., 141, 1854; iiftor IJkownk.
Ht'>lri,h,.nt^ hiulnid, GooDK A Bkan, I'roi-. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, :14:!, (depth 6},-{j, nnal rayH 22),
Clearwater Harbor, Florida. (Typo, No. 23t;32. Coll. Dr. Velif.)
FiiijriiuliH broiniii, tiONTllEU, Cat., vil, 389, 1868.
Btiilejiliunit Irotmii and hiulcui, Jordan & Gilbert, SynoiuiiH, 273, 1883.
724. STOLEPIIOKIIS ('IILTIIATU8, Gilliert.
Head 3]}; depth 4,\. D. 12; A. 20; scales 40. Body compressed, of
niodiuni depth, the abdomen compressed to an edge both in front of and
bfliiiid the ventral fins, but without serrations ; behind the veutrals the
edf^o is sharply carinate. Head slender and sharp, the snout long and
compressed, extending beyond tip of lower jaw for a distance nearly
eriualiug diameter of orbit ; maxillary abruptly widened behind angle
of mouth, then tapering to a rather sharp point, which extends beyond
vJa^^.>y>i;?^VJ.'iV.'i-'-;*L-.»;A.'..-^,N.-J;.;ii:.-i. '\',^:
r
iinii
^ i!
1 1
W-
444
BulUtin 47, Unit f J States National Afuseum.
niaudihiilur urtlciilation iionrly to gill o|>uiiiii|{. Tuoth in l«)Wor Jaw
Biiiall, but (llHtitictly vlHiblu; iii iippur juw largur toward tip of iiiunII-
lury, wliuni thuy ur» dirocttMl torwaril. Opoiclo narrow, Nonro«tly wv,
wide UH «)xpoH«Ml |)urtion of prt^tperclo, thu margin ni(»durutuly oblii|iii',
not wavy. Front of dorual midway liotwoun burnt of cau«lal and front nf
pu;!!! ; Imihu of ventralH midway betweun origin of anal and artitMilatioii
of niandiidu; origin of aual liuliind hiHt ray of ilormil. HoaiuH t-loHily
adiufront, ratlior tliick and (Irm. OlivuciMUiN, tlitt dornal rt^gion witli idink
flpuoking; a Nilvory band along niiddlu of HiduH, vnry narrow anti^riorly,
but inorottHing in width to oppoaito anal fin, wlii«ru it Ih uh widouHCM';
iinout and nuirgin of caudal IoIimh duaky. Lttngth \\k inclieH. Hanta Miit-
garita iHiund, howur California. {cHltratuH, knife-formiMl.)
f»i)lri>honi» rullnUiiH, (iiLiiERT, Proc. U. 8, N«t. Miiii., IHUI, ri44, Santa Margarita Island. (I'oll.
GlllMJft.)
785. HTOIiKI'IIOIU'M DKIJl'ATIHNINI'N (Olrurd).
Head 4i; depth 4}. D. I'.i; A. 23; BcaloH -lO. Head Hhort, nenrly
aH deep aH long; eye largo, much longer than the blunt Hnout, which jiki-
Jects considerably beyon<l the lower jaw. (iill rakers uumorous, slcmlfi,
nearly as long as the eye. Maxillary reaching past the root of the niiin-
dible. Lower lobe of caudal the longer ; dorsal inserted midway betwcin
caudal and front of eye. Very pale olivaceous, translucent, with nihh*-
dark points, and a silvery lateral band not as wide as thu eye. Lengtii :i
inches. San Diego Bay and southward in Lower California ; locally \ *-ry
abundant. (delicatisHimuH, most delicate.)
E»iyrniiU» iMii'iilMmiiit, (>tRAKi>, Profi. Ac. Nat. 8cl. Phlla., lHfi4, IM, anil Par. R, H. Siirv., x,
3:)5, 18r>8, San Diego; (Coll. A. Cawiily); Uii.NTiir.ii, (^ut., vil, 31)1, 18ft8.
Btoltphorui iMicaliMimiu, Jordan Jk Qimieiit, iSynoiwli, '274, iHH'i.
72tt. STOLKPHOKIIH CHWROHTOMIS (aoodo).
(IIOO-MOUTII ¥k\.)
Head 4; depth 5i; eye i}. D. i:^ o/ 14; A. 23 or 24; scales 38. Snont
projecting much beyond lower jaw, which just passes vertical from front
of eye; eye as long as snout. Maxillary tapering, reaching gill openin-;.
Gill rakers 10 -|- 25, as long as eye. Dorsal inserted before middle of body ;
anal under middle of 1)ody ; pectorals reaching front of ventrals ; scali'H
large. Brownish, with a lateral silvery baud, as broad as eye. Length L''f
inches. Bermuda Islands; comiix, a in Hamilton Harbor. (Goodc.) Al-
lied to Stolephorua aurinamensii , in „ more slender, the depth much less tlinu
length of bead, (xolpog, hog; aofia, mouth.)
Engranlit chocroitomxui. Goods, Aii-er. Journ. Sci. Artf*, August, 1874, 125, Bermudas.
727. STOLEPHORUS ARGTROPHANrK (Cuvler A Valenci.nnis).
Head 3| ; depth 6 ; eye 4. D. 14 ; A. 19. Body elongate, much slenderer
than in S. brownii, and not so much compressed ; belly slightly compresaod,
not serrated. Head not so deep as in S. brownii, more pointed, the snout
rather sharp, which is 5 in head. Eye rather small, not longer than snout.
Maxillary teeth well developed ; mandibular teeth very slender. Gill rakors
•iiii
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishrs of North America. 445
vtMvlnnff, atlonfi^ an Niioiit. Miixlll ryahortcr tlinn in S, hrotenU, not renoh-
iiiK' •ttiitu to till) l>iiH«« of tli«) iiiiiiitlililu. S(!ul«'s vtiry <l<tct(luoii8. VuntrulH
HliDit, very uliKlitl.v in front <»f tlorNiil ; caiidul ptMlunclu lon^ untl Hlontlur;
iliiiNul iiiHertutl Huarctily nearttr cundal tliuii Hiioiit. Silvnry Ntripo hroud,
liair widur tliiin tlio«y», bordurtttl abovo by ii tliiHky Htroak. L<<ii^th 4
incliim. (iiilf Htn-uni ; occaHioniil nortliwiitd ; li«ruduHcril)ud from iiHpooi-
iiii'ii from WoodH Iloll, MaHH., tliu typu of .S. furiixtolr, which HconiH to be
iili-nticai with th« ty|»« <»f Sloliplinriix unjifrophunun, uxuniinud by iih in
I'iiiIm. (ri^t)i7)()( , Hilvur; ^d/iu, to uhow.)
f.'ii.friiH/M iir|/yn)]iAaHi«, (Ii'viKii A VAi.r.Ni'ir.NNiH, lllii. Nat. I'uIm., xxi, 4U, 1H48, Equatorial
Atlantic.
tii,<ir,,h„n,> •r.riii'tolf, HwAiN X Mr.«K, I'riic. Ar. Nat. Hcl. Pliila., IMM, :U, Wood* Holl, Mau.
Sl.ilililiiituHper/uiuMlMii, JuliliAN ifc UlLliKlli, Hyiiu|iiia, 'iT.i, lH8:t; nut tif I'okt.
72N. HTOIiKIMIIMtl S t'l'ltTI'M, Junliin A (>llb< rt.
Huad 4.\; depth 4i| ; nyo L'| to 3^. D. 11; A. 22 or 2:i; hcaIuh 35-5.
Hotly <;oiiiproHHod and duup, tiio iippur and lower oiitlinoH little arched ;
lit'llv before ventrulH Hharply uouipreHHed, Herriilate. Head uliort and
tlocp, tiie Hiioitt blunt, not produced; maxillary not iiuite reaching ^ill
upfiiiii>r, ending in a Hhurp point; euuh Jaw with minute teeth. Oper-
clu HliortiHh; clieekn broadly triangular, (jlill rakeiH about ii eye, which
i.s iiir^e. DorHal inserted midway between middle of pupil and baNo of
Citiiilal ; caudal Hhort, the lower lobe longer; pectorak' very tthort, barely
ruiirliing veutralH; Hcalea thin, caducouH. TranHlucunt, with yellow
HhuilfH and dark dots; Hides with a faint ditl'uHe Hilvery Htreak. Length
2i inches. Ma/.atlan; abundant in the muddy eutuary. {cnrttiH, hIiovI.)
ik-il' i'li"niH iiirhiH, JonnAN Si QiLiiERT, Vtuv. IJ. S. Nut. Mua., t881, :MU, Maiatlan. (Type, No.
t'ili'i. Cull. Oilliort.)
720. STOLKI'HOItrS POKTI (Kiht A Stoiiulachnor).
Head 4jt; depth 4^; eye 3^ to 4. D. 16; A. 23 or 24 ; Hcaloa 42. Body
d('t>p and compresMed, the outlines not arched; snout short, blnntish,
lilt 1(1 prujocting; eye moderate ; both jaws with small teeth; maxillary
nioilorate, extending little beyond joint of mandible; opercles short.
Front of dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout ; ])ectorals rather
Ion;;, not reaching ventrals; vontrals small. 8cales deciduous. (>reeu-
isli, Hides silvery, with no distinct lateral band. Rio Bayano, near
I'iiniinui. (Kuer L^!^ Steindacbner.) (Named for Felipe Poey, the ichthy-
olo^^iMt «)f Cuba, for nearly a half century professor of zoology in the
I'nivcrsity of Havana.)
I'lijnniliH jxiei/i, Knek it Steindaciiner, Alili. Baj'or, Ak. Wisa., x, 1864, 23, with plate, Rio
Bayano; GCntiieb, Cat., vii, 392, 1H68.
790. NTOLKPlIOItVS OPEBCULARIS, Jordan A Gilbert.
Head 3; depth 3| to 4 ; eye 4 ; D. (injured in specimen examined) ; A. 20
to 24 ; scales 39. Body elliptical, short, and moderately compressed ; dor-
sal outline evenly curved ; belly compressed, not trenchant. Head large,
Compressed, the snout bluntish, projecting beyond lower jaw ; maxillary
; i '
I :
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i'^'J
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iii^-^iiLj^sf-'i^ i \i '-Ai
^«-l■.i^^A-.fti.^>K^:_
i
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446
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
'i:
7'^SIIIB
/■:
!■; ■
iliifl
iliill
iril
fl
V:' ;■;
ffl
»
short and Bloiidor, not roachinf; joint of mandible; maxillary with vory
tine teuth ; nmndiblo without teeth. Clijuka triangular, the form lower
and broader than UHual, its bane at eye it length of other sideH. Kyo
much longer than Muout ; operdes unusually long, the distance from ritl^M;
of preopercle at lower ])08turior angle of cheek back to gill opeiiiii|r
equal to diHtanco from Hame ])oint forward to middle of eye. InHcrtion df
dorsal midway between base of caudal and midvUeof eye; anal HhortiHli,
with a large Hcaly sheath ; pectorals and ventrals short ; scales lar^ic,
rather adherent. liluish above, silvery below, not translucent ; no latenil
bilvery band. Length 5 inches. Gulf of California to Panama ; not very
common, (opercular in, pertaining to-the opercle, Avhich is very long.)
8lole})honiM ojierciilnrin, .ToitDAN A Gn.iiEllT, Proc. V. 8. Nat. Mus., 1H81, 275, Punta San
Felipe, Gulf of California. (Type, No. 29;HiG. Coll. Lii-iit. Nicliolg.)
781. STOI.KPIIOKITN MITCIIILLI (Ouvior & Valoncionnes).
Head 3* ; depth 4 ; eye 3. D. 14 ; A. 2.') or 2«); scales 37. Body rather
short and deep, strongly compressed, the belly compressed and slightly
serrated. Head short, compressed, bluntish; snout very short, i.(;t
longer than pupil ; eye very large ; maxillary about reaching edge of
opercle; both jaws with teeth; cheeks broadly triangular, almost e<jni-
lateral, smaller than eyo ; opercle short, little obli^jue ; gill rakers ratlier
long, S eye. Dorsal inserted midway between caudal and middle of eyo;
anal very long; pectorals long, about reaching ventrals. Scales thin,
caducous. Translucent whitish, sides silvery, with an ill-defined narrow
silvery band scarcely wider than pupil ; tins with yellowish ; many dark
dots on body and tins. Length 2^ inches. Cape Cod to Texas on sandy
shores, entering rivers; very abundant. The smallest species of Anchovy
found north of the tropics. (Named for Professor Samuel Latham
Mitcbill, author of a valuable early catalogue of the fishes of New York.)
Engraiilin milchilU, Cuvikr <k Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. roisB., xxi, 50, 1848, New York; Caro-
lina; Lake Pontchartrain.
Engrmdia IjuUiana, Le Sueue, MS.? CuviEii & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxi, 51, 18Ih,
Lake Pontchartrain.
Engrimlig diiodecim, Cope, Trans. Amor. Phil. Sue, 1860, 405, Beasleys Point, New Jersey;
(ilorsal fln 8ai(' to be vntiroly anterior to tlie long and deejily concave anal, which in nut
true in S. initehitli; the description otherwise agrees).
Stolepliorua milchiUi, Jobuan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 248.
732. STOLKPHOKUS LIICIDTIS, Jordan A Gilbert.
("Sahdina.")
Head 3| ; depth 3* ; eye 3. D. 12 ; A. 27 ; scales 36-6 ; B. 11. Body
closely compressed, but not greatly elevated, the back weakly arched;
belly cariuate before anal, but not serrato. Head short, rather pointed,
the margins of opercles forming an even curve; maxillary narrow-
pointed, reaching little beyond mandibular Joint ; teeth evident; snout
abort, projecting, 2 in eye ; cheeks oblique, V-shaped, the length more
than i head; gill rakers rather few and short, the longest 2 in eye.
Front of dorsal midway between base of caudal and front of eye ; caudal
short, the lower lobe the longer; pectoral about reaching ventraJH.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. A4:7
Scales rather adhereut. Translucent, Avith black dots on body and fins;
Roiiio yellow shades ; uides with a rather ditViiso silvery liand, narrowed
lii'hind and <)xpanding on base of caudal. Length 5 inches. Mazatlau;
ioiiilly abundant. {lucidnn, br'ght.)
tHuLi^hnniK hirlibui, JonDAN it GILBERT, "roc. U. 8. Nat. Miib., 1881, 341, Mazatlan. (Type, No.
■MUl. Coll. Gilbert.)
7S3. STOLKPIIOItrS (LrPKOIDKS (Swalnxon).
Iload 3i to 3?; depth 3i ; eye 3*. D. 14; A. 25 to 30; sf-vles 40-8.
Snout much projecting, blunt, short, about 2 in eye ; ir.axillary obliquely
ti'iiiicate, ending in a point,, just before joint of mandible. Teeth very
Hiiiall, in both jaws; gill rakers very tine, setiforni, longer than eye;
alidoiiien trenchant, but without conn'MCuous spines. Insertion of dorsal
a little behind middle of body ; insertion of anal before middle of dorsal.
Silvery ; lateral band broad, not very distinct. Size very large, length
about a foor,. Coast of Ciuiana and southward; common, ascending
Htreams. (Steindachr'^r ; Giinther.) {Clupea uprattm, the Sprat; dJof,
likeness.)
.'Bi'ir'iiiUsiliijtrouIen, SwAlNKos, Nat. His* Ficlios, ii, 388, 18:W, Pernambuco.
Sl"hi'liiiniKfiiriiiiime)iKi/:,'Iihr.r.Kr.H. Nciiicrl. Tijiinclir. IHltU., iHiKi, 178, Surinam.
iMjiiwli.i .vHn'iKimeiiMi, (it'i." uBii, Cat., vn, 393, 1808; A. 25 or 20 ; Steindaciinkr, Ich. lieitr.,
Mil, 55, 1875; A. 30.
784. KTOLEPHORl'S PRODUCTUS (Poi y).
(Heciiudo: Ghubiier BitoAD-iiEAn.)
Heads?; depth 3^. D. 13; A. 32; scales 40. Body deep, much com-
preHned ; belly compressed, not serrate ; maxillary tapering behind, nearly
reaching gill opening; snout pointed, much projecting beyond lower jaw ;
teeth very small, in upper jaw only. Dorsal midway between tip of snont
and baHe of caudal. Scales caducous. Greenish, silvery on sides, without
distinct lateral band. Cuba and Jamaica. (Poey; Gunther.) Possibly
not distinct from Stolephorua clupeoides. (productua, lengthened.)
Kiiijnmliiprodmluii, PoFY, Reportorio, 380, 18C6, Cuba ; Gilnthor, Cat., vii, 388, 1868.
736. STOLEPHORUS CONPRESSUS (Girard).
Iload 4i; depth 3J. D. 12; A. 31; scales 40. Body strorgly com-
pressed, deeper than in most other species; head short, nearly as deep
as long ; eye large, anterior, much longer than the blunt snout, which
docs not project much beyond the lower jaw. Gill rakers numerous,
slender, nearly »s long as the eye. Maxillary reaching beyond the root
of the mandible. Lower lobe of caudal the longer; anal fin very long;
dorsal inserted midway between caudal and front cf eye; pectoral with
a liiisal sheath. Very pale olivaceous, translucent; a silvery lateral
baud as broad as the eye. Flesh thin and dry, the bones firmer than in
EiigranUs mordax. Length 6 inches. Point Goncepcion to Lower Cali-
fornia, abundant about San Diego, (compresaus, compressed.)
Etigmniis comjiramit, GiUAnn, Pac. B. K. Surv., x, 336, 1858, San Diego. (Coll. A. Cassidy);
tii'.STiiER, Cat., VJi, 395, 1868.
Sloltphormcompreittu, JoBDAK <&GiLBEBT, Synopsis, 274, 1883.
«t
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448
Bulletin -^7, United States National Miisetitn.
\ \ I
\\W--T ■r^:■
786. KTOLEPHORl'S PANAIHKNSIS ^Stoiiidachncr).
Head 4?; depth 3? to 3,^; eye about 3*. D 12; A 31 to 36; scalcH :{r..
Body strongly compressed, the outlines not strongly arched. Kiinut
short, bluntly conical, not J length of the large eye. Maxillary imintid
behind, reaching gill opening; evident teeth in both jaws; no procosHoii
subopercle. Insertion of dorsal a little nearer posterior edge of eyu tlum
caudal ; caudal longer than head; pectorals long, reaching anal. Tulc, a
well-marked silvery-gray lateral band. Length (> inches. Panama; notnue.
Eiiijraulis punamerMa, Steinuaciinsk, Iclith. Buitr., iv, 39, 187'>, Panama.
787. STOLEPHORUS SPINIFEK (Cuvior & Yalciiciounus).
Head 4 ; depth 4i. D. 15 ; A. 37 or SH. Abdomen compressed, not ser-
rated; snout pointed, much projecting; each jaw with minute tcotli;
maxillary tapering, reaching gill opening ; 8uboi)ercIe projecting beyond
upercle, forming u, small triangular prominence, (fill rakers sleiulci',
longer than eye, 10-|-16. Insertion of dorsal considerably nearer tip of
snout than base of caudal ; pectorals reaching ventra.s. Coloration uni-
form, no distinct lateral stripe. Length 6 inches. Coast of Guiana:
recorded from Panamaby Steindachner. (Giinther.) {sj^hiti, spine ; J'tro
I bear; in allusion to the subopercular process.)
Engrauliii spinifer, Cvwr.ii & Valenwennes, Hist. Nat. I'uiHS., xxi, 3U, 1848, Cayenne; (ii's-
TUEB, Cat., VII, 384, 18(J8.
219. ENGRAuLIS, Cuvier.
(Anchoviks.)
EiigrauliK, Cuviek, Rigno Aniniul, Ed. i, 174, 1X17, (oicraKirholiiii).
Eucrasichotus, FLEMiNii, BritiBli Auinials, 183, 1M28, (c)icranic7(oIii«).
We separate from Stolephorus as a distinct genus, the typical species of
Engraulia, with a few related species, the anchovies of the north and
south Temperate zones, the species of Stolephorus beiii ^j confined chieliy to
the tropics. The technical basis of this division, the increased number
of vertebrie in Engraulis. is connected with the geographical distributi )n
of its species. EngrauUa includes spindle-shaped species, little com-
pressed, the sides rounded, the vertebra! in larger number (about 45*), the
flesh rather dark, tender, and somewhat oily, not translucent, the bonea
soft, tlie appearance and flesh resembling that of the sardines, {lyyfxivki^,
engraulis, tlie ancient name of Engraulis eucrasicholits, the contniou
anchovy of Europe.)
a. Head very long, the snout projecting ; gill ralteni very long, luuch lougerthan cyr ; A. 22;
no distiuct.Bilvuiy lateral band; jaws with small teeth. MUitiiA.\, '',W.
/
738.''eNGRAVL18 MORDAX, Girard.
(CALiroiiNtA Anchovy.)
Head 3i; depth 5^. D. 14; A. 22; scales 40; B. 14. Vertcl.ra'
23 + 22 = 45. Body spindle-shaped, formed much as in a sardine, little
compressed, rounded above, slightly carinated below, not serrated ; bead
* 44 or 40 iu E. mordax ; 4C or 47 iu 8, encrasicholut.
Jordan anii Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 449
loiij,', an toriorlycompresHed, the snout pointed and protruding; houd nearly
twice as long as deep; eye large, very near the tip of the snout ; niax-
illiii y extending beyond root of mandible ; jaws with small teeth ; operelu
(l(H'itor than long, placed very obliquely. Gill rakers very long, much
longer than the eye. Bluish above; aides and below silvery, not trans-
luoeiit; no silvery lateral I ad. Young more compressed, the sides sil-
very, but not translucent and without lateral band. Flesh comparatively
iliiik and easily torn, as in a sardine. Length 7 inches. Pacific Coast
of Aiiu'iicafrom Vancouver Island to Lower California; extremely abun-
dant, ill largo schools; one of the largest of our anchovies, and the most
viilii:il)le as food, ranging farther north than its American allies, as dooo
the related J'JtujrauIia encrimcholuH in Europe, (mordax, biting.)
Kii;;i(i"/i» i«i>n(i(j, CiUAitii, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hilii., 1854. IDS, and in Pac. K. 1{. Surv., x, 334,
1H.')S, Shoalwater Bay, Washington. (Coll. Dr. J. G. Cooper.)
£h.;/i((i/i> iiiiiiiis, (jiiitAitD, /. f., X, 3.'}.'), Ifi.'iH, San Francisco; yoiiiit;. (Coll. lluurinaun); Kngh
■V Steim>.\(ii.nkk, Sit/. Ak. Wiss. Wii iSiiO, «■;. 17.
Sl''lii')i''riiy riiiijem, .TuuDAN & (Jil.iiF.iiT, Synoiwis, 272, 18m;!, anil of rcoont authors gpiiurally,
liiit pnliiibly not idi^utiral with I^mjrtmlis r/ii./oio, .Iksyns, Voyatjd ncanlc, Hit;, 1S12, a
sirTiiliir ("pecios from ('hili and Peru, bnt with anal rays lu, and fliu liead 4 in length.
N'uilher species occurs on the west coast of Mexico.
220. ANCHOVIA, Jordan * Evermann.
Aiiihniiii, JiiRnAN it RvKiiMANN, now Konus, (miifrolejyidola).
The genus is closely allied to *S/o?e/>/jor«8, ditt'ering in the form of the'
body which is very deep, but not strongly compressed, and in the ab'senco
of teeth in both jaws in the adult, although teeth are developed in the
young. One species known. {Anchovia, Anchovy, a name long applied to
EiiijrtutUx encrasicholus, the Anchovy of Europe.)
739. ANCHOVIA MACROLEPIDOTA (Kner & Steindacluior).
(Sardina nocoNA.)
IleadSi; depth 3. D. 15; A. 28 to 30; scales 35-9. Body very short
and deep, both dorsal and ventral outlines strongly arched ; head one-
fourth longer than deep ; snout very short, not longer than pupil ; not
jnojectiug far beyond lower jaw; jaws toothless in adult; minute teeth
present in young ; maxillary narrow, rounded behind, extending to angle
of preopercle • gill rakers line, long, and very numerous; subopercle
' ith a slight process, as in S, spinifer. Abdomen slightly compressed.
Sf ies adherent. Origin of dorsal slightly behind middle of body ; ventrals
'. IV small, pectorals rather long. Silvery, sides with an indistinct bluish
band. Length 8 inches. Gulf of Mexico to Panama, very abundant
about Guaymas where it is often cast up dead on the beach in great
numbers; one of the largest species of anchovy. (/ia/c/jo^eTruJorof, large-
Bcaled.)
i'liynm/ii macrolepiiloiux, Kxer <fe STEiNnACiiNER, Abhandl. Bayer, Akad. Wigs., x, 18G4, 21,
pi. Ill, tig. 2, Rio Bayano, Panama ; GOntuer, Cat., vii, 385, 1868 ;.STEiNDACHNeit, Icbth.
Ill itr., IV, 37, 1875.
Stolq huiiis maeruUpidotuK, EvKUMANN & JENKINS^ Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 181)1, 134.
F. N. A.
-30
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450
Bulletin 47, United States National Afuseitm.
221. CETENGRAULIS, (Jiinther.
C€tengrnn\i», Gt'NTnm, Cat. Fishes, llrit. Mus., vii, 38:J, ISdS, (edenhihtH).
This geuus differs from Stoleifhorus in having the gill membranes
broadly united. The gill rakers are usually long, and the teeth are rudi-
mentary or wanting. Two species, f/cz/rof, whale; En(jraul'\8\ the Umg
gill rakers suggesting whalebone.)
a. Aual rays 20 tn 22 ; uy<' t>% in liciiil.
aa. Aual rays 23 tu 1!5 ; uyu Ay^ iu '
kcud.
M iTSTICETtS, 710.
EDENTUM.^i, 711.
740. CETENURAULIS MYSTICETIJS (ailuther).
Head 2| to 2}; depth 3.?; eye 5J. D. 15 to 17; A. 20 to 22; soalos
42-14. No teeth; maxillary not reaching root of mandible; gill rakery
very long, sotiform, 10 + 42. Insertion of dorsal midway between evo
and base of caudal ; pectorals extending to or a little beyond veiitrals.
Coloration uniform. Panama. (Giinther.) (B«/rt7jawi^8<ict'<M8, theKiglit
Whale, the long gill rakers suggesting whalebone.)
£iii/r(iulu)tny9(i('e<i(«, tiONTiir.R, Proc. Zoiil. Sue. Loud., 18GU, 604, Panama.
CV(«?i|/rauIt« mynliceltu, GUntiiek, Cat., vii, 383, 1808.
741. CETENCIBAULIS EDENTULUS (Cuvier).
(BOCON.)
Head 3} to 3i ; depth 3 ; eye 4 to ih D. 15 ; A. 23 to 25 ; scales 10-11.
Body deep, not greatly compressed ; belly compressed, bluntly trencliunt,
not serrate; snout short, sharply pointed, l.ii in eye; maxillary slonder,
finely toothed posteriorly only in the young, not reaching rootof mandilde ;
lower jaw toothless. Gill rakers close-set, longer than eye, 3^ iu head;
cheeks triangular, longer than high. Scales not caducous. Insertion of
dorsal midway between front of eye and base of caudal ; pectoral sliort,
2 in head, not reaching ventral ; caudal deeply forked, 1^ in head ; dor-
sal and anal with large basal sheaths. Silvery, darker above, a dark
lateral band concealed by the silvery scales. Length 6 inches. West
Indies to Brazil, common in Cuba, {edentulus, toothless, which is not
quite true of young examples.)
Sfrat, Sloane, Ilipt. Jamaica, ii, 282, 1727, Jamaica.
Engraulis cdenltdus, CuviEB, BegDo Animal, Ed. 2, ii, 323, 1829, Jamaica; after Sloane; CuvitB
& Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poise., xxi, 51, 1848.
Ettfiravlia brevin, Poey, Rejiertorio, i, .379, 18(iC, Cuba.
Celeiiyrauli* eilentnli(s, GUntheb, Cat., vil, 383, 1868.
CeleHgraulis brecia, Swain & Meek, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila, 1884, 35.
222. PTERENGRAULIS, Gunther.
Pterengraulig, GOntiier, Cat. Fishes, vii, 398, 1808, {atherinoiden).
This genus is very close to Stolephorus, differinj; chiefly in the insertion
of the dorsal, which is a little behind the front of the very long auul tin.
South American. (Trrcpof, fin ; Engraulis.)
742. PTERENGRAULIS ATHERINOIDES (Linntcus).
Head 4i^ ; depth 4 ; eye 5i ; snout 6J. D. 10 or 11 ; A. 31 to 33 ; scales
40 to 44-8. Body elongate, compressed, the lower profile arched like tbe
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 451
npper, the ventral edge trenchant, not serrate ; snont abort, blnnt,
upturned; teeth small; maxillary not reaching joint of mandible; gill
raktis Hhort, 7 -f 14, the longest f eye. Pectoral scarcely shorter than
lipud, reaching middle of length of ventrals; insertion of dorsal mid-
way between base of caudal and base of pectoral ; anal inserted before
(luisal ; scales deciduous. Silvery lateral band broad, not strongly
niarkod, narrowed on the tail. Coasts of Guiana and Brazil, ascending
rivers. (Steindachner.) (at/tmnoteies, like J</jmH«, referring to the sil-
very stripe.)
(•\mca<AherxnoUt», LiNN.^rs, Syst. Nnt., Ed. xii, 5211, 17C0, Surinam.
r.wiraiiUi (ilheriiwiilfH, OI'ntiiku, Cat.. VII, 'MS, lsti8 ; Steindaciineii, Irhtli. Ilcitr, viii, ."iO, 1815,
ItinnijraulU allterinuidei, EiOENMAN.v & Brav, Aun. N. Y. Ac. Nat. Sti., 1834, C27.
223. LYCENGRAULIS, Guuther.
LyeiigmtiliK, GONTVIEn, Cat. FislicB, VII, 399, 1808, (groKsidem).
This genus dithers from Stolephorus chielly in the dentition, the teeth
beiu^ unequal in size, some of them canine-like. The known species are
South American, (^li-xof, wolf ; Engraulia.)
743. LYCENOBAULIS UBOSSIDGNS (Cuvier).
Head H ; depth 4J ; B. 13 ; D. 14 or 15 ; A. 25 to 28 ; scales 40. Body
comiirossed ; snout pointed, projecting; npper teeth strong, subequal,
lower still stronger, 14 to 18 on each side, between them a few smaller
teeth maxillary tapering, reaching angle of lower jaw; gill rakers
very short, lanceolate, about 10 -|- 12 to 15. Insertion of dorsal midway
between middle of eye and base of caudal ; anal inserted below posterior
half of dorsal. Abdomen compressed, without scutes. Pectorals reach-
ing ventrals. Silvery band broad, not well defined. Coast of Guiana
and Brazil, very abundant southward ; a good food-fish. (Giiuther.)
((/(•088US, large ; rfc»J8, tooth.)
KiitjnmlisyromdaiH (Cv\isn) Ao.\8Ri>!, Spix, Pisc. Brasil., 50, 1828, Rio Janeiro.
En;pmiU.i Janeiro, Aijabbi/, Spix, PIhc. Brasil., i)l. 24, tig. 1, 1828, Rio Janeiro.
EiKinmlis drntex, CuviEU & Valenciennes, Ilist. Nat. I'oisB., x.\i, 28, 1848, Rio Janeiro.
LycemjiaulU (jrossidens, Eioenhann .<i Bray, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1894, ti2G.
Family LXIII. ALEPOCEPHALID^.
Body oblong, compressed, covered with thin cycloid or keeled scales,
or with naked skin; head naked. Lateral line present or absent. No
barbels. Mouth moderate or large ; margin of the upper jaw formed by
the preniaxillaries and the maxillaries, the former being placed along the
upper anterior edge of the latter. Teeth feeble. Opercular apparatus
complete, its bones thin. Phosphorescent spots none, or rudir.entary,
placed in nodules of the naked skin. Nr adipose fin; dorsal fin long
and low, posterior, inserted nearly opposite the anal ; pectorals shoit,
placed rather high ; ventrals usually well back, sometimes wanting.
Gill openings very wide, the membranes free from the isthmus. Pseudo-
brancliiie present; no gular plate; no air bladder. Stomach curved,
without blind sac ; pyloric cccca in moderate number. Fishes of the deep
1 ■ .1
<: ''
i,i
I
I
l\
HZ'
M
4^
J
n
452
Builetin 47, United States National Museum.
qeaa; but one Hpeciea known until recently, when 6 genera iind nuiiuMoiiH
specioH liuvo been described from the abyHHul fauntit of the niid-Atlumiu
and Pacific. {AUpocephaUdw, GCntiikh, Cat., vii, 477, 18(i8.)
a. Scales woll dovi'loped, cycluid; teuth Hinitll; lateral lino prencnt.
b. YoDtral flim wull doTuluped.
c. Mouth Hniiill; innxlllary with tcotl:; liody niflior ilcop.
il. Duriuil and anal rather Hhort, of 15 to 17 rayR, Hlniilar to uuch other; ci|,i.|. ulur
fla|m Iomk; lioail luriio. Ai.ki'iicki'mai.i >. j;;),
lid. Doreul and anal lonf;er, of 'iO to 'iJt rayx each, thu anal tliu lon^'cr; iipiii ulir
llaiM inodurate. Mituiiillina, 'JiO,
cv. Mouth rather lurj^o, moderate; body more elongate.
c. Anal not longer than dorttal; teeth on iialatiiies; maxillary with toeth,
/. Dorsal longer than anal and Inserted far in front of it.
Bathytkoitks, fKi.
ff. Dorsal scarcely longer than anal and inserted nearly opposite it.
T.\LI.S.MANI \, JliT.
('«. Anal twice as long as dorsal; body rather elongate; jaws strouf;; nopuluti":
teeth. Co.MiCAliA, 'JJ8.
hh. Ventral tins wanting; body short, compressed; naxillary with toeth; scales ki'clid,
Pl.ATVTUlK il>', 'li').
aa. Scales waiitint;; skin thick, rugose, with nodules; no lateral line; teeth nilnuti'; \riiiral
flus jtresont. ALirosuMUti, Z'M.
224. ALEPOCEPHALUS, Risso.
Alepiicej)halw, R18BO, Mem. Ac. Nat. Sci. Turin, xxv, 270, 1820, {ronlralm).
Body oblong, oompresHed. Mouth rather Buiall, the snout HoinowLat
prolonged; jawa nearly equal in front; a series of small teeth in t-uch
jaw and on the vomer and palatines. Eye very large. Gill nioml)iaiieH
entirely separate. Branchiostegals 6. Opercular bones thin, the upt-icle
with extended membranous flaps. Dorsal low, not very long, with a
scaly base, similar to the anal ; pectorals and ventrals moderate ; caiidul
moderatdly forked. Scales rather large, thin and cycloid ; no phoHphu-
rescent spots. Color violet black. Deep-sea fishes, found in mu8t ])urta
of the ocean, (u, privative, without tn-of, scale; Ksipn^, head.)
a. Head one-third of total length or nearly so ; scales not minute. D. 15 to 17 ; A. 17.
h. Scales moderate (in about 67 series). Snout 9 in biKly; eye 4 in head. I'RODucti's, 741.
hi). Scales small (in about 90 series). Snout 11 to 12 in body.
('. Eye 3^3 in head ; pectoral ^y^ in head, about aa long as eye. A(;assi/ii, 745.
CO. Kye 4]^^ in head ; pectoral 2^^ iu bead, much longer than eye. TEVminosi s, 74C.
744. ALEPOCEPHALVK PR0DUCTU8, Gill.
Head 2§ ;
depth 4; eye 4; snout 3. D. 17; A. 17; scales !M)7-12,
Resembling A. agaasizii in form and proportions, but with larger Mc-aleM,
smaller eye, and longer snout. Body quite robust, its height at tlu; pec-
toral origin nearly one-fourth length from snout to base of median Liuulul
rays. Least height of the tail about one-half length of body. Posterior
margin of orbit nearly equidistant between snout and opercular margiu;
upper jaw extending a little behind vertical from posterior margin of
pupil ; lower jaw shorter and included, nearly one-half as long a^tLc head.
Interorbital width 7in head ; width behind the orbits less than 3. lusortion
of dorsal above vent, length of its base twice diameter of eye; anal
lordiin and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 453
hii<4o niuler anterior portion of dorsal, the length of ita base about f
tliiit of (lorHal. The caudal flu has itH median rays as long ait the diameter
(if (ho eye, and the external rayu at least \ the total length of the flsh.
Till' ]>octoral commences at a distanco from the snout equal to i of the
hMi^tliof the body. The ventral; are inserted considerably behind the
niiilillu of the length (0.57), and appear to have been at least as long as the
(liaiiioter of the arbit. The type was obtained by the AlbatroHg from
Htn t ion 2035, a\: a depth of 1,1^62 fathoms. (Goode &. liean.) ( product iin,
(iiiiwii out.)
/i;./"" (Vi/m/iid prodHclim, Oin, Proc. V. S. Nat. Miia., 1883, Sfif., Gulf Stream at Allmtross Stii-
liiiii 'imr>, ill l,:iC2 fatliomB; (TyiM<, No. ILTMl. Coll. AlhalroHn); (ioonE A Bean, Oceoiiic
I. htlijology, 37, flg. 46, la'JS.
745. ALKPOCKIMIALIIS AOASSIZII, Gomlo & n<-an.
Head D ; depth 5 ; eye 3i. D. 15 ; A. 17 ; scales 10-90-11. Body a little
ilt;o|ier than in MitchilUtia hairdii. Head compressed, the snout conically
eliinjjato, the lower jaw slightly produced ; width of head i^ in length of
l»(i(ly (12 in M. bdirdii). Scales parchment-like. Dorsal inserted directly
aliovo vent, the distance from its origin to base of caudal jt its distance
from front of eye; anal inserted under second ray of dorsal. Length of
pf^ctoial e<(ual to diameter of eye, lOi in liody. Ventral about I
of hoad. Dusky ; head and fins nearly black. Gulf Stream, latitude 30°,
in '.t'2L' fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (Named for Professor Alexander
A^^assiz, in whoso deep-sea researches the species was obtained.)
AlittucrjilKtlu.i wjwiKhii, GodDK & Bean, Bull. Mus. Coinp. Zoiil., 1882, 216, Gulf Stream ; Goodb
.V Bean, Oceiinic Ichlhyology, 37, 1895.
l\
■ r>
746. ALEPOCEPHALUS TENEBROSII!^, Gilbert.
Head 3; depth 4J to 5; eye 4i. D. 17; A. 17; P. 10; scales 16-00-10,
of) tubes in lateral line. Allied to A. agaaaisU. liO'.j compressed,
e'.onj^ato ; maxillary reaching front of pupil, its length from snout 2\ in
head ; teeth in single series. Snout short, compressed, 3J in head. Dor-
sal ending slightly before anal ; pectoral 2i in head, much longer than
eyo. Scales of'lateral line much enlarged, forming a raised ridge. Uni-
form blue-black. Santa Barbara Channel, California, at 350 to 822
fatlioms. (Gilbert.) (tenebroaua, dusky.)
Mqf.i-i'iiliiihiii lenihromn, Gildebt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 1801, MC, Santii Barbara Channel.
(Coll. Gilbert.)
225, MITCHILLINA, Jordan & Evermann.
MiichilHiin, Jordan & Evermann, new genua, (hairdii).
In liscussing the species of Alepocephalua, Goode and Bean make the
following observations:
There are two distinct groups in Alepocephalua, probably of snbgeneric
value. The first group includes the type, A. roatratua, Risso. It is
characterized by a somewhat short, compressed body, large bead, with
extended membranaceous Haps, and by short dorsal and anal fins, similar
in Hi/e and shape and nearly opposite each other.
A. hamUi represents another type, having a stout body, about iis high
in propurtiou to its length as in A. agaaaizii, etc., but with a smaller head
%s. :'-.4r._c^.^l'. .
^J\.,^\ -■ >-4ai f
f
1
1
454
Jiulletin 4y, United States National Museum.
and loflo volnininons opercular flaps. The eye is comparatively iinuli
Hiimllur (18 in total length), and is nearer the npper profile of the lu-ad.
The vertical fins are Htron|rcr and niuru nuiHoular, and are heavily aculcd
at their baHus. Lateral line nearly utrai^^ht. Maxillarieu slender, not
expanded posteriorly.
For the second group as above indicated we suggest the XiVkVxet M'xichWWwa,
(In honor of the faithful and enthusiastic ichthyologist, Hainuel Latliuni
Mitchill, United States Senator from the State of New York, 1804-lNi!l,
the first to study systematically the fishes of New York Harbor.)
747. MITCIIILIilNA HAIBDII (Goodo k Dean).
nead4Jt; dopthSt; eye4i. D. 22; A. 25; P. 12; V. I, fl; pyloric r.ioa
15; ]{.(); scales 7-(>5-ll. Hody rather elongate; head moderately coin-
pressedySubconical, the lower jaw included; maxillary extending nearly
to below middle of eye; eye large, as long as snout. Dorsal inHoittd
slightly in advance of anal. Uniform indigo-blue, the color extendini;
to the inside of the mouth and the gill membranes. Length 24 incluH.
Grand Banks; dredged at a depth of 200 fathoms. (Uoode &l Ii*>aii.)
(Named for Professor Spencer Fullerton Baird, then at the head of tlio
United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries.)
AlepiM-rjihiihiii bair<lii, fJooDB & IIean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., lH7!t, fifi. Grand Banks of New-
foundland ; (Typo, No. 224ti8. Coll. Christian JuliUBon); Jordan & OiLUEBT,hyiioi«iH, jru,
188:i ; GooDK A Hkan, Oceauic Ichtliyology, :t8, Wjr>.
226. BATHYTROCTES, Giinther.
naUnjlroctcK, G{1ntiier, Ann. Map;. Nat. Hist., 1«78, 2\Si,{%mcro\ep'ui).
Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with moderate scales. Month
wide, extending to l)elow middle of eye, which is large; maxillary witli
series of minute teeth, like those on preniaxillary, mandible, vomer, .'iixl
palatines ; tongue toothless. Dorsal and anal moderate, the dorsal nota-
bly longer than anal and inserted considerably in front of the latter.
Gill rakers lanceokite. Deep sea. (,^ai9if, deep; rpw/crj/f, one who gnaws.)
§\\ i
\ M
748. BATHYTBOCTKS STOXIAS, Gill)ert.
Head 3? ; depth 5;i^ ; eye small, 6i ; snout 3§^. D. 17 ; A. 14 ; P. 9 ; scales
9-57-10. Mouth much larger than in other species, the front of eye over
middle of upper jaw. Body slender, the depth of caudal peduncle half tliat
of body. Premaxillaries extended forward, making a triangular projec-
tion, as in Labidesthes; maxillary If in head; teeth uniform, incurved,
depressible. Top of head with a deep lengthwise groove from nape to
snout, a large mucous canal which borders it posteriorly opening above
eye. Gill rakers 5 -f- 13, long and slender, the longest J eye. DovHal
beginning before vent ; the anal inserted slightly behind its middle ; cau-
dal forked. Dark brownish, the fins, etc., black. Length 13 iuclies.
Coast of Oregon, in 877 fathoms, (atomias, large-mouthed.)
Batliytrocteg gtomiaii, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1890, 53, Coast of Oregon, in 877 fathoms,
Alb'tirot* atation 3074. (Type, No. 43081. Coll. Gilbert.)
Jordan and Ei^ertnann. — Fishes of North Amerua, 4rw>
227. TALIS^AHIA, Goodu iV Beau.
Tiilimama, Goonr A Beak, Oceanic Iclitliyulo);y, 41, IROfi, (hitnu>iilerv»).
TliiH guuiiH iH cloaoly allied to litiihiftroctvH, diftbriug chiefly In the longer
vertical flnH, the dorsal and anal Iioin)^ similar to each other t;nd nearly
()|i|i()Hito. Deep sea. (Named fur the Talinmati, one of the French vessels
( Ti(tr(till>ur <t Talinman) employed in deep-sea explorations.)
ri. Miixilliiiy rnricliini; voitiral Truiii iiiitcrior iiiiir^iu uf (>rl>lt. ANTil.l..\iti'M, 719
III, Maxillary ruarhiii); vt^tical rroiii iitwturior inurKiii of tulplt. ^:gi'*T(iRiH, IM.
741). TAM««MAM\ ANTlLLAItrM, (io<><l.) .V: lUan.
Head 3i ; depth 5; eye 3; pupil largo, L'i in orbit; snout 4. D. 20; A.
U'J: 15. 7; P. 13; V. 8. Scales 47. Maxillary reaching orbit, and
oNHuntially to tho vertical from the anterior margin of the pupil ; bones
of iiead thin ; head compressed, moderately deep, its depth ut occiput
.; its length; profile of head in advance of orbit, slightly concave; upper
margin of orbit approaching very close to upper profile; supraorbital rim
funiiiiig a portion of dorsal profile of tho head ; width of interorbital space
nearly half diameter of eye. Eye large, conspicuous. Infraorbital ring
veiy narrow ; maxillary separated from tho orbit by a very narrow strip
of bone. Snout sharply conical, its upper profile concave, jaws ecjual
in fViint. Dentition feeble; all the teeth equal, minute, uniserial ; inter-
maxillary and maxillary toothed throughout; vomerine series transverse
and Nt might, slightly interrupted in the middle; palatine series nearly as
loni; as tho vomerine ; the two last-named series confluent. Hranchioste-
gals 7, oxceodiugly slender and long. Gills 4, the fourth well developed,
with a slit behind it; gill laminin short, especially on the convex portion
of tho arches ; gill rakers long, laneceolate, closely set, 17 on tho outer
liianeliial arch below the angle, 7 above. Vent equidistant between root
ofrautlal and gill opening; origin of the dorsal nearer to the latter ; dorsal
fin longer than high, its anterior rays increasing in length from eighth to
niiuiteenth ray ; origin of the anal somewhat in advance of dorsal, which
i.s iiLserted over third ray at tho point where it emerges from its scaly
siieath ; caudal fin deeply emarginate ; pectoral fin inserted in lower
third of height of body, moderately broad at its base; i.t8 upper rays
nearly twice as long as lower ones ; its length half that of head ; its tip,
when extended straight, in vertical from insertion of ventral, or opposite
twelfth scale of lateral line; ventrals close together, not reaching vent,
but to origin of the sheath which incloses both vent and base of anal;
tlieii length equal to that of lower rays of pectoral, and to length of
snout; root of ventral midway between tip of snout and rows above
the ventrals. Lateral line in a concave sweep from near upper angle of
opereulHrn to a point above the origin of basal sheath of the anal, thence
in a Htraight line to base of caudal. Color of the specimen (denuded of
scales and long kept in alcohol) rusty brown ; head blackish. »
A single specira'. i was obtained by the Albatross at station 2394, lati-
tude* 28° 38' 30^' N., long'tude 87° 02' W., at a depth of 420 fathoms.
(Uoodo ».V. Bean.) (Antillarum, of the Antilles.)
Tatixnmiiid anlillarum, GoonR & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 44, lig. 49, 1895, Gulf of Mexico,
in 4J0 fathoms. (Typ*;, No. 4ZTM.\
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7A0. TAIilMMAMA ll^lATOItlS, r.oodu A Bonn.
Head Ci ; depth 'M ; Hiioiit ^li ; ey» 4ii, U in HDoiit. D. 22; A. 21 ; K.rc;
V. 7; 1*. H; HcaluH 45 to 48. Maxillary ntiutliiiif; vttrtionl fruni poNtorior
iimrf^in uf orbit. Hoiioh of head thin ; hoiul larKO, coinprusHcd, tlKMlnjttli
at tlio occiput Jt itH luiifL^th, itB width ulioiit A; itH upper Hiirface lon^^j.
tiidinal, concave, and deeply concave between tiie orbitH, witli a convt>\.
ity above the Huout; width of interorbital npaco about etpial to <liain-
otor of eye; infraorbital ring very narrow ; maxillary broad, large, (dii-
Bpicuonsly dilated at the extremity, itH greatest width at tliiu |)oint l)(>iii<r
more than j( diameter of eye. Cleft of month wide; dentition feeiili';
no traces of teeth upon eitlier vomer or palatine (on typical npeciiiHii).
BranchioHtegalH long and slender; gills 4; gill laminie short, especially
on the convex portion of the arches ; gill rakers long, strong, broad at
the base; (>-{- 17 on the outer arch. Vent placed equidistant from root
of caudal and root of pectoral; origin of dorsal over vent, slightly in
advance of anal ; dorsal tin longer than high, its anterior rays incrcaH-
ing in length to the middle of the fin, the longest ray 3| in head, altont
equal to longest ray of anal ; caudal fin deeply emarginate ; pectoral
inserted far below middle of body; it has a narrow base, and its Icn^'th
in a perfect specimen is probably not greater than diameter of o\e.
Ventrals close together, remote from the vent, the root being nearly mid-
way between the ro )t of the caudal and the tip of the snout, and «'(|ui-
distant from root of anal antl base of pectoral. Sciilus deciduous, cycloid,
tlie lateral line beginning from a point on a level with the top of the eye,
and ascending In a broad curve to a point over the ventrals, tlienco in
a straight line to root of caudal. Color bluish-black. A single Hpeci-
men, 14i inches in length, obtained by the Albatrosn, from station L'TltiJ,
latitude 1° 03' N., longitude 80° 1.5' W., in 741 fathoms. ((Soode &- Hcari.)
{ivquatoriH, of the eciuator.)
TaUnmanin iiijnntorin, Goodk * Brav, Ocomiic, IchthyoloRy, 44, flu. 50, lao."), off coast of
Ecuador. (Typo, No. 44085.)
ii
228. CONOCARA, Goode & Bean.
Conocara, Goode A Dean, Oceanic Iclithyology, 3!), 189r>, (mncdomildi).
Body elongate, compressed; in the type species strongly suggestive of
the Barracuda {Sjjhyrana). Mouth moderate; snout prolonged; Jaws
strong and powerful, the lower slightly included ; teeth in the jaws
acicular, rather numerous; also on the vomer, very small; absent from
palatines. Eye large. Gill membranes entirely separate. Dorsal
moderate in length; anal very elongate, nearly twice as long as the
dorsal ; pectoral and ventral small ; caudal strongly forked. Scales
minyte and deciduoub. Branchiostegals G, the membrane of the i(;ft
series folded conspicuously over the origin of that of the right. Oper-
cular bones thin. Gill rakers rather short and stout, moderate in num-
ber. Deep sea. (Kuvoc,cone; /cripa, head.)
a. Body moderately elongate, the depth ff)^ in length. 1). 18; A. 3C. macdonaldi, 751.
aa. Body very elongate, the deptli 8 in lungtli. D. 21; A. 40. maoboptera, S72.
mf
Jordan and Ever maun. — Fishes of North America, 457
7AI. rONOfARA nArilONALDI, Oootio A ru>«n.
Head '^)i in totiil luiiKtl>; depth r>S to litiHu of caudal; thickiieHH 12; oye
5, J ill Miiout; Hiiout •1\. 1). IH; A. 3«>; V. 10; \\. 0; V. «); C. 22; scaloB
2(11). Itody vluiigatu; Huoiit cuiiipr«8H<>d, and with an ubtiiHu puint; the
lowft' jiiw inoUidt'd. Muuth lar^o, thii nppor Jiiw about \ length of
licad; tlio maxillary not ronching to front of «y(>; niandihlo ruachinf;
to liolow niiddlo of oye. Teeth on the proniaxillary, vomer, and palate
v*<i,v Hharp, minute, widely Hei)arated, in a Mingle row in each Jaw. Nob-
trilH lateral, posterior very much larger, their distance from eye \
tiio length of eye. Uill openings wide; opercular apparatus meni-
lir:inou8, its elements being very imperfectly ossitied. Fifteen gill
riikors on the first urch below the angle. Scales very small. Dorsal tin
Hlioi't, about \ ns long as anal tin, its posterior rays inserted nearly
nvt'r last rays of the latter, distance of it« insertion from tip of snout
alH)ut 5^ times its own length ; anal inserted at a distance from the
HDoiit equal to 2.^ times its own length ; ventral inserted nearly midway
1i(>t\voen the snout and the base of the caudal ; pectoral short, twice
(liaiiieter of eye, and inserted below median line of body ; caudal liu
Hlioit, its middle rays not more than \ length of snout, forked. Color
unirorm deep blue-bluck in life.
A Npccimen 8^ inches in length was obtained by the BluVe at station
(ixxii, in 24° StJ" N. latitude, 84° \>' VV. longitude, at a depth of 955
fathoms, and another, 6 inches long, from station clxv in latitude 24°
3li' N., longitude 84° 05' W., at a depth of 955 fathoms. Another, Si
inrliPH long, was taken by the AlbatrosH at station 2392 (latitude 28° 47'
30", longitude 87° 270- (tJoode «fc Uean.) (Named for Hon. Marshall
McDonald, Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.)
(.'iiwiiitm mnrdoiiiiliU, OoonK & Bean, (Vciknic Iclithyulugy, :.0, Ak. 48, 1895, Gulf of Mexico.
(Tj|ie, No. 30482. Coll. Albatross.)
752. CONOCARA 9IACR0PTERA (Vaillant).
Head clonf^ate, 4 ; depth 8 ; thickness 11 ; snont 2J, compressed, with
an olituse point; eye large. Sir in head, 5} in interorbital width. D. 21;
A. 40; P. 8; y. 5; B. 6. Scales more than 100. Mouth moderate, the
nppor jaw extending considerably beyond the lower, the maxillary
Hcarcoly reaching to the anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth on premax-
illai'ies, maxillaries, vomer, and palatines, conical, elongated, rather
small, and in a single row in each jaw. Nostrils wide, close together, the-
anterior near the middle of the length of the snout; gill opening wide;
operculum for the most part membranaceous, its elements being' very
imporl'ectly ossified ; preoperculum curved, thickened on its anterior edge ;
the interoperculuni and suboperculum not prominent, apparently replaced
in part by the branchiostegals. Gill rakers about 15 below angle. Vent
a little behind the middle of total length. Lateral line extending from
the upper part of the branchial opening to middle line of body. Scales
remarkably small, those of lateral line very simple.
DorHdl with its outline a little convex, lower behind, and ending at a
distance from the caudal equal to the length of its own base, which is
equal to about 8 in body ; anal more than twice as long, beginning near
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HuUetin y/, Ihiitfd States National Afuseuni.
tho voiit and toriiiinnting a little hvliliid tlio dorHnI, itH lioiKlit nonrly tlio
■ainn aH that of the dorHal; ciiiidul iiiodnruttdy \»n^, 7 in body, Nli^'litly
euiar^inatu ; pectoral Hniall; v«ntralH vory Hhort. Color reddUh Inown ;
head a hoaiitifiil a/.iire-hlne ; flnH H«pia; irln Idaok; pupil a/.iirn-lilno.
HcttleH very iilmplo in form; thoHo of the hody rounded in outline and
nioaHuru frimi l.T) to 1.(1 nun. in diiinuttcr. Five pyloric co-cn, niodi'iatily
elongated. No truce of a Hwini ltl»<ld«M-. Sixteen HpecinieuH of tliiH n)m-
oieH were obtained by the French exiHMlition from the couHt of Morooco
to Houdan, from the Hanc d'Art^nin, and from the Canarien, at dt'ptliM
varying from 433 to l,or>K fathonm. A npecimen K inchcH in leuf^Mi w.ih
obtained by the AlhatroKH at Htation 2751, latitude Hi" &7' N., lonKitiidn
63° 12' W., in 68 fathoniH. otuKiu'tc, lonj?; Trrrftw, Hn.)
Ahpnrejihnluii mnrropleruii, Vaii.i.ant, Kx|>. 8<'i. Tritviillli'iir el TaliHliiaii, I'lilMuiim, ITiO, |i|. \i,
Akn. i^i, 2>>, Ur, 1NS8, Coa«t of Morocco, Soudan, and Canariea.
Oonoearn miirritplira, GouDK A IlKAN, (Hioanlc Ii'litlijrnKitty, 'Mi, fl)(. i'.i, 18U0,
329. PLATYTROCTES, (liinthcr.
Ptalylrocle; OUntiirr, Ann. Muk. Nat. IIlNt., il, 187H, 24!), {iipim).
Body rather abbreviated, much compressed, and covered with Hniall,
keeled scales. Mouth of moderate width; the nutxillary, proniaxillai v
and mandible each armed with a single series of small teeth; pnlato
smooth. Kyo rather large. Dorsal and anal fins opposite each otiicr
on tail, moderately long; adipose tin none; caudal forked; pectonils
small; ventrals none. Humeral arch terminating in middle of chest in :i
long, projecting, acute spine. Gill opening wide; six bran<hioste< 's;
gills very na.Tow ; psoudobranchiie present; gill rakers lancr
Pyloric appendages rudimentary. Deep sea. (rrAnriV, flit; tjk'.ik
gnawer.)
768. PliATYTUOC'TKS APHS, atliithor.
Head 3i ; depth 2|; eye 3. D. 18 ; A. 17 ; V. 20 ; scales 20. Body nuicli
compressed and deep, its greatest depth at about the middle of its Ion;;! Ii.
Head ciupressed, moderate, logitudinally concave above, the concavity
bordered on each side by a perforated muciferons canal, and broadt'Nt
behind, tapering to a point between the nostrils. Bones of head rattier
thin, but less so than in liathytroctiii. Eye large, equal to snout, and hIIii-
ated close to upper profile. Infraorbital ring incomplete. Mouth ratiu-r
small, the lower jaw projecting; maxillary broad, short, extending to
vertical from margin of orbit. Dentition very feeble; teeth uniHtM-ial,
'•niformly minute, occupying tho whole extent of intermaxillary and
maxillary, but confined to the front part of mandible ; only a few rudi-
mentary teeth are visible on the side of mandible; vomer with a minute
tooth on each side ; palatines toothless. Branch iostegals extremely hIcu-
der, curved. Gills 4, the inner one very short; gill lamina) short, especi-
ally on the convex portion of the arches ; gill rakers long, lanceolate,
closely set, 20 -f- 10 on the outer branchial arch. Vent much nearer root
of caudal than to gill opening ; dorsal fin commencing immediately above
it, the anal behind ; these fins are very similar in shape and of moderate
height ; caudal peduncle more than half as deep as long, its depth being
'^n^£^
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Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes 0/ North America. 469
incifttNiMl liy II folil of \\w iiil«<({iiiiiont li«tw«MUi tli<j vrrtiral Hum; riiiidal
rather Mhitrt aiitl forkud; iinctorul vt^iy hIioiI, uiily half tiM lon^ iih ey«.
Si'iili'H Hiiiiill, cycloid, ciich with 11 Inii^itiHliiiul kiMd, and not n|)iiiiKerouM,
U!4 ill Af<t(ritruii, hut Hinii)l««, iih in tli«ko<d<Ml Hcahm of u Huiikts thi) Ntriii-
tiona, iuHtoad of contiiiiiully croHNiuK tho ncalu, arc interrupted hy th«
riiisi-d median lino; head entirely NculelcNH ; lateral line NtraJKht, ninnin){
tilling the middle of the liody and tail, and conipoHed of very Hniall
|iiiit'H. Itrown ; head, ]>eetoral re);ion, the vent, and frinj^eH of thecaiiilal
|ii'iliincle, hlac. . Length o^ inclieH. Mid-Atlantio, Challenger Station
l(i7, in l,r>(N) fathoniN ; alMo in the Arahian Hea. (/<, without ; miir, foot;
iirrrii, without feet, the ventraU licinK wanting;.)
I'liitidrnileH <i/»i<, (ll'NTliKu, Ann. ami Mui{. Nnt. Illxt., ll, IrtTH, 24!l, Mid-Atlantic ; 'Coll.
CliiiIliiiKir); OCNVHr.B, CliulJiiiKir K<|Hirf, xxii, |il. i.viii, Wk- A, TM, 18m7 ; Ai.rocK, Ann.
iitid Mug. N»t. Hill., VI, II, IHIH), :iOT ; (iooiiK fi IIkan, Uoi-uiiic IcIitliyoluKy, 4)1, iHU.'t.
230. ALEPOSOMUS, (Jill.
All piMimui, Ciiht, Amcriraii Niitiirallut, xviii, 1HH4, 'IMlt, {atpri).
\\w\y i^lon^ate, .'tealoloNrt ; Hkin thick, finely ruf^OHC, with a coiAHidnraldn
nninher of Hinall noduleH upon the Itelly, and NornotinicH alno upon the
oiil'H and tho lower part of the head. Lateral line wanting; M' th mod-
erati', with minute teeth upon the inaiulihle and ]iremaxillary ; pala-
tines, tongue, and pharyngeal boneH prohably toothlcHs. DorHal and
aiiiii tiiiH oppoHite, Himilar in form and equal in length; caudal probahly
foiki'd. Vent behind the middle of the body, will openingM wide. Deep
HCii ; two species known, ((i, without; ^/Tror. ncale or liuuk; (TM/ya, body.)
7S4. AI.KPOKOMIIN COPKI, Oill.
Ilt'ad 3}; depth 5^ ; eye 2 in head. liody coinprcHHcd, its ontlinea
Hl(i|iin<r from head to middle of caudal peduncle. Snout short, declivous,
its length i the horizontal diameter of the eye and about I that
of liciul. Mandible scarcely extending beyond upper jaw ; maxillary
extending to vertical from middle of orbit. Small teeth upon mandi-
blo iind premaxillary. Eye very large, its upper outline not projecting
above the dorsal profile, as in A. aoc[ali» (Vaillant). Gill opening
lar<;e. Skin thick, slimy; no lateral line distinguishable; no scales
preHont, but numerous tubercles upon the sides of the body; none per-
ceptible on the head. Vent midway between origin of ventral and tip
of last dorsal ray. Dorsal origin equidistant from the gill opening and
the liaso of the middle caudal rays ; highest in its middle portion, round-
ing forward and behind; anal inserted immediately under the dorsal,
siniiiar in shape and equal in extent; caudal, though mutilated,
undonbtedly emarginate, and proVtably forked. Accessory rays (charac-
teiistic not only of Alepoaomua but of Xenodennichthtjs) not conspicuous;
pectoral inserted very low down, close to the posterior angle of the pre-
opei'cnlar flap, and appearing to have been feeble, its diameter not much
greater than half the diameter of the eye ; ventral origin equidistant
between posterior margin of eye and base of last dorsal ray. Color
uniform blackish.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
A single specimen, 3^ inches in length, was ohtained hy the Albatross nt
station 2099 in 37° 12' 20^' N. latitude, 69° 39' W. longitude, at a depth
of 2,949 fathoms. (Named for Prof. Edward Drinker Cope, one of tiio
most able and productive of living workers in ichthyology.)
Alejiontminii ropvi, Qiix, Amuricaii NatiiraliHt, xvir , IS'M, 44.1, Gulf Stream ; (Typo, No. .'i;i.").",l.)
GuoDF. Jlc Bran. Ocoanic Ir)ittiyulo);y, 47, flg. 61, 18i)5.
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Family LXIV. SALMONIDiE.
(TiiK Salmon Family.)
Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales. Head nakod.
Mouth terminal, large or small, varying much in the different genera:
maxillary forning the lateral margin of the upper jaw, provided with a
supplemental bone ; premaxillaries not protractile. Teeth various, soino-
times wanting. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobrancliin'
present. Gill rakers various ; gill membranes not connected, free from
the isthmus; branchiosiegals 10 to 20. No barbels. Dorsal usually
nearly median, not greatly elongate, its rays fl to 15, only one or two of
the anterior simple or rudimentary, the others branched; adipose tin
present; caudal fiu forked; anal fin moderate or rather long; veutralK
moderate, nearly median ; pectorals placed low. Lateral line proH-
ent. Abdomen rounded in 0utline. Parietals not in contact, sepa-
rated at middle by the intervention of the supraoccipital, which coiinectH
with the froutals; epipleural appendages not developed. Air bladilL-r
large , stomach siphonal ; pyloric ctuca very numerous. Ova lai^je,
falling into the cavity of the abdomen before exclusion. Genera 10.
Species about 70. As now restricted, this is no longer one of the larj^e
families of fishes, but in beauty, activity, gaminess, and quality as food,
and even in size of individuals, different members of the group Hiaiid
easily with the first among fishes, 'i'he Salmonulw are confined to tlie
northern regions, and north of about 40° N., everywhere abuiwhint
where suitable waters occur. Some of the species, especially the ]ar<»cr
ones, are marine and anadromous, living and growing in the sea, and
entering fresh waters to spawn. Still others live in running brooks,
entering lakes or the sea as occasion serves, but not habitually doiii«; ho.
Others again are lake fishes, approaching the shore, or entering brooks
in the spawning season, at other times retiring tu w^aters of considerable
depth. Some of them are active, voracious and gamy, while others are
comparatively defenseless and will not take the hook. The large si/o of
the eggs and their lack of adhesiveness, ;vith the ease l)y which the e^'gs
may be impregnated, render the Salmon and Trout especially adapted
for artificial culture. The Salmonidw are of comparatively recent evohi-
tion, none of them occurring as fossils, unless it be in recent dejiosits.
The instability of the specific forms and the lack of sharply defined Hpe-
cific characters may be in part attributed to th'>ir recent origin, as Dr.
Gunther has suggested. ( Salmonida, part, Giintuer, Cat., vi, 1-202, l^ifi6.)
UI-.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 461
OoHKOONIN* :
II. Muutli not deeply cleft, the maxilliiry broad, the ninndiblo articiilatini; with the qiiwlrate
bone under or beroro tlie eye. Dentition tiii>re or Iohs feeble or lucoinplcte ; BCiiles
moderate or large ; anal tin rather lonj; ; HpeeieH imperfectly uiiadromons, or ronfined
to riTer8 or lakes, their life lasting more than one year,
(i. JawH tuothlsBS <ve nearly so ; Hcaleti lurgu ; ma.xlllary short and broutl, with a broad
eui)plomental bone,
c. Proma.\lllaries broad, with the ciittiuK edt;o nearly vortical or directed backward,
the lower jaw short and more or Iubh included ; cleft of mouth Khort.
(JollEdONW, 231.
CO. PremaxillarioH with the cutting edge nearly horizontal uud directed forward ;
lower jaw long, projecting beyond upper ; cleft of mouth rather long.
AnoYKosoMi's, 232.
M>. JawB, vomer, palatines, and tongue with (landn of teeth ; maxillary very long ; lower
jaw prominent ; annl fln elongate ; scales moderate. STKNonus, 233,
Sai.monin.v. :
(Ki. Muuth deeply cleft, the long lower jaw articulating with the q'ladrute bone behind the
eyes, the inuxillaries rather narrow. Dentition strong und cotiiplcle ; conical teeth
on jiiWH, vomer, and palatines ; tongue witli two serioH of strong teeth (sometimeB
deciduous in very old si)ecimen8); scales small.
(/. Anal fln elongate, of 14 to 17 rays ; vomer narrow, long, Hat, with weak teeth ; Kpocics
spotted with black, if at all. ONcouHYNCiiUS, 234.
M. Anal flu short, of !) to 12 developed rays.
«. Vomer flat, its toothed surface plane ; teeth on the shaft of the vomer in alterna-
ting rows or in one zigzag row, tho.se on the shaft placed directly on the surface
of the bone, not on a free crust; posterior vomerine teeth sometimes deciduous;
species black-spotted. Sai.mo, 23S.
te. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft strongly depressed, without teeth ; scales very small,
about 200 iu the course of the lateral line ; species not auudronious; spotted
with red or gray.
/. Vomer with a raised crest, estending backward from the head of the bone,
free from its sliaft, this crest armed with strong teeth ; hyoid bone with a
broad band of strong teeth ; species Hi)otted with gray, without bright
colors. CniKTivoMBR, 236.
ff. Vomer without raised crest, only the head being toothed ; hyoid bone with
very weak teeth or none ; species red-spotted, the lower fins with bright
edgings. Salvelinus, 237.
231. COREGONUS (Artedi) Linnicns.
(WHITEFI8HE8.)
Cnrrqcinm, ARTEni, Qoncra Piscium, 9, 1738.
Ciirnjoiii, liiNN.nus, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 310, (l<ii;are<ii»i).
TriiihnmoliiH, L\ct,vtvB, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 48, 1803, (hiwtin — lavarelus).
Coriijimiis, Lac^pkde, llist. Nat. Poiss., v, 2(i3, 1803, {lavuretus).
I'oriyoHHs, CuviER, Bcgne Animal, Ed. i, 1C2, 1817, {tlii/mnlhut, lavaretm, etc.; restricted iu Ed, 2,
to liiearettix),
/ViiMiijjiiim, MiLNEB, in Jordan, Man. Vert., Ed. 2, .'JGl, 1878, (r;iiarfri7<i/er«/i(i).
)!u(ly oblong or elongate, coDipreBB*ed. Head more or leas conic, com-
prtMsed, the snout more or less projecting beyond the lower jaw. Mouth
sii'.all, the maxillary short, not extending beyond the orbit, with a well-
devoloped supplemental bone. Teeth extremely minute, if present.
ScaleH moderate, thin, cycloid, rather firm. Dorsal tin moderate ; caudal
lin deeply forked, anal An sum 3what elongate; ventvals well developed.
Pseudobranchiu) large. Gill rakers varying from short and thickish to long
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
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and slenilor. Air bladder vory lar^n. Vertobrm 56 to (50. Stomach horse,
shoo-shuped, with many (about 100) pyloric co'ca. Ova Hmall. Spocios
about 15, inhabiting the clear lakes of northern Europe, Asia, aiitl
America, in Arctic regions deHccnding to the sea. MoHt of them spawn in
late fall or winter near the shoro. at other HoaHons often frequenting con-
siderable depths. The number of distinct species of oo>T(/(mHM has been
overestimated by uuiny writers. Tho geographical range and rangt^ of
variation of each one are much wider than has hitherto been genentlly
supposed.* The sjn-cies are highly valued for food, tho ilesh being ^'tn-
erally pale and of fine flavor. Tho coloration is very uniform; blniHJi
olivaceous above; the sidoH and below silvery. (CoreijoiiUH, a name used by
Artedi for t'he European lavaret, or whitefish, Corvyonus lavaretus, from
KopTj, the pupil of tho eye; yuriu, angle; "quia pupilla antoriore paiie in
angulunwacutum procurrit." Artedi.)
Pkusoi'Ium (irpocruiircoi', a iiiiiHk, from tlio lurt?" proorbifalB):
(I. Qill i'ukoi'8 Rlitirt, thit'kisli, iiltuut 12 tu ir> in iiiinibcr on tli« lower limb of thi> iirdi; max-
illury Hbiirt, broad, not rcao^iiiif;; vyc, tbu Hii|)iilomoiiluI bono mostly narrow ami
Bhiirply (dllptical; moiitli Hmall.
b. Mouth comiiarutively InrKo, tlio maxillary about 4 in bead; gilt rakurH very Hliorl ami
tbiok, 10 I Hi- body oblong, tho back not clcvatiMl.
c. ScuU'S largo, 00 to Gil in luti'ral line; guout liluut and docurvwl. coulteuu, ".■5.
I'o. i^calus ctmall, 72 to 'M in lateral lino.
il. SupplonxMital bonii of n\axillary rathvr narrow; ficaloH 8:1 to 00.
e. Head moderate, blunt anteriorly, 4'^ to 5 iu body; tip ut' Hnont l.cli.w
levol of eye; gill rakers short, 'J -|- 15;. lower lins jisle.
WILMAMKONI, Tfil!.
ee. Head very short, bVuit, T)';,', in body; gill rakum NUort and tileiider, alMnit
7 I 14; linsallbhu-kiHli. kennicotii, T'l".
till. Supplemental bono of maxillary very broad, semicircular; Hcalca 72 to Hi).
RICIIAlinSO.Ml, V'jH.
bli. Mouth small, the maxillary 6 to .'>V2 >n head; gill rakers shorter and tliicker, aliuut
7 -|- 10, about 5 in eye, fewer than iu V. tcilliamtioni. Body elongate, the bark nut
elevated uor much compressed. quaduii ateiialis, 75'.».
CoREaoNus:
ail. Gill rakers numerous, long and slender, 17 to 20 on the lower iimii of tho arch; prcdiLi-
tal long and narrow; unixillury rathor long, more tliau 3^ head, the Bupiili'imntal
bone ovate.
/. Tongue toothless or nearly so; back elevated; head very low and short, ospeeiallv in
old examples.
[/. Buck elevated, but not greatly compressed; supplemental bono of maxillary
nearly twice as long as deep. cUTPEiFoniHis, 7iiii.
ijij. Back elevated and murh compressed; su])plomeutal bono of maxillary more tliau
^;i as deep as loiiic; gill raV.ei-s about 2G. nelsonm, 7(11.
//. Tongue with It series of snnill teeth; body elongate, compressed ; lower jaw slightly
included.
h. Gill rakora short and few, about 10 -(- 15, tho longest about 2 in eye.
LABRADORICl'S, 702.
/ Subgenus P OSOPIUM, Milner.
765. COREflONVS C'OULTEKII, Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Head 4i to 5 ; depth 4i to 5^ ; eye 4 ; snout 4^. D. 10 or 11 ; A. 10 or 1 1 ;
f: i i H
scales 8-60 to 63-6. Form rather heavy, little elevated; the snout broad,
*For u useful analytical key to the 8|)ecie8 of Curegonut, see Bean, in Trans. Auicr. Kidb
Cultural Ass'u, 13th annual meeting, 1884, 33.
i^i
Si
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Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
463
very blnnt and tiecnrved ; groatcHt iloptli of head equal t«> itH length less
tlio oporcle. Mouth low, the Hnout hut little projecting, maxillary reach-
ing' eye in larger BpooimonH, further in the Hnialler ones; Hiippleniental
bone a crescent ; gill rnkorM much us in CortijonuH wilUamnoin.) scales
liirge. Dull silvery. Head waters of the Columbia Kivcr. A small
Hpocies, not exceeding 8 inches in length, closely relatod to CoratjonitH
ir'iUiamaom, hut with larger scales. (Named for Dr. .lohn Merle Coulter,
tlio well-known botanist.)
CijiijdiiiiH cDiilhrii, EliiKNMANN A KiiiKNMANN, Anioriciui NttturalJBt, Novi-nilicr, 1H!»2, 0(11,
Kicking Horse River, at Field, British Columbia, une of tlio liuuj HtruaiiiH uf tku
Oulumbia Uiver. (Tj'iic, No. IJHT.'i. Coll. KiKUiiliianii.)
;&«. C0KK0ON1IS WILIilAMMONI, Uirard.
(Roc'Kv Mot.NiAiN WinTKKisH ; "Mountain JIckhinu.")
I load ii to 5 ; deptli 4 to .5 ; eye 4i. D. 11 to 14 ; A. 11 to 13 ; scales H to
1()-S;{ to 87-7 to 10. body oblong, rather deeper than in CoreyonuH quadri-
hitcmlls, but little compressed. Head shortish, conic, the profile more
abruptly decnrved than in the other species. Snout compressed and
uuiiiuwhat pointed at tip, which is entirely below the level of the eye ; pre-
orbital broad, t width of eye. Maxillary short and very broad, reaching
juHt about to the anterior margin of eye; therefore, apparently longer
thiiu in related species, owing to the shortness of the snout ; supple-
montal bone narrow ; maxillary contained 4 times in the length uf the
head ; mandible 3 times. Pectoral 1\ in head; ventral Ij ; longest dorsal
ray U. Snout in the males produced, pig-like, in the breeding season.
Adipose fin very large, extending behind anal. Gill rakers short and
thick, shorter than pux>il, about 9 -f 15- Color bluish above, sides silvery ;
brooding males with the under parts white ; all the fins tipped with black,
caudal and adipose tins steel-blue. Scales on sides strongly tuberculate
in breeding males. Length about a foot. Clear strea^is from the
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, the easternmost records being from Chief
Mountain Lake at the head of the Saskatchewan in Montana (as type of
Cotrijonus coiiesii)', abundant in the Great liasin, and northwestward on
both sides of the Cascade Range; found moro often in clear brooks and
rivers than in lakes. It readily takes the tly and is an excellent food-
tiab. (Named for Lieut. B. S. Williamson, in charge of one division of
tbo United States Pacific Railroad explorations.)
G)ri<riiim villiiimHiini, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18f>(!, lae, Des Chutes River, Ore-
gon ; (U'NTiiEU, Cat., VI, 187, 18CC ; Jordan & Giibkut, Syuojisis, 297, 1S83; B. A. Bean,
ill GiMiEiiT & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Tinli Coniiu., xiv, 18<.M, 55, iil. ix, flg. 3.
Coreijminn coiietii, MiLNEB, Kopt. U. 8. Fish Comm. for 1872-73 (1874), 88, Chief Mountain
Lake, Montana ; (Tyim, No. 1414G. Coll. Coues) ; Jordan & Giliiert, Syuopsis, 297, 1883.
l\<»i>l)iiim coneitii, Mii.ner, in Jordan, Man. A'^ert., Ed. 2, 362, 1878.
Represented in the Madison and Yellowstcme rivers and other triba-
tarios of the Upper Missouri by
7668. COREGONVS WILLIAM80MI CI8M0NTANUS, Jordan.
Slenderer, with lower fins. Head 5 in length ; depth 5 to 5i ; pectoral
U in head; ventral 1|^; longest dorsal ray li. Scales 90. Otherwise like
the typical form, {eiamontanua, this side of the mountains.)
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Oortfinniin irilliiimiumi rhiiioiihinuii, Jiiriian, Hull. I'. S. VM\ Oomm., ix, IHHII, 4',l, pi. 1), IIkh. h, !i,
Horaethief Creek, ■ tributary of Madison River, Montana, (('ull. K. 11. I.m ox.)
757. t'OKKUONIW KKNNirOTTI. Miliior.
(DBOAD WlllTIiFI8ll ; Ml'KgVN (IK TIIK Ui'MHIANH.)
Head Biiiall, r>ji ; depth about 4g. D. 11; A. 11; hcuIuh 10-K7 to !H)-1().
Eye inoderutu, Hhorter than aiioiit, 5^ in houd, l.:| in intuiorhital Npaco.
Scales HmaU, udherunt, very regularly inibricutud. Head vury liliint,
preniuxillarioH wide and vurticully placed. Mouth inferior, with llu>
high blunt snout but little projecting. Maxillary reaching Hiigliily
beyond the vertical from front of eye, its length, nieaHured from itu
anterior articulation, equal to length of Huout, and contained 4;;] timcH
in the head ( =4 in head when nieuHured from tip of Huout); maxillary
broadly ovate, apparently slenderer than in C. richarihonli as figured liy
Giinther, and Avith difl'erent outlines. I'reorbital narrow, Hh gitalcDl
width contained 5 times in its length, and 8^ times in diameter of oyo;
width of supraorbital bone I its length. (Jill rakers (! or 7-|- 1 '< Kliort
and slender, tapering to a slender liexible point, the longest .!f diuiiu-iui
of pupil. Ilyoid bone with a rouiul patch of weak, bristle-like tcitli;
these are very similar to those found in StciioduH, and are disposed in
longitudinal series. Vertical height of head at nape lens than lcn<;tli of
head by i diameter of eye ; distance from tip of snout to nape i diNtancc
from nape to front of dorsal; front of dorsal nearer snout than base i)f
median caudal rays by length of snout and eye. Adipose fin large, a
wide strip at base covered with small, regularly imbricated HcalcM;
inserted over last rays of anal, extending but slightly behind last anal
ray ; ventrals reaching half way to front of anal ; height of dorsal e(iual to
length of head without snout. Color must have been very dark in life;
fins all blackish, in spirits, with a bluish tinge; traces of what may
have been blackish spots and vermiculations are discernible on basal
portion of dorsal and anal fins. The above description from a spociiiieu
obtained by Miss Elizabeth Taylor in Great Bear Lake. The typo of
C kenniwtti (No. 8971, Fort Good Hope, British America) possosMCM tlie
following characters : This specimen is a skin 21 inches long. Length of
head 3^ inches; tip of snout to end of maxillary -JS inch; diunietei of
eye (not orbit) t inch; length of longest gill raker ■{•'^ inch. Maxillary
contained 4^"^ times in head ; longest gill raker 3^ times ; width of pre-
orbital 2f times, in eye. Number of gill rakers 7 + 13. Scales 1()-!M)-10.
This species seems closely related to CoreyonuH richardnonii, Giiniiicr,
with which it may prove identical. As Dr. Bean has already noticed,
Guuther's description includes no account of the gill rakers, which may
be long and numerous, as in C. clupeiformia, but indicates a iish with a
longer snout, and a broader supplementan-y maxillary bone, ((jillieit.)
Mackenzie and Yukon rivers ; locally abundant. (Named for Robert Ken-
nioott, discoverer of the species, one of the Urst American naturalists to
yisit Alaska.)
f Snlmo lavaretni, rar. muchmn, Pallas, BpIbc, hi, 706, about 1780.
' StUmo mttkimt, P as, Zoogr. Uowo-Aeiat., iii, 3U8, 1811.
I'l
« wiyytgi»'»»g»..i.wwi '*' !»-A ' -i ii w. ■""
■ < "' ! "."! '! W.4 i "lJ | iiil H B H i jj.M i» .. i n p i Mi. »wi | l iW I | ^pi iiii i.B SftfWMBMfc^,^^''' "I
Jordan and Rvfrniann. — Fishes of North America.
465
('in >/'>!! II << /.i'Hiii''i>''i', Mii.NKit, ill .ImcuAN k (ii i.iiKitT, SyiiDii^lM, !i!9H, lHp(, Fort Good Hope,
British America. (T.v|hi, No. 8971. Coll. Keiiiilcott); (Iiliikut, KiiII. I'. H. KImIi ('iiiiiiii.,
XIV, IKlM, W.
75H/('(Mti:<iOM:S ItlMIAItUHOMI, Oiliillmr.
r,.!»; D. 13; A. 1.3; HcalcH 10-72 t<»S(>-12. V«iy siinihir iit foriii toC\ duim-
j'iiyniiH. Snout of inodorato Ittngth, oljliijiioly truiicuttH', with tlio upjmr
jaw projoctiiiK Itoyond tho lowor; vyu Hhortor than tlio uiiotit; iimxillui-y
esloiuliiif; to anterior ndgo of th« <iy«), itM leiifrtb 4 in head. Snpplc-
iiiontary bone of tho maxillary abort, broad, Htunicircular. Len^^tb of
iiiMiidiblo a little Iohh tbaii leant depth of tail. Pectoral longer than
111. 1(1, without snout. Arctie North America. ((Jiinther.) A doubtful
Hiiicies, perhaps identical with Corif/onim Irnnicnlti, or possibly with
Coriiioiiua nchoml. (Named for .lohn Uicbardson, the aecomplished author
uf the Fatuiu Horeali-Amerieana.)
(Uiyiiuiin riihardHouii, (JCntiikk, Cat., vi, IH.'i, IHfiO, exact locality unknown
7ri».^('0ltK(J0M H 4;iIAI»ltll.ATKItAI,IS, Rii lianlm.n.
(I'll.OT-KIRII ; MKNOMINEK WlilTF.KIHli ; SiIAII-WaITKU ; l{l)IINI> WHITKI'ISII.)
Iload T); depth 4J; eye 'A. 1). IL; A. 10; -"niles 11-80 to 90-K Hody
elongate, not elevated nor much compressed, the back rather broad, tho
fonn more terete than in any of the other species. Mouth very small
anil narrow, inferior, the broad maxillary not reaching to opposite the
cyu, 'tk in head. Head long, the snout compressed and liluntly pointed,
its tip not below level of eye ; profile not strongly decurved. Preorbital
■w'uhw than pupil. Mandible originating under middle of eye, 'Ak i" head.
Adipose fin small. Gill rakers short and stoutish, about 7 -(- l^ii> uumber,
i to r» in eye, but rather longer than in C. wilUamnoni, Color dark bluish
above, silvery below. Length a foot or more. Lakes of New England
and the Great Lakes, northwestward to Alaska, as far south as Yukon
liiver; abundant in cold, deep waters. (f/««f/nf«<w«ii«, four-sided.)
CoiniininiKiiiiuMlaletaUK, RiriiARDSON, Vrankliii'a .Toiirn., 1H2:S, 714, Fort Enterprise, British
America; GOntheii, <!ut., 17t), IHGO; Jouuan & Gii.iikiit, SyiuipBiH, U'JH, 188:i.
CunijtiiiiiK iiiiiu-diKjcliii; l'KE.si;(iTT, Aiiit.-r. Joiirn. Sci. Vrts, xi, 1851, 342, Lake Winnipiseogee,
New Hampshire; GdNTiiKn, Cot., 18(1, 18CG.
, Subgenus COREGONUS.
780. CORK«ONUS CLIIPKIKOKJIIS (Mitcliill).
(Common Wiiitkkisii.)
Head .5; depth 3 to 4; eye large, 4 t6 5. D. 11; A. 11; scales 8-74-9.
Vertebra- 59. Body oblong, compressed, always more or less elevated,
and becoming notably so iu the adult. Head comparatively small and
short, tho snout bluntish, obliquely truncated ; tip of snout on level of
lower edge of pupil ; width of preorbital less than half that of pupil.
Maxillary reaching past front of orbit, about 4 in head. Gill rakers mod-
erate, i diameter of eye, usually about 10 + 17 to 19. Color olivaceous
above; 8ideswhite,but not silvery ; lower fins sometimes dusky. Length
2 feet or more. Great Lakes and neighboring waters, rarely ascending
strcuniH; not in Alaska nor Arctic America; the best known and most
I' . N. A. 31
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
highly valued of the American whitefinhos. It feeds on miiiuto oimm.
isms. This species, like others of Avidu diHtribution, is subject to con.
siderable variations, dependent on food, waters, etc. One of thoHo Ih tlie
so-called Otsego Itass, var. o<8('90 (Clinton), a form landlocked in Otscfro
Lake at the head of the Susquehanna River. {Cliipea, a shad or herring;
forma, shape.)
Halmo vlupviformin, MiTCllii.1., Aiiicr. Month, liag., ll, 1818, 321, Sault Ste. Marie.
Coregomm alhim, Lk Sueiu, Jourii. Ai'. Nat. Scl. Pliilii., i, 1818, 2;tl, Lake Erie to Arctic Sua;
G('NTiiKil, Cut., VI, 184, 18li0, aii<l uf iiiuny iintliorH.
Cbrcj/owM* iitmyo, tlie "Otsego Lnlto Bans," DkWitt Clinton, MciI. A IMill. KvgiKter, m, Inm,
about 18M; Otsego Lake; ii landlocked form.
Coregnnuf mpullmtimiiii, AuA88i7,, Lako 8u]Htrior, 344, 1850, Lake Superior.
Coreijonm hitior, Aqashi/., Lake Superior, .348, ISflO, Lake Superior.
Ckrfegonm chtpeiformi*, Jokd.\n <b (iIi.bkht, SynoimiH, 2!)9, 1883.
7«1. <'OKE(JOyrS XKLKONII, l»«an.
(Hl!MI>BA('K WlIITEFISir.)
Head 5; depth 4. D. 12; A. 12; scales 10-S8-8. Allied to ConnomiH
chipeiformia, but distinguished by its arched and compressed back; Hiiont
not very blunt. Maxillary 4 in head, reaching front of eye. (Jill nilvcrs
moderate, a little more than half eye, about 20 in number; vontniis a
little nearer snout than base of caudal. Coloration plain. Alaska, from
Bristol Bay northward, common ; a bony species of inferior flavor. ( lU'nu . )
(Named for Edward W. Nelson, its discoverer, the well-known oiiiitholo-
gist, who collected largely in Alaska.)
Ooregomu nelsunii. Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 48, Nulato, Alaska. CTypo, N<>. 'Mufi.
Coll. Nelson.) /
TAS.^COBEOONVS LABBADORICUS, RicliardKon.
(Sault WiiiTKrisii ; Musquaw River Wiiitefisii ; WiiiTiNd oi- Lake WiNNipisEoiiEK.)
Head 5 ; depth 3i to * ; eye large, 4^^ to n; snout 4^ to 5. D. 11 or 12; A.
11 or 12; scales 10-71 to 76-9. Gill rakers short, about 2 to 2k in eye,
10 -j- 15 or 16. Body rather elongate, compressed, the back not elevated.
Head rather small and slender, compressed. Distance from tip of Huoiit
to occiput about 2\ in distance from occiput to origin of dorsal liu.
Mouth rather small, the lower jaw short, the snout projecting; the
maxillary reaching front of pupil ; maxillary bone broad, rather Hliuit,
its supplementary piece ovate. Mandible reaching middle of eye. Ton<;ue
with about three series of small teeth. Supraorbital bone narrow. Doiual
fin high in front, the last rays short. Bluish-black above; silvery below;
scales with dark punctulations on the edges; fins all dusky, pectorals
and veutrals pale at base. Length 21 inches. Winnipeg and Great Lakes
region to the lakes of the Adirondacks and White Mountains, and north-
eastward ; generally abundant in cold, clear lakes and large streams;
abundant at the Sault Ste. Marie ; a species of good flavor, valued as food.
A variable species, perhaps containing several recognizable subspoeies.
Ooregonus labradoricm, Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., in, 206, 1836, Musquaw River, Lab-
rador ; GVmtiier, Cat., vi, 176, 1866; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 299, 1883.
fJCoregoHut atigtuliceps, Cuvier & Valencienmen, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxi, 534, 1848, Saskatch-
ewan River ; description brief and erroneous.
CoregonHsneohantonientig, Prescott, Amer. Joum. .Sci. Arts, xi, 1861, 343, Lake Winnipiseogee,
New Hampshire.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
467
332. ARGYROSOMUS, AgattHiz.
(C18COKS.)
/I ((/i/mmmiM, AnAfWiz, Liiko Superior, 3IJ9, 1850, (tXnpeiformi* ^ arleAi).
.WlMimm, JoKiiAN, Manual Verti>lii-iiti-ii, Ktl. 2, :ttil, 1H78, (MWlie).
This genus is very close to Corej/onuH, from which it diflFers in the
lur^^or mouth and mure produced jaws, the preniaxillarios heiug placed
nearly horizontally, and the lower jaw decidedly projecting beyond them.
Oil! rakers very long and slender, about 30 on lower limb. Vertebrae 55.
TliuHe characters are associated with the greater voracity and, in general,
greater activity of the species of Anjijrosomus. The species are numerous
in tlie northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America, and all are
valued as food, (apyn^oj-, silver; ffw/za, body.)
AiiiiVRosoMus:
•I. Kody uluMgato, liorrlnK-Rhnpod; Rcalea pmall, uuiform, tho froo edges rnnvox.
h. Liiwor fluH pivlu or nioruly tii)|)e<l with dusliy ; Hv.tli^H punctate with Uitrli pointH,
I'. Kyo largo, not much, if any, shorter thau snout in adult, itH length 3< .^ to 4}^ in
head.
i{. Head long, 4 inhody; body slender, its depth 5 to (i in length; distance from
occiput to snout 2>4 iu dixtancu from occiput to dorsal; tuvlh on tongue;
maxillary ;S iu head. osmekifiibmis, 7C3.
dd. Head long, 4<<^ in length; distance from occiput to tip of snout nearly half its
distance to front of dorsal flu; pectorals short, reaching about half way
to vsntrals.
e. Maxillary 3'/.^ to 3J^ in head; lower jaw projecting; gill rakers long and
numerous, about 16 |- 30. arteoi, 7C4,
ee. Maxillary longer, 2g to 3 in head; gill lakers fewer, about 14 !- 2T).
HOYI, 705.
ddd. Head shorter, about 6 in length; distance from occiput to tip of snout about
j distance to front of dorsal fin; pectorals long, reaching more than
half way to vontrals; maxillary V/(^ in bead. pvsillus, 766.
CO. Kye small, shorter than snout, about 6 times in length of head.
/. Head short, about 6 in length.
!/. Body rather slender, tho depth equal to length of head; distance from occi-
put to snout iy{^ to 2];^ in its distance from dorsal; base of dorsal short.
LUCIDU8, 767.
gg. Body deep, the depth iu adult greater than length of head; distance from
occiput to snout 2*^ to '1]/^ in distance from occiput to dorsal; base of
dorsal longer. LAURETTit':, 768.
ff. Head long, 4 to 4*2 in 'jngth; lower jaw strong.
A. Maxillary «..ylong, i]/^ in head; lower jaw much projecting; gill rakera
about 15 H- 28; distance from snout to occiput 2\ iu distance from
occiput to dorsal; mouth larger than iu A. artedi or in related species.
PBOONATHUS, 709.
U'. Lower fins all blue-black; body robust; mouth large; gill rakers numerous, 18 +30;
eye large, 4^ in head. nioripinnis, 770.
AiiosoMis (aAAot, different; <7ai/xa, body):
an. Itixly short, deep, compressed, the curve of back similar to that of the belly; scales large,
larger forward and closely Imbricated, the free margin little convex.
i. Jaws equal when closed or lower slightly projecting; depth 3 in length; mouth rather
small; maxillary 31-^ in head; eye iy^ in head; gill rakers about 16 -|- .11, long and
Blender, about equal to eye. tuli.ibee, 771.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
.1
Subgenua AROYROSOMUS.
768. AROTRMSOMUH UNMKItirOKMlS (H. M. Sinllli).
(Smf.i.t ok tiik Nkw YoiiK Lakkh.)
Head 4; depth 5 to 0; eye 4. D. D; A. 13; Mcales J»-H;i-10. Jt,„iy
elougato, Hleuder, back nut elevated. Head ratlitu' large, itH widtli <ti|iial
to half its length. Length of top of head 2i in distance from occiput to
dorsal; greatest depth considerably less than length uf head, llyo
large, o<iual to snout. Gill rakers very long and slender, as long mn < ye,
204- 35. Dorsal fin rather high, its height e<iual to \ depth of body aiul
1^ times length of base of tin ; its origin nearer base of caudal than Niunit,
its free margin nearly vertical, straight; longest anal ray \ leni^tli of
base of fin ; ventral long, equal to height of dorsal, its length «m|iiii1 tu
f of distance from ventral origin to vent; ventral origin niidwiy
between base of caudal and pupil ; adipose dorsal long and Hlonder,
of same width throughout, its width \ its length. Moutli laifje,
the lower jaw projecting, the snout straight ; maxillary contained .'i t imes
in 'ength of head, its posterior edge extending to line drawn vortically
th ough the anterior margin of pupil; mandible \ the len^rtli of
head, its angle under the pupi!. iejth present on the tonguo. Color
above grayish silvery, sides bright silvery ; below white ; tips of doiHul
and caudal dark. Length 10 inches. Lakes of central New York, Icnown
from Seneca Lake and Skaneatolos Lake. (Smith.) (OHmcrus, a Hinult,
forma, form ; in allusion to the general shape of the fish, which is kuowu
as " smelt" in parts of New York.)
O^'regotmi hoyi. Bean, Pruc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, C58, not of GiLi. ; GooiiE, Hist. A<{iiatic
Animalg, pi. 197 B, 1884 ; not of text.
Ooregonna oameri/omiin, llvan SI, Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish Comni., xiv, 1894, pi. 1, '-', Seneca
Lake and Skaneateles Lake, New York.. (Type, Nog. 32162 and 3iilU&. Cull. I'lijf. II.
L. Smith and J. C. Willutts.)
/
764. AROTROSr I'JS ARTKDI (Lo Siienr).
(Cisco; Lakk Hebbino ; MiciiiaAX IIehbino.)
Head 4i ; depth ii; eye 4 to 4i. D. 10; A. 12; pcales 8-75 to 1)0-7, 10
rows under base of dorsal ; vertebruB about 60. Body elongate, com-
pressed, not elevated. Head compressed, somewhat pointed, rather loii^^,
the distance from occiput to tip of snout usually a little less than liaK
the distance from occiput to dorsal fin. Mouth rather large, the maxil-
lary reaching not quite to the middle of the pupil, 3i to 3.^ in head;
the mandible 2i in head. Preorbital bone long and slender ; subui bital
broad ; supraorbital nearly as long as eye, about four times as long as broad.
Gill rakers very long and slender, as in Clupea, 15 to 17 + 28 to ;!4, tiie
longest 1} in eye. Dorsal fin high, its rays rapidly shortened, liluisli
black or greenish above; sides silvery, scales with c'lrk speckH; line
mostly pale, the lower dusky-tinged. Length 12 inches. Great Lakes
and neighboring waters, not in Alaska nor Arctic America ; very abun-
dant, usually frequenting shallow waters. An active, voracious fish,
valued as food. (Named for Petrus Artedi, the " Father of Icht' vology,"
ir<Md
iiead, n
H or 9-i
Vertobi
tlio h.
jaw s
raflior
nearly
slender
Distauc
orijriii
lonjjft'i
lenf,'th
loHfj as
teetli.
punefii
under
much as
very; d
anal am
little ri(
tbirkor ,
l^ake Mi
only Hpe
Jordan
Commlsi
the Mes
wiimmm^^ ^
Jordan and FAnrmann. — Fishes of North America.
460
tlio iiHBOoiate of LinniHUH, and perhaps the ablest Hysteinatio zoologist of
tlu) 18th century.)
0,i<;/i»iii« (ir<ei<t, Li SuEL'ii, Jdiirn. Ac. Nat. Scl. Phll»., i, 1818, 2.11, Lake Erie; Niagara
River; Jorpan k Oii.nr.iiT, SyimiMilH, aoi, 1883.
CxiM'""'"' Wiipri/oniiio, GCNT'ir.ii, Cat., vi, 108, IHtiR, and of many authort, but not Biilmo
,Uilii4fttniii», of MiTclllM .
Siihiin (I'xrigonm) lutreitgun, RiRiiAiinHiiN, Kniina nur.-Amer., lit, 210, IKIO, Lake Huron.
Vniiiiimimlmreugvii, Gt'NTllKlt, Cut., vi, lOU, iHCn.
Koprosonted in nuinorous small lakes in Indiana and Wisconsin (Tip-
pei'auoe, Geneva, Ooonoinowoc, La I^elle, etc.), by the slightly modified
7«4a. AR<)VIU)S0.1irH AKTKDI KIHCO, .Ionian.
(.SiscK or Lake Tippecanob.)
Sinallcr than the Lake Cisco, bnt Huperior as food ; living in deep waters,
exoopt in December, when it ascends brooks to spawn. (S'mco or Cisco, a
vernacular name, probably Indian.)
Arijiiri'simuD nisei), JoaDAN, Amer. Nat., 187."(, l.lfi, Lake Tippecanoe, Warsaw, Indiana.
(Coll. Jmlgo J. II. Carpenter.)
7«6. AROTKOSOMrH IIOTI, Oill.
(Moon-bye Cisco ; Cisco of liAKKMicRiOAN; Kirve ok Iiakb Miciiioam.)
IFoadlJ; depth 4^; eyo 4,1 to 4ii ; snout 3^ to Si-; maxillary 22 to 3 in
head, reaching to vertical of middle of pupil. D. 10; A. 11 or 12; scales
« or !)-73 to 80-7. Gill rakers 14 -f 25 or 26, slender, about 2 in eyo.
Vortobrii* 5«;; branchiostegals 8 or 9. Body rather elongate, compressed,
the back somewhat elevated. Mouth rather large, subterminal, the lower
jaw shorter than upper, even when the mouth is open; tip of muzzle
rathor bluntly truncate, somewhat as in a true Coregonux; mandible
nearly reaching posterior edge of eye, 2^ in head. Head rather long,
sleiidor, and pointed. Supraorbital and preorbital long and narrow.
DiHtauco from tip of snout to occiput 2^ to 2} in distance from occiput to
ori^jiii of dorsal fin. Fins low ; free margin of dorsal very oblique, the
lenirfi of the anterior rays 1| in head, that of the last ray less than half
len<rth of the first; longest anal ray 21 in head and more than twice as
loiifj aw the last ray. Pseudobranchiiu very large; tongue with traces of
teeth. Color light iridescent blue on back, scales with a few fine dark
pnnctiilations reaching about two scales below lateral line; sides and
under parts t'v'.\ silvery, brighter than in any other of our Coregoninw,
much as in H? don and Albula; top of head light olivaceous; cheeks sil-
very; dorsal, caudal, and pectorals with some dark on their margins;
anal and vontrals white, with some dark dustings ; the male perhaps a
little richer, more iridescent blue on back, and with the scales a little
thiokor and less closely imbricated. Length 13 inches. Deep watern of
Lake Michigan ; one of the smallest and handsomest of Coregoninw: Tho
only Hpecimens known were the twc sent to Dr. Gill and the one to Dr.
Jordan by Dr. Hoy, until recently rediscovered by the United States Fish
Commission, who find it to be the principal fish caught in the gill nets in
the Avesteru part of Lake Michigan. It is taken in large numbers off
ni
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
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KetioHlia in 00 futhoiiiH iu November during itH Hpawnin^ leaHon. It is
a truo .iryifrnnnmun, tiioiigh approacblnti CortijonuH. (Naiiiud for Dr. riiilo
U. Iluy, of Racine, WiHoonHJn, an able natiiraliHt, who early collmitc*!
tbe flsbes of Lake Micbigan.)
ArgyroKniiKu hmji, Oii.i. M.S., .loKDAN, Amerlcnii NalurallHt, Mart'li, iHTn, l.Vi, Lake Michigan,
near Racine, Wiaconain. (Typo, No. Hy()2. (!<.1I. Il<.y.)
0>riinmm fc(..«i, Joudan, Mnn. Vurt., Kit. !i, 27r>, 187Hj JonnAi* A <1ii.ii«ht, Hyn(i|)iil«, 2!i!t, \m.\;
Hmitii, Hull. If. 8. FIhIi Oomiii., xiv, 1H(»4, |il. 1, W^. 1, fl ; nut iryiintutmm hiiji, Mii.Ntii,
Hopt. r. 8. Fldli (^otiini., l87'.J-73 (lH7ri), 8fi (wlili h 1h A. i>r»oniithm), uor Vorrfumuo Imin,
BCAN, Pruc. U. y. Nut. MllR.. 1882, 058 (which l« A. immeriformix).
7ff«. AR()YitON().1li:N l>irNILMIM inean).
Head 5; doptb 5; oy« iJJ in bead. I). 10; A. 12 ; V. 11 ; acalea lO-Ol-It.
Body raibur elongate, comprcHHed. Form of nioutb an in A. artedi, the
lower Jaw couHiderably projecting; maxillary broad, witb ratber bnMul
BuppltHuontal bone, tbrue times as long as wide, extending not <]nito lo
middle of tbe very large eye, its lungtb \i^ in bead ; preorbital extremely
narrow. Mandible 2^ in bead. Teetb none, or reduced to minute aHpcri-
tios on tbe tongue, (till rakors numerouH, very long and nlender, -1!) in
all. Dorsal very bigb, mucb bigbor tban long, its last rays rapidly Nliort-
ened, tbe first rays twice tbe lengtb of base of fin ; insertion of dorsul
midway between snout and middle of adipose fin ; caudal largo, \v*^ll
forked ; anal small ; ventral inserted under middle of dorsal, very loii^',
f lengtb of bead ; pectoral tbe same lengtb. Scales as in .1. ar^^r/t. Stcrl-
bluisb above, witb many dark points; belly wbite; dorsal and caiuliil
mostly blaokisb; pectorals and ventrals tipped witb black ; eye blackiNli,
the iris silvery. Lengtb a foot or less. Yukon River to Bering Sea and
Dortbward, ascending rivers, {pimllun, feeble.)
Cnrfgomin meirkii, vur.. Beak, Proc. U. 8. Nut. Mud., 1881, 200; Jordan .t Oilbrkt, SyiuipniH, 'MHt,
1883; notof Gt'NTiiKH.
Ooregoiiiii putilho, Bean, I'roc. U. 8. Nut. Muii., 1888, 5'2fi, Kowak River, Alaska. (Typo, No.
383C0. Coll. Chax. H. TowiihuikI.)
7«7. AIUiYROSOMrS liUCIDUS (Richardson).
(CiREAT Bear Lake IIerkinu.)
Head small, ti to 5^^ ; deptb 4^^ to 4? ; eye 5. D. 1 1 or 12 developed rays;
A. 11 or 12. Scales 85 to 87, 11 or 12 scales in an obli<|ue sciics
downward and forward from frontof dorsal to lateral line. Eyeslif^htly
less tban lengtb of snout, IJ times in interorbital widtb. Body Hlondt'i .
elongate, tbe curve of back and belly about equal, tbe greatest depth
exceeding lengtb of bead. Tbe snout narrow, almost vertically truncate
wben mouth is closed, tbe lower jaw fitting within tbe upper, but tlie
month not inferior. Distance from snout to nape 2} to 3 in distance
between nape and front of dorsal. Tbe bead is mucb smaller in one of
our specimens than in tbe other. Mouth oblique, with ratber slender
maxillary, which extends to vertical midway between front and middle
of pupil, its length from tip to articulation equaling distance from end of
snout to front of pupil, and contained 3| to 31^ in length of bead. Supple-
mental maxillary bone probably broader tban in J. artedi, froni ? to a great-
est width of maxillary. Suborbitals very narrow, their least width loss
"• "fli"" '^V^">i'"'
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America, 47 1
thitii linlf (liainoter of pupil. Supraorltitiil 1>nnn Iiirgo, its width 1\ to 2}
ill itH longth. (iill rakoru vury luiig and Hiondor, tlie loiiguHt slightly
iiioro tliuii ii length of «ye, l(i-f28iii uiiiabur in each Hpecini»n. Front
of <l(ii'Hal Hlightly nearnr tip of Huout than hnso of n))p«T ruiliniontary dor-
till rayH. Tho fins arc .nutilatcd, so that their huigth can not bo given.
'AiiipoHe fln larg«s inHorted vertically above last anal rays, its height from
tip to posterior end of base o(iualing vertical diameter of eye. Color sil-
vi'iy. Ah pointed out by Dr. liiinther, this northern foria diflfers from A.
arliili in itn shorter liead and smaller eye. It soenis also to have tho pro-
ninxiilaries placed at a greater angle than in A. urtcili. Mackenzie River
and tributaries. Here describetl from two specimens from (treat Hear
Liilvt) Uiver, each l(t inches long, collected by Miss Elizabeth Taylor.
{binduD, shining.)
Mi'i'' (I'liregonuf) lurUtiu, KiniARnNON, Kniina nor.-Amcr,, ill, 21)7, IHiin, with k""'I flRnr*', Great
Hear Lake.
('.>r.;/MMii< ImUlu; (irNTIlKIl, Cftt., VI, 1!)8, 18)in ; (IilhRHT, Hull. H. S. FUh Cuuilli., xiv, 1HU4, 24.
les/ABUVItONUNl'M liAUUKTT.K (Douii).
Il.ad 5; depth 4; eye H to 5. D. 12; A. 11; V. 12; scales 10-84 to
Ori-io, Kl to 87 in specimens examined. Body robust, the back elevated ;
\mul small and slender, tho small eye not longer than snout. Distance
' III nape to front of snout 2^ times in its distance from dorsal. Maxil-
lary about reaching middle of eye, Si in head, its supplemental bone half
itH length; lower jaw very slightly longer than upper; mandible 2^ in
lit'ad ; lingual teeth present. Gill rakers long and numerous, 10 + 25;
voiitial scale not half lengtli of fin; pectorals short, not reaching half
way to ventrals. Scales smaller than in A. artedi, 16 cross series under
baHo of dorsal. Alaska, from Yukon Rivor northward to Point Harrow;
geix'ially common. Apparently very close to Aryyroaumus lucidua, but the
baNi) of the dorsal longer. (Named for Mrs. Lauretta H. liean. )
Corfijnnutlauretln; Dran, Pror. V. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, IfiO, Point Barrow ; .Iorpan Si Gilbert
SyuDpBiH, 890, 1>'83. (Typo, Nos. 27696 aiul 27915. Coll. Capt. 0. L. Hooi)or.)
7«9. AI{UYU<>S0.1IUS PROUNATHVS (II. M. Smith).
(LoMn Jaw ; Hloater.)
Head 4^; depth 3i to 4; eye 5. D. 9 or 10; A. 10 to 12. Eye rather
Rmall, U ill Hiiout, 1;V in interorbital space, H in suborbital space. Scales
9-7ri-><. Hody oblong, much compressed, Lack elevated, tapering rather
sharply towards the narrow caudal peduncle, the adult fish having a
slijflit nuchal hump as in C. dupeij'ormiii. Mouth large and strong; snout
straJLjht, its tip on level with lower edge of pupil. Top of head 2k in
distance from occiput to front of dorsal. Maxillary reaching to opposite
pupil, 2^ in head, the length 3^ times its greatest width ; mandible project-
inj; beyond upper jaw when mouth is closed, very long, reaching to or
* Till' viTtical from lawt my of iinal traveracg the posterior third of Iibho of adipose dorsal. This
is tlic (.Illy rcgimct in which our specimens fail to aKreo with lUchardson's desci-iptioo. The lat-
ter ntatiM that the adipose flu is located "about its own breadth poHterior to the anal," but this
can inuliably be accounted for by the uaturo of tho spucimeu, BicUardsou'e descriptiou being
taken iium a stuffed akin.— Gilbert.
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472
Builetin 47^ United States /National Museum,
boyniidpoHtnriorodgeofoyfl, 1} to U >n hitad. IIun(l(>fiii«MliuniHi/o,ratlii>r
short and deep, pointed, oruninl ridt{«*H pruiniiient. Domal ratliir
lii^li, tlie lotiKCHt ray i| lonji^i'r than hitMtt of fin, uontninod tij tiims
in grcatost hudy dvptli, and U tini«'M in head; froo niar(;in Hlightly con-
OBvo; origin nearer end of Hnont than haHo of caudal. LongeHt iinitl
ray <<<|nal to Itaso of fin and ii height of dorHal. Vert<«lirii< r>r>. (iill
rakora Nli<ndor, about 15 -f i^^t about length of eye. Adipone tin tli<'
length of t^yo, its width half its length. Narrowest part of caudal pudiin-
cle contained nearly four tinieH in greateHt body depth. Ventral an lon^'
an dorsal is high, its origin midway between end of Huout and fork ot
tail; pectoral as long as ventral. Lateral line straight except at ori^'in,
where it presents a rather marked curve. Sides of body unifornil.v
bright silvery, with pronounced bluish rellection in life; the back dusky,
the under parts )>ure white without silvery color; above lateral line, tlit*
npper and lower edges of scales are finely pinu-tulated, central piiit
unmarked, producing light longitudinal stripes extending wlude leiiutli
of body ; fins flesh color or pinkish in life, the dorsal and caudal mhiiiiIIv
showing dusky edges ; postorbital area with a bright golden rellection.
Iris golden, pupil black. Length 15 inches. Lake Ontario, Lake Miciii-
gan. Lake Superior, and doubtless the entire Great Lake Hasin, in d<-<-|i
water. (Smith.) This species and A. oHtuvrifonnh have been confoniidt'd
under the name CoregomiH hoi/i, though neither much resembleN liiu
original of that name. (n-p6, forward ; jwiWof, jaw.)
ArgiirnntiiiiiH hotii, MiLNr.R, Ropt. U. 8. Finli ('oium., ii, 1872-7:J (1874), 8fi, Outer Island,
Lake Superior; (Coll. Milnor); nut of Gill.
Coreyniiiiii prixjimthuii, IIiwiil M. 8mitii, Hull. U. S. FIhIi Coiiiin., xiv, 1S!»4, t, \A. 1, di:. ;), Lake
Ontario, at Wilson, New York. (Typf, No. ir>rM\. VoU. .r.iliii .•<. Wligmi.)
J
770. AIMlYltOKONlIS MMRIPINNIS, Oill.
(BLlT.riN; ni.ACKFIN.)
Head 4 ; depth 4 ; eye 4^. D. 12; A. 12 ; scales i) or 10-73 to 77-7 or «.
Vertebrie 57. Gill rakers about 18-f-30, rather long and slendor, U
in eye or 2 in maxillary. Lower jaw slightly projecting; the maxillaiy
^ greater than eye and reaching vertical of front of pupil. liody Htoiit,
fusiform, compressed. Head large, stout; mouth large. Distance from
^ip of snout to occiput about 3^ in distance from snout to origin of dorsni
fin. Back not arched, profile from occiput to origin of dorsal very gently
curved. Eye rather large, longer than snout. Teeth very minute, but
appreciable on premaxillaries and tongue. Color dark bluish iibove;
sides silvery, with dark punctulations ; fins all blue-black. Lengtii 1^
inches. Deep waters of Lake Michigan and small lakes of Wisconsin
and Minnesota (Madison, Wisconsin, and Lake Miltona, Minnesota);
locally abundant. Larger than most of the other Ciscoes, and with
larger mouth than any except A. prognathua; known at once by tlie
black fins, (nlger, black; pinna, fin.)
ArgyrosotiiuH vufnpmms, Gill MS. in Milngr, Report U. S. Fish Conim. for 1872-73 (1874), 87,
Lake Michigan, otf Racine, Wisconsin. (Coll. Dr. Uuy.)
OoregoHiM myripinni$, Jobdan, Mau. Vert., Eil. 2, 275, 1878 ; Jubdan & Gilbebt, Synopais, UOl, 1><83
Jordan and Evermann. — Fis/ies of North Amerita. 473
/"
iubgenu* ALLOSOMUS, .(ofiIad.
771. AKiaHOHOMrN TriXIHICK iRirhArdiou).
(T(i I.I.I HRK; "MuNinirL WiiiTrriHii.")
ir<Mi<l I to \\\ aopth 3 to St; eye 4^. D. 11 or 12: A. 11; acalen
s or !M>7 to 74-K. (iill lakurH about lU -f 31, \o\\^ iitul Hlondor, t]ie lonK«Ht
iiltdiit »<|iia1 to oyu. Hody Hliort, de«<p, coiiiprnHHed, slmd-Iike, tlie doiHnl
anil v«Mitriil <!urv««M Hitiiiltti. DiHtanoo from tip of Hiioiit to oooipiit 2 in
iliiHtanoo from occiput to ori^^iii of dorsal. Caudal peduncle nliort and
ilfi'p. Head conic, comiircHsed, inncli iih in .(. iiit/ripinniH, Mouth large,
|ii\v«r Jaw projecting, the maxillary aH long as the eye, about 3^ in head,
ftxtoiiding past the front of ey<-, its supplemental bone narrowly
oviito, with prolonged point; J»W8 equal when closed. Eye large, as
JDM^ aH snout. Pt-uorbital narrow ; supraorbital elongate, rectangular.
.SniltM anteriorly considorably onlargod, their diameter half larger than
till* diameter of those on the caiidal peduncle, the free margins less con-
vi-\ than in other species. Color bluish above ; sides white, punctate
with lino dots ; each scale with a silvery area, these forming a series of
iliHtinct longitudinal strip«*M. Length IK inches. Ureat Lakes, Lake of
the Woods, and northward. A handsome and well-marked species.
(Tnllibee, a name of Indian origin, used l>y the fur traders.)
Sfi/»in ( ( '.irri/'iiDDi) /i(f/i7»'>', RicHAitDHoN, Fiiuiiii Dor.-Aiiiur., in, 201, IKIG, Cumberland House,
Pine Island Lake.
(■ouit;„„sl>illib,r, OOntiif.r, Cat., VI, 190, 18fif. ; JoRnAN A Gimirht, SynopHU, :i01, 1H8.S.
KoprnHentod in small lakes of southern Michigan by
77U. AK»YKOSOMITS TFLLIKKK BISNKI.LI, Bollmnn.
Maxillary reaching middle of eye; lower jaw projecting. Eye 4)1 in
head : scales 80 to 82, anteriorly scarcely larger than posteriorly. Head
4r- depth .3^. Kawson Lake and Howard Lake, Michigan. (Named for
Jdliii H. liissell, then president of the Michigan Fish Commission.)
CoiLioiiiin iiilliliiv hinu'lli, Boi.i.MAN, liiill. V. S. FIhIi Cumin., viii, 1888, 223, Rawson Lake
and Howard Lake, Michigan. (Typo, Nu. 4061!). Coll. Uollman.)
233. STENODUS, Richardson.
(Inconnu.)
SiiiimhiM,* RiciiARDHON, In Ilat-k'H Narrativtt Arctic Land Kxpcdition, Back Appendix, ri21, 1836,
(milcAcll.;//).
Liiriuiniitii^ UOnthkii, Cat., vi, l(i4, 1800, {macki-nzii),
ISody rather elongate, little compressed. Head long, the cleft of the
inoiitli wide. Maxillary long, broad, lanceolate, extending far backward,
lower jaw projecting much beyond the upper. Dentition very feeble,
the teeth extremely small; maxillary toothless; vomer, palatines, and
touyue with narrow bauds of minute villiform teeth. Gill rakers rigid,
* "TliiH flsli, though agreeing with the trout in the Btructiiro of thn jawSj ilifTerH from all the
sulip'iiiru cstaliliohod by Ciivior in the Kognc Animal, in having the teeth diHposed in velvet-like
lianils, and hroader on the vomer and palatine hones. From th« crowded, minute teeth, the
iiiiini- (if sieMo'liiK may Ixi ^iven to the subgenuH of which the inconnu or Salmo mackemii Is the
oil ly ascertained species. ' '—Uichardson.
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474
Bulletin 4y, United States National Museum.
awl-shaped, rough interiorly. Branchiostogals 10. Pyloric cn^ca in great
nr.inber. Dorsal fin moderate, over ventrals ; anal rather long; caiidul
forked. Scales moderate. Coloration silvery. Migratory fishes of largn
size, iuhahiting the streams of Arctic America and Asia ; intermediate
between the Whitefish and the Trout, (irrn'fifj iJarrow ; odoif, tooth.)
772. STEN0DV8 MACKKNZII (KirlmrdBoii).
(Inconnu.)
Head 4^ ; eye 6. D. 12 ; A. 14 ; scales 100. Eye less tha!i suont,
nearly equaling the narrow interorbital width. Maxillary reaching u
vortical behind pupil, its length very slightly more than \ head. Supple-
mental bune long and narrow, nearly as, wide as the maxillary, the ante-
rior end notched, the angle above the notch sharply pointed, the lower
angle bluntly rounded. Teeth all weak and flexible, bristle-like ; present
in ft narrow band in upper jaw, the band extending laterally' onto prox-
imal fifth of maxillary ; a similar ua.. row band .anteriorly in lower jaw ;
very broad patches of similar, but slightly stiffer, teeth are present on
tongue, vomer, and palatines. Gill rakers 7 + 17, the one in the angle
reckoned with the vertical limb, very stiff and bony, the longest ;j diam-
eter of eye ; they bear in their margins two rows of very short, weak
teeth, w lich do not make them appreciably rough.
Here described from a specimen 32 inches long, from the delta of tlie
Mackenzie River, collected by Miss Elizabeth Taylor. Mackenzie River
and its tributaries below the cascades; locally abundant and reaching a
large size, usually 5 to 15 pounds, but sometimes 30 to 40 pounds. A fair
food-fish, but the flesh is oily." (Named for its discoverer, Alexander
Mackenzie, for whom the rivci. was also named.)
Salmo marhmzii, RieiiAunsoN, Franklin's .lourn., 182:J, 707, Mackenzie River.
Luciotnilta ii'nch)L:ii, 9('Nl'liru, Cat., vi, lfi4, 18(16.
SteiwiUis mackvnzii, Jordan & Gu.deht, Syaopsis, 304, 188r.,
234. ONCORHYNCHUS, Suckley.
(Quin:;at Salmon.)
Oncorhiinchm, Sitkt.ev, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ISfii, :r.2, (smuleri).
Itiipfifarin, GiM,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliilr., 18G2, XIO, {kennerhii).
Body elongate, subfusiform, or compressed. Mouth wide, the maxil-
lary long, lanceolate, usually extoi.ding beyond the eye; jaws witli
moderate teeth, which become in the adult male enormously enlarged
in front. Vomer long and narrow, fiat, with a series of teeth botii on
the head and the shaft, the latter series comparatively short and weak ;
palatines with a series of teeth ; tongue with n, marginal series on each
side; teeth on vomer and tongue often lost with age; no teeth on tlie
hyoid bone.. liranchiostegals more cr less increased in number. Scales
moderate or small. Dorsal fin moderate ; anal fin comparatively elongate,
♦According tu Dr. Bean our species may be not distinct from the Siberiae species, S/niniluii
leucichthyi (Qulco'^stadt).
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 476
of 14 to 20 rays. Pyloric appendages in increased number. Gill rakers
ratlier iinmerons. Ova large. Soxual peculiarities very strongly devel-
oped ; the snout in the idult males in summer and fall greatly distorted ;
the premaxillaries prolonged, hooking over the lower jaw, which in turn
is <;reatly elongate and somewhat hooked at tip ; the teeth on these bones
alHo greatly enlarged. The body becomes deep and compressed ; a fleshy
liniiip is developed before the dorsal fin, and the scales of the back
become embedded in the flesh ; the flesh, which is red and rich in spring,
■| ironies dry and poor. Salmon, mostly of largo size, ascending the rivers
:i)iitary to the North Pacific in North America and Asia, spawning in the
.11. Only five species are known. The genus is very close to Salmo,
dill'crlug only in the increased number of certain organs. (I'y/cof, hook;
l'>iyx<ir, snout.)
Concerning the habits and distribution of the salmon we quote the
following, based on the observations of Jordan & (iilbert, which has
btcu })ubli8hed elsewhere. (See " The Salmon Family," in Jordan's
Sciouce Sketches, 3r)-82, 1887, A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago.) Some
recent observations of Dr. Gilbert and Dr. Evermann are also included :
(If tlio ppocios of Oncorhiinchus, the Blueback (0. nerka) predomliiatcN in Fraser Rivor and in
the Y'lkou River, tlio Silver Salmon (O. kMilrh) in Pugot Sound, tlio Quiiinat (0. Ischawijtfichti) in
tlio riilunibiaand tlio Sacramento, and the Silver Salmon in nioRt of tlio ptreaniH along tlinconBt.
Alt till! 8|iuciu8 have been seen by us in the Culumbia and in Fraser River ; all ))Ut the niueback
iu 111!' Sarram.-'nto and in waters tributary to Pnget Sound. Only the King Salmon lias been
nnticrii Sdutli of San Francisco. Its range has been traced as far as Ventura River. Of these
si^'cifs, the King Salmon and Blueback Salmon habitually "run" in tho spring, the others in
tlio full. The Usual order of running in tho rivers is as follows : nerka, tufhan'iiliivha, kimilcli, yor-
hiis,l,:i, bin. According to early authors, the IscliairijlHchu jirecedes tircAit in Kamchatka.
Till' uconomic value of tho Hpring-ruuning salmon is far greater than that of the other Bpocicg,
bdiuisi' they can be captured in numbers when at their best, while the others aro usually taken
only utter deterioration. To this fact the worthlossuesB of Oiicorhiinchnu bin, as comjiared with
the (itliiT species, is probably chiefly due.
Tlic liiiliits of the salmon in the ocean are not eiisily studied. King Salmon and Silver Salmon
of all sizes aro taken with the scino at almost any season in Puget Sound. This would indicate
that tliese specit^s do not go far from the shore. Tho Kiug'Siilmon takes the hook freely in
Moiitirey Bay, both near the shore and at a distance of to 8 miles out. We have reason
tdliilicvo that these two Bjiecies do not necessarily seek great depths, but probably remain not
very far from the mouth of the rivers in which they were spawned. The Blueback and the Dog
SaliiKin probably seek deeper water, as tho former ia seldom taken with the seine in tho ocean,
anil the latter is known to outer tho Strait of Fuca at the spawning season, therefore coming
iiit'niiiitheopensea. Tho run of the King Salmon ami tlii^ Blticlwck begins generally at the last
of Murcli ; it lasts, with various modifications and interruptions, until tho actual spawning season,
So|it(iiitii'r to November, the time of running and the proportionate amount in each of thesiibor-
diiinl" runs varying with each difl'ereut river. By the last of .Tuly only straggling Bliiebacks
cii', 111' I'cmnd in the lower course of any stream ; but both in the Ci)lumbia and in the Sacramento
tlio ijiiiniiiit runs in considerable numbers, at least till October. In the Sacramento the run is
gri'uti >t ill the fall, a. id more run in the summer than in spring. TIk^ spring salmon a.sceiids
iiiily tliose rivers wliicli are fed bj' Uie melting snows from tlw mountains, and which have suf-
flcii'iif volume to send their waters well out to sea Those salmon which run in tho spring are
chioily adults (suppo.scd to bo at least three years old). Their milt and spawn are no more
develojied than at tho same time in others of the same species which aro not to enter the rivers
until full. It would appear that the contact with cold fresh water, when in tho ocean, in eomo
way 1 MUSI'S them to run toward it, and to run liefore there is any special intluenco to that
eiiii r^.rtiil by the d(!velopnieiit of tho organs of generation.. High water on any of these livers
ill the spring is always follo"">d by an increased run of salmon. The salmon canuers think,
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and this is proliably true, that salmor. which would not havo run till lattT nr« brought up by tlici
contact with the cold water. Tho cause of this effect of cold fresh water is not uiidvrHtou.l.
Wo may call it an instinct of the salmon, which is anotht-r way of expressiiiKour i^norancr. in
gonoral, it snems to bu truo that, in those rivors and duriujj; those years when the sprin ^ run is
greatest, the fall run is least to be d<'|H>ndod upon.
It varies for each of the different rivers, and for differt.'nt parts of the same river. It (Icniht-
1(»8 extends from .Inly to December. Tho manner of spawning is probably similar for nil tlie
species, but wu hiive no data for any except the Qniiiniit and the Rcdflsh. In these species t|j,'
fishes pair off; the male, with tail and snout, excavates a broad, shallow "nost" in the jtravelly
bod of tho stream, in rapid water, .it a deptli of 1 to 4 feet ; the female deposits her enus in
it, and after the exclusion of the milt, they cover them with stones and gravel. They tlii'n
float down the stream tail foremost. As already stated, a great majority of Micm die. In t)io
head waters of tho largo streams, unquestionably all die ; in the small stream , and near tlie fun,
an unknown jwrcentago probably survive. TIk! young hatch in about sixty days.
Tho salmon of all kinds, in the spring, are silvery, sjiotted or not, according to the speiirs,
and with the mouth about eijually syiiiniotrical in both sexes. As the Kpawniii^ Hi'u-KJti
approaches the female loses her silvery color, becomes more slimy, tho scales on tho back piii tly
sink into the skin, and the llesh changes from saltnon-red and becomes variously paler from tlie
loss of oil, tho degree of paleness varying much with individuals and with inhabitants ot UifTer-
ont rivers. In the Sacramento the flesh of tho Quinnat, in either spring or fall, is rarely ii.ilc.
In the Columbia a few with pale flesh are sometimea taken in spring, and a good many iti tin'
fall. In Fraser Kivor tho fall run of tho Quinnat is nearly worthlej-s for canning purpuKcJ,
because so many are " whitc-moatod." In tho spring very few are " wliite-meati'd," but (lie
number Increases toward fall, when there is every variation, some having red streaks ninnin;,'
through them, others being rod toward the head and pale toward the tail. The red nixl pule
ones can not bo distinguished externally, and the color is dependent upon neitlier ago nor fex.
There is said to be no difference in the taste, but there is no market for canned salmon uut ef
the conventional oipnge color.
As the season advances, the clifferonce between the males and females becomes more ami tnon'
marked, and keeps pace with tho development of tho milt, as is shown by dissection. The nialeH
have (1) the jjromaxill.aries and tho tip of tho lower jaw more and more prolonged, both ultlie
jaws becoming, finally, strongly and often extravagantly hooked, so that either they slpit tiy
the side of each other like shears, or else the mouth can not be closed. (2) The front tiMtli
become very long and cauino-like, their growth proceeding very rapidly, until they are cflen
half an inch lontt. {^) The tooth on the vomer and tongue often disappear. (4) The luidy
grows more compressed and deeper at the shoulders, so that a very distinct hump is furiru^d ;
this is more develoi)od in Ohcoj-Az/hc/ihs (/orfiiisc/Ki, but is found in all. (.5) The scales disapi" ur,
especially on tho back, by the growtli of spongy skin. (0) Tlio color changes from silvery te
various shades of black and red, or blotchy, according to the species. Tho Bluoback turn-' insy
or brick-red, the Dog Salmon a dull blotchy red, and the Quinnat generally blackish. The ill<-
torted males are commonly considered worthless, rejected by the canners and salmon siillers,
but preserved by tho Indians. These changes are due solely to influences connected with tlio
growth of the reproductive organs. Tliey are not in any way due to the action of fresh \v;iter.
They take place at about tho same time in the adult males of all species, whether in tlir m-an
or in the rivers. At the time of the spring runs all are symmotrical. In the fall all nmli s, of
whatever species, are more or less distorted. Among tho Dog .Salmon, which run only in tho
fall, tho males are hook-jawed and red-blotched when thej' first enter the Strait of Fuca fmrn
the outside. The Humpback, taken in salt water about Seattle, havo the same peculiiiritios.
The male is slab-sided, hook-billed, and distorted, and is rejected by the cannors. No IhmiU-
jawed females of any species have been seen. It is not jiositively known that any fully InuU-
jawed old male survives the reproductive act. If any do, the jaws must resume tho normal Lini.
On first entering a stream the salmon swim about as if playing. They always head lnwanls
the current, and this appearance of ]ilayiug may be simi)ly duo to facing the moving tide. Aftir-
wards they enter the deepest parts of the stream and swim straight up, with f-w interrn|ilinus.
Their rate of travel at Sacramento is estimated by Stone at about 2 miles per day; on the ("iiliim-
biu at about 3 miles per day. Those who enter the Columbia in tho spring and ascend to tlin
mountain rivers of Idaho, must go at a more rapid rate than this, as they must make an average
of nearly four milce per day.
tiT
• >
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 477
Ah iilroiidy fitat«(l, thoeconomic vahioof anyRiH'cieRdopendHin groat part on itnlMinKn "Kpring
Kiliiioii." It Ih not goucriilly pciwiblo tn captiiru Milmoii of any specioa in lufKu iiunilierB until
tiny liuTu entered the rivurs, and the spring Balmon cntur tlio rivern lung l)t'fure the growth of
tlic ori;aiiR of roproductiou lion reduced the rii'liueHH of tlio tiesli. Tlie fiili Naimun can not lie
tiiki'ii in ijuanllty until thelr'tleHh has deteriorated ; lienco, tin; Dog Salmon \% practically alnioHt
Miirthless, except to the ludiaiix, iind the Ilumjiback Salmon is little bettor. The Silver Salmon,
Willi the Kanie breeding habits as the Dog Salmon, is more valuable, as it is found in the inland
walurs of Pugct Sound for a considerable time before the fall rains cause the full runs, and it may
|m' taken in large numbers with Ncincs before the season for entering the rivers. The Quinnat
Salmon, from its great size and abundance, is more valuable than all the other flshes on our
I'lii'llu' Coast taken together. The Blueback, similar in llesh, but much smaller and less abun-
iliiiil, is worth much more than the combined value of the three remaining species of nalnion.
The fall salmon of all spe<'ics, but especially of the Dog Salmon, ascend streams but a short
(listuJK'o before B|>awning. They seem to lie in great anxiety to Iind fresh water, and many of
tliiiii work their way up little lirmiks only a few inches deep, where they perish miserably,
lloiiiiduring about on the stones. Kvery stream, of whatever kind, has more or less of these fall
eilnion.
It is tho prevailing impression that the salmon have some special instinct which leads them to
return to spawn in the same spawning grounds where they were originally hatched. Wo fail to
Iind any evidc^nce of this in the case of the Pacific Coast salmon, and wo do not believe it to be
tnii'. It Kcems more probably that the young salmon hatched in any river mostly remain in the
oiiaii, within a railius of 20, 30, or 40 miles of its mouth. These, in their movements abotit in
the ocean, may come into contact with the cold waters of their parent rivers, or, perhaps, of any
other river, at a considerable distance from the shore. In the case of the (jninnat and the
Bliietiark, their "instinct" seems to lead them to ascend thehe fresh waters, and, in a majority
of cascK, these waters will be those in which the fishes in ({uestion were originally spawned.
Lull r ill the season the growth of the reproductive organs leads them to approach the shore and
seuri'li for fresh waters, and still the chances are that they may find the original stream. Uut
iiudoulitedly many fall salmon ascend, or try to ascend, streams in which no salmon were ever
hatched. In little brooks about Pugot S- :'.nd, where the water is not J inches deep, are often
fiiiiiiil (lead or dying salmon, which have entered them for the pur]io8o of spawning. It is said
of tlie Uii8.-iiun River and other California rivers, that their mouths, in the time of low water in
«uniiiier, generally become entirely closed by sand bars, and that the salmon, in their eagerness
til ascend them, frequently fling thcmselveB entirely out of water on the beach. But this does
nut |inive that the salmon are guided by a niarvcious geograjihical instinct, which leads them
to tliiir parent river in spito of tlie fact that the river can not be found. The waters of Kus-
liiau Itiver soak through these sand bars, and the salmon instinct, we think, leads them merely
tiiseairli for fresh waters. This matter is much in need of further investigation: -X present,
however, we find no reason to believe that the salmon enter the Itogue River simply because
they were spawned there, or that a salmon liatched in tlie Clackamas River is more likely, on
that ai'CdUDt, to return to the Clackamas than to go up the Cowlitz or the Des Chutes.
Oncoiihvnchus:
II. dill rakers comparatively short and few (-0 to 25 in number).
h. Scales very imiill. more than 200 in a longitudinal series; caudal spots large, oblong.
UORUU6CIIA, 773.
Ui. Scales medium, al it 145 (138 to 155) in a longitudinal series j pyloric ccecaabout 150.
c. Anal rays 13 or . ! ; black spots small or obsolete; R. 13 or 14. kkta, 774.
cc. Anal rays about ! '• ; back and upper fins with round olack spots ; H. 15 to lit. ■
TSCIIAWYTSCIIA, 775.
Wi. Scales comparatively large, about 130 (125 to 135) in a longitudinal series; pyloric
cu!ca 50 to 80. KisuTCH, 776.
nvi'snAiiio, (ii^i, high ; Farxo, trout) :
u«. Gill rakers comparatively long and numerous (30 to 40 in number) ; scales largo ; lateral
line about 130; back in adults unspotted, clear blue in spring, red in fall; young
more or less spotted. nebka, 777.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
v«,
Subgenus ONCORHYNCHUS.
773."ONt'OllHYX€lll'S UOltltlTSdlA (Wiill)aum).
(HuMi'iiACK Salmon; Haddo ; Hoi.ia ; GomiiistiiA ; Duo Salmon of AIbhUii.)
B. 11 or 12. Gill rakors 13 -f 15. A. (developed layH) 15 ; D. 11 ; acalfs
215 (210-240), those of the lateral lino larger, 170. Pyloric c«i'ca v<i y
ulender, about 180. Body rather Blender, in the I'einale plniup and nviii-
nietrical, in the fall males very thin and compressed, with the lleshy dor-
sal hump much developed and the Jaws much elongated, strongly hoolud,
and with extravagant canines in front. Ventral appendage half tlj's
length of the fin. Color bluish; sides silvery ; back posteriorly, adijxjso
fin, and tail with numerous black spots; those on the caudal fin partic-
ularly large and oblong inform; fall males red, more or less blotched witli
brownish. Weight 3 to 6 pounds. Pacific Coast and rivers of North Amorica
and Asia from Oregon northward; not rare; occasionally taken in tlio
Sacramento* where it is called "Lost Salmon." Known at once by the
very small size of the scales, and by the coarse oblong spots on the tail.
{Gorbiischa, the Russian vernacular name in Alaska.)
Halvw gorbutcha, Waibaum, Artodi I'isciuin, CU, n!t2, Kamchatka ; after tlioGurliiiRclm uf I'kn-
NANT and Krasciikninnikow.
Salmo tjibber, Ulucii & Sciinkider, Syst. Ichtli., 409, 1801, Kamchatka; after Krasciiknin-
nikow.
Salmo pvoleim, Pallas, Zoogr. UosHO-Asiatifa, in, liTO, 1811, Bering Sea; SurKLKV, Miiiicigr.
Salmo, 97, 18G1 (1874).
Salmo acoukri, RiciiAUPSON, Fauna Hor.-Amer., in, IfiS, 1830, Observatory Inlet.
iyilmo ttchau-ytschiformui, Smitt, I RikHmuseeum liellutliga Saluiuuider, 101, 1880, Port Clar-
ence.
Oncorhynchna prolens, QVntiier, Cat., vi, 157, 1800.
Oncorhynchm Kvouleri, OflNTllEB, Cat., vi, loS, 1806.
Oncorhytichus gorbutcha, Jubuak & Gilbert, Syuopsis, 305, 1883.
774/oNCOBHlNCHUS KETA (Walbaum).
(Doo Salmon ; IIay-ko ; Le Kai Salmon.)
Head 4; depth 4. D. 9; A. 13 or 14; scales about 28-150-30; B. I'? or
14, rather broad ; gill rakers 9 -f- 15 ; pyloric cceca 140-185. General form
of the Quinnat, but the head proportionately longer, more depreMsed
and pike-like; the preopercle more broadly convex behind, and the
maxillary extending considerably beyond eye. Gill rakers few, coarse,
and stout, as in the Quinnat. Accessory pectoral scale short, not
half the length of fin. Dusky above; sides paler, little lustrous; back
and sides with no defined spots, but only fine specklings, which are
often entirely obsolete ; head dusky, scarcely any metallic luster on head
or tail; caudal dusky, plain, or very finely maculate, its edge usually
distinctly blackish ; fins all mostly blackish, especially in males ; breed-
ing males generally blackish above, with sides brick-red, often barred or
mottled. Weight about 12 pounds. San Francisco to Kamchatka,
asoending all streauis in the fall, and spawning at no great distance
from the sea ; abundant in Bering Straits. At the time of its run the
* ThisBpecies appears in Alaska every year and in great abundance. In Puget Sound it lomcs
each alternate year only, tlie odd year (18',tl, 189.'{, etc.). In the Sacramento each year, but in
very small uumbora. Itasceudii the Sacramento au far as Shasta County.
J^JJP^
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of Nortii America. 479
males of tliia HpucieH are much distorted and tbe tiesh has little value.
(Kita, a vernacular nante in Kamchatka.)
Sittiiii} htn vel hiijhi, Wamiai'm, Artvdi I'iKciiini, 72, 1702, Rivers of Kamchatka; aftor tlio
hill IT hiyho of Pennant and Kka8CIIeninniku\v| Dlocii k Sviineiuku, 8yHt. lohtli., 407,
1801.
Sdiiiolwjoivplmlnn, I'am.AB, /uogr. ItoHH.-ARiatlca, ill, 1172, 1811, Bering Sea.
/.Sii/iiKi./'i/KJiK'/inM, Pam.aa, Z(><i);r. IluAH.-ANintiru, iii, 382, 1811, Curile Islands; Amur River.
Sii/i/i" itermiiliiim, Hii'IIauhron, Voyiifio Herald, /old., 1(')7, 1854, Yukon River.
MiiKiroimiHiiii, Riciiauiison, VojftKc Ilurald, Zoid., 108, 18.')4, Yukon River.
Stilmo canis, SicKLEV, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1868, !», aud Mouogr. Salino, 101, 18til (1874),*
Puget Sound.
Oiici>r//,'/»'//"i /'(;/"<''7''"i/"», OCntiikii, Cat., vi, 101, 1800.
Unii'iliiinclius keta, Johdan A Uiluert, Syiioimis, lior), 188.X
775/0NC0KllYN(Hl'S TSCIIAWYTSOHA (Walliaum).
(1^1 innat Salmon; Tchaviciie ; Kino Salmon; Com'Miiia Salmon; Sachamknto Salmon;
Chinook Salmon ; Tvee Salmon ; Saw-kwey ; Thciiawvtsoiia.)
Head 4 ; depth 4. M. 15 or 16 to 18 or 19, the number on the two sides
always unlike. D. 11; A. 10. Gill rakers usually 9 + 14 (i. e., 9 above
tlie angle and 14 below). Pyloric coica 140 to 185 ; scales usually 27-146-
2!t, the number in a longitudinal series varying from 140 to 155, aud in
California specimens occasionally as low as 135. Vertebras 66. Head
conic, rather pointed in the females and spring males. Maxillary rather
NJeiMlor, the small eye behind its middle. Teeth small, longer on sides
of lower jaw than in front; vomerine teeth very few and weak, disap-
])uaring in the males. In the males in late summer and fall the jaws
become elongate and distorted, and the anterior teeth much enlarged, as
in the related species. The body then becomes deeper, more compressed,
and arched at the shoulders, and the color often nearly black. Preoper-
clo and opercle strongly convex. Body comparatively robust, its depth
greatest near its middle. Ventrals inserted behind middle of dorsal,
ventral appendage half the length of the fin ; caudal, as usual in this
genus, strongly forked, on a rather slender caudal peduncle. Color
dusky above, often tinged with olivaceous or bluish ; sides and below
silvery ; head dark slaty, usually darker than the body and little spotted ;
back, dorsal fin, sind tail usually profusely covered with round black
Hpots (these are sometimes few, but very rarely altogether wanting);
»i(leH of head and caudal fin with a peculiar metallic tin-colored luster;
inalt\ about the spawning s6ason (October), blackish, more or less tinged
or lilotched with dull red. Flesh red and rich in spring, becoming paler
iu the fall as the spawning season approaches. Length 2 to 5 feet.
llNual weight in the Columbia River 22 pounds, in the Sacramento 16 to
18 pounds; in smaller rivers still less, but individuals of 70 to 100
pounds have been taken. Alaska, Oregon, and California, southward to
Ventura River, aud to northern China, ascending all large streams;
especially abundant in the Columbia and Sacramento rivers, where it
is the principal salmon. It ascends t the large streams in spring and
*Pr Suckley's monograph of the genus Salnio was written in 1861, but not actually printed
and imldiHhed until 1874.
t Till' usual order of salmon running in the streams of Oregon and Washington is nerka, Ischa-
KyMtu, kisutcb, yorbutcha, and kela. Tliose which start lirst go farthest.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Hunimer, moving up, witliout feeding, until tlio Hpuwning HoaH<»n, liy wlm h
time many of thoHO which Htarted first may have traveled more tliiui
1,000 niilea. It UHcends tlie Snake Hiver to the neighborhood of Uppii
Salmon Falk, where it spawna in October and November. In the Saliiicm
Kiver of Idaho it aacendH to the Iioad wuterH, more than 1,000 mileH fnnii
the sea, whore it 8pav nu in August and early September when the watci
has readied a tenr;»err ' ure of about 54° F. After Hpawnlng, nioHt or
all of those which have reached the upper waters perish from exhaus-
tion. It is by far the most valuable of our salmon, It has lately l^ctn
introduced into eastern streams. (Tucliaivylnehu, better spelled by earlK^i
writers Tchaviche, the vernaculav name in Alaska and Kamchatka.)
Sahiio tt<-hawjiliH'lia,\V AhUAXix, Artt'ili I'Ui'ium, 71, 17!)2, rivers of Kamchatka; itl'tcr tlu^ Txchim-i-
tucha of KnAHOirKNiNNiKow, Dcscr. Kaiiicliiitkii, 17H, 17ii8, itml tlio T*<hiurijln;lui uf 1'kn.nant,
1792; Blocil &, Sciineidku, Syst. Iclitli., 4(l7, 1801.
fiiilmo orieulnlU, Pai.i.an, /ougr. ItuHit.-Asiiil., iii, 3(17, 1811, Kamchatka.
Snimo iiuiuiiiil, RiciiAriDKON, Fitiiua liur.-Ainer., in, 219, IS'M, Columbia River; mid of iiKiny
writers.
Fario anjjircuii, Girard, True. Ac, Nat. Sri. Pliilii., IS.Ifi, 218, Cape Flattery; Fort Steilacoom.
Siilmo confliientiiH, SucKLEV, Aiiu. I.yc. Nut. lIiHt. N. V., lieiM'iiilx^r, 18.18, iiiid racltic It. It. .sin v.,
XII, Part 2, 3;i4, 18G(), Puyallup River, near Fort Steilacoom; (Coll. Siu kloj j; auil
Moiiogr. Sulmo, 109, ISfil (1874).
Salmn urijijrem, SroKI.EY, Piicifii: R. 1{. Siirv., xii. Part 'J., li'iii, 18ti0, ami Monogr. .Silmii, lid,
18f.l (1874).
OitcorhjiHclmn <iiiiimiit, GCntiieh, Cat., vi, l.'')8, 18Gi!; .Iuudan, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mun., 1878, il'.i.
OiicirrhijnchH* orienlitiis, GC.ntiikk, Cat., vi, ir>9, 18(!0.
OHCorhijHchna cho,^icha,^[ 3o\{.nAH & tiiLiiF.liT, SyiioiisU, SOfi, l88;i.
776.''ONCORHYNCIirS KISl'TCII (Walbaurii).
(SilverSalmon; Ki8UTCIi;Skowitz; IIooi>id Saimi)n;Coiii) Salmon; Uiki.aya RYiiA;(irisiTsrii.)
Head 4; depth 4. B. 13 or 14. Pyloric cu!ca very few and large, (ili 1 15
to 80) ; gill rakers 10 + 13, rather long and slender, nearly as long as eye,
toothed; scales 25-127-29. D. 10; A. 13 or 14 (developed rays). Body
rather elongate, compressed. Head short, exactly conical, terminating' in
a bluntly pointed snout, which is longer and broader than the lower Jaw ;
head shorter than in a young Quinnat of the same size. luterorbilal
space broad and strongly convex. Opercle and preopercle strongly ton-
vex behind; the preopercle very broad, with the lower limb little devel-
oped; cheeks broad. Eye quite small, much smaller than in young
Quinnat of the same size. Suborbital very narrow, with a row of mucous
pores along its surface; maxillary slender and narrow, but extemlinj;
somewhat beyond the eye. Teeth very few and small, only two or three
on the vomer; those on tongue very feeble. Fins small. Pectorals and
ventrals short, the ventral appendage three-fifths the length of the lin ;
caudal strongly forked, on a slender peduncle. liluish green ; sides hH-
very, with dark punctulatious ; no spots except a few rather obscure on
top of head, back, dorsal fin, adipose fin, and the rudimentary ui>i>oi'
rays of the caudal; rest of the caudal fin unspotted; pectorals dusiiy
tinged; anal with dusky edging; sides of head without the dark color-
ation seen in the Quinnat ; males mostly red in fall, and with the usual
t An unsuccessful attempt at rcspolling the barbarous-luokiug wurd " tecAuio^toc/ia."
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North America. 481
cli.iiigeH of form. Length 15 inches. Weight 3 to 8 pounds. A small
ttiiliiion, ascending streams in the fall to no great distance. Atmndant
from San Francisco northward, especially in Puget Sound and the
Aliinkan Qords; south on the Asiatic coasts to Japan. (Khutch, the ver-
nacular name in Alaska and Kamchatka; called by the Russians Bielaya
Uijho, or whiteflsh.)
/ Si/mii) milkischilch, Walbavm, Artoili Pincliim, 70, 1792, Bering Sea; after ililklHchiiliich or Milk.
isrJiiiM'h of Pennant aiul Kiiasciieninnikow; probably tb« yoiin^; of kiiulch.
iSi'iH' Umlili* Waliiaiih, Artudi IMsoium, 70, 1792, Rivers and Lakes of Kamchatka; aftur
ilu' Kisulch of Pennant.
f H'lliiii' slriiilits, ItLocii & SciiNEiDEK, SyHt. Ichtli., 407, 1801, Kamchatka; afttir Milktuchiliiehot
KllASOIlENINNIKOW.
Sd/iriM hifiiirh, Bi.ocii ifc Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 407, 1801, Kamchatka; after Pennant.
Siiliiiii ^.imjiiiiiolntluK, PALLA8, Zoogr. KoBa.-Asiat., 111,370, IHW, Bering Sea.
S:ilmo iiHiipilch, RiciiARimoN, Fauna Bor.-Anior., in, 224, 1830, Columbia River ; QVnther,
I at., VI, IIK, 18Cf).
♦ Siiliiio mairoiitovta, GOntiier, Amor. Mag. Nat. HiHt., 1877, 444, Yokohama, Japan.
ihir,.rli!iiichiishicao<hm, GOnther, Cat., vi, 155, 1860; in part.
MmnSfdvleri, Si'OKi.EV, MonoBr. Solmo, 94, 1861 (1874).
Ouiiirli;iiichiin mmjuinoh-nlim, Gt'NTllElt, Cat., vi, 100, 1860.
Oiifihiiif-liu:! (mqipUch, Jordan, Forest and Stream, Septoiiiber 16, 1880, 139
Oiiivrliiinchu» kimkh, JORDAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 307, 1883.
Subgenus HYPSIFARIO, Gill.
777. ONCOBHYNCHl'S NKRKA (Walbaum).
(IlM K-iiAi'K Salmon; IlKnpigii ; Fraser Uiveb Salmon; Saw-Qui Salmon ; Krabnaya Rvba.
Head 4; depth 4. B. 13 to 15; D. 11; A. 14 to 16; scales 20-133-20;
pyloric c<i'ca 75 to 95 ; vertebri« 64. Gill rakers about 32 to 40, usually
11 or 15 + 22 or 23, as long as eye. Body elliptical, rather slender.
Head short, sharply conic, pointed, the lower jaw included. Maxillary
rather thin and small, extending beyond eye. Teeth all quite small,
most of them freely movable ; vomer with about 6 weak teeth, which
grow larger in fall males, instead of disappearing. Preopercle very wide
and convex; opercle very short, not strongly convex. Preopercle more
free hebiud than in 0. tachaivytacha. Ventral scale about half the length
of the fin. Caudal fin narrow, widely forked; anal fin long and low;
dorsal low. Flesh deep red. Males becoming extravagantly hook-jawed
iu the fall, the snout being then prolonged and much raised above the
level of rest of head, the lower jaw produced to meet it ; mandible 1^
iu head iu fall males. If in females ; snout 2i in head in fall males, 3t in
females. Color clear bright blue above; sides silvery, this hue overlying
the blue of the back; lower fins pale, upper dusky; no spots anywhere
iu adults in spring; the young with obscure black spots above.
Color of breeding male: back blood red, with dark edges to some of the
scales; middle of side darker red, but unevenly so, usually darkest at
middle of body ; under parts dirty white, with numerous fine dark dust-
ings ; head above and on sides pale olivaceous, some darker mottling on
* MiBiirintefl hisutch by AValbaum, the error corrected in the errata. The name milktsfhilxch
Imsal'.w lines of priority over kimUch, but wo are not absolutely sure that it belongs to the
same Bpocies.
V. N. A.'
-32
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Hides; tip of nose nnd aides of jaws dark, iiudor part of lower Jaw whiU';
dorsal pale red, aual darker red; adipose tin red; voiitrals and pectunilH
smoky, some red at base. Color of i)reediug female essentially the huiiiu,
rather darker on the sides. Length 2 feet; weight 'i\ to K poiindrt.
IC.iamath and Hogue rivers northward to Kamchatka and Japan ; ;;itii-
erally aLvndant, especially northward; ascending streams in spring; lo
great distance:'- aud often freqnonting mountain lakes in fall, Hpii\viiiii}<;
ill their small tni>'jtaries; one of the most graceful of tiie Salminiiilii,
scarcely inferior to ( ii<> (juinnat when fresh, but the llesh more watury
aud less valuable when canned. The principal salmon of Alaska.
The Uedflsh is known to ascend to the small lakes of Alaska, BritiNJi
Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and to spawn in their iiiliMs.
Dr. iieau has observed it at Karluk Lake in Alaska, Dr. Dawson arid
Prof. John Macouu in liritish Columbia, Prof. O. J(. Johnson at Liil<r
Washington, Dr. Uilbert at Wallowa Lake in Oregou, while we have
recently studied it on its spawning beds iu the inlets to Alturas, I'cttit,
aud liig Payette lakes iu Idaho. This species enters the Columbia Uivor
-with the spring run of the Chinook Salmon, but does not reach the liikcH
of Idaho until August. We observed them spawning in the shallow water
of the inlets on beds of fine gravel and s.ind, which they scoop up into
considerable heaps. The temperature of the water at Alturas and I't^ttit
lakes, September 12, was 45° F,, and the same temperature was found
at Big Payette Lake September 27.
Two distinct and widely different sizes of the Redfish are found Nexn-
ally mature, the large form described above, aud a small form wliicli is
mature at a foot or less in length ; and no specimens of iutcrmediate hv/.o
have been observed. The average weight of six spawning fish of the
large form examined at Alturas Lake was 3 x)ounds 3i ounces, the iniui-
mum and maximum being 2 pounds 5 ounces (a spent female), and '6
pounds lOi ounces. The average weight of twenty-nine individuals of
the small form obtained the same day and from the same stream wan 0^
ounces, the extremes being 4^ (a spent female) and 9 ounces, respectively.
These little fish, which have been known as the Little Kedtish or Ken-
uerly's Salmon, have been regarded as being a landlocked variety, dis
tinct from O. nerka. We are not able to discover any structural ditl'erenceti
between the two. We have found them breeding at the same time and
in the same stream. The mutilations and fruyed-out fins point to tiio
probability of their having made the long journey from the sea; indeed,
Dr. Gilbert has traced their migration from the mouth of the ColuniMa to
Wallowa Lake. There is no more evidence that they are landlocked tliau
that the large ones are, and if they are not younger individuals of the
regular nerka, they should be assigned specific rather than subspecitic rank.
The fins of the little Redfish were ob.erved to be frayed out aud nmti-
lated quite as generally as were those of the large ones, and many dead
ones of each size were seen. It is doubtful if any which ascend to the
Idaho lakes ever return to the sea, but all probably die after spawnin},'.
The color of the breeding male of the small form is dirty red, brijilitest
on middle of side; back with about 15 round black spots before the doiHal
— ^
Jordan and Kvertnanu. — Fishes of North America.
483
iiiitl an e<|iial number behind it; lower parts colored as in the lar^o Hah ;
top and Hides of headdurk greenish olive; snout black; lower Jaw white,
wi til black tip; dorsal pale red; anal dirty red ; other (ins dark smoky.
FtMiiale darker than the male ; not greatly ditferont in color from the
liliick speckled trout, (mrka, a Russian name.)
ti,it„i.' ni-rhi, Wai.bavm, Artiill Plmliini, 71, I'itl ; iillor tlie SWka of I'knnant, the Nitrkn of
Kkahciiimnnikow, rivers and aeas of Kamchatka ; Blocii A HciiNKinKit, Syiit. Ichth.,
•117, 1801; afttT I'KNSANT uiiil Khahciiininnikdw.
Sitlm'i hjaioiUm, PAI.I.A8, ZuoKr. R(i«h<> -AHlut., Ill, :i7n, IKll, Ochotsk Sea ; Kamchatka
Sil'iii jiiiiii'ii/eii*, RiciiARDNON, Fiuiiia Ilor.-Aiiior., in, 2'22, IKlfi, Columbia River.
Siliii" tiiiiilUmKi, CuviER A Vai.i.nciknjim, Hint. Nut. I'uim., xxi, 3(;fi, 1848, Kamchatka; on a
(Irnwiiig.
ivi/iii.i nrnhiltrh, CvviT.K A Valenimknneh, Ilist. Nut. PolgH., XXI, IHi.'i, 1848, Kamchatka; on it
clrnwinK.
Ni/i/io mel(imi)tiTtu>, ('uvinn & Valen<;if.nnkr, xxi, /. r., Wirt, 1848, Kamchatka; cm ailrawhii;.
Ai/m" kniuerltii, SrcKLKV, Ann. Lyr. Nut. llixt. X. Y., vii, 18tll, .•!ii7, Chiloweyuck Lake:
(Tjiw, No. 2002. Coll. Konuerly); Sucki.ev, Monogr. Siilnio, 146, 1801 (1874); GCntheb,
(lat., VI, 12(), 186(1.
Salimi cixijtiri, BiCKi.KV, Notices Now tipodoB N. A. Snlnioii, New Vork, .Juno, 1^1, unil Mouokp.
Suliiio, !)t), 18(il (1874), Okanogan River. (('oU. (ioo. Uihiw.)
Saliii" iriirn'ni, SixKLEY, I. < ., .Time, 1801, and /. <•., 147, 18r,l (1874), Fraser River, British
Columbia. (Typo, Nos. 2070 and 207:1. Coll. Kcniicrly.)
Ni/m- richurili, SrcKl.Ey, /. c, .June, 1801, and /. <■., 117, 1861 (1874), Fraser and Skagit
rivers. (Type, No. 2005.)
lljUm/iirio kiumrlyi, GlLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1802, 330.
(iMCiithijmhus lijaioiloH, GCntheii, Cat., VII, 15(>, 1««6.
(>m"rliiin(liuii Jiiiitciileiin, COntheb, Cut., VII, 158, 1800.
< huiiihiinchut uirka, Jordan & Gilheiit, SvnopgiB, .308, 1883.
OiKorhyttdms nerka kennerliji, Bean, Forest and Stream, .luly 9, 1801.
235. SALMO (Artedi) Linnwus.
(Salmon ani> Trout.)
Snlinn (Artedi, Genera PlBciam) Linn.kvh, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, .308, (lalar, etc).
IhiUtt, hiUKJKva, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 308, (tnilta, etc.: " Triiltir coriiore variegnlo ").
FiirUi, CuviKR & Yalcnciennem, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxi, 277, 1848, (iir<jniteus = lnilla),
foliar, ClIVIEB & VALENCIENNES, Illst. Nat. PolsS., XXI, 314, 1848, (lllWOIlil =/<lWo).
7Vi(/^i, SlEiiOLD, Siisgwasserflschu Mittcl Eiiropu, 280, 1803, {Inilla).
Uody elongate, somewhat compressed. Moutli large ; Jaws, palatines,
aud tongue tootlied, as in related genera ; vomer flat, its shaft not
depressed, a few teeth on the chevron of the vomer, behind which is a
somewhat irregular single or double series of teeth, which in the migra-
tory forms are usually deciduous with ago. Scales large or small, 110 to
200 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal and anal fins short, usually of 10 to
12 rays each ; caudal fin truncate, emarginate or forked, its peduncle
comparatively stout. Sexual peculiarities variously developed; the
males in typical species with the jaws prolonged aud the front teeth
enlarged, the lower jaw being hooked upward at the end and the upper
jaw emarginate or perforate. In the larger and migratory species these
peculiarities are most marked. Species of moderate or large size, black-
spotted, abounding in the rivers aud lakes of North America, Asia, aud
Europe; no fresh-water species occurring in America east of the Missis-
sippi Valley ; two Atlantic species, marine and anadromous. The non-
migratory species (subgenus Trutta) are in both contiueuts extremely
\
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Bulletin 47^ United States xVational Museum.
closely related, and ditTlonlt to diatiiiftuiHh, if indeed nil Ito not iiccvHHarily
regarded aH forniH of u single one. The exceHoive viiriiitioiiH in color ami
form have given riHe to a host of nominal speoies.* (Sulnio, tlio Latin
name of Salmo mlar, originally from onlic, to leap.)
The fol'. iiring observations on the species of trout are taken, witli Nonut
slight abridgment and alteration, from iJr. (iiintlier's account of tins
family. (Cat. Fish. Hrit. Mus., vi, lU^J, IHHfi):
There >.i no other group of tishes which otVers ho many ditticultiitN to
the ichthyologist, with regard to tlie distinction of the species, as wtll
as to certain points in their life history, as this genus. » * « Tim
almost infinite variations of these flshes are dependent on 'age, sex, and
sexual development, food, and the properties of tlie water. * » » xiio
coloration is, first of all, subject to vuriati«>u, and conse(inently Huh
character but rarely assists in distinguishing a species, there being not
one which would show in all stages the same kind of coloration. The
young in all the species of this genus are barred, and this is so constantly
the case thab it may be used as a generic or even as a family character,
not being peculiar to Salmo alone, hut also to ThymaUun and probably to
CoreyonuH. The number of bars is not quite constant, but the migratory
trout have two (or even three) more than the river trout. When tlio
Salmoncg have passed this "parr" state the coloration becomes '..uich
diversified. The .nales, especially during and immediately after tliu
spawning time, are more intensely colored and variegated than the
females, specimens not mature retaining a brighter silvery color, and
being more similar to the female iish. >d appears to have less intluiMUM)
on the coloration of the outer parts than on that of the ilesh ; tlniH, tlio
more variegated specimens are frequently out of condition, whilst will-
fed individuals, with pinkish flesh, are of more uniform though bri^'lit
colors. » * » The water has a marked influence jn the colors. Tront
with intense ooellatod spots are generally found in clear, rapid rivt^rs
and in alpine pools; in the large lakes, with pebbly bottom, the fish are
bright silvery, and the ocellated spots are mixed with or replnr<>(1 liy
X-shaped black spots; in dark holes, or lakes with peaty bottom, they
often assume an almost uniform blackish coloration.
The brackish or salt water has the effect of giving them a 1)ri<;ht
silvery coat, without or with few spots, none of them ocellated. With
regard to size, the various species do not present an equal amount of
variation. Size appears to depend upon the abundance of the food mid
the extent of the water. Thus, the migratory species do not appear to
vary considerably in size, because they find the same conditions in all
the localities Inhabited by them. A widely-spread species, however, like
Salmo fario [or in America, Salmo mykisH'], when it inhabits a small moun-
tain pool, with scanty food, never attains a weight of 8 ounces, while in
a large lake or river, where it finds an abundance of food, it attains to a
• Kuropcan writers have described numeroiifi liybrids among the various species of Solmo, i vnl
and Doniinal, found in their waters ; as also among the various Kuropean Cyprinidiv. We liitvc
thus far failed to find the sliglitest evidence of any hybridism either aii'iuti); mir Anieiiciiii
Bfdmonidx or Otjprinidte, in a state of nature. Puzzling aberrant or intermediate giicciiiuQS
certainly occur, but such are not necewtarily "hybrids."
Jon/an and F.vfrmann. — Fishes of North Amtriea. 485
\M i^lit of It or lU poiindB. Suob large river trout are frequently iiam«<l
or (loNt'ribed ah Snlinon trout, Hull truut, Steulheads, etc.
Tlio proportion of the varioua partH of the body to one anotlier vnry
oxctMulingly, in the same HponinH, with age, aex, and condition.
Tlio flnH Viiry to a certain degree. The variation in the number of rayn
in :iny one gt>nu8 (except (hirorh>iHchun) i» incouHiderablo, and of no value
fdi Hpecitit; diHtinctiou. Although houiu HpeciuH appear to be diMtinguiHlied
Iiy a comparatively low dorsal and anal tin, yet the priiportion of the
lii'i;;iit of thcHe tiuH to their length is a rather uncertain charnoter. In
must of the HpecieH the fin rayn are longer during the Mtages of growth
or (Imolopment. The caudal fin cHpeoially undergoeH changeH with age.
Voiiiig HpucimeuH of all HpecicH have thiu I'in nutro or Ichh deeply excised,
HO tliatthe young of a specicH which has the caudal emarginate through-
uiit life Ih distinguiflhed by a deeper incision of the flu from the young
(if II Hpecies which has it truncate in the young state. The iudividuuls
(if tile Ham« species do not all attain to maturity at the same size.
Finally, to complete our enumeration of these variable characters, we
nuiMt mention that in old males, during and after the spawning season,
tli(^ skin on the back becomes thickened and spongy, so that the scales
nc i|uite invisible or hidden in the skin.
After this cursory review of variable characters, we pass on to those
wiiich we have found to be constant in numbers of individuals, and in
wiiicli it is ditlicult to perceive signs of modification due to external cir-
ciiiimtances.
.Such characters, according to the views of the zoologists of the present
affo, are suflicient lor the definition of species; at all events, in every
(locription they ought to be noticed, and the confused and unsatisfactory
Mtato of our knowledge of Salmonoids is chiefly caused by authors having
piiiil attention to the more conspicuous but unreliable characters, and but
ri(ii;ly noted one of those which are enumerated hero :
1. The form of the preoperculum of the adult fish.
2. The width and ntrongth of the maxillary of the adult fish. In young
N|>(";iiiicns and in females the maxillary is proportionately shorter than in
the adult.
'.I The size of the teeth, those of the premaxillai'ies excepted.
4. Tlio arrangement and permanence of the vomerine teeth.
Ti. The development or absence of teeth on the hyoid bone. In old
exuinples these are often lost, and their absence in a species usually pro-
vi(li!(l with them is not uncommon.
(i. The form of the caudal fin in specimens of a given size, age, or sexual
(lev eioiimout.
7. The size of the scales, as indicated by counting the number of trans-
verse rows above the lateral line. The scales of the lateral line are always
moro or less enlarged or irregular and the number of scales should be
ascertained higher up ; this is one of the most constant and valuable of
a 1 the specific characters.
8. A great development of the pectoral fins, when constant in a number
of specimens from the same locality.
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0. The iiiitnhor of vurt«l>rii*.
10. Tlio nuiiiber of pylurio cu>oa.
11. The iiuinhur uf ^\\\ rukurii.
Halmi). SulriKiri; ■pi'i'liM Aiiiiilri>iiii>il<i :
II, TIki vomnriiiK tmith llltl« ilitvi'liip«il, tliow on tti<' «linft of llii< Itona f«w nii<l ilnrliliioim;
■I'ii'itii litrgr, alioiil !'..'•) Ill ilii! IiiIitaI IIiiii ; no liyold txolli ; nxxiiiiI ilHTcri'iicaii itrmiK;
lirooiliii)( iimli'« with tlin Iowit Jaw liodki'il iipwiiril, ttm ii|i|iur Jitw «tii»rgliiut<< or imt-
roriiln to ri'i'iiivii itit tl|i. Hl/.n lurK<'. nai.\k, TIN.
Tbutta (Itow l.ntlii 7Vii//ii, KrHiirli TryuU , lifiici> Tnnit). Tniiil; ii|><Tii>iiiiot iiimilroiiiiiiiHiir mily
imrtiHlly no :
im. The voiihtIiui tooth wrll iliivi'lo|iiiil, thimo on tho Hhiift of thit Imnn niiiiioroilH, |M>r''li<ti'ii(,
arriiiiguil in oiio xlg/iiK I'ow, or In two ulturiiutliig row*; Nrxiinl dllTi<ruiiri'- I.hk
iiiikrki'il, lint Hiniilnr in K<'»<'i'itl cluiriuiiM lo tlioHO ii'tui in tin* wtliiion.
'•• Hi-nluK nlwiiyn mnnll, nmiully ulioiil in \W (ino to '2iN)) crowi iii<rli>i> ; a largo ileop r"<l i>r
Hcnrli't (liinh on I'ttili Hiilu roni'oaloil liolow tho inner ciIko of iinnh dnntary Imin', thin
raroly oNoUito ; lowur Huh rod or yiiilowiiili ; uiiually no xn\ lateral baud ; niniilli
largo, thu umxillary I J to t\ in huad ; hyold teeth (uu hy|H)liranchial ufHecoiiiJ ((ill
aroh) UNimlly pruiii'iit, hut very Bniall ; hI/o viirioiiii. mykish, 77!i.
hh. Scaled niodei'uti-, imnully HlM>nt in I'lO cmnm Horiiii (1<'U) to 180); no ri'il dnnh on diiila-
rieN ; a roddinh liitorul hand imniilly |irt>fl<'nt ; form rather iloiit ; mouth modiiati',
tho niaxillitry Vi in head ; hyold teeth wanting no far an known ; lizu very liircc
IIAIRIINKUI, 7N(I.
Wth. Hcaloii tyiiically large, in ViO to \'M\ i roiw Horioii, hut varying frnm lITi to IM); UHiiiilIy
no ml on doiiturioH ; ii red or yellow lateral hund ; fiirm Htont ; mouth hiiiiiII,
tho maxillary 2 to V/^ in head ; no hyuid teeth ; iii/e rather miiall.
IRIDRIIH, 7HI,
Subgenus SALMO.
778.''NAIiMO NALAK, Linnnmn.
(Common Atlantic Salmon.)
Head 4; depth 4. B. 11 ; D. 11 ; A. 9; scales 23-120-21 ; vortebrii- <!();
pyloric cti'ca about (55. Botly moderately elongate, symmetrical, not
greatly conipresHod. Head rather low. Mouth moderate, the maxillary
reaching just past the eye, its length 2\ to 3 in head ; in young speciiiientt
the mnxillary is proportionately shorter. Preoperculum with a diHtiiict
lower limb, the angle rounded. Scales comparatively large, rather lnrp'nt
posteriorly, silvery and well imbricated in the young, becoming enibetl-
ded in adult males. Coloration in the aduit, brownish above, the hIiIoh
more or less silvery, with numerous black spots on sides of head, on body,
and on fius, and red patches along the sides in tho males ; young speci-
mens (parrs) with about 11 dusky crossbars, besides black spots and red
patches; the color, as well as the form of the head and body, varying;
much with age, food, and condition ; the black spots in the adult olton
X-shapedorXX-shaped. Weight 15 to 40 pounds. North Atlantic, ascend-
ing all suitable rivers in northern Europe and the region north of Cape
Cod to Hudson Bay; formerly abundant in the Hudson and occasional iu
the Delaware, its uorthoru limit in the Churchill, Albany, and Mouse
rivers, flowing into Hudson Bay; sometimes perfectly landlocked in
lakes in Maine and northward, where its habits and coloration (but no
tangible specific characters) change somewhat, when it becomes (in
America) vars. aehago and ouanatiidu: Similar landlocked varieties occur
in Europe. One of the best known and most valued of food-fishes, the
Jori^tin iintf F.vermann. — Fiihfs of North America. 487
iIknIi rich And uily; or»nK« or "Halinuii color" wlittn tlxt fliih ia in oondl-
tiou. (Salnr, an old nnniM, from nalio, to leap.)
Sihif Dttiir, I.tJtNui'H, H>»(. Nut , K<l. X, ITAM, Mm, Sea* of Europe; (JCNTiim, ('«»., vi, U,
IHOtt, Miul of nearly all uiithori*; Hitklky, MomiKr. Haliiiu, U:i, IMtll (lM74); Jdriun ifc Oil*
IIKUT, M>IU>)Nlll, 312, IHKI.
>>/i/i.Miiii<, Wai.iiai'M, Artiill I'iw., AH, 170VI, Oermany; Ititwol nn " |)«r iUki<iilurlii" ul' Ui.iicii.
Si/mi« oi/itxM m<i//<'ii>, Waluaum, ArtiHll I'iw!., UO, nwi, Hudaon Bay, Hrtur I'innant, Arctio
/oal , lii.nxl., llfA \^m.
,s.,/mm. |//i>iyW, OiiiAiin, IViir. Ar. Nut. Scl. IMiiln., 1Hi'>4, H\ Union River, Maine; ((!(ill.
M.TowiiwiKlOlovur); GOnticrii, <!«(., vi, IM, \mw.
Ki>|)r«H*Mited in lukvs of Maine, N»w IlanipHhire, and New Ilrunitwiok
liy titu landluckud
77Ha. HAIiMO NAI.AK HKHAUO (Oiruitl).
(liANDl KRii Salmon.)
SiiiaiU^r in hIzo, ratlier more plump in form, and nonmiftratory, not
otliorwiHo uvidontly ditliMt^nt. tiohago I'ond and nortliward, introduced
into lakoH in variouH partH of the country; seldom enterini{ HtroaniB ;
rt'iiciioH a weight <tf 25 i)ouiMlti,
,s'../i».> Hfhwjo, (iiiiAitn, Prix-. Ac. Nat. St I. Pliila., IHM, :iHO, Sebago Lake, Maine; (irNTiicR,
<:at., VI, 153, IHtitt.
lixpreHentod in Lake 8t. .lolin, Saguenay Kiver, and neiglihoring
wafttrH of Quebec by the landlocked
77Hb.^NALSIO SALAK OlIANAMCHi:, BTcCartliy MS., nnw Hiilmprrira.
(Ol'ANANICIIB ; WlNNINIHH.)
Ktill fluiallor, rarely roachiiifr a weight of 7^ pounds and averagin); 3^.
An oxtremely vigorous and active Huh, smaller and more active than
onliiiary salmon, but so far as known not structurally ditt'erent. Sague-
ii;iy Uiver, Canada (outlet of Lake St. John), and neighboring waters.
(OuuiKiiiiohe,* the Indian name.)
Ou,iiuwltlif,\ KiiuRNK McCaiitiiy, Fui'uHt and Stroani, Miircli 10, 1H'», 2u0, Saguenay River;
unci iif itnglurH guiiorully.
Subgenus TRUTTA, MnniviiH.
779. HALNO NYKI88, Wnlhaiiin.
(CiiT-TiiufiAT TBOt'T ; Br.ArK-spoTTur) Tboi't ; Rocky Mountain Trout; Ha-pcn-que, or
000l> FI8II.)
Scales in general smaller than in the European Trout,t Salmo trutta,
the number of oblique cross series counted above the lateral line varying
* Tlio woni oimnaniclio Ih from tlitMlinloct of tli« Moiitiif;naiN IiidiaiiH \v!n> iuhalilt the roimti^
iliiiiit Luke St. John. Thoy havo always heoii familiar with this flNh, and, undnnttandinK ita
ileriviition, havo |iro|i«rly named it "oiiiitKiii," moaning salmon, and "ic7ii," tho diuiuutive—
"till! liltio salmon."— MfCViWA//.
-I "The Oinmiuiiche were lio'ro and fjexn to full size in tho roiiRh tributaries and outlet of
Lake St. .John, in waters thnu which none ran bo wilder or more rough. They are found whore
tliowiiter boils and tumbles the most, larely in still water. ♦ * ♦ They aro a terribly strong
fisli, iililo to ascend through tho swiftest current ur mount the wildest fall. * * • Born of
lU'liiiiiK stock, he flghts his native element constantly, and he flghts his foe, tho flsherman, as
Well. * * ♦ There is nothing that can make mo beliovo that any fish can exceed, or even
eqniil, (|uite, the king of fresh-water fish, tho gamiest of all, tho Ouananiche of Lake St. John."
—Mi'iirthii.
I S'llmn inilln, L., tho half migratory Salmon Trout, and its fresh-water representative or Bub-
Bpei ii's, the Urouk Trout or Drowa Trout, Sulnio fario, L. This species, with some of its varie-
tli'H (fur example, the Loch Leveu Trout, var. levenetuis), has becu largely introduced in the
BtreaiuD and lakes of the Uuited States.
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from 160 to 100. Back and sides with dark spots. Candal fin subtrun-
cate or with sliailow fork.
A very widely distributed species, found in all clear streams of tlie
Kocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, from Kamchatka and Alaska to
Chiluiahvta and northern California, and often entering the sea. It iu
uxceedingly variable, being subject to many local changes, and itH
extreme forms show a degree of variation rarely met within the limits
of a single species.
Among the various more or less tangible varieties and forms of Amoi I-
can trout, three distinct series appear which we here provisionally
retain as distinct species; thise may be termed the Cut-throat Trout
series, the Steelhead series, and the Rainbow Trout series. The Sti d-
head series, Stihno ijairdmri, is characterized by moderate scales (laO
to J80 series), moderate month, red lateral baud and the a1)sence of md
between the branches of the lower Jaw. The iridviis or Rainbow Trout
series has usually large scales, small mouth, a red lateral band iiiid
usually no red below the lower jaw. The Cut-throat Trout, Sahm
mykiss, in its various forms, has smaller scales (150 to 190 series), a laij,'*!
mouth, always a distinct red blotch between the branches of the lower
jaw, and usually no red lateral band.
The Steelhead or (/(lirdneri series is found in the coastwise streaniH of
California and in the streams of Oregon and Washington, below the
Great Shoshone Falls of the Snake River. In the lower course of the
Columbia, and in neighboring waters, they are entirely distinct Iroiii the
"Cut th oat" or m'lkins foims, and no one could question tl \ validity of
the two spt-,cies. In the lower Snake and in other waters east of tlie
Cascade range, the two forms or species are indistinguishable, boiii;;
either undiftbrentiated or else inextricably mingled. The proper inter-
pretations cf these facts, lately discovered by Dr. <,-ilbert, is yet to he
shown. The irideua forms are chiefly confined to the streams of Cali-
fornia and Oregon. The mykisH series inhabit the waters from IIiiui-
boldt Bay northward, the coastwise streams of northern California, tlio
head waters of the Columbia and Snake rivers, and all the clear sireaiiis
on >iotli sides of the Rocky Mountains, and in the Great Basin.
iviong the western slope of the Sierra Nevada there are also forniH of
trout with the general appearance of i/airdneri, but with scales iutii me-
diate in number (McCloud River), or with scales as small as in the typi-
cal mykiss (Kern River). In these smallor-scaled forms more or less red
appears below the lower jaw, and they are doubtless in fact what they
appear to be, really intermediate between mykiss and f/airdneri. A .sitni-
l&c series of forms occurs in the Columbia Basin, the Upper Snake being
inhabited by mykiss, the lower basin of the Snake, as above 8tate<l, hy
gcm'dmri and mykiss, together with a medley of intermediate forms.
Concerning the trout of the Upper Columbia Basin, Gilbert and Kver-
mann observe (Investigations Columbia River Basin, 50, 1894):
"With every additional collection of black-spotted trout it bccomts increasingly difliiiili to
roi ognizo any of tho diktinctions, Bpccific or swbspecifio, which liavo been set up. Tlic prr^iiit
collection [from Idaho and Washington] addH not a little to tho difficulty. We mo imu ( ■'!-
TiuQed that the greater number of the Eubspecies of Salmo mykiu have no sufficient foundatiuu,
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
489
We find our spociniotm from tho Upper Snako Uivor (Romi Fork and Mink (y'reok «t Pocatello) to 1)C
typical miikim [Salmo mijkisi kivm oX the prvsent work; seo (lago 403], having sniallor scales, in
170 til IHO transvorBO rows, ami it deep-roJ dash on inner side of miindililug. Tho Hpota aro nioet
abundant posteriorly, and the HpeciniuuH arc Hoarcvly to be dlHtingiiished from the so-called Salmo
rtiiilim pleuriliriiK of the Colornclo River. When taken In the larger rivei' cliaiinels tho flsh is
lifiliter colored, with finer spots and fainter rod marks on lower jaw.
"Between sueh typical miiHit and tho form represented in our collection from such coastwise
ctriiiniH [Sitlmo iiideiiK viaimHi of this work; see page 5(11], iis the Newankum River at Chehalis,
Wiinhington, there sceniH to bo a wide dilTeronco. The latter has couspiniously larger scales
(ill li!() to 130 croHHniws) and no red HtreaU on lower jaw. The ?ea-riiu individuals of tho latter
kiiiil we believe to bo the Steelhead (8. gainUieri), and between It and the iiiijkiKt wo are now
uniilile til draw any sharp lino. Tims tho specimens from Wood River, Idaho, have fine scales
(IfiO to IC.'J transverse rows) and have usually no red dash under tho jaw. h'oiiie specimens show
truces of the latter, and in such it is usually faint and irregular. From tho Umatilla River at
I'l iiilli'tipii, the Niitclu'B River at North Yakima, and tho I'ataha River at Starbuck, WaHliington,
till- Hcalrs are interinediate in size, ranging from 142 to 103 in number, averaging perhaps 148,
III tlii'se [Salmo miikiss yilihiii of this work; see page 493] tho lower jaw shows uo red.
' Siiecimens from the Cieiir d'Alene region have the red dashes usually very distinct, but vary
^'reatl} ill tho size of their scales. Kxaniples from Wanlner look much like typical miikins, with
111,') til 170 scales. From Cieur d'Aleno Lake we find 13(1 to 100, with ilio average about 14,1,
while from tho Little Siiokane IJiver at Dart's Mill spocimons with conspicuous red dash on
ni.inilililes have the scales averaging 125 in number
"Trout from the Gi,icn River at Hot Springs, '^'iiri'iington, and from the Newaukum River at
(Miehalis have also 123 lo 130 scales. Wo think it not unlikely that the coastwise forms should
111' iiiognized lis Stiliiin mijkisn gainlneri, though tho question is sadly in need of systematic and
(liNniugh investigation," — llUberl <!• Enrmiiiiii.
Since the above was written. Dr. Gilbert has verified the fact Jiscoverod by him in 1880, that
n till' streams about Astoria, near the mouth of tho Columbia, Salmo ihi/W.'W and S<i/i.i« (jairdni-ri
111 lur together and aro jiorfectly tlistinct and both (easily and un(|uestionably distinguishable
Irum a third form, hero oallod )iiamiii, found in the brooks of the same region and not desceud-
iii;: ti) the sea. As already stated, the interpretation of these facts is yet to Ix* given.
It seems not improhable that the American Trout orif^inated in Asia,
extended its ranfjc southward to the llpi)er Columbia, thence to the Yel-
lowKtone and Missouri ; from the Missouri southward to tlie Platte and tho
Arkansas, thence from tlie Platte to the liic Grande and the Colorado, and
from the Colora<io across the ^Sier^a Nevada to Kern Kiver,* thence north-
ward and coastwise, the sea-runninj; fornu passing from stream to stream,
its far north as Frazer River, where the variety kamloojm would mark otie
extreme of tho series, and reentering as a distinct species tho waters long
occupied by typical mykhss. The present writers have elsewhere t shown
that, beyond a doubt, the Trout of the Yellowstone and the ^Ij)|K!r Mis-
souri is derived directly from that of the Upper Snake Kivet. To this
(lay the Yellowstone and the Snake are connected by two streams cross-
iU'^ the main divide of the Rocky Mountains iiom the Yellowstone to
the Snake across Two-Ocean Pass.
* It may bo that tho trout of the Sierra Nevada in California originateil fnini tho Lahiiiitan
Btnrk (Siihiio )ivikiss hiiiKlnitfi), rather than from tho Colorado River. Tliere ate localities lietween
the Tnickeo A'alley and that of the American River or the Feather River, where it is conceivable
tliiil Kucli a transfer might have taken place. (Jr it may be that the California trout are
(Ics.inilcii through the Steolluad from the trout of the Middle Columbia. This interesting
Kiil.jii't merits the fullest investigation, (Seo Jordan, on IIow tho Trout came to California, in
Itirivatioii, Vol. I, No, 1, (October, 1894, 5-11,)
t Kvermaii'i, A Reconnaissance of the Streams and Lakes of western Montana and northwestern
Wy.iiiiing, in Hull, U. S Fisli Comm., xi, 1891, 24-28, jils. i and ii.
.Ii'iili'ii, 'llio Story (if a Strange Tiund, in I'op, Sci. Month., Feb., 1892, 447-458.
Evermann, Two-Ocean I'ass, in Proc. Ind. Ac. .'*ci,, 1892, 29-;H, pi. I.
Evermaau, l'wo>Oceau Pass, iu Pup. Sci. Month., June, 1896, with plate.
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Professor Evermann lias elsewhere described the locality as follows:
Two-Oi can Vats in a liigli mountain fiiradow, about 8,200 fcft nbovo tlio Hca and Hituutcd just
HDUlIi (if t)i<« Yollowtfluno Natir.nal Park, in lungitinl.^ no"'l()'W., Intituilo 44°3'N. It ia pnr-
roundudon all gidon by rather liigli mountaiuH except wliero tlio narrow valleys of Atlantic iiml
J'oiific creeks ojieu out from It. llunnirii; buck among tlio niouutaing to tho northward are two
HUiall ranyons down which cojne two rfmall Btriamc . On tho opposito side is aniithTtanyoii ilow n
which coiMfH another small Ktrcani. Thecxtrerni; b>iigth of the meadow from east to wist isal.ontii
ndle, whlli' the width from n »rlli to south is not niu<h Ichw. Tho larger of the btrc^aius eoiiiinjj
in from the north is I'aeiflc Creek, wbirb, after winding along the westora side of the meiiilmv,
turns ab.uptly wrstwnrd, leavlnfr through a narrow gorge. Receiving numurouHnnukll alllueniH,
I'acilic Creek m<ou becomes a good-sized streum, which finally uuites with Buffalo Creek a lew
miles above where the latter stream llowa into SuaUe Biver.
Atlantic Creek was found to have two forks entering the pans. At tho north end ol llic
meadow is a small wooded eanyon down which flow.i the North Fork. Tliis stream hugs the Imr-
der ol the flat very closely. Tho South Fork comes down tho canyon on the south side, skirting
tho brow ol the hill a litt' ' less ilosely than does the NcjitliFork. Tho two, coming togiilnT
near tho niiddht of the e -n border of the meadow, form Atlantic Creek which, after a cimrrto
of a few miles Ibpws Into n.j Upper Yellowstone. I5ut the remarkable phcuomona exhiliitiil
here remain to bo described.
Each fork of Atlantic Creek, just after entering the meadow, divides aa if to (low around an
Island, but the stream toward the meadow, instead of returning to the portion from which ii liad
parted, continues its westerly course across the meadow. Just before reaching the western l»>r-
derthotwo streams unite and then pour tlieii eomliined waters into Pacillc Creek ( tlius arc
Atlantic and Pacific eieeks united and a continuous water way from the Columbia via Two-Hceiiu
Pass to the Gulf of Mexico is estubli.shed.
PacifK 'reek is a stream of good size long before itentors the pass, and Us idiirae ||i|'(iii)||i (he
meadow is in a detliiite channel, but not bo with Atlantic Creek. The wiist bank of eac|i I'dik ia
low and tlie water is liable to break through anywiiere and thus send pill I of its water lirioss In
Pacific Creek. It Is probably true tliat one or two branclofi always conneit the twocrci'liHI|l|i|i'|
ordinary conditions, and that following heavy rains or when tlie siioWH are mejtilig, a llillnll
greater portion of the water of Atlantic Creek crosK*»i the meadow to the otherskle.
llesides tho channels already mentioned, there are several more or less distjlict olUiH thai \v( re
dry at tho time of our visit. As already stated tho pass is a nearly level meadow, covered \> itii a
heavy growth (d" grass and many small willows 1 to :ifeet high. While it is soiiiewhat iiiiii^ln III
places it has nothing of the nature of a lake aliout it. l)f roiirse during wet weather tin ^niiill
springs at tho borders (d' tho meadow would lie stronger, liui tho important facts are that tlicre
is no lake or even marsh there and that neither Atlantic nor Pacific Creek ha.s its rise in the
meadow. Atlantic Creek in fact comes into the pass as two good-sized .stieams troKi ii|i|iosite
directions and leaves it by at least four ( hannels, thus making an island of a con.sideralile por-
tion of the meadow. And it is certain ttiat there is. under ordinory circnm.stancef. ii imi-
tinuous water way through Two-Ocean Pass of such a character as to ])ermit fishes to pass ■ anily
and readily from Snake River over to the Yellowstone, or in the opposite direction. Indeed, it
is quite possible, barring certain falls in the iSnake River, for a fish so incliucd to start at the
mouth of tho Columbia, travel up that great river to its principal tributary, tho fi/like, (Ijence
on through the long, tortuous course of that stream, and, under tlie shadows of the Cr.uid
Teton, enter the cold waters of Pacific Creek, by which it <'ould journey on up to the very en st
of the tireat Continental Divide, — to Two-i icean Pass: through this pass it may hav(' Si clioiie ef
two routes to Atlautic Creek, iu which the <lown-stri!am journey is liegun. Soon It reoSchc! (he
Yellowstone, down which it continues to Yellowstone Lake, then through the lower Yi il iw-
stone out into tho turbid waters of the Missouri; for many hundred miles it may conlinin duwii
this mighty river before reaching the Father if Waters, which will finally carry it to the (Inlf
of Mexico— a wonderful journey of nearly 6,000 niilcs— by far thy longest puBsible frcsli-wiifi r
journey in the world.
We found trout in Pacific Croek at every point where we examined it. ^n Two-t ^Cflp Pa.-s we
found trout in each of the Htreamsand in such positions as would have permitted thein to laM
easily from one side of the divide to the other. We also found trout in Atlantic Creel; liehnv
the i,..,;s, and in the upper Yellowstone they were abundant. Thus it is certilln Ihil (Ijere is ii
obstruction, even iu dry 'A'eather, to prevent tho passage of trout from the Suako Itivor Iu
i -
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
491
Yc>llu^^^toIlo Lake; it is quite eviilont tlint trout do pasa owr in this war; and it Is almost cer-
tain that Yvllowstoiio Liil<o was Mocked wiili Iruut from tliu w<-st via Two-Ocoaii PasH.
The trout of the great basin of Utah (Lake Bonneville), is descended
from the trout of the Upper Snake (lew'xsi) which is not evidently differ-
ent from typical mt/kixH; the fish fauna of Lake Bonneville and the Upper
Sii.iko being still virtually identical, the disappearance of the outlet of
Laki' i>juneville to the north having taken place in times comparatively
recent. The trout of the Nevada Basin (Lake Lahontan) is apparently
(lesconded from typical mi/kina, the outlet of that lake having entered the
Coliiiribia below the Snake River falls, and its disappearance being no
doubt of earlier date. The faunas of lakes Bonneville and Lahontan at
pr-jseiit have little in common. Almost nothing is known of the Tertiary
Lf.kc Idaho, now represented by lakes Malheur, Warner, Uoose, etc.
!\\ any event, whether this hypothetical line of descent be true or not,
till) tact remains that nowhere in the series can wo place an absolute line
of Hoparation between Salmo mifkinH and Salmo nairdneri, and they approach
each other most closely in southeastern California, and iu the Middle
Columbia.
Wo arrange the subspecies in accordance with the above suggestions,
leaving each recognizable variation, for the time being, with the title of
8uhs|)ecie9. Some of them, as macdonaUU and ayua-hoiiita, may ultimately
lie iiiiiKed as species, on account of their local isolation and consequently
lietloi ilofined characters, while others may prove wholly uudetinable.
It JH jiot unlikely, that when the waters of the Northern Hemisphere
lire fully explored, it will be fo ind that all the black-spotted trout of
AinerJeu, Mil rope, and Asia are forms of one species, for which the oldest
name is Satino initta, Linnieus.
/ |ic \,')fioii8 si/bspecies or varieties of the Salmo mykisa group which we
are alile to (lisuhati|s|i w|i>/l l»ii/^ (ij: /ess certainty are given iu the follow-
ing analysis :
II. flliii li K|jot8 almost as aumorous on the jieuij i)a on iJio (losterior i>art of body. (Nortbwogt-
iTii foniiB.)
b. SciiloH iisiiiilly ii))oiit 1 110 III 170.
c, Spots rather hirgc, [irofii-ily ai nttef(M| iiliil (iregillftr, VRually none on tlie belly.
d. Red mnrkH under tbe doutary lioiiei always present.
MVKiss; cLAEKii; LEWisr, 779-779b.
(W. Jled marks und'T Juntary bones olisoleto or nearly so. oiiiiihii, 779c.
cc, spots rather large, sparsoly wnttered, sohih present on the liolly and on lower side
of head; adult with elongate spots; iiead slender no' coniral. take Tahoe
(iJasIn of f.ake fitihiintau.) hknsiiawi, 779d'
DO. Scales 1aig('f, psually about 14fi; spots numerous Imt rather small. Great Basin (Li^ke
lJonnovl//6 /los/n.)
ail. J)Iai
viiiuiN.\i.i.>!, 77i»e.
Red blotch on doutary bones
ark spots chletly placed p/l <//P MtttioT half of Ijody
coi'iawcuous. ((South westet-n rorlrtf/.)
.Scales not very sniajf/, tii'out Jf'i): p/io/s of moderate size. (/Ilo Orando Basin
)
spiMrKUB, 779f.
ee. Scales very smal/, ^}imii f 80.
/. Spots nithor largo ; lower tins distim tly red, rarely orange.
g. Spots very nunicrotis; a red lateral band. (('')lorado Dasin.)
I'i.EuniTicus, 779g.
gg. Spots less numerous, none anteriorly. (Lake Wabi, Washington.)
BovviSBi, 779h.
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ggg. SpatH fow aiitl Iiir^o, rhiefly oil thotnil; opcTclonmorccurvnil than in''<'ifriVri
(llfAil watnrH or ArkuiiRiiHanil IMnttit rivvni.) htomia-- 77',ii
//, S|)otH nit Riiiall; lower fliiR bright ynlluw; a yxllow liitural Hhn<lo. (Twin !,ii|(,.|,
Colorado.) macdo.nai.iii, TT'ij.
The typical form I'ruiii Alaska, Dorinjr Sea, and Kanichutka is
77». HAIiMO NYKISS, Wull>.-.-iiii.
(MvKiss ; CliT-'l'iluoAT Tiioi;t.)
Head 4; depth 1. D. 10; A- K'. Cmra i;^. Scales Rtnall, varinlilo in
size, about 'tt>-ll)5 to ITO-HO. Hody moderately eloiljjute, comjiicsscd,
Head rather Hhort. Month moderate, the maxillary uot reauliin^^ tm-
beyond the eye. Vomerine teeth an UHnal, set in an irregular zij^/uf,'
series; teeth on the hyoid (second hypobranchial) normally prcHein, l)iit
often obsolete, especially in old examples. Dorsal fln rather low ; ciiiidiil
fin slightly forked, (more so in young individuals than in the adult, as in
all trout). Back and caudal peduncle profusely covered with roundiul
black spots of varying size ; dorsal, caudal, and adipose fin covered w ith
small spots about as large us the nostril ; a few spots on the head ; liclly
rarely spotttd ; inner edge of the mandibles below with a decp-ri'd
blotch. Sea-run specimens are nearly uniform silvery; males wiili u
lateral band and patches of light red ; lower fins largely red ; extrcinily
variable in color and form. The common trout of all the stream.s of
Alaska and Kamchatka, where it descends to salt water, and readies a
considerable size. The black-spotted trotit of Hritish Columbia is jnolia-
bly of the same type, and no character is known by which the .similar
form in the lower Columbia may be separated. The red blotches on tlio
lower jaw between the dentary bones on the membrane joining them is
usually constant and characteristic. (Mi/kiim, a vernacular name of tlio
species in Kamchatka.)
MykiM, I'ENNANT, Aixtic Zoiilo(;y, Iiitroil., IJti, 1792, Kamchatka ; iiftor KnAsiMiF.NiNN'iKdw.ctc
Sahiio mykiss, Wai.haum, Artodi Pisi-iiiiii, 50, 17!l2, Kamchatka ; liiisod on Mi/k-ins i>{ I'k.vnant.
Sahito ntiiikiKi, Bi.ocii Ac Soiinkidku, Syst. Iclilli., Hi), ISdl, Kamchatka ; alter Stei.i.fii.
Salmo purjmraliix, I'allas, Zoiil. KosB.-Asiat., in, 'Mi, 1811, Bering Sea ; .Ioudan & (iii.i;P,i!r,
Syuopsis, !U4, 18,s3.
Represented southward by a form provisionally recorded as
77&a'. SALMO MYKISS CLAKKII (Richardson).
(COLUMIIIA RlVEll TUOIT.)
Not evidently different from the preceding. Usually profusely spotted,
with the red cut-throat mark distinct. Scales small, in 150 to 1(54 cross-
series. Back profusely spotted, anteriorly and posteriorly, the n]i()t»
often extending on the belly. Coastwise streams from Puget Soniid.
south to Elk River, Humboldt County, California; locally abundant ;
replaced inland by var, yibbsii and var. liwin. (Named for Capt. William
Clark (1770-1838) of the famous expeditioii of Licwis and Clark.)
Salmo clarkii, Kk-iiaudson, Ftiiiiia Bor.-Ainer., in, 225, is;ir>, Cathlapootl River. (Coll. Dr.
Gairdner.)
Fario sMlalus, QlRARD, Ptoc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1850, 219, Fort Steilacoom, Shoalwater
Bay.
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493
Si/mix hrevieaviAa, Hiicki.ky, Ann. Lye. Nut. Iliat. N. Y., vii, 1801, :i08, Puget Sound. (Coll.
Kc'iiniTly, Cooimr, luiil Sik'UIi'J.)
S,/."' •ihllntiif, (iCnthER, (!iit., VI, 117, 186(1.
.<„; iKidrii, (■(iNTiiKK, Cut., VI, ll'.i, 18(10.
Itttlnui hreeknmla, OOntiieu, Cat., vi, 120, IHfifi.
K*(>|iraHeiited in tho head wuturti uf SuakuKivur, Yellowstoneliiver, and
Mi.ssdiiii Kiver liy
77»b. SALMO IHYKISS LEWISI (Oirunl).
(Yei.i.owstonr Tkout; (Jut-throat Thout.)
.Similar to var. vhtrkii in all lospcntH, tho hody perhapH a little more
rotniHt, with tho Hpotu cncroachinj? loss on tho bolly. St-ales Hniall, 145 to
17(1. Kod throat mark always prosont. Tho Mnako Kiver Hasin above the
Slid.'iliono FallH, and croHuing tho main divide of the Kocky Mountains at
Two Ocean Pass to the head watorH of tho YollowHtone, thence to other
.allliicntH of tho Upper Missoui i ; common in all Hoitablo waters. Infested
in Yetlowstono Lake by groat nnmbors of a parasitic worm (Dihoth-
rium ninlieepti* ,hvi'Hly). (Named for Captain Mori wether Lew is, (1774-1809),
leaded' of tho noted exploring expedition of Lewis <Si. Clark, in 180;^-6.)
Si/.» hn-hi, GiHABi), rroc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liilii., iH.li;, 2m, Falls of Missouri River. (Coll.
I,i-«in .V- Cliirk.)
Si/iii i .ci)i»'i/".i, Coi'K, IlB.V(l(!n'H Oool. hurv. Mont., 1871 (1872), 471, locality unknown, prob-
ably Yellowstone River.
IvcprcHentctl in tributaries of tho Columbia between Shoshone Falls
anil the (JaHcade Range by the variable and imperfectly defined
779c. SALHO MYKISS OIBBSII (Siirkloy).
Scahfs small, usually 142 to 175 sorios. No rod below lower jaw; no
iiyoid teeth. To this form are provisionally referred tho varioi'sly intor-
uiediate examples from tho streams of Idaho and Washington, mentioned
by (iilliortand Evermann iu tho paragraph quoted on page 489. Similar
specimens have been since taken by Dr. Gilbert in the Dos Chutes and
otlier liveiH, and by Dr. Evermann in Big Payette Lake, Idaho. It seems
to be the prevailing form in the region between that occupied by chirkii
near the. coast, and that taken by Iiicini above tho ShoHhone Falls.
(Named for Dr. George Gibbs, geologist of the Northwest Boundary Com-
mi88i(m. )
f'li/M hiiiiiiitrh, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philii., viii, 1«.J0, 218, Fort Dallas, Oregon; not
uf UlcHARDSON-.
S,ih}i.' ;/i7i(i.sii, Si CKLEY, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., IS.iS, Fort Dallas; (Typo, No. 940); also in
Yakima River, John Day's River, and Boise River, and at The Dalles: Siickley,
Slimugr. Salnio, 141, 1801 (1874).
Represented in western Nevada and neighboring parts of California by
770d. SALMO IMVKISS HENSHAWl (Gill & Jordan).
(Lake Tahoe Tuout ; Truckee Trout; Silver Trout.)
Head 3| ; depth 4. D. 11 ; A. 12 ; scales 27-160-27 to 37-184-37 ; usually
170 in a longitudinal series', coica 50-60. Body elongate, not greatly
*For a full dieouBsion of this parasite and its relation to the trout of Yellowstone T, iK.' .ice
liintoii "(»ii Two Species of Larval Diliotbria from Yello'vstone National Park," in Bu U. 8.
Fish Cumm., ix, 1889, 65-79, plates 23-27.
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Bulletin y/, United States National Museum.
compressed. Head comparatively slender and Ion); acuminate, its tipjitir
surface very slightly carinated ; muzzle Homnwhat pointed, but blnntiNli
at the tip ; head not convex above; maxillary rather uhort, not reacliint;
much beyond the eye. Vomerine teeth as usual ; a small, ither narmw,
but usually distinct patch on the hyoid bone. Dorsal ilii mall ; camlal
fin short, rather strongly forked. Scales medium. Culuiation r„irk
green in life, in the pure waters of Lake Tahoe; pale green in the Hiiliy
waters of Pyramid Lake; the sides silvery, with a strong lateral h\\-m\v
of coppery red ; back about equally spotted before and behind ; the nyiuXti
large and mostly round ; sides with rather distant spots; belly genenilly
with round spots; head with large black spots above, some even on tlm
snout and on lower jaw ; dorsal and caudal also spotted ; a few s|iotN on
anal; red dashes on lower Jaw ; young specimens less spotted. Len^tli
18 inches or more, usually weighing .5 or 6 pounds, but occasionally 20 to
29 pouuds. Basin of the post-Tertiary Lake Lahontan ; found in Lake
Tahoe, Pyramid Lake, Webber Lake, Donner Lake, Independence Liike,
Truckee River, Humboldt River, Carson River, and in most streams of
the east slope of the Sierra Nevada ; also in the head waters of Foatliur
River, west of the Sierra Nevada, where it is prol)ably introduced from
Nevada Related to Sulmo inykinn, but better distinguished than iiioHt
of the varieties, with a longer and more conical head, and with the N{)(>tH
differently arranged. A fine trout, now commou in the San Fraucisco
markets.
In Lake Tahoe there are two forms of this type, (1) the ordinary
Tahoe Trout (locally known to fishermen as "Pogy," the youn<; as
" Snipe"), weighing from 3 to 6 pounds, dark in color, with copjuMy
sides, ascending the streams to spawn, and (2) the "Silver Trout," a
large robust trout profusely spotted, the spots often obloug, the colora-
tion more silvery. These trout live in deep water and spawn in the lako
itself. A careful comparison of specimens convinces us that there in no
specific uor varietal difference between the one and the other. Tho
largest '"Silver Trout" on record, weighing 29 pounds, was caught at
Taboo City, about 187G, and sent as a pres'snt to Gen. U. S. Grant. Tlio
following is a description of a Silver Trout taken near Tahoe City in
September, 1894, and presented to the Leland Stanford Junior University
by Mr. A. J. Bayley, of Taboo City :
Specimen 2 feet 4 inches long, weighing 7i pounds. Head4,V, ; dojjtli
3if; eye 7| in head. D. 9; A. 12; IJ. 10; scales ;J3-20ri-40 (140 pores).
Pectoral IJ in head. Maxillary If.
Body very robust, compressed, unusually deep for a trout, tho out lino
elliptical. Head large, rather more compressed than in typical Snlmn
henahairi, (possibly a character of tho adult male). Eye small, silvery.
Vomerine teeth in two long series, those of the two series altematinj; in
position. Hyoid teeth distinct, in a rather long series. Gill rakers slim t,
thickish, 5-|-13. Mouth large, the maxillary extending well beyond the
eye. Preopercle moderate, its lower posterior edge not evenly rouiidt'd,
but with a slightly projecting, rounded lobe and a slight concavity ahnve
and below; this character not strongly marked. Opercle evenly, imt
not strongly, rounded. Scales small, reduced above and below, those in
or near lateral line largest. Fins moderate, the anal rather high, " iih
cue more ray than usual. Caudal slightly lunate, almost truncate m leu
■":5!^
Joriian and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America.
496
H|ii(>a<i open. Color durk-greon above, liolly silvery ; Bides with n broad
coppiMW shade covering cheeks and oporcles ; sides of lower Jaw yellowish ;
tins olivaceous, a little reddish below. Orange dashes between rami of
IdwiT Jaw moderately conspicuous. Back, from ti]) of snout to tail,
(lowly covered with large, uue*iual black spots. 8pots on top of head
Hiiil nape round ; posteriorly the spots run together, forming variously
sliii|ied markings, usnully verticallv oblong; these may be regarded na
foiined of three or four spots placed in a series, or with one or two at the
Hi(l(t of the other; the longest of the oblong markings are not quite as
1(111 fi as eye. Along side of head and body the hpots are very sparse,
tliiiMi on head round, those behind vertically oblong. Helly profusely
(covered with small black spots, which are nearly round; still smaller
roiiiul spots numerous on lower Jaw ; all the spots on caudal peduncle
vertically oblong or curved. Dorsal iind caudal densely covered with
oMong spots, smalier tl.an those on the body. Anal with rather numerous
round spots; pectorals and ventrals with a few small spots, the first ray
in (^ach case with a series of faint small spots ; adipose tin spotted.
(Named for Henry W. Ilenshaw, naturalist of the (Jeological Survey
w(»st of the 100th meridian, who discovered the species.)
iVi/w' kimhaiei, Gii.i, k JoBiUN, Sriiii. Vert., Kd. 2, "A'^V,, 1878, Lake Tahoe; Jokpan !i IIknaiiaw,
Itcit. Oliiof Kiig., Piirt;), 1.S7H, App. NN, Kil'.f, pliit(t iv; Johdan, I'mc. V. .S. Nut. Mum., i,
IMTS, 75; JouDAN k Gilbert, .SynopsiH, Ulti, 18S3.
&\\w< UMj\\»lch, JoKDAN k IIenshaw, Kept. Cliiff RiiKinoTH, Part :t, 1878, App. NN., Itil8; nut
>l' Itll'IIAUpgnN.
Represented in the lakes and streams of the Great liasin (Lake Bonne-
ville) by
77Ue. SALMO MYKISS VIUUINALIS (Uirard).
(Tbout ok Utah Lakk.)
Profusely but rather finely spotted, the spots being numerous anteriorly
u8 well as posteriorly, confined to the back rather than to the tail.
ScaloH !i little larger than in other forms, 140 to 150 in lengthwise series,
anteriorly less crowded than in spilaru» and atomina. In partially
alkaline or milky waters, as in Utah Lake, this form reaches a
hufjo 8ize — 8 to \2 ponnds — and is very pale in color, the dark spots few
.and Hniull, mostly confined to the back. Similar variations are shown
by tii(j other forms of trout in other lakes. Lakes and streams west of
the VVahsatch range, especially in Hear, Provo, Jordan, and Sevier
rivers, and in Utah Lake; locally very abundant and of importance as a
food-lish. (ri)v/iH«//s, like a virgin.)
Sulur ririjinalU, GiRAUii, I'roc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Pliilii., 1856, 220, Utah Lake.
Sd/i/c H((i//, 8i'CKiT.v, Sloiiogr. Saliiio, 1:10, 1801 (1874), Utah Lake ; piilo HpvciinuiiH from the lake.
SiihiiLi iiii/kiss liiijimtlis, .Johdan, Bull. U. S. Fish ('didiii., ix, 1881), 14, pi. li, tig. !).
liepreseuted in the Rio Grande Basin by
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779f, SAL.MO .MYKISS SI'ILl'BUS (Cope).
(KlO (illANDK TllOUT.)
Head 3 J ; depth 4. D. 11 ; A. 10 ; scales .37-160-37. Head heavy, but pro-
portionately short, its upper surface considerably decurved ; interorbital
space transversely convex, obtusely carinated ; the head more convex
than in any other of our species. Mouth large, maxillary reaching
paat eye. Teeth on vomer in two distinct series. Dorsal fin low lu
St v
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49G
Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
front, high behind, the last ray more than | the heiglit of the firnt; lust
ray of the anal rather long; caudal with itB middle rays about as lou^ .1-4
the others. Profusely spotted; back and sides with round black spots,
the spots most dtn'elopod posteriorly, few on the head, nioHt numerous oti
the caudal and adipose tin ; sides with pale Itlotchos. Length 30 inches.
Upper Kio Grande and southward into the mountains of Chihualiii.i ;
abundant in mountain streams. In all respects apparently ideHtiial
with subspecies pleiiriticun, except that the scales are less crowded ante-
riorly and the number in a longitudinal series is 155 to 1(>U. (anlhii, spot ;
oiipd, tail.)
Salmo itpilunu, Copk, llayiUm'a Gool. Siirv. Mont., 1871 (1872), 470, Sangre de Cristo Pass,
Colorado.
8<dmo mykiu ipUunu, Jordan, Dull. U. S. KiHh Comni., ix, IHHO, 14, pi. :i, Ugg. 7 and 8.
Represented in the Colorado River Basin by
•}79g. SALMO MYKIHS PliKl'ltlTICl'M (Copo).
(Colorado River Trout.)
Operole short, 4^ to 5 in head. Scales small, 185 to 190. Close to tlio
typical mykiHH, but the black spots chiotly gathered on the posterior part
of the body, the head nearly immaculate; extremely variable, tlic
lower tins usually red, but sometimes orange ; usually a red lateral Itaiid.
Basin of the Colorado. A large, handsome, and variable trout, soim -
times profusely speckled, sometimes with large spots, and occasionally
with strong golden shades. Abundant throughout western Colorado
and in all clear mountain streams throughout Arizona ; speoimeiiH Irom
the Colorado Chiquito similar to those from the Eagle and the UuuniHon,
in Colorado, (pleuriticua, from ir'Aevphv, side, in allusion to the red lateral
band.)
Salmo plturiticii*. Cope, IIayileu'8 Oeol. Surv. Mont., 1871 (1872), 471, head waters of Crcen
River, Wyoming.
Balnxo mykm pleuritkuii, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Fish Comni., ix, 1889, 14, pi. 2, flg. C.
Represented in Waha Lake by
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779h. SALMO MYKISS BOUTIERI (Bendiro).
(Waha Lake Trout.)
Head 4; depth 4f ; eye 4. D. 10; A. 11; B. 12; scales 175. Max-
illary 2^ in head. Size small. Similar to S. mylhs, but with dark spots
only on the dorsal, caudal, and adipose iin, and on the tail behind front
of anal, where the spots are very profuse, smaller than pupil. Antoi ior
regions dusky-bluish, not silvery; red blotch on inner edges of dentary
bones below very conspicuous. Head shorter and deeper than in mykiss,
the snout shorter and blunter, not longer than eye. Opercle and imc-
opercle less convex than in mykiss. Caudal moderately forked. A sinj^n-
larly colored local variety, found in Waha Lake, Washington, a monutuiu
lake without outlet. (Named for Captaiu Bouvier.)
Salmo ptirpuratus houneri, Benimrb, in Jordan & Gilbert, Syuopsis, 315, 1883, Waha Lake,
Washington. (Coll. Capt. Charles Bendiro, U. S. A.)
BuUmo myku» boiwien, Jordan, Bull. U. 8. Fiab Comni., tx, 1889, pi. 4, flg. 10.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 497
UupreHeuted iu the Upper ArkaiiHUH utui Suuth Platte rivers by
7791. HAIiMO M¥KIS8 HTONIAH (Cope).
(<iUKi'..N-iiArK Turn r.)
Mouth small; Hcales small, about 180. A suiall black-spotted trout,
rarely reach iug a pound in weight, close to var. mykias, dift'ering mainly
ill tlie very large si/o of its black spots, which are mainly gathered on the
|i(iHterior half of the body. Itack deep green, sides sometimes red. Flesh
(h'up red. Head waters of Arkansas and South Platte rivers, in brooks
1111(1 Hliallow places in lakes; abundant, (rrro/i/af, big-mouthed.)
SuliiKi Klomiim, C'oiK, Haydoii'i (iool. Surv. Wjoni. for 1870(1871), i'X\, South Platte River,
locality unknown. (Coll. T)r. IliimiMoiKl.)
Siilmo niffkiiKi ntumiar, Jordan, liiill. U. S. Fish. Coinm., ix, 1880, 16, i>l. 1, flg. 2.
Kepresented iu the lakes iu eastern Colorado by
770J. SAL!IIO .MYKIKS NACnUNALDI, .Ionian & Rvermann.
(Yr.i.Low-t'iN Tnoi T.)
Head 4; depth 4 J to."); eye 5^ ; snout 4^. D. 12; A. 11; H. 10; scales
40-1W-37, 12.5 pores. Tleud long, 0(>ni])roH8eil, the snout niod«'iiitely
pointed; mouth rather large, the maxillary IJf to 2 iu head; hyoid teeth
|utH(Mit; opercle long, 4^ in head, its margin strongly convex. Allied to
Miilispecie8j;i«'«H/jt'«8, but with the head and opercles longer and the color
(litlcront. Body elongated, compressed. Gill rakers 10 -j- 10. Scalessmall,
rej,'ular]y placed. Color light olive ; a broad siiude of lemon-yellow along
sidoH ; lower fins bright yellow; no red anywhere except the "cut-throat"
(litijh characteristic of ISubuo mykisa. Body posteriorly, and dorsal aud
ciuulal fin profusely speckled with small pepper-like dots, smaller than
till' nostril; on head and anterior parts fewer none of these spots are
present. Flesh pale. A very handsome trout, abundant on gravelly bot-
tdiiiH in Twin Lakes,* tributary to the Arkansas River in the Saguache
Kaiigo near Leadville, Colorado ; not found iu brooks. It reaches a
weight of nearly 9 pounds. It is probably descended from the form
ciiUi'd ])hHriticHH, certainly not from its associate stomias, with which it has
very little in common. (Named for Col. Marsliall McDonald, United States
FIhIi Commissioner.)
Siihw iiiykins macilomildi, .Zordan & Kveiimann, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 188',» (.Iiinmiry 20, 1890),
■l'.:i, Twin Lakes, Colorado ; (Tjpo, No. 417;iO. Coll. Gao. 11. Fisher); Joudan, Bull,
tr S. Finh Comni.,ix, 1889, 11, pi. 1, fi(?. 1.
780. SALMO GAIRDNEIlIv lUdianlBon.
(Steeiiiead; IIardiiead; "Salmon Tuout.")
Wo retain the name Salmo gairdneri for the large sea trout of the
Paciiic Coast and their derivatives; forms typically with moderate or
siiiali scales, and without the strongly-marked red dashes at the throat
*TliiH fon.i of trout occurs in company with subspecies stomiits, but in Twin Lakes, the two
ari' I iitirclv diritinct, the lialiits, size, and coloriition being notably different. If wo were to con-
siilcr tlui Arkansas Basin alone, the two must be ranked as distinct species, but these and all
otlici Aniorican trout soem to bo connected l)y intergradations. Apparently macdmuildi is derived
from tlii^ Colorado IVwv.rjilexoUiciis, whicli may be descended from tjulunii, the latter in turn from
ttonihii. Sloiiuae, virginalis, Jiemhawi, and louvieri seem to have sprung directly from mykiss.
( -r ■
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liull<tin ^7, United States National Museum.
wliich mark tli» Cnt-thront H»rieH of trout, or Salmo mifkimi, TIibho torm^
ar» UHually well Hoparatt^d from mi/kiiiM, on the one liaiul, aii<l from tn'r/mi
on the other. Thuro ih, however, a Htran^fo medley of forniH appiirontly
aberrant or intermediate, confuNinK any att«)m]>t at Hpi'rit'H! dntinition.
The following; analytical key contraHtH the two moHt clearly mariod
varieties:
a, Sralci nithur mimll, iivnntKinK !'>'> crofM HorioM, tlm iiiinilior viirylii»; rrciiii i:iii to 1H(i(r<iiirit-
inKllin olilii|iiii croHS aiirioN almvu liitiTiil lirii<). Hcu-riiiiiiiiiK foriiirt ri'urliiiiK u lauu
hI/.(i ; WKJKlit of Hoii-nin luliilt h t" ^'> iioiiiuN ; IuikIIocIu'iI ruriiiN ihikIi tiiiiiill<'r, iluwn
'"/'J |H>iiiid. Culciriition |Hil«, Willi IVw spoU. C'liluriiliiu Uivrriiinl Houtli»iiri| In San
FrnnrlHco Huy. (iaiiidnbui, 7mi).
aa. HcalM larK<'>', iiviirnKiiitr ntioiit lltricroHN McriKH, Dm ininilicr viiryiiiK I'roin KiOlo MTi. T,iiUi'
foniiH ; (Miluriitiuii vn.v silvery uml willi Tow hikiIm ; wui|j;lit :t tn lo |iuiitiil8, Krii"!']
Rivor, t>t('. KAMLOIIIW, 7HIIII.
RepresonttMl in larjje rivers and «'HtnarieH,«'Mpecially from the Coluniliia
aonthward to Monterey, by the unadromoiiH form, the typical
7H0. HAIiMO UAIIIDNKUI, RldiardHon.
(Stkemiead; IIakiiheaii; Mai.mon Tiioirr.)
B. 12 or 11; D. 11; A. 12; scales nsually about 150-28, varying in Hiicri-
mens from Astoria from 137 to 177 (specimens counted by Cramer iiinl
Otaki); pyloric cceca 42; vertebrii' 38 + 20. Hody rather stout, not very
deep mesially, but with the caudal jiedunclo thick. Head comparatively
short and rather slender, in the females small, in the males the .jaws iiKne
or less prolonged ; maxillary rather narrow, the small eye nearly aliove itn
middle; lower jaw included; upper jaw in males emarginate at tip and
at junction of premaxillary. Teeth rather small, those on the voiiiei in
two long, alternating series, which are about as long as the ]>alntiiie
aeries. Preopercle rather wide, with the lower limb short; opercle mod-
erate. Gill rakers short and thick, 8 -{- 12 (essentially as in our otlu-i'
species). Ventral appendage not half the length of the fin. Tail wide,
squarely truncate in the adult, somewhat emarginate in the young. I'lesli
rather pale. Bones much firmer than in Oncorhiiiichua. Color olive green
above; sides silvery ; head, back, upper fins, and tail more or lessdeiinely
covered with black spots; belly usually unspotted; males with colore
heightened, the back greenish ; lioth sexes in spring with a broad ilesh-i ol-
ored lateral band, deep rosy red on tbeopercles, this often retained throiiKJi-
out the year; fins not red: no red on the membrane of lower jaw. Ijon^^tli
30 inches. Coastwise streams from vSanta Ynez Mountains, Santa Hai liani
Connty, California, northward to British Columbia, west of the Sierra
Nevada and Cascade Range, especially abundant in the Lower Colnniliia.
ascending the Snake River as far as Auger Falls. Also common in
Rnssian River and Klamath River. A large trout, abounding in tiio
months of the rivers, reaching a weight of 20 pounds or more, ini^Ma-
tory like the salmon, and ascending rivers fully as far. It spawns li.ter
than the salmon, (in early spring in the Snake and Salmon rivers in
Idado), and is found in the lower parts of the rivers, spent, at the time ui
the spring salmon run. It is then nearly useless as food, but at utlier
i.sLi,^: ^'■;>.tf,~yaid?il:i'..^^.v,.'a>;:*,s
Jordan and R7<ermann. — Fishes of North Amrritit.
400
tiiiicH it Ih Hiinilar in <|iiHlity to otlu>i- tiuiit. In Ntit'iiniH nvIkmo it in roHi-
ilfiit, it rai'tfl.v t^xreetlH ;"> or (> [lonntlH. KttHiiliMit t'oiinH H«vni to puNH into
'■ iriV/t'io" Hoiithwanl un<l Hhoiild lio ciiiol'iilly coin|iiiro(l vvitli tli«« liittur;
noil li wind into '* ktimloopx," wiiih; in tim Lowit .Sniii\o Ki\i>f it H»'»«niH to
iutoi'^i'udu witii mjikixM, tiiroii^h tiiu t'oiiii calleil ijiUhnii. In tliu Lowor
Colunthiu, aocordin^ to Di. Oilbert, it iH wull Ni'paiatod from »<yX'(MM on tlio
one hand and from tlienon-mij^ratory >S'. iridiUM niunoiii on tli« otiiur. Kotli
young and old aro tlier«) well Hupnratt'd from iriiltiiH. (Named for Dr.
(Jiiirdnor, itH diHCoveror, anomployroof tlid Ihidnon Hay Company at Fort
Vancouver, montiunod liy UidiardHou uh an aide and pruiniHing younfj;
iiaturaliHt.)
Stliifi |/.iiri/iii'i'i, Ukmiaiiuhiin, Fniiiiii llor.-Ami-r., iii, 'J'Jl, tH:tii, Columbia River at Port
Vancouver; Hicklkv, Mcnogr. 8«lmo, 114, IHiil (1H7I); (K'ntiieu, (!rtt., vi, 118, iKWi.
S.Wkio Iniiiintim, .Si'cKi.F.Y, Aim. Lyr. Niit. IliHt. N. Y.,:i, IHM, New Dungeness, Straits of
Fuca ; (iCNillKii, Cut, vi, Vi2, IHtlti.
r.in.. .iH)-..ni, QlUAHD, Pmc. Ac. Nrtt. Sci.riillll,, IXAft, -ilH ; (JlKAIll), Viir. U. 11. Surv., .\, 308, |>1.
r,s, 18.18, Astoria, Orci;on. (Ci.ll, Tiuwhridnr.)
J''Hri<'neivlicn7/i, (iiiiAlti), I'i'ih-. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'liilu., I8fi8, '.^ur, Klamath River; Hpociinen witli
8c.iieH, 3(i-llo-;i;i.
I'<iri» i/iiir</ii''ri, GlIIAHD, I'ac, R. It. Siirv., x,313, 1858,
Mmn iKirjiiiiiiliii; (iCNTIlEil, Cut., VI, IKi, 1806.
WrpiTHeiittMl in the lakes of Hritish ('olniiibia and northern WiiHh-
iii;,'ton liy
7N0a. NALMO OAIKDNKItl KAMLOOPH (.forduii).
(Kami.iioi'S Tholt; .Stit-tse.)
llt^ad Ji ; depth U; eye 4*. D. 11; A. 11 or 12; scalcH 30-l3.'i to 116-26,
(!.') HC'ileu before the dorHal. Body elongate, somewhat compressed, the
maxillary extending beyond the eye. Its length not quite half the head;
Hiiout slightly rounded in profile, the profile regularly ascending; eye
lar^e, about as long as snout; teeth moderate, some of those in the
outer row in each jaw moderately enlarged ; opercles striate, uot much
produced backward; branchiostegal rays 11 on each side; dorsal fin
rather low, its longest ray slightly greater than the base of the tin, lif in
huad; anal tin rather larger than usual in trout, its outline slightly con-
oavo, its longest ray greater than the base of the iiu and a little more
than half head; adipose fin moderate; caudal tin rather broad, distinctly
forked, its outer rays about twice inner ; pectoral fins rather long, 1^ in
lu'iid ; ventrals moderate, li in head ; gill rakers comparatively short and
ftw in number, about 6-J-12 or 11. Coloration dark olive above,
bright silvery below, the silvery color extending some distance below the
latfral line where it ends abruptly ; when fresh, the middle of the sides in
luidi Hpecimens was occupied by a broad band of bright light-rose pink,
covering about one-third of the total depth of the fish ; back above
with small black spots about the size of pin heads irregularly scattered
aud somewhat more numerous posteriorly; a very few faint spots on
upper part of head; dorsal and caudal fins rather closely covered with
sinuli black spots similar to those on back but more distinct ; a few spots
oil the adipose fin, which is edged with blackish ; lower fins plain ; the
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upper border of the pectoral dnsky ; a vague dusky blotch ou the nppor
middle rays of the anal; ventrals entirely plain. Len<rth of typo \^\\
incLeH. Kaniloops Lake, Okanogan Lake, Kootenay Luke, and otlur
lakes tributary to Fraser River or to the Upper Cohunbia ; locally
abundant; a fine largo trout, slender and graceful, somewhat (littcreiit in
appearance from the ordinary " Steelhead," but not distinguished by any
technical character of any importance, and doubtless iutergrading fully
with the latter.
Salmo kamloopit, Jordan, Proc. U. P. J^itt. Muh., 1892, Kamloops Lake, British Columbia.
(Type, Nu. 44238. Coll. A. C. Uasaett.)
./
781. RALIHO IRIDErS, Glbboni.
(Rainbow Trout; Coast Range Trout.)
;
iiM
Head 4 ; depth 3J ; eye 5. D. 11 ; A. 10; scales 21-135-20, varying coii-
Biderably. Body'comparatively short and deep, compressed, much more
elongate in males than in females. Head short, convex, obtusely ridged
above. Mouth smaller than in other species, the raliier broad maxillary
scarcely reaching beyond eye, except in old males. Eye larger than in
other species. Vomerine teeth in two irregular series. Dorsal fin mod-
erate; caudal fin distinctly, though not strongly forked. Color bluish
above, the aides silvery ; usually everywhere above profusely but iriefj;-
ularly spotted, the spots extending on the sides and on the vertical finn;
spots on caudal small ; belly nearly plain ; sea-run specimens nearly plain
silvery; with red lateral band and blotches. Weight i to 6 pcunds.
Mountain streams of the Pacific Coast; the typical form found in tiio
brooks of the Coast Gauge in California, from the Klamath River to the
San Luis Rey. Abundant and variable, probably entering the sea, and
perhaps growing larger there, becoming a " Salmon Trout."
This form differs from Salmo (lamfneri chiefly in the larger scales. Other
characters are its small size and brighter colors; both sexes with a red
lateral band. It is subject to large local variations, some of these kind-
locked in peculiar brooks, (c. g., Purisima Creek in San Mateo County,
California, where the individuals are small and brightly colored, popu-
larly regarded as distinct species). Its range extends from the coast of
Washington southward to San Diego County, California (Rio San Luis
Rey). It is thought by some anglers that the young fishes hatched in
the brooks from spawn of gairdneri remain in mountain streams for
from six months to three years, going down to the sea with the hijili
waters of spring, after which they return to spawn as typical gairdinri.
Those which are landlocked or do not descend remain irideus all their
lives. As against this view we have the fact that to the northward iridcitx
and gairdneri are always distinguishable and the scales in gairdneri are
always smaller than in typical rainbow trout, {iridena, lainbow-like.)
Balno irideiu, Giiibons, Prc!. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1855, 36, San Leandro Creek, Alameda
County, California; J >rdan &. Gilbert, Synopsis, 312, in part, 1883.
Sdmo rivularit, Atbes, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1865, 43, Martinez, California.
IkM-
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501
The following analytical key will assist in the identification of the
varieties of Salmo irideun, which we are at present disposed to recoguize:
a. Scales well Imbricated; upper ray of pectoral URtiiilly more or less t)|)otted.
b. Scales comparatively large, In 120 to 150 series; sides profuKuly spotted, both anteriorly
and posteriorly, especially iibore the reddish lateral baud,
c. Scales decidedly large, in 120 to 130 series. Bodyelongate; no red undpr tlio throat;
eye large; anal rays 11 or 12. Ilrook forms mostly of small size; sea-run examples
occasionally large; confined to the streams of the Coast Bauge.
d. Mouth moderute; roas'wise streams of California. iRinEvs, 781.
(M. Mouth very small; coastwise streams of Oregon and Washington.
HARONI, 781a.
cc. Scales medium, in ulioiit 140 series. Hody rather deep; eye comparatively small,
anal rays lu or 11. Coloration dark, usually with many spots; a small dash of
red usually present at the throat. Size medium, weight 2 to 8 pounds. Streams
of I'pper Sacrnniento Ilasin, not rnnuiiig down to the sea, biiasta, 781b.
66. Scales small, in I.IO to IH.'i series; size large.
e. Itack profusely spotted, aiitcTiorly as well as posteriorly; some red under lower jaw.
Kern Kiver, California. oildrrti, 781c,
ee. Hack with the spots chiefly posteriorly: no red under the lower jaw. Upper Saora-
mento Basin. stonei, 781d.
an. Scales very small and not well imbricated, in about 175 transverse series. Belly, lower
fms, and lateral bai'd yellow; ventrals (^dged with pale; upper ray of pectoral unspot-
ted; black spots numerous. A small form found in the head waters of Kern River.
AOUA-BONITA, 781e.
781a. SALMO IRIDEUS 9IAS0NI (Snckley),
(Br.)ok Trout op WrsTERV Oreoon.)
Tlie common brook treat of the tributaries of the lower Columbia and
of coastwise streams of Oregon aad Washington is very similar to the
typical iridena and is readily distinguished from its associates, yairdneri
and iiiijkifia, by its large scales. Compared with mykisa, it is less slender,
tlie snout more rounded ; there is no red between branches of lower jaw;
tliei'o are no hyoid teeth, the maxillary is broader and shorter, the opercle
more evenly convex, and there are fewer spots below the lateral line ; the
red markings on sides usually coalesce into a red band. Scales 120-20 to
i;{(i-22. Size small, rarely weighing a pound. Puget Sound to southern
Ort'ifon, in streams of the Coast Range ; locally abundant. Apparently
nierji;ing into the ordinary iridcus southward, if indeed the two forms are
diHtin<i;ni8habie. We know of no diagnostic character, but further com-
pariHon is needed. (" Named in honor of my good friend Govern or Charles
II. Mason of Washington Territory, who haf so frequently aided me in
adding to my collections specimens of great interest and value in various
branches of natural history." — SuckJey.)
Fari„ rtiirkii, GiRARl), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 219; not of RiOHABDSON.
Sabn.i masoni, SuCKLET, Pac. U. R. Surv., xii, part 2, 345, 1860, Cathlapoott River. (Coll.
Cpt. Geo. B. McClellan.*)
* " I obtained this species at the Cathlapootl River, Aug. 2, 1863, and am indebted for it to the
skill (>r Capt. Ueo. B. McClellaa, as he took it with the artificial fly at a time when they did
not readily bite at any bait."— SitcMey.
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Reprenented in the upper Sacramento and its tributaries, and probably
in most of the eastern tributaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, by
781b. SALHU IRIDEVS 8HA«4TA (Jordan).
(McCloud Rivrk Bainiiow Tbout.)
Head 4 ; depth 3f ; D. 11 ; A. 11 ; scales 20 to 24-145-20, 65 before dor-
skI. Body comparatively short and deep, compressed, varying considt r-
ably, and much more elongate in the males than m the females. IltMd
short, convex, obtusely ridged above. Mouth smaller than in most other
forms of the genus, the rather broad maxillary scarcely reaching beyoiid
eye except in old males; maxillary 1^ in head in males, 2 in feniaUm.
Eye larger than in typical yairdneri, 5 in head. Vomerine teeth in two
irregular series. Dorsal iin moderate ; caudal fin distinctly though not
strongly forked, more deeply incised than in typical mykifin; pectoral U
to If in head. Scales comparatively large. Coloration bluish above, tho
sides silvery ; everywhere above profusely but irregularly spotted, tlio
spots extending on the sides and on the vertical tins ; head well spotted ;
dorsal, caudal, and usually upper ray of pectoral spotted; spots on ciiii-
dal small ; belly nearly plain ; tins usually not red; almost always a dauh
of red between branches of lower jaw ; males and usually females also
with red lateral band and blotches; much red on cheeks and opercles;
belly partly red in males. Length 10 to 30 inchea. Weight 2 to 8 pounds.
Streams of the Sierra Nevada, from Mount Shasta southward, best known
i'"rom McCloud River; the limits of its range not well known; .abuudant,
and subject to many variations ; also inrroduced into Truckee River and
into many eastern streams, this form being the usual "Rainbow Trout"
of fish-culturists. (Named for Mount Shasta.)
Siihnn irideus, or Kainbow Trout of most writers and eRpecially of fish-culturistB; not tidbmi
iriiteim, GiHiioNS, wliicli isbiuipd on coa£twls« specimens.
Snlmo gnirihicri sliaiitit, .ToiinAN, Thirteentli Biennial Kept. Fisli Conim. Califcrnia, 189t, 142,
with i)late, McCloud River, at Baird, Shasta County, California. (Type, No. WW,
L. S. Jr. Univ. Miis. Coll. Stone.)
Represented in the lower waters of Kern River on the west slopo of
the Sierra Nevada by
781c. SALMO IRinSrS OILBERTI (Jordan).
(Kern River Tkout.)
Entirely similar to the McCloud River Trout, except that the scales are
smaller, as small as in typical mykias, in about 165 transverse series. The
body is robust, the mouth moderate ; back and sides profusely spotted ;
old specimens with more or less orange between the branches of the lower
jaw, this mftrk faint or -wanting in the young. Upper ray of pectoral
spotted. Kern River, California, abundant in the river channels, below
the waters inhabited by subspecies ayun-boiiita. Large, reaching a weight
of 8 pounds. Our specimens from south fork of Kern River, at Soda
Springs, California. (Named for its discoverer, Dr. Charles Henry
Gilbert.)
Salmo gairdneri gilberii, Jokpan, Thirteenth Diennial Uept. Fish Comin. California, l*^'ll, II'''
with p\i>te, South Fork of Kern River at Soda Springs, California. (Typo, Ho.
1611, h. S. Jr. Uuiv. Mus. Coll. Gilbert.)
/onfnn ana' F.vermatm. — Fishes of North America.
503
In the Sacramento River is occasionally taken
781d. 8ALM0 IRIDEUS STONEI (Jordan).
(NtssvEE Trout; No-siiee TnouT.)
Anal rays 11. Depth 4 in length. Pectoral \\ in head. Eye large, 4^
in head. Maxillary 2i^,f. Distinguished by its small scales, the number
of scales in a longitudinal Reries being ab.ait 155, 82 before dorsal, where
tlicyare small and embedded, 25 above lateral line. Teeth fewer and
Kinaller than in var. ahasta, those on the vomer in a single zigzag series.
Axillary scale of ventral small. ^Tpper parts plain greenish; spots few,
•iiid confined chiefly to posterior part of body; spots small and sparse
(in dorsal, adipose tin, and caudal ; a red lateral band usually distinct;
clieeks and opercles with red ; no red between branches of lower jaw.
Described from a specimen 14 inches in length, collected by Livingston
Stone in McCloud River at Baird, California. This form is well known
to Indians and to fishermen on the Upper Sacramento. According to
Mr. Stone, the Indian fishermen say that it is abundant in the McCloud
Kiver, about 8 miles above Baird. They are larger in size than the
ordinary irideus, one having been taken weighing 12 pounds. A second
specimen is deeper in color, the red lateral band very distinct (female
taken in May). The scales rather larger (140) and irregularly placed.
(Named for its discoverer, Livingston Stone, Superintendent of the
United States Fish Hatchery at Baird, in recognition of his valuable ser-
vices in the propagation of salmon and trout. ^
N.i/iii.. ijidrdwri stoiiei, JoBDAN, Thirteenth Biennial Ropt. Cal. Fish Oomm., 1894, 142, with
plnU', McCloud River at Baird, California. (Type, No. 900, L. S. Jr. Uuiv. Mue.
Ooll. Stone.)
Represented in the mountain streams of the Sierra Nevada, ou the west
MJope of Mount Whitney, by
781e. SALMO IBIDEUS AOUA>BONITA (Jordan).
(Golden Tkout'of Mount Whitney.)
lload Sj ; depth 4Jt. D. 12; A. 10 ; scales in 160 to 180 rows, 123 pores.
Hody formed as usual. Head rather long, bluntish at tip ; mouth moder-
ate, tlic maxillary extending a little beyond the eye, 1^ in head; hyoid
teeth not evident; opercle moderate; postorbital bono very small, its
yreatest length ik iu head ; its posterior margin modera ely convex ; eye
43 in bead ; snout 4^ ; gill rakers not very short, 10 + 11. Scales extremely
Hiiiall, round, not imbricated, smaller than in other forms of Sahno.
FinH moderate ; the anal high; the caudal moderately emarginate; pec-
toral 1^ in head; ventral 2; caudal 1*. Olive above; sides and belly
li^rht golden, always showing the dark cross shades, of immature trout;
niiildle of sides along lateral line with a deep scarlet lateral stripe,
broadest under the dorsal, where it is about as wide as eye, thence nar-
rowing to either end and not reaching either head or caudal; middle
lino of belly with a broad scarlet band, extending from chin to anal fin,
o(iually bright all the way ; a fainter shade along lower side from anal fin
to tip of caudal; no crimson dash at throat between branches of lower
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jaw; the whole region uniform bright orange; operole largely orange;
dark spota chiefly posterior, large and well marked, some as large aspn]iil
on tail and posterior part of body ; smaller and well marked on dorsal ; a
few small ones scattered along forT<'ard to the head in two specimen^ :
none on body before adipose fii> in the other; upper anterior anglo of
dorsal abruptly yellowish white; this color edged by a dark obliqim
streak made by coalcscent spots ; the rest of the fin light olive with 4 or
5 rows of small black spots ; pectorals light orange ; ventrals deep oran;;e,
with a faint blackish tip ; the anterior edge of the fin conspicuously and
abruptly whitish, as in Salvdinus fonthiaUs; anal dusky orange, the tips
of the last rays blackish, the outer anterior corner abruptly white, tlio
white stripe wider than the pupil and separated from the color uf the tin
by a dusky shade ; caudal olive, tinged with orange on its lower edge,
and profusely spotted with black; inside of mouth pink, of gill cavit,\
light orange. The small size of the scales is shown in their lack of imbri-
cation rather than by their increased number. Mountain streams on tlio
west side of Mount Whitney, tributary to Kern River, locally abun-
dant in Volcano Creek, and South Fork of Kern River ; also largely intro-
duced into streams about Owen Lake, on the east slope of the mountainN,
streams formerly destitute of trout. (Gilbert.) This form is apparently
derived from the Kern river trout, var. gilberti, but is so much modiliid
that unless intermediate specimens now exist, it may be ranked us a dis-
tinct species. {^^ Agua-homta" beautiful water, name of a cascade on
Volcano Creek, near which this trout abounds.)
Ealmo mykiss agtia-boniln, Jobuan, Proo. U. S. Nut. Mub., 1892, 481, Volcano or Whitney
Creek,"' California. (Typos, No. 614, L. S. .Ir. Uuiv. Mus. und 44237, T. S. Nat. Mih.
Coll. Mr. Harvuy uf Lone Piue, Cul.)
236. CRISTIVOMER, Gill ife Jordan.
(GnEAT Lakr Tkout.)
OrMivomer, Gill & Jobdan, iu Jordan, Manual Vertebrates E. U. S., Ed. 2, 356, 1878, (iKnmij-
ctisA).
This genus contains one or two species — large, coarse charrs, distin-
gnishvd from Salrelinua by the presence of a raised crest behind the head
of the vomer and free from its shaft; this crest is armed with teeth. The
liyoid teeth constitute a strong, cardiform band. The typical species is
a large charr or trout, spotted with gray instead of red, and found in tlie
larger lakes of Eastern North America, (crista, crest; vomer, vomer.)
v/
782. CRISTIVOMER NAMATCDSH (Walbaum),
(Qb'SAT Lake Tkout; Mackinaw Tmoit ; Lonoe (Vermont); Toque (Maine); Namaycish;
Masamacusii.)
Head 4J ; depth 4 ; eye large, 4^. B. 11 or 12 ; D. 11 ; A. 11 ; lateral line
185 to 205. Body elongate, covered wHh thin skin, there being no spetiiil
development of fatty tissue. Head very long, its upper surface Jlatteucd.
Mouth very large, the maxillary extending much beyond the eye, the head
* It has since been ascertainet' thi\t the original type came from Cottonwood Creek on tlie cast
slope of Mount Whitney, the variety having been introduced there from Volcano or Whituiy
Creek.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
505
aud jawH proportionately lengthened and pointed. Maxillary nearly half
the lenytii of the head; interorbital space nearly one-fuurth; teeth very
Btiong. Caudal fin well forked ; adipose dn small. General coloration
dark i^nty, sjuietiines pale, somotinies almost black; everywhere with
rounded paler spots, which are often reddish tinged ; head usually vermic-
iilalo above ; dorsal and caudal reticulate with darker. Length 36 inches.
Kciiilies weight of {\0 to 1(X) pounds, averaging about 17. Great Lake
rejiioa and lakes of northern New York, New Hampshire, and Maine, the
Lead wutorsof the Colunibiaand Fraserrivers,streamso^ Vancouver Island,
and north to the Arctic Circle, said not to enter tidal waters ; very abund-
ant in thelarger bodies of water; varying in form and color in the different
lakes ; specimens from Lac des Neiges, Canada, said to be almost black
((inrniau), others variously paler and gray. Some in Bn.aller lakes short
and deep in body. (An Indian name.)
A'(i»i(i//i-i(«/t Sitlimm, Pennant, Arctic Zoiilopy, Iiitrod., 191, 1792, Hudson Bay.
Saliiio u.imaiiviiiih, WAi.nAi'M, Artedi PiHciinii, 08, 1792, Hudson Bay; based on tho Namaycush
Siilnion of Pennant; OCnther, Cut., vi, 12U, 1800, and of autborB gononilly.
Siiliii") illiiliw, Uafinksque, Anier. Motitlily Mag., DeceiiibiM-, 1817, 120, Lake Champlain
Hubiin iiiiirlhyKliuiis, MiTciiiLi., Jourii. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1818, 410, Sault Ste. Marie.
Mmn /((lorfii, KicHAUDSoN, App. Ross's Voyiige, lviii, 18:i5, in part; specimen from Boothia
Felix; Riciiardion, Fauna Bor.-Amor., iii, 174, 1836, Mingan River.
E<ihno lonjinis, De Kay, N. Y. Fuiina: Fiitbus, 2M, 1842, Louis Lake, Hamilton County, New
York; Silver Lake, Pennsylvania.
Utihii" w/mi/i''/n'(M«, Pkkscott, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1851, Vol. xi, 340, Lake Winnipiseogee,
New Hampshire.
SdliiiM i<'iiii', Hamlin, Tbu Togue, ic Hoi.meh, 2d Annual Report MaIi>o Fish Comm., 1862, 109,
Lakes of Maine,
Sahiui ailiriiiidaciis, NoRnis, American Angler's Book, 255, 1805, Adirondack Lakes.
Suhiiu sisriiwet, GOntiier, Oat., VI, 123, 18Ci>; not uf AoASSiz.
Hali-iliiiiis immniji-mh, JoKOAN & GILBERT, Synopsis, 317, 1883.
Kepresented in Lake Superior by
J
782a. CRISTIVOMER NAMATCUSH SI8C0WET (Agassiz).
(SiSCOWET.)
Scales rather small, about 175 in the lateral line. Body short and deep,
covorcd with thick skin, there being an excessive tendency to the devel-
opment of fatty tissue. Head very short and deep, its upper surface
Iroad and short, covered by a skin so thick as to completely hide the
boue.s; no distinct median carina. Mouth very large, its gape narrower
than in C. vnmai/cush. Teeth weaker than in C. namaycush ; supplemental
boiiii also shorter and broader. Maxillary a little more than half the
length of the head. Caudal fln well forked. Coloration as in C. namay-
ctixh, 1)ut usually paler; fin rays the same. Lake Superior ; abundant,
but not yet found elsewhere. Very close to the preceding, but differing
in the shortness and breadth of the bones of the head and in the extreme
fatness of the Hesh. It is probably a local variety rather than a distinct
species. (An Indian name, probably from the same root as Cisco.)
Salmo xhrowet, AoASSiz, Lake Superior, 333, 1850, Lake Superior.
Snfnid fishiwib, Ahassiz, in Herbert, Frank Forester's Fish and Fishing, 112, with plate, 1860,
Lake Superior
Sahm (irsmin, Barnston, Ropt. Fisheries Canada, Iiake Superior; reference uncertain.
SalitUnim namaycuitt tiscowet, Jobdav & OuBKBT, Syuopeis, 318, 1883.
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337. SALVE LINUS (NUhhoii) Richardson.
(ClIAHUS.)
SalveUni, NlLSSON, Prodr. Ichth. ScrikI., 7, 1832, ((i/j,(mii«); (f;rou|i iiiiino).
i^itveUtiM, RlCHAKi)i4i>N, Fimmi Bor.-Ainor., lll, Ifl'.l, 1K3C, (a/j)iHii«); ikftor N1LH8ON.
WiiiViiie, DbKay, N. Y. Fauna; Fislit^s, 'IW, 1H42, (/<-ii/in((/i»i).
■Vinhla, IIaim>, B'isclio BoduiiHiH', W'l, IHM, (hih/i/k - iiliiinii«).
Body moderately elon^^ato. Mouth largo or small. Teeth of Jawn,
palatines, and tongue eHHentially as in Salmi), the hyoid patch present or
not. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft much depressed, without rained cicNt,
with teeth ou the head of the bono and nouo on shaft. Scales very siiiall,
200 to 250 in a lengthwise series. Fins moderate, the caudal forked iu the
young, truncate in some species in the adult. Sexual peculiaritieH not
strongly marked, the males with the premaxillarics enlarged and a il)'shy
projection at the tip of the lower .jaw. Coloration dark, with romul,
crimson spots, the lower fins sometimes with marginal bands of black,
reddish, and pale. Species numerous iu the clear streams and lakes uf
the northern parts of both continents, sometimes descending to the Ni>a,
where they lose their variegated colors and become nearly plain and sil-
very. The members of this genus are by far the most active and liainl-
somo of the trout, and live in the coldest, clearest, ai:d most seclutiud
waters. "No higher praise can be given to a Salmonoid than to say, it
is a cbarr." (Sahelinua, an old name of the charr ; from the same root
as Siilbling or Saibling.)
a. Back uuBjiotted, strougly marbled with dark olivo ur black; dorsal and caudal fius niuttlej;
body rather Btout, the head heavy; gill rakeni small, 6 h H, not curled.
roNTiNAi.rs, 783.
aa. Back not marbled with darker.
b. Back with red spots, like those on the sides, but smaller and usually paler; mouth largo,
the maxillary reaching beyond eye; gill rakers 8 ; 12. mai.ma, 1M.
bb. Back unallotted, the red spots conflned to the sides; maxillary usually not reucliiug
beyond eye.
c. Gill rakers numerour', + 12 to IG; head rather largo, 4 to 4J^ in length; body
rather stout; belly <irangn in breeding season. alpini's, 78S.
cc. Gill rakers fewer, U + 11, small; head small, 434 to 5 in length; body slender.
/ 0QUA88A, 780.
788^8 ALTELINUS FONTINALIS (Mitchill).
(Brook Trout; Speck LKBTRorr.)
Head ii; depth 4^. D. 10; A. 9; scales 37-230-30; gill rakers about
6 + ll« Body oblong, moderately comi)res8ed, not much elevated. Head
large, but not very long, the snout bluntish, the interorbital space r.-ither
broad. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching more or less beyond the eye,
Eye large, usually somewhat above the line of the axis of the body.
Caudal fin slightly lunate in the adult, forked in the young; adipose fiu
small; pectoral and ventral fins not especially elongate. Red spotn on
the sides rather smaller than the pupil ; back mostly without spots, more
or less barred or mottled with dark olive or bhackj dorsal and caudal fins
mottled or barred with darker; lower fins dusky, with a pale, usually
orange, band anteriorly, followed by a darker one; belly in the males
often more or less red ; sea-run individuals (the Canadian ' ' Salmon Trout")
S-|
Jordan and Ever man n. — Fishes of North America.
607
aio often nearly plain bright silvery. Many local varieties distinguished
l>y Hliudes of color, also occur. Length 18 inclicH or loss. The best known
of uiir charrs, abounding in all clear, cold struanis from Maine to the
.'>;iHkutchewan and northward to Labrador, southward in the Alleghanies
to rlio head waters of the Savannah, Chattahoochee, Catawba, and French
liiiiiid; largely introduced into western streams but not native west of
tlif Mississippi, (fontinalis, living in springs.)
S.liiiK /imtitmli; MiTciiiLi,, TratiH. Lit. and I'liil.Soc. N. Y., i, l«ir>, 43.5, iiuiir New York City;
,S'.i/m'< iillr.jhaninitiii, K.\t'i.Nr.8ut'E, It'll. Uli., 44, IH20, Brooks falling into the Alleghanyand
Monongahela rivers.
siliiio iiiijimeuii, Kakinebque, Icli. Oli., 4.'>, 1H20, near the Laurel Hills, Pennsylvania;
(it'NTllER, Cut., VI, l.Vi, ISfif), mill of nearly ul! purly aiitliorn.
SiiliKi' cniKuhiisiii, IIamilto.n' Smith, in (irifflth'H C'livicr, \, 474, 1K14, Canada ; <li>t8 lilixxl red,
I'Holi "iua wliito circular spot."
Siilmo himilii, ItK'iiABDSiiN, R08S Vojago, Apii. i.viii, is:),"!, nnil Kuniia B')r.-Amor., ui. 173, 1830,
Fort Enterprise, Pine Island Lake, etc . ; bam^l in part on itamaiiruHh.
Silmi) immnailuliis, * U. R. Stokrh, DoHt. Journ, Nat. Uist., vi, is.'iO, 301, Lower St. Lawrence ;
(Canadian "Salmon Trout"), name preoccupied ; OI"ntiieii, Cat., vi, 12fi, 1800.
Stimo hiiiUonkiin, St'cKi.Ev, Ann. I,yc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., IHOI, ;jlO, Hudson Bay and tribu-
taries; Labrador ; Newfoundland ; (Cull. Druxler, Gill, and Cuuus); GUntueb, Cat.,
VI, 1 ->.'), IHfiO.
Sitlnliiiuji foiithialu, JORDAN, Prof. U. S. Nat. Mns., 1878, 81, in part.
Kepresented in certain ponds m New Hampshire by
788a. SALVELINUS FONTINALIS AOASSiZIIf (Garman).
(Dublin Pond Trout.)
Coloration pale grayish, almost without red spots, thus resembling the
lake trout. Otherwise similar to fonthtaliH. (Named for Louis Agassiz.)
SihiKi itiiiiMnizii, Oarman, Nineteenth Report Mass. Fish (!oniin., 1885, 20, Dublin Pond (Lake
Monadnock), Keene, New Hampshire; Center Pond, New Hampshire.
7841^ SALTGLINrS MALMA (Walbauin).
(Doily Varden Trout; Oreoon Oiiark; Hull Trout; Red-spotted Trout; Malma; Golet.)
Head 3J; depth 4; eye 4A. D. 11; A. 9; scales 39-240-36 ; pyloric ccpca
lar^e, 4.5 to 50 ; gill rakers about 8 -\- 12. liody stout, the back somewhat
* Sea-run forms of this and other charrs and trout are larger in size, Bilver-gray in color and
without HiK)tg, ornearly so. A silvery-gray form abundant in (Mnadian estuaries, and locally
kiiiiwn as Salmon Trout, has been called var. immacululuii, but this name is preoccupied by Salmo
iiiiiiiurHlatm, Walbauni, which is one of the ChnracinUhe.
t'riiis form in thus described by Mr. Garman :
S,ilmo agansizii: D. 11 to 13; D. 12 to 13; A. 10 to 12; V. 8 to 9; P. 14 to 15; porcB 109 to 119;
scales :!8 to 42-217 to 237-38 to 42; second dt)rsal to lateral line, 28.
A variety of the brook trout; ap|>arently restricted to the small lakes in the neighborhood of
Unlillii, New Hampshire. ComiMired with those of S. foiUinnlis, the young are rather more slender,
tlii^ caudal notch elightly deeper, and the sides more silvery. The young are much darker
cnlmed than the adults; on both the red spots of the tiaiiks are large and numerous. On the
ailiill the brown color has become so much bli-ached that the specimen is nearly uniform silvery;
vi'iy taint indications of the rod spots remain. The differences between the young of S. fontinnUs
and thode of this variety are even more marked than those between adults; side by Bide, the
cl'iiiiled parr marks or bands at once distinguish the young of S. aijoMuii. Apparently it is later
in attaining sexual development, and has the appearance of a deep-water Bpecies. Length 1}^
iuclios.
SiKiiit longer than eye; maxillary extending beh ind orbit; in young the diametet of the eye equals
tho length of the snout, and the length of the bead is one-fourth of the total, without caudal;
till' length of the head of a 12J4-inch specimen (fig. 18) equals the depth of the liody, and is con-
tniiii'd 4'<4 times in the length of the body and head. Dublin Pond; Lake Uiouadnook, Ketne,
New Uampsbire; Center Pond.
w
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508
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
elevated, deeper, aud leas coinpreHaod than iu S. fontinalia. Head larf^o,
suout bruad, llattened above. Muiith liir^e, the maxillary reacbiug piist
the eye. Fins uhort ; the caudal tin Hli^rhtly forked or almout triincati';
adipose (in nsually large ; in largo spocimeuH its length is twice that of t liu
eye. (jeneral color olivaceouH ; the sides with round red spots nearly {\w
size of the eye, the back commonly with smaller pale ones, a featnn- nf
coloration which distinguishes tliis species at once from the others; lower
tins colored as in S. J'ontinal'tH, dusky, with a pale stripe in front, followed
by a dark one; sea-rnn specimens silvery, with the spots faint or ohso-
lete; fins and back without dark reticulations. (Jill covers without con-
centric striie. Length 5 to 20 inches. Streams east and westof theCaHcado
Range from the Upper .Sacramento to Montana, Alaska, and Kamchatka,
generally abundant northward biscendiiig to the sea, where it reaches a
weight of about 12 pounds. One of the most beautiful end active of all
the Salmonidw. In small mountain brooks, dwarf forms occur (as var.
lordii, etc.), but it is not necessary to distinguish these by separate names.
{Mahna, a vernacular name in Kamoliatka.)
Oollra, KnAsciiENiNNiKow, Descr. Kamcb., 183, IVfiH, Kamchatka,
Mdlma, Pbnnant, Arctic Zciil., Introd., 12fi, 1792, Bering Sea; iiftor Stkm.kr, otc.
SrJmo vialnui, Walbatm, Artudi riHciiini, OR, 17'J2, Kamchatka; liiiRi'd on Mabna, of Pennant.
Balmo curiliid, Pallah, Koogr. RiwMo-AHiat., ill, '251, 1H11, Curile Islands.
8<ilmo aiUaris, Palla8, Zoogr. KoBBO-Asiat., in, 353, 1811, Bering Sea; UCntiieb, Oat., vi, 1 13,
18C6.
Snfmojienjt/uBCTiw, Palias, Zoogr. Eosso-ABiiit., in, 381, 1811, Gulfof Penshine ; Worofskaja
River.
Salmo livvigalui, Pallas, Zoogr. ItosRo.-AHlnt., in, 385, 1811, Curile Islands.
Salmo niimmifer, Cuvieb A Valf.ncienneh, Hist. Nat. PoisH., xxi, 366, 1848, Kamchatka; on ii
drawing by Mcrtena.
Sahno erythrorhynchofi, CuviEii A Valenciknnes, HlHt. Nat. Poina., xxi, 3(17, 1848, Kamchatka.
Salmo tpectabilii, Giraud, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philu., 185(i, 218, Fort Dalles, Oregon; iiuiiio
preoccupied.
Balmojiarlei, Suckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, 309, Kootenay River. (Coll. Gililin.)
Salmo bairdii, Si'ckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1801, 309, tributary of Flathead River,
Montana. (Type, No. 2010. .^oll. Keunorly.)
Salmo emnpbelli, Suckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. IHst. N. Y., 1861, 313, Fort Dalles, Oregon; siibsti-
tilte for epecfabUbi; prooccui)ied. (Coll. Kennerly.)
Salmo lordii, GI'nther, Cat., vi, 148, 1860, Skagit River ; dwarf specimeus.
Salmo ludei, Coi'E, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1873, 24, Captains Harbor, Unalaska. ((^oll.
Prof. Geo. DavidBon.)
Salmo bairdii, GOnther, Cat., vi, 121, 1866.
Salmo parkii aud campbelli, GVntiier, Cat., vi, 121, 149, 1866.
Salvelinut ^ectabilin, Jordan, Proc. IT. S. Nut. Mus., i, 1878, 79.
Salvelittua bairdii, Johdan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., i, 1878, 82.
SalvelinM malma, Jordan ct Gilbert, SynopsiB, 319, 1883; Everhann, Bull. U. H. Fish Comm., >:i,
1891, 60, pi. XXV, fig. 1.
I> i
I
785. 8ALYELINUS ALPINUS (LinnaeuB).
(BUBOPEAN Charr ; Salblinq ; Saiklino ; Ohbke Chevalieu : Greenland Charr.)
Head 4i; depth 5. D. 13; A. 12; scales 195 to 200. Vertebrje 59 to (".2.
CoBca 36 to 48. Body elongate, compressed ; head moderate; maxillary
extending little beyond orbit; hyoid teeth usually present, in a feeble
baud i teeth moderate. Grayish or greenish above, the lower parts red,
is
ii
>.*-'jjHfv;*. ,i.»-«iu-i,r -•."■_
'- -.. jTij.'.Vl?.
^- -'i^ *\;*tAr,:.v i - -4 i-ilr.-V . ,!'?bt-
Jordan and F.iermann. — Fishes of North America.
509
especially In the male; lower fins anteriorly margined with white.
SiilcH of bo^ly with round rud Hpotx ; itack not ninrblud. Cjiill rakers 6 -{- 11
to 1^, usually longer than in J'ontinaliH, and in the adult more or less
curled. Cold lakes and mountain streams of central and northern Europe
and northeastern America, abundant in suitable waters and running into
iiiiiuy varieties. Home of the nominal species in Siberia may belong to
tliiH type, but too little is known of them to permit their reference,
e'u\iOV to SalvelinuH a1j)i»u>i or to Sah'eUnnn malma. (Eu.) (<i//>iHM», alpine.)
S./ niphniii, I,iN".i-;iH, SjHt. Niit., Ed. x, i'M, ;ioii, Lapland, West Gothland, etc.
SuliKomlreliiwM, Linn.ki'h, Syxt. Nat., Kd. x, ITriH, :m',t, Lintz in Austria.
Saltii" mihiKiriuM, l.lNN>:i'H, 8jBt. Nat., Kd. x, I'M, aio, " Tridenti in fluviis frisidus
saxosis."
tinlnm iimlila, Iasnkvs, SyHi. Niit., Kd. x, IIM, :ilo, Lalces of Switzerland and Italy.
)^,ilni<i i-riiliimniiii, NiLSHoN, Prodi'oMiiis, 7, Is:i2, Western Norway.
Mill" ntUlim, NiiRHoN, I'rodronniH, In, 18Ui, Hadeland, Norway.
Sahiiii lucnnii, ("iiviEii ,t V'ai.knciennks, llift. Nut. roi-sH., xxi, 250, 1848, Norway.
Siiliii'i ilinlii-huii, IlrcKEi., KuiHobui'iclit, 0:t, 1H,')1, Austria.
Siiliiiii immenlUhuii, IIeckki., Keiuubcriilit, 'X\, IK.M, Austria.
ftiiliii" riritlif, Gaimaki), Voyugo ImIiwkI, Uni'iiliiiul, pi. 15, 18C1, Iceland.
SulniiiiljiiiinaHiralin, Fadkii, FiHi-Jiti Ihl.-indfi, lUO, Iceland.
Sidiiiii inlhighliii, Gl'NTiiEB, Proc. /oiil. ."^oc, iSfVi, 40, Lal<e Windermere.
Siiliii.i iirtti/i, GCntheh, Proc. /oiil. Soc, 18('i2, .'"il, Lough Melvin, Ireland.
SiihiiiioUi, GO.NTiiEB, Proc. Zoiil. Soc, 180:i, 12, Lough Esk.
fi,iliii"l>n-iKii, OCntiif.h, Ann. Mug. Nut. IliHt., xv, ISii.l, "."i, North Wales.
S'lhii'i l.iiliiieiiiiii>, OCnthku, Proc. Zoiil., 1805, 09'.t, Loch Killin, Inverness.
lyiliini riiihiiiiarii(.i, Stro.m, Egcrs Iloskrivcisc, 122, Western Norway.
Kepresented in American waters by several forms, scarcely differen-
tiated from each other or from the parent type. We provisionally recog-
ui/ti tlio following, but do not know any positive character by which to
seimrato any of them from SaJviUiiu8 al2>inun.
Kepreseuted in the inlets of Boothia by the long-fmned
/
■J
786a. SAIiVELINl'S ALPINUS ALIPES (Riubardson).
(liOSa-FINNEl) ClIAUR.)
J). 11; A. 10; scales 210; B. 11 ; ccnca 41. Body elongate; head of mod-
eraii- hIzc; snout elongate, pointed, with the lower jaw projecting beyond
tiu> ii]iper in adult examples. Teeth small. Maxillary elongate, narrow,
extt'iiiling beyond the eye. Preopercle very short, with a very short lower
liiul); opercle and preopercle very conspicuously and deeply striated, the
BtriM^ radiating from the base of each. Fins much developed, the dorsal
much higher than long; pectoral very long, reaching more than halfway
to vi'iitrals, which are also very long; adipose fin very small ; caudal well
forked. Lakes of Greenland and Boothia Felix. (Giinther.) (ala, wing;
j)('», foot).
SiiUmi iiliiirn, RICHARDSON, Nat. Hist. App. Ross's Voy., lvii, 1836, and Fauna Bor.-Amer., iii,
li'i, ls;i6, lakes in Regent's Inlet, Boothia Felix ; GCnther, Cat., vi, 149, 1806.
Siihiio iiiiiihui, RiciiAnnsoN, App. Ross's Voy., i.vii, 183.5, Lake at Regent's Inlet, Boothia
Felix; and Fauna Bor.-Amcr., iii, 171, 1830; GIInthf.r, C^at., vi, 150, 1806. In nitidn$, the
ilorf^iil and pectoral are ropresented as a little shorter than in alipes, but no other evident
ililliri'uce.
Sahff ill IIS nil Uhti, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 321, 1883.
S«/ii/iiii(-i slagjialUi, JoRUAN <t Gilbert, 321, 1883.
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Afuscum.
Aaaociatod with tS, <i/ij;rN uiul prutialtly not WiHtiiirt frotii it, ami like it
not enteriug the Ht>u iH
786b. HALVKLiNI M AI,PIM;m NTAONAUN (Fabrlciut).
(ORKRNLANIi (hiAKR.)
(itill rakors as in olpiintH, Nlendur mid Ntraif^iitiah, St-j*l^ '» number, tlie
lon^oHt 2^ in oyo. l^ody niod«rut«Oy uion^atit; pecturala nhortiHh, Iji in
head, not I'uacIiinK quito iialfway to vontral ; dornal about an h'^U un
lung, tho longPHt ray I'l in hoad (K.) in total longtii witli caudal, acciml-
in^j; tu FabticuH). Dark green, with ligliter irregular green Htreakn, nil.
very below; sideH everywhere witli |»ale pink npotH, tlie largeHt less than
eye; upper tins greeniBli; hnver pink. Sea-run HpcciinonB nearly plain
Hilvery. Watern of (ireenland, Kootiiia, and neighboring regionu, alum-
dan t ; the Bpecinien examined by uh (tleHoribed in full by Dresel) fiom
Uodhavn, DIhco Inland, (utaotiiuii, a pond or tarn.)
Umbiio fliiyiiiillt, Fauuiciun, Fauiiii (■ni'iiluiiilicu, 170, 17H(I, Alpine ponds of Qreenland; iji>t
iiii|{rut(iry.
Hiiliiiii rifiilin, FAiiuii'irH, 1. >-., 17)i, 17H(), Alpine brooks of Greenland; not uiitcrln^' tlirn a.
Halma hiiiriiri, Uk'IIAUHniin, Kruiikliii'* I'Mrnt Voyago, 70)!, lH'j:i, ami in Kauiia Biir.-Aini't., rii,
1C7, 1830, Bloody Fall, Coppernnine River, liit. (17°; tluacriptiuu iniiwrruct ; UCntiikk,
Cut., VI, 118,1800.
fi(i/mi> roMii,* RicilAlilisos, App. IloHii'H Voyugc, i.vi, 18:15; and lu Fiiiiim Dor.-Amt'r., in, lfi.1,
1830, Regent's Inlet, Boothia F<;lix.
hdlrtliimiirdiMi, .IciitiiAN it (iIMikht, SynupHiH, .Til, 1H8.'I.
Kulirliitiimliiyiiiilin, I)rknki,, Vn c. V. 8. Nut. Mud., lMf4, ao.l; good duscription.
Aitmo hootUi, IticuAiiiiHuN, Faiinu lior.-Ainur., iii, 173, 18^0^ GCmtukb, Cat., vi, Ifil, l8G(i.
Represented in the far north by
If .;
I ;
786c. SALTEIINUS ALPINUS ABCTUHUS (GUnthor).
Head 4^; depth 5; D. 11; A. 10; B. 11; caica 31-44. Dull greenish,
silvery or reddish below ; lower Huh yellowish ; no red spots (on Hpeci-
inens seen). Body rather elongate; head small, the^nout very obtiiHe;
month moderate, tho maxillary in the male reachinflkbout to posterior
margin of orbit; teeth smaljyii^ band of hyoid teetlf; preopercle with a
distinct lower limb; pectoral little shorter than head, reaching more than
halfway to ventral. Caudal moderately forked; scales minute. Lcii^'th
12 inches. Victorio Lake iand Floeberg Beach, Arctic America, lat. ^2° 34',
the northernmost Salmonotd- known, ((iiinther.) (Jrcturus, d/j«r«c, bear;
ohpn, tail, name of one of the northern stars.)
Salvio ofcturvs, GCnthir, Proc. Zodl. Soc. Loud., 1877, 294, pi. xxxii, Victoria Lake, Floeberg
Beach. (Coll. Capt. Fioldon.)
Salvelintts arclunts, Jordan & Gildekt, Synopsis, 31», 1883.
•Tho following ifl the siibHtaneo of Richardson'H nocount of S. ro/uti:
Heads. B. 12-13 ; D. 13 ; A. 11 ; P. 14 ; V. 10. Dorsal flu low ; pectoral short, odipos" fin
▼cry small. Rather slender ; 8nout very obtuse ; lower jaw remarkably long, with a knot) iil tip
(male). Thirty teeth on tongue. Conspicuous porrs on the face l)ones posteriorly. Scolis wry
Bniall, embedded. Olive-brown above, the dorsal and caudal similarly colored ; belly red ; scat*
tered red spots near tho lateral line. (Named fur Captain James Clark Ross, an Arctic esplurci'
by whose party the species was obtained.)
Jordan aiui Eiermann, — Fishes of North Amtrtca. fill
Ki'proHuntod iii lakeii ul' WuHturn Muinu uiul Nuw lIumpHliire by
7N6il. HALVKI.IM'H AI.PIM'H AriiKOM'H (llvaii).
(8i'NAi'r,K Trout.)
II. ad 11 ; <loptl> 41. D. !»; A. «: HcahiH M.VL'KMO. Maxillary roaohlnR
iniilillo of «\v*S -H i» lieiul; u.vo ii littltt loii^ri^r tliuti Hiiout, 4^ in huiid ; ({ill
niUt'iH iiMiially * alioiit <i + l^i M'>>ti' Hlioit, not ^ diameter of eye, and
aii;;iil:irly bent ; (in alitinim, loiifjt^r, Ntrai>;lit«'r, 7 4- 14, and ;; oyr); pec-
toiiil NJidi'tiHli, Iii in head, longer in nialeN; doPHal rather low. HrowniHh,
Hitlt'H Hilvor gray, with Hniall uniiigo NpotH on Hitleu above and below lat-
eral line; caudal grayiHli ; bolly orange; anal orange, edged before with
wliilo; ventralH orange, with a white band on outer rayn; no mottlingo
any where. Length 12 to IK incheH. Snnapoe Lake, Now HauipHliire,
Dan Hole Pond, (Carroll County, New IlanipHhire; tributary to Saco
Kivcr, and Flood's Pond, Ellsworth, Maine, tributary to Union River.
Kvidently ahnost or quite identical with the European Cliarr, and con-
Hidffied by (jiarman aa probably introduced into these pouds from Uormany.
Ill r< I'lTiiuij; tu thetruiit from Sunii|ieo T.iiko, Mr. Qnnckenbu^ writoH : Tlio cxtcriinl - hnracter-
iKthsiil' the Siitmpi'o flfli, liowuvcr, (liKtiiiKUlNli it conHplniouHly fruiii tlio three oth(!r*cliarrN uf
New KiikIi>i>'I- It!< Kruccl'iil l>uilil, Niimll uiiil ili'licatoly-Hliupi'il lioml, hiiiuII iiioiitli, cxrcHHivi'ly
lUmlnpi'il tliiH, iiiuro or Ichh nmrkiMlly «iiiarKiiiiitu caudal, HpotH without thn liliin aroola, uiid
iiiiiiii'itli'il Inick, lit oiK-c 8i>|ianito it t'roni tlio brook trout anil link it nH cloHoly uh itH H'.riictiirul
I iiliiiritiPH with AiiHtriaii, UritiHli, anil S\\\»n congeuiTS. The nii|itliil ruloratlon Jg gorguouH
lii'viiiiil I'xnniplit among our iiullgcnouH Suliiioiiulip. Tliroui;lioiit tlip xpring anil Hiimmer the
liiirk iH ilark st'a-|j;rei-n, lilunding on the HideH into a lliuiliinK Hilvor, which in turn di'epens Ixdow
iiitii a rii'li cri'am. But as tho OrtobiT i>airiiig tinio iipproaehoH, thn AhIi U mutamorphoncd inlu
II creature of indescrilabli^ hrilliancy. Tin- dcv]i purpliHli bluo of tho bark and Hhoulders now
ei'iMiirt tu iIImboIvo into ii droaniy ghvuti of ainethyHt, thruugh wliicli thu incouBpiououH |ialo Icniou
Kpi'tH of iiiiilHummer flanio out in points of yollow or vormllion flro, while below tho lateral line
all is ila/./liiig orange. The tins ratih tho hue of the Hil,ia<-OMt partN, and pc-otoral, ventral, anal,
ami lower lobo of caudal, arc riliboncd with a liroad white margin. As in the cane of tho Win-
(IfTiMciv I'harr, those white marginnof the fluH arc very conHpicuouH in Rpccimena won Bwiinniing
in the water. There are great dilTercnccH in inteUHity of general coloration, and the females arc
Dill nsiiall.Y aH gaudily tinted an thu niales. The intermediate typos and diflnront depths of hue
iilwTMililu in an autumn school recall the pulilli; promenade in a West Indian city, where all
nlinili'H of transition are found from pure white to tawny black. Those who have seen tho Ihish-
iiiK luinies on the spawning beds, in all their ^lory of color and majesty of action, pronounce it
HKiieetacle never to bo forgotten.
Tile Siinapee charr is undoubtedly a ropresentativo of the European form ; but reasons have
lieeii kI veil why It is believed to be a native of this continent. It dllTcrsnu more extensively from
llio Kcveral European varieties than thoy do among themselves. Von dem Borne, Professors
Boiieelie, Dalmar, and Wittmack, of Berlin, all speak of important difTerences in form, size, and
culor, ai'cording to age, sex, season, and habitat. All authorities allude to the solid sea-green or
(lark-liliio of the back, tho yellowiNh sides, and tho red or orange belly. Bonocke and Dalmar
refer iili'turosiiuely to the half-moon tail. As to spots, there is endless variety. Some forms have
* The value of gill rakors as a distinctive character is questioned by Garman, Bean, and Quack-
rnlioH. It is not unlikely that these structures vary with age, food, and condition, and are sub-
ject to ileturioration in large trout. Uarnian says that in foreign specimens examined by him
tlie dentition ditTers, corresponding more or less nearly with that of the Now Hampshire flsh
—that dilTerences of ago imply radical difl'oronces in teeth, fins, stomach, and especially gill
rakers -which latter Qarmau believes to be "most important in function early in life
ami to deteriorate with change to coarser food." Tlio deterioration consists in a distortion not
alike in any two individuals ; "the rakers curve and twist in every direction like a lot of writb-
iug wiirms suddenly become rigid." '- la old specimens, they lose their points and grow club-
tiiniwi. — Quaikenbot."
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none; lome, large gpoti; otliora, Hinall— yuUuw, orange, and rod— au<l singularly, In rirtaln
DpocimoDM, each spot is Burrouud-.. \ by a white ring or lialo. Tli« fine take tlioir color rnnu t)iu
back and sides, and iiavo the broad white band. The furc-ign sn'ibling is gregarious |iki' tlic
Suna^ 30 form ; lives Blmilarl.r on crustaceans, worms, and flsh-fnod, and seeks thu doopest and
coldest waters,
Tl.n greater the altitude the more intense the coloration and thu smaller the fish. In \,\\\^.
Zng the sa'iblinf i-un 8 or 9 to the pound; in Lake Geneva, they are said to attain a »<'ii;|jt
of over 20 p o.inds. The flosh Is white or red, whicli, however, makes no difforonco in tlic linvor.
The forei)rn aaibling is taken in nets, or with hook and lino; ''*: U eaten fresh or Kiiiokid,
In Forest and Stream, Jan. 22, 1891, Dr. Jordan gave his reasons for thinking with Bean, (,iimtk-
enbos, and others that the Sunapee trout Is a native variety of SaU'eUiiiit alpinus, as full»w8:
" For some time pist ichthyologists and ang;lers alike have boon deeply Interested in thu qiiFNtion
of the name and orlsiu of the splendid trout of Sunapee Lake. Is it a distinct and pcru1iar»i|io-
cies which has always been with us, or isit simply tlie Kuropuan churr or saibling which bus Ixcn
lately brought over from Europe ? Two of our highest ichthyological authoritins have e.\|)i(s(*o(l
themselves with some positiTonoss in regard to this matter. Dr, TarletonH, Bean, of the InitcJ
States Fish Commission, has doscrilied the flsh in ijueftiun as u distinct species, under the namu
of Salvelinva aureoltis, while Mr. >Sitmuol Carman, of the Museum of Comparative Zoiildtiv, Ims
declared it to be fully identical wIMi the European Snhiliiws alpimm, the charr, saibling, shilling
or ombre cfteraWer of the rivers and lakes of northern Europe. On the supposition cf the idcntiiy
3f the Sunapee trout with the European form, its oocurrcice in the lakes uf Maine Ims Ikm'd
attributed to a recent plant of saibling eggs brought from Germany by thfc United Statos Fisli
Commission, The possibility that this trout is a hybrid between the saibling and the Euiupcati
trout or brown trout (Salmofariv), has been also suggested.
The study of the species of charr it a very liifflcult one. The specffio differences ar: slight
and the individual variations surprisingly groat. The prosenco of a largo amount of niatirial is
necessary in order to reacii any conclusion. Those conclusions which now seem to me [irnliable
I wish to present in the most modest manner possible, for they are liable to be wholly overturned
when the waters between Maine and Greenland are more fully explored.
For the purposes of the present study. Dr. Bean lin.) very kindly lent me a ronsi.ii'riilile
amount of material, from the National Mrseum by consent of Dr. Goode, This consists uf tlie
following specimens:
Salvelmva alpimis—lO'iid, from Europe; 17456 (two specimens), Bergen; 39924, Sterling Lake
New Jersey (introduced),
fialvelimu aureolus— From Sunapee Lake, 3 :408, 374C9, 37410, 39334, 39335, 39900,
Salvelimu — A hybrid of Salvelinus alpinus, male with Salmo fario, female, 2 years old, received
from Norviray, 17451,
SalvelMu (iittWiw)— 34384, Disco, Greenland.
SalveUnui (arc<M»-t(«)— 30097, niouth of St. Lawrence River; 37670, lako near Quebec,
Besides these specimens I have received several specimens of Sah'e'.inui) aureolus from .Sunapee
Lake and Dan Hole Pond, through the kindness of Mr. A, N. Cheney and others. Frum !)r.
Bean I have also specimens of S. oquassa from Rangeley Lake, and of S, fontinalisaganshii, from
Monadnock Lake, There is, however, no present question of the distinctness of the Suiiapeo
trout from either /on/mah« or o(/ua»ta, though its relations to the latter are very close.
From the material in hand the following conclusions seem justifiable, and I am pk'a.Qcd to
find that these results agree in the main with the observations both of Dr. Bean and cjf Mr.
Garman,
1. In comparing the specimens of aureolus with those of alpinus I find a very close agrooinent
in all external respects, some of the specimens in 1 nd coinciding, as Mr. Garman has noticed,
in almost every detail with one of Dr. F. A, Smitt's colored iljures of alpinus from Sweden. I
find, however, the following distinctions constant in these specimens, these differences l>fiiig
guijdtantially th'^se already pointed out by Dr, Bean,
In aureolus the gill rakers, 6 + 11 or 6 + 12 in number, are quite short, less than % diauieter
of eye, ond angularly bent outward, the oldest specimens having them shortest in proportion and
most curved.
In alpiuus the gill rckers are 7+15 or 7 + 14 in number, longer and straighter than in aureo-
lus, f length of eye in specimens of the same length as those of aureolus measured. In form of
gill rakers and in all other respects the specimen from Sterling Lake introduced (from Guruiauy)
agrees fully with the Norwegian saiblings.
Jordan and Kvermann. — Fishes of North America. 513
111 (iiirco/M flio {iccturitls aro Bhortor (l>iiiii lioad) au-i fbo 'lorsal lower timn in a}\nnM. lu
tli^' latter tliu iK-ctoinl In \y^ to V-/^ in head,
( itlie- iipiiarent ilifferrnces wliicli may ilopenil wliolly or in part on tlio condition of tho mmci-
i:ii'iiH are theBo: Tliu hyoid (liypt brannliial) tcutli in unieohu aro Hniallcr and in a brooder Horius
tliaii ill (iliiintis, tlie stomk'^h a little tliiekor and tlio pyloric cu'ca smaller. I doubt the constancy
hI these cbaractere. The Hpecimeus of aureuhii arc also a little more robust in form, a character
of tritlin^ v.tlue ainon^; trout.
|ir. l»uy has recently maintained, and he has shown Rood cause for his opinion, 'hat the six or
ckiitnoniiiialspecieHof charriwcribed to tho waters of Groat ISritainareall forniMof one— iSVi/ivJi/iiu
nliHiiii". Ilecent continental writers Hoeia to share this view, long ago advanced by Anassiz, who
|ihii 1(1 all the cliarrs of Kuropc, including Iceland, in a single species, aljiimm. Dr. Day bus
bIimw II that tho speries is oubjert to great variatioi in thu develoimient of the pccti>ralH. None of
till' lOiii'iipean writei-s has paid much attention to tho gill rakers. Dr. Qiiiither Iiuk cuuiited in
Eni,'li>h specimens 9 and 11 gill rakers on the lu-.rer limb. If theMO countH are corrrjct, the
iniriiber would vary from + 'J to 9 i 15. But this count may be i|uestioned, as it is not unlikely
tliat sdiiio of the smaller ones have been omitted In Dr. OUnthur's enumeration. When all these
liu'ts are taken into consideration, tho only character left to distinguish tlie 8uiia|)oe charr from
till' suililiiig is the curved form and perhaps lesser number of its gill rakers.
Tills problem is complicated by the existonce of other Hi>ibling-liko charrs in lakes of Canada
iiiid lii'i'iiland. It is evident, too, that some of these are evtn more like tho saibling than tho
SiiiiiipBO trout is, a fac* which Dr. Uoan has already pointed out in a letter to mo.
'I'lie specimen above mentioned froii. "^Isco, Greenland, is a flno trout, 15 inches long, wholly
hilvc ly In color, a fact which shows that it was taken in tho sea. This specimen has the gill
riiUi'is slender and straightish, 9 F 16 in number, tho longest 2,'/J iu eye. In this respect it agrees
piTl'i'itly with the saibling, but in the form of the body and tho shortish fins (tiio pectoral 1%
in lieaill it more resembles the Sunapee trout. This Greenland fish represents tho species called
Sal'^eliniis nilUhis (Richardson). This liaB been thought to be simply the female of a long-finned
Gri'i'iiland trout, called Sahelinun eta(inalm (Fabricius). Perhaps nilhlut is the female and slugmiliH
tho iiiiile, or perhaps slugnalin ft based on river and iit7i(ii(« on sea-run specimens. Apparently
tlie two are not distinct species and I do not see how either can bn separated from alpiims.
Apparently, also, nilidun only differ., from aureolm in having the gill rakei-s of aljiimm. An unpub-
lisheil engraving of another Greenland trout (nilidus) agrtes perfectly in form and color with
oi(re«/»s, but the gill rakers aro not shown.
Ill view of all these facts, I have no hesitation in regarding these Greenland charrs as forms
of the saibling. That the saibling should extend its range across to Greenland need not surprise
UB. It is found in all tho mountain lakes of Europe from Austria to Spitsbergen. Itentorsthe
nortliiTu seas and swarms in tho ponds of Iceland. In late autumn, iu the North Pacific, bhick-
eputted trout {Salnio mykiiui) and tho Dolly Varden charr (.S"(i/re/m'i« »n«Jm(() freely enter Itio ocean,
anil tliey iu) abit alike both sides of Bering Sea. The saibling could as easily reach Greenland
from Ireland as to cross to Iceland from tho Scottish coasts.
Two other specimens before us a/e also of interest in this connection. One of these, a young
trout, l(>':i inches in length, with parr marks and without red spots, is from a lake near Quebec.
The iillier, 9>'4 inches long, was taken in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This specimen is very dark
ill color, almost like a blueback. It has no rod spots and its scales have the silvery luster which
isHciiiilred on entering tho sea [These belong to the form since duacribod as Salmo maritoni,
Giiriiian; previously recorded by Dr. Bean as Sah-elinus rossi.]
Tl.fso two specimens seem to agree with each other ic. essentials. They have straightish
g'll rakers like the saibling, but their number of these appendages (7 + 12 and 7 -f 14) is inter-
nii'iliiite between the saibling and the Sunapee trout. The pectoral fins are also intermediate in
li'iigtii, 1§ in head in one specimen, Ig in the othe' Tho opercular bones seem u.ore' straight
tlian ill any other specimens examined, but this appearance may be due to the fact of the partial
(Irj'lnu: of the skin over tho bones before the fish was put into alcohol. TJieso spf-cimens are
flpimi'i'iitly intermediate between the saibling and the Sunapee trout, and again intermediate
bctwi-cu the Greenland nitidus and the Sunap<;o fish. The specimen from Quebec agrees iu all
respects, waiving nonessentials, with Dr. GUnther's figure of Salcelinus arctnrtu, the " northern-
most Salinonoid known," from tho northern limit of British America. Dr. Bean has suggested
to me that this specimen may be tho unrecognized S(dveliHui rouiot Bicbardson. This viev> may
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Iiu corroct, but IlicliiinltioirH (lu8<'riptioii is hu vagmt tliiit wo can only bo Bure that hia fluli »:ui
Bonit! Olio of the (ilpinns Net, with red Hpots and a red hc-lly, iiurhupH a niliiliis or MagnalU.
The Sunapeu charr is certainly not a hylirid between the eaiblini; ami any other specicB,
European or American. Tlie hybrid alpinns Xfurio, oxiiinineil liy me, has thn scales adherent us in
(i/jh'km^, but almost as large (135 scries) as in ShIiiki fnrio. Its gill rakers, C ) 11 or 12, are slif-
fish and nearly straight; there aro a f(^w teeth on tho shaft of the vomer (/(iriohas many, the
species of Sdlrelitmn none at all) and the color is very eccontrie. Tlu^body is dark and isclmideil
all over with sharply defined yellowish rpticnlations, which extend on the head •••id tiiiH. Its
coloration somewhat resembles that of a piko. It has neither the red spots of aljtium nor the
black spots of fario.
In this connection wo may briefly notice the other nominal spccios of charr doscrilteil from
British America and Greenland. Salrelinuii Krctunm seems to be a form or variety of S. tWyii»'i» as
already noticed. The same is true of Sah-cliniiH niliiliiH and of Salrclinns alagiKilix. Siilivlinus nlijiet
is the same as stagnalh, and rossi jjrobahly identical with nitidiii, as is also SdlnliuiiH hennili.
SalfeliHun lioodi was based on a mixed lot of SalnlinUK fimtinal'nt and <S'. nniiiniicish. Snlri'liiiui hint-
soiiiiim, cdnadenms, and im)iiiwuliilu$ aro fimliiialui, the lattor name given to sea-run speciiiiins.
But for all we know the aljihins may run out to sea "as w(dl and become irumnciilaliiii, too. Sutri-
liiiitH viiresi, from the Arctic regions, seems to be tho same as (H/inr/wa. If these views be cdrnct,
we have in America five species of charr, each highly variable and running into many Imiil
varieties.
As for the Sunapce charr itself, wo may say that it seems to be distinguisliod from all tin-
other forms of charr by its gill rakers. It is probably not a distinct s])ecies, anu it is prolial^Iy
native to the waters in which it is now found, and not an importation from Europe. Slimilil it
appear, however, that tho saibling in that part of GormnKy from which specimens have Ixpii
brought to America have gill rakers like those of tho f^inapec ti-ont, this opinion would he
reconsidered. Other lakes of Maine, Quebec, Labrador, and Bootb.ia must bo explored before
these questions can bo definitely settled.
It is interesting to notice that just as the right of tho saibling to bo regarded as a iiutivi^
American has been questioned in this country, so lias its citizenship in England been also deniid.
Dr. Day tolls us that in olden times the peojjlo wcro 'taught'that tlirco sons of the cliiinh
introduced these fishbs into Wales from Home, and placed two in each of tho lak(!s of Llan-
borries, Llynumber, and 'f revennyn.' Perhaps we aro justified in supposing that by tlie siune
persons and at the same time two wore |ilaced in Sunapoo Lake, two in Dan Hole Pond, and two
in the sea »t Disco."
Saheliiins aureohis. Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., 1887, 628, Sunapee Lake, New Hampshire,
(Type, Nob. .S7108 and ;'.9;!34. Coll. Col. E. B. Hodge and Dr. ,T. D. Quackenbos.)
Eahelinns alpiiim aureohis, Joiidan, Forest and Stream, Jan. 22, 1891;Quackenuos, Trans. N. Y.
Ac. Sci., XII, 1893, 139.
Salmo aljnmts, Garman, American Angler, Feb. 5, 1891.
i8«. SALVELINUS OQUASSA (Girard).
(Oquassa TnouT; Blueiiack Tuout; Qi'Abky.)
Head 5; depth 5; eye large, 3^ in head. D. 10; A. 9; scales 230; ^nll
rakers about 6 + 11' Body elongate, considerably compressed, lesH ele-
vated tbun in the other species of this genus, tho dorsal outline regularly
but not strongly curved. Head quite small, smaller than in any other of
our trout, its upper surface flattish; mouth quite small, the maxillary sliort
and moderately broad, scarcely extending to the posterior margin of eye.
Jaws about equal. Scales small, those along the lateral line somewhat
enlarged. Pectoral and ventral fins not elongate; caudal fin well foiked,
more so than in the other species ; preopercle as in S. fontinuUs, but the
lower limb more developed ; opercles without concentric striii^ Colora-
tion dark blue, the red spots small and round, much smaller than the pupil.
usually confined to the sides of the body ; sides with traces of dark burs ;
lower fiua variegated, as in S. fontinalid. Length 12 inches. Smallest aud
Jordan and Ei'ertnann. — Fishes of North America.
r>i5
liiiiulHomest of the charrs, as yet known only from the Rangeley LakeH in
wt'steru Maine. Although quite ditl'erent in appearance, it shown no
iiii|ioi'tant structural differences from S. alpinun, and may prove to he a
viirit'ty of that species. (Oquumia or Oquansuc, name of one of the Kauge-
ley Lakes.)
Suhiiit oi/niiBm, Giraki), Pruc. Ac. Nat. Sci. IMiila., lK'i4, 2)i'2, Oquassa Lake, Maine; (iOntiikr,
Cut., VI, 154, 18f.(i.
Si/ri7iHim («/Haiwi«, .Jordan, I'roc. U. 8. Nat. Mub., i, 1H78, HI; .Ioiidan \- (iii.iiKRT, SyiiopHio, 318,
18K1.
Represented in Arctic America by the scarcely ditfereut
J
78«a. SALVKIilXL'S (XJUASSA XAKKSI (Gilnthor).
Ilead4i; depth 5-G. D. 11; A. 9; U. 11; co'ca 42 ; vertehra' 65. Green-
isli above, sides silvery or deep red, with very small red spots, much
smaller than pupil ; lower fms deep red, with the anterior margins yel-
lowish white; dorsal red posteriorly. liody Irng and slender; head
rather small, the snout blunt ; the forehead flat; month not large, max-
illary reaching posterior margin of orbit in male only; teeth very small;
teeth on the middle line of the hyoid bone; angle of preopercle much
rounded; gill covers with scarcely a trace of the concentric strije for
which S. nitidua is distinguished ; pectoral not longer than the head with-
out snout; reaching halfway to ventrals; ventrals not to vent; caudal
(leei)ly forked : scales minute. Length 10 inches. (Giinther.) Lakes of
Arctic America, Discovery Bay, and Cumberland Gulf. (Named for
Cajnain George Nares, in charge of the exploring expedition by which it
was taken.)
Sulmt) nnresi, QCntheh, Proc. Zoiil. Soe. Luiidon, 1877, 47fi, plate, fresh-water lakes near
Discovery Bay.
SuhiUniis tiarisi, Bean, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, 1879, 135; .Iordan &. Gii-rekt, Syuopfjis, ;118,
188:'; Pkesei,, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua., 1884, 255; comiiares nnieni with clugudlit. In S. iiaresi,
th« «ye is very much larRer, tlio snout is mucIi sliorter, the maxilla iloes not oxtoiid hoyonil
till' posterior margin of the eye, anil the {;•" rakers are longer and more numerous. In
aliiijiiiilis, Drerel says that the gill rakers are 9 I 14 or 15, the longest ]/^ eye.
Closely allied to Salvelinua oquassa, and perhaps a variety either of it
or of S. alpinus is
/
786bySALVELlNUS 0(JUASSA MARSTONI,* Garman.
(The Lac de Marhbe Troi't.)
B. 11, 12; D. 13; A. 13; V. 9; P. 14; vertebras 60. Gill rakers straight,
short, sharp, rough, 8-}^ 14 on the first arch. The specimen described is
*Dr. Itcau furnishes lis the following notes on a specimen, doubtless identical with S. marstoni
and funnerly referred hy us to Sati-eHnun olpinus, nailed by him
Salvei.inus ROSSI (No. 37670).
Tdwnship of Ducalonues, Quehec, 70 miles east and 40 miles north of Montreal. Received from
Mr. liliickford, February 10, 1886; cauglit by C. Ii. Simpson. Length lOV-^ inches; sex not to be
a8certi\iiii'd. Above rteel liluc. Seven or eight broad parr marks along the sides, very indistinct,
and separated by very much narrower yellowish intersp.ices. Lower half of body pink, over-
Inyiii? a yellowish ground. Pectoral dusky at base and along most of its upper half, the rest
nuiiiin;^ into orange. Ventrals red, the outer margin milk-white: Anal red, the outer ante-
rior margin milk-white. Lower caudal lobe reddish along its lower margin. Eye dusky, miu-
gieii with bronze. Gill rakers about 8 ' 12, rather short and feeble, longest alraut y^ lengtli
of iris. Teeth in Jaws and on tongue very strong. Closely related to aljuniis, from which it
seeniH to differ in the shape of the suboperele; tl.is bone is twice as long as deep and is con-
spicnoimly striated. The byoids are well develoi)ed, in a long and unusually broad baud for the
gemie tsaheiimi.
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Bulletin ^7, United States N'ational Museum.
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about 12 'inches in length. Body Hubfuslforni, coTiipresBed, pointiMl ;it
snout, slender at the tail. Height of body near \ of the total length ; hiatl
i , crown convex. Snout 1 i, and interorbital space \\ times the eye. Eyo
little loss than \ of the head, \ of the space between the orbits ou tlio
forehead. Mouth largo; maxillary straight, extending backward alinoMf,
as far as the hinder edge of the eye, bearing strong toeth on its lower
edge for nearly its entire length. Teeth on intermaxillary and niuiidi-
bles stronger. The tongue bears a series of four strong hooked tootli at
each side, and behind the glossohyal on the basibranchials there is a
band of several series of smaller ones. Opercle thin, with a few Ntri^'.
Scales very small ; apparently there are about 230 in the series iiiime-
diatoly above the lateral lino, and more than 250 in a row 5 or (> scaleH
above this. Distance from first ray of dorsal to end of snout little moro
than that from the same ray to the tip of the adipose fin. The niidtUu
of the total length falls halfway between the ends of the hinder rayn of
the dorsal and its base. Dorsal and anal fins are slightly 'omargiiiatu at
the ends of their median rays. Pectorals and ventrals small ; ba.su uf
latter slightly behind the middle of that of the dorsal. Caudal iiedicio
slender, notch very deep, hinder border sinuous, as in Sahno alpiniix,
lobes pointed. The caudal notch is deeper in this species than in any
other of the American forms except C. namayciiah.
Back dark brown, with an iridescent bluish tint, unspotted; dornaU
dark, clouded, without spots or bands; pectorals, anal, and ventrals
orange in the middle, yellowish or whitish toward bases and at their mar-'
gins. The dark color of the back shades into whitish, tinged with pink
below the lateral line; ventral surface white, no doubt reddish in bicud-
ing season; head black on top, silvery on the cheeks, white beiuatli.
Flesh pink. Caudal fin yellowish toward the base, brown toward tlio
binder border, which has a narrow edging of light color ; faint areas of
lighter tint suggest a few spots of red in life along the lateral line; the
condition of the specimens is such that this may be left in question, as
also the number of cuica or presence of parr bands, of which there are
faint indications.
This fish is evidently allied to the blueback of the Rangeley LaiceB,
S. oquasaa, but reaches a greater size than that species, and is readily
distinguished by the maxillary and its dentition, the caudal fin, and tlie
coloration. Similarly when compared with S, arctiirua, S. atagnaVm, and
S. ro88i, it is seen to be quite distinct. With the saibling, S. alpiiinit,
introduced in Sunapee Lake and elsewhere, it has still less in conmion.
Our specimens were taken in Lac de Marbre, Ottawa County,
Province of Quebec, Canada, whence they were sent by favor of the
Hon. J. G. A. Creighton. They reached us at the instance of Mr. A. N.
Cheney. (Qarman.) (Named for R. B. Marston, editor of Fishintj G(i::dle,
London.)
Balmo marstoni, Gabhan, Science, July 14, 1893, 23, Lac de Marbre, Ottawa County,
Quebec.
Jordan and FA>ermatin. — Fishes of North America. 517
Family LXV. TIIYMALLID^.
(TiiK Gkaylings.)
The family coutaiiiH Salmoiioid fishes, with ripe ova first discharged
\\ itiiiii abdominal cavity, branchiostegals 8-10 (11), pyloric circa in mod-
t rate unniber, a rather long dorsal fin, whose anterior half is composed
of simi)lo unbranchod rays, and posterior half of bifurcate or little
liianrhed rays, epipleural spinoa to anterior ribs, and the parietal bones
iiii'cting at middle and excluding frontals from snpraoccipital. (Gill.)
'\\w graylings agree closely with the Salmonidtn in external characters
iind in habits. They, however, differ notably in the structure of the
Hkiill, as above indicated. The conventional statement that they are
iiit(;rniediate between the trout and the whitefishes is not borne out by
till) skeleton. One genus with about five species; beautiful fishes of the
ri\ ei'H of cold or Arctic regions, active and gamy and valued as food.
{ThymaUida', Gill, Troc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, 121.)
238. THYMALLUS, Cuvier.
(Gkaylings.)
Thirii'illiin, OiiviKK, Ri'gne Anim., Ed, 2, ii, 30G, 1829, {Ihymnlhiii); not Thymahiii* IiATKeillr,
Isil'J, 11 gi'ims of Coleoiileni.
iii'irnjiiii, MiNDiNii, liohrbucb, Tiaturgesch. Fische, 119, 1832, ({thymaUuH),
Hudy oblong, compressed, little elevated. Head rather short ; mouth
moderate, terminal, the short maxillary extending past the middle of the
liurro eye, but not to its posterior margin. Teeth slender and sparse on
"the nmxillaries, premaxillaries, and lower jaw; vomer short, with a
Hiiiall patch of teeth ; teeth on the palatines ; tongue toothless, or nearly
80. (Jill openings Avide. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. Gill rakers short and
ratlier stiff. Suborbital and preorbital bones narrow. Scales small and
loose, 75 to 100 in the course of the lateral line. Dorsal fin very long and
high, mostly in advance of the ventrals, of about 20 rays, of which the
anterior half are slender and simple, most of the others simply bifid ;
adipoHo fin small; car dal fin forked ; anal fin small, of 10-15 rays. Pseu-
ilolii iinchiii'. well developed. Air bladder very large. Pyloric appendages
about 15. Coloration brilliant, the dorsal with red or blue spots. Beau-
tiful fishes of the fresh waters of northern regions. (ThymalluH, an
ancient name of the Grayling, the fish having the odor of thyme, &'v/xog.)
II. Portal fin very bigli, with 22 to 24 rays. bionifkr, 787.
nil. Dorsal flu moderatfl, of 19 to 21 rays. ontariensis, 788.
787. THYMALLUS SIGNIFER (RicLardflon).
(Arctic Orayiin(! ; Poisson Bleu.)
Head 5i ; depth 4S ; eye 3. D. 24 ; A. 11 ; scales 8-88 to 90-11 ; copca 18.
Hody elongate, compressed, highest under the anterior portion of the
dorsal. Head rather short, subconic, compressed, its upper outline con-
tinuous with anterior curve of the back. Mouth moderate, the maxillary
extending to below the middle of the eye ; maxillary 6 in head ; jaws about
*1'liu.sc who think that the two namva (Thymalu» and Thymailua) conflict, may take the name
Choregnn in place of Tkymallui.-GUl.
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Bulletin 4y, United States National Museum.
equal. Tongue, in the young, with teeth which are uHually absent in tlio
adult. Eye quite large, rather longer than snout, about equal to the inttr-
orbital Hpiice. Scales moderate, easily detached; lateral line noarly
straight ; a small bare space behind isthmus. Dorsal tin long and hi;;ii,
its length rather greater than the depth of body, its height varying, aliout
3i in length of body, greatt^st in the males ; adipose fin rather sniull ;
anal fin small, (iill rakers slender, s':ort, about 12 below the angle, liuck
dark, sides purplish-gray; belly blackish-gray, with irregular wliitinli
blotches; five or six deep-blue spots anteriorly ; head brown; a blue luiuk
on each side of lower jaw ; dorsal dark gray, blotched with paler, witli
crossrows of deep-blue spots, edged with lake red ; ventrals striated witii
reddish and whitish. Length 18 inches. Mackenzie Hiver to Alaska and
the Arctic Ocean; Kowak River (C. II. Townsend); abounding in clear cold
streams. Our specimens from Fort Simpson. (iS»V/H(/<?r, standard bearer.)
0)rego)iuit Hiijiii/er, Riciiardhiin, Frankliii'a Jourii., 1823, 711, Winter Lake, near Fort Enter-
prise.
Coregnnm ihjimnlloiden, Riciiardron, Fauna Hor-Ainor., 714, 18.30, Winter River.
Salnio {Thijmalhui) sUjiiiffi; Kiciiardhon, Fauna Hor.-Aiiinr., hi, I'JO. 18;J6.
ThyiiKilliis »i(jni/er, GCntiikr, Cut., vi, 2()2, 1806; Milnek, Uupt. U. S. Fish Comni., ii, 1K72-73
(1874), 7!IK ; spccimiins from Fort Sinipeuu, Yukon River, uiid St. MicliaelH; Jordan & li:i,-
BERT, SynoiisiH, 303, 1883.
7S8: THYMAIilillS 0NTARIKN8IS, Cuvior * Valenciennes.
(MiRIIKIAN GkAYI,IN(S.)
Head rather larger, about 5 in length ; scales about the same, 93 to 98;
dorsal fin lower and smaller than in T, a'ujnifvr, with 21 or 22 rays.
Coloration brilliant, purplish-gray ; young silvery ; sides of head with
bright bluish and bronze reflections; sides of body with small, black
irregular spots, most numerous posteriorly in young specimens; ven-
tral fins ornate, dusky, with diagonal rose-colored lines; dorsal with
a black line along its base, then a rose-colored one, then a blackish one,
then rose-colored, blackish, and rose-colored, the last stripe continued as
a row of spots ; above these is a row of dusky -green spots, then a row of
minute rose-colored spots, then a broad dusky area, the middle part of the
fin tippad with rose ; anal and adipose fins dusky ; central rays of caudal
pink, outer rays dusky. Streams of northern Michigan, formerly abun-
dant in All Sable River, Jordan Uiver, and other streams in the Southern
Peninsula. Also in Otter Creek, near Keweenaw, in the Northern Penin-
sula, whence specimens have been sent us by David D. Bauta. These
Michigan localities evidently represent a detached colony, left from the
former or post-Glacial extension of the range of T. aignifcr, of which this
was once a variety. It is a beautiful and gamy fish, but is being rapidly
exterminated through the influence of anglers and sawmills.
Thymallus oittariensu,* CtiviER & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxi, 452, 1848;giiiii to have
been brouglit by Mimiert, from Lake Ontario.
*Tlio following is a translation of Valoncionnos' account of Thi/malliis ontarieiim: Wo liave
received from Lake Ontario a Tliynuillm very near to tliat of tlio lake' of Geneva. It lias, liowovcr,
more naked Bpace under the throat, althouf^h less than in Thymallus ffymiwthonue. Tlif head is ivi-
dently more pointed, the body more t'lon);ato, Uu? dorsal a little longer. The denticulatioiis of
tho Hcalcs are more pronounced. The colors seem scarcoly to differ from those of Thymallm, lor
our epecimcna are greenish, with a dozen gray lines along the flanks. The dorsal bos 4 or 5
longitudinal streaks of red. Our specimens are a foot long; they have been sent by M. Mil-
bert.— (FoIencimnM, I.e.)
Jonian and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
519
thiimnXUt Irirnhir, CoPB, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8el. Phllii., iHCi, 80, Au Sable River, Michigan ;
GCnthkh, Cut., VI, 201, 1860; Mii.ner, Bi'pt. U. 8. FImIi Coniin., u, 1872-73 (1H74), 7:itt, aud of
Into writom on aiii;lii>K Ki'^'Tnlly.
ThijmdlUui Hiijmfer Iriiiihir, .Iurhan A Oiliik.iit, SyiiojiHls, 303, 1883.
'riiijmiilhi* ntgni/er oitUirieimin, Johdan, Dull. U, S. l<iHli Cdiiiiii., x, 180O, 40.
Uepreseiited in the head watefH uf the MisHonri by another iaohited colony,
7HN«yTHY.llALLlIS ONTAKIEXSIS JMOXTAM'S (Milner).
(Montana Uraylino.)
Depth 5^ * in len^^th, hh in other fornis; HcalesiH), and (in apecimonB exam-
ined) a little dirt'erent in color. Dorsal dusky green, its posterior part
with three rows of bright-orange spots, faintly ocelluted, irregular in
position, some of the spots oblong and placed obliquely ' above this one
regular row of similar spots, extending obliipiely across the fin from end
of second third of anterior ray to tip of last ray ; tin edged with bright
orange-brown. Entirely similar to the Michigan Grayling, but the dorsal
a little smaller. Madison and Gallatin rivers, verj' abundant in springs
and small streams on the west side of the Yellowstone Park, ascending
streams as far as Firehole Falls aud Gibbon Falls.
Tliiimallm moutanm, Mll.NifR, Kept. U. S. Fisli Coliini., II, 1872-73 (1874), 741, tributary of
Missouri River at Camp Baker. (Typo, No. 13090. Coll. .1. Stott (Udmlxoii.)
TliijiiKillin aiyuifer iiiuntinus, Jordan & Gilbert, SyiiopHis, 303, 1883.
Family LXVI. AKGENTINIDiE.
(TiiK Smelts.)
Body elongate, covered with moderate or small scales, which are usually
cycloid. Head naked. Mouth terminal, small or large, formed as in the
Salmonulw, the maxillary forming the margin of the upper jaw. Teeth
various, sharp-pointed. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gill mem-
branes separate, free from the isthmus, with 6 to 10 branchiostegals.
No barbels. Stomach a blind sac, with the pyloric ciBca few or none.
Dorsal tin short, nearly median ; adipose tin always present ; caudal
forked; anal moderate ; pectorals placed low ; ventrals moderate, nearly
inodiau ; no spines in the fins. Lateral line present. No phosphorescent
spots. Abdomen rounded. Air bladder large, single. Ova large, falling
into the cavity of the abdomen before extrusion Small fishes, marine or
anadromous, some of thein inhabiting deep waters ; all but one genus
contiued to the waters of the Northern Hemisphere. There are about ten
genera and perhaps a dozen species ; reduced Salmonida' , smaller and in
every way feebler than the trout, but similar to them in all respects
except the form of the stomach. Most of them are very delicate *.bod-
fiHhes, and the species of Thaleichthya is, in this respect, preeminent
among our fishes. {Salmonidw, part, Giinther, Cat., vi, 166-172, 203-205,
1H()6.)
<i. Branchiostegals 6 to 10; body not cylindrical, the sides more or less compressed; gill mem-
branes separate.
* Not 4)^ as stated by Milner.
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I:
h. Vfntrnl fliiR liinvrtcil in frcmt of Ww niiildlu of iloniil; mniilh Inri;(>.
C-. 8calu8 vi-ry hiiiuII, arriiiiKod In tlio male lu villuuR bandH; tuctli fonlilo; pcrtornl fliiM
liroaci, (if IT) to 20 riiyB; |iyli>rli- cii'<'a fi. Mai.i.iptis, i;:i!i.
ee. Si'alcH iiirKi', nimilni' in both HHXng; iirrtoral Hn inor.ornt<i, Its rnyi) 10 to 12.
</. Tfvtii feeble, tlioHu on tuMKUM very weak; moiiIuh Hiiinll, adherent.
TllAI.FICIITItYH, 24(1.
i(i{. Tuoth RtronKi tliuHo on tongnii entarK^d, canine-like; HcaleH nuMlnrate, loonely
attaelu'd. Okimkium, 211.
bh. Ventral flna ioflurted under or behind niiddio of d'.igitl; nioiitli ratlier HUiall; snileN
liirKo,
t. .Iaw8 with miniitu teetli; Kimlliir toetli on tonKne and palalo; inuxilliiry rearliin^r
paHt front of eye. IIyi'omkhiim, 2IJ
<■>'. JawH tuothlcRH or very nearly so; vomer and jialatineN with xniall teeth; inoutli
Hniull, the maxillary not reaeliinK ])aHt front of eye,
/. Ton(?no with a curvo<l row of gniall teeth on each niile; Brales gmootli or more
or li'KS spinuRi-ent. Aiuientina. 2 I:i.
j[. Tongue tooth lo88; icaloa thin, caducouH, probably not BidniferoiiK; pybirii-ccrca
about 9. Lriihoolohsi's, 211.
239. MALLOTUS, Cuvier,
(Capeuns.)
MaWo<iM, Cttvinn, Rt^gno Anim., Ed. 2, it, 305, 1820, (rmomn).
Body elongate, compressed, covered with minute scales, a band of which,
above the lateral lino and along each side of the belly, are enlarged, and
in mature mules they become elongate-lanceolate, densely imbricated,
with free, projecting points, forming villous bands. In very old males
the scales of the back and belly are similarly moditied, and the top of
the head and the rays of the paired fins are finely granulated. Mouth
rather large, the maxillary thin, extending to below the middle of tlio
large eye. Teeth minute, forming single series on the jaws, vomer, palii-
tines, and pterygoids ; lingual teeth somewhat enlarged, in an elliptical
patch. Lower jaw projecting. Branchiostegals 8 to 10. Dorsalinserted
over ventrals; lower fins very large; pectoral fins large, horizontal,
with very broad base, their rays in increased number (16 to 20). Pseudo-
branchiie quite small. Uill rakers long, slender. Pyloric cocca 6, small.
Ova very small. Marine species of the North Atlantic and Pacific, some-
times ascending streams. {(iqXKutm:, villous.)
m ■■ ■
780. MALLOTUS TILL08US (Mliller).
(CAPKLIN ; IiODDE.)
Head 4i ; depth about 6; eye large, 3^. D, 12; A. 18; scales about
150. Head long, pointed. Base of anal in males compressed and prom-
inent, its anterior rays simple and stiff; pectorals reaching more than
halfway to ventrals, the latter to anal. Mature males with a band of
elongate scales along lateral line and along each side of belly ; in very old
examples the scales of back and middle of belly project beyond the skin ;
skin of head and rays of paired fins finely gnmulated. Dusky olivaceous
above, grayish silvery on sides and below ; opercles silvery, dotted. Arc-
tic America, south to Cape Cod and Alaska ; abundant northward, on both
coasts, and in Kamchatka. A delicious little fish much valued in the far
north. The egga of the Capeliu deposited in sand along Arctic shores
Jordan and Kvermann. — Fishes of North Atnerica.
521
iti iiicrodiblo iinnibers. They are wanlied up on the beaches, and in about
:;() (liiys thi'y art) hatcliod. " The beach then beconieH a <iuiverinK nniHs of
)>ir^H an*l Hand," from which the litth) flHheB are borne into the sea by the
waves. (vUloMUH, hairy.)
riniwarill'iiiii, Mi'i.i.KR, I'rodr. Zoiil. Dan., 24.'i, 1777, Greenland.
S:iliiiii iiiiiirii», Kaiiiiicii.'m, Kiiiiiiii (iriiiilikiidlrii, 177, 17H0, Qreenland,
Suliinmn iiliiii'iiriiH, ni.iH'ii, Ic'htli., VIII, |il. Of*, 17III, Greenland.
S'llmii mriiilif, I'ALi.AM, /oo^'r. ItoHM.-AHiiit., Ill, M9, 1KII, Islands between Asia and
America.
(t,„ifriiii niicrntlmi, CliviKn & Vai.KnciknNKs, Hint. Not. PuiiH., xxi, MtCi, IKIH, no locality.
M.illi.lllH rilliMIt, (iCNTIIKII, Cut., VI, 1711, iHCiti; .loHIIAN it (ill.BKIlT, t<VIIO|iHlH, 2111, IHHH; TitRNKR,
Coiilr. Nut. Ill^'l. Aliuiku, M2, \,\. 10, 188(1.
240. THALEICHTHYS, Girard.
(EULACnON.)
7'A.i/.i(7iM//ii, OiRAKP, Pac. U. 11. Siirv., x, KIsIich, ,125, 1858, (itereiiH^ paciflcut).
This g(>nus in intermediate between Mallotus and Osmerita, differing from
tlii> lattitr in its rudimentary dentition, and in its small adherent scales.
All I lie teeth are very feeble, slender, and deciduous, although ooc{).4ion-
nliy present on a\) the bones of the mouth ; no permanent teeth on the
t()n<;ue. Scales are much smaller than in Osmerua, and more closely
iidlicront ; larger than in Mtillotus, and similar in the two sexes. Color-
ation dusky. Small fishes of the North Pacific, somewhat anadromous,
iviiiarkable for their extreme oilinoss, the oil being of a very delicate
tliivor. When dried they have been used as candles. {dd^.e la, rich', lx0i>i,
7no.^TIIALKICIITIITS PACIKICrS (Richardson).
(EuLACiioN ; Canplefisii ; C)I,achan.)
Head 4J; depth (5. B. 8; D. 11; A. 21; P. 11; scales 75; pyloric
coca 11 ; vertebral 70. Body rather elongate, slender, an<' less compressed
than in OsmcruH. Head long, blunter than in Hypomeautt pretioaua, less
compressed, broader, and more convex above. Mouth large, the max-
illiiiy rather narrow and long, reaching beyond the middle of the rather
small eye; lower jaw pi'ojecting. Opercle with strong concentric strise.
(iill rakers numerous, rather long and slender. Yentrals large, inserted
jiiHt in front of dorsal. Pseudobranchiw small. Color white, scarcely
silvery; upper regions rendered dark iron-gray by the accumulation of
dark punctulations. Length 12 inches. Oregon to Alaska, ascending the
rivers from Fraser River northward, in enormous numbers in the spring.
An excellent pan-fish, unsurpassed by any fish whatsoever in delicacy of
llesh, which is far superior to that of the trout. The flesh is very oily,
but the oil has a very attractive flavor. It is sometimes extracted and
used as a substitute for cod-liver oil. It is, however, solid and lard-like
at ordinary temperatures.
Siilmi, (M'llhltu) pacificnK, Riciiardrom, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 111, 226, 18.16, Columbia River.
TImlrirhlhijs slevemi, GiBARP, Pac. R. R. Surv., x, 32.5, jil. 75, figs. 1-4, 1858, Puget Sound.
(Coll. Dr. Buckley.)
Thaltichthys pacificut, OOntuer, Cat., vt, 168, 1866; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 292, 1883.
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Afuseunt.
341. OSMERUS (Artu(li) Liuiuuiiii.
(8MKI.T8.)
Oin»eni» (ABTmi) lilNN*im, SyHt. Niit., Kd. x, Hfth, 310, (i-pfrhiuiii).
F.prrliiuHt, Oaimahii, Viiy. IhI'iiiiI niiil (irii'iiliiiiil, IHAI, (cjicr/nmiii).
Hiiirimliiiii (JoNHTiiN) .liiiiiiAN id Kvkumann, iifW Niil)RttiiuH, {thnlikhlhyf).
Body olon^atfl, noinprcHHud. Head lon^r, |)oiiit«d. Month wide, tlio
Hleiidur maxillary vxttMidiii^r to paHt thu middle of the «yo ; lower Jaw
piojcctiiiK; proorhital and Hiiltorhital lu>n«H narrow. MaxillarinN ami
proniaxillarieH with tiii«i tcoth ; lower jaw with smull teeth, which arn
Iar({er posteriorly ; tongue with a few Htrong, fang-like teeth, largcNt at
the tip; hyoid hone, vomer, palatinoH, and pterygoids with widcvHet
teeth, (lill rakors long and Hhuider. HranchioategalH 8. SoaleH lar^Mt,
loose, 00 to 70 in the coiirHe of the lateral line. Dorsal small, about mid-
way of the body, over the ventrals; anal rather long. Vertehriu about 10.
Pyloric c(i>ca small, few. Small (Ishes of the coasts of Europe and North-
ern America, sometimes ascending rivers ; delicate in flesh and coumIiI-
erably vanied as food, {oafjrux'if, odorous; the name is equivalent to the
English "smelt.")
Spirini'iii'H (An old niimi- iimmI by .Tonston Tor tho giiudt -, iM|(iivalont to fpirling and rpfrlan) :
a. VoiiKir witli a rrosH aoricN of smiill toolli ; niiiiiII, weak Bprcii'gH|iawnliiK in thomta.
b. Body not v*>ry Hlundcr, tliu di'|itli Ct}:^ in lunKtli : roniniiiiHunt of month curved.
TirAI.F.ICIITIlYN, 701.
bh. liody very slondor, tho dopth 6 in leDKtli ; comnii88uro of mouth nearly HtraJKlit.
, ATTBNtATI-H, 792.
OsHBRim :
aa. Vomer with 2 to 4 stroti);, fiing-likf> tenth ; gpovies stronger in habit, aacundinfi; rivers.
c. Si'alcH iiithur Hniall, rill to <iK in lateral line.
(<. Maxillary not roach hiK luMtirior margin of oyo ; depth to 0^ in length ; colora-
tiiin plani. moudax, 793.
M. Maxillary reaching poHturior margin of eye; depth 6% iu length; colorulinn
brilliant. obntex, 794.
Subgenus SPIRINCHUS, Jordan & Evermann.
70r. OKMKItl'S THALEICHTHYS, Ayns.
Head 4^; depth 5^; eye longer than snout, 4 in head. D. 9; A. 14 to
16 ; P. 11 ; scales 55 to 58. Body comparatively deep and compresHed.
Head rather short and deep, the maxillary broad, short, its edge
strongly curved, extending to opposite posterior margin of pupil; \m'-
maxillary on the level of upper part of pupil; mandible projecting, its
tip somewhat curved upward. Fins high, the pectorals usually reaching
ventrals, and the ventralo to anal; anal reaching about to caudal. T(;etli
weak; maxillary teeth scarcely visible. Olivaceous, sides silvery and
somewhat translucent. Length 9 inches. Pacific coast from San Fran-
cisco northward to Bristol Baj* in Alaska ; rather common ; a weak and
feeble species; its flesh of excellent flavor, but soft and not keeping well.
(Thaleichthya, the Eulachon, a related species of similar flavor as food.)
Otnierim Ihaleichthyn, Ayhes, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1860, 62, San Franciaco ; GOntheii, Cat.,
VI, 168, 1866 ; Joboan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 292, 1883.
•ticiiyj';.?fii'i' .'-''>'r..W.W;tttiC'"i^v.'^',vA,.ii«' j.i*
Jordan and J'lvi-rmann. — Fishes of North America, 623
7U)!. OMNKKIM ATTKNirATI'N, l.ockltiKton.
H«a«l I!,; (l«|)th (»; ey« large, 4 in head. 1>. 10; A. lR-17; P. 11 ;
srfthiH ♦>('>. Mody vIoiiKato, coiiipruHHod. Ilfiid ratlior loii>;, Hoinewhat
jioiiited; maxillary «txtoii«lin)r pant pupil; low««r Jaw proJeotiiiK; maxil-
lary rather narrow, little convex. Outline of hotli JawH nearly Btrai^lit,
I. HH curved than in O, thaltivhthji". Teeth on tongue Htrong, hut much
stiiallcr than in O. mordnjr; teeth oii maxillary couHpicuoiiH; frontoflioth
y.wvH with rather Htrong teeth; pulatino teeth variable, urtually atrong.
FiuH low. PuctoralH not reaching ventraln, nor venttalH anal, nor anal to
niinlal. (irooniHh, sidoH silvery. Length 10 inches. Couut of California
alioiit San Krancisco. Very close to o. thulnvhthijH, and doubtfully tlis-
tinct; perhaps founded on very slender or feehle specimens of the latter.
(iiHenuntuK, drawn out slender.)
Csminiii iimHiKifim, I.ncKiNinciN, I'l'iic. I'. 8. Niit. Mim., 1HS0, (in, San Francisco ; JonnAN A
UiLiiCHT, HyuupHis, 2'j;), \»K\.
Subgenus OSMERUS.
70S. OSMKKI'H MOIIIIAX (Mit(hiM).
(Amkuii'AN Smki.t.)
Head 4; depth 6*. 1). 10; A. 1.^.; P. i:{ ; scales 68. Body rather
long and slender. Head large, with large mouth, and stronger teeth
than in the other species of the genus. Small teeth along the edge of
Mm maxillary; strong fang-like teeth on tongue and front of vomer;
I'unliform teeth on palatines, pterygoids, and hyoid bono; mandible with
iiiodorate teeth, its tip projecting. Maxillary extending to or a little
liuyond middle of eye. Scales deciduous. Dorsal tin rather posterior,
the vcntrals under its ^ront; lower tins nmderate, none reaching the
next behind it. Gill rakers J diameter of eye. Transparent greenish
above, silvery on sides; body and tins with some dark punctulations.
Length 12 inches. Atlantic Coast of the United States from Virginia
northward to Gulf of St. Lawrence, entering streams and often land-
locked ; abundant in Lakes Champlain and Memphremagog. Very clost
to the European Onmerng vperUtnun, but the latter has larger scales (GO),
sl'ortor gill rakers, and rather weaker teeth, (viordax, bitiug.)
Athnitia mimltijr, MiTciiil.i., TriiiiH. Lit. A Phil. Soc. N. Y., i, 1H15, 410, New York.
Ominm lirideKcenn, Lk Sukcr, Juurii. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, IHIH, 230, Coast of Maine; GOn-
TiiKii, Cat., VI, 107, istit;.
Otmniis vKiriliu, JoKDAN Sc flil.liKllT, HynojisiB, 293, ISHIi.
Represented in lakes of Maine by landlocked forms, as follows:
7tt8a. OSMKKl'S MORDAX SPECTRrJI (Cop.).
(Wilton Smelt.)
Head 4J ; depth Sh D. 10; A. 15; scales 66-10. Eye .3 in head. Slen-
der. Head short, with very large eye, and short mouth and maxillary.
Maxillary not extending beyond middle of pupil. Small. Wilton Pond,
Kennebec County, Maine; landlocked in fresh water. (Cope.) (apee-
trum, an image.)
Oiii„'im npeclrtim, Copi, Proc. Amer. Phil. 8oc. Phila., 1870, 4!tO, <Vilton Pond, Kennebec
County, Maine. (Coll. Atkiua.)
Otnienu mordax spectrum, Joudan Si Oilbbbt, Synopsis, 294, 1883.
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524
JiuiUtin ^7, Unittd States Aathnni Museum.
imu. ONMKUIK MOKIIAX AHHOTTI ((Iu|i«).
(roHCMK'IINTin KMKLT.)
Ilotod \\\ ilopth 7; Hcali'H l(M-U{. Kyo Miiiallor, \\ in hoiul. HtoiitiT.
Maxillary ri-acliitif{ |tt>Nt<ti'lor iiiar<{iti ot' pupil, l.aiullockt'd in ('hImh-
iticontic Lul<u, Kuniutltoc Cixinty, Maiiu^ (Copo). (NiiiiumI for |ii.
CliarlcH Coiinid Althutt, an anlttnt nutiiruliHl who Iiuh Hludiud tlio liitliiiH
of tliu llHlittH of DtdawarM Kivur.)
(hmenio Mn.lli, Coit:, rnn', Aiii.T. IMill. K.mv I'lillii., lN7(t, 4!»o, Cobesalcontic Lake, Maine.
Omirruii itiorihijr iihliolli, .liiiiHAN A. (ill.liKHT, S>'Iii>|w|h, '204, IHK:I,
794. ONMKKI'K DKKTKX, H(< in.lnrhiKT.
(Uaimmw IIkiuii.nii.)
Head >l|; depth 5^. 1>. 10; A. l',\; V. 8; Hual»H <>(i. Kyo largt% it I«mi^mIi
of anoiit. Tuuth iih in ihmrruH epcrhtiiuM and O. monlax; niaxiliiity
reaching poHtvrior margin of «)ye, itH length r> tiniuM in diHtance from tip
of lower Jaw to dorual. Height of doraal i length of head; lieiglil of
anal ^ ; pectoral Hhortiuh, reaching halfway to vuntralH. Itack pale olive,
the HcaleN edged with darker; Hides above lateral line piir]ile, ehangiii^
holow to blue, and then to violet and gold; silvery 1>olow with rosy
sheen, the belly satin white, lintt plain, slightly golden, (^^oast of AliiHka
and sonth on the Paciflo Coast to northern China, abnntlaut; a bril-
liantly colored lish, the flesh of tirnier texture than in the rest of t lie
genus. About Itristol I^ay this species forms an important ])art of tliu
food of the natives, (denier, toothed.)
Chtmerun denlejr, 8tkiki>ai'IINKR, Sitxiingxli. KiiIh. Akiul. WIk*. Wiuii, i.xi, 1870, 42!), Northern
China; .ToRDAN A Uimirht, Ryn'^iwiH, 2<.):i, IKHa; Ti knkk, Contr. Nitt. Hint. Alankn, Iii2,
platulO, 1880; Nemon, Ropt. Nut. HiKt. ('..11. Aliwko, :n:i, 1HH7.
242. HYPOMESUS, (Jill.
(SuuF Smelts.)
Mempwi, Gitl., Prw. .\r. Nut. Scl. Pliilii., IHOU, 1(18, (inrli.Mi).*
HytmmeiK..., fin.l,, Prcc. Ac. Nut. S<1. IMiila., 1KC.2, Ki'.t, {prethmi).
Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, covered with thin scalcfl
of moderate si/e. Head rather pointed. Mouth moderate, the shortish
maxillary not extending (jiuite to middle of eye its outline below broadly
convex ; lower jaw projecting. Teeth minute, on jaws, vomer, palatines,
pterygoids, and tongue. Ventrals inserted directly under middle of dor-
sal, midway between eye and base of caudal. Branchiostegals to 7.
North Pr.cific. (i'jro, below ; fttaoc, middle; in allusion to the position of
the ventrals.)
a. SculcH Rinall, aliout 70 in latorul lino; rolorotion pale; H|)awniDg iu mirf. prrtionus, T'.i'i.
on. Scales inoUoratu, abuilt 68 in lateral line; coloration dark; R|)awningin poniln.
oi.inrs, V'.ifi.
* By inadvertence 'licsc two synonymouR nnnien were applied to this Ronusby Gill. Mm'i"n
has priority of a page. Its occurrence is howcvur an error of the proof reader as its aiitlior
'ntended to snl.stituto nypomcnm for it, and did no in every place except in tlio ilrst use (if tlio
word where MeMopua was inadvertently luft. A slip of this sort should apparently bo treated :i- a
misprint and not considered in nomenclature.
/ortfiin nmt EvermoHn. — Fishfs of North Amfrita.
525
7«A. HVFOMKMl'H I'HKTKmiM (Ulrunl).
(Bi'Rr Smii.t.)
Ilunil i\ ; <loptli '\\ ; oyH aH long uh Hiioiit, 4^ in lioad. 1). 10; A. 16; P.
II; V. H; HcaioH 70. FiiiH luw, tlin loii);«>Ht tlurHiil my 8 in length
witliDiit ruiulnl ; iiuctcMiilH Hcurcniy rrarliinK liull'wuy tu vontrulH, 7 in
liMi^tli of ))o(ly ; v«ntritiH not roiichiiiK vont, tliuir luuKtIi H^ in body.
i.i^iit olivHCMDUH ; a uilvitry liun«l ttloug tlio liitoriil linu. Lt^igtli 12
iiiciit'S. CoiiHt of California and Orttf^on. from Monttuey northward;
uliiiiulant, Hpawuing in tlio Hnrf. A tirni-ll«>Hhud and fat littlu HhIi of deli-
catu llavor, acarculy inferior to X\w oulaohon. (i>rvtiomiH, iirttcioiiH.)
Arijrnliiin prilinun, (iiUAiiii. ri'iic. Ar. Nat. Hi'l. I'lillii., IHM, ITifi, San Franclaco,
iinmiruii elniiijiilii', Awiv.it, I'riM% <'ttl. Ac. Nut. 8rl., IHM, 17, San Kranciaco.
()»tii<i-r(« iii'iiiiinin, (iiiuiii), I'll!'. U. It Biirv., X, ll'.;4, iKfiH.
Iliiliumeiui pitliotw, JoiiPAN lie (Jii.iitiliT, 8yiiu|>«iM, 21)4, 18KI.
7U«. IIVI'I^MKHI'S OI.IDIM (PulliiH).
(I'dNi) Smelt.)
HcaloH HH to €)0. Fina niglior than in Ihjponui<us prctioHUK, the longest
tliirmil ruy in l«-nKtli of body ; poctoralH n'acliin^ ji the <liHtauco to root
of vttntralM, thuir lon^fth 5 in body ; ventralH (> in Itin^tli of body. Color-
iition diiHky, little translucent. Alaska and Kamchatka, Npawning in
fn'Nli-watur pondH, excoHsively abundant about St. MichaclH. A Hweet
littio fish, oxoellent as food. {oliduH, oily.)
tiiliiiii {iimiienu) otidim, Pallah, Zuogr. RoHB.-AHiut., iii, 301. 1811, lakes and rivers of Kam*
chatka.
ilo iiiimlitliiii, Ci(*NTiir.B, Cut., VI, ItiO, IHi'ifi; in part.
Ili{liimiiHii» ulidnt, JoitUAN ic UiLUEKv, SytiupiiH, 296, 1883; Turner, Coiitr. Nut. III»t. Alaska,
10:i, 1880.
243. ARGENTINA (Artedi) Linuiuus.
(Akokntinks.)
Ar'jnilinn (ARTEni) LlKN.Ttfs, Syst. Nat., K(l. X, 1758, 316, (itj)hyrimn).
Silus* IteiNiiAKivr, ItuniiiTkiiiRnr Skniiiliiiaviiik Icthtliyol., 11, 1833, (xiViifi). .
Aniuilmlfiiif, KitiiYRK, Duniuarkit Fiitke, in, '.I8, 1840-'4B, {filiit).
Itody obloug, covered with rather large cycloid scales, which are more
or less rough with spinous points. Mouth small, the niaxillaries very
Hhurt, not reaching to the eye ; eye very large. Jaws toothless ; an
arcliud series of minute teeth on the head of the vomer and on the fore
part of the palatine ; tongue with a series of small curved teeth on each
Hide. Dorsal fin short, in advance of the vontrals; caudal fin deeply
forl<ud. Eggs bmall. Pyloric ciuca present. Branchiostogals 6. Air
liliidder, accordingt to Cnvler, without duct. Fishes of deep or cold
wuters, never entering fresh streams. (Latin art/cntum, silver.)
(I. Scak'H HplnigerouH; l)oily ileep, the depth 6 to 6^ in length; eye longer than snout; scales
gniall, GO to CO. SILU8, 707.
*The pennn BiUia (Norwegian 8il or Sild, herriiif;) in founded on a species with dpinescent
■calve. But it is not certain that any RpecieH has really smootli wales, and in Arijenliua iphyrxna,
tlic tyjie of the genus, according to Day, the scales are prorided with stellate spinules.
t This alleged character needs verification.
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aa. 8t'a)PN nearly or quito siiKiot .
h. Hotly riitlisf tUw\>, thii doptli Tij.j iii luii^th; hciiIub 40 to 45; cyo Hlmrtcr tliiin ntioiit.
8IAI.IH, 7'.»8.
bb. no<ly ratlier Hieiider, Ihu di-ptli ulioiit 7 in loiigOi; 8cal»H about Al; vyx lunger tliaii
snout. ^ STIIIATA, T.KI.
■87. ARJJKXTIXA SILrs. AscaniuH.
Head 4i; depth 5*; eye 2}. 1?. {>; D. 12; A. 13; V. 14; scales
3-r)0-t (06, (»ii itlu^r). Hotly coinpreHHed. Keiul not (piite twice as lon^
aa deep ; snout nearly lU in head. Insertion of dorsal midway between
snoul and adipose iin ; ventrals under last ray of dorsal. Scales very
largo, cycloid, covered with spinules, the points of which are turned
backward ; a median row of scales along the back and ])elly. Color
olivaceous; sides silvery. Length 17 inches. Northern Europe, occa-
sionally taken on the Uraud Banks and oft' the coast of Maine. (Goodc
& liean.) (Slid, Norwegian word for Herring.)
Arijeiilimi siht, AscANies, Icon. Iti'v. Xat., j)l. in, 3, 24, 17(1:1, Norway; .Ioudan .k (Jilhkut,
Synopsis, 294, 188.T; (JCntiik.h, Cat., vi, 202, IfCO.
Bihu aacaiiii, UKisiiAniiT, IJcmn'rli. Sliandinav. Iclitli., 11, 1833, Norway.
Aryi'iUimi si/rteiifiiim, (joonp. & Ukan, Proc. U. S. Nut. Muh., 1S78, 2(il, off Sable Island in 2(10
fatbonis, from Btomach of Phjcin tennis. (Tyi)u, No. 21C)24. Coll. U. L. Nowconib.)
I ■ l.i
7»8. AIUJKNTINA KIAI.IS, Gilbert.
Head 3; depth 5i; eyeS^; interorbital width 4. D. 11; A. 12. Resem-
bling ArticHtina elongaia, but with a nuicl- deeper body, and a larger eye.
Length of maxillary from tip of snout 4 in head, Ij in snout. Snout but
little longer than eye, 3,'; in head ; upper jaw with a ur tow baud of small
teeth borne on the vomer and the front of the palatines, not on the very
narrow wesvk premaxillaries; lower jaw toothless; edge of tongue with
a series of strong, backwardly curved teeth, six or eight in number.
Gill rakers numerous, slender, rather short, about 25 in number below
angle of arch. Front of dorsal fin nearer tip of snout than base of caudal
by a distance equaling diameter of pupil. Ventrals inserted behind mid-
dle of dorsal, midway between base of caudal and front of orbit, extend-
ing but litt."! more than halfway to front of anal; caudal forked.
Scales not spinous, the margins entire, a few only preserved along sides
of tail ; 40 or 45 in a longitudinal series. Eye, streak along sides and
sides of head, silvery ; occiput and snout dusky ; a black blotch above
eacheye; fins somewhat dusky ; mouth and gill cavity white; peritoneum
black. Length 3 inches. Coast of California. One specimen knuwii.
{sialis, a word first used by Swainson to mea:. plump, from aia^ui;, plumii.)
Artjeutina sinlia, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18!(0; 56, Albatross station 3017, in 58
fathoms. (Coll. Gilbert.)
799. AROKNTIXA STUIATA, Goode & Bean.
Head 3 in total length ; depth 7 ; eye 2i, longer than the conical snout.
D. 10; A. 11; P. 17; V. 14. Ventrals nearly median, their insertion under
the penultimate dorsal rays. Scales in lateral line obli(iuely striate.
Tongue with teeth. Origin of dorsal equidistant between snout and
root of caudal. There appears to have been a silvery, longitudinal band
under the lateral line.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. .^27
Tho opociineiiH Htiidiod were denuded uf hcuIos, but tiio iuipiessiun^
jniUcate that there wore 51 in the lateral line, \ above and 4 beluw. The
H])fciMien8 (No. 43858, U. S. Nat. Mus.) were obtained by the AlhatroH»
fiimi station 2402, in 28° 36' N. latitude, 85° 33' m" W. longitude, at a
depth of 111 fathoms. (Ooode *k, Bean.) {alriatHH, striate.)
Anjfiilina Mriala, QouuB & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyolog.", fi, flg. (52, 18'J5, Gulf Stream
244. LEUROGLOSSUS, Gilbert.
liiiiiHjIoiimii, OimEliT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,, 1890, 57, {Hlilhiut).
Appearance of Argentina, but the snout shorter, the maxillary reaching
front of eye, and the tongue toothless. Ventrals under middle of dorsal.
Miiiidiblo with a few weak teeth or none; premuxillaries toothless; a
row of stronger teeth on vomer aid front of palatines; tongue tooth-
lesH. Pyloric co'ca 9. Scales unknown, very caducous. One species
known. (Xtvpof, smooth; y/diooa, tongue.)
800. LElJROflliOSSUS STILBU'S, Gilbert.
I{ead3; depth 5^. D. 10; A. 11. Snout 3f in head; interorbital width
ii. Eye 3.V in head, equaling maxillary, which reaches front of orbit.
Hody compressed, of moderate depth. Lower jaw projecting. Gill rakers
loiifj and numerous. Opercle very thin, membranous. Front of dorsal
midway between base of caudal and front of pupil; ventrals inserted
nearly under middle of dorsal, midway between base of caudal and pre-
opurcular margin ; front of anal midway between base of caudal and
base of ventrals. Scales wholly lacking in the two specimens obtained.
Sides of head, body, and abdomen bright silvery ; dorsal region dusted
witli line black dots, which become coarser on tail. Snout blue-black;
opercle with steely luster; upper part of eyeball black. Buccal and gill
cavities, and peritoneum jet-black; fins dusky. Length 3 inches. Coast
of California, in deep water. (aTi}.l36g, shining.)
Leuroijlosttis Mbiiis, Qiliiebt, Proc. U. S. Mat. SIus., 1K90, TiT, from Albatross Stations 3997
and 2998, in aai and 40 fathoms. (Type, No. 44283. Coll. Gilbort.)
Family LXVII. MICROSTOMIDvE.
Closely allied to the JrgentinidWfhnt with the branchiostegals reduced
to 8 or 4 ; mouth very small, terminal, with small teeth, chislly on the
lower jaw and vomer. Gill membranes separate or united. Body elon-
gate, Hubterete. Adipose fin present; <lorsal short, posterior; ventrals
beiiiud middle of body. Three genera and about six species known, all
from the deep waters of the Atlantic ; reilav-^ed ArtjentinidcB.
MuriosTOMiN.i-; :
(I. Gill mcmbranr« separate ; mouth very omall ; body siibterete.
('. Dorsal flu inserted before vential. Nanseni/, 245.
. riiYi.AdiNt: :
aa. Gill nivmbranes broadly united across the isthmus; body compressed; mouth small ; cyo
very large ; dorsal oppvMito ventrals. Batiiylauub, 246.
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245. NANSENIA, Jonliin ii, Evonuaun.
//una«ni(i, Jordan k Kvehmann, now gniiuH, (j7?-(i-H{(in({icit).
Body olongato, cylindrical, covered with lar>»e, thiu, silvery scales.
Head short. Mouth very small, terininal ; preinaxillaries very siiiuli ;
maxillaries very short and broad, not extending to the front of the voiy
large eye, which forms more than half the depth of the Hide of the liciid.
Lower jaw and vomer with a narrow series of fine teeth ; no other tocdi.
Dorsal fin short, inserted mostly before the ventrals, which are beliiml
the middle of the body ; anal fin small ; caudal small, forked, its cential
part scaly; pectoral rather narrow; adipose fin well develoi)ed in dm
young, but usually dirappei-ring with ago. Branchiostegals 3 or I.
Pseudobranchiie well developed. Air bladder large, silvery. No }>.vi()rio
ccBca; mucous membrane of stomach papillose. Arctic Ocean; in dtc})
waters. An imperfectly known genus, apparently distinguished fiom
Microstoma, Cuvier, by the more anterior position of the dorsal, whicli is
behind the ventrals in Microstoma, and apparently by the stouter Itody
and the better development of the adipose fin. Most of the other cliar-
acters above mentioned are drawn from Mierosloma and have not lucii
verified in Nanscnia. (Named for our friend, Fridtjof Nansen (18(51 ),
author of a study of the development of Myxine, and since noted vlh m\.
intrepid arctic explorer.)
HOl.^NANSKNIA (i)R<KNLANDICA (Ueiiiliardt).
B. 3; D. 11; A. 10, V. 10. "This fish appear^ to bo intermediate
between Argentina and Microstoma, having the dorsal fin inserted for tiic
greater part in advance of the ventrals, and a series of fine teeth in the
lower jaw. Teeth on the vomer, none on the tongue. Adipose fin con-
spicuous. The height of the body is i the length of the head and ,'0 of
the total." (Giinther, after Keinhardt.) Greenland.
Microstomnt griiHlamUcttH, Beiniiardt, Vidensk. Selsk. Niiturv. Mathom. AfliaiuH., viii, ISll,
Lxxiv, Greenland ; GOntiieb, Cat., ti, 205, 186G ; Juudan & Giluebt, SynopitiH, 29U, Ksm:j,
246. BATHYLAGUS, Gunther.
Bathylaguf, GOntiieiT, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 11, 248, {atlatUicus).
B-»dy oblong, compressed, covered with thin, deciduous scales of mod-
erate size. Head short, compressed, the bones thin and membranaceous.
Month very narrow, transverse, anterior. Maxillary very short, dilated,
forming part of border of mouth. No luminous spots. Teeth in npper
jaw rudimentary, those in lower jaw very small, on edge of bone fonn-
ing a fine serratnre ; a series of minute teeth across vomer and along
palatine. Eye very large. Pectorals and ventrals well developed, the
ventrals with light rays, opposite dorsal, which is in middle of length
of body; adipose fin small, near caudal; am:! moderate or long. Gill
opening narrowed, beginning opposite root of pectoral and extending
across isthmus, the gill membranes united, free from isthmus. Gill
rakers lanceolate, rather long ; gills small. Pseudobranchise well devel-
oped. Docp seas, 5 species known.
Jordiju and E^'ermann. — Fis'ies of North Amerka.
52J)
"The thickneHH of the lioneH, tlio frngility of tlio fin rayH, the delicacy of
tlio Hkin and HcaleH, and the enormously large eyes, seem to 1)o Hufficient
(u idunce tliat tlioHo tishes are actually inhabitautH of very great duptliH,
altliougli there may bo reasonable doubts as regards the exact depth at
wliich Jluthylagua utlatiticuawna obtained. These fishes must, therefore, bo
entirely dependent for vision on the phosphorescent light which is pro-
duced by other abyssal creatures. Not being fish of prey !;heniselves, or
(inly to a slight degree, they would be attracted by the liglit issuing from
llie Pediculates and Stomiatids of the deep, and thus fall an easy prey to
tiicHe fishes." (Giinther.) (/inf^iV, deep ; ^aj-wr, hare, from the big eyes.)
ii. Dopth of body about c(|iiiil to longth of lioad; ficiileri aliout :i2. I). !); A. 10. iirnkdicti, 802.
iKi. Depth of body liiiirh ii'sh than loiif(tb of lioad.
h. Iiitcriirbital spard a little iiioro tbaii half pyo; oye 2 in head. kukyoph, 80.').
bh, Interorbitol Biwiro }^ eye; cyo 2^ in liuad. l-ACiFirus, 804.
802. ItATIIYLAUUK KKNEDirTI, Goode & Bean.
Intermediate between B. atlanticus and B. antarcticuH, Head 4A ; depth 4 A ;
eyo 2, as in the other species. The width of the interorbital space ia less
than is of that of the eye (proportionately narrower than in the other
siH'i ies). Snout very short, 4 in eye. D. 9; A. 19 ; V. 9; F. 10. Mouth
shdit, its angle being about on a level with lower margin of eye. Bones
of head thin, seniicartilaginous ; head apparently scaleless ; no traces of
NCiiles in the specimens before us. Gill cavity, membranes, and branchi-
ostogals as in the other species. Origin of dorsal fin nearer end of snout
tiiun to base of caudal, and equidistant between snout and adipose fin,
its length 2i in head. Vent placed farther forward than in B. atlunticiia,
tlie length of the postanal portion of the body being greater than that of
head, and contained 3| times in the total without caudal ; ventral fins
opposite posterior portion of base of dorsal. Scales all lost ; apparently in
about 32 longitudinal rows ; and their size may be judged by the fact that
there were 7 rows between base of pectoral and vertical from origin of
ventral. Adipose fin slender and long, 2 in eye.
.Several specimens obtained by the Fish Commission steamer Albatrosx :
One, 5} inches in length, from statiui 20i)4, at a depth of 1,022 fathoms ;
another, r'>'i inches in length, from oration 2711, at a depth of 1,344 fath-
ohih; a third specimen, about 4^ in* ties in length, from station 2572, at a
depth of 1,769 fathoms, (dloode & Itean.) (Named for James E. Benedict,
A.sist. Curator of Invertebrates in tne U. S. National Museum, for several
years resident naturalist on the Albatross.)
Iliilhiiliujut brtieiUcti, OooDE A Bean, Oceanic Iclithyology, 55, fig. 64, 1896, Gulf Stream.
(Type, No. 33510. Coll. AlbatroBS.)
808. BATHTLAGVS EURTOPS. Goode & Bean.
Head 4 ; depth considerably less than length of head, equal to length
of head without snout ; eye 2. D. 9; A. 16; B. 7; P. 9. Width of inter-
orbital space a little more than i eye. Snout very short ; profile steep,
its angle on a level with lower margin of eye. All tho bones of the head
very thin, semicartilaginous. Dorsal fin feeble, nearer tip of snout than
root of caudal. Vent far back, the length of tail not being much more
F. N. A. 35
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
.1 i
I
tlia^ that of head ; anal feeble. Several specimens were obtaiued l)y
the AlbatrosH at about 40° N. latitude, 70° W. longitude, at a depth of
400 to 1,356 fathoms. (Goodo & iiean.) (eiiptV, wide; uiji, eye.)
liuthijlaijii* <•»»■/;»/)«, (JooiiK A Bkan, Ocfnnii' Iclithyolojty, f>5, flg. c;j, 1805, Gulf Stream. (Typo,
No. 35420, Coll. Albatross; and No. :!1801, Coll. Fish Hawk.)
/
804yBATHYLAUl'8 PACIFICUS, Gilbert.
Head 4 ; depth 6| ; eye 2i. D. 8 or 9 ; A. 16 ; P. 9 ; scales 40. Anterior
profile not decurved; premaxiliaries anteriorly on level of middle of oyt-;
snout short, less than half eye; interorbital space narrow, deeply grooved,
i orbit ; lower Jaw with a series of small teeth; the very weak preni.ix-
illaries toothless ; a strong series of teeth on vomer and palatines. Front
of dorsal midway between adipose fin and front of snout ; ventrals under
posterior part of dorsal ; anal far back ; tail as long as head. ScalcH
lost, apparently about 40 in lateral lino. Head, lining of mouth, jfill
cavity, and peritoneum black ; fins blackish ; whole body probably blnck
in life. Coast of Washington ; two specimens taken in 685 and 877
fathoms.
Ualhulai/iis pacijicim, GiLiiERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Hub., 1890, 65, Albatross Stations 3071 and
3074. (Coll. Gilbert.)
Order T. INIOML*
(The Lantern Fishes.)
Soft-rayed fishes, with the anterior vertebra; simple, unmodified, and
without auditory ossicles; symplectic present; no iuterclavicles; opercu-
lar apparatus sometimes incomplete ; pharyngeal bones unmodified ; •;ill
openings ample. Mesocoracoid arch wanting or atrophied. t Bones of
jaws variously developed, the maxillary sometimes connate with the ine-
maxillary. Shoulder girdle with its post-temporal not norn»alIy con-
nected with the skull, but touching it at or iicar the nape. Gills l, a
slit behind the fourih. Air bladder, if present, with a duct. Dorsal and
anal fins without true spines ; ventral fins, if present, abdominal ; scales
mostly cycloid, often wanting ; adipose fin present or absent. Skeli^tou
mostly very weakly ossified. Photophores present in most cases.
Marine fishes, mostly inhabiting the oceanic abysses, closely allied to
the laonpond^li, but lacking the mesocoracoid and having the connection
of the shoulder girdle with the cranium imperfect. In the character of
the mesocoracoid these fishes agree with the eels, and with the Ilaplixni
and the spiny-rayed fishes. These latter have the post-temporal differ-
ently attached. This order is a provisional one, and its members may be
ri :■
* We Iiave had no opportunity for critical study of most of the families of the Iniomi. Our
knowledge of them is drawn chiefly from the recent monographic works, especially the excel li'iit
report of Dr. Gilnther on the Deep-Seu Fishes of the Challenger Expedition, that of Dr. Viii limit
on the flsheo taken by the Travailleur et Talisman, and that of Dr. LUtkun on the "t!i«)lia
Atlantica" in the museum at Copenhagen. Even more important than these has been the
Oceanic Ichthyology of Goode & Beau, advance sheets ot which comprehensive v«.^rk have been
most kindly plac ed at our disposal.
f This character, the most important by which the Iniomi are separated from laotpondijli, has
not beoa Toriflod in several of the families.
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North America.
531
reunited with the iKospondyli or otberwiso distributed when the osteol-
u^y of the different families is known. In but few genera has the
iiiesocoracoid or the post-temporal receive'l examination. (Iviov, nape;
(liiiof;, shoulder.)
Giinther divides the Iniomi into two famiT'^s, SiomiaUdw and Sternopty-
vhidw, according to the relation of the maxillary to the border of the
month. Goode and Dean follow Gill in separating the group into many
fiiniilies. Ltitkeu, who has made most valuable studies among the dtop-
Hua forms, seems inclined to recognize several families. Ho regards it as
necessary either freely to subdivide the grouper else to regard the whole
aH a single family. The composition of the group and the varied relations
of its parts are best seen by regarding its principal types as of family
value. We begin the series with the family which contains most shore
apecies, and whif'h is apparently nearest the hospondyli, from which group
the Iniomi have apparently been modified or degraded.
Families* of INIOMI.
(I. Post-., 'iiiporal connented with back of cruniuni near Hides; no pliotopliorog or barbel.
b. Adi|M)Ne fln tyjiically present (rareiy utropliied (ir iust); liody not very elongate; anal
iin distinct.
c. Scales present, usually persistent; teeth cardiform or villiforni, usually movable.
d. Maxillary very narrow, rudimentary, or obsolete; hypocoracoids not divergent;
l>8oudobraucbiic present. Synovomtip.I':, lxviii.
dd. Maxillary well developed, dilated behind.
e. Pseudubrancbiic present; pectorals normal; hypocoracoids mostly diver-
gent, undivided. Aulopid.i;, lxix.
ee, Pseudobranchiic absent; pectorals not normal.
/. Pectorals subhumcral. Benthosaurida:, lxx.
ff. Pectoral rays olungato, arranged in two groups.
BATHYrTEROID.*:, LXXI.
6b. Adipose fin absent.
g. Body covere'i with icaloa which a'e largo, thin, and deciduous; teeth villiforni, in
bt nds; no photophorcs on the scales, but a large, luminous plate ou the head
iu place of eyes; maxillary dilated behind; pectorals and ventrals well devel-
oped, approximate. Ipkopid/I':, lxxii.
gg. Body scaleless; teeth granular, in bands; pectorals notmal.
h. Ventrals present; opercular apparatus incomplete. RoNDGLGTiin;R, lxxiii.
hh. Ventrals absent; opercular apparatus complete; u conspicuous lateral furrow;
general form and appearance of young cetaceans. Cetohimida;, lxxiv.
(Id. . ost-tempora' impinging upon occiput.
i. Vertebra) and neural spines normal, not projecting from the flesh in front of the dorsal
fin.
J. Photophores present.
k. Barbel wanting.
{. PBcudobranchia! present.
m. Premaxillaries forming entire margin of upper jaw; body scaly;
opercles complete. Myctoi'hid.i:, lxxv.
mm. Premaxillaries not forming the whole margin of upper jaw, the
maxillary entering into it; body naked; opercular Apparatus
incomplete. Mai;romcid;f., i.xxvi.
n. Pseudobranchiic absent; mouth large, with canine teeth; scales deciduous
or wanting. Ciiavliuoomtidje, lxxvii.
kk. Ba.bel present, very long.
* The analysis of the families of InUymi is chiefly token from Goode & Beau, Oceanic
Ichtbyology.
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H. Maxillarie* furmlng Intorul margin of upjier Jaw; liarbul frou lit tip.
0. AdlpiiHO flu preBoiit; peclurala presuiit; body uiikod; dorual lioliiinl
vent, but in adviincu of anal. AHTBONr.HTiiiD.v:, i..\.\viii.
00. AdipoKu fln abgont; {lortoralH pruaont or absent. Stomiatii).>:, ixxix.
nM, Blazillarics not forming part of margin ol upper ,|a\v; pcctoraln rmli-
montary; oixtrclug mombrunaci'oiiH; body xrali-lcHs; domalHlidrl, pust-
median; barliol of jiuculiar form, couuecting tliroiit witli HynipliVHi-i
of lower jaw. MAi.AcosTKin.i:, i,\x\.
i). Photophorea minute or wanting; no barbel.
j>. I'remaxillarieH firming n:argin of tipjier Jaw; fang-lil«' tiiotli In nuimlililis
and palatines ami Bomutinx'H on vomer.
7. Domal long, occupying ontlro buck; body naked. Ai.f.I'Isai itin.K, i,xx\i.
!/(/. DorHal short, median or posterior.
r. Body naked. OnoNTOSToMip.v., i.xxxii.
rr. Body covered with thin, caducous scali-n. Paiiai.ei'Iiud.i:, i.xxxiii.
ii. Vertebral or neural spines projecting through skin of tlm back in front of d.prsil fin.
>. Body short and deep, coinpreKsed; anterior neural spiiieH abiioniially dovelii'c.l,
projecting through the skin of the back. In advance of the dorsal; pectoniN
present; photophorcs present; mouth obliqiudy cleft or subvertical.
STrnNorTVcnin.i;, i.xxxiv.
M. Body elongate, snake like; vertebrii- with spiny jirocesBes anteriorly which pni-
joct through the skin of the back in front of doif al rayH; jiecf orals nbi^eiit;
body naked; dorsal long and low, beginning in iidvance of the vent.
iDlACANTIIin.K, I.XXXV.
Family LXVIII. SYNODONTIDyK.
(TnK LuAKi) F18HK8.)
Body oblong or elongate, little compressed, covered with cycloid scalt's,
rarely naked. Month very wide, the entire niurgiu of the upper Jaw
formed by the long and slender premaxillaries, closely adherent to wliich
are the slender niaxillaries, the latter mostly rudimental or obsolett^,
never widened at tip. Teeth mostly cardiform on both jaws, tougiii>,
and palatines; canines rarely present; largo teeth usually depressililc.
No barbels. Opercular bones usually thin, but complete. Gill lueiii-
branes separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals usually iiuinei-
0U8. PseudobranchijB present. Gill rakers tubercular or obsolete.
Lateral line present. Adipose £iii present, rarely obsolete; dorsal tin
short, of soft rays only; pectorals and ventrals present ; anal lin moder-
ate or long ; caudal forked. Skeleton rather well ossified. Air bladder
small or wanting. Intestinal canal short. Sides sometimes with piiu.s-
phorescent spots or photophores. Eggs inclosed in the sacs of the ovury
and extruded through an oviduct. Genera about 10, species about 10,
mostly inhabiting shore waters, some of them descending to the depths.
(Scopelidoi, group Saurina, part, Gunther, Cat., V, 393-403, 1864.)
a. Scales present, mora or less adherent.
b. Teeth of premaxillary simple, compressed, not barbed, in one or two rowx; a liniiui
baud of similar teeth on palate.
• r. Vent slightly nearer base of caudal than axil of |iectoraI; head short, blunt,
compressed. Traciiinocei'iiam .*, -I".
cc. Vent much nearer base of caudal than base of ventrals; head depressed, with llat
triangular snout. Svnoius, -18.
bb. Ti tith of premaxillary in a very broad band, curved, unequal, and barbed at tho iiid.
a similar band on palatines. BATiivsArRi's, .Mit.
aa. Scales very caducous or wanting; teeth in narrow bands; vent posterior.
Bathylauo, '.;"iO.
Jordan and Ever maun. — Fishes of North America. 533
247. TRACHINOCEPHALUS, Gill.
7Vi c/iiHow/i/m/im, Oil.t, Out. Fish. East Coaat N. Amor., 53, 1861, (m;/o})ii). (NniniMiiiIy; first
ilcfliu'il by .IiiKKAN A Oll.liE'iT, Syiiop8ii, 2H1, 18«,'».)
This genus iH closely related to SynoduH, from which it difVers chiefly
ill fonii and in the relative development of the tins. Hody stout, the
liuatl short, blunt, and compressed, its form much ns in the genus Trachi-
inix. Vent well formed, very slightly nearer base of caudal than base of
vcntralK, under tip of last dorsal ray. Teeth as in SynoiluH, but slender,
smaller, and closely set. Lower Jaw projecting, Species few, shore
lishes, widely diffused in the tropical seas. (TrachinuH, the weaver-fish,
connected with iVHiK'iti'a, dragon, the nj.me still used in (treece; Ke^u'/i/,
liuad.)
806. TRACHINUCKPHALrS ."BYOI'S (Kormor).
((illlMNI) Si'KARINd; LAdARTO.)
I lead '^i ; depth about 5. D. 11 ; A. 14 or 1.5 ; scales 4-.58-7. Vertebne 58 ;
cd'ca 25. Snout very short, shorter than eye, lower jaw projecting ; top
(if head rough ; interorbital space concave. Pectoral very short, nearly
'-' ill head, scarcely reaching beyond the front of the very long ventrals,
wdidi are as long as head and reach vent; anal very large, its base li in
head, ^longer than the dorsal. Light brown; three or more lengthwise
Ntri]ies of yellowish alternating with brown, the upper stripe just above
lateral line and edged witli darker ; a pale streak along lateral line; six
dirtuse brown cross blotches on back, ceasing just below lateral line;
hack mottled, a large black scapular blotch ; top of head vermiculated ;
a dark brown band from eye across lower jaw ; fins nearly plain. Tropi-
cal parts of the western Atlantic, abundant and widely diffused ; common
in West Indies and Brazil, and ranging on on^ Atlantic Coast to South
Carolina ; originally described from St. Helena. (//<5wi/'> short-sighted,
blinking.)
fSiiliinf iiiijopH, FoiiKTEB MS., Blocii ct ScHNEinER, Syst. Iclitli., 421, 1801, St. Helena.
(kmerm lemnimtiliin, IiACf:r "IDE, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., v, 230, 1803, Martinique; ofter Plmnier.
S<iiirmlninctilit!i, AoASsiz, IMsc. Briisil., 82, 1828, Brazil.
ft<almo Imchiiiiiii, SciiEOEi,, Fauna .Tapon. Poiss., 2:il, 1842, Japan ; thn East Indian, Chiiu)s«,
uiiil .fapaneHi! form, IVachiuorrplialu^ limliiiluH, is littlo if at all differont from T. mynpit.
f S'limisUmhiiliis, KvDorx & Soui.eyet, Voyago Donite, Poi8t<.,ln0, 18.13.
S'li'i-iis hreriroxlris, Poey, Memoriae, ii, .^05, 1861, Cuba ; erroneously stated to liavo 10 rays.
Uminis miiopii, (ipNTiiEU, ("at., V, 398, 1864.
,s';/i("i;»s}ii;/"ii', .TouPAN & Gll.liKKT, Syiioi)BiR, 281, 1883.
Trdtliinoiepltalmniyojis, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua., 18!Kl, 314.
248. SYNODUS* (Gronow) Bloch &. Schneider
(Lizard Fishes.)
S;/mi,(»s ((}ronow) Bloch & SriiNElDER, Syst. Irhth., 39(i, 1801, ((rf/iiorf««).
TiriK. lUFiNKsyiE, Caratteri, etc., 50, 1810, (mnrmoralus).
^"""S <'uviEii, lU'gno Animal, Ed. I, 100, 1817, (stiiinw).
.(?)i^i,). Ill's, Risso, Eur. Murid., ni, 458, 1820 (Alpinmaria rism), (very young).
/.'ii(Mi/ii (AniSTOTLE) SwAiNsoN, Nat. Hist. Anim., 11, 287, 1839, (metlilerruneitii = tamuii).
* 'I'U'- species of Synmltu have been critically studied by Dr. Sath E. Meek, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila. for 1884.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
First superior pharyngeal cartilaginous; second without teeth ; thinl
and fourth separate, with teeth ; lower pharyngeals separate. Body
elongate, subterete. Head depressed, the snout triangular, rather pointed.
Interorbital region transversely concave. Month very wide; premaxil-
laries not protractile, very long and strong, more than half length of
head; maxillaries closely connected with them, very small or obsolete;
premaxillarios with one or two series of large, compressed, kuife-shapiMl
teeth, the inner and larger depressible ; palatine teeth similar, sniallor,
in a single broad band ; lower jaw with a band of rather large teeth, tlio
inner iind larger teeth depressible ; a patch of strong, depressible te<«tli
on the tongue in front, and a long row along the hyoid bone ; jaws nearly
equal in front. Eye rather large, anterior; supraorbital forming a pro-
jection above the eye. Pseudobranchiue well developed. Gill raketH
very small, spine-like, (iill membranes slightly connected. Top of head
naked; cheeks and opercles scaled like the body; body covered with
rather small, adherent, cycloiJ scales ; lateral line present ; no InminoiiH
spots. Dorsal fin short, rather anterior ; pectords moderate, inserted
high ; ventrals anterior, not far behind pectoralR, large, the inner rayn
longer than the outer; anal short; caudal narrow, forked. Vent poN-
terior, much nearer base of caudal than base of ventrals. BranchioHtc-
g<\ls 12 to 16. Stomach with a long, blind sac and many pyloric C(i>cii.
Skeleton rather firm. Species numerous. Voracious fishes of moderato
size, inhabiting sandy bottoms at no great depth, in most warm seaN.
(avvti(hvc, ancient name of some fish, from awddovr, teeth meeting, not
shutting past each other like scissors.)
a. Scaltm largo, 43 to TiO in tbo lateral linu, wliicli has a blunt kcol posteriorly.
b. Tips of first rays of dorsal not rouuliinR tipn of last rays when depressed; snout short,
hroad, 4% In head; shoulder girdle with a largo block blotch, anal rays 10 or 11;*
scales 4-48-6. intebmedii'R, 800.
bb. TiiM of first niys of dorsal reaching tips of last rays wlicn depressed.
c. Shoulder girdlo chiefly black; snout short, rounded, 4 in head; ventrals 1} in head;
anal roys 10; scales 4-48-5. evermanni, K07.
cc. Shoulder girdle with the black spot very small or wanting; snout rather poiiitid,
SjVj in head; ventrals IJ^ in head; anal rays 10 to 12. i>oevi, hii8.
aa. Scales small, 58 to 08 in lateral lino.
(/. Anal fin very short, iiti rays 8 only; pectoral fin short.
e. Scales modenite, 58 in the lateral line; snout 4 in hoail; shoulder girdle sllp;IitlY
dusky; dorsal mottled. synodus, Siw.
ee. Scales small, 68 in the lateral line; snout 4}/, in bead; shoulder girdle |>ale; dorsnl
mottled. lAOKIlTINUS, sill.
dd. Anal fin moderate, its rays 10 to 13; shoulder girdle chiefly yellowish.
/. Snout very brood, broader than long; obout 10 scales in o cross series from dorsal
to ventral; jaws subequol; scales 4-60 to C4-6; toil with a slight koel.
SAJ'III'.-', .'<11.
//. Snout not broader than long; more than 10 scales in a cross series from dorsal to
ventral; lower jaw inrluded; tail not keeled.
g. About 4 rows of scales (6 counting obliquely) between lateral line and ndipose
fin; scales on checks in 4 to 7 rows.
h. Head very small, 4J^ to 42 in Icngtli; first ray of dorsal coterminous with
last ray when the fin is depressed; cheeks with 4 rows of largo Biales;
ventrals 1} in head. Scales 6-C1-6. scitclicei's, sli
* In the count of rays in the R|)ecio8 of %n(>(fus, only those fully develoi>ed are euuuieruted,
the radimeutary simple ray being omitted.
"•■"»■'
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 535
!/!/■
hh, Ileail iiuxloratP, •'V)4 to K\,^ tii lengtli; Hralim on ilinekH in •! or 7 ruwi.
i. Iloiid not v«rnili'ulat« aliovo, It* lunKtli :t',' ( to \ in lioily; <> roWH of
BOllll'Hon cIll'I'liH. .IKNKINNI, 81.1,
ii. IIpiuI V(*rnilciilat« nliovc, itii longlli 4 to 4'.| in hody; 7 rowi* of walci
on cht'i^kH. riKTK.NH, Hit-
Altoiit n rowfl of bchIpn In ii vertical row bvtwcon Intnral lino anil lulipofio tin;
i'lii>iikr< with (I rows of Ncali'H; wuli'N l;i-UU-t)!, tlii< viTtiiul rowH ruiintci]
obllqiK'ly. i.ruioCKi'H, 815.
80«. NYNOni'H INTRRNEDirS (Agaioilz).
(SANn Divp.R.)
Hoad 4 ; depth 8; «yo 4^. D. 11; A. 11; scales 1-18-7. Hody rather
Htout; head blunt, large, the suont broader than lung, abuiit equal to
eye. Frontal bones little striate ; interorbital space concave, in head ;
prominent striiu behind eye; jaws subequal ; premaxillary Ijj in head,
longer than pectoral. Scales large, 4 to 6 rows on cheeks, 3 series
lictweeu adipose fin and lateral line. Dorsal high, as high as long; pec-
toral 2 in head; ventral IJj. Grayish, abruptly paler below; back and
sides with 8 dark crossbands broadest at lateral line, these soine-
tinicH alternating with fainter ones; a large jet-black blotch on upper
part of shoulder girdle, hidden by opcrcle ; membrane of maxillary
hl.ick ; dorsal and pectorals finely barred ; lower fins and brauchiostegals
vollow ; adult with an orange spot on each scale below. Length 15
inches. Coast of southern Florida to Brazil ; not rare; the most brightly
colored of our species, (intermediita, intermediate — between myopn and
f(itvn8.)
Saiinit iiitermtdiut, AoAgsiz, Spix, Pise. Brnsil., 81, 1828, Brazil.
fidiiruH aitolin, CuviKu & Vai.enciennks. Hist. Nut. I'oiiiH,, xxn, 483, 1849, Bahia ; Martinique.
tiiiiiiia inlennetUm, flt'NTiiEU, Oat., v, 3'JC, 18(14.
BjiHcdui intermediM, Johdan iSc Gilbekt, SyuopslH, 88'J, 1883.
8«7. SirXODl'S KVER.1IANM, Jonliin & Ilollman.
Head 3t to 3f ; depth 6^ to 7. D. 10 ; A. 10 ; scales 4-47 to 49-5. Hody
terete, rather robust ; snout short, rounded rather than pointed, 4 in
li(«ad. Month large ; maxillary If in head. Lower jaw barely project-
ing. Interorbital area concave, rugose, its least width 5j in head ;
supraorbital ridge prominent, finely striate. Origin of dorsal nearer
adipose fin thau snout by f width of interorbital area ; anterior rays
of dorsal coterminous "with posterior when depressed, the last rays not
lilameutous ; the free edge of the fin little concave ; dorsal fin higher
1 iiau long l)y nearly an eye's diameter, its length 2^ in head ; tip of ven-
trals reaching halfway to vent (farther in young); their length 1.^-1.^
in head; pectorals extending to near middle of ventrals, I'-l*^ in head;
lobes of caudal equal. Lateral line with ablunt keel. Color dark above ;
J< to 10 dusky greenish oblong spots along lateral line, between which
iiiid below lateral line are traces of smaller spots ; a dusky shade over
oiierclb ; skin lining opercle and shoulder girdle dark, the black markings
surrounded by yellow ; adipose fin dark, edged with pale ; caudal not
barred, inner rays dusky ; pectorals and dorsal somewhat dusky ; other
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Bulletin V7. UnittJ States National Afuseum.
§:■ I ■
!!;
ttiiH palo; tip of chin Hcarcely diiaky. Maxatlan to coaHt (»f Colom-
bia; ahiiiidant. Lon^th K inohes. (Naiiio«l for ])r. l<art«)i) Warruii Evt-r
munii, I(;hthyo1«)>;iHt of tli» ITnittxl Stat»H FIhIi CoinmiHHion.)
%NorfiM errrtiiimnl, .loBDAN ik llui.i.MAN, I'roc. U. H. Nat. Mum., IflH!), ]r>'.', Pacific Ocean, oil
coaat of Colombia, in 33 fathoma. (Typo, Nn. 41141, Coll. Alliiitruiw.)
NOM. NVMODI'S POKYI, .r<>r.lnii.
Head 4; dopth 0}. I). 10; A. 10 to 12; hviiIuh 1-1 t-l. Kody tvr«ti>,
rather rolniHt, tlio Hiioiit rathur long and pointed, :<|| in head; nioutli
largo, thu jtruniaxillary 1} in h«ad; lo\ver,ja\v Hlightly projecting; intci-
orbital area concave; Hnpraorhital ridge present. Dorsal fin inHertiMl
midway between tip of snont and front of adipose tin; the tips of tirst
and last rays oqnal when the (in is dellexed. Ventrals U in head, reach-
ing j| distance to vent; pectorals reaching base of vontrals, 1} in heud.
Lateral line with a slight keel posteriorly. v<.i]„«yig|i above, scalis
punctate M'ith dark ; breast llesh-colored ; sides with a row of irregular
black markings; acapnia barred with black, occasionally with a small
black spot, iina not barred, the caudal with dusky shades. Length '>
inches. Cuba; abundant. (Named for Prof. Felipe Poey, its discoverer.)
Syiinilnii hileniieiUiiii, PoKY, Eriunienitio, ITri, 14:), l87r>;iiot (>rAilA8ai/ ; Mkkk, Pruc. Ac. Nut. .Si.
Phlla., 1884, 131.
Sifnodm iioeyl, Jordan, Pror. U. 8. Nut. Miih., IHmi, 520, Havana. (Coll. .lonlun.)
HOn. MTNOIHIM HYNOIUJN (IJuiiii<uh).
Head 3}; depth 5; eye b'k ia head; snout 4; premaxillary 1.^ ; pectoral
2i; ventral l/a; anal very short. D. 11; A. 8; scales 5 or 6-58-H. Top
of heud quite warty, marked with radiating and with cross streakH
of warts; interorbital space concave, marked with small warts; supra-
orbital with a conspicuous bony ridge. Palatine teeth long and slender,
slenderer than teeth of the jaw and almost in one series. Body miicii
mottled and vermiculated with darker, and crossed by about 15 dark
half bands ; scapular region dusky but without distinct apot ; dorsal and
anal mottled, other fina plain. Coast of Brazil and Leaser Antilles, Wh
distribution imperfectly known; our description taken from two speci-
mens in the museum at Paria from Bahia, types of the description of
Cuvier & Valenciennes. The species may not be the original Sifnodua of
Gronow and Linnceus. No other specillc name seems, however, ever to
have been given to it.
f E»ox nynoduf, liJSiijKVS, Syst. Nat., E<1. xii, TilO, 17C6, America; linsod on St/itodiiii of Oronow
Saiirtis tj/tioihis, CuviER & Valknciennes, HiHt. Nat. Poiss., xxii, 477, 1849.
f Bytioihii fattciatuH, liActpp.or., Hist. Nut. Polss., v, 321, 1804; uftor Gbonow.
tSaurm rarim, GOnther, Cut., v, ;i95, 18G4 ; tlio iruo varhiii in a closely related Bpcclca, ponsilil.v
identical with 8. nyiioditH, reprcBonting the latter in thu Western Pacific ; itH scalcB, 1)0 li>
64, api)ear sniallur than in 8. tyttodtu.
810. SYNUDIJ8 LACERTIMUS, Gilbert.
Head3J; depth 5|; eye 6. D. 11; A. 8; scales 68. Snout short, 4^
in head, 2| in premaxillary, its length slightly less than its width nt
base. Eye over middle of premaxillary, which is If in head ; interorbital
:.l|-
.■-it si--ht<:A:^b:-'-^-JLfiihri{:A'ki-.ii''i6i-
..'M
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North America.
537
\N iiltli halt' HiKMit; ocuipiit witli \vu1I-<Iov«'I<)|m'<1 rugoiiitoN. HcuIuh tin
clicoks cruwdtMl, ill t> iowh; (our ■««rii)H l>«>two«ui u(li|H>He Hit iiiitl latornl
lino. Front of doiNal tuniior tip of Hiioiit than ndipoNO iln l>y u diHtanco
i'i|iiiilin){ diani«t««i' of piii>il; tiio tin low, thn tipH of »nt«^riui' rayH
lntrt-Iy ruuc]iin)( bano of jxmtorior rny in rotlexed (in: hnsn of doi-Hul 17,
ill lu'iid ; npp<>r ontlinu of dorHal conv«x ; anal vury Hnnill, itH baMo \,
liii^tli of lioad ; p<>ctui-alH v*m',v Nliort, bluntly ronnd<>d, tint luii){<^Ht my
'1\ in h»ad,not reaching bryond vtuticnl from baHo of viuitralH; vontrnls
itachin); halfway to front anal, \\ in ht^nd. Cidor black, with 5
liKiad dark barH nMudiin;; to lattMal lino or below; th« middle of each
iiitiTHpaco with a faint«*r bur conlinod to back; mandible below with
alternating brown and Hilvery croHabutH; a black Hpot at lower angle
of clioekH, with a Hmall Hilvery blotch below it; inside of month and gill
ciivity pale; dormil and candal faintly barred. Length (i^ incheH. Aoa-
pulco, Mexic«»; one Hpecinicn Known, {lacfrtinim, li/.ard-like.)
Siiii(xl»ii Ittrerlimm, OlMiRIlT, Proc. I'. 8. Niit. Mili.,1KtN), 6f>, Acapulco. (T.vim', Nh. 4'I:{0II. Cull.
AlluitrDiiri.)
81 1. NYNOIH'S HAITItrMd.iniiiruN).
(Takkntola ; Lackrtk; Tiri'.)
Head 4; H. ir»; D. 12; A. 12. Scales 3 or 4-(K)-2. Snout broader than
litii^, the JawH Hubecpial ; teuth small ; upper surface «)f head corrugated.
lioi'Hal slightly higher than long, the tips of the first rays not extending
lii'voiid tips of last ; pectoral reaching ninth or tenth scale of lateral line.
Scales on tail faintly keeled. Dusky gray, yellow below. Length 17
incheH. ((iiinther; Goode.) Coasts of Southern Europe and neighboring
islands, recorded by Dr. (ioode from the Bermudas, {aalftoq, lizard.) (Eu.)
Sii/m« Hiimiif, LiNN,*;i!H, Sysf. Niit., Kil. xii, .Ml, ITfiO, Mediterranean; iiftcr Ahtkdi.
SiiiuiiH yriHfiiD, IiowK, TfHiiH. Zoiil. Soc, ii, 1841, 1K8, Madeira ; CJCNTiiKit, Cut., v, :\'M, WA.
I.imritla meilileirtmett, SWAINSON, Nut. Ilirit. Anini., II, 2H7, 1H:19, Mediterranean; name only.
'nniH iiinrmortiliiii, UAKiNKsgi'K, (iumttori, 60, 1810, Palermo.
Mimmarin riKso, Ris.><i), Kur. Morld., Ill, 458, 1820, Nice ; very young.
HijHuilua lacerla, QooDE, Hull. U. .S. Nut. Mub., v, 1870, 08, Durmutla Hpt'cimon ; not of Kifwo.
812. 8YNOIHI8 SCITULICEPS, Jordan * Gilbert.
Head 4i|; depth {)h D. 10; A. 12; scales 6-61-(5. Allied to S. feetens,
but with the head very small; cheeks with about 4 rows of large scales;
operclcs with 4 ; 4 rows between adipose tin and lateral line; ventrals 1|
in head; pectoral 2. Coloration brownish olive, scales of back with pale
daHJics ; head marbled above ; pectoral and caudal blackish ; adipose fin
Mack, edge pale ; no yellow. Length 7 inchts. Cape San Lucas to Pan-
.ania ; not uncommon in shallow bays. («ct<M2i(N, slender; -ct'j)8, head.)
^l/uiiiliiH MihiUceiiH, JoiiDAN & GlLUEiiT, Proc. U. S. Nut. MuH., 1881, 344, Mazatlan. (Type,
No. 28;i92. Coll. Gilhort.)
81». HYNOniTS JENKINSI, Jordan & Bollman.
Head 3t to 4 ; depth 6j^ to 7. D. 10 or 11 ; A. 13 ; scales 5-62 to 65-6, 6
rowM un cheeks. Body slender, subterete, depressed. Head moderate,
i
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liulletitt ^7, United Stales National Afuseum,
iiiiioh larftflr than in S. $ciluHcrp». Hnoiit broadly triangular, littlo
pointod, lik in hvud, itH length uiioiit u<|Uttl to itH hritadtli at Iiamu. Month
larg«, pronittxillary 1} in IhmuI. Interorhital ar«a concuvc, rngoHo,
Hlightly broader than oyu, r>Hit boad; Hiipruorbitul finely ittriatu, witii
serrulato edge. Lower J»\v include«l; teeth moderate. Lateral liiu<
witl out keel. Origin of dorHul midway betwiMtn udipomt fhi and anterior
margin of pnpil ; anterior rayn of dornal not extending ho far uh the iiint
when depnwHed; tip (»f ventralH reaching Mlightly mure than halfway to
vent, their length I'j in head; pectorala reaching root of ventralH, 2 in
head, and longer than Hnout. and eye in larger HpeoimenH. Color brown-
IhIi olive; HoaleH on back with paler HpeckH; a few rowH of snales below
lateral line with numero.iH black dots; head not marbled; JawH not
spotted, tip of lower black ; inside of opercles dark ; lining of shoiiidcr
girdle yellow; pectorals und caudal dusky, former tipped with piilo;
adipose fin dark, margined with paler; lower fins pale, (lulf of Califor-
nia to (talupugoH JslandH, in 10 to 33 fathoms; common. (Named for Dr.
Oliver Peebles Jenkins, who obtained the species ut (iuaymas.)
SyniiilunjndiHiii, .Tokiian fc Itoi.i.HAN, Prur. U. R. Nat Muh., IHHtl, }M, ofT coast ol Colom-
bia, Oalapago* lalanda. (Ty|>o, No. 41171. Coll. Albatrom).
HI4. NYNOnrS HKTKNM (Linnii-im).
(IjiJtARii K18II ; Oalmwahp; IjAoarto ; HoAPriHii.)
Head 4i; depth 7; eye 5i. D. 9 or 10; A. 11 or 12; V. 8; scaleH 7-ti()
to 04-8 (the vertical rows counted obliquely). Snout long, the upiMi-
jaw li in head. Scales less regularly arranged, and the rows less oblii|in<
than in Synotlus ludocepK] those ou the opercle in about 5 rows, on tint
cheeks in 7; 25 to 30 scales along back before dorsal, 4 in a vertical row-
between adipose fin and lateral line, 6 in au oblique row. Pectoral tin
short, 2 in head, not reaching ventrals, its length i that of the preniax-
illary ; ventral large, 1} in head, its length from outer edge of haHo
greater than from tip of snout to upper edge of gill opening. Intoior-
bital space considerably concave, with i;<diating ridges. OlivaceouH or
sandy gray; yellowish Lelow; back mottled; upper surface of IunuI
brownish, distinctly vermiculatod with yellowish ; ventral fins, lower
side of head, and inside of month tinged with yellow ; no scapular Hpot;
snout not black at tip ; dorsal scarcely barred. Length 12 inches. Capo
Cod to Brazil, very common from 3outh Carolina southward, on snndy
coasts; not valued as food, (fcrteuit odorous.)
Siilmo /iiienn, Linn^us, Syst. Nat., Kd. xii, n;J, 176G, South Carolina. (Ooll. Pr. (iunlon 1
Omnrnis aJbiihin, Lac(:p£de, HiRt. Nut. Polsf)., v, 229, 1803, Carolina; nftcr TjINK.v.i'n.
Coregonwi ruber, LAc(:p£nE, IliMt. K.it. PoiBo., v, 2C3, 180.3, Martinique; uftor Plvmikk.
Eiitx iiutmoneiiii, BIitciiili., Traus. Lit. & Phil. Soc, i, 1815, 442, Ne^v York.
Bmirwi hmgiroatriH, Aoasbiz, Spix. Piac. Brasil. pi. 43, 1828, Brazil.
BaurtiK mexicamu, Cuvier, lUygne Aiiiiniil, Kd. ii, 314, 1820, Mexico.
Baiirtig ntUianut, PoEV, Mumorias, ii, 304,1801, Cuba.
Baurutfwtemi, OI?ntiier, Cat., v, 396, 1864; IIoLBnooK, Ichth. 8. Car., 187, I860.
Bynoditt npirianm, Poey, Enumoratio, 141, 1876; Jordan, Proc. II. 8. Nat. MiiB., 1884, 107.
Synodusfirleni, JonnAN & GlI.nEiiT, Synopsis, 280, 1883.
Bf/nodu»/oeien» and ipixiantu, Meek, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 135.
Jordan and Et'trpnann. — Fishes of North Amerita.
iV3U
HU. NVMOIM'M It'KN'Ki'HfAyrM).
Head 4; depth Hf ; (^yn 5. D. 11; A. 12; H. It; McaloH ia-(M'i-Ut (the
vtirtical HurioH (ionntod oltli<|tit^ly ). HatloH arruii|{<'<l in n^Ko'ur, vury
iililii|ue rowH; tlioNn on tlio opttrcluH in about K, on tlio olin«tkM in altout U,
■ OWN ; 40 to r>() Boalt^H alon^ tlin liauk Itot'oro tlio dorHai, <t in a vurtioal row
l)ntw«un adlpoHfl fiti and latural lino, and 10 in an oldiquo row. Pectoral
tin longer, reaohing baan of v<«ntralH, itH liMi)(tli altoiit (vpial to that of the
proniaxillary ; ventral fln not ho lon^; nn thn Hpaco between Hnont and
ii|>por edge of gill opening. Interorbltiil aparo little concave, nearly
Ntiiooth. Olive brown above, grayiHli below, with Home golden luHtor on
HidoN; back with HJaty rotioulationH; head not vermicnlatod above; lower
NJdo of head and ventral tlnn yellow. Length IH inoheH, but nHuaily mnch
Niiiiiller. Han FranciHco to Santa Karbaru, rather coninion in Huninier;
rxNcnibleM S, /wtenn, but the scaluH are Huiallor. (luciun, pike ; -cc^m, head.)
.siMfin hfiiH-fff, AvRKM, Tror. Cal. Ai'. 8cl., \%Kt, (ir,, San Pranciaco; <irNTiir.H, Ciit.,v, 397, 18154.
.s'</ii'ii/iiii /la'ioc'C})*, JuUDAN ><c OiLiiritT, Syno|iRl4, 2H1, Ihh.'I.
249. BATHYSAURUS, (iuuthcr.
/.'.i/;i//iiaHni», OrNTlllER, Ann. Mttt?. Nut. IJldf., An(t"Ht, 1H78, 1X1, (/croj-).
Kody formed an in Synodua, Hubcylindrical, elongate, covered with small
HcaloH. Head deprcHHed, with the Huout produced. Hat above. Cleft of the
nioutli very wide, with the lower Jaw projecting; premaxillary very long,
Hlyliform, tapering, not movable ; nia.\illary obnolete. Teeth in the jawH
in broad bandH, not covered by lipH, curved, unequal in ui/e, and barbed
at the end ; a HerieM of aimiliir teeth along the whole length of each Hide of
tiie ))alato; a few teeth on the tongue, and groups of small teeth on the
hyoid ; eye moderate, lateral. Pectoral moderate; veutrals eight-rayed,
iiiHorted close behind pectoral; dorsal fin median, of about 18 rays;
adipose fin present or absent; anal moderate; caudal emarginate. Gill
openings very wide, the gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
Hranohiostegals 11 or 12. (Jill laminie well developed : gill rakers tnber-
ciihir; pseudobranchiie well developed. Scales rather small. Deep-sea
lishes. (j(JaMf , deep ; naifini;, Saurus = Synodua.)
S18. BATIIYSAITKUM FKKOX, Ollnther.
Head ^^, depth 7. B. 10; D. 17 or 18; A. 11; C. 19; P. 15; A. 8; scales
H-74 to 78-8. Body elongate, sabterote. Head alligator-like, naked,
except on cheek and occiput, with strong nasal and interorbital ridges;
itH greatest width more than half its lengtli ; gape of mouth very wide,
i length of body, extending behind eye for a distance equal to interor-
bital width. Premaxillary with 2 irregular rows of depressible teeth*
some of them barbed, those of inner row much the largest ; lower jaw
enormously strong, its sides projecting beyond the upper jaw ; its dentary
edge thickly studded with depressible teeth, many of them, especially the
larger inner ones, strongly barbed ; those in front, claw-like, recurved ;
3 rows of teeth on the palatines, the middle ones very much enlarged
and most of them strongly barbed, these being the largest of all the teeth;
on the tongue a few weaker teeth and groups of similar teeth ou the
,;'
1 : ,
' , I
lMi!(ifl!iui|l|i|J|fi
540
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
vomer. Insertion of dorsal behind snout at a distance a little more than
its own base and about i the total length, longest ray equal to gntat-
est depth of body. No adipose dorsal (in the specimens known); iuial
inserted considerably behind last ray of dorsal, its base about half that of
the dorsal ; ventrals well apart, inserted just in front of the dorsal, tlieir
length half head ; pectoral as long as lower jaw, its seventh ray pro-
longed to a length equal to that of head; caudal sl.'ghtly forked ; scales
thin, cycloid, deciduous, those of the lateral line larger, brownish ; lining
of gill cavity blue-black. Atlantic and South Pacific, known from ort"
New Zealand, Morocco, and the Uulf Stream if, as supposed, the American
B. agaasizxi is identical with Ji.ferox. (Goodo &. Bean.) (ferox, ferociouN. )
IMhymnrvt ferox, GOntiieu, Ann. Mn;;. Nut. Hint., 187S, 182, east coast of New Zealand.
lUUhtiiumrHit mjamzii, GoonK .fe I)kan,Hu11. Miih. Ooinp. /oiil., 1882, 2iri, Gulf Stream, 33° N. in
647 fathoms; Goodr &. Bean, Ocoanic Ichth., 58, 1895.
250. BATHYLACO, Goode & Bean.
Bathjlnco, GoODF. A Bea.n, Oceanic Icbtliyology, 57, 1895, (iiigricutui).
Body subcylindrical, rsther elongate, stout, similar in form to Sifnodiis.
(Scales absent in the specimen studied, and it is not even possible to
determine whether or not this is a naked opecies.'' Head conical; snout
nhort. Mouth very large, wide, oblique, lower jaw slightly projecting.
Premaxillary narrow and long, with small teeth, which are somewhat
biserial in front and uniserial behind, Interrupted at the symphyNiN.
Mandible with a narrow band of similar teeth; palatine teeth in a nar.
row band ; tongue toothless. Eye moderately large, very far forward, its
upper edge close to the dorsal profile. Pectoral small, placed low ; ven-
tral nearly median, a little in advance of the dorsal and far behind tlie
pectoral, with 8 rays; dorsal origin nearly in the middle of the lengtli
and extending to above the middle of the anal ; adipose Hn probably
absent ; anal origin far back, fin short. Gill opening very wide, um
in Bathyaaurait, the left membrane overlapping the right, not attached to
the isthmus. Branchiostegals numerous. Gill rakers short and few.
Opercular bones verj thin and feeble. Deep sea. {i3ati'rg, deep; TidKuo^, a
hole or pit.">
817. BATHYLACO NIGRICANS, Goode & Beun.
Head 4 ; depth 2; eye ii in head, equal to interorbltal width. B. 8; D,
20 ; A. 10 ; V. 8 ; P. 6. Snout about 2 in eye and about 8 in head. The
lower jaw the longer. The intermaxillary is nearly ^ length of head.
The mandible is contained 3 times in distance from tip of snout to origin
of dorsal ; dorsal fin inserted at a distance from the tip of the snout ecinal
to twice length of head, the length of its base nearly i of total (without
caudal) ; origin of anal under posterior third of dorsal, the length of its
base equal to half that of head , pectoral small, placed low, immediately
back of the branchial opening; apparently few-rayed. Color black.
A single specimen in very bad condition. Si inches in length, taken by
the Blake off Santa Cruz, e,t a depth of 2,393 fathoms. (Goode & Beau.)
(nigrioani', blackish. )
Baihylaeo nigricamy Goode &, Bban, Ocpanic Ichthyology, 57, ftg. 69, 1895, off Sai.ta Cruz,
Mexico.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 641
Family hXIX. AULOPID^E.
Allied to the Synodontidtv, but with the maxillary separate, well devel-
opod, aud dil&ted behind. HypocoracoidH extended downward uh in many
Hpiny-rayed fishes. Gill rakers mostly lung and slender, needle-shaped.
Eyes normal, large or small. No luminous spots ; jaws without fang-like
teeth. Dorsal fin moderate, nearly median in position, the body elongate.
Pectorals present, normal in form and position ; adipose fin normally
present. Pseudobranchiu) present. This family as here understood
includes some half dozen species — fishes of moderate depths, .ihielly of
the Atlantic.
(I. Dorsal fln moderate, of li'M than 15 raysj tooth iiiiiiiito ; kciUoo ctenoid; gill rakers very
alouder. Ciiloroputiialmum, 261.
251. CHLOROPHTH/ LMUS, Bonaparte.
Chhrophihahmu, Bcnapabtb, Fiiiiim Italioii, fiiMc. xxviii, Posci, 1840, {ngafshii).
Uiji>hiiU)»edrm, Goo»E, Proc. U. S. Jsiif. Bins., ill, IrfSO, 483, (cJtalyhrmt).
Head elongate : body subterete, covered with moderate-sized, adherent,
pectinate, or ctenoid ..calos, which are arrangp'l ii> «t.-aight, parallel,
ol)li(lue lines. Mouth rather large, the mR.\iilary well developed, dilated
boliiud, reaching to beyond fron^; of orbit ; lower jaw projecting. Teeth
very small, sharp on jaw;, vomer, and palatines, usually minute teeth on
tongue ; eye very large. Dorsal short, inserted before middle of length
of body ; adipose fin Hinall ; anal short ; caudal forked ; pectorals and
veiitrals well developed, the ventials inserted under dorsal and not far
behind pectorals, none of the rays forming exserted filaments. Gill open-
ings wide; branchiostegals 10; pseudobranchiu; well developed. Gill
rakers needle-shaped, rather numerous. Color silvery, with darker mark-
ings. Deep seas ; four species known, resembling smelt. {x^'^P'^'^i green ;
'u(^Oa/ nh^ , eye.)
a. V.ye 2 in liend; Bcalea 60 to 03. aoabsizii, 818.
utt. Eye 3 in head; scales 45 to 52.
h. Dorsal rays 11; deptli fi3<i in length. vkaiaiieiur, 819.
bh. Dorsal rays 8; depth Ti]/^ in length. tkuculentus, 820.
t I
I
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V-
818. '^HliOROPHTHALMVS AOASSIZII, Bonaparte.
Head 3i ; depth ^h ; eye very large, about 2 in head. D. 11 or 12 ; A. 9;
Hcales 60 to (?3. Dorsal origin at ^ the distance from snout to base
of caudal rays, its height about e<iual to that of the ventral, .5 times in
total length ; anal insertion about f of distance from snout to base of
caudal ; ventral inserted under middle of dorsal ; pectorals reaching
nearly to middle of length of body. Color greenish bronze, with silvery
reliections. (Goode &. Bean.) Atlantic and Mediterranean, rare about
Naples and Sicily. It also occurs at considerable depths in the eastern
Atlantic. The French expedition obtained it oft the Azores in 720
fatlionis, also in the Sargasso Sea, 202 fathoms, aud off the Cape Verdes, 230
to 290 fathoms. The Albatross obtained specimens from various localities
in the Western Atlantic. (Named for Louis ^gassiz, ichthyologist and
teacher, "the best friend that ever studeht had.") (Eu.)
Chhn<>iihlhalmu9 «(/a««izu, BmAPABTE, Fauna Italica, pi. 121, 1840, Italy; GOnthkr. Cat., v, 404,
1864; Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyol., 60, 1895.
Aulopm agamUii, CuviEB & Valenciennes, Uist. Nat. Poiss., xxii, 521, 1849.
p
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542
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
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810. CIILOBOPHTHALMUK CIIALYUEIUS* (Ooodu).
Depth 6i; width 7f. D. 11; A. 8; C. 16; P. 17 or 18; V. 9 or lo;
BcaleH about (ti-48-(>. Body torote. Least height of the tuil half that uf
body. The Hcalcs are moderately strong, sharply pectinated at the ed^e,
and arranged in regular transverse rows, overlapping in such a manner as
to resemble obli<iuo plates upon the sides. Length of head to end of
liexible ilap of the operculum slightly more than i of the body, and itHolf
slightly more than 4 times length of snout. Orbit 4 times width of tliu
interorbital space, 3 in length of head. Maxillary broad and flattontid
posteriorly, in length ,'„ of the body; it extends back to anterior margin
of pupil. Mandible protruding beyond the snout. When the moutii iu
cloBCit the tip of mandible projects noticeably. Dorsal almost midway
between snout and adipose dorsal, its height almost equal to that of v(mi-
tral ; adipose dorsal over middle of anal, its length half diameter of orl)it;
distance of anal from snout about ^ of the body length, its length of hum
equal to length of snout ; its height to that of middle caudal rays; cau-
dal furcate; pectoral long, subfalcate, inserted close to tlie branchial
cleft, its tip extending to fourteenth scale of lateral line, its length twico
that of mandible ; ventral located ^ of distance from snout to base of
caudal, directly under middle of dorsal. Color grayish, mottled with
brown ; scales metallic silvery. Gulf Stream, in from 85 to 167 fathoms.
{chalybeiu8, iron-colored.)
IlyphaUmeilrus cliahjbritis, Goode, Proc. U. S. N»t. MilB., HI, 1880, (Fob. 10, 1881), 484, Gulf Stream
off Rhode Island; (Tyi>e, No. 26092. Coll. Fish Ilawk); Jordan .& Giluebt, Syiio]iBii<, J.H),
1883.
Clwrophlhalmtii agastizii, GOnther, Challenger lieport, xxii, 132, pi. l, fig. c, 1887; iiut of Bona-
parte.
Chlorophthalmus chalybeius, GoouE & Bean, Oeeanic Ichthyology, UO, fig. 71, 1895.
820. CHLOBOPHTHALMUS TRUCIILEMTUS, Goode & Bean.
D. I, 8; A, I, 7; V. 9 or 10. Body snbterete, somewhtii compressed, its
height 5i in its length, its width about 8. The least height of the tail
about 2i in greatest height o^ body at the insertion of dorsal. Scaieu
moderate, cycloid, arranged in regular transverse rows, overlapping in
such manner as to resemble oblique plates on the sides. Lateral line
rather inconspicuous, containing between 40 and 50 scales; about 6 scales
between lateral line and origin of dorsal, and 6 or 7 between it and ven-
tral. Greatest length of head from tip of projecting lower jaw a little
more than i that of body, or 2^ times in length of snout; lower jaw
projecting beyond tip of snout a distance equal to i length of suoiit.
Orbit nearly equal to snout, and about i length of head; width of inter-
orbital space 2 in orbit. The maxillary broad and flattened posteriorly,
about 8 times in length of body, not reaching perpendicular from anteiior
margin of the orbit. Insertion of the dorsal midway between tip of
* ChlorophOtalmtu chalybeiti.» is not identical with C. ayaatUiii, but is well separated by the smaller
eye, longer, more conical snout, lower, more terete body, 'ind larger scales. It closely rcBein-
bles it, however, in general form. Dr. Gilnther's diagnosis of C. mjaimizii in the Cball'iKjer
volume more nearly applies to C. chalijbeitu, and his figure is apparently of C. chalybeinf. Speci-
mens were obtained by the Fixh Hawk in five localities ranging in depth from 101 tolSOfatliume,
and by the AVbairoa from eleven stations at depths of from 85 to 167 fathoms.— Coode <£ Bean,
Jordan and Ever maun. — Fishes of North America.
543
Hiiont and adipose dorsal, its height greater than length of ventral, which
i8 equal to greatest height of body ; the adipose dorsal over middle of
lia.'sc of anal, its length }, diameter of orbit. Distance of anal from snout
iiljout S^ length of body, length of its base about i that of snout, its height
i'(|ual to diameter of orbit ; caudal furcate; pectoral long and strong,
itH length equal to distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of orbit,
and about twice that of mandible; ventral inserted under the middle of
hiiso of dorsal, the distance from posterior margin of orbit e(|ual to dis-
tiiiice of the latter from snout. Color brownish. One specimen about 8
inches in length, obtained by the steamer Blake, at Station LII, off Barba-
(iooH, in 158 fathoms. (Uoodo &, Bean.) (trHcnlentus, truculent.)
Clihmtyhlhuhniit Irurulenlui, UoouK & BcAN, Oveauic Ichtbyulcgy, til, flg, 72, 1896, off Barbadoes
in 158 fathoms.
Family LXX. BENTHOSAURID.E.
This small family of deep-sea t'. ^es is allied to the Synodontidw but with
well-developod supramaxillaries widening backward and applied to the
(lentigerous intcrmaxillaries ; pectorals inserted near the shoulders, and
very long veutrals. (Gill.) It includes a single genus, Benthoaaurm.
252. BENTHOSAURUS, Goode & Bean.
lUiilhiitaunu, OooDE & Bean, Bull. Mus. Ooiiip. /oiil., xii, No. 5, 1C8, 1H86, (tirallator).
Body long, somewhat compressed, tapering into a slender, elongate,
caudal peduncle. Scales cycloid, of moderate size. Head slightly
depressed; cleft of mouth wide, horizontal, the lower jaw projecting at
its extremity and anteriorly at the sides ; maxillary long, slender, dilated
posteriorly ; premaxillary very long, styliform, tapering, inmiovable.
'Die intermaxillary and mandible with bands of small teeth, of uniform
size, interrupted at the symphysis ; a short oblong band of similar teeth
')n each side of the vomer, separated by a rather wide interspace ; palate
and tongue smooth. Eye very small, inconspicuous. Gill opening
extremely wide, the brauchiostegal membrane free from the isthmus.
Gill rakers long and slender, numerous, about twice as many below the
angle as above. PseudobranchisB absent. Branchiostegals eleven. All
the lias well developed ; no adipose dorsal ; dorsal fin median, anal post-
median ; caudal forked, with lower lobe produced; ventral seven-rayed,
iujorted opposite the interspace between pectoral and dorsal, the outer
!> produced. (/Jtv^of , deep ; iroiYJof, lizard.)
821. BENTIIOSAUBUS UBALLATOIt, Goode & Beau.
D. 11; A. 12; P. 9; V. 7; B. 11; scales 9-55-8 or 9. Body elongate,
somewhat compressed, depressed slightly forward, tapering behind into
a long slender tail, its greatest height 7i in its standard length, and
etiualing i length of head, its greatest width i length of head ; its height
at the origin of the anal ^ of its greatest height. Least height of tail half
the height of body at ventrals ; length of caudal peduncle 6^ times its
least height. Scales very thin, cycloid, leathery, deciduous, oval in form,
except at base of dorsal and anal fins, where they become more elongate ;
the horizontal diameter of a scale in the lateral line equals twice diameter
il
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of eyo; lateral line utraight, above the median line anteriorly, liecoiiiiii|r
median on caudal itodunclu, the tube-bearing sealea being prominent, iiiul
about 55 in number; about 1) rows of scales between dorsal lin and latonii
line ; between the latter and anal lin, 8 or 9 rows.
Head twice as long as greatest height of body, its lengtl* contaiiicd
a little less than 4 times in the standard body length. coiisider!il)ly
depressed, scaleless except on the vertex and the preopercijluin- Oper-
culum (perhaps accidentally) denuded. Snout much produced, almost
equal to width of interorbital space, which is convex. Maxillary extend-
lug far behind eye, its length equal to postorbital part of head ; mandilile
projecting bej'ond upper jaw a distance slightly more than diameter of
orbit, with a series of 7 large pores on its lower surface ; several siiiiilar
pores under eye. Nostrils situated about midway between eyo and
extremity of snout, small, slit-like, the posterior about twice as largo as
the anterior one in each pair.
Dorsal inserted midway between tip of snout and base of middle cau-
dal rays, highest in front, the len^^th of the rays diminishing rapidly
posteriorly ; apparently no adipose dorsal ; anal similar in shape to
the dorsal, the anterior rays being longest, about equal in leugtli to
mandible, its distance from the snout about 3 times length of itn
longest ray , cauda! forked, its middle rays % as long as those in tlie
upper caudal lobe; the lower lobe much prolonged, the lower ray beini;
moi'e than 4 times as long as the middle rays; its extremity bioken
off in our specimen, but apparently it must have been nearly twice as Iomj;
as the stump which now remains; pectoral fin normal, inserted close
to tlie opercular flap, its length slightly greater than that of the head
(although mutilated), extending beyond origin of dorsal; ventral base
entirely in advance of the perpendicular from the origin of the dorsal
the inner rays reaching vent, Avhile its outer ray is enormously luolonged,
extending far beyond the extremity of the upper caudal lobe, the length
of the prolonged ray fully 4 times that of head ; ventrals close togetlior.
Color brown, the roof of the mouth and inside of the branchiostegal llap
black, as well as the operculum and branchiostegal membrane. One speci-
men, 15i inches long to the tips of the prolonged ventral rays, was taken
by the Blake, at a depth of 1,850 fathoms, at Blake Station CLXXIV, iu
latitude 24° 33' N., longitude 84° 23' W. A second example nearly the
same size, taken by the Albatross, in latitude 39° 3' 15'' N. and longitude
70° 50' 45" W., at a depth of 1,537 fathoms. (Goode & Bean. ) (y rail <t tor,
one who walks on stilts.)
BetUhomtirtis griiUator, GoonB&1iK\ti, Bull. Mus. Conil). Zoiil., xil, No. 5, 168, 18.S0; Oooi)E& Hkan,
Oceauic Ichtb., 62, fig. 73, 18U5, Gulf Stream. (Coll. Blake.)
Family LXXI. BATHYPTEROID.E.
Characters of the family included below in those of its single genus:
253. BATHYPTEROIS, Gunther.
Bathypteroifi, GCktheb, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 5th series, ii, 183, {Umgifiliii).
SynaplereliiiuH, Goodg & Bean, Oceauic lohthyology, 64, 189.5, {qnmlrijiUt).
Shape of the body like that of Aiilopus. Head of moderate size,
depressed iu front, with the snout projecting, the large mandible very
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North Atnerica. 545
]iruminent beyond the upper jaw. Cleft of the mouth wide; maxillary
much developed, very movable, much dilated behind. Teeth in narrow
villiform bands in the jaws; on each aide of the broad vomer a small
patch of similar teeth; none on the palatines or on the tongue. Eye
very small. Scaler cycloid, adherent, of moderate size. Rays of the
pectoral flu much elongate, some of the upper being separate from the
riHt and forming a distinct division. Yentrals abdominal, 8-rayed, with
tliu outer rays prolonged. Dorsal fin inserted in the middle of the body
above, or absent; anal short.; caudal forked. Gill openings very wide ;
gill laminii) well developed, separate from each other; gills rakers long.
Pseudobranchite none. Deep-sea fishes, the American species belonging
to tlio subgenus Synaptereimiis. {paft'vi:, deep ; Pteroin, a genus of Scor-
jxiiioid fishes, with pectoral filaments.)
SvNAPTEUETMUS ((Tvi'ojrTd*, joincd together; cpcTMot, oar):
(I. Outer YOiitral n>ya fllifurni, Bimjilo, prolonged, apprcHscd or iusoiwraMy united. Knd of
durml and origin of anal iti same vortical, or overlapping.
h. Anal origin in nearly same vertical as end of dorsal. Dorsal origin over axis of von-
trala or nearly so. Ventral rays elongate.
<: Ventral outer rays appressod; lower caudal ray prolonged; upper pectoral ray not
extending boyond upi)cr lobe of caudal. A. 9 ; scales 59. quadkifilis, 822.
ce. Ventral with the outer rays closely appressed; lower caudal lobe pro<luced; upper
pectoral ray as long as the whole fish. A. 10 ; scales 55. lonuipes, 823.
Subgenus SYNAPTERETMUS, Goode & Bean.
8'2>2. BATHTPTEROIS <{UADRIFITilS, Gilnthcr.
Head 5; depth 7; B. 12; D. 14; A. 9; P. II, 9; V. 9; scales 6-59-8.
Evo Hmall, about 3 in snout, or 5 or 6 in postorbitai portion of head.
Tppermost and lowermost of the pectoral rays filiform, the former
bitid for more than ^ its length, the latter simple. Outer ventral rays
iniich prolonged, not dilated; dorsal inserted close to root of ventrals;
adipose fin present, narrow. Head remarkably flat above and the width
of the interorbital space greater than length of snout. Dorsal fin mid-
way between tip of upper jaw and root of caudal ; anal inserted imme-
diately behind dorsal, its origin equidistant from roots of pectoral and
caudal ; caudal emaiginate.
This species possesses not only the long detached upper pectoral roy,
but also an equally long lower ray, which, however, is not removed from
the remainder of the fin. The upper ray becomes bifid in its proximate
third, and is accompanied by an extremely short rudimentary second ray;
it scarcely reaches the caudal fin and is shorter than the lowermost ray,
which may reach to the end of the caudal, and is split only at its very
extremity. Structure of ventral fins as in Bathypteroia longipea, but the
strong outer rays are somewhat curved and do not reach the end of the
anal. Scales cycloid, as in other s^)ecies, but those behind tho basal
portion of pectoral fin are deeply pectinated, provided with from 5 to 10
lonj; and narrow teeth, of which the middle ones are the longest. (Gi'u-
thcr.) Color blackish or black ; pectoral filaments whitish.
The types of this species were obtained by the Challenger otf the coast
of Brazil ; two specimens, one from Station 126, at a depth of 770 fathoms,
I. N. A. 36
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one from Station 121, at a depth of 500 fathoms. Other specimens obtained
by the lilake off St. Vincent, and by the AlbatroHH at Station 2385, in 710
fathoms, and at Station 2117, in 683 fathoms. {quadrifiHa, having four
threads.)
DitlhiiplirniK t/imdrijUui, GOnthkr, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, ii, 184, ofT coast of Brazil, in
500 to 770 fathoms; Goode & Bkan, Oceanic Ichthyology, (ifi, fig. 76, 1805.
82S. BATIIYPTEROIS LONUII'ES, Gllnthur.
B. 12 ; D. 13 ; A. 10 ; P. II, 7 or 8 ; V. 8 ; scales 6-55-8. Uppermost pec-
toral ray strongest, about as long as the whole fish, bifid toward its
extremity ; outer ventral rays much prolonged, strong, but not dilat«Hl
at the extremity ; dorsal fin inserted at some distance behind root of vcn-
trals ; adipose iin present or absent.
Similar to Bathypteroia loiKjiftlia, differing in the following points: Eye
minute; dorsal fin farther backward, its origin being nearly midway
between end of snout and root of caudal ; consequently the root of tlit*
ventral is some distance iu advance of the dorsal, and the end of the dor.sal
is vertically opposite fifth anal ray. One specimen possesses, the other
lacks, adipose fin. Caudal fin deeply forked, with the outer ray inticli
produced. Of the two branches into which the posterior third of tlie
long pectoral ray is split, one is much shorter and weaker than the otlior.
Two outer ventral rays aio closely appressed from the root to end, aiid
much stouter and longer than the other rays ; they are articulated to the
end and without soft pads. These fin rays extend beyond the end of tlie
anal fin. (Gunther.) Color black, with white fins.
The Challenger obtained two specimens, 9 inches long, from off the east
coast of South America, Station 325, depth 2,650 fathoms. 8e\eral
specimens, 3 to 9 inches long, were obtained by the Albatroaa and tlie
Blake, (longua, long; pea, foot.)
Bathypterois htiyijien, Gi'NTIIKR, Ann. Mag. Nat. HiBt., 1878, ii, 184, east coast of South
America in 8,650 fathoms; GpNTHEn, Cliallonger Reiwrt, xxii, 188, pi. 48, fig. A, l><s7;
Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, fi6, fig. 7C, 18r5.
Family LXXII. IPNOPID^.
The characters of this singular group of deep-sea fishes are included
below in the account of the single genus.
254. IPNOPS, Gunther.
Ipnops, GCntuer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 11, 187, {muirayi).
Body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with large, thin, deciduous
scales, and without luminous organs. Head depressed, with a long, tliiu,
spatulate snout, like that of Baihypteroia, but more depressed, its whole
upper surface occupied by a pair of large, transparent, lamelliform mem-
brane bones which cover a peculiar organ divided longitudinally into two
symmetrical halves. These organs, which represent the eyes, were at
first supposed to be luminous organs, but according to recent investiga-
tions of Professor Moseley they " show a flattened cornea extending along
the median line of the snout} with a large retina composed of peculiar
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 547
rods, which form a complicated apparatus, destined uiidoul>t«<11y to pro-
duce an image and to receive especial luminous rays." *
Bones of lower part of head well ossified, mouth wide, the lower jaw
projecting, and the maxillary dilated, as in liathyjiteroia. Jaws with nar-
row bauds of villiform teeth, i>odc on vomer or palatines. None of the
liuH filamentous; pectorals and ventrals near together, well developed.
Dorsal inserted just behind vent; no adipose fin; anal moderate; caudal
Hubtruncate. Ctill rakers needle-shaped. No uir bladder, pseudobranchiii^,
nor pyloric cucca. One species known, widely distributed. (tVvof, lantern ;
(JV, eye.)
S24. IPNOPS MUBRAYI, OUuther.
Head 6; depth 13*. D. 10; A. 13; P. 14; V. 8; B. 12; scales 55, Body
very slender; head much broader than deep, the snout much depressed,
itH outline obtusely rounded ; maxillary extending beyond middle of head.
Gill rakers 10 + 22, long and close-set. Vent between ventral fins, slightly
mure than a head's length behind gill opening, and nearly twice as far
from base of caudal as from tip of snout. Caudal subtruncate; pectoral
roiiching ventrals, a little more than half head ; ventrals rather long,
Htrouger than pectorals and placed well apart. Lateral line faintly indi-
cated. Brown, fins colorless; membranes of mouth and gill cavity black.
Length 5i inches. A bottom fish found at about 2,000 fathoms, recorded
from coast of Brazil, Tristan da Cunha, Celebes, aud in tropical America,
(24° 3(5^ N., 84° W. ), and off Bequia. (Named for Dr. John Murray, natu-
ralist on the CAaW('W(/e»* expedition.)
IpwijiK miinayi, Gi^NTHKn, Auii. Mil);. Nat. Hist., 1878, ii, 187, coast of Brazil, etc.; GPn-
TiiKR, Voyage Cliallenf^cr, Deup-Sca Fisbcn, 191, 1887; AoASSiz, Cruises of tbo BIulio, u, 32,
tig. 215, 1888; Goode & Bean, Oceanic Iclitbyology, 67, 1896.
Family LXXIII. RONDELETIID^.
Body more or less compressed, scaleless ; head naked ; no barbels ;
mouth large. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the x>remaxillaries
only. Teeth coarsely granular. Opercular apparatus complete, its bones
very thin, membrane-like ; no adipose fiu ; dorsal fin far back, short and
low, inserted opposite the anal; pectorals short, placed rather low.
Ventrals present, abdominal. Gill opening very wide ; membranes deeply
cleft, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiu) absent. Deep-sea fishes.
One Hpecies known. (Goode & Bean.)
(Itmi'MetiUlH; GoouE & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894 (1895), 454, and in Oceanic Ichthyology,
07, 1895.)
* " Tlio cxiRtcnce of well-devolopod eyes among flsheii destined to live in the darlt abysses of
tlie urcan seems at first contradictory, but we must remenibor tbnt tlicse denizens of tlio deep
are iimiiigranta from tlio shore and from the surface. In some cases tlie eyes have not been
spfciully mHified, but in others there have beei modifications of a luminous mucous mem-
brane, leading on the one band topUogphorencent organs more or lessspecializetl, or on the other
tosmh rvmarkablestructuresastheeyes of Ipnops, intermediate between true eyes nnd specialized
pliosiihorescent plates. In fishes that have been blindnd and retain for their guidance only the
general senHibility of the integuments and of the lateral line, these parts soon acquire a very
great delicacy. The same is the case with tactile organs (as in Balhyplernit and Uenthntianrrtt),
ami experiments show that barlxils may become organsof touch adapted to aquatic life, .ensitive
to tli(^ faintest movements or the ulightost displacement, with power to give the blinded flshee
lull cognizance of the state of the medium in which they \\\o."—Al»xawier Agauk.
''™r
548
Bulletin ^7, United States National Afuseum,
I i
255. RONDELETIA, Go(h1» ik- liean.
Uonileleliii, Ooodk .t llKAN, Proc. U. H, N»t. Mum., lwt4 (IHiiri), 454, {liirnhn); mid in Occuiiic
Ichthyoldny, 0«, 1805.
Body oblong, contproBsod, HcaleleHS. Mouth large, lower jaw Hliglitly
projecting. Teeth in bandH, coarsely granular in the jawH ; vomer ami
palatineH toothleHu; a row of large nnicouH porea on the lower Nurfaci^ of
the mandible, and extending upward on the preoperculum. PoHtcrioi'
nostril with a slender filament anteriorly. Kyes moderate, near tin-
dorsal profile. Snout rather long, obtuse. Supraocoipital bones witli :i
pair of strong spines projecting horizontally forward over the orbit, (iill
membranes entirely separate ; gill rakers numerous, rather long and
slender ; gills 4, a narrow slit behind the fourth. Hranchiostegalu 7.
Opercular bones thin, membranous. Dorsal short, rather low, oiiposiic
and similar to the anal ; pectorals and ventrals small ; caudal sniiill.
probably forked. No vestiges of a lateral line. (Dedicated to Cluilluiinni
Rondelet, "the great French ichthyologist of the seventeenth century,"
one of the ablest of the "Fathers of Ichthyology.")
H26. KONDKIiETIA BIC'OLOU, Uo.mIo fc Ituan.
Head about 2 in total length; depth 3; eye 6; snout 3. It. 7; D. II:
A. 14; P. 9; V. 5. Maxillary reaching to below the hind margin of eye,
Origin of dorsal fin nearly opposite vent; origin of anal immediatt-Iy
behind vent, the terminations of the two opposite. Fins low, the rays
pointing horizontally backward ; longest dorsal ray 5 in head, lonj,'t .st
anal ray 4 ; pectoral fin inserted below middle of body and under end of
opercular flap, its length nearly i that of head; ventrals inserted
behind middle of total length, and still farther behind tips of the
extended pectorals, thnir length about ^ that of head, and when extended,
reaching beyond vent. Color purplish black, with cherry-colored mar-
gins to the fins ; whitish in spirits.
A single specimen 4 J inches in length, was taken by the Fish Com-
mission steamer AlbatrosH at station 2724, at a depth of 1,641 fathoms,
(Goode «fe Bean.) (bicolor, two-colored.)
ttotuhlelia bii-ohr, GooDK &. Bkan, Proc. U. S. Nat. BIus., 1894 (1895), ir(4, pi. 17, fig. 1; iiiid in
Oceanic Ichthyology, 68, flg. 77, 1895. (Type, No. 38202. Coll. AlbutroKs).
Family LXXIV. CETOMIMID^.
Body somewhat compressed, scaleless ; head naked; lateral line eon-
spicnous. No barbels. Mouth exceedingly large; the margin of the
upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only ; the lower jaw stroiijjly
curved, and slightly projecting beyond the upper. Teeth in jaws in
bands, granular; vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and also the first gill arch
and the lingual bones (which are greatly enlarged), as well as the upper
pharyngeals, covered with teeth of a similar character. Opercular ii]^rA-
ratus incomplete, its bones very thin, membrane-like. No adipose liii;
dorsal fin far back, short, high, inserted opposite the anal, which it
resemblec* pectorals short, placed rather low; ventrals absent, (-ill
opening immense, the membranes deeply cleft, free from the isthmiiH.
Jordan ami Rvermann. — Fishes of North Ame*;'ca. 549
(iills 3. PBoiuloliranohiiH ahsent. (Uoode &■ Ii«an.) Duop-Hoa fishes of
iiiic«>,i'taiii relatiuuHhip, bearing a Hingular reHeinblance to (litniiiiitive
wIialeH. Two Hpeeios known. {Cetomimithv, (4oo(1e A- Hean, Proo. U. 8.
Nat. Mils., IKIH (1895), 451; and in Oceanic Ichthyology, 68, 1895.)
256. CETOMIMUS, (ioode &. Bean.
il„iminn>, OiionR ,t Hean, Proc. U. S. Nut. Miir., 1894 (1805), 4r>2, iuillii); and In (Voanic
IchlliyoloKy, fi8, 189S.
|{()dy ohlong, compresHed, acalehmH; Hiniilar in itn vertical ontlino and
]ii'<)p()rtion8 to that of the right whaluH (liahtmido;), a reaeniblance which
is greatly enhanced by the shape of the enormous mouth, and in the
lower Jaw, which is strongly curved, projecting slightly beyond the
Niioiit. Teeth in granular bands, covering all the bones of the mouth,
tongue, and throat. Mucous pores sometimes present on the back. Nos-
trils far forward, open slits without Hap. Eyes very small and placed
far below the dorsal profile. Gill membranes deeply cleft, not attached
to the isthmus; gill rakers absent, replaced by a granular tooth-like
surface upon the arch ; gills 3, no slit behind the third. Branchioste-
^iils 9. Opercular apparatus incomplete, bones thin and membranous.
Dorsal short, high, inserted very far back, directly opposite the anal,
wiiich it resembles in shapo and si/e. Caudal peduncle short and slen-
<ler. Ventrals absent ; pectorals broad and short, placed low ; caudal
small, weak, probably emargiuate or truncate. Lateral line broad, con-
sisting of two furrows, connected vertically by numerous short cross
grooves, (ki/tois, whale; /itfiin/ini, to mimic.)
(I. Dorsitl rnyn 1(S. oiliji, 820.
(Kf. Durxal rays lU. storeri, 827.
K2«. CETOMIMUS UILLII, GcmhIu & Bean.
Head about 3; depth a little more than 4; B. 9; D. 16; A. 16; P. 16.
Ey*) minute, about 23 in head, and about 8 in snout, inserted midway
between margin of jaw and dorsal profile, distant from the former a space
contained about 2i times in length of snout. The maxillary reaches very
far back, extending to a point behind orbit equal to 1^ times length of
snout. Origin of dorsal directly above that of anal, which is inserted a
short distance behind vent ; distance from snout equal to more than 4
times length of its own base, and distance of its termination from root
of upper rays of caudal equal to its own greatest height ; anal similar
iu shape and extent to dorsal, but the thirteenth to the fifteenth rays
the longest, while the eighth to eleventh are the longest in dorsal ; length
of these longest rays about equal in the two fins, and contained slightly
h-ss than 3 times iu head; pectoral inserted somewhat below middle of
hody, close to extremity of opercular flap; broadly lanceolate, about 3i
times In head; ventrals lacking. Lateral line sweeping in a bold
< luve from a point bove the upper angio of the gill opening to a point
in middle of body between origin of dorsal and anal fins, and thence in a
straight median line to base of caudal. Color blue-black.
A single specimen of this curious species, 5 inches in length, was taken
by the Albatross, August 20, 1884, at station 2206, in 39° 35^ N. latitude,
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71° 2\' W W. longitude, at tho depth of 1,043 fatUouis. (Uoode & Bean.)
(Named for Dr. Theodore Oill.)
Ctlomimut gillii, (looDR A Bran, Proc. IT. H. Nat. Mn«., 1804 (180n), 4A2, pi. 17, flg. 2; ami In
OcMuio Ichtliyulogy, 00, (Ig. 78, 180S, Oulf Stream. (Typo, Mo. 3A620. Ooll. Albatrow.)
887. CETOMiaiim NTORKRI, Goodn & Bean.
D. 19; A. 16. Head 3it', depth about 4 in total length; eye 18 in hond
or 7 in Buout, inserted neuter doroal profile than to jaw, its position in
tho vertical being twice as far from the line of the upper Jaw as from tiic
dorsal line, and nearly in tho line of the vertical erected from middle of
npper jaw to the right angled of its edge. Lower jaw strongly curved,
projecting far beyond upper. Origin of dorsal fin a little in advance of
that of anal, which is inserted at a distance from the vent equal to .3 or I
times diameter of eye ; dorsal fin longer than anal, the termination of
the latter V)eing under the fifth ray from the end of the dorsal ; they are
about equal in height, and the direction of the rays when erected is back-
ward and at an acute angle with the axis of the body ; the longest rays
about 2^ in hend; pectoral fin inserted very fur down, the lower portion
of its peduncle almost on the abdominal line; the fin is lanceolate, und,
although mutilated, is believed to have been about i as long as the head ;
lateral line in a sinuous curve from a point above the upper angle of ^ill
opening to a point somewhat in advance of insertion of dorsal, and
thence in a straight lino to base of caudal. A line of mucous pores on
either side of the median dorsal line in advance of dorsal.
A single specimen of this species, 4f inches in length, was taken l)y
the Fish Commission steamer Albatross at station 2222, on September
6, 1884, at a depth of 1,535 fathoms. (Uoode & Bean.) (Named for David
Humphreys Storer, the accomplished author of the History of the Fishes
of Massachusetts.)
Cetomimiu storeri, GoonE & Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 1894 (1895), 453, pi. 17, flg. 3; and in
Oceanic Ichthyology, 69, flg. 79, 1896, Oulf Stream. (Typo, No. 35634. Coll. AlbatruBs.)
Family LXXV. MYCTOPHIDiE.
(Thb Lantern Fishes.)
Body oblong or moderately elongate, more or less compressed, covered
with scales, which are usually cycloid, but sometimes ctenoid. Moutli
wide, the entire margin of the upper jaw formed by the long and slender
premaxillaries, closely adherent to which are the slender maxillaries.
Teeth various, mostly villiform, and in bands in the jaws; also on the
pterygoids, palatines, and tongue ; and on the vomer in adults. No bar-
bels. Gill membranes separate, free. Branchiostegals 8 to 10. Psendo-
branchite well developed. Gill rakers long and slender. Lateral line
usually present, the scales prominent and often enlarged. Cheeks and
opercles scaly. Adipose fin present ; dorsal fin short, median, of soft
rays ; pectorals and ventrals present ; anal fin moderate ; caudal
forked. Air bladder small. Intestinal canal short. Luminous spots or
photophores more or less regularly placed along sides of body ; larger
lominous glands often present on the head or on the caudal peduncle.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 5.51
i . i:\
Species about 100, placed in one KonuH by (jiintbor and Liitlien, divided
into many by Uoodo Hie Hean. Small tlshuH, very widely diHtributed in
tlic open 8ea. They live away from the ahores, ordinarily at a conHidur-
iililo depth, coming to the Hurface at night or in stormy weather, descend-
ing; by day.
Until the recent review of the Mediterranean species by Uaffaelo and
cHpccially the admirable monograph by iJr. Liitken (Spolia Atlantica,
part 2, 1892), the species were very imperfectly known. This masterly
jtaper of Dr. Liitken has been followed by a very exhaustive account of
tho Atlantic species by (jloode &. Bean (Oceanic Ichthyology). Advance
Hlioets of this paper have been kindly placed at our disposal by its authors,
and our manuscript has been entirely recast to include the species there
described. Liitken places the species in one genus, Scojteliia, but "for
convenience of study and comparison " Uoodo <Sl Bean have thought it
"best to break up this great polymorphous genus" into minor groups.
We find, however, considerable difficulty in giving these smaller genera
satisfactory definition, but on the whole we have found it more con-
venient to recognize them as distinct genera rather than to place them
as subgenera under the common head of Myctophum. The extreme ranges
of variation are greater than are usually recognized as occurring within
the limits of a natural genus.
NdTR.— Dr. Raffaolo aud ]>r. Liitken linrn shown tho fsxeaX importancn of the pottition of the
UiiiiiiKiiiH B{)ots or |i1>oto|)h(>ro8 oh cliurnctorK dlHtinguiNhiug tho si^ccioa oi ticopdiihv. l)r. I.lltkon
liiiH propoHed ii system of nomenclature for thoni, as follows:
Cnmliil (or precaudal) spots or jdiotophores, thoHo 2, 3, or 4 in numl)cr ot or near lioso of lower
lolio of cuiidal, the flntt sopiratcd by a lircak from flio iiiuil M-ries.
Ami spotK, those forming a series from vent along Itase of iiniil and caiidnl peduncle; tliis Mericg
Ih uRUiilly interrupted above last part of anal, one or two spnees being without Hpots.
/>>w'iro/u((Ta^ spots, or spots placed near tho lateral line above the break in the anal series.
.Sii;ini-i...a; spots, usually 3 iu number, forming an oblique series or a triangle between vent and
lateral line.
Vniiriil spots, a series of 4 or 6 between ventrals and vent.
Smirarenlral, a single spot somctin'es |>re8ent between ventrala and lateral line.
Thcmvir spots, a series, often irregular, of about 6, along breast.
Pecliirul Hpotg, usually about 3, about base of pectoral.
OlterruUir, 2 or 3 on opercle.
SlamUlmhir, about 3 on mandible.
lU'sides these, preoculay, mbociihir, mpracaudal, and infracaudal luminous patches often occur.
Tlio luminous glands on tail are so aften obsidete as to lose much of their value in cluHsificatlon.
Ill this iwper we have adopted in the descriptions written by us, the numenclaturo of ijr. Liitken
UH above given. In tho descriptions copied from Goode & Bean a Homewhat difTorent system is
used, but we have preferred not to alter the language of these authors.
Note. — Goode & Bean (Oceanic Ichthyology^ offer the following
Tentative Arrangement of the Genera of Myctopiiid/I!.
I. Body oblong, compressed. Teeth in jaws in villiform bands.
A. Pectorals present.
1. Dorsal and anal flns touching (or nearly so) the same vertical, or overlapping.
a. Lateral line not at all, or Imt slightly, enlarged. Scales cycloid, smooth.
i. No bumnotu glamh on head or tail. (Luminouii scales sometivies jiyesent on tail, above or
below.)
X. Head short, with limb of preoperculum nearly vertical; snout more or less blunt
and declivous. Precaudal pbotopbores 2.
w^
I t I
I i i
1-1 {.
mfwm
m
052
Bullttin 47^ United States National Museum,
DorMl Mitlrely In front of •nnl, auil imrroly, or not at bII, overtapiiinK. flii|><>r-
•nal plioto|ihora« In two ((roup*. Mnrroi'ni m
Donml o|Mirl»|>|iluK nual. Hu|M>r»n»l* In ono or two %xn\\\*. BRNTiioiir.M«.
cjr. liiiiul lonK, liiiil) of |ir«o|M>r<'iiliini ol)lli|un, unoiit coiiIckI and unitku-llliv. I'ri
cHMtlnl |ihoto|>horM 4 or '2 I 1.
Itonutl ahoiit ei|UHl to or niiurtur timn •d«I, anti uul ov«rl«|)|ilnR.
No orliltal Miilnei. liAMr*NvrTi m
Orhltnl MplnM, ('KHATOMnifKI.I «,
Dornal much longur th*n anal, ami ovorluppliig It,
PectorttU pUci'il nornmlljr. Notohi'oi'ki.i *.
I'ertontli pluci'il very low. (!ataiii.kmkm„\.
H, l,nminn«i glimih »n lull, hiil miut on hrail.
X. DorHul nml anal nnarly <M|ual, not tom'hhiK mnio viirtli'itl.
HuHil aoniowhat uonU-ul, with llmli of priiup«r<'.uluiii nllKhtly oblli|iin.
8adi||ii-llk« Kland on tall, above and IhiIow. LAMPAOrN*.
Ui, Liirge luminoiii ytnuilii itn heait, hul tione oM tail,
t, Supuranal photophoruH In twoKroupn.
Prucautlal photophoreH 4.
One largo, irregular gland iH-cupying entire front of head. ;1''Tnoi'iiciRA
Four lunilnoui glaudn on head, one In f^out of each eye and one on (-lu'li Inriu-
orliitul. Coi.i.k'hia.
Precaudfil photophoruM non«.
A gland in front of each eye Itolow the nostril.
I'hotophoreN and cophallc glands all divided into lialvcs hy horixontnl H>'|iin
of I>la4-k pigment. I)iai'iii !>.
it. Lateral lino obHoloMcunt.
i. ATii /HmntuNa yUimU. l'hulnphore$ muck at in typical genut,
jr. Head long, with oblli|ue preoitorcular limb.
Dorsal overlapping anal, the latter much the longer. Pectoral very high.
Precaudal pliotophort) 1. Apitarontly no photophores on head.
Tauletonbkani
e. Lateral line -ith scales much enlarged; scales hard, jierslstont.
i. Luminout glamlii or tcaleii OH titp of caudal peihiucle ; none on head,
X, Scales cycloid. Anal passing behind xoft dorsal.
Body elongate, fusiform ; head short, with projecting snout.
Anal much longer than dorsal, but not overlapping. Caudal peduncle sIciiiIit,
elongate. Stbnobracmuk.
One posterolateral photnpboro over break In superanal series.
Stenodbaciiivs (Ai.ysia and Khinoscoi-emh).
Body ovate, compressed; head short, profllo decMvoiiH; snout not projecting.
Anal somewhat longer than donal and overlapping it slightly. Caudal pi'ihiinli'
short and stout.
' No posterolateral photophore. Superanals in unbroken series. Elrctuona.
ccx. Scales ctenoid. Anni terminating below soft dorsal.
Body elevated, somewhat compressed. Caudal peduncle rather slemler.
Anal longer than dorsal, but scarcely overlapping. Dasybcoi'ki.i h,
i. Dorsal and anal short, similar, far apart.
a. Scales large, very deciduous, covered with minute spines.
i. No ImniuouK glands on head or tail.
X. Scales along belly with luminous centers. Photophores far from normal.
Head conical; rictus short.
Dorsal and anal equal, the latter placed with its center under soft dorsal.
Nkoscopeich.
h. Scales (If present) very deciduous.
i. Mouth very large; maxillary much dilated at tip. SvoPBLENtivH,
B. Pectorals rudimentary.
1. Dorsal and anal overlapping considerably,
a. Lumitunu glaad* on tail, above and beloie. Photophoree miwute, irregularlg placed.
r ••
Jordan and F.vfrmanu. — Fishes of North America.
503
i. IIcimI Ioiik, witli ol)lii|ii« |ir*upiirriil«r llnili; mioul mnlral; moiiih tarmin*!, horl-
Xcllltlkl. NANNlinNA<'llll'M.
7/. n<Hly nliinKKti', ('jrliiiilrlrnl. Ti'oth lu lowrr J»w In wrrral arrlm. M<'<ii>ki.ii«aiiiii>i.
ItoHideH tlio H|»u<;i«>N iii«Miti<>iio«l Im^Iow, v«>ry nianv otluTN nrti ki.own fiuni
tilt* upon Atliiiiti«i uihI I'lirilic, uiiy of wliicli art< .'ki^ly to Im« foiiii<l on'oiir
KiiiNtH. DflHorlptioiiHof inoHtof tlio known N|N>4'i«>Mar«^Kiv«n in the pupvi-H
iiliovo ni«ntiuufl<l of Liitki^n and of (iooth^ «& IU<iin.
II. DiirHul llii lint I'liillriK Miurli, If any, li«furi< frunt nf mial (In.
fc, (!iiiiiIhI pliiiti . Iiiii'i'n 4 nr 11, iintcr 'l\ iliironl flii not iniit'b, If nn,T, nlmrtor thnn mini; liinly
<l('«|i nr nli'iKlitr, iiiit liiiii'li roiilnu'lcil Ix-liitul, tlic cainlul inmIiiikIi' rolniNt; imIkk of
pr«ii|M<rrlH iiiorn or Ii'In oIiIIi|||i<; |irctoritlH Ioiik or iiliort, |ili)i-ml rnlliiT low.
r, DorM! nil very Ioiik, iiiiii'Ii Ioiik<'I° tlmii iiiiul uml i>vcrlH|>plii|( tin- liittcr; |)f«-tiiralii
miiull, narrow, pliucil low; h«ni| Ioiik nml Iom, »lth oiiiull i-y<>.
Mai'KOMtoma, 2^)7.
CO. Domal fln not nini'h Ioiikit tliiin nnitl.
i<. Ili'nd willioiil liiriti' IiiiiiIiioiihuIiiiiiIh; |it-otoriilii lonK <>r i>liort,«vitli iiurrow iMtHo,
<•, I'i'Ctorul lliiN loiiK, ri'iti'liInK pitHt vi-nlriili; liiiiiiiioiiH Kla"''* ">■ <'nuila|
|ii'iliiiirl)i uliovo or Ih-Iow, occaHJuiially |iri>i»-iit,
/, Orlill with II Hiiiall uiitrorxu Mplun ur horn abuvn front of uuch <-y«.
Criiatoni'i pr.i.i'H, 2n8,
./r. (Miiit willioiit iintrorNi' Kplmi iihovi>. Lampanvc-ii i, 'iriO.
rr. IVt'turiil till niiiuII or iiiiniito, not niiicli loii^or than cyi'; iiHiially it liinil-
nuiiH blotch on niinlul ]i)i(lunul« iilxivc or lu'low, or both.
(/, Hciili'H In liitoriil liiiit not litr^tT than the otIiorK. liANi'AnrNA, 2<10_
!/f/. Haih'H in lattTiil lino nutulily lurKiT than tho othurs.
Nannoiihaciiiiim, 201.
(111. Ilttad witli InrKO InniinoiiH KlantlH before or low oyc; pt'itoral fln* Mliort iinil
broiiil, pliiciiil low; I'yo very hii'Ki-; niii'ut iliort and convex; fMalvM in lat-
eritl lino iiMiiiilly nmrr or Ionm cnlitrKi'd, th« porcH lunilnoiiN.
h. I'liotoplioreH and liiniiuoiix gliindiinioiit of them dividud into halvci by crois
purtltionH of black plgniunt givinK tlic funii uf thu U-ttor 9; n liiniinoiiH
((land in front of each oyu below nontril. I>lAl>lIti8, 2U2,
hh. I'hotophoreg Hlmplo, without Reptu.
i. Lunilnoui blotches beforu and below eye Miparate.
.ilCTiinpRORA, 203.
a. IjuniinonH blotcheH before and below eye coaleacent in one largo blotch
occnpyiii); wholn front of head. Col.Lr.TTiA, 264.
hh. ('audal pliotophoreH 2, never 3 or 4; dorxiil fln notably Bhorter than anal, its ruyH U to
14; auul rays 10 to 2(l; body deep anteriorly, thu caudal pednncle Hicnder; edge of
pruopercle nearly vertical; pectoraU long, placed high; no luniiuouH glanda on
head; cyo large.
j. Lateral lino well developed.
X-. 8oaleH cycloid.
/. Maxillary Hcarccly enlarged at tip; last rays of dorsal not behind Ant of
anal.
m. Snout prominent, projecting beyond tip of lower jaw; wales of lateral
line more or less enlarged; caudul peduncle very slender; usually
a luminous gland on its uppor surface. Rhinorcopem'S, 266.
n.m. Snout little prominent, scarcely projecting beyond tip of lower jaw;
scales of lateral lino usually not enlarged; no luminous glands
on upper edge of tail; moderately elougate. MyctopiiijM, 266.
{/. Maxillary abruptly dilated at tip; last ray of dorsal behind flrst of anal;
form moderately elongate (not broad-ovate as !u the Kiiropean group
Elertrima), Bbnthosema, 267.
kk. Scales otenold, firm; tail with a Rminous gland above. Dasyscopelub, 268.
ij. I^nteral line obsolete; no glands on tail; scales crenulate. Tarlbtombbamia, 269
.
m !
f
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I I
im
\.
hi
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554
Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
W.!^
257. MACROSTOMA," Risso.
Macrntljoma, R188O, Europe Murid., in, 447, 1826, (anj/iurtidedii) ; not itfaofWomtM, Wied, 1817, a
goniisuriuBccta.
Ab(o«copeIu«, GttNTllEn, Cat., v, 400, 411, 1884, (renplendetxi).
CitablemeUa, KloiMMANN & Eioenmann, Pruc. Cal. J .( . Sci., Sd series, ill, 1800, 24, {brachyrhir).
Myotophids with the dorsal fin much longer than the anal, and overhip-
ping the anterior half of the latter. Body elongate. Snout obtusely con-
ical ; jaws equal in front ; cleft of mouth nearly horizontal ; maxillary
not dilated behind. No luminous glands on head cr tail. Arrangement
of photoy)hore8 irregular. Prec&udals 2 -(- 1 or 2, the last one higb ii]).
(fMKfMig, large; arofia, mouth.)
a. ModioIatoralH 3, in a curved, subvertical series; posterolaterals 2 or 3.
b. PoHterolaturals 2, horizontally sido ))y side, under adipose dorsal.
('. Caudal spots 3 ^2~)-l); posterolaterals under soft dorsal; pectoral weak and short.
(I. Dorsal rays 21 ; anal 20; scales 42; anal photoplioros 8 -f 8. quercinvm, 8z8.
dd. Porsal rays IC; anul 14; anal pliotopborcs -|- 17. maroaritiferuh, Hi9.
cc. Caudal spots 4 (2 -}- 2); first i)ostorolatcral under adipose dorsal, second behind it.
D. 21 to 24; A. 17 or 18: anal series 8 or 7 + 6 or 7. anuubtidens, k:!0.
bh. Posterolaterals 3, horizontally side uysido; caudal spots 3(2 f-1); lost posterolateral
under adiiH)8o dorsal; pectoral short and weak. D. 20 or 21; A. 10; scalcH 4ri; unnl
BcrirsO | 4. castaneitm, 8;!1.
aa. Mediolatorala 2; posterolateral 1; caudal spots 3, the last at end of lateral line. D, '2(1; A.
18; scales 36. caudisfinosi'h, 8;t2.
,/
828. MACR08T0MA QUEBCINUM (Ooode & Bean).
Head 3J to 4; depth 5f. D. 21 or 24; A. 19 or 20; scales 42. Eye
moderate, nearly 4. Snout short, about i as long as the diameter of the
eye. Mouth oblique and very large, the maxillary extending to angle
of preoperculnm. Length of upper jaw about j^ that of head. Origin
of dorsal much nearer tip of snout than root of caudal, being over the
twelfth scale of the lateral line and immediately above origin of ventral ;
length of its base equal to that of head, and longest ray f as long as head,
its end over seventh ray of anal; pectoral short, not reaching to origin
of ventral ; anal origin about under twenty-first scale of lateral line,
the length of the base equals that of head without snout, and the longest
ray is about i as long as head; adipose fin very slender, its distance
from end of dorsal equaling i length of head ; caudal moderate, decply
forked. A large luminous spot near the <* igle of the preoperculnm : 2
above the pectoral base and 1 below it; 1 just below the lateral lino
above the origin of the anal ; 5 or S between the isthmus and the root of
the ventral; a number of others not accurately counted. Color dark
brown.
Mediolaterals 3, in curved subvertical line; posterolaterals 2, under the
soft dorsal; precandals 2 -f- 1> the last below the end of the lateral line I
one of the precandals very high up. Western Atlantic, at 700 to 800
fathoms ; also in the Mediterranean. (Goode & Pian.) This is very likely
*By the rules of the Amer. Ornithol. Union, Notoscopehu should oe used instead of Maenmloma,
M there is a prior genua Macrottomus. We regard the two as distinct, as they are spelled difler-
•ntly.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
555
tlie original ehngatum of Costa, rather than the species here called by that
name (after Lutken). {quercinus, oak-like, from the tan-color.) (Eu.)
S^ildM-opelw i/M«rctAiM, GoonE k Bkan, Oceanic Ichthyology, 84, fig. 07, 1895, Grand Banks.
(T.vpo, No. 43789. Coll. A.batrora.)
820. MACROSTOMA MARGARITIFERUM (Goodo & Bean).
Head 4; depth 5; eye moderate, about 4 iu head. D. 16; A. 14. Least
Iieight of tail i of greateE>t height of tody. Snout very short, compressed
into a ke«*l on its upper edge, its length scarcely more than i diameter
of the eye. Gill rakers 9 or 10 above the angle, aboat 16 below, the
longest abont 1^ the diameter of eye. Intermaxillary reaching almost
to angle of preoperculum. Space between eye and hinder edge of pre-
operculum much less than diameter of the eye. Origin of dorsal much
nearer tip of snout than root of caudal, about over ninth scale of lateral
'me, and in same vertical with origin of ventral ; length of dorsal base
nearly i of totp' (without caudal) ; the ventral does not <iuite reach to
origin of anal ; pectoral very short, its hmgth only i that of head ; no
adipose dorsal ; anal origin under eighteenth scale of lateral line ; base
of tin as long as head without snout; caudal moderately forked. On
top of the caudal peduncle a long, linear mirror, nearly i as long as head,
its width about i of its length. Several large phosphorescent spots on
inner edge of mandible, a large one near angle of preoperculum.
Mediolaterals 3, in a curved, subvertical line. Posterolaterals 2, under
Hoft dorsal. Superanals 9 -f- 7. Precaudals 2 -f 2, the last below end of
lateral line. Grand Banks of Newfoundland ; known from two speci-
mens. (Goode & Bean.) (niar^jranti/er, bearing pearls.)
SotdffoiieUiii margariti/er, GoODR & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 85, fig. 98, 1895, off Banquereau.
(Type, No. 43775. Coll. Soli. Alice M. Williams of Gloucester.)
880. MACROSTOMA AN0U8TIDENS, Bisso.
(Pbick Fish ; Maire d'Ahplora.)
Head 4 ; depth 5i ; eye moderate, 4» in head. D. 21 to 24 ; A. 17 or 18.
Caudal spots 4, 2 horizontally placed, 2 at base of caudal rays;
posterolateral spots 2 or 3 ; anal spots about 8 -|- 7 ; supra-anal spots 3, not
quite in line; ventral spots 5 or 6; a white or luminous spot on back of
tail. Preopercle very oblique. Body elongate, the caudal peduncle not
very slender. Head moderate, snout very short, low, but bluntish at tip ;
chin prominent ; mouth not very oblique. Dorsal very high, anal long ;
pectoral slender, narrow, placed low, with 12 rays, not reaching ventrals.
A luminons gland above and one below tail. Atlantic and Indian Oceans,
Norway and Greenland. (Lutken ; here described from Mediterranean
examples.) It is not unlikely that several species are confounded under
this name. According to Goode & Bean, the original elongatum may be the
one called by them quercinu8. (angustus, narrow ; dens, tooth.) (Eu.)
Aldcfdsloma mujnstidens, Ribso, Etxope Meridionale, iii, 448, 1826, Nice ; P. 22 ; A. 18.
Scopeliis ilongalm, Costa, Fauna Napoli, Pcsci, i, 2, Scopclus, 1844, Naples ; LOtkkn, Spolia
Atlantica, ii, 44, 1892; Lilueboro, Sverges Fiskar, vi, 25,1889.
Laynimnyclutreeplendeng, Richardson, Voy. Erebus aud Terror, 42, 1846, Gulf of Guinea; OCn-
iHEB, Cat., V, 416, 1864. .
I
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556
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,
BcopeliulcrHperi, Malm, QotolinrR Vetonsk. Ilam'l., 1(10, 18i>3, Bohuslan, Sweden,
Sci pelu$ piieuil crocodilui, MoRF.Ait (fi(l« LrTKEN).
Mjctophum brtKhj/chir,* Eioknmann & Eioenmann, West American ScioiitlHt, 1889, 126, Cortez
Banks. /
881/MACROSTOMA CASTANKIIIM (OowU- A nean).
Head 4; depth 5^. D. 20 or 21; A. lf>; scaleH about 46. Eye mod-
erate, its diameter nearly 4 iu head, and more than 2 iu snout. Muiitii
exceedingly wide, oblique, with JawH equal; maxillary extending back-
ward almost to angle of preoperciilum. Intermaxillary as long as max-
illary, and toothed throughout its entire length. Maxillary very litllo
expanded posteriorly. Origin of dorsal flu very much nearer tip of snout
than root of caudal, being as far from snout as from front of pearl-colored
patch on top of tail and somewhat in advance of origin of ventral ; doiHul
base considerably longer than head, the longest ray equaling length of
postorbital part of head ; caudal deeply forked ; pectoral small aud
not reaching nearly to ventral, its length not much more than i that of
hbdd ; ventral insertion under fourth ray of dorsal, its length about i
that of head; anal base nearly equal to head without snout. Mediu-
laterals 3, in curved subvertioal line ; posterolaterals 3, horizontally side
by side. Precaudals 2 -f 1> IS'St below the end of the lateral line. LaHt
posterolateral under soft dorsal. Number of superanals 9 -{- 4. (liraud
Hauks, two specimens known. (Goode & Bean.) (caHtaneua, chestnut-
colored.)
NotoKopelm cantaneiu, Goode & Bean, Ocoanic Ichthyology, 85, flg. 95, 1895, Grand Banks,
(Typo, No. 3170(!. Coll. Str. Kish Hawk.)
882. MACROSTOMA CAUDISPINOSUM (.Johnson).
Head 3J ; depth 5i. D. 36 ; A. 18 or 19 ; V. 8 ; lateral line 36 to 38. Eye
moderate. Snout obtusely conical, with jaws equal in front. Cleft of
mouth rather oblique. Origin of dorsal fin midway between extremity
of snout and adipose fin, and above base of outer ventral rays, its last ray
behind vertical from middle of anal. A series of from 6 to 9 ^niall
spines bent backward, above and below, before the root of caudal, the
tips of neural processes. Pectoral fins shorter than ventral, and not
extending beyond its root. Mediolaterals 2; posterolaterals!; precau-
dals 2-^-1, the last at the end of the dorsal line ; the single postcvoiat-
eral in advance of the soft dorsal ; number of superanals 7 + 4 ( f ).
(Goode & Bean.) Atlantic Ocean, two specimens known, one from the
western Atlantic at a depth of 1,78*^ fathoms, 39° N., 68° W. (cauda, tail;
8pino8U8, spined.)
Scnpeliii caudiupmosus, Johnson, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lend., 1863, 42, Madeira; GI^ntuek, Cat., r,
416, 1864.
Notoscopehts caiulispinosun, Goopk & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 85, flg. 96, 1895.
*Head3V,(41n8pecimenoxaniiiii'd); depth 4%; D. 20 to 23; A. 18 to 20; 8cal('s40. I.iiininmis
spots not described, probably as in M. arnjiinlideiit, a white spot on back of tail ; elontnitr. . mii-
pressed; bead long, slender, the Huuiit pointed, the profile not much rounded; pri'0|>rr< iiliir
margin very oblique; mouth large, maxillary not dilated behind, ig in bead; eye miHi<'i.it<'. 4
in head. Dorsal falcate, longer than anal; pectorals minute, not nearly reaching m ntr.il''.
Length 3)<^ inches. Cortez Banks, near San Diego, in 45 fathoms. (Kigenmann.) Not i-vi'l'titly
different from M. angustidens ; a siiecimen examined by us, iu poor condition, agrees |>erfi-('l I v with
Ltltken's accouut condensed above, bo far as its characters can be ascertained. (/Spaxi'd ^>'u^'
XtCp, liaud.)
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
554
258. CERATOSCOPELUS, Guiither.
(VTll^wlC02«''"»l GPnther, Cat., v, 405 and 412, 1804, (mirfeireiMw).
Dorsal and anal fins touching the Haine vertical, but scarcely overlap-
piiiff, the dorsal not greatly elongate. Scales of the lateral line some-
what enlarged. Head long ; lintb of preoporcnluni oblique ; snout conical
and snake-like. A spine above or))it on each side. 1 o luminous glands
uu head or tail. Caudal photophores 4. (Ktyiar;, horn ; Scopelus.)
II. v. 13 or 14; A. Hi; eyo largo; anal sories fl 4- C; two ])osterolutL-ral g|)ot8; four caudal »pot«.
MADEIRKNSIB, 83:t.
J
833. CEBATOSrOPELVS MADEIRENSI8 (Lowo).
Head 3 ; depth 4|. D. 13orl4; A. 13; scales 36. Forehead with a bony
projection or horn on each side above eye. Caudal spots 4, the last at base
(if middle rays ; 2 posterolateral spots ; anal spots about 6 -{-6, the series
not evenly placed ; supra-anal spots forming an obli(jue series. Pre-
opercle very oblique. Body rather elongate, the head large and heavy ;
t\ve large, twice length of the bluntish snout, 3j^ in head ; mouth large.
Ddroal high, much shorter than .anal ; pectoral long and slender, reaching
p;iHt front of anal. (Liitken.) Atlantic and Mediterranean, west to the
(inind Banks, where it is rather common at about 1,500 fathoms. (Eu.)
Sc'^)ll■ln< tiHtiMremi:!, LuwE, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Loud., IKIW, 87; 1851, 250; and Traiix, Zoiil. Soc.
li.ind.. Ill, 14, l«3!t, Madeira ; GCmiieu, Cat., v, 412, 1804 ; Raffaki.e, Mitt. Zool. Stat.
NaploH, IX, 184, 1)1. 7, li^. 9, 188i»; LCtken, Vid. Mod. Naturli. Foren., 208, 18i»l.
Sinitiliis hinmiinrtii, CuviER & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxii, 449, 1848, Nice.
Cenilo)co2)dm madcireiuit,* GoouE & Bean, Occauic Ichthyology, 82, 1895.
5 •':!:!;'
\'
259. LAMPANYCTUS, Bonaparte.
Lnmpdivji'liiii, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, fosc. xxvii, 1840, {crocodilus).
Body oblong, compressed, slender, the caudal peduncle rather robust.
Scales deciduous, cycloid, those of the lateral line not enlarged, so far as
known ; lateral line well developed ; number of caudal photophores 3 or
4, never 2; luminous blotches almost always piosent on upper or lower
edf^o of tail, none on forehead. Head compressed, the mouth large, with
HubiMinal jaws; premaxillary very long and slender. Eye large; pre-
opercular edge more or less oblique. Gill rakers long and slender.
Dorsal rin large, lai'ger than in Myctophum, not notably shorter than
anal, its insertion little, if any, behind that of ventrals; rays of dorsal
11 to 24, those of anal 9 to 19. Pectoral tins narrow, well developed,
inserted low. Species numerous, very widely distributed in the open
sea. (^(ijUTr/, lamp ; pif, night.)
11 Pectorals long and falcate.
b. Cauilal iilioto|)liore8 3 or 4, in two series, the last on or near end of lateral line.
('. Modiolaturals 2; posterolaterals 2, nearly under adipose dorsal.
* Heisrlit of body j^ of total length; length of head nearly }/^. Least height of tail nearly J^
tri'.iii-t lieiglit of body. Snout moderate. Mouth largo, oblique; jaws ei|ual. Maxillary very
rli-^taly rx]>aiided liehind. Ventral reaches to vent, and pectoral almost as far back as ventral.
.Vnal iiri)cin under about nineteenth scale of latervl line. D. 13; A. 12; scales 36. — Goode d;
litui, : I'rutu American «pecimeDS.
■h I
Iff f
Ufi
'i
I ^ i
!:!
558
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
d. Snout Bbort, iharp, not much decurvod aboro; eye Binall, 6 in head, SciiIih
38 or 39; D. 12 or 13 (soniotimos 14 or 15); A. 14 or 15 (rarely 17 or iHj;
anal Rorius to 8 | 8 to 12; oyo mnall, about 6 in head; hpad lonp;, Htmkc>.
lil<o, witli largd montli. orocddilir, s:;4.
dd. Snout liluiit, decurvod; oyo large, 3 tuS^ in head; Bcalea 32 to 36.
e. ScaluB 35; I). 13 or 14; A. 14 or 15; pectoral reaching front of anal; iin
luminous glands on tail. townsenui, K,V>.
ee. Scahm :i2 or'33; D. 13; A. 15; anal 8erio8 7 |- 0; pectoral reaching niiiMIo
of anal; tail with a lumiiiouH gland above and below. 'alatus, KIO.
cc. UediolateralM 3; ])08tcrolateraU 2, in advance of adipose dorsal; caudal HurieH
3 + 1; D. 12 or 13; A. 13 or 14. Scales 30; anal gerleH 5 i 5; anterolaterals 2;
pectoral reaching middle of anal; snout nhort; cyo 4 in head, uuntiieki, s:n.
lb. Caudal photophores 4, in a continuous, nearly horizontal row; the last not appnuuh-
ing end of lateral line; mediolaterals 2; posterolaterals 2, nearly under adipoiio
dorsal; T>. 12; A. 16; scales 38; anal series 7 +8; anterolaterals 3, hori/oiititlly
placed, not apjiroaching end of lateral lino. okmmii'eh, s:;8.
aa. Pectorals comparatively xhort, slender; caudal spots 4, in a low, nearly huri/.ontal xiriis,
the last much below lateral line; 1 posterolateral below adipose dorsal. I). 12; A.
12 or 13. Scales 36; anal series 5 to 7 | 5. lacerta, s;w.
. i -
.1 ^
834. LAIHPANYCTUS €B0C0DILV8 (Risso).
Head 3nV; depth 55. D. 12 to 15; A. 14 to 18; P. U; scales 38 or 39. Four
caudal spots, the lust at base of middle rays; 2 posterolateral spots; uiial
spots variable, about 6 -f 8 ; supra-anals 3, forming an obtuse-angled tri-
angle. Preopercle extremely oblique. Body elongate, the caudal peduncle
stout; snout very short, pointed; mouth very large, the chin projecting;
eye small, 5 in head, close to the tip of snout. Dorsal high; pectoral
long and slender, reaching front of anal. Atli* itic and Mediterranean ;
rare ; west to 33° N., 40° W. (Liitken.) (Croc Mas, a crocodile.) (Eu.)
Gcaletvpelectit croeodilus, Rlsso, Ichth. Nice, 357, 1810, Nice.
Scopelm crocodilax, LUtken, Spolia Atlantica, il, 43, 18U2.
Lampanyctua crocodUtu, Goode & Dean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 79, 1805.
835. LAHPANYCTUS TOWNSEMDI* (Eigenmanu & Eigenmann).
Head 3 to 3i; depth 4^ to 5; eye large, 3i. D. 13 or 14; A. 14 or 15;
scales 35, those of lateral line not enlarged. Caudal spots 3, two
below, with a third higher up at base of caudal ; posterolateral spot
present; anal spots 6-}- 6 = 12; 4 between ventrals and anal. Form
rather elongate, the head longer than in Myctophum humboldti, the tail
deeper ; preopercle about as in M. Iiumholdti. Pectorals long and narrow,
reaching nearly to front of anal, H in body. Cortez Banks, near Sau
Diego, in 45 fathoms. (Eigenmann.) A specimen examined by us is in
poor condition, but the species is certainly a valid one, and allicil to
Lampanyctua alatua. (Named for Charles H. Townsend, naturalist on the
Albatross.)
Myclophtim townsettdi, Eigenmann & Eioenmann, West American Scientist, 1889, 126, Corte;
Banks. (Typo, No. 41921. Coll. Eigenmann.)
• " Phosphorescent spots of the head iis in californieme, the spots in the ventral series few c i' iu
number, 5 pairs on breast; 4 pairs between ventrals and anal; 6 pairs along base of niml;
pairs on caudal peduncle; 2 pairs on caudal peduncle above the spines. Spots of the sides as in
calif nmienne, with an additional spot on base of middle caudal rays, and another between the
last of the anal pairs and the one bctow the tweuy-fourth scale of the lateral Mati." —EUjcwnmru
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 669
88«. LAMPANYCTU8 ALATUS, Qoodo k D<'an.
Head 3}; depth 5; eye 3; snout uearly 2 in eye. D. 13; A. 17 or 18;
scales 32-33. Least depth of tail about \ greatest height of body.
Snout short; upper and lower profile deeply curved, and with a median
crest. Mouth large; length of upper jaw eciual to greatest depth of body.
Origin of dorsal nearer to tip of snout than to root of caudal ; pectoral
I'lu very long, reaching to at leaut middle of anal buse ; ventral short,
not reaching to origin of anal ; anal origin under end of dorsal ; caudal
moderate and deeply forked. A small phosphorescent body on the upper
and lower edges of the tail at the root of the caudal ; length of lower
patch a little greater than diameter ef eye.
Mediolateral pbotophores 2 ; posterolaterals 2, the latter one above the
other or nearly so. Precaudals in two groups, 2 -|- 1 or 3 -f 1, the last at
the end of the lateral line. Posterolaterals nearly under soft dorsal.
Number of superanals 7 -f 6. Three specimens taken by the Albatroaa from
station 2393, in 28° 43' N. latitude, 87° 14' W. longitude, 525 fathoms.
(Uoode <& Bean.) (a/a/us, winged.)
Liwipanyclua atatuii, Goode & Bkan, Oceanic Ichthyology, 7!), 1895, Gulf Stream, (Type, No.
43769. Coll. Albatross.)
v/
887. LAMPANTeiUS OUNTHERI, Goo<le & Bo»n.
Ilead3j; depth 5^; eye nearly 4. D. 13; A. 13; scales 36. Body much
compressed. Least depth of tail i greatest depth of body. Snout short,
about i diameter of eye. Mouth oblique, very large, the maxilla extend-
in<r nearly to angle of preoperculum ; maxilla very little dilated posteri-
orly. Length of upper jaw about i that of head. Dorsal origin a little
nearer to tip of snout than to root of ventral, immediately over origin of
ventral and eleventh or twelfth scale of lateral line ; anal origin under
the sixteenth scale of lateral line, its base short, about |- length of head ;
adipose fin present, small, entirely behind the base of the anal ; nine
rows of scales between its posterior margin and the root of the caudal;
pectorals very long, reaching to above middle of anal ; ventral reaches
almost to anal origin; caudal moderate, well forked. Mediolaterals 3;
posterolaterals 2. Precaudals 2 -f 1, the last at the end of the lateral line.
Posterolaterals in advance of the first dorsal, forming a gently curved
series continuous with anterior half of the broken supra-anal series. O' e
specimen obtained by the Gloucester fleet. ( Named for Dr. Albert Giinther,
Keeper of the Zoological Collections in the British Museum, and the author
of "monumental works," the foundations of ichthyological work in the
last half of the nineteenth century. )
Lampanijcln* giinlheri, GooDE & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 80, 1895, Grand Banks. (Type,
No. 43777.) /
J
838. LAMPANTCTUS OEHMIFER, Goodx & Bean.
Head 3i ; depth 5*. D. II, 12 ; A. II, 16 ; V. 8 ; P. 15, 16 ; scales 5-38-5.
Least depth of tail f height of body. Eye large, nearly .i length of head.
Distance between posterior margin of orbit and preopercular edge equal
to diameter of eye. Snout obtuse, very short, its length less than half
,y
\
560
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
I' J I
n
1: 1 . 1
HIM^
'■■./.
diameter of eyo. Maxillury scarcely dilated bebiud. Origin uf doraal
midway between tip of auout and dorsal mirror; base of dorsal equal to
lengtb of postorbital part of bead, and about oqiial to longest dorsal ray;
ventral origin aligbtly in advance of dorsal origin ; pectoral readies
slightly beyond origin of anal. Scales smooth, those of the lateral line
scarcely larger than others. Mediolateral photophorcs 2 ; posterolaterals
2, the latter one above the other, or nearly so. Precaudals 4, in nearly
horizontal, though curved row, the last far below the end of the lateral
line; anterolaterals 3, in nearly continuous line with lowest prepectoral
and mediolaterals ; numberof superanals Tor 8. The pearly mirrorupon
the upper edge of the caudal peduncle as long as the eye, and much longer
than the one extending from the end of the anal to the root of the caudal;
slender and narrow, \ as long as the head, (liill rakers 6 above and 12
below angle of first arch, longest J as long as eye. One specimen from 39"
40'' N., 71° 35' W., in 538 fathoms. (Goode &, Bean.) {(jemmifer, bear-
ing buds or gems.)
Lampanycltia gvmmiftr, UooDK & Urah, Oreuiilo Iolithytilo);y, 81, t'l*;. 8S, 18!iri, Grand Banks.
(Type, No. 35604. Coll. AlbatrosN.)
HS». LANPANTCTIJS LACERTA ((ioodu A lU-aii).
Head 3^; depth 5; eye moderate 3i. D. 13; A. 15; scales about 3(5.
Greatest depth of head f of its length. Snout somewhat obtuse, rounded,
with strong keel ; its length about i diameter of eye. Cleft of mouth
somewhat oblique, maxillary reaching to angle of preoperculum and
somewhat dilated. Origin of dorsal much nearer tip of snout than
root of caudal ; pectoral slender, its middle rays elongate ; ventrulu
inserted slightly behind the origin of dorsal, and reach to base of first
anal ray ; anal inserted behind end of dorsal base ; caudal large, forked.
Photophores arranged somewhat as in M, punctatuvi.
Mediolaterals 3; posterolateral 1; the former in an obliquely vertical
row, as in M. punctatum, the latter under the soft dorsal. Precaudals in
low horizontal line. Number of superanals 7 + 5. Three large pits in
the mandibles also show luminous qualities. Color apparently light
brown, the scales opalescent. Gulf Stream, at moderate depths ; not rare.
(Goode & Beau.) (lacerta, lizard.)
Mtfctophum lacerla, Goonn & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 74, fig. 83, 1895, Gulf Stream, Lat.
28° 38' 30" N. Long. 85° 52' 30" W. (TyiH!, No. 43778. Coll. Albatross.)
260. LAMPADENA, Goode & Bean.
Lampadenn, GooDR & Bean, Oceanic Ichtliyology, 85, 1895, (speculigrra).
This genus or subgenus is very close to Lampanyctiia, differing from the
latter chiefly in the small pectoral. From Nannohrachium, which it
approaches in this respect, the fact that the scales of the lateral line are
nz'u enlarged, perhaps sufficiently distinguishes it. The anal fin is rather
short, its first ray being not in advance of the last ray of dorsal. As in
Lampanyctus and Nannohrachium, the scales are readily deciduous, and it
is not always easy to find the character of those in the lateral line from
preserved specimens. Probably Lampadena and Nannohrachium should
be merged in Lampanyctus. {Tidum), light ; iidf/v, gland.)
unt
post
tllO I
sidei
IH (,r
tile
specii
(speci
^'iiiitiiihr
IS
TJii
in the
and b(
Scales
of dors
a. Ana
b.
■r\
line are
Jonian atui Rvermann. — Fishes of North America. 501
840. LAINPADKNA HPECCLItiERA, Goudo k lionii.
Head 4; depth \\\ eye very large, 3. D. 13; A. 14; V. 8 ; P. very
Hinall; scales 4-35-5. Least depth of tail ? height of body. Greatest
(1(«pth of head about f of its Icugth. Distance between posterior margin
of orbit and prooperculuni edge about \ diameter of eye. Snout short,
couical, its length about \ diameter of eye. Cleft of mouth somewhat
(ibliquo, the lower jaw included. Posterior tip of maxillary distant from
allele of preoporculum a space almost equal to length of snout. Origin
of dorsal nearer tip of snout than root of caudal by a distance e(iual to f
the length of its own base, and inserted nearly over root of ventral, over
c-loveuth scale of lateral line, its last ray over vent in advance of origin
of anal ; pectoral not reaching nearly to vertical from origin of ventral,
iU length being equal to \ that of upper jaw, and a little greater than
diameter of eye; ventral not reaching to vent, its length equal to about
\ that of head. Scales smooth, those of the lateral line not larger than
tlio others, the tubes passing through them luminous. Eight scales
botween the adipose fin and the margin of the pearl-colored dorsal patch ;
there are 35 scales in the lateral line, 4 above and 5 below it. The lumin-
ous spot, t as long as the diameter of the eye, club-shaped, on the top of
1 ho tail immediately in front of the base of the caudal ray. A similar
H])ot on the lower edge of the caudal peduncle, a little in advance of the
origin of the caudal rays, its posterior edge about in line with the center
of the dorsal patch, its length about f the diameter of the eye ; a lumin-
ous gland above and below on caudal peduncle ; no postanal series of
Hiiperanal photophores, these being replaced by the subpeduncular
ghinds ; anterolateral 1 ; posterolaterals 2 ; precaudals in two groups, the
anterior and lower one of two photophores widely separated from the
posterior and single one, which is placed at tba end of the lateral line;
the single posterolateral is under the root of the soft dorsal, and con-
siderably behind the termination of the anal. Gill rakers 6 above and
13 or 14 below the angle, the longest about \ as long as the diameter of
the eye. Color purplish brown ; very glossy, almost iridescent. One
specimen from 39° 48'' W., 70° 36' N., at 551 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.)
(speciilujcr, mirror-bearing.)
Lam]i(ultnii gpcculigera, GooDE <fe Bkan, Oceanic Ichthyology, 86, 1896, Gulf Stream. (Ty|)e,
Nu. 43797. Sch. Alice G. Wonson.)
26z. NANNOBRACHIUM, Gunther.
Ki'mwhrachiiitti, GOnthee, Deep-Sea Fishes, Challenger, 199, 1887, (twjrum). ^
Slewihuchim, Eiqenmann & EiuEXMANN, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., iii, 1890, 5, {Icticopmrv i/*
This genus is closely allied to Lampanydua, from which it differs chiefly
in the small pectorals. Caudal peduncle with luminous blotches above
and below. Photophores small, arranged about as i:i Lampanyctns.
Scales of lateral line enlarged in all species, so far as known. Last ray
of dorsal more or less behind first of anal, (vdvvog, dwarf; (ipaxiuv, arm.)
a. Anal spots 12 to li; anal rays 14 or 15; last ray of dorsal about over third anal ray.
b. Gill rakers 5 + 13 to 15; caudal spots 3 or 4; snout bluntish; photophores moderate.
K. N. A. 37
V
■f»«»-'*V)
fi!
1"
^ •mM-
't
Hi
1 ■ '■.
i,
' 1
■
: I'
i!
1
ill-
•i 1 ■
f
:l> ^- • '
1
t
\
^"^
rifm^^w^f^
502
Bulletin 47, United States National A/ustum.
c, LuuitiiuuH iiittclii'H aliuvii au)i boluw tail, uc('U|iyiuK iiuurly wliulu IciiKth of cuiidal
IK'duiK'llt. I.KUOUI'gAUItl, HII.
cc. LumiiioiiN pntchi'H nbnvo mid holuw tail Blinrt, NANNoriiiii, Mi.
h. Olll rukurH G i 10; cuikIuI NputH :i, tliii laat nbovu tiiiil of lutoral line; Hiioiit rutin r
acutii; |iliiitu|ili(iri'H iiiiuuto. mkxicam'u, h'l;i.
lal H|iotH Hiiiall, 1)'i tu 1H.
Aiinl ni)H 1!); cyo iiKiiluratd or nniall, Ti'.j to fr^.^ in hoad; cikiidal HpotH 3 nr 4, tlio h\f\
well Hopitrati'd near <'iid of liitoral lliiu; luHt ra.v of donal uvit nixth of aiiiil; iii/«
lurKU. ltRIIAI,K, Mil.
Anal rayH 16 ur 17; uyu 5 in htaU; laHt ray of durHul uvur llftli of aiiul.
\ MAC'UONALUI, Nl:,.
H4iyNA!iiN0ltKAC'HII)M LKUCUPMAUirM (Kigciimaiiii IH KiKeninanii).
IJ to 3;,' ; 1). 12 to 15 ; A. 14 or 15 ; Hcales 35 or 36. Caudal pedun-
, its lonut depth about half that of body. Luminous xtatrlics
id below tail, occupying nearly the whole length of caudal pcdun-
idal spotH 3 or 4 ; anteroanal spots usually 6 ; ventral spots •'' :
posterolateral spots. Body deep forward, the head long and
; maxillary shortish, reaching edge of preopercle, 1^ in head;
M'oader than in N. ininnochir, less tapering behind ; eye ratlitr
ill in head. Scales very thin, those of the lateral line much deeper
hers; pectoral very short and "nrrov. Color rather pale; opcr-
Jh silvery luster ; iris with silvery pigment ; fins not quite black.
4 inches. Alaska to San Diego, in rather deep water; not rare.
very abundant in stormy weather oft' Point Loma. (XevKor,
ij'upur, spotted, piebald.)
/i :,J ' J~~' ^h/ctoiilmm (Sinwbrucliiiiii) leucopmrmii , Ekienmann A Kioknmann, I'roc. OuI. Ac. Sci., Maicli,
' 1890, r>, off Point Loma, Lower California, in stuniaclis uf Sebatlodet. (Tyiw, No.
4191C. Cull. Eigcuntanu.)
842>>'ANXOnKACHIUM NAXNOt'HIK (Oilbort).
Very close to 2^annohrachium leucopsorum, diftering chieHy in the longer
body and head, and especially iu the ^e.ss development of the luuiiuoiiH
patches on th^ tail.
Head 3J to 3-; iu length; depth -». D. 12 or 13; A. 15 or 16; scalesSSor
136. dill rakers 5-t- 13 to 15 ; caudal peduncle long and slender, its leust
depth } to i that of body ; luminous patches on tail hort, usually occu-
pying i to i length of caudal peduncle. Maxillary long, the preoperclo
very obliquely placed ; the cheek long, tapering to an acute angle jto.s-
teriorly. Anal spots 7 + 7. Ventral spots usually 5 ; no spot before o.vo.
Coloration darker than in ^. leucojysarum , the opercle black, the iris
^- usually with silvery, the fins uniformly black. Length 5 iuches. Alaska
to San ^'. Barbara Islands, abundant in 300 fathoms, often in coni])aiiy
with XannL^>ravhmm leucopsarum, which it very closely resembles, {vdrrnr,
dwarf; ;^;t('p, hand.)
Mycfophiim nimnochir* Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1800, .'il, .Tuly. (Typt's, No. lor»0, Slan-
ford Univ. Mus., and 44291 U. S. Nat. Mub. Coll. Albatross); from station 307a, off
coast of 'Washington.
* Kcexaminntiou of tho original types of MyclopUnm ii(iioiiii7/iV sliowcd to Dr. Gilbert that two
B|H;cie8 V'cro coiifouudt;d by liini under that name. Onn of thesu was almost Biniultiiueoiisl.v
duEcribvd by Eigenniann under tbe uaiuo of leucopmrwn. Tbo name nuiinocAir has been rostricti^d
f.^by Gilbert to the other.
h ■),
Jordan and Kirrmann. — Fishes of North America.
503
M4S. NANNOItitACIilUN MKXlt'AM'M ((iillx rt).
Hoad 3^; <lt'pth &}; uye 4 to 4^ in heud ; BnuutB^. 1>. 12 ; A. 14; HoaleH
;{() to 33; gill rakern 5 -f 10. C'luulul HpotH 3, thu Inut one widely Hopa-
vatud from the othci'H and ahove end of lateral lino; anal spotH ()-f(>;
]i(iHterolateral HputH preHent, tlie uppcrnioNt on lateral line ; 3 Hupra-anal
hpotH in a HerieH, 4 HpotH on course of lateral line and about e(|iially diH-
tant ; theHe are the upper pectoral, HUpraventral, upper Hupra-anal, and
jKisterolateral spotH ; no apot before eye. IMiotoplioreH all huuiII; tail
w itli luininouH glantid iibove and below. Body slender, the eye rather
rtiiiull, the Hnout ooniparatively acute; Huout not projecting, the juwH
(M|ual ; maxillary \\ in head; Hcales very dcciduoun. Pectorals minute,
of 3 or 4 rayuonly. Last ray of doraal over fourth of anal. Length 2
iii('lu;8. Coast of Lower California.
Mjieloiilium vipjriainuw, Gli.iiKKT, Prnc. IJ. •'<. Nut. Muh., 1HU<), 51, Albatross stations 3008
and 3009, Lower California. (Typo, No. 44289. Cull. Albatruiui.)
844. NANNOBItACiflUM UKIIALK (Gillwrt).
Head 3;^ ; depth 5i ; eye 5i to 55. D. 1(5; A. 1J> ; scales 37; gill rakers
r> -\- 1(1. Caudal spots 3 or 4, the last near end of lateral line, well sepa-
rated from the others; anal spots 11 + ''^ ; ventral spots 3 ; posterolateral
spot present ; a supra-anal spot halfway between vent and lateral line ; a
plidsphoreBcent streak on caudal peduncle above and below. Body rather
elongate, with stout caudal i)eduncle ; snout pointed, lower Jaw project-
ing beyond it; preojjercular nuirgin very oblitiue ; eye small, slightly
longer than snout; teeth on vomer evident. Scales entire, large, very
(U'ciduous, those along lateral line much larger. Front of dorsal slightly
nearer adipose fin than eye, its origin over axil of ventrals ; insertion of
anal under its twelfth ray; last ray of dorsal over sixth of anal. Pecto-
rals very slender, with 14 rays, the upper filamentous and produced to
ojiposite base of ventrals ; ventrals reaching vent, lilack. Length 5
inches. Santa Barbara Channel in 600 to 820 fathoms. (rcyuliH, royal.)
Miirlojilinm regale, OiLUERT, Troc. I'. S. Nut. Mim.,1891, 544, Santa Barbara Channel. (Type,
Nu. 44280. Coll. Albatruss.)
845. NAMNOBRACIIIl M MACDONALFI, Goodo &. B(uu.
Head 3i; depth 5. D. 13; A. KJ or 17; scales 4-35-1. Eye moderate,
5 in head, and considerably greater than snout. Mouth extremely wide,
rather oblique. Premaxillary as long as maxillary ; both bones narrow
and rod-shaj ed. Gill laminte very short; gill rakers long, needle-
Bhaped, th', longest a little longer thau eye. Origin of dorsal nearer
extremity of snout than root of caudal, its last ray opposite fourth or
fifth ray of anal, while the origin of anal is opposite tenth ray of dorsal ;
the longest ray of the latter equal co length of head without snout ;
adipose fin small, opposite penultimate ray of anal ; caudal much forked :
I)ectoral composed of 3 or 4 small, t>hort, delicate rays; ventral inserted
slightly in advance of dorsal, and extending to vent. Phosphoresceai
organs arranged much as in ^V. nifirum. The glandular organ of white
upon the top of the caudal peduncle much smaller than that described
m
iSiii
%,
tif
,-;.|
' I
''! f
'I
mm
I i I rji
:f ■
I nw
^W
6M
Bulletin ^7, United States National Afuseum.
!!
:J
for N. nigrum, but it lian puHHihly buou paitiully ohiitorutud ; tlio onn on
the luwer part uf the iioditncle in much lurgur. (-ohtrntiou, piirpliHli
brown.
Typu 5 inches in lenfftli, obtained by the Albatroitii frotn atation LTifjIi, in
39*' 48'' N. latitude, 70° 'AiV W. lunKltiide, at a depth of r>r>l I'litlioiim. In
a second individual from the Uulf Struam the poctoral in much nuiin
developed than in the type, its length heinjr )f that of the head, and n-adi-
ing nearly to origin of ventral. The Hpecies is abriidunt in tho (inir
Stream, where many oxampluH have been taken, ((ioode A Heaii.)
(Named for Marshall McDonald, United States Fish CommisHloiior.)
NannoliraeHutn miicdomliU, Ooodk k Ukan, Ocuauic Ichtliyology, l»4, flu. liMi, l8!»ri, Gulf Stream.
(TyiH), No. 36645.)
262. DIAPHUS, Kigenmann <Sc Eigenmann.
Diaphiu, EiURNHANN M Kioenmann, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2(1 Hcrjcit, in, 1H'.M), ;t, (lInUi).
This genus is closely related to .V'Ahoprora, its chief character bcin;; in
the fact that all or nearly all of the photophores are divided by a hori-
zontal cross septum of black pigment, giving them the form of the (iieck
letter 0, theta. This septum is readily injured or destroyed iu badly pro-
served specimens. Two or three* species known, (ihii, divided; i,i(j(,
light.) /
M4ff. UIAPHIj'S THKTA, KiKoiminiiii & KiKeiiiimnn.
Head 3 to 3^; depth 3^ to 4; eye large, 3^ in head, 3 in length uf the
blunt snout. D. 11 to 13; A. 9 to 12; scales 34. Each of the luminous
spots divided by a horizontal black line; 4 caudal spots; anal Hpots
5 -{-5 or 6 = 10 or 11; no spot on base of middle caudal rayH; 4Hupra-aiial
spots iu an oblique line; 2 or 3 posterolateral spots; a luminouH blutcli
below eye varying more or less anteriorly ; a small detached dot behind
this; a photophore before eye above nostril; a ilat, soft, glandular body
attached by one side just above base of pectoral, ntarly i the size uf
pupil; no glandular spots on tail. liody c'dep, compressed, with stoiit-
ish caudal peduncle ; head short and deep, the profile convex. Scales
entire, those of the lateral line somewhat enlarged. Pectorals small,
placed low, rather short, not <juite reaching vontrals. Length 2| inclios.
Point Loma, near San Diego, to Oregon, in deep water; the Hpeciiiienst
* HcbMcb Diaphiu tlii'ta, the character uf diviiled pliutopliuros niipoura hIho in IHnjthmmijriinhi
(G(lnther) and in Diaphua cietiileus (Klunziuger). Llltken regards niijrimlU um a. dyiiouyiii i<t'
cieruUwi. Iu Uitiphm cierulcm tlioro is a luiiiiuoug Motch hclow oyo as iu DinphiiH thetu.' Tho \nMy
in D. cieruleiu ia more elouguto, and tho dursal ends just before first ray of auul.
f Concerning these specimens Pr. Gilbert observes:
" Tliey are identical witli tho types of Mydophmn protocuhu, and are In a state of prcservalidn
sufficiently good to show tho division of tho luminous B|)ot8, a character nut Tisil)lo in the t.vpi .h
of M. protocttliu. It is obvious that tho spots are divided into upi>ur and lower hiilvos which arc
Btructurcally different, tho narrow pigment band indicating this separation on tho hurfacu.
"Tho specimens before us show great variation in the si/.e of tho subocuhir luniiuoux blolili.
and indicate how little dcpondunco can be placed on that character. In addition to tho rdiiml-
ish Bupranasal blotch described by Eigenmann, the species posseHses a niuro or Icxs devcl(i|'>'<l
subocalar bar. Iu one specimen tho latter is a bare lino, with a minute point separated frutji it
posteriorly. In others it is wider, and in the oxtremo in this respect wo find a bar, the wiillli
of which is % the diameter of tho pupil. There remains constantly separated from it the Hiimll
dot already referred to. A peculiar soft flattish body J^ as largo as pupil is attached by <w
edge to the shoulder girdle just abovo tho insertion of tho pectoral fin. It is constantly liro^iiiit
and uniform in position in nil specimens seen, including tho types of thela and protoculiiH. It
may bo a luminous organ, though it has not strikingly the appearance of one, and its nature
may be considered problematical."
Jortfiui athf F.vfrtnann. — Fishes of North Anifrica.
nor.
i>x!iiiiin«(l by uh (.Uhnlromi roll.), fniin oft Point Arniia, Triiinboldt
(%iiiiit,v, ('alit'oriiia, in 1*11') I'athoniH. (thrln, from tho form of tlio liiiiii-
IIOIIH NpOtH. )
/<iii/i/<iiii« (//./.(, KiiiK.NMANv \ Kiii»:nman<(, I'riic. Ciil. Ac. Hcl., Mnrvli, INOO, in, 4, Point
Loma, near San Di^go. (<'iill. KlK«iinmiiii.)
Mii.h'lihiim )<ini riiliK, Cii.iiKiit, I'l'iii'. r. H. Nut. MiiH., lM!Nj, Jiil.v, A'i, coaat of WashinKton,
in 384 fathomi, Albatroaa Station 307a; Miii'iluifiii) In )Hi<>r coiiilitioii, imt nIiuuIh);
illviaiiiii <il'|iliiitii|iliiiri')i. (Ty|H', No. 4I<>2'2. <'iill. Alliulnwii.)
263. iETHOPRORA, (Jood« A Ikmu.
i:ihi>iiri>fi, (iiiiiiiK .V Hr.AN, Oo'Hiilc Iclithyology, 8(1, WK>, (mWojiocAirH/Mi),
Hotly oltlitn);, (MtniproHHinl, rvHoinblinK Myclophnin in form; oovnrod
witli liir^*' H«;itl4'H, thoHo in thu lutiual lino very Hli^litly larger than tho
iiliim'N. Hciiil (MMnproNm'il. Snout very olituso and Hliort, projeoting
NJi^litly beyond orbital mar^jin, tlin JawH about o(|ual. Kyo nioderato.
DdiHai tin prrmodian, entinOy or alnioHt ontindy in advancn of tlie uual,
wliicli it cloHoJy rt>Hi>inbl«>H in Hbapo and dimeuHionH; vontrul with 8 rayH
i.iMt^rtcd under tho anterior portion of tho dormil ; ]ioetoralH moderate,
|il:u'od low ; adipoHo iin lon^; and prominent. Luminontt gland of irregu-
iiir form occupying the front of the head in advancn of eye; UHually
another below eye; thcNo Heparate from their fellows on tho other side;
a liitniuouH spot or glandular body of greater or less e.vtent upon the
Itoil y at the angle of the proopercnlum and, in Honu) HpecicH, others upon
tlic interopcrculum and upon tho Hidea of tho lower jaw. Precaudal
pliotophores 4, forming a more or loss crescent-Hhapod line at the base of
the lower caudal lobe. Deep seas; very close to />i<(^)/iuM, differing only
ill the simple photophores. (alflor, glow, and irpij)f>ii, prow, front.)
.1. SralcH af) (ir :!0.
Ii. Aiiterolatortil photopliori'M 2 ; niciliolatt>rnlH 2 ; poHtorolntenils nono. mciiiA, 847.
'>('. Anturolateral pliotophuroHl; inudiululcralri 3 ur 4 ; posturolaturalH 2. F.m'i.fir.NH, 848.
847. .ETHOPIIRORA LUCIDA, OckmIo .tc Bean.
HoadHii; depth 4^; eye about 4. D. Ill, 14; A. II, 14; scales 35. Least
(l('l)tli of tail '2\ in height of body. Head considerably longer than high,
ItH height et^ual to distance from anterior margin of pupil to end of
oiicrciilar flap. Snout short, but less declivous and obtuse than in ^IH,
milopDchtmjKi. A pearl-colored luminous organ touching the limb of
orliit, but separated from it above and below, with posterior lobo not
jimlonged far back, and with a space between its lower margin and the
(iptMiing of the jaw. Cleft of mouth oblirjue and curved, the maxillary
reaching to angle of preoperculum and not dilated. Origin of dorsal and
ventral nearly in same vertical, that of former midway between anterior
iiiiu«i;in of orbit and adipose fin; that of latter midway between tip of
KiiDiit and adipose fin ; insertion of the last ray of dorsal over inter-
spiico between third and fourth rays of anal ; pectoral (unless mutilated)
only half as long as ventral, and its tip does not approximate the vortical
fiiim its origin ; dorsal and anal similar, tho former with its upper niar-
ii'tn concave; adipose dorsal inserted over interspace between antepe-
uiiitiinate and penultimate anal rays, and as lung as ultimate dorsal ray.
Scales smooth, those of lateral line scarcely enlarged.
^w
1
i
1
1
'. I
'i!
\}l\
\n\
I i
500
Bulletin ^7, United Stntea Xational Afuseum.
Typn Hpocimnn witli i:< photophoroH In tho anal RnrioH; a wido brtMik
over rootH of litHt 2 luyN of iinal ; no poHtorolabMulH ; 2 nuMlioluturalN, tlic
antt^rior tho lowcHt; two untorolutoralM, tho untorior and hi^htrnt vit\
Hmiill, abovo tho axil of tho poctoral or vory n«Mir tlio lateral lino, the
poHturior ono miniowhat nioro than midway hotwoon tiiiH and thoantorim
of tho niodiohitorul ^ronp, and forming, with tho two photophort-H in thiil
group, an ohtiiHo isoHooloH triangle, with tho anterior of tlio medial Kroiip
at itH apex ; of the I itrooandal photophoroH tho laHt .'< are tho nioNi
nearly together, and form a nearly vortieal lino at tho ItaHo of tho low* r
eaiidal loho; a large, apparently lnniiin>iiH, poarl-nolorod npot nnder tip
of flap of oporele. Ono Hpeeiinen about I ineliert long, obtained by the
AUmtroHH at Htation 2127, in 1!*° \y N. latitude, 7r>° (W W. longitude, in
1,03!) fathouiN. ((ioodoi.V Hoan.) ({((cir/Hs, shining. )
AUIinprorn hiriilii, i',<m\tr. .t IIkan, Oci-aiilc Iclittiyulogy, «H, flK.ll)2, ISltTi, Gulf Stream. (T.v|.i>,
No. MOM. r.,11. AlliatroNH.)
HIS. ,1-;THOPK<Ht\ KKFlTliUKXH, (So<>.|i< A Ilflitn.
Tload nearly 4; do)»th 4; eyo largo, 2^ in head. D. II, IM; A. II, M;
HcaloH 3r> or 31). Least depth t>f tail ^ height of body. Head couHidera-
bly longer than high, tho flap of operculum extending abovo and behiinl
axil of pectoral. Snout oxceoilingly Hhort and obtuHo, aH in ./•-'. miiijut-
damiHi', tho luminouH organ onormouH, gland-Iiko, overlapping entire
anterior nuirgin of orbit, extending down upon edge of Jaw and extend-
ing backward almoHt aH far as in ./!,'. victopoclaiiqia, (.'loft of month
oblique, Honiowhat curved, the maxillary reaching nearly to angle of jne-
operculum. Origin of dorsal Homowhat in advance of vertical from that
of ventral, which touches root of second dorsal ray ; last dorsal ray over
roots of short spines preceding anal ; insertion of ventrals <-onsideruhly
posterior to a point equidistant front root of adipose dorsal and anterior
margin of the orbit; origin of adipose dorsal over interspace between
antepenultinuito and ultimate anal rays; pectoral stont and nuicli
shorter than ventral, not reaching much more than halfway to its rout.
Scales smooth, those in the lateral line somewhat enlarged, shiny, ami
conspicuous; the lateral line descending in a gentle curve to a point
above origin of ventral. Arrangement of the i)hotophore8 very peculiar.
A break in series of superanals, there being 5 on lower part of cantlal
peduncle behind anal ; apparently 2 posterolaterals, the posterior and
highest near lateral lino, and forming tho beginning of a series of S,
arranged in an arc of a circle, the last being the highest in the group ol'
mediolaterals, of which there are 4; but ono anterolateral, which in
abovo axil of ventrals, slightly behind it and about midway between
it and lateral lino; a largo, triangular, luminons patch in tho space
between the axil of pectoral and the flap of opercle, which covers itn
anterior portion, and is itself decorated with a circular photophoic;
apparently a luminous patch along anterior margin of preopercle. Two
specimens from deep water m the Western Atlantic. (Goode «fe Bean.)
(effiilgensy shining out.)
AUIioprora ejMgenH, Goni>R & Bean, Ocoanic Iclithyology, 88, flg. 103, 1895, Brown's Bank and
Albatross Station 2127, X9° 45' N., 75" W., m 689 fathoms. (Type, No. 43770.)
im^
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of IVorlh .hnfn'ra.
rm
364. COLLETTIA, Ooode Sn Bean.
I'titlfUia, flooDB A BliAN, Ui'<tani(; IcIitliyoloKy, h;i, IHOft, (rii.rfii<-»./M(i),
TliiH ){uiiiiH Ih Hcarc«tly <liHtiiirt from .I'thoproru, <lillrriii}; only in the
;;re»t«^r (lin'ulopnient of tlio liiniiiioiiH moua altoiit tlio ««y«^ Tlioso couIuhco
into Olio larKo irrcgiilur liiiiiinoiiH lilotnli, occiipyiiiK wlioln front of IhmuI,
sii^^tiHting thu li(Mt«lli(;lit of ail oii){iiiu. (NaiiuMl for UoltHit Collott, tli(«
iliHtiiigiUHliod irlitliyoIogiHt of tlio llnivorHity of riiriNtiaiiia.)
,1. Diintal rny* 1'.^; aiiul I'>; nciiUm Wi to ',\T>; liciiil W in li'tif{tli; ili'|itli 4. iiA»'iNKN(jr»:i, Kt!l.
nil. IlorHitl riiVM M; itiiiil l/i; M'al<<H mid Hpots (ux('i'|it luiiiiiioiiH gluml liolow cyi') uiiili'DirDinil;
head \% in lotiRtli with ruiidal. nih'ti'iina, HS().
H4». (OliliKTTIA KAKIMKSqrKI (Cocm).
Hou(l3; (lopthl; oyo2g. I). 12; A. 15; aoaloH 32 to 35. Motly Htoiit,
wliort, niotloratuly coniiMUHHed ; witli u roiindiMl, blunt Hiiotit, v«>i'y largo
iiioiitli, anU comparatively Niiiall (\vo ; coiiiparativitly Hhort, triangular
dorsal ami anal, tlio formor untiroly in lulvanco of tliu latter aixl inHurtod
very far forward. Caudal podiincio Htoiit, itH hoiglit nearly i height of
i>(»dy. Eye moderately large ; diHtance between posterior margin of orbit
iiiul preoporciilaredge i diameter of eye. Snout very Hhort, obtiiHe, keeled,
with profile abruptly declivous, itH length i diameter of eye. Cleft of
mouth Hiightly oblique, the lower Jaw received within the upper. Mouth
I'lither large, the maxillary extending to angle of preoperciilum and
behind orbit a diBtaiice equal to i diameter of eye, itH poHtorior extrem-
ity not dilated, and entirely concealed under the Hcaleu of the cheek.
Origin of dorsal over that of ventral, oonHiderably nearer to tip of Hiiout
tiian to root of caudal, its last ray in advance of origin of anal ; ven-
tral Htout and long, reaching to origin of anal ; pectoral Hmall, reaching
to root of ventral; anal origin under the twelfth scale of lateral line,
itH hint ray directly under adipose dorsal. Scales in lateral line Home-
what enlarged, luminous. Anterolaterals 4, very irregular, the three
posterior ones forming an isosceles triangle, as in .li. metopoclampa ; medio-
latorals 3, arranged much as in Myctophitm puHctatian : posterolaterals 2,
iirranged much as in .IL iffahjinn (perhaps only one posterolateral, if the
photophoro immediately below it should be recognized as belonging to the
Hiiperanal series) ; superanals in two groups, 5 or (> in the first, 4 in the
last ; precaudals 4, in nearly straight line, the last and uppermost at or
near extremity of lateral line, the others descending forward at an angle
ofapproximately 45 degrees with oxis of body. (Goode & Bean.) (Named
for Constantine Samuel Raflnesqne, the eccentric and gifted naturalist,
wiio first discovered tlie genus Myctophum, while studying the lishes of
I'iilernio.)
Mijiii'iihm rafinemiuei, Cocco, Alciini Salmon., etc., 20, 1820, Messina.
.sVo;„7iui ra/iii.'s</nW, GOnthkb, Cut., v, 410, IHG4; LCtken, Spolia Atliintica, 11, 30, 1892.
''"IMia rafiru'Hjxiei, Goodb & Bran, Oceanic Ichthyology, 8:J, 1895.
860. COLLETTIA NOCTURNA (Poey).
Head 4| in total length, with caudal; depth 6; eye large, 3 in head,
D. 14; A. 15. Luminous spots nndescribed. Body rather robust ; snout
short ; maxillary reaching beyond eye for a distance o(|ual to f diameter
i^^i
ii
t
W ? ^""fif |ii
m ■
'i \
568
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
of eye; pectoral small, reaching front of dorsal; ventrals broad; ana)
lower than dorsal ; an oblique, pale streak below eye. Coast of Cuba,
caught iu nets at night; rare. (Poey.) Probably a species of CoUettia,
and apparently related to C. rajineaqnei, but this is not certain, {iioc-
turnus, nocturnal.)
Myctophum noctunmm, Puey, Memorias, ll, 42(), 1861, Cuba. (Coll. I'o«y.)
265. RHINOSCOPELUS, Lutken,
Alytin, LowR, Proc. Zoill. Soc. London, 18,39, 87, (f<ir»co/n=cocpoi ; namf* preoccupied).
Khinofniieluf, LCtkin, Vid. Selsk. Naturv. Coponha^eu, vii, 1802, 2.?7, (coccoi).
Body oblong, slender, compressed, with slender and elongate candal
peduncle covered with smooth, stitt' scales, those in the lateral lino much
larger than the others. Head compressed ; cleft of mouth very wide ; tlio
jaws about equal, the snout projecting beyond the tip of lower jaw. Pro-
maxillary long and slender ; maxillary well developed, reaching nearly or
quite to the angle of the preoperculum, without considerable posterior
diliition. Teeth in villiforni bands in *he jaws, on the palatines, ptery-
goids, and tongue. Eye moderate, its diameter less than^ of the iengtii
of the head. Gill rakers very long and slender. Dorsal fin premediau :
pectoral large ; adipose dorsal small ; anal fin larger than dorsal ; pec-
toral narrow, elongate. Precaudals 2; supra-anals about 18, m two
groups, t'le break being over the middle of the long anal fin and at tlic
end of the first third of the series, approximately; anterolaterals 1 or 2;
mediolaterals 2 or 3. Species few, mostly of the Atlantic. {*f'>iv, snout ;
ScopeUis. )
a. Supra-anal spots forming an obtuse angle; anal Hpota 1.5 to 20.
(ui. Supra-anal spots in a straight, obliipie series; anal spotH l:i to 17.
aaa. Supra-anal spots not in a straight line eeries; anal spots 12 to 13.
COCCOI, 8")1.
ANnnK.i:, K.'iJ.
KAitt's, 8.'i;i.
v..
85!.^ RHINOSCOPELUS COCCOI (Cocco).
Head 5i: depth 4i to 5; eye 4. D. 10 to 12; A. 20 or 21 ; V. 8; scales
1-41-3. Tail blender, elongate, its least depth f Iteight of body. Distance
between posterior margin of orbit and preorpercular edge f diameter of
eye. Preopercular edge obliquely descending. Snout conical, the ujtpcv
part projecting beyond the lower, the upper and lower profiles nearly
equally curved; maxillary extending to the angle of preoperculum and
scarcely dilated. Dorsal origin nearer end of snout than to root of caudal.
and behind base of ventral ; last ray of the dorsal in vertical from HO(M)n(l
anal ray ; pectoral reaching middle of ventral. In some specimens caoli
of the scales on the back of the tail has a pearl-colored dot, probably a
sexual character of the male; back and nape blackish; sides silvery,
with gold and silver reflections; inside of the mouth blackish; iris nil-
very, the pupil transparent. (Goode & Bean.) Western Atlantic, very
abundant among the surface fishes of the Gulf Stream, rare in the Medi-
terranean, and ranging from Newfoundland to Ax'rica. (Named for Anas-
tasio Cocco, an Italian naturalist, who carefully studied the deep-sea
fishes which he could secure.) (Eu.)
* Qoode & Bean adopt for this genna the name St- nohrachiiu. Stenobrachim, Kigonniiuiii, war^
intended to replace Alysia, butits type, leucopwrum, is a Nannobrachium and ttot closely related to
the type of Alytia,
^^^
M4l.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 669
ScopWud coccai, Cocco, Giorn. 3ci. LItt. Art. Sicllia (No. 77), Palermo, 1829, 143 ("Scopclo do
Cocco"), Palermo; GCntiikr, Cat., v, 4i;i, 18H4; OrNTiiKU, Challuiiger Bu|iort, xxxii.
I'elagic FIbIich, :iO, 1«87; H'tkkn, Spolia Atlantica, ii, 23(i, 18i»!i.
Mij»). I loricala, LowK, Ppic. Zoiil. 8<>o. Lonil.. ikW, 87, Madeira.
Slenobrachitu coccvi, Goode * IIran, Oceanic Ichtliyulogy, 01, 1895.
86S. KHIMOSCOPELIJS ANDRE.V (Liitkon).
Head 3i ; depth 4<'. D. about 10; A. about 20. Two caudal spots; a
posturolatoral spot; 3 supra-anal spots forming an oblique series; anal
spots about 5 or 6 -f- 9 or 10, the series slightly interrupted; spots along
holly in continuous series. Body deep anteriorly, tapering to a slender
.vandal peduncle; snout pointed, projecting beyond lower Jaw; preopercle
with its margin considerably oblique. Pectoral long, falcate. Open
Atlantic and Indian Ocean. (Liitkcn.) Common in the (julf Stream
along our coasts with the preceding, of which Goode &. Bean think it may
1)0 a sexual variation. (Named for Capt. A. T. Andreas, who collected
this and other oceanic tishes for the museum at Copenhagen.)
tii-oprliis niiilreir, Li'TKEN, Spulia Atlanticu, Sco])fliiii, 2;'), 1892, North Atlantic.
Sleitobrachiiu aiulreit, GoouE A Dean, Ocoauic I<'hlli.yology, 91, fi)?. 104, 189r>.
8S8. RHINOSi'OPETiUS RARUS (Liitkcn).
Head 3i; depth U. D. about 14; A. about 20; scales 39. Caudal spots
2; i)osterolateral 1; anal spots about 6 + 7; supra-anal spots not forming
a straight line, usually 2 in number; thoracic and ventral spots few, not
equidistant. Body rather short and plump, the caudal ])edunclo rather
slender; snout moderate, projecting beyond lower jaw ; pectoral short
and small, not reaching the small ventral ; preopercular margin not very
olili(iue. Eye moderate. Open Atlantic, west to 50° W., 33° N. (Liitken.)
((Virus, rare.)
Scopettia ranm, LOtken, Spolia Atlantica, 2G, II, 1892, North Atlantic.
266. MYCTOPHUM, Kafinesque.
Miirlnphuni, Rafinesqtte, liuiico d'lttiuloKia Siciliana, 5G, ISKI, {lumclalum).
SivpeliiH, CuviER, K<'j;no Animal, Kd. i, M, 1.S17, {Imiiiholdti).
Kiirlophim, Corco, Giorn. Sicil., 44, 1829, (cnicnded ortliogra|ihy of Muf.Uiplmm).
Body oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid scales, those in the
lateral line not much enlarged ; the caudal peduncle rather slender. Head
short, compressed, with limb of preoperculum nearly vertical. Mouth
large, the jaws about equal ; premaxillaries long and slender ; maxillaries
well developed. Snout more or less blunt and declivous. Teeth in villi-
forni bands on jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue. Eye large. Gill
rakers long and slender. Air bladder small. Dorsal fin entirely in front
of anal, overlapping it little or not at all; ventrals 8-rayed, under or
luit slightly in front of first dorsal rays ; pectorals well developed ; soft
dorsal slender. Precaudal photophores 2; superanals in two groups,
with one or two posterolaterals above the interval between them. Species
rathornumerous, widely distributed. (Name unexplained, usually derived
from I'l'f, night, and itx'.tc, light; hence altered by Cocco to Nyctophun
But we see no warrant for this sui)posed etymology. Hafineaque did not
know that the spots were luminous. )
m
WS
Vr^S
Si
It >
t
i; ;
!■
Ii
i.s
!«
t 4
3 J
i. '
h
w
9R!
570
Bulletin 47, United States JSJational Museum.
'••
I i
a. Medlolateral pliotophorcs 3, in obliquely vortical line; anterulatcrnl 1; ]>ofltoro1atoral 1.
h. Poctorul Hliort; candul pliotophoreH clogo tot;otlier.
c. I'liHturolutcral photophore in Tront of soft donal; D. 12; A. 19; Roalos 41 to \h.
PrNCTATUM, «54.
re. PoHteruIntoral under lulipoHO dorsiil.
(/. Soal<,'8 :!7; anal HpotH 7 to 10 : 4 to (i. akfink, Ktti
'hi. Scales 40; anal Hpots 8 + G ; D. 12; A. 20. opaiini'm, «00.
0(1. Mediolatt-ruls 2; poNterolaturals 2.
«. Posterolateral spot 1, over break in the anal series.
/. Pectoral long, falcate, reacliint; middle of (lr>rsal; caudal spots BC|)aratod; postoro-
lateral before adipose dorsal, behind middle of anal; anal spots 7 to U | 4 to <).
(7. 1). 12; A. 20; scales 41. hiimiioldti, Hi,'.
gg, I). 14; A. 22; scales 42. CAi.iroRNiF.NSE, H.'iH
/f. Pectorals moderate, barely reaching trout of dorsal; scaleB4r. posterolateral niinh
before adipose dorsal, over middle of anal; anal spots 6 to 7 I 11 to 14. I>. 12-
A. 10. ORACILE, Sni).
ee. Posterolateral spots 2, over the break in anal series.
//. Anterolaterals Hide by side, bnt well apart; precaudals near together; the last far
below end of lateral line; scales Il'J or 40; I) 12 or 111; A. 17 or 18; anal updl!"
5 to f. I to 7. IIENOITI, KC.d
hli. Anterolaterals not side by side, the first above and before second, touching latcml
line. Scales 3.S to 42; anals r> to 7 ) «; I). 12; A. 19 to 22. HVQOMII, 8(11.
854. MYCTOPHUM PUNCTATDM, Rafinesque.
Head 3}; depth 4^; eye 2^. D. 12; A. 19; scales 41 to 45. Least deptli
of tail i hei<;lit of body. Greatest depth of head about } its len^tli.
Distance between posterior margin of orbit and preopercular edjje
i[ diameter of eye. Snout very short, with a very inconspicuous keel on
upper edge, its length scarcely ^ diameter of eye. Eye very large. Pro-
maxillary reaching almost to angle of preoperculuni. Origin of dorsal
much nearer tip of snout than to root of caudal, the fin very short, tlie
length of its base equal to i that of head and less than ^ of total ; its
origin over eleventh scale of lateral line, and vertical with origin of
ventral, below twelfth scale of lateral line, its length equal to that of
postorbital part of head; adipose dorsal present, over antepenultimato
ray of anal ; anal origin under twenty-first scale of lateral line, its base
as long as head, and its longest ray equal to length of postorbital part
of head ; caudal rather small and deoply forked. Modiolateral photo-
phores 3, in straight, obliquely ascending line; anterolateral photophore
single; posterolateral single, ove: break in row of superanals and placed
considerably in advance of soft dorsal ; precaudal photophores close
together. (Goode & Bean.) Warmer parts of the Atlantic; abundant
oflF the Grand Banks and from the Gulf Stream across to the Mediterra-
nean, (punctatus, spotted.) (Eu.)
Mytloiihiim pmiitatnm, Kafinksque, Indico d'lttiol. Siciliana, 56, pi. ii, fig. 5, 1810, Palermo;
GooDF, & Uean, tlccanic Ichthyology, 71, fig. 80, 18!)6.
SfopehtK camniaimn, Ci'vier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., .xxii, 446, 1849, coast of Italy:
GCNTiiEn, Cat., v, 409, 18()4; Baff.ki.e, Mitt. Zoiil. Stat., Naples, i.\, pi. vu, fig. 4, l.Si
1889; LiJTREN, Vid. Med. Naturl.. Forh., 207, 1891.
Bcopelun miillen, UooiiE, Hist. Aijuatic Animals, Sec. i, pi. 203, 1884.
D
855. MTCTOPHirW AFFINE (Liitken).
about 14 ; A. about 20; scales 43. Caudal spots 2; posterolateral 1;
anal spots about S-\-G in a right line; supra-anal spots 3, forming an
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 571
obliqiifl series. Body moderately elongate, the liond deep and blnnt, the
rtuuutnot half the diameter of the large eye, which is about 3 in head; pec-
toral short, reaching past front of dorsal ; anal high. Open Atlantic,
west to 63° W., 38° N. (LUtken.) (affinis, related, to M, caninianuii-= M.
liiinctatum.)
S'<'pelMnffliii«, LOtken, Spolia Atliintica, ii. .'12, 18!l2, open Atlantic.
M.
sr>H. MVCTOPIIHN OPALINUM, Ooodo & Henn.
Head 4J ; depth 4J ; eye about 2s. D. 12 ; A. 20 ; scales 40. Least
height of tail i height of body. Snout very short, declivous, with a
well-developed median keel, its length about k diameter of eye. Eye
large. Premaxillary reaching nearly to angle of preoperculum, broadly
expanded at its extremity and partly concealed by the large scales of
the cheek. Space between eye and hinder edge of preoperculum only A
diameter of eye. Origin of dorsal much nearer tip of snout than to root
of caudal, midway between snout and adipose fin, over eleventh scale of
lateral line and very slightly behind vertical through origin of ventral;
length of dorsal base s that of head ; origin of ventral under tenth
scale of lateral line ; it does not reach to vent ; pectoral short, its length
nearly s that of head; adipose dorsal present, its origin over thirtieth
scale of lateral line; anal origin under eighteenth scale of lateral line,
the end of its base under thirtieth scale; length of anal base equal to
that of head; caudal rather small, moderately forked. Mediolateral
})liotophores 3, in straight, obliciuely ascending line ; anterolateral 1 ;
posterolateral 1, under soft dorsal and over and slightly in advance of
break in row of superanals, which is above root of last ray of anal. Num-
ber of superanals 8 + 6. In most of the specimens examined, the 6 or 8
scales on the top of the caudal peduncle, immediately in front of the
caudel tin, are luminous. (Goode «& Bean.) Western Atlantic, (opdlitiiix,
like opal.)
Mildniiliiim opaliiDiin, GonnE Sc Bean, Ocuiiiiic Ichthyology, 72, fig. 81, 1895, Gulf Stream. (Tyii'',
No. 43808. Coll. AlbatroMH.)
H57. .1I¥<'T»PHI;m HIiniiOLDTI (Risso).
Head 3'i ; depth 5 ; eye 3, large. D. 12 to 14 ; A. 20 to 22 : scales 40 to
42. Caudal spots 2, near together and horizontally placed ; one postero-
lateral spot ; supra-anal spots Ii forming an obtuse angle with the apex
forward; anal npots about 8 + 8, the series slightly interrupted Body
moderately elongate, with slender caudal peduncle, the snout rather
blunt, not project ig beyond the mouth; i)reopercular margin slightly
olilique. Pectoral long, reaching middle of dorsal and middle of
li'Ugth of ventrals. Least depth of tail ? of height of body : depth
of head 1? in its length. Distance between posterior mnrgiii of orbit
and preopercular edge l diameter of eye. Snout short, obtuse, its
upper profile descending in strong curve. Maxillary reaching nearly
to angle of preoperculum, and slightly dilated behind. Origin of dorsal
somewhat nearer to end of snout than to root of caudal, a))ove root of
inner ventral rays ; its last ray before vertical from <»rigin of anal ; pec-
toral long, extending to posterior third of ventral. Scales smooth, stili".
■<i i;i
ill
■¥'-H
m
m
La*
Mi
'^mi,
f i
I :
■■■'
•I ■' !
II- Hf.
\ ^>
:■!
672
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Mediolateral photophoroa 2; anterolaterals 2; poaterulateral 1, (ovor
break in anal serieH) which, as in Mifctophum puncialmn, is oonsiderahly
in advance uf the vertical connecting the rooi of the soft tlorsnl witli
those of the last rays of the anal; caudal photophores somewhat apart,
as in Myclophiim pUvnyoiliH ; superanals 7-9 -}- 4-9. Length 4 inches.
Open seas, abundant in the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic otf both
coasts. \i Myclophum hoops and Myctophnm califortiicnite are the same, jih
is possible, the species is also not rare in the eastern and southern Pacitir.
As, however, no other species of il/yc<o^>/uV/fi' is common to the Atlantic ami
Pacific coasts of North America, we may provisionally regard ^f. calilo)-
nitHHe as distinct from M. hiimhohlli, (Named for Alexander von Humboldt ,
1769-1859, author of ''Cosmos," whose interest in the relations of life to
surroundings included some exact knowledge of lishes. ) (Eu.)
Ganlei-npelents ImniboUIti, Ili88n, Iclitli. Nico, 35S, 1810, Nice.
BcnjiehiRhiiiiihohlli, GflNTllKii, Cut., V, 4l)7, 18G4; LUtkkn, Spolia Atliiiilirii, ii, ;U, 18!t'^; Omohk. ,V
Bean, Oceanic IchtliyoloRy, 7.1, Hk. 82, 189.5.
HAH. MYCTOPHrn CALIFOKNIKNSK, KiKonnmiiii .(c RiKuiinmiin.
HeadSJ; dei)th 5; eye very large, 3 in head (specimens of 4 inches).
D. 14; A. 21; scales 42. Phosphorescent spots arranged exactly as in .]/.
humboldti. Body compressed, elongate, with long slender tail. Head
short and deep; preopercular margin little oblique; maxillary 1^ to H in
head. Scales entire. Ventrals retaching beyond vent nearly to anal ;
pectorals short, (not reaching in the type to second third of ventralH).
Cortez Banks, near San Diego. Very close to M. huinboldli, but said to
have shorter pectorals. It is probably not distinct, as in one of Dr.
Eigenmann's types examined by us, the pectorals are as long as in M.
humboldti. Both pectorals have been partly digested, but the slender rays
on both sides reach middle of dorsal and beyond middle of ventrals.
fMycbyphum hoopit, ■•' Kichardson, Voy. Erubiis iind Ti-rror, :il), 1S45, open sea between Aus-
tralia and New Zealand.
Myctophnm iiili/nrnicniie, Kioenmann, West .American Scientist, Nov. H, 188!>, \'1\, San Diego.
fBciipehis hoops, (UiNTilER, (^at., v, 4(18, 18(14.
Hf.«. MYCTOPHII.n (ilUCILK (Mitkon).
Head 5; depth 4J ; eye small, about 4 in head. D. 12; A. 19; scales 11.
Caudal spots 2, very close together; posterolateral 1; anal spots about
6 -f 12, in a slightly interrupted series; supra-anal spots 2, well separated.
Body slender, the head deep, the snout not very blunt ; pectoral mod-
erate, reaching front of dorsal. Open Atlantic, .west to 48° W., 23° N.
(Liitken.) {(/rodUn, slender.)
Hcnpehui ijnu-dis, LI'tken, Spolia Atlaiitica, ,S.''), ii, 18n2, open Atlantic. ^
f Myclophiim hiaus, Richardson, Voy. Krolnis anil Terror, 41, pi. 27, 181.'), open sea, locality
unknoAvn.
* This nominal speciiw, as LUtUen has noted, agrees witli M. hniiihnUUiin all regpocta rxft'yt
tliat tlio scales are saiil to bo fewer, 'X! to 39 in the lateral line inntead of 41. The eye in a Illtlc
larger, about 33/, in head. This species is from the open Pacific, between AiiRtralia and New
Zealand. It has also been recorded (by Ofjuthor) from Vancouver Island, but doubtless tla-
closely related M. cali/oiniensc has been taken for it. Forha])S both boops and caltfornietm arc
identical with humboUUi.
! hi
Jordan and Evertnann. — Fishes of North America.
573
!:!■
8«». MKTOPHUIH BENOITI (Cocro).
HeadSi; depth 4. I). 12 or 13; A. 17 or 18; scales 39 or 40. Snout
obtuse conical ; eye large, nearly half head. Dorsal inserted nearly mid-
way between snout and root of caudal behind ventral ; pectoral nearly
reaching tip of ventral. Mediolateralspots2; anterolaterals 2 ; postero-
laterals 2, over break in anal series ; anterolaterals far apart ; caudals
near together, the lust fur below end of lateral line; a luminous plate on
caudal peduncle ; anal spots 5 or G -f- 6 or 7. (Goode &. liean.) Mediter-
ranean to Norway and Greenland. (Named for M. Benoit.) (Eu.)
>ropeIiif hvnoUi, Corco, Lott. Bii Sulmoii., 12, pi. ii, fi«. 4, 1838, Messina ; lit'NTiiF.ii, Cut., v,
•KKl, 1804 ; LCtkkn, Spoliii Atliiiiticii, 2r>r,, 18!»'2.
MycUiphum IriwUi, UooDis & Ugan, Uccaiiic Ichtliyolugy, 74, 1895.
84(1. MTC'TOPHITM IITOOMII (LiUken).
Head 3J; depth 4; eye about 2^. D. 12; A. 21 or 22; scales 38 to
12. Least height of tail about t of its greatest height. Snout very short,
the upper and lower profile of the head being similar, its length a little
less than i diameter of eye. Intermaxillary reaching as far back as max-
illary, nearly to angle of the preoperculum ; maxillary expanded pos-
teriorly and concealed under large scales of cheek. Space between eye
and hinder edge of preoperculum ^ diameter of the eye. Origin of dorsal
nearer tip of snout than root of caudal, being over eleventh scale of
lateral line, and nearly over origin of ventral ; base of dorsal J as long
us ht'ad, length of longest ray equaling length of head without snout;
ventral not quite reaching vent ; i)ectoral as long as head, reaching
tu above anal origin ; anal origin nearly under end of dorsal base, the
length of anal base a little greater than that of head; caudal rather
small and forked. Posterolaterals 2, over break in superanal series and
far apart, the anterior one nearly over middle of anal lin, the posterior one
about one scale in advance of the vertical from the root of the soft dorsal ;
anterolaterals widely (separated, the first obli(iuely in advance of and
above the second, and touching or upon the lateral line, the second far
behind the root of the ventral and over the interval between the first
and second postventral photophores; superanals 7+6. (Goode & Bean,
ixti M. ri'mi(j(T.) (Named for Ca])tain V. Hygom, collector of some of Dr.
Liltken's "Spoils of the Atlantic") (Eu.)
Siiii)diis hygotnii, LC'TKEN, 8polia Atliiutioii, Scopelini, 257, 1892, north Atlantic.
Mijcliiiihum ivmiye); GooDK & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 75, 1895, western Atlantic. (Tyi)e,
No. 43972. Coll. All)atross.)
■ ' 'V
'.^;l
*
'i
,
f
\l
267. BENTHOSEMA, Goode &. Bean.
IStnlhniietiin, GoODE & Bean, Oceanic Iclitliyology, 76, 189">, {miilleri}.
This genus differs from Myclophum in having the maxillary dilated at
tip. The dorsal fin considerably shorter than anal, but overlapping it,
reaching to the vertical from the middle. Body elongate; caudal
peduncle somewhat stout ; eyes large ; snout very short, with declivous
upper profile; maxillaries considerably dilated behind; scales of the
\:M
I V -.-tt
I. ^L^SH::iie'i^^f^:^ki^'''&kh>^i^'ii^^ i^Jii^-^J'auti^j.
•.'!"'!' "^',Mli>f^
*' 1
! I
ui' '!."
574
Bulletin V7, United States National Museum.
lateral line coiiHiderably enlarged. Northern Bean. (fiivOor, the oceun
depths; ar/n<t, a couHtellatiun of Htarn.)
a. Poaturolaturul Njiut 1 on cuch Hidu; aiinl ipotH iiunrly in u Htrui);)it HorteH; cainlul npotN not
close tiinotlior, mim.i,kui, St!2.
aa. I'otitcriilittc'i'ul nput wnntiiiK; raiiilal spotN cloNe toKotlit'i'; anal sputH in a Hurii's iii'urcr
hoi'i/.ontal tliaii vertical; Hiiuiit mtlior eliurp. auctic'IH, b&i.
N((>2. HKNTHUKKIHA MCLLKItl ((^mciln).
Head4; «lepth4. D. 12toU; A. 16tul«; V. 8; scaleH 3<» to 40. Depth
of head equal to its length. Eye large, itH diameter more than ^ leiigtii
of head. iSnont very ahort, obtuse, with upper protile deHcending in a
very strong curve. Cleft of moiitl) ob]ii|ue; maxillary reaching to angle
of preo])erculuui and terminating in triangular dilation. Origin of doiHal
a little nearer tip of snout than root of caudal, and inserted well beliiiid
root of ventral ; pectoral very small, its length ecjual to diameter of eye;
ventral not reaching to the vent. Hcales smooth, those of lateral lino
larger. A luminous spot on the angle of the preoperculum ; mediolater-
als 2, in subhorizontal line continuously with the 2 anterolaterals ; pos-
terolateral 1, over break in series of anals ; superanals 6-7 + 8-9. (Goodu
&, liean.) North Atlantic, occasionally taken in deep water from Norway
to (jreenland, more abundant southward, to iSouth Carolina, probably
always in very deep water. (Named for Otto Friedrik Miiller, an early
writer on the fishes of Denmark.) (Eu.)
Salmo miilUri, (i.MEi.iN, tiypt. Nut., 1^78, 1788, Norway; after Stuom.
Siopihtu ijliiciulis, liF.iNiiAitDT, UvcrK, Iltl, ISliS, Greenland; M'tkhn, l^polia Atlantica, liO, 1H!I2.
Bfoin'liiH iiiiilleii, ("iii.LKTT, NorBclio-Nord-IIav.s K.xp., 158, 1880; LiLUEUuKU, Svorigt'S och Norguii
ITiBkar, vi, 20, 1881).
Blyclophmu ylaviitle, .loitDAN Jk Oilheiit, Synopsis, 28:t, 1883.
BenthoieiiM iniitUri, Uoode & Uean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 70, 18U5.
8«». I»:NTIi()SE.1IA AKCTICrM (Liltkon).
Head Sji ; depth 4. D. *J; A. 17. Posterolateral spot (near lateral line,
above last part of anal) entirely wanting, the anal spots forming a con-
tinuous line, 15 or 16 in number; caudal spots 2, close together; supra-anal
spots 3, forming an obli(|ue line ; preopercular margin almost vertical.
Body stout, short, the caudal peduncle not slender, the snout not project-
ing beyond chin; eye moderate; dorsal tin high. Davis Straits, Green-
land. (Liitken.)
Scopelus arcltcHii, LOtken, Spolia Atlantica, Scopelini, 29, I8y2, Davis Straits.
268. DASYSCOPELUS, Giinther.
Diuyecopehis, GOntiieb, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mils., v, 405, 1864, (asper).
Dorsal and anal fins touching the same vertical, but not overlappiiii^i.
Scales hard, persistent, ctenoid, those of lateral line much enlarged. Anal
terminating below adipose dorsal. Body elevated, somewhat compressed :
caudal peduncle rather slender; luminous scales on the back of the cau-
dal peduncle. Arrangement of photophores much as in Mijctophum.
Species few ; remarkable for the firm, rough scales, {fiaa'vq, rough ; Scojk-
Ins: Scopelus is an old naiue of some large-eyed fish, from aKoniu, to look.)
a. JawH subequal; uual spotu 12 to 14; siipra-aual spots iu an obIi(iiie series. bpinosus, 801.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 576
864. IIAHYNCOPELVH SPIMUSl'S (Htoindiichiivr).
Head 4 to 4i^; depth 4 to 4^. D. 13; A. 19; scales 40-9. Hody Bhort,
tlio Hiiont very short ; eye large ; scales ctenoid ; caudal spots 2 ; ventral
spots more thau 4; posterolateral spot single; Hiipra-anal spots H, fonning
iiii ohliiine series ; anal spots 12 to 14 ; preoperculur margin almost vertical.
Open seas, known from the mid-Atlautic, Hawaiian Islands, etc. (Liit-
ken.) (Mj>inoA'H«, sitinous.)
Sciipi'lim »piii<iiiHii, Stkindaciinkk, Sit/gbi^r. Ichth. Nuti/.., v, II, 1HU7, China; I.diKEN, Situlia
Atlautica, Scopoliui, 19, 18U2.
269. TARLETONBEANIA, Eigenniann &. Eigenmauu.
Tiirlitonheania, Eiuenhann & Kigknmann, I'ruc. Cal. Ac. 8ci., iv, IKDO, 7 Uviiuii).
This genus is close to Mtjctophum, ditlering chietly in the entire absence
of the lateral line. (Named for iJr. Tarleton Hoffman ikau, Ichthyologist
of the United States National Museum, who has written largely on deep-
yea fishes and on the fishes of the eastern Pacific.)
11. Vontriil uutlino iiioro arched tliaii the durDal; vcntrulR nhort, nut roachiiig halfway to vent.
CIIK.NUI.AIIIH, H(i6.
11(1. Ventral and dorsal outlinoH abuut oqually archud; vuutruU reaching halfway to hevoiith
aual ray. tenuih, »06.
865.' TABLETONBEANIA CBENULABIS (Jordan & (iilhurt).
Head 3|; depth i\. Eye large, 3i^ iu head. D. about 12; A. about
l(i; scales about 45. Caudal spots probably 2, making with the anal
and postlateral spots a series of 21; 6 ventral spots. Body much com-
pressed, bluntly convex anteriorly, tapering behind. Caudal peduncle
hjiig and very -slender ; ventral outline more arched than dorsal. Head
short and high, the snout very blunt. Scales of sides creuulate, those of
back with acute crenations, but no spines; no lateral lino. Origin of
dorsal nearer snout than base of caudal ; caudal peduncle with 2 or 3
spiiinles (exserted tips of vertebral processes); ventrals reaching not
halfway to vent ; pectorals to base of ventrals. Color dark steel-blue.
Santa Barbara Channel ; coast of Washington ; two small specimens
known, one from the stomach of an albacore, the other blown on a vessel
during a storm, (crenularis, slightly scalloped.)
Slijchlihiim crcHulare, Jobkan & GiLnRRT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 274, Santa Barbara.
(Tyi"', No. 27402. Coll. Jordan & Gilhort.) Jordan A Gimikiit, Synopwi.-*, 282, 1883.
Mucloplmiii prucellarum (Beau MS.) Jordan, /. c, 457, off Straits of Fuca.
8««. TARLETONBEANIA TENUA, Eigcumann & Eigenniann.
Head 3f; depth 4^. D. 12; A. 17. Caudal spots probably 2, making
a series of 16 with the anal spots ; 6 ventral spots ; a posterolateral
spot; 3 supra-anal spots iu an oblique series; 5 thoracic spots. Body
moderately deep, greatly compressed, the caudal peduncle very slender,
its depth 4^ in greatest depth of body ; ventral and dorsal outlines equally
arched. Preopercular margin nearly vertical, the hea'l formed as in
J/, humboldti. No lateral line ; scales of sides much larger than those of
back or belly ; smaller scales denticulate, larger crenulate. Origin of
dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal ; anal larger
ij' '
•I,. I
( • 1:;
>■• r
s 7
I: mi
\-lM
•fS
l\
:!■ I
iri I
670
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
than dorHttl ; peotorulM reaching vontrulH, it'hich roach halfway tuHovonth
anal ray. Coronado Islanila, near San Uiegu ; onoHpeciiiinn from Htomacli
of Sehaatoih'H miniatua. (Eigonniaun.) V«ry cIohc to 7'. orcnulariM, hut
the belly leHH arched, the anal apota fewer, and the voutralB slightly
longer; probably identical with the latter.
Tur''li>nhe<miii tenuu (leniii*), Eigrnmann A. Ekiknmann, Pruc. Cal. Ac. H<-i., iv, iHtH), 7, Coronu-
doa. C'viMii Nu. 41882. Cull. KlKuumuDii.)
Family LXXVI. MAUROLICIDiE.
Body moderately elongate, conipresoed, HcaleleuH. Darbela none. Mar-
gin of the Tipper jaw formed by the maxillary and premaxillary, botli of
which are provided with teeth. Opercnlur apparatna iiicoiiiplutu. (iill
opening very wide, the onter branchial arch extending forward to behind
the symphyaia of the lower jaw. Paeudobranchiiu pruaent. Air bladilcr
none. Adipoae fin rudimentary. Series of luminoua photophorea proHcnt
along the lower side of the head, tail, and body. A aingle doraal fin with-
out apinons raya. (Uoode & Bean.) Uenera 4 or .^), with aoine 8 or ID
speciea ; deep-aea fishes. {Sternoptychidw, group Cocciiiia, (jlliuther, Cut., \ .
387, 1864.)
a. Gill ritkors very ahort; domal flu on liinder lialf of body.
b. Donml flii wt-ll forwiinl, Hh IunI ru.v iiiHertud nearly over the ArNt orniial; lunilnouaRiiolH
over anil Ixtliind iiniil forminfi; a nearly cotitiniiouM RerlcH.
c. LuminuiiH i-pots appi-arinK as impreasions on thuskin, not jilaccd on black gloliiiliir
bodteg; anal rays 25 to 30; doublt> row of spots behind pcutoralH ceuxing at mii-
trals. Mauuoi.k.'us, 'J7(i.
cc. Luminous spots occuring as "convex pearls, ouch sitting on a block globular body ;"
anal rays about 11; double row of spots behind pectorals reaching aual.
ViNi'iarKiiniA, '^71.
bb. Dorsal fln farther back, nearly opposite anal, its flrst ray nearly over the front of ana I:
luminous spots over and Keliind anal gathered in 6 clusters of 2 to 4 cucli, tliu
spots on a black background; star-shaped pigment spots along lateral line; anal
rays about 24. Valemciennellux, 27.;.
270. MAUROLICUS, Cocco.
Ifauroitctu, CoccO, Lett. sn. Salmon,, 32, 1838, {amethyitino-putictatHn).
Body oblong, corapreaaed, covered with silvery pigment ; aeries of lumi-
nous spots along the lower aide of the head, body, and tail, those over
and behind anal forming a nearly continuous series; luminoua spots
appearing as simple impressions on the akin. Scales wanting, or perhaps
preaent in life, but very thin and caducoua. Head coinpresaed, the bunes
thin, but oaaified. Cleft of mouth wide, very oblique, the lower jaw
prominent. Maxillary large, broad, toothed on its edge, produced back-
ward, receiving the slender premaxillary in the upper concave part of its
margin ; both jaws with minute teeth ; no teeth on vomer or pahitinos.
Eye large ; gill rakers very long. Pectorals and vontrals well develoj)ttl ;
doraal long, inserted posteriorly, opposite anal, with no projecting neural
apiuea before it; adipoae fin rudimentary or obaolete; anal rays 25 or
30; caudal forked. PseudobranchisB well developed. No air bladdor.
Branchiostegals 8 or 9. Size small. (Named for Maurolico, an Italian
naturalist.)
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America, 577
H«7. MAL'l{OiiH;|!N PKNNANTI (Walbuiim).
Hoiul 3i; depth 4. D. 11 or 12; A. 11 +1^1 tI>o luHt riiyH very fine and
tiut easily counted. LuniinoiiH HputH ocnurring as inipreaHiuns on the
Nkin, not sitting on black globular bodies; twelve pairs of luminous
M|)ots along belly before ventrals; 9 in an u]iper series between pectorals
and ventral , this series not continued backward; series from vent to
caudal 1 4- l'l + H;=2a, with slight interruptions, tlie last spots close
together; along shoulder girdle and isthmus?; 7 about gill opening; 1
liofore eye and 2 behind it. Front of dorsal considerably nearer base of
ciiudal than tip of snout, its last ray over origin of anal. Length
L'Hiiches. (Liitken; (iiinther.) Open seas, widely distributed, occasion-
ally taken off the New England Coast. (Nuhant, Provincetown, Woods
I loll, etc.) (Name<l for Thomas Pennant, author of early works on
Arctic Zoology and on the fishes of Knglcnd.) (Eu.)
.l)./.M«ii<i jierm<m«, Wai.iiai'm, Art<dl Pise, 47, 1792, England; (ifter "Sliuiniy Aigi'ntlno" of
Pfnnant.
S. iij)c/in fci)r«ii/(n, Nii.ssiiN, ObHcrv. /ool., 0, 18.'J5, Norway.
MauriiUtits iimetliytitiim-iiHiictatiiii, Curco, Lett. hii. Siiliiinii., 1(11, ISHH, coast of Italy.
tiiopi-liiH maiiroliri, Ci',viKH * Vai.knciennk.h, Mint. Nat. rciHH., xxii, lltli, 1840; aftur ( "occo.
HfiiiiriiHiitatniillfii, KiiiiYKit, piininark'H Fiskt^, in, ll.'t, 18.'IK, Denmark.
SioinhiHhitmbolilll, Hi; Kay, N. Y. Fauna; FiKlien, iV'<, 1«42.
MiimiiliciiH fioreiilm nnd iimclhjiHliiiu-piiHiiiiluK, GOntiieii, Cat.,V, 389, 39<), 1804.
Miinioliam pfiinuHli, Storeu, Hist. FiHlieH MaxN., 328, 1807; not of OuviKtt; liOTKKN, Hpolia
AtlaiitiPH, II, 47, 1892; Lili.jeiuoru, Hvorinus Fiokar, vi, 10, 188!».
Maurolicu»borvali$, Jorpan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 284, 1883.
271. VINCIGUERRIA, Jordan & Evermann.
ViiiiiijiKrrin, .TiiRDAN & Kverhann, new genus, {atienuata).
Tills genus is close to MauroUcun, from which it differs, according to
Liitken, chiefly in the character of its luminous spots which are pearl-
liko and placed on black globular bodies. Anal short, of 14 rays.
(Named for Dr. Decio Vinciguerra, director of the Actiuario Romano, and
uuo of the most active and scholarly of the naturalists of Italy.)
868. VINC'ICIUEKKIA ATTENUATA (Cooco).
lload 3f ; depth 6. D. 12 ; A. 14. Last ray of dorsal just behind ver-
tical from origin of anal. Luminous spots slightly prominent, ''appear-
ing as convex pearls, each sitting on a black globular body ;" twelve to
II pairs of spots between front of anal and base of caudal ; upper row
from gill opening to ventrals with 12, 11 between ventrals and anal ;
from tip of isthmus to anal, 7 + 16-+- 10^^:33 spots. Length 2 inches.
Open Atlantic, west to the Bahamas; in deep water. (Liitken, etc.)
{nttrnuatus, slender.) (Eu.)
iiiiinilicm altetmatwi, Cocoo, Lett. su. Salmon., 33, 18,38, coast of Italy; Guntiier, Cat., v,
;!;)0, 1864; LOtken, Spolia Atlantica, 11, 271, 1892.
Scopei.Hs tenorei, Cuvier & Yalencibnkes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxii, 440, 1849; after Cocco.
272. VALENCIENNELLUS, Jordan «fc Evermann.
ValeucienneUiiK, Jordan & Everuann, new genus, {tripunctulattu).
This genus is close to MauroUcua but with the dorsal fin farther back,
opposite anal, its first ray nearly over front of anal. Photophores above
F. N. A. 38
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museutn.
anal giithurml iu about flvo olusterH, oacb on u black back^^roiind ; anal
tin lung. ])e«i> uea. (Named for Aohillo ValenciunnuH, thu aHHociatu of
Cuvior, author (»f tlio greater part of tho " IliHtoire Naturelle di h
I'uiHSonH," u noble work which ih thu foundation of modern ichthyology. 1
N«». VAI.KN(IKNNKIiIil!K Tltll'irNCTrLATrH (RBinnrk).
Head '^\ ; depth 'A\. D. 9 or 10 ; A. about 24. LuminouH npotH arrangt-d
in and jtlacod on black bodloH, 1(1 pairH in the lower row from ])ectorttlH to
vent rait), 5 between ventrulo and anal ; 5 black urottH between vent an I
caudal about equidiatant, and each one with 2 or 4 nniall luminouH Npois
Hct cloHe together (the flrut 3 with W each, the fourth with 2, and thu hiNt
with 4); 1 Bpot on preopercle, 4 near Hhoulder girdle, 5 in un upper row
behind pectoral ; head and region along lateral line with a row of about
16 black pigment spots, Honio of them star-Hhapud, Avitb nuiny radiations,
tlieuo largest posteriorly ; largo and small ones interspersud. FiiMt
ray of dorsal slightly before first of anal. Length 2^ inches. Two
specimens known, ono from Madagascar and one from Denmark Straits, lio-
tween Oreenlaud-and Iceland. (Lutken.) (<Hj»Mwt'<»</«<«», three-spotted.)
MiiuriiliniH IriiiiDirtiiliitii^, Esmakk, Cliristiaiiia Yhl. Holsk., Furh., 488, 1870, Madagascur ;
Ll'TKEN, i^imliu Atlantica, gcuiieliui, 40, 1892.
Family LXXVII. CHAULIODONTID^.
(The ViPER-FisiiKS.)
Body more or less elongate, covered with thin caducous scales, or soiiio-
times naked; photophores present. M'nth large, the teeth irregular in
size; maxillary entering margin of (.,<per jaw. No pseudobranchia';
interopercle rudimentary; gillopouings wide. Dorsal and anal moderatu
or large. Deep-sea .fislios of rather small size but voracious habits, sunie
7 genera and about 20 species known.
Gonostomina; ;
a. Operi'los complete; di'i-sal Inserted behind vontrals; teutli modorHto, sooio of themuulnt'Kol
or canine-like; gill lakorH long.
t). DorHiil inserted on posterior half of body.
c. Dorsul inserti'd opposite anterior rays of anal; air bladder absent.
(/. Scales present; adipose flu present; luminous st'uts lar^'' and conspicnoun; iid
vomerine teeth; suborbital covering tho cheek. Gokosdma, -Til.
dd. Scales very caducous; adijiose flu absent; suborbital not covering tho check.
e. Dorsal rays about 20; photophores conspicuous. Uonai'ABTia, 'J7I.
ee. Dorsal rays 12 or IS; photophores small; vomerine teeth i)re8ent.
Oyclotiionk, 2T').
bb. Dorsal nearly median in its position, inserted slightly in advance of anal, its postn inr
rays overlapping anterior rays of anal; body rather elongate; teeth in donlilcrcws
in )iremaxillary and mandible; vomer with fangs. Yarkella, '27i'>.
ChauliodontinJ'; :
aa. Opercles incomplete, the interopercle rudimentary; both jaws with excessively long hng.
like canines; dorsal inserted before ventrals; gill rakers none; scales larpi'. Iliin,
and deciduous. Ciiavliodis, 277.
273. GONOSTOMA, Rafinesqne.
Gonostoma, Rafinbhque, Indicc Ittiol. Sicil., G4, 1810, {deimdeUum).
Body elongate, somewhat compressed, and probably all species ]>ro-
vided with very large, thin, caducous scales; lower parts with series
Jordan and F.vertnann, — Fishes of North America.
579
(iC liiiuinoiis HpoU. Huntl conical; cleft of mouth very wide, oblique,
fxteiiding behind eye, the lower Jaw Htrongly projecting; ; niuxillary lon({
mill Hiender, Hicklo-Hhapo<l, cloHely connected with the Hhort prennixil-
luiy ; upper jaw with a Hingle Hurien of rather large, HJiarp, cloHe-Het teeth,
uliout every fourth one more or leHH longer than the rcHt, and directed
Hlii^htly outward ; lower jaw with Hiniilar teeth, Huhe(|uul, directed for-
ward, with a few canineH in front ; no teeth on vomer. EyeHmull. (till
o|M-iiiDgH very wide, the memhraneH free from the ifithnuiH. Uill rakern
niiiiierouH, long, and Hiender. I'Heudohranchiiu none; hranchioategalH
iiliout U. No air bladder. Dorsal and anal well develojted, iuHerted
()|i|i<mite each other, the unal the longer; adipoHo tin Huiall ; caudal
forked, its peduncle long and Hiender. Deep-ueu HhIich of Hmall Hize.
(yjv'ui, angle; arofin, mouth.)
(I. Aniil ri\.vH ftbout 11(1. hknimiatum, 870.
u<i. Anal rayH iiliout 20. iiiikviiikn«, 871.
870. MONOSTOKIA UKMIIKTim, Kanii<i«|ue.
I had 4 ; dei)th 5i. D. 14 «.r 15 ; A. .'JO or 31 ; P. 11 or 12 ; V. 8 ; HoalcH
3t>. .Jawa heterodont, the intermaxillary being armed with 2, the
iiwixiihiry with about 12 large, diHtinct teeth, the apaccH between them
lu'liig filled with very small teeth ; lower jaw nimilarly armed with 10 or
11 large teeth. Eutire cheek covered by the enonuouHly enlarged infra-
orlfital. (GUnther.)
TItiH HpecieH in common in the Mediterranean and the neighboring parts
uf the Atlantic, especially oft' Madeira. Ju 1881, it was trawled by the
Fink Hawk ott'the New England Coast. It was also obtained by the Alba-
tronn, at station 2G6.5, in 203 fathoms, and by the French expedition, in
5iiO fathoms, off the coast of Morocco, and off the Cape Verdes, in 230-200
fatlioms. ((jioode &. Dean.) ((ft'»M({a/»«, made naked.) (Eu.)
(Iiiiiiiiilimit tlennilfila, Rafinkrqi'K, Iiidico Ittiul. Slcil., G&, 1810, Palermo; Uuode \ JIkan, Ocvanic
Itlithjology, 38, flg. llCi, 1895.
GimleropelecuH acanlhunm, Coi.'co, Oii)rii. 8c. Lit., No. 77, 182'.), Italy.
(jonottomui acunthunis, Cucco, Lett. Hii. Saliiion., 1838.
871. C)0.>'OSTO»A BRKVIDENS, Kru-r .t Stoliidiictiuor.
Head 4 ; depth 6. D. 13 or 14 ; A. 18 or 19 ; V. 7. IJody elongate, com
proHsed. Eye equal to snout, and about I leug^th of head; interorbital
space about i diameter of eye. Mouth opening large, oblique, lower jaw
projecting; upper jaw reachinji; back to the angle of the preoperculum,
and convex ou its lower edge. Intermaxillary, maxillary, and mandible
provided.with a single row of sharp teeth, uue(iual in size ; tongue tooth-
less ; two stronger teeth near the symphysis of the lower jaw ; on the
palatines, and possibly upon the pterygoids, a few small, sharp-pointed
teeth. Gill opening very wide ; 12 short branchiostegals, a luminous dot
at the base of each of the 8 anterior ones ; no pseudobranchiie ; gill
lamiiiio large. Probably the lower pharyngeal bones covered with teeth
similar to those in the jaws but in several rows. The dorsal has its
origin nearly midway between the ventral and the anal, and is composed
of 13 or 14 rays; adipose flu thread-like; ventral iu front of the
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Diiilill» of tlio l)0(ly (not hvliliul, uh Htiitutl Ity Knur) with 7 riiyH, reucliitm
to tliM vunt; unal witli from 17 to lU raytt, lMt({iiininK iinditr tlio lunt :t m
4 ruys of tliu dorHul, and tlio fln Hiniilar in lioi^^ht to tlio <l(iiMal;
cniiilul oqiiul in lungth to thut of tliu lioiid from Huotit to i>r«o|)«irtMiliiiii,
and utron^ly forkud ; puctorul itmail, pointtxl, and nuurly bh lon^ uh
tho caudal. Tho thin, cuduoouH HoaloH with which thu body iH <-osi'h i|
exhihit no radiutin)( linuH, hut huv«) Himiiltt, dt^iicato, uonoeiitrio riii;;>>
On either HJdo 2 longitudinal rowM of inconHpicnonM phoHpliortmcnii
■pots, Hiirroiinded with black piKniunt; tho lower row near the iino df
tlio heily bcginH near thu throat and endH at tho origin of tliu aiiui. In
the Hpiico from tho pectoral to thu ventral aru 1({ HpotH ; between iImi
ventral and thu anal 11; the upper row commeneeH with li larji^o HjiotN
upon the Huboperculum, and continued back to the eaudal. Color il:iri<
gray ; the back and belly silvery ; all the finH whitiHh, uniform in (M)1iii.
tipocimeuH taken by tho lllakif from otf (jlrenada in 101 and 4<>1 fatiiiniiN,
in the old Hahama Channel in 500 fathoniH, and olV Itequia in 458 fatlioniH;
thu original typo from the open Atlantic. (Uoode dk lioan.) (hntiit,
abort ; denii, tooth. )
Ooniiiloma brifitleiu, Knrr U Stkinhaciinbr, Hit7.li. Akiiil. WisNciiBcli. Wit'ii, i.xi, |h7m, i|:t,
Atlantic; Qounc A Uean, OcouiiIc ItlithyoloKy, U8, IHOS.
274. BONAPARTIA, Uoode &. Beau.
BompnTtiii, GnoPK A hr.AS, Oceanic Ichthyoldgy, 10'2, 1H!»5, (imlnlidlu).
Body oblong, compreHSod, slender behind, aa in Gonostoma, covcdmI
with largo cycloid Bcales, nearly efjual in si/o. A continuous row of |ilio-
tophores on either side of the ventral line upon thu lowest row of sciiieH,
extending from the anterior part of tho lower jaw to tho extremity of
the base of the anal ; others upon thu caudal puduncle. Head much ((Hii-
pressed, cleft of mouth very wide. Preniaxillary short; maxillary long,
curved, forming the entire margin of tho upper jaw, extending to tim
angle of the preoperculum. Jaws armed with a single series of not vfiy
numerous, acicular teeth, uniform in si/e; minute teeth on the pulatincH
and pterygoids. Eye moderate. Pectoral and ventral fins small ; doiHul
fin on the hinder half of the body, opposite tho anterior portion uf tlio
anal; adipose fin absent; anal much longer and higher than doiHiii;
caudal (probably) subtruncate. Gill opening exceedingly wide, tiie
branchial aperture*extending nearly to the dorsal line on either side, and
extending forward also to the symphysis of the lower jaw. (iill rakers
very long. (Named for Charles Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of Caiiino,
1775-1840, "whose admirable work upon the tishes of Italy, one of the
most essential of the older works in the ichthyologist's library, Ih
full in its discussion of the fishes allied to the one now under discussion,'')
872. BONAPARTIA PEDALIOTA, Ooodo & Boan.
Head 3i ; depth 4^; eye 5. D. 20; A. 30; soales 46. Body elon«;ate,
compressed. Eye about equal to snout ; width of interorbital space less
than eye. Mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting ; upper
jaw reaching back to angle of the preopercle, and convex on its lower
Jordan ami F.vermann. — Fishes of North America.
581
filKit h()tw»«n tlu) voi'tl<!ulH from tlionntnrior niicl poHtorior margiiiHof tlio
i>\i<. IM'fopfirclH oxt«ii<liiiK liackwanl in u Hliurp aiiKlo. Origin of <lorHal
till <M|iii(liHtaiit from root of ventral aiitl th« axil of poHtcrior anal ray,
111 il ill vtuticul from foiirtli or flftli anal ray; grt'titoHt li«M({lit of dornal
aliDiit »i|iuil to itH liiiHo ; origin of anal «M|iii(liHtant from tlio pontcrior
iiiaiKin of tlio orliit and Imiho of niiddio caudal rayH, itH anturior third
^'icatly pr<don){rd, falcatu in f<»rm ; length of tliu loii^fHt or third ray
iiliiiiit <M|iial to longtli of hiiHti of iln ; poHtoriorly to rnd of doiHal tlio
till In low; pectoralH and vontralH Hliort and futdtli* ; vcntralM inHcrtod
iilioiit midway between tip of nnoiit and root of caudal Iln. A Hiriglo row
of iiitli«>r conHpiouoiiH ]dioHplioruHC«iit npotH from tliu lower Jaw, iHMieath
tilt' <\v«^ to end of anal «>n <-itli«!r Hido, tliL^Me dotH luting huavily margin«td
uiid with black ahovit ; 12 of thcau between branchial opening and the
(iii^in of ventral, 5 between ventral and anal, 16 in the anal Herieu, and
'1 upon caudal peduncle, 1 at origin of lower caudal rayN, the other in
virtical above it and about \ of the diHtance from the dorsal outline;
a series of veiticul, elongated HpotH, apparently phoHphorcHcent, upon
eillier Hide of the lower jaw , giving it a pectinate appearance. C'olor
hrowninh gray ; the head v/ith Hilvery rellectionH.
The typcH of thiu Hpeciea are two HpecimeiiH, about 1 and 2 inches long
rt'Hpectively, (d)tained by the steamer AlbatroHn front Htation 2642, at a
depth of 217 fathoniH. (TrvfSnA/tjrof , having rudder-like Huh.)
l:uirii,n,ii,i imliiliiilii, GiioDK .1^ IIkan, Oct'ikiiic IcIitliyoluKy, 102, fig. 120, 1HU.5, Oulf Stream, at
25 ' ao' 30" N., 79° 58' W. (Typo, No. 44337. Coll. Albatrosa.)
275. CYCLOTHONE, Ooode &. Kean.
(yiolhimi', (lonnv. A Bean, Hull. Miib. r<>nip. Zoiil., x, No. 5, 1883, 221, {hiiu-a).
SiijmopK, Oll.l.,rio<'. IT. 8. Nut. MilB., 188;j, 'J.lf!, {iili(jwttli(iii>).
Sei'slfiiia, Vaii.i.ant, Exp. Scieiit. TriiviilUpur ct TitliHnian, 80, 1888, {haUiiipliilHin).
Itody elongate, somewhat compressed, apparently devoid of scales;
lower parts with inconnpicuouH series of luminous spots, with the latter
ariiinged approximately as in Gonostoma, but usually much less couHpic-
uoiiH. Head conical, compressed; cleft of mouth very wide, oblique,
extending behind the eye; the lower Jaw strongly projecting. Maxil-
lary long and slender, sickle-shaped; somewhat dilated posteriorly, but
covering only an inconsiderable portion of the cheek. Upper jaw with
a sin;;le series of needle-like teeth, some of which are enlarged; lower
jaw with similar teeth, and in some species with u few canines in front;
teetii on vomer sometimes in patches, sometimes reduced to a single pair
of taiigH; palatine and pterygoid teeth present or absent. Eye moderate,
not conspicuous. Gill opening very wide, the membranes free from
iHtliiiius; gill rakers numerous, long and slender. Pseudobranchiiu none.
No air bladder. Dorsal and anal moderate, opponite, the latter much the
loiijier; adipose fin sometimes present. («i'«Aof, round; 0^61^^, veil.)
CvcidiiroNK:
n. Anal rav8l8to22.
Ik Hody not greatly elongate, the dcptli 7 to 8 in length. MiciionoN, 873.
I'i\ llody elongate, tlio cleplli 11 in length. iiATiiYi"iiii,A, 874.
SiOMipi's ((Tiyixa,tho letters; ui\p, appearance):
iiu, Aiiul rays 27 to 30; depth 7 iu length. klonqata, 875.
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Bulletin 47, United' States National Museum.
I SubgenuH CYCLOTHONE.
878. CfCLOTHONE MICRODON (GUnthor).
Head 4° ; depth 7| ; eye as long as suout, 7 \\\ head. B. 7 to 9 ; D. 11
orl2; A.16to20; C. 17; P.OorlO; V. 5. Bodyelonpate. Cheeks iiaktd.
Premaxillary very short, extending to vortical from posterior liml» of
anterior nostril ; maxillary very strongly ciuved downward, with a slioi r
knob at its anterior extremity, not visible without dissection. Most of
the teeth on maxillary inclined forward. Gill rakers 9-f-13 or II.
Lower jaw long, included, with the exception of the projecting tip. Eyo
circular, close to the profile, the interorbital area being very narrow;
anal under second ray of dorsal, its base half as long again as tliat
of dorsal, and nearly \ as long as body; its outline resembling that of
dorsal, its longest ray a little longer than the longest of tho dorsal ; cau-
dal forked; pectoral inserted under tip of opercular flap, its length
equal to greatest height of body ; ventral inserted at a distance from
snout equal to twice the length of the head, its length slightly exceedin-,'
that of the pectoral, 7 in body. Color blackish brown, the luniiuoua
pores inconspicuous, in a row on each side from pectoral region to tail, iiiul
another below ii from throat to tjio uiigin of anal. (Goode & Bean.)
First obtained from great depths near Bermuda, subsequently at numer-
ous localities in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Antarctic oceans, at depths of
from 500 to 2,900 fathon.*i. Since also taken from numerous localities in
the Atlantic by the Alhatrons and the Blake. It is equally abundant in
deepwa eralongthePacificCoastfromOregontotheGalapagJo. Infacl it
is every vvhere one of the most widely distributed and common of all deep-
sea fishes. "Although many hundreds of specimens are in the National
Museum, the species is so exceedingly delicate and hard to preserve that
not one of them gives satisfactory opportunity for study." (Goodo &
Bean.) (/i<«p6f, small ; Moic, tooth.)
Gonostoma viicrodon, GUntheh, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ii, 1878, 188, near Bermuda; (ii'N-
TiiKii, Voy. Cliallouger, xxii, 175, 18.-'7 , LCtkhn, Spolia Atlantica, Scopolini, (10, Is'CJ.
Ciiclothoue hisca, GoonE k Ukan, Hull. HIiis. Coinp. Zoiil., x, No. 5, 188:i, 221. Gulf Struam.
Cu/^othone viicrodon, Goode U Uean, (icisanic lolitliyology, 990, fig. 114, 1895.
874. OTCLOTHONK BATHTPHILA (Vaillant).
Head 4i ; depth 11. D. 12 or 13; A. 21 or 22; V. 7; P. 10; braucliios-
tegals 13. Body elongate, compressed ; vent midway between tip of
snout and end of caudal rays. Eye moderate, its diameter equal to half
length of snout, and also to the width of interorbital space; placed
far forward, so that the snout is very short, i length of head. Cleft of
month exceedingly wide, oblique. Maxillary somewhiit dilated, but not
covering any considerable portion of the cheek, its tip separated fiuiii
the angle of the operculum by a distance greater than the diameter of
the ej'c. Teeth of premaxillarits moderate in size ; upon maxillaries and
mandible larger, conical, separated by moderate intervals, which are filled
with smaller teeth ; teeth also on palatines, pterygoids, and pharyn-
geals. Opercular bones very thin. Origin of dorsal and anal fins oppo-
site, in'mediately behind veot, the anal more than twic'3 as long
Jordan and Et'ermann. — Fishes of North America.
583
:is the dorsal and reaching nearly to the tail, which is forked; adipose
dorsal small ; pectoral and ventral composed of weak rays, the origin of
tlio latter nearly midway from base of pectoral to vent, and tips of
longest rays reaching to vent. Branchial arches 4, long and slender;
vory elongate gill rakers, 10 -|- 15 in number, the longest twice as long as
((ye. Velvety black, with a number of luminous spots.
This species was obtained by the French explorers at depths of 710
to 1,290 fathoms in the Gulf of Gascony and off the Azores. It has since
Iteon found in considerable numbers in the western Atlantic by the
Albatross. (Goode & Bean.) (/iJaflir, deep; ^t/lto), to love.) (Eu.)
Xiiiilnma hiilliyphiliim, Vaillant, La Nature, 1884, 184; namo and rough flguve only.
fyehthniif hiitliypilit, Vaillant, Travailleur et Talisman, 9(i, pi. 8, figw. 1, In, 1888, Gulf of
Gnscony; Azores; Goods A Bkast, Oceanic Ichthyology, 100, fig. 118, 1895.
Subgenus SIGMOPS, (iill.
875. CYCLOTHONK ELOXGATA (UUnther).
Head 4J ; depth 7. D. 13; A. 27 to 30; P. 11; V. 7. Vent midway
between rjot of caudal fin and eye. Eye moderate, t of snout, about i
length of head, its diameter less than v idth of interorbital space. Mouth
exceedingly wide, maxillary extending to the posterior angle of the
operculum; with a number of largo teeth at considerable distances, with
interspaces filled with smaller teeth ; intermaxillary with 2, and mandible
with about 10, large teeth. Infraorbital bone diliited, covering only about
i of cheek ; opercula; bones thin. Gill laminic short; gill rakers long;
Itranchiostegals 11, very short. Dorsal fin inserted a little behind the ver-
tical from vent, its greatest height exceeding that of the body at the point
of its origin; anal fin directly under the dorsal, much longer, extending
nearly to root of caudal, highest in front; pectoral narrow, slender,
placed low, its length t that of the head; distance of ventral from vent
contained i in its distance from pectoral. Scales have apparently boen
present, on a ^.^''t at least, of the body, namely, the tail and ventral
lino. Luminous orgaiis very pink, with silvery margins, in two rows on
either side of the abdomen. Color black.
This species was obtained by the Challenyrr south of New (Juinea, in
800 fathoms, and off Banda, in 360 fathoms. It has been found in consider-
able numbers in the deep waters off the American Coast by both the lil'ike
and the Chalktujcr, hy the InvcUiyator in tiio Indian Ocean, iiml by the
Albatross in the Gulf Stream at station 2039 in 2,361 fathoms. (Goodo &
Mean.) (elontjatns, elongate.)
flfiuiishma elmiijalinii, G''»"'!fr.H, Anu. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ii, 1878, 1> , , New Guinea ; Banda.
Si<j)iif,]m sllgmalicu/i,*' GiM,, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 2,56, Gult Stream, in38° ig'^e" N.,
68° 20' 20" W. (Type, No. ;mni. Coll. AlbatrosK.)
Cijchlhone ehmijiila, GooDG & ISean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 101, fig. 119, 18',1,'i.
276. YARRELLA, Goode & Bean.
Yiinella, Qoo^K & Bean, Oceanic- Ichthyology, 103, 18it.">, (hlack/onli).
Body elongate, compressed, covered with rather large, thin, deciduous
Rcalos ; the lower parts with luminous spots. Head conical, compressed;
i"),!
ihi
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\ .
* The type otSigwopt stigmaticus is an imp«irfeit individual, from which the luminousspots had
becu rubbed off beforo it waB examined.— (»oo(/« a- liean.
■'■■ n-'i^i^
^E
mi
f \
584
Bulletin 4j, United States National Museum.
oloft of inont}i very wide, oblique, extending behind the eye. Lower
jaw strongly jrojecting. Intermaxillary comparatively long, forming
abont half of margin of upper jaw. Upper jaw Avith a single row of
teeth in the maxillary, and a double row in the intermaxillary, inter-
spersed with ocf'asional stronger teeth; those in the intermaxillary
aire<!fed downward or backward, those in the maxillary somewhat for-
ward; mand;i)lo with double row of small teeth, outer row with sonie
larger ones; a row of short, weak teetii on the palatines; head ot
vomer with a Hhort fang on <'ither side. Eye moderate; gill oponingH
very wide, the membranes free from the isthmus, (iill rakers not very
numerous, rather short and stout. Pseudobraucliiu; none. Uranchiosto-
gals numerous, 14. No air bladder. JJorsal and anjil well developed,
the former far in advance, its posterior rays over the origin of anal ; no
adipose fin; caudal oderatoly forked. (Named for William Yarrcll,
178n-1856, an emino^t ichthyologist, who wrote on the tishes of
England.)
87«. YARRELTiA RLACKFORDI, Coodo It tiaiM.
Head 4i; depth 7i; eye 7. D. 15; A. 27; V. 6. Body elongate. Eyo
moderate, its diameter t of snout; maxillary extending for behind the oyo,
its length e<pial to that of postorbital part of the head, (xill rakers
6 + 1^) cue longest about as long as the eye. Branchiostegals 14. Dor-
sal origin a little nearer root of caudal than tip of snout, nearly
over middle of space between ventral and anal, its posterior ray over
seventh ray of anal; di.stauce of ventral origin from tip of snout
contained 2i times in total (without caudal), its rays imperfect, the longest
only about i length of heiid; pectoral i)laced low, on a narrow base.
Scales have evidently been present, and of considerable size, Imt their
character and number can not be ascertained from the specimens examined.
Color purplish brown ; 9 phosphorescent spots on the isthmus, LT)
between the symphysis of the mandible and the root of ventral, 113
between the origin of ventral and vent, and 2(i from vent to tail : a
second row of pearly spots extends from above root of pectoral t<i origin
of anal.
The type obtained by the AlbatroHs from station 237ti, at a depth of \\2\
fathoms. Two other specimens, the larger one 9^ inches in length, taken
at the same place. (Named for Eugene G. Blackford, president of tlie
board of fish commissioners of the State of New York.)
1'(IitW/.( 'i/'i-7.;r'"rrfi, (JooDK .V; Hkan, Oceanic IditliyiilnKJ, 103, fis. 121, 1896, Qulf Stream at
29° 03' 15" N., 88^ 16' W. (Tyi>e, No. 44242. (bll. Albatross.)
? i
s
iff
277. CHAULIODUS, Bloch * Schneider.
(V1PEK-FI8IIE8.)
CliniiUoilm, Bloch & S(niNKIDER, Syst. Irlith., 4;!0, 1801, {ulnanei).
Leitloiles, SwAlNSON, Nut. Hi«t. Aiiiiil., 11, 298, 1830, (sZoanci).
Body elongate, compressed, covered v/ith very thin deciduous scales of
niodd. a,te size; lower side of head, body, and tail with series of lumi-
nous spots. Head short, much compressed and elevated, the bones thiu
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
585
but ossified ; lower Jaw projecting, the Huout much shorter than eye ;
month extremely wide, the cleft reaching much beyond eye; premaxil-
l.iries with 4 long, fanj;-like canines on each side; mandible with pointed,
wide-set teeth, the anterior ones excessively long; none of these large
tooth received within the month ; maxillaries with fine teeth ; palatine
with a single series of small pointed teeth ; no teeth on the tongue.
Ojiorcle very ujirrow, the interopercle rudimentary. Eye nioderate.
IVctorals moderate; ventrals large; dorsal fin high, placed anteriorly,
woll in front of the ventrals ; adipose fin moderate, sometimes fimbriate,
opposite the low, short anal ; caudal moderate, forked. Gill openings
vi'iy wide ; no gill rakers. I^ranchiostogals numerous ; no pseudobran-
chiio. Deep-sea fishes of voracious habits; two species known. (;j;au/iO(;,
exserted ; ofio'V, tooth.;
■:. Ili'ail 7 Ml lpii);th; Atlantic gpncies.
(III. Iload <J in ItMigth. I'acifK: species.
SI.OANF.I, 877.
MACCIINI, 878.
877. CHAIILIODI'S SLOANEI, Hloch A Schnt-idcr.
Iload 7; dej)th 7. B. 17; D. 6; A. 12; V. 7; scales 56 (Go in a figure
piihlishtd by Agassiz in Crniso of the Jilakv). Dorsal not far backwiird,
JtH distance from occiput less tlian length of liead, its first ray produced
ifit a long filament nearly J length of body ; pectoral fins short; ventral
tins long, longer than head, and nincli longer than pectorals. About 30
luminous dots in a series froja tlie chin to the ventrals. Scales of the
liody subhexagoiial. Head jieirly as deep as long. Greenish al)ove ; sides
Hilvery; belly biackisli, Jjength 12 inches. (Giinther.) Mediterranean
and deep waters of the Atlantic ; a specimen found in the stomach of a
<■(;(! on George's Banks ; and cisewlierc i;i deep water; also in the Medi-
temiHean. (Named for Hans Sloane, an early naturalist and traveler,
wiio wrote on the animnls of Jamaica.) (Ku.)
ChniiUiHliiK fliKinci, Ul.i)i II & Srii.vEii.Kii, .Syst. Iclitli., 4;!0, isol, Atlantic; nftf't Vinern Miirina of
Catf.siiy; GCNTiiKn, t'nt., v, 392, IHiSl; JuRtiAN- A; Giidkut, .^yiHp|imp, '^8.0, j'8l}H.
Chvilioihis nelinntui, Dl.ocil & ScilnfHirR, .*vst. Ichtli., pi. 85; siime typo.
Efor fl,:iiii(ix, .SnAW, Goii. Zoiil., V, J20, JSOI; iiftcr ("atesiiv.
ChiiulioiltDt nclnieideri, Kisso, Kumpi^ Merid., l/f, H%, ]82fi, Nice.
s/r
Headfi; eyeli; Buoutii. D.G; A. 11; V.7; P. 13; .s<:'a!**8 56. Loi;s?e8t
fi(ii<f in mandible nearly half head. Dorsal beginning over Meventh row
ot scales, its first ray iH to li in body, its base 3 in bead ; base o/ adipwe
dorsal i tliat of anal, which is fffiitei than half h^ad ; ventral 5 in body,
inserte<l ui\der seventeenth scale of lateral line. ^'//»«t of Talifornia to
Hritisii Columbia, in deep water; the type taken off (lumn Charlotte
Islands, in 87G fathoms; about 4 tpftiimeuH known; tUmH io /', tUfdnei,
the head a little longer, the scales perbapM Inr^rer ; probaWy not AiiflifiH.
(Named for Prof. John C. Macoun, of the (Jeological Survey of /'anada.)
Ch<iiiliiitlufiviacoiini, Bean, Vroc. V. 8. Nat. Mus., 1890, 41, off Quec i Charlotte Islands, at
Albatross Station a86o, at 51'-' 23' N., 130 ' 34' W. (Type, So. iti'ATl. toll. Albatross.)
^>
ii
! ] [.""TT'Tf^^^
ss
II
086
Bulletin 42, United States National Museum.
Family LXXVIII. ASTRONESTHID^E.
Scomatoid fidlies, with adipooo dorsal present, aud with scaleless body.
Dorsal I'm inserted behind vent, but in front of anal. A single gtmiis,
with few species; fishes of the deep sea. ( J8<roMe«//iW«', Gill, in Goodo
& Hean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 105,1895.)
278. ASTRONESTHES, Richardson.
Anb mentheii, RinilAUDKON, Tchtii. Voy. Sillpli., t)7, 1845, (iiigei).
Phirnoihin, IjOWE, I'nic /niil. Si)C. Loud., 18r)0, 2.')0, (ringenn).
Body rather elongate, compressed, scaleless. Head compressed, tlio
snont of modorate length, the mouth wide, lower jaw prominent. Tectli
pointed, unequal ; upper jaw with 4 long, curved canines ; front of lower
with 2 ; maxillary teeth fine, subequal ; palatines with a single series of
small, pointed teeth, similar to those on tongue. Eye moderate, not longer
than snout. Throat with a long fleshy barbel. Dorsal tin rather lonj;,
inserted entirely in front of anal, behind ventrals ; adipose fin present ;
caudal forked; paired fins long. Gill rakers minute. Nopseudobranchia'.
No air bladder. Sides and belly with very many small luminous spots ;
a small luminous patch below eye. Small fishes of the deep seaa ; remark-
able for their strong teeth, the lower jaw much stronger than in Mahi-
coetsua; 4 species known, ((iur/wi', star (starfish); taWo, to eat.)
a. Uarlicl not mucli longer than liead; lout ray of dorsal considerably behind vent, iieuily
over first ray of anal.
h. I). 17; A. 14. NIOER, «70.
bh. U. 17; A. 17. aEMUii'Eit, nso.
aa. Barlx^l nini'h lougi^r tliiin head; laHt ray of dorsal in advance of vont, and mncli lirfdit'
first ray of anal. kichakusoni, 8)<l.
87ft. ASTKONESTIIKS NIGER, Richardson.
Head 4i ; depth 5^ ; eye 4 J. D. 17 ; A. 14 ; V. 30 + 15 = 45. Body ratlicr
stout, deepest at the nape. Barbel a little longer than head. Doisjil
beginning just behind base of ventrals, its last ray considerably behind
vent and nearly over first of anal; pectoral not reaching nearly to v(!ii-
trals. Jaws subequal. Eye large, well forward, almost as long as suoiii.
the luminous spot below it very small. Color black, with 22 photophons
between chin aud ventral. Deep waters of all seas. One specimen taken
in the open sea off oar coast.* (niger, black.)
Ailroni'ulhi's n'lijrn, UiciiARnRON, Iclith. Voy. .Sulphur, 97, 1845, Atlantic; GCntiieii, Cat., v, li'i,
18(>4; LCtkkn, Spulia Atlantica, ii,.'):57, 1892; Joudan .t Gii.hkkt, Synopsis, 287, 188:i.
Slomias fiehUi, CiiviEtt it V.vi.enciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xviii, 378, 1840, Mid-Atlantic.
(Type, No. 34538. Coll. Capt. Field.)
Pliienoiloii 7-iiiyens, IjOWE, Proc. ZoiJI. Sor. Lond., 1850, 251, Madeira.
Astronctthes harhdluK, IvNEll, Sitzber. Akad. Wias. Wion, 1860, xx\x\, 543, Coast of Brazil.
8H0. ASTRONESTHES OEMMIFER, Goode A- Uean.
Head ii; depth 5J ; eye 4. D. 17; A. 17; V. 7; P. 9. Barbel about
equal in length to the head. Origin of dorsal iin a little nearer tip of
♦This species is represented in the national collection by only u single specimen (No. 34538, ',".
S. National Muse\ini), the typo of (!lr.inlii>d)ts Jiehlii, Cuvier & Valenciennes, obtained by Captiiiii
Field, in May, 181 It, on a voyage from Mogador to New Yorlt, probably at the surface. This
specimen passed from the hands of Dr. Mitchill to those oi iVIr. J. Carson Urevoort, then to .^Ir.
E. G. Blackford, by whom it web presented to the National Museum. (Goode & Bean.)
Jordan and Ever mann. — Fishes of North America.
687
Hiiout than root of caudal ; length of its base contained nearly 4 times in
the total without caudal, its longest ray \ length of head. Ventral
origin directly under dorsal origin; length of ventral 5^ times in body,
not reaching nearly to vent; distance of anal origin from root of the
caudal a little more than \ of total length without caudal. Eye longer
♦han Huout. Pectoral nearly | as long us body without caudal.
The type of this species, about 7^ inches in length, was taken from a
halibut's stomach, January 20, 1890, by the schooner Volar Wave, in
11° 25' N. latitude, 53° VI' W. longitude, in about 300 fathoms. This
species may possibly prove identical with A. n'ujer. The limits of variation
(if the fin rays in this genus have not been determined for lack of sutticient
material. The specimen has 17 anal rays and numerous gem-like dots on
the lower part of the body, there being about 30 in the series from the
symphysisof the mandible to the ventral. (Goode& Bean.) ((/«fm»Hrt, bud
or gem; /<to, I bear.)
Aslroiietlhrs ijcnimifer, GoonB & ItKAN, Orcttiiic IcliUiyology, 105, fig. l'^4, 1895, Grand Banks.
(Typo, No. 24045. Coll. Sclir Polar Wave.)
881. Ai^TRONKSTHKS Itll'HAKDSOM (Poey).
Head 4J; depth 63 ; eye 7. D. 12 or 13; A. 13 or 14. Body more elon-
gate than in A. nhjer, less rapidly tapering backward ; barbel much longer
than head, reaching beyond tip of pectorals; dorsal beginning over axil
of ventrals, its last ray in advance of vent and far in advance of first
of anal; pectorals almost reaching ventrals; lower jaw prominent; eye
small, shorter than snout, the luminous organ below it as long as pupil.
Black, with the usual many luminous spots. Deep waters of West Indies,
Indian and Pacific oceans. (Liitken.) (Named for Sir John Richardson
the discoverer of the genus Astroneathes.)
ChiiiiU(i(luarichar(h<i}ii, PoKY, Metiiorias, 1,176, 1855, Cuba, (Coll. Poey.)
Attroneitliei richardttmi, OPntiier, Cat., v, 425, 18(!4; Lf'TKEN, Spolia Atluntiva, ii, 5.5, 1892.
" i
i !:
'■I
1 '
Family LXXIX. STOMIATIDyE.
Body elongate, tapering, naked or covered with vory thin and decidu-
ous scales. Head oblong ; snout short and rounded. Eyes large and far
forward. Opercular apparatus imperfectly developed. Mouth enormous,
with deep lateral cleft; lateral margin of upper jaw formed by maxil-
lary and provided with teeth along the edges ; teeth usually strong,
unequal, some of them often fang-like or barbed. Gill membranes not
joined, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals numerous (12 to 17); a
long barbel at throat. No pseudobranchia^ Dorsal fin short, median or
posterior, without spines; anal free, far behind and small; caudul dis-
tinct; pectorals low down on the scapular arch and narrow; ventrals
inserted far backward. Stomach ca^cal, and jiyloric appendages absent.
Sides with phosphorescent spots. Skeleton feebly ossified. Eggs excluded
through oviducts. (Goode & Bean.) Deep sea-fishes of extremely vora-
cious habits; 8 genera and about 20 species known. {StomiatUht', part,
Giinther, Cat., v, 424, 1864.)
Stomiatin.k:
a. Pectorals present.
h. Body covered with ftue scales; ventrals very fur back.
Stomias, 27!«.
-*-:■ f-
1 .
I
1 1
■■■ I ' t
J
)»y»tty*w<ipiM
^WT^
!:i
n
\-i
i
588
Jiulletin 47, United States National Museum.
bb. Uody nnkod.
c. Pectui'iilH with ropuriitc my; voiiit'r with t<'ot)i; tin'th in Juwh Iodk, dcproHHihli.;
|ialatiu<>8 with ti'oth. KciliimTOMA, '^.sii.
rr. I'lTtiiriilH noriniil; voiiicr todthh'Hx; (Idrxiil itiid uiiiil Niriiilar In Hi/» and oppcmitc;
tuctli lant^-liko; pigment HpotHJn pla>'(! of hitural lino; oyiiHn II.
GllAMM.' 'igTOHIAM, 2H|.
Photon KCT I N.v. ;
an, I'i'i'IiiiiiIh aliKcnl; Ixid.v naki'd; ihirNal inKcrli'd liitliiiid vi'nt.
I'l
i'niNK(!TKS, 'JK'2
279. STOMIAS, Cnvior.
SliimiuH, (Ji viKii, Ki-Kn" Animal, Kd. 1, 1h|, 1817, (^<>(i).
Body (sloiigate, coiiipreHSfid, covtiretl with exceedingly fine, decidii
OUH HcalcH^ which are Bcai-cely imbricutod, lying in Hiihhexagonal dcpirN-
sions in the skin. Head cunipreHHcd, the Hnout very short and the cleft
of the mouth extremely large. Mouth oblique, the lower jaw projecting.
Teeth pointed, unequal, those of the preniaxillaries and mandible very
large; maxillary with line teeth ; vomer with a pair of fangs ; palatines
and tongue with smaller pointed teeth. Eye moderate. Opercnlar por-
tion of the head short ; a large lleahy barbel suspended from the liyoid
region. Vent far back. Dorsal comparatively long, far back, opposito
the anal ; pectorals and veutrals rather small and short, the latter fiir
back; caudal fin moderate. Lower side of head, body, and tail witli
series of luminous spots. Gill openings very wide; no pyloric cd'Cii.
Singular fishes of the deep sea; 3specics now known, {stomiaa, " mouthy,"
froni ard/xcc, mouth.)
n. lU'ad 10 timeH iu length of liody; vcntra'.M not ]irodufOil. FKliox, SK'2.
(in. Hoad 8 times in length of binly; v«ntnils much prodiiccd. akfinin, 8s:t.
S.S2.^ST0.MIAS KKIIOX, Iteinhardt.
Head 10 ; depth 12. D. 17 ; A. 21 ; P. ; V. <). Barbel longer than hoiid,
tapering and not fringed at tip. Pectorals and veutrals not produced:
caudal rounded. Color black. ((Jiinther.) Greenland and southward ;
abundant in deep waters of the Gulf Stream from Bahama Channel to the
Grand Banks in 500 to GOO fathoms, (fcrox, ferocious.)
Stomias fero.r, Heiniiaudt, VidcnKk. Selsk. Naturv., etc., x, 77, 1842, Greenland; Gi ntiiei!.
Oat., V, 420, 1804; >Toiil>.\N & Gilhf.rt, Synoi)sii<, 280, 1883; Goodk AHean, Oceanic lihtliv-
ology, l(t7, 18115.
HS». STO.WIAS AFFINIS, (Jilnther.
Head S; depth 12. D. 17; A. 20. Scaleless, but the hexagonal divJH-
ions of the skin distinct. Teeth fixed. Barbel about as long as head,
ending in 3 filaments; end of stem of barbel white, probably luniinoiiN.
and with a black pigment spot. Pectorals and ventrals narrow iind
elongate, the ventrals ending in a iilanient reaching beyond front of anal ;
anal higher than dorsal. Each of the abdominal Kcries of photopliorcH
with 43 spots between pectoral and ventral ; between ventrals and anal,
and 15 or 16 between front of anal and caudal ; a parallel series rniiH
below, and a third above middle of side of body. Fins white; dorsal,
anal, and ventral with black margins. One specimen taken south "f
Sombrero Islands, in 450 fathoms. (Giinther.) {affinin, related.)
Stomias ({finis, GrxTiiKii, Dee|)-S»« Fishes, Ohalleugor, xxu, 205, jil. liv, fig. A, 1887, Sombrero
Islands, West Indies.
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of North Atnerica.
589
280. ECHIOSTOMA, Low«.
IHiimiimii, Ijiiwr,, I'nx;. Zoiil. 8of. I,oinl., XM'A, 87, {Imrhalum).
Uill„rclwruitiiii, (Jll.l., Proi-. IT, 8. Nat. Mils., 1H8I, 2.1t!, {luniiiTi).
Hotly ulon^ute, comproHBcd, HcalttloHH. Head nitlier coinpreHHed, the
Hiioiit Hhort and the cleft uf the inuiith very wide. Teeth pointed, more
or loHM une(|ual, those of the preniaxilhiry and the front of the lower Jaw
hi'iufi lenient; niaxiUary teeth in a ningle HetieH, those of tiie lower g
l)ein<; Hniall ; teeth of the hinder part of the niandihle in double or triple
Ne^ie^4; vomer with a pair of fan^H ; palatincM with u Hin^rhtHerieH (»f Hinall
[jointed teeth, two )^rt>upH of similar teeth on the ton<;ne. Eye of mod-
erate si/e. Opercular portion of the head very narrow and llexihie; a
lleshy barbel on the center of the hyoid region. Dorsal fin far back,
opposite anal; eatidal forked; vent not far in advance of caudal tin;
[tectorals and ventrals feeble, the latter behind the middle of the luxly.
Series of luminous spots along the l')wer side of the head, body, and tail,
tlie largest luminous organ phired behind eye along maxillary, longer than
eye; a snuiller eye-like one, in suture between opercle and interopercle.
(!ill openings very wide. Gill rakers minute. N(» jtseudobrauchia) nor
air Idadder. Atlantic. (f,v";, a viper ; (rrd/zK, mouth.)
II. Aiiitl ni,vH Ifi t(i IS ; ti'i'th of jiiwH liirKu, iincqiial. riARiiATl'H, HK4.
nil. Anitl ni)'H 24; tucth of juWH Hinall, Hubui|iml. maboabita, 886.
KN4. Kt'llIONTOMA KARHATITltl, Lowo.
Head 6 ; depth !>. B.12; D.12tol5; A.16tol8; P.3to5;V.8. Barbel
us long as head, fringed at its tip. Upper ray of pectoral produced in a
long and slender iilament reaching nearly to the root of the ventrals ;
ventrals narrow, elongate. Color black, with elongate, club-shaped,
iiiMiinous spot between the maxillary and the eye, rose-colored in life.
Length ',) inches. Deep waters otf Madeira ; also t^ken off Gloucester,
MaHsaohusetts, and southward in the Gulf Stream to the Old Bahama
Channel, (harhatuti, bearded.)
EcUiiiflima hiirhaluiii, Lowe, Proc. /.oiil. 8or, Loud., 1843. 88, Madeira ; GONTllEn, Cat., v, 427,
ISCI; (iooDK it Bean, Hull. Essex Inst., ]87!i, 2:1 j .Ioiihan & (Jilhkht, Synoiwis, 287, 188:i;
(U'NTHEii, T)ot'i)-S('» FishtH, Clialluiigcr, 20(i, 1887.
Iliiiinrhorintus Inimeri, Gii.i,, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mils., 188;i, 2.')t), Gulf Stream, at Albatross
Station 2083, at 40° 26' 40" N., 60" 58' W., in 956 fathoms. (T.viiu, No. 33444. Coll.
AlbatrobB.)
8S5. ECHIOSTOHA MAIiGARITA, Goodo & nenu.
Head H; depth 8; eye 8. D. 18; A. 24; V. 7. A stout barbel behind
fioin the tip of the lower jaw, somewhat more than i length of
lioad; at the extremity, this barbel is divided into 6 fringes, one of
which is whitish; a whitish band on the barbel near the root of the
fringes. About 31 teeth on each side of upper jaw and 36 on each side of
iiiiindiblo; none of the teeth in the jaws being enlarged; vomer with a
pair of depressible fangs on right side and a single one on the left ; five
(Icpressible teeth on each palatine; lingual teeth in about 4 rows. Length
<>{ upper jaw J length of head. Mandible nearly as long as iiead. Eye
ei^ual to snout and I as long as upper jaw. Mandible projecting beyond
{ :;!
! .
! I
; 1 j^
' "'pr^"
590
Bulletin ^7, United States National AfiiMum.
■Ji;
upper jaw when the mouth Ih ch)aed,a diHtuuoe equal to \ the eye. Nub-
trilH about midway between eye unil tip of unout. (jiill laminae all w«'ll
developed, increaHing in si/.e backward, not entirely concealed by the
opercular bones. Gill rakorH minute H(;atterod Hpines. Distance of vent
from baHo of caudal (^ times in the total length ; anal beginning
immediately behind vent and extending nearly to base of tail ; dormil
immediately over anal ; the sixth and longest ray of ventral f, length of
head ; pectorals of both sides have been torn otf in the type. Two rowH
of minute photophores similar to those in K. hurhalum and similarly situa-
ted. Pearl-colored spot above the maxilla, beginning at the hind margin
of the eye ; its length about f that of tUe eye. Color very dark, insido
of the mouth black. Middle of thodlulf of Mexico in 420 fathoms. Tlxt
single type is in bad condition. There is no doubt that the species in
distinct from EchioHloma hurlxilum, as it has very small subequal teeth.
Length 13J inches. (Goo<le <fe Hean.) (//(i/j)«/«'r;/(, pearl.)
Echtontiima mnrgaritii, QooDE & Bean, Oouanic Ichtliy<ilui;y, lO'J, Ak. l^tl, 18US, Gulf of Mexico.
(Tyi«, No. 39292. Coll. AlbatrosH.)
281. GRAMMATOSTOMIAS, Goode At Uean.
OramnwIoiUnmM, ttooDB k Df.an, Oct^iinlc Iclitliyology, lid, 189.), ((leiituliis).
Similar in general appearance to Echiostoma. Head short, compressed.
Body compressed, moderately elongate. Dorsal and anal with numerous
rays, placed opposite each other and close to the root of the caudal ;
veutrals in advance of the middle of the body, at a great distance from
the vent; pectorals placed near the abdominal outline, consisting of u
short filament very slightly separated from the rest of the fin, and
several rays connected by a membrane. Two rows of minute phosphor-
escent spots on the body similar to those in EcliioHtoma. A very long and
slender hyoid barbel. Mandibular teeth very unequal in size, compara-
tively fev,' in number, arranged in 2 rows, an outer row of fixed teeth
and an inner row of depressible ones; the first pair, near tip of mandi-
ble, very greatly enlarged and passing outside of the upper jaw when the
mouth is closed. Premaxillary teeth uniserial or nearly so, the edge of
the bone posteriorly with minute cirri; a pair of small, fixed, curved
fangs in front, followed by a pair of larger movable ones; vomer tooth-
less ; palatines with several Aveak teeth; no lingual teeth. Upper
pharyngeals present. A pearl-colored spot on cheek, similar to that in
Ech'iostoma. Four gills, a short, narrow slit behind the fourth; gill
rakers not numerous, short, spine-like; gill laminie increasing in si/c
backward. A series of pigment cells along the median line of the body,
so arranged as to simulate a lateral line. Eye small, caudal lobes appar-
ently unequal- Skin naked, its whole surface sprinkled with minute
raised pigment spots, each with a light center, (yiui/n/^tn, a line ; Stomias.)
i ' . <
886. <1KAMMAH>ST0MI.\S UKMATUS, Gooilo &. Itean.
Depth 7; eye 5, as long as snout. D. 20; A. 24 ; "V. 7; P. l-|-3; C. 17.
Upper jaw long and slender, its length G^ times in the total ; length of
mandible 5| times in the total ; nostrils a little nearer eye than
Jordan and Kvertnatm. — Fishes of N^orth America.
591
to tip uf snout; maxillary and preinaxillary cluHuly welded, their separa-
tion marked by a changing in the character of the teeth, those on the
iiiiivillury being minute cirri. The large fuiign in the tip of the luuiidiblo <f
length of upper juw ; hyoid barbel placed at a diHtance from the syni-
)ili-'uitt of the mandible, which is about eiptal to the enlarged fangH of the
nuindible, or \, length of mandible ; length of the barbel nearly j^ of total ;
pectoral close behind the head and near v<«ntral outline, its (iriHt ray diH-
ti net from the other three, although placed dose to tht^m, and not ))ro-
«liiced; length of the pectoral 4 in head ; ventrals in atlvance of mid«lle
ol body, their distance from origin of pectorals i^ as great as from caudal
liiiMc, their longest ray nearly equal to greatest height of body ; distance
of dorsal origin from caudal base 5^ in total length ; longest dorsal ray
in middle of fin, half as long as longest of ventral; base of anal slightly
longer than that of dorsal, its longest ray about \ as long as the longest
(loisal ray ; caudal lobes in typo nnecpial, the lower one being much
longer than the upper (perhaps result of accident.) Two rows of lumi-
nons spots, one close to the ventral outline, which becomes obsolete
l)ofure it reaches the origin of the anal, and another in the lower third
of height of body, which becomes indistinct about the middle of total
l(uigtli ; 14 of these spots between pectoral and ventral in the lower
NerieH and 11 in upper series. One specimen, 6^ inches long, taken by the
AlhairoHH at station 2565, N. latitude 38° 19' 20' ^ W. longitude Uy° 02'
W , from 2069 fathoms. (Goode tfe Bean.) {dentatim, toothed.)
'■iiMiii/Ki/iWomiiM <ltinttUu», Goodk fc Hean, Oceanic Ichthyology, ll<>, llg. l:t3, 1895, Qulf
Stream. (Type, No. :i7370. Coll. AlbiitroBS.)
282. PHOTONECTES, Giinther.
I.iii-iffi; DiiPERLElN, Wlogiii. Arcliiv. f. Natnri;e8chich., 1882, 2G, {albipinnu), (name iireoccupied In
CruHtacoa).
I'hotunciicH, GCnther, Challenger lloport, xxii, 212, 1887, (albipiniii*).
ISody compressed, rather long, scaleless; vent fur behind the middle of
tlio length. Head compressed, with short snout and exceedingly w ide
mouth. Teeth in the jaws small, une(iual in size, in single series; vomer
and palatine with a small group of teeth on each side. Eye small.
Opercular portion of the head very narrow. A long hyoid barbel. The
dorsal lin opposite the anal, which commences behind the vent ; i)ec-
torals none; ventrals inserted behind the middle of the length. A
Hnuill suborbital phosphorescent organ, and 2 series of luminous dots
along the lower part of the sides, with numerou.s rudimentary similar
organs scattered over the skin of the body. (^iV;, light; vi/KTrn,
swimmer.)
887. PIIOTONKCTES (iltACILIK, Goodo A IJean.
Head 8^ ; depth 15^ ; eye 4. D. 18 ; A. 21 ; V. 7. Much more slender
than the Japanese species, P. alhiplnnin. Type in very poor condition.
Ilyold barbel remarkably short and probably imperfect. Fins incomplete,
and the luminous dots along the sides so indistinct as to bo made out
only with great difficulty. The greatest depth of the head equal to length
of its postorbital portion ; snout very short, nearly half eye. Below and
1'!
iiHi
:^
I1tt«')|('||"WW
S
)
Ollli
Hullt'tiii ^7, Lhiiti'ii States National M tueuin.
behind tlio oyo th«r«s ih a luniinoiiH hotly, wli'icli Ih luturly uh luu^ un iIm'
uyo uiul Hutiunvhut chih-Hhii|K>(l ; at margin of oiMUciihiiii i\wxyi ih u Niiiall,
ruuiidiHh, hiiniiioiiH tlot. Maxillary a vtuy tliin ami narrow hono, oxtoiid-
in^ backward aInioNt to the und of tho head, vt^ry NJi^htly curvod aiul
forniin)r a very obtiiHu angle with the Hliort proniaxillary ; iiiaiidilile ' "iv
HtroiiKly curved upward, like a hUmI runner, itH leii;;th twice i;r*>iiti'st
height of bo«ly. Koth JawM armed with inimerouH line teeth of uiici|iiiil
Hi/e; only ^t remain on each Hide of the premaxillary ; maxillary wiili I'o
true teeth un itH anterior half, the pontiMior half with about lU serni' ;
about !ir> teeth on each Hide of nnindible; all the teeth of jawH rake inw anl
and backward, and are deprenHible; It teeth on each Hide of the hcail oT
the vomer, incroatting in Hi/e backward ; a pair of teeth on each paiiitiin-;
1 fang near the tip of the tongue and 3 farther back, (iill lamiiiir nni
well covered by the operculum; gill rakerH very few, minute and Hpint
like; gill opening very wide, the membrane cleft almoHt down to <)ri;;iii
of hyoid barbel. No ])Hen(hibranchiie. llyoid barbel Hituated nearly
under tip of tongue, evi«lently imperfect, itH lengtl" Kcarcely \ that of eye
Longent dorHal ray a little longer than eye ; anal beginning immedialelv
under the dorual, itn bane nlightly longer than that of dorHal, itu ra.vH
about as bnig uh thoHe of dornal ; dintance of ventral from tip of
Buout a little more than J body; origin of ventral very slightly ncsart-r
root of caudal than tip of snout; pectoral wanting. Color very dark;
a row of luminous dots along margin of brauchiostegal membrane;
two rows beginning on the isthmus and extending back along edge of
belly, i)assing between ventrals and slightly above base of anal, dihap-
pearing rear end of body; another row higher up on side, which can
not bo traced back farther than the ventral, on account of the liad cmi-
dition of the specimen. Only the type known. Length 7 incheu. (.(ioodn
&. Bean.) ((jracUiii, slender.)
PhotoiivilfH ijmvilis, (Joodk A Ukan, Oreaiiio Ichthyology, 112, flg. 137, 1805, off Martinique, at
Blake Station XL, in 47a fathoms. ((n*ll. iStr. Illakc)
Family LXXX. MALACOSTEIDJE.
Body elongate, compressed, scaleless. Mouth immense. Snout very
short. Cleft of the month exceedingly wide, the ends of the Jaws extend-
ing beyond the root of the pectorals, and the jaws not connected with
the sides of the head back of the orbit. Tail diphy cereal. Lateral mar-
gins of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only. No adipose tin ;
pectorals rudimentary. No barbel, but a strap-shaped elastic baud con-
necting the symphysis of lower jaw with the isthmus. (Goode A Heaii.)
Deep sea. Two species known ; among the most remarkable known
forms.
283. MALACOSTEUS, Ayres.
Malncfisteiii:, Atres, .Tourn. Uost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 184"J, f):t, (fiujvr).
Body elongate, compressed, scaleless, deepest at the head and tapering
backward. Head rather compressed, the snont extremely short; jaw
bones and preopercles greatly prolonged, forming an enormous gaiif,
extending to behind the root of the pectorult) and large enough to permit
Jordan and F.x<erm(tun. /' is/if s of North America.
51)3
tlici H\vall«)winj?«f I'lNliriH much larjjer timn itself. 'IVeth pointtnl, iui«>qtial,
in hiiikI*) '^t^i >*'"**» l>**'l> .i<^^'^ '^ixl ''*"K<'(^'t ixiiio on the pulato. Kyt^Nory
lai'Kt', al vury ti|» of tlut blunt hiiouI, witli two liiinitioiiH oi^auH litilow it,
\\w anttu'ior lur^^cr ami |i(*ar-Hha|>tMl, witli tho nttirow «mhI forwatil ; HidoH
with liiiiiinonH Hpotn. ilyoid l)arl)«ii wanting', u cyliiHliical nuim'iilar
liaiitl in itH place connuctin^ tlm Hynipliy«iH of tlio very tiiiii lower jaw
with thu front of the liyoid Itonu. TliiH is probaltly contractile, "Herving
Id ^ivo the extruniity of the mandible power of rt!Hifitance when the iUh
lias Ht^i/ed its prey, uh without nucIi a contrivance h<i lon(( and Hlender a
hone would yield to the force of the Htrun^;ling victim." * Thin HtrucMire
in unique ainonj; tlHhes, No ^ill rakerN. Twu Hpovieu known, in thu <l«!ep
Hcas. (/iu/<««6i;, Boft ; offrioj/, bone.)
NHS. MAIiACOKTKlIS NIOKK, AyroF.
Head ;{ji; depth, T) A. D. lit; A. 20; P. .''>;y.r). Lower jaw with unequal
<'!iniMCH, four of them fan^-like and louf^er than the otherH. Pectoral
:;iyH tilamentouH. VentralH filamentouH, iniierted midway between bauo
of caudal and posterior luminouH or^an. Black, except the lumitious
N])()t.s. (<ii\nther.) Open sea, in very deep water ; rare. Known from
llie <iulf Stream and southward to Jiarbadoes. (ith/cr, itlack.)
M„l,ir<'iiiei'A «i</«), Ayrkh, Jouni. noHt. 8i)c. Nat. HlHt., )«»!», na, Gulf Stream, 42" N. riO" W.;
(lI'MHF.ii, I'lif., V, 42H, 1804; Johhan A Oii.iikkt, HynopHiH, iiH7, I8KI; (iCMiiiKii, Dei'p-.Si'H
FihIioh ClliiilliMiKiT, xxii, JM, 18H7; (JimuK A Ukan, dcomiii' IchtliyoloKy, 114, 18'J5.
Family LXXXI. ALEPISAUKID^E.
(TnK Lanckt Fibhks.)
Body elon|;ato, rather compressed, scaleless. Head compressed, with
the snout nuich produced, and with the cleft of the mouth very wide.
I'reniaxillaries very long and very slender, forming the entire margin of
tiio upper jaw, not protractile; maxillary thin, needle-like, as long as
the premaxillary, immovable, provided with a small supplementary bone.
Teeth very unequal, immovable, and subject to numy variations in the
name species ; a scries of small teeth the entire lengthof the premaxillary,
tiioHc in front sometimes larger and curved; palatine teeth compressed,
triiiugular, pointed, two or three of the anterior ones exceedingly long
iiiiil strong, fang-like, the posterior ones moderate; teeth of the lower
Jaw similar to those on the palatines, one pair in front and two or three
pairs in the middle being much enlarged; no teeth on the tongue. Eye
large. Gill ojienings very wide; the gill membranes not united, free
from the isthmus ; gill rakers stitf, shortish, spine-like, liranchiostegals
mostly 7. Pseudobrancliiai large. Opercular bones thin, membranaceous.
Dorsal fin very long and high, occupying nearly the whole of the back,
of more than 40 rays, which are slender and simple, all of them depressible
into a deep groove, the fin invisible when depressed; ventral fins abdom-
inal, nearly median, of 9 to 13 rays, the first ray simple, spine-like;
adipose fin present, moderate; anal fin moderate; caudal fin forked. Air
*Si(!Gunther, Deep-Sea Fishes, Challenger, xxii, 212,1887, for a full account of thogtrueturo
uf this roinarkablo type uf flshes.
K. N. A. 39
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IMAGE EVALUATION
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(716) 872-4503
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594
Bulletin 4j, United States National Museum.
bladder iiouo. Vertebrir about 50. A system of abdominal ribs synimet-
ricaliy arranged along tlio wbolo lengtli of abdomen to front of anal I'm.
Large fishes of tlie deep seas, found in the Atlantic and Pacific. Species
about 10, usually reforiwl to 1 genus. Every part of the body is so fragile,
that it is extremely diflicult to procure specimens. The structure of tin
dorsal fin is so delicate that it must be liable to injury even in the watci :
the bones are very feebly ossified, and the fibrous lignnients connecting t lie
vertebrji) are very loose and extensible, so that the body nuiy becon«itlf!i
ably stretched. "This loose connection of the single parts of the body
is found in numerous deep-sea fishes, and is merely the con8e»iuence dl'
their withdrawal from the pressure of the water to which they are expowd
in the depths inhabited by them. When within the limits of their natunil
haunts the osseous, muscular, and fibrous parts of the body will Inivo
that solidity which is required for the rapid and powerful movement.s of
a predatory fish. That fishes cf this genus (Alejiinaiiriiii) belong totlur
most ferocious of the class is proved by their dentition and the contents
of their stomach, but it is worthy of notice that although the mouth i.s
so deeply clefi, the lower jaw can not bo moved from the uj^ier at ii
greater angle than about 40°." These fishes have never been taken in tlie
deep-sea dredge or trawl. Most of the specimens known have been cast
up by storms or else taken on deep-sea lines. (Gunther.) {ScojHlido,
group Ah'pidonuurina, Giinther, Cat., v, 420-423, 1864.)
r i
284. ALEPISAURUS, Lowe.
(Lancet Fishes.)
Plagynibis* (Stellkr MS.) Pai.j.as, Zoogr. lloBs.-Asiat., ill, ;W3, l^ll, (nnnliinoiiiial), (,psi-i//.i.
pms, 110 tipecifn; nuiiif.)
Alepimtitni/i, Lowe, Troc. !(.oiil. Soc. London, 1833, 104, (ferox).
Caulojms, G11.1,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liilii., l8iV2, 128, (uUircUn).
Phiijiiniliis, Gr.NTiiKit, Ann. Blag. Nat. Hist., 18fi7; after Pallas.
Alepiilosaiirm, (correctoU orthograpliy).
Characters of genus included above, (a, privative; /ifxr/V; aavi)or,Saurtis.)
Alepisauuvs :
u. A'ontral fins rather small, of 8 to 10 rays; dorsal rays 39 to 44.
ft. FirHt ray of ventral serrated; pectorals eloufrale; doi>al rays 31 to 44. kekox,
6ft. First ray of ventral not serrated; pectorals abont IJ- in head; dorsal rays 'M'> to 3ii.
-T-'.sci'LArn s,
Cauloits ((fauAds, stem; jrous, foot, the ventral of many rays):
aa. Ventral fins rather large, of about 13 rays.
c. I^orsal rays 40, the fin high; ventials shorter than head. ALTIvet.is,
cc. Dorsal rays about 34; ventrals as long as head. duke.u.is,
d. Palatine teeth veil feparateci; lower half of Bubopcrcle with coarse, radiating- st
only 2 or 3 ridges parallel with the posterior edge of the bone present.
dd. Palatine teeth close-set; lower half of snbopcrclo for the most part with stri:e
allel with the posterior edge of the bone. sehiia,
san.
M«).
-111.
par-
,s;):i.
* The name I'lagyodm has l)een lately acc( pted by Dr. Giinther for this genus. A specinu ii nf
one of the I'acific species was obtained l>y Steller from the Kwrile Islands, and a brief deBcri|itiiin
of it, under \>icname of iV(((/;/(>(/ii.f, lelt by him in manuscript, was afterwards quoted by Pallas, ^i-ii
species iinkiijwn to him. Steller wrote before Liniiii'us, and .ipparently used the name I'liKjifdus
M a monouomial designation for his particular sp<>cimeii or species, rather them in the sense via
Liauwan genua. It seems to us, at present, best to rctuiii the uamo Alepisaurm.
S80.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
595
Subgenus ALEPISAURUS.
889.' ALEPISAUBl'S KKROX, Luwo.
(Lancet Fish.)
Eyo 6 ill head. D. 41 to 44: A. 14 to 17; P. 14 or 15; V. 9 or 10.
Lengtl; of head twice height ot'hody, and rather leHs than ,■; of the total.
Eye median, as wide as tl»o intarorbital space. . Dorsal lin much
elevated; pectorals elongated, but not reaching i.early to ventrals; first
ray of dorsal, pectoral, and ventral serrated ; upper caudal lobe produced
into a long filament. (Giinther.) Deep waters of the Atlantic; occa-
sionally obtained off the coasts of Nova Scotia and Massachusetts, and the
Grand Banks, (ferox, ferocious.)
Alepisaunm ffr<ix, Lowe, Truns. /oiil. Soc. Tond., I, 18;t3, ;iy5, Madeira; GCntiieb, Cut., v, 421,
1804; Jordan .t (!ilbeiit, SynopsiB, '27('i, 1883.
Alfpinauriis azureiti, CuviEH <fc Valenciennes, Illst. Nat. Poiss., x.xil, 630, 1849, Canaries.
890. AliEPlSAUBlX .KSCIILAPIL'S* (Bean).
(SUIIATKA ; WOLK-FIS!!.)
Head 6; depth lOi; eye 5. D. 39; A. 16; P. 13; V. 8; B. 7. Vertebne
DO. Body stouter posteriorly than iu A.firox; snout twice as long as
oye ; preniaxillary 1^^ in head, extending behind the eye a distance equal
to -J^ eye. Meiian line wilh a well-marked tleshy keel from before ven-
trals t caudal. Longest dorsal ray 6 in body, |V longer than head, its
anterior edge finely t^.srraiad (dorsal rays not perfect in type specimen).
Insertion of dorsal over gill opening and base of pectoral ; pectoral about
;l^ shortor than head ; ventral 2i iu head, its first ray smooth. Dark
gray, sides silvery and iridescent, a row of small translucent spots on
each sido of lateral line and keel ; dorsal black, with steel-blue reflections ;
adipose fin, pectorals, and caudal black; ventrals and anal silver-gray.
Coast of Alaska, and southward to California, in deep water, occa-
sionally running on shore. (Bean.) The type specimen, speared at
Unalaska, by Robert King, had in its stomach 21 individuals of Eumicro-
tirmiis spino8un. It was probably driven ashore by the tortures of a
parasite (Tetrarhynchita) found in its flesh. Length over 3 feet. Another
* A fine siieolmen of this Bpeoios, four feet in length, cnnio iihIidi-c on tlio c-ast of Sun LniH
Oliisi.o (Jonnt.v, California, in October, 1804, and was sent to tlio Muscnni of the California
Academy of Sciences l)y Mr. W. 1'. Stovenh.
Dorsal rays 38; ventral rays 9. Verteljr:e abont 35 ,- 20 ^r.'i.'j, tlio number not exactly counted.
Longest dorsal ray 1% in head; jx cloral fins about 2; ventral fins 2-;^ in head. Opercle as in
the Eureka Bpecimei., with fatrongly marked radiating ridges. Suboperclo with similar ridges, the
uppermost and strongest running to tliu upper posterior corner of ♦ho lione, tlio few almve it siiort
and soon running out in tho upper edge (.f the bono. Lower jaw strongly striated. Shoulder
trinllo rugose. Gill rakern sliort, few, and small; strongly toothed, "seudobranchiie well
ilcvelopeil. Eye 2\'^ in snout. Upper jaw with a series of very small teeth along its entire edge.
Vomer witli tlu'ee enormous, dagger-like canines, arrnnged iu a triangle, the median one in
iulvance; three canines on palatines on each sido, turned a little l)ackward; 8 small compressed
ret rorse teeth behind them. Lower .jaw with two large canines in front on each side; nine
snmll ones behind these; then 5 largo compressed canines, smaller tlian tlio^e iu front, which
in turn are smaller than tliose on {Hilatines, which are smaller than those on viuiK^r. liehind
these 5 canines are 15 smaller teeth, compressed, retrorse, like tho teetli of a saw. Color blackish,
silvery below and on fin rays of lower tins. I>orsal mottled with darker. A description and
tigiiru of this epecioicu has recently been publishud by Miss Flora Hartley. (Proc. Cal. Ac.
Sci., 1895.)
i
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!!iEii I ij.mism^^iF
590
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
\ i
specimen was taken at Unalaska by Dr. W. H. Dall ; another* wa\.
obkaiued off Eureka, California (Humboldt Bay), by A. J. Wiley and ,1.
B. Brown ; and Htill another came ashore on the coast of San Luis Obi.s|io
County, California, in October, 1891. Steller'u specimen, t " Piscem iiuiic
mirabilis structur.'M et format, " seems to be this species rather than J/<
jnnaurus horealis. (.IJaculajnun, the father of medicine, from the lancet-
like teeth.)
VUtijijoiUin, Stf.i.i.ek, ill Pallas, /ouf;. UoaHo-Afliat., iii,38:), 1811, Kurile Islands.
Alepulomnriis HM-uUiiiiun, IJkan, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Muh., 188'2, fifil, Iliuliuk, Unalapka. (Tvp",
No. 27705. Coll. llobert King); Flora HarMey, Proc. Oal. Ac. Sci., 18!).-i.
I;
i: •
'if
f >■
Subgenus CAULOPUS, (iill.
m\. ALKPISAUIllIS AliTlVKLIS, I'o.y.
(CONK,IO.)
Head «ij in total length; depth 13^; eye 5i. D. 40; A. 17; P. Iti; V,
13; C. 30 ; B. 7. Maxillary extending beyond eye. Dorsal very his^li, its
height 3 times depth of body ; pectorals falcate, their length twice (li'ptli
of body; ventrals reaching vent, their length less than depth of body;
caudal forked, with e(jual lobes. Lateral line distinct. Color silvery,
with blue shades. Length 3 feet. Cuba; in deep water. (Poey.i
{aUun, high; velum, hM.)
AlepimmniH alliivlis, PoKY, Menioriiif , ii, 3()2, 18(il, Cuba; GCntiieu, Cat., v, 42:!, 18tll.
Ale2)i(los<iurHii (Oih/d/xih) j»<"';/i, t GiM., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., 18r,2, i;U, Cuba; (liascd oti ii
Bpeoiinon slightly difTerent in iiroportions, the iii)]>ur lobe of tlio caudal loug';st).
892. ALKPISAUIUIS liOKEALIS (Gill).
(Hand-saw Fish.)
Depth of head 4^ times its length; eye -H; snout 2^. D. 31; V. lU;
B. 5. Nostrils nearer eye than tip of snout; operclo with 18 prominent
ridges; subopercle divided into two parts by a horizont-il ridge, tiic
upper part irregularly triangular, with about 9 stria-; the lower part
with coarse striai, the upper ones interrupted behind by 2 or 3 ridjjcs
parallel with the posterior border; lower jaw robust, its length H i"
head, its upper edge slightly convex. Teeth on the upper jaw very
♦This specimen differs somuwliat from Bean's type, as the following description shows:
"Heail r>>f,; depth 9. D. IHi; A. Ki; V. 10 Eye 2'/, in snout, b]4 in head; jiectoral long, liil-
catc, and pointed, 1V,< in head; ventrals about '2% in head; simco between pertorals and vriili;il:<
3V<^ ill body; insertion of ventrals slightly nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; dorsal lin
very high, depressiblo in a groove, the longest rays (^d to l.'ith) 4J .', in li'ngth of l)otly and nl"'Ut
J/.^ longer than liead: anal low, but slightly falrnte in front, the free edge concave; cau'l;il
a'eeply forked, the lobes pointed and equal, (^lor dark iridescent, a roniid jialo sjiot on boily ;il
base of each ray of anterior lialf of dorsal. Description from photographs taken bv Mr.
Augustus J. Wiley of Eureka, from a large specimen which ran iwhoro near Humboldt Ha> ni
18'.»2. The specimen was not jireservetl, but at the time the photographs were taken it was in
belter condition than any other specimen yet seen in the Pacific. It would seem to difler (vin
A. lesculapius in the much higher dorsal, and perliaps in the moro sleuder tail.
fThis was a dried spocimeu 44 inches long; pectoral inches; ventral 2}^ inches; descrlpti"!!
chiefly of the teeth.
I Head 7 in length instead of fi}-^, as in nUivelix; the depth 1."). From base of pectoral to I'lif^''
of anal the same distance as to the anal, less }^ (instead of less %); tirst dorsal ray % the ii''^'
(^in altivelis); fourth longer; si.xth to twenty -fourth nil high and o(|nal (2 to 22 high and ei|ii:il
in aliitelif). D. 41. Upper lobe of caudal prolonged, the loltes separate. Ventral reaching )«ist
veut, its length greater than depth of body. Color of dorsal uuiforui. — Poeij.
T
Jordan and Ever matin. — Pishes of North America. 597
Hmall, acnte, ainl iinnioronH; vomerine fanga very large, nearly equal,
slender, and slightlj' ctirved, the longest (ij in head; largo palutino teeth
similar, abont 10 in hca 1 ; small trenchant teeth beliind t>iein, large teeth
of lower Jaw 12 in head, Hlonder, moderately curved. First doraal ray
rather utoiit and with a prominent coin])re8Nod ridgo anteriorly, which Ih
creiiulatu in front; vent ;il fuiH at least as long as head, the first ray
undivided, cronulate.
Alaska to Puget Sound, occasionally cast on shore I>y storms; only
iiintiijited specinrans yt^t seen. The head in the typo 7-4 inches long.
I'lic type from Puget Sound ; another taken l>y Prof. (Jeorgo Davidson
at CJaptain's Harbor, Unalaska; ahead from Puget Hound, and another
from the Aleutian Islan<ls, preserved in collections in Haii Francisco, are
\\w only specimens known. (borvaliM, northern.)
AliliidiitiiiiniH (0(h/i);)i()i) hmviiUf, GiLl,, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. riiilii., IXt!'.', I'lH, Puget Sound;
GCntiikk, Cat., V, 42;!, 1864; Jobdan Sc (iiMiKiiT, SynopHiH, '27K, 1883.
80S. AliKPISAHItUS SKltlU (Gill).
(.Sr-nuA.)
Head G in total length, ilattish above, its height ? its length ; eye 5J in
iicad; snout 2i^ in head; V. 13; subopercle divided into two parts by a
ridge, the upper nearly equally triangular, its base Innately emarginate,
with 10 to 14 radiating stria*; the lower portion with its upper surface
wrinkled parallel with the obliijue posterior margin, its lower half with
slight radiating stria'; lower jaw Ik in head, its upper outline nearly
straight; longest vomerine teeth 8 in head; smaller palatine teeth closer
together than in A. borealin; fins destroyed, except base of ventral. This
"species differs from CaultypuH horeaUn by the oblong operculum, and the
nearly equal triangular shape of the coalescent iufraopercular bono (sub-
opercle and interopercle) above the dividing ridge, but with an oblique
excavation at its base, which describes nearly the third of a circle, as
well as the sculpture of the portion below the dividing ridge. The
vomerine teeth are stronger, but less elongated, and the palatine approx-
imated and not curved. (Gill.) Known from one specimen discovered
at Monterey, California, by Mr. A. S. Taylor, in 1859. It weighed 7
l)ouuds; its length 4 feet; the sun-dr'.ed fragments constituting the
type of the description, (serra, saw, the Spanish name, * which has the
advantage of at the same time perpetuating the popular name, and of
Itcing classical, and of describing one of the peculiarities of the palatine
dentition which distinguishes it from the A. (C.) horealin.^" (Gill.)
Mijuihtsaiiriis {( 'iiuluptm) semi, Gii.j,, Proc. >c. Nut. Sci. I'liilii., 18C2, 12U, " Monterey, Lower
California." (Coll. A. S. Taylor.)
Family LXXXII. ODONTOSTOMID^E.
Body oblong, compressed, naked ; mouth very wide, its margin formed
by premaxillaries only ; premaxillaries with curved teeth ; large, curved,
lanceolate, depressible teeth on mandible, vomer, and palatines. Eye
very large, the orbital cavity expanded downward. Dorsal short,
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
median or posterior ; adipone fin Hnia'.l. Pseudobrancliiiii well developed.
No air bladder. Deep-Hoa IimIich ; two genera and two specioH known,
a, Post-tciiiporiil iif poculiar form, partly nuked; Htomanli very UiHteuijlble. UmosuiiIR, 2s,'>.
285. OMOSUDIS, Gunther.
Om(tni.i\\», GCntiieu, ChallonKor Ttoport, xxri, 201, 1S87, (/oicii).
Body oblong, conipreHsed ; head coniprcHHcd, naked; snout of mod
erato length; cleft of mouth very wide; prcmaxillary and niaxillarv
boneH slender, the former with a series of very small teeth of e<(ual size,
only one or two anterior ones being Homewhat enlarged ; the lower jaw ,
the vomer, and palatine bont'.J with a few very large and lanceolate ttuttii.
Lower Jaw broad, and, like tiie rest of the head, formed of very thin bone.
The supraclavicle and postclavicles form a long rod extending from occijmt
on each side downward to the abdomen, and partly free, not covered by
skin. Ventral fins inserted far behind the pectorals, below the origin of
the dorsal ; dorsal fin behind the middle of the length of the body; adi-
pose fin very small ; anal fin long. Stomach very distensible. HranchioH-
tegals 8 ; psendobranchi!'-'! well developed ; gills 4, with broad gill lamiii.i
and very short gill rakers. ('-Vt* shoulder ; Sitdh.)
S94. 0.«<>SrniS LOWII, (iUntlur.
Head 3^ ; depth 5 ; ej'e I?. Head strongly compressed, with jather fiat
upper surface ; snout somewhat pointed, rather longer thavi eye. IJones
of head extremely thin, the opercle being smaller than the subopercle.
and separated by two or three ridges. Infraorbital ring nearly membran-
aceous. Preopercuhim terminating below in a forked point. Cleft of
mouth extending backward to angle of preoperculum. Dentition truly
formidable for so small a fish ; the longest tooth is one anteriorly on ilic
side of the mandible ; in the British Museum specimens, only one is
present either on the right or left of tiie jaw ; its length nearly i of
that of the head ; the next largest are those on the palate, where there
are two on each side, besides several smaller ones ; smaller teeth are also
implanted on the hinder part of the dentary bono ; all the large teeth can
be laid backward. A semicircular, scale-like, osseous lamella of extrcims
thinness covers lower part of cheek, it is marked by very shallow, con-
centric striae The singular bone which supports the side of the aute.ior
part of the abdomen is styliform, slightly curved backward; it starts
from the top of the occiput and descend toward the median lino of tiio
abdomen, which it reaches behind the pectoral fin ; it is composed of tiie
two-pronged supraclavicle, which is fixed by ligaments to the occiput, and
of three slender, needle-shaped postclavicles ; the uppermost postclavitle
is suspended by ligamtints from the supraclavicle, as is also the clavicle;
the rod lies immediately below the thin integument, and its lower portion
is quite free. Dorsal fin inserted midway between root of caudal and eye,
and com'^osed of very feeble rays ; the anal commences at some distance
behind the dorsal and terminates not very far from the caudal ; caudal
tiusm.all, with a considerablenumber of basal rays above and below ; ])»'c-
toralfius quite at the lower side of the body ; ventral fins very small and
:JL'^-^:j:<^:^.
iiVIl
tlio
Jordan and Ej'ertnann. — Fishes of North America,
599
jt •••tly coalescent. Liglii browiiiHli on the back, '.vitli nuniorouH brown
|iipu<>nt spotH on the sides; abdomen black, ((tiinther.)
(iiintht)!' dcscribttd tliis jroniis and Hpecies from a specimen 3^ inches
lon<;. obtained soutli of tlio Pbillipine Islands, in 500 fathoms. Ho had
previously obtained, in 18(i8, the specimen collected Ity Lowe at Magda-
leiia. The J //)(»/»'o«» obtained a sinj^le specimen from station 23'.I2, at a
depth of 721 fathoms. The capacity of this form for swallowinj; fishes
greater in size than itself appears to bo as great as that of Cliiaamodus.
((joode & Hean.) (Named for its discoverer, Rev. li. T. Lowe, the his-
torian of the fishes of Madeira.)
(iiii.MiiUi liiwii, GCntiikii, Oliallcnger Uopurt, x; ii, 2fil, ;il. .'■|2, fiRS. c, <•', 1S87, Philippine
Islands; Magdalena; (Jouin: A IJeav, Oci'unic Ichthyology, 122, flg. l.'io, I8!tr>.
Family LXXXIIL PARALEPIDID.E.
Body olongato, somewhat compressed, formed much as in a Barracnda,
covered with cycloid scales of moderate or rather largo size. Head long,
UHually scaly on the sides. Month very large, lower jaw projecting. Pre-
inaxillary not protractile, very long and slender, forming the entire margin
of upper ,iaw; maxillary long and slender, clo.sely adherent to premaxil-
lary. Teeth rather strong, pointed, in single series on the jaws and pala-
tines; some of them on lower jaw and palatines sometimes very long and
tiuig-like, and most of them freely depressible. Opercular bones thin.
Pseudobr.anchiie present. Gill membranes separate, free from the isth-
mus. IJranchiostegals about 7. Gill rakers short, sharp, spine-like. Eye
large. Lateral lire present, its scales usually enlarged. Dorsal tin short
iuid small, behind the middle of the body, nearly or quite over the ven-
trals; adipose fin present; anal fin low, rather long; caudal (in short,
narrow, forked; pectorals rather small, placed low. Pyloric co'ca none.
No air bladder. Phosphorescent spots few or none. Genera 3 or 4, spe-
cies about 12 ; voracious fishes of the open seas or the deep seas.
I'.UlAI.EI'IN.li .
(1(1. BiHly scaly; Ktotnaih not remarkably distongible; hiininuuHiiixiti tisimlly iircscnt, Iml isicon-
Bpicuoiis.
h. LowiT jaw with It to r> very long fang-liku teeth on each side; siioiit niodenitely pointed.
SlDlK, 280.
hli. Lower jaw without distinct fnng-like teeth.
c. Ventrals inserted entirely lichind dorsal, their distance fron cyo twice the distance
from base of candal; sninit attennato. Aitcin/.KNis, 2s7.
cc. Voiitrala iuserted bolow front of dorsal. I'abalei'IS, 2s8.
286. SUDIS, Rafinesque.
Sm./is, Rafinesque, Caratteri di Alcuui Niiovi Genori, etc., (10, ISIO, (hiialiini),
Hody elongate, somewhat compressed, with cycloid scales of moderate
si/,0. Head long, scaly on the sides. Mouth very large, the lower jaw
IMdjecting, the cleft turned upward toward its end. Premaxillary very
Itiiig and slender, forming the entire upper margin of the upper jaw;
miixillary long and slender, closely adherent to the premaxillary. Teeth
raliier strong, pointed, in single series on the jaws and palatines, 3 to 5
of them ou lower jaw very long and fang-like or dagger-shaped ; most of
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
thorn freely (lepreHsible. Opercular bonos tliiu. Pseudolirancliiiii ])rt'Hoiit.
Gill moinbranes separate, free from the iHtluiiua. HranchioHto^'als about 7.
(till raknrH short, sharp, spine-like. Eyu largo. Lateral lino ]uC3»:'.c, its
scales iiNiially onlargcil. Dorsal fm short and small, boliintl the middio of
the body, nearly or quite over the vontrals; adipose (in ))reHont; anal tin
low, rather lon^; caudal fin short, narrow, forked; pectorals rather small.
placed low. Pyloric C(i;ca none. Xo air bladder. Luminous spots little
developed, l^eep wateis of the Atlantic and Pacific ; resembling Sjihiirdt,,!
in form and dentition. Species few. This genus is allied to .tln])i>«iuii(x.
which, in the structure of the mouth, it much resembles, although dill'ii
ing in the development of its lins. (SudiH, a stake, an ancient name of the
Barracuda. )
a. Maxillary not roacliitiK "ye; dorsal rays 7 or 8.
ii((. Maxillary reacliiiifr (tyc; dursal ruya 11.
INTF-RMKIiU'R, Sir..
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SOS. sums INTERMKDirS (I'oey).
Head ri\ in totiil length ; depth 7 ; eye fij in head, .SJ in snout. D. 7 or
8; A. very long, its rays not counted; V. 10; P. 15; B. 8. Body cctm-
prossed. Bones of snout transparent ; mouth large, its deft not reacliiiif;
eye; jaws equal; maxillary parallel witb premaxillary ; premaxillary
with 2 canines in front, its border with many small recurved teeth ; lo-.vii
jaw with 2 similiir canines and a dozen large lateral teeth ; those of tin-
middle largest, curved like half a lance head, these alternating with small
teeth; no vomerine teeth ; palatine teeth largo, curved, uuiserial ; tonj^iic
with teeth along its side ; uo scales present when first seen ; lateral linu
narrow, marked by elevations of the skin. Yentrals small, in middio of
length, before the dorsal; insei'tiou of anal midway between ventral and
caudal ; dorsal inserted midway between ventrals and anal ; caudal shoi t,
concave ; no evident adipose tin. Flesh color, the sides silvery. One
specimen known, from Matanzas, Cuba. (Poey.)
Parukpis iittennedwi, Puey, Ropertorio, ii, 416, 18G7, Matanzas.
806. SUDIS KINUENS, .Tordau & Gill>ort.
Head 4 ; depth 16. D. 11 ; A. 25. Body very slender and elongate, coin-
prensed. Head rather slender, anteriorly pointed and moderately depreHstd .
Mouth large, horizontal, the gape extending more than half leii;;t)i of
head. Margin of the upper jaw formed entirely by the very sleudi r.
nearly straight premaxillaries, which are closely appressed to the loiif;
and slender maxillaries ; maxillaries extending to below the eye, nearly
as far as the mandibular joint; tip of upper jaw emarginate; tip of
lower jaw rather broad, turned up and fitting in the notch of the u\)\un-
jaw ; premaxillaries armed with a series of small, sharp, subequal, close-
set teeth, which are hooked backward; a long, slender canine in fronton
each side; lower jaw with about 10 sharp, slender teeth on each side,
these teeth very unequal, some of them short, 3 or 4 very long and canine-
like; near the front a fang-like tooth on each side, then a considerable
interspace, behind which the others are arranged partly in 2 rows;
most of these teeth, especially the inner and larger ones and the anterior
Jordan atui Kvermann. — Fishes of North Americti,
001
canineH. are frooly dcpreHsihle ; a lou(? seritis of tfeth on the pnlntiiicH, 1
III' 2 of tlio anterior teuth on (•a<'h hmIo and 1 or 2 otlmrH Ion;;, Nlondur, and
tang-like. Tonguo froo anteriorly, rongliiHli, Itnt apparently witiiout
t(H!th. Scales very large, cycloid. Dorual fin inHorted Hoinowhat liehind
tlio middle ot* tlio body, af> a diNtance of nearly 4 tinioH itH bane in front
of the anal, itn height a little greater than the length of itn baue ; anul
tin anteriorly nearly aH high xw the dorHal, itH poHterior rayn low ; pectoral
IliiH placed low, rather short, about an long as the maxillary ; candal tin
Mliort, narrow, apparently forked; ventrals (loHt in the type) probably
in front of the dorsal, (Coloration light olive, the sides silvery, with dark
imnetnlations. Peritoneum silvery, underlaid by black pigment. 8anta
Iturbara ('hannel, California, the only specimen known taken from the
stomach of a hake ( Mirlacciiix), itself found in the stonuich of a long-tinned
albicorc {dcrmo ulaUinija). {rintjtiiH, gaping.)
Sii'liH riiiiinin, JiiniiAN fc OiMiniT, I'mr. U. S. Nut. JIiis., 188(1, '27H, Santa Barbara Channel.
{Typo, Nil. '27401. Coll. .loitliin & (iilbort)j Ji.boan A (iii.HKiir, SyiKijieiH, U77, 18n:i.
287. ARCTOZENUS, Gill.
Arrln::etii», Oii.l,, Proc. .\c. Nat. S« i. I'liild., 18G4, 1S8, {bi>reali»).
Head elongate, conical, the snou*- attenuate, the Jaws straight, the
lower mostly covered by the upper ; teeth of lower jaw anteriorly slender,
rocurved, and distant ; posteriorly small, acute, and close together. This
genus is olosely related to Sudin, from which it differs mainly in the
absence of fang-like teeth. From Parahpis it differs in the position of
the ventral fins, which are entirely behind the dorsal. The known spe-
(dos belong to the deep waters of Arctic America; long, slenuar fishes
suggesting the Barracuda in outline, (ft/""""?! northern ; l^tror, strange.)
a. Tei'tli ciimpiirBtivoIy Btroiig ; Alliiiitic spocios. iuiRkamk, 897.
(1(1. Tot'tli LOMiparutivoly weak; Pacific HpccicB. corihcan'B, 898.
/
8»7.^AKCT0ZKX1'S B0RE.4LIS (Roinlianit).
Head 4^; depth 12. B. 7; D. 8; A. 32; P. 11; V. 9. Snout as long as
rest of head ; mandible included, its upturned tip fitting into an emargi-
iwition of npper jaw. Teeth as in J. contscans, but considerably stronger.
Pectoral and ventral fins small, the latter inserted behind the dorsal.
Color plain. Greenland ; occasionally southward to Cape Ann ; scarce.
(honaUa, northern.)
Puntlepis horeaUs, Kkiniiardt, Natiirv. Matli. Afliaiidl., vii, 11."), 183'J, Greenland; GUnther,
Cat., V, 419,1804.
.■Url,i:.euiiKhore(iliK, t!il,l,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliilii., 18G4, 188.
Suthshorealis, JORDAN & Gii.Bi:rt, Synoimis, 278, 188a.
898. AIiriOZEXl'S CORUSCAXS (Jordan & Oilbcrt).
Head 4 ; depth 13. D. 8 ; A. 31 ; P. 11 ; V. 9 ; scales 60. Body very
elongate, of nearly uniform depth, the candal peduncle very slender;
abdomen compressed. Head long; snout sharp, half length of head.
Kye large, high. Jaws equal; maxillary reaching vertical from nostril ;
tip of lower jaw fitting into an emargiuatiou of premaxillaries ; none
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of the teeth fuii^r-Iiko; preiimxillaticH hvieially with minute teolh ;
4 or 5 loiifi^or teeth in front; vomer with minute teetli ; anterior pahitiuc
teeth long, the posterior Hhort ; teeth of lower Jaw HJender, distant,
nnecpial. Scaler deciduoiiH, those of lateral line enlarged. Fins all very
HHuill ; ventrals 'entirely behind dorsal, their distance from front of orhit
twice that from base of caudal ; distance from front of dorsal to base of
caudal half its distance from tip of snout; caudal widely forked. Dusky
olivaceous; sides of head silvery ; bases of tins generally black; rami of
mandible each with a douldo series of minute phosphorescent spots
I'uget Sound; one specimen known, scarcely ditferiug from the precod
nig, the teeth u little weaker. (voruHcaiiH, sparkling.)
I'limlfjih cimmrnns, Joni-w * Gii.iiKRT, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mim., 1880, 411, Port Townsend.
(Type, No. 27171. Coll. Urown.)
SiiiUh iiinimniis, .Icriian .t <i:i,liKllT, SyuopHig, 278, 188.'1.
288. PARALEPIS, Risso.
Piiralejiiii, Hi88(), Hint. Nut. Eur. Itlt'-i'id., in, 472, 1820, (corq/oMoiiJeii).
Head and b(jdy elongate, compressed, covered with decidnons acalen,
those of the lateral line being the largest. Cleft of the mouth very
wide; maxillary developed, closely adherent to the intermaxillary.
Teeth nne(|ual in size. Home in the mandible and on the palatine bones
being rather larger than the others ; they are arranged in single series,
in the intermaxillary and mandible, on the palatine and pterygoid boneH.
Eye large. Pectoral tins well developed; ventrals small, inserted at a
groat distance from the ])ectorals, below or immediately behind or in
front of the dorsal tin ; dorsal tin short, on the hind part of the body ;
adipose tin small ; anal elongate, occupying the end of the tail ; caudal
emarginate. Gill opening very wide, the outer branchial arch beset
with short, spine-like gill rakers ; pseudobranchiai well developed ;
branchiostegals 7. Air bladder none. Pyloric appendages none, {nufm,
near; ?.eiTi(, scale; scales on side.) .
S90. PARALKPIS COREflOXOIDES, Risso.
Head 4 ; depth 12^ eye 5. D. 10 ; A. 23 ; P. 13 ; V. 9. Body elongate.
Head compressed. Snout long, conical ; cleft of moutli moderate ; max-
illary rod-like, adherent to premaxillary. Teeth in a single row in the
intermaxillary, a few enlarged anteriorly; also on palatines and ptery-
goids. Ventral tin very short, inserted below the anterior part of tlio
dorsal. Gill openings very large, free from tlie isthmus; gill rakers very
numerous, minute. Color silvery; slightly bluish upon the back ; blackisli
upon the belly on account of the transparency of the black peritoneum;
along the lateral line there are some blackish dots ; iris silvery ; the
pupil blackish, silvery. Rare in the Mediterranean. The AlhatroHK
obtained a specimen (No. 37860, U. S. N. M.) from station 2393, at a deptli
of 525 fathoms. (Coregonus, the vrhiiensh; ehhc, VikenesB.) (Eu.)
Paralepa coregoiwiihs, Kisgo, Hist. Nat. Kuropo M^ridionalo, iii, 472, pi. vii, fig 15,1820, Nice;
GUntueb, Cat., 419, 1864; Goodk & Bean, Oceanic loUtUyology, 119, 1895.
'Jordan and F.vertnann. — Fishes of North America.
003
Fainil.v LXXXIV. STERNOPTYCHIIM:.
FiHhes " with coin])reHH<Ml v»iiti'a(lif(»riii Ixxly, cariiiatfld contour, deoply
iind oblitpiol.V oloft and siilivflitical inoiitliH, wIioho upper iiiar^rin Ih
(toiistitiitod by the HuprainaxilhuieH uh well as tlio interinnxillariua;
liruiichioHtugul arch iivur and panillul with h)\vtir Jaw, Ncapiilar with an
iiifitrior projoctioii, and with one or more of the nenral HpineH ahnornially
developed, and projecting; above the back in advance of the dornai lin."
((iill.) (jenera 'J, HpecicH about 10; deep-uea liHhes, riuin^ toward (l>e
Hurfaco at nijjht or in Htorniy weather. (SUrnopti/vhidw, Giinther, Cat., V,
8M4, 1KG4, part group Stcrniiplyvhhia.)
(I. l'ro.ji>ctiiig lu'iiriil H|iiuo 1i(<rori< tlocHiil Hiiiglc; Rpino-liku alMlomliuil oiitliiiu iicitrly roiitiiiiioiiK
ill a giKiiKiiil I'lirvo; lininrliioHtcKiilfi 6. .Stkiinhi'tvx, 28it.
<i(i. l'rii.ji'<'tiiiK iK'iiral fipiiicH, Novoral iiniNiitiitiii); a saw-llko riclgit liuftiro ilormil; alHliniiiiiiil out-
lino u'uru|itly coiitractuil liufuic iiiutl; braocliiuHtfKalK !*■ AiiiiYUOi-i'.i.ix'i'M, 2!N).
289. STERNOPTYX, llernuinn.
Slirniiptyr, IIfumann, Nafnrforsclior, xvi, K, 1771, ((Iikji/hiiki).
Trunk much elevate«l and compresHed, the slender tail very Hhort ;
abdominal outline nearly continuous, in a Hignioid curve; teeth of the
JawH in Heveral sericH, the largest teeth in the inner row ; a Hingle Hpike-
like neural spine before dorsal ; branchiostegals 5. Otherwise essentially
as in Argyropelei'iis. {aripvov, breast; Trr/f, fold or plait.)
OOOySTKKNiJPTYX DIAIMIANA, Heiiiiium.
B. 5; D. fl ; A. 13; P. 10; V. 3. Depth equal to distance between tip of
siuiut and base of the very short tail. Interorbital space slightly con-
cave ; posterior limb of preopercle bordering hind part of orbit, and
descending very obliciuely, ending in two points. Pectoral scarcely reach-
ing veutrals, which are very small. (Giinther.) Atlantic; occasionally
taken in the Gulf Stream, from Santa Cruz Island to the Grand Banks.
(diaphanHs, <ha<pav//i, transparent.)
SieruopljiJ' iWiplimxi, IIf.kmann, Nutiirforsi'luT, xvi, 8, 1771, Jamaica ; Gt'NTiiEU, Ciif., v, ;i«7,
18(54; (iooDB A Ukan, Hull. Mils. Ciniiii. /oiil., x, No. 5, l88:i, 220.
Slenioptyx heriiimiiii, LAcfirKiiE, Hist. Nat. I'oisB., v, Ci:}, 1803; aftor IIkrmann.
290. ARGYROPELECUS, Cocco.
Arijjirfipeleent, Cooco, Glorii. Sci. .Sicil., fn?c. 77, 146, 1820, (AemiV/z/niiiiio).
I'leuriilhi/rin, LnwK, FiHlies of Mailcini, <i4, 18(11, iol/emi).
Body much elcA^ated and compressed, passing abruptly into the short
tail ; no scales, the skin covered with silvery pigment ; series of luminous
spots along the lower side of the head, body, and tail. Head large, com-
pressed, and elevated, the bones thin, but ossified. Cleft of mouth wide,
vertical, the lower jaw prominent. Margin of upper jaw formed by the
maxillary and premaxillary, both of which have a sharp edge which is
beset with minute teeth ; lower jaw and palatine bones with a series of
small curved teeth. Eyes large, very close together, lateral, but directed
upward. Angle of preoperole with a spiue usually directed downward.
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PeRtoraln well <lov<^lop«Hl ; vtnitrulH v«r,VNii)an. niiineral arch and pnliic
hoiitm proloiiK*^*! into Hut poiuU'd pritcoNNfN, which pi'djoct in tho niciiimi
lint) of tliu Ixdl.v ; aNorifH of iiiihricatod HcaivH fntni tho ininioial Ixmc lo
tlio piiltic Hpiiiu, forming a vontral Horraturu. DuiHal tin Hh(»rt, nunlian,
precvdod by aHonatud, ohhoouh i'idK<s conHiHtin); of Novttral n«uirai Npint'N
proionjfod hoyond tiio niUHcltm; ad i poH« lin rudimentary ; anal lin Nlioit :
caudal forked, (iill opening vury wide, the outer hiancliial arch extend-
ing; forward to behind the Hyniphy^^iH of the lower Jaw, and heNct with
very lonfT gill rakerH ; hranchioHtcKalH H, tho arch near lower Jaw and
parallel with it; pNeiidoluanchiir and air bladder prciient. Four pylorir
cii-ca. Small pelay^ic HhIich found in niont HeaH, coming to the Hurface at
night, deHcendiug into doop water by day. {Hnyv[m:, Hilvery ; Tt/fXM,,
liatchet.)
II. AiialrnyNlt; no riiIiior nlong lower itldeN uf citililul |H'itiilirlu.
h riTtoriil till iiciirlv ri'iirliiiiK Hiinl. iirmiuvmni'h, \v\\.
hi). l'(>i'turul till rottcliiiiK vciitrulii. ulkkkhi, IMij.
I I
i I
901. AlUlVitOPKIiKCim IIKMKJVMNI'N, Cocco.
R 0; D. 7 or 8; A. 11; P. !»; V. 5. Depth of body equal to distanc.
between gill openingH and baHo of caudal; |ioNterior corner of nmndililit
and angle of preopercle each with a Huiall triangular Hpine ; tail without
apinca; pectoral flu nearly reaching anal. Length 2 inchea. ((iiinther.)
Atlantic and Mediterranean in deep water ; occuHional in tho Gulf Stream.
oflf southern New England. (///</-, half ; ->^ji^i'(V, naked.) (Ku.)
Arijiirupeln-m hemiiiiiimim, Ooc('o, Glurii. 8ci. Sicil., fuHc. 77, 1 10, 1821», Coast of Italy; (.'iviku
A VAi,ESriKNNK«, Hint. Nut. TipIsh., xxii, 3!I8, IMlt; UCntiikii, Cut., v, ;im.\ IwH; (inohK \
Hkan, Uull. M-.iH. Coiiip. Z.iol., N, No. .'), lH.s:t, 2'2().
Steninpli/i meiUUrruneiii, Cucco, (jiiurii. Fiiro ilu MuHsinu, iv, 7, IHIIH, Coast of Italy.
/
002.^AK<lYlt01>ELK('l'H OliFKKSI (Cuvicr).
B. 9; D. J>; A. 11; T*. 10; V. 6. Depth nearly or quite equal todistanro
from shoulder to root of caudal ; tail as deep at base as long. Miindibli^
with a short, flat spine at its posterior corner; preopercle spine directed
downward; tail without spines; pectoral fin reaching ventrals. ((Jiiii-
ther.) Open Atlantio; coast of Norway to Brazil and Cape of Good Iloiic,
occasionally taken in the Gulf Stream from the (»rand Banks southward.
(Named for J. F. M. von Olfers, who sent specimens from Brazil to tlio
Museum of Paris.) (Eu.)
Stenmjtlyx olferti, CtiviKn, Rt-gno Animal, Kd. 2, ii, Ulfi, IH'29, near Cape of Good Hope.
Arijiiropeleriia diirfillii, CliviEii A Valenciknnes, IliHt. Nut. ToiHR., xxii, 405, 18tl», open Atlantic.
Aryi/ropeleau ol/ersi, CtiviEU & Vai.enciknne(<, Hist. Nut. Poiss., xxn, 408, 184'.t; (JCntheb, C.il ,
V, 380, 1804; LiLL-iEiinna, Svorigcs Fiekur, vi, 3, 1889.
THenrothyrii olfersi, Lowe, FiBhes Maileiru, 04, 1801.
Family LXXXV. IDIACANTHIDiE.
Fishes eel-like in form "with spiny processes from anterior jirtiou of
vertebrae projecting through the skin of the body. Pectorals absent.
Body naked. Dorsal fin beginning in advance of the vent." (Gill.) One
genus with 3 species known ; deep-sea fishes, eel-like in appearance.
iA
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North Amtrua.
005
391. IDIACANTHUS, I'otflrH.
iliaranlliii; Pctkhn, MoiiiiIhIwt. Akiiit. Winn, norlin, iHTfl, H4II, (/ikcki/h).
;i.i//i.(/o;<Ai«, OCnimrh, Ann. Matt. Nnt. Hint., 1H7m, IHI, {/n-iiy).
.Hody Hii»k»-lik(>, v«ry Hl«'ii(ler aiitl ulon^iitn, HcaloloHM. V«iiit very far
Imck. Il^iid litrg», coii)])rfHH«Ml, tlio Hiioiit iiio<l«M'at(s tlio <;l(«rt iih lt»ii^ iim
licail. Toutli extrciiifly laiK^S niiiiic ioiih, un«'i|iiul, funj;;-liki), lUtpicHHihUt,
|iri-Munt oil JawN, vuiiiur, niid palatiiien. Kyo Niiiall ; oiMirfhtH narrow.
Ilyoid lioiit) witli a l<)ii>( )iar1)(!l. Dornal loii^ aixl v<<ry low, uxtuii<1iiif{
from above vontralH ii«>arly to caudal; tlio rayH Hiiniilu, each one placed
Ituliiiid u pair of Hpine-iike proocHHCH ; n«» adipoHo lln; no peotoralH; von-
tials median. A iiiniinoim orjran above middle of up)ier jaw and a HurieH
of liiniinouH dotH alon^ Hide of belly and on ontor ray of ventral and on
liiil. (till openings very wide; branchioNtt'^alH Hliort, numcrouH. (iillH
I ; no pNendobrancliije. Vertebrte numerous, (S7 in Id'mcntilhuH J'vntx. Three
npeeicH known. (Majf;, pecnliuv; iiKuvlla, Hpjne.)
ci, DiirNiil fin inMortud opfioHitx mi.t of vi'iitriilH; anal riivH l.'i. rKRox, (NIO.
■III. DoriMil flu Iniierteil wull in <ii|vunvo of vuntruU; anal rayH about 'Mi. anthunthmuh, itCt.
<>0:i. IltiACANTHI'M KKItOX (UUnthur).
1). «); A.4r); V. 6. Vertebra' 67. Vent in Hixth eighth of total length.
DdiHal iiiHerted opposite vontralu. Color black. North Atlantic, nearly
midway, in 2,7r)() fathuiuH. One upeciinen, 8 inches long, ((jiinther.)
{J'lrox, tierce.)
lUillijiiiiihiii J'erox, OCntmkk, Ann. Ma);. Nut. Hint., ii, 187H, iHl, North Atlantic.
litiiiniiiOiiii/erojr, QOntiieh, Do('|i-St'a FIhIioh Cliallcngor, ,\xii, 21ii, 1KH7.
004. IDIACANTIIl'S ANTItOSTO.Ml'S, Uill>urt.
Head 12; depth 1(5. D. .57; A. about 85. Abdomen much dilated,
abruptly constricted immediately behind the ventral fins, and much nar-
rowed anteriorly, the depth again increasing to occiput. Greatest depth
iimiiediately in front of ventrals. Maxillary reaching edge of gill cover.
IVetli in a single series in each jaw, readily depressib'.e, varying greatly
in length ; teeth in the upper jaw arranged in groups of 4 or 5, the
anterior member of each group being very short, the others rapidly
increasing backward, the posterior tooth very long; lateral teeth in
mandible inserted at the extreme outer edge of the jaw, th'i anterior teeth
iimerted farther inward; thus the last of the anterior teeth are distinctly
within the first of those on sides of jaw ; a single small tooth on each
Hide of vomer, and 2 or 3 posteriorly on palatines ; 3 pairs of teeth
directed backward from near tip of tongue. Eye over flrst third of
length of maxillary ; lower jaw much longer than the upper. Barbel k
longer than the head, expanded near its tip, and again narrowed as in /.
/•rox. Dorsal beginning well in advance of ventrals, its distance from
tip of snout S^ in total length; anterior rays distant, the membrane
iVom one ray reaching only to basal portion of the succeeding ray ; each
my starting behind a pair of short spinous projections which diverge back-
ward, the fin when depressed lying in the groove formed by these diverg-
ing pairs of spines ; caudal forked, the rudimentary rays extending well
I ;, I
I ^
I (
n
1 I
«o«
Bulletin 4jy United States National Museum.
foiwuid on cardul i)e<liinclo, lu'arly meeting poKterior rajH of dorsal and
aitiil ; vont iiiiiiiediately in front of anal liii, far behind the dilated ah
donion, itH diHtanco from end of caudal 3-, in total length ; anal Himiiar to
dorsal; ventialu about S length of maxillary, very Hlen<ler, apparent I v
of") orO Hlonder rayH, inserted much nearer front of anal tlian head, tlieii
diutance from anal about half their distance from tip of snout. Itlack,tli<'
mandible lighter, the baso and termi::al portion of barbel and the caiidiil
translucent. No evident phosphorescent spot on cheek ; 4 series of minute
phosphorescent dots on abdomen, the lateral series extending but a shon
distance behind ventrals, the median series uniting to form a single row
behind these lius. Length \\ inches. O If the coast of Southern Cali-
fornia in C03 fathoms. {,u.vTi)i>v, cavern ; (ttii/ui, mouth.)
lilMciiiilliiig (nitfonloiiiitK, Oii.iiKUT, I'riii'. U. S. Nut. Mum., 189(), .''(4, Albatross Station 3980, in 603
fathoms, off southern California. (Type, Nu 4428)'>. Cull. (illli<-i't.)
Order U. LYOPOMI.
This group, which contains the single family of llalomiirhln, is thus
defined by Gill :
Scapular arch constituted by proscapula, i)osterotemi>oral and post-
temporal, the posr-temporal discrete from t'de of cranii'ui and impinging'
on supraoccipital ; hypercoracoid and hypercoracoid lamellar ; » forauicn
in upper margin of hypocoracoid; mesocoracoid absent; actinosts nor-
mal; cranium with the condyle confined to basioccipital. Opercular
apparatus characteristic, the prcopercle entirely detached from the sus-
pensorium (rudimentary a,nd connected only with the lower jaw) ; oper-
culum normally connected, subopercio enlarged and partly usurping tlu;
usual position of the preopercle, in company with the suborbital chain
which is extended bickAard to the opercular margin; bones of jaws,
palatines, aud pterygoid complete and normal ; anterior vertebra-, sepa-
rate; ventrals abnormal. {Lyopomi. iiiU, American Naturalist, Novem-
ber, 1889, 1016.) (/('(J, loose; m'jfza, operculum.)
W
'! ': <
m
Family LXXXVI. HALOSAURIDiE.
Body elongate, compressed anteriorly, tapering into a very long and
Blender tail, which becomes compressed and narrowed into a sort of lila-
uient. Abdomen rounded. Scales rather small, cycloid, deciduous; sides
of head scaly ; lateral line present, running along the sides of the belly,
its scales in the known species enlarged, each in a pouch of black skin
with a luminous organ -a,^ its base. No barbels. Head subconical,
depressed anteriorly, the flattened snout projecting beyond the moutli.
Mouth inferior, horizontal, of moderate size, its anterior margin formed
by the premaxillaries, its lateral margin by the maxillaries, which arc of
moderate width. Teeth small, in villiform bands, on the jaws, the rudi-
mentary palatines and pterygoids ; none on vomer and tongue. Eye ratlitsr
larg'?. Facial bones with large, muciferous cavities. Opercular appara-
tus peculiar, the preopercle entirely detached from suspensorium, rudi-
mentary; aud connected only with lower jaw ; opercle normally connected ;
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North /^merica.
007
Huhopercle enlarged aad partly usurping tl,e uHual position of the pre-
(ipt-rcle, in company with the suborbital cliain, which is extended back-
ward to the opercular margin. liones of head unarmed. UHIh ■^, a slit
lichind the fourth. Pseudobranchiih none ; gill rakers short ; gill mem-
))ranes separate from the isthmus. Branchiostegals numerous (about 11).
Dursal iiu short, rather high, inserted behind ventrals and before vent;
i.u adipose fin; no caudal fin; anal fin i^xtrenmly long, extending fiom
vent to tip of tail (its rays about 200 in number); ventrals mod-
i-rate, not very far back ; i)ectorale rather long, narrow, inserted
lii|;h. No axillary scales. Shoulder girdle weak, its uppermost bone
(Hupraclavicle or post-temporal) touching the cranium at ^he nuchal
region, but not cour.ected with it laterally. Air bladder large, simple.
Stomach cu'cal ; pyloric ca>ca in moderate number; intestines short.
Ovaries not closed. Vertebrse very niany,60-f-x- Three genera, with
about 10 known species. Fishes of the deep sea. {Ualomiirida, (jiinther,
Cat. VII, 482, 1868.)
a. Vuiitriil8 iioriiml; no bocoikI donai fin.
h. Vortex covered with scales; scales of lateral line scarcely oiilnrged: snout olitusoly
rou '«>d; annl hi;;li. IIauisauiuk, ii!»2.
lib. Vertex scalelesx; bcuIph of liiteral line enlarged, iimvideil with phiitophoreN; Hnoiit
pointed; anal inodercte. Ai.dkovandia, 2<.)3.
292. HALOSAURUS, Johnson.
IhloianruK, JoilNRO/, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. London, IHSJ, 4(((i, (oireni).
Ventrals normal; no second dorsal iiu; anal high. Snout obtnnely
rounded. Head without angular ridges. Vertex covered with scales.
Scales of lateral line scarcely enlarged. Characters otherwise included
above, (a^f, sea; aavpo^, lizard.)
11. Prooral portion of enont enual to half its length. Height of body nearly equal to half
length of head and j^ of total; diameter of eye g ^ostorhital portion of head and niuch
greater than width of interorbital space; about 60 scales in lateral lino in front of
vent. owr.Ni, 905.
ua. Prorral jiortion of snout less than half its length; height of body alniut |;', length uf head
end n'5 of total; diameter of oye half length of puKtorbltal portion of head (which is
equal to that of snout), and much greater than width of interorbital space; uboi.' C7
stales in lateral line in front of vent. guntheki, 906.
90e. HALOSAVKUS OWENI, Johnson.
Head 7i. B. 14; D. 11; A. 191; P. 11; V. 10; scales about 14-170-6.
Height 14], in total length ; eye 2 in snout, 5 in head, reaching to profile;
saout produced, its preoral portion being nearly i its length. Eye rather
large, I postocular portion of head, and much more than width of inter-
orbital space; niaxilHry reaching vertical from front of eye. Length
of head more than its distance from ventral lin, the base of which is
entirely in front of and somewhat remote from base of dorsal ; pectoral
lin with narrow base, very long, extending nearly to root of ventral.
Scales of lateral line scarcely larger than the others, without phospho-
rescent organs being visible in the only specimen known ; anterior por-
tion of dorsal fin covered with small scales ; anal fin scaleless. Brownish
iO
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608
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
silvery on abdomeu. (Uiinther.) Interorbital space less than long diain-
etor of eye. Suout scaleless. Mouth moderate, uot nearly reaching tip
of ttnout. Dorsal fiu over the space between ventral tins and vent ; lungeot
dordal rays (second and third) twice as long as bane of lin ; pectuniis
BcalelesH, longer than ventrals; ventrals scaly. Vent in anterior half of
total length, no anal papilla; base of anal scaly; caudal of 2 hair-likt^
rays. Lateral line very low down and disappearing posteriorly. Pyloric
c(i'ca 12, small. Air bladder 5 inches hujg and with a delicate silvery
coat. Intestine straight. Peritoneum black anteriorly, posteriorly witli
patches of black lines on a pale ground. The first individual obtained
was caught in February, a female with eggs, in 2 masses lying side by
side, 5i inches long, not covered with a sac. (J^^hnsou.) Middle Atlantic,
the type from Madeira. Two specimens, 16i inches jvnd 21 inches in length,
were obtained by the AlbatroHH at Station 2181, in ()9.S fathoms. OtliciH
obtained by the Bhike at Stations LXVII, 128-240 fathoms, and LXVIII,
243-458 fathoms, off Guadeloupe and Santa Lucia. (Named for Prof.
Richard Owen, the distinguished anatomist.)
Uahsannis oicnti, Johnhov, Proc. Zmil. Soc. LuuU., 18C3, 40G, pi. xxxvi, fiii.'2, Madeira ; (idcmf,
& Bean, Oceanic Iclithynlogy, l.U, 18%.
9U«. IIALOSAUKl S UIINTHKItl, Goodo & Kuan.
D. 11; P. 16; V. I, 9; scales 15-X-5; eye 5. Vertex scaly, Suont pro-
duced, its preoral portion contained 2i( times in its length. Eye large, 2
in snout, 2 in postocular portion of the head, and much wider than inter-
orbital space; maxillary reaching nearly to front margin of eye. Length
of head less than its distance from root of ventral, the origin of which is
slightly in front of that of dorsal, the origin of the dorsal being over pos-
terior portion of root of ventral, and also over the thirty-first scale in
the specialized lateral line ; two scales between lateral line and origin
of ventral; ventral broad, slightly longer than longest dorsal; pectoral
fin moderate, extending less than halfway from its own base to root of
ventral, 2 in bead. Scales on the lateral line not much enlarged, 67 in
advance of vent ; base of dorsal and anal scaly. Color brownish ; under
surface of head lighter. A single specimen was obtained by the AlhatroHn
from Station 2722, 39° 13^ N., 72° W., at a depth of 594 fathoms. ^Goodo
& Bean.) (Named for Dr. Albert Giinther.)
HtUumimis gihitheri, Goode it Bean, Oceanic Iclitliyulogy, 131, IS'Mi, Gulf Stream.
38070. Coll. Albatross.)
(Type, Nu.
293. ALDROVANDIA, Goode & Bean.
AUlrorandia, GooDK & Dean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 132, 1895, {lonlrata).
Ventrals normal ; no second dorsal fin ; vertex scaleless ; scales of
lateral line enlarged, provided with photophores. Head with pointed
snout and prominent lateral ridges. Anal fin moderate, high, its heifjlit
i^ to i that of dorsal. (Named for Ulysses Aldrovandus, of Bologna, 'lie
founder of the first natural history museum.)
a. Suout much produced (length equal to or greater than distauro from eye to root of pc'to-
ral) ; preoral portion of snout exceeds V^ its length ; diameter of eyo considernlilv Ic^b
than width of interorbital space. Twenty-four scales in lateral line in front of ^ ' nt.
ROSTItATA, .''l7,
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
009
oo. Snout mtxlcnitoly iiroducotl (its Icntttli not fxcendinK JwRtoculBr portion of hoad).
h. I'ruorul (portion of snout contained ."J timeH in its entire Itngtii ; dianiotor of eyo Y^
widtli of iutcrorbltai Ki>oco(ij ipostocular portion of lioail). About 20 ncalus in lat-
uriil lino in front of vout. MACiiocniiu, 'J08.
W<. Proonil portion of snout ;i»^ in itHlcngtIi ; diameter of eye les« tlian % widtli of inter-
orltital Mpa<'e (5 in poHtocular portion of head). uoodki, 000.
hhU. Prooral portion of nnout '1% in its lonKtli ; dianietor of eyo exceods widtli of in»er-
orliital n|iai-o ( ^ 27,, in jmstorbital length of liuad). Dorral origin lieliind root
of ventral. Kiglitt^eii to twenty scales in lateral lino in front of vent ; slender,
depth 203^ in total length. qhacims, i»10.
6(i/((<. Preoral portion of snout aliont 2 in its lengtii ; diameter of eye equal to width of
interorbital space (2i in postorbital length of head). Dorsal origin over base of
last rays of ventral. Twenty-seven scales in lateral lino in front of vent ;
stout, deptli 15 in total length. pallida, Oil.
007. iLDKOVAMlIA ItOSTRATA (Gilnther).
Head 8, much exceeding height of body. D. 9; V. J); \\. 9. Scales
i;i-24-(). Snout very much produced, Hpatulate, its preoral portion being
nioro than \ its length. Eye of moderate size, its length being i\ of
jmstocular portion of head, and consit'.jrably less than width of interorb-
ital space. Maxillary scarcely reaching front margin of eye. Length
of head a little more than its distance from root of ventral, which is
nearly entirely situated before the dorsal. Nearly all the scales are lost,
but some of the lateral line remain ; they are much larger than the other
scales ; and on the tail, where the lateral line approaches the lower
profile, these larger scales till up all the space between the lateral line
and the anal fin. I3ones of head very thin; operculum smooth, covered
with a very fine membrane. Lower part of side of head occupied from
the snout to gill opening by two exceedingly wide muciferous channels,
of which one takes its origin on the preorbital, the other on the mandible,
and which open behind at the gill opening by a common and very wide
aperture. Branchial apparatus as in the other species. Dentition very
similar to that of Jldrovandiamacrochir, but the palatine patches crescent-
shaped and rather widely separated from pterygoid band. Scales of lateral
line about 3 times size of others, and about 24 in number between gill
opening and vent, each bearing a luminous organ, vertically elongated
and rhombic, but not extending to upper and lower margins of scales.
Light colored, lower part of head and gill cover black ; abdominal region
blackish. Length 20 inches. One specimen, from Challenger Station 63,
mid-Atlantic. (Giinther.) {rostratua, long-nosed.)
IMosivirus rottratiis, Gt'jjTiiEB, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, 11, '..52, mid-Atlantic; UCntiieii,
Ohallengor Report, xxil, 241, pi. i,ix, fig. D, 1887.
Ahlnifiindia rostrata, GooDE <fc Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, lu2, 1805.
008, ALDROYAXDIA HACROCHIR (GUnther).
B. 12 ; D. 13 ; V. 10 ; P. 11-13. Scales 14 x 5. Snout moderately produced,
tiie preoral portion forming only ^ of its length. Eye rather small, i of
postocular portion of head, and i width of interorbital space. Maxillary
reaching to front margin of eye ; length of head more than its distance
fvom root of ventral, the origin of which is immediately in front of that
F. N. A. 40
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610
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
of dorsal; pectoral fin with narrow base, very long, exiending nearly to
root of ventral. Scales of lateral line larger than others, more or Iuhh
hidden in a pouch of black skin, with a phosphorescent organ at 1>uh« of
free portion; these large scales continued for some length on the tail
and cover base of anal fin, which, like the dorsal, is covered in its ba.sal
half with small scales; head naked; upper portions of gill cover and
cheek covered with scales similar to those of body. Hand of pren ax-
illary teeth broader than maxillary band ; palatine teeth in two separate
patches, each being of an oval shape, with the pointed end directed for-
ward; pterygoid teeth in a very narrow band, which extends far back-
ward in cavity of mouth ; basibrancbials with a long and broad bnnd.
Four well-developed gills. Outer branchial arch with 14 widely-set ^nll
rakers, of which the middle ones are slender and as long as eye, tliuothcrH
becoming shorter toward end of series. Uniform black. Common in
the central parts of the Atlantic ; first discovered by the Challenyn- oil'
the Strait of Gibraltar, Station Y, depth 1,090 fathoms, one specimen,
21^ inches long ; near Marion Island, Station 146, depth 1,375 fatlionus,
four specimens, 18 to 20 inches long. Specimens also obtained by tliu
Blake, at Station cccviii, at a depth of 1,242 fathoms, and Station
cccxxv, at a depth of 647 fathoms, (fuixpui, long; x^'Pi hand.)
HaloiaHnts macrochir, GUnther, Ann. & Mag. Nat. IliBt., ii, 1878, 251, between Cape of Good
Hope and Kerguelen Island.
Aldrovamlia macrochira, Goude <& Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZoOl., x. No. 5, 219, 1883.
000. ALDROVANDIA OOOOEI (Gill).
B. 12 ; D. I-IO, 11 ; V. I, 8. Snout moderately produced, its preoial
portion forming f of its own length ; eye small, equal to about i of post-
ocular portion of head, ard measuring a little less than i of width of
interorbital space. Head longer than distance between it aud root of
ventral. Maxillary reaching vertical of front margin of eye. Dorsal
entirely behind ventrals ; anal commencing as far behind root of ventials
as the latter are behind the preoperculum ; pectorals nearly reach back-
ward to the ventrals. Squamation similar to that of A. viacrochh: The
type of this description Avas obtained by the Albatroas at Station 2037, at
a depth of 1,731 fathoms. Others were obtained from Stations 2051, l.lOt!
fathoms; 2035, 1,362 fathoms; 2052, 1,098 fathoms. (Goode & IJean.)
(Named for George Brown Goode, one of the most accomplished and
scholarly'of contemporary ichthyologists, joint author of the Oceanic
Ichthyology, from which our accounts of the deep-sea fishes are largely
derived. )
Ualosaunu goodci. Gill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mug., 1883, 257, Gulf Stream, off Carolina. (Typo,
No. :«281.)
Aldrovaiidia goodei, Goode & Bean, Oceauic Ichthyology, 133, 1895,
010. ALDROTANDIA GRACILIS, Goode & Bean.
Head 8i^ ; depth 20^ ; eye 3 in snout, and about 2^ in postorbital i)art
of head. Very slender, resembling Aldrovandia roatrata, from which it
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 611
(litterH in having a larger eye, a Hinallor number of niodiliod HoaloH in
lattiral line, atid.in having the vent placed more posteriorly. Diutanoe
from end of mouth to tip of snout nearly ), of head ; length of snout a
little greater than length of mandible ; ^vidth of interorbital space about
\ snout and \ length of eye ; maxilla extending slightly beyond anterior
margin of eye ; the mandible a little behind end of eye. A few scales in
several scries behind the eye. Mouth rather large. Teeth on the pre-
maxillaries and mandible in somewhat broader bands than those on the
maxilla; vomerine patches broad, well separated in front. Tip of tongue
free. Integumentary Hup not extending much beyond margin of sub-
opercle. Hranchiostegals 10; gill rakers 2 above, 12 below, the longtsst
scarcely half as long as eye. Distance of dorsal from tip of snout 2 in
head, length of base \ height of body ; longest ray 2i in head and nearly
o(iual to height of body ; about 34 rows of scales in front of dorsal. Ven-
tral entirely in advance of dorsal, its distance from end of head (2 inches)
ecpial to distance from tip of mandible to end of head. Length of
ventral (f inch) about equal to that of dorsal base, or twice length of
eye; origin of ventral about under twenty-eighth row of scales; distance
of vent from origin of the ventral greater than length of head, close
to anal origin; distance from the dorsal origin to that of the anal (26
inches) '6 times length of dorsal base. Nino or ten enlarged scales in lat-
eral line in front of the ventral origin and about the same number between
ventral and vent. Dorsal scaly less than \ its height; about 12 rows
of scales between the dorsal origin and lateral line, and only about 2
rows below lateral line.
Scales silvery, the light orange-brown body color showing through
them ; branchiostegal membrane bluish ; inner surface of gill covers
nearly black; inside of mouth bluish. Three specimens known, one
obtained by the Blake, at Station LXX, ort' Guadeloupe, 769 fathoms ;
one at Station 2380, by the Alhat/oss, from which the present description
is drawn, and another at Station 2381 by the same vessel. Station 2380
is in N. latitude 28" 02' 30'^ W. longitude 87° 43' 45'', from 1,430 fathoms.
Station 2381 is in N. latitude 28° 05' 00", W. longitude 87° 56' 15", 1,330
fathoms. This species may be identical with Aldrovaiidiu johusoniana,
Vaillant, from off the Canaries and the coast of Africa, but the types of
the latterspecies were badly mutilated. (Goode& liean.) ((/racjT/s, slender.)
Atdrovaudia grtwilis, GooDE & Bean, Oceiinic Ichtliyology, 134, 1890, off Guadeloupe, and iu
the Gulf Stream. (Co-typ«, No. 44327. Coll. Albatross.)
Oil. ALDBOVANDIA PALLIDA, Goodo & Bean.
Head 7f ; depth 15. Head naked, with the exception of a patch of
scales beginning behind eye, its greatest width nearly equal to i width
<»f body. Eye midway between tip of snout and head, its long diameter
etjual to i length of snout, also equal to interorbital width. Nostrijs
close to front of eye, the anterior in a short tube, which ends in a little
pointed flap ; the posterior larger, nearly elliptical in shape ; distance
from front margin of mouth to tip of snout nearly i length of snout.
Maxillary extending to below front of eye. Teeth in broad, villiforiu
i' j i 5
i : ;-
ni
- .* l.;fl.'ri,-?iiii,-<ol<ii''«
. .ilfcalJ^Vi'^'Jfcsvit'
II i;
nmn
T^TW^W
612
fiuUetin 4y, United States National Museum,
bands on iutermaxilla, niandiMe, and vomer; in narrower hnndu on max-
illa and palatiueH. End of tongne barely free. Integumentary Hup ]ir()-
jecting beyond margin of Huboperoulum. Dorsal beginning about ov*>i
end of the baHo of ventral, its distance from tip of snout a little nioro
than twice length of head ; length of its base nearly eipial to gr«<at(!st
depth of head; basal half of the fin profusely covered with scales; it
consists of 2 simple and 9 divided rays. Longest dorsal ray (1,^ inclitt^)
equals f greatest height of body, last ray •■ as long as third. Ventral <ii,s-
taut from the snout a space abont e<iual to twice head; it consists (if li
simple and 7 divide 1 rays, the longest C(iual to liase of dorsal ; pi-ctoiiil
placed above middle of body, not far from head, its length ecpial t'> \
distance of its base from origin of ventral, and reaching to about seven-
teenth row of scales. Vent under sixty-third scale of lateral line; about
12 rows of scales between origin of dorsal and lateral lino and abotit 2\
rows between lateral lino and origin of ventral ; lateral line composctl of
enlarged and modified scales, becoming obliterated about middle of tail ;
15 or 16 of these enlarged scales between head and origin of ventral;
about 27 between vent and head ; distance from origin of ventral io anus
(3 inches) nearly equal to head. Anal rays about 106, their origin not fur
behind veut; caudal, which is long and slender, with about 4 rays; pec-
toral 13. Membrane covering anal rays scaled throughout almost its entiru
length. Gill rakers rather short and few, 3 + 12. Color of scales a ligiit
silvery gray, through which the body color appears as a light orange-
brown; branchiostegal membrane and opercular bones bluish; inside of
gill covers very dark blue. The type, a specimen two feet long, taken
in the Gulf of Mexico, 21° 36^ N., 84° 05' W., by the Blake at Station 173,
at a depth of 955 fathoms. Many others were obtained in the Gulf Stream,
in depths ranging from 679 to 1,430 fathoms, by the Albatross. (Goodo
& Bean.) (pairuZus, pale.)
AhXrovandia\w\UAa, Goode k Bean, Oceanic Iclitliyology, 134, 18S)5, Gulf of Mexico. (Oo-tyim,
Ko. 38140. Coll. AlbatroHH.)
Order V. HETEROMI.
(The Spinv Eels.)
The Notacanthidiv^ are separated from the other physostomous fishes by
Gill, to form an order which he thus defines:
* Somo recpiit American aiitliors have placed tlie Xolacanthidii; witii the pliyBOclystous I'ainily
of Maslacembelida; in the order Ojiinlhotni of Cope, originally fnimed for the latter. Thoii^ hci'iiis,
however, to be no evidence, as Ur. Vaillant has lately noted, of atlinity l«!tween the Moslareinlie-
lUie and the Notacauthidie. Vaillant calls attention to the presence of uu air duct in Xol<H-(iiiihm,
and places the family among the Ganoids, between the Sturgeons and the Gels. According: tu
Vaillant (Exped. (<ci. Travailleur et Talisman, 324) the dorsal spines in A'o/(it<»»Wii(cdill'er wi.lily
from those of Tcleostean fishes jn having but a single nourishing canal insteadof two. llctiiuis
these spines homologous with the plates of sturgeons or rather with the pinnules of the (iarmiil
genus Pohiptenif, instead of with the spines of the physoclystous fishes. Vaillant also finds iiiiiiiy
of the skeletal characterH of Nolacanlhiiii very primitive, sugge'Jling Ganoid affinities. Al the
same time, the simple air bladder, the absence ot spiral valve in ilio intcstinesaud of iniilti|ili(!(l
valves in the heart seem to ally Noldninthun rather to the Iiim-po)i<liili or the Eels. Giintli'T
places it among the Vhijmgiomi betwoeu the Ualoiaitridx and the uels, but docs not regard it ue
having close ufflnities with either.
:'m '^^'^
Jordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North America,
G13
" Scapular arch t'urniud by the proticapnla and post-temporal, the latter
iti'tachud from the aide of the cranium and inipiuKing on the Hupraocoipi-
till. Hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid coalescing in a single lanudlar
inipt^rforate plate ; actinosts normal. Cranium with the condyle . ontlned
lo til*; has Occipital; exoccipital coalesced with epiotics and opisthotios.
\'oiiier oliHoleto ; opercular apparatus complete ; preopercle slightly con-
iioctcd with HuspeuHorium ; Huborhitals suppressed ; Jaw bones com-
plt'to and little aberrant , palatines and pterygoids well developed ;
anterior vertebrii; separate; ventrals abdominal." Air bladder with a
(liiL-t. The character of having the scapular arch free from the cranium
and attached to the anterior vertebrii>, shared by these flshes with the
eels and several other groups may be, in the di^'erent cases, of independent
(iiigin, and is probably not indicative, of any special afllnity. {lrt{wq^ dif-
I'crciit; ''i/iof, shoulder.) (ITi'^eroini, Gill, American Naturalist, November,
18X9, 1016).
II. Jaws normal; dorsal apinns soparated; both Jaws witli tooth. NnTACANTHin*, lxxxvii.
M. .lawH foriiiiu); a suctorial nioiitli, witli niodifiud rami; no tootli. Dorwil Hpiiu-s close
together, uuited by niembrano to rurm a high triangular fln.
LlPOOF.NYID.f':, I.XXXVIII.
Family LXXXVII. NOTACANTHIDvE.
liody elongate, somewhat compressed, ending in a band-like, tapering
tail. Scales small, cycloid. Dorsal represented by a series of short spines
witii few or no soft rays. Anal fin of many rays, the anterior ones being
Hpinous; ventrals abdominal, with more than five soft rays, and usually
one or two spines. Jaws normal ; mouth inferior, the snout projecting
beyond it, the lower Jaw meeting the palate as in sharks. Jaws and
|)aiatines armed with a series of close-set teeth; palatines movable;
vomer wanting. A sharp spine more or less hidden by the fleshy folds of
the lips at angle of mouth, on each side. Shoulder girdle loosely sus-
pended to the skull by ligaments. Air bladder present, with a pneumatic
(Inct.* Gills 4 ; gill openings wide, not restricted above, the membranes
flcpavate, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchia; absent. Gill rakers
lon^ and slender. Ovaries without oviducts. Deep-sea fishes, found in
most seas. Genera about 5; species about 12. This is an archaic group,
and. as already stated, its relationships are atill doubtful. {Notacanthi,
Giinther, Cat., iii, 544, 1861.)
Niitacantiiin.k:
11. Dorsal spines to 12; teoth in upper jaw compressed and obliquely triangular.
h. Origin of spinous dorsal far in advance of vent; mouth lateral with the lip continuous.
NOTACANTHUS, 294.
1*' ii.y Ao antiionotin;k :
nil. Dorsal spines 27 to 38. Teeth in jaws erect, fine; ventrals soi^rated.
c. Snout not Tory elongate, not proboscis-liko; dorsal and anal spines low and strong, the
latter 50 or more in number; lateral line Btraig^it. Macdonaidia, 296.
^According to Vaillant; QUnther, however, does not find a duct in Notacanthui »exapiiii$.
'I '!'■!'!»' ir
014
Bulletin y/, United States National Museum,
Miy-^
294. NOTACANTHUS, liloch.
Volncnnihxui, Buicil, Abliandl.* nolimlKi^liun GohoIIhcIi. WiHaoiiHcliiil't, 1, 278, 17H7, (ehtmn\i:.\t),
Arii)illi<iHiitii», lii.0011, IchthyoltiKiii, Xll, W'.i, 17U7, (ii(miii),
Caniiii/lixlim (Fabuiciuh, HIIH), UKiNiiAlinT, VId. S<0«k. Afli., 120, 18:»8, (fahririi).
DoiHal spines (» to 12. Teoth in upi»«r jaw cnni])rRHHo«l, olilifpioly
triangular. Lip nurinal, continuoiiH. VuntralH cuunato or oonlliient.
Characters otherwise includcc? above.
<i. H(>(ly much liif(h<>r ovit vciitnilH iJmii ovrr jn'ctoralH, niul comparatlToly aliort. LBtcral
liliii following iu'dlllo iif liiick ill front of ilnrHiil niijiich, IIixii HitikiiiK In ninliiin liiiit nf
body.
h. First (lorHiil Hpiiin IkOiIimI vitrtiral from iixil of viiitral. 1). \ to \I ; A. Xllf t<> XIV.
CilKMNIT7.il, 91J.
III). V\nt (lumal npinc in Trunt uf viTticiil fruni iiiixtrtiun uf ventral. D. XI ; A. \ VII.
AMAI.IH, '.11.1.
aa. Ihxiy littlo liiglivr over ventralx tlian over pcctoralH, and <'(imparativcly (dongato.
c. liUtural linoBliglitly arcliod aliove puctorat, siuliliif; to median line uf body in advanrn
of lli-Ht doriial BpincB. LaHt dorsul Bi)iuoover flftli from loBtanal Bpino ; fiiiN low; ]i.
X ; A. XIX. IMIASOANORl'H, '.Il4.
912. NOTACANTnUH rnKMMTZII,! Blo<h.
Head 8; d«pth 10. D. XI; A. 15+118; P. 19; V. 3 + 7, left Hide,
(K right side). liranchiostegals 8 or !). liody elongate, its greatest hoiglit
— . i . ..^ .
♦Concerning tliiH rare and almost forg«tt)!ii paper of Dr. IJlocIi, our friend Dr. Fran/, Ilil^^eu-
dorf of tlie UniverHity of Ucrliii, writes us:
" tjM)er /wey merkwilrdigen Fiscliarten von Ilerrn D. Blocli." " Abhandlungon der IJiiiuniM-
clion GeBcllBchaft der WiHseuBrliaften," auf das Jalir 1787, odcr Drtttor Theil, I'rag n. Dremlcn,
1788, pp. 278-282.
Der oi'sto der beidcn Fisciio ist "Der IlackelrUckcn, Abracati^/iH* r/ieniHtfciii, zchn Ilankelnnm
Rilcken. fioUicaiitliiiii aculeis decem dorsalibus."
Bloidi Bclireilit bior, A"/(icaii//iiM, niclit Naliicanlhui (wie in dor deutscben Ausgalte seiner
Naturgescliiclito der AusliindiMcben Fixclio, 17U6) oder Acaulhonotua (wie in der franzosisclicn
Ausgabe, 1707,; dieiter letzon Sclireiltweise folgt Blocb-Sclineider.
Im Texto d>'r Aldiandlung Biigt Bluch, dtinH er das Kxemplar von Cliomnitz in Kopenlia^on
orliielt und dass dor Fiscli "Ist ein Bewohner dea Nordmeers." Die farbigo Tafol weicht mvlir-
faeh ab von dor Tafel 4;U der Naturgesciiiidito Autiliindiscbo Fisclie. So it-t dio Candalis von der
Analis durch eii>e Liicke getrennt. Die I'ectoralis ist kiir/crgezcichnet ; es Bind Zaiilon bei);e-
set/t ; boide D. "10,"Hnter dor I*. "17," iintor der A. ^'i,^. Im Tuxtu sagt or "An diescm
Fisclio Bielit man iiur C Flossen wuhr, 2 tin der Brust ; e)>cneioviel am Baucbe, am Alter und
Schwanze, an jedein eino. In der Pectoralen flo8So ziililo ich 17, in der BaucbtloBse 8, und in der
ScbwanzlloHHO 9 vielverzweigto Stralilen. Dio AI'tcrfloB^o aber bat 13 Stachliclite und 113
einfacbo Strahlcn." Dio sonstigo Bescbreibung ist kurz und niclits wiclitiges bringond.
HerkwClrdig ist, dass BIocli in der Naturg. Ausl. Fisclio diesoerHto Arbeit iiicbt erwiihnt iiinl
den Nolocanthiis als eiu neues Genus wiedor uulfubrt. Ks cntBtebt dio Frago ob Uberhaupt Miii
N. clummildi daBselbo Beiu Boll wie der angeblleli ails Indieii Btanimen do nniut.
Das Berliner Museum liat nurein Rxomplar von Bloch. Ich babe es uoulich auf Goodi''9
Wunsch nachuntersucbt. Meiuo Zahlen siiid Bad. Biancli. 8-9. D. V; A. i*A ; 0. ? ; 1'. I'J;
V. ^-8. Dio P. iNt abgcstOH»on und vielleiclit rcIioii bei Blocb's Lebezeiten bo gewesen.
Ich miicbto glauben, dass dio friiheio /eichnung miingelbafter war, und dass beiden Publicn-
tionen dasselbe Exemplar zu Grtinde lag. Violleicht hut Ciiemnitz nicht gewilnscht dass srine
Bozichung bei Bluch puldicirt wiirden. Die Bearbeituiig und Abhaudlung des andern FisilicB
{Silnrus mililaris) erwiihnt Bluch (ibrigons inseinem grossen Work, auch nicht.
In dcm Ilandschriftlichc Katalug von der Sanimlung Bloch's steht nur cin Exemplar, nls
Nummer 560, und als LXXVIIItes Geschlecht mit der Bezeichnuug " NolacaMiu chetiniilii''
(ohncz). (Uilgoudorf in lit., February 10, 1894.)
t " The material now classed by autliora under the name of N. naKua is the following: (1) A
specimen described by Fabricius in 1798 under tho generic name of Campt/lodou, obtained 111
1794 fronj Greenland; (2) Bloch's typo in the Berlin Museum, believed by him to come from tlm
West Indies, described under the names Noiacaulhiis cheniuilzii and /1can(/iono(t(« nam"''; (II) A
specimen obtained otT Iceland by Ln liecherclie and brought by Gaimard to the Paris SIiisciiiii,
figured in the Ri^gne Animal, and said to have been figured also in the Voyage in Scandinavia.
This, as has already been stated, is possibly a typical N. naaut; (4) A specimen, 3 feet long,
obtained in South Greenland, and brought in 1877 to the Copenhagen Museum. This also ie
poBsibly not a characteristir, representative of the species. Both Canestrini and Giglioli eniini'
erate NotacanUiut ttoMM among ilediterranean fishes, but entirely without autliority."— &oot<« d;
Bean.
for if an amf Evertnann. — Fishes of North America.
015
about >} timeo In diHtance from vent to tip of snont. Ilund Nhort, coni-
])I'chhim1, itH length not <|uit«) 3^ tintoa in diHtance from vont tu snout.
Mouth large ; maxillary nearly reaching vertical from anterior margin of
pupil. Mouth entirely on under portion of head, Hultlatural. Thirty-tive
ttM*th in premaxillarieH on each Bide. DiHtance between upper ]irolile of
Iit'iid and eye about equal to diameter of eye; and diameter of eye
between \ and \ length of snout, and about K in bead. Gill cover divided
to below the HymphyHia of operculum (with hyonuindibular), free from
iHthniuH. Scales lacking only about mouth and eyes; about 10 longi-
tudinal rows of small scales between ventral outline and lateral line;
HUiooth and imbricated. First d«)rHal spine very snuill, only viHiblo as a
point; placed close to this is the second, which is alHo very short and
feeble; third, though alHo short, is thicker. The vent lies behind fifth
Hpine. First anal spine immediately behind vent, and very small, not
extending beyond profile; secoi..: and third btit slightly; the spines
which are longest and placed farthest back Htill bear traces of a connect-
ing membrane and are probably only worn-otf rays ; pectorals inserted
Homewhiit farther back from the gill covers than shown by lUoch, thoir
baue less than \ the length of head ; ventral fins connected behind the
median lino by a membrane, terminating considerably in advance of vent.
Total length (restored) 34 inches. Length of tail about 18^ inches.
(Ililgendorf, in letter to Goodo «& Hean.) (Named for "Chemnitz" of
Copenhagen, probably a collector or dealer in curiosities, 1787.)
yoUKaiUhmfhemHitzii, Blocii, Abh. BObm. GcsolUch. dorWiNsviixchaft.,!, 278, 1787, Northern Sea;
JouPAN A GiLHKBT, SynopNis, 370, 1883.
NntDcwithisvaintK, BLOrii, Iclit)iyolii(;ia, Xil, 113, pi. 431, 1795, " India; " UCntiiek, Cat., ni, 54,
18fil GooDE A Bean, Oceanic Iclitbyology, 104, 1895.
(Mmpyhi<liinfabrU-ii, Beiniiabdt, VidenBli. Selslc. Afliandl., ViO, 1838, Greenland.
AiuiUhuiiutHs nuim, Blouii, Ichthyologia, xii, 114, 1797, Ed. Kr.
91S. N0TACAXTHU8 ANAL18, Gill.
D. XI ; A. XVIII. Body much higher over ventrals than over pectorals,
and comparatively shorty its height equal to i distance from vent to tip
of snout and nearly equal to head ; lateral line arcnate in front of dorsal
Hpines, following profile of back and then sinking to median line of body.
First dorsal spine in front of ventral. Snout compressed, pointed, much
produced beyond mouth; the cleft extends nearly to vertical through
middle of eye ; length of snout 1 J times diameter of eye ; width of inter-
orbital urea slightly less than eye ; projection of snout beyond mouth
cijual to eye or nearly so ; snout compressed, not swollen. Mouth nar-
row, transverse, its width about i head. Eye placed some distance
below the upper profile and in line of lateral line continued to the nos-
trils. Gill opening wide, the membranes confluent and slightly in advance
of vertical from the upper end of gill opening ; not attached to isthmus.
Scales very minute, imbricated, adherent. Dorsal spines short, the ante-
rior very short ; the second and first nearly over the origin of ventrals,
the fifth above vent, and the sixth slightly behind origin of anal; the
longest about i as long as the eye ; the last (eleventh), which is followed
by a single ray attached to it by membrane, over the fifteenth spine of
H
i .
•-i-
'if
^
'til
' ! i
iUh
SllNiiji
[fTTJ
1
T^f?!^
M^
m
N
r
■i :\
m
'•ill
ii ^
0I(>
Jiulletin 47 1 United States National Museum.
anal ; UorHal spiiiuH «1iHtaiit from caoh other, aixl behind onoh \a ii narrow
nnguliir nienihrune; anal buKinning ininicdiutely beliintl vent, and in itN
middle portion conaiderably elevated; length of itH longeHt rayn uboiit
u*iual to Hnout, from which point it nlopeH rapidly to tip of tail, rectunil
placed high np in axJH of bod> , innerted at houio tliHtance behind gill
opcningH, broad and nearly oval in Hhape ; ventraU continent, Home dJN-
tance in advance of vent; Htout, Itroad, ovate in form, nut extending to
vent, but Hoparatod from it by a diHtunco criuul to half their own length.
Color, uniform light bnnvn. TIiIh description in from the typcH of <iill,
(Type, No. a7Hr>f5), from AUxitroHH Station 2H77, in 478 fathoniH. The
typos, two in number, measure 11^ and 12^ inches, respectively. Another
specimen, (No. 44210, U. 8. N. M.) was obtained by the Alhatrona from
station 207(), at a depth of 407 fathoms, (atialin, pertaining to the anal fin. )
Nutaeaiillnii ininliH, (Jii.i,, I'loc. V. H. Nat. Miih., IKK), 261,, Gulf Stream, latitude 40" N.,
longitude tg'^ W. ; Ooode A Bban, Proc V. H. Nut. Blue., IH'J-I (l»U6), 4.'iu, and In Oioanic
IcIitbyoloKy, 1<16, IKOA.
UI4. NOTACANTIM'N PlIASOANORirH, fiood)'.
Head 7i; depth 0. D. X ; A. XIX, 130; P. about 17; V. !!,!»; H. H;
scales about 2()-4(X)-3r>. Body much compressetl, its greatest width about
i its height. Head everywhere covered with very small scales, its bones
very ilexible, but protected by leathery skin. luterorbital width more
than length of snout, 4 in head, twice diameter of eye. Mandible twice
length of eye; maxillary considerably greater. Teeth of upper jaw slen-
der, blunt, close-Hot, and comb-like, 32 on each side ; teeth of lower Jaw
shorter, slenderer, in 2 rows; palatines with villiform teeth, in about 2
series. Distance from snout to dorsal 2| times length of head, its length
nearly twice length of head; anal beginning close behind vent, its length
half the body. Pectoral short and rounded, its length (uncertain) about
i the head. Ventrals broad, with peduncle-like bases thickly covered
with scales ; closely adjacent, separated by u narrow groove. Lengtli 3
feet. Grand Banks, Newfoundland. (Goode.) One large specimen known,
taken fronr the stomach of a iSomniusuM microcvphtduH, ((^(myavor, sword ;
6^>of, boundary, used for <>hpn, tail.)
Notacanthiu phatganoriiM, GoonE, Proc. U. S. Nat. MiiB., lu, 1880, 5116, Grand Banks of New-
foundland; (Tyjie, No.'J.5972. Coll. Cajit. l)i'iKK'<<<lll>'>ti°i<^l^); JonoAN & Gilukbt, Symip-.i?',
g(M), lH8:t; GuoDE & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 1894 (189S), 4<;2, iind in Ocoauiu luhtliynl-
ogy, 107, 1895.
295. MACDONALDIA, (ioode &^ Bean.
Macdonahlia, Qoode * Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mur., 1894 (1895), 4f>7, ami in Ocnanic Iilitliyolocy,
172, 1895, (rontrnln).
Body elongate, covered with minute, imbricated scales. Head scaly.
Mouth inferior. Dorsal fin represented by numerous short, straight,
robust, and disjointed spines, 27 to 35 in number, the first in advance of
the insertion of the pectoral. Anal as in Notacanthun, but lower and
with a longer portion of low, short, slightly curved, disjoined spincH,
from 35 to 55 in number, which, under the final dorsal spines, pass into
flexible rays. Lateral line straight, conspicuous. Pectorals modoratf,
placed far back, below the middle line of the body, and remote from the
lateral line. Teeth in jaws erect, small, and also in series on the vomer
Jortitin ami /ivermann. — Fishes of North Afnerica. 617
iiiid pitluto. A lino of jtorvH on tlio iniior ml^n of thu niHii(libl». VnntralH
tiKxlorutu, uiitiroly st^paruto. (Naiiiud for Col. MtirHliiill McDonald, UntttMl
8tiitt>H (/onintiHHioiifr of KIhIi and FiNlinrit^H, '* in commemoration of IiIh
lilxtral policy in fiirtlivrin^ inlitliyolo(;ii>al r«!8t>urch." )
II. IliirHiil xwlii; mini xi.ii nr \l.iii.
ii.i. Ihirmil xxxv; miul ulioitt M..
KOHTHATA, Din.
t'llAl.l.r.NllKHI, ttltl.
»lft. MAntOMAMMA KINTKATA iColl.tt).
1). XXVIII; A. XLII or XLIII. Hody jjrcatly coniproHH«>d, its ontlinos
tapfihiK ra])idly in hoMi dircctionH frcuii origin of vi-nt, itH ^riMiteHt
iioi^lit :<i tinicH ill diutanco of voiit from tip of Miiont, or nltoiit \ \\\\\^i\\
of li«Mtd, wliich is 9} tiiiinH in the total; Hnout compreHHed, pointed
Hiiaktt-likc, proiliu'od Iteyond tlio month a diHtanco Ichh than diameter of
oyc, W in head. Mouth Ninall, itH cleft Hcaroely reaching to the anterior
noNtril. Each jaw ariiu-d with a HericH of niinnte teeth and a Bimilur
NoricH on vomer and palate. Kye moderate in si/e, placed not far from
(IdiNnl protUe, diNtant about 1\ diainetoiH from the end of Hiiout, more
than :i diaiiietei'H from end cf opeide. (Jill opening wide. The hody
and head covered hy minute, imbricated hcuIch ; a line of mncoiiH pores
extending from anterior end of lateral line forward under the eye to
end of Muixiilary. Dorsal HpineH short, diHtant irom one another, the Ilrst
luti'ig over end of oporcle, fifth slightly l)ehind origin of pectoral, the
twelfth slightly in advance of origin of pectoral, the llfteenth almost
over origin of anal, and the last (twenty-eighth) a little behind middle
of length of tail. In another individual the fourth spine is inimedir.tely
over the pectoral iiiHfcvtion, the thirteenth over the ventral origin; the
whole number of spines is :<0, but there is behind the thirtieth a minute
N])iiio almost united by membrane Anal beginning immediately behind
the vtMit; after the fifth spine the height of the tin remains uniform
until the length of the rays gradually decreases near tip of tail; pecto-
ral inserted at a distance from the gill opening nearly twice its own
length; ventrals with a broad base, not continent, and reaching to vent
or slightly beyond it.
Specimens obtained by the Alhalroxn at Station 221(5, in 9fi.3 fathoms, 16^
and 16 inches long. Another specimen, 17 inches long, was obtained by
the JlhulroKH at Station 2553, in 551 fathoms. The IJirandelle took it off
Newfoundland, in 633 fathoms, (rontrata, long-nosed.)
K''lii(ii)iiliiii> ronlnttuK, Coi.i.ETT, Hull. Sue. Zuiil. Franco, IHSit, :i07, off Newfoundland.
Mdalonalilia ranlrula, Ooodb * Bkan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Miih., 18i»4 (18i»5), 4(17, pi. 18, Ak. 2, and
In Oceanic Ichtlijolotty, 17,3, IIrs. 189, and lit.') \ and B, 18'.t,'-..
01(i. MA('nO\Al.niA CHALLENiiKRI (Vaillant).
Head 3; depth 5. D. XXXV; A. about XL, 140; B. 6; C. 5; P. 11; V.
I, 9. (jireatost depth of body opposite vent, and V of distance of vent
from end of snout; length of the long, narrow, compressed head ^ of
llie same length. Snout com^ ssed, pointed, much produced beyond
the narrow mouth, the cleft of which laterally extends to below posterior
nostril; each jaw armed with a series of fixed minute teeth; a similar
palatine series within the intermaxillary series; the maudibular series
U|'
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IUh lM«twu«n tlio upper two r )wh, Kyo oUme to thn tippor prolile, 2 tliiini-
»t«rH from end of hikmU, and l from extrumity of opercin, itH diumi'tn
gr«Mit«)r than intunu'liitul width, (iill opening wid«); gill meinhruiicN
Nupportt'd hy very ohMidcr l>runrhioMtuKal'*> co'i'lo**'''' i» front, and not
attaoheil to tho iHthmuH. Tho wholu l>ody and h«^ad aro covert-d hy
niinnio, Hmootli, imhricato, and adh«M'i<nt Hcal»H. All tlm dorsal NpiiioN
Hliort, diHtant from ono anotlu^r, thu ih'Ht licing ahovo root of puctorul,
thu hiHt hfdilnd midtllo of lungtii of tail ; anal HpinrH coninu^ncii;); imiiu'-
diatidy hehind vunt, and vury i;radnally and hnt Hlightly incrouHii.^r
in length Itohind, paNNing finally into tluxihlo rayH of varying and indt>(l-
nito numli»r; jMtrtoralH inuortod Homo diHtanto hidiind tho gill opening,
with vnry narrow haHo; v«;ntralH cIoho to, hut not nxtonding to, tho
vont; vntiroly Hoparatu. Color unifoim light hrown, MackiHh ahout thu
gillH and «)n the Hoft anal tin. Tuuth minute, thoao of the upper Jaw
scarcely ditlbrent in hI/.o or Hhapu from those of the lower, 31 on oacli
Hide of the upper and 23 on each Hide of the lower Jaw, 21 in each halt'
of the palatine Heries; each ramun of the nmndihlo with a aerieH of porcH
which iH continued on tho preoperculum. Tho union of the gill mem-
hranoH takes place opposite middle of distance between orbit and «>coi-
put; orbit without circular fold. Uill cavity and peritoneal sao with
a thin layer of black pigment. Air bladder much smaller than in ^Vo/d-
cant/tua stxapitih, occupying a small portion of middle of abdominiil
cavity ; anteriorly on the loft side it is prolonged into a narrow cylindri-
cal horn about j^ length of its body ; there is no open communication
between it and tho intestinal duct. Tho ovaries are a pair (»f band-lil<i<
bodies, transvorKcly plaited and without oviduct. The intestine makoH
only 1 convolution ; pyloric appendages represented by 3 short diver-
ticula only. Kidneys contluont into 1 short body which is situated
between the muscles of the tail behind the vent, ((iiinther.) North
Pacific. Tho type, IG inches long, dredged by the ChalUnger at Station
237, south of Yedo, in 1,875 fathoms. A second specimen, 20 inches hm^',
obtained by Dr. Oilbort {.tlhatroHH explorations), ..i Bering Sea, went of
the Pribilof Islands, in 1,625 fathoms, at Station 3,308. (Named for ITcr
Majesty's Ship ChaUcnyer, employed in deep-sea research by the Govern-
ment of Ureat liritain.)
NoUwimlhun rimumiiin, <!('ntiieh, Fistiffl (.liallonKcr, xxil, Part i.vit, pi. i.xi, flg. B, 1887; n<>l nl'
F11.LIPI & V(:hany, Mi'Ui. Acc. ScI. Turiiiu, xviu, I'JO, IS&'.I, wIiuhu Hpeciiiicii ciuiiu from tlio
Moditerranoan.
Kolaciinlhni ehallengeri,* Vaiixant, Bxpetlitiou Travuilleur ot TalUmun, 1888, south of Yedo;
basod on GOntiibr's dfscription.
Mdcitonalilia chatleugtri, Goods & ItEAN, Oceanic Ichthyology, 172, 1895.
♦"Vaillant was perfectly JuBtifti'd in xc^piiratiiig thin I'aciflo form fr.>tr tl>" MctlitiTiiiiuiiii
PiiliiariuUliimoutriMoanui, with M'liicL Jiliitiiur liad idi'iiMtltKi it. Tlio lowur huaviur Mpinrn in
liutli dorsal and nnal flnH, tlifl mora anterior origin of tho dorml, which is a little in advuticc! ol'
base of pectoralR, thu very short robust ventral gpine, and the lower inHertiou of pectoral tin
aulflciently digtinguisli tho ■pocics, in addition to the peculiarities in tho shapu of tho Huuut itiiil
the greatly increased number of anal spines to which Vaillant callii attentic ..
"GUnther's description, above cited, of the fish taken 8b>.th of Yedo at a depth of 1,^~5
fathoms, agrees so well with our specimen that no doubt can exist of their identity. The mux-
illaryspino not showa in GUnther's flguro, is very evident in our specimen. The briinchiuHt<'-
gal rays are distinctly instead of 6 in number, and the caudal containi 6 instead of 6 ra.v:.
There aro 35 dorsal spines. The anal spines pitss fo gradually into the rays that they aro tli*-
tinguishablo with ditllcnlty. Deflnitn articulations ap|)ear before tho rays have lost their spii-
OUR character, while still stiff and pungent. Dividing them on the basis of these articulatiuuf,
the anal flu coutaius 40 spines and about 140 soft rays." (Gilbert, MS.)
Jonhn ttmf F.vfrmttnn. — Fiihex of North Amrriai.
AlO
Family LXXXVIII. MPO(JENYII)/K.
Iloturoiiil with a rutiitdiHli, iiit'orior, Niirtorial mouth, iinpnrt'uot lower
Juw* with itH riimi Nopnriite'' iit iiiid«ll«\ iHHiiioctiHl witli tho coirrHpoiitliiiK
HJilfH of tlio upper jaw, uiid iuvcHtutl iu ii thick, trttUNvrihviy ])lii'at«Ml,
hoiH«mlHH>-Hhupu<l lip, rullc>(;to«l upwiinl Imhintl on tho chi!i>kii ; no t«i«th ;
Hliort row of 4 or Ti partially <'oMiiuct«Ml f;railuat»<l (IothuI HpiuitH au<l '> to
7 liiauchtMl rays, i'orniintt a ivkhI'^i' tin. <(MII.) (l.ijtodVHifidn, C>i|], iu
IJo(mU) a Hottn, l*ro«!. I'. H. Nat. Muh., IH!H {lH!»r.). I«H».)
296. LIPOGENYS, (ioodn A Hoan.
I.iimgeny; Oonv* k Ur.ss, Vrm: I'. S. Nat. Mux., IHIM (IHltri), 4<ID, iiml in <M'i>«iiii! IilitliyoloKy,
17;i, 18!».'., (gUlii).
Uiiml au*l hody comproHHfld, tlin hody (don^ate, an In Xulacttnthitii.
8noiit jtroducod, conipniHHed, olitUHo at tip. CItd't of thu mouth inferior,
suctorial, circular in front, Hurroundud hy ruf^oHo, contractile lip, with
cleft jtoHtoriorly, ilankml hy win^-liko tlapn, containing tliomodiilud man-
dihular hones, which articulate with the tMid of the nutxilla and are free
hohind. A concealed Hpino at the end of the maxilla. No teeth.
Anterior noHtril in short tuhn, thu pouterior ohiong, under u Hhort flap.
DorHal flu short, hut normal and well developed, with a diHtinct soft por-
tion ; anal fln normal in poMition, high, with nuiny Hpines, antl with
Bomo of the rays spine-like, though forked; a diNtinct, though very
aniall, caudal Hn ; ventrals normal, well developed, with several HpineH.
ScalcH minute, very numerous; lateral line conspicuous. (Xuku, to
leave oil'; )iivi,jaw.)
017. MPOUKNYH UlhUl, <ii>u<l<> A Dean.
Head 8ii ; depth 10 ; eye 5; snout I ; iuterorhital width 5 in head. D.
V, 5; A. XLI, 8S; V. Ill, 7. Body compressed, its greatest width i its
height. Postorhital portion of head tw ice as long as snout. Diameter of
circular opening of mouth uhout i diameter of eye. Dorsal flu inserted
at a distance from snout equal to about 3 times length of head. It con-
sists of 5 graduated spines, of which the iirst is minute, and the longest
as long as snout, and 5 soft rays, of which the second is longest, nearly i
as long as head; the spines and rays are all compactly arranged in a
Ktrong, triangular fin ; length of dorsal base i that of head ; anal
beginning under fourth spine of dorsal, of 41 spines and 88 rays, of
which the anterior 10 are still', though articulated, and divided at the
tip; longest ray longer than longest spine, about as long as snout; ven-
tral lins almost meeting iu the median line, reaching vent but discon-
nected; distauoo of ventral from tip of snout about 2^ times length of
head ; pectoral placed below median line of body, at a distance from
*"Tli(>anoiiia1(>iiHnn(luii('XHinplodnio<]iflcutiun of tliuloworjawand iiioiitlidoservoH 11 detailed
unat^mical rxaminatiun, but tlio existeuco of oiiiy -.'iio H|H!cinieu— for the preneut, ut least — Is
deemed sufficient tu render such uu iuvustigatiuu inadvisable."— Cood<i ^ Ltcm.
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Bulletin 4y, United States National Museum.
head about equal to diameter of eye, its leugth a little greater than post-
orbital part of Lead. Lateral line well developed anteriorly, becoming
obsolete at a distance from end of dorsal about equal to 2^ times head.
Color uniform light brown j under side of gill covers dark, showing dark
at the edges of the opercular bone. Type 17 inches long. (Named for
Dr. Theodore Uill, to whose critical insight the advance of systemutio
ichthyology in America is largely due.)
Lipogetiyt yiliii, GooDK & Uf.an, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mii.i. 1H!)4 (ISO:)), 4fi0, pi. 18, flft. 3, iind in
Ooeiiiiic. Iclitbyology, 17:i, IHOri, ATuatross Station 2743, Gulf Stream, from 11 dpptli of
806 fatliuuiH. (Typo No. :)<*-212. Cull. AlbatroiiH.)
Order W. XENOMI.*
Coracoids represented by a cartilaginous plate, imperfectly divided ;
pectoral tin without actiuosts. Skeleton very thin and papery. Post-
temporal imperfectly ossified. Otherwise essentially as in tlio Jfaplomi.
One family, confined to the fresh waters of the Arctic regions, a primi-
tive type, allied to the Jluplomi, but with the base of the pectoral fiv
extremely simple in structure, (ftvoc, strange; (.V"i'> shoulder.)
tihi
Family LXXXIX. DALLIID.!].
(TiiK Alaska Blackfishes.)
Body oblong, covered with small, partly embedded cycloid scales;
lateral line rudimentary; a lino of mucous tubes below eye. Eye small;
*Dr. Gilbert has examined tho unatoiny of Iinllin, und innkeM tlio following observations:
" The cbaracters awiitfiied by J)r. Gill to bis order Xeiumii, of wliicli Dnlliu in tlie sole repre-
sentative, aeeni to need Honio modiflcatiou. 'I'bo ^roup is tbiis di'tiiicd by bim:
'"TolooBtB, witli tlio B('a|>ulararcb free from tlie cranium laterally, and only abnttin); on it
bebind, coracoidB represented by a simplo eartilaKinoiis plate witbout developed actuiostM, and
witb tbe int rmaxillary and supramaxillary bones coaleseent.'
"Tbo last of tbese tlirco cbaracters we bave not been aide to verify, as tbe premaxilla,
Vhilo lying closely a]iprussed to tbe maxilla, is readily EO]iarated from it, tbe two being in no
j«nse 'coalescent.' The expression 'scapular arch free from tbe cranium laterally' refers to
the v'ti;>'o I ature of tbe jKist-temporal, whi<-b is attached, as usual, to tbo epiotie, but seems at
first Bi^bt to lack entirely tbe inner fork to join tbe parotic process of tbe cranium. CIomt
examination shows, however, that a strong ligament replaces tbe lacking arm, and answers to
it in all its relations. We find, fiirtliermoro, that while extending'in some specimens tbe entire
distance between the opistliotic and the simplo post-temporal, in others tbe outer i>ortiun of the
ligament ia more or less ossiHed, the bony rod thus formed being an integral ]iart of the jHist-
teniporal, and representing tbe proximal portion of the missing fork. As stated, this ossitica-
tloa invades tlio ligament to a varying extent in ditlerent specimens. In at least two which
have come under our observation, tbo f'trk of Mie post-temporal thus formed has exteiidi'd
almost tiie entire distance across to the opip'hotic, the shape and relations of the bone beuii;
then entirely normal and usual. It is evident that this character is not of high taxonoinii'
value, and would not of itself warrant any very wide separation of Diilliii from what are ajipar-
ently its nearest relatives. The case is different, however, when we come to examine tbe coiii-
coid portion of tbo sbonldir girdle. As stated by l>r. Gill, we deal here with a cartilaginnns
plate iu which no ossincations occur, and which is followed immediately by the fln rays, with-
out tbo intervention of actinosls. This coracoid cartilage is an extremely thin and delicate
imperforate lamina, nsually exhibiting very distinct division into iipper and lower halves,
which may be taken to represent tho bypo-and hypcrcoracoid elemei'ts. In its distal tliinl.
tbe plate begins to break up, by longitudinal sulHlivision, into a fringe of narrow cartilaginous
strips. These approximately equal in number tbe pectoral rays, and join tlie latter directly,
the basal portion of each jiectoral ray forking slightly to receive tbe tip of tho curtiluginuiis
atrip.
" In the deep-sea spiny eels of tho genus Notacanthuc, there is a somewhat similar condition of
the coracoid elements, iiiiismuch as the hypo- anj hypcrcoracoid, though present, are merely
shell-like rudiments surrounded by cartilage, and tho actinosts are geatly reduced. It seems
probable that we are dealing iu the two case!! with independent degenerations of the shoulder
girdle, and that the two groups are not really related." (Gilbert, MS., September 20, 18M.)
li
•^.'"j"=
Jordan and Ki'ermann. — Fishes of North America.
621
cleft of month moderate; lower jaw much projecting ; lateral margin of
uiiperjaw formed by the Blunder, toothlcHB maxillarles. Teeth villiform
or almost cardiform on jaws, vomer, and palatiuen, those on premaxil-
liiric:* enlarged. Shoulder girdle free from the skull laterally, the lower
l>iaiicli of the post^temporal imperfectly oHsified. Dorsal short, without
HliiueH, inserted before anal ; ventra's abdominal, inserted in front of
dorsal, each composed of r rays ; base of anal about aa !« ng aa that of
(Idi'siil ; caudal fin rounded, with many slender rays; pectoral f:n
iohimU'U, with a somewhat fleshy base, with 33 to 36 rays, the structure
of tlio base peculiar, the hypercoracold and hypocoracoid being nndiffer*
oiitiated, represented by a cartilaginous plate, and no actinosts developed.
Voitebne 42. Skeleton everywhere thin and papery. Superior phary; -
ireals all separate; first and second without teeth; third and fourth
with teeth. Lower pharyngeals separate. BranchiostegalsTorS. Streams
of Alaska and Siberia, one species known ; a very singular fish, apparently
an ancient type.
{l)alliiiUi\ (iiLL, Smithiioiiiuii Koport for 18h;j (lH8f.), 72iS.)
297. DALLIA, Itoan.
liiilUu, ItKAN, I'nx. r. S. Nat. Miih., 1«79, K.IS, {peclDntlis).
Characters of the genus included above. (Named for Dr. William
Healey Dall, its discoverer, well known as a naturalist and explorer.)
918. DALLIA PKCTORALIS, Bean.
(A1.A8KA nLACKFIBII ; ClIORNIA KYBA.)
Head 4i; depth t to H ; eye small, 6 or 7. D. 12 to 14 ; A. 14 to 16; P.
33 to 36; V. 3 ; scales 11-77-11 ; B. 7 or 8. Body rather elongate. Pec-
toral about half as long as bead; ventral i; anal beginning opposite
front of dorsal and ending nearly opposite its last ray. Scales on belly
very i-iiiall. Length 8 inches. Streams and ponds of northern Alaska
aiul Siberia; abounding in sphagnum ponds; found in countless num-
bers "wherever there is water enough to wet tha skin of a fish;" form-
ing the chief food of natives. The species feeds on plants and worms.
Its vitality is extraordinary. Blackfishes will remain frozen in baskets
for vveeks and when thawed out are as lively as ever. Turner describes
one fiwallowed frozen by a dog, thawed out by the heat of the stomach,
and vomited up alive. (2>ectoralis, alluding to the broad pectoral fins.)
Iialha jnc'orolis, Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 187!», 3r>8, St. Michael's, Alaska. (Type, No.
Zi4S)». Coll. L. M. Turner.) JonnAN & Gilheiii, SyiioiisiB, 351, 1883; Turnku, Contr. Nat.
Hist. Alaska, 100, pi. 9, TV??
rmltra delicatissima,* Smitt, Ofvor. Koiigl. Veteijgk Akail. Fc^rli. Arg. Stockholm, 38, pi. 5, fig.
1, 1881, Pittlekaj, Sib> ria.
iKiVin (leUcaHsnimd, Smitt, iu Nordeiiskjold's Voyngo of the Vega, ii, .'■)9, with plate, 1881.
* Till' foUowin,' is Dr.*Stiiitt's original notico of rhilliti Micalisuhiia, for which we are indebted
to the kiudncBS of Mr. Barton A. Bean :
" llr. Smitt gaf en lieskrifning af hundflgkarnea (iimbridernae) hyggnad och lefnadmiitt, mcd
sarekild hjinnyu till en af Vega-expeditioueu fran fiirekvatteus-laguneruu vid Pittlekaj liemrord
:iy iirt, Umbra <lelicatU$ima,"
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Order X. HAPLOML*
(The Pike-likk Fishes.)
Soft-rayed fmhes with the meBucoracoid wuuting, the coracuidH nor-
mally developed, aud the post-temporal normally attached to the cra-
nium. Parietal hones separated hy the supraoccipital. Symplectio pres-
ent. Opercular hones well developed. Anterior vertehne unmoditied.
Scapular arch joined to the craninm hy a post-temporal. Hypocoracoid
and hypercoracoid separate, with developed aotinosts. Pharyngeal hones
distinct, the superior directed forward, 3 or 4 in number, the inferior
not falciform. No interclavicles. Mouth with teeth. Air hladder v ith
a distinct duct. Ventral fins ahdominal, rarely wanting; pectoral fins
placed low ; dorsal fin more or less posterior, the first ray occasionally
stiffened and spine-like; no adipose fin. Head usually covered with
cycloid scales like those on the hody. Species chiefly inhabiting fresh
water. This order is, in some regards, intermediate between the InoHpon-
ilyli and the Acanthopteri. Part of its species, at least, are remnants of a
more ancient fauna than now inhabits the same waters. (uTrAoof, simple;
lofiog, shoulder, in allus'ou to the want of the mesocoracoid, in which
respect these fishes resemble the more specialized spiny-rayed forms,
rather than the other soft-rayed fishes.) (Phyaoatomi, part (families Eao-
ddaif Umbridw, Cyprinodontida; and Heteropygii) , Giiuther, Cat., VI, vil.)
a. Lateral margin of upimr jaw formed )iy the muxillaries; iirumaxillaries not jirotractile;
vent normal.
6. Teeth villiforni, equal; jaws not produced. rMimiDA:, xc.
hb. Teetli canliform, unequal; jaws dei)reBsed and ])roduced; basis of crani'ini doubk.
LUCIIUiK, zci.
aa. liateral margin of upper Jaw formed by the premaxillariuM; basis of cranium simple.
c. Vent normal, abdominal; premaxillaries extremely protractile.
l'(Kcii.iiD,>;, .;cil.
IT. Vent close l)eliind theisthmux; premaxillariex little protractile.
Amblvopsida:, xcin.
Family XC. UMBRIDiE.
(Thk Mui> Minnows.)
Body ohlong, broad anteriorly, compressed hehind. Head large, flat-
tened ahove. Mouth moderate, with bands of villiform or cardiforui
* In Dr. QilVs latest arrangement, the groups or orders liero called llaphmi, Synenlognathi, anil
Acanthopteri (exclusive of Plectognathi) are united to form the order TeleocepliaU, As thus liniiti'd
the order would include those typical flshes in which tlie mesocoracoid is absent, and which do
not show the special peculiarities of the. Pedicnlati and the Pkctoguathi. In earlier (mpers of I)r.
Gill the Isospowlyli (Malacopteri) and tho Ottariophtjiii are likewise included. The removal of tin*
Ottariophi/fi is doubtlera a Step in advance, but the distinctions between the /sospnurfi/fi aud tho
Iniomi and Haplomi arc not of the most profound character, nor are tho Plectognathi fundamen-
tally diflerent from the Acanthopteri. There t-eems to us no special advantage in tho retention of
a centrsJ order Teleocej)hali, from which tho dive^p-^nt branchefj are separated as distinct orders.
While cur knowledge of the osteology and embryology of most of the families of fishes is
very incomplete, it is evident that the relationships of the groups can not bo shown in any linear
series, or by any conceivable arrangement of orders and suborders. The living teleost fishes
have sprung from n)any lines of descent, their relationships are extremely diverse, and their
differences are of every possible degree of value. The ordinary schemes have magnified tlio
▼alue of a few common characteis, at the same time neglecting other differences of equal value.
AC system of arrangement which throws these fishes into large groups can ever be definite or
permanent.
:1: .y- ■-■ i^v^ --.-■ V->.v.^-. < ;
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Jordan and pA^ermatin. — Fishes of North America.
623
tcetli on pretnaxillaries, lower juw, vomer, and palatinoH ; preinaxillaries
not i>rotractile ; lateral margin of npper jaw formed by the broad, abort
iiiiixillaries, wbich are . jotbleBH and witboutdiatiuut supplemental bone;
lower jaw tbe longer. Gill ojienings wide, the membranes scarcely con-
iiiH-ted ; gill rakers little developed ; brancbiostegals 6 to 8. Scalea
iiiodcrato, cycloid, covering bead and body ; lateral line wanting. Dor-
tjiil fin moderate, posterior, in advance of anal ; ventrals small, close to
iiual ; pectorals inserted low ; caudal tin rounded. Stomach without
lilind sue; no pyloric C(i;ca ; pseudobraucbite hidden, glandular; air
liladdur simple. Oviparous fishes, the sexes similar. Carnivorous fishes
of isiiiall size, living in mud or among weeds at the bottom of clear, slug-
<;ir<li streams and ponds ; extremely tenacious of life, like the Pwdliidw.
One genus with 3 species, {Umbra crameri of Anatria, and the following).
Tlu^ family is near to the Lvciida; differing mainly in the smaller mouth
and weaker teeth. Like Dallia, Percopms, AplircdodcruH, Chologatiter, and
other associated American fresh-water forms. Umbra must bo regarded as
an archaic type, characteristic of some earlier fish-fauna. (UmbridtOf
Giinther, Oat., vi, 231, 232, 1866.)
298. UMBRA (Kramer) MuUer
(Mudfishes.)
Imbrii, Kramer, Aulni. AuBtr. Infer., 1756; MCheb, Abhandl. Akad. WiHs. Wioii. Berl., ISS^
1841', (crameri).
Metiir.tra, AoASSiz, Amer. Jourii. Sci. Arts, 1854, 135, (anitiiluta, etc., ^=pygmwa).
Hody oblong, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size, without
radiating strite; no lateral line. Head shortish, little depressed. Eye
rather small. Cleft of mouth moderate. Ventral fins 6-rayed, below or
Hiightly in front of dorsal ; anal fin much shorter than dorsal; T><>''^'^ral8
rather narrow, rounded, placed low, with 12 to 15 rays, which u
much articulated ; caudal rounded. Preopercle and preorbital with
mucous pores. Brancbiostegals 6. Gill rakers short, thick. Size small.
Three species, very similar to each other, inhabiting the waters of the
United States and Austria. (Latin, umbra, a shade.)
Melanuba (^c'Aaf, black; ovpa, tail):
II. Base <;f caudal with a dark bar; American species.
b. Body with p.lo crossbars; coloration dull olive gr<!on, with about 14 narrow, pale,
transverse stripes; dark bar at base of caudal often faint; lower jaw ] ^l><.
LIMI, 919.
bh. liody with lengthwise streaks ; coloration dark olive green, with about 12 palu narrow
length wit<e streaks, the one at upper angle of oitercle twice width of the others;
dark caudal bar very distinct ; lower jaw black. pvom^a, 920.
Subgenus MELANURA, Agassiz.
919. UMBRA LIMI (KirtlandV
CMuD Minnow ; Poofisii.)
Head 3i; depth 4i. B. 6; P. 14; D. 14; A. 8; V. 6; scales 35-15.
Body oblong, compressed. Coloration dull olive green, mottled with
darker and with about 14 narrow, pale, transverse bars, often obscure in
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the young; dark bar at baae of cuiulul distinct but often faint; luwci
jawpalo; fma plain. Length 4 inchoH. Quebec to MinnoHota and Huuth-
ward to the Ohio River; abundant northward, throughout the basin o I'
the Great Lakes, in weedy streams and ditches ; rare in tributaries of tlio
Ohio and Illinois. " A locality which with the water perfectly clear will
appear destitute of tish will perhaps yield a number of mudiish on stir-
ring up the mud at the bottom and drawing a seine through it. Ditchi'H
in the prairies of Wisconsin, or mere bog holes, apparently af!brdin^r
lodgment to nothing beyond tadpoles, may thus be found tilled with Mdn-
nuraa." (Baird.) (limun, mud.)
llyilriirgyra limi, Kiutlanh, Boat, .loiirii. Kiit. Ilint., in, IR-IO, 277, streams in northern
Ohio. (Cull. Kirtluiid.)
Hj/dranji/rn futfii, Tiiomtson, IliBt. Vuniiout, i:i7, 184'2, Lake Champlain.
llydrargira alrivHuiUi, Dk Kay, Now York Fuiiiiu: KIhIk's, Tli>, 1842, Lake Champlain.
Umbra limi, OCNTllElt, Cat., vi, 2112, l.SC(i ; .Tokdan A GlLUEBT, Syiioi)si(<, lifiO, l88:j ; Ui.atchi.ki,
Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. riiilii., 1885, 12.
020. VMKKA PV«.1I,KA (Do Kiiy).
(KA8TF.RNM|'1> >Iinnow.)
Head 4; depth 4 J. D. 1.3; A. 7; scales Sf). Uody less compressotl
than in Umbra Jimi, the head broader, less depressed, with smaller eye;
interorbital space slightly more convex ; snout shorter, the profile more
gibbous. Color dark greenish, with about 12 narrow, longitudinal pale
stripes, the one beginning at upper angle of opercle douole the width of
any of the others ; dark bar at base of caudal very distinct, covering IS
scales; lower jaw mostly black. Length 4 inches. Lowland streams
and swamps coastwise, from Long Island to the Neuse River ; locally
abundant. Close to the preceding and perhaps a variety of it, but no
int aediate forms have been noticed, {pygnmus, pigmy.)
Mcifnui pijgmmut, De Kay, Now York Fauna: Fishes, 214, 1842, Tappan, Rockland Co., N.Y.
Fmiduhii fvictm, Ayreb, Bost. .Touru. Nat. Ilixt.. iv, 1843, 2!'i>, Brookhaven, Long I:>land.
Melauura annxditla, Aua8biz, Aiiier. Journ. 8ci. Arte, 1854, \'ib; wot Exo^losswn animlulmn, JtAFiN-
E8QUE.
Umbra pygntaa, Jordan, Bull. I'. S. Nat. Miis., x, 53, 1877.
Umbra hvti pygmiea, Blatchley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1885, 13.
Family XCI. LUCIIDiE.
(The Pikes.)
Body elongate, not elevated, more or less compressed posteriorly,
broad anteriorly. Head long, the snout prolonged and depressed. Month
very large, its cleft forming about half the length of the head ; lower
jaw the longer ; upper jaw not protractile, most of its margin formed by
the niaxillaries, which are quite long and provided with a supplemental
bone; premaxillaries, vomer, and palatines with broad bands of strong;
oardiform teeth which are more or less movable ; lower jaw w ith stroiifj
teeth of different sizes ; tongue with a band of smtkll teeth. Head naked
Above ; cheeks and operoles more or less scaly ; gill openings very wide ;
gill flembranes separate, free from the isthmus ; gill rakers tubercle-like,
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
G25
toothed ; bruiichioHtegals 12 tu 2U. Scales small ; lateral line weak, obao-
i»^te ill young speciinens, developed in the adult. Dorsal ])osterior, oppo-
Hit» and similar to anal; caudal fin emarginato; pectoral fins small,
inserted low ; vcntrals rather posterior ; vent normal; no adipose fin ; no
barbels ; stomach not c(l>c 'l, without pyloric appendages ; pseudobranchiiu
<{landular, hidden; air bladder simple. Basis cranii double (Cope.)
FiHliesof moderate or large size, inhabiting the fresh waters of the north-
ern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. A single genus with
Hpecies, one of them cosmopolitan, the rest all confined to America.
The species are all noted for their greediness and voracity ; '' mere
machines for the assimilation of other organisms." The flesh is excellent,
being white and flaky and of delicate flavor. The larger species are much
valued as food, (i'socirfo-, Gunther, Cat., vi, 226-230, 1866.)
299. LUCIUS,* Uafinesque.
(P1KK8.)
''jK.j-, AnTtni, Genera PiBcium, 14, 1738, (in part, threoipeciefl: The Pike, GarflHh, iiiul Oar Pike;
III! typo liidicatod, but tho Piko waH to Artedi tlio '..ost-known Hiiccieg).
/•,'«)/, LiNN.v.fH, Sj'Ht. Nat,, Ed. x, 1758, 314, (in part, Iticti<«, belone, osgetu); (rostritttHl by Uafin-
EsgUK, 1810, to i:»ox belone).
/.(« iM", Bakinesque, Caratteri di Alcuni Nnovi Gencri, 69, 1810, (/«<■««).
I'ticifUim, t Rakinesque, Icli. Oh., 70, 18ilO, {rillatuH, t\ niythicul Kpocios).
^fasl■(lllllllJllll, JoitDAN, Kllpi>art'8 Report, Oliio Fish Coiiim., 02, 1878, (iiobilior).
AVii.oi, Jordan & Evermann, new Hiibgonus, (amerkaniis).
Characters of the genus included above. (LiiciuH, the Latin name of
tho Pike.)
u. Cheeks ontiroly scaly; brauoliiostegalH 11 to 16.
Ken'iiza (ail Indian ni mo of tlio Pike, variouHly Hpollod by authors):
h. OpoiTles ontiroly er.aly; dorsal rays 11 to 14; color greenish, barred or reticulated with
darker.
c. Branchiostegals normally 12, (11 to 13); scales in lateral lino 105 to 108; doinal rays 11
or 12; anal rays 11 or 12; Bi:out Hhort, tho niiddl of eye nearer tip of lower jaw
tlian posterior margin of oi)erci<3. Species of small size, the fins unspotted.
*■ In retaining tho generic name Lucius for tho Piko, in preference to Eiior, we have followed
the strict law of priority. Tho genus Knox of Linna-us, composed primarily of A', lucius and
K. heloiie, with a few associatiHl species, was first 8ul>divided by Kaflnesque in 1810, the second
species, Belone, being chosen as the-lype. Later, in Cuvier's arrangement, hwma was left as tlie
typo oi JCtDX and a new name, Belnne, given to Ksox belone. This later arrangement has received
tlie sanction of general usage. It has the further justification, that the name Jisox itself was
ailopted by Artedi and Linnfl'us, from Pliny, who applied it to the Pike, its application to tho
Garfish also having been taken by Linnaeus from Artedi. It is true that Linnieus would liavo
regarded the Pike as his typo of t>ox. It is, however, also true that Raflne8i]uo Iiad the right
to select either 8|)ecie8 as the typo in dividing tho genus, and in bis arrangement, the Garfish
remains Kmr, and a new name, Lnciu», is given to the Pike.
Itafinesquo says : "II gonero £!8o.r di Linnoo ustatodivisodaLac^p^de in quattro gcneri, £>ox,
Sphyriena, Sijnndus e Lepimtteim, id proixmgo di dividere uuovamente in due il siio genere Etox.
Lasciero questo nombrealle specie marinecho hanno il corpo tetragono con due line© laterali da
ogni lato como nel genero ExociHut, le raascelle lunghe o strette, le ale dorsali lunghc, gi'.ingendo
dair ano fino alia coda falciformi, etc. Mentre ferment un nuovo genere col nomo di Lncius
delle specie fluviatili cho lianno il>cor])o cilindrico, una sola linca laterale, le mascelle largho e le
ale dorsali cd auali corte o rotondate."
t Tho name Picorellns, Bafinesque, can not properly bo retained for any section of this genua,
nn Etox vitlalu», Bafinesque, on which it is based, is a mythical siiecics described by Baflncsqun
from a rudo drawing, perhaps based on hearsay, and certainly not representing any knowa ,
species.
V. N. A.
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il. Head Hhnrt, 3} In lenKtli <>f body; Niioiit 23-^ In 1unf;tli of lipnd; oyo 2% In length
of snout. Color dark greun; eidns with about 'M dUtint-t curved blackUh ban*;
fins plain. amkricanur, 021.
ilil. Uoad longer, S% In length of body; nnout 2j^ in length of head; eyo 2% In length
of Knout. Color light groenlRli, the sldeN with ninny narrow curved HtreakH of
darker; tbeao usually distinct, irregular, and much rellculuttMl; fins plain.
VKRMICTJLATU8, 022.
re. Branchiostegals 14 to 16; dorsal rays 14; aiinl 13; icalos In lateral lino about 12&;
middle of eye niidway between tip of lower Jaw and posterior margin of opercle;
bond about 3</, in length of body; snout 2'{, in lieinl; eye 3^ in anout. Color
greenish, with many narrow dark curved lines and Htreaks, mostly horizontal and
more or less reticulated; flns plain. reticvlatuk, 02.3.
ljlM!ll'S:
bh. Opereles with the lower half bare of scales; branchiostegals 14 to 16; dorsal rays 16 or 17;
anal rays 13 or 14; scales in lateral lino alx>ut 123; lica>l 3^^ '" length of body; snout
2} in length of head; eyo 3 in snout; middle of eyo midway between tip of lower Jaw
and gill opening. Color grayish, with many whitish spots, the young with whitixh or
yellowiHh crossbars; dorsal, anal, and caudal spotted with block; a white horixontal
band bounding naked portion of opercle. Size large. Li'civs, 024.
MAK(;Ai.0N<!Ufl {manrc, mask; long>i», long):*
an. Cheeks as well as opercles with the lower half naked; branchiostegala 17 to 10; dorsal
rays 17; anal rays 15; scales in lateral lino aliout 1.50; middle of eyo midway between
tip of lower jaw and gill opening; head S^iJ in length of body; snout 2,'|', in head;
eyo more than 4 times in length of snout. Color dark gray, the sides uNuitUy with
scattered round black spots, sometimes immaculate, sometimes banded with dark;
tins spotted with black; size very large. hasuuinonoy, 025.
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Subgenus KENOZA, .Tordan ft Kvermaiin.
021. LUCim AMEBIC ANUS (Gmelin).
(Bandf.d Pickebkl.)
Head 3? ; depth 5f ; eye 5. B. 12 or 13 ; D. 11 or 12 ; A. 11 or 12 ; scales
105. Body short and robust ; head heavy, with blunt, short snout ; eye
rather large, its diameter 2^ in len^^th of snout, its posterior margin
scarcely behind middle of head, its middle nearer tip of chin than gill
opening ; snout 2^ in head. Cheeks and opercles fully scaled ; upper
branchiostegals scaly. Dark green ; sides with about twenty distinct,
blackish, curved bars, sometimes obscurely marked, but not distinctly
reticulated ; a black bar below ey" another from upper edge of opercle
through eye to snout ; fins plain. Length 12 inches. A small pickerel,
abundant from Massachusetts to Florida, in lowland streams and swamps.
Found only east of the Alleghany Mountains, the westernmost record
being from Escambia River, at Flomaton, Alabama.
Eiox bicitu p americamu, Gmelin, Systoma Katurn>, 1300, 1788, Long Island, Hew York;
after SciliiPF.
Etox niger, Le SuEVR, Journ. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phlla., i, 1818, 41.5, South Carolina; GUntheu,
Cat., VI, 220, 1866.
Eiox tcomberiiu, Mitchill, Amer. Month. Mag., 1818, 322, Murderer's Creek, New York.
E$ox faicialm, Pe Kay, New York Fauna: Fishes, 224, 1842, Murderer's Creek and other
streams near New York.
Etoxortiatns, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phlla., 1864, 41, Charles River, Massachusetts.
Roxraveneli, HoLBROOK, Ichth. South Carolina, 201, 1860, Charleston, South Carolina.
E»ox americamif, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 352, 1883.
* An erroneous etymology of the word muscalonge, formerly supposed to be from the French
Matque allongte, long face. The word is now 1 nown to be of Indian origin, Maa-Kinotigi.
Kinongi is apparently the saiue word as Kenoza.
'-,Vr7iir^"-i!r'
Jordan and F.Termann. — Fishes of North America,
027
9S2. LUt'llIS VERMICriiATUS (L.. Siieur).
(LlTTI.K PlCKRRRI..)
Iload 3i; depth 5 to ; eye largo, 2\ in anoiit, about ('• in head. \\, 12
{11 to 13) ; D. 11 or 12 ; A. 11 or 12 ; scales 105. Bo«ly moderately stout,
Hiiiiiuwhat compressed ; head rather short, longer than iu Luciua ameri-
ciiiiuH, hut shorter than in L. riticuliitnn, the eye being exactly in the
middle of the head ; middle of eye nearer tip of chin than gill opening;
.iiout 2Jl in head ; caudal well forked. Color green or grayish ; sides
with many curved streaks, Hometimes forming bars, but more usually
t'onning marmorations or reticulations, the color extremely variable, some-
times ({uito plaiu; sides of head usually variegated; a dark bar down-
ward from eye, and one forward; base of caudal sometimes mottled;
DtluT fins usually plain. Length 12 inches. Mississippi Valley, tribu-
taries of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan south to Mississippi and Arkansas ;
not known from east of the Alleghanies nor Texas ; a small species, very
abundant in the Si.jall streams and bayous of the South and West, (ver-
mlciilatuii, with marks like worm tracks.)
fyii vermiaiMuf, Lk SuKiiR, ia Ci'VIER ,t Vaikncif.nneh, Ilixt. Nut. I'oUm., xviii, 33:1, lS4fi,
Wabash River, New Harmony, Indiana; (Coll. LoSuciir); Mkkk it Nkwland, Pruc,
Ac. Nut. Sci. Phlla., 1885, 369.
Kiiir Unenlns, Lk Sleuu, in CuviKit * Vaiknciennes, Hist. Nat. I'oiHS., xvm, ;J35, 184<!, Wabash
River, New Harmony, Indiana. (Coll. Lo Sueur.)
/■iiio! crudsiiii, AoABSiz, Ainer. .lourn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 308, Tennessee River, Huntsville,
Alabama.
FjKif umhromm, Kiuti.and, Proc. Cloveluiul Ac. Sti., 1854, 7!), small bay of Rocky River,
Rockport. near Cleveland, Ohio ; Odpe, Trans. Ainer. Philog. Soc Pbila., ISfifi, 400.
Fjuix njpho* Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18C5, 78, >Vaterford, Oakland County, Michi-
gan; (Coll. Professor Miles); G(1ntiieii, Cut., vi, 230, 18GG.
t^tiix pornsut, CoPE, Trans. Am ■ PliiloH. Soc. Pliila., 1806,408, Waterford, Oakland County,
Michigan; substitute for cypho, regardeil as an inept name. (Coll. rrofesiior Miles.)
Fjsox talmoiteti; Jobwan A Giliiert, Synopsis, 352, 1883 ; not of Hafinesuuk.
/
928. LUCIUS BETICULATUS.t (LoSuour).
(Common Kastbbn Ph kekel ; Green Pike; Jack.)
Head 3^ ; depth 6 ; eye small, about 3} in snout, 8 in head. B. 14 to 16 ;
D. 14; A. 13 (counting developed rays only); scales 125. Body rather
slender, deepest near the middle and tapering backward to a slender
caudal peduncle; head long, the snout prolonged, about 2^ times in
liead. Middle of eye midway between tip of chin and gill opening.
Cheeks and opercles entirely scaly ; caudal well forked. Color green, of
varying sh&des ; sides with golden luster, and marked with numerous
ilark lines ^nd streaks, which are mostly horizontal, and by their junc-
tion with one another produce a reticulated appearance; a dark band
* This form (qipho = poroauk), distinguished mainly by the arcbed back and steep profile, is
pruliubly a variety or accidental form of vermiculatiis.
t "A solemn, stately, ruminant flsb, lurking under tbo rbadow of a lily pad at noon, with still,
rir(-iiniBpect, voracious eye, motionless as a jewel set in water, or moving slowly to take up its
position; dashing from time to time at such unlucky fish or frog or insect as comes within its
rant'e and swallowing it at a gulp. Sometimes a striped snake, bound for greener meadows
across the stream, ends its undulatory progress in the same receptacle."— Tftoreau.
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l)>)Iow eye ; Huh plain. Length 24 iiichea. Mainn to Florida un«l LoiiiHiuim,
ArkauHUH, aud TeiinoHHou; common uvery where caHt and Houtli of tlii<
Alleghany Moiintainu ; abundant in the New York lakeH. The HoiitiitMn
moHt record iH from Crooked Lake, Orange County, Florida, (Lilunhor^M.
The woHternmoHt iH from Mammoth SpringH, ArkannuH, and other trilm-
tariuH of White Uiver, it being common in the Ozark region. (MiMik;
Call.) We know no charactern by which the Southern Pike (phahru
lita = affinin) can be separated from Lucius retieulatuH. (rcthulatuH, netted.)
Knox rrtUiilatun, Lk Bukvr, .lourn. Ar. Nat. 8c'i. I'liilu., i, 1818, 4t4, Connecticut River, Adams,
Mass.; Philadelphia ; OrNTiiEU, Cut., vi, 2'M, INGO; .Iohdan \. (iiLiiKKT, 8yiiu|iHiH, '.\r>.\, lMs:i.
Fjuix phaleraitu (Say) Lb Si'KUB, Juurn. Ac. Nat. Scl. Tlilla., i, 1818, 4lf!, St. Augustine,
Florida.
Unix Imleveniliuealuii, MlTcillLL, Mirror, 18*26, 3til, Oneida Lake, New York.
t>u)x ugluin, IIuLBRooK, It'htli. South Carolinii, 108, imV), Charleston, South Carolina.
/Subgenus LUCIUS.
OSii'IiUC'irS lilinim (Mimiunti).
(Common I'ikk; Pickkhri..)
Head 3^^ ; depth 5 ; eye Git in head, 3j^ in snout ; snout 2)! in head. l\. 1 1
to 1(5; D. 16 or 17 (developed rays); A. 13 or 14 (developed rays); HcalcH
123. Body moderately elongate, the back little elevated; head ratiicr
long, the eye exactly midway in itn length ; middle of eye midway betwtuMi
tip of chiu and gill opening. Cheeks entirely scaly; lower half of opt'i-
cles bare. General color bluish, or greenish gray, with many whitish or
yellowish spots, which are usually smaller than the eye and arranged nohio-
what in rows; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with roundiHh or oblong bia('l<
spots; young with the whitish spots coalescing, forming oblique viohh-
bars; a white horizontal band bounding the naked part of the operculum,
each scale with a grayish V-shaped speck. Length 4 feet. Fresh waters
of the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America, north to AlaHkii
and Siberia ; in the Eastern United States south to New York and tlio
Ohio River ; in Europe, south to Italy and Greece ; everywhere very abiin
dai t. We do not find any permanent character by which the Aniorican
FiKe (estor) can be separated from the common htcius of Europe.
&0X hiviuK, LiNNAUJS, Syst. Nat., Kd. x, 1758, 314, Europe; GtiNTHBR, CVt., vi, 220, 18t>(i; .Ioh-
dan & OiLBERT, Synoiwis, 353, 1883.
Luccim vnrax, RAriNRlqvB, ludico d'lttiol. Sicll., 08, 1810, Palermo.
Eiox CKlor, Lr SlTEVR, Joiiru. Ac. Nat. Sci. IMiila., i, 1818, 413, Lake Erie, at Buffalo;
Dk Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 222, 1842; GCntiier, Cat., vi, 228, IHOO.
tf Etox viUahw* Rakinerqve, Atncr. Monthly Mag., iii, 1818, 447, Ohio River.
Eiox auitriili', CirviRB & Valenciennes, nUt. Nut. Poiss., xvii, 323, 1K4G, locality unknown;
thought to be Van Diemen's Land.
Eiox depraniUii, Le SUBiitt, in Cvvieb & Valencirnneb, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii, ICtO, l.Mti,
Wabash River, New Harmony, Indiana; (Coll. Le Sueur); GIIntiikr, Cat., vi, 229, lsf,f,.
Eiox higttbroiui, LeSueur, in Cuvier &, Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poles., xvii, 3.38,1840, Crab
Orchard, Kentucky. (Coll. Lo Siiour.)
Eiox borem, AoASSiz, Lake Superior, 317, 1850, Lake Superior. (Coll. Agassiz.)
Eiox lucioideif, Aoassiz & Girari), in Herbert Forrester's Fish and Fishing, 154, 1850, Lake
Superior.
• Described from hearsay. It may have been intended for this s|Hjci»!H or for the MuskftlluiiKi;.
The drawing of the species shown in the original MS. notebook of Raflnesijuu shows tliiit tliiii
is a mythical species.
y
Jordan and Iiz>ermann. — Fishes of North America, 629
Subgenus MASCALONOUS, Jordan.
eSAyiiUCIUH NA84{VINONUT (Mitchlll).
(MuHKALi.i^NoR ; Makkinonoy ; MvHi'Ai.oNnr, ; OnRAT Pike.)
Head '^\ ; «l»ptli 0; snout 2J in liead ; eyo \ to in auoiit. H. 17 to li);
|), 17; A. 15; sculoa l.'iO. Uenoral furni of tho common |iikn, tlio IumuI
II littl«« larger proportionally. ClieekH naked helovv, an the opercles ar«^;
Hi^aly part ofcheeks varialile, iiHually about as wido as eye; the Hcaluaon
liotli «;h«H)kH and opercIeH in about 8 towh; middle of eye midway between
tip (if lower jaw and poaterior margin of oporcle. Color dark gray ; Hides
ill tlie typical form, with round or squarish blackish spots of varying si/o
on a ground color of grayish silvery ; these Hometimes obsolete {XmnuxcuXa-
/mh), sometimes coalescing in bands {ohienMin)', belly white; fins spotted
with black. Length 4 to 8 feet. A magnificent fish, by fur the largest of
itN family, reaching a weight of 100 pounds or more; found in the (ireat
Lake region. Upper Mississippi, and northward; also occasionally taken
ill Ohio Kiver, fretjuent in Chautauqua Lake, Conueaut Lake, and other
(^Its'ir lakes outsiilo the Great Lake system. The typical form, var. »«««-
iiniiioiiyii, known by the black spots, is confined to tho (ireat Lakes, their
outhitH, and tributaries. "A long, slim, strong, and swift fish, in every
way fitted to the life it leads, that of a dauntless marauder." (Hallock.)
{MitHkhioinjc, or Man Kvnonha," or Maak-KinongS, a name variously spelled,
applied Ity the Ojibway Indians to tho lake pike and muskallungo.)
K«"/ iii.iw/KiHoH!/;/, MiT(!iiiLt, "Mirror.t 2«7, 1824," Lake Erie. SiM-ciraoii 47 InclieH long and
wnigbing ;iO pouiidB. D. 21; A. 17, including rudimvuta; Meek & Newland, Proc. Ac.
Nut. Sii. Plilln., 1885, 372.
.ilio«)iinji'/i(iM(>H!/i/(MiTciiii,i.) Kirtland, Fislios ofOliio, 194, 18:18, Lake Erie.
Ruixmhilior, TiioMi'goN, Proc. Unfit. Soc. Nut. Illst., in, IHW), 10;», Lake Champlain; Jordan,
Knll. U. S. Nat. Mur., x, 54, 1877, and uf most late writura; Jordan & Uildert, HynoiMis, SKi,
1883.
Emix wihili', KlUTl.ANK, Proc. Cleveland Ac. Sci., 1854, 84, Lake Erie; name a Hlip of tho pen
for I'jiix uohiliiir.
Knox iitronmnildln, "Kirtland MS." Kiuti.and, /. <•., 18.'>4, 84, under Hynonymy of Ktaje tiubilu.
Represented in the Ohio River and its tributaries by
»25a. LUCIUS NASi^VINONOT 0HIEN8IS (Kirtlnnd).
Body with narrow, dark cross shades, which break up into vaguely out-
lined dark spots. Specimens of muskallunge from Chautauqua Lake sliow
narrow, dark crossbars, which split up into diffuse spots; fins with black
Hjiots. These seem to be allied to the typical form maaquinongy rather than
to var. immaculatua, but are somewhat different from either in coloration.
No constant difference in other respects ia apparent. Tho name Eaox
Hdlmoneus, "White with many narrow transversal brown bands, some-
what curved ; length 5 feet," seems to belong to this form. The name
Huhnoneua, however, is not eligible, being preoccupied.
7JII..C /m/iiioHciig, I{AFlNE.s(jVE, Amer. Monthly Mag., iii, 1818, 447, Ohio River; not K$o.r $almotf
eiis, MiTt'Hii.1-, 1815, which ia Syiuxliii fwleut.
*Sei> Mother, Forest A Stream, March 18, 1886. Ac(;ordlng to Mr. U. W. Huniihaw, mcuik ii
ut;ly; kinmige, flsh, in tho Ojibwiiy dialects.
tThis rofereni-e is given on the authority of Re Kay. Wo ha%'o carofully searched tho flies of
(lie Mirror and do not find this description. The name masquinoiij/y will, in any case, how-
ever, hold from the account given by Kirtland.
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Bulletin 47, United Stairs National Afuseum.
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KSh>z nliientiii* KiRTl.AND, I'ruc. ('levnluliil Acailviny Nat. Hcltiiico, Fiihriinry 7, IHM, 8A, Mahon<
ing River.
Bopresentod in thu lioiul wuturH of the MiHHiHNippi and itH trihuturivH l>y
OSfib. LUC'IUM MAH(jriNOM»Y LUNAtULATUMf ((iurrurd).
(Qrkat Nortiikiin riKR.)
Body nnHpottnd, or with vague, dark croHH HliadoH; tail a little more
Hlunder and tinH u little higher than in the Hpotted or lake nuiHkalliin^rc.
LakoH aiul riverH of WiHconuiu uud Miuneuota, locally abundant, {immm-
ulutua, unHpottod.)
£W)X<»imiu-M/ii/Hii, Oariiard MS.; notlcml In dllTercnt fliiliiiiK Journalii; Eagle Lake, northern
Wisconsin.
fSmj- munptiHDiii/ji iiitiiiiimlalun, Jordan, Man. Vcirt., Kil. fi, HI), 1888.
Family XCII. PCECILIII)iI<:.t
(TH.'5 KiT.LIliBllKS.)
Body oblong or moderately elongate, compressed behind, deprosNcd
forward, covered with rather largo cycloid scales, which are adherent and
♦ Wo or.' iuili'htoil to Mr. Itartdn A. IWan for tho folluwiiiK copy of Kirtlunil'x (InHcriptioii :
"IV. />>x (ihietuu, Kirtland: Kroin u vury ])«rl'u('t Btuuco citHt and u dDwicatod lioad ol' ii
ipocinioii titlcoii ill tlio MulioninK, a tributary uf tlio Uliio Itlvur, it in ovidunt tliat tliiii Rpi-cicn in
diiitinct from any of tliojirocuding. Itii cuuiour iii nioro regular, oval, and elliptical tliun tliat i>f
tho K. tutor and Ichs rugular than that of t)io K. nnhUiii, Tho head Ih rather small, fuBifurni uml
attenuated, and itfi vortical nimHuruuK^nt tlirough tho oyo proportlonatuly Iohh than in aiiyotlmr
specie*. Caudal tin umarginato and fntcato inoru acutely than tlio AVor. Tho color of tho liac k
KreeiiiHli liruwu; siiloH iightur, but shaded with brown; uiiilornoath white. Total Iciigtli :ill
InclioH; head 1}/y, vurtiral lino tlirough tlio eye, from frontal Hurfaco to bottom of lower Jaw 2''^
inches. ThiMspeeiessonietiniegattainsSl^^ I'"""'''' ^'''k''^-"
f " ThiM in tho flHli that has JuHt claims to tbo name of Tho Groat Nortliorn Pike, as there U
abundant and uncpK-stioualilo toHtinioiiy of enormous nI/.o, ranging from 4(i, Ih, 80, and lln
ponndH. The habitat of this flub is the waters of the Mitutissippi Hystem, and it litis been well
known Nince tho eariioHt settlement uf tho West under various local names, as (;haiitnui|iia
Lake Pike, Alleghany Itiver Piko, Muskingum Uivcr Piko, Kentucky River Pike, Kockltivor
(IllinoiH) Pike, and is now found in tlie greatoHt abundance and of tho largest si/.e, in tho clear,
cold lakes of tlio WiscoiiHin and MiniiCHuta pineriex, at tho lieads of tho tributaries of the Mis-
sissippi. In early days, bcf'iro tlio streams wero rentlered turbid by tlio washing of laiids in ciil-
tivation, this flHl'i was nioio ahiindant in Lake Pepin tlian it now is, but a few aro taken occa-
sionally. One of 75 jiounils was taken in tlioso early days by reputable citizens still living' at
Lake City. Ono of 40 pounds was taken two years ago by a man who fiHhoH for tho iiiarkul,
and numbers have been taken ranging from 2 ixmnds to 2U pounds. This flsh is generally foiiiMl
cither in these |iinery streams or near the mouth of them in the Mississippi Itivor." (ticDerul
Israel Garrard, in a lett<>r dat :d Juno 1, 188U, Frontenac, Minnesota.)
I Concerning thu name to bo given to this family Dr. Gill remarks :
'* In my 'Families and Subfamilies of FiihuH* (18<j:i, No. 13:t) I have adopted PoecUiUlie inntoad
of OypriiwihiiUidie for tlio funilly at present generally known by tho latter name,
" It is quite true that Professor Agawiiz was tho first to rocofrnize the family so called, hut lie
■imply gave tlio plural form of C'^nrtHodoii/cn, and not a name with tho patronymic siiflix now
almost universally uited to denote families, and be did not define it, but simply gave it to the
residuum left after deflning tho Cypriui. Little later Bonaparto gave a regular family name
(PvcciliuUe) derived from tlio earliest established nuni^ of a g(>nu8 of the family and tliat nuiiio
was several times om|>loyed by him and others wliilo l..o name CijpHno<U>nte» remained in alicy-
anco ; ho also regularly defined it. Tho first regular use of the latter name with a patronymic
BUflix {CijprinndoHtUUe) was by Sir John Rioliardsou in IS.'iG.
" Another objection to tho namo CtiprinodnntUUe wlilch may roconcilo us to Ha abandonment i^
that it expresses utaxononiicfalsehooU and is even now eonstuntiy misleading persons. In tliu
part of tho great 'New Knglitih Dictionary,' lately published (v. 2, p. 130()), a ^ Ci/prinodnul' is
defined as 'a malacopterygious fish of tlie family Cijprmodontldw, of whicli tho typic^ai geniiH in
Ciii>riiii>doH ; they dilTer from tho ('yprinids in having tlio Jaws more projecting and toothed.'
In tho recent Manual of Moreau (1802, p, 479), the ' Ci/priaolonddei' and ' CyprinideK' are
approximated in an analytical tablo and simply contrasted on account of tlie presence of jaw
teeth ('machoircsdenteeg') in the former and the absence (machoires ' noii dontecs ' ) in the
latter. It certainly is time for trained ichthyologists to have learned that there is no aflinity
between tlietwo ty|)es, and that they difTerso radically in all essential features of organi/atieii
that they should lie referred to dilTerent orders. Yet Valenciennes, in tho penultimate volume
of his great work (Hist. Nat. Poiss., xxi, p. 456), attempted to Justify the retention of the
Cyprinodonts in the same fnm'dij with tho Cyprinids and theirnatiiral allies. The CyprinodontH
or Pueciliidsaro really related to tho Esocids and Umbrids, and to them tliey should bo approxi-
mated iu the BUbordor UagUtmi. " (Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 116.)
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
631
rt'K'iilarly arranged. Lateral line wanting or repres'>nt«d l>y a few imper*
fi'ct poreH. HeadNcaly.at loaHtal>ovo. Mouth tui'ntiual,Hniall, the lower
jitw iiNiiuUy projecting; margin of tiie uppor jaw fitrmed by the preniux-
iiliirit'H only ; premaxilluiieH Htrong, extremely protractile. Teeth inciHor-
like or villiform, HomotimeH preueut on the vomer, hut UHUiilly in the Juwh
only ; lower phnryngeulH separate, with cardiform or rarely molar teeth ;
iliixl upper pharyngeal eulargtMl, the fourth wanting or united to the
tliird. ('ill memhraneH Homewhat connected, free from iHthmuH; gill
I'iikerH very short, thick. HranchiostegalH 4 to 6. PHeudohranchim none.
Diit'Hul tin single, iuHertod posteriorly, of soft rays only, rarely with a siu-
^\\y Hpine or a rudimentary spinous dorsal ; caudal tlu not forked ; ventral
liiiH abdominal, rarely wanting ; pectoral ilna inserted low ; no adipose flu.
.Stomach siphonal, without pyloric appendages. Air bladder simple, often
vMiiitiiig. liasis cranii simple (/?J(; Cope). Sexes usually unlike, the this
lit'inj^ largest in the mules, but in some species the females are much larger
ill Ni/.o. Many of the species are ovoviviparous, the young well developed
at time of birth. In those species the sexes are very unlike, the anal fin
(if tlio male being developed as an iutvomitteut organ. Fresh-water fishes
(it' Houthern Europe, Asia, Africa, aud America, some of them occurring
ill bays and arms of the sea. They are mostly of small size, and the spe-
cies are very difUcult of determination, (jenera 30; species about 180.
{VivvWiuliv, Bonaparte Nuovi Ann. Sci, Nat., li, 132, 1838.)
We begin the discussion of this group with the largest genus, which
HeeniH at the same time to bo the most primitive and tho least specialized.
II. Int(wtiiiul cuiial cnmpariitivoly Hliiirt, littlo convoluted; toetli littl(i movable; lioiiea of tlio
(lontary flriiily connected; tlie lower Juw strong und iiHiially projecting lioyond np|ior;
Bliecles chiefly camivorouD.
\i, AnnI flu of tho malo similar to that of the fenialu und not niodlQed into un intromit-
tent orgiin. SpociuH oviparoux.
('. Tuoth nil poiuttid, none of them compressed or bicuspid or tricuspid.
FuNnui.iN.t; :
if. Ventral fiui well developed; pharyngeal bones and teeth not enlargisl.
e. Tooth in villiforni bands or at least in more than on(> scrioH.
/. Air bladder wulldoveloped (in all sjiecies examined); no caudal ocellus.
g. Gill o|ieuings not restricted above, tho opercular angle free from
shoulder girdle; body oblong; dorsal various in hIzo and iiinor-
tion. FiNDULi's, UUO.
gg. am oiH'nings restrictud, the opercle from up|ier root of pectoral
upward being adnato to shoulder girdle; body short and deep.
AlllNIA, 301.
ff. Air bladder wanting; a black ocellus at root ol' caudal — iit least in
males. Hivui.om, 302.
re. Teeth arranged in a single serieM; dorsal inserted iu advance of anal ; mouth
obliijue,
j. PorHal and anal fins short, each of 9 to 13 rays. Lucania, 303.
X)> Dorsal and anal fins very long, each of more than 20 ruys.
GiRAHDINICIITIIVS, 304-
OBESTiiNJt; :
M. Ventral fins wanting; body oblong.
I. Pharyngeal bones both aliovo and below greatly enlarged, bearing coarse
molar teeth; scales normal, regularly imbricated, none of them ridged.
Kmi'ETuioiithvs, .106.
Cyprinodontin^, :
cc. Teeth incisor-like, notched, bicuspid or tricuspid.
j. Ventral fins well developed (occasionally lost through atrophy); gill openings
restricted; the opercle adnata above to the shoulder girdle.
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A. InriRom ltli-iiR|ilil, with a bkiiil of Tlllirorm tKclh bi'lilml Ihnn; lioily rniliur
i|i'<>|i, Ihn vnrtlt-ul nn* niixlnrutuly (Uvi>Iii|miiI, Ciiahai'miiiin, iiini,
kk. Inciiiirii trii'iiiipltl, In 1 row, with no vlilirurin luoth iHihlnd thtmi; limjy
iihort iinil ili'ti]), <'oin|ir«>i«til.
I. Durml An aliort, of 10 to 12 rajm, th« flrit ray iiltmilnr ami rnil'i' ntiiry.
('vriiiNoiiiiN, ;iii7.
II. Itortal nn v«ry lunit, of Id to 18 myN, tho flrit ruy ilovxloiml un n xluiii,
Kroovml «|iine. Jihihankm.a, :tii(i.
fifi, Aual fln In tlio inaltiH itlnced wrll furwnnl ami, iniHlitlixl Into it iiwiiril-ii|iii|ii'i| Intro-
nilttuiit orgiin; t(>i<tli all polnti'il, arranK<'<l in liainlii. H|>ericH vIvijinriMiii, the
yoniiK of lur)(e ni'M ut l>lrth,
<!amiii'miin.k :
m. Kyu normal, the pnpll not dlviilotl by a i)artitioti; iloninl InHnrtoil nior*^ i>t Icnx
bohiml front of anal,
n. Jaw* not prodnruil Intoalwak, low«r Jaw prominent, longnr than upiuT;
malo AhIi vory nnu'h Kmallitr than the fpnialn.
(I. Dursal fln lon^, of 14 to ID rayn; anal Hhort.
Pgri'Doxii'iioriioHVH, ,'wio.
no. Dorxal fln short, of II to lo rayH; anal iihort. Oamiiihia, :ilo.
nil. .luwK proiliicoil into a niodi'ratii beak, much an in iMhiilfntlirt; ilormil iiml
anal Mhurt. Hklonkhu.x, :)II.
AnAIILKI'IN.V. :
mm. Kyeilivlilcil Int. i '2 portiunH by a horl'/ontal rrotw partition; vi'rtiial flnNHlmrt;
body <>lonKal<(. Anaiii.».I'n, M'l.
till. Inti'ttinal canal clonKatu, witli nunierounconvolutionH; dentary boni-H looHoly Joined; tciili
movable; Npuclos ckletly mud-uatinK.
(iOOPEIN.I', :
;>. Teeth InciBur-like, all trIcuHpId, In 1 iterlefi, with a wirloH of vllllform luetli lnOiinil
thuiii; Hexnal characterH unknown, the aexug probably alike; lower Jaw priiji'ctiii).'.
>/. FinH small; Rcaleg largo; form oblong, Ooopka, :il.'i.
PffiCILlIN*:
%tp. Teeth all iHilnted; anal fln in the male advanced and modlfled into an intromitloiit
organ; lower Jaw Hhort and weak. 8|H'cleg ovovivlparouM.
r. Teeth in a Hinglo Horlva; dorwil and anal both Hhort; Hcales lar-re.
«, Uornal fln inserted in advauci' nl' anal. Platviikcim's, WW.
an. Dorsal fln InNorted more or It^ss behind front of anal. IIkthiianiiria, 3ir>.
IT, Teeth in more than one steles.
I, Dorsal inserted cxore or Iohs behind Anal; both Ann vory small. IiKiiifTex, :iKi.
U. Dorsal inserted ovl>- or in advance of anal, itM rays much elevated in tin- tiialc.
«. Dorsal fln Hhort, of losti than 7 to 11 rays.
V. Teeth of inner series in l)oth Jaws trifld. Acboikkcima, :!I7,
vv. Teeth of inner series in both Jaws entire. Pikcilia, iilH.
«n. Dorsal fln long, of 12 to 16 rays.
10. Caudal fln normal, alike in both hoxos, or with the lower aii^rle
ic-'erely Hhnrp in tho male. Moli.ienihia, :il!).
WW. I 'i>udal fln in tho inalcH with its lower lobe much produiMnI and Hwonl.
shaped, in the adult at long as rest of body.
XiPHonioKiH, :t'J).
300. FUNDULUS, Lac^pfide.
(KiLLIFISHES.)
Fundiihi*, LAOfipf'.nE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 37, 1803, (mudfi»h).
llyilrargirti, LA(,'ki>£»E, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., v, 378, 1803, {Hwampitui).
f Aplocheilui,* McClelland, Ind. Cypr. As. Res., xix, 301, 1839, (chrymttiiimus = paiwhai).
* Wo question the reference of Aplocheilut and Panchar to Fundu/io, beranse the East In<lj.in
species, Aplocheilns panchax, tho type of both nominal genera, liaH a long, de^iressel snout, and ii
physiognomy unlike the American species. According to GUutber, its vomeriuo teeth are
minute aud radimeutal. There are no vomerine teeth in the species of Fundului,
Jordan ami Evetmann.- hishe$ of North America,
033
1 hmrhnf, Cvrit* >. VAMNrilNNH, llllt. N»t. I'oIm., XVIIt, ItWI, IMO, ((HiNiAiur).
'^iij.^Hiih', \ilM»y/., AllHT. JiilirtI, Sri. ArlN, 1H.VI, in/S, (o/iiwnl --.: h<>'i<<im).
.\im,),iiliiliilijiti, Dlkkkkh, Mini. Sor. Ilurlniii, 18A:i, ll)>, {iiii>i<').
Miintliii; QllX, Cuiiailliiii Niiturullm, AuKUot. iHOTi, {limjiitnltu),
r ihi>liiriiiiu; (K'NTiirn, <'«»., VI, :ilo, iHt'.d, (corrnctid himOIIiik).
AiHMi'Ki, .loiiDAN, Hull. Iliifriilo K<K'. Niii. Iliat., IHTO, 142, {tltllifitn).
lUnl..,,-!,;* IllliM'rilDNKT MS., (JoiiDK A. IIkan, VtOi. V. 8. Nttt. Mm., INHA, 1^04, {hHrrmliltit),
/'iJiHI". •loHI'AN A KVKKMANN, HOW niiliKoniM, {mtuiniillii),
lliwiliHiiinHii, .I(IHI>AN \ KVKIIMANM, liew MUligUllll*, (riifAtiMlit).
Mndy riitlicr oIoiiKato, littln vlovatuil, coinprnHMMl Itnliind, Month
iiiii*U;rato, tliu lowor jiiw iir<),j«M>,tiiiK. JuwhducIi witli twoor iiioruM^ivHuf
|iiiinl«)«l t»etli, iiHiially forniiiift a iiarruw band. HunoH of tho mandible
tirinly united. ScaluH moderate. Gill opening not restricted above, the
oiit'i'clo with itH I'largin not adnate to Hhouhler kii'*!!*)- Preopercle, pre-
orhitul, and niandihiu with niiicouH poreH. Dornal and anal tinu niniilar,
Ninail, or rather large, the dornal inHerted either in front of, above, or
lit'liiiitl, tlio front of anal ; ventralH well developed. Air bladder preHent.
Sfxt'HditVuring in color, ui/e, and development of the HnH, the anal fln in tho
iiiiilo normal. InteHtinal canal Hhort. FiiNt superior pharyngeal with-
out teeth; second with teeth; third and fourth co-ossitied, with teeth.
S]M>ci<!S very numerous, mostly American,! inhabiting fresh waters and
iirniH of the sea. They are the largest in size of the Cyprinodonts, and
some of them are very brightly colored. They are oviparous and feed
(Oiit'lly on animals. Home of them bre bottom fishes, burying themselves
ill the mud of estuaries; others swim freely in river channels and bays;
Ntill others are "top minnows," surface swimmers, feeding on floating
insects in swamps and streams. Wo here unite tho nominal genus Xygo-
vtilfH to FitHdulua, as there is a perfect gradation of the species from those
with long dorsal hn to those in which the dorsal An is small and posterior.
Tlie extremes of the two groups are, however, very diflereut, the distinc-
tions being greater than usually occur within the limits of a natural
geuiis. (J'linduSf bottom, the abode of the " Fumlulu8 niudjinh.)
1. Ji^in'-ii'M with thu <U>rHaI flu iiiixlorato or rather Inrgo, nf 11 to 17 riiyH, its iiiHcrtion above or
iiniially in frout of tint inRortion uf thu flrHt ray of thn aiiul ; Bcale«lurK« or biiiiiII. Fn<o-
Hwiinmiug specie*, not feeding at the surface, Home of them often burying tbenmelvuB iu
the mud of bottoniH in shallow water,
a. Dcirnal fln Inserted before origin of anal ; brauehloHtogalH C> or C.
Vvumtvs:
h. HcalcH liir;;e, m to 38 in a lengthwise series.
* (ioodo &, Ilean, who have examined tho type of Colu/in heletmlilitii, Linnn'us, observe.
"No. 11, Garden, 'Anouymim,' see page ',W!>, vol. i. Smith's Correspondence of Linne. The
e<lltor of this volume haH evidently been misled by the common name 'mudflsh' in referring
No. 11 to Amiu cairn, which was No. 4 of a later lot. (See jtago 312.)
" The above example was apparently the tyi)0 of Linn^'s description of Coiiitit heleroclUui. In
till' aimotnted copy of edition xil, Linnu wrote that it was referred to a new genus, ' Itorhorjit'
<<( llruiisKonct, with the following characters: 'Corpussqiianiosura. Finn, dors! anica. Maxill.
infer, intr. carin. Caput squamosum.' Wo have not been able to ascertain whether or not
IlriMittioiiet has publisbcil a description of this genus.
"The skill is 122 mm. long. The heiid is i.^ of the total length without caudal, ami tho depth
ubciiit the same. I>. 12; A. 10. Scales in :i3 longitudinal und 12 transverse rows. A black
Mntrh is still apparent on the posterior part of tlie dorsal." (Uuude & Bean, Pruc. U. S. Mat.
Mus., IgS,-), 204.)
t The few European species referred to tSmihihii seem allied to the subgenus Xenimna. The
AHJittic und Alrican forms are allied to or belong to the group Zyyonecte». In some of them tho
auul fin is much larger tbau iu the American speciei.
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bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
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c. Scales in lateral line 31 to 34, 10 to 12 in a crom series ; body rather oUmgatu, tli«
depth 4 tu 41^ in length; dorsal rays usually 12.
il. Body without itoss Ounds; each scale above and especially poHtoHorly, with a
vertical purplinh spot in the center; dorsal with series of bliu-kiHli dots;
anal rays 13. punctati's, O'JC.
dd. no<ly with c^ross baudN light or dark, probably in both sexes; anul rayH !) to 11.
«. Body witli about 'J.'t narrow, undulating, silvery bars, narrower tliiin tlio
dark interspaces; iins nearly plain ; head large, 3^ in body.
viNcTi's, wr,.
M. Btxly in lM>th sexes with 10 to 10 narrow, dark, vertical burs; am 1 I'm
Hniall.
/. Snout shortish, shorter than eye; a black spot on back before (lormil
head bluntish, 3>^ in length. palmdi-s, 'six
J. Snout very long, 1^ times length of eye in adult; no black spot before
dorsal; nialu with an ocellati-d dorsal spot; head pointi-ii nm
elongate, Z% in body; brancbiostegals <>. similih, li'Jli.
ee. Scales in lateral line 36 to 38.
g. Anal rays 10 to 12.
A. Dorsal rays 11 or 12; depth of body 3^ to 4.
i. Female with two or three black horizontal striix-s; male with about 1'2
dark crossliars and a dorsal ocellus; head long, 3'^ in Iciif^tli;
branch iostogals 6. ma.iams, t):ti>.
a. Female plain or with dark cross luinds only; nn bluck hori/.cutiil
stripeii.
j. Brauchiostogals C; coloration dull groonish, nearly plain, tlio male
with about 20 short, blackish crossbars, the female '.vitli lui
oliscure dark lateral shade; no dorsal ocellus. 1). i:); A. II.
PAnviriNNiH, '.):ii.
j), Brancbiostegals 6.
k. Dorsal rays 10 or 11.
I. Color groonish, both sexes usually with dusky or silvery
crossbars and pearly spots, at least on the flns of the
male; dorsal sometimes with an ocellus; scales 3'> or un.
m. Form robust, the depth 3% in length; the hriul 3-;',;
dorsal ocellus faint or wanting; mules with many
pearly stwts; females nearly plain.'
IIETEROCLITUS, 032.
mm. Form rather slender, the depth 4 in length; tlio
head 3^; dorsal ocellus on female very con-
spicuous; pearly spots fewer; female banded or
spotted. OCELLABIS, 9113.
tt. Color greenish, in spirits without bands or spots; body
dvo|); ta'i slender; flns small. fonticola, 934.
kk. Dorsal rays 12 to 14; olivaceous, with about 15 dark cru.^
bands. berhud.^:, P'i5.
gg. Anal rays 16 or 17; dorsal rays 13 or 14; upper lip thick; scales 38-1.5 or 16.
n. Form robust, tiie depth in adult about 3 in lengtli; color uniform pale
brown, the flns unspotted. robustus, 93C.
nn. Form rather slender, the depth 4% in length; color uniform brown, or
. slightly mottled on tail; flns unspotted, the anal of male lihick at
base, yellow distally. labiams, '.K!7.
FoNTiNUs {font, fouutain):
66. Scales comparatively small, 44 to 60 in lateral line; dorsal fln of 13 to 15 rays; anal rayH
11 to 14.
o. Scales moderate, in a longitudinal serieb, 44 to 48.
p. Anal rays 11 ; depth 4 to 6 in length.
q. Body stout, compressed, the depth 4 in length; 16 scales in a cross-
series; olivaceous, with. many silvery crossbars. asinia, 938,
P5,i7?fi. ■'kfr-;iiji'S't*> t^Vtlt^j: '*,'.''.■
•'<^.^-.r«i:; '«■'!-■
Jordan and Evertnantf. — Wishes of North America.
636
77. Body rathur nlcnder, the depth \"/^ to 6 in length; 12 acaloH in a croM-
ierios; color olivaceous, with nunieroua crossban, either bluck or
■ilTory. i)lAi>iiANi:8, 030.
j)p. Anal rays 13; lii>dy elongate, the depth 67^; in length; oliToceouH, with very
faint darli croNsharg. extkn8V8, 940.
<m. Sraie* very Bniall, about CO-21.
r. Dorsal rays 14 or 15; anal 13 or 14; color olivaceous, sides with many . ;rk
crosobars; depth 4}<^ in length. /kurini's, 941.
rr. Dorsal tin very long, of 17 riiyH; analray8l3; scalcssmali, about 52 in lungllu-
dinul series; depth about 4; olivaceous, many scales usuiilly with a ilarlc
spot, these forming longitudinal at' aks; sometimes faint jark cross-
bands. 8RMIN0M8, 942.
mi. Dorsal f.n inserted over ur slightly behind front of anal fln; branchiostegals 4 ur 5; bright
colored species with orange or brown spots, inhabiting mountain springs and brooks.
XcNisMA ({(VicTMa, a surprise):
«. Scales small, 60 to .3 in lateral line; dorsal and anal large, of 13 to \T> ra^ « each,
I. Orange spots on sides in regular series, replaced lu the female by brown horizon-
tal dashes; branchiostegals 5; D. 14; A. \Ti\ depth 4^ in length.
CATENATU8, 043.
U. Orange spots on sides irregularly scattered; branchiostegals 4; D. 13; A. 13; depth
6 in length. stbllifkk, 944.
OAMnuHiNrs (Spanish OanihrMno, a flsh not worth bringing home. Sec Oamhiiiiti):
w. Transition'xl Kpocies. Scales large, 36 to 42 in literal line; dorsal and anal small, each
of lOor 11 rays; small species, intermediate between Xeiiisma or Fundtilusand /ygo-
necte», the dorsal fln small, but not distinctly behind anal,
ti. Anal rnys 14; scales 36. Color brownish, finely dotted; li|>8, top of hea<l, and lino
along middle of back dark; tail with faint crosa-fltreaks; depth 4)^ in length.
UNEATUS, 945.
UK. Anal rays 9 to 11.
r. Scales 38 to 42; body without block crossbars.
10. Scales 38; olivaceous, with horizontal oblong brownish 8i>ots scattered over
back and bides; depth 4^ in length. ratiiiiuni, 946.
irir. Scales 42; rows of scales with whitish streaks in males, or narrow black
lines in females, forming lines along the row^ of scales; depth 4>4 in
length. AL1I0LINEATU8, 947.
w. Scales about 45; body with about 14 irregular dark crossbars; rows of scales
of upiier parts with longitudinal lines. D. 10; A. 10; depth 3^ in
length. coNt'LUENTUS, 948.
t'l'c. Scales about 35, 24 before dorsal; body with about 15 well-marked black
crossbands, as in Fundtilut similis or t\ cingnlatut, between which this species
seems to find its place; flus plain. D. 9 or 10; A. 9. fiinduloides, 949.
II /.vuoNErTT.g ((vyof, yoke; vc'ktik, swimmer, the species being said to swim at the surfaco
iu pairs). Species with the dorsal fin small, of 7 to 11 rays, its insertion distinctly behind
front of anal flu; small species with l-.rgc scales (29 to 40); surface swimmers, "Tup niin-
luiws," seeking insects at the surface of water.
II. Auiil fln lung, of 14 to 25 rays; vomer sometimes with minute teeth.
li. Anal rays 14; dorsal rays 8; scales 31-8; depth 5 in length; olive, the body plain; dor-
sal and anal with dark crossbands; base of caudal with round pale spots.
Dovii, 950.
aa. Anal rays 8 to 13.
('. (ieneral coloration oliTaceous, either plain or with pearly or orange spots paler than
the ground color, or blackish spots not forming distinct series; no sharply defined
black crossbars or longitudinal black stripes.
d. Anal rays 12 or 13; I>ody elcnder, the depth 4 to 5 in length.
e. Scales 35-12; dorsal U or 12; ventrals very small; coloration plain, the fins
reddish. macdonalui, 951.
«e. Scales 31-10; dorsal rays 10; scales bordo^M with orange; fins yellow, edged
with crimaon. flobipinnis, 962.
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Bulletin 47 , United States National Museum.
eee. Scales 33-lU; dorsal rays 8 or 0; body with flnu speckg wliich urn cliiHtorril
together ou sides, forming irregular, scattered, rouud, blackish Hpcts.
.IKNKIN8I, 953.
M. Anal rays 8 to 11.
/. Scal«H rather largo, about 33 to a/i-IO; de|)th alraut 4 in length ; anal rayn H to
n ; head 3}^ to ?l% in length.
g. Dorsal rays 10 or 11 ; buck and sideH dusted with fine dtrk points whiili arr
gathered t(igeth.;r forming 10 or 12 HcattcriMl, round, brown Hpotn im
sides; flns with minute siMcks. ri'i.VKitKi'R, li.'il.
(/(/. Dormil rays 7 to 9.
h. Dorsal flu iiiKerted over sixth ray of anal ; anal rayn 11 ; body (in
fc'inalo) nearly plain olivaceous ; flns plain or with ii few Mac k
dots. AUI.lNUTONIl'S, '.l.W
hh. Dorsal inserted over first to third ray of anal (in the male).
t. Body with many bronze or orange spots, arranged along tlie rown
of scales either regularly or irregularly ; females dull »;reen-
ish ; young with greenish cross shades.
j. Anal rays 10 or 11 ; teeth of outer series In upper jaw cvtii-
paratively long and slender, longer than the other teeth;
orange spots rather large and irregular in position.
IIENSIIALLI, it.W.
jj. Anal rays 8 or 9 ; teeth in outer series B<;arcely enlarged,
scarcely larger than others in the band ; spots rei;iiliirly
placed, somewhat as in FunduUm valennlUK.
nuBiiiKiidNs, ;p57.
ii. Body with rather large |)early white spots scattered over the
scales ; fins plain. 'mutkr, O.'iS.
ff. Scales rather small, 39-13 ; btidy deep, the depth 3)^ v Ic^^i; ; Joiwil aii<l
anal each with 10 or 11 rays ; coloration nearly plain. sciadici s, O.'ili.
CO. General coloration olivaceous, marked by distinct black crossbars, but without di.stinct
black longitudinal band or rows of black streaks ; dorsal fin much smaller than
anal and inserted behind it, its rays 8 to 10.
k, Male with a large Jet-black oeelluson tbedorsal fin * anal rayslO ; dorsal t< ; si-ales
36-11 ; depth 4^ iu length ; sides in both sexes with 10 to 12 black barn.
i.uci.i-;, 'MM).
lik. Male and female without black ocellus on the dorsal ; scales 32 to 3C.
I. Anal rather long, its rays 11 ; verticnl flns dotted with brown ; i)early spots
sometimes present ; depth 3J in length ; scales 32-12. ciirysotis, 'MX.
II. Anal moderate, its rays 8 or 9 ; scales 34 to 3C-10.
111. Dark cross bauds ir< or IC. Body rather stout, the depth about 4 in leiif;th;
interspaces on sides orange, with many dark points ; fins red.
ClNOl'LATI-.«, Wi2.
mm. Dark cross bands al>out 12. Body slender, the depth aliout 4)^ in k'u;^th;
dorsal and anal with streaks of dark dots. (male of) nottii, 'I'-'V
ecc. General coloration olivaceous, but crossed by mauy dark lengthwise streaks i ■'.
formed of many black spots arranged in parallel lines along tho rows of s ,i' >
sides often with black crossbars also, esiieciallyiu the male (in which the 'ciu '
wise streaks are sometimes obsolete) ; a black area below eye. Scales 35 to 40.
n. Body rather slender, tho depth 4*/^ to 5 in length.
o. Black spots on scales in tho female confluent into about narrow jet-hlack,
rope-like stripes from head to tail, these sometimes alternating with fainter
lines of dots ; cheeks bright orange in life, silvery in spirits. Males with
tho streaks obscure, the dark cross bands more distinct, about 12 in niiinlKr.
Scales 36 to 40. nottii, 9t'p3.
oo. Black spots on scales distinct, not confluent into lines, the wliolo foiniiuj;
longitudinal series of disconnected dots ; cheeks orange. Scales 36.
QUTTATl'S, 'Mi-
ooo. Black spots very small, sprinkled over upper surface, passing backv urd into
longitudinal streaks. hieruoliphici:^, 965.
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America.
637
Mil. IldUy <lct'i(, thi'(l.i>th a'.j . N-iiKtb; ffniali- with tlin black spotM coaleocont into
atMiiit 10 wavy HtreakH aluiiR slUtii ; iiialu with the linoH of dots more or l(!m
interrupteil ; waI»-« Xl. disi-ar, 060.
ctTi'. OeiM-ral coloration uliviirpoiiH, with a Kinglc lila<-l( lateral Mtri|Mt from lioa<l to tail.
;i. ItiMly Hlfiiilur, the depth A^ ., in length ; luteral Bti'i|i« bruad, purplish, its eUgei
wavy; back autl Vertical flnii8|i«i-kUMl. I). 1); A. II. Scalos 34-10.
NOTATi's, n«7.
Ity. Body utoiit, the lioptb Sj/;, in length; Hidio pilvery, with black lateral shiido uIkjvo
the silvery i>art. P. 11; A. 11. 8<aleH Ul-lO. mklapleukuh, !»68.
Subgenus FUNDULUS, OUnther.
02ff. FVXDVLIIH PUNCTATIIS, GUnther.
Head 4; depth 4i. D. 12; A. 13; V. 6; scales 34-12. Interorbital
Bpaco very broad, slightly convex, its width hftlf head. Snout broad,
olituso, much depressed, the lower jaw scarcely projecting beyond the
upper; mandil''^ longer than eye. Upper lip of moderate breadth, not
extending to angle of mouth. Eye less than length of snout, 4^ in head,
and li-HS than half interorbital width. Origin of dorsal somewhat nearer
to extremity of caudal than orbit, over nineteenth scale of lateral series;
tlrNt anal ray opposite to third of dorsal ; dorsal and anal fins subquad-
ran<fular, with the outer margins convex, each a little longer than
hi^li ; caudal fiu subtruncate, scaly on its basal half; pectoral fins
shorter than head (without snout), not extending to base of ventrals.
Hrownish olive, paler below ; each scale, especially those on the tail,
with a vertical dark purplish violet spot on the center; dorsal with 3
ur 4 series of blackish dots, anal with a whitish margin. Length 3^
inches, (male). Chiapas. (GUnther); not seen by us. (j)unc<a^UH, dotted.)
V\mhKlmj;i\mcla.Ua, OOnther, Cut.. VI, 320, 18G6, Chiapam, Guatemala. (Coll. SalTin.)
987. FUNDULUS VINCTU8, Jordan & Gilbert.
Head 3|; depth \\; eye 3i. D. 12; A. 11; scales about 31-10. Body
little elongate, compressed posteriorly. Head large, very broad, and
sonunvhat depressed above. Mouth moderate. Teeth in nanow bands,
the outer much enlarged. Interorbital space 2. Scales comparatively
large. Dorsal inserted moderately in advance of anal, its front midway
between base of caudal and occiput, the fin of moderate height ; pec-
toral Iff in head; caudal 1^. Coloration, in spirits, olivaceous, with
about 23 narrow silvery bars with undulating edges, the bars narrower
than the darker interspaces ; fins all plain in type. Length 2^ inches.
This species is apparently related to F, heteroclitua and other Atlantic
species. It may be distinguished from most of its relatives by its com-
paratively large scales. Coast of Lower California ; known only from
the original types collected near Cape San Lucas by John Xantus.
(vuictus, banded.)
Fiimlnhm vinrlnt, Jordan A Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 1882, 355, Cape San Lucas.*
(TyiH>, No. 30973. Coll. XantuB.)
m
* According to Mr. Lyman Holding a large part of the collection of John XantUB from " Cape
San Lucas" wa.s o>>tained in the poolB and lagoons about La Paz. It is not unlikely that theee
slioal-wnter sjHJciuB come from the latter locality.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
•uu
U!!H. FUNDUliUS PALLIDUM, Kvornmnn.
Head 3J ; depth 4; eye 3^. D. 12; A. 11; scales 31-11, about 16 before
dorsal. Body stout; head heavy; caudal peduncle long and much com-
pressed ; snout short and blunt, shorter than eye, which is i the widtli
of the interorbital space ; humeral scale not enlarged, 2 rows of scales on
the cheek; mouth rather small, little obHquo, teeth pointed, in nioio
than 1 scries, the outer enlarged. Dorsal fi:> over the anal, its orifjin
midway between base of caudal and posterior edge of opercle, or midway
of total length, its rays short, about 1^ in head ; anal rays about ecjiial in
length to those of dorsal. Scales medium, not firmly attached. Color
pale yellowish; sides with about 13 narrow, dark, vertical bars, much
narrower than the pale interspaces, not extending on the back or belly;
scales sparsely covered with fine dark punctulations, few on the vertical
fins and head; a large oblong black spot on the back immediately in
front of dorsal fin. Allied to Fundulua smilia, Baird & Girard, the head
less pointed, the snout very much shorter, it being shorter than the eye,
•while \n Fundulua aimilia it is 1^ times the eye; the dorsal has 1 nioro
ray and the anal 2 or 3 more; the color paler, the bars less distinct, no
dark dorsal line as in the other, while the pronounced black spot in front
of the dorsal is not found on Fundulua aimilia. Galveston Bay, near Swan
Lake, Texas; one specimen known, (paliidtia, lisde.)
FuikMhh jmllidiis, Evekmann, B\i1I. V. S. FiBli Comm., xi, 18!»1 (Miiy 25, 1892), 84, ]>\. I'.f), lij;. 'J>
Galveston Bay, near Swan Lake, Galveston, Texas. (Typo, No. 45504. Coll.
Evermaun, Scovell & Gurloy.)
920. FUXDULUS SIMILIS (Baird A Girard).
(Sac-a-Lait.)
Head 3i in length; depth 3i to 4? ; eye 5 to 5^. D. 11 to 13; A. 10;
scales 33-11. Body slender, the outlines scarcely arched; adults much
deeper than young ; head narrow, very long, and regularly narrowed for-
ward; preorbital as wide as eye, 4^ to 5 in head; eye small, li to 1| in
interorbital ; mouth small, maxillary not nearly reaching vertical from
anterior nostril; teeth very small, in broad villiform bands, the outer
series not at all enlarged; interorbital Avidth 3^^ in head. Dorsal long
and low, the height less than length of base in adult males, li in length
of base in females ; in males the last rays are but little higher than sonio
of those preceding, in females the last are the lowest ; longest ray (in <? )
2^ in head; origin of dorsal midway between middle of eye and tip of
caudal; origin of anal under third dorsal ray, the fin much higher than
dorsal, the longest ray IJ in head ; posterior margins of oviduct adnato
along either side of third anal ray, covering i length of first ^ay. Pec-
torals reaching origin of ventrals, 1^ to If length of head ; ventrals not
reaching vent, 2i in head, their base midway between pectorals and
origin of anal ; caudal subtruncate, IJ in head. Scales large, in regular
series. Color: ^ , olivaceous, bronze below; lower parts of head strongly
orange ; sides with 10 to 15 narrow, dark bars, J to J as wide as the inter-
spaces, and not very dark; a large, diffuse, dark humeral blotch, extend-
ing from above opercle to about base of pectoral ; each scale with a dis-
tinct > -shaped intermarginal series of dots, forming conspicuous reticu-
lations; dorsal dusky, with black specks, mostly black at base; a small
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
639
uccllated black sput behind, diHappearing in adultH; caudal faintly
'jloiniod with dusky, especially about the middle; veutrals pale, some-
what soiled. 9 > olivaceous, sides paler olive, with metallic luster; belly
white; 7 to 15 very narrow, sharply defined black bars on sides, not
cxtondiug on the back, scarcely broader than the pupil ; scales marked
U8 in the males, but nmch more faintly; lius pale, almost immaculate.
Length 6 inches. Coast of the Gulf States, in brackish waters and shal-
h>w buys ; very abundant from Florida to Texas. {mniVxs^ similar, the
fjixos being nearly alike.)
llii'lrdnjiini similiii, Bairi) & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1853, .380, IndianoU, Texas;
(Coll. Clark); GiRAtiD, U. S. A Mox. Bound. Siirv., Zoiil., 08, j)l. .3.'>, figK. 1-8, IS-'iD.
ymi.liiltif «imi7i», OOntiier, Cat., vi, .T2;J, 18fiC; Jordan & Gilbert, Troc. U. S. Nat. Mui., 188'2,
2.'>'J; Jordan & Gilbert, SynopHis, 33,'t, 1883.
980. FIINDIILV8 DIAJALIS (Walbanm).
(KiLLiFiBii ; Mayfisii ; Kookfihh.)
Head 31; depth 4. D. 12; A. 10; scales 36-13. Body oblong, scarcely
olovated, little compressed; head rather prolonged anteriorly; the mouth
small, terminal, and very oblique; scales rather largo; dorsal fin moder-
ate; aual fin very high in the males, moderate in the females; ventrals
lonjj in the males, reaching past front of anal ; eye moderate, shorter
than snout and than interorbital space ; a slight angle formed by the
proiile, in front of the eye, duo to the greater flattening of the snout.
Males dark olivaceous above; sides silvery or somewhat golden, with
about a dozen broad transverse bars of the color of the back ; posterior
part of the dorsal fin with a black patch ; fins yellowish or pale. Females
ulivaceous above, white below, a narrow black longitudinal stripe along
81 les about on the level of the eye and as wide as the pupil ; below this,
two similar black stripes anteriorly and one posteriorly, the upper one
being interrupted; one or two black bars at base of caudal. Females
usually larger than the males. A large male of this species, in high color-
ation, taken at Beaufort, N. C, showed the following colors in life : Back
olive, sides and belly bright salmon yellow ; lower fins clear yellow ; pec-
torals and anal with some dusky ; posterior edge of caudal dark ; dorsal
nearly all black, a large black ocellated spot on the last rays; opercles
and underparts of head with an inky suffusion; cheeks, top of head,
and month bronze yellow ; sides with about 18 narrow, dusky vertical
bars. Teeth in a broad baud ; an outer row of rather large teeth. Ovi-
duct adnate to first anal ray for a short distance. Length 6 inches. Cape
Cod to Florida; the largest of our Pccciliida; ', abundant in shallow bays,
especially northward. (»trt;ait«,pertaining to May, translation of Mayfish.)
Mmiihh, ScHiiPF, Katurforscheren de Freunde, 1788, 172, Long Island.
Colilis majalia, Walbaum, Artedi Pise, iii, 12, 1792, Long Island; after Maijflgh of Sciiiipr.
F^'-rjlantliiK, MiTCHitt, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 18!o, 439, New York.
&i.r voimhis, MiTciiii.L, Trans. Lit. & Pliil. Soc. N. Y., i, Irfl.'*, 440, New York; young.
Ilyilrimiyra Iriftueiata, STOREr., Jourti. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1837, 417, Massachusetts.
Uijdranjijm vemnlU, CuviER & Valenciennes, Hist. Hat. Poiss., xviii, 206, 1846, presented by M.
IirxoNTE, probably from South Carolina.
Uy(lrar,jyra mnjaUn, CuviBR & VALENCIENNES, Ilist. Nat. Poiss., xvill, 207, 1846.
FumhihismqjMs, GOnther, Cat., vi, 322, 1806; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 331, 1883.
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640
Bulletin 47, United States National Afnseum.
OSl. FrMirLrK I'AUVIPINNIS, (ilrunl.
Head 3^ ; aopth HJ. U. 13; A. 11 ; scalen 3K-12. Kudy iiiodoratuly elon-
gate. FinH very high in the mule, Hiiiall in the female. Scah^s lar^u; in
the males in spring roughened ur ctenoid by Butall graniilatiouH and
prickles, similar to the nuptial excreHcences of aomo r//^>ri»(V/(i' ; fiuH al.so
rough. Oviduct forming a sheath at base of first ray of anal. Malt*
light olive green, mottled with darker; sides with silvery and braHHv
luster; lower parts yellow; about 20 short blackish crossltars aloni;
middle of sides, broader, plainer, and more closely set behind; sitloH and
fins with dark points; upper fins dull olive; lower yellow. Female larjjjor,
olive green above, sides not barred, with an obscure dusky lateral hiind
on caudal i)eduncle; fins plain. Length 4 infhes. Coast of Califoriiiu
from Point Concepcion southward to Cerros Island; very abundant in
bays and lagoons, especially about iSan Diego, {parvus, small ; jnnnu, tin.)
fHimlulits parrijuiiHU, GiiiAni), I'rur. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., IH.')4, 154, San Diego, California;
GiRARi), Par. K. 11. Siirv., x, 303, 1858; GCntiieii, Cut., vi,31!), 18t')C; otkindachnkii, Iclitli.
Beitriig'j, v, 1&6, 187G ; Jordan it. Giluriit, SynopHiB, 333, 1883.
»3'i. FL'NDULVN HKTKKOCLITVH (LiuniiuB).
(Common Kii.mfibii : Mi'iifihii ; Coiiiii.kr ; Mvi) Dariilkr; Mummu'iiou.)
Head 3 to 3« ; depth 3^ to 3*J. D. 11; A. 10 or 11 ; scales 35 to 38-13 to
15. Body thick-set, short, and deep; anteriorly broad, posteriorly com-
pressed, the back elevated; the caudal peduncle robust; head rather
short, blunt, broad and fiat on top ; eye moderate, about equal to snout,
about half the width of interorbital space and -^ length of head; iluH
moderate, the dorsal inserted in males midway between snout and tip of
caudal; in females farther back ; oviduct attached to anterior ray of anal
fin for ito'i its length ; teeth in moderate bands, pointed, the outer series
enlarged ; lower jaw strong, projecting beyond upper. Coloration in males
dark dull green, the belly more or less orange yellow ; sides with numer-
ous quite narrow, ill-defined silvery bars made up of silvery spots, most
distinct posteriorly; besides these are numerous conspicuous white or
yellow spots, irregularly scattered; vertical tins dark, with nunieroii.s
small round pale spots ; dorsal often with a blackish spot on its last ray ;
anal and ventrals yellow anteriorly ; under side of head yell.ow ; younj;
males with alternate bars of dark and silvery, the former becominj^ in
time the ground color, the dorsal ocellus more distinct. Females nearly
plain olivaceous, lighter below, without spots or bars, the scales tinely
punctate ; sides often with about 15 dark crossbars or shades. Youn<r,
especially young females, with more or less distinct dark cross bands;
these always present in the very young, in females narrower than the
interspaces, in males much broader and less numerous. Length 3 to 6
inches. Coast of Maine to the Rio Grande, everywhere very common in
brackish waters, often burying itself in the mud in shallow lagoons; the
most abundant of our Pocciliidw, varying considerably in size, coloration,
and height of fins.* (tTFiwKliToc, irregular or unusual.)
♦ In the adult male of tlie typical heteroclUus from Charleston, South Carolina, the longest dor-
sal ray is 1} times in head (1| in macrolepiilottui ; 2 in grauui») ; the longest unal ray IjL (in iiuiiro-
lepidnlus IJ; in grandU 1|) ; caudal 3^ in length (in graH<lin4); ventrals reaching front of iiuiil, t
in head (in grawdii barely to vent, 2} in head) ; base uf dorsal 2 in bead (in grandU 22).
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 041
bf t ilor-
mdoro-
laual, 'i
Chiiii heteroelUa, hitiitJKim, 8yHt. Nat, Rd. xii, ri(H), 1700, Charleston, South Carolina; nftor
lli« MiulflRli of ]>H. Oabdkn. ,
i;, cilia oniicitla, ItLocii & SciiNRiDKR, Syit. Iclith., 452, 1801, Carolina ; HTtor LiNN^iiVH.
f'liwhiUumuilfliih, Lao(:p£iik, Hist. Nnt. Vnlim., v, :i7, 18(1.'), Carolina ; uftiT Linn.ki's.
Ilii.hiiriiimtiriimpiim, h\c(:vt:vv.. Hist. Nat. rolmi., v, ;t78, 1803, South Carolina.
t)iwliilin hilvroi-'-Uu, (iONTIIKR, Cat., VI, 318, IHfiU ; JuRDAN k GiLHRKT, Syiiupsiit, :i3i), 1H83; and
(if iiutliora geriorally.
K'oproaented uorthward, Maine to Virginia, Ity tho dwarflMli furm
/
992a. FVNDUIillK IIKTEKOCLITUH IIIA<'KOIiKI'IIM)TI K (Walbanm).
(Common Coiiiii.er ; Kili.ifihii.)
Smaller in size than the typical heteroclituH (fruni South Carolina) ; tho
IliiH lower, scarcely higher than in var. graiuUa. Longest dorsal ray 1} in
litiul ; A. li. Scales on top of head rather smaller, hody more slender
iiiid coloration generally paler; females nearly plain, the young females
with dark bands. Maine to Virginia; everywhere very common in brack-
jhIi waters, apparently passing gradually into the typical hetvrocHtuH, from
wliich it is scarcely to be separated even as a slight variety. (fiaKpo?.iim-
(!(,)ri'j( , large-scaled.)
I'tidlin vmvrolepiihta, Waliiavm, Artodi FiBciuni, iii, 11, 1792, Long Is^iud ; aftur Yullow-
I)olli((l (Jobblerof Sciiiirr, Naturf. Frounde., viii, 171, 1788.
C'lliiiix killijinU, Waliiavm, Artcdi Piscium, in, 11, 1792, Long Island ; after Killifisli uf
Si'iiJirr, Naturf. Freunde, viii, 172, 1738.
I'm Hill f»sciala,Bi.0CH ii SoilNElDER, SyBt. Icbth., 463, 1801 r after Yellow-bellied Cobbler of
ScHiil'F,
Ksox jiim-icitht, MiTCHiM, TraDH. Lit. and Pbil. See. N. Y., i, 1815,440, New York.
Fjaijr pinculetitut, MiTCRiLL, Trans. Lit. and Pbil. Soc. N. Y., i, ISir), 441, New York.
Iljltlriirijiira niffrofatciala* Le SuEUR, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1817, 1.33, Newport,
Rhode Island.
FmiihiUit riridesceiis, Db Kay, N. Y. Fauna : Fishes, 217, 1842, New York.
Fm„liilm ::tbrii, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna : Fishes, 218. "42, New York.
Fiiiiiliiliiipiii(idenlu.i, Storf.r, Fishes Mass., 294, 1839; and of many American authors.
FiiwMiii uiijrofaH-iatH», Stobf.r, Fishes Mass., 295, 1839; GCntuer, Cat., vi, 323, 18CC; Joruan &
GiLiiEUT, Synopsis, 335, 1883.
Represented along the Gulf Coast by
032b. FITNDULUS HETEROCLITUH ORANDIS (Baird & Girard).
iSize larger than in the typical heteroclitua, the coloration brighter, the
palu spots on the dorsal in the male larger, tho dorsal and anal fins lower.
Longest ray of dorsal 2 in head in males, 2i in females ; anal rayB If in
iuak'8, 2 to 2^1- in females; tips of dorsal in males scarcely reaching half-
way to base of caudal.
* Tlic nominal species Fundulus uitfrofatciatut, of which we have numerous specimens from
Woods Hull, Mass., seems to us the young female of Fundulus heteroclUus macrolepidolut. It is
thus <l™cril)cd by Dr. GUnther:
Fiiiiihdm uigrofasciatus (Le Suenr): Head 3%; depth 4. D. 11; A. 9; scales 33-11. Body
ratlicr eliort and deep; head rather long and depressed; tho snout obtuse, a slight angle being
foriiicil above the eye, dorsal moderate, well l>ack; anal short and deep; eye longer than snout,
1!;; in interorbital space; 3% in head. Olivaceous above, silvery below; fins in both sexes
iniinuinlate; males with 9 or 10 very distinct silvery crossbars, each about as broad as a scale;
fcinalca with about as many narrow black bars, which do not extend on the back orlwlly; scales
piiiK tatc. Length 2% inches. (GUnther.) Atlantic coast cf United States, recorded from
Maseaibusetts and Bhode Island.
K. N. A.-
-42
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
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The following are the life colors of this fomi, taken from H]>eoinu)ii8
from Pensacola : Males very dark green above, paler posteriorly ; hkIoh
with many small, round, pearly white spots, some of them often in verti-
cal series; posteriorly traces of 8 to 10 narrow, pale crossbars altoriuit-
ing with broader, faint dusky ones; 'belly yellowish ; siden of lu-ud
dusky ; caudal greenish, dusky behind, its basal part with nunuitouH
small white spots; dorsal olive, anteriorly orange, with many small wliito
spots ; the white spots larger and less numerous than in the typical hihro
clitus', anal and ventrals orange, speckled with white ; p^jcturalH li^lit
yellow. Female olive and silvery, with minute speckles Itolow ; a'uXvH
usually with traces of 12 to 15 narrow, silvery vertical bars, not hblf bo
wide as the dusky interspaces ; no white spots on body or tins ; iliiM
mostly dusky olive, nearly plain. Length 6 inches. (;randt», great.)
f\m<lulu» grandh, Baird & Oirard, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Phil*., 18C3, 380, Indianola, Texas;
OiBARD, U. 8. Hex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 69, pi. 30, 1859. (Coll. Jiio. H. Cliirk.)
Fttndulu»/lori<lm$i$, Qirard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, IST, Charlotte Bay, Florida,
Funduba hel*roclUu» grandii, Jordan A Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 230.
088. FVNDULV8 OCELLABIH, Jordan A Gilbert.
Head 3 to 3jt ; depth 4 ; eye 4. D. 11 ; A. 10 ; V. 6 ; P. 13. Scales 3.")-15,
Female with a large black ocellus on the dorsal tin. Head comparutivtOy
small and narrow, with short, depressed snout, and wenk jaws ; body
rather slender; lower jaw little longer than upper; eye small, Ij^ in
interorbital width, equaling snout, which equals length of mandible ;
teeth all villiform, in narrow bands in each jaw, the outer series but lit-
tle enlarged ; preorbital narrow, less than half diameter of orbit. DorHul
iiu (in i 3 inches long) much elevated, reaching, when depressed, beyond
base of rudimentary rays of caudal ; much shorter than this in feinak's
and yonng males. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of caudal and
tip of snout, or slightly nearer snout ; the base of the fin 1^ in height of
longest ray, which is contained li in head ; outline of fin rhomboid, tlitt
upper edge straight, the last rays highest; anal fin similar to duiHal,
but narrower and slightly lower, not reaching caudal when depreuiscd ;
its origin under second ray of dorsal and distant from caudal half au far
as from tip of snout ; base half height of longest ray ; greatest hoiglit of
caudal peduncle i its length and half length of head ; oviduct not attached
to first anal ray, but forming a low sheath along base of first six rayH;
caudal short, rounded, li in head ; pectorals slender, reaching base uf
ventrals, If in head ; ventrals (in adult ^ ) extending beyond front of
anal, half length of head. Scales moderate, in somewhat irreguliir
oblique series, a few imperfect pores in lateral line ; humeral scale not
enlarged; 18 scales before dorsal. Female with somewhat deeper body,
and difierent coloration ; the fins smaller, the last ray of dorsal shorter
than those preceding, and not reaching halfway from its base to rudi-
mentary caudal rays; length of longest ray greater than base of tin;
ventrals not nearly reaching vent ; front of dorsal nearer tip of cautlal
than end of snout. Color i , dark olive brown above, golden on sides
and below ; scales margined with darker ; sides with 13 to 15 dark cross
bands of the color of the back, not extending on the belly, but almost
Jordan and Evermann. — Fish%.s of North America. 043
roucliing lower median line behind ventraU ; theHo bunda UHually paral-
lel, the anterior onea, at least, narrower than iutorHpaces; aidoH puate-
riorly finely apeckled with aniHlI pearly Hpota which cover both banda
mid interapacoa; doraal and anal marginud with orange anteriorly ; the
two tUia tinged with orange and checked with black and pearl color;
ouiidal light orange, indiatiuctly barred at baao with aeriua of linear
lilotohea; pectorala and ventrals plain orange, the Ibrnieralightly dnsky.
9 dark above, aidea tinely duated with dark pointa, pale below, tinged
with ycllowiah ; middle of aidea with abont 13 very narrow, abort, dark
half bara ; back aometinu-H with aniall black blotchua ; doraal duaky, with
a very diatinct black apot ocollated with white, on ita poaterior raya;
cuiulal and anal plain duaky ; ventrala light yellowiah. Length 3 inchoa.
(jiiilf Coast of Florida to Louisiana," in bays and atreama; not rare;
apparently variable, {ocellnria, having an eye-like spot.)
f.' t'liHiMui Umbatm, KniivKK, MaturliiHt. Tidsskr. KJi)lM)iiliav«ii, Vol. 2, Mil norittM, ISftt, tl4, fiiut-
noto 1, New Orleans; murely u MS. iiaiiio of Krilyer'H for a Mpeciiiieii in tli« Ruyul Miihoiiiii
of (^penliagen.
f'iiH>/ii(iiii<»'('{/an'ii, Jordan i(c UiLiiKRT, Proc. U.S. Nnt. Miih., 1HH2, '2.'>.'i, Penaacola, Florida,
111 Halt watar; (Ty|M>, Noh. 2nti07 ami aim,a. Coll. Jonliiii); Woulman, Dull. U. S. Fiiili
Ooiuni., X, 1890, 300, pi. f)2, flg. 2, (good flgiiro).
034. FUNDULVS FONTIC'ULA, Ouviur .% ValeurivnnoB.
1). 11 ; A. 12; B. 5; acalea 37. Body plump, with long caudal peduncle.
Head broad, little depressed; the tail slenderer and the body deeper than
in Fundulua heteroclitus', dorsal inserted in front of anal; doraal and cau-
dal aniall and rounded, the anal high and pointed, the paired fins abort.
Tuoth in broad bands, the outer little enlarged. Uniform green, appar-
ently without spot or band in spirits. (Color entirely lost in the original
type.) Length 2 inchea. Mountain aprings in Porto Rico; here deacribed
from the original type, the only known example, as the other specimens
puHHosaed by Cuvier & Valenciennes belong to a apeoies of Gambuma.
(fon8, fountain; colo, I inhabit.)
FiimliiluH /oiilifola, CuviEii & Valkncirnneh, Hist. Nnt. Poiss., xviii, 198, 1846, Porto Rico;
Jordan, Proo. U. S. Nut. Mus., 1886, 526, (uxainination of original type).
986. FUNDULVM BKRMUDJ;;, GUnthor.
(Manobovk Minnow.)
Head 3|; depth 4. D. 14; A. 12; scales 35-13. Snout short, not longer
than eye, the lower jaw projecting beyond it. Interorbital width 2^ in
head; eye 4. Doraal inaerted before anal, midway between preopercle
and root of caudal ; anal much higher than long. Browniah olive, the
male with faint dark green cross banda. Length 3 inchea. Bermudas.
((iiiuther.)
* SpecimenB from New OrleaoB, in fresh water, differ in color. Males with about 15 sharply
uulini'd cross bands as broad as silvery iuterspaces; a few dark dots above; pearly dots un dorsal
anil mini, few or none on body. Females light olive, with many small dark spots forming oliscurc
Horitw; large spots as large as pupil scattered over the body; no truce of dark cross bands; dorsal
with a conspicuous black ocellus on its last rays. Dorsal low and small, inserted a little before
tho Htnall anal. Kye equal to snout, 4i in bead; interorbital with 2j>g. Head 3}; depth 3}.
!>■ 10; A. 10. Scales 34>13. Length 2}4 inches. This is possibly a species different from
t'. ocelluru.
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
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hiniluluii bermuilir, (K'NTHKR, Ami. Muk> Nut. Iliit., 1874, 4, ri>|iriiit, Bermudaa.
^^iN<(ul<iii rhhiiiihorii;* OoonK, Aiiicr. .Iiiurii. 8<'l. ArtR, IH77, 'ZW, Baaden Pond, Bermudas,
111 brmcklHh wutvr uiiiong tint root* of lliu iimiiKnivn ( /I'/iuoji/roni munylr); locally uliiiiiUuiit.
»S6. FVNDI'LI'N K<MirMTl'H, Ihiiii.
Head 3i ; depth 3 ; eye 4J to 5. B. 5 ; D. 14 ; A. 16 ; V. « ; P. 10 ; hciiI.m
38-lB. Head brond, the diHtuiioo butweun uyeu iMiiial to len);th of »yc
and Biiont. Top of liend nearly Hut ; eye an lon^ aH Hnout. Mouth vury
obliquely placed, the lower jaw louf^er than upper. End of niuxillary
reaching to below front of eye; width of mouth it head. Teeth in Jiiwh
in narrow bandu or biHorial, the outer HerieH Homewhat enlarged, (iilj
rakera short, stout, about 19 on the flrst arch. Thirteen scaleu between
upper angle of gill opening and origin of dorsal ; doraal coiunienciii)r
nearly midway between tip of snout and end of tail. Ventral origin
midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; anal origin under
middle of dorsal ; in the female the first six rays are short and stitl', and
the genital opening is immediately in front of, and disconnected from,
the anal tin ; in the male the middle caudal rays are ^ as long as heatl ;
slightly shorter in the female. Color uniform ]iale brown ; tins unspot-
ted, and the opercle with a golden tint. Length 5 inches. Streams of
Guanajuato. (robuntuti, robust.)
fVn(lH{Mii rohuluii, Bf.an, I'roc. U. 8. Nat. Miis., 18»2, 285, pi. 44, tig. 2, Quanajuato, Mexico.
(Typo, No, 43760. Coll. Duge*.)
087. FUNDCLVH LABIALIS, GUntlior.
Head 4 to 4jt; depth ii; eye about 4. IJ. 6; D. 13 or 14; A. 16 or 17;
V. 6; scales 37 to 39-15. Interorbital space broad, slightly convex,
its width being less than half bead. Snout broad, obtuse, depresHed,
with the jaws eiiual in front; mandible very short, not longer than
eye; upper lip well developed, broad, extending to angle of mouth.
Eye less than length of snout, and in females i of the width of the
interorbital space, whilst in males the forehead is somewhat narrower.
Origin of dorsal midway between extremity of caudal and orbit, over
twentieth scale of lateral line ; first anal ray opposite first of dorsal ;
dorsal fin as high as long in both sexes; anal fin rounded in the male,
scarcely higher than long, much elevated in the female, the length of its
base being i only of its depth. Genital opening of the female immedi-
ately in front of, but disconnected from, the anal fin. Basal third of the
caudal fin (which is subtruncate) scaly. Body uniform brownish ulivc
paler below; sometimes irregular, cloudy markings on the tail: lln^
immaculate; the anal fin of the male black at the base and bi'i<;lit
yellow on its marginal half; upper margin of the dorsal fin of the saine
sex yellowish. Length 4 inches. Riverc of Guatemala. (Giiutlier.)
(lahialis, pr staining to the lip.)
\niH<{uIi» labialis, GOnther, Cat., vi, 319,1806, Rio San Geronimo, Guatemala, Yzabal.
(Coll. Salvia & Godmiiii.)
*Dr. Qoode'8 deHcription of Fundulm rhimphor/e iit more detailed than that of Dr. (iiintln-r.
The only important difturcnce shown is in the fin rayH. Goo<le counts, D. 12; A. 11; xcaleH'tr) IJ
or 13. Color light tawny yellow, with about 15 regular tranverso bands of greenish brown, eiich
2 scales iu width, most distinct posteriorly. Length 'iy^ inches.
i ; 1/ i
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''■Ali -'i'..'-:^-,'^;'A.!-i' :J-iU'ji
Jordan ami F.vermann. — Fishes of Nort/i America.
645
Subgtnus P0NTINU8, Jordan h Kvormann.
98N. ITNOIILrN AIHMA, Jonliin .t flIllNTt.
ir*>a<l 3} ; (leptli 4; cyu 4. D. I'i; A. 11; scales 44-15. Hod}' short,
i1t'<>|>, and coiiiprttHHed : li»ad moderate, broad, and Hat above, the inter-
iiibitnl Hpace rather more than half greater than width of eye; dorsal
.'iiiil anal tins rather lar^e ; dornal inserted almost exactly over front of
anal ; teeth mostly in two series, the outer very strong ; vent midway
lit^ween eye and base of caudal ; scales small, closely imbricated. Color
olivacHiMis, with 15 to 20 silver crossbars, almost as wide as the inter-
s)iaceN posteriorly, wider than the interspaces anteriorly, extending over
lilt' belly and Joining their fellows on the opposite side; the bands
\ iiiiablo, but usually wider and more crowded thau In V. diaphaniiH ; tins
plain. Length 2 inches. Lower Kio Grande ; only the types known, from
liruvvnsville, Texas. {Adittia, a related genus.)
t'liiiiliiliin iitUnia, Jordan & Oiliiert, 8yiio|miH, '.VM, 1883, Rio Grande at Brownsville,
Texaa. /
980. FlINOrHS DIAPHANI S (Lp Sueur).
Head 4 ; depth 4j( ; eye large, .3Hn head. D. 1.3; A. 11; scales 45-15.
ISody rather slender, not elevated, compressed posteriorly. Head moder-
iitts <|uite tlat above. Teeth pointed, the outernot much enlarged. Fins
not large; dorsal and anal rather low; ventrals scarcely reaching vent
ill the females; somewhat longer in the males. General color olivaceous;
Hides silvery. Male with about 20 silvery vertical bars, narrower than the
(liirk interspaces ; female with 15 to 20 dark transverse bars, shorter than
tho silvery bands of the male, the interspaces pale ; back sometimes spot-
led ; young always with black bars; fins nearly plain. Length 4 inches.
{Joast of Maine (W. C. Kendall) to Cape Ilatteras, in river mouths, ascend-
hiH streams to their fountain heads, hence abundant in lakes throughout.
New York : variety mcnona westward to northern Illinois ; not found
Koiithward. The typical form found eastward and in the sea has the back
neaily or (]uite unspotted. Examples from Grand Lake Stream and Uoy-
deii Lake, Maine, have the back somewhat spotted. In the Potomac Kiver
tills is the most abundant species of the family, (diaphanun, iia^ivii^,
transparent. )
Uijiimiijiira iliaiihiiuii, LKSi'Ern, Jonrn. Ac. Nat. Sri. Pliila.,1, 1817, !."«), Saratoga Lake.
Iliiilriirijyra multi/aseiata, Lf. SuEUR, Junrn. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hila., 1, 1817, VAX, Saratoga Lake.
Ilijihunjiira twiimpina, (iuviER & Yalenoienneb, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xviu, 20.3, 1845, New Jersey;
iiipt of IiAcf:Hf;nE.
rnmliilus iiinllifnKfialiiK, GCntiieh, Cat., VI, 324, IHCO, and of many writers.
/'mi((i(/H«(Ji(i;)/inMim, .loRPAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1877, 07; Jobkan & Oilkert, Syiiopslii,
im, IKKJ; Huoii M. Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish <'omni.,* x, WJO, («>.
I'liuihihis Hwmiiiiiini, Jordan & Oii.beut, SynopHlH, 3112, 1883.
Bpecimeus from west of New York belong to the well-marked
0S9s. rUNDULUS DIAPHANUS HENONA (.Tordan & CopelamI).
Head 3? ; depth 5. D. 12; A. 10; B. 5; scales 48-12. Teeth pointed,
curved, outer little enlarged. Dark bands very distinct, somewhat
* Specimens of the typical diaphanm Imvo been examined by ub from Cayngn Lake; New York
Uui bur; Coast of Maine; Shenandoah Biver; Potomac River; and Elizabeth River, Virginia.
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046
Bulletin 47, United States National Afuseum.
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irregular in poHition, the back alwaya iipottfld ; the dark haiuU oftrti
i-«t|iliicu«l Ity H)i«>iit \i\ Hliining, Hilvory, vt^rtioiil liniulH, wliioh are imrrowor
than tliu (lurk iiit«<i'H|HU>uM ; tliu iiitorHpnceH biundoHt Iwliind ; tliiH pluiii.
LttiiKtIi 3i incliuH. L»k«m and pondH from Oliio wuntwurd to the MiHNiH-
Hip|>i Hivor, not found uiuoh Houtli <if ('liicuKo. (From liiike Mononu,
near MutliHun, VViHcuuHin.)
Kiihi(iWhiiiii>'hi>ii<i, JiiiiDAN A(N)l>Rl.ANi>, I'rix', Ar. Nut. Hcl. I'liila., 1HT7, AM, Catftah Riv«r, outlet
of Lake Menona, Madiaon, Wiaconain; (Coll. |)r. Hoy); .Icihuan \. Oii.kkht, Hynoiwlii,
:i:iA, iHKt.
FHiKliiluiiiliiiiiliuMii' mi-Hiiun, .Iohiian, Mum. Vert., Kil. v,Mt, IHHM.
V40. ftTNIIIHirN KXTKNNrM, .Ionian A (Jllbort.
Iload 3J ; dc]»th 5J ; oy» IarK«, lU. D- ir>; A. l.t; hcmiIc^h altnut 47-lL'.
Ilody unusually ulongntc, niodoratoly coinpntHsed, tiiu oaudul iMHluiiclt<
long, much longur than li«ad. Ilond Hlunder, not very broad, the inter
orbital widtli 2;{ in heail. Mouth rather large ; the teeth in a niodorato
band, the outer oouHiderably enlarged. Dornal fin rather long, «>(' niod<>r-
ato huiglit, itH inHertion well in front of that of anal, at a |)oint midway
Itetween eye and baHO of caudal; pectoral Hinall, 1.1 in head; caudal 1'!.
Coloration, in N|iiritH, plain, Honiewhat translucent, with n«» markings
anywhere, except tracen of some very narrow dark bars on tlie Hld*-N.
Fins now plain. This specicH rctiembles somewhat Fundiilun diaphaiinx,
but it is more elongate. Coast of Lower California, know only from the
original types. (tsUnnuH, drawn out.)
f oiiI»/ii« ixleimi*, .ToRiiAN k Oildrkt, I'roc. I'. 8. Nut. Miik., IHH'i, M ^ape San Lucan.
(Typo, No. :i0972. Coll. Xantu«.)
041. KlINDri.llS /KRRIMIK, .Tonliiii !i Oilhnrl.
Head 3} to 3K ; depth Ah to 4| ; eye 4 to4j^; intororbitul width '21 in
head; snout 3J|. Branch iostogals r>. I). 14 or 15; A. 13 or 14; scaioH
(iO-21. Head and body shaped much as in Fuudulun similia, the snout Ichh
elongate. Width of preorbital Gi in head; eye moderate, li in interor-
bital width ; posterior margin of orbit in middle of length of head ; tectii
in both Jaws in villiforni bands, with the external series much enlarged.
Dorsal fin long and rather low, the base longer and the rays higher in
males thai: in females ; origin of dorsal nearly equidistant between snout
and margin of caudal, slightly nearer the snout in males, and nearer end
of caudal in females; base of dorsal in males 6 to 6^ in total length, ilio
highest dorsal ray about half head; in females the base is 7^ in total
length; origin of anal opposite that of dorsal in males, behind it in
females; in the latter the anal is sharply augulated, the anterior rays
more than thrice the height of the posterior, and more than f length uf
head. In males the margins of both dorsal and anal fins are evenly
rounded, the anal the higher, its rays beset with minute white prickles.
Oviduct forming a l^w sheath along base of anterior half of anal ; pec-
torals not reaching base of veutrals, equaling distance from snout to
preopercular margin ; ventrals about reaching vent ; caudal truncate, 1^
in head. Scales very small ; no enlarged humeral scale. In males tho
margins of scales are rough, with minute tubercles. Greenish above,
iillr
Jordan anU Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 047
Mill* H and Yinlow iillv«r.v whitn, the iii(t«s tinged witli •iilplnir yellow ;
th« groiitor part of each Hcale on hack rendered duHky by black pointa;
Miilfrt with 14 to IH dniiky bam from back to ventral region, oocaiiionally
iiK'ctinK on ventral line; tlioae bum are very variable in widtli, Heeniingly
iiiii'tower in fenialeH, in which half barn aie frequently inHorted between
t)it> (itherN; the interMpuccH are an wide um tlie barn, or UNiiully wider.
FitiH yellowiHh, without diHtinvt markings, in the nialeN all very «luHky
«\c(>pt the anal. Length W inoheH. KunHUH, wentern Iowa, and South
Diikohi, and Houth to Kentucky, Texan, and New Mexico; abundant in
Fiitit-(|ui-Houillo Creek at I'ueblo, and in muat clear tributarieH of the
ii|i|icr ArkanaaH. {zehriniu, like a /.ebra. )
)lij,lr„r,iijnt -.fhrit, i'iiHKWt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Hci. I'hiln., 18A9, (Ml, tributaries of Rio Oranda,
"batwecn Port Deflance and Fort Union, New Mexico;" nainn iireoci'iipitiil liy
I'uhiMh* :.i'hru, Dk Kat.
I'niiiliihit ;;tlirn, OTnthkh, Cat., VI, 'A'i4, IHIMI, not of Da Kay ; Juhdan A (Iilnkiit, Hyii<i|wlii, XK\,
IHKI.
t'liiiiMut srhriim; Juhdan A OiLHaaT, H]piiu|mIii, 8U1, 1(183, (after OiRAau); tiiLiiKar, Hull. Waiili-
Imrn Lai). Nat. Hint., I, 1884, \r>.
it**. I'UNIIlTLItN HKMINOLIK, fllrard.
Head 41^ to 4j^ ; depth 6| to 6Jk. I>. 17 ; A. 13 ; eye 4 ; scales 62. Body
HliMiiler, not conipresHed ; back not elevated ; caudal peduncle deep, depth
tiie Hnnio as the height of dorsal, and also equal to the distance from the
oihI of the Huout to middle of pupil; head long and pointed, somewhat
pyianiidal ; depth of body (ual to distance from end of snout to hinder
inar<;iii of prooporcle ; eye of medium size, j^ the Interorbital space. Teeth
ill two rows, those of the outer row in tlie lower jaw much enlarged ; all
pointed, movable, and curved inward. Dorsal tin longer than anal, the
rays growing gradually shorter from the flfth to the last, giving the top
of the tin u gentle convex curve ; origin of dorsul above the termination of
tlio vontrals ; anal short, lengthof longest raysl^ tbatof base of fln, fourth
ruy longest, growing rapidly shorter to the last ; posterior margin below
posterior margin of the dorsal ; ventrals small and short, not reaching
vont ; pectorals broad^ barely reaching ventrals. Uround color olive green
in the larger specimens, brighter in the males, or of a somewhat yellow-
iHli brown, caused by the scales having dark edges ; male specimens usually
with several longitudinal stripes formed of dark spots in the angles of the
Hcah;8, making knots in the net which is formed by the dark borders of
tlio Ncales; these spots larger on the back; these markings wanting in
Honic specimens ; all of the young, and the older females, crossed by 12
or 14 faint dark bars; fins often plain, but in developed males the dorsal
and caudal have large dark spots arranged on bars ; outer part of caudal
iiiustly black in males ; ventrals and anal orange, the outer edge black.
Rivers and swamps of Florida; locally abundant. A handsome, sleek-
looking species, well distinguished from all the others. (Named for the
Seminole Indians, in whose domain it is found.)
I'lmUulut nemimtu, GiRABD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Set. Phila., 1859, 69, Palatka, Florida ;
OCntiieb, Cat., vi, 326, 1866; Jobdan A Gilbert, Synopsis, 334, 1883; Woolman, Bull. U.S.
Fiali Coium., x, 1890, 297, pi. 62, flg. 3, (good figure); LUmnbibo, cifvers. Kong. Vet. Akad.
Fiirh., 116, 1894.
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Subgenus XBNISMA, Jordan.
948. FUNOULUS CATEMATV8 (Storor).
(STUnFISH.)
Head 4; depth 4^ to 5. B. 5; D. 14; A. 15; scales 50. Similar iu
form to FunduluH ittelli/er, but larger, with lower fins and different color-
ation ; dorsal and anal fins even in the males, falling short of tiie caudal;
dorsal inserted above anal ; anal prickly in spring males. Teutli in
broad bands, thoouter somewhat enlarged. Color bluish or greenish , wit Ii
a round orange spot (in the male) on each scale, thus forming seriott of
regular lines of dots ; females with smaller brown spots on the scaloH.
aho forming lines. Length 6 or 7 inches. Tennessee and Cumberland
rivers, and in clear streams of the Ozark Mountains ; locally abundant ;
one of the largest and handsomest of the Cyprinodonts. (catenatun,
chained. )
r<ieciliit citlenata, Stop5P, SynopsiH Fish. N. A., 430 (178 of repriut), 184n, Tennessee River,
Florence, Alabama; GC.ntiier, Cat., vi, 322, 1866.
Fimdiihig catetiatiis. Cope, Jo<iru. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1868, 2.TS; Jordan & Git.bert, Syiio|miH,
337, 1883.
Xeninna calenala, Jordan, Aun. Lye. Kat. Hist. N. T., 1870, 322.
044. FUNDULVS KTELLIFGR (.Tordan).
(Studfish.)
Head 3| ; depth 5 ; eye 4. B. 4 ; D. 13 ; A. 13 ; V. 6 ; scales 53, Body rather
long, somewhat compressed. Head broad and flattened above. ScalcH
closely imbricated, deeper than long. Dorsal iin beginning slightly behind
anal, its last rays in the adult males highly elevated, reaching thi. base of
caudal, their height equal to the depth of the body ; anal similar, morti
elevated in front and less so behind, the last rays falling juHti short of
caudal ; fins lower in females and young ; pectorals reaching ventrals, tlio
latter to anal iu the males. Oviduct not extending on first anal ray.
Teeth in a narrow band, the outer somewhat enlarged, blunt and curved.
Coloration brilliant; livid blp- above, somewhat silvery below; body
and cheeks with large, bright, dark orange spots, irregularly placed, not
following the rows of scales, and not always in the middle of tlio scales;
these spots not uniform in size; females with olive brown spots hori-
zontally, oblong and smaller than the orange spots of the males and
more regularly placed; a blue loral blotch, with a green one below it ; a
pale yellow blotch on the back in front of the dorsal, very conspicuous
when the fish is in the water. Length 4 inches. Alabama Riv^r and
tributaries, in clear streams and spnugs; a most beautiful fish, (stella,
star ; fero, I bear.)
Xenisma stell^fera, Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. HUt. S. Y., 1876, 322, Etowah and Oostanaula
rivers, Rome, Georgia. (Coll. Jordan.)
l\tHdiUu» iUUtfer, Jordan & Qilbebt, Synopsis, 337, 1883.
. ,.-';Si;^atiiL'-i-i!Pfr**ri^v!..
h.'^kf^i:sA)ii.uM,.*^',-:
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 049
Subgenus QAMBUSINUS, .ronlaii A Kvermaiiii.
045. FUNDUL1IS LINKATUS* (aarinan).
iroad nearly 3; depth 4i. D. 11; A. 14; V. 6; P. 15; scales 3fi-12.
liody moderately stout, compressed. Crown flat. Eye large, as long as
Hii.iiit, If in interorbital width. Lower ,jaw slightly longer. Outer teeth
loiif;, slender, curved. First ray of dorsal almost opposite first of anal,
\ tilt) distance from bastt of caudal to front of eye ; r*audal truncate,
r.iownish, finely punctate with brown; white below; lips, top of head,
mid a line along middle of back, dark; tail with faint transverse bands.
Noitlioastern Wyominff. (Garnian.) ({(»c<i/mm, streaked.)
///./o/irt/M tinealun, UaicMan, Hull. Mus. Comp. Zoiil., vui, No. 3, 88, 1881, northeastern Wy-
oming; Jordan & Gimieiit, SyiiuiwiH, 3:)'J, 188:).
049. FUNDULUS KATHBUNf, Jonlan Jt Meek.
Head 3i?; depth 4i; eye 3J. D. 11; A. 11; scales 38-12, Body
moderately elongate, rather robust, little compressed ; the back broad,
nut elevated. Head moderately broad and depressed abovo; snout
intbor sharp, as long as eye; scales of medium size, the humeral scale
not enlarged; 2 rows of scales on cheek. Fins all low and small; dorsal
innerted jjosteriorly, its first ray opposite first of anal or slightly behind
it; longest ray of dorsal If in head; anal larger than dorsal; pec-
toral short, li in head; ventrals very short, reaching vent. Coloration
ill life pale green, with small, irregular, horizontally oblong dark brown
spots scattered over head and body. Sexes not very different. Males
with scales of body edged with black and with a pale lengthwise streak
along upper part of each row of scales. Young with very obsnire dark
crossbars. Fins plain, yellowish in male, speckled at base only. Length
2i inches. Eastern North Carolina; abundant in spring brooks, not
descending to saltwater; a pretty little fish, representing a transition
fiom Fundulun to Zygonectes. (Named for Richard Kathbun, Chief of the
Division of Scientific Inquiry of the United States Fish Commission.)
FiiHihihta mlhbuin, .loiiDAN & Mkkk, Proc. U. 8. N:;t. Mus., 1888, .Tlfi, Reedy Fork, Alle-
tnance Creek, Buffalo Creek, and other tributaries of the Cape Fear River,
about Greensboro, North Carolina. (Ty^ie, No. 39860. Coll. Jordan, Joukius <&
Mei'k.)
947. FUNDULIJ8 ALBOLINKATIIS, Gilbert.
Head 3J^ to 3f ; depth 4 to 4^ ; least depth of caudal peduncle equals
snout and t eye. Scales 42; D. 10 or 11; A. 10 or 11; B. .'i. Teeth
Hliarp, wide set, in a broad band on premaxillaries, a narrow band on
mandible. Snout i length of head. Width of interorbital space 2i to 2J
in head. Doreal and anal opposite, or the dorsal slightly in advance,
their bases equal and short, equaling length of snout and half eye ; in
males both fins become elevated, the longest anal ray equaling^ heat^,
and the anai rays become covered with prickles ; in males the pectorals
■ This s|i«cieB auii the four which follow seem to be entirely Intermediate between the typi-
cal spci ics of Fiimbibts and the species called Zi/gouecten. Their presence makes it apfiarcntly
iiupussiljje to maintain Ziiyonecles as a distinct genus, notwithstanding the great difference
between such species as F. dixpar and F. majalit.
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reach the ventrals, and the ventrals to or nearly to vent; both fiim
mnch shorter in femalea. Males blackish brown, the sides plunibeouH,
the rows of scales with interrupted whitish streaks, most conspicuous
on hinder half of body; a black streak along middle line of back; ver-
tical fins dusky, the caudal becoming translucent on distal half, its mar-
gin abruptly and narrowly black-edged. Females olivaceous, dusky on
back, silvery below, the T>ack and sid«58 with narrow black lines follow
ing the rows of scales; fins translucent, the dorsal sometimes with fine
black Hpecks at base, the caudal black-edged. Length 3^ inches. Ten
nesseo Basi". in Alabama ; not rare. (a{/;uM, white ; liHcatutt, lined.)
hMnilnhig albnlinealiiii, GiLBEHT, Bull. U. S. Figh Comm., ix, 1889 (18".>1), pi. 43, Jig. 1, 149, Spriny
Creek, Huntsville, Alabama. (Coll. KirBch.)
948. FUNDULIIS C0NFLUKNTU8, Gowlo A Bean.
Head 3J; depth 3^; eye 4 in head. D. 10; A. 10; V. 6; B. probably r.:
scales 45. Head lovv, flat. Snout not produced, as long as eye. Interor
bital space 2 in length of head. Origin of dorsal midway between ti])
of caudal and middle of eye ; first ray of anal under second ray of dor
sal; anal higher than long. Scales crowded. Yellowish gray, with a
longitudinal streak along each row of scales and about 14 distinct irreg-
ular vertical dark bands. Appearance of F. majalis. Eastern Florida.
One specimen known. (Goode «& Bean.) (confluent iih, flowing together.)
FuHilulm conflitetUu.i, Ooodk & Bean, Proc. U. S. Not. Muh., 1870, 118, Lake Monroe, Florida;
(Typo, No. ISOK). Coll. ProfesBor Baird) ; Jordan & Gilhert, Synopsis, 334, 1883.
949. FUNDCLUS FUNDULOIDES (Evormann).
Head3i^; depth 4^; eye 3i. D. 9 or 10; A. 9; scales 35-11, 24 before
the dorsal. Body moderately robust, width at pectorals a little greater
than greatest depth of head; snout rather blunt, equal to eye; inter-
orbital width If times diameter of eye ; caudal peduncle deep and com-
pressed ; mouth not largo nor greatly oblique ; teeth pointed, the outer
series being somewhat enlarged ; peritoneum pale. General color in spiritH,
dark olivaceous ; sides with 10 to 14 dark vertical bars, which are usually
2 to 3 times as wide as the intervening silvery ones ; in one specimen the bars
extending from the dorsal to the anal are about equal in width to the sil-
very interspaces; whole body, including all the fins, profusely dusted over
with minute brownish spots, which are very numerous on back and top oC
head ; a narrow, dark line extending from nape to origin of dorsal. Dor-
sal fin small, slightly in front of anal, its origin midway between posterior
edge of opercle and base of caudal fin, the longest rays about equal t<>
base of fin, or half length of head. Length li inches. Coast of Texas ;
two specimens known. (Fundulua; drSof, likeness.)
Zijgoneitis fuudnloUlcK, Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xi , 1891 (May 25, 1892), 85, pi. :V<, fi?
3, Dickinson Bayou, Dickinson, Texas,— on Galveston Bay. (Tyiw, No. 4,Wfi:i.
Coll. Evormann, Scovell &. Gnrloy.)
Subgenus ZYGONECTES, .\ga88iz.
960. FUNDULUS DOVH (GUnthor).
Head 3J; depth 5; D. 8; A. 14; V. 6; scales 31-8. Head elongate, lovr^
depressed, the snout much produced, the upper jaw somewhat longer
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 651
than lower; eye exactly in middle of length of head, itH diameter 4^ in
Iit>a(1, and more than \ width of the interorbital space, which is flat.
Ori^nn of dorsal a little nearer tip of caudal than to gill opening, over
twenty-third scale of lateral series; anal iin entirely before dorsal;
pectoral extending to ventral, which reaches vent ; caudal rounded; all
the lins well developed. Light bro -nish olive; posterior half of dorsal
nii<l anal flns with black cross bands ; basal half of caudal with round
ijirlit Hpots. Coast of Costa Rica. (Named for Capt. John M. Dow, its
discoverer.)
lh\AMh\ln» <'mi. Q(!ntiikr, Cat., vi, Sltl, 1866, Punta Arenas, Costa Rica. (Cdll. Cnpt. Dow.)
Of.1. rilNDIILUS iMACDONALIlI (M«.k).
Head 3f ; depth 4^ to 5 ; dorsal 11 or 12 ; anal 12 to 14 ; scales largo, 34
to 8(J-12. Body rather long and slender, not much compressed ; top of
head Hat ; back slightly arched. Teeth rather large, in a narrow band
above, those in the outer series enlarged and curved inward. Ventrals
very small, and situated midway between pectoral and anal fins ; dorsal
fin small; anal larger; origin of dorsal behind origin of anal; caudal
(in rather large, rounded. Color greenish in spirits, no distinct markings,
darker on upper portion of body; both jaws more or less edged with
hlackiHh. Closely allied to Fundulus sciadicuft, but with larger anal fin,
more slender body, and rather stronger teeth. Length 2^ inches. Trib-
utaries of the Gasconade and Neosho rivers, in southern Missouri. (Named
for Marshall McDonald, United States Fish Commissioner, under whose
direction the explorations of the Ozark region were made.)
'/.ijijowHes macdouaUli, Meek, B\i11. U. S. Fish Comin., ix, 1880 (1891), 122, j)!. 42, flg. 1, Jones
Creek, Dixon, Missouri; Osage Fork of Gasconade River at Mansfield; Neosho
River, Missouri, (Coll. Meek, Drew & Rottger.)
952. FUNDULUS FLOKIPINNIS (Copo).
TToad 4i; depth 5; eye large, 3^^ in head. D. 10; A. 13; scales 29-10.
(ieneral form of Fundulus xntatus) lower Jaw somewhat projecting;
external series of teeth in both jaws enlarged. Olive gray, scales with
ochor borders; fins yellow, broadly edged with crimson. Length 2i
inches. Platte River and Arkansas River in Colorado ; our specimens
from Denver, where it is rare ; also recorded from Cherry Creek, a tribu-
tary of the Arkansas. A very pretty little fish. {JIoh, flower; pinna, fin.)
IliililuiliUtin jloripinnin, CopK, ZoijI. Whoolor Survey, 69.5, pi. 28, ftgn. 4, 4a, mid •lli, 187.1 (1876),
Cherry Creek, Arkansas River, Colorado, and Platte River at Denver. .CoII. H.
W. Hensliaw and .1. M. Keasbcy.)
Xijiiniifctcsfloripbinis, Jordan & Giluert, Syuopsis, ,139, 1883.
96S. FUNDULUS JENKINSI (Evermann).
Head 3i ; depth 4^ (4^^ to 5) ; eye 3i (3^ to 3?). D. 8 or 9 ; A. 12 (11 to
13) ; Hcales 33-10, 18 before the dorsal. Body moderately elongate, head
de])res8ed, wide between the eyes, pointed, the snout about i greater than
eyo, which is contained li times in interorbital width ; mouth rather
hu'iro, little oblique ; teeth in more than one series, the outer enlarged,
pointed, and slightly curved inward ; humeral s<'ale small, three rows of
11,')
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aoales on cheek. Fins medium, dorsal slightly behind anal, midway
between tip of caudal and posterior rim of orbit, the distance from tip ot'
snout to origin of dorsal being twice the distance from that point to Iiaso
of caudal iin ; dorsal and anal low, their longest rays half length of head ;
baHu of unul 2^ in head; pectorals If in head ; ventrals short, 1} in pec-
toral ; caudal fin truncate, about as long as head; peritoneum black.
Color palo olivaceous, covered except on breast with numerous niinuto
dark brown specks, arranged chiefly along the edges of the scales, tliiiH
giving tliu sides and back a checkered or crosshatched appearance; in
addition to these fine punctulations, there are usually 15 to 30 larger spotH
more or less definitely arranged in two rows lying along or above the ax in
of the body; in some examples these spots are absent or blended so aH to
form short, indistinct vertical bars ; in most specimens there is a very
obscure lateral band about 1 scale in width ; fins plain or with few very
minute punctulations ; top of head dark. Coast of Texas ; not rare in
brackish water. (Named for Dr. Oliver Peebles Jenkins, who studied with
Dr. Evermann the fishes of the Gulf of California.)
Ziigoneclcs jenkimi, Gvekmann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xi, 1891 (May 25, 1892), 8C, pi. :;«,
flK. 2, Dickinson Bayou, Galveston Bay, Texas. (Type, No. 465C2. Coll. Ev I'liiiinii,
Scovoll A Gurloy.)
064. FUNDULU8 PULTEUEVS (Evormann).
Head 3i ; depth ii ; eye 3^. D. 10 or 11 ; A. 10 (occasionally 9) ; scales
35-11, about 22 before the dorsal. Body stout, heavy forward; head
broad and flat, the snout short and blunt; caudal peduncle long, deep,
and greatly compressed ; eye moderate, 1^ in interorbital width, greater
than snout ; humeral scale not enlarged, four rows of scales on cheek ;
mouth rather- small, but little oblique; teeth pointed, in more than one
series, the outer enlarged and canine-like ; peritoneum pale. DorNiil
slightly in advance of anal, its origin midway between tip of caudal
and anterior rim of orbit, or about midway between base o^ caudiil sind
opercular opening ; anal small, its longest rays 1^ in head. Coloi in
alcohol, olivaceous, profusely sprinkled or dusted all over except ou
breast with very fine brown punctulations, so abundant on back aa to
obscure the individual specks ; median line of back with a black stripe from
occiput to dorsal fin ; sides with 10 to 12 or more brown spots of lar^'er
size, these sometimes arranged somewhat definitely in two longitudinal
lines, in the upper one of which the spots are confluent in some examples,
forming large, oblong blotches ; all the fins except the ventrals with
numerous very small brown specks. Length 2 inches. Coast of Texas in
brackish water; not rare. (p«?»ereM8, powdery.)
Zygonecles pulvereiio, Evebmann, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., xi, 1891 (May 25, 1892), 80, Dickin-
son Bayou, Buffalo Bayou at Houston, and Oso Creek at Corpus Christi, Texas.
(Type, No. 46561. Coll. Kvormann, Scovell & Gurloy.)
965. FUNDULUS ABLINGTONIUS (Qoodo & Bean).
Head 3^ ; depth 4 ; eye longer than snout, 3 in head. D. 9; A. 11 : V.
6 ; scales 33-11. Snout broad. Lower jaw projecting. Dorsal inserted
midway between posterior margin of eye and tip of tail, opposite sixth
-^^r^^y
Dickin-
i, Texas.
11: V.
useited
sixth
Joriian and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
053
ray of anal; puctorals reaching ventralB; vontralstovent. Maleuiikuown;
feiiialo uiiiforiu browniah olive ; fins in Bume ^peoiinons with 2 or 3 series
of liliicklHh (lota. (Goode & Bean.) Arlington River, a tributary of St.
JoIiii'h Uivor; known from young females only; most likely a Zytfonectva
ratliiM than a Gamhusia, though it may possibly ])rove to be the female of
(Itimhiinid aftnia.
dmiii'Hfid iiiliiiijtimia, GnoDE & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Miih., 1870, 118, Arlington River,
Florida; (Typo, No. 2l;J08. Coll. Dr. Goodf) ; Jori.an A Gii.hkrt, Syiiopgis, ;i45, 1883.
9r>«. FIIM>ITLUS lIKNSII.ilJJ (Jonliin).
Ilciul 3J; depth 4. B. 5; D. 7 or 8; A. 10 or 11; scales 33-10. Body
rut Ik r Htout, deep, and compressed, the profile nearly straight, the back
lilllo olovated, and the caudal peduncle deep; head moderate; mouth
rat licr large ; jaws each with a series of long and rather slender canine-like
tiH'tli, behind which is a baud of small teeth; the canines larger in the
lower jaw; eye large; scales rather large; dorsal flu short and high,
inserted slightly behind the anal in the males, exactly opposite it in the
feiiiale8 ; caudal large; anal fin larger and rather lower than dorsal;
veulrals (][uite small; pectorals moderate. General color olivaceous;
yides covered, especially posteriorly, with rather largo, irregularly placed
orange spots, which also extend on the vertical fins ; dorsal dusky, with
a (lark bar; head without red; caudal and anal more or less yellow;
females obscurely marked ; young with diffuse greenish vertical bars.
Length 3 to 4 inches. Rivers and swamps of southern Florida. The
largest species of the group called Zygonectea. We cannot always
separate young specimens from F. rubrifrons, and perhaps, as Dr. Beau has
suggested, the two are not really ditferent. It is barely possible that
/'. (irHiigtoniua is the young of F. henahalli, but the insertion of the dorsal
is apparently different. (Named for Dr. James A. Henshall, its discoverer,
well known as a writer on angling.)
y.ijijomrtii hcmhalU, JORDAN, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mub., 1879, 237, San Sebastian River, Florida;
(Type, No. 23449. ^^11. Dr. Henshall); Jordan & Gilbert, SyiiopBiH, 33S, 188.'$; Jordan,
I'roe. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 322.
967. FUNDULUS RUBRIFRONS (Jordan).
Head 3J; depth 3f ; eye large, 3i in head. D. 7 or 8; A. 8 or 9; scales
32-11 or 12; B. 5. Body moderately stout, little com >rea8ed, not ele-
vated, the caudal peduncle deep ; head rather long, broad between the
eyeH, flat above; mouth rather large. Teeth small, nearly even, in a
narrow band. Scales moderate. Dorsal fin very short and small, placed
a little behind the anal or about even Avith it, its position in the males
rather more posterior ; anal short, high in the males ; ventrals very small ;
(leetorals small. Color: males, dark olivaceous, with a dark, bronze-
orange spot on each scale posteriorly, much as in Fundulua catenatua;
below, these spots are bright orange; faint, narrow, vertical orange
bars along the lower and posterior part of the bodj^ ; vertical fins with
orange spots; jaws and space in front of eyes bright orange red; paired
tin.s dusky. Females almost uniform brassy olivaceous, without evident
spots or red markings. Length 2 1 to 3 inches. Streams and swamps of
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eiMtern Flurida; a larger HpeoieH thiin inoHt in tli« genuH, and with tho
dorHal liu lesH puHterior. (ru/'tr, rod; /ron«, forehead.)
Xyijoiieelen riihrifrnm, JORDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nut. Miiii., 187!), 237, San Sebastian Kiver, Floridu.
(Tyi«t, No. 2M'<iK Coll. HoiirIiuII); .Tobdan ii (}ii.iikut, SyiiupwiH, 3.'>8, IKS,*).
/l/ijiiHiTirii iwroijiiiliiluii,* Hav, I'roc. XL 8. Nat. Mm., lH8r>, r>riti, Weatville, Florida. ('I'yiM',
No. :i7302. Coll. Mann & Davison.)
UfiH. vrNUITIil'S K^AHTKH, M(h<I(.
Head Hit; doptli 4; eye 3^, abuut ec^nal tu snunt. 1). H; A. lU or 11;
B. 4; HcaluH3(>-ll. KodyconipreBHod, back Hlightly arched, hoiidduproMsid
in usual way. Moutli Hinull, Bubtormiiial, lower Jaw jirojectin^ Hli^htly.
Interorbital apace 1} eye. Doraal (in uhort, beginning slightly buhind
anal ; neither tin reaching caudal. Teeth in narrow bandH, outer row
enlarged. Scales large, closely imbricated and minutely spotted witli
black. Color dark green above, becoming lighter below ;" belly yell(»\v-
ish ; large 8i)ots of white on some of tlie scales giving appearance of n<>v-
eral ill-defined silver bars on sides. Two small K])ecimens, the longest 1)
inches long, from St. Francis Kiver, Dig Bay, Arkansas. t ((T/cf)/>rr/(, oiiu
who leaps.)
t'liiiilnhiH KdiliH, Mekk, Bull. V, 8. Fish Coram., xv, IHOn, St. Francis Kiver, Big Bay,
Arkannas. (Typo, No. 47301; co-typo, No. 2277, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mu«. Coll. Motk.)
050. FVNDULUg SCIAOICI'S, Coiw.
I lead 3i to 3i ; depth 4 ; eye 3J ; snout 3i to 3|. D. 10 ; A. 12 ; scalen ."i l-
12. Interorbital width 1^ times eye. Body short and stout. Fins sni.ill ;
origin of dorsal behind that of anal and nearer tip of caudal than occi-
put. Color uniform olivaceous, without spots or lines, in spirits; pro-
fusely covered with fine brownish punctulations; belly paler; in life,
rosy olivaceous on back and sides; median line of back darker. Abun-
dant in ponds and sluggish, grassy creeks in eastern Nebraska and south-
eastern South Dakota, where our specimens were collected by Everniunii
and Cox in 1893. Length 2Huches. (ff«t(i, shade ; (TK«(i<5>/f, name of some
dusky fish.)
Ftmdulint sviailiciis, Coi-K, rroc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Pliilu., 18ti.5, 78, Platte River, Nebrasica; (Cull,
Dr. Haniniund); Kvekmann & Cox, Bull. U. S. Fish Coram., xv, 1895.
Haph)Mh<ii nfMiUrim, GCntiier, Cat., vi, 31(1, 1806.
Zyyouectci tciadicuii, JoBDAN & Qii^bkkt, Synopsig, 342, 1883.
060. FUNDUIiUS LUCI;!': (Bairtl).
Head 3^ ; depth 4i to 4^; eye 3. D. 8 ; A. 10 ; scales 34 or 35-10. Dor-
sal fin inserted behind front of anal and lower than the latter; whrii
flexed, its extremity is opposite tip of anal; ventral fins small, alioiit
equal to head behind eye, or half the length of pectora ;, tli*-ii'
extremity reaching anus. Vertical bars 10 to 12 in number, sharply
♦Wo placo nurognttnhui in the synonymy of nibri/rons on tho authority of Dr. Benii, wlm liiis
compared the types.
t "The 8|iecie8 is very abundant in tlio St. Francis River. I got none in the net, however, but
caught the two typo specimens in my hand. They keep close to the surface of the water wln-re
vegetation ia so thick that it is difficult to propel a dugout. These little flshcs jump out ot iIk'
water and remain a short time perched on the weeds. They are very (]uick. They are ;isuiilly
much emaller in size than the two typo specimons." — Meek in lit.
Jordan and F.vcrmann. — Fishes of North Atnerica.
G55
iU'IiikhI, their width boiu^; fn\\\a\ to tlio interapaces and ulightly iiicreaH-
in;; toward the tail; th«He baru begin and end abruptly, not roaobing
tho inodian line above or below by about half the width of the eye;
iilicicluH, chuoka, and ohin thickly covered with dark upotH, largeat ou
tli(t (lieekH and opercles, and luaat nunierouH on the cheeks ; upper parta,
in lite, of u dark-groen color, which fadva into ruddiah yellow on aidoa
and abdomen; inferior fuiH pale yellowiah; the vertical bura rich
lilack, with a bluiab reflection; doraal with a pale tip and a dark baae
aiit< riorly ; ou doraal behind a jot-black rounded ocollate apot about ^
width of eye and involving rather more than half width of fin, margined
anteriorly and inferiorly by a pure white apot. Atlantic Coaat from
L(iii|r iHland to Virginia ; rare ; a pretty little liah only lately rediacovercd
liy Dr. Hugh M. Smith, from whoae account the above denoription ia com-
piled. (Named for Miaa Lucy Baird, daughter of ProfoHHor Kaird.)
llijilrarijiiriilttiitt, IUiRl>, Ninth SmitliHoii. lU'|i., 1854 (IHoft), 344, BcRsIey's Point, New Jer-
sey. (Cull. Prof. Bulrd.)
Ilai'li'-liiluslmiii; (JCnTHER, Cat, vi, ai6, 18t',fi.
/if./i/Hii7ijii'iiii/u/(i/Nti, Jordan tV Oii.heut, SynuiwiH, 'M'i, 18KI.
/y,j,.,„,h» lurii., IIuoii M. Smith, Hull. U. S. Fish Cuiimi., x, IHlKt (18!»J), G«, i>l. IH, lig. »;
(dcKcriptiuii uiitl flgiiri! fruiii ii|iu«-iiiiL-nH takun in tlin J'ntiiniiii').
»«1. KUNUULITN t'HBYNOTIJS, Ilolbrnok.
Ilead3i;deptb3^. D.O; A. 11; 8cale8 32or.13-12. Body abort and robuat;
caudal peduncle bigh and compreaaed, its leaat height If in head; head
Hhort, wide, and flat, the interorbital width i its length. Teeth in jaws
in a narrow band, the outer aeries much enlarged, those in the lower jaw
larger and more numerous than those of the upper. Snout very short
and blunt, the jaws nearly equal iu closed mouth; length of snout
nearly I diameter of orbit, which ia contained "* } times in interorbital
width, and 3j^ times in head. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of
caudal and posterior rim of orbit, its distance from base of caudal i dia-
taiico from front of orbit ; base of dorsal 2^ in head, its height 1^ in head,
and its origin opposite the nineteenth scale of lateral line and the third ray
ut° the anal fin ; base of anal fin rather leaa than half length of head, its
greateat height somewhat more than half; dorsal and anal not nearly
reaching caudal when depressed ; caudal broadly rounded ; pectorals
reaching vpiit'-als, If in head ; ventrals short, not nearly reaching vent,
2 in hr~i . *jolor in spirits : light olive brown, top of head and a narrow
median streak in front of dorsal fin darker; middle of sides, especially
behind, with rather indistinct pearl-colored dots ; middle of aidea of
trunk and tail with about 14 not clearly defined, narrow half-bars; an
elongate dark area above base of pectorals; vertical fina with small,
black specks, less numerous on caudal fin; other fins plain. Length 2
Indies. This description from a specimen from Black River, South Caro-
lina; others from New Orleans agree closely. In specimens from Peace
River, Florida, Woolman counts 35 to 38 scales, and these may be identi-
cal with F. scartea. Coastwise swamps, South Carolina to Florida ; rather
common ; known from F. cingulatus by the longer anal fin. (,^/jDffur(>f ,
gilded.)
!
r k
ana
Bulletin 47 ^ United States National Museum.
'\ 1-
ri \
i
n
i S\i
If,
4|.>
ij!'!'
ISmduhi I'lirfiiiltu, IIdlbHoiik, MS., ISflO.
Uaphchilic ihri/miluH, (irNTiiKH, Cat., VI, 317, iHOti, Charleston, South Carolina.
Zj/yomclit chrynitHf, JuuDAN •& UlLUBHT, SyiiopMiH, M'i, 18X3; .Iiikiian, I'rui'. U. 8. Nat. tlux,,
1HH4, 310.
Xngouti-tvt cingnlatHK, JdRIiAN /c UiMiKnT, I'ror. V. S. Nut. Mum., 1H82, 5811; imt iif OvviiEu i.
Valbnoienmch.
062. ITNDUIirS CINia'LATrS, Ciiviurit Viilt-iu'U-iiiicH.
Huad 3i ; depth 3}; oj'eu inodurate, 3^ ia bead. D. 7; A. K; hcuIih
34-10. liudy latLer eliurt aud deep, coiiipresHed posteriorly ; back olt-
vated; cutidal peduncle deep. Head not large, Hat, broad between tbu eyi>H ;
mouth moderate ; outer row of teeth long and slender, behind whicli \n a
baud of smaller teeth ; large teeth nearly equal in each jaw. ScalcH
large. Dorsal fin short, its rays moderate, 2^ in head ; anal larger than t In^
dorsal, its rays long, 2 in huad ; vuntrals »hort, 2\ in h«>.'Ml ; pectoralH r,' in
head. General color olivaceous; scales edged with dusky, forming a tVw
faint longitudinal stripes; about 15 faint dark vortical bars, interHpaccil
with light orange, which is more plain posteriorly; almost every wheio
numerous, small, black points; belly orange; fins nil blood red, fading to
dusky in alcohol. South Carolina to Florida, in coastwise swamps; not
rare ; here described Irjm the specimens taken by Itollman in Escuniliiu
River at Flomaton, Alabama. {dngulatuH, belted.)
P\m(Mm ciniju\abi», Cv\\v.ii k Vai.kncif.nne8, HiHt. Nut. I'uiws., .win, 197, 184ti; (D. 8; A. Kii;
"United States."
Zygoitectei cimjnlaliiii, JORDAN,* Pror. U.S. Nat. Mu8., 1880, 527, riHlewription of typr; Diii.i.man,
Proc. U. S. Nttt. MuH., 1880, 403.
9«8. FIJNDULUS NOTTII f (AKaxaiz).
(Star-heaved Minnow.)
Head 3S ; depth 4^; eye large, 2i in head. D. 7 or 8; A. 9 or lo;
pcales 36-10. Form (f body much like that of Fundulua dUpar, compressed
behind. Head broar! and somewhat concave above, narrow below ; in tor-
orbital space fuV , i the length of head, li the diameter of eye; snout
obtuse, shorter chan eye; outer row of teeth, above and below, enlarged
and recurved. Pectoral tin 1^ the length of the head ; ventrals slightly
shorter, attaining the vent ; dorsal and anal low, little higher than i the
length of the head; first ray of dorsal situated slightly behind the tirst
anal ray, and over about the seventeenth scale in the longitudinal sericH ;
distance from the snout to the first dorsal ray passing beyond the tii>s
of the caudal rays; distance from the first, dorsal ray to the baue of
the caudal reaching forward to the insertion of the pectoral. Belly
and ground color on lower half of body silvery ; sides with 6 narrow
* Fimdu'im cimjulalui, CvylKK & Valenciennes. In tlio original typo, head broail and lliil ;
eye large, 3 in head. Distanco from front of dorsal to caudal half the distance to front of cvi'.
Teeth rather strong. Caudal long. D. 7;A.8. Scales about 33-10, hut as sonic are lottt, tliis
count is uncertain. Ilead 3% in length; depth 4J4. i.ody crossed by (about 10) narrow cmss
bands, which are quite distinct, and narrower thuirthe inter8|)aceK. Region below eye s<ilvc'iy,
not dark.
f The following is the scanty original degcriptlon of this species:
ZygonecUii nollii, AOAnare: "The darker continnuus longitudinal lines alternate with faiiitir
interrupted ones. Males with distinct transverse bands; dark olive above, fading upon thesiilcs;
silvery below. Oi)erculuin, throat, and space in advance of the t^ j orange color. Collected by
Dr. Nott at Kobile, Alabama."
Jordan and Evertnann. — Fishes of North America, 057
loti^'ituiliual black atripeH rnuuitig from tho head to thu tail; those
stiipuH u littlu narrowur than tho intorapacos and perfoctly distinct oven
nil I lie caudal peduuclo, tho upper Htripe rather faint and Hucceodod
iilgl'er up by 1 or 2 other obsolete stripes; interspaces of the stripes
ucciipiod, especially above, by a row of black dots forming tho fainter
iiiti'irupted stripes of Professor Agassiz's description ; on the back those
rowH of dots are rather more distinct than the continuous stripes ; i-
iiitMliaii dorsal stripe present; about 10 transverse bars of tho width of
till) longitudinal stripe, but fainter, and placed about 2 scales' width
apiiit, on the posterior half of the body ; lower surface of caudal pedun-
cio (lotted with black, a black streak behind the edge of the opercle;
upper surface of tho head dusky and also tho snout and tip of lower jaw ;
II liroud black mask covering the eyes and extending downward over tho
ciiuukH ; upper half of the operculum, the space in front of tho eye, and
iiKiHt of the lower jaw, orange red; lower half of the operculum and
uiiterior half of breast yellowish orange. Swamps and streams of
Florida and neighboring States ; not rare. Length lH"chcs. (Ciilbcrt.)
A beautiful and strikingly colored little flsh. Wo follow Dr. Hay in
identifying Zyijonecten craticnla with Fundiilui nottii. According to Dr.
(tilbert, Zi/donectea zoni/cr is the male of FiiHiluUm nottii. (Named for Dr.
Nott, its discoverer.)
7.!i,jii)U'clf» nottii, AuARSiz, Aincr. Jouni. 8ri. <tc Art8, 1864, IVi'i, Mobile, Alabama ; Jordan A
OiMiEUT, SynopBis, 341, ISSJ ; Hay, Prof. U. S. Niif. Muh., 188r>, 657.
y.ii,j(mi(ii't lineolatui, AaA88iz, Amor. Jouru.St^i. & ArtH, 1854, .'i63, Augusta, Georgia.
rmidiilns r.nH<Uui, CuviEii & Vai.knciknneh, IliHt. Nut. Poiss., XVIII, l!iri, 184t), interior of South
Carolina ; not Ernx zotiatm, Hitciiiij., with which it hu8 hooii ideiitillt'il.
/.ijijonedi'n milienla* GooDE k Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Muk., 1882, AX\, Elbow Creek, a tribu-
tary of Indian River, eastern Florida. (Typo, No. 31439. Coll. Iluuslmll.) Johdan
k (iiLDERT, SynopHix, 8U2, 1883.
/.ijijnniclii eotii/er, f JoBDAN & Mkkk, Proc. U. S. Nat. Muh., 1H84, 48'2, Allapaha River, Nash-
ville, Georgia. (Typo, No. 28505. Coll. W. J. Taylor.)
* Tlio foUowinK is a doRcription of tho types of Xiignnecteit craticnla :
Ileatl H'rii; dejjth 6. D. 8; A. 0; scales' 40-10. Body romparatlvoly lonp; and slender, littlo
niuiIiri'SHcd. Caudal ]ic'duncle long, rather slender. Head Ion;;, broa<l and deprcsHed alH>vo.
Eyi! litrKe, about ei|uul to snout, V| interorldtul width, 3^ in head. Lower jaw heavy. Teeth
small, tho outerscareoly enlarReu. Fi.isallsmall. Olivarcous; sides with about sharply d 'lined,
jct-blai'k Ion|{itudiiml striiKJs following tho rows of scales, tho stri|icH a littlo narrower than the
int(.'rs|>acc8; a large blackish blotch below cyo; fius nearly ]ilain, tho upper sumewhat dusky;
yoiiii;; with fuint dark bars.
t Tlio following is a description of tho types of Fiindnlux znnifer (Jordan !c Meek):
ilcad3J-u; depth 4?. I). 7; A. 0. Scales 3(>-ll. Body moderately olongato, coinprcescd, the
lii'ud broad and dcptossed, the anterior i)roHlo somewhat concavu above eyes. Head rather
|ininti'd in proftlo, snout nearly e.s long us eye, wliich is about half tho broad iiiterorbital spaco
and :ij in head. Teeth quito email, tho outer littlo enlarged. Scales rather small. Dorsal fin
iiiiich Hiualler than onul, and inserted nearly over the end of t'.e first third of that fin. Anal
lii^'luTthan dorsal, as well as louKcr, both ilns liigh(!Bt in tho male, in whicli they reach very
nearly to base of caudal. In>«ortiou of doraal midway between front of oyo and tip of caudal.
<'aii<)al rounded, about as long as head. Least depth of caudal peduuclo half length of head.
I'lM orals H in head, reaching slightly past front of ventrals. Ventrals nearly reach inganul, IJ
in lii'ad. Male dark olive above, with tho edges of tho scales a liUle darker; sides somewjiat
silvery, witli 12 sharply defined black crossbars, not half as wide as the interspaces, nearly ver-
tiiiil, tlioso near the middle of the body a littlo farther apart and a litll.j more distinct than tho
otliers; no longitudinal streaks; fins without ocelli ; caudal entirely plttiii ; dorsal and anal with
distinct cross streaks of dark dots. Other specimens (perhaps females) with tho color a littlo
darker ; tho black cross bands broader and more sharply defined ; a conspicuous black blotch
bel.jw the eye; fins coloved as in the others. Length 2% inches. Swamps of South Carolina and
Georgia, tho 3 types from Allapaha River, Nashville, Georgia, a tributary of tho Suwannee.
F. N. A.-
-43
i
■ I
mmm
658
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
\ m
li'
m.
,i:,j,;,:
•f 4. FCIfDITLVS GVTTATITH (Agutli).
Iload 3f ; depth nearly 5; eye large, 3 in head. D. 6 or 7; A. 8 or 0:
HcaluH 36-12. Kody elongate, moderately Htoiit, compresaeil posteriorly ;
l»uok Hlightly elevated ; caudal peduncle moderate. Head modorutc,
(lut above, broad between the eyes; mouth moderate; Jaws armed with
an outer Bories of rather long and slender teeth, behind which \n a butnl
of MMiullor teeth. Scales moderate. Dorsal fln short and snmll, its hui^lii
2 in head. Its insertion opposite vhat of the anal in the female, but »
little more posterior in the male; anal short, rather high, \}t in h«>a(l;
ventrals Just reaching vent, nearly 2 in head; pectorals H iu lioad.
Ooneral color in life orange brown ; each scale Avith a black edge, tlirno
forming dintinct longitudinal stripes; upper surface of bead dark; Jaw.s,
oporcles, and area in front of eyes bright orange ; suborbital region Jt-t
black; area above opercle extending across back orange, suffused witli
dusky ; under parts orange ; all the flns dusky. In the females the NpotH
(Ml the scales are more snffused. Swamps and streams, Florida to Te\uH;
not rare; here described from HoUman's types of ZygonectcH encamhiw.
((jiitlatua, spotted.)
7,ijifoHPdi» yutlattu, AoABBiz, Anier. Joiirn. Scl. k Artx, 1854, :i5.'), Mobile, Alabama; Jorpan k
Gii.iir.nT, Syiioiwia, 341, 1883.
/.yyoitictit ei-amhiiv, Bol.i.MAN, Proc. U.S. Nut. Mill*., 188!1, 40.1, Escambia River, Flomaton,
Alabama; (Tyi>e, Nu. 37990. Coll. Bollman); Kvkumann, UuII. U. 8. Fish Oumm., l^.U
(1802), 87.
0«6. FVNDVLlTg HIEROtiLYPHICUS (Agoniz).
This species is thus described : "Anterior and upper parts of the boilv
sprinkled with dark dots, passing into longitudinal rows backwiud.
Light olive above ; silvery on the sides and below." (Agassiz.) Moltilu,
Alabama. It has not been recognized by subsequent collectors, but may
be distinct, (hieroglyphicua, bearing marks like hawk tracks; <>>»>,
hawk ; yXv<p(j, cut out.)
Xjlijimevles hieroglyphicuii, AoASSir,, .mor. Journ. 8^'.. oc Arta, ISM, ."163, Mobile, Alabama; .Imi-
i)AN Jfc GiLBBBT, Synopeis, 341, 188.1.
9««. FUNDULV8 DI8PAR (Agasaiz).
Head 3f ; depth 3^. D. 7 ; A. 9 ; scales 35-10. Body short and deep,
much compressed. Head short and very broad, the flat interorbitpl s])!ico
being f of its length, and barely twice the diameter of the eye ; the dis-
tance between the eyes above greater than the distance between tiicia
below. Snout broadly rounded. Fins moderate; dorsal much smaller
than anal. Outer series of teeth somewhat enlarged. Coloration p.ilo
olive, bluish in life; a very distinct brownish line along the edgcH of
each row of scales, appearing wavy or serrated as it follows the scalers;
about 10 of these longitudinal stripes are present; males with the lines
interrupted, appearing as series of dots, and further marked by about 9
dark crossbars; adults with a black blotch below the eye, sometimes
confluent with it. Oviduct free from anal. Length 2^^ inches. Lakes
and sluggish streams from northern Ohio to Missouri, and south to Miis^iiH-
sippi ; locally abundant ; recorded from the Maumee, Wabash, Illiuuis,
/ iV* M5ri.. Wac>.; -."-.4.:^*;:- ..
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
050
Hi;; IMiick, and Poarl rivoiH. A chubby llttl« HhIi, vory prettily t'oluretl.
(itixixir, iliHBiinilar.)
/ui/.iiif'M <lii"ir, AiiAiuiix, Anitr. Joiirii. Hcl, ifc Arti, 18M, WM, creeks opposite St. Louis,.
Heardstown, Illinois; Jordan, Hull. I'. H. Nut. Mux., No. i), M), 1K77; Hay, Hull. V. H.
fiab Cuiuui., 18H'i, IK); JuliDAN A OiLlir.HT, Hyiio|i«li, a41, 1N83.
9«7. I'UNDULim NUTATim (R«flnuH.|u.).
(Top Minnow.)
Headi; depth 4i; eye large, Iohh than itnout, about li in head. I). 0;
A. 11; McaltiH 34-11. Itody rather slender, conipreHHed behind. Head
I'lW, depreHHed, and rather elungiite, the unuut Huniewhut produced, the
lowtT juw Hcarcoly projectiug; interorbital upMce broud, its width about
liiilf length of head. Fins moderate, the dorsal and anal elevated in the
niuluH. Teeth in a broad bund, the outer series considerably enlarged
ami cttnin«-like. Colorotion brownish olive, with a broad, dark, pur-
(ihiili-ltlack lateral band running from tip of snout through eye to base
uf caudal ; darker in males than in females ; young specimens have the
(>(l<rL>H of the band serrated ; a few series of small black dots along the
HiiU>H of the back ; dorsal, caudal, and anal tins dotted with black ; top
of liead with a conspicuous translucent spot in life; concentric strite on
HCiilcs strong. Southern specimens often larger and darker in color.
Lt'iigth 2 to 3i inches. Michigan to Alabama, Mississippi, and Te.xas;
generally abundant in ponds and canals. A pretty little fish, swimming
at the surface in quiet waters, feeding on insects; recognizable in the
water by the translucent spot on the head, also found in related species.
(nolatun, spotted.)
ScmolilM notatiu, RAriNEsqvE, Idith. Ohionsig, 80, 1820, tributaries of Ohio River in Ky.
Pivcilid olimina, STUBsn, Proc. BoBt. Soo. Mat. Hiat., ii, July, 1846, SI, Florence, Alabama.
(Coll. C. A. Ilentz.)
t'lmiluliu tenellm, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ar. Nnt. Sci. Pbilii., 18.')3, 289, Prairie Mer Rouge,
Louisiana, and RussellviUe, Kentucky.
Zyijiini'Hen lateralin, AoASSiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. &. ArtH, 1H64, 353, Mobile, Alabama.
'/ijijiiHi'cli'i ::i>iiiitiii, A(iA88iz, Amer. Journ. Sci. ic. Arts, 1854, 3.'i:l, St. Louis, Missouri.
'/jiijmuclei imlihelluB, QiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri. I'liila., 1850, 113, Sugar Loaf Creek, Ark.
FiiwMHt aureiit. Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phlla., 18r>5, 78, Detroit River, Grosse Isle, Mich.
'/.ijijoutfkn notattu, Coi'E, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mua., xvii, 34, 188U; Jordan A Gilukkt, SynopsiR, 3.39,
1883.
IliiphnhUiiHpnlchnni, GOntiikb, Cat., VI, 314, 1860.
Ihlilochilui aureuK, GCntiieh, Cat., VI, 315, 1866,
»«8. VUNDULUS MKLAPLKVRL'S (Gosse).
(TiCKY-TICKY.)
Head SJ; depth 3i. D. 11; A. 11 ; V. 5; scales 31-10. Snout broad and
obtuHe, the mandible being directed obliquely upward; the diameter
of the eye equals the length of the snout, 3 in head and IS^ in interorbital
space. Dorsal and anal fins of moderate size ; the origin of the dorsal
midway between the extremity of the caudal and the anterior margin of
the orbit, over the sixteenth scale of the lateral line, and opposite the
middle of the base of the anal. Free portion of the tail rather short, its
depth equal to the distance between the dorsal and caudal fins. Sides
i
I t
'I
ill !-l
Hi
<MM>
BniUttH 4j^ United States National Museum.
, i
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lii» ';'
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MV,'
o( tlio aluloiiieu silvery, the jturtiuu abuvu tliu Hilvory purt hiaok.
Streams of Jaiiiaioa ; locally voniiiiuii. (/i^AH(;, black; Tr/lrtyioi', huIo.)
Puriliii mrliiiilfiirii, (iuMi, Nntiiritllial't H<iJourii in .luiiiaica, H4, IHSI, Jamaica.
• tlaplwhUtu mrliutojikunu, QCNTiiBn, Cat., vi, :il7, 18fl«t.
301. ADINIA, (lirard.
AiUhUi, OiRAnn, rri>c. Ac Nat. 8ci. Phlla., IHAO, 117, imnlUfttDriala).
Tliitt genus contains species agreeing in K<'noruI respects witli FumhihtH,
but having the aspect of Cyprinodon. The gill openings, as in CypriiiiHhm,
are restricted, the operole being adnate to the shoulder girdle as far ilown
as the upper edge of the base of the pectoral. The body is Hhort, (h-tp,
and compressed. Besides the two species known to belong to thiH gomm,
muUifttHciata and dugciti, we provisionally place in it two othoPH, wliirii
seem to agree in external characters, though the restriction of tlie frill
openings has not been noticed. (Adinia, a coined name witlioiit
meaning.)
n. Anal witli lA ray*; body ohluiig, tlm (leptli S}^ to 4; culoration plain or niottlttil, wItliDiit
(lark cruM banili.
6, Head rather liuavy, about 4 In lonKtIi; dopth of iMxiy altoiit 4; i<ye rntliur Hliurtur tliuii
Knuiit, alMiiit 4 ill liuiiii; hcuIum 'M to .'ir>-12; dumiil riiyit 12. iiitATKMAi.i'.NHiK, !I8!).
bl>. Head very thick and lieuvy, about :i';', in loMKth; dt-pth 3J to .'t^l; u.vu Hl.ortiT tljiiii
Buout, 4 in head; HcnlcH 35-12; dorxal ray* i:i or 14. I'AciiYcei'tui.A, liTn.
ail. Anal with 11 or 12 rays; Rcaloa very Inrgr; biMly de<>p anil coni|ir«M<id.
c. Dorml rays l.'i; body iToa84>d by 5 or black crow bando; depth U In loiiKlh; lu'mi ;t;
HcaU>« 30-11. iii'UKKi, W71.
cc. Doroal rayH or 10; body cromod by 10 to 14 narrow ixiarly baiidM; dupth 'J tn '.!<,j in
length; head 3; mrulog 25-10. multiiahciata, !)72,
069. ADIMA UUATRMAIiKNKIS (OUnther).
Head 4 ; depth 4. D. 12 (13); A. 14or 15 (16) ; scales 32 to 35-12. IUymI
thick and broad; interorbital space broad, slightly convex, its width
being a little less than half length of head. Suout broad, obtuse ; lower
jaw slightly projecting beyond upper; mandible longer than eye; (>.vo
equal to or, in the larger specimens, less than length of snont, 4 in lu-ad,
and 2 in interorbital space; origin of dorsal midway between tip of ciiii-
dal and posterior margin of orbit, over nineteenth scale of the luloral
series ; first anal ray corresponding to second of dorsal. Doruul and uiial
fins subquadrang^ular, rather low, longer than high in male, and an loug
as high in female; two-thirds of caudal covered with small HCiiieu.
Brown above and on the sides, pale below; females with a very iiulio-
tinct dark band along the side ; fins immaculate ; anal with a light mur-
gin. Sexual opening of the female not attached to the anterior anal layH.
Rivers of Guatemala, and southward, to western Ecuador. (Giintlu'i.)
I\mdulu$ gu(Uemalen$i$, GCnther, Cat, vi, 321, 1866, Lake of Dueftas; Lake AmaCitlan;
Rio Quacalate ; western Ecuador. (Coll. Salvin &, Fnuior.)
970. ADINIA PACHTCEPHALA (GUnther).
Head 3i ; depth 3^ to 3| - D. 13 or 14 ; A. 15 ; V. 6 ; scales 35-12. Head
very thick and broad ; interorbital space very broad, slightly convex, its
width being i length of head; snout broad, obtuse; lower jaw slightly
projecting beyond upper; mandible longer than eye. Eye less than
■t ;
Jordan and Rvfrmann. — Fishes of North America. 681
loii^'Hi of Hiiont, 4 in hAnd, and 2 in width of inteTorbital ipaoe. OriglD
of (lorial midway Itetweon tip of caudal and po«terior margin of orbit,
ovor Nixt«i«nth aoale of lateral line; flrst anal ray under third of doraalj
(Iiii'HJil and anal flna HuhquadranKular, of moderate height, the latter fln
W\\\^ Hcarouly higher than lung; oaudul tin Hubtrunoate. Brownish
aliovo and on Hides, each aoalo darker on tip; an indiHtinct dark baud
hIi)II(; middle of tail ; fluH immaoulate, anal with the lower margin whit-
ish. Ouiitemala. ((iiinther.) (TraY^c, thick ; k>^(iX;/, heoil.)
niHi/nliK ;i(I('%i])Au/m, OCntubb, Cat., vi, 321, I80(), Lake Atitlan. (Cull, telvlu.)
V71. ADINIA DUOKHII (Ihaii).
licaii !<; depth nearly 3; eye \ in head, i| width of interorbital apace.
1). l.'i; A. 11 ; HculeH:iO-ll. Kody abort and deep, robuat; head depreaaed
altove; Hnout abort, ahorter than eye; Jawa abort, the upper being freely
liMitractilo. Toetl) slender, conical, in a double series, those of the
(iiit(<i' enlarged. Opercle counectod by membrane to the shoulder girdle,
li«^)(inning at a point in line of lower margin of eye. Anal very
Hliort , itH base half aa long aa doraal baae ; insertion of dorsal very alightly
in advance of anal ut a diatauce from the front of the eye e(|ualing about
t\vie» the length of the head, its rays slender, not very long, the long-
est Noniowhat shorter than base of fin and less than half head ; baae of
(ioiHal 2 in heail; anal inserted under third ray of doraal, its longest ray
\ to \ tiead ; anal baae very abort, \ aa long as the doraal base, and very
iittht longer than the eye ; pectoral half head ; caudal slightly rounded ;
ventral in middle of length of body, excluding caudal, its tip not reach-
ill); vont, 30 in bead. Light brown; sidea with 5 broad distinct bands
or (> duHky bands, the widest somewhat greater than eye ; one of these
bandH placed under anterior half of the dorsal; sides and bead with
Hjlver. Length 3 inches. Guanajuato, Mexico. (Bean.) Evidently a
spociea of Adinia, aa is shown by the form and by the restriction of
tilt) ^111 openings. (Named for its discoverer, Prof. Alfredo Dugds, of
(iiianajnato.)
f^iH<(H/iifi dutihii, Dkan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 1887, 37.3, pi. 20, flg. A, Guanajuato, Mexico.
(Typo, No. 37831. Coll. ProfeHBor Diigfiii.)
978. ADINIA MVLTIFAHCIATA/nintrd.
Hoad 3 ; depth 2 (2 J to 2/t in 9 ) ; eye large, 3 in head, 1^ in interorbital
Hpace. D. 9 or 10; A. 11 or 12; V. 6; P. 14; B. 5; scales 25-10. Body
very deep, much compressed, much as in Cyprinodon ; caudal peduncle
very deep ; head depressed, rapidly tapering to a sharp, conical snout ;
the anterior profile somewhat concave ; females and young with the back
IcHH elevated. Teeth very small. In a villiform band, those of the outer
sorles wide-set and considerably larger ; opercle adnate to shoulder girdle
above base of pectoral (as in Cyprinodon and Jordanelld). Dorsal inserted
in advance of anal, its origin midway between caudal and middle of
eyo, the longest rays in males reaching base of caudal, l|f in head ; anal
lower; veutrals li in head. Intestinal canal as long as body. Male
' If tlio geuuB Adinia !■ not recognized, this species shoiild itand aa f^tndtdut xenietu.
h
i \\
i ■
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662
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
•.'\
ml
mw
■
dark green ; sides with 10 to 14 narrow, pearly bands, slightly oblique,
and mostly narrower than the interspaces; a diffuse, dusky blotch below
and behind eye ; lower jaw orange ; belly yellow^ ; dorsal and anal black-
ish, with many round, pale-blue spots; orange spots near base of lin;
caudal baried, with some pale spots ; vontrals dusky, tipped with yellow,
female greenish, with a faint, dark lateral shade and some pale cross bamlH ;
lower fins largely yellow ; upper mostly dusky. Length 2 inches. Gulf
Coast, West Florida to Texas; locally very abundant in sliallow lagoouH*
an extremely beautiful little fish, here described from specimens inn-
Pensacola. [muUiftuciaUia, many-banded.)
AilinM viuUi/iix.iaItt, GikaiU), Proc Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 118, Galveston; St. Jc
Island, Indiauola, "^exas.
l/'uHttulun renicus, Jordan & Gimieui, i'ruo. IJ, 8. Hat. Mus., 1882, 265, Laguna Grande, Pen-
sacola, Florida; not Itijtlvanjijra niuWfasciata, Le Sueur, nor F'Hduliit adinm, Johdax .t
Qiihert; tbo namo mtiUifiineiulitf preoccupied in Pmi<hihii', Imt not in Adiuia. (Typo, Nos.
29G68, .30821, and 30841. Coll. Jordan); Jordan & Gilueht, Synopsis, 546, 1883.
302. RIVULUS, Poey.
itivulas, Poey, Memoriae, ii, 307, 18(10, (qilmdraceus).
Body rather elongate, subterete, covered with moderate-sized scales.
Mouth small, the upper jaw little protractile ; snout not produced. Each
jaw with a band of villiform teeth and an outer series of curved teetli.
Male with the anal fin not modified ; oviparous. No air bladder.* Snuill
fishes of the brooks of tropical America, the known species having in ouo
sex at leact a large ocellated spot at base of caudal. Some of the specicH
recorded from Venezuela, Colombia, and Trinidad, may occur within our
limits. (rivuluH, n rivulet.)
a. Scales small, about 40 in a longtbwiso series; dorFal rays 8; an.il 12.
h. Insertion of dorsal midway between tip of caudal and center of eye; a black spot on
operdo, besides the caudal ocellus of tbo male. ovlindrackiis, 'i7;i.
bb. Insertion of dorsal midway l)etween tip of caudal and edge of oporcle; body marlili'il
with light and aark spots; nip.le with a candal ocellus. biarhorati's, 974.
978. BJVULUS (;YLINDB.iCEUS,t Poey.
Head 3J in total length; depth 5^; eye 1^ in snout, 3^^ in head. D. 8;
A. 12; scales 40. iiody slender, nearly terete; head broader than trunk.
Mouth small, little protractile, the maxillary not reaching orbit ; teetli in
a band with an outer row of stronger ones. Dorsal well backward, behind
front of anal, its insertion midway between tip of caudal and center of
eye; ventrals short. Green, v/itli violet shades; a large, black, oye-liko
spot at base of caudal in male ; cheek with a green band, ending in a black
spot; fins plain greenish or dull orange ; female with a black ocellus on
opercle, none on the tail ; sexes otherwise similar. Length 2 inches.
Havara. (Poey.) (cj/ZiwrfracPMfc, like a cylinder.)
Rimilua cylindracewi, PofcY, Mcmorias, ii, 308, 1801, stream at Mordazo,near Havana ; (ii'N-
THER, Cat., VI, 327, ■'Sfifi : Poey, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist, Nat., 247, 1880.
*Tlio character of the absence of the air bladder has not been verified in either of the fdllow-
ing species.
t In Poey's figure of R. cylindraceuK (ISSOI, thi mouth is represented as short and oliliqiu'. 1"
the figure iu the Enumeratio (V, flg. 4) which Puey refers to liivulus nutrmoralus, the uioutli is
huger and nearly horizontal.
,li
N .'
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
974. RIYULUS MABH0RATU8, Poey.
063
Diners from ^{vvXhs cylindraceua in having the dorsal farther back, the
(liHtanco of its insertion from the tip of caudal beingeqnal to its distance
fioiii edge of opercle ; the anal appearing more advanced. Body dashed
witli light and dark spots; a black caadal'' ocellus. Cuba. (Poey.)
(iiKirworafiia, marbled.)
UiniliiH marmoratits, PuKY, Aualea de Hist. Nat. Espana, ix, 248, 1880, Cuba.
303. LUCANIA, Girard.
iitiaiiiit, GiBAnp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pbila., 1859, 118, (venusta); not Liwamu, a gonuit of l)potle8.
Mody oblong, compressed; lower jaw prominent, the cleft of the mouth
Kliort and very oblique. Mouth moderate, the snout not produced ; each
JiMv with a single series of conical teeth. Scales very large. Gill open-
iii<;H not restricted. Dorsal and anal rays in moderate number, the dorsal
iihove or slightly in advance of the anal ; anal flu not modified in the
iiiiilcH ; oviparous. Very small fishes of the coastwise swamps of the
rnitod States, all of them very prettily colored. (A coined name, with-
out meaning.)
>i. Body coinpurativoly ulongato, the depth 4% to 5 in length, the form approaching tliat of
JUrnhin.
h. Ilody without blacic longitudinal l)and in either sex, the female with a caudal ocellus
as in lliviiht»; an otHtlluR alKivo front of anal; cleft of mouth vi'ry nhort and nearly
vertical; dorsal rays 7; anal 8; depth 6 in length. ohmata, 07.5.
hh. Body in both sexes with a black longitudinal band from eye to the black caudal spot;
male with the basal half of dorsal and anal black, the flns with red in life. Depth
414 in length. D. 9; A. 9; scales 30-7. ooodf.i, 970.
(Id. H(i<ly comparatively short and deep, the depth 3J4 to Z% in length, the form approaching
that of Cjfprinodou; body in both sexes without black longltu<liuaI band or black ocelli;
the fins in male with orange, the dorsal in male with a large black spot at biise in
front.
<■. Body more oblong, the depth 3% to 3J^ in length. D. 11 or 12; A. 9 or 10; scales 26-8.
VENUSTA, 977.
IV'. Body deep, the depth 314 '» length. D. 10; A. 10; scales 2G-8. parva, 978.
I
075. LUCANIA OMMATA (Jordan).
Mead 3i ; depth 5 ; eye 2i. D. 6 or 7 ; A. 9 or 10 ; scales 26 to 2»-9.
Hoily fusiform, slender, somewhat compressed. Premaxillary very pro-
friictile; teeth small, pointed, in one row, the tips not colored. Mouth
very small, its cleft almost vertical ; ventral surface of lower jaw directed
forward so that the fish seems truncated. Eye large, twice length of
Miiout, equal to the flat iuterorbital space. Gill membranes narrowly
connected, free from isthmus. Scales large. Anal inserted slightly in
advance of dorsal, not modified in the male; insertion of dorsal mid-
way between edge of opercle and base of caudal; pectorals and ventrals
sniiill. Intestine not longer than body. Straw color, a dark vertebral line ;
male with 5 or 6 dark bars and no caudal ocellus ; female with a jet-black
Hp )t as large as pupil on side just in front of origin of at- il ; Cv larger ocel-
lated spot at upper part of base of caudal, a dark band of minute points
* Misprinted "pectoral" in Poey's description.
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664
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
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m
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l;^:!i
nearly connecting the two spoto, the band forking before the caudal Bput
and sending a branch above and below it ; a dark streak from base of
ventrals along each side of anal to base of caudal ; a dark streak from
eye covering lower jaw; another faint streak from eye to lateral spot.
forking to form an ocellus, as is the case with the caudal spot. Length '\ to
1 inch. Swamps of Florida ; 8 specimens now known ; 2 obtained by K,
Edward Earll in Indian River, the original types of the species ; 2 obtaiiicil
by Mann and Davison in western Florida, and described by Professor Hay
an Zygotiecten maiinii; the others obtained in the Santa F(5 River and itn
tributaries by Mr. A. J. Woolman, who alone has seen the male. In form
and color, the species resembles the genus liirnlua. It apparently difl'orn
in dentition and seems on the whole nearer to Lucanta, It can not be an
ally of Heteraudria. The largest specimens are barely an inch in lengtli,
so that the species may, in the words of Dr. Hay , " contend with Iletcrandr'm
formosa for the honor of being the smallest known vertebrate." {limiarur,
eyed, in allusion to the caudal ocellus of the female.)
Ueteranihia ammata, .ToniiAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 1884, 323, Indian River, Florida. (Typ.',
No. 25331(2). Coll. B. Edward Kuril); Woolman, Hull. V. S. Fisli ''uinni., x, 1k<H>, 3(i2.
ZtjgonciIeK ■>iiamiii, IIay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 55.5, Yellow Water River, Florida.
(Coll. II. T. Mann.)
076. LUCANIA GOODKI, Jordan.
Head 4; deptlid}; eye 2i to 2|. D.9; A. 9; scales 29 to 32-7. Body
elliptical, rather elongate, the back considerably elevated to a point
just in front of the origin of the dorsal fin ; caudal peduncle rather doop
and compressed. Head short, comparatively narrow, and bluntly pointed;
mouth small, terminal; both jaws with rather large, conical, cauim;-
like teeth, apparently in a single series. Eye large, near the niiddli'
of the side of the head, about equal to interorbital space. Scales laro;o;
humeral scale like the others. Fins large, especially in the males;
origin of dorsjil about midway between snout and base of caudal, con-
spicuously in advance of anal ; height of dorsal fin in the males ^ leiio;tli
of head, about equal to the length of the base of the fin; anal tin
similar and nearly as high and long, beginning nearly under the
middle of the dorsal; caudal moderate, subtruncate; ventrals lonjf,
in the males reaching the front of the anal, in the females reacliing tlic
vent ; pectorals reaching past front of ventrals in both sexes. Color
olivaceous, the scales with dark edgings ; a very distinct black band in
both sexes running through eye and snout straight to the base of tlio
caudal, where it ends in a round black spot ; this band about as wide as
a series of scales, although developed on parts of 2 series ; a conspicuonn
black band in both sexes along lower edge of the caudal peduncle, from
root of the caudal to vent, dividing and passing on each side of the anul
fin ; fins in the female plain ; in the male, basal half of dorsal and anal jet
black, outer half pale with a black edge; pectorals, and especially ven-
trals, also dark-edged; caudal fin faintly mottled; vertical fins witli
more or less red in life. Length IJ inches. Rivers of the Everglade
region ; locally abundant. Known from the Alligator, Arlington, Peace,
t
:i;i:.T;
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
665
and Withlacoochee rivers. A very small but prettily colored flsh.
(Named for Dr. George Brown Goode, its discoverer.)
Iwaiii'iijofiiki, .TnnnAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miib., 1879, 240, Arlington River, Florida, a tribu-
tary of the St. John's. (Typo, No. ZitM. CoM. Dr. GuiMle.) Jordan & Gilbert, 8yn-
opsiH, 343, 18H3; Wooi.man, Bull. U. 8. FiHh Comtn., x, ISIK), 21)4, iil. .'>2, fig. 2.
977. LUCANIA VKNUSTA, Giranl.
TIead 3A ; depth 3 J ; eye 3. D. 11 or 12 ; A. 9 or 10 ; scales 26-8. Body fusi-
fonn, rather strongly compressed, the dorsal and ventral ontlines about
(((|iiully arched ; head narrow, compressed, flattened above the eyes, the
upper profile of snout both longitudinally and transversely convex ; snout
compressed, conspicuously shortened, and vertically rounded, its height
(Tioator than its width ; caudal peduncle long and rather slender, its
greatest height 1| in head, its length slightly less than head ; mouth very
Hiiiall, protractile forward, the lower jaw very much projecting in open
mouth; mandible heavy, short, and strongly convex, less than diameter
of orbit; teeth small, but firm and strong, conical, in a single series in
ciich jaw, or forming an irregular double series anteriorly; no villiform
teeth behind this outer series; eye large, slightly shorter than inter-
orbital width, and greater than length of snout. Intestinal canal
rather lews than length of body. Origin of dorsal fin nearly midway
between tip of snout and base of caudal, the longest ray (in <? ) equaling
tlio length of its base ; origin of anal fin under middle of dorsal ; ovi-
duct not attached to first anal ray, but produced backward, forming a
low sheath on both sides at base of first 6 rays ; length of anal base
I head; longf'st ray (^)i head; caudal If in head; pectorals long,
reaching beyond base of ventrals. If in head ; ventrals reaching slightly
beyond vent, 1* in head. Color ( <? ) lightolive, pale on belly ; sides with
Homo silvery luster and with indistinct trace of an obsolete dusky lateral
Hti'ipe; scales conspicuously dark-edged; opercles and cheeks bright
HJlvcry; dorsal and caudal light yellow, and, as well as the anal, nar-
rowly iiiagined with black ; dorsal with an elongate, vertical black
l)lotch at anterior margin, a yellow spot bebmd it ; a vertical dusky
streak behind each dorsal ray, composed of fine blai^.k points; anal
orange or translucent, white at base ; ventrtils similar jO anal ; pectorals
pale yellowish ; a dark vertical streak through iris. $ similar, fins all
plain. Length about 2 inches. Lagoons and inlets of the coast of the
(Jnlf of Mexico, exceedingly abundant about Pensacola, and westward
to the mouth of the Rio Grande; a pretty little fish, here described from
r macola specimens. (ir>»M8<M.s, pretty.)
I.ii, yemwtu, GiiiAni), U. S. Mex. Hound. Surv., Iclitli., 71, jil. 3!), fiRS 20-23, 1850, Indianola,
Texas. (Coll. Clark.)
l.iirm, aiVniin, GiRARD, Pror. Ao. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18,">!), 118, Matamoras.
l-uciiiifi renusia, GiRARl), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ISf)!), 118; Gt'NTilKR, Cat., vi, 310, 18fi6;
Jordan & Gilbert, SynopRis, 343, 803, 1883; Jordan, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Miib., 1882, 2.'>7.
978. LI'CANIA I'ARVA (Baird & Girartl).
(Rainwater Fish.)
Head 3i ; depth 3} ; eye 3. D. 10 to 12 ; A. 10 or 11 ; scales 26-8.
Body much deeper than in Lucania venuata, the form resembling that of
Ml
I
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it'
w
I V.
■ iiWI;
■Tjj^niiwjp'Bfni^.'wwp-'
666
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
r
' ■ }■
.
Adinia. Females larger than males ; both sexes plump. Color iu life :
Males olive, with bluish reflections; edges of the scales darker ; dorsal
dusky orange, with a large black spot at the base in front, ocellated
with orange; caifdal orange yellow, tipped with black; ventrals and
anul orange red, tipped with dusky; pectorals translucent. Females
with the fins pale olive, without black spot or edgings. Length 1^ to L'
inches. Atlantic Coast from Connecticut to Key West; very common
at Kuy West, in shallow waters and tide pools close to the shore, especially
where fresh waters soak in the sea ; here described from Key West spei'i
mens; equally abundant about the mouth of the Potomac in brackish
ponds and tide ditches. (H. M. Smith.) {parvim, small.)
GiipriiKuhm parruii, Daird .fc Girard, Ninth SmitliH. Report, IS.'H (ISSS), 346, Qreenport,
Long Island; (Coll. Bainl); GOnther, Cat., vi, :»07, 1866.
LitcaitUi jinrivi, .Jordan <fe GliiBEUr, SynopsiK, 893, 1883; Joriian, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils., IHKl,
lOO; IIuQH M. Smith, Bull. U. S. FUh Comm., .x, 1890, 08.
304. GIRARDINICHTHYS, Bleeker.
(UriirdinichlhtjK, Bi.eeker, Cyprin., 481, 18G0, (tHit«min(i/H«).
LimmirgiiH, GI'ntiier, Oat., Vi, 309, 18G(), {rnrirgalun).
Body stout. Mouth small, its cleft nearly vertical ; the upper jaw very
protractile. Teeth small, pointed, in a single series in each jaw. Scalcn
rather small. Dorsal and anal fins long, each with 20 or more rays, nearly
opposite each other ; anal fin not modified iu the male. Intestinal canal
short, about as long as body. Gill membranes partly united, free from
isthmus. Very small fishes, differing from Lucania in the long dorsal and
anal. Mexico. {Girardinus] /;t^''f> fish; named for Dr. Charles tiirard,
1822-1895, who studied the fishes of the Mexican Boundary Survey.)
U70. OIUARDIMCHTHTS INNOMINATUS. Blueker.
Head 4; depth 3i; eye 5 in head, 2 in interorbital width. D. 20;
A. 22 ; scales 44. Head thick, the snout obtuse, the mandible bein^
directed vertically upward ; neck arched, so that the upper profile of tiio
head is concave. Origin of dorsal midway between occiput and bnsu
of caudal. Olivaceous, with irregular dark-brown cross bands, whicli
are sometimes confluent. Sexes similar. • Length 21 inches. Vicinity
of City of Mexico ; not rare. Our specimens collected by Mr. Amos W.
Butler. (innominatu8, unnamed, Girard having omitted to attach a specific
name when describing the species.)
Lucania, «p., Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 118, City of Mexico.
Oirardiiikhthi/s innominalnn, Bleeker, Cypriu., 484, 1800, after Girakd; .Jordan A Ciii.nKiiT,
Synopsis, 343, 1883.
LimnurgHS rivieijalus, GCnther, Cat., vi, 309, 1860; after Girard; tlie name kIvoii by Bi.ekkk.k
being regarded as barbarous.
305. EMPETRICHTHYS, Gilbert.
Empelrichthjs, Gilhert, Death Valley Exped., Fishes, 233, 1893, (merriami).
Body rather elongate, the form approaching that of Fundulm. Intes-
tine short, li times length of body. Teeth conic, fixed, in each jaw
arranged iu a baud cousisting of two or three rows, the outer series
''i'
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
6G7
Huniewhat enlarged. Ventrals absent. Branchiostegals Ave. Both upper
und lower pharyngeals greatly enlarged and bearing niular teeth, tuber-
(Milar in shape ; lower pharyngeals iirmly attached to the ceratobranchiala
of the fourth arch, while the massive epibranchials of the same arch
Hcrvo to connect them firmly at the sides with the pharyngobranchials
above; fourth branchial arch bearing normal gills, its median portion
|)ro(luced anteriorly, forming a triangular extension of the lower pharyn-
geals in the middle line; on the oral surface this is indistinguishable
from the pharyngeals proper, and like them bears molar teeth. Scales
normal, large, regularly imbricated, nowhere tubercular or ridged. This
genus seems to be allied to Orintian, a genus likewise devoid of ventral
fins, inhabiting the mountain lakes of the Andes. It diifers from Orestiaa,
as from all other Cyprinodontu, in the singular development of the pharyn-
geals, (tr, within ; 'Kerpog, rock ; /.v'^/f , fish, in allusion to the stony
pharyngeals.)
080. EMPETRICIITHY8 MKKRIAMI, Gilbert.
Head 3? ; depth 3-! ; eye 5. D. 11 or 12 (13 in one specimen); A. 14
(from 13 to 15). Scales 30 or 31, counted to base of caudal rays, 33
or 31 iu all. Head compressed, its upper surface slightly convex. Mouth
very oblique, with a distinct lateral cleft, the maxillary free at tip only,
reaching slightly behind front of eye. Length of gape (measured from
tip of snout to end of maxillary) 3i in head; interorbital width 2i;
length of snout (from front of orbit to middle of upper jaw) 3J. Eye
email, its greatest oblique diameter 5 to 5} in head. Distance from front
of dorsal to middle of base of tail i its distance from tip of snout.
Dorsal beginning slightly in advance of anal, and ending above its
posterior third, its greatest height equal to length of snout and eye;
caudal truncate when spread; pectorals broadly rounded, reaching half
way to vent. Color dark brown above, sides and below lighter, often
irregularly blotched with brown and white; the belly often appears
checkered, having centers of scales brown and margins white, or the
reverse; fins all dusky, the basal portions of dorsal and caudal with
elongated brown spots on the interradial membranes. In form and gen-
eral appearance this singular fish much resembles the mud minnow
( rmhra limi), though somewhat deeper and more compressed. Springs of
the desert about Death Valley in eastern California, a depressed desert
tract, intensely hot and almost rainless. (Named for Dr. C. Hart Mer-
riam, the well-known mammalogist, in charge of the Death Valley
explorations.)
F.iiipilrichlhysmcrriami, GlLi!EKT, Doatli Valley Exped., Fislies, in North Anioricau Kiuina, No. 7,
234, ])I. 5, May 31, 189^, Ash Meadows, Amargosa Desert, on the boundary between
California and Nevada. (Typo, No. 4ti,101. Coll. Mcrriaiii A Uailoy.)
306. CHARACODON, Gunther.
rhnracodoii, GCnther, Cat., vi, 308, 18G6, {hUeralix).
Body rather deep and compressed, (iill openings restricted, as in
('yprinodon.* Mouth small, the teeth small, fixed, bicuspid, or Y-shaped,
* This character not verifled in Oharacodon laieralw or C. furcidem.
f
i'H:
1 I
. 5
i
i i )
5 •
M'
hi
608
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
in a single aeriea, witli a baud of villiform teeth beliind them. SoaleH
moderate. Insertion of dorsal nearly opposite that of anal. Intestinal
oanal short ; bones of jaws well united. Small fishes of the fresh waters
of Mexico and Central America, ixnfm^y a sharp stake ; Mo'v^, tooth.)
1. Hcalea ratlier large, 32 to 3n in Iniigitudliial Heriea.
h. Dontal All Bmall, of 10 or 11 rays; anal rays 13 to 16; tcaloa 36-12; a dark lateral Itaml,
aomctinieH Itrokeu iuto Hpots. i.aterai.ih, OkI.
Ml. Doraal On largo, of 13 to 10 rays; depth 3 to 3^/, in length.
c, Donal niyH 10; anal 10; scales 32-11; body with two lateral stripoR, tho Hecond
beginning with front of anal. niLiNKATim, '.)S2.
cr. Dorsal rays 13 or 14; anal 15 or 10; scales 36-15; males with a faint dark lateral
stripo made of dark blotches; female without stripe, irregularly blotched or
■potted. VARIATUS, 08:i.
aa. Scales rather small, about 60 in a longitudinal series; dorsal rays Hi; anal 13; depth 3J in
longth; sides mottled or Inrred, tho flns with dark bars. fvrcidkns, itSI.
OSt. CHAKACODON LATERALIS, Giinther.
Head 3jt ; depth 3 ; eye 4. D. 10 or 11 ; A. 13 in female, 15 or 16 in
male; scales 35-12. Body rather elevated, with the neck somewhat
arched. Head thick and broad, with the snout obtuse, as long as the eye.
Mandible ascending obliquely, longer than eye. About 20 smallish teetli
in each jaw, their apex indistinctly notched. Interorbital space fiat,
its width being 2^ in head. Origin of dorsal fin a little nearer end
of caudal than to occiput, a little behind that of the anal ; both fiuM
small and rounded ; in the male the six anterior rays are of nearly equal
length, but considerably shorter than the following, forming a very dis-
tinct portion of the fin; all these rays are very closely set; caudal fin
small, truncate, or slightly convex ; distanCv^ between dorsal and caudal
somewhat more than least depth of tail, and equal to distance between
eye and gill opening ; pectoral obtuse, not quite reaching ventral ;
ventral small, not quite extending to the vent. Brownish olive
(in spirits), with a darker band running from the eye to the root of
the caudal ; this band sometimes broken up into a more or less regular
series of brownish-black spots. In general habits very similar to a
Cyprinodon. Central America. (Giinther); not seen by us. (Interalh,
pertaining to the side.)
Characodtnt laieraUx, GCntiier, Cat., vi, 308, 1800, Central America; (Coll. Pr. Seemaiin);
GOmther, Fishes Central Amor., 480, pi. 82, fig. 2, 1880.
982. CHARACODON ItlLINEATlIS, Bean.
Head 3$ ; depth 3; eye 4. D. 16; A. 16; scales 32-11. Head broad and
depressed, the interorbital space being nearly fiat, the nape moderately
arched. Snout short, rather shorter than eye ; the lower jaw somewhat
prominent ; upper jaw moderately protractile. About 20 bicuspid teeth
in the outer series of each jaw ; villiform teeth behind the incisors evi-
dent ; mandible nearly vertical when the mouth is closed, nearly reach-
ing eye. Eye scarcely more than i interorbital width. Scales on top of
head somewhat enlarged. Opercle connected by membrane to the shoul-
der girdle, beginning at a point slightly above upper edge of pectoral.
Insertion of the dorsal midway between the posterior margin of the eyo
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
669
iiiul uud of tlie acalea ; longest doroal ray \\ in head ; base of dorsal 5 times
in budy ; aual inserted nnder third rayof dorual; pectoral 5 in length
(if body ; length of head coutaiued 3| times in the total without caudal,
and nmoh less than the depth at dorsal origin ; ventral reaching about to
vtmt, its length nearly \ head. Upper parts brown ; lighter below, prob-
iilily orange in life; the operculum silvery; a purple stripe along the
middle of tlie body, its greatest width about ecjual to the length of the
eye; abdomen silvery, this color extending up to the purple stripe ; a pur-
ItliHh stripe ou the edge of the caudal peduncle, from the end of the aual
to the caudal. Length 2 inches. Rio Lerma, Guanajuato ; one specimen
kuuwu. (Bean.) (btlinrntuo, two-lined.)
ChnriirtMlon bitiiientiiK, Dean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1H87, 371, p!. 20, flg. 2, Rio Lerma,
Guanajuato, Mexico. (Ty]H<, No. 37832. Coll. Ditgott.)
988. CHARACODON TARIATIJ8, Bean.
Head 3J^; depth 3i; eye 3i. D. 13 or 14; A. 15 or 16; scales 35-15.
lieadbrooil and depressed; the nape moderately arched. Snout short,
the lower jaw strongly projecting. Thirteen or fourteen bicuspid teeth
ill outer series of upper jaw and 16 to 18 in lower jaw ; band of villiform
teeth behind the incisors fully developed in both jaws; mandible not
extending back to front of orbit, its length about equal to that of orbit.
Jaws moderately protractile. Mandible almost vertical when mouth is
closed. Snout shorter than eye, which is about f interorbital space.
Scales on top of head little enlarged. Opercle united by membrane to
tbo shoulder girdle to slightly above the upper edge of the pectoral.
Insertion of the dorsal about midway between the end of the scales and
the hinder margin of the orbit ; longest dorsal ray in male 1^ in head ;
unal inserted under seventh or eighth ray of dorsal, its longest ray about
i head ; pectoral 5J^ to 6 in length ; ventral midway between tip of
nnout and end of scales. Head i total length including caudal, and
equaling depth of body at the dorsal origin. Male chestnut brown, with
an indistinct dark lateral stripe made up of a series of interrupted dark
blotches ; opercle silvery ; abdomen yellowish. Female olive brown above,
lighter below ; the opercle silvery, overlaid below with orange; the abdo-
men with a yellowish tinge; lips dusky ; iris pale ; scales of upper half of
body dusky at base ; lower half of body with numerous dark spots, the
largest about as long as the pupil. Length 2 to 3 inches. Tributaries of
Rio Lerma, about Guanajuato and City of Mexico ; locally common, {var-
intus, variegated.)
Churacixlon variattm. Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 370, pi. 20, Bg. 1, foinalx, Guanajuato,
Mexico. (Typo, No. 37808. Coll. Duges.)
Chamnxhn /erruyiiieiis, Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 372, pi. 20, tigs. 3 and 4, Guana-
juato, Mexico. (Type, No. 37810. Coll. Dugi-s.)
Chiimmdon variiUus, Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1892, 285; according to Dr. Bcaii, /<Ti-w(/ine«»
in tho male of variilus.
084. CHARACODON FURCIPENS. Jordan & Gilbort.
Head 4 ; depth 3| ; eye rather large, 3J in head. D. 15 to 17 ; A. 13 ;
HCiiles about 50-15. Body comparatively elongate, not greatly compressed,
tho head rather low and broad, depressed, the profile rising evenly from
•1
I f *
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670
Bulletin ^7, ZTnited States National Museum.
tip of Hiiout to tlin nape, tho region thence to the dorsal gll>bon8, ospo-
ciully in tlie lurg«)roxamplea, tho caudal peduncle comparatively lung and
dlender, aliout as long as head. Anterior teeth large, firmly fixed, all
bicuspid or Y-shaped, in a single series ; a band of minute villiform teetli
behind them, ut least in upper jaw. Mandible not extending back to
front of eye. Interorbital area wide, very nearly half bead. ScalcN
rather small, those on top of head not much longer than others ; humeral
scale not enlarged. Oporcle connected by membrane to shoulder
girdle from upper base of pectoral upward, ns in Cifj'riiiodon, Insertion
of •<r/r8al very far back, midway between base of caudal and base of pec-
toral; first ray of dorsal very slender and articulate, not at all spine
like; dorsal fin low, not so high as long, its base 1| in head; unal
inserted below seventh ray of dorsal ; pectorals IJ in head; ventrals L'
in head ; caudal obliquely truncate, very slightly emarginate, the upper
lobe about } longer than tho lower, li in head ; upper lobe usually moio
or less sharply angular ; lower lobe rounded. Males with the sides pro-
fusely mottled with darker, sometimes nearly plain ; vortical fins eacli
with several brownish bars and blotches and each with a dusky suli-
terminal bar ; a narrow dark line along middle of each row of scales 011
tho back. Females with several short, dark bars on tlio iiosterior half of
tho body, the fins colored as in the male; some small, dark specks on
caudal peduncle. About Cape San Lucas; locally abundant ; andabonl
Colima. (J'urca, fork; dens, tooth.)
Cliuriicixlint /iiiriilnis, .fdUPAN A GiMiEHT, Proc V. S. Nut. M118., 1882, 354, near Cape San
Lucas.* (Tjipc, Niis. !):>7l uud 30971. Coll. XiiiituH.)
307. CYPRINODON, Lac^ptde.
(PuusY Minnows.)
Cijprinodon, LAcf;ri:i)E, Hist. Nut. Poiss., v, 48G, 18(»3, (varieijatut).
PrinodoUff RAKiNEsgrE, Amilyso ilo lu Nature, 1815, 88, (variegatus),
Trifarcius, Poky, Slomorias, 11, 30(5, 18C1, (riveretidi).
Body very short and stout, the back elevated. Mouth small, the boncH
of the jaws well formed. Snout short. Teeth moderate, incisor-like, tri-
cuspid, in a single series. Scales very large. Dorsal fin moderate,
inserted in advance of front of anal, its first ray not enlarged ; aual
smaller ; ventral fins small, occasionally wanting in specimens from desert
pools. Intestinal canal little longer than body. Gill membranes con-
siderably united, free from the isthmus, (iill openings restricted, the
oporcle above adnate to the shoulder girdle. Chubby little fishes, inhabit-
ing the brackish waters of Middle America,]: sometimes living in warm
salt springs, their colors generally brilliant. Oviparous, the sexes simi-
lar except in color. (Kvirpivog, carp ; 6i)ovg, tooth.)
* Probably from the lagoons at La Paz.
f This name was offered as a Bubstitute for Ci/prinodmi, the latter being regarded na toolon^'.
t The European and African Hpecies commonly referred to this genus Beem to rcpn'seiit a dis-
tinct generic type, Lehiai, Cuvier, { = Mtcromugil^= Aphamus), distiuguiBhed by tho freedom of
the opercle, and by the more elongate form, reseuibling t^mduhis. Of these species, Lebi<iK ml-
arilaiim from the Mediterranean is the best known, audisthe only one on which these churnctors
have been verified.
Jordan and F.vfrmann. — Fishes of North America, 071
II. Si iili'H liirgi', 24 tu 20 ill Iciigthwim) wirips; rIiIch without dark lateral liiinil.
h. Sidt'H with dark harH in tho foinalu, nearly pliiiii in tlio iniilcfi; fi'nmli'M witli Idack ocel-
liiH on litHt rays of caudal; main with tip uf caudal lilack.
0, Itody derp, tliodt'iith iivarly or quite half luiigth of hudy in malt'x, tlio fumalcHUiuro
('loii'rato.
d. Iliiiiii'riil ncalit* considcratdy pnlargnd.
e, DorHiil inyH ufiually U; auai rayH 10.
/. Iluad iiicidurato, altoutS'';^ in Imdy; niuio witti tlH)l)ack largtdy bliio in
liTi', tho lower parts cop|H'ry; raudui in iiiali< with » liiixky liar at
ti|>, the base dusky or pule; unB|)ott(ul; tipHuf dornai dimky.
v.\nir.iiATr«, 08B.
S. Ilt'iid larger, about 3^ in body; mate with the caudal Nppcklcd at l>aa«i;
thiH followed by a |)alo bar and u black one; dorwit pule.
F.XIMIU8, !t8C.
«('. DorHiil rayg 9; unul raya 8; head very large, about 3 in length; cidunition
dark. dovints, (187.
dd. Humeral Hcale little enlarged; dorHul rays toll; head 3 to V-/^ in length;
dcptli Hourly 2; 8calcH 24 or 25.
</. Anul ray8 10 or 11; males duoky, the flimnll margined with lihick; femalca
barred with black and UHuully with biuck dorsal ocoIIuk; vential tins
« often absent. maitlauius, 988.
gij. Anal rays 13; sides with two lengthwise series of coarse black spots; no
ventral fins in spcnimons known. nAil.EYi, 989.
ce. 1li>dy comparatively slender, the depth 2^/, to 3 in length; dorsal rays 11; anal 10;
lieiid rather largo, V/^ in length; dorsal spotted or clouded at base.
F.LF.IIANS, 990.
tec. Uody more elongate, the depth nearly 4 in length; dorsal 9; anal 10; scules 2(»-9.
MAKT.K, 991.
bb. Sides III iiialcB with faint coppery bars and yellow spots; flns tipped with orange;
females with oblong blotches of bright orange; no dorsul ocellus, humoral scale
not enlarged; depth 1\ in length; head 3. D. 11; A. 9; scales 24. cari'Io, 992.
aa. Sittle.s smaller, 30 in a lengthwise scries.
/(. i;ides without longitudinal stripe, but with six brown cross bands (in male); caudal with
a black bar at tip and a fainter one at base. D. 12; A. 10. feml'iancs, 993.
/(A. tildes with a dark horizontal lateral band, bordered on each side by a light band; cau-
dal with a narrow dark band at base and a very broad one at tip. I>. 12; A. 11.
LATIFASCIATUS, 994.
986. CTPRINODON VABIEOATUS, Lacepdde.
(SiiF,EPgiiEAD Minnow ; Punsv Minnow.)
Head rather small, 3i to 3f ; depth 2 to 2i ; eye 3^ ; iuterorbital width
3 in head. D. 11; A. 10; B. 6; scales 26-13. Body very short and robust,
in adults high aud much compressed, the females abruptly constricted at
tiuHu of caudal peduncle ; caudal peduncle rather short aud high, rapidly
narrowed backward to tail, its greatest height nearly equal to length of
head, its least height \ bead ; head short, little depressed, narrowed upward
and forward, with sharp snout and small mouth ; width of mouth rather
less than length of snout ; teeth large, in a single series, consisting of
wedge-shaped incisors, much widened toward tips, the cutting edge tri-
cuspid ; no villiform teeth ; eye moderate, its diameter longer than man-
dible, slightly less than iuterorbital width, about equal to length of snout.
Opercle joined by membrane to shoulder girdle from a point slightly above
base of pectoral. Intestinal canal long, but not much convoluted, 2\ times
I*
Pi
I
\
w
* Character not verified in 0. hovimn or in C elegant.
!' i
1 I
If 'a l^^ll
i''! t'"'l'
672
Bulletin 47, United States National Afusium.
length of body. Dorsal moderate, in foniHluH an \\\[i,\i as the length of Un
baae, in niuleHmuoh higher; origin of dorHul midway between biiHeof can
dal and end of Huoiit ; bane of fin H to iv in length of head ; longuHt iu,\
(in male 2 inoheH long) reaching halfway from Iiuhu of fin to buHO of caudal,
the anterior rays equaling length of head and extending beyond tipHol
posterior rays when the lin Ih depr^NHed; in fenuvleH the longest ray about
1^ in head ; origin of anal under eighth or ninth ruy of doroul, the ilii very
small, and much higher than long; length of base about '3i|iiiiling Hiiout;
longest ray half length of head (less in femaloH). No external oviduct.
Caudal truncate or slightly emargiuatu, U in head; ventrals, in adult
males, reaching front of anal, 2jt in head ; in females reaching vent ; puc-
torals long, reaching middle of ventrals, 1^ in head. Scales large, tiiber-
culate in males, arranged in regular Hcrios ; humeral scale much enlargi'd,
its height nearly half length of head ; 26 or 27 oblique series of Hcalfs from
opercle to base of tail ; 13 scales in an oblique series from vent to niiddio
of back. Color : Male olivaceous ; from dorsal forward above pectoral to
head deep, lustrous steel blue, the color very intense and conspicuous in
life ; rest of upper parts with rather greenish luster, becoming dull slaty
blue, and on cheeks, opercles, sides anteriorly, and belly deep salinou
color ; lower lip and preoperole violet ; dorsal blackish, the anterior mar-
gin of fin orange; caudal dusky olive, w^ith a Jet-black bar at tip, and a
narrow black cross-streak at base; anal duslty at base, bordered entirely
around with bright orange; ventrals dusky, bordered with orange;
I>ectorals dusky orange, darker below. Smaller specimens show suiiin
orange shading on thesi<^ , and sometimes also traces of the cross-baudn
of the female. Female vcxy light olive ; lower half of sides with about
14 alternately wide and narrow vertical, dark bars, those anteriorly nar-
rower and closer together ; usually 7 or 8 dark croHsbars on the back,
alternating with the wide bars below ; these bais are of various degrees
of distinctness, sometimes almost obsolete ; a dusky area below eye ; youii^'
with broad greenish cross shades wider than the interspaces ; belly palo
or yellowish ; lower jaw largely blue ; cheeks brassy ; dorsal dusky,
with an intense black, faintly ocellated spot near tip of last rays; cau-
dal faintly reddish, with a black bar toward base ; other fins pale orangu,
with some dark points. Length : Male 3 inches ; female 2 inches. Cape
Cod to the Rio Grande, in brackish waters, entering streams, very abun-
dant southward, the males more highly colored southward, but tlio
southern form (called gibbosua) not otherwise different. {varieijutuH,
variegated.)
Cyprinodon variegalus, Lac£p£de, Hist. Nat. Poim., v, 486, 18()3, South Carolina; GrNTiiKU,
Cat., VI, 3U6, 1866; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 32!), 1883.
Eiox ovinuK, MiTCiiiLL, Trans. Lit. and PliiloR. Hoc, 1, 1815, 441, New York.
Lebias ellipiioidea, Lk Sueur, Joiim. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., If, 18'21, (i, Florida.
LebUu rhomhoidalis, VALENCIENNES, Humboldt's Observ. Zoii!., li, 100, 1817, Lake Pontchar-
train, Louisiana.
Cyprinodon gihbon>s, Bairi) k Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philii., 1853, .^90, Indianola, Texas;
(Coll. Clark); Girard, U. S. Mox. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 67, 1859; Jordan <Sc Qiliskkt,
Synopsis, 329, 1883.
LebiM ovintM, De Kav, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 216, 1842.
y mil-
back,
ogreos
yoiiii^'
usky,
caii-
nango,
Capo
almii-
»ut tlio
ii'STHK.lt,
)ntchar-
, Texas;
QlLliKRT,
JorUan nnd Evertnattn. — Fishes of North Atnerica.
(173
Ii'i'pn'Heiitrd in tlio Florida KoyH uiul Culia hy
9Hfi«. CYI'KINOIION VAIlIMaTI'S KIVKKKNnKIW}).
II, ad \S\\ doptli 2. D. 10; A. l> ; hcuIoh 21-12. TIiIh form is vory dose
III tlio form deHcrihod uh C. ijilihoHitu, but with lurgor hciiIi'h and Mio anal
nl;;rd witli black. Main in life with tho antudurNal ri>gion liiHtnuiH stonl
liliii', tho rest of the body olivaceons, obHciindy clondod^biit without tlaik
CI iisHbarH ; a black bar at baHc of dornal ; a dark Hhado b«dow «<yo ; anal aixl
('uiidal cd^ml with black; vcntrah and anal rod; dorsal <liisky, od^od
with orange; |)cctoral plain, tipped with oranj^o and blackish. Fuinalo
iiioto silvory, tho back olivaceontt and npocklcd; the sides with about 13
lilackish bars, whi(di do not roach tho back; those altornatoly broad and
iianow ; no yellowish shados ; a dusky bar throiiv;h eye ; lower tins whit-
i'<li; nppor pale; dornal fin with a black ocellns ; dark band across basn
(if caudal. Length 2^ inches, ('uba and Fh)rida Keys. Uatlier common
at Key West In shallow waters near tho shuro. (Named I'or M. L. Klver-
eiid, a naturalist in Havana.)
'jMfnniHK* rimiiiili, Vnr.v, Mc'iMi)rli»H, ii, ;i(Hi, INOI, Havana.
Ci/priiiudon riverfiuli, JoiWAS, Pnic. V.H. Nut. Muh., 1HH4, 1(I!».
UNA. CYlMtlXtDON KXI.UIIH, Glrard.
Mead 'Mt', doi»th nearly 2; oyo 4 to 4i in head. D. 11 or 12; A.i» to 11.
Head large; anterior prolilo more arched than in C, rariegalnH', back very
ciiiivex. Insertion of dorsal (»ver that of veutrals, slightly nearer base
(if caudal than tip of snout. Mouth small, the lower jaw ))rominont.
Male dark, nearly plain, the base of caudal with many longitudii<al black
Hpots, which do not form a crossbar; the fin with a broad black tip,
licfoic which is a rather broader pale bar; dorsal flu light yellow, its
liuM! dusky ; lower fins plain or slightly dusky. Female without black
on tip of caudal, but with a black spot on dorsal behind; females and
young with black crossbars. Length 2i inches. Chihuahua River.
(lose to ('. rurhgaUiBf but differing in the color of the caudal and in tho
larger and more arched head. Our specimens from Kio do los Couches,
obtained by Mr. Woolman. (eximiiiH, choice, excellent.)
Cijiirinnihiii erimiuf, fliiiARD, I'roc. Ac. Nat. S('i. Philu., IH.VJ, 1.18, Chihuahua River ; Juiidan
A riLBEUT, Synopsis, 890, 1883.
987. CYPRINODON BOVINUS, Baird & Girard.
Head 3; depth about 2i ; eye 4 in head. D. 9; A. 8; scales (in figure)
24. Apparently very similar to C, eximius, about equally deep, but said
to liavo a larger head, the veutrals under tho front of the dorsal.
Male uniform blackish above, the fins unicolor except tho caudal
which is tipped with black, its base unspotted; female with the sides
blotched, tho fins plain, except for the dorsal ocellus. Leon Spring, in
soutliwestern Texas. (Girard.) {hoviiius, like a bull.)
CijliriirHlm horimis, Batui) & fliUAUD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., lf^5;j, .380, Leon Spring, Texas.
(lull. Claik); GiuAun, U. S. Mox. Bound. Stirv., Ichtli., C7, pi. 37, figs. 12-18, 1859.
♦Tho nominal gonus, Tri/arcius, bawd on tlio proseuco of fi lirancliioHtogalH, is identical with
Cyj)riii''ilim; tlie Bumo number being fuuud in Cypriitodon vuriegatus, contrary to tho Htut.iuent of
VaU'iKiuiincs.
1 1
K. N. A.
-44
.; I
h
i; u
i 1 ?
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v.
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674
Jiullrtin 77, Unitfit Staffs National Musfum.
OHN. (YPRIXOIION MACri.AKirM, Ilninl .V Olrnnl.
Hoatl :< to W^. AdiiltH very nliort and <l«)ii|), \\w <I»|ith hriti^ nimrly «»r (|iiiic
liulf tlx' li-iiKtIi ; ill liitlf-^i'owii N|MM'iin««iiH 1 incli loiif;, tho tioptli iHCorj-
tuiiuMl:;/, ill ItMiKtii. D.iHoU; A. lOor 11*; V.(l; Hcahm^i or2r). Kyovciy
Hiiiall, about «<qiial tu Hiioiit, \\ to lit tiiii»H in iiitvrorhital witltli,
ati*l itj iiiiiiiH in lioad. Front of tloiNal iiHiially niiihvay In^twoen orui|int
anil baHu v^i caudal. The HpuoloH varitm in form and color, and aitparcnt ly
In tlio Ni/,« which it roachuH in ditVcrcnt localitiitH, MalcH with tiio biu k
and NidcH iinifonii diiHky, the lowor partH li^htor, all the fliiH in tho nioNt
brightly colortMl individiialH b«>in){ broadly niaif^incd with black; fiMiiaits
with tho lower half of Hidutt w^ well an bully li^htor, often Hilvciy wliilo,
the Hid«'Hci-oHHed liy black batH, which are wide alonf; middle of liody,liiil
bucoine much narrower than tho interHpaccH oit tho lower half of HidiN ;
thoHo barn varying in number and mI/o and often alternating with nar-
rower, fainter, and Nhorter oiioh; Una light, tho dornal either with tir
without a black blotch on ItH ])OHteriur rayH. Altluuigh usually nnifoini
in coloration, tho nialoH occasionally show lateral barn, which, howovt^r,
contrast littlo with tho general dusky color of tho sides, ((filbert.)
Springs and atroanis of tho desert, from southern Nevada tu 8ononi;
locally abundant, {maciihtrins, spotty.)
Cypriiioilou iiiiieiilm-iuii, nAliii) Sc fiinARD, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Hri. Pliila., IHM, 3H!>, Rio San Pedro,
Arizona; (iiitAiili, I'. H. Mcx. Urmiul. Siirv., Iclitli., (!8, \)\. :i7, IIuh. H-11, IHAO; Jiuuiav.V
OiMiEHT, S.vnopniH, XW, lKH:t; (JiinEKT, Dentil Viilluy Kxpoil., 232, I8!i:i.
OypriiiDitiiH (ii/i/oniiciiiiid.t Oibakd, Pnic. Ac. Nut. Sri. Plilla., iH.'il), 1,17, San Diei;o County,
California, probably from salt BpringB in the desert; Jukdan A Uilueut, Hyiiuiwiit,
33(1, 1883.
Cyjirinii'hii neniilnmiii, Kiiienmann, I'nio. Ciil. Ac. Nat. Scl., 1889, 270, Saratoga Springs, Death
Valley, Inyo County, California.
♦Tlin iioriiiiil nuinlior <if vi'iitral rayH in this ppcclod Beonig to lio C. No Npcclnioti exniniiicil
haH kIiuwii iiiurothuii tliiH iiuiiiliur, ami in pcviM'al Imt 5 nru iircrtciit. In oiin N|ii-ciiiion fruri Ash
MciiiliiwH, Noviula, tlio vi'iitrul flu of oiioniilooiily is picKciit, and coiitiiiuK Imt 3 or 4 niyn. Knur
yotiriK HiioriiiiciiH from tlio Hniiiu locality uiid 2 from Mcdliury SprluKi, Aiiiai'KOHa Piwrt, lull.
foriilii, liitvo tlio vcntrali wholly aborted, and hIiow on diHHoctioii no tiiicc of tlio liiisalH. 'I'lnsd
occur ill tho Hiiino IntN with other Bpeciiiiniia liaviiif; uoriiml Vfulriilg, unci aro otlicrwiiii' iiMlis-
tliigiiidialilo from tln'm. No fiill-Krowii udultH woro found without vcntralx, tho lurKcxt lu'i'iix
a half-growu gpccinien iihout 1 inch loii^ with the characturiHtic coloration oi the nialoH ali< ;ii|y
developed. Ton young HpeclinenH from tho " DovilV IIolo," Aoh MeadoWH, arc all without vm-
tralH, and further collections from thJH locality woiiid l>o of intereHt. In tho intestini'S XM'ni
found fraKiiiMnts of iuNoctH, and in one 8(!rieri of specimenH from HuruloRa .'^prliiKH at the Hniiili
end of Death Valley, California, very nunieroiig oliellHof a Biiiall Gasteropnd molliiHk. i^yvtl-
nionsaro in tho collection from tlio following localitieH: Medlniry Kpring (<i niiloH north "I thi<
Borax Works), Amargowi DeHort, California; Anh MeadowH, Ainiirgosu DeHort, Nevada; Sariitngu
Springs, Death Valley, California; Amargosa Creek, Califoruia. — Uilberi.
t Ci/priiiodnn califnnilentm in thus described: " It may bo easily dlstinguiglKMl from its conpi'inTs
in North America by its uniform dystem of coloration, which exhibits neither bands uor -|"'tji,
The general ospectof its body is rather short and deep, «xcej)t in the youug, which asMiiin'ii
BiibfiiBiforni ujipearance. Tho largest epucimens which wo bavo oxamliied measure about nii
inch and a half in total length. The head constitutes the fourth of the length, the snout l>' iu^
abruptly rounded off. Tho mouth la, jiroportionatoly speaking, of medium size, whilst tln' cvo
is rather small, subcirculur; its diameter entering three times and a half in the length ' r tlio
side of tho head. The dorsal fin is higher than long, and superiorly convex; its interior iii.iiKin
being nearer the apex of the suout than the posterior margin of the caudal. The aiiiil tin in
nearly as largo as the dorsal, deeper than long, iuferiorly convtfx, particularly upon its postii iur
half. The caudal la posteriorly truncated, nearly linear. The ventrals aroBinall, jiroject 1» vmiil
tho vent and reach almost the origin of tlie anal. Tho pectorals are well developed, rouml'il nff,
extending as far as a vertical line drawn at tho insertion of the ventrals. Thoroysare; D. li' ■ 1;
A. 11; C. 3, 1, 8, 8, 1, 3; V. 7; P. 12. The scales are much deeper than long, anteriorly triiin iileil
and posteriorly rounded oft' or convex. The color is olivacetms brown, with a dark-groyisli tiut
along tbo back, and u golden tiut beneath."— (ri'rurd. Sau Die(,u County, Califoruia.
Jordan an J Evermann.—FiiAes of North America.
675
•H9. CTPRINODON BAII.KYI (nilli«rl).
To tliiN Hpi^oieH Aio i-«>f(u-ro«l 11 iinniMtuio h|iecini(>iiH from PalirniiAKat
Viilli-y. Novitda, none of tlioiii Nhowiii); travo of wiitrul lias. Tlu>y aro
iiluaouoiiH altuve, ItriKlit Hilvttry uii tho lownr half of Hi(l«tH and bulow,
uikI liave 2 l<)ii|;thwiHo HtM'ittH of coaiHo Itlack HpotH, 1 aluii^ inidtllu liiiu of
liody, tlm uthor on a lovol with tho lu\vi<r txljjo of caii<lal |iu(liii>cl«). Tliu
niiitl liii IH larger than in typical ttinculariun, tho 11 NpcuiniuriH having each
K) luyH iiiHtead of 10 or 11, aM coiiHtantly in Mm^ latter. I'ahiana^at Val-
lt',\ , Nevada, {(iilhort.) PeihapH a variety of r. tiiuvularinii. (Named for
Vornun U»il*y, its diHcovorm.)
Oji'riifi'lim mu-ularinii htMtyi, Oii.hkht, Drulli Valley Kxpnl., KIhIivm, %a, IHtKt, Pahranagat
Valley, Nevada. (Typis Nu. 4HU(). r.ill. Murriitiii A Ilailoy.)
am. CYI'ltlNOnON lOI.KdAXS, llalnl tt <ilrurd.
lloudH^; depth 2Ho 3. D. 11; A. 10; HcaIeH2«>-12. Itody more elongate
thnn iu any of the preceding ; the npper outline of tho hrad Ions depri'MHed,
HO that the protilo iu coutinuoiiH ; AnHlow, tho dofHal qnitoHmall ; itH rayH
Hcurcoly extending to the beginning of the caudal peduncle. Head large,
liliiirth hlack, HiduHHomowhat variegated with darker, the muleHHomewhat
H|ii)tted; durual An Hpeckled at baue ; edge of caudal fin hiaok in the nuile;
a Itlack patch on laut rayu of dorsal in the female. Length 2^ incheti.
Trihutariea of the Hio Orande; Hi>ecinien8 apparently belonging to thtH
HpccioH from Rio de los ConohoH, at Chihuahua. This species may prove
iuMcparable from C. bovinun. (elftjatm, elegant.)
Cijt'riwiilim deijant, nAlRi) ife (tiUARn, I'roc. Ao. Nut. .Sci. I'lillii,,
Texas; ((!<>ll. ('lark); Oihakd, U. S. Mex. Uoiiiiil. Hiirv.,
J0UI>AN &. (tiLBBKT, SyUII|>8iH, 311), 1H8:).
1«.'>3, m'.i, Camanche Spring,
IclUb., W>, |)1. :i7, flg». 1-7, iHr.O;
U»l. CYPUINOnUN .nAKT.K, Stulii'liu hmr.
Head 3J ; depth nearly 4 ; eye 3 in head ; snout 3g. I), tt ; A. 10; V. 7;
P. U), scales 26-i). Body rather elongate ; snou*^ blunt; teeth tricuspid,
in 1 row; top of head broad; dorsal and anal very high in inal«>, the
bei);ht of dorsal 2i times its base, the last rays reaching Itcyond base of
caudal; insertion of anal under middle of base of dorsal; insertion of
durHal nearer that of caudal than tip of snout by half length of head;
ventral as long as head, equal to pectoral ; caudal weakly concave; scales
largcHt about shoulder and nape. Hack grayish ; sides silver white; nuile
with anterior margin of dorsal dusky; last 3 or 4 rays of dorsal and anal
liundud, for their whole length, with light and dark in alternation, the
otlieiH more faintly nuirked and only toward their base ; 2 or 3 dark bands
oil ciiudal, the last broadest. One specimen known, from Santa Marta,
on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, near the mouth of Rio Magdalena.
CyiirintiJoH umrtir, Steindaciinkr, Ichtli. Keitr., iv, (il, 1875, Santa Marta.
r,
i ■
1
i
1
•
i
i
1 t
i ' i!
3 1 ,
■-r ' ' ■m
,
1
' i
!
1
902. €VPUIN01)0N <'AUPIO, Gllntlier.
Head 3; depth 2j ; eye iu adult 3i in head.. D. 11; A. 9; scales 24-9.
Body comparatively elongate, rather strongly compressed ; head large ;
!
i
676
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
profile not very Hteep; fniH rather low, the dorHal and anal not nearly
reaching caudal; humeral scale not larger than the othern; Hcalc8vei\
thick and firm, those on lower parts of body less reduced in size than
usual. Pectorals reaching middle of ventrals, which reach vent. Male in
life light olive; sides silvery, with (J narrow, faint hars of coppery ; sides
with a number of spots of bright clear yellow, bosideii tlie Itlotchew of
orange found in the females ; lower jaw mostly golden ; 3 bright-yellow
stripes obliquely across the cheeks to the jaws ; dorsal and caudal finely
speckled with olive; tip of dorsal orange, as also the lower edge of
caudal and anal; ventrals orange red; no ocellus on dorsal. Feniali-
palo, with numerous Itlotches of light bright orange, these mostly
longitudinally oblong on upper parts and irregular or vertical below;
sides of head marked with bronze; lower jaw whitish; fins plain ; dorsal
and caudal slightly yellow. Young females with traces of 1 or 2 dusky
bars at base of caudal. Still younger specimens (as in the original tyiics)
nearly plain silvery. Coasts of southern Florida. ILxoeedingly abun-
dont in lagoons and shallow shores about the Florida Keys and north to
Pensacola. A strongly marked species, larger than most others of tlio
genus, reaching a length of 3 inches; here described from Key West
specimens, (carpio, carp.)
CifprinoiUm carjtiii, GpNTiiBii, Cat., VI, 30(1, 186(1, America, locality unknown; .Jordan .v ( ii-
BKKT, Syuopsi.:, 330, 1S83.
Oypriuoilon viydnis, Goode & Bkan, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus., 1882, 433, Pensacola, Florida.
(TypH, Ko. 30479. Coll. Steariib.) Jordan, Pm\ U. S. '" . Mub., 1884, 110.
998. CYPBINODON FKLIC'IANUS (I'oey).
Head 3;^ in length with caudal; depth 2$ ; eye 3^ in bead. D. 12; A. li):
scales SO. Back elevated; mouth small, circular, with trifid teeth. I'tc-
toral reaching vent; ventral small; male with small prickles on the scales.
Brownish, the belly yellow, reddish in life; body with 6 brown verti(a]
bands; dorsal dusky; pectoral and anal yellowish, edged with dusky ;
caudal yellowish, with a terminal band of black, r^. rather faint bai at
base. Length It inches. Cuba. (Poey) ; not seen by us. (Named t'oi
Felix (jiarcia y Chavez, of Havana.)
Ti-i/arciun feliciatius, PoEi, Syiioi)sis, 412, 1867, Havana. (Coll. Poey.)
9»4. CYPRyNODON LATIFASCIATl'S, Garmaii.
Head 4 in total length ; depth 3. D.12; A. 11; V.6; P. U; acalesSO-lI.
Form and dentition of C. variegatus, the black caudal band much wider;
a light band from middle of opercle to lower half of caudal; a dark band
above this, separated by a narrower band of light from the dark olive (if
the back; silvery color of belly separated from the light band on tlie
flanks by a short band of brown ; fins clouded with brown ; caudal with
a narrow dark band across its base and a broad one across its extremity.
Parras, Coahuila, Mexico. (Garman); not seen by us. {latim, bioad:
faaciutus. banded.)
CjqjriniHlnn fa/ifa.icwAiis, G>rman, Bull. Mub. Conij). Zool.,viii, No. 3, 92, 1881, Parras, Coa-
huila, Mexico, JoHUAN & Gilbert, Syiio|i8is, 329, 1883.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
G77
k.\0\
Pee-
eitical
uhUv :
bar at
med to I
1 30-11.
widi'i ;
k ))ai!(l
)]i\ (> of
oil tilt'
il witli
•eiiiity.
broad ;
IS, Coa-
308. JORDANELLA, Goodo & Bean.
j.r.hinelUi, GooDK it Ukan, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Muh., ii, 1879, 177, (jhirUUi).
l!()dy short, deep, conipreHHed. Head Hhort. Month Bmall, vory ])rotrttC-
tilc, tli(i lower jaw the longer; lips fnll. Jaws each with a single series
of latlK^r broad, wedge-shaped, incisor teeth, the cutting edge of which
\n deeply notched, nsnally trifid. Brancliiostegals 5. (iill openings nar-
Kiwcd. the opercular membrane adnate to the opercle above. Dorsal tin
t'loiigale, the number of rays IH to 18, the first being a robust spine;
insertion of dorsal fin behind ventrals, in a<lvance of front of anal, its
last ray behind the last of anal; dorsal tin not greatly elevated; anal
till shorter and smaller, similar in both sexes; ventral fins small, with a
scale at base ; caudal fin rounded: pectorals short and small. Intestinal
( imal rather long, 3 times length of body. Sexes similar. (Named for
David Starr Jordan.)
»»'i. .lOKDANELLA FLOKID.K, Goudu ,t Dean.
Head :3i ; depth 2 to 2+ ; eye large, 3.V to 4. D. I, 14 to 10 ; A. I, 11 to V.i ;
rteaJPH 2.'> to 27-11 or 12. Body ovate, short, and deep, with elevated back,
dee]) caudal peduncle, and steep profile. Head moderate, flat and broad
liet ween the eyes, its profile less steep than that of the back. Mouth small,
anteiior, the lower Jaw projecting. Scales ii>oderate,the humeral scale not
iiiiieli enlarged. Dorsal fin inserted midway between snout and base of cau-
dal, Irs first ray robust and spine-like, grooved behind, longer than the
diameter of the eye and about as high as the succeeding soft rays ; fins all
rather low, the ventrals reaching just past the vent. Scales with strong
eoiiceiitrie stria' ; scales of side with occasional developed poles, sonie-
liiiios forming 2 or IJ imperfect lateral lines. Color olivaceous ; nU\m orange
or hra.sHy, w ith a broad steely-blue stripe along each series of scales ; I ol*
."> vague, diifuse, black vertical bars, most distinct in the young, nearly
Oh :>lete in the adult; a large, diffuse, dusky blotch on the sides below the
dorsal spine ; tins mostly dark, the dorsal barred or speckled in the males,
nearly ))lain in the females, sometimes a dusky blotch on its last rays;
Ixidy and fins everywhere finely punctulate with black ; a dark bar btdow
eye. Length 2i inches. Streams and swamps of Florida; abundant. A
siiimilar litth* (ish having the aspect of a Oentr,ui'lioid.* Here described
tVom specimens taken by Dr. J. A. lleiishall in San Seltastian Kiver.
Ilerliivorous, at least in part. Specinieim are recorded from San Sel)as-
tiaii. St. Johns, Alligator, Withlacooe'iee, Ilillsboro, Pease, and Myakka
ri\< TH. also from Lake Monroe, Lake .lessup. Lake Tohopekaliga, anil
oilier waters around Kissiniee in Osceola County, Florida.
.'■I 1,11,1 ll.iilunih,, Gooi.F. >t Bean, I'roc. V. S. Nat. Mus., 11, 1879, 117, Lake Monroe, Florida.
(Tv|ii', Ni). 180(!'2. Coll. I'rofossor Ilainl); .Ioudan .fe (jILIikrt, S.vnopKiiJ, ,'!28, 188:!; Wo()I..m.\n,
Hull. U. S. Fish Oonim., x, 1890, liOii, witli good ligims LiiNNiir.iio, Ofvers. V'f. Aknd. Fiirli.,
II.-., 1S!M.
* ■ I ilo not know if it can bo propor to talk about mimicry in tlila case, but JnnhmeUa is ci;r-
tiiiiily ill coloriition very nuicb indeed similar to a small CliinH'liriitliiK (jiilosiif. Kven tlio bla> k
K|"it (,ii tlic operele flap of tlio latt' i corresponds very well to tlie Mark spot im the side of .l,i>-
(/«ii.;/.i, and as iiie beiul of tlie ' War-Moiitli ' is so ninrh larger it is situaterl not niiieh farther
hai Ii iliaii in ,/(»(/(iH('//(i. It is possible that thronnh this likeness some fishes that feed on niiii-
tiDvv- 1 an be eliuatud (o beliovo that they bavt) n war-month that is less duliciuus and maybe eau
dulViMJ itself with mouth and spines before tbeir eyes, instead of a harmless minuow." (Eiuar
Loiuiberg, I. c, 115, 1894.)
i ■
t
m
1 <•
i>t-
ii.
678
Bulletin 47, Untied Stales National Museum.
\ i^i
309. PSEUDOXIPHOPHORUS, Bleekcr.
/'niiiihiripJiiipliiiniH, Ui,r.KM!it, Iflithyiil. Ind. I'rodr. Cypr., 483, 1860, (himaciil(ilu»).
V(rriU(illiii>, STKlNDAniNER, Sit/.K«li<'r. Akiid. Wiss. Wieii, 18('>;t, 176, (himwulnlu»).\
TIlis geuijM hfls ilio general characters of Garnhnra, ditt'erin^ in tiie
larger ui/o of the dorsal fin, which has 13 to 16 ruys instead of 6 to liv
Anal fm short, Icsw ndvan<«'d in the male than in Gnnibumt. The species
reach a inucli larger si/o than those of Gamhitsia. The males, as in Gam-
linxia, are smaller and less numerous than the i'emalos. Mountain streams
of Mexico. (i/;fii(5//f, false : Aijihoj/horun.)
99«. PSErnOXIPHOrilOUrs BIMACIILATHS (Heckolj.
Head 4 ; depth Hif ; eye longer than snout, 'Si in head. D. 12 or 1^;
A. JO; scales 30-8. Head broad and Hat, its width between the eyt-s 2
in' ;jth. Lower jaw projecting. Anal x>ro(;' sd ending in a small hook.
iiOiip, h of dorsal ctiua) to head, its front in advance of front of aii.il.
Color light brown, each scale above and back of abdomen with a dark
brown crescent ; all the scales, fins, and mouth parts profusely spotted
with brown ; a black spot behind upper end of gill opening and a round
blackish spot on u])per half of root of caudal ; a black bar composed of
black spots at base of dorsal and anal : a second series of dark spots
on dorsal not (|uite corresponding to the first series. Length 3 ineheu.
Central Mexico, generally abundant ; liero described from numerous sj^eei-
mens from Ilio Blanco, at Orizaba, where it is abundant in the swift waters
of mountain streams. This is the only species thus far known in li'u>
Blanco above the cataracts. (Woolnum.) {hiniaculatun, two-spotted.)
Xiphoplioi-vs liiinaiitlatiis, Heckei,, Sitzg.Jbor. Akad. Wi^H. Wifii, 1848, 190, Mexico.
I'seudojcipliuplwniKrclicidalits,* TuoscUEL, MtlUer'a Roiae Mi'Xico, III, Aj)!). CI3H, ISti,"), no locality,
GCntuer, Cat., VI, 33a, ISC.fi; Jordan A Giliibut, .Syno|)sis, 344, 1883.
l'afii(l(>.iipli(i])lii>nii< liiiiHKiihilnK, fJi'NTllEn, Cat., VI, 'XVl, ISGo; Jordan & Gii.hert, .Syiiopniti, :!4I,
1883; WooLMAN, Hull. l". 8. Tish ('(mim., MV, IHIH, (15.
PueeUiouleahiiiuiouUilHs, Steindachner, .^itzgsbei-. Akad. Wiss. Wieii, 1803, 176.
310. GAMBUSIA, Poey.
(GUAJACONKH.)
Gwnbutnti, PoEV, Meniorias, I, 382, 185."' (ptindala).
Body moderatelj- elongate, liecomiug deep in the adult female. Month
moderate, larger than in Pacilia, the lower jaw projecting, the bones well
joined ; both jaws with si band of pointed teeth whio); are not movable;
snout not pnuiuced. Eyes nornuil, not divided. Hcales large, (ilill open-
ings not restricted.. Dorsal and anal fins both rather short and small,
* PsrudoripliophornK reliciilattu, Trosohel. Our spccintoiiH of this nuniiuul species show tin
following cliaractors:
Siiou'i, liioad, Rpatulato, the lower jaw projecting. Eye equal to snout, 3}^ in head, 2 in ini r-
orbital space. Aiiiil process in male IJ4 liead witli a slight cnrvo at its tip. Caudal priliiin N
short. Anal flu ins(>rte(l ill front of dorsal. Doisal long, lis length 3 in body, (^oloratinn as
in 1'. hiiiKiciiluliis, liiit darker and more prot'usidy dotted with brown. A large black simh (■!!
upper half of root of caudal, and triiics of another behind g'll ojiening. Occiput and --M.'iit
dark brown. Scabs on back and sides with a dark-liruwn crescent. Th^se do not appear 011
scales of lower parts as in hiiiKicnlalns; doraal fin with dark -brown cross strealsiiiade of dark niiet.*.
Fine, scales, cheeks, and operc'es profusely dotted with brown. Head 'M4\ '' " 'h 4. 1>. lf>; .\- H;
scales 31-8. Length 2'.', inches. Hitherto known from one specimen. Here aosoribed from (""
males and one feiiialo from Itio Ulanco at Orizaba, <'oIlected by A. J. V )olii'aii. This \'<nu
occurs in company witli 1'. himaciilulus; the two can scarcely bo separated, and at'! probablj net
really different, but, as Mr. Woolmau has already suggested, simply extremes of variation.
IV
fordan and Eiiertnanti. — Fishes of North America.
079
t'K' anal more or loss iu advauce of the dorsal ; anal tin of the male much
advanced and modified into a long intromittent organ, which is about us
l(Mi^ as head. Intestinal canal short. Brauchiostugals 6. YertebrtH
aliuiit 82. Snuvll viviparous fishes inhabiting tlie swamps, springs, and
jioikIh of Mexico, C'liba, and the Southern States, swimming near the sur-
fiii'o and feeding chiefly on insects or small Crustacea. The mules are
sIciHliaer than the females and very much smaller ; compared with tlie
riiuaies, the mules are very ruro, and not often collected. ("The name
owes its etymology to the provincial Cuban word GambuHhio, which sig-
nilies ' nothing,' with the idea of a joke or farce. Thus one says 'to fish
foi' (lamhuninoa^ when on ) catches nothing." Poey.)
K. Socles lutlicr Btniill, alxiiit 'M in ii longthwiso scrios; dornal ivivh 10; aiiiil 11; head 'l!;^ in
lungth; (leidli X\:^■, tuuk und (iorHiil fin with a HurioM of hliu k ddts. I'UNctata, 'JU7.
.1.1. Si-nlcH lurt;i!, 26 to 112 in a IcnuthwiKo suriiH.
)/. Anal rays 11; dorsal rajs 9; BcaluH 30; houd l in li'iigth; di-jith SV,; l)ody and Huh with
hlack dots; a Mack hand below oyc. ri'Nt'TicuLATA, 9U8.
I'll. .\nal rays 7 to 10, usually 9.
c. Body without dark cross hands.
d. Kody witliout dark latoral hand or with mertdy a faint, narrow, dark latoral
streak; j;eneral color olivaceous, dotted.
e. Origin of dorsal tin over origin of anal (in male); scales large, 2li. J). 8;
A. 8; cohjr nearly plain. inkans, !)99.
ee. Origin of dorsal fin iu the female aliout over middlo of anal; body usually
dotted above, and witli u faint dark lino along sides, sometimes plain
olivaceous; usually a .jet-hlack blotch hilow eye, this sometimes ohso-
lete; dorsal and caudal usually with cross series of dots; gravid female
with a black blotdi on side, the block interstructures showing through
the silvi'ry peritoneum.
/. Body moderately stout, the depth II"., to 4 in length; deepest in adult
females; back not nnu'h elevated; head moderate, .'i-Vi to 4 iu
lengtli ; dorsal rays 8 or !), (rarely fi or 7); anal rays 8 to 10; scales
;iO t(j32. Arti.MS, loiMi.
.//'. Body very robust, tho depth 3 to 3}^ in length; hack much elevated;
Iiead large, '.i io^^ Ui Jength ; dorsal rays ^'; anal (t; scales about
iJO; Bides of bell/ tinict'ujf}^ with many dark jioints, these some-
times formin.L.' an indistinct ba;id fimn ^cill opening to ventrals
Koun.is, 1 JOl.
ce. Origin of dorsal fin in tlie female over last ray of «nal; olivaceous, A-ith
brown dots ali>ng series of scales; dor.sal and <luiAn\ tvith series of
dark dots; middle of anal blackish. D, K; A. 10; t/i%\fii '//)-*■; lioad
3^.; Ui Jepgth; depth 'i,].[^. n(c.\ha«i rwsrs, V*fl-
d(l. Body witli a dark band from upper edge of gill opening to (audal; luml pro-
cess bent in nip.lo.
.J Insertion I fdorr^iil not far bell jnd t)i»t of anal. J>.8; A. 8 or !); sc.il i'.f-7
heail 4 in lengOi; depth about 3?.,'. gkacit.is, KXJ.'I.
cr. Bmly with more or Jess distiAct dark cross oands, sometime., replaced by a series
of /)//(»; ft black spot in both se.ves on middle of l/.i/y of anal; fifis d.itted.
/;. I* or !l; A. ///; scales •/« f ; fiiaA V/:^ to .3'' i; de|)th 3^.^ lo ^ f pjscofi, I')04.
(vc. Body lilac l<, marbled with yel|(.><', depth e(,ual to length o( iii-)f4, h U\ to/al
le/ijfth witli caudal; iofertjou of A(nmi Mi'uuX middle of total (t/iztb
ricT'i-rfxVA, ///y^
997. liAHIUSIA ttViilthlk, VtHsf.
C'CAJ VCO.N.)
Head4i; depth 3i; eye 3. B. 0; 1/ 10; A. 11; V. 6; scales 3."); veriobriiri
13 + 20. Lower jaw projecting beyond upper. Eye half width of
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interorbital Bpace. Origin of dorsal in female midway between tip of
caudal and front margin of orbit, opposite seventh or eighth anal ray ;
origin of dorsal in male in middle of the total length ; anal process ol
male shorter than head; pectoral fins not quite reaching as far as veii
trals; length of base of anal fin of the female \ its distance from caudal.
Upper half of body and dorsal fin with series of black dots. Rivers of
Cuba; very common ; our specimens from Rio Almeiidares. (punctatnH,
speckled.)
GambiiDia jmnclula, PoEY, Momorias, i, 384, ISrifi, Cuba; OOntiiku, Cat., vi, ;i;i4; Juuhan, I'm. .
U. 8. Nut. MuH., 1886, 34.
9»8. OAMBlISLi PUNCTICULATA, Pocy.
Head 4; depth 3J ; eye 3 in head. B. C ; D. 9; A. 11; V. 6; scales 30;
vertebno 13 4-19. Lower jaw projecting beyond the upper. Origin nf
dorsal in female midway between extremity of caudal and center of eye,
opposite middle of anal; in male origin of dorsal in the middle of total
length; anal process of male longer than bead; pectoral and ventral iiii.s
short ; free portion of tail rather deep. Body with scattered black dotn ;
an oblique blackish bund below the eye; dorsal and caudal fins with
transverse series of black dots. Streams of Cuba. (Poey.) {^xindicit-
latuSf dotted.)
Gamhusia pwiQtiQuUUa, Poky, Mi-moriim, i, 386, ISS."), Cuba; (JI'ntiikii, ('lU., vi, 334, IMtifi.
999. (UMBUSIA INFAN8, Wooliiian.
ITead4^^; depth 4,1. D. 8; A. 8; scales 26. Body slender. First rays
of dorsal midway between suout and end of caudal, or midway betwei^n
the posterior margin of opercle and end of scales ; insertion of anal
almo.st directly beneath first rays of dorsal; base of dorsal very short,
slightly more than length of orbit; diameter of orbit a little greatt-r
than length of snout, about 2| in head; modified anal of males about 1^
times length of head, or about ecjual to the distance from insertion of
dorsal to end of scales; ventral fin short, not reaching vent. Bark
light olive green ; but few scales with dark edges or other marking
except a very narrow hair line along the middle of the caudal peduncle
from the dorsal to end of scales, and another line of about eipial lentjtli
and breadth, but more distinct, whicli extends along the lower edgf <if
the caudal peduncle from the last rays of anal to the caudal fin ; color-
ation of types very pale, probably a result of life in muddy water.
Length l.V inches. Rio Lerma, about Salamanca, Mexico; only niuio
specimens known, (iiifans, infant, from the small size.)
GanihuKia wfmis, Woor,MAN, Hull. U. S. Fish Comni., xiv, 1894, 02, pi. 2, fig. 3, Rio Lerma,
Salamanca, Mexico. (Typ^, No. 45,570. Coll. Woolnmu & Oox.)
iOOO. (iAJIBlISIA AFKINIS (Baird & Giranl).
(T )!• Minnow.)
Head 3i to 4; depth 3|^ to 4. D. 7 to 9; A. 8 to 10; scales 29 to :!2,
usually 30-8 to 10. Body rather plump, large specimens becoming deep.
Head moderate, very broad and much depressed; teeth in broad vilH-
form bands; eye moderate, 1^^ to li in interorbital width, 3 to 3i in head.
,.;is;:i;L,
Jordan ami Rvermann. — Fishes of Nortfi America. 681
Intestinal caual UH long nH 1)0(ly. Dorsal small, far back; distance from
it8 insertion to caudal half tiiat to snout, its first ray a1>ont over middle
of anal ; anal larger and higher than dorsal. Light olive, each scale
cd^ed with darker; a very narrow dark streak along sides; top of head
dusky ; a more or less distinct triangular bluish-black bar below eye ;
BidfH and belly anteriorly dusky with dark dots; a black blotch on each
Hido of belly, caused by the black internal organs showing through the
nkiii; young specimens often uniform yellowish; fins dusky; the caudal
uHiiully with cross series of dots. Length 1^ to 2 inches. Males very
Kcaire,* and very small, about i to 1 inch long, the anal process as long
as lituid. The ordinary form, to which the name j*rt/n«<7is has been given,
has iiHually 8 dorsal rays, a dark suborbital bar, and the fins more or less
n|HM'kled. Some specimens from Texas have fewer spots, the body and
fiiis nearly plain, and the dorsal rays 6 or 7. These ditterences are proba-
bly of little value. If, however, the distinction holds good, the common
form (Delaware to Texas) should stand as subspecies pairuvUit, the name
alliiiin having priority ; the names holbrooki, melaiiojm, and alrilatiiH being
Hynonyms of putruclis. Marshes and lagoons of the South Atlantic and
(inlfcoastH, Delaware to Mexico, and north to southern Illinois, in brack-
is)i or fresh water ; excessively common southward, usually in clear
water, but in sluggish rather than running streams. The young are pro-
diH'cd in summer, when about t of an inch long.t (affinis, related, to G.
hnlhrooki.)
liUrawlrin iiffi»i>,l BAiun A GiRARi), Troc. Ac. Nat. S<'i. I'liilu., \^h:\ aoo, Rio Medina and
Rio Salado, Texas, (('oil. Clark.)
Ih ImiwIrUi jMlnielis, IJ.Mun & OiitAiin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., 18.^3, :i<l(), Rio Sabinal, Rio
Nueces, and Elm Creek, Texas. (Coll. Clark.)
Ilrt, nwiliiit holhroiihi, AdAssiz, MS., 18,")1, Charleston, South Carolina,
ildiiihiisiiihnllirooki, (JiiiAUi), I'ruc. Ac. Nat. !Sci. I'liila., IH.Vi, (11, Palatka, Florida; (JCnthbr,
Cut., VI, 334, 1800.
Ciimlmnid Hprriimd, (iiuAnn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pliila., 1850, V21, Kio San Diego, New Leon,
Mexico ; said to liavo fin rays iu small uiiialior; notcouatod in dodcriptioii.
■• I If (i!) examples from tlio lower Potomac examined by Dr. IIuRh M. Smith, 08 wore fumales.
Till' sloiiiucli of one spccimon contuinuU ulgiu, diatumx, and fragments of a mosijuito.
I " .'Mr. A. A. Duly lias informed me that ho has witncssccl the act <if copnlation and the Mrth
iiftMc young of Gninbiisin. In coit».s the male's head is turned in the direction of the tail of tho
fcriiule, th(! prolonged anal fin seeming to he thrn:it into the external oponiug of tho ovarian
ilie I or genital pore of the female, which lies just in advancnof the anal (in. The young, when
liorri, are stated by Mr. Uuly to bo about % of an inch in length, and to bo expelled in a single
Mia>>, consisting of 8 to 11 young fishes nt a single eflbrt. This nia.-s, as soon as it esca|)cs, is
BiM 11 to be comiiosed of the infant tidiiibiisias, which at once separate ami swim away. No niem-
briiic'S seemed to be expelled together with tho mass of young, so that it is jirubable that in this
spciies, as in Anablfpn and the Kmlnotucuhv, the fietiises rupture tho follicles in which they were
(li'vclo|ied a short time before birth. I say a short time before birth, bi'canse our idiservationa
iiiilliate that, unlike Aunhtepn and Mifmmelnis, the developnient of ilKiKliiiiiia is essentially com-
pli'li'il within the follicles, and no yelk sac remains outwardly visible when the young arc set
fnr. My informant al.so tells nio that tho parent fishes devoured their young as soon as they
\M I'l- born if they were not separated, by transferring one or the other at once to another
iiniiiriuin. Fright seemed to liusten or precipitate the parturition, which Mr. I)uly telle mo
ai tiiiilly took place under such circnmstances. He also noticed tliat more than one brood
KC'iiicil to he produced by tho same ])areut consecutively and during tbc Baino eoasoii, and ho
liiis reason to think that more may have been produced, as Lis observati ms only extended over
til.' liitler jiart of summer with I'ldnlts brought from Cherrystone, iu August and September,
wliirli Ii(! kejit in aquaria in the NationarMuseuni." (Uyuer, Piuc. U. S. Nat. Mu."., 1885,
lo."i. )
t Oambusia ({ffhiis (Baird & Girarp): Body moderately stout. Honial and anal fins similar in
si/e and shape, the latter not much advanced. Coloration piaii dorsal tind caudal dotted with
black. Head 4; depth 3J. D. 6j A, S.—Gtranl.
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Gambtuin gmcilit,* QinARn, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Hci. Phila., 18A0, 121, Matamoras, Mexico; Dainc
procH-cupied.
GambiiHia hiimiliK, UOntiikii, Cat., vi, 3.34, 18tl6; silbHtUtitu for yrarilu, preoiTupied; Johiian A
GiMIKIlT, Syiuipslw, •^V^, I8«;j.
lliililochiltu melattiq)', ('opR, I'roc. Amnr. Phil. Hoc, 187ii. i'>7, Neuse River, North Carolina.
(Coll. Copo.)
Zyyoiu'cteii iitritaliit, .Iordan ic Dkayton, Dull. U, S. Nat. Mus., xii, 84, 1878, Neuse River, Golds-
boro. North Carolina; (Cull. Uruytoii & GillK-rt); Jordak A. (iiMiKiir, SyiiopMiH, 'Mo, ls>:i.
7,ij(H>neile» hriifhi/i)leiiiH,-f CoPK, Bull. U. S. Nat. Muh., xx, 34, 1880, Trinity River, Fort
Worth, Texas; (Coll. Cope); Jokdan & Cilbkiit, SyiiopulH, 341, 1H83.
OmnhuHiii (illlitit, GCntiif.r, Cut., Vi, 330, I8(ifi; aiiiAliD, Mox. Itoiiiiil. Surv., Ichtli., 72, pi. .'»'•, fiu^,
I'i-l.l, IwM; JoiiDAN & Oii.iiKiiT, Syni)i)slM, 34)i, 1883; Kverman.n it Kendall, Hull. 1. s.
Fish Coiiiiii., XII, IHO'2 (1S94.) 1(17, pi. 2.">, tig. 2.
(laiiihimiii palnirliH, OiHAliit, Mux. UouniJ. Siirv., Ichth.,72, pi. 31), flgB. 1-7, iH.'iO; Jokdan .V: liu-
DKUT, Syaoi)sis, 34fi, 1883.
/liyonecles melauupt, .Jordan, Bull. III. Lab. Nat. IIlHt., r>2, 1878.
1001. OAMBIIKIA XMBIIilS (Halrd & Glranl).
Head 2; depth 3*. D. 9; A. 10; scales 30-7. Teeth in broad hands.
Interovhital space twice eye. First ray of dorsal twice as far from tip of
snout as from haseof candal. Color light brown, punctate above by brown
dots; breast orange; abdomen yellow; a faint dark band as broad as
eye running along sides to root of caudal ; a dusky band running down
and back from eye across the cheek; a dark oblique band of dark points
from gill opening to anal. Scales on upper part of body edged witii
brown. Length 2 inches. Southern Illinois to the Rio Grande region.
our specimens collected by Woolman in Chiliuahua River and reprcHent-
iug GamhuHia senilis. A very doubtful species, com})osed probably of over-
grown examples of Gamhuma affmin. (iiohilw, noble.)
Heteramlria iiohilii, Baird & GiitAHi), i'ruc. .\c. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18.'i3, 390, Leona and Camanche
Spring, Rio Grande Del Norte. (Coll. Clark.)
Gwiihima seniUs, Giiiaud, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., IS.'i'.t, 122, Chihuahua River, Mexico;
D. 9; A. 10 ; bIzo liir^o. (Coll. John Potts.)
Znyouerles iiii(iiis,l Jordan & Giliiert, I'roc. U. 8. Nat. Muh., 1882, 113, Cache Creek, south-
ern Illinois. (Type, No. 2!)(JCC. Coll. Forbes.) Jordan * Giliikrt, Synopwin, 8112, l8Kt.
Gamliimn uiihiU^, Giiiard, Mcx. Hound. Surv., Iclith., 71, pi. 30, fig. 8-11, IS."");); (iCNiiiKR, Cil.,
VI, 335, 18G(i; Jordan A Giliiert, Synoiisis, 34C, 1863.
1002. (JAMBrHIA NICAKAOUENHIS, Gtinthor.
Head 3s; depth 3h. D. 8 ; A. 10: scales 29-8. Snout broad, Huh-
spatulate, the lower jaw projecting Veyond upper. Eye a little more tlmii
* Oamhusiii (/rdfiliii (Gilt A III)): Slcidlcr; anal larger than dorsal, and much luittTlor to it. Olive;
dorsal and caudal with narrow biacki.-.h crossbais. IIi;iid 4}.^■, D. C; A. '.». Matamoras.— ^'inin/.
t y.ygouerlis luitcliiiplenm, Coi'F.: " Base of tlio first dorsal ray dcliind tlio vertical lino ciniilly
diviilin;; tint base of tlio anal; vi-ntrals not ri'iicliinft buso of anal. Scales larRc. IIimhI \\h\i\
with overhunKingsupei'cilia; iiilcrorbital width twiio tbn dametcr of the orbit, which ontirt
the luu);tb of the head 2'.; tiroes. Color uniform olivaceous, the scales with brown c.l;.w
cheeks silvery; uo spots on t'liu head. Iknly Btoiit. Head 4^/^; D. 7; A. 8; scales 30-9. Lin^lli
2 inches."— Coy/c.
t Zj/(/oMcc^'« (iiioMK, .TnniiAN .t Gii.iif.rt: Body rather short and deep. Headbro.'id; eye ii-< liiriK
aasiio'i!*, 3'.; ill head. 2 in iiiterorbital width; "teeth in a band, the outer series scarcely ellla^^^l■|l.
Finssh.irt. 'Yellowi>li bmv n; scales darker elided: body without distinct longitudinal stii|*s
or bars; li^lly gidilen; a ver> conwpiouous Jet-black sfiot just below the eye, aud coutlueiit wHii
it in the a4ult; dornal and caudal flns with m'rics of blavk dots; caudal very large. Head •^-•„;
depth 3J^_i. D. 7; A. 9; BCBk'8 2»-7. Length 2'<; iuches. Southern Illinois.
'k'
/on/an and F.jiermann. — Fishes of North Amfrica.
083
l('n;;tii of Niiout, 3 in head, and \ ^vidth of interorbital Hpaco. In the
ft'inalo tho oriii;iu of tho doi'sal is Hoiiiewhat uuarer tip of caudal than
tip of Nnout, oppoHJto laHt i^y of anal; pectoralH not quite reaching
as tar backward as the vontralH, which terminate immediately in front
of iinal; free portion of tail rather short ; length of base of anal about
liair itH distance from caudal. Hrownish olive above, sometimes with a
H<ri<>s of black dots along the rows of scales; dorsal and caudal tins
croHHcd by series of black dots ; middle of anal blackish. Lak<!s of
Nicaragua. (Giinther.)
(UunUmn niiariiguftiiiiii, OOnthkii, ("at., vi, 330, ISfifi, lakes of Nicaragua. (<'<ill. Ciipt. l>ow.)
100». 41AMBrSIA (UtACIIilK, Meckel.
Head4; depth 3} to 4, deepest in female. D.8; A.8orU; V. 6; Bcale829-7.
Origin of dorsal fin nearly in middle of total length, but little behind that
of anal fin in the female; anal process of male nearly twice as long as
head, its extremity bent; pectorals reaching beyond root of veutrals;
anal fin short in the female, the length of its base being at least it of its
distauce from the caudal. A dark band runs from the ujjper end of the
gill opening to the caudal. (Heckel.) Orizaba, Mexico. {yraciliH,
.sltsiuler. )
Xililfiilii'niH ijnicilis, llKCKEl,, SitzjCKlxT. Akail. Wiss. Wion, i, IIOO, 1818, Orizaba, Mexico.
(lamhusiit ijriiriliH, GI'NTHKit, Cut., VI, 3;i(i, 1800; JuiiDAN & GlLUKUT, Hyuoiwid, 340, 1HH:1.
1004. (JANItrSIA KlMSfOI'I, Sicilian. liner.
HoadSitoSJ; depth, male, 4; female, 3)5 to 3J ; eyeSinhead. D. 8or9;
A. 10; scales 28-7. Body elongate, the males slenderest; interorbital
widili 2; snout broad, depressed, the lower jaw prominent; outer teeth
a little stronger; insertion of dorsal in female about in middle of length ;
pectoral reaching ventral ; anal longer than head in males. Body in both
sexes with numerous dark cross bands, which posteriorly reach the belly,
but which are wanting before the dorsal in the females; sometimes a row
of (lark spots from pectoral to caudal ; bands sometimes faint, replaced
by a ilaik blotch on middle of sides below front of dorsal; edges of scales
witli dark dots ; usually a black blotch on middle of base of anal ; rows
of dark spots usually jjreseut on dorsal and anal. Length Is inches.
Ditclies on the isthmus of Panama, at Obispo Station, (hence the name
(Hiispo —; Ephmpus — bishop.)
(Vi'..i(iii,«(.( lyiism^ii, Stkindachneb, Iclith. Bcltriige, VI, it, 1H78, Obispo, near Panama.
1005. (iAMUrSIA PICTl KATA, 1*<h..v.
A male specimen imperfectly described. Depth eciual to length of
head, about 5 times in total length ■with caudal ; eye occupying second
third of head. Dorsal beginning a little before middle of length; unal
nmch farther forward, its longest rays i length of body ; veutrals very
diiiali; caudal rounded ; whole Imdy black, marbled with yellow ; golden
ill life. Iris silvery, with a dark lengthwise band. Length I'? inches.
Cuba. (Poey); not seen by us. (^>Jt'<«r«/««, pictured.)
Gaiid>\Miti picliiiiUa, Poey, Synoiisirt, 41U, IS<>8, San Diego de los BaAos, Cuba.
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31Z. BELONESOX, Kner.
Belonenox, Knrr, Slt/.Riibor. Akad. Wiss. Wion, 1800, XL, 419, iheli:anuii) .
Cleft of luoutli iniich dcveloited laterally, the jaw bonea beinj^r much
prutliiced, inakiug a beak like that of LabidfHthcH. PremaxillarieH foim-
iug together au elongate triangular plate, but uot anohyloHcd togetln i .
Mandible long, Homewhat prominent; each Jaw with a broad band ot
oardiform teeth. Scales small. Anal in advance of dorsal, moiliticil
iu the male into an intromittent organ. Brauchiostegals U. InteHtiiial
canal short. Carnivorous. Mexico. (lielonc, Etiox.)
1U0«. HKLONESOX KKLiZANI N, Kncr.
Head 2fl to 3; depths to 6. H. 6; !).!»; A. 10 or 11; V. 0; scal.-s
56 to 63-18. Upper surface of the premaxillary plate as longaspostorhital
part of head. Length of base of dorsal more than i its distance from
caudal in males, and i in females. lirowni.sh olive above; sides witli
longitudinal series of black dots; a round black spot on the root of tlin
caudal. Aual process of male composed of 8 rays, and 'k as long as heitd.
Southern Mexico, Honduras, and (jiuatemula; u curious tish, reachin<r a
considerable size, the females 7 inches, the male 4 iu lengtli. {belizuiiuft,
from Belize.)
Belonvmjc huU.-.iniiit, Knf.k, Sitztjsbcr. Akad. WIhh. Wien, IHfiO, 410, witli fiKure, Belize; (il'N-
TllEB, Cat., VI, 3;i;i, ISeC; Jordan A Giliikut, SyiiopHin, :M&, 1H8;1.
312. ANABLEPS (Artedi) liloch.
(FOUlt-EYEU F18IIK8.)
AnablepH ( KuTmii) B1.0CII, Ichtliyologiii, viii, 7, 1795, (tetrophlhalmm - anahlepii).
Body elongate, depressed anteriorly and compressed posteriorly. Hcail
broad and depressed, with the supraorbital part very much raised. Cleit
of month horizontal, of moderate width, the mandible being short,
having, however, its bones firmly united ; upper jaw protractile. Both
jaws armed with a band of villiform teeth, those of the outer sorics
being largest and somewhat movable. The integuments of the eye are
divided into an upper and lower portion by a dark-colored transverse
band of the conjunctiva; also the pupil is incompletely divided into 2
by a pair of lobes projecting from each side of the iris. Nasal opoiiiiifj;
produced into a short tubule depending from each side of the nioiitli.
Scales rather small or of moderate size. Dorsal and anal fins short, tiie
former behind the latter; anal fin of male modified into a thick ami
long scaly conical organ with an orifice at its extremity. InteHtinal
tract but little convoluted. Gill membranes of both sides united (or
a short distance, and not litached to the isthmus. Vertebra', about It!.
Fresh waters of South America, one species ranging northward to soutli-
ern Mexico; extraordinary fishes, swimming at the surface of the water
and feeding on insects, the eye divided by a horizontal partition into u
lower portion for water use, and a portion for seeing iu the aii.
{avaji'Atiru^ to look upward.)
^'imm
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
085
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1007. ANAHLEPN DOTH. Oill.
Head 1. D. 9; A. 10; Bcales <»5 to 70, 4S» before dorsal. Vertobrro
2t-j-l''J. Flat portion of interorbitul npacH au broad an a Hcale. Back
mill sidoH of the body blaokish brown, witb a w»ll-«lethi«d, broad, goldon
liaiiil along aidoa from the axil of the pectoral to the banu of the oaiulal;
liM^ |ial(>. W'atera of Central America, from CbiajtaH to tlie InthmuH of
Panama. (Giinther.) (Named for Captain John M. Dow, discoverer of
till' HpecioH at Panama.)
.lH.i)./.j-»(/"ru, (!iM., I'roc. Ac. Nat. 8(.i. I'hilii., IHtH, 4, Panama; UCnthkb, V\x\., vi, :138, 1860.
313. GOODEA, Jordan.
C„««hii, .loRDAN, I'roo. U. S. Nut. Miw., 1879, 2U(), {alri^iMii*).
Form of Fundiihiii, bnt with the intestinal canal elongate, the dentary
liniioH loosely joined, and the teeth slender, movable, tricuspid, attached
in a Hingle series on the outer edge of the .jaws, not closely set, a band of
villitonn teeth behind them. Fins small, the dorsal and anal similar, the
tlot'sal slightly in advance of anal. No spines. Scales moderate. Mud-
eating, the intestinal canal elongate. Anal tin in male probably not
niodilied as an intromittent organ. Mexico, (Nann d for Professor George
llidwu Goode, director of the United States National Museum, and one
of the most scholarly of modern writers on fishes.)
lOOH. OOODEA ATRIPINMS, Jurdnn.
Head 4; depth 4; eye3J. D. 12; A. 13; scales 37 to 40-13. Body oblong,
compressed, the back nearly straight, the caudal peduncle deep. Head
Nliort, broad, depressed. Mouth small. Lower Jaw projecting. Teeth
l()os»dy inserted, not close together. Eye moderate, directed partly
downward, a little more than half width of interorbital space. Hum-
eral scale somewhat enlarged. Fins small ; dorsal slightly in advance
of anal; caudal small. Intestinal canal elongate, convolute, (and
tilled with mud in the types). Bluish above, sides nearly plain; a
silvery streak along each row of scales ; vertical fins chielly black,
especially on the distal half. Length 4 inches, (jiuanajuato, Mexico,
fi'oui a salt lake in a volcanic basin ; a singular little flsh, ditl'ering from
all the other herbivorous Cyprinodonts in the tricuspid teeth, and
apparently, also, in not having the anal fm modified, {ater, black;
inniKi, tin.)
liiMiha uMpiiiiiM, JoituAN, Proc. I,'. S. Nut. Miis., 187'.', 2!)'.), Leon in Guanajuato, Mexico.
(Typi', No. 23137. Coll. Prof. Dugos.) Johdan & Gilbert, .Syno|)8is, 348, 1883.
314. PLATYPCECILUS, Gunther.
I'hitiipircihu, Gf NTIIEB, Cat., VI, 350, 1866, (maculalm).
Small fishes, with the body deep, the origin of the anal fin distinctly
behind that of the dorsal, both fins being short; otherwise essentially as
in lltUrandria. (n^uTvi, hvoad; noiKi/vi;, Pwcihi8=^Pwcilia.)
it. liiidy deep, the depth 2}^ in length; side of body with a Mack spot. MACULATrs, 1009.
(M, Body moderately elongate, the depth 3J^ in length; chin with a black line; dorsiil with i>
black blotch at base. hgntalis, luio,
ill'
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686
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,
1»0». PLATVPO:<il,|IM 1IA( riiATIM, (illnthiir.
Head M^ ; depth 2^; eye loiigtn' tliaii Niioiit, \\ in littad. D. 10; A.!*:
scaleH 25-K. liody much compreHNod and olovahtd. Inturorhital width i|
length of head. DorHal tin ruthcr large; anul Hnmll; pectoral reachitiir
beyond root of ventral ; caudal peduncle Nh(M-t and deep. OlivaceoiiH; h
roundidh Mack Hpot on middle of root of caudal ; a black H|>ot on middle
of Hide of Itody ; dorsal often deuHuly Hpotted with black; margiuH of
anal and caudal black. Length Ij iuclicN. Mexico; known from two
female HpecimenH. (Uiinther.) (maciilatiiH, Hpotted.)
IHiiliijHirihu niariiliihiii, Ot'NTliisn, Cat., VI, H6(), 1860, Mexico; (Coll. Hullo); Jmbdan A (Iiliikut,
Syiiu]Mli, M», 1HK.'I.
1010. PLlTyPtKCIIil'S MKXTAMH, (illl.
Head IH; depth 3^; eye oonHiderably longiM- than Hnout, 3 in head.
Body regularly compreHHcd backward and moderately elevated, its
greatcHt depth being in advance of dorual ; head less com]ireHNu«l tliaii
the body; the width of the iuterorbital space leuH than ^ enlii(>
length of head. Dorsal tin moderate, higher than long, its origin
about midway between tip of Hiiout and middle of caudal ; anal Miuall,
its origin opposite middle of dorsal; caudal tin round, equal to lengtii
of head, its depth at base J length of head; pectoral extending consid-
erably beyond root of ventral; ventral not nMiching anal. Color, a uni-
form brownish olive, with no caudal spot ; a linear band crossing the chin
parallel with the lip; the dorsal with a deep, black, baud-like spot iicai
the base crossing the anterior half. Brooks on Atlantic side of IstluiinN
of Panama. (Uill); not seen by as. (mc)ttuUn, having a conspicuous
chin, menlum.)
Platypwcilut menial it, Gill, Pmc. Ac. Nat. Scl. I'hllu., 1870, 33A, Isthmus of Panama.
315. HETERANDRIA, Agassi/.
Heterandria, AaA8»il7., Amor .loiirii. Scl. Arts., IK>3, 135,* {/uruiusus; holhrooki).
OirariUiiHii, PoKV, MeniuriiM, i, 383, 'l8CtF>,-\ {metiiUiciis).
Body rather slender; mouth very small, the lower jaw very short, its
bones not united; snout short; both jaws with a single series of slender,
movable, pointed teeth; scales rather large; anal tin more or less in
advance of dorsal, in the male moditled into an intromittent organ; inton-
tinal canal elongate. Very small, viviparous, mud-eating tlslies, among
*Tho guniiH neUnmdria waf j)ro}H)Hod liy Agiisslz (Aincr. Jotini, Sri. Arts, xvi, 13.')) in isrill, to
include certain Cyprinodonta wliich have, tlioanal fln in the male niodllUtl. Tin- two H|ierirH (/«//-
brooki and fonnoKt) |K)HH08iied by AgiisHlx (but nut nnuiud until 185!)), lielung to dltlerent gcnt'ia.
which correspond respectively to Voey's (imiibimin and (limrdiniiK. Tliesi' generic names Inst
occur in the Mumorius Boliru la IliHtoriiv Natural de la IhIh de Cuba (f, p. 300). Tlio date aHi'lKH''!
to their publication by Glrard (Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Phila., 1859) is the year 1851, which wnM
give each two years priority over Heieramlriit, This is, in fact, the date given on the title p»^'^' of
the Memoriat, but the volumo was issued in parts, its publication extending over several veiirH,
and the issue of the part containing Girunliims and Gumhiisia could not have been earlier tli:in
1856. This is evident, as papers written in 1854 are printed in tlie text before it. In place either
of Gamhusia or Girnrdinnt the name Htti'raiidna must therefore bo used. We have elsewlicro
restricted it to the typo of Girardinuf, regarding UeleraudrUi fnrmosa, Agassiz, as its type. Tliis
arrangement is in accordance with tjie wishes of Professor Pofcy, to wlioii: we are indebted lor
the suggestion that Ucleraitdria is prior to Girardinus.
t These species were first named by Girard in 1859, after Agassiz's manuscript. Agassi/. defiiieJ
the genus Helirandria with Chnlo(ja»ler, Xyyonecten, and MfUiiiura in 18.53, in a letter to I'rof. J. I'-
Dana, published in the American' Journal as above, but in this paper the species were not nuni'il.
Jordan ami F.vrrmanu. — Fis/ii-s of North America.
rt87
yrrr^
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till' HiiiallcHt vertebrate animalH known, found in nwnnipN an«l ditolioii
r,i tlio wurniur partH of Ann'rica. In liiihita, tlie HpecicH are diniilar
to tliimu of (iaiiilntHUi, and Nome of llieni Htron^ly reHenihle tlie latter
({iMiiiH. Tlio Huiall, weak mouth and feel>lt< dentition will, however,
(IJHi iii;{uish the HpeoieH of Ih hrtindria. Moxico and tiir Hoiithern Tnited
StaiiH to Central America and the Went ludieft. (tnyxjc, diltereut ; (U7//>,
m;ilt'.)
.1 Aiiul riiyn 11; Hcnli'n aoto .'«).
h. SciiluN ill X> luiiKtliwiau g«rieN; duriukl nt.vn 1>; u rimml blitck N|iiit mi Hiilti o|i|icNilt<i voiit.
UNINIITATA, 1011.
Ill, Snli'H ill .'10 ImimvurHK kitIuh; (lorwil ruyr< !l; \»»\\ rutlculutcil witli hrnwn, nml wilh
nIIvit}' criWHliarN; a hliick M|Hit iit iioHtriiiii' biiHC dI' JdrHitl. mktai.i.ica, 1012.
•111. Anal riijH <> Id 0; durHiiI rayn 7 or K; wiilfn 'J4 to 'iX.
• . 8iiloH with It Ji>t-lila>'l( liktiTAl Btrpak, criixHtMl liy tl or 8 black vortical li.trii; Iimcs of dur-
gal, caudal, and luial each with a black Hpot; Ni/,« very Ninall. roKMORA, 1013.
II . Hlilon without illNliiu't Muck croH^harH acrosn a lateral baud.
if. MIdcN »ith a row of about 7 round lilarkliih HpotH of thuHi/.i< uf tho eye, along iniddio
of Bide; a black lino along tail abovu and below; tail with faint criMN baiidii.
IM.RUIIOHI'IM't, 1014.
i<i{. SldcH with a rather faint dark lateral band.
f. Dorxnl with a black blotch on itn posterior rays; a dark linn nIoiiK tall abnvo
and below, and iigunlly HJIvery crosiibarH on itn (tide; 2 or It irregular reti-
culated black HpotH abuvu lateral band. VKiiNicnLOK, lol.'i.
I'c. I)omil without dark blotch, thu fins all plain; a dark line aluiig lower eil);e of
tail; nIzo rather largo. ocoidentalis, lOlC.
1011. HKTEKANURIA IIMNOTATA (Poey).
lleadrUto6; depth 5 in total length (with caudal). B. 5; D. 9; A.
11; Hcules 35. Eye longer than tho snout, 'S^ in head. DorHal fin
of female inserted at middle of total length; ventralH reaching the vent.
Anal ])roceBH of the male very long, eciual in length to itH diHtnnce from
tho end of tho snout, terminating in a claNjior. (ireiMiiHli brown, with a
lar^e round spot on the side, oppoHlte the vent. Streams of Cuba.
i.l'()o,v) ; not seen by us. (iininotalnn, with one spot.)
Uinmlinnn nninolttlun, PuGY, Mouiorlas, II, 309, 18G1, Rio Tacotaco, Cuba; UPntiikii, Cat., VI,
Hjl, 1806.
1013. HETERANDRIA METALLICA (Puoy).
Head 4^; depth 4i. B. 5; D. 9; A. 11; V. 6; scales 30; vertebne
13 + 20. Origin of dorsal in female nearer tip of caudal, and opposite
third or fourth anal ray; in the male it is nearer tip of snout. Anal pro-
cess (if the male nearly twice as long as head, with rectirved spines, and
a (ia.sper at its extremity. Pectoral and ventral fins short. Free portion
of the tail moderately deep. Greenish, reticulated with brown, with
nil very cross bands; a black spot at the posterior part of base of dorsal.
(IV-y.) Streams of Cuba, (metallicus, like metal.)
Oiniiilinm metaUicHs, PoET, Meinoriiis, I, 387, pi. 31, flgs. 8-11, 1>*5.'), Cuba; GCntiikk, Cat., vi,
:i51, I860.
1018. HETERANDRIA FORMOSA, Agassiz.
Head 3^ to 3f ; depth 3i to 4 ; eye 3. D. 7 ; A. 6 to 9 ; scales 24 to 28.
Boily short, slightly compressed. Snout very short, about i oye. Mouth
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terminal, slightly oblique; lower jaw slightly projecting; jaws eacli
with a series of small, pointed, movable teeth; gill membranes unitctl.
Dorsal fln short, on posterior part of body, its origin above, on a verti-
cal from middle of anal, and about midway between end of snout
and tip of caudal fin; anal in males considerably in advance of dorsiil,
and transformed into an intromittent organ; caudal fin rather lon^,
about 5 in body, slightly dusky at its tip. Color in spirits, browninli
olive; a i^ark band about as wide as eye from mouth through eye and
along middle of the side, terminating in a black spot at base of caudal :
band crossed by 6 to 9 brownish-black vertical streaks which becomo
fainter with age, the anterior ones the less promineut; these markiii;;.s
made up of small dark dots; a black spot on base of 'dorsal and anal
iins. Length, female 1 inch, male f inch. South Carolina to Florida :
exceedingly abundanc in the black water of swamps and in ditcheH, in
company with Gambunia affiniti', said to be the smallest known IibIi.
{formoHUH, comely.)
netemntlriafiirmmia, AoASSlz MS, 18.")3; Gikard, I'roe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, C2, Charles-
ton, South Carolina; Palatka, Florida.
Girardinut formoms, GCnthek, Oat., vi, 354, 1800; .Tokdan & Gilbebt, Synopsie, 349, 18h'i;
JoiiDAN & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 236.
J'M,:
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1014. HETEKANDIIIA PliEUllOSPILrS (Gtlnther).
Head 4; depth 3|. D.8; A.9; V.6; 8cales28-S. Eyemore than length
of snout, 3 in head, and li^ in interorbital fciace, which is slightly
concave. In the female the origin of dorsal is at middle of tota.i length,
and conspicuously behind that of anal; cauda^ fin large, longer than
head, subtruncate behind ; free portion of tail somewhat elongate, leiigtli
of base of anal \ of its distance from caudal; pectoral fin not quite as
long as bead and not extending so far backward as the ventral fins,
which reach vent; in the male the origin of dorsal is somewhat nearer
tip of caudal than that of snout ; the anal process quite straight, nearly
twice as long as head, and ending in a simple tapering point; caudal
very short. Reddish olive ; a series of 6 or 7 round blackish spots, each
about the size of the eye, along the middle of the side; a black line
along the base of the anal fin and on lower and upper margins of the
tail; caudal fin with 2 indistinct da''k cross bands. Females 2 inches
long, males 1. Guatemala. (Gunther.) (TrPffpov, side; (T7ri/lof, spot.)
Girardinm phurospiho, GOntiier, Cat., vi, 353, 1866, Lake of Duefkas. (Coll. Salvia.)
1016. HETEBANDRIA VERSICOLOR (GUnthor).
Head 3f ; depth 3?. D. 8; A. 8; V. 6; scales 27-8. Eye longer than
snout, 2\ in head, p.nd IJ in interorbital space, which is nearly flat. In
the female the origin of dorsal is nearer tip of snout than tip of caudal
and opposite second ray of anal ; caudal moderate, as longas head, rounded
behind; free portion of tail somewhat elongate; length of base of anal
§ its distance from caudal; pe'itoral shorter than head, extending some-
what beyond root of ventrals, which reach vent. Reddish olive above,
sometimes with indistinct silvery crossbars on the sido of the tail ; an
li i
11
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
(J89
indistinct dark band along middle of side, and above it 2 or 3 reticu-
latetl black spots, their number and situation being variable, even on
tilt' two sides of the same individual ; u black lino along the lower and
i;|i])or margins of the tail ; a blackish blotch on the posterior rays of the
dorsal fin. San Domingo. (Giinther.) Known from 2 females; not seen
liv 118. {'cermcolor ^ variegated.)
linaiMiiii* i-emcolor, Gt'NTiiEB, Cat., vi, ;\r>2, 18fiC, San Domingo. (Coll. Mr. Cnining.)
iiu,!
j:. r
1016. HKTERANDRIA OCTIDENTALIS, Bairu /: Girard.
Head 3 J ; depth 4 to 4^. D. 7 or 8 ; A. 9 or 10 ; scales 29-8. Body deep,
elevated in front of dorsal. Insertion of dorsal nearer base of caudal
tliaii tip of snout, slightly in advance of anal. Brownish above, dotted
with black; silvery below, with a black lati^ral stripe, as broad as eye,
from shoulder to caudal ; a r.arrow black line along lower margin of
tail; tins unicolor, without spot or blotch. Length 2J inches. Gila
Hasin, Arizona, and basins of Yaqui and Sonora rivers, Sonora ; locally
ahuiidant in springs and ditches; our specimens sent from Tucson by
William W. Price and Herbert Brown. Thifi species looks like a Gambtma,
but has a much smaller mouth. It seems nearer allied to Pwcilia than
to the typical species of Heterandria. (occidentalis, western.)
IletiKiHilria occideiitalif, Baird & GlP.ABD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phlla., 185;i, 390, Rio Santa Cruz,
near Tucson, Arizona. (Coll. Clark.)
(liriiriliiiiis tnnorienitiii, GiRARii, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 120, San Bernardino Creek,
a tributary oi Rio Yaqui, in Sonora; Giinther, Cat., vi, .V).'), 1860.
diriirilimia occidentalis, GCntheu, Cat., vi, 354, 186C; Jordan & Giliiert, SyiiopHiH, .349, 1883.
316. LEBISTES, De Filippi.
Lehi»le», Dr. FlllPPi, Arch. Zool. Anat., etc., i, 1862, 69.
Cleft of the month small, with the lower jaw projecting beyond the
up])er; both jaws with a narrow band of very small teeth, those in the
outer series being the largest. Scales of moderate size. Dorsal and anal
fins Hbort; anal in advance of the dorsal, with the second and third rays
iiiucii thickened and elongate in both sexes. Second ventral longest,
ending in a hook in the females. Island of Barbadoes. We know this
genuH only from Dr. Giinther's abridgment of De Filippi's account. With
Dr. Giinther,* we doubt the correctness of the sexual characters assigned.
{/e,ii(ii, a small fish, from /lf/?w> a kettle ; a pot fish.)
1017. LEBISTKS PffiCILIODES, Do Filippi.
D. 9 ; A. 7; V. 6 ; scales 34-8. Barbadoes. Length 1^ inches. (Giinther.)
{PiiriVia', eUoc;, likeness.)
I.ehi.-l.ipmiliodei', De Filippi, Arch. Zool. Anat., 1, 1862, 69, Barbadoes; Guntiieb, Cat., vi, .356,
18()6.
♦"If the characters assigned to this very doubtful genua are correct, it differs in a very
pxtniordinary manner from the other flsh of this family, iu which sexual diff^erenccs arc
ol*iT\ril. From an ir.gpection of the figure, we should have considered the specimen to be &
male; I lilt Prof. Do Filippi says distinctly that the peculiar anal tin is found in the female as
well as in tho male."— Gi/nMer.
V. N. A.-
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Bulletin 4j, United States National Afuseum.
317. ACROPCECILIA, Ililgendorf.
Acropnecilia, iliLGENDORK, 8it7,iitigHberic)ite Naturf. Kroundr, 1880, 52, (trident).
Teeth in the inner series of both jaws triful; otherwise essentially as
in I'acilia. Appearance of Pacilia, the dorsal very short, the niandiltlh
weak, tlie dentary bones loosely articulated, the intestines with 4 con-
volutions. One s2)eoics known, but very likely others n«,iw raferroo to
/•«c//i« will be found to belong here, and the two genera may prove to
bo inseparablf. (uk^o^, sharp ; ra'cilia.)
1018. ACROPWCIIilA TRIDENS (IlilgendorO
Head 4; depth 3; eye 3, IJ in interorbital space, 5 length of snout.
D. 7; A. 8, scales 27-9. Teeth in front row much elongate, band-like,
with broadened, truncate tips; toethof the 2 posterior series much smaller,
their cutting edge trifid, the middle lobe projecting beyond the otliers;
teeth similar in the 2 jaws; tips of all the teeth brown. Insertion
of dorsal in female a little farther from gill opening than from con
vexity of caudal, the distance equal in males ; dorsal somewhat behind
anal in females, much behind in males; dorsal higher than body in
males, half as high in females; pectoral l^ in head; lower jaw little
projecting. Coloration olivaceous, with black dots everywhere excejit
on belly and ventrals; a black network surrounding the scales, finest
on the tail ; young with distinct dark cross bands, and a dark vertelir;;!
streak; o})ercle black; a basal band on the dorsal; in the young and
the female a large black spot on posterior margin of the fin ; caudal
rarely with traces of vertical bands; belly dirty silvery. Length 'J
inches; male Ik inches. Port au Prince, Haiti. (Hilgendorf.) (tridrnH,
three-toothed.)
Pacilia (Acropcecilia) trideru, HiioENnoRr, Sitzgsber. Nftturf. Fromide, 1889, 52, Port au Prince.
318. PCECILIA, Bloch At Schneider.
PceciUa, BtocH & Schneider, Systema Ichthyologia, 4.52, 18c»l, (vivipara).
Litiiiii, roF.v, Meinorias, i, 388, 18r,5, (ciibeiisM).
Body oblong, often rather deep ; mouth small, transverse, with wejik
jaws; teeth small, in narrow bands, the outer series in each jaw bein;,'
usually enlarged, curved, movable, and with brown tips; lower jaw not
prominent, its bones movable. Scales large. Dorsal fin rather small, of
7 to 11 rays ; anal fin short, in female nearly opposite dorsal in males
advanced and modified into a sword-shaped intromittent organ. Verte-
brjc about 28. Intestine long. Species mud-eating and viviparou.s.
This genus differs from Mollienesia only in the smaller size of the dorsal,
which has usually 9 or 10 rays and is nearly opposite the anal iu the
female, but behind it in the male. The numerous species inhabit the
West Indies, Mexico, and South America. They are not well known and,
having never been critically compared, it is impossible to foini an
analytical key to them on the basis of our present knowledge. Some of
them may prove to belong to Heterandria, and others to Acrojiwdlia, or to
other groups. (muKiXoc, variegated, but the species are duller in color
than are those of related genera. )
Jordan and Ever maun. — Fishes of North America.
(i'Jl
fin : caudal
»rt au Prince.
.1. Scali'K very largo, 2.') to 'ih in n lniigtliwiai> onrieH; ctiluration |ila><i; ilornal and iinal ili>IU'd.
\i. Dornal riiyM 7; auiil rio'H7; coluratiun plain, *lii< tlnit ilottud. vivii'aiia, 1'iIU.
[)h. Dorwil nij-B 9; anal ni)'H 8. bi'TI.khi; oii.i.i, 1(i20; loiil.
<i<i. SculOH ! i(j<loratc, 2f to 3'2 In a IvngtInviHi! hcrieH.
(', 1ia8e< of caudal with a black occIIuh. i-avonina, 102:^,
•v. niu>< of caudal without dlNtliiit Mack ocpllug,
(/. Dorsal and anal each with •() or 11 ray.s; m-ales :tO to 3'i-lO; dcplh :t to ;:'., in
length; HidcH with 2 rows of Mack dots. vittaia, 1023.
lUi. Dorsal with 7 to 11 rajH; aiial rays ti to !).
t. Body rather roliuxt, the depth in adult more than >.| (lie lungtb.
MKXICANA; TIIKItMAMS; ('MI80YKN8IS; l>KTKNEN81H; NI'MKNOI-H;
iiovii; corciiiANA; iioiCAKnij vandgpolm; homim-
CKNSIS; MK.I.ANOOASTEn; SPILlRfH, 1024-10.'l.'>.
ee. Body -Hthor elongate, tlio depth in adult not more than ^ thu length,
Ki.oN(iATA; rRESiDioNlH, 1036; 1037.
lOm. PWCILIA VIVIPAIU, Hloch .V: Schneider.
Depth 3; B. 5; D. 7; A. 7; scales 24; veitebrn* 15-1-13. Kyo 3 in
head, or 2 in interorbital width. Greenish, each scale with the mar-
gin brownish; dorsal fin with a small blackish spot in the middle;
caudal with a black spot near the base of the upper and lower rays.
Brazil; Guiana; Martini(ine. (Giinther); not seen by us; a species long
known, but never well described. {viviparux, bringing forth living
young.)
7'«rt7iii rivijima, Iti.ocii & Sohneideb,* Syst. Ichthyol., 452, pi. 8t;, fig. 'J Iwjl, Surinam; GOn-
TiiFR, Cat., VI, 'Mr), 18G6.
Pii('i;m««ri)mi)"H«i«, Vai.enc'Iknnes, IDunboldt (»l)serv. Zoiil., ii, 158, 1817, Surinam.
PifdUa sehneiileri, CuviEii & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Tol^s., ,\viii, 135, I84ti, Surinam.
102(». PfECILIA Bl'TLKRI. Jordan.
Head3Ho3ii; depth 2t (adult) to 3i (young). D.9; A. 6to8; 8cale824to
2(>-!l. Origin of dorsal midway between base of caudal and front of eye, and
over tenth scale of lateral line; fins moderate, longest ray of dorsal
about as long as head without snout; caudal scaly at base; caudal
peduncle compressed and deep. Color uniform olive, the young with
faint, dark cross shades; caudal with a few black spots; dorsal with
numerous round, black spots in both sexes. Allied to Pwcilia rfofti. but
with deeper body and larger scales. Length of adult 2 inches.
Fresh specimens recently obtained by the Hopkins Expedition from the
Kio Presidio are described as follows: Head 3^; depth 3k. D. 9; A. 6;
scales 2G-9. Eye equal to snout, 3 in head; interorbital width 2. Pecto-
ral li in head ; caudal 1 in head ; longest dorsal ray in males li in head,
in females IJ. Body deep and compressed, the form as in Adiniu, the
wtraight anterior profile rising considerably to front of dorsal. Dorsal
Huiiill, even in the male, inserted over or somewhat before anal, much
lu'hind anal in female. Teeth in two series, well separated, the inner series
Hinaller and more close-set, not trifid; caudal peduncle very deep, the fin
broad. Males larger than females, equally numerous, and with higher fins,
a» in Mollieneaia. Color of males green, with a pale-blue spot on each
* Tn the figure of Bloch & Schneider the body is represeutbd as marked by broad cross bands
of (lurk brown.
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scale, Hurronuded by broii/e uhadcH ; no dark crosHbarH, except in yoiini^:
doFHal and anal pale orange, with many Hniall, round, black dotH ; lo\< ( r
fins pale. Female similar but paler; nu cross bands; a faint dark h|iiii
behind pectoral; lower tins bright orange; caudal jiearly plain; dor^ill
spotted as in the male, but less profusely, l^ength 2 to 3 inches. Vciy
common in the clear streams of Sinaloa, especially in Hio I'residio, descend-
ing to brackish water. (Named for Amos W. Butler, of IJrookvillc,
Indiana, a well-known ornitliolof^ist who has collected fishes in Mexico.)
I'veciliti bulleri, Jokiian, Troc. U. ^. Niit. AIiim., 188M, XH), Rio Presidio, near Mazatlan.
(Typo, No. 37158. Coll. Alplioiiso Forrer.)
1021. PUCl'ILIA UILIill (Kiu'i- Jt Sliiixhivliiicr).
Head 4 to 5 in total length; depth a little greater. D. 9; A. 8 orH:
ecales 25-8. Eye 3 in head; interorbital width 1 to IJ in head. Dorsal
inserted nearniiddle of body, opposite anal in females. Young brown,
with faint vertical bands; older individuals with dark cidges to the scales;
dorsal punctate ; young often with a black spot at base of last anal rn,v.s;
caudal plain or with black points. Length 2 inches. Kio Chagros.
(Kner & Steindachner) ; not seen by us. (Named for TheoUore Gill.)
Xiphophonii gillii, Kner & Steindaciin&ii, Aldi. Buyer. Aknd. for 1864, 28, 18Gr,, Rio Chagres.
1022. PffiClLIA PAVONINA (Pooy).
Female brownish green, with an ocellate spot near the base of can(l:il
on the lower middle jtart of the fin ; this spot black, surrounded liy
white or reddish ; body with brown spots. Havana. (Poey.) Fins
and scales undescribed. (pavoninnn, li!:e a ])eacock.)
Limiapavonina, Poey, Enunioratio, 142, 1875, Havana. (Coll. Pocy.)
102S. P(EC'ILIA VITTATA, Guichonot.
(Fanguito; Ouajjca.)
Head 4; depth 2f. D. 10 or 11; A. 10 or 11; scales 30-10; vertebia-
13 + 16. Eye longer than snout, 3 in head. Origin of dorsal nearer
occiput than root of caudal, and, in the female, in advance of that of
anal. Dorsal and anal of moderate si/.e; in the male the origin of tlie
anal is much nearer to end of snout th. root of caudal and bofor
extremity of pectoral, its longest ray provided with an adipose apieul
appendage; tail moderately elongate, its least depth being not much less
than the length of the head. Two series of black dots along each side dl
the body ; dorsal and caudal with irregular black spots. Cuba. (Poey.)
(vittatuH, striped.)
Pwcilia villata, GuicilENOT, in Ramon de la Sagrn, Hist. Nat. <"uba, Poieg., 140, pi. .I, lig. 1, Is'i",
Cuba; GCntheh, Cat.,vi, 339, 18C6.
Limia cuheimi** Poey, Memorius, i, 388, 1855, Havana.
P(rcilia aiben/ii^, GCnther, vi, 340, 18C6.
1024. PiECILIA MEXICANA, Steindachner.
Head 4; depth 3^; eye in adult nearly or quite equal to snout, 3* in
head, and half width of interorbital space; larger in young. D. 10; A.
•According to Poey nibeiisig lias the eye IJ^ in finout, 3 in head; vittala, eye l}/^ in snout, 3}^ in
head. In later papers he has regarded the two ns identical.
W^ffm
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America,
693
9 : scales 28-9 or 10. Origin of dorsal midway between root of oaadal
uimI occiput, over twelftli scalu of tlie lateral series. Origin of dorsal
rtli^litly in advance of that of anal ; dorsal lin rather small; anal very
Niiiiill; l)asal half of the caudal scaly. Tail compressed, high, its least
(li'|it)i huiiig equal to, or ratiior more than, length of liea«l without snout.
Kiulit longitudinal series of scales on eaoli side of the tail, lirownisli
;;ii'('ii ; each scale of the 4 middle series of the trunk with a small central
Mack spot ; dorsal with numerous round blackish spots; caudal with an
iiiilistiiict whitish cross-hand near its hind margin. Males compara-
tively scarce; they want the black spots on the sides, and have the anal
till transformed into an intromittent organ. Southern Mexico and Cen-
tral America; Chiapas, Dueflas, Vera Paz, and Amatitlan. (Uiiuther.)
I'.nili't iiiexivaua, Stkindaciinkk, Sitzkur. Akuil. Witu*. Wiuu, 18C3, 178, Southern Mexico;
GCsTllEi., Cat., VI, 340, 18C(i.
10>2r>. I><K('II,IA TilKKMALIS, Steindaclinor.
Head 3J ; depth 3J. D. {) or 10; A. 8 or 0; scales 30-0. Width of
iiiitroihital space eciual to distance between front margin of orbit and
i^ill opening; the eye a little longer than snout, 3j^ in head, a little more
tliaii half the interorbital space. Origin of dorsal midway between
root of caudal and occiput, over twelfth scale of the lateral series ; ori-
iriii of anal opposite third ray of dorsal in the female; dorsal fin of
moderate size; anal small; caudal scaly at the base only. Tail com-
piessed, moderately elongate, its least depth being somewhat less than
tiie length of the head without snout. Seven longitudinal series of
Ncules on each side of the tail. Greenish; a faint darker streak along
each series of scales; frequently a round blackish spot in the middle of
tlio side in females. Male with the dorsal fin elevated, and the longest
ray at least as long as the head without snout; this fin ornamented
with large, ovate black spots, occupying the lower half of the fin, and
sometimes confiueut into one large patch. Anal fin modified into an intro-
mittent organ, and advanced to between the ventrals and in front of the
dorsal. Tail strongly compressed, and comparatively rather higher than
in the female. Interradial membrane of the caudal fin with oblong black
spots, nothing of which is visiblt 'n the female. Warm springs in Central
America, (Giinther.) (<yiermaJt8, pertaining to heat.)
i'.i''i7i(i therfi'tUs, Stginuai'Iineb, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wieu, 18C3, 181, warm springs in Cen-
tral America; GUntiier, Cut., vi, 341, 18C6.
(n\iiibit4a* modesla, Tboschei., MUller's Buiso in Mexico, in, C30, 186.5, Mexico; no locality
given.
1026. P4ECILIA CHISOYEXSIS, Gllnther.
Head 4^; depth 3^. Eye equal to snout, 3i in head, and more than
liiilf width of interorbital space. D. 9 or 10; scales 29-9. Free portion
of tail elevated, its least depth f its own length, and more than length
ol' head without snout. Origin of dorsal fin nearer occiput than
* C'lmhtmn modesla : D. 10; A. 9; P. 16. Length of typo (male) 1% inches; depth 4% in total
!i'iii;tli; ilursftl inserted over last rays of anal, us high a.f the body below it; anal equally high*
l>i'( tdi'iilj reaching end of base of anal; caudal rounded. Urown, with irregular dark apota on
back; uo net-like markings formed by edges of scales.— 3Vo<cAe{.
^1
11 ■ -'■il
'■; "I iT ^™?r-rv^.^*^r'
I !
SI
ii
G04
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
to root of caudal, behind that of the anal, above i\\'\ twelfth Hcale of the
lateral series ; dorsal tin hif{her than long, its longest ray shorter than
head ; enlargeu «:;al ray without terminal H|>pendagt'. Hight longi-
tudinal scries of scales on each side of the tail. Caudal rather Hliort. its
basal half covered with scales. (Tnifomi greenish, with golden retl«M--
tions; dorsal and caudal black. Length 3^ inches. Rio Chisoy, Vera
Pttz. (Giinther. )
PeecUia rhiimjiemiii, GCntiier, Cci., VI, 342, Rio Chisoy, Vera Paz, in bmiiuof Rio UBUinacititii.
(Coll. Qodninn &^ Salviu.)
1027. PWl'ILIA PETENENSIS, Oiintlier.
Head 4 in male, 5 in female; depth 3^ in male, i\ in female. D. 11;
A. 8; scales 29-30-8 or 9; vertebrie 16 + 14. Eye equal to snout, 3* in
head, somewhat more than half interorbital width. Origin of dorsal tin
farther from roojt of caudal than from occiput, over eleventh or twelftii
scale of lateral series ; origin of anal opposite fourth ray of dorsal fln (in
the female); dorsal tin of moderate size; anal rather small, but pointed;
caudal scaly on its basal third; free portion of tail compressed, ratlior
high, its least dej^th half its length, equal to length of head without snuiit.
Seven longitudinal series of scales on each side of the tail. Male with the
dorsal fin somewhat elevated, the longest ray being rather longer than tlio
head; anal fin modified into an intromittenc organ, and advanced to
between the ventrals, in front of the dorsal. Tail strongly compressed,
and much higher than in the female, its least depth >eing equal to the
length of the head. Greenish, each scale with a black vertical spot;
dorsal and basal half of the anal irregularly and finely marbled with
brown. Length 6 inches. Lake Peten. (Giinther.)
PaicUia petcnetitis, GONriiEu, Cat., vi, 342, ISKG, Lake Peten in Guatemala. (Coll. Salvin.)
1028. PffiCILIA SPHENOPS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Head 3|; depth 3J. D. 9; A. 8; scales 28-8. Eye equal to snout, 3A in
head, a little more than half interorbital width. Origin of dorsal midway
between root of caudal and occiput, over thirteenth scale of lateral
series; origin of anal opposite that of dorsal (in the female); dor-
sal of moderate size anal small; caudal scaly at the base only. Tail
compressed, rather high, its least depth equal to length of head without
snout. Eight longitudinal series of scales on each side of the tail.
Greenish, each scale darker at the base; back of the tail with narrow,
irregular, silvery crossbars. Male with the dorsal fin somewhat elevated,
but the longest ray scarcely as long as the head without snout; thiH
fln is ornamented with round, black spots ; anal fln niodifled into an
intromittent organ, and advanced to between the ventrals. Tail strongly
compressed, and comparatively higher than in the female. Caudal tin
with oblong black spots on the interradial membrane of the basal half,
with a broad, whitish, posterior marginal band, and narrow black edfjo.
The female has the dorsal only spotted with black. Length 3 inches.
Vera Cruz, Mexico. (Giinther.) (ercp^v, wedge; ijiji, face; " museau m
coin/' peaked- face.)
PeecUia tphenops, CuviiB & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poise., .win, 130, 1846, Vera Cruz; Gi n-
TiiER, Cat., VI, 343, 18C6.
Jordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North America.
6»5
I'-i
> Usumarintu.
!»:!». PtKt^IIilA nOVIl, OlhiMioi.
ll.ail :i>; depth 3;<. D. 9; A. 8; scales 26 to 29-9. Width of iiitoror-
liiiiil npiice ruther loss than distaiice between front margin of eye and
^ill opuiiiog. Eye somewliat more than length of snout, 3^ in houd,
ami rather more than half width of iuterorbital space. Origin of
tloisiil fm midway between root of caudal and occiput, over twclflli
Ncali- of lateral series; origin of anal opposite the second or third ray of
tho dorsal (in the female); dorsal fin of moderate sixe; antil aniall;
rniiilal scaly on its basal third. Tail compressed, rather high, its least
depth ctjual to length of head without snout. Seven longitudinal series
of Hcaies on each side of the tail. Uniform brownish green on the liead
and body ; male with the dorsal fin slightly elevated, but the loiigcHt
ray is scarcely as long as the head without snout; this fin <8 orna-
mented with small, round, black spots. Anal fin modiiied into an
lutromitteut organ, and advanced to between the ventrals and in
front of the dorsal. Tail strongly compressed, but not higher than in
tlio female. Caudal fin with minute black spots on the interradial iiiein-
brnne ; back of tail sometimes with indistinct, narrow, dark crosHbars.
Tlu^ female has the fins colored as in the male. Length 2\ inches. Mex ico
and (jiiateuiala. (Gunther.) (Named for John M. Dow, its discoverer.)
/'.iri/i.i Joru, GCntiieb, Cut., VI, 344, 181)0, Lake Nicaragua; Lake Amatitlan. (Coll. Duw.)
tU\mh\may\\mihta*'iwi»Q\\t.\., in MOIler'H Ruifle in Mi'xicu, iii, (i40, 18G6, Mexico, no locality.
, I
1 I
'!l
lOSO. PtECILIA I'OrCHIANA (Qirard).
Head 5 in total with caudal ; eye 3 in head. D. 9 ; A. 6. IJody short,
liack convex; head small; scales very large. Dorsal longer than high,
inserted nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; anal opposite its hinder
portion ; pectorals not reaching ventrals. Brownish, each scale with a
large brown spot; an obscure black lateral band; fins plain, except the
dorsal, which has a few black spots. Known from females only. Rio
San Juan, at Cadareita and Monterey, in Nuevo Leon, ('oiirard.)
(Named for Lieut. D. N. Couch, of the Mexican Boundary Survey.)
Limia ciiiirhiaiia, GiKARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phita,, 1859, IKi, Rio San Juan. (Coll. Coiirli).
PiiciUa comhii, GOntiieb, Oat., vi, 347, 1806.
Pii'ciliit coiichiana, Jordan & Gilbeut, Syuopsiti, 348, 1883,
lost. P<ECILIA BO[7CARDI,tStcin(lacliiior.
Head 3i ; depth 3. D. 9 or 10 ; A. 9 ; scales 27 or 28-9. Eye ;|i in head,
as long as snout; iuterorbital width 1* in head. Dorsal in females
iiiHorted an eye's diameter nearer base of caudal than opercle, farther
* Onmhigia plumheii: D. 10; A. 9; P. 14. TiOnf;th 2% inelies. GrcatoHt hoiglit inoro tliaii
length ot head, 4V<| in total length. Insertion of <lort<al nearer cauiliil tliiia tip of Rnuiit, over
tip (if peutornl and end of anal, % doptli of bo<ly below it; anal in male 'j{^ height of Imily.
liniwiiisli plumbeous, yellowiHh below; dorsal and caudal with many dark poiutd, those on eaii-
iliil mostly near base.
t A Rpociesnlliod to P. boiicanfi is mentioned as follows by MUUer tb Troschol, Steindachner,
Mdiiatslirr. Akud. Wim. Berl., 1844, 30:
" Molmetiafiisciata, Mlh.i,ER & Trosciiei.: P. 8; A. 9; niitdunkelu Querblndon. Mexico." For-
tunately t!)e name PuecUia faadata is preoccupied.
i
',■;'.) I'l
i
■ ■■J,-)
: - ('
696
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Itaok in iiialo. Dorsal, caudal, and pflctorul dark gray iuh, tlio dorHal punc-
tat» in Itoth 80XOH, tlio H|i<»tH arrangud in Hovoral rowH, HoniutinicH gatli
itred in blotclioH; caudal with croHH rowo of dotn; anal dotted in old
fomaluH only ; sidcH of hody with faint, dark-gray cross hands. Length it
inches. Streams at Colon, on the Atlantic side of the Isthniusof Pananiii.
(Steiiidachner.) (Named for Ali>house Doucard, tho ornithologist, who
collected in tropical America.)
ru'ciViabxucunH, bTKiNDACiiNBii, Iclitli. Uultr., vi, 8, 1h7H, Colon; Aspinwall.
10»'i. PWClIiU YANnKPOIilil, Van Lldth do Jeudii. '
Depth 3; D. 8; A. 9 ; scales 25 to 27-9. Eye 3 in head. Female witli
tho anal a very little behind dorsal ; male with the anal much advanct'd
and the ventrals produced ; outer teeth curved, all of them brown at tip.
Yellowish brown, silvery below; a dark spot behind interorbital region,
continued as a dark line along middle of back; dark edges of scales giv-
ing the body a reticulated ajipearanco ; sometimes faint cross-bands on
tail , male sometimes with a black spot as large as eye above and bidiiml
root of pectoral. Length l* inches. Brooks on the island of Curnvno,
one of tho Leeward Islands in tho Caribbean Sea. (Lidth de Jeude.)
(Named for J. K. H. Neervoort van de Poll, its collector.)
Pi f cilia viimh'iiolli. Van Liptii i>k .Irudr, Nottts fruin TioyduD Mubuuiii, ix, 438, 1887, Cura9ao,
one of the Leeward Islands, (Coll. Nuurvoort van do Pull).
Rei)reHented in the brooks of the neighboring island of Aruba by
1032a. P(FX'IlilA YANDEPOLLI AKUBKN81S, Vun Lidth du Joudo.
Body deeper, the depth 3} in length ; anal more advanced in femalcH,
opposito dorsal fm. Dorsal and caudal with black lines and spots, tint
color otherwise as in P. vandepolli. Length ^^ inches. Streams of Aruba.
(Van Lidth do Joudo.)
Puxiliu vaiidepoUi urubeiuif, Van Lidth i>e Jkvoe, Notes from Leydon Museum, ix, 438, 1H87,
Aruba, one of the Leeward Islands. (Coll. Neervourt van de Poll).
1038. PtECILIA DOMINICENgIS, Cuvier & Vulenciennes.
Head 4 ; depth 3|. D. 8 ; A. 7 or 8 ; scales 28-8. Origin of dorsal a
little nearer root of caudal than to occiput, nearly opposite that of
anal ; dornal and anal fins small, rounded. Tail of moderate height, itt^
least depth less than length of head without snout. A dark line nluii^'
the middle of the back; sometimes irregular, indistinct blackish spots
on tho back ; caudal with 2 light-brownish cross-bands. San Domingo
and Barbadoes. Known from females only. (Giinthor.)
Ptfcilia domiiiicenm, Cuvieb & Valenciennks, Hist. Nat. Poisa., xviil, 131, pi. 625, 1848, San
Domingo; GOntiieb, Cat. vi, 34C, 18GU.
1084. PIECILIA MELANOGASTER, Oiintlier.
Head 3f ; depth SJ. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 26-8. Eye of full-grown speci-
mens somewhat more than length of snout, 3^ in head, and more than
half width of interorbital space. Origin of dorsal midway between
root of caudal and oociputi over eleventh scale of the lateral serie.-i,
Jordan and Everntann. — Fishes of North America.
097
NcaiRoly in udvniico of that of anul; ilorHal ami anal iiim hiiiuH; liaHe of
till i-uiulal HOaly ; tail of inodi'iatn !<'iigtli, itH loaHt d«)pth Bcarculy
(>i|ii;il to length of IhmmI, v.itliout Hiioiit ; huv«>ii lotigitinliiial Horieit of
Hcali's on each hIiIo of tho tail. Kody light hrowiiiHh, » ailvery
\ lit Kill Hti'«>ak on each Hcalu. A Hiiiall hlackiith npot in thu middle
of till) root of tlio caudal ; n hlackiHh Hpot acroHx thu liaHU of tho three
|Histi'ii(>r dtu'Hal rays; th*^ proiiiineiit belly of fiMiialea Hilvery in itH
anterior half, and deep hlack in itH poHttirior, theHo colorH being Hharply
Hi'|iiiratcd from earh other. Locality unknown, perhapH Jamaica. ((Hiu-
tJHT.) (/if Xr/i;, black ; juffr///), belly.)
/'. . j;.i ml^^«"l/"«''■^ OCntiiku, Cut., vi, lU.^, I8C11, locality unknown.
loas. iMKC'iLiA Ni'ii.riirs, uimtiiRi.
Iliad 4; depth 3^; eye longer than Hiiout, 3 in head, and \ width
(if intoror))ital space. 1). 7; A. 8 ; HcaloH 2G~9. Width of interorbital
H)iait> a little Iohn than diNtance between gill opening and center of eye;
(iii;,'iii of dorHal nii<l.way between root of caudal and upper end of gill
u|ii>iiing, over thirteenth Hcalo of tho lateral Herien ; origin of anal tin din-
tinctly in advance of that of dorHal (in female); dorHal and anal Ann
Niiiiill ; buHO of tho caudal iiu covered Avith HcaleH. Tail of moderate
lii'ight, itH least depth being eijual to the length of tho head (without
hiiont). UrowniHli olive, each scale darker in the center ; a black Hpot on
eai'li Hide of the back of tho root of the tail ; dorsal fin with u few black
H]MitH along the middle. Length 2} inchen. Central America. Known
fniin one female. (Giiuther.) (crTrtAof, Hpot ; oi'/xi, tail.)
r(rci/i(i«jn7i(i'iiK, QCNTiiEn, Cat., vi, 345, 18(iC, Central America.
108«. PtECILU KLON'dATA, Giinther.
Head 4J; depth 4. D. 9; A. 8; scales 30 to 32-0. Caudal peduncle
dee]), its least depth 1| in its own length, and a little less than length of
head, without snout. Eye equal to length of snout, 'i\ in head, and
iiioie than half width of interorbital space. Snout much depressed.
Lower jaw with two series of very Hinall teeth only ; in the upper tho
posterior band of villiform teeth is very indistinct. Origin of dorsal
iiit nearer root of the caudal than occiput, a little behind root of anal,
above fourteenth scale of lateral series; dorsal fin higher than long, its
lotiirest ray being as long as the head without snout; anal small. Eight
luugitudinal series of scales on each side of the tail. Caudal rounded,
its base only covered with scales. Uniform olivaceous, sometimes with
10 or 12 faint cross shades; the membrane of tho pouches of scales with
a black margin; fins immaculate. A largo and easily known species,
aliuiulaut in mouths of streams about Panama; the only species thus far
recorded in salt water. Length 4^ inches, {ilonyatus, lengthened.)
PirciUa ehngata, GI'ntiier, Cat., VI, 342, 18GC, Panama; Stei.ndaciiner, Ichtli. Bcitr., v, 1876.
1087. P(ECILIA PRESIDIOMS, Jurdan & Culver.
Head 4^ ; depth 3i to 41^ ; eye as long as snout, 3^ in nead ; interorbital
space 2 in head. D. 7 or 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 28-9. Body rather elongate, shaped
. i
^•■(
■• i *
t
^
t
1
I ''li
i I:
in
•I il
;i!ji,
illM
■iravrl<
Bullfiin ^7, ITniled States Natiofhil Afuseum.
a« iti Futtthihiii, the prodlo Hciircoly rii4in>{ to front of dorHiil. Tueth hiiiuII,
in two wttll-H««parat«Ml muicH, thoNo of th» iniitn' row hiiiuII, climtt-Httt, imt
trifid. Fins uli low U!i«l Hliort ; i>i;(;tuml U in lioiul ; lon^t^Ht tloiHiil ruy 1.^ ;
caudal truncate, 11 ; dornal in funialu iiiHvrtttd ovttr niiddio of anal, Itoliiiul
anal in niulu. Maltm Hcarue, apparently HuialliM' tl> ui f<-inaii<H. r«Mii;i1i<
gi'«eniHhal)ovu; NiduHwith violetHhovn; iior t black oroKsbais, uHually M-ty
diHtinct, HoinctinicH oimoluto in lar(;o oxaniploH*, one or two ol>loii)( n)i<>|ii
before thcHe in the |>laco of other barH ; laut ray of dorual with a traco nl'a
dark occIIiih; ihiH othcrwiHo plain ; udarkHtrtmk along lower etlgu «(f imii-
dal prduncle, and another like a pencil mark alon^; middle of Hi<lei> iiinli r
the HcalcH. Males without croHHbars and with the lower tins reddish.
Length 2 innheH; very abundant in the clear AvatcrH of Kio rresidin, a
mountain stream of Sinaloa, 20 inileH south of Ma/atlan. Many Npicj.
mens obtained.
I\iriliii prmiiliimiii, JoitiiAN iV C^i'I.vkk, MS., KInIicn of Hliiuloii, 1H!l,\ Rio Presidio, Sinuloa.
(T}'|io, Nu. 2G87. Stanford Univ. Miin. Cull. Ilopliinii Kxiiuditioii.)
319. MOLLIENISIA, Lo 3ueur.
itolUenuia, Lk Suki k, Jouru. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'liilu., ii, 1821, 3, iilato in, (/<i/i;>JBnn).
Body rather stout. Mouth siiiull ; mandible very short, its bones not
united, the dentary being movable; both Jaws with a narrow band of
snuill teeth, besides an outer scries of long, slender, movable teeth, wiiicli
are curved and slightly compressed, placed on the outer edge of the jaw.
Hrunchiostegals 5. Scales large. Anal (In behind the dorsal, the anal of
the male being modified into an intromittent organ; cautlal tin aiiko in
the two sexes, or the lower angle very slightly produced in the nialf,
suggesting .Y(7>/i<>p/.'(>rH« ; dorsal flu highly elevated in the male, its buNe
elongate, of 12 or more rays. Intestines elongate, with numerous cim^o
lutions. Vertebne 17-f-13=:30. Small mud-eating fishes, of variegaiiil
colors, found from Carolina to Mexico, in the coastwise swampn. I lie
genus is scarcely distinct from rucilia, differing only iu the larger d«»i>al
and the gayer coloration of the male. The species are closely related, iim!
are perhaps all forms of the widely distributed and variable MoUimi^in
latijAtuia. (Named for Mollicn, French minister of finance, a patron of
Pdron, the friend and scientific associate of Le Sueur.)
a. Doraal rays 12 or 13.
I*. lusertion uf aiial boliind front of donial; a round blaric Rpot on upper lialf of lumi' ul
caudal; each Bcalo edged with darli; dorsal witli 2 ur 3 Hurles of black spots.
J0NK81, llCH.
bb. Insertion of anal under front uf dorsal; each scale of baclc with a brown spot; iti>rsHl
spotted. FOKMOKA, li':i',t.
aa. Dursal rays 13 to 15; dorsal fln in male much elevated and with scries of spots; <liii>al
beginning in advance of anal; scales with dark spotfl.
c. Scales 2(i to 28-10; dark spots on scales forming lengthwise strii>e8 along back and fUW ;
caudal rounded. latii'in.na, lull).
CO. Scales 3()-l(i; dark spots chiefly on posterior part of lK)dy; lower angle of candal pro-
duced i. adult male. PETBNENSIS, lull.
Head 4 ;
108S. MOLLIENISIA JONKSI, GUnthor.
depth 3^ to 4. D. 12 ; A. 10 ; scales 29-9.
Eye shorter tiian
snout, 4 in head, 2 in interorbital width ; length of dorsal iin i distance
mmm
idio, Slnaloa.
Jordan auii Kvertnann. — Fishes of Wotth America.
m
m\)
front eye to Immo of cuiidiil. DurNiil (in fumal«t) much lon^tflr thnii lii^li;
an.'il '•mull, oppoHito iiiidillo ofdorHiil. HrowiiiHh; fixv.U hcaI«i witli a, Itlaok
iMihUiior iiiurgin ; ii Mack Wuixl l)«-t\v«M)ii oyo mid Nciipiilu', a roiiiul lilnck
H|i<it on upper liair of root of caudal ; dorsal with 2 or 3 aurioii of black
Hpl)l^«; anal with a itiack line liuhiiid and aiotiKcach ray; oth<>r Huh plain.
Iii-iiKll> -U inchcN. Lake Alcohuaca, a vohtanic laktt, lluatnantia, Mt^xico,
X.IHNi lo-t ahovo Hca. Known from fttniah*ti only, ((iiinthur.) (Named for
T. M. Uynior JoneH, itH diHcovorcr.)
M.Ui'iifi'i ji'ii'»i, OI'NTiit'.ii, Ann. Ma^. Nul. IIInI., xtv, lH74, M7(l, Lake Alcohuaca, Htia-
mantla, Maxico; Jouiian .t (jimikut, Hyiiiiiwi.*, :i47, Imk:i.
loao. MOLI.IKMHIA H»i(MOMA ((iiriinl)
Iliad :ti; d«^ptli 3i ; «vo .'« in head. 1). 12 or IM; A. Id. Ilody rather
Hloiit. Knout Hhort ; dorHal in male louder than hi^h, itH lirHt ray ahoiit
o|i|>(mito front of anal; fiunalo with tho d<M'Nal nearly an high aH long, tin
iiii:il opixmite itH front. OlivaceouH; HCuleH with hrown Hpotn ; dorsal tin
Willi trauHverHU Htuies of lilackiNh Hpotn; other Huh iuunaculate. I'alo
Alto, Mexico, ((iirard.) (/(»r»io«««, comely.)
/,,m,;i/'.™/..»i, OiiiAiio, l'r.)c. Ar. Niit.Hci. I'lillii., IH,M», ll.\ Palo Alto, Mexico. (('"11. <'lurk.)
Mnlhui'fMj'urmiimi, OCntiikh, Cut., VI, IMH, iHlili; .roiiDAN ,V: (iiMiKitr, SyimiiKM, :\\T, iMrt.*),
1040. .MUlililKMSIA l,ATII>l>>'A, l.o .Siioiir.
Mule: Head I ; depth 2% to W. Female: Head \n to ll'l ; depth 2* to 2\'.
1). I.'ior ](» (i;^ or 14 in var. liiinihito") ; A. 8; Hcalen 2t>-!t or 10. Body
iililong, much compreHNod in males, of nearly equal lieight from d<»rHal
backward, tho greatest Iieight of li(»dy but k greater than that of caudal
]tf(!iinelc; femalen with gibboun belly and narrower caudal ]>edunclo',
head very small, depressed, not narrowed forward; mouth very small,
vertical, and without lateral cleft; length of mandible about S diameter
of orbit ; tt^eth all very small, movable, in a rather narrowband; the
outer series much larger than the Miers, but still very small, composed
of slender pointed teeth, strongly curved inward ; eye moderate, lA to IJ
in interorbital width, equal to or slightly greater than snout, and IH to
:ti in head. Dorual very long, in adult males enormously elevated,
exceeding height of body ; the (in is almost B<iuare, the base slightly
longer than tho height, the upper margin nearly straight ; longest ray 2J
in length of body, the last ray reaching beyond base of caudal ; base of
tin 2} in body; origin of dorsal distant from base of caudal 2| times its
distance from tho tip of snout. In females dorsal low, tho longest ray
tiiinaling s length of head, the last ray reaching but halfway to base of
canilal ; the base of tho tin 'Si times in length of body, its origin distant
from base of caudal li times the distance from tip of snout. Anal very
* Var. Uneiilulii, Uirard: Four female Hpoolmens itiid one male, from OalvuBton, Texas, (the
larRcst 2 inclioa long), and two females from Lake Pontrliartrain, were formerly refcrrud liy iih
til 11 variety liih'nldlii { ■ fniviliniden). Later investigations have not conflrmeil tho validity of
tliis fiirin. Tiny show the following apparent dilTcrencos froiii IH. liilipiiiini :
V.yf Hiiiall, the iris jet hlack; diameter of orhit V<^ to '.i}'^ in liead and Vy^ to 2 times in inter-
orliital width, (tbo eye 2% in head and lil in interorhital width, in hiliiiiimn of tho same size);
ilorsitl tin smaller, its base 3'^ in body mi females, '.I in males, the rays constantly i:t or 14 in
imnilicr (usually 13); origin of dorsal ei|uidistaut from tip of snout and base of caudal in female.
Color as in latipiima, with traces of dark bars.
M
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1
1
';fj^ffwrrvr^arji!^'rif^-^fr^sprfl!'^-^^~'!^
700
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
\
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%\v
Binall; in the male modified into an intromittent organ and inaerlo'< ih
advance of middle of dorua!, its origin about halfway between Hixuit
:ind base of caudal, the ftMirth ray longest and thickest, \\ in head; in
females the origin is under twelfth ray of dovsal, and about midway
between tip of caudal and tip of snout. Caudal rounded, about e(|ii:il-
ing length of hcnd in females, \ greater than head in males. V'entialH
inserted behind vertical from origiii of dorsal, reaching beyond veist in
females; in males the first and second rays are thickened, the sei'dud
filamentous, H in head. Pectoral long, longer in males, where it reaciu.s
beyond middle of vontrals, and is very sligl-.tly less than length of licad,
Scales in very regular rows, 26 in a longitudinal series, 9 or 10 in an
oblique series forward from vent to middle of back ; hunierai scale not
enlarged. Intestinal canal about 2^ times total length of fish (with ean-
dal). Color, T'lale light olive green, marbled with darker and spotted
with pale green ; each scale on back and sides with an oblong, blacki.sli
spot, these forming continuous lengthwise stripes; head dusky aitove;
opercle and cheek minutely speckled; an orange stripe above operclr;
lower parts of head mostly orange; some orange tinge on breast. Dorsal
translucent, its basal half with about 5 series of linear, blackish, hori-
zontal spots, forming interrupted lines; above middlo of fin, on mcmbnmu
between each pair of rays, is a large, roundish dark spot ; between tlioHo
apots and above them are many small, round bronze spots; membrane
between second and third rays red at base; all of these markings irrejju-
lar on first and last rays; cauiial narrowly margined all around \s\\\\
black, its base lavender, its lower parts mostly whitish, the middle
orange, the upper parts pale, with round orange jpots; other fins pale
orange. Females have dorsal and caudal olivaceous, with indistinct,
narrow cross bands, formed by series of small dark spots on the ra>s.
Length 2i to 3 inches. South Carolina to northern Mexico, in lowland
swamps and streams ; very abundant. The male a fish of remarkalile
beauty. It ofton enters the sea, the gorgeous dorsal fin of the iiialo
being conspicuous in the shallow water about the wharves at Penaacola,
(latu8, broad ; 2)inna, fin.)
itollieninia lulipimia, Le SuEun, Journ. Ac. Kat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1821, 3, New Orleans; inali",
GCntheu, Cat., 348, 18G6; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 347, 1883.
PiecUiumnllilhiedUi, Le SuEUR, Journ. Ac. Nut. Sci. Fbila., ii, 1821, 4, New Orleans; f'nialc
rucilia Uiieolala, Girard, U. S. Mox. Bcund. Surv., Ichth., 70, pi. 35, figs. 9 to 11, 18.">'J, Rio
Grande, near Brownsville, Texas. (Coll. Van Vliet and Clark.)
TAmiajxiviloides, GiR.^UD, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichtb., 70, pi. 38, figs. 8 to 14, IHM, Indian-
ola, Texas. (Coll. Clark.)
Limin vintamormuis, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., IS.'SO, llfi, Matamoras.
MoUienem-i latipinmi, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mua., 1882, 258; Jordan .fe Gii.ihiit,
Synopsia, 347, 1883.
MolHenetia Uneolala, Jordan ■% Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 258.
I 1 11
I «
1041. MOLLIENISIA PETENENSIS, Gilnther.
Head 4 to 4^; depth 3; eye 3^ in head. D. 15; A. 8 or 9; B. 6; scales
30-10; vertebrffi 17-}- 13. Eye equal to length of snout, rather less tlian
half of width of interorbital space. Length of dorsal fin of male half dis-
tance between eye and root of caudal, in the female i; caudal rounded,
Jot Jan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America^ 701
rieans; w.\V\
inf)!!, Indian-
,N .k GlI.i:r,liT,
^rirli scales nt baso only. Free portion of the tail uh bigli as long, and
cov( ifil hy 9 longitndiup.l series of scales ou each side. Urownish green,
BilviMv 1)clow ; a dark spot to each scale of the upper and middle caudal
seri* -^4 and the lower part of the trunk ; dorsal fin of the adult male with
sniiill, MTognlar brown lines or spots, and with a row of large rounded
g|i(ils along the middle of its height; interradial nieuibrane of the cau-
dal with numerous black dots ; the lower part of the hind margin black.
F(Miinl(-H and immature males have the dorsal fin simply ornamented with
Hiiiiil! irregularly curved brown spots. Length .5 inches. Lake Peten.
((jiiiitlipr.) Extremely close to M. latipimia, hnt reaching a larger size,
its aiigulated caudal suggesting Xiphnphorua.
iloUiinisia iieteuewiu, GOntiieu, C»t., vi, 348, 1806, Lake Peten, in Guatemala, ((^ill. SiilTin.)
320. XIPHOPHORUS, Heckel.
A'i(i/i'>;i*"nu«, Hkckei., Sltzgsber. Aknd. WIsh. Wien, 1818, i, pt. 3, lf)3, (hclleri),
Tliin genus differs from Mollienisia only in the structure of its caudal
tin, tl'o lower rays of which in the males are prolonged into a longsword-
Mli:ii>e(l ap;<cndage, which in the adult is sometimes as long as the rest of
tli(^ lish. Anal of the male modified into an introniittent organ, 1 or 2
of tins enlarged rays being provided with hook-like processes. Branchi-
ostegalrt 5. Vertebra) 16 -f- 14=^:30. (i'toof, sword ; ^opku, to bear.)
'I. Sideri ill both sexes with Uark lines of sjiotB along tho rows of scales; a darker stripe on side
running along upi>or edge of caudal projection. iieli.eri, 1042.
iKi. Sides in both sexes covered with irregular black blotches and spots, not following tho rows
of scales; no lateral stripe. guntiikri, 104.3.
1042. XIPHOPHORUS HKIiLKRl, Heckel.
Hoad 4^; depth 3i to S*. D. 13; A. 9 ; V. 6; scales 29-8. Eye as long
.18 snout, 3^ in head. Dorsal nearly ei^nal in males and females, its base
'i\ in distance from head to caudal; caudal sword 'n adult male nearly
as Icug as the fisL, yellow, Avith black edges ; ventrals below front of
dor.sal in both sexes. Body in female with regular series of dark bpots
t'or.iiing lines along the '"ows of scales as in MolUeninia; dorsal plain
in tiio female, spotted in the male, the spots in horizontal rows. Rivers
of Nonthern Mexico and Central America, (iiinther describv.8 three varie-
ties in the coloration of males; variations possibly representing distinct
siKH'ics :
<i. Two yellowish-green bands along side, separated and bordered above
and helow by a blue band. Rio Chisoy.
'■'. Middle blue band darkest, black, running from eye to and along
\\[)\Hir border of caudal appendage, which is very short. Cordova.
( . Body without bands, covered all over with irregular black spots in
liotli Hexes. Rio Chisoy. This form (figured by Gunther, Fish. Centr.
A'ner., 1869, pi. 87) we have here regarded as a distinct species, Xipho-
j)/i(.ri(,s fiutithiri.
(Named for Prof. Karl Heller.)
.Vi>//..ji;,onu! helteri, Heckel, Sitzgber. Aknd. Wiss. Wien, 1848, i, 163; OCnther, Cat., vi, 349,
186G; GCnther, Fishes Centr. Amer., 485, 1869,
n
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702
Bulletin 4J, United States National Museum.
I04S. XIPIIOIMIOItl'S (aiNTIIKItl, Jonlnn k Evormaiin, n<w HpocloN.
Wo regard (liinther's " var. )" {i/itnima) from KioChisoy, "Body witlidiit
bands, covered all over with irregular upots " an probably a Bpectes dis-
tinct from A', heUcri. (iiintlier's figure hIiowh the form, i)roportion8,;iii(l
tin rayH of the latter, the dorual in the female lower and more spot ltd,
and both sexes covered with dark blotches of various sizes, irregular in
form anil distribution, more of them vertical than horizontal, and cover-
ing head, back, and sides; caudal unspotted, its appendage white, ed^^ud
witli black above and below. Eio Chisoy, basin of Kio Usumacintu,
(Guatemala. (Named for Dr. Albert Giinther.)
Xiphophonia lielleri, viir. y, GI>ntiikh, Cut., vi, 850, 18GG, Rio Chisoy, Guatemala. (Cull. CikI-
muii lb Siilvin); apul Ui'MiiKii, FIhIics C'utitr. Amer., pi. ^7, ligH. 3 and 4, 18G'J.
Family X(.'I1I. AMBLYOPSIDyE.
(TlIK BlIN1> FI8HKS.)
Body moderately elongate, compreshcd behind. Head long, depresHcd.
Mouth rather large, the lower .jaw projecting ; premaxillaries loiij;,
scarcely protractile, forming entire margin of upper jaw. Jaws and jial-
atines with bands of slender villiform teeth. Branchiostegals about fi,
Gill rakers very short. Pseudobranchiie concealed. Gill membranes iiioio
or less completely joined to the isthmus. Head naked, the surface Honie-
timos crossed by papillary ridges. Body with small cycloid scales, irreg-
ularly jilaced ; no lateral line. Vent jugular, close behind the gill
openings. Ventral fins small or wanting; pectorals moderate, innerted
higher than in most soft-rayed fishes ; dorsal without spine, nearly oppo-
site the anal; caudal truncate or rounded. Cranium without modiuii
crest. Stomach c(pcal, with 1 or 2 pyloric appendages. Air bladder
present. Ovary single. Some (and probably all) of the species ovovivip-
arous. In two of the genera the eyes are very rudimentary and hidden
under the skin, and the body is translucent and colorless. Fishes of small
size, living in subterranean streams and swamps of the southern United
States. Three genera and five species are " all of the family yet known,
but that others will be discovered, and the range of the present known
species extended, is very probable. The ditches and small streams of the
lowlands of our southern coast will undoubtedly be found to be the lionie
of riumerous individuals, and perhaps of new species and genera, wliile
the subterranean streams of the central portion of our country most
likely contain other species." (Putnam.) This group is doubtless a very
ancient one and the blind forms are without doubt descendants of the
eyed genus Chologastcr, or at least of forms closely allied to it. The Hingii-
lar position of the vent is repeated in the peculiar family, Aphredixhridn,
likewise a relic of a lost fauna. {Ffeteropygii, Giinther, Cat., vil, 1, 2, 18(58.)
<i. KyeB developed; body colored; vontrals obsolete; pyloric cteca 2. Ciioi.ooastpi;, 321.
art. Kyesrudimcntary, concealed; body colorless; pyloric cd-cum single.
6. Ventral flus present. AMULYOrsis, 322.
hb. Ventral fins obsolete. Tvi'1iliohtiiv«,323.
ala. (Cull. i;ul-
■lIoi.or.ASTKi;, 321.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
703
321. CHOLOGASTER, Agassiz.
(7/ ■.'■■; i-^r.AoA88iz, Amer. Jou>n. Sci. Arts, xvi, 1853, 135, (cor»m<tw).
1 liis fjenus includes those Amhlyopnidw which retain the eyes in their
primitive condition of development, and which retain the structure and
color (.'■ ordinary fishes. Pyloric cu!ca 2. Swamps jf the Southern States,
tiiti ling caves. From allies of Chologaaier cornuUiH all the other forms
liiiv(< j)rol»ably descended, though the possession of ventrals in AmblyopHta
iiidiiates their existence in the primitive type. (xiJ^oc, maimed; ynari/p,
bcilv ; in allusion to the abortive ventrals.)
,1 Papillary ridgts wanting.
/.. Sidos with 3 narrow, nliarply defined, lengthwise block stripoB, the middle one broad-
eHt; a black blotch at base of caudal, with a white blotch behind it, tlii' nn othorwiHo
black. i-oiiNuri)R, 1(»44.
/.;.. Sides jilain light brown, unBtrii)ed. AdASSizii, 1045.
.11. I'a|iillar.v ridges present, as in tlie Itlindfishes; sides with 3 black lengthwise stripes.
I'AFILLirEUl'B, 1040.
1044. CHOLOUAHTKK COBNIITI'S, Agassi/,.
(Fish ok the Dismal Swamp.)
IIoad3?; depth 5i to 6h D. 8 or 9; A. 8 or 9 ; scales 68. Form
of Aiiihlyopm, but more slender, the head narrower, sharper, and less
(l>'])ieH8ed; mouth oblique, terminal, the lower jaw projecting; maxil-
liiiy extending nearly to front of eye ; eye small, but evident, about half
k'iijj;tli of snout. Gill membranes separate, nearly free from the isthmus,
covering the vent. Pectoral fin H in head, 1^ in distance to front of
dorsal ; caudal pointed, about as long as head. Color very dark brown
above, the lower half of body abruptly white, all parts, black or white,
Hi)iinkled over with black points; side Avith 3 narrow, sharply defined,
black, lengthwise stripes, the lower sometimes breaking up into dots
beliind, the middle stripe broadest, forming the lower margin of the dark
color of back, this stripe extending on side of head across eye and snout;
ni)j)er band a little nearer to line of back than to middle band ; a large,
irref^nlar black blotch at base of caudal ; behind this a white blotch of
vaiyii.g size, sometimes reduced to 2 small spots, sometimes forming a
broad white bar, covering nearly half the fin ; behind this blotch the
caudal fin is jet black ; dorsal white, more or less spotted or edged with
black. Length 1.^ inches. Lowland swamps of the Southern States, from
the Dismal Swamp to the Okefinokee Swamp ; locally very abundant.
The above description is taken from the types of Chologanter atntuH. The
study of specimens from Georgia leads to the conclusion that the nominal
species avitus is based on a slight variation of cornutuH; the body slen-
derer, the color a little different. {comutuH, horned ; the inconspicuous
" horns " are the flans of the nostrils.)
ChiilixjaKier corwilwi, AoASSlz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1853, 135, ditch in a rice field at Wac-
camaw. South Carolina; Gt'NrnER, Cat., vii, 2, 1868; Putnam,* Amer. Nat., 1872, 30;
.louDAN cSc Gilbert, Synopsin, 325, 1883.
* The following is the substance of Professor Putnam's description of Agasniz's type: Head
3'^: depth 4]4. I>. 8 or 9; A. 8 or 9. Yellowish brown, dark above; sides with 3 dark longi-
tiuliiiiil stripes, becoming dots on the tail; middle rays of CAudal tin dark, flns otherwise uncol-
ored. Month moderate, oblique, the maxillary not extending to the eye. Pectorals reaching
iioarly to front of dorsal, perfect, small. Snout with 2 horn-like projections (nasal flaps).
Length 2|^ inches.
i".
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704
Bulletin -//, United States National Museum,
Choloranter aviliu, Jordan & Jrnkinr, Proc. U. a. Nat. Mils., 1888, MfiO, pi, 44, flg. 8, outlet of
Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, near Suffolk, Virginia. (Typo, No. ;i98n4. ( >||.
JoiikinH iSc Meek.)
Chologiuler comiUuii, Oii.niCBT, Dull. U. 8. FIhIi Coiiim., vili, 1888, 227, H|iecimonH from Okofiiinkiit'
Swamp, Millon, Georgia; caudal flu more dusky, with little white ut biute.
1046. CilOLOOASTER AOAMHIZII, Putnam.
Head 4 in body, its length scarcely greater than the greatest depth. D.
9; A. 9. Pectorals reaching little more than halfway to front of dorNal.
Uniform light brown ; fins somewhat speckled. Length li inches. (Put-
nam.) Subterranean streams in 'I'ennessee and Kentucky ; not seen by us.
(Named for Louis Agassiz.)
Choloyasler ayasnxii, Putnam, Amer. Nat., 1872, 30, flg., from a well at Lebanon, Tennessee.
104«. CHOLOOASTER PAPILLIFKRl^S, ForbeH.
Head 3i in length. Body with ridges of tactile papilliP, as in JjmWi/-
opni8. Eye above and well behind maxillary, about 6 in head; poctoriil
reaching halfway to the dorsal. Color precisely as in Ckologanter ''ornuhin,
except that the middle stripe is decidedly paler than the ground color of
the body, but darker on the head, the change being abrupt at the o))(>r-
cular margin ; caudal fin dark brown, with several vei .ical rows of wliite
specks or blotches running across the rays ; anterior part of dorsal
similar in color, but paler. Length a trifle over an inch. The species,
agreeing with cornutuH in position of eye and plan of markings, with
agan»izn in length of pectorals and structure of scales, is intermediate
in length of head, and agrees with neither in color of caudal and doisal
and tint of middle band. (Forbes.) Cave Spring, Union County, Illinois,
(papilla, papilla; fero, I bear.)
Chologanter pnpilliforvs, Fohbes, Amor. Naturalist, Jan., 1882, 1, cave spring in Southern
Illinois. (Ooll. F. S. Earle.)
Chologcuter 2>apUlifer, Jordan & Gii.bf.rt, SynopsiR, 325, 890, 1883.
322. TYPHLICHTHYS, Girard.
TyphlicMhys, GxK\Tin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1859, C2, {mbtetraneus).
This genus differs from Amhlyopsia only in the absence of the ventral
fins. The body is similarly translucent, covered with papillary ridi^es
and the eyes are obsolete. The single species is of smaller size, and fouud
in the same waters. (rwi^Xoc, blind; Ixffv?, 6ah.)
1047. TTPHLICHTHTS S1IBTKRRANEUS, Girartl.
(Small Blindfibh.)
D. 7 or 8; A. 7 or 8. Head rather blunter and broader forward tlian
in A. spelwua. Mouth smaller, its cleft shorter than base of dorsal. Pec-
torals scarcely reaching dorsal. One pyloric crecum. Colorless. Leiii;tli
2 inches. Subterranean streams of limestone regions in Indiana, Ken-
tucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and Alabama; locally abundant, with Amhhj-
opsia apelwua, but more widely diftused than the latter, {subfenuinins,
under the earth.)
TypUirhlhiismhterranenii, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859. 62, well at Bowling Green,
Kentucky; (Coll. J. E. Younglove); Putnam, Amer. Nat., 1872, 30, flg.; Jordan ,v Gil-
BBBT, Synopsis, 325, 1883 ; Carman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoiil., xvii, No. 0, 232, 1889.
.il*i,
Jordan and ETermann. — Fishes of North America. 7(>5
um Okofliiuk...
I, Tennessee.
in Southern
C'dncoriiiiig the distiibntiou and liuhitH uf thiH IihIi, Mr. GariiiHii gives
tlic liillowing pertinent reniarkH:
'• I'fil'/ilirhlhii^ nH/i/t'iTdiKK.", Girard, tin' only |p1!ii(in«h in tlin I'dllcctinn (of MissUiith IIo|i|iin,
frciiii .avc.s ill JiispiT County, in mmtlicrn Missouri) iii roproscntoil liy u large niiiiilicr of oxam-
|p|iu, llic Miujority of tlicm tnlton from llio well.", tlit? balunco from ttic ciivcs, witli flio oxrcptioii
of a. ^iii(,'l<' oiif> from till' creek outHidu. (.'onipnrcd with spi'cimi'nH from Kcntncky ami Tenni-sptoc,
tlie.v njirpii HO exactly na toraJNi) tlio (|ui>Htion wlietlicr tliospccicH wan nut orli;inatod in one of tlio
loralilic.-' and tlii'iict) distril)iitud to tho others. Tlio opinion generally held is fliat the ravo
s|mmhh of Indiana, Kcntni'liy, and TcnnosHoe originated in tlieir ri!Kpcrtivo localitlfs. It is no
(|(i\ill true for Bonin of them. Tho idea i8 well fupported l)y tlio iniicctn and <TUsta(i'a, tlui
p^pi'iii'i in one Kection lieing unlilie tlioso of tlie otherH. It may bo urged that tlio respect iii
wliirh tlio (Islies differ from tliom is more apparent tlian real, sinco tlie.io crustacDii and insects
wiiv ilerived from a niiniher of disti-'ct species, wliile in all proliahility the sanio species of lisli
eriti'ieil llio caves in each district, and, lieing under the same inllneiiceK in ea<'h, HiilTcreil llio
Hinii' iiKKlilicalion in each. Reduced to its lowest terms the (luestioii, so I'ar as thc^ tishes are
{•nnc'iriicd, is tliis: Were tlie liIindtlslieH distrilmted to the scattered localitieri where now found
licfiin or after they liecame Idind ? In favor of independent origins at distant points, it can he
nail! iliiit a specie', difitrilmted over tlio valley, possessed of lialiits such as would lead it to place
itsiir under tlio modifying conditions of tlie cave in one place, would he most likely li'd to do so
in till others. On tho otiier liand, we liavo tlie more liesitation in accepting the conclusion tliat
oni! and the same siiecie.s originated independently in twoor nioredilVerent localities, fiomknow-
iiif; that exact parallels in tlio devolopment of animals in nature, if they exist, aro excessively
ran'. If our caution prevents ready acceptance of two apparently exact evolutionary parallels
n« really coincident, wo hecoino more skeptical when the iiumher of parallels or coinciding lines
is inrri'ased. There is no douhtthat tlie representatives of Ti;t)hliililliii.isulititraiie>if in the various
cavos were derived from a single common ancestral siKicies. The douhts concern only the proh-
ttliility of the existence of three or more lines of devolopment, in as many dilTorent lo<'alions,
starting from tho same species and leading to sucli jiractical identity of rt'sult. Such identical
iv.'ults would demand suhstantially similar modifying elements — darkness, temperature, food,
oneiiiics, etc. — and tho same length of timo subjected to their inlluiMice. Tho lilielihood of the
uxi^tenci'of so many like elements in distant regions is inversely to tho nuniher demanded,
tliough one can not say it is imiiossible. To accept tho conclusion favoring independent devel-
opmunts of tlio samo sjiocios would involve acceptance of the idea that tho caves in each of tho
districts had been occupied for about the samo period of time. This, of course, would not fur-
nish us with any clu(^ to the timo of formation of the caves. As an alternative, tho opinion is
here ailvancod that these blindflshes originated in a luirticular hpcality, and have been, and are
liiiii;;, distributed among tho caves throughout the valley.
"We are in the habit of looking upon great rivers like the Ohio or Mississippi as impassablo
ubstaclos to passage from cavo to cavo, rather than as thoroughfares. In this wo luvvo certainly
n.ssunied too much. Various instances are on record of tho discovery of blindflshes that have
strayed into the open streams from their caverns. If there were means of deti'rmiuing the fre-
ipieiiiy ef the occurrence of such instances, it would undoubtedly much exceed what we aro
now inclined to credit. Persons acquainted with the streams of tho Mississippi basin will agree
that their undermined banks provide series of recesses or caverns, extending from the rills at tho
sources to the tributaries and to the Gulf. The currents do not prove insurniountaMo to multi-
tudes of fislies, no better provided with 1 jcomotivo organs than the lilindfishes, passing up tho
stnanisevery season. Swept from the lavcs by tho torrents in the Hooded mouths, the blind
flpeciis would find itself protected at once from light or enemies by the turbid waters. The tempera-
tuic uf the water at sue)' times is low, and, should tlicr light penetrate so as to provo detrimental,
nti'-ats exist on every hand in the exaivations of the banks or the mud of the bottom. What
niiLTati.iiis these fishes may make in winter wi^ can only imagine. Hiding places are. so iiumer-
iius and extensive as to suggest the jioLsibility of tho evolution of blind forms without thecaves.
Tile jncatesseiitial would hetho disposition toavoid the light, opportunities existingeverywhcre;
the surroundings then would bring the organization into harmony with their demands, sooner
or later, as the creature was more or less plastic and yielding; disuse of the sense of sight being
followed by its loss and atrophy of its special organ. Developmei.t of sightless forms in tlie
holes and burrows of the banks, or in tho mud of the bottom of the river, would hero follow a
siniilai- course to that gone through at great depths in lake or ocean,
F. N. A. 46
11
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706
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
" Oookoil HtruniiiH um not nh ini|iiu<8al>li' as ono might nii|i|)ii80, uvcm to lloalitiK <>l>.ii>i'tN, in.i . i^,
liiulliiflkH, etc. A twiK <ir Iraf ilroppcd Into tlio I'lirreiit on tho InHidi' of the iipixir aiin ..fu
horm'Hlioi" curve in a Htri'iini Ik larrli'il nciir to tlie oii|i(mili' hIioko iHil'orn it Ifiivrn tlif IxmkI, unil,
08iM'('iiill.Y if fuvon'tl liy tlio wiiui, i8 oftiii nirrivil roni|ili'tt!ly uoruHg. Tlio passii^o ix iiiiicli la-lor
to uninmlH tliut Kwini, liowfvcr furlily. TuliiiiK uvorytliiii); into tint ai'coiiiil, it doi-H iioi iiji inir
to li<! at all uecL'KHary to (Tudit TmililiilitliiiH KiihliirinieiiH frotn Ki-nlii Uy, Tciini'SHcc, luiil Mi>>uiirl
with nicir(! than a NiriKlu point of origin. Thn Hainc niiiy hti said of Anibliii'pKui fiwliiiin of Ivm-
tucky ami rndiana, and uf tho hliiul craytliih of thn liaiiii- Statcx,
" In an article entitled ' liil'oin tho Wyandot Cave,' Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8or. 4, viii, l«71,p,
1108, I'rofoKRor Cope ninkeg thix Htatemeiit concerninK Atuhliiopnin: 'If themi MimW//(.;)(im lie nut
alarmed, they conio to th« surfuce to feed, and Hwini in full NiKht, liko whitu ac|iintic i.'ljo>tii,
Tlicy are then easily takon liy the I and or net, if perfect silence '\n preHerved ; fur tin v uri'
unconscious of the prenencu of an uneiny, except thruuKh the medium of hearing. 'I'hi- M■ll^(■,
howuver, Is evidently very acute, for at any noise they turn sudditnly downward ami liidc
henuath stones, vtc,,on tho hottom.' Tlie stati-ment is repeated in Amer. Nut., 1H72, p. lo'j.
Such a development (if this sense, in recesses where wo are accustome<l to tli'nk any sounds. itliir
than thosi' made by tli<- rippling or dripping water are almost unknown, 1h not what 'itic wi.iild
have expected. Ilavinp; this in mind, I vrute to Miss Hoiiiiin,a.skin); her to make experiim nts
on Ti/jililiilithyi>, and to determines what she eouhl in regard to hearing, feeding habits, etc. Tln'
(juotations hero given are from her replies:
" ' For aliout two weeks I liave been watching a fish taken from a well. I gave him consldcralilo
water, changed once a day, and kept him in an unlnhalilted place subject to as few chant'c-inf
temperature as possible. lie seems perfectly lioalthy, anil as lively as when llrst taken from tin'
well. If not capable of long fasts, ho must live on small organisms my eye can not discern. Ilr i..«
hardly ever still, but moves around tho sides of tlie vessel constantly, down and up, as If need-
ing the air. Ilouuvei- swims through thebody of the water aw ay from the sides, unless disturlx'd.
Passing the linger over the sides of tlio vessel under water, I find it slippery. I am carel'nl ikii
to disturb tliis slimy coating when tho water is changed. * * « Numerous tests cimviiii'
mo that it is through tho sense of touch, and not tliruugh hearing, that tho flsh is distnilK •!: I
may scream, or strike metal bodies together over him as near as possible, yet In; seems to take lui
notice whatever. If I strike the vessel so that tlie water is sot in motion, he darts away frnm
that side tlirougli tlio mass of tho water, instead of around, in liis usual way. If 1 stir thn
water, or touch the flsh, no matter how lightly, his a<.'tioug are tho same.' " [Garniau, ISall.
Mus. Oomp. Zool., xvn, No. 0, 1889, 232.]
323. AMBLYOPSIS, De Kay.
Amhhiojmf, DeKav, Now York Fauna: Fishes, 187, 1842, {upelitiiit).
Eyes rndinieutary, concealed under the skin and not functional. Sur-
face of bead and body crossed by vertical tactile ridges. Gill nicnibraues
fully joined to isthmus. Ventral fins present, (luite small, close to iiiiul.
One pyloric ctecum. Colorless fishes of small size, inhabiting the rave
streams in the limestone regions of the Ohio Valley. {anji'kv<:, obtuse;
oi/>tf, vision,)
1048. AMBLTOPSIS SPEL.KVS, De Kay.
(liLIM)FISH OF THE 3IAMM0TH CAVK.)
Head 3 in length ; depth 4^. D. 9 ; A. 8 ; V. 4 ; P. 11. Body and head
covered by fine ridges of tactile papillae. Colorless. Mouth comparati \ ely
large, the length of its cleft about equal to base of dorsal. Pectorals reacli-
ing front of dorsal ; caudal long, rather pointed. Length 5 inches. Subter-
ranean streams of the limestone region of Kentucky and southern Indiana ;
not rare; most common in the River Styx of the Mammoth Cave. Very
tenacious of life and readily kept in aquaria. (spe'fl'MSfPertainiugto caves.)
AiMyopm !<i)el!cn», Dk Kav, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 187, 1842, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky;
GCntiier, Cat., vu, 2, 18G8; Putnaji, Amer. Nat., 1872, 30, flg.; Jokdan & Gilbert, tejuoj)-
sis, 324, 1883.
Ionian and Evi-rniann. — Fishes of Nortii America,
7<)7
11 H^
1 x<
Order Y. vSYNENTO(JNATHI.
(Thk vSynkntognathous Fishks.)
l.owcr pliiuyiigeal boims fully unitftd ; srcoiul and third HU|>eri<»r |>haryu-
irealr* viii'ioiiHly (Milar^ed, not itrtittuiatfd to \\w ciiiniuni, Mt;ndin<{ procuHtieH
loiw.ini; the ton It 1» sniiill or fuMcid with ^iio third. VtHtobnr nuin<>roiiH
I t.'i III 7(1)) tlio alidoniinal onoM nint'h nion; iiiiummoun than tiio caudal.
Villi ml tins ubdoMiinal, witiiout Kpinu, the rayn nuiro than 5. Scapula
.sii-<|)i iiih'd to tho fiimiuiu hy a post-temporal hone, which is wlcndcr and
fiiiciitr. Articular i>onc of lo\v»!r Jaw witii a Minali Niiiiplcnicntal h(»no
|i('iii:i|>s corrcHpondinir to tiic (;oronoi<l hone. I'arictal buncN much
I (liiifd. well Hcparated hy tlu) Hiipraoccipital. Siipraclaviclo not dis-
tiiii I : no int«)rcIaviclcH. No nicHocoracctid. Maxillary v«ny <doHc to prc-
iiia\iliary and HomctiuicH lirnily joined to it, tliu Hiituru alwayH diMtinct.
Hiisis of cranium double in front, but without nniMcular tube. No adipose
till. I'iiis w ithoiit Npines. Lateral line concurrent witli the bel'y, jtcciiliar
ill stiiictiiie. Air bladder u.snally laijje, without jmeuiriatic duct. Intes-
II nil I Had .simple, withoutpyloricco'ca. Thiw order* is allied to tho Haplomi
(111 the one hand and to the /VrccNorcvon tho other, and like tlu.'se groups, it
iiiiiiks tlic transition from the s»»ft-rayetl to the spiny-iayed fishes. In their
aiiiiioiiiical characters the Syniiilixjiiulhi most resemlile the latti'r, but
tiicii' are never spines in the fins, and the lower pharyngeals are united.
I'Ir' jiroiip is divisible into four closely related families, which have usually
hecii lei^arded as subfamilies of one family, 7iV««/7if/(( ov Scoinhctinuvidw.
Tiif iiMiiarkal)le differences in the pharyngeals seem to us to require the
(h\ i.sioii of the grciip into four families, the dilferential characters having
been lirst pointe<l out by Mr. Edwin C. Starks, a student in Stanford
University, (ct'i', together; IvTur, within; jrutloi;, jaw.) {riiyboatomi,
[lait : family Scombemsovuhv, Giinther, Cat., vi, 233-298, 18()6.)
>i 'I'liinl ^ll|n'l■io^• iiliaryiifjoiil vi\ carh sidi' miiiioI,v ciiliiigiMJ, luit longiT tlmii its aiilcriur jdo-
ci'srt, and aniiud with cunipurutividy I'uw (alumt I'O imintcd ti'otli; foiirtli siipcrinr
liluirjiif^t'iil dit-tinct on i-ac-li nidi'; lower |iliaryn};cal.s united into iifiiiiall linear plate,
armed with small teeth; vertolirn' with zyKttpophyses; hoth jawH produced in n loii);
beak in tlio adult (tlio appear Bliort in thu yount^); leetli in jawH stronj?, unci[ual; niax-
illarieH tirinly appressud to tho proniaxillarie.s; a (li>timt MUtiin! ahiiif; the liuuiidaiy;
('(ironoid liouu (attai'hod to thearlieular)(!vidont. SpeeiescarnivorouH. Ksocin.i:, xciv.
'I'l. Third superior pharyngeal greatly enlarged, eovered with liUiiitisli, tricuspid teeth; fourth
superior pharyngeal wanting or fused with the third; lower pharyngeals large, fuseil
into a thick triangular hoiie with I ransversoly concave Hurface, covered with Idunt,
tricuspid teeth; teeth in jaws always small, conic, or tricusjiid; maxillary close to pro-
inaxillary, but not suturally Joined to il, Ihi're being some open spa<e between; coro-
noid bono small, but present : no canine tietli; no /.ygai«iphyses to the vertebra'.
('. Third superior pharyngeal solidly joineil with its follow to form an ovoid plate, which
SI nds two processes forward; cleft of mouth narrow; the lower jaw usually pro-
duced; teeth of jaws tricuspid; herbivorous S|>ecies. IlEMiRAMPliin.T:, xcv.
hi'. Third superior pharyngeals more or less closely appres.«ed, but not \inited; species at
least partly carnivorous.
* Willi iliis order begins tho series of families in which tho air duct of tlie air blaMer disap-
piar> ill the adult condition. These form the group or series known as I'Iii/xdcIi/hH, in contra-
'li^tiiic liuii to the Phi/sofitomi, in which the air duct is pursisteut. To tho P/iz/soafoxa beioug the
(Jttiiiiiiihi/si, A}wtka, invspuiidi/U, llaplomi, etc.
!
lit ^ 1 I
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ii.:
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1 1
708
Bulletin 47 ^ United States National Museum.
c, Pornil 1111(1 anal flni* each witli onvoral ilctaclied flnlctit; rluft of iiioiitli Umu, l>'>lli
juwH boiiiK iiioru ur loiw iiriHliii'(>il in u poiiitctl b(<uk; iialrcil tliiHHiniill.
H('OMimKSI)l,in.K, MM.
ec. Dursal unil anul witliuut nnlots; ricft of inciutti Hlinrt, tlii' Jiiwh not |>ruilui < i in i,
beak; jmctoral Am inuru ur Iuhd prcMluciMl, ruriiiiug hii orKitn of lliubt.
ExofiKTin*, \iMi.
Family XCIV. ESOCID.K.
(TiiK NkkdlkfishkhJ
Body elongate, very Hleiuler, coinprosMed or not, covered with Hniall,
thin scales. Lateral lino very low, running as a fold along Hide of ImIIv.
Both jaws produced in a beak, the lower jaw the longer, very niiitli tlm
longer in the young, which resemble llemirampbuH; maxilluries ^rown
fast to preniaxillaries; each jaw with a band of small, sharp ttitli,
besides a series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical teeth. No hnlets. Dor-
sal fin opposite anal, both fins rather long. Air bladder present. Lower
pharyngeals united to form a long, slender, narrow plate, with tiat Miir-
face, covered with small, pointed teeth ; upper pharyngeals distinct, tlw
third pair little enlarged, each with some 15 moderate, unequal, pointctl
teeth {Tyloaiirns mnrinua)', fourth pair well developed, with similar toeth,
but without anterior processes. Vertebrl^^ numerous, with zygopophyses.
Ovary single. Voracious, carnivorous fishes, bearing a superficial n'.scni-
blance to the Gar Pikes; found in a'l warm seas, sometimes entcriii);
rivers. Genera 4, only 2 of which {Tyloanrus and Athlemn-H) are foMul in
our waters ; '^ species about 50, the majority of them Americar. Their
habits are ordinarily much like those of the pike, but when sturtied
they swim along the surface with extraordinary rapidity, often Ifaiiiiij;
above the water for short distances. When thus leaping the large
species of the tropics are sources of danger to incautious fishermen,
sometimes piercing the naked abdomens of the savages. Most of them
are good food-fishes, but the green color of the bones of the larger
species often causes them to be avoided, for no good reason. {Svombereno-
cidte, part, Giinther, Cat., vi, 233-256, 1866.)
a. Gill rakers none; no teeth ou vomer; dorsal and anal elevated in front; candal fln luuatc.
6. Body subtereto or slightly compresHed, its breadth more than % its greatest depth.
TYtosntrs, ;!24.
bb. Body much compressed, its breadth not half its greatest depth. Athlennes, 32ri,
324, TYLOSURUS.t Cocco.
Tylosunu, Cocco, " Lettere in Oiornalo Sci. Sicilia, xvii," 18, 1829, {cantraiiii = imperiitlii> anif).
Body elongate, very slender, not much compressed. Both jaws pro-
longed into a beak, the lower jaw somewhat the longer, much the longer
in young fishes, the very young resembling Hemiramphua. Each jaw
armed with a band of small, sharp teeth, beside which is a serieH nf
♦The remaining genera are Emx, (lielone), and Potaniorrhaithi». K»or is characterize<l liytlie
presence of fln rakers and is conflned to the Old World and the islands of the Pacific. I'liiamnr-
raphis is similar to Tylosuru$, but with the dorsal and anal not falcate. Its species inlialiit the
rivers of South America.
f For a full account of the American species of this genus see Jordan & Fordice, Vtw. V. i.
Nat. Mus., 1886, 339-361.
Jordan and FA^ermann. — Fishes of North America.
:o9
liiiiL'>'i< vvi(lu-Het, Hbarp, conical, unequal teetd; no tveth on vomer or
|ijiI;ilin)>N. ScttleH Huiull, thin; lateral line running along the side of
tli<> littlly, becoming median on the tail. No tinletH. Dorsal tin more or
IcNH elevated anteriorly ; caudal tin short, nnoqually Innated or forked;
pectoralH moderate; ventrals small, the latter inserted behind the middle
of tlie Itody. Uill rakers obsolete. Hones usually more or less green.
Si/e comitarotivoly large. Species numerous. Voracious tlshos, chietly
AtiM'iicnti ; one species crossing to Europe; some of them entering rivers.
Tiiis ;;eini8dirters fronj the Old World genus /i'^or,* (Linnieus) Kaflnesque,
(— //<7()Hc, Cuvier), in the absence of gill rakers and of vomerine teeth.
(n / r, enllns; o/'pri, tail ; in allusion to the caudal keel, on which the
gnniiH was originally based, a character of little importance.)
a. Miiiitli capablu of lieing nearly or i|uilo cloi<ed, the iippvr Jaw not cotiaplciioiiHly arolioil at
h. ('iiiidnl pedniicio comprosMd, deo|)cr thau broad, without trat'o of keel along the latnral
linn; durHikl niid anul flim short, PiK-h of i:t to 10 rayii, thu (WMterior myH not elevated;
anal longor than dorsal and iuNPrtc<l further forward; Jawo ili.nder, uhoiit twico oa
long as rest of head; no fold of ftkin across prco|M>n'le; raudul subtrnncato, the
lower lobe somewhat produced; sldei) with a blnith-silvery band; Rpucips of small
si/.e, with the scales and bones not green.
c. Hcales comparatively largo, kboiit %T> before the dorsal fln, and about 7 or K rows on
the cheeks; body robust, the depth about 6 In head; coloration pale, the dorsal
andcaud.il brick red in life; lateral stripe narrow for its entire length; no scap-
ular blotch. NOTATVS, 1(»49.
('('. .Scales small, 140 to 150 before dorsal tin, about 12 rows on thu cheeks; bo<ly slen-
der; ventrals inserted at a point nearer cheeks than base of caudal; Una with-
out red; lateral stripe broadened Iwlow the dorsal fin.
if. Region above bosn of pectorals with a conspicuous round blackish blotch.
gCAPI'LARIS, lOflO.
('<'. Region above base of pectorals without black spot.
c. Body very slender, the depth 7 in head, which is 1\ in bwly; eye moderate,
2,':'i'o2%in postorbital part of head; no distinct notch in the temporal
ridge; maxillary not entirely concealed by preorbilal. 1). 1, l.'i; A. 1, 17;
scales in lateral line 225. timuci', 1051.
tr. Body less slender, tho depth 6 in head, which Is 'i]",] in body; eye large, 2^
in postorbital part of head; a distinct notch on temporal ridge close
• behind eye; maxillary almost entirely concealed by the proorbital.
I). 1, 15; A. 1, 17; scales in lateral lino 200. f.ubyops, 1052.
W>. Caudal peduncle very much depressed, wider than deep, but without trace of keel.
Head 2% in length; eye 1]/^ In postorbital part of head; maxillary nearly con-
cealed by proorbital; body subtcrete; snout very nearly twice length of rest of
head; brownish above, silvery below, a bluish lateral stripe edged below with
black and yellowish; scales not very small. D. IC; A. 17. i)ipiot.»;nia, 1053.
h\i\>. Caudal peduncle more or less depressed, or, at least, with a more or less developed
dermal keel along tho lateral line; scales and bones more or less green.
/. Dorsal and anal fins short, each of 14 to 19 rays, the anal larger than the dorsal
and beginning farther forward; Inst rays of dorsal and anal low; jaws slender,
about twice as long as rest of head; no fold of skin across proopercle.
ij. Eye very small, 4 to 5 in postorbital part of head; caudal koel sharp, color
black; body and tail much depresse<l; teeth very small.
h. Eye 5 in postorbital part of head; dorsal rays 14; A. 15. hicrops, 1054.
* From th'- original genus /Caox of Linnn^us, the groups called Spliyrirna, Sj/nof/ii*, and Lepinottetu
were detached by Lacepede as distinct genera in IHO.'!. In It-lo" tho remaining species were
liivideil by Haflnesquo into two genera, Lncitm, Rafinesqiie, typified by Exor liicim, Linnwus, and
K«i/, of which Esox helone yiaa taken as tho type. This restriction of the generic name E»ox,
beiDi; tho earliest, must stand, and tho name Esox must supersede Bvlwe.
Wf >u,«ii||>p|pp)|piptpmn^
710
liulletin 4/, ignited Sta/fs yatiotuxl Muscuph.
il!!>'
Uh. Kyo I In |HiNtorliltiil |Mki't nl' li»iiil; donial iii}'" l"; "ix'l I'*'
ANia HTHKI'il, In,',:..
I/l/, Ky« iiiiHlci'titi-, 'J til .'I' , liiiicH In |iokI()|IiIIuI part iif \w\i\.
{, i-uililiil till riirknl; laiiilul kci'l nIi;ii|i, IiI'uiiiI, umiI i'<iun|i|('im>iik; tup uf lirn,|
flat, Htrlnlitil, witlimit imiiilan Kroovo; lniHoof u|i|ii'rjH\v niiii'|iiU'|iri"<Hi<i|'
liiitxillikry cntiri'ly lildili'ii liy |ir,M>ii>lliil; ti'clli very unmll; vciilial lln
iiinhviiy lictwi'iii lyo iiihI iiiiicliil; hc iiIi^h imt vi'i> Niniill. I). 1, I;, A,
1, l«. Aimnnr A, |ii:,(,,
II, t'auilill till iin<'i|iiiilly liiiiulo, tliiuMiiiirKiliutlnil not deci tln'InVNi'r ray^iiKHJ.
i-l'iitcl.v |ii'i>i|i(('('il; H'-alrN vi'iy Mniill; t>iili'H » ll)i a ^ Aciy liiti'iiil Klriiii';
I'ltudnl Ui'i'l imt voiy cniiNiiii'iiiMii*, iiiit lilm U; tup <<!' Iiriiil with ni' .liim
grouvv; iiiaxilliiry notciitlroly riiiicoiilcil liy prcorliiliil; vi'iitral lii»'iii.,|
midway lirtttpi'n prcopcrcUi and liawo nf randal. SprclcH of iiinil. riiii-
nI/c, Nvltli Ilia Ncalcn ami lioni'i iiiori' nr li>s Kni'fi.
j. Hody vi'iy BicMiiwr, tlm dcptli t'i',;j ti> 7 In jpiintii of head; raii>liil l>i.i |
not vry Miiall.
l. I'oHtorlor liair of jH'itoralH iiioic . r Icnh iilirnplly black; oyr l.iruc,
2^'j In poslofliital part of lirad. |i. 1, li'i; A. 1, 17; liiliriil
lino vi'iO. KiKiiiirrA, In:,;.
A A'. I'lmliTlur half of pcctoralM pale, IIUii tlin liaMnof tliii Dm; cyi* r.iljii-i
miiall, '2-'{ ill poHtorliitiii part of li.'ad. P. 1, 1,1; \ I, K,
latL-nil lliio ;iTlt. KXll.i-, III »
,(/. ItoUy niodt'rati'ly Hlendur, tliodcplli r,',^ In li'imtli of liciid; ramliil loi I
littlo dcvi'lopoil.
\. Kyo niuili-rati), 2',^ In |K)Htorl)ital part of lirad; piTtornls iml I In. 1,
lioHtcrlorly. I>. I, l.'i; A. 1, 17; lalrral linuIKKi; a dark l';ii'..ii
opcrclc. MAIMNl^, lo.i'.l.
;/. KyoxiiiaII,:i' , In pontoil.ilal pail of li.'ud. D. IHur It; A. I', or 16;
pi'iloral iialc. ai.mkiha, linni.
/. I'orHal and anul (In.s long, cai'li of 17 to 'lU rays, tliu last rays of tliu ilorNiil (in iii..r..
or less olovatt'd in tlio yoiinK, lipcuinin^ lowrr in tlio adult; cniidal keel lalhrr
Btroii;.', lilaik; oin. or inon.' f.ililKof Hklii iicroh.s tlic cilt;!! of tlii' jircopi.rL'lt'; . iinlal
fill dui.ply ('iimrginatc or iinii|nally forked. Vcntrals Inserted nild'vay I., luf.'.i
baM. of caii.lal and nilijillo of eye. .SpecjeM of lar^" hI/o, with Ihii hi al. h ami
boni'H irri'on; .lo distinct lateral ittiipe.
III. Beak short and very Htruiia, its length l},j to IJJ times lonntli of rest .1 li.;iil;
body comparutlvply rulitist, tlio depth moro than /( luiigth uf head.
H. DorHul flu of moderate length, its ray.s I, 10; nnal rayn 1, 17; inyerlli.ii ..f
dorsal notably behind tliatof anal; mioiit very Kliort, 1 ' .j time.-* I. ii;,'lli
of rest of head; lateral line IK). ioiuatoi:, V*'\.
till. Porsal fill long, its rays I, '2\ f.il.'JI; anal rays 1, '."i^o 1, 24; insirii.ii of
dorsal almost opposite tliat of anal; snout longer, 1;'/, to 1 J] !ini:lli ef
rest of head; lateral lino about '.ihu. rai'IIIihima, U^6'1.
mill. Allied to T. rapliUhiim, bnt insulflciently chararteri/.od. qalkati s, li»'.^.
vim. Heak strong, but moro olongate, its length about twice length of nsl of
head; dorsal beginning behiml front .f .iiial.
.1. Greatest depth of liody ciinal to length of pectoral; toeth sliori. r iiinl
Weaker tliaii in T. iinn'. V. 21 to 22; A. I'.t or 20; a giayisli hil.ril
Htroak. PACil'ici s, \i»'<i-
no. Greatest depth of liody about ;';, length of pectoral. 1). 1, 2;); A. l.lil;
lateral lino :i8(l; no lateral stripe. Acrs, l"'.''.
(1(1. Moutli not closing completely, the upper jaw arched at base; iobeH of dorsal au'l ani! I.ih,
the last rays elevated; eye very large, '2,'„- in liead; sciilos small, green, 1'. 21: A Ji:
a bluish lateral bund. CAitlliii.i i s, lotlil
*•: .:
1(»4». TYLOSnirS NOTATIS (I'oey).
(Nkkdle-fisii; LoNfi-.tAWs.)
Heail 2; depth 5. D. 13; A. 13;* scales large, 85 before doiHiil. l'>0
in lateral line. Body robust, not coini)ies8ed ; tail posteriorly uot
* Counting developed rays ouly.
'//.
Jordan and I'.vermann. — Fis/ifs of iVort/t A/t/mra. 711
mnnTiciti';*, I'l,',',,
loiix; tii|i iiT li. ml
IIIIIC |llll|.|f -„.,1;
liiiill; vt'litJul till
I'll. I>. 1,I'.;A.
A II I) Kill, A, lii:,(,,
i'l(iw('rra,v-.iiini|.
iiy liilciul ^\\■^^u■■,
loiiil Willi III iliiiii
; vi'iilnil lti». iici
itIch (if iiiiiilinili.
I'ldl; caiiiliil Ki'i'l
bliick ; iivr lar«i',
A. 1, 17; lull ml
NIKIIIIITA, ln'i:.
Iiii llii; t'vc lallii'i
. I, ir.; A. 1, 17;
KXII.IS, iM.'iH.
Iicuil; niiiiliil ki'i'l
iM'toriilH mil I lai I,
IMI; II (lark lar on
MAllINf*, liiV.i,
or U; A. I'mhIC;
AI.MK.IliA, lliliO.
10 dorsal tin innr"
niiilal Ui'i'l iMtlior
iircDpt'i-clc; I .iniliil
miil'vay lirmocii
tlio mal'-( iiml
of ri'st III lii'iiil;
of hi'ail.
17; iiKoitimi uf
I.J time- 1 iiLitli
KDHI.Mdl:, I'l^l.
,24; liiNiTli'iiidt'
.'ifol,'] I.M-tJMlf
lAriiiiiiiMA, litii
aAl.KATI S. V<i-
I'liK'li "I' r''"' "f
['til hIiuI'Ii r iinil
a urayisli luti'ial
•AClKlil .-, lii'il.
1, ■r.i- A. 1,'Jl;
AC! >. I'"'"'-
Kal anil anal liw.
11. 21: A. 22;
•AKiiiii rr^, '""'i.
•e dorsiil. ir>0
^teridilv not
i>iiiii|iii'H8e(l, «lou|ier tliuii broud, witlioiit keul, tlio latuml litiu nut bluek.
||i:hI llat ubove, with doe)), HCiily iiuuliiiii ^roovu; iiiuxillary liidtlt'ii liy
tin |iir(iibital. JawH Umg and Hli>iid(>i-, tlitt upp<tr from oyu ix'aily twicu
it'^t III' li«-ad : inoiith <-loHiiiK roiiiplottdy. Tt-cth iiiiidi>rntt<, widc-Nt't;
hialt's and lioni's not );rtM'n. Kyu «>(|iial to intt'iurbital Npacc, 'Ji in poHt-
iiiliiial (laitof liuiid. Fut-toiul hh lon^ an postorbital part of boad : vimi-
ti;iU vriy Hniall. phieed midway bftw»;»;n axil and bas«< nf caiidiil ; ran-
iliil Hli^iitly innate, tho h)b*>H Hnboi|iiul. Color pulo ^rtM<niNh, witii Niivitry
Hiii|>i>; tipH of vertical IhiH brick red in lif«^ l.iui^tli about 20 inches.
WrsI indiiH, north to PeiiHacohi, (oninion about Key WuNt ; i^aHiiy known
ti\ itM fi'W tlurayrt. (iioIuIuh, niarke<l.)
;;.;.„ „../.i/.i, I'oev, MunioiiuM, ii, JiKl, IW.o, Havana; (iCNTHr.n, C'lit., vi, JIh, INiit); ao(iD« A
llHAN, I'roc. U. S. Nat. MiiH., Ih7',), ir.l.
7';//. .1111(1 niiM: ', JoKDAN A (iil.iiKnT, Syiio|)8lc, I17:i, 18h:1; JiiitDAN A KoiiDlcK, I'roc, I". S. Nat.
Mill-., IHNIi, ;145.
10r>0. TYLOKritlM M'AIM'I AKIH, .Ionian A (iillicrt.
ili'ad2f; depth (is ; eye 2^ in jioBtorbital part of bead. I>. It: A. 15;
HcairM 21."i. Mody Hlender, Hubtorete. l.'ainlal pednncle coin|ireH.sed, with-
out lied ; jawH Hlendor, twice lentrtli of rewtof head. ScuIch Nntall, 1 1.'> to
l.'iO Ill-fore doi'Hal ; inaxilhiry not whoUyconeealod by preorbital. (iieeuiHh ;
a liliii.sh-silvery lateral band, which is broadened below dorsal ; a con-
siiiiiioiiH round, dark blotch above pectoral. Lonjjth 1} feet. Panama;
ratiiiT Hcarce. (Hcupulu, ahonlder, which has a dark spot.)
Vyiiii'im ffnpiilinU, .Jordan A Giliieut, null. U. 8. KIbIi Comm., i, 18H1, 307, Panama. (Tyjio,
XiiK. 2'.i427, 2',t4;ir., anil 20438. Coll. Glllwrt.) Ihhl., ii, 1882, lOU; .toiinAN, Tror. ir. S. Nat.
Mim., IH85, 370.
1051. TYLOKIKIK TIM! CI' (Wallmuiii).
(TiMi'ci-- Pki.xk Agi'mia.)
Head 2?,; depth?; eye moderate, 2Mo 2J in postorbital part of he.ad.
.Sciili's small, 225, about 1.50 before dorsal. 1). 15; A. 17. Hody very
HliMiiler, subterete ; caudal peduui^.e not keeled; ventrals inserted nearer
rliteUs than base of caudal. No distinct temporal notch ; maxillary
not entirely concealed. Scales and bones not yreen. (ireenish ; a silvory-
liliiish lateral band, widened below dorsal ; no scapular spot. Length 1|
f'l'i't. Florida Keys to Hrazil ; not rare; our sjiecimens from Key West,
C'liliii, and Hahia.
Tiiiii'.ii 111- ]\i.ri(iijiillni, MAncnnAVE, Pise. Brnsil., IfiS, 1048, Brazil.
I^.j- iiiiiiwii, Waluait.. Artoili Pisi'., in, 88, 17'.i2, Brazil; aftor Tininni of Makcokavk.
ll'tfifniililriDimlK, PobV, Memorlan, ii, 211."), 18(10, Havana.
;;. /"HI' i/.yofvii, Poky, Menioriux, , 2'J(i. 18110, Havana.
Tiilnxiinis mijilla, .loiiDAN & UlLUERT, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mu8., 1884, 25, Key West. (Typo, No.
:;I!m;.'-.. CoII. .Ionian.)
Tiilnmrim siihlniiicatut, JonUAN A FOBDICE, /. C, 34*1.
1053. TYLOSIIRl'S El KYOPS, lU-an A Dresel.
(Lonu-.iaw.)
D. 15 ; A. 17 ; scales 200. Close to Tyhautun timucu, but the body less
slender, the depth (5 in head, which is about 3 in body ; eye larger, 2! in
postorbital part of bead; a distinct notch on temporal ridge close
i;
I
\
1
1
1
II
r
! I
1*
II
712
JhtUetin 47, United States National Museum.
I>«liiii(l <«yo ; inaxillury alinoHt oiitiroly ooncualed hy pruorltital. Ciil.fi
mill Juinaioii. (fii>i<:, wido; ui/i, «yo.)
Tlitiinnif riiriii'ii', Hdan \ Diik^ki., I'rix'. V. H. Nut. Miin., IhhI, It',H, Jamaica. (iyi"', No.
:VJ»n. Cull. I'lililli Muxi'iiiii iif tli» lUHtltiitu of .ritniiilca.) .ImiiuN, I'mc. I . H. Nut. Mu" ,
iMNtI, M.
lO.MI. TVI.OHntl S llll'l,OT.KM,i (Co|»<).
Ilt^ad L'ii ; «\vo 2^ in poHtorliilal itaitof IhuuI. D. Ill; A. 17. HoilyHnli-
tfi'ctr; caudal pudiiiiclu vt-ry iniicli dupr<>NH<>d, wid*>r than doo]), luit
without trat^u of keel ; inaxillary iH>arly couuealod by pruorhitui : to|> nf
head ii*<aily hiiiooMi. (.'aiidal iiiodoiattdy oiiia;>{iuattt; Htioiit iiciiily
twici; U'li^th of I'fHt of huad ; Hcaln.s not vory Hiiiall, '2'.\ rowH Ix'twiin
doi'Hal and anal. lirowniNh uhovu, Hilvoiy Itolow, a IdniHh latowil Htiipc
odj;cd lit'low with black and yellowiHli. St. Martin iHland, WeKt Indies.
{(!o|»«) ; n«tt 8o«n l»y uh. ((5/t/('«h;, doabU) ; Tdirui, ribbon or Htripo.)
lUliiiK' •li),lnii, hUi, Ciii'e, TriiiiH. Amor, riill. .Sot'. Pliilii., IHVI, 4Hl, St. Martin laUnd, West
Indies.
10A4. TYLOMIKI'M MICROI'S (Ullntlur).
Head .1. 1). i;^ to l.'i; A. 14 or la. Tail Htronnly deprossod, witli n
shar|»iHh cdf^o, which Ih posteriorly black. Hotly dttprcHHed, ratiicr
broader than deep. Upper Hiirface of head tlat, Hinooth, with a narrow
median fTioove; superciliary ro^rion ijnite sinooth; base of preina.xiliuiiiM
depressed; maxillary half hidden by the preorbital. Teeth of inodcriitc
size, widely set; vomerine teeth none. Diameter of eye little more tliiiii
width of interorbital space and ^ len);tli of postorbital portion of heail.
which is rather more than half length of beuk. Depth of body consider-
ably less than len^^th of pectoral fin, which is less than the distance of
the opercular margin from the orbit ; ventral tin a little nearer head tliiiii
candal ; middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays subei|nal in length, short,
the last terminatint; at a considerable distance from root of caudal ; origin
of anal somewhat in advance of that of dorsal; caudal forked, with
tLo lobes Bube(]ual in length. Scales minute, adherent. The termination
of the lateral keel on the caudal tin black. Coast of Guiana. (Giiuthur.)
(/nKi)<)i:, small ; ('nj', eye.)
liehiiif iiiiriDim, OC.NTiiKK, Cut., VI, 2;i7, 1800, Surinam, British Guiana. (Cull. Hirli. Sclioiii-
Imrnk.)
1055. TYI.OSIIttUS ANUUSTICKPS (auntlioi.)
Head 2*. D. 10; A. 19. Tail strongly depressed, with a sharpish latoial
edge; body stibcylindrlcal. Head narrow, elongate, rather convex abovo,
with a deep, median longitudinal groove. Base of the iutermaxilhiries
depressed; teeth very small; maxillary half hidden by the ])reorbital.
Eye i length of postorbital part of head, which is more than that of jieo-
toral. Veutral somewhat nfjar(3r to head than caudal; middle and hinder
dorsal and anal rays subciiuiti in length, short, the last terminating at a
considerable distance from root of caudal ; caudal tin somewhat eiiiur-
ginate. Scales very small. Termination of the caudal keel blackish.
Coast of Ecuador. (G'inther.) (angustus, uatvow ; -c('j>8, head.)
Belone angiuticeii$, QCnther, Cat, vi, 2:i8, 1806, Ecuador. (Coll. Fraoer.)
tal. Ciil.n
I. SirK. Scliiiiii-
Jordan ami Ever ma nn, — Fishet of North AnwtUa. 713
IOft«. TVUMIKI'M AitltHM.A (CnvliT A Vnloiirliriin-*).
I). i:i; A. 18. ChimIaI pc(liiiirlfldnpr«HN«><I nnd with ii nlinrp kool ; Hcnlen
and li()ii(!H (;r«M)ii ; ovo iiio(lorittt<: t(»p of li»a<l Htriat«'<l ; t«>«th voiy Hiiiall;
l)ii*it> of upp«<r juw iiiK-lMlfiHVHiii'd ; iiiuxilliiry i^itirvlv liidilt^i; oniitlitl tin
fi)iK>'<l; vuntial iniil'.viiy l>«4woci> uynuiiilcii.i«liil. \V«>Ht Itidit^H. ((tiiiitlior,
1114 " Uiliiiir (lipriimii")', not M«c»i J»y iih. Tlin MyiMinyiiiy ht'low in ull inoro
vt loHrt (loiilitfiil. (.Irilnthi, diiiiiinitivu of Anha, Ikmoii.)
f U' l<w nrilftila, CrviKii A VAiKNrirNNt.w, lll«». Niif. 1'(iI>ik , XMii, fJI, |hKi, Martinique.
t It.lmc i-lij<mttlii,C\ ytr.u A Vai,>:n(|»;nnkh, Hint. Nut. I'iiImi., wim, 4H>;, lH4tl, Porto Rico.
fl'hmi iiril'ilii», LbSvKUII M8. iu CUMRII .V Va I.KNCIKNNKi*, Hint. Nllt. I'oJNit., XVIII, 4:)0, Ig4n,
Guadeloupe.
Iklmiv ikjintMi, GCNIMi'll, Cut., VI, 2.1.\ iH'Ml; nut of I'orv.
lUfi7. rVLOMtUI'M HTUI.%,1IAN'MI iStiloilaihiiur).
(SiCHIilTA.)
Head 2i', depth nearly IK; eye hirps about 1)) in head or ahuut .') in
|H)sti>rbital part. I). 1, 1<>; A. I, 17; I'. VA; ncaleH ahoiit '2iA). Hody very
Hlcinler, not conipruttHed ; euudal |>e<lunule depreHHed, lialf wider than
«U>)>p, tlM) lateral lino fortiiinK ^ moderate keel, whieli \h (freon. JawH
very long, Hleuder, and fraj^ilo, the tip of the lower projectinur ; length of
upiit-r Jaw from eye '2'i timeH length of poHtorliital part of head, or lUimeH
Kpaco between nostrilH; maxillary Hcarcely reaching vertical from front
of pupil, about lialf of itH pouterior portion nlipping under the preor-
bitiil, \vhi<-h in Hinall, not reaclrng backward to tip of maxillary. ScaleH
lai j;er than iu 7'. cxUh. Interorbital region with a rathsr broad and deep
miily groove, widest anteriorly and extending backward to opposite mid-
dle of cheeks ; behind this the middle part of cranium somewhat elevated
and bounded by two longitudinal ridges higher than the temporal ones;
tills region scaleless. Cheeks well scaled ; scales on opercle very minute.
Dorsal origin above base of fifth anal ray; .interior rays of both fins
pniduced ; other rays e(|ual, the posterior not reaching nearly to base of
oaiidal; anal lobe higher than dorsal lobe, its length t postorbital part
of head; ventrals small, extending about h distance to origin of anal,
their insertion midway between base of middle caudal rays and middle
of cheek; pectorals broad, as long as postorbital part of head, the upper
ray broad; caudal lunate, lower lobe longer. Color green above, white
below ; a dusky dorsal stripe and a silvery lateral one ; sides of bead sil-
very, upjier part of cheek punctulato, a blackish half bar between cheek
and opercle; a blackish blotch above eye and one in front of nostrils; fiua
olivaceous, somewhat dusky at tip; posterior part of pectoral more or less
abruptly black, sometimes merely dusky ; caudal keel green.* Length 'J
feet. Abundant at Ma/atlan, where it is a common market fish; also
taken at (luaymas by Kvermauu and Jenkins; south to Peru.
Ilelniie Hlokmmini, 8TEINI1ACIINER, Ichth. Boitr., vii, 21, 1878, Tumbez, Peru.
Tijlumnm sierrila, JnitDAN & GlLliEiiT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mub., 1881, 468, Mazatlan. (Tyjie, N<mi.
28102, 28265, 2',t227, 29;n7, anil 2!)3-8. Toll. Gilbert.)
* This (Inscription is drawn up from Mn7at1itii sjiecimcnH, iiicludlnt; the types of T. tierrila.
i^teiiidacliDer'8 types of ii. .ilolzmaimi are describud ua having a amaller eye (14 in head instead of
lu}^), the pectorals merely dusky, and D. 16; A. IG.
\
i\
r
t 'i
; 1
i
j
im
■■i^
J/
u
M
«.;•
;
t-
u^mS'f^mfl'iii^mm^mfrt.
I*
'A^'
;!5t
!;::ii',
1!::!^
Mi/i:,:..
■'m
il
1 !
jjili;:;f[;>;;\|.
714 Bitlletin ^/, United States National Museum.
10r«8. TYIi08UBUS EXILIS (Oirard).
(NEEnLEriHII.)
Head 2^ ; depth 7 in head. D. 15 ; A. 17 ; scales 370. Body very slender ;
tail very slender, broader than long, with a moderate keel, pale in color:
head long, the upper jaw from eye twice rest of head. Eye moderate, l."i
in postorbital regioa. Maxillary not nearly x\\\ hidden by the narrow jirc
orbital. Top of head flattish, with a broad scaly groove. Pectoral lii
1^ in postorbital part of head; ventrals short, midway between preoperdi'
and base of caudal; dorsal and anal falcate, rathor low, the anal begin
ning before dorsal ; caudal fin slightly and nn«M)ually lunate. Translucent
green, silvery below; an olivaceous vertebral streak and a uluish latemi
band; fins plain, olivaceous, the pectoral without black. Scales very
small and thin, 280 before dorsal. Length 3 feet. Coast of soutlitMii
California, from Point Concepciou southward to Cerros Island ; itbundant :
rarely used as food on account of the "green backbone." Close to T\j\i>-
»uruH marinuH, the body more slender, {cxilis, slender.)
lielone exilin, GiiiARD, Proc. Ac. Kat. Sci. Pliilii., 1854, 149, San Diego (Coll. A. CaH8idy);Gii(Ai:i>,
Pac. U. H. Surv., Fish., ir>8, 1858; GC.ntueii, Cat., vi, 238, Um.
Tyhtunw rr.ilis, .TouDAN & Qilheiit, Synopsis, 374, 1883; .Toudan & Kordice, (. c, 34!).
1069. TTLOSUBUS MARINUS (Walbanm).
(Oarfish ; BiLLFisii ; Negiilekisii ; Aqujon.)
Head 2^-; depth oi; snout 4A. Eye large, 2i in postorbital part of head.
D. 15; A. 17 ; vertebr.-e 44 -j- 24 = 68 ; scales 300. Hody slender, not cimi-
pressed : tail moderately depressed, broader than deep, the lateral liiu^
passing into a slight keel which is not black. Head long, flat above, with
a broad, rather shallow, scaly median groove. Upper jaw from eye twice
length of rest of head; maxillary not nearly hidden by the preorbital.
Teeth sharp; mouth not quite closing. Scales and bones more or less
green ; pectoral equal to postorbital part of head. Ventrals moderate,
raid way between preopercle and base of caudal ; dorsal and anal somewhat
falcate; the last rays always short; caudal fin slightly emarginate.
Scales thin and small, 240 before dorsal. Color greenub, sides silverv:
a narrow silvery lateral stripe; a dark bar on front of opercle: fins
olivaceous. Length 4 feet. Capo Cod to Texas; very abundant on our
Atlantic and Gulf coasts; often ascending liverp far above tide water,
and doubtless breeding in fresh waters, (mariniia, of the sea.)
Sea Snipe, SciiiiPF, Geoellsch. Xaturforschendo Freiinde, 177, 1788, Long Island.
Hiox marimii, Walbai'M, Artedi Piscium, iii, 88, 17!I2; after Sciiiipv.
Eioxhehne, \a,r.viarimif, Bloch & Schnkideu, Syst. Ichth., 391, 1801; after SciiiiPF.
Esoi loiigiroatrig, HiTCUii.L, Amor. Mouth. Mag., ii, 1818, 322, Hudson River.
J<eIow« <rH)icn<(i, LeSieub, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., u, 1821, 126, New York Bay; GCntiiii;,
Cat , VI, 244, 18PC.
lielone tcrutator, GinARP, U. S. Mex. Pound. Surv., Ichth., 30, pi. 13, 1R59, Brazos Santiago
and St. Joseph Island, Texas. (Colls. John H. Clnrk and Giistav Wiirdemann.)
'njlommm longirottrU, Jordan & Giiiiert, Synopsis, 374, 1883.
l)lloturu» marimts, Jordan & Fobdice, I. c, 351.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 715
r, GCntiiki;,
iOftO. TYLOSUBL'S AliHEIDA (Quuy k Gaiuard).
(TiMt'CU.)
I [pad about 3. D. 13 or 14; A. 15 or 10. Very cloHe to Ti/loHnrun mari-
inin. Iiiit with sniall«!r eyo, S to 3J in postorhital part of head, and fewer tin
lays, t'lirinam to Itio de Janeiro, anil probuMy norUiward in the West
Indies. Known to ns from the speciniens culled liilonr tiniitca l»y Ciivier
iV Valenciennes. (Nanie^ for Don Fr. Ahneidu, once Secretary of the
rortnguese legation at Paris.)
/,', /f./i< ulmciilii, Qudv & Qaimaui), Voyage do I'Uraiiio, Zolil., 220, IS'24, Brazil.
l;,hiiii> tiiiiKcH, OuviEii & Vai-f.nciknnks, Hint. Nat. Poiss., xviii, 42(1, lrt4»i, Rio de Janeiro; not
I'fioxlimwu of Waliiatm.
lldo\ie Iruiiiula, var. (/hi'iikiivw, OCntheu, (^ut., M, 240, 18(i0; not of MCl.l.Kit & TiioscilKi..
1061. TYLOSrKlIS FOIIIATOIt. .Ionian & Gilbert.
(Adl'.IO.N.)
Head ahont 83 ; depth 15 ; eyo large, 6i in snout, 3 in postorbital part
of li.ad,and 2 in interorbitai width. D. I, 19; A. I, 17; V. 6; P. 14;
scaltis 410. Hody robnst, the caudal peduncle with a strong keel, black
in color; one or more folds of skin across edge of preoperclo; caudal
luiciiually forked; dorsal with its last rays elevated in the young. Beak
tdiort and very strong, the snout H times length of rest of head. Dorsal
inserted o])posite anal ; ventrals inserted midway between base of caudal
aud middle of eye. Cheeks closely scaled, opercles nearly naked; scales
extremely small. Color green above, silvery below ; fins somewhat dusky,
cxcejit the anal, which is pale; cheeks and lower jaw silvery ; middle
line of back darker; scales and bones a very bright green; no distinct
lateral stripe. Length 3 to 5 feet. Pacific coast of Mexico ; common about
Mazatlau aud Acapulco. A very robust species, distinguished from T.
raphUlonm by its fewer fin rays. (J'udiafor, one who stabs, this species,
like the next, being often dangerous to fishermen.)
Tiilamriin j'liiliiitor, .loiiKAN' it GiT.iiERT, Proc. (J. S. Nut. Miis., 18sl, it)'.), Mazatlan. ('l'yi)e, N08.
28190 and 28323. (loll. Gilbert.) Jobi>an, Cat. Fiuhns N. A., 50, 1885.
10«2. TYLOSIIRVS UAPIIIDO.VA (Ranzani).
(HooNDt'iBii; Agv.ia nR Casta; Gdardfibh.)
D. 21 to 24 ; A. 22 to 24 ; scales 3.50. Caudal keel rather strong, black ;
one or more folds of skin across edge of preopercle. Body robust, little
compressed, its greatest breadth a little more than i} greatest depth ; cau-
tlai peduncle slightly depressed, a little broader than deep, with a slight
lihick dermal keel. Head broad, interorbitai space nearly f length of
jiostorbital part of head, with a broad, shallow, nearly naked median
<,Moove, which is wider behind and forks at the nape. Supraorbital bones
with radiating stria*. Jaws unusually short, stiff, strong, rapidly taper
ing forward; large teeth of jaws very strong, knife-shajied. Upper jaw
from eye about If times as long as the rest of head. Eye large, 7 in
snout, 2ff in postorbital part of head, and l-j in interorbitai width. Max-
illary entirely covered by the preorbital. Cheeks densely scaled ; opercles
¥■ I:
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716
Bulletin ^7, United States National M'uxeutn.
mostly naked except along the anterior margin. Scales of body minnte,
especially above. Dorsal tin low posteriorly ; the height of its anteriur
lobe equaling that of annl, or length of postorbital part of head; its
longest ray if the base of the fin; last rays of dorsal and anal much c'e-
vated in young; caudal lunate, its lower lobe nearly halt longer than tb(*
upper; middle rays about as long an eye. Ventrals inserted midway
between base of caudal and middle of eye, their length a little less than
that of pectoral, and equal to postorbital part of head; insertion of anal
opposite that of dorsal. Color green, silvery below; no lateral stripe;
pectorals and dorsal blackish. Scales and bones green. Length 3 to 5
feet. West Indies, Florida Keys to Brazil ; generally abundant ; alar<;<%
vigorous species, occasionally becoming dangerous in its leaps from the
water. The young occasionally northward (Ocean City, New Jersey-
Bean). (^a^Hi rhaphis, a sharp instrument ; an old name of the pike.)
Tie/one raphidoma, Ranzam, Nov. Coinm. Ac. Mat. Sci. Inst. Bonon., v, 1842, 3ni<, pi. 37, flg. 1,
Brazil; GCntiikr, Cut., vi. 249, 1866.
Belone gerania, Ct;vier A Vale.nciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xviii, 437, 1846, Martinique; GCn-
THEii, Cat., VI, 241, 180(i
Belone cmua, PoEy, Memorias, ll, 291, 18'il, Cuba.
Belone vietauoch ha, PoF.Y, Memorias, ii, 204, 1861, Havana; GCnther, Gat., ti, 249, 1866.
I)/lomniii gladim. Bean, Pror. U. S. Nat, Mus., 1882, 239, 430, Pensacola. (Ty])e, No. 3U161.
Coll. Stearns.) .Iobdan k Gilbert, Synopsis, 901, 1883.
Tylonmiit raphidoma, Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 188t), .35; Jordan & Fordice, /. c, 3.'>3.
I)/lontnit cransus, Jordan, Proc. (J. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 112.
1068. TTLOSURVS «ALEATVS (Cuvler A Valer.cionnea).
D. 15; A. 17. An imperfectly known species, apparently differing froii>
T. raphidoma in having the caudal little forked and in having no caudal
keel. Scales small. Beak rather strong. If times length of rest of head.
Top of head with a bony casque, its surface smooth; its borders with
notches like those on a violin. Cayenne. (Cuvier &. Valenciennes.)
(galeatus, having a helmet.)
Belone galeata, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xviii, 429, 1846, Cayenne.
1064. TTL08IITRIIS PACIFICUS (Steindacliner).
D. 21 to 22; A. 19 or 20. Closely allied to Tylosurua aeu8, the teeth
shorter and weaker, the greatest depth of body equal to length of pec-
toral. A grayish lateral streak. Acapulco to Panama; a large species;
not common.
Belone pacifica, Steindacjinek, Ichth. Beitr., iii, 65, 1875, Panama; Acapulco.
Tj/lomrus pacifictu, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 624.
1065. TYLOSl'RUS ACUS (Lacdpddu).
(HOUNDFISli; AOUJON.)
D. 23; A. 21; scales 380. Caudal keel strong, black; 1 or more folds of
skin across the preopercle; scales and bones green. Beak strong, more
elongate than in Tylo8urun raphidoma, its length about twice that of rest
of head; greatest depth of body about f length of pectoral. Dorsal tiu
[lique; GCn-
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 717
long, beginning behind front; of anal, its last ruys much elovatod in the
youug, becoming low iii the adult; caudal deeply and une(|ually eniar-
giiiate; ventrals inserted midway between middle of eye and base of cau-
(hil. Uroen above; no lateral band. Length 3 to 4 feet. West Indies,
occasionally straying northward (Buzzard's Bay, Goode; Beaufort, N.C.,
Jordan); also in the Mediterranean, if TfiloHuras imperialia, Cocco, is the
Hiuno species, as appears to be the case. {Aoua, the needlefish, from actia,
needle.) (En.)
Sphiirirna acw, Lao£p£de, Hilt. Nat. Poias., v, 6, pi. 1, flg. 3, 1803, Martinique; from a drawing
by Plumieb.
t Imx tmjieri(iti«, Rafinbsqur, Caratteri di Alcnnl Nuovi (leneri, 50, 1810, Palermo.
f Tulomrm can&ainii, Cocco, Letters in Giom. Scl. 1 3tt. Sic, xviii, 18, pi. 1, flg. 4, 1829, Messina;
GCntheb, Cat., VI, 242, 186«.
IteloHf laliinana, PoEY, Memorios, 11,290, 1801, Havana; GttNTiiBR, Oat., vi, 240, 1866; copied.
lieloiie joiieai, GooDE, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1877, 295, Bermuda; GVnther, Ann. Mag. Nat.
UiBt., Ill, 1819, 150.
Ilflnne caribbsea, Of ntheb, Cat., vi, 241, 1866; not of Le Sueub.
7J/(o»MrtM acw, JOBDAN & FOBDICB, /. c, 365.
rll
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10«6. TTL08URV8 CARIBBiEUS (Le Sueur).
D. 24 ; A. 22. Mouth not capable of being completely closed, the upper
jiiw being arched at base, much as in Athlennea hiana; lobes of dorsal and
anal low, the last rays elevated. Depth 20 in total length with caudal;
head 3ii ; body broad, compressed; breadth of body f its depth, which is
about equal to postorbital part of hoad; preopercle with folds of skin;
eye very large, lOi in head, 2^^ in postorbital part; beak slender, nior<)
than twice as long as rest of head; teeth rather weak; preopercle with 2
cross folds of skin; caudal peduncle with a strong, black keel; caudal fin
moderately forked, the lower lobe much the longer; dorsal inserted a lit-
tle behind anal; ventrals midway between base of -caudal and middle of
eye; skull narrow. Scales small, green, about 210 before dorsal. Bluish
white below, a faint bluish baud along sides ; fins bluish. West Indies ;
iiot very common.
Mone caribbKa, Le Suevr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1821, 127, Caribbean Sea.
Hehne aUipinna, PoET, Memoriae, II, 293, 1861, Cuba.
TyhiKiirm caribbmu, CuviEB & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xviii, 430, 1846.
TylomriM carMxiu, JOBD..N & FoamcE, I. c, 357.
325, ATHLENNES,* Jordan & Pordice.
Alhlemien, JoBDAN & FoBDiCE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 342, {Mans).
This genus is close to Tylosurus, differing chiefly in the greatly com-
pressed, almost ribbon-shaped body. The single species is American.
(u/i>.fvv^f , without mucosity, a name applied by some medisoval authors
to the fish called by them fielovrt or Acua, Esox belone, L.)
k.vM
* This name was inadvertently written " Athlenneg" by its authors, and as this form has now
been several times used it may remain so. .l&Ienn«« waa intended, as the etymolo|;y shows ,
AthUnnei is meaningless, but euphonious.
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
.1067. ATHLENNKS HIANS (f'uvl.r Ik Valondonnos).
D. 25; A. 26. ScuIoh about 520. Uody voiy strongly compressed, its
greatest breadth uot half its greatest dc'])th; caudal peduncle not cvyiii-
pressed, without keel ; jaws long and very slender, tlio upper strongly
arched upward at base, so tliat the mouth ean uot be closed ; snout twi, .
length of rest of head ; eye large, 2| in postorbital ]iart of head ; maxil
lary entirely concealed by ])reorbital; a fold of skin across preoperclr;
opercle snmoth ; insertion of vontrals well forward, midway between front
of arch of upj)er Jaw and base of eaudnl; caudal deeply forked; dorhal
and aiuil falcate, the latter beginning farther forward; pectorals long,
falcate; scales minute; with scales and bones green; no lateral band;
sides silvery, with round, dark blotches in young; tins -, ith black tips.
Length 3 feet. West Indies, ranging from Florida to IJrazil; generally
common. Also recorded by Steindaehner from Acapulco, but the Pacitic
species of Athlennea (not seen by us) may prove to bo ditfereut. {hiaim,
gaping.)
Beloiif liiiimt, Cv\lT.n & A'Ai.ENriK) '.p, Hist. N'lt. Poles., xviii, 4:VJ, 1H46, Havana; Bahia;
Ot'NTiiKR, Cut., VI, 2Js, l«()(i; C'oi'E, Tn.Ms. Aiii. I'liiloH. Soc, li<T\, 181; Stkind.uiim.i;,
Ichlh. Hfiti., Ml, )i4, ISTi.
Ilelouvviiiaihta, I'oKY, Moinu'.';j8, ii, 20(1, ISfll, Hevana.
Tylomnu hiam, Johdan & Qilbkkt, S.vuoii.sih, 373, 8Ul, 1883.
Family XCV. HEMIRAMPHID/E.
(Thk Balaos.)
Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with large cycloid
scales ; upper jaw short, lower jaw various, sometimes much produced, tlu;
toothed portion at base fitting against the toothed premaxillaries ; teeth
equal, mostly small and tricuspid; maxillaricN anchylosed to premaxil-
laries. Gill rakers long. Caudal fin rounded, or forked; if forked, tlic
lower lobe the longer. Anal tin modified in the viviparous species
(Zenarchoptirua), unmodified in the others and usually similar to the dor-
sal ; no Unlets ; air bladder large, sometimes cellular. Third u])]iii'
pharyngeal on each side much enlarged, solidly* united with its fellow to
form an oval plate, with slightly eoiivex surface and covered with blunt
tricuspid teeth ; this is about aj large an the united lower pharyngeals
and fits into the concavity of the latter; fourth upper pharyngeal want-
ing or grown fast to the third ; lower pharyngeal large, thick, triangular,
with concave surface. Vertebras about 50. (Characters verified in Hiini-
ramphus brownt, Hyporhumphus rohcrti and Chriodorus atherhioidva.)
Herbivorous fishes of the warm seas ; mostly shore species ; a few pelagic.
They feed chiefly on green alga?, and, like the related forms, swim at the
surface, occasionally leaping into the air. Size rather small, about a foot
in length. Genera about 7 ; species about 75. (Scombrcsocidw, yart, Guu-
ther, Cat., vi, 259-276, 1866.)
a. Lower jaw bluiitish, not at all produced; teeth rather largo; pectorals and ventraln modi r-
ate; shore tishcs. CuaiopORi's, 3_'('i.
■" A siugular character, first noticed by Mr. Edwin 0. Starks.
Jordan and Evermamt. — Fishes of North Amerua. 719
TO
t
(III. Lower jaw acute, longer tliitn iippor, or moro or Iom pnHlucoil; tPt<tli Hiiiikll; xpccioB uvi-
pitroiiK, till' uiiitl flu ill till' iiialo not iiiinlitlcil, tlin niiiilul flu iiiiL-i|iially liiiiato.
\<. liowurjitw pruiliinod in it Ioiik piiiiitfMl liciilt, iisuitlly lunger tliiui rcNt of head.
('. Uody iiKidt'rately coiiiprrflHi'd; pvrtnntlM iiiixlcnilc; Hlioro IIhIion.
if. Air bliiddor Hiiiipio; HidcH of Imdy mure ur Iuhh convex; vnntnilB iiiHertcd
HUtitriorly, far ill adviiiiro of doi'Mil. IIyi'ouii.vjii'iiih, W'll,
ilil. Air bladder cellular; BideH of body nearly vertical and pariillel ; veiitralii
iiiHorted poBtorlorly, nut I'ar bofoie dorml. IIkmihami'III'h, ;i28.
n: Uody very Hleiuler and compreHHi'd, more or lewH band-lilie; ixictural HnH very long,
ventral very short, lusurtcd posteriorly; pulat;lc spucios.
Kl'l.KPTIlRHAMPIIUS, 'i'i'J.
326. CHRIODORUS, Goode & lieau.
(IIakdiikads.)
rliii'"tnnis, iiooPE A Uean, Proc. V..S. Nat. Mub., lhS2, '1:12, (nllierinniileii),
]{o(ly and fius eHHential'.y as in HemirampliuH, but both jawH very uhort,
not at all produced, the lower Jaw broadly rounded, each with two series
of liiif^e, tricuspid, incisor teeth, which form a continuous cutting edge.
Maxillary anchylosed to preniaxillary. Pectorals small; ventral fins
siiiiiH, median. Scales large. Pharyngeal bones almost exactly as in
IlilpiirhamphiiH, the lower pharyngeal a little thicker and less concave, the
united third upper pharyngeals a little broader and less jwinted forward.
N'ortt'linu 49. Shore fishes, the single known species from the coast of
Florida, (^^fiu, want ; dcipu, lance ; the jaw being not produced.)
1068. CHBI0D0BU8 ATUEBINOIDES, Goodo & Bean.
(Hardhf.ad.)
Head 4? ; depth 6i; breadth of body I its depth. D. M to 16; A. 15;
V. ti; P. 12; scales 7-46 to 48-3; vertebra) 31 + 18^49. Interorbital
sjiact! broad, unevenly convex, its width equal to eye, which is 3§ in head ;
snout 3 in head ; premaxillaries much broader than long, their edges con-
rave ; maxillary 4 in head ; mandible 2i, its tip broadly rounded, not at
all produced. Dorsal opposite anal and entirely similar to it; both fins
elevated in front, but not falcate, their longest rays half head ; caudal
luodeiate, deeply and subequally forked ; ventrals 2Js in head, their inser-
tion midway between snout and base of caudal ; pectorals 1^ in head ;
vertical tins with small scales,. Bones of top of head smooth, hard, and
tianHlucent. Scales moderate, firm. Translucent greenish above with
(lark dots on the scales ; a bright silvery lateral baud as in Jtherina,
broadest under dorsal fin, where it is as wide as pupil. Length 10 inches.
Florida Keys, locally abundant at Key West, but not yet taken elsewhere ;
a handsome little fish, and an excellent pan-fish. It feeds chiefly ou green
alijie. {Atherinu', etMof, resemblance.)
Clu-in,l„nis atherinoides, GooDK & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Bfus., 1882, 4;}2, Key West ; (Tyiio, No.
1^061)3. Coll. Stearus.) Jokoan & Gilueut, Syuoiisis, UOli, 1883.
327. HYPORHAMPHUS, Gill.
(Halfbeaks.)
IlliP'nhiuiiphus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 131, {trkuspidatus — UHif<isciatHs).
Body elongate, moderately compressed, the sides of body not vertical,
but more or less convex ; the dorsai outline parallel with that of the
720
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Illi'h '!>;,
'' '1 .
m.
belly. Upper jaw short; lower jaw prolonged into a Blender beak, bor-
dered with membrane; thiH beak shorter in the young; premaxillarics
forming a triangular plate, the teeth of which tit against the toothed poi-
tion of the mandible ; maxillaries joined to premaxillaries. Teeth feclili-.
mostly tricuspid. Gill rakers rather long. Head covered above with
large, shield-like scales. Scales large, deciduous. No iinlt^ts ; caudal lln
more or less forked, the lower lobe the linger; dorsal and anal siniilin,
opposite each other, not modified in the males; last ray of dorsal usuallv
short; ventrals small, inserted well forward, nearly midway bttwrcn
opercle and base of caudal. Oviparous. Air bladder largo, simple, Dot
cellular. Young with the lower jaw short. SIjIbs in our species witli a
distinct silvery band, as in Atherina. Species numerous, in all warm seas,
going in large schools, but usually remaining near shore, feeding chitlly
on green algu;. Size comparatively small, (i'to, below ; jnifiipoi;, l)eak.)
a. VentralR ioHertcd about midway between iK>Htcri(ir margin of cyo and banu of caudul; iIt-
sal and anal Hcaly; scnicB 53 to TiO.
b. Lcngtii of mandiblu from tip of upiier Jaw Ichh than i'08t of lipad in adult; (lunpor In
young); body ratlicr titout; D. lo; A. 16. i'nifakciatih, loin,
bh. Longtli of mandible from tip of uppur jaw not \e»» tban rest of head, at all aK''>;
much gruator in adult; body more slender. I>. 14; A. I."). roiikuti, liCn,
aa. VcntraU insortod at a point nearly midway between gill opening and bano of raudal; doisil
and anal with very oadurouH Hcales or none; Hcale8(>:i in a longitudinal xcrleH. I). It;
A. 14; form rather sluudur; beak longer than rest of heitd. koh.i:, lUTl.
P
R
m
!.:; i i
1060. HYPOUHAMPHIS UMFASC'IATUS (Runzani).
(EsCRinANO.)
Head 4^ ; depth about 6^. D. 12 to 14 ; A. 15 ; scales 52 ; vertebrtr 31 +
18 = 52. Very close to H. I'ohert*, diftering chiefly in the shorter beak
and the less compressed and more robust body. Lower jaw from end ot
upper jaw 6 to 7 in total length from its tip to base of caudal (ii in //.
roberti), its length in adult always less than that of rest of head ; young
with the beak proportionately longer ; head with lower jaw 3 in body ;
body half deeper than broad; premaxillary plate broader than long; eye
less than interorbital width, ^ postorbital part of head ; ventrals midway
between eye and base of caudal ; dorsal and anal densely scaly ; back
broad. Length \ foot. West Indian fauna, generally common from Koy
West to Rio de Janeiro ; also taken at Panama ; this or some very similar
species also in the East Indies and on the coast of Africa. The young of
this species has the beak longer and can not always be readily distin-
guished from Hyporhamphua roberti, which is, however, always more slen-
der ; here described from Key West specimens, (uhuh, one ; fascia, band.)
Uemirliamphm umfimciatus, Ranzani, Nor. Comm. Ac. Sei. Donon., v, 1842, 32t), Brazil; GCxi iitii,
Cat., VI, 262, 1860; Meek & Goss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1884, 222.
t Hemirhamphus picarii, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poigs., xix, 25, 1840, Algiers.
Hemirhamphtis richardi, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xix, 26, 1846, Antil.es;
Cayenne; Bahia; Rio de Janeiro.
Hyporhamphus Iriciiipidatiis, Gii.i., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1859, 1.11, Barbadoes.
Hemirhamphm fagciatm, Poev, Mcmorias, ii, 20!), 1861, Cuba; not of Bleeker,
Uemirhamphut poeyi, GOkiuea, Cat., vi, 262, 1866; after Poey.
i '■» ?
Jordan and Evermann. — JFishes of North America. 721
Zil; Gt'NTIlKR,
It;
1070. HTPORHAMPHVH ROBKRTI (Ciirfor ,t Valenriennof).
(Common nAt.mr.AK; P.\.r.\iiiT<).)
Ilt'iul 4)- without, or 2\ with niaudible; depth about 7^. I). U to
; A. 15 to 17; settles 54; veitebrm 34 4-17 = 51. Lower Juw (from
fionl of eye) 4 to 4i^ in length from tip of aiiout to base of caudu).
I'lcmaxillary plate rather broader than hmg; eye 31 to 4 in head, nearly
i'(|ii;il to inter(»rbital space, 1^ in postorliital part of head. Ventrals
iiiiHi itiMl nearly midway between eye and liaseof caudal ; dorsal and anal
NCiily , opposite each other and similar in form ; caudal moderately forke<l.
tlic middle raya half longer than the eyi . Itack rounded above. Trans-
liicfut green above; the acales above dark-edged; sidt-s with a well-
(Icliiicd silvery band, narrower than the eye, about as broad as a scale ;
tip (if lower jaw red ; 3 narrow dark streaks along middle of back ; ante-
lim lay^ of dorsal and anal and tips of caudal usually dusky, sometimes
Jet black, especially in Pacific Coast examples, which have darker tins
tliiiii those from the Atlantic. Peritoneum black, as in nu)Ht herbivorous
lihlit'H. An excellent food-firth. Length 12 inches. C!oasts of America
oil sandy shores, swimming in schools, and often ]>ursucd by the blue-
lisli and other predatory species ; on the Atlantic Coast it is found chietly
iioitli of the Tropic of Cancer, but extending to tl j Equator on the I'acitic
(.'(liist. Very close to the preceding, of which it may be a northern variety
or Hiibspecies. It is recorded from Newport, R. I., Longport and Heebleys
I'oiiit, N. J., Beaufort, N. C, Charleston, Pensacola, San Sebastian River,
Ci'dar Keys, New Orleans, Mazatlan, Guaymas, Cape San Lucas, La Paz,
Panama, and Indefatigable Islands and Chatham of the Galapagos. It
N(M>in.s to be common on both coasts, especially in northern Florida, and
alioiit Cape San Lucas. It has not been found among the Florida Keys
or ill Cuba. On the Pacific Coast its range la not limited to the region
outside the Tropica. This species has been called IlemimniphuH roberti,
but as the type came from Cayenne, the scanty description may have
lieeii based on a specimen of //. unifaaciatua. As type of our present
(li'scription, we take a specimen from Indefatigable Ishind. (Named for
M. Robert, who collected at Cayenne for Valenciennes.)
llrmi:h(iii,plinii roherii, CcviEii Si Valentiennks, HiHt. Nat. Poiss., xix, '24, 181('>, Cayenne;
Haid to have a longer beak tlian 11. pirtvli; possilily liased on i^peciineiiH of //. uiiifiMialim;
(Coll. Poiteau & Robert); 01'ntii-eii, Cat., vi, 203, 1800; Meek & (ioss, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1884, 22:i.
lli,iiirlinmphm nnifancialiis, JoiiDAN & till.liEKT, Synopsis, 376, 1883.
1071. HYPOKHAMPHUS R08iE (Jordan & Gill>«rt).
Head 2 with lower jaw, or 5 with upper; length of lower jaw beyond
tlio upper 4^ in head. D. 14; A. 14; scales 61 to 63. Lower jaw (from
tip of upper) 4^ in length from its tip to base of caudal. Head with-
out mandible 3* in length from tip of upper jaw. Premaxillary
plato about as broad as long. Eye leaa than interorbital apace, about
half poatorbital part of head. Ventrala inserted farther back than in
//. roberti, rather nearer tip of caudal than eye, a very little nearer
F. N. A. 17
\l\\
I: Iji-I
i !1
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I
■ I
;' I
I
722
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,
Kill o|»eniiij( than base of caudal. Scaler very easily detached, the d<»i
Hill and anal tiim apparently not scaly. Caudal iiiudorately forked, th.
niiddio rays being twice the length of the eye; pectorals shorter than
postorbital part of head ; ventrals a little •:*aorter. Back broad. Green,
with a silvery lateral baud, rather broader than a scale ; a triple verte-
bral streak ; lower jaw dark reddish brown ; this jtlain. Southern
California and southward in sheltered bays, the young and half grouii
frc«iueutly taken at San Diego ; the adwlt found in abtindance in biackJHli
or fresh-wator lagoons farther south. (Named for Rosa Smith, nov,* Mtm.
Eigenniann, then of San Diego, the first woman to discover and descrilic
new species of fishes.)
lleniirlKmiphiK romr, Jordan * OiMiKHT, Pror. U. 8. Nat. Mu»., 18H0, 3,Vi, San Diego, Cali-
fornia; ((;oll. .roriliiii A Gllliert); Joriian & (•iiBKnT, SyiiopniB, ."170, 18»3.
328. HEMIRAMPHUS, Cuvier.
(IUlaos.)
Urmirhnmphm, CuviKR, Ri-gne Animal, Ed. 1, 11, 1H17, (hranHimiiiiii^hrowm).
llemirhiimithH", or Kemirrliamphuf, corrected H|i<dliiig.
Body more robust than in HyporhamphuH and different in form, the sideM
of body being compressed ond nearly vertical and parallel. Head and
jaws as in HyporhamphHu. Dorsal longer than uiuil fin and iusertt-d
farther forward, its last ray more or less produced in American sjiecits.
Ventral fins small and inserted well backward, much nearer base of
caudal than gill opening. Air bladder cellular, with many partitioim
(in H. hrowtii). Species probably numerous, but most of fhem have not
been examined as to the characters which separate this genus from
Uyporhamphutt. (r/fii, half; fxi/iijiog, beak.)
(I. Upiwr lobo of pectoral orikngo in life; lengtli of i>ectoriil sciircfly grt-nttT tlian depth of
body. I). 14; A. 12; bciiIch ffii. urasiijensis, liiT.'.
aa. Upper lobu of <;aiidiil dull Mulsh in life; Hcales rather Hmallcr; length of jiectoral )■ fircatir
than depth of body balao, lu73.
1072. iifiNIRAMPHUS BRASILIEN8IK (LIunivus).
(Balao ; Ksckiiiano.)
Head (with lower jaw) 2f; depth 6|. D. 14; A. 12; scales 53. Uody
not very slender, compressed, " slab-sided," the sides of body verticiil,
and parallel with each other. Lower jaw (from end of upper jaw) -it in
length from its tip to base of caudal. Head, without mandible, '> in
length from tip of upper jaw. Premaxillaries broader than long. Kye
large, equal to interorbital space, f postorbital part of head, yentialt
inserted well backward, midway between base of caudal and miudli' of
pectoral ; vertical fins scaly ; anal much smaller than dorsal ; last ray of
dorsal produced in a short filament ; pectoral f length of head, its length
a little more than depth of body ; ventrals 2f in head; caudal dee])ly
forked, the lower lobe longest. Color in life clear deep Idue green, much
darker than in Hyporhamph%is vnifaadatHa', sides silvery, without lateral
band ; beak dark, its tip bright orange, its membrane edged with white;
.iji.^
Jordan ami Ei>trmann, — Fishes of North America.
723
IdIm of (loraal and iippor lohe of oandul do«p orauge yellow; vontmlH
tijijifil with yellow ; hoxuh aliko. LoiiKth 15 inches. Wviit IndiuH, gen-
cially uhiiudant from Key West Hoiithwanl to Bahia; this or Home cloHoly
rt'liitiMl specieH aUo occurring at Panama. Common nt Key West aud
Htiviuia; a siieoimen taken at Hunger'H Wharf, Virginia, by Dr. J. T. Wil-
kiiiH ; » good food-tlHh, well diHtinguished by its orange ouudal iln.
A;.i</ iifi-rillit inferiiirt iiioiluclii, nauwNK, iliit. Jamaira, H'A, MM, Jamaica.
t:,„r hnmtieniiiii, I<lNN.%'.lJH, S.VHt. Nut., W. x, 17'>H, AU, Jamaica; aftiT llnowNK; the Tlmucnor
Miirc'Krnvo wrongly lucluiiod in tho Hyiionymy; Hlucii, Ichtli., 31>I, I H)il, corrected «ymin-
ym.v imil description.
Ufiinrhimiihimmariiinatui, I<R HuKi'R, Joiirn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., ii, \H2S, '.3A, Leaaer Antilles;
not of ForhkAi..
/f,'iiiii/i(imji/iH« brotvni,* (IvviRR A Vai.bnuif.nnh, Higt. Nat. PoIm., xix, 13, 1H4(I, Quadaloupe;
Martinique.
llniKihiimphui pUii, riviRB A VAi.RNciRNNrj, (. '-., 10, Martinique; San Domingo; QUntuir,
Cat., VI, 309, 180«; MtBK A Gosh, Proc Ac. Nat. 8cl. Phlla., 1884, '225.
M,iiT(niniilliuiil>revirt>iilnii, Qronuw, Cat., 148, 18fi4, Jamaica; after Browmc.
ll'iiiirliiimphuijUitnifHlonm, PoBV, Mcniorias, ii, 2!t7, 1801, Cuba.
llemirhamphM braiilieiiiit, UOmthrr, Cat., vi, 270, 1800; Jorhan A (Iii.bbrt, Synopais, 224, 1883.
1078. HKMIRANPHIIH HALAO, Lo Sueur.
(BALAri; PlPRR.)
llcud with lower jaw 2} in total length with caudal ; depth 7^. D. 11
to 11; A. 11 or 12; vertebne 39 4-16. Lower jaw 5.1^ times in length of
body, k greater than reat of head. Eye 4 to 4} in head (from tip of
upper jaw). Scales moderate, caducous. Pectoral length equal to 1.-^ times
depth of body ; last ray ol dorsal and anal slightly produced ; anal very
Hhort. Back bluish; tip of lower jaw red; upper lobe of caudal dirty
violet. Length 12 inches. Cuba. (Poey.) According to Poey this species
\nw smaller scales, smaller eye, shorter beak, slenderer body and slightly
longer pectorals than the preceding, and the upper lobe of the caudal
dlH'ereutly colored. We have not seen it and do not know whether it is
dlHtiuct. If a valid species, this must be the original balad, which is said
to have the caudal bluish, and the common species will stand as ff.
bi-aHiUenni8. {Balad, a common Spanish name of species of this genus,
from a word meaning to leap or dance.)
Bemirhamphut balao, Le Surur, Journ. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila., ii, 1823, 130, Lesser Antilles.
Bemirhamphui macrochinu, Poey, Memorias, ii, 299, 1861, Cuba.
329. EULEPTORHAMPHUS, Gill.
Enlejitorhamyhnt, UiM., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1859, 131, (brevoorti).
Tills (ifenns consists of pelagic species related to Hemiramphus, the body
inncli more slender and greatly compressed, and the pectorals very long,
approaching those of the ilying-fishes. Ventrals small, inserted pos-
teriorly. Air bladder not described, probably cellular. One species in
our limits. (EvTienro^, very slender; b(ifj.<t>og, beak.)
♦The types of Hemirhamphiis hrowui (Museum at Paris; Martinique, P16e) have 52 scales in a
Iongthwi86 series; no 05, oh stated by Valenciennefl. The nominal species called plHi and Jilor
menlonts are identical with it.
ifil
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724
Hullrtm ^7, United S,ates Nation a/ XTuseum.
1074. Kri.KPTOKHAMPIH'M VKI.OX, hxy.
Hond G|; ilcpMi 10; iimiiilihlu about :<. I). 2'J: A. 21: V. (i. \\u^\s
exti'uiiuOy Hlnitl«T urul «>loiiKiit«Ml, iinM;li coiii|U(>nmmI, a'liioHt l)uii(l-liK<
Hack thill, Hubcui'iiiate. Lowvrjaw very hIuikIht and loii^, niiicli ]oiil:i'i
than tho icHt «»f tlio li«a«l. Toeth very f«»'l»l«*, tho lowtT triciiNpid. I'.vc
hir^o, nitoiit e(|ual to anoiit, about !< in hoad. Pectoral tiim Ion;; and
hIuikUm-, half iih Ioii); iih iiiandiblti, nioro than \ tlio htn^tii of body ; ii|>|>i r
ray H of poctoraln broad aiul coiiipruHNcd ; vt'iitraJH not lonf;«r than <>!',
iiiHertod far back ; caudal fin iiiiu<|ually f(»rkcd, th«) lowi;r lobu tliH loii;:< i,
OlivaceoiiH; aidcH ailvery. Lvn^tli IH inclieH. WuHt IndicH, occa^^ioiinlly
northward in tlie Gulf Stream to MaHHachiiNcttH; rare.'' I'erhapH idniii-
oal with the KuHt Indian HpecieH, KuliplorhiiniphuH hniii'iroHtr'iK, aH Hiippiiid
b}' Piitnani and otlieiH, but no adei|uatct coinpariHon of Hpuciiiit^iiH of iln'
two HpecieH Iuih been made, (ntlox, Hwift.)
ff llfiiiirhiviiiihui hiufjironlri; Ci'viKU, Ili'Kim Aniiii., Kil. 2, Vol. li, 2Htl, IS'J'.i, Pondicherry.
ft fhmirhnmphm miicriirhiiinliiiii, <!uviKK & Valknc'IKNNKs, IIIhI. Nut. ToinH., .\i.\, .V), |il. ,11,
lH4r>, open sea, 177" E., 7"^' S.
t I'lih'iilnrhiiiiiiiliiii hrrnxirli, (ill.l., I'roc. .\i:. Nnf. Hil. I'liila., is.'ilt, l:il, no luciilitv.
Kiiliplorhnmiihim iilii.r, I'oKV, Syilo|wiM, :)Kl, 1H07, Cuba; H. !!•; A. 21,
t lleiiiirhaiiiiilniit luiigiro»lrinini\ 11. mnciKrhiimhuH, OCstiikh, Ciil., vr, 2711, IHiiO.
Euliplorliiiniiiliiin liiiniin>iilnii,l Putnam, IVoc. Bout. 80c. Nut. IliHt., 1H70, 2.'18; ,lnnii\N .V (iii.iin;i,
Synoiwig, 377, 1883.
Family XCVI. SCOMHRESOCID/K.
(TnK Sauhiks.)
Body elongate, compressed, covered with small, thin, deciduous scalis
the general aspect being that of a mackerel. Both jaws in thti adult
more or less prolonged, forming a slender beak, the upper jaw always llio
longer; teeth very feeble, pointed; maxillaries joined fast to proniiixil-
laries ; pectoral and ventrals small; dorsal and anal low, similar to )':icli
other, each with 4 to 6 detached finlets, as in the Scomhiidw, gill rakers
numerous, long and slender. Pharyngeal bones essentially as in ICxocn i im]
fourth upper pharyngeal on each side wanting or fused with tho tliinl:
third pharyngeal greatly enlarged, separate from its fellow, covered with
tricuspid teeth; second with simple teeth; first toothless; lower phaivii-
geals united, forming a triangular bone with concave surface, covered
with tricuspid teeth ; into the hollow of this bone the upper pharyiiireals
fit. Species four or five, here arranged in two genera ; pelagic fishes, h\\ iiii-
ming close to the surface in large schools in temperate regions. I hey
bear strong analogical resemblances to the mackerels in form, color, jnid
*Li)iinberg found a specimen on tho bonrh at New Smyrnii, Florida.
+ Professor Putnam identifies tho American species witli tho East Indian E. hiwimiHtriii.
count!! D. 19; A. '11; Valenciennes, D. 22; A. 20.
JPoey t'lus describes Knhptorhamphiin re.lnx, comparing it witli Cuvier's account
lonijiroMri*:
Hoiglit uf body lO'i^ in length of trunk from gill oi)ening to base of caudal; head .
trunk; beak 4 in total' length; eye 3J^ in bead; pectorals 3',,: iii it-uKth of trunk; base of
as broad as pectoral; anal a little less, and further bark; dorsal rays as biuh an tlie trunk
them; lower caudal lobe much the longer. D. 19; A. 21. Silvery; back bluish; fins pale
£. fotij/irofi<ri> the hoight>a8 above goes 1(> times; head <>; beak 4; eye 3 in head; peetom
broader than dorsal; dorsal rays twice depth of body below it. D. 22; A. 20.)
I'ney
.f V,
■■'.-.■j'A^M^, '*•>} H .i'^i ."; .'i^'i^kviA -^J. i ■ "
fortftin iVit/ Evertmtnn. — Fis/n's of North Atnericit. 72"»
||;ll)itH, HH \\\ II UN ill \\w doFHul Illltl lllllll llllhttH. Tlio Hi^iiiticaiioo of
tiiis irsriiililaiicK JH iinknuwu. {Hcombniiocidiv, part, (luiitliur, Cut., vi,
:':,ii-*.'.v.t, istMJ.)
.,. ^li\\^ iirciiliK'cil III a very iil(tiiili<r, |Hilnted lipiik, loiiKar In the niliilt tlmn n'lit of hi-ail.
Hl'ilMIIHKlliiX, XUt.
.1,1. .liiwH proiliii'i'il ill a uliurt liciik, •lioiit hull' IciiKtli iif runt ol° ln'ikd. ('oi.ulaiiim, 3:i1.
If?7»
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IAN \ (ilMIKKT,
330. SCOMBRESOX, LacopMo.
(Sauuiks.)
Snuiliren'.', IiAf'fpf l>r, IIlHt. Niit. Pols*., V, ,'UI, IHIttI, (riim/'cri),
Si'ii", UMiNKHgiK, CiiriiltiTl NiiuvHii'iicri, ftc., r,(», IHlO, (mwriri>Hlr<i ninipfri).
(,'r<iiiiiMii'<iHu<Mii, L'liNTA, Aliiiiiai'iii MilH. /(Kil, Nit|Hill, iHti'J, r>,'i, (hiV»f»r Hrrrula).
('iiariictei'8 of the family nn niveii above, l)ut liaviii); both jawH more or
|i Hs |in>l<>ii);t'(l, foriiiiii^ a Hloiitlttr beak, the lower Jaw the loii}^t>r. Young
witii the jawM Hhort, preriHuly as in the gonuH C'ololabin, but bMigthun-
\]\ii with a^o, which Ih not the case in CololuhiH, Air lihidder large.*
Atlantic. (Soomhir; Eaox.)
.L
Head broad above,
slender, pointed
107r>/NrO.1inRKSnX HAIItrH (Wnlliaum).
(Saiirv ; Skii'I'I'.h; ItiLM'tHii.)
llciidUJ; dopth9. D. 9-VI; A. 12-VI; BcaleHllO.
iKiniiwed below, tapering anteriorly to the very
liiiik; Hiiout longer than the rest of the head, proportionately Hhorter in
till) young; lower jaw longer. Fina all ainall; caudal fin foi'ke<I; ventrals
iniihviiy between base of caudal and front of eye. Air bladder large.
Olive brown abovo, sides and below silvery ; a distinct silvery band, us
lii'oad as the eye, bounding the dark of the back. Length 18 inches.
Temperate parts of the Atlantic Ocean; rather common, in schools, on
liiitli coasts, especially north of Cape Cod and France; found in the open
Htas.t {Sauru8jaavpo^,\\7.a,V(i.) (Eu.)
/•'■i...!- mHrttK, Walbaum, Artcdi Pise., iii, 93, 1792, Cornwall; after tho Saury Pike of Pennant,
Antic; /oiilogy.
S>i>mliriM,x. ciimperi, LacApj^de, Hist. Nut. Puiss., v, ;M.5, 1803, locality unknown; fimiiU in
colli'i'tiun of Mr. Caiiipor in Ilollaiiil.
S'liiris rnuri-minlrd, BafinksuI'K, Ciiruttcri, etc., 01, 1810; BiibHtituto for camperi.
Sdyrh hiaiis, ItAFiNESQUE, /. <"., 61, Palermo.
Sitiiri* bimacul'iluK, liAFiNESQi'E, /. c, G'2, Palermo.
* A nnniiiul Kjiurios, Siviubremjc iierraluK( 8. romlehli - G. hicolor) lias boon described from tho
Mcilitcrntiicuu, and in Baid to liavu no air bladder. Dr. LUtkt'n(8|iuliaAtlanticu,6ti7) is unable to
verily this clmrHclcr niid doubts its existencH. An excellent account of tho changes in develof,-
iiji'iit in licombrimx and olhor pelagic genera is given in this paper uf Littken.
I- WlK'n pursued by the Tunny or Mackerels "inultituiles mount to the surface, and crowd on
cai !i i.tticr a.s they press forwurd. When still more closely pursued they spring to tho height of
s'\ ral feet, leaj) over each other in singular confusion, and ii»<ain sink beneath. Still turther
in;-''i|. they mount again and rush along the surfaci', by ri'iieated starts, for more than one liun-
iliiii fici, without once dipping beneath, or scarcely seeming to touch the water. At hist tho
I'ln-inr sprinuH after them, UKually across their course, and again they all disapiwar together.
Aiiililut such niiiltitndcs — for more than 20,000 have been Judged to bo out of the water together
-siiiiio must fall a pr"y to the enemy; but, so many hunting in company, it must be long before
the |.iirsuers abandon. From inspection we could scarcely judge tho fish to be capable of such
iliL'liti<, for the flns, though numerous, are small, and tlie poctoral far from large, though tho
HiiKle of their articulation is well adapted to raise tho fish, by tho direction of their uiotions, to
ttic Burfttce. "—Roode
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726
JiulhttH 47 1 Unitti' States National Museum.
8ft,nihrni,Kt trultUahun, Li HmiiR, Joiirii. Ac. Nat. Hcl. I'hll» IH'JI, VVi, NiwfoundUnd.
BfombreiiJ -lunu, fLRMINO, Krlt. Allilll., |MI; UI'NTIiril, ('l4t., VI, '2.'i7, iMtW).
thiniilimiix uliirrri, Dr. Kav, N. Y. Kiiiiiiik: VMirt, tlU, |il. X\ tig. :i, 184'J, Banki of Nawfound
land; Coaat of Mataachuaetta; Naw York.
tkvmlmmifiiuirvlrum, l.r.Si'Ri'a, .loiirD. Ac. Nat. thl. Phtln., ii, 1M21, l.1ii, locality unknown;
found In n collection In nuRton.
Betimhrniirrutiitrlrii, Vi \ ir.u M VAi.KNriKNNU, llUt. Nat. PnlM., xviti,472, IfMfl, Modltarrantan.
UrammicoHoluii hirohir, C'omta, Ann. Mun. /oiti. Nn|M)ll, M, lN*l'2, Naplea.
f Hitmhrrmix /orrtrri, <.'i viKH A Valkncirnnih, llUt. Nut. I'uiM., xviii, 481, tM4)l, Naw Zealand
ScombrriNxr mmni; JoiiOAN A (lll.DRHT, 8}rni>|«lN, HT.'i, IHKI; l.rTKRN, 8p<jllu Atluutlca, OUT, ItHO.
Sayri* MrralM, ItAl'INCagl'K, Citratterl, 01, IHIO; uftor Uondrlrt.
331. COLOLABIS, (iill.
Ouh'lahii, Oil,!., nnwKcnnii, {hrrrirortrin).
TbiB gonuB Ih cloae to ScomhrtHox , differing chiefly in the very Hlioit
beak, the nppur Jaw, even in thu adult, not being at all produced, iind
the lower Jaw having only a abort flexible tip. This genus rnproHenlN tiio
immature state of Scomhreaox. (koAoi;, defective, curtailed; hifSir, forcepH.)
1076. COLOLABIH BBGVIBOIilTRIH (Poton).
Head 6i ; depth 9. D. O-VI ; A. 12-71 ; scales 125. Body much elon-
gate, compressed, widest above, the abdomen and lower edge of b«>a(l
trenchant. Upper Jaw conical, not at all produced, but ending in a vory
acute tip; lower Jaw slightly longer, its tip produced for a very fili;;lit
distance, and flexible ; triangular portion of premaxillaries as long :ih
broad; snout a little more than half length of rest of bead; iuterorbitul
space flat ; maxillary reaching front of orbit. Teeth very minute, in a
single row in each Jaw. Eye large, in front of middle of head. Pectoral
fin somewhat emt^rginate, i length of head; ventrals small, far back,
■lightly nearer tip of snout than tip of lower lobe of caudal ; dorsal
inserted slightly behind front of anal; both flns low, the finleta Hniall;
caudal widely forked, the lobes equal. Scales small, deciduous, those on
top of head forming an elliptic&I patch. Dark green above, silvery below ;
sides with a lateral silvery stripe, bounded above by a dusky streak ; upper
flns mostly dusky ; lower pale. Length 14 inches. Coast of California;
very rare. Known from Tomales Bay, San Francisco, and San Diogo ; a
most interesting fish, apparently closely related to a Japanese specicH,
CololaUs naira (Brevoort). (/>ret'i«, short; roWrum, snout. )
Seomhreiox brevirostrin, PETintt, Monatsbcriclitu Akad. Wi88. Deri., July, 1860, 521, Tomales Bay;
JoBUAN A. Gii.BKHT, Synoiwii, 376, 1883.
Family XCVII. EXOCCETIDiE.
(The Flying-fishes.)
Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales, which are rather
deciduous. Lateral line running very low, along the sides of the belly.
Head more or less scaly, with vertical sides. Mouth moderate, terminal,
the Jaws not prolonged into a beak. Premaxillaries not protractile, binned
--*-*>ijt'.tf it-'..W."r :hki-. ij-*.'^ r.:-'
5?ii^|l^f|pf|i^f5
Joriiatt and Evtrmatitt. — i-'is/us of North Amerua.
727
males Bay;
III liuM«« iiumiully ; iiiaiKio of tint iippurjiiw cliittlly t'orm«d liy thu prnniax-
illiki'ieit; thu Hhort niiixilliiiiits t'lilfiiiiK tli«> lutui'iil imirKin; iiiuxillury fre«
ri>>iii tlio pruiiiuxillury, itH u«lKeHli|ipih){ iiiHiur tliu I'loiit ut' tlio proorliitiil.
Dt'iititioii varioiiH, tlio tt^ttth Hiiiall uL«i w«uk. Doraiil tin without HpiiiuH,
iiixfrti'*! on th« posterior pnrt of thu body, opp(»ftito thu unul uuil morn or
It'SH HJiiiilar to It; vuutriilH aixloniinul, of Huvuritl Hoft rnyN, inH«trt«'«l poH-
fiTJorly ; puctoriil (in int««>rtu<l \\\^\\, iiMud hh iin or^an of tli^ht; Hlioiihlur
):it<llu and pectoral niiiHclt'H vury Htron^ ; raudul tin forked, thu lower lolie
tilt; iontfor. NotlnlntH. Vent cIohu in front <»f anal. NoHtrilH liir^u, double,
iirar thu eye. Lower phiiryngutilH eniurgud and fully united, forming a
iiiiKe, traiiHverHely oonrave plate, covered with large, cloHe-Het hliint,
tii('iiH|)id teeth ; third upper pharyngeal greatly enlarged, not united with
its fellow, both covered with large, blunt, trieunpid teeth; fourth Hupo-
I iiir pharyngeal wanting in the adult (pro' ..Mv co-oHHitled with the third);
(thi'He characters veritied on KxwhUih t"/i/'/r«iiV(<(t); vertebra' without
irygopophyseH, Uill nienitiranuH not united, tree from the iHthniuH. i'Heu-
dobranuhiii' liidden, glandular, (iill rakerH various. GIIIh I, a nlit behind
tii*> fourth. Air bladder very large, not cellular, ho far an known, and
(<\tending far backward among the hieniopophyBeH of the caudal verte-
l)rii>. Vertebrie about 50. IntuHtinal canal simple, without co>ca. Car-
nivorous or herbivorous. Ueneru 4; iipecies about (io; abounding in all
warm ncus, mostly pelagic, swimming near the surface, and skip))ing (»r
Nailing through the air, sometimes for considerable distances. {Scomhrv-
mwiih; part, (JUnther, Cat., \1, 277-21W, 18«<».)
'I. Itdof of iiiuiitli (voiiKT, pulutilii'H, |i(i'r,vgui(lN) uiitl tuliKue |iri>viil<'il with tci'tli; bmly imt
iiiiKiiliir ill oiitliiKi (elllptirul in ci'ohr lO'oliiiii); iiiicturil Aiih iiKHlcnitc, nut ii'iicliiiig
lit'yiiiiil iiiiilille uf (liirMil fln; vviitriilH rntlior liiii)(, iiiMcrtPil behind iiiiddlu of licxly; dor-
■al till ul('vat4>d; anal long, IIh liiiito Hciircoly xlmrtfr tliiiii tliul of durnul.
b. Snuut lung, sIcndiT, and pointed, iiiiicli longer than eyo; lowur Jaw acute, the tip much
projecting (a|ipruiiL'liiug Jlemininiplmt). Fudiatok, XVi.
Iih. Snout Hliurt, much Hhortvr than «ye; low«r Jaw Rcarcoty prodiicwl ut tip.
I'Aiir.xociFTiKi, :v.\X
n. Iloorof month and tnnguo with fewer teoth or none (tlio vomer und palatiuM toothoil or
nut); body angular in outline (a croM section Kubiiundrntu); poctorul Aon very loug, their
tip.<i UHUully reaching ncariy lo baite of caudal; luwur Jaw little prumiiient; Mnuiitxhort.
c. Ventral Ann inMurtod anteriorly, much nearer tip of Hiiuut than bam of caudal, not uiw^d
as orgunx of flight, their tips nut reaching nearly to front of durxal; aiuil flu Iuiik,
ItH base nearly viiual to that of dorsal. HALocvrRKLrH, 3:i4.
a: Ventral flnsi iiiHeited postoriorly, mori' or lenn nearer base of eaudiil tliiin tip of Hnuut;
used M organs of flight, their tipH reaching paftt middle uf liaHe of unul.
BXUCIKTI'B, :i.'(fi.
332. FODIATOR, Jordan & Meek.
FiMlUtliir, JdiiDAN A Mrf.k, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 45, (itculiit).
Body rather elongate; snout long, slender, and pointed, much longer
than eye; lower jaw acute, the tip produced. Dentition as iu I'arexocit-
lux. Pectoral fins moderate; ventrals loug, inserted posteriorly; dorsal
lii^h. One species known, widely distributed iu tropical America. This
ueuwH marks the tranaitiou from Hemiramphuv to Exocwtua. {Fodiator, one
who stabs.)
1^ m
Hi
I'!-
i I
liii'll:'
728
Bulletin 47, United States National Afuseum,
1077. FODIATOK ACVTUS (Ctivior Jc ValeiicieniiKH).
(SllARr-N08EI> Flyino-fish.)
Head 3 i in body; depth 5; eye 3| in head. D. 10; A. 11; Bcalea 41.
8nout long, about half longer than eye,2i in head; lower juw much pro
jecting, the half-beak at its symphysiB about ithe length of the Hnoiit.
Origin of ventral fm midway between posterior margin of preopercle and
last caudal vertebra. Pectoral fins half length of body, their tips roacli
ing a little past from of dorsal; the first ray simple, about f lengtli ol
tlio fm, the second ray divided. Ventrals 1^ in length of head, their
tips scarcely reaching front of anal. Dorsal and anal fins inserted op])u-
site each other, the base of the anal slightly shortor than that of dorsal.
Dorsal fin high, its longest ray \\ in head. Color blue above, silverv
below. Pectoral fins black on their posterior half, shading into lighter
posteriorly ; a large black blotch on the npper t of anterior rays of doi-
sal; ventrals and anal white; caudal dusky. Tropical America on both
shores, rather common in the Gulf of California (San Lnis Gonzales Bay),
sometimes taken at Panama, and once recorded from Nice iu France,
(acuius, sharp.) (Eu.)
Exociflm aciitw, CiiviER & Valenoiennes, Hist. Nat. Poisfl., xix, 126. T^ld, Surinam; Nice;
GC.NTliEB, Cat., VI, 281, 1866.
Fodiator uctUui, Jubdan <jt Meek, I. c, 46.
333. PAREXOCCETUS, Bleeker.
ParexocuiuK, Bleekgk, Nederl. Tj-dskr. Dicrk., in, 105, 1865, (mento).
Body moderately elongate, elliptical in cross section. Snout short;
lower jaw not produced. Roof of mouth (vomer, palatines, and ptery-
goids) fully provided with teeth ; pectoral fins moderate, not reaching
beyond middie cf dorsal ; ventrals long, inserted behind middle of body ;
anal fin about as long as dorsal ; dorsal high. Small flying-fishes of the
tropical coasts, widely distributed. {.:apu, near; Exocaetua.)
1078. PABEXOCtETUS HESOOASTEB (Bloch).
Head 4* in length of body ; depth 5. D. 12 ; A. 13 ; about 38 scales in
the lateral line, 5 rows of scales between lateral lino and dorsal fin. Body
elongate, compressed (r.ot angulated), rather deep; width of body at
base of pectorals 2 in head; head narrow, compressed, almost trenchant
below ; interorbital area flattish, about as wide as eye, 3 in head. Suont
short, rather pointed; its length 4J in head; teeth on tongue and pala-
tines; gill rakers numerous, long and blender; pectoral fins of moderate
length, their length IJ-to 2 in length of body, their tips reaching middle
of base of dorsal fin ; second ray of pectoral divided ; dorsal fin very
high, its longest rays about ^ longer than head ; base of dorsal about 1|
in length of head ; tips of anterior rays of dorsal reaching beyond tips of
posterior rays when the fin is deflexed, and reaching almost to base uf
caudal fin ; ventrals rather short, 4f in length of body, their tipsreachinj;;
slightly past origin of anal fin ; origin of ventrals midway between pupil
i;i -, ./■■-,.
11 France.
inam; Nice;
Jordan and F.vermann. — Pishes of North America.
729
anil iuHt caudal vertebra ; anal fin opposite dorsal ; lower lube of caudal
nitliiiHhort, sliglitly longer tlian head. Color blue above, silvery below;
pectoralH (dusky in the young) becoming nearly white in \\w adult ; color
of vtiitrals very similar to pectorals, the duskinesH in the young foriiied
of line blackish dots; upper half of anterior rays of dorsal fin black;
anal tin with few small blac^ dots, more numerous in the young ; caudal
dusky reddish. Length 7 inches. Tropical seas, common both in the East
Indies and West Indies, and in the Hawaiian Islands. It ranges north in
tlic ' iilf Stream to Nov, ^.ort, and is the commonest flyiug-fisli of the Car-
olina region. The young often has one or two fleshy barbels on the tip of
tlie lower jaw, these being fragile and easily destroyed, (//fffoc, riiddle;
yir,-:''.,), belly, referring to the insertion of the ventrals.)
Kju<iiliiKmetogaster, Bloi'ii, Ichtli}'olu);ia, pi. 3t) 1795, Martinique; mi a druwin^jby Pliimior,
in which the poctonils and vcntrnlH me iniu-h too long; Jordan <& (iIlueut, J'roc. I'. S.Nat.
Mils., 1882. B8H.
i:.r"i.iliiii(irbigiiUiuiiii, CuvierA Valencif.nnf.b, IliHt. Nat. Poiwi., xix, V\\, lH4fi, Montevideo;
t.ascd on a drawing; (JCntheii, Cat., vi, 285, 1800.
Kxvihis hilUanM, Gorsk, Nat. Sojourn .laniaicn, ii, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1851, Jamaica; LCtkkn,
Viil. Mcdd. Naturli. Foren., 307, 1870; .Iordan & Giliikut, SynopHls, !)03, 1883.
Kx'""iiis ijriilliis, KLUN7.INGRR, FiHclio dc8 RotliuH Meeres, S86, lb7U, Red Sea; JUle LUtken.
I'aie.n,, ,ilii8 vietogasler, .Jordan & Mesk, I. c, 47.
334. HALOCYPSELUS, Weinland.
Ildliriiiisflim, Weinland, Prof.. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1869, 385, *(mei«i<jasler = crolanii).
TIiIh genus differs from Exococtus mainly in the anterior position and
Hniall size of the ventral fins, which terminate in advance of the anal fin,
and are not used as organs of flight. Species few; one of them the mo.'it
widely diffused and abundant of all flying-fishes, (u/lf, sea ; a'v^ie'koi;, a
swallow, or swift, living in holes in sand banks ; KiYrAt), a hollow vessel.)
1079. HAIiOCTPSELUS ETOLAXS (Linmuus).
Head 4 in length; depth 5J. Snout rather bluut, 4^ in head;
intei'orbital area flattish, 3 in head. Eye 3f to 4i in head. D. 13; A.
13 ; Bcales about 42. Origin of ventral fins midwaj' between tip of snout
and Hst ray of anal ; length of ventrals half length of head ; pectorals 1 J^
in length of body, their tips reaching base of caudal ; first ray of pec-
toral simple, second divided ; anal fin long, scarcely shorter than dorsal,
it 8 first ray usually opposite first ray of dorsal ; dorsal low, its first ray
less than half head ; lower lobe of caudal about i longer than head. (Jill
rakers long and slender. Olivaceous above, dotted with dark. Pectoral fins
dark above, with the lower margins white; no white oblique crossbar;
ventrals white ; caudal dusky ; dorsal and anal pale, without black mark-
ings ; a white streak along base of anal, wider and more conspicuous ante-
riorly. Young with 2 dark cross bands and sometimes with a small barbel
at the chin. In all warm seas, north in summer to Newfoundland,
■Although Dr. Weinland callB the type of this genua " mesogatUr,^' it is oviduut from his
description that the species examined by faim was tlaU>cyp»elui evUant.
1
,1 !i
'll'
'•I I I (
I
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i M i
730
Bulletin 4J, United States Naiional Museum.
England, and the Hawaiian Islands; rather common on our Atlautic
coast, where it spawns in summer; not known from California or tlie
west coast of Mexico, (evolans, flying away.) (En.)
Ikoewtus p«mi» venlralibuH tiferimimuii, Gromow, Zouphylac., 1763, 368, Spain.
Exocwtiu etolmu, hivsxvB, Systrma Natura>, Ed. xii, Q31, 1766, based oil Gronow; OrNTiiKR,
Cat., VI, 282, 1866; LVtken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foron., :87n, 305, 102.
Exocwtui tplmdens, AiiiEL, Narr. Voyage China, 4, 1818, China; (flde Valencienneb).
Ktoculm georgiamis, CuviEtt & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poi^H., xix, 139, 18-iC, 5°N., ga" W.
GPntiier, Cat, VI, 279, 1866; LOtken, Vid. Medd. Natnrh. Foren, 394, 101, 1871); y„uiig
examples, with barbel.
7 Btocu'tw ni»Hoci°rr/iu«, Richardson, Ichth. China, 265, 1846, China; G(1ntiier, Cat., v<, 27U>
1866; young examples, with barbel.
Ezocuetug chiletiM, Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pliila., 1860, 472, Chile.
EtocittusobtMiroDlris,* GVntiier, Cat, vi, 283, 1866, Cape Verde Islands; India; New Orleans;
LOtken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 396, 1876.
HalocyptehiH evolana, JoniULil & Gilbert, Synopsis, 377, 1883; Jordan & Meek, I. c, 49.
Haloeypteltu obluiirottru, 3oit:>Aii ife Gilbert, Synopsis, 378', 1883.
335. EXOCCETUS (Artedi) LinnsBus.
(FLY:kNG-FI8HE8.)
Btoccetug, Artedi, Genera Piscium, 6, 1738.
Etocwttt*, LiNNJGUS, Systema Natura-, Ed. x, 1758, 316, {volilant).
Oifptelutm,^ S^ iTyfoH, Class'n Fishes, etc., ii, 296, 1839, (nuttalH).
Body loii^.ilo, broad above, somewhat compressed. Head short, Idnut,
narrowed below. Mouth small. Jaws very short, about equal. Chin
without barbel. Maxillaries not joined to the premaxillaries. Teeth vury
feeble or wanting. Eyes large. Gill rakers moderate. Scales large, decid-
uous. No flnlets. Dorsal fin short, opposite anal. Caudal widely forked,
the lower lobe the longer. Pectoral fins very long, reaching past the
beginning of the anal, and serving as organs of flight, their great size
enabling these fishes to .sustain themselves in the air for some time. I
r i
• This form, Halocyptelm obtiuirostris, is defined by GUnther as having the snout shorter, V^
diameter of t>ye, and the head more elevated, its depth % its length. Liltken observes: "The
dorsal fin inserted above or behind the first ray of the anal; the distance from the snout tu the
first ray of the ventrals less than the distance between the root of the ventral and last ray of
the dorral ; 7 to 8 rows of scales above the lateral line; fins more distinctly marlied. I). 13; A.
13, Lateral line 40," and fui-ther adds, "Although in most cases it is easy enough to decide
' whether a given specimen is ei olati* or obtmiroslrit,^ yet there are some in which the determi-
nation seems to be almost :. uitrary, therefore I am not fully convinced of their specific inde-
pendence." The two no; "<tf species occupy the «>ame range, and we think the distinctions of
oUiwiroKfria to be individui >' v^,v ; t' >n.
f The name Oypselurv hic ir , u-'^d by Swainson, >Veinland, and others for those flyinpr-fishes
which are provided with 1 1.£ '<■ fi' ■ / barbels or ribbons at the chin. These, wo are fully con-
vinced, are the young of othei- i >iinal species, 'vhicb are destitute of barbels. It is proliaMe
that these appendages disappear ut ififerent ages in different individuals. In 2 species (»>(■'<'></»'<-
ter, usually described as destitute of barbels, and furcatm, described a iwith barbels) we liuve
examined specimens both with and without these appendages. The name Cypnelunia having been
given to a species with the anal fin short, may be retained for the group or subgenus thus ilefliiid,
which may perhaps be found worthy of generic rank.
X Observations on the flight of these fishes anit ^specially of Exoccetus californicu» have been sev-
eral times made under most favorable conditions by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert and the writers. The
flying-fishes live in the open sea, swimming in large schools. They will "fly "a distance of
from a few rods to more than an eighth of a mile, rarely rif-ing more than 3 or 4 feet. Tlieir
movements in the water are extremely rapid ; the sole source of motive power is the actiun of th"
strong tail while in the water. No force is acquired while the fish is in the nir. On rising from
the water, the movenioLts of the tafi are continued until the whole body is out of the water.
While the tail is in n.t^on, the pectorals seem to be in a state of rapid vibration, but tliis is
apparent only, due to tb ? resiatance of the air to the motions of the animal. While the tail it
iNow; QOntiikr,
;b. Cat., VI, 27'J>
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 731
Ventral fins large, posteriorly inserted, also used as orgaus of flight. Air
bliidiler very large. No pyloric coeca. Species numerous in all warm seas,
living mostly in the open water and swimming in large schools. The
species are largely cosmopolitan and any of the existing forms may be
exjiected to be found within our limits.* (^^uKotrof, sleeping outside, the
ancient name of a certain fish, probably a Blennius, which was supposed
to come out on tlie beach to sleep at night ; it remains out in the Fucug
wlien the tide goes down).
ExociKxrg:
II. Anal fln long, its baso a little less than that of the donal, its flnit ray nearly opiMisite first
ray of dorsal; rays of anal 11 to 12.
!>. Second ray of pectoral simple (as well as the first); third ray divided; fourth and fifth
rays longest.
0. Second ray of pectoral about as long as first ray; yeiitral fins inserted midway
between posterior margin of eye and base of caudal (t. e., end of last caudal
vertebra). kxsime.ns, 1080.
cc. Second ray of {lectoral about half longer than first; ventral fins inserted midway
between middle of preoperclu and last caudal vertebra. hondeleti, 1081.
bb. Second ray of pectoral divided; first ray simple; third and fourth longest.
<{. Origin of vontrals midway between posterior margin of orbit and lost caudal ver-
tebra; ventrals chiefly black. vinciouekk.I':, 1082.
<hl. Origin of vontrals midway between posterior margin of preopercle and last caudal
vertebra; ventrals pale, with a dusky shade in the axil.
«. Pectoral fins not uniform in color, dark brown, with an oblique, whitish band
which begins in the axil and runs obliquely backward to middle of fin;
edges of pectorals whitish. Pectoral fins I J in length of body, their tips
reaching beyond dorsal. Ventrals 3% in body, reaching about to ninth
ray of anal. volitans, 1083.
ee. Pectoral fins nearly uniform brownish, without oblique pal bar. Length of
pectorals \-f{ in body, their tips scarcely reaching last ray of dorsal. Ven-
trals 3}^ in body, scarcely reaching lost ray of anal. rufipinnib, 1084.
CvPRELUBUS (xvifieAot, a swallow; oipd, tail) :
im. Anal fln short, its base J^ to % length of base of dorsal, its insertion behind first ray of
dorsal, its rays 9 or 10.
/. Second ray of pectoral divided (first simple); third and fourth rays longest.
i;. Pectoral fins without round dark spots.
A. Ventral fins inserted about midway between pupil and lost caudal vertebra,
i. Dorsal and anal fins without black markings; ventrals ] ale.
j. Baso of anal 1% in base of dorsal; pectoral 1 J in length, reaching last
ray of dorsal; ventrals 2% in body, reaching last ray of anal.
IlETF.RltRUS, 1085.
i/. Base of anal 2 in Itase of dorsal; length of pectorals IJ in length of
body, their tips reaching end of dorsal fln; length of ventrals 2|
in body, their tips nearly reaching last ray of anal.
LUTKENI, I08C.
4:
i i i
r .11-
i
in the water, the ventrals are folded. When the action of the tail ceases, the pectorals and ven-
triils art) spread and held at rest. They are not used as wingd, but act rather as parachutes to
hold the body in the air. Whon the finh beg'ns to fall, the tail touches the water, when its
motion again begins, and with it the apporent motion of the ])cctorals. It is thus enalded to
resume its flight, which it flnishcs finally with a splash. While in the air it resembles a largo
dragon-fly. The motion is very swift, at firt>t in a straight line, but later deflected into a curve.
Tlie motion has no relation to tho direction of the wind. When a vessel is passing through a
Bcliool of these fishes, they spring up before it, moving in all directions, as gras8hopi)ei8 in a
meadow.
* For comparative descriptions of tho species of flying-fishes, see LUtken, Vidensk. Moddel.
Nat. Foren., 1870, and Jordan & Meek, Proc. tJ. S. Nat. Mus., 1886. A very complete series of
tbe American lorms is in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia.
*■ i :
! . lii !
4
, It.
Uiln
l^
732
.=
M!iilr.^S.
Jbulletin 42, United States National Museum.
H: Dorxttl ami anal flim marked with black; durtial with uiie or niiiro li^nk
blottlitis; aiinl with a liliick Bpot on tipH of tliird to sixtli ruyx; v. n-
trnlH black, with palo odgiiiKH, and a white 8])ot near tlio liaHe.
ri-nrATrs, Vi-7.
j7. Ventral fin innortf^d midway between po.-ttorior mar);in of preoperclo and l.i~t
caudal vertebra.
)H. PcctonlH cac'.i with the posterior half rather abruptly black; anal wlm.'.
NIUKICANS, lll>,S.
Will. Pectorals unicolor or nearly bo, not abruptly black posteriorly.
M. PectoraU uniformly black evcrywhtiro, the outer surface with silv' ly
lUrtter. XKNOI'TKIIUS, iMsl).
Mil. Pectorals nearly uniformly pale, or slightly dusky with pale eilKiii;^
and a ])ale cross shade.
o. Dorsal fin slightly dusky, but without distinct markiufjus; othci tins
faintly shadi'd, but without distinct black markings; peduiai
reaching base of luct unal ruy; ventrals almost as far. T). l;i;
A. 10, MNEATU8, I'lllll.
oo. Dorsal iin with a round, black blotch as largo as eye oiiti|i-:nf
middle rays; otixT fins all pale; pectoral reaching Iuvmh,!
tips of dorsal and anal. D. 12; A. 11. cvANol'TKnis, Iii:il.
i(7. Ventral fins inserted at a i)oint midway between middle of oitercloand last
aiudal vertebra (or between tip of snout and tip of upper lobe of rami, c 11.
ji. Dorsal fin with a largo blackish blotch; pectorals nearly uniformly dii-kv;
veutrals bluish white. Tip of pectorals reaching end of dorsal; tip i>f
ventrals reaching middle of anal; iusi'rtion of ventral midway betwi iii
tip of snout and that of upper lobn of caudal; dorsal fin of niediiirii
licight, inserted much in advance of anal. Snout J U^igth of rvc,
which is 3</, in head. Head H}^ in total length (with caudal); ili |itli
63^. D. 13; A. 9 or 10; scales .'JO. nAHiEXSis, lioj.
pp. Dorsal fin pale, somewhat dusky above, without distinct black bbii. h;
ventrals mcsially blackish, the margins paler; dorsal rather |<ali',
Bomewhiit dusky above; pectoral's mostly dusky, with tho posiii iur
edges paler; an obscure obliiiue baud across lower jiait. I'lc-
torals 1^ in length of body, their tips reaching caudal fin. Vennals
3J^ in body, their tips reaching middle of anal. Lower lobe of cau-
dal about If, longer thau liead. Head 4J to 5 in length of li'ly;
depth 6. D. 12; A. 10. Snout 4 in head. Eye 3V, in head. 1hi> i><
anal !§ in base of caudal. Scales about CO. califohnicis, ln'i:!.
ii. Pectoral fins covered with small, round, dark spots, the edges paler.
CAI.LOl'TEIUIS, lll'.ll.
hh. Second ray of pectoral simple (like the first); third ray divided.
7. Snout more obtusely descending than in any other species, its length 4)^ in Inaii.
niiiBlFRONs, inii.').
Subgenus EXOCCETUS.
1080. KXOCffiTUS EXSILIKNS, P. L. S. MUller.
D. 11: A 11;
scales IS.
Head 4 in length of body ; depth 5^^
Body little conipretised, angulated. Head broad; interorbital
slightly concave; snout rather blunt, short, 4J in length of head; iiitti-
orbital area 2i in head; eye 2^ in head; lower jaw slightly longer tliaii
upper. Pectorals long and broad, IJ^ in length of body, their tips roacliing
base of caudal; first 2 rays of pectoral simple and of equal len'tth, tlitir
length 2i in length of fin, and connected to ea<!h other and to third my
by rather broad membranes; ventrals long, 2J^ in body, their tips reach-
ing base of caudal fin; origin of ventrals midway between posterior
1 I
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 733
inar^nu of orltit and luat caudal vertebra; last rayu of duiHal and anal
jiu» opposite each other ; base of anal slightly shorter than that of dorsal ;
(loiHiil rather higl;, its longest ray 1>; iu head; longest ray of anal li in
held. Color brownish above, silvery below ; pectorals and ventrals mar-
l)li(l with black ; dorsal with a black spot on upper part of its anterior
riiy.s ; lower caudal lobe with a black spot about \ distance from its base;
liiiiiHt wit)' 3 black cross bands ; anal fin white. Open seas, rarely taken
on (Mir Atlantic Coast ; onlyyouugspeciniens known ; possibly the young of
E.idciitiis rondeletii. {exHiUirm, leaping out, a name given by Miiller in
1771), changed by Gmelin into " ixiliens.")
/;,,-.«,,(i()i.'j(n7i(;iw, Philip Ludwio STATiimMt'LiEii, Nuremberg Ed. LinnnsusSyBt. Nat., 2(iO,1776,
Carolina.
/;■. .,W"v ejiiiom, Gmkmn, SyBtema Naturii", 1400, 1788, Carolina; GUntuer, Cat., vi, 2!»1, 1860;
.loiiDAN .% Meek, /. <•., M.
i:ri;,,iiiii famiatitii, Lr Si'EUii, Joiirn. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1821, 10, pi. 4, flg. 2, Atlantic.
K.ii,r,,iiix liimellifer, Kneu & Steindachnek, Nt'uo Figciij Mug. GixlolT, 2!l, 18()0, ia° S., 33'' W.;
Li'TKEN, Via. Medd. Nuturli. Foren., 405, 11, 1876.
1
■ ^1
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, , i
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x
.-l\ '
1
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.Ol'TEItr.'J, II I'll.
1081. KXOCtETUS ROXDKLKTII, Cuvier /c Valoncienneg.
Head 4^ in length of body; depth oi. D. 11; A. 11 or 12; scales 50,
2^> before venti als, and 28 before dorsal ; snout short and blunt, 4 iu head ;
eye ;i* ; interorbital space 2i. * Second ray of pectoral simple as well as
tlic lirst and about half longer than first; anal tin opposite dorsal and
alpoiit as long; ventral fins inserted midway between middle of preopercle
and last caudal vertebra ; ventrals 3i in body, their tips reaching last rays
of iinal ; length of pectorals If in body, their tips reaching nearly to
basH of caudal fin ; first ray of pectoral about half length of longest ray ;
dorsal moderate, its longest rays 2^ in head. Pectoral fins uniform dusky,
witli paler edgings; ventrals nearly black mesially, darker on their pos-
t(!ri()i half; no black markings on dorsal and anal fins. Length 11 inches.
Tropical seas, north to Florida, France, and Acapulco, (Liitken^ ; not
nnconinion in the West Indies and in Southern Europe. (Named for
(iiiillauiiie Rondelet, one of the fathers of ichthyology.) (Eu.)
Miujil aliiiiis, RoNi)Ei,ET, De Piscibus, ix, 207, 1554, France.
I'.r.iriiliin iiindrlelii, CiviEU & Valenuienne.s, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xix, 11.5, 1846, Naples; Sicily;
Canaries; GCntiier, Cat., vi, 293, 1860; Vinciouekea, t Bisiiltati del Violante, 110, 1883;
.liiitDAN & Meek, /. c, 55.
lirnnriun hrachjcephahm, GCntuer, Cat., VI, 297, /.."60, China; LI'tken, I. c, 110, 405, 1876.
Kfundm criUcm, Jordan & Gii.iiekt, Synopsis, 380, 1883; not of Linn.'eus.
i:.r"r„his rolador, Jorban, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 34, Pensacola. (Type, No. 34975.
Coll. Stearns.)
* This species is subject to some variations, or else, as Dr. LUtken suggests, we are uncertain as to
till' '.umtior of real specifs tliat group tbeniselves around its type. In the typical specimen of
K <ytiix riilador, 9% inches lon^r, the first ray of tlie pectoral is about half the fin, the second
'.iiv -'.. In a smaller sjiocimeu, 7 inches long, from the Atlantic, the first ray is \/^ the longest
rii>, or iibotit half the second. Liitken finds the first ray scarcely % the longest, the second
alioiit half the longest, and not T-jtho third ray. In other specimens he record.s notable varia-
tiuiis in these regards. Thisspeclcs limy possibly prove to be the udult of A', exgilieiu.
t Dr. Vinciguerra has shown from the examination of typo specimens, that this species Is the
original Exococttu rondeUti instead of the next, as was supposed by LUtkon and Uleeker,
i I.,
HWi^i»(#?.iiw.i^mm >
^nmfn
■ fwrn^
734
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Jy.
1082. KXOCtETVH TINCI«UGRR£, JonUn k Meek.
Head4jt; depth 6j^. D. 11; A. 12; Hcalus about 48, 24 before veutralH,
28 befori dorHal, 7 between dorsal and lateral line. Hnuiit4^ in head ; cyu
3 ; iuterorbital area nearly Hat, 2} in head. Anal fin opposite dorsal uiid
about as long; second ray of pectoral forked, the first ray simple, third
and fourth raya longest; origin of ventrals midway between posterior
margin of orbit and last caudal vertebrc ; ventrals chiefly black ; pt-f^to-
rals If in body, reaching Inst ray of dorsal; ventrals about 3 in len;,'tli
of body, their tips reaching slightly beyond last ray of anal ; ion^tst
dorsal ray 2\ in head ; lower lobe of caudal 3^ in body. Pectoral tins
dusky, nearly uniform, or with a small white obliiiue bar, which exteinlH
balfway across the fin ; the edges of the fin whitish ; ventrals chictly
blackish ; dorsal and anal without dark markings. Length about a foot.
Open Atlantic, occasional on our coast and thoHeof Southern Europe, the
specimens examined by us from off Newfoundland, from St. Martins, and
the Gulf of Mexico. (Named for Dr. Decio Vincignerra, director of the
Acquario Romano, an active and successful ichthyologist.) (£u.)
'Exoca-hu romiclell, LCtkf.n, Vid. Medd. Foron., 404, 187C; not of Cuvieb A Valencien.nm;
Jordan & Gilbkbt, SynoiMis, 203, 1883.
ExocirtuH exiliemi, ViNciouKiiRA, Itisultati Ittlologici del Violante, 113, 188;); not of Omelin.
Exoctrlni rincignerrie, Jordan <t Mkkk, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 50, open sea off New-
foundland, 46° N., 61° W. (Type, No. 21870. Coll. Albatroas.)
y
1088. EXOCfETUS T0LITAN8, Linnn-u8.
Head 4i ; depth 6j^. D. 12 ; A. 11 ; scales 55, 25 before ventrals, 30 before
dorsal; 6 rows between dorsal and lateral line. Snout rather obtuse, 4 in
head ; eye large, 2f in head ; iuterorbital space slightly concave, 2i in
head ; width of body at base of pectorals If in head. Anal fin long,
opposite dorsal; second ray of pectorals divided, the first simple, the
third and fourth longest; insertion of ventrals midway between posterior
edge of preopercle and base of caudal. Pectoral fins not uniform ; in
color dark brown, with an oblique, whitish band which begins in the axil
and runs obliquely backward to middle of fin ; edges of pectorals whitish.
Pectoral fins 1^ in length of body, their tips reaching beyond dorsal ;
ventrals 3i in body, reaching about to ninth ray of anal; lokigest doraal
ray 2i in head, anal ray 3; lower lobe of caudal 3^ in body. Ventral fius
white, with a slight dusky shade in the axil ; no dark markings on dursal
or anal. Length 12 inches. Open seas ; not rare on our Atlantic Coast,
racging north to the Grand Banks; also found in Southern Europe aud
the Hawaiian Inlands, (voli^ans, flying.) (Eu.)
tUocaetus, Abtedi, Genera Piscium, 18, 1738, locality not known.
Exocnbu volUani, Linn;ev8, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 316; after Balk, who copied from Artedi;
Jordan & Meek, I. c, 67.
KxocoelM rvheaceni, Kafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., 1818, 205, Banks of Newfoundland.
Exocoetut speculiger, Cuvier & VALENCiENNBg, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xix, 03, 1846, Friendly Islands;
Straits of Sunda; Isle of France; Indian Ocean; Peros-Banhos; Pacific Coast
of South America; OOnther, Cat., vi, 287, 1866; Hvtton, Fishes New Zealand, 55, 1872;
LOtkkn. Vid. Med. Naturb. Foreu., 403,109, 1876.
, ^^:--T^^.'^-.J'i
JCti^ . '-v •ik*..ii> M ■ ■
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 735
VALENCIENNEe;
from Artedij
ftjciK'iiiiia iiovehiirareiuui, ('vviER & Valkncirnnrh, IliHt. Nut. I'oIrh., \ix, KM), 1M4(), Newfound-
land, ll.it of MlTflllLL.
j.>>. , I '»> I "'">''<, BICllrk & TK08CIIRL, SrlioinliurKk'R IliBt. BurlMiiliH'ii, (i7S, 18'tH, Barbadoes.
f l.y,„.iiinii>iiiilriremiH, (ino.Now, Cut., HR, INM, Spain and India.
f'joniiu> .\ilhii», r.CNTiiEit, Cut., M, 2HH, 180(1, West Africa; Cuba?; Atlantic.
tUomli" iiifl'inurtii), Jordan * (jii.ukrt, Syni)p«i(i, ;i8<», 18H;1; not of Civieh & Valencirnncr.
ICxiiciiiii^ I rilii'M, JouuAN & UlLBBRT, Syuupititi, t(U4, lH8:i; siMi'liiii'ii from Nuw KnglaiiU; not
of Hi L1.ER.
1084. KXOCtETIIH RUFIPINNIS, (luvler A Valont'leniiui.
Iltad 1,', ill length to last caudal vertebra; depth 5}. D. 11; A. 12;
Hcal<'H of lateral line 58. Body rather rubiiHt, not nitich compressed ; head
lirotul: iiiterorbital area flat, its width 3 in head; eye rather small, itH diam-
eter :>^ in head; snout rather blunt, its length e«iiial to diameter of eye;
iiioiitli largo; length of maxillary 4i in head. Pectoral fin broad and
huji, itH length l,'"*,- in length of body ; tips of pectorals scarcely reaching
tiie laHt rays of dorsal fin; fust ray of pectoral simple, 1? in length of
till, H*>cond ray divided, third and fourth rays longest; origin of ventrals
iiiitlway between posterior edge of preopercle and last caudal vertebra,
tlifir ti))s scarcely reaching last ray of anal; length of ventrals 3^ in
length uf body. First rays of dorsal and anal opposite each other (or
iieuriy so); base of anal li in base of dorsal; base of dorsal 1^ in head;
lower lobe of caudal long, about i longer than head; width of body at
bast) (if pectorals 1| in length of head. Least depth of caudal peduncle
about 'Sh in length of head. Posterior margin of preopercle nearly verti-
cal, forming almost a right angle at its lower posterior extremity. Gill
rakeiH long, numerous, and slender. About 27 scales on lateral line before
ventrals; about 30 scales between occiput and dorsal fin; 6 rows of scales
between dorsal iin and lateral line. Color uniform brownish above, sil-
very below; pectorals colored like upper part of body, shading into
darker toward their extremities; caudal uniform brownish, no dark
markings on dorsal and anal fins; ventrals without distinct black mark-
ings. Length 9^ inches. Tropical America, on both coasts (Payta, Pan-
ama, Tobasco, Barbadoes); probably not very common ; the above descrip-
tion from the type specimen of Exocwtua scylla. (rufiia, reddish ; jnnna, fin. )
Exocrrhia nifipinnix, CuviER & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Polss., xix, 99, 1846, Payta, Peru;
Gl'NTHER, Cat., VI, 294, 1806; Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pliila., 1884, 283 (redescription of
urigiiial type); Jordan & Meek, /. c, 68.
Ej-ncirtm dowi, GiM,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1863, 167, near Panama. (Coll. Captain Dow.)
Kxonfhis mjlla, CoPE, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1871, 481, Tobasco, Mexico.
Kirnoiim roherti, LOtken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1876, 12, 110; not of MCller & Troschel.
Subgenus CYPSELURUS. Swainsou.
1086yEXO€(ETU8 HETEBUBV8, Baflnesque.
Head 4J; depth 5J^; scales 58, 26 before ventrals, 33 before dorsal, 7
rows of scales between dorsal aad lateral line. D. 14 ; A. 9. Anal fin
short, its base i to |^ length of base of dorsal ; its insertion behind first
ray of dortal ; its rays 9 or 10; second ray of pectoral divided (first sim-
ple) ; third and fourth rays longest ; ventral fins inserted about midway
1 1
', j
T .'^^TTp ;■'
1 1
^^ii
t
1
736
Bulletin ^7, UniteU States National Museum.
: 1
ft \ ■
'1i
between pupil and last caudal \ertel>:a; base of unal IS in bane of dorsal;
pectoral 1,1 in ii'ii;;*'., loacliiii}; last ray of doraal ; ventralH L}J in body,
reaching last ray of anal ; Hnout 3!J in bead ; eye 31 ; lower lobe of caudal
about i longer than bead. Pectoral HnH with an oblique white liand
acroBH lower half of tin ; dorsal and anal plain ; ventrals white, their axil
scarcely dusky. Length 15 inches. Atlantic Ocean, generally coiiuikih
southward on both coasts, straying northward to banks of Newfouniliaiid
and to Kngland. The young are often provided with a long barbel at \\w
chin, (f rjyjof, diflerent ; ovfM, tail, but all species of flying-llshes havo tlm
tail nntqunl.)
Exocii'lim hiiini.-uM, IIafinf.8(JUK, Curntterl di Alciinl Nuovl Ottnori, etc., 68, IHIO, Palermo; .Imb-
BAN & aiKKK, /. C, fill.
EjcociiiiiH mmalitH, MiTdiiia., TriiuH. Lit. aud Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1H15, 418, pi. fi, «»,'. 1, New York;
LCtken, Viil. Miild. Naturli. Foroii., tig. 1, KMl, 1870, MP W., 11° N.; iippareiifly ii jmihh!
form, wltli lonj? iiicntHi Iwrlicl.
Etoc(rlii$ iiorehiimrcimin, MiTciiiM., Amor. Monthly Mil)?., ii, 181 1, 2:1.1, New York; Joiiuvn ,t
OlMiEllT, Syilopsi.", 9lt4, 188.x
Kxocaiiunppeudiriilntiiii, Wool), Journ. Ac. Nat. Scl. Phila., 1824, 28.1, pi. 17, flg. 24, (young), south
coast United States.
Exocnlm melminriiii, (.'uvieh & VAtEKClENNM, HiHt. Nat. Poiso., xix, 101, 1840, New York.
Exoca'luH i-olilaiiK rtCNTllKR, Cat., vi, 2!l1, \KW>, not of laN.s.Krs; LCvken, Vid. Mcdil. Nutnrli.
Foren., 10, 108, 1870; Day, Fislic;s Qreut Britain, 155, pi. 228, 18811, (straggler to l•c,ll^t uf
England).
f OypteluruH comalm, .Tordan & Qimiert, SynoiwiH, ;i81, 1883.
108«. KX0CU';TUS LrXKEM, Jordan Sc Kvormann, now Hpecieg.
Head 4i; depth 5J|. D. 14; A. 9; 50 scales in lateral line. Body ratiier
robust. Head broad, rather pointed forward; snout not very blunt, U
in length of head ; eye large, 2f in head ; interorbitail area tlattisli. 15 in
head. Pectoral fins broad, their tips reaching posterior end of basnof
anal fin ; length of pectorals 1*^ in length of body. Length of ventrals 2",
in length of body, their tips reaching nearly to posterior end of baso of
anal fin ; origin of ventrals midway between jupil and base of caudal liii,
First ray of Electoral simple, its length little more than i length of fin;
second ray divided; 23 scales before the ventrals; 28 scales before the
dorsal fin; 7 rows of scales between lateral line and dorsal fin; longest
dorsal ray 2 in head ; lower lobe of caudal about i longer than liead,
Color brownish above, silvery below ; pectoral black on its posterior Iialf ;
lighter on anterior, with abroad, white, oblique band which begins in
the axil and extends about f across the fin ; ventrals white, dusky in axil;
dorsal and anal fin plain ; caudal dusky, with a black vertical bar across
the base of its middle rays. This species is known from a single spec linen,
9 inches long, in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Phil-
adelphia, from Cape San Antonio, Cuba. It was formerly identified by
Jordan & Meek with an Australian species, Exocmtus robustus, but it dirt'eiii
in numerous respects from the latter, although a related form. (Named for
Christian Fredrik Liitken, one of the most learned and accurate of icli-
thyologists, Avhose paper on the flying-fishes is the basis of our present
knowledge of the group.)
Ejcocaelut robuttus, Jobdan & Meek, I. c, 61; probably not of GOntheb, Cat., Ti, 289, 18U0, Aus-
tralia.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 737
Palermo; .Iik-
k, 289, 1801., Aus-
10H7. KXtM'WTI'M irBVATCN, Mitchill.
Hciul 4^; depth 5}. D. 13; A. 9; lateral line with about 46 acaloa.
I3()(l,v riither Hlender, conipresaed. Head not very broad, much narrowed
forward ; the snout rather pointed ; more compreHsed than in other
HjxM-ieH. Interorbital area Hat , its width at anterior mur^^in of orbit equal
to <liameter of eye; 3 in head; at posterior margin of eye this is half
gifutcr. Month small ; maxillary not reaching orbit ; length of maxillary
41 in head ; length of mandible 2\ in head ; length of snout 4,i in head ;
«y« 3 in head. Pectoral iin long and broad ; its length lij in length of
liody ; tips of pectorals reaching to tenth ray of dorsal. FirHt pectoral
rny Hiniple, slightly more than half length of fin; second ray divided;
tlriitl and fourth rays longest. Origin of ventruls midway between pos-
terior margin of eye and lust caudal vertebra. Ventrals long, 2| in length
of iMxiy ; their tips reaching past anul and almost to caudal tin. Dorsal
till rather high, its longest ray 1^ in head ; longest anal ray about 2 in
lieail. Origin or dorsal in advance of that of the anal. Daso of anal Iji
in baH« of dorsal ; base of dorsal nearly ecjual to length of head. Lower
Inbo of caudal 3^ in body. About 23 scales on lateral lino before ventrals,
and about 29 in front of dorsal fin. Eight rows of scales between lateral
lino and dorsal tin. Color brownish above, silvery below; pectoral fins
black on lower posterior half; a bro.id white band running from axil
obliiiuely back to the posterior of upper rays ; some white on tips of pec-
toral rays ; anterior npper portion of the fin somewhat marbled ; ven-
tral tins black, except on 2 outer rays, on inner ray, and a small spot on
next 2 inner rays, about \ distance from origin of fin ; axil of ventrals
pale. Dorsal fin, when depressed, showing 3 black spots ; caudal fin with
3 (lark tranverse bands across fin ; a black spot on tips of third, fourth,
tiftli, and sixth rays of anal fin. Length 6 inches. Warm seas, north to
Cape Cod and to the Mediterranean, generally common. Young speci-
mens with barbels of different forms and sizes are frequently taken. The
Hpecimens above described from Newport, Rhode Island. {furcatu»,
forked.)
Exonrim fiiraUtu, MlTClllLL, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., i, 1815, 149, yuiinK, with barbel;
New York; GOntmf.r, Cut., vi, 286, 1866; H^tken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 400, 1876;
.TnRDAN & Mkek, I. c, 61.
Krociilut nuttalli, Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1821, 10, pi. iv, flg. 1, Gulf of Mexico;
GCntiier, Cat., VI, 286, 1866.
Kmciitim (Cyptelunm) proene, De Filippie Verany, Mem. Acad. Sci. Torino, Hftrlps2, xviii, 18.57,
10, Nice.
£>»('(! (h* tnanitipinMM, YlNClorERRA, Risultati Ittiologici del Vicilante, pi. i, fig. 0, 113, 1883,
Tunis.
Cuiiselurvi fnrcahu, JORDAN & OiLBEBT, SynopsiB, 380, 1883.
1088. EX0C<ETU8 NIGBICAN8. Bennett.
Head 4i in body ; depth 5f ; snout 4 in head ; eye Si. D. 14 ; A. 9 or 10 ;
scales about 52, 27 before the ventral fins, 26 in front of dorsal. Anal
tin short, its base i to J length of base of dorsal, its insertion behind
tirst ray of dorsal ; its rays 9 or 10; second ray of pectoral divided (first
V. N. A. 48
i •
i!
( '
<i - 1
■S-y
■J !
i
I 'J
1 1
;, I
r 'Hr
''I'll' ' "':'
m -J.
■ it?! i ''i'U''
■ ■ii'i ■ " ■ '■. I .
i.
738
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Hlniple); third nnil fourth rayu longOHt; ventral thiH iiiHurted inidwiiy
b««twuun poHtorior margin of pruopurclo and litHt ciiiidiil vurtohru; p*M in-
raJH nut uniformly cohired ; poHturior Iiulf of pectorals, voutralH, jiimI
dufHal rathor abruptly hhick ; unal whit*). Leuf^th uf pectoral tin 1^ in
body, its tip rcachiufj; nearly to haae of caudal; Hrut ray of pectmal
Ijf in length of longoHt; ventralH 21 in length of hody, their tipB n'iirli-
ing tip of hiHt ray of anal; dorsal rather higli, its longest rays 1.^ in
head; longest anal ray 3^ in head, lower lolte of caudal about i lon^rur
than head. Intororbital space broad, slightly concave, its widtli Ji
head; depth of head 1} in its length. Length 10 inches. Tropical
seas, north to Cuba, Central America, and France; not very comiuon;
recognizable at once by its high dorsal, black on the anterior liulf.
The specimen here described was from the Open Atlantic off liru/il.
{niyricn»n, blackish.) (Hu.)
ExDfiilm nifjrkauH, IIknnrtt, Whaling Voyugo, ii, 2K7, 1840, "taken in both the Atlantic und
Pacific Oceans, in tat. 5° N."; GUnther, Cat.,vi, 290, 18(iti; Jorhan & Mkkk, /. <'.,i;:i.
Exocuiim biroliir, OiiviKH & Vai.v'.nciknnkh, Hint. Nut. PoiHS,, xix, 111, 1840, Atlantic.
E/oriiiun ipiliipiif, (^'VIER & Valknciennrr, Iliet. Nat. IViisB., xix, 118, 1840, La Rochflle;
St. Helena; West Indies; India; Arabia; De Witt Land; GuiniENOT, IliKt. I'm.n,
Ramon do la Sagru, Puiaii., flg. 2, 1863, 152, pi. 4; LC'tkbn, Vitl. Mud. Nuturli. FMnii.,
107, 1876.
1089. EXOC'iETVg XENOPTERUH, Qilbort
Head 4,1^; depth 6. D. 13; A. 10; scales about 45. Snout short, It; in
head ; mandible scarcely protruding, wide at tip, with a narrow bund of
small teeth. Teeth along edge of premaxill^ries in a single seiiun.
Vomer with a narrow patch, palatines with a wide patch of wuli-
developed teeth, similar to those in jaws; no teeth on tongue. I're-
orbital about as wide as pupil ; distance from tip of snout to end of
maxillary equals length of snout. Eye large, 3i in head. Iuter<>ri)ital
width 3 in head. Distance from front of dorsal to base of middle of ran-
dal rays equals half its distance from posterior margin of pupil. Loii<rth
of dorsal base equals f length of head, the highest ray 2| in head.
Origin of anal under middle of dorsal, its base equaling snout and iialf
eye, the last ray nearly under last dorsal ray. Lower lobe of caudal 'M
in length; the upper slightly less than head. Origin of ventraln liaif-
way between base of caudal and preopercular margin, the tip reacliiu},'
base of third anal ray, a trifle shorter than head. First pectoral ray I
the longest; second ray deeply forked, the third and fourth apparently
the longest (the tips slightly mutilated). The fin extends beyond dorsal,
and falls short of the caudal by a trifle. Black above, becoininj,'
abruptly silvery on middle of sides; pectorals jet black within, ovi'ilaid
by some silvery luster without; median ventral rays black, the inner
and outer white ; dorsal dusky, without distinctive marks; analuhite;
caudal black on basal portion of both lobes, the remaining third white.
A single specimen, 9i inches long, taken from a booby-bird (Sula) ou
Clarion Island, one of the Bevillp.gigedos. (ftwof, strange; nripov, i'ln.)
Ej'ocatwixenoptents,Gii.BKHT,Vroc, V. S. Nat. Mub., 1890, 58, Clarion Island. (Tyju-, No.
44388, Coll. Albatross.)
^■■i-;«-i\'VJ*fr.-.
fJA. ,-A-.',/A\'.^liiii*v
;.Vi.i:l*.i*.-r;r;.',J>:*,V '■ -.'Xf'l'Mi.^li l <ii^r;,> :, j.'..."
fordan and F.vernmnn. — Fishes of North America.
739
dH-t:Hi
H width -'s
IOm». KXOrtKTI'M lilNK.lTrS. Ciivlor k Valuriclennmi.
Ilt'iul4^; «l»|ith (H. Anal Hhorl, itH ruyN I, 10; tloimil Hi. Hecoiul ruy
ut' prctoml (livi(lo«l, tlio tli-Ht ruy \ luiif^th of luiiKn^t. Head rather
iioititoil, th» iiitunirbltal aroa Hat; Hiioiit 1 in lu^ad ; «^yt) 3^ Pootoral
ii\ti'iitliiiK tu baHe of luHt anal ray ; vvntralr* niachin^ nt^arly aH far, tlioir
iiiM'ition midway betwuen IniHit of (uindal and ud^o of itrooperulu. Dark
lints on HidcH of buck conH|MGUouH only where HcaleH have been rubbed
otl. not forming au important feature of coloration ; Muh mostly duuky;
vt'iitialH with fuint dnnky shaduH; anal with nn obucuro dark Hhudo;
liiiiHal and cuudal Homewhat duHky, but unmarked. Close to KxociiiuH
hilinirim, diHtinguiHlieil by the more backward position of the ventrals.
Tk>]ii( 111 Atlantic, locorded from Corea, the Canaries, Madeira, and Her-
iiiinla. The above description from the original type, 16 inches long,
troiii Corea. (liniatiiii, streaked.)
Km,, linn liuratnii, (luviCR & VALCNi'iRNNKt), lIlNt. Nat. Puira., xi.x, n2, 18:16, Corea; Canaries;
i;r.NTiiEii, ('at., VI, 287, I8fi0; Qdodk, Dull. U. 8. Nat. Mim., V, 70, 1870; .Iohi>an, I'roc. U. 8.
Nut. MiiH., IHSr,, ft2H.
IO»l. KXOCffiTlJS TTAXOPTKRITS, Ouvier A Vuleuclotinoi.
1). 12; A. 11. Second ray of pectoral divided, the first ? length of (in.
Hiiont iiointed; interorbital area transversely concave. Snout 3^ in
licail ; eye 3jt ; tail strong ; dorsal moderately high, its base ^ longer than
that of the rather short anul. Insertion of anal considerably behind
tiiat of dorsal. Pectoral extending 1>eyond tips of last ruy of dorsal and
anal. Ventrals not quite to the base of the last ray. Insertion of ven-
tralH midway between base of caudal and edge of preopercle. Fins all
paio, except a round black blotch, about us large as eye, on tips of mid-
dle dorsal ray; ventrals white. Coasts of Brazil and Caribbean Sea;
iiDt common ; clone to Jixocat its bahteusia, aud perhaps not even distinct;
also recorded from James Island of the Galapagos. The anal rays are less
iiiiinerous in E. bahieniiis than in the original type of H. cyanopteruH, from
which the above account is taken. {Kvdveoc, blue; nrtpuv, fin.)
K,;;;ili(ii ciianopteriin, Cuvieb & Valenciennfj", HiBt. Nat. I'oisg., xix, 08, 1840, Bahia; Rio de
Janeiro; OCntiier, Cat., vi, 294, 1806; Jordan, I'roc. U. S. Ni . Mus., 1886, 628; Jordan
.V HoLLMAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, 180.
Kr,„;tiiiH albiiludjiluii, Gii.L, Pfoc. Ao. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1803, 167, Caribbean Sea; erroue
oiisly ascribed to Panama.
109'2. EX0C(£TIJ8 BAHIEN!$IS, Kanzani.
Head iij^; depth 6^ with caudal. D. 13; A. 9-10; scales 50.
Loiifjth of snout .:| of that of eye, which is 3j^ in head; pectorals reach-
ing ond of dorsal, ventrals to middle of anal; insertion of ventrals mid-
way between end of snout and extremity of upper caudal lobes ; dorsal
of moderate height, its origin far in advance of that of anal. Coloration
of the pectorals uniform; dorsal with a large dark blotch. (Giinther.)
Tropical seas, north to Cuba, where it seems to bo the commonest of the
flying-ftshes ; not examined by us. (Name from Bahia.)
i'
740
JiuiUtin
^nited Statts National Museum.
i •'■
t>orirhn h<ihiiifi», Kaniani, Nov. Comni. Ac. 8(1. Iimt. Uuiinn., V, H^i'i, MYi, |>l. IIH, Baliia;
OCntiieh, ('»»., VI, 'iu:i, iMftfl; Poiy, Hyn..|)«lN, :IM4, :i8ft, IHflU; M'ThRN, VIcl. M.<|.| N»liirli,
Kuroii., HU, urn, iHTil.
Kf<tCiiln» vrrmii-Hlnliit, I'dky, Mniiiorlwi, It, .KN), 18AI, Cuba.
KxiM-iriHi miUnwAHiilmiii, IlLtrKKR, " N«i!i<rl. Tyitiu-hr. I)li<rk., iii, ll.'i, IMtKI," Sumatra.
/ f^ortiYiM piirrtr, TuRY, M)rii()|MiM, :iH5, iNttg, Cuba; (leiH-ri|iti()ii liumfflilnnt; tiiki'ii rroiii nu ulj
(Irawlug.
10»a. KXOCtKTI'H <;ALI>'0UNM IN, ('oo|i«r.
((•HKAT KLYIHO-riHIl; VOLAPOB.)
Head 5; dt^pth «(. D. 12; A. 10; scaluH r>8 ; vertohnr »:) + Ui I!).
Body Htoutish. Lower Juw rather the longer; botli jiiwH witli iiiiriiitt<
teeth. Eye largo, ruthur longer than Huotit, 3 in heitd, nearly oi|iial to i ho
diameter of the slightly concave interorbital Hpace. I'ectorul liii Daih-
ing past the dorsal and falling Just short of the caudal ; second ray otpeiv
toral divided, the third longest ; veutrals ahout rouching niid<lle of aiiiil,
their length 3.t in body, their insertion midway between middle of o|ii-rcl«
and base of caudal. Anterior rays of dorsal half the length of the liiad ;
43 rows of scales between occiput and dorsal, 7 between the dorsal and
the lateral line. Steel blue above and on both sides, belly abruptly nII-
very ; pectorals blackish, with the posterior edge paler; an odscun*
oblique pale baud across lower part ; caudal plain dusky; veutrals pal)>,
partly dusky ; dorsal rather pale, with a dusky blotch above. Lcii^rth
18 inches. Southeru California, Point Concepcion to Cape >Sa!i Lii< hn,
very abuudaut in great schools in summer about the Santa Itarliarii
Islands It is not known whither it retires in winter, as it has not lii-)'i<
seen c \e of California, it being the only species known in the Kasti i'
Pacifl 'i of Cape San Lucas. It is probably the largest of the llyiii^'-
flshes and has the greatest power of movement in the air. An excelluut
food-fish, sometimes taken by the thousand off Santa Barbara.
Bioeirlm califomicm, CitorEH, Prof. Cal. Ac. Hcl., ill, 1804, o:i, tl;;. 20, Santu Catalina Island:
UOnthbb, Cat., VI, 295, 1806; Jobdan ft Oiluibt, Synopsla, \Y!9, \m\\ Jouuan k Mkek,
I.C.,
15.
1004. KXOrtETUS C'ALLOPTEKITS, UUiithur.
Head nearly 4 in length (to base of caudal); depth 5. D. 11 or 12; A.
8 to 10. Anal fin short, its base i to f length of base of dorsal ; its inseitioii
behind first ray of dorsal ; its rays 9 or 10 ; second ray of pectoral divided
(first simple); third and fourth rays longest; pectoral fins covered witii
small, round, dark spots, the edges paler ; ventral fins pale, the iiiid<1lB
rays grayish, obscurely spotted ; other fins pale. Pectoral fins reaching'
to end of dorsal ; ventral fins inserted midway between preopercltt and
base of caudal, their tips reaching nearly to base of anal ; dorsal tin
rather high, its anterior rays about half length of head. Scales l(i, 31
before the dorsal fin, and 9 between lateral lineand dorsal fin. Snout oiituse
and depressed, ^ diameter of eye, which is 3 in bead, and less than width
of interorbital space, which is slightly concave. Length 10 iuchcs. A
beautiful little flying-fish, common at Panama, but not yet seen elsewhere.
{Ku^Tioq, beauty ; nnpov, fin.)
Exoc(etm eaUoptents, GOntiieb, Cut., vi. 292, 1806, Panama, (Coll. Capt. Dow); Gi miikr,
FiabM Central Amer., 479, pi. 83, 1869 ; LCtken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Yoteu., I'll, 107,
1876; Jobdan & Qilbert, Bull. U. S. Fiah Comm., ii, 1882, 109; Jobdan & Meek, /. <■:, Oi.
Joriian and Evermann. — Fishes of North Amerita. 741
\ V
HWft. KX4M'UiTi:H (UHRI»'BONH, Cuvlor « V«l«nolt>nnM.
Ili'iitl4<! ; tlepthO. D. 12; A.M. itody robiiHt, lUtluounipreHaed. Ileiul
riitliir Hliort, tntororhitiil uioa Hli^litly conc-uve, iiliuiit i wi(l«^r than oye ;
|MiililiM)f Hiioiit coiivux, tlt'Hcunding iiioro abruptly than in any utliur of
oiirH|itM'ivM, making a «l«cid<Ml ciirvutlownwartl. Hnont ratlior blunt, \ in
ht'itil ; i>,vo :< in boail ; niaxillary li in bead; poctoral Una ratbnr broad
1111*1 Ixii^', tliuir lun^tli 1^ in litngth of botly: tipH of puctoralH reaobinK to
ti|m of laNt rayH of doroal. Firut ray of ptictoral Himplu, itH lunntb 2\ in
|*>ii;;ili iif Un ; Hucond ray niniple, about \ lon^rr than HrHt ray ; third ray
(liviili'd; fourth ray lon^oHt. Origin uf vtuitraJH midway bet wuon jtoH-
ttMJor margin of uyo and lant caudal vurttdtra; lungtli of ventrala 2.il in
Ifn^tli of liody, tboir tipH rcaohing to hiHt ray of anal. Origin of dornal
llii fill in advanooof the anal. Base of anal lj| in baaeof dorsal. Longeat
liorsiil ray 21 ii> iioad, longent anal ray about 3 in head. Lower lobe of
cauilul about 3} in body ; leant depth of caudal peduncle 3| in head.
Aliiiiit !.'>'> (tcalcH in lateral line before ventralH, and about 3U aoalea before
tl.)rs.ii ; 7 mtali'H between lateral line and dornal tin. Color bruwn above,
NJivt'ty below; on each acale <»n the upper part of the body ia a darker
iiruwn Hpot near ita posterior extremity ; thia givea the appearance of a
(Itiris brown streak alon •reach row of Hcab-a ; pectorala uniformly colored,
Harm- color aH upper part of l>ody ; ventrala duaky, nearly black meaially,
the ))UHterior part of the flu atill darker ; no dark markings on dorsal or anal
fins -, cautlal duaky, plain. Length 8 tnchea. Atlantic Ocean ; twospeci-
iiitMis known, both examined by ua ; the apecimen above deacribed taken
by Siiiiiuel Powell at Newport, Khode laland, the other the original type
in tli(> Museum at Paria. (gihbua, gibbous; J'rona, forehead.)
^oi'i/iii ijihlii/roiiH, CuviKii Si Vai.rnciennbh, nut. Nut. riiitw., XIX, IIM, 1H40, Atlantic; Jor-
dan A Mkek, /. I'., UO; JoHUAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mui., 188U, r>28.
Order Z. HEMIBRANCHII.
(The Hemibranchs.)
Interclaviclea developed. Uilla pectinate. Post-temporal simple, not
furcate; snpraclavicle quite small. Superior pharyngeal bones reduced
in II limber, the bones of the gill arches also reduced except in Gagterotteido- ;
iDfciiur pharyngeals present, not united. Ventral fins abdominal or
Bubabdominal, joined to the interclavicle, or else detached from it
through partial atrophy of the shoulder girdle. Mouth bounded above by
liremaxillariea only ; shoulder girdle aimple in structure. Basis of cra-
nium simple and without tube; four anterior vertebrie more or less
eluiitrate; snout usually more or less produced, the small mouth at its
end. A small group, well distinguished from the Percesocen and other
TchoicphaU, from ancestors of which it is probably descended, differing
in \\ni presence of the interclavicles and in the reduction of the shoulder
girdle and other structures. Its relations to the Lophobranchii are close,
the characters of the Lophobranchii being largely extremes of the same
modilications. (///<(, half ; iSpuyxoi, gill.)
<m
-< m
Hi:
!
',' !
i- (
i
i
,
742
Bulletin 47, Untied Siaies National Museum.
In the following analysis of families we adopt the arracgenient of
families as given in Dr. Uill's valuable discussion of "the mutual rela-
tions of the Hemihranthiau'. (\»\\e»" in Proc. Ac. Nat. Hoi. Phila., 1884, \'A.
The osteological characters are largely taken from unpublished notes of
Mr. Cloudsley Rutter. We begin the series with the most geucial-
ized family.
a. Dermal armature absent, or <lovelo|)ed only as nlates on sidm or back; vertebriu nunieriMm
(:S0 to 3G) ; pubic bones connected with acapular arch; spinous dorsal repreHinti'il
by isolated epines.
h. Vertebrie anteriorly Httle eiilargtul; vuntrals subthorucic, each with a sharp spine.
c. Brancblostogal rays three; veutrals with one sort ray each; suout co.iic ur l>iit
slightly tubirorm. GASTeitosTEin.i':, xcmii.
cc. Branchiostegal rays Tour; ventrals with four soft rays each; snout tubiform.
AUI.ORIITNCIIID.I';, Xr|\,
hh. Vertebra! anteriorly (first four) elongate; ventrals subabdominal or near middle
of body, without Hpu. 's, but with (or 5) w)ft rays.
({. Dorsal spines developed, weak ; body co"' pressed, moderately long, with cti-noid
scales ; no caudal filament. Aulostumii .1:, c.
({(/. Dorsal spines undeveloped ; body depressed or subcylindrical, very long, without
scales ; caudal with the two middle rays ]iroduccd into a long filament.
FiSTlTLAKI I !>.>;, CI.
aa. Dermal arnmturo superficial, devclope<l anteriorly and especially about the back ; luur
anterior vertebrn; much elongate; tail with its axis continuous with that <it' the
abdomen ; branchihyals and pharyngeals mostly present (fourth superior branchiliyal
and first and fourth superior pharyngeals wanting) ; pubic bones not connccteil with
the scapular arch ; a spinous dorsal fin developed. Macboriiamphosid.k. iii.
Family XCVIII. GASTEROSTEID^.
(The Sticklebacks.)
Body more or less fusiform, somewhat compressed, tapering hehiiid to
a slender caudal peduncle. Head moderate, the anterior part not greatly
produced, hut aii the bones of the suspensory apparatus somewhat
lengthened. Mouth moderate, with the cleft oblique, the lower Jaw
prominent ; maxillary bent at right angles and overlapping the preinax-
illary at corner of mouth. Teeth sharp, even, in a narrow band iu each
jaw ; no teeth on vomer or palatines ; premaxillaries protractile. Pre-
orbital rather broad ; suborbital plate large, often covering the anterior
part of the cheeks, forming a connection with the preopercle. Branchi-
ostegals 3. Gill * membranes broadly joined, free from the isthmus, or
* According to Mr. Uutter the gill formula is :
1
4
Basi-
branchial.
Hypo-
branchial.
Cerato-
branchial.
Epi-
branchial.
Present.
I'resent.
Presimt.
Present.
Pharyngo-
branchial.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Proseut.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
The third and fourth epibranchials are present, but apparently grown together,
probably true of the third and fourth pharyngobranchials.
The si)ecieB examined was OatterotteuK microcephalw, Qirabd.
The .Slime is
-.ilill's^
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 743
not ; }>ill rakera moderate or rather long. OpercIeB unarmed. Skin
iiakiil or with vertically oblong buny plates; uo true Hcales. Dorsal tin
piio'ded by two or more free spines; anal similar to soft dorsal, with a
Hin^^lo Hpine; ventral fins subahdominal, consisting of a stout spine and
one or two rudimentary rays. Middle or sides of belly shielded by the
])iiliic bones. Pectorals rather short, unusually far behind the gill open-
iugH, preceded by a quadrate naked area, which is covered with shining
Hkiii. Caudal fin narrow, usually Innate. Air bladder simple; a few
pyloric cuica. Vertebne 30 to 35; anterior vertebnu little enlarged.
Genera 5 ; species about 12. Small fishes inhabiting the fresh waters
ami arms of the sea in Northern Europe and America ; noted for their
pniriiacity. They air exceedingly destructive to the spawn and fry of
laijitu- fishes. " It is scarcely to be conceived what damage these little
tislies do, and how greatly detrimental they are to the increase of all the
fi.Hlies among which they live, for it is with the utmost industry, sagacity,
and <;reedines8 that they seek out and destroy all the young fry that
conic their way." (Giinther.) Most of the sticklebacks build elaborate
nests which the male fish defends with much spirit. The species are
extremely variable, being apparently readily affected by changes in
snrroundings. (Gaateroateidw, Uiiuther, Cat., I, 1-7, 1859.)
Gastekostein*;:*
■I. I'liliic bones fully joined, forming a triangular or lanceolate plate on nie<lian lino of
linlly behind and betwue.i tlic vontriil fins.
h. Snout moderately produced, not tubiform ; caudal peduncle moderate ; ventral not
far behind pectoral, its rays 1, 1.
c. Gill openings confluent, tlio gill niembrunes forming a broad free margin across
the isthmus,
(I. Dorsal spinus 4 pr 5, nondivcrgent, and nearly equally reclinable ; skin
naked ; tail not keeled. Gucama, 336.
(Id. Dorsal spines 8 to 11, divergent ; skin naked or nearly so ; tail keeled.
PVQOSTEUS, 337.
cc. Gill openings restricted, the membranes mcaially uniteu to the isthmus ; dorsal
with two tree spiues ; skin mailed, partly mailed, or naked.
Gasterosteus, 338.
Al'KLTIN.T! :
<i>i. Pubic bones widely separated posteriorly, formingabony ridge on each side of abdomen,
between which are tbo ventral fins ; snout short.
f. Dorsal with four divergent spines ; sides not mailed. Apeltes, 330.
:':)■■'■"
. The same is
336. EUCALIA, Jordan.
EiinilM, JunDAN, Man. Vert., Ed. i, 248, 1876, (incotistans).
Frosh-water sticklebacks, /eebly armed, the skin not mailed, the dorsal
spines few and nondivcrgent, the gill membranes forming a free fold
across the isthmus; pubic bones fully united. One species known.
(£(', well; Ka?iid, nest, the specie'' building nests, like other sticklebacks.)
* Tlio subfamily Spiiiachiinie, with th») snout much produced, subtuiiiform, the dorsal spines
iiliunt 15 and the pubic bones joined only at base, consists of the European species, Spinacltia
spiuiuhia (Linna-us). It is not rare in Northern Europe and has been once (probably by error
iu hibulihg) ascribed to Newfoundland. See Sauvage, IlSvision des Epinoches, 1874, 36.
!':\ !
:
^11
'■lli
;i'S/ ;'.'■
i /ill
,;*';;■;
^ ' ! ■ '
i:';i
I ■ M -i I I
744
Bulletin 4y, United States National Museum.
'T
109«yEUCALIA INC0N8TAN8 (Kirtland).
(Brook Sticklxback.)
Head 3i; depth 4. D. IV-1, 10; A. I, 10; vertebrsB 14+18 = 32. Body
moderately elongate, little compressed, the caudal peduncle comparatively'
stnnt, not keeled. Skin smooth, entirely destitute of dermal plates, tlie
skeleton plates covered by it. Innominate bone small , lanceolate, covered
by the skin. Space in front of pectorals small; thoracic processes very
slender and widely separated, covered by skin. Gill membranes someM-hat
free posteriorly ; gill rakers short. Dorsal spines 4 or 5, low, subequal, in
a right line, a cartilaginous ridge running along the base of the fin ; anal
spine similar to dorsal spines; ventral spines short and sharp, serrated.
Males in spring jet black, tinged with red anteriorly; females and young
olivaceous, mottled, and dotted with black. Length 2^ inches. New York
to Kansas* and northward to the Saskatchewan (Swift Current, etc.—
Eigenmann); in fresh waters only, and especially in small brooks; abun-
dant in the Great Lake region and south to central Ohio and Illinois, the
southernmost record being from Decatur County, Indiana. (W. P.
Shannon.) Very variable, {inconstans, variable.)
GatleroHleiis incomfam, Kirtland, Boat. Journ. Nat. Hist., in, 1841, 273, brooks of Trumbull
County, Ohio.
6a«(ero(i/et(8niicro})iu, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 81, Fort Riley, Kansas. (Coll.
Dr. Hatnmoiid.)
Gaslerosteui glMcepg, Savvaoe, Revision des ICpinoches, 35, 1874, North America.
Eucalia incotutans, Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sui. Phila., 1877, 66; Eigenmann, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1886, 238.
Gasteroalem incomtam, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 394, 1883.
Represented in central and western New York by
109«a. EUCALIA IKC0NSTAN8 CATUGA Jordan.
Ventral spines as long as pubic bones (usually f in inconstans); pectoral
plate small, U-shaped (V-shaped in inconstans). Fin rays the same, the
size generally smaller. Known from about Ithaca and Syracuse, N. Y., in
small brooks and in the lakes.
EitcaJia inconstani cayuga, Jordan, Man. Vert., Ed. i, 249, 1876, Cayuga Lake, Ithaca, N. Y.
(Coll. Dr. B. G. Wilder.^
Represented in Lake Superior by
lOeeb. EUCALIA INCONSTANS PYGM^A (Agassiz).
D. Ill or IV, 1,6; A. I, 6. Said to have the body shorter and deeper, the
rays different. Lake Superior. (Agassiz.) If this difference in fin rays
really exists, this may be a distinct species, ^pygmceus, dwarf.)
Gatterosteiis jtygmmit, Aoabsiz, Lake Superior, 314, 1850, Lake Superior.
* Recorded from Sukkertoppcn, Greenland, by Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 81. Tliis
record needs verification. According to Cope, the Kansas form, microptu, is shorter ai;U deeper
than inconslatu, with snialler postpectoral plate and weaker ventral spines.
U '
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 746
;. Ac. Nat. Sci.
337. PYGOSTEUS, Brevoort.
PijgosteiM (Bretoobt) Oill, Cat. Fishes East Coast N. A., 39, IHGl; name ouly.
I'ljijniiiiiii, Gill, Canadian Naturalist, ii, 8, 1806, (occulentalu).
(JiifliiDiilea, Savvaoe, Revision des ICpinoches, iiU, 1874, {pungitiui).
This genus is characterized by the presence of 9 to 11 divergent spines
and by tbe weakness of its innominate bones. As in Eucalia, the gill
nii-nibranes form a broad fold across the isthmus. Vertebriu 14 -|- 18 = 32.
Species 2, in northern regions, the following cosmopolitan ; a second,
PjIfloHteun ninensis, Guichenot, from China, {nvyi/, pubic region; oariov,
bone.) .
1097. PTGOSTEUS PUNUITIUS (Linnaeus).
(NlNE-SPINEI> StIUKLF.BACK.)
Head 4; depth 5 to 6. D. VIII or IX-T, 9 ; A. I, 8. Body very slender,
suniowhat compressed, tapering into the very long and slender caudal
peduncle, which is much depressed and strongly keeled, broader than
deep. No dermal bony plates along sides ; small plates along bases of
doi'Hal and anal, and on caudal keel; skeletal plates not at all covered by
skin. Postpectoral plate well developed, striated. Head shortish, the
snout rather blunt. Eye large, longer than snout. Thoracic processes
well developed, widely divergent, forming a U-shaped figure. Bones of
skull granulate, its surface bones all weak. Dorsal spines moderate, the
anterior diverging to the right or left at various angles, the posterior more
nearly erect; anal spine large, larger than the dorsal spines; pubic bone
feeble, lanceolate, not carinated, its edges raised, its median part thin;
ventral spines moderate, serrulate, their length more than i that of the
bead ; caudal lunate, long and narrow. Gill rakers long and slender ; gill
membranes free from the isthmus posteriorly. Olivaceous above, profusely
puiictulate, irregularly barred with darker; silvery below. Length
3 inches. Northern parts of Europe, and Atlantic coasts of America from
Long Island to the Arctic Sea, also in tributaries of the Great Lakes, and
northward to the Saskatchewan and Alaska, where it abounds in the
mountain lakes and streams ; a widely distributed species, found in both
fresh and brackish waters, (pungitiua, pricking.)
(iaKlerotleus pungiliiiii, LinNjF.us, SyHt. Nat., Kd. x, 29G, 1758, Europe; after Ganteronlem actdeit
in (hirm ilecem, Artedi; Wai.iiavm, Artedi Pise, 1792,446; GOntheb, Oat., I, 6,1859; Jobdan
<Sc GiLDEUT, Synopsis, 393, 1883.
I'ygosteus pnngUius, Eiqenmann, Proc. Ac.Nat.6ci. Pliila., 1886,235.
Giisterosleiis Ixi-u, CuviEB, Rdgno Animal, Ed. 2, n, 170, 1829, streams of France.
Gmterosletts occidentaJts, CuviEB & Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. Poiss., iv, 509, 1829, Newfound-
land; not O. occideiilalis of Linna:u8, wliich is an unrecognized species, probably of
CarangUtiB.
(Itiniernsieus concinnuit,* Richabdson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., ill, 57, 1836, Saskatchewan River
and Great Bear Lake; DeKay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 68, 1842.
(Infterimlexis mainensis,f StOREH, Bost.Jonrn. Nat. Hist., i, 1837, 464, Kennebec County, Maine.
*'tho names couciiimumnil ueUuhms have been iised for the fresh-water form ot the northern
inland lakes, but a coiupaiisoii of specimens from Calumet River, Illinois, with others from
Massachusetts shows no tangible difference. Wo have seen none with less than 9 dorsal spines.
Nor ran wo separate the American form calli^d occidetUalis from the European pHngiliua, Bean
re<'iinl8 no difference between Hudson Bay s|>ecimen8 and those from Massachusetts.
t Tiisse two names may represent a distinct subspecies, maiuemis, distinguished by the presence
of 7 free dui-sal spines.
' 4T'
:
i ! t
i ^y
m
I'll
t'i^
i:»i
i ■:!i
;1 I
i
i
i
^i* i
746
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Gaiteroiteiu nehiiloimt,* AoASsiz, Lako Sii\)oi-ior, 310, ])l. 4, flg. 4, 185(), Lake Superior.
Qaitei-otlem ilehiyi, Agasbiz, Lako Siiih-rior, 311, iH'iO, Ne%v York.
OiuterosletiK liilhiiriiKjus, D:,ANi'llAUi>, I'oiss. France, 244, 180C, Gordon, Lorraine.
Qanleroiiteitii breekepti, Bl.ANciiAun, PoisK. Friiiii-o, 24.'), IKBIi, Caen, France.
Gailerotteit hlanchimli,^ Sauvage, Revisiun des i'^pinochos, .12, 1874, New York.
Represented in Greenland and the far north by
y
1007s. PTMOSTKIIS PrNGITIUK BKACIITPODA (Bean).
D. X-1, 10; A. 1, 10. Similar to /'. pungitiuH, but the ventral spiueH vtiv
short, their length u little Icbh than ^ that of head. Mountain streaniH suid
lakes, about Baffins Bay;* locally abundant; not seen by us. (.ii)a\i<,
short; Trorf, foot.)
Oasleroftetig pungiliim bracliypmla, Bean, Bull, V. S. Nat. Mils., xv, 129, 1879, Oosooadlin Moun-
tain, Cuixiberland Gulf, Greenland. {Typi', Xos. i;i7:i8, 21766, etc. (-'oil. Kiimltin )
Jordan & Oilbbkt, Synopsis, 394, 1883; Eioenmann, {. c, 236.
338. GASTEROSTEUS (Artedi) Linnasus.
(Sticklebacks.)
Oaiterotleiu (Autedi) Linn^rus, Syet. Nat., x, 17.')8, 489, (aaileatus).
GtuUracauthiis, Pali.as, MOm. Ac. St. Pctersb., ill, 325, 1811, ({■(Uaphraclus).
Leiunit, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classen Fishes, 11, 242, 1839, (yiiniminiii).
Sticklebacks with the innominate bones coalescent on the median line
of the belly, behind and between the ventral fins, forming a triangular or
lanceolate plate. Uijl membranes united to the isthmus. Tail slender,
and usually keeled. Skin variously covered with bony plates. Dorsal
spines 3 in number, strong, with nondivergent bases. Species numerous.
Fresh waters and shores of all northern regions ; the species highly varia-
ble, those found in the sea usually with the body completely mailed, tlie
fresh and brackis^i water forms variously mailed or even altogether naked.
It is probable that the reduction in armature is in some degreu connected
with life in fresh waters. It is also probable that the partially naked
fresh-water forms of Europe and northeastern and northwestern America
have been in each case derived from the mailed marine forms of the same
region. In Europe, the mailed and partly naked forms are scarcely sep-
arable as varieties. In western America, the division is better established,
and the naked and partially naked forms seem definable as distinct spe-
cies, each with large variation within its range, {yaarr/p, belly ; iiartm',
bone. )
a. Species of the eastern Atlantic, robust, with short dorsal spines, each one when depr('8.''til
not reaching the next. aculeatis, Vi'M.
aa. Specie of tho western Atlantic, more slender, with longer spines. nisi'iNOSi'rf, lODH.
aaa. Specie* of the eastern Pacific, robust, the murine forms with lung spines.
b. Species marine, tho body wholly mailed, the plates well developed tbronghout.
CATAPllRACTlIS, U'"'.
Jib. Species of fresh or brackisli waters, not wholly mailed, or with tho posterior plat'S
very small. wii.liamsoxi, lUU.
♦The common Aliiskan form referred by Dr. Bean to this subspecies, seems to be nearer tho
typical j)unj;t<iu«, liaviug the ventral spines nearly half length of head.
wm
IPP
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 747
I.
1U9S. (1AKTEK08TEUH ACIILKATIJS, liinnaiuii.
(EuitOPEAK St|<;KLI':BAVK; I)(rRNHTICKI,K.)
Head 3J to 3i ; depth 1 ; eye 3| to 4 ; snout 3. Body rather stout, he»*d
Hlioit, snout short, mouth obli<|ue, niuxilhiry not reaching eyo ; caudal
jiediiiicle depressed, keeled or not. Dorsal spines short and stout, usu-
ally a little shorter than snout and strongly serrate ; ventral spines about
UH lon^ us from tip of snout to pupil, serrate on each side, and with strong
liasul cusp; ventral plate broad and long, longer than ventral spines or
alioiit as long as snout and eye; processes from shoulder girdle widely
divirgcnt inclosing a large triangular area. Lateral arnuiture variable,
tilt) i>late8 6 to 32, usually none on caudal peduncle ; in fresh-water speci-
iiu'iis caudal keel generally present but tleshy ; in unarmed specimens the
poHterior plates when present on the caudal peduncle are much reduced in
si/e. The variation in the sticklebacks of Europe is very great, as was
pointed out by Day * some years ago. This is also shown by the studies
wliich Dr. Boulenger has recently made of the sticklebacks of England.
Tlic various partly naked forms are not suscept'ble of definition even as
varieties. Coasts and streams of northern i^uropo; abundant. We
include this form in the present memoir on the supposition that the mailed
form in Greenland, GanteroHteus loricatiis, Reinbardt, belongs to it. (acu-
katitx, spined.) (Eu.)
CMlirnnteiu aculealuK, LiNN*us, Syst. Nat.,K(l. X, 1768, 489, Europe; complott-ly mailed.
(liisltrmleiia tmchitrm, CuviEU & Valkncienses, Hist. Nat. Puisa., iv, 481, 1829, France; coin-
phitoly mailed; 31 plates.
(^•istiriiKteus pnnticun, Nokdmann, in DcmidufT, Vuy. Uiisa. Merid., iii, 3.'i7, Tauria and Black
Sea; plates fewer than in aadealun.
(IdxIerDHli'iiK geiiiiarmatuK, CiiviEa & Valenciennes, IIlKt. Nat. PuiSH., iv, 493, 1829, Havre; 14
plates.
OnfliriiKleuH temUoricatus, Ci;viE.i & VALENriENNES, Hist. Nat. Poihs., iv, 494, 1H29, Baillon; 13
plates.
ddshrin'teiiiileinrtiii, CuviERife Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 481, 1829, Seine; plates.
f <!MleroHlfua loricuhtK, Keiniiardt, Fauna (iruenlandiea, 32, 37, 1837, Greenland; fully armed;
may be G. hiitpinoKM.
Cnilernsleiis haiUoni, Blancharb, Poissons dcs eaux donees do Franco, 231, 1860, Abbeville.
(iiisleronti'Hs ueustrumut, Kr.ANCiiARn, Poissons des caux donees de Frances, 220, 1866, Harfleur;
armature internipted.
dn.slertjaleun arije ^iiHsimtis, Di.anciiard, Poissons des eaux donees d« France, 232, 1866, Avignon;
G jilates.
*Ur. Frantis Day observes: "It appears rcinarkablo how many species of sticklebacks have
been named, ontnumberins; even those of the Salmoiiidie of the fresh waters, and it becomes a
first consideration whether any general principles are perceptible iu the distribution of these
Bpecies or varieties. It is in the ocean more tl.an in fresh waters that wo must seek the spiuy-
raycil fishes; and similarly it is on the seaboards or skirts of thu oo'an that we must look for
sticklebacks in which the armaturo of the sides is most developed (as in the variety (nicAiinu),
while sui'h as have the free portion of the tail niiariiied are farthest inlanil or on elevated pla-
teaus; wlillo in the center of Ireland I have captured examples of (r. puuijiliiif in which the arma-
tiiio had so decreased that the ventral spine was entirely uDsent. It has been jwinted out (Phil,
Mil;;., 18:}|, v, p. 290) that tho variety on the continent with the shortest spine or tho most
defenseless form, conies from Tuscany, and is peculiar to still waters, where it « ould have the
fewest enemies, and here it attains to a frreat size. Taking larjro niimlKsrs of Irish specimens I
found considerable differences in tho length of the ventral spines and pubic plates, conclusively
ehiiwing that such characters afl'ord no reliable data.
" Heckel and Kner, in their account of the fishes of Austria, did not admit the foi-egoing to be
mure than varieties differentiated by tho development of the lateral scutes or plates, which they
found varied in number between 3 and 28.'' — Day.
: ,:i 1 ;! I-
J-S
; I
i I
In
;l ■ J
if ;■>!
i"»l>
% r
Ji;:
5 I
748
liuUetin v/, United Staffs Natiottal Museum.
Qattermitnt elrgiitm, Di.anciiabd, I'uiMioiiR d«H nuiix iloiicoA ilu Fraiu-i-, 234, I8(i)!, Cadillac an<l
Langou; platrH.
(]aiitero$lem iirijymimmiiH, CuviKK it Valknciknnbh, HlHt. Niil. rniKN., iv, -IDK, 1H2!*, Florence: :\
plati'H.
Oiutrrimlemhriirhiicnilrm, (U'Virii & Vai.knmknnks, IliMt. Nut. 1'oIhh., iv, 4It!», lH'j!t, Florence; I
pliitt'N.
(7<iii<i>riNi/(i<( titriuHmtlmii, Crvir.ii .V Vai.knciknnf.h, llint. Nut. I'oisH., iv, 4l»it, iH'^i'.i, Florence; 1
pliitox; 4 ilomnl NpilioH.
GaUerDHliiiH ((/(/(•riVinin, Sai'VAiik, K(''viHion iIi'h Kpino<'li)-N, 17, 1H74, Algiers; fl pliiteN.
Owderonlenn inlmidirim, Sai'va(!K., Hi'viHioii <loH l^piiiorlii-H, VO, 1871, Iceland; !> plittim.
OanlmiKlfVii yniiniurm, ('I'VlK.n, lli'd"" Aiiiiiml, Kil. '1, II, 170, Is'Jil,
GiiHleronleun fiiiiiiiliiHiiH, Jf.nynh & YAidtKi.i,, Muniiul, IViO, Edinburgh; 4 iluntal Hpiii«H.
Oaileroiittmii antlealim, Jordan Hi (ill.DKRT, SyiiopHJH, :tU5, 188H.
J
1090. OASTKROSTKHS DISPINOMIS, Wull>aum.
(Common Kantkrn STicKi.KiiArK.)
HeadSA; depth 4^. D. 11-1,13; A. 1,9; lateral plates 33. Iloud rutlx-i
long. Caudal peduncle very slender, covered with plates similar tothoNo
on the body, and provided with a conspicuous keel. Processes from
shoulder girdle below, covering most of the breast, leaving a narrow-
naked area between them. Opercle finely striate. Large rugose bony
plates on each side of base of dorsal spines, the latter Joined to them by
a hinge and capable of being firmly set, like the spines, of catfish.
Naked area in front of pectorals largo; pelvic bone lanceolate; ven-
tral spine with a basal cusp ; spines all serrate, those of anal and soft
dorsal small. Dark greenish al)ove ; sides silvery, or yellow ; membraiM3s
of ventrals often red. Length 4 inches. The stickleback of the eant
coast of North America seems to differ from the European (iaateroHtficf
aculeattm in having higher spines and more slender body. The doiHal
spines when depressed each extends beyond the base of the next. In other
respects G. biaj/moHUit does not differ materially from G. aciileatns. Tlie
typical marine form has the body fully plated as in the marine form of (1.
aculeatiix; itspai'tly naked fresh-water varieties (a/A»H«j/,«'Mt?jm,M)/je</</«H(/()
are better defined than those of G. acuhatuM, and are less abundant, being
still rare in collections. Labrador to New Jersey, near the coast, in salt
water; very common in New England, {bh, two ; 8pinotiu8, spined.)
TSvo-npined Stickleback, Pennant, Arctic Zoiilogy, ii, !t85, 1784; after Forster; no locality
specified.
GaUerottmi bitpinoims, Walraum, Artcdi Pise, 4M, 1792; after P:; ^>\i; said to be "New
York," but more likely Hudson's Bay ; Jordan & Gii.iiert, Synopsis, 305, 1883.
GoKteronlem biacnleatm, Shaw, Zoiil., iv, C08, 1839; after Pennant, as above; Storer, llist. Fielic:s
of Ma<iB., 88, plate Vlii, flgs. 2 and 3, 1867.
Represented in the livers of Maine and Quebec by
lOeOa. 0ASTEK0STEII8 BI8PIN0SUH ATKINSII (Bean).
Head 3i ; depth 4f ; eye 3i ; snout 3, a little greater than eye, pointed ;
mouth oblique, maxillary shorter than eye. D. II-1, 12 ; A. 1, 8. Lateral
plates variable, usually from 10 to 22 in number, the posterior ones small
and weak ; caudal peduncle depressed, keel usually developed. First and
liffppfi
lordati and E7>ermann. — Fishes of North America.
749
! 1
HC('«ii<l dorsal spiueH luuf; and sleuder, about aa loii^; as from tip of Hiioiit to
|)ii))il, slightly serrate ; pectoral spiue alHo long and slender, nearly as
loll}; iiH snout and eye, strongly serrate, and with cusp at base on outer
Hido ; ventral plate long and narrow, about as long as the ventral spines.
Pectoral plate broad and deep. Upper part of body dark ; more or less
distinct, dark cross bands on posterior part of body, darkest on caudal
ptiiliiitcle ; base of caudal fin with a black bar; under parts silvery
c\(M>pt on caudal peduncle, where there are a few dark punctulations.
QiioIm'c ; Maine. (Named for Mr. Charles G. Atkins, Supt. U. S. Fish
Coiinnission Station, Craig Brook, Maine.)
dmlmiKlein (Mhrni, Hean, Pror. tl. .S. Nut. Mii.i., 187!), (17, Schoodic Lakes, Maine. (Typo,
Nil. 'J24!»2. Coll. Atkiim.)
Represented along the Atlantic Coast in brackish water from Newfound-
liiiul to Cape Cod by
109ttb.''«ASTKROSTKUS ItlSIMNOKI'M <:rVIKItI ((Jlnird).
Head 4 ; depth 5i ; eye 3J. D. II-I, 12 ; A. I, 8. ]$ody slender and com-
proHsod. Anterior part of 1)ody with four lateral ]>lates, the first one
liU'<;o8t ; posterior half of body naked. Tail keeled. Smooth space in
front of the pectoral large and subcircular. Posterior processes from the
Hlioulder girdle strong, divergent, leaving a naked space between them;
mouth small and oblique, the maxillary not reaching eye; dorsal spines
loii<;, acute, and serrate, about as long as distance from tip of snout
to pupil ; ventral spines slender, as long as snout and eye ; they also are
Herrate and provided with a cusp at the base ; ventral plate long and nar-
row, as.long as from tip of snout to jiosterior edge of preoperole. Color
uuitbrm, grayish brown on head, back, and posterior half of body ; neck,
opor le, and naked space in front of pectorals silvery, minutely dotted
with brown. (Girard.) East coast of North America from Labrador to
Massachusetts, in fresh or brackish water, not common except northward.
( Named for Baron Georges Leopold Chretien Frdddric Dagobert Cuvier,
17()0-1832, the father of comparative anatomy and, therefore, of classifi-
cation in ichthyology.)
t GitaicrmieitstUmidiatiu, Reinuardt, FaunuGrdinlauilictt, 32, .'17, 18:i7, Greenland ; may be a form
of G. aculenliM.
GaileroKleus cuvieri, GiRARD, in Storor's Fishes of Nova Scotia anil Labrador, 2.'(4, plato vii, tig.
1, 184», Bras d'Or, Red Bay, Labrador.
<!aster3steus wheallandi, Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 4, 18t'i7, Nahant; Kkjenmann, /. c, 240.
y
1100. (lASTEROSTKlJS (ATAPHKACTITS (Pallas).
(Alaska Stickleiiack ; Salmon Killer.)
Head 3 to 3J ; depth 4 to 4^^ ; eye 3i = snout. D. II-I, 12 ; A. 1, 8. Body
slender, compressed; head small and pointed, mouth oblique, maxillary
uot reaching eye ; caudal peduncle depressed, keeled. Processes from
shoulder girdle slightly divergent, leaving a narrow naked area on breast ;
naked area in front of pectorals long and deep. Dorsal spines long and
slender, the length equaling distance from snout to pupil; third dorsal
aud anal spines very small, curved ; ventral spines long, slender, as long
.; ;!'
I !
(t>:
in
I
'■'■'■•a;-'
760
Bulletin 4J^ United Slates National Museum.
as snout aud eye, or oven longer \\\ Honie HpecimunH; Herratu at buHu and
with basul cusp ; ventral pinto as long as Hpine in many spociuienH, nar-
row, the greatest width 2 tu 2\ in length. Lateral armature cunipli-iu,
the plates gradually reduced in sixo posteriorly, forming a distinct cuimIuI
keel. Dark grayihh or bluish black above, silvery itelow, with a few d:nk
punctulatioDS, thickest on caudal ])cdunclo and nour tip of ventral spines,
San Francisco to Alaska and Kamchatka; very abundant north wind;
rarely or never entering fresh water. Very close to GaaterosteiiH binphidHiix,
and only distinguishable by the more robust form ; probably both of tlicni
to be regarded as geograpliical subspecies of (iaatcroHtcua acHlvtilim, imd
perhaps not really recognizable at all. {nuTuipixiKToi: , cataphractua, mailed. )
OaiterapnulhiiM cataphraclii», Pallar, Mriii. Ai'iul. PetofHl)., iii, n2S, 1811, Kamchatka.
Oatteroiilfuii oboliiriun, CliviKu & Vai.knciknnks, Hint. Nat. I'oIhh., iv, r>(IO, 1H20, Kamchatku.
Oatlerotteiig iiiHinlpiiis^ Riciiaiidhon, Lost Arrtlc Vuyagc, 10, pliito xxv, flgM. 1, 2, anil li, Ik.,1,
Northumberland and Puget sounds.
GaileroilftiH terralm, AvitEH, Proc. Cal, Acuil. Hci., 1855, 47, San Francisco; Sauvaok, Revi.Hic;n
doB l-IpinochcB, Hi, 1874.
G(uler«»lemmlvniie<Uu»,iti\iKW, Proc. Ac. Nut. Scl. Pliila., 1H56, 135, Cape Flattery.
Oa$lerotte«* uculeatm catapliraclu$, Jordan <fe Gii.iiebt, SynoiwiH, 3!I0, 188;j.
1101. OAHTEltUSTEIIH WILLIAMKONI, (ilrard.
Head3ito3|; depth 3i to 4; eye 3i to 4 ; snout = eye. Dorsal II. 1,
10 ; anal I, 8. Body short and deep, not especially compressed ; lit'ad
small ; mouth small, not quite as oblique as in var. vileroci'phalua ; maxil-
lary not reaching eye ; caudal peduncle deep and stout, not keeled. Pro-
cesses from shoulder girdle widely divergent, inclosing a large triaiiffu-
lar area. Naked area in front of pectoral narrow. First and second
dorsal spines very short and weak, 1^ to 2 in distance from tip of snout
to pupil, the first not reaching the second when depressed, and the
second falling far short of the third ; ventral spines short and stunt,
about equal to snout, broadened at base, serrate on outer side, cusp
sometimes present ; ventral plate broad, longer than spines, about aa
long as snout to posterior edge of pupil. Sides nearly always without
armature, occasionally 2 or 3 anterior plates developed, which is accom-
panied by a greater development of the dorsal and ventral spines.
Dusky, sides paler and mottled. Males with the head bright copiiery
red. This description is based upon numerous' specimens collected in
Santa Ana River, at Colton, California, by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert.
Fresh-water streams of southern California; locally very abundant,
replacing microcep/taZMS inland; WilliaH»»u)n Pass; San Bernardino (Rosa
Smith). This form is apparently deri' ed from G. microcephalua, and is
usually well distinguished. (Named /or Lieut. R. S. Williamson, a num-
ber of the United States Pacific Railroad Survey, by whom the Bpeoies
was first obtained.)
Gaslerosletis williamsoni, Gibabd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1854, 133, Williamson Pass,* Cali-
fornia; (Coll. Lieut. Williamson); Girahi), Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 93, 1858; Sa'jvaoe, Kc vi-
sion des lilpinoches, 25, 1874; Rosa Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miib., 1883, 217;t Kioenmann,
I. v., 247.
♦ This paes is not recognized on the maps, but it is near tlio present village of Sangus, Ven-
tura Cou'...y, California,
t Specimen said to have come from an artesian well at San Bernardino, California.
the species
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America. 751
l{('|)rt'Huiite(l ill couHtwiHo HtrailiiiH of Ciilifurnia iiud nortiiwnrtl by
llUla. (aSTEROSTKI'M WILLIAMMONI NK'iUM'KPiiAlirH (Oirnrd).
(Camfobnia Sticklkhack.)
lleadlMo :H; depth 3 to 3} * eye 4; aiioiit \\\. DorHal II-I, 11; anal
I, h. Hotly short, deep, inotlora ely coiiipieHHed. Caudal peduncle rather
tl(M p. not compressed, nor evidently keeUnl. ProceHHeu from Hhoulder
^inllt) livloNV widely diverging, leaving a triangular area on hreant;
ualo-il urea in front of pectorals Hinaller tliun in calaphrartitH. Dorsal
siiiiD'H stout, about as long as from tip of snout to pupil; third dorsal
spine and anal spine small ; ventral spines stout, about equaling distance
fnnii tip of snout to posterior rim of orbit, strongly serrate on outer
sidt! and with a distinct basal cusp; ventral plate shorter and broader
tliitn in mtdphradua, about half as wide as long. Lateral armature
variable; plates usually 5 or 6, but sometimes completely armed with 25
or-ti; all intermediate numbers occasionally found, the anterior plates
laific, these followed by smaller ones; the posterior half usually
unanued ; often the plates are reduced to one or two, or even entirely
iitiHcnt, especially in brook specimens; often again the whole length of
tho body is provided with plates, the posterior ones quite small, consid-
erably Hinaller than corresponding plates in cataphractua, but forming a
•list i net keel. Usually specimens from the same stream are alike or
nearly so, the variously armed forms having the nature of local varieties.
Tho fully armed variety abounds in San Gregonio Creek, Pilarcitos Creek,
au<l other streams of the west slope of the Sierra Morena, on the San Fran-
cisco peninsula. Olivaceous, silvery below; skin thickly punctulate;
males blackish in spring, with coppery or golden luster. Pacific Coast
of the United States, in streams and brackish waters ; abundant south-
ward, ranging from Alaska to Todos Santos in Lower California. Proba-
bly all oft'shoot from Gaitteroateus cataphractua, but now apparently entirely
ditt'crentiated. We have seen no intermediate forms, the fully mailed
examples having smaller plates * than in Gaaterosteua cataphractua. {fxiKpSq,
small ; K£<pa?,7), head, but the head is unusually large for a stickleback.)
GciKtirnsleus microeephnlim, GiRARi), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 133, Four Creek (Kaweah
River), u tributary of Tule Tiiiko (Tulare Lake) San Joaquin Valley, California; Jordan
fc GiLiiERT, Synopsis, 395, 1883.
Ga^ternKtcM plebeitis, GiRAHD, and GasteronteuH inopinaluii, GiBARD, {. c, 147, Presidio,
California,
GnslrriMiem pugelli, OlRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 185B, 13.'), Fort Steilacoom; Paget
Sound.
* "In Oanteroslenii microcephalim, the number of lateral plates vai'ie.s from to 2.'> (oxduding tho
keel). Wliery the larger number is preser ♦, they extend from tlie head to the keel on tho cau-
dal piiluncle V'hcn ouly the smaller ni -er, they aio iibovo the ventral flns. The posterior
plates are more likely to be absent than th terior ones. The variations do not seem to bear
aii.v ri'lation to thu character of the stream, il. in ono of two himilar streams ',10 per cent, were
foiiiiil to bo fuIlT plated, while in the other none had more than seven plates. In another
stream nil equal number of each sort was taken. Tho number bears no relation to age. The
cauilal keel is, with scarcely an exception, confined to the fully mailed individuals." (Cloudsley
Uutlcr, MS.)
m
t
r
(
i
; i
\w
I ;
1 i(j
i \ i
'I!
762
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
339. APELTES, De Kay.
AptUn, D* Kay, Now York Fauna: Kliihiii, 67, 1H4'2, Nnm«n unihim, (>/H<i((riinM).
Aptllef, Jordan, .Man. Vert., KJ. i, 240, lH7)l, UiHailraeuii; gKniiN cliaractori/.pil).
Bo<1y moderately elongate, Homowlmt compreaHod, tlio back elevated at
the begiuiiing of the Hoft dorHal tin, thence declining in nearly a Htriiii,'lit
line to tip of snout. Tail very slender, not keeled. No hony dornwii
plates; the skin naked. Innominate hones not Joined on the mediiin line
but separated, forming a bony ridge on each side of the abdomen, b«>l(i\v
which the strong ventral spines are depressible. Chest mostly bony;
bare area in front of pectorals smalt, but distinct. ii'xW rakers nitiitT
short. Gill membranes attached to the isthmus, without free eil^«>.
Free dorsal spines 3, strong, the first the longest, directed to one HJdo;
the next two directed toward the other si<le at ditterent angles ; attiioluid
spine of dorsal and anal well developed ; a bony ridgo on each sido uf
the spinous dorsal. American, (a, privative ; n'^Any, shield.)
y
1102. APEIiTKN qiTADKACIN (Mitt hill).
Head 4 ; depth 4. D. III-I, 11 ; A. I, 8. Trunk oblong ; head pointed;
caudal peduncle very long and slender, not keeled, about 5 in lon^'th.
Mouth small, horizontal t maxillary not reaching to eye; teeth slendt-r,
in a single series. No bony dermal plates along sides. Scapula forming
a small granulated postopercular plate. Innominate bones wide apart;
the area between them flat, so that a section of the flsh is triangular.
Gill membrane broadly united to the isthmus. Free dorsal spines diver-
gent; the spines slender, pointed, slightly serrate; distance between
first and third spine much less than that between third and fourth ; the
first extending beyond base of third ; caudal long, narrow; anal similar
to soft dorsal and coterminous with it; its spine under third ray of dor-
sal ; ventral spines strong, subterete ; serrate on both edges and covered
by skin to near tip ; when the ventral spines are set they point almost
sidewise, when depressed they lie along inside of innominate bones.
Brownish olive above, mottled with darker ; silvery below ; male almost
black ; ventrals with the membrane red in spring. Length 1^ to 2^
inches. Maine to New Jersey, in salt water; very abundant northward.
{quatuor, four ; acu8, spine.)
QanteroBletif qtiadractu, MiTcHiLL, Trans. Lit. and Pliil. Soc., 1, 1815, 430, New York; GCntiikb,
Cat., I, 7, 1859.
Gatterotlewt apeltet, CuriER & Valbnoibknes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 5(J5, 1829, no locality.
Gailerotleus millipunctatiui, Ayreb, Boat. Joiirn. Nat. Hist., 1842, 294, Old Man's Harbor, Lonp
Island.
Apeltei qttadracut, Johdan & Qilbert, Syno|)t)i8, 396, 18Ki; Eic.enmann, I. c, 242.
Family XCIX. AULORHYNCHID^.
Body elongate, nearly cylindrical, with a very slender, depressed caudal
peduncle. Skin naked, with a few series of partly concealed platcfl.
Mouth terminal, small, at the end of a tube which is about as long aH the
Jordan ami F.vermann.— 'Fishes of North Amtrica. 753
reNi of tlio liuu«l, itH ItiiHe formed uf the IwugthutuMl Hyiiiplttctiti i|iiu(lrate
uiiil jitcrygoid ; t«»th vury Biiiall ; pminnxillary formiii); inoMt of iiiui'Kin
ot'iiioiith, the niuxillary vxpoHud at the corner. nrunchio8t*^K<^lH 4. Gill*
(III iiiliMiiioH alightly coiiiittoted, free from the isthmuH. DorHul tin with
iiiuiiy HiMiiU, low, free Hpintm, eachof whicli iNdnpruMctihle in a groove; soft
(loi >iil Hli(»rt, elevated in front ; unal similar to the Heeoud dorHiil, preceded
liy a Hiiigle Hptne ; cnndul iln Hmiill, forked. An uhlong, nuked urea in front
of tlie poctorala. VentrulH aultthrracio, very clone together, inHcrted
Hoiiifwhut behind pectorulH, I, 4. VerteliDe 2r>4-2i>, those behind anal
exceedingly conipreHHed. Anterior vertebrie little enlarged, (jeneru 2;
{.liilorbiinvhuH and JuUchthyii); specioH 2. Small liahea of the North
Pucifx!, very cIohc to the Htickleba«kM, intermediute between them und
tlio trnmpet-flsheB. {.tulorhj/ttchida; Oill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1H»>2,
2X1 )
Skill i>r lii'iui nHkt'il ; |Hictorul flnN cinurKlnate.
Aiil.iiKiiYM'rii'H, :i4().
jrk; Gf'NTHEB,
340. AULORHYNCHUS, (iill.
^ii/((r;i//n<-*H«, GiiL, Proc. Ac. Nut. Scl. Phlla., 18(11, 160, (/InrWiM).
/Iii(m'"/>«, Pbtkhs, Ifctrllner Monntslioriuhte, 18(10, 07(1, (xpiMctrmwi),
Body very long and slender, almost cylindrical; candal peduncle elon-
gate, tapering, much depressed, especially posteriorly. Skin nuked, with
a Hbries of small, rr.gose shields, one on each side of the lateral lino, a
lUirsal row to which the spines are attached, and a row on the lower edge
of ciiiidal peduncle. These plates closely resemble the dorsal plateH, having
a groove through the middle in which for a short distance behind the anal
there lies a fln ray, besides small pores, probably mucous pores. Lateral
lino present. Head not mailed. Mouth small, horizontal, at the end of
a tube which is slightly longer than the rest of the bead. Premaxillary
bunes much expanded, with long and slender processes ; lower jaw pro-
jecting, with a flap at symphysis. Teeth in the jaws rather sharp, almost
iu one series; palate toothless. Dorsal spines numerous, entirely sepa-
rate, equal and very short, the first inserted above the pectorals; dorsal
and anal fins posterior, nearly equal, oblong, elevated in front; caudal
fin small, emarginate ; pectoral fins emarginate, the upper and lower rays
longest ; veutrals not much behind pectorals, each with 1 spine and 4 rays.
(n'r/.t'ir, a tube; fiiiyxf^i'i snout.)
*Tlin gill furiimla is as follows accorilinK to Mr. Rutter:
1
2
3
4
Bnsi-
branchlal.
Hypo-
brancbial.
Cora to-
branchial.
Epi-
brancbial.
PliarynRo-
brancbiul.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
F. N. A.-
f
ii
754
Jiutletin 4jy United States National Museum.
1108. Al LORHYNCHim FIiATlDirH,OIII.
IIoBtl l;d«i)tliin. I). XXV-0; A.I,»; V. I, 4. OillrukurHHUuider. Doi .1
BpiiieH iiiliuito, iiiiich Bliurh>r tli»n pupil. Cuiidiil pmliiitclu loiiKur tli.iu
houil. Tawny, with about 2(hlurkor ci-uhh blotcliua on tlio buck; iniinit< ly
punctulato abovo; opercnla anil anti^pectoral ruf^iuu with bright k<>I<I<'|i
or oopp«i-y luHtur, bordered above by a bluckinh biiiid. CoiiHt of Ciiii-
forniu from San NicehtHlHhind und Monterey northward to 8itku, AluNka;
rathnr riire ; a ciiriouH little tish, like a Htickletmck in Htructure, but with
the produoiMl Huout of Fhtularia. (Jlavidun. yellowiHh.)
.Morhiinrhmjhinihifi, (lii.i,, Pror. A<'. Niil. Sol. I'IiIIh., iHill, Km. Coast of Washington. |i h||.
I>r. Ki'iiiicrly); Htkindal-iinkii, Itliili. D<'ltr., v, IMI, IHTii; Joiidax U (Iimikmt, Syiiii|>MN,
3!»1, l^HU.
Aulitctipt fpinencenii, I'rtrrn, BiTliix^r Muimtalier., Mil, WW.
Family C. AULOSTOMID.i:.
(TlIK TUUMI'KT-KIHIIKS.)
Body oompreHttud, olonf^ato, covered with Huiall ctenoid Hcub^H. Latii.il
lino continuouH. Ileiul loiij;; mouth tmuill, at the end of u lon^;, cDtn-
presaod tube. Lower jaw prominent, with a barbel at the HyniphysiN.
Premaxillury feeble, not protractile; maxillary bnmd, triangular, wiliin
supplemental bone. Teeth minute, in ImndH, on lower jaw and vomer.
BranchioBtegals 4. (ilillH 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobraiiciiin'
well developed. (lill rakers obsolete. Gill membranes separate, froo finiii
the isthnius. Air bladder large. Spinous dorsal present, of 8-12 wvy
slender free spines; soft dorsal and anal rather long, similar, posterior,
with 23 to 28 rays each; caudal small, rhombic, the middle rays loy^cHt,
but not produced into a filament; veutrals abdominal, of 6 rays, all artic-
ulated; pectorals broad, rounded, the space in front of them scaly. First
four vertebne elongated. Two pyloric c(i;ca. A single genus, with two
species, found in tropical seas. {Fiatulariidw, part, genus Aulostoma, (iliiu-
ther, Cat., ili, 535-538, 1801.)
341. AULOSTOMUS, Laodpfede.
Aulo»lftmuii, liArfcpf.nK, Hist. Nut. PoIbs., v, 367, 180.1, (chineiuu).
Aulotliima, Soiilrof.i,, Kaiiim Japonica, 320, 1842; cliango of gpclUng,
Volypteru-hthjiK, ]>i.rkkkr, Tomato li, (!08, {ralentiui =^ chiiieiuu).
BolenoHlmmiH, Gronow, Cat. FiHhes, Ed, Gray, 146, 1854, (chinensin).
Characters of the genus included above. (atiAof, tube; aro/in, month.)
a. Basn of Hoft (lonuil and anal not black; each flu with a black band parallel with its 1i:ihp.
6. Kyo2to2i4 in postorbitnl part of head; ground color reddish; silvery latcriil stiviiksi
not all below lateral line. haoulah's. \W.
W». Eye 3^ in postorbltal part of head; ground color brown; lateral silvery strinUs nil
below the lateral line. cinkhf.i s, I Wo.
1104. AUL08T0XV8 HACULATU8, Valenciennes.
(Trompetero.)
Head 3; eye 2 to 2^ in postorbital part of head. D. X-23; A, 25:
V. 6. Lower jaw prominent, keeled, with a small barbell at the sympliysis;
.t':,.i..:>- :».iii:^';
Jflrdan ami F.yermantt. — Fishes of North America,
7/W
jiit'iiiaxillnry nlender ; niaxitlary broad; triaiiKnlar patohen of minute
tnth on lower jaw, vom«r, palatiiii^H, y^\\\ arolu<H, aixi |>haryii){(«ala.
Iiilimtiiial canal Hhort ; two pyloric cn>ca. 01ivao«M>iiii, with one or two
Hi'i ioN of brown or blue dotn along each Hide of the back ; anotlier irregn-
lai MerieH from the preoperciilnm alont; each Hide of the belly to tim anal
I'm ; three or four Hilvery linnH on each Hide of abdomen, replaced on the
liciid l>y irregular obli<|ue HtreakH ; anterior part of dornal and anal witn
u liorizontal black band, parallel with baHe of tin but remote from it ;
caiidal tin usually with two rtiund black Hpotii; ventral tins plain, Hputted.
((iiinther.) Caribbean Sea, north to southern Florida; rather common
Houthward. (_maeviXaini, spotted.)
.lii/ot/nrMii »iiim/(i/Nm, Valrnoicnnm,* in ('iivler, llliist. I'oliwoiii, |ilati< \n, flg.'z ftbout IMS;
JiiRDAN it OlI.BRHT, 8jrili>|itiiil, .'IIN), \\)»\\.
.MMoma rohralum, Mf Ll.RB aiitl TROgcilKi., ill 8cliuliit)urgl(, Illiitury Uiirbatltvl, 673, 1848,
Barbadoea; CIOnthch, Cut., iii, !>'M, IHOI.
1105. AULNOTOMITH C'INKKKIIN, I>oey.
IIead3i; depth 14^; eye 14^ in bead, 3 ^ in distance to gill opening.
Donml X. Insertion of anal midway between ventral and caudal. Sim-
ilar to Aitlostomua maculatuit, but the ground color brown instead of red-
dJNh ; bead with black and white points; trunk with black points; 6
]iiile longitudinal streaks all below the lateral line; (in Auloiitomua
vKiriilatua there are 4 below, one on, and one above the lateral line);
caudal greenish, with blackish spots, the angles yellowish. Cuba. (Poey.)
One specimen known, cow in the Museum of Berlin, perhaps a variation
ot AuloHtomua maoulatua. (ctntreus, ashy gray.)
Aulniiioma cinereiim, Poet, Synopiia Pise. Cub., 380, 18(17, Cuba.
Family CI. FISTULARIIDiE.
(Thk Coknet-fishks.)
Kody extremely elongate, much depressed, broader than deep. Scale-
less, but having bony plates present on various parts of the body,
inoHtly covered by the skin. Head very long, the anterior bones of the
MJiull much produced, forming a long tube, which terminates in t'le nar-
row mouth; this tube formed by the symplectic, proethmoid, nieta-
]iti>rygoid, mesopterygoid, quadrate, palatines, vomer, and mesethmoid.
Hoth jaws, and usually the vomer and palatines also, with minute
teeth ; membrane uniting the bones of the tube below, very lax, so that
the tube is capable of much dilation. I'ost-temporal coossified with the
cranium. Brancbiostegals 5 to 7; gills 4, a slit l>ehind the fourth.
* Poey remarks, "Dr. Qllnthor places Aulnnloma maculatum in the synonymy of AuloMoma
'■•iliratum, but this latter name Reenis lBter,8in('e Valunciounes (('uv. <Sc Val., xix, M) i|uote8 in
iHtO, tiio plate <J8 of the Illustrated Kditiou uf Cuvier."
;-ii!
i
«iirf<fl^
'''
ii
.*>.
} '
!;.i
I!' 3
iiil;
756
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Oill * membranes separate, free from the isthmus ; gill rakers obsolete.
Basibraachial elements wanting. Pseudobranchite present. Air blad-
der large. Spinous dorsal fin entirely absent ; soft dorsal short, posterior,
somewhat elevated ; anal fin opposite it and similar; caudal tin forked,
the middle rays produced into a long filament ; pectorals small, with ,1
broad base, preceded by a smooth area as in GasteroHteidw ; pectornl
ossicles 3 ; interclavicles greatly lengthened ; supraclavicles Very small ;
ventral fins veiy small, wide apart, abdominal (through partial atrophy
of tb" girdld, by which they ) ise connection with the interclavicles), far
in advance of the dorsal, ^'- ,)osed of 6 soft rays. Pyloric coeca few :
Intestine short. Vertebn /y numerous (4 -f- 44 to 49 + 28 to 33) ; the
first four vertebrte very long. Fishes of the tropical seas, related to tho
Bticklebc>.ck8 in structure, but with prolonged snout and different ventral
fins. A single genus, with 3 species. (Fiatulariidw, part, genus Fintularia,
Gunther, Cat., in, 529-535, 1861.)
342. FISTULARIA, Linnaeus.
(Trumpet-fishes.)
Bolenottomut, Klein, Missus iv, 23, 1710, (nonbinoniial).
FuMaria, 'Lwvx.vs, Syst. Nat., Ed x, 1758, 312, (labaearia).
CatmorhffHchut, Cantor, Malayan Fisbos, 211, 1S50, {tabacaria; FiMHlaria imng regarded an pre-
occnpied by Donati in 1760, for a pre-Linnaian genus of Polyps).
Flagellaria, Obonow, Cat. Fishes, 146, ^8!'yi, {fiatularis = tabacaria).
Characters oi the genus included above. The bony shields, character-
istic of this genns, are the following : t
1. A narrow strip along the median line of the back behind the
skull (confluent neural spines).
2. The pair of broader lateral dorsal shields are peculiar bones, sepa-
rated processes of the occipital bune. These shields are the lougeHt,
provided anteriorly with a ridge, which is prolonged and extends far back-
ward between the muscles of the back. This ridge is flexible, and does
not interfere with the lateral movements of the fish; it appears to servo
as a base for the attachment of muscular fibers.
3. The narrow shield on the side is the postclavicle, its posterior part
being dilated and fixed to the lateral dorsal shields.
* The gill formula ik, according to Mr. Butter :
Hypo-
brancbJAl.
Cerato-
brancbial.
Bpi-
branchial.
Pharyngo-
branchial.
1
2
3
4
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
Present.
-f According to Dr. QUnthor, the wording somewhat altered by Mr. Cloudsley Rutter, who htm
made a special study of these fishes.
il I
Jordan and Evertnann. — Fishes of North America, 757
T^m
i
4. The ventral shields are the interclavicles; their posterior half is
liroadest, much pitted inferiorly ; they are narrower before the middle,
l)>aviD|r a free lanceolate spk?.e between them, and are again a little
widened anteriorly, where they join the clavicle and urohyal. These
liliiteH extend as far backward as the anchylosed vertebrw. (fistula, a
tube or pipe.)
II. Upper lateral edges of 8no<:t with few serrations or none; body with blue Hputs.
TABACARIA, HOC.
an, Upiier lateral edges of snout Bhar]>ly serrated; body with few blue spots, or none.
b. Two middle ridges on snout well separated, diTorging on anterior half of length of
snout, converging Anally on its foremost part ; skin nearly smooth.
DEPBESBA, 1107.
hb. Two middle ridges on snout close together and parallel on anterior half of its length,
■lowly converging forward from the middle; skin rough, i'etimba, 1108.
1106. FIKTULiRIA TABACARIA, Linneus.
(Trvmpet-fibh; Tromprteso.)
Head 2i, ; mandible about 4 in snout ; snout 3| in length of body. D.
14; A. 13. Mouthslightly oblique, lower jaw the longer, overlapping the
upper ; snout much prolonged, tapering but Mttle forward ' its edges with
fine serrations or none. Margin of orbit with sharp compressed points in
front and behind. Reddish brown above, variegated with numerous large,
unequal, oblong, pale-blue spots on the sides and back, arranged in series.
West Indies and neighboring seas, generally common ; occasional north-
ward to Carolina and Florida, or even to Long Island. Reaches a length
of 6 feet, (tabacariua, from tobacco; having the form of a pipe.)
I'etimbimba, Marcobave, Hist. Brazil, 148, 1648.
ristularia tabacaria, LiNN^GUB, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 312, 1758, Tropical America; Bloch, Ichthy-
ologia, plate 387, fig. 1, 179 1 ; Valenciennes, iu Cuvieb, Bt^gne Animal, lUust. Poiseons, pi.
02, flg. 1, 1845 to 1850; OCnther, Cut., in, 629, 1861; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 389, 1883.
FiKlularianeoboracenrii, MiTcuiLL, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc, i, 1815, 437, New York.
AulaHtome marcgravii, Castelnav, Anini. Nouv. Amer. Sud, 30, 1850, Bahia; Rio Janeiro.
nagellariaJUttUaris, Oronow, Cat. Fish., 146, 1854, American Ocean.
1107. FI8TULARIA DEPRGSSA, OUnther.
(COBNETA.)
Head 2|; depth 10 in head; snout 3i in body. D. 15; A. 14. Bones of
the head less deeply sculptured than in F, aerrata, interorbital space
slightly concave with median ridges. Two middle ridges on upper surface
uf snout not very close together, nearest together mesi ally; lateral margins
of snout slightly serrate, the anterior half entire; lower margins entire,
not showing from above, diverging again on the anteriorhalf of length of
Huoat, converging again finally on the foremost part. Body much
depressed, nearly smooth, the skin being scarcely rough. Color nearly
plain browi' , t'i»^ blue spots wanting. Length 2 feet. Recorded from the
East Indies, Australia, China, Panama, and Lower California ; abundant
iu the Gulf of California and southward to Panama, (depreatut, depreased.)
Ill
nl
i t
I. '.
■'^:
14:
■,-.:(■
758
Bulletin 47^ United Stales National Museum.
l-i- .
VUMaria depre(t$a, OOnthbb, Report on Shore Fisboa, Challenger Report, 69, pi. 32,* fiit. H, 1R8(i,
type from Sulu Archipelago ; other Ri>eciinena from Natal; Zanzibar; Amboyna ;
China; New Guinea; New South Wales; Fiji Islands; California.
1108. FISTULARIA PETIHBA, Lacgpdde.
Head 2i ; snout 3J. D. 14 ; A. 13. Interorbital space concave ; the 2
middle ridges on the upper surface of the suout run close and parallel to
each other along the anterior half of the length of the snout, being far-
thest apart near the middle ; lateral margin of snout strongly serrated,
except on its anterior third. Body moderately depressed, with minute
asperities which render the skin rough to the touch. Color nearly uniform
brown ; fins reddish. Length 5 feet. Western Pacific, and other warm
seas, also recorded from the Bermudas (J. M. Jones) and from Cuba (Poey).
(Petimbtiaia, Portuguese name of Fiatularia tahacaria.)
Pipe, John White, Voyage New South Wales, pi. 04, fig. 2.
Pitlularia tabacaria, var., BtocH, Ichth., pi. 387, tig. 2, 1794, "Coll. Linke at Leipzig;" wrongly
flgarod as spotted with blue; snout serrate; 2 caudal filaments.
FStbtlaria pelimba, Lac£p£de, Hist. Nat. Poisa., v, 340, 1803, (excl. syn.), New Britain, Isle of
Reunion, equatorial Pacific; based ou specimens and manuscripts of Commenion; snout
serrate; body immaculate.
Fidularia Herrala, Cl'Vi"'!, K^gne Animal, Ed. i, 349, 1817 (after Bi.och); GOntiier, Cat., in, 53;t,
1861; GOntiier, Shore Fishes, Challenger, 68, pi. 32, fig. C, 1880; Jordan & Gilbert, 8yii-
' opsis, 390, 1883.
Fiatularia immacttlata, CuviGR, R6gne Animal, Ed. i, 349, 1817, Sea of the Indies; after Com.
MERSON and John White.
Fitlularia commenoiiii, RVppell, Neuu Wirbelthiere, 142, 1834, Red Sea.
Family CII. MACRORHAMPHOSID^. "
(The Snipefishes.)
Body compressed, oblong, or elevated, covered with small, rough scales ;
no lateral line ; some bony strips on the side of the back and on the mar-
gin of the thorax and abdomen, the formef sometimes confluent into a
shield. Bones of the skull much prolonged anteriorly, forming a lung
tube which bears the short jaws at the end ; no teeth. Gill openings wide ;
branchiostegals 4. Branchihyals and pharyngeals mostly present, the
fourth superior branchihyal and the first and fourth superior pliiiryngeals
only wanting. Two dorsal fins, the first of 4 to 7 spines, the second of
which is very long and strong; soft dorsal and iiial moderate; ventral
fins small, abdominal, of 1 spine and 5 soft rays ; 2> ctorals short ; caiidal
fin emarginate, its middle rays not produced. Air bladder large ; pseudo-
branchia) present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; ve tebraj about 24, the
four anterior ones much lengthened ; no pyloric coica ; intestinal canal
short. Three or more species, chiefly of the Old World, one of them
' ' m
*In this figure the lower lateral ridge appears outsidp of the upper or serrated ridgo. This is
due to an artificial depression of the expansible beak. In other respects the California specieii
agrees with GUnther's figure of the type from Sulu Archipelago.
! 1 ^
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
759
Ht I riving to America, placed in two genera, Macrorhamphonus and Centri-
«(,/;yv. (Centri8cid(e, part, genuH Centrixcita* Uiinther, III, 518-524, 18H1.)
.1 iliMly oblong, graduating into tlie caudal peduncle; ha,Qk Htraiglit; dorHnI 8]>iiiPH al)out 7.
Macbubiiami'Uobus, 343.
343- MACRORHAMPHOSUS, Lacdp^de.
(Snipefishes.)
Minorhnmphomiii, Lao(:p£dk, HlBt. Nat, Poisa., v, 136, 1803, {comtUuii = iirolopax),
Ceiitrisciiit, CuviER, B^gne Anini., Ed. i, ii, 350, 1817, {svolopwt; not Centrucus, L.).
iUi'rn.iiKithiiii, Gronow, Cat. FistieH, 147, 1854, (ncolopaje).
(MhiMhiis, GlM,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1802, 234, (reUlaru).
Hudy oblong, graduating into the caudal peduncle; back straight ; dor-
gal HpineB about 7. Characters otherwise included above. (naKpbc, long;
lidiidi'i, snout.)
1100. MACRORHAMPHOSUS SCOLOPAX (LlnniBug).
(Snipefibh ; Trumpkt-fish ; Bellows-fish.)
Head 2i ; depth 3* to 4. D. V-12 ; A. 20 ; vertebrsR 8 + 16. Body
strongly compressed and somewhat elevated, covered with small striated
locales, each stria terminating in a rather strong spine ; second dorsal
Hpine very strong, serrated posteriorly, its length about ^ total length of
fish ; snout several times longer than the rest of the head. Rose red or
rcildisli olive above, silvery on the sides and belly. Mediterranean Sea ;
occasional northward to southern England; accidental on our North
Atlantic Coast. (scoJojjax, snipe.) (Eu.)
;;,i;i.«/.s scoJopux, Linn^us, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, .320, Mediterranean.
Sihtnis comntiw, Forbkal, DoBcr. Anim., 66, 1775, Marseilles.
Cmtriscut scolopax, LiNN.£U8, Syst. Nat., Ed. xil, i, 415, 1706 ; GJntheb, Cat., iii, 518, 1801;
Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 388, 1883.
irS7
1
I
T
Order AA. LOPHOBRANCHII.
(The Lophobranchs.)
(lills tufted, not laminated, composed of small rounded lobes attached
to the gill arches. Interclavicles well developed. Scapula suspended to
I lie cranium by a post- temporal. Superior branchihyals and pharyngeals,
aiul basal branchihyals wanting or not ossified. Mouth very small,
Imiiiuled above by the premaxillaries. Post-temporal simple, coossitied
with the cranium; basis of the cranium simple. Pectoral fins with
elevated bases. Anterior vertebrm modified, the diapophyses much
expanded. Air bladder simple, without air duct. Snout produced, bear-
ing the small toothless mouth at the end. Gill covers reduced to a large
simple plate. Skin with bony plates. Muscular system little developed.
*Th(' original type of Cenlriacitii, LinnfcuB, and tiie only Bpccies placed by him in Cenfmciw in
till' tcntli edition of the Systeiiia Naturae, is CfHtrincus Kcutatim L., a species of a difforeuv family.
For the genus usually called AmphuUe, tlie name Cenlrisctu must therefore bo used.
! !•
! 'I ■
'•'^■^'l ■' ''^l'
'If! ■
'■a. :<[•■:
!,.(■■' -;v;> •
ii ji:
ilil:;
760 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Tho family mentioned below has neither spinous dorsal, nor vential
fins ; the SolenoHtomatUhe of the Indian Ocean, constituting the suborder
Solenostomi, have all the fins well developed. {Lophobranchii, Giiutbtr,
Cat., VIII, 150-206, 1870.) i'Ao(po^, crest; i3puyxoi, gill.)
Families of LOPHOBRANCHII.
Syngnatiii:
a. NospiuuusdorMl flu; no ventral fins; gill openings narrow.
Synonatiiida:, cm.
Suborder SYNGNATHI.
This group is characterized among the Lophobranchii by the absence of
spinous dorsal and ventral fins. It represents the extreme of degradation
of the line of descent composed of the Hemibranchii and Lophobranchii.
Family CIII. SYNGNATHID^.
(The Pipefishes.)
Body elongate, usually slender, covered with bony plates which are
firmly connected, forming a bony carapace. Head slender, the snout long,
tube-like, bearing the short toothless jaws at the end. Gill openings
reduced to a small aperture behind the upper part of the opercle. Tail
long, prehensile or not, usually provided with a small caudal fin. Male
fishes with an egg pouch, usually placed on the under side of the tail,
sometimes on the abdomen, commonly formed of two folds of skin which
meet on the median line. The eggs are received into this pouch and
retained until some time after hatchings when the pouch opens, permit-
ting the young to escape. Dorsal fin single, nearly median, of soft rays
only ; pectorals small, or wanting ; ventrals none ; anal fin minute, usually
present. Genera about 15 ; species 150. Small fishes, found in all warm
seas, sometimes entering fresh waters. {tSyngnathidw, Giinther, Cat., viii,
153-206,1870.)
SVNQNATIIIN.f::
a. Tail not prehonsile, usnally witii a caudal fin; axis of head uraallyin line with axin of
body.
b. Humeral bones united.
c. Pectoral fins present; caudal present.
d. Male with the egg pouch tinder the tail, formed by lateral membranes which
become connected along tue middle, forming a clo!<ed pouch.
e. Dorsal fln inserted over or just before tho vent; dorsal edges of trunk and
tail continuous. Sipiiostoma, :!44.
dil. Male with the egg pouch on the abdomen; ridges of the body |irominent uiiJ
distinct; caudal fln moderate. Doryriiamfhus, <lt'^
cc. Pectoral flns wanting; caudal wanting or rudimentary; mule with the ova attaclicd
to tho abdomen, without closed pouch; no adipose fin.
/. Back without peculiar tube. Synonatiius, H46.
ff. Back with a peculiar tube inclosed by the scutes, and extending for a distanre
before the dorsal fin. Osphyolax, 'iil.
i u
xtmvA:, (HI.
with axis nf
brancs wliich
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 761
llii'i iicampin.t; 1
,1 '. Tail iirnhennilo; caudal fln small; hoart shaped likethat of ahorao, plarod at a lar^e angle
with axis of iKxIjr; ogg punch at hast of tnll.
1). Budy comprusHt'd; occiput with a niirrow buny cruat, surmounted hy a coronet; shields
with tubercles or spiuos. Hii'Pocampuk, U48.
344. SIPHOSTOMA,* Rafinesqiie.
filjilinfliimn, RAflNMQrn, Carattori Nuovi Ocnert, 18, 1810, (pelagiciu).
S!iii'.ii"illi'i''t HwAiNSoN, Nat. n\it. Class'n. Anim., ii, 1H3'J, 'M'i, (dcH*), and of writers generally;
imt of LiNN.»:c«, a« first reMtrlcted hy R.\FiNF«g(!E.
JUVunnipHU, KaI'P, Lophobnincliii, 2:i, 18r)(i, igraiji).
Tiii.liijrhiimiihm, Kadt, Lophobr., 211, 1850, (demi^iM).
CiniilhroicMhiiH, Kaim', Lopbiibr., 25, 1856, (albiroMrw).
birimiliHilelliUH, GiLl, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Phila., 18(12, 283, (piiHCtiiiiimu),
Body elongate, very slender, 6 or 7 augled, not compressed, tapering
into a very long tail ; the dorsal keels of the trunk not continuous with
th'iNe of the tail. Head slender, tapering into a long, tube-like, subterete
Hiioiit, which bears the very short, toothless jaws at the end. Humeral
iMiiies firmly united with the "breast ring." Body covered with a series
of bony, keeled, radiated plates, arranged in linear series. Dorsal fin
di.stinct, rather short, inserted before or opposite the vent, which is
near the middle of the body ; caudal fin present, rather small ; anal fin
minute, close behind vent; pectorals developed, short and rather broad.
Male fishes with an egg pouch along the under side of the tail, formed by
two cutaneous folds, and splitting lengthwise to release the young fishes.
Species very numerous, inhabiting all warm seas ; abounding in bays
among the seaweeds, and entering the rivers. The females in most
species are deeper than the males, with more robust trunk, with longer
snuut, and a more distinct ventral keel, (vt^uv, tube ; arona, mouth.)
n. Top of head with a slight carination or none; snout keeled or not; opercle without promi-
nent ridge; base of dorsal not elevated.
I1KRMAT08TETHV8 (£e'pju.a, skin; o-T^f^os, breast):
h. Breast shields covered by soft skin; head not quite in a right line with axis of body;
dorsal 41; rings 19 -f 39; body robust; snout moderate; tail twice as long as trunk;
head considerably keeled above. i-unctipinni;, 1110.
hh. Breast shields not covered with skin; head about in line with axis of body.
Sipiiostoma:
<'. Dorsal moderate or long, its first ray in advance of vent; snout moderate or long;
angles of body generally prominent,
(i. Dorsal covering 1 or 2 body rings.
e. Dorsal covering 9 caudal rings.
'* The genus Sijngnalhus nf Linntcus, originally equivalent to the modern family of SniignathidK,
was tirst subdivided by llaflnesque in 1810. The name Siphootiinm was given to S. pelagiciiK und
its relatives, the Sununatlius of late writers, that of TipMe to S. tiiphle, tins Siphimosloma of late
writt'rs, while SyngiuithiK was retained for S. teqnoreus and its relatives, the group now usually
calli'd Neriiphis, the type of Nerophin being Simgnilhti* ophidian, L. This arrangement lias been
ailiiptcd here, but it isopen to two ol>jcctiong besides the fact that it is contrary to the general
nsagp, which makes uras the type of Sjinijnalhns, in accordanace with Swainson's arrangement.
Tliest; objections are, (1) that Artedi, from whomLinnieus accepted the genus %H9u<i//iMfi, did not
know of the existence of Siiugnalhiig injuoretis, and (2) the statement of Linnieus (which we have
been unable to verifiy), that the type of each of his genera is the "best known European or
oltii-inal species." SyngHathus aciis would meet this requirement, but not Syngnathits eequoreus,
wliii'h bad not then i>eeu found in Europe. Should these objections be found valid, SyngneUhiu
Would take the place of Siphoatomu, and Nerophii that of SyHgnalhut,
■ * ■
)1
4
m
i
n
i ■\-
762
Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
/. Hack traiiHToraoly coiicnvo, tlio itiiUtfl uf tli(> body alito roiicuvt'; ilm
anglvH V)sry Hharp; doriMl rayH 40 to 44, the tin on 1 { ^y^ ritiu'":
ringH about 17 > 41; Hiuiiit HtnitiKly kttelud. carinatim, 1 1 II.
ff. Rack traiiHVLTHely convex, thu lateral faces of body flat or codvl-x. iIh'
hiikIch blunt.
</. Kings 20 to 21 | 45 or 4U; top of bead not keolod; Bnont li>nt.':
Bi/.i! larKo; dorsal rays 1(9 to 40 on 111) rings.
CALIFORNIRNHR, 1 1 I J.
gg. RingH 18 or 19 + 39 to 42; snout shorter, slightly keoh'd; ilm-iij
;«> to 41, on 1 I- 9 rings. OHtHeoLiNeATUM, Ilia.
ax. Dorsal covering about C or 7 caudal rings, rarely fewer.
h. Body rings 10 to 20.
i. Caudal rings !)0 to 41.
j. Dorsal lays :iO to ;i2; snout 2 or less in head; head sompwhiit
keeled in .young. i.Ei'TORiiYNciirM, 1 114.
.{;', Dorsul rays ;(7, on 1 17 rings; rings 20 1-41; snout inndirati',
• IJ/iJ in lll'lld. FI8TULATIM, III').
I'j. Caudal rings 31 to :i4.
k. Dorsal rays 34; rings 18 4-31; snout short; bo<ly stout: tail
Siiort. IIABIIAU.K, II III.
lik. Dorsal rays 27 to 31.
/. Snout moderate, \% to 2 in head; dorsal on 2 + ring's.
MAfKAVr, 1117.
//. Snout long, 1>/, in head; dorsal on 1 {7 rays, nirclv i>ii
2 1-6. KI-ORII).?., 1118.
Hi. Caudal rings 24; body rings 19; dorsal rays 30, on 1 > rlnus
snout long; body slender. i-ofyi, lll'.i.
///(. Body rings 15; caudal rings 38; dorsul rays 29 to \Vi; top of lieiid dis-
tinctly keeled; snout short. auliscis, llji.
eee. Dorsal covering 4 or 5 body rings.
m. Dorsal rays 24 to 32.
H. Dorsal rays 29 to 32, on 1 |- 9 rings; rings 17 + 35; snout •! in
head; head with keel. I'Ei.Aiiici.M, 1121,
MM. Dorsal rays 20 to 28, on V/^-\-tt rings; rings 10 to 34; snout Klinrt,
2 in head; head with slight keel. uoi'8SE.\r, Wil.
niin. Dorsal rays 24 or 25, on about 1 + 4 Hugs; rings usually Ki -\- :i '.;
snout short, 2 in head. emicens,* 1 1'J.'i.
mm. Dorsal very short, 18 rays, on 1 + 5 rings; rings 17 + 32; snout eliort.
J0NE8I, 1124.
eeee. Dorsal very short, covering 3 caudal rings, and l}/^ body rings; its liiys
20 to 23; rings 17 + 27; snout very short; head keeled above.
BUACHYCBPUALUM, ll'i.'>.
fhl. Dorsal covering 3 body and 4 to 6 caudal rings,
o. Kings IC or 17 I 29 to 32.
p. Snout rather short, not half length of head; dorsal fin very hi^h: rin^'H
18 + 33; dorsal 35, on 5 + 4 rings; belly in female with ii liliuU
keel; sides with narrow vertical silvery streaks; dorsal spotted.
AFFI.NE, MM.
pp. Snout rather long, more tlian half head.
ij. Rings 18 + 31 to 34; dorsal 30 to 34, on 3 + 5 rings.
scovEiti, lli:'.
7</. Rings 17 + .31; dorsal rays 30, on 3 -|- rings; head little UciIimI
above. iiaiudianum, ll'-f*.
oo. Kings 20 to 21+30 to 38; dorsal 32 to 37, on 3 | 5 rings; belly tlal ni
slightly concave; snout moderate. louisian.)-:, 11::').
ooo. Rings 16 to 20 + 30 to 40; dorsal 30 to 40, on 5 + 4 or 4 + 5 rings.
FUSCUM, H:to.
* IncUxdiug flaviroatre, picUtralum, linea, marmoreum, and ascendetit.
COIICOTC; tlio
RINATIM, Ml.
or convex, thu
1; snout luriK:
RNIRNHr. III'J.
kecli'd; dmi-al
INKATUM, lll:i.
load Rompwliiit
lYNUIItlM, 1114.
loHt inodcrati',
rULATlM, 111'..
otly stent; tiiil
ABIIAU.K, II III.
2 + 6 ring's.
VIACKAVI, 1117.
rajH, rarely cm
KI.ORID.H, 1118.
)n 1 1 () riiii;s;
I'OK.VI, lll'.i.
op of lit'ud (lis-
iUllsrcs, II '20.
55; snout J in
Aiiicr.M, ll:il.
; snout sliiii't,
issEAr, 112J.
uallyl(;-t-,31;
IICEN8,* irj.i.
; 6Uout 8lii>rt.
J0NE8I, UH.
rings; it.f ni.ys
above.
PIIAI.UH, lli'i.
ry hiRli; rincM
with II M;iiU
111 s|H)tteil.
AFKI.NE, ll.:il.
'OVEU.I, I 1 '^',
I little ki'> leil
)IANl-M, IIJS.
bolly flat or
ISIAN.K, 1129.
rings.
IISCUM, lliitl.
fordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 763
IV . Donal An largo, of ;i8 rays, tlin flrst ray not in advanco of vont; rings 14 -f- 37.
BTAKK8I, 1131.
(cr. Dorsal fin very short, its first ray not in advance of vent; rings 154- M7 to MO;
■Dout very short, lesH than {{ head; uugles of lH>dy littlii marked, tho form sub-
teroto,
r. Dorsal ra.is 20; rings IS j :U); snout 1^^ in head. arctcm, 1132.
IT. Dorsal rays 20; rin^s 15-|-38 or 30; snout 3 in h(>iul; body witli dark crosa
bunds anil pale spots. chinhikhim, 1133.
r(invTiiiiiiii'HTiiV8 (KOpiiflpos, crown; tx*"*, fi'l'):
,1,1. T'.p of liuiid strongly carinated, kucl usually extending from iutororbltal spaeo to first bixly
ring; body stout, usually with sharp angles and variegated coloration; head in line
with axis of body; opcrcio with a prominent ridge.
... I'auiliil rings iilHiiit 30; dorsal rays ^3 to 27, snout short.
/. Kings 18 + MO; dorsitl rays 2:1, on 1+4 rings; snout 2} in head, itc color white; body
with 12 irregular brown cross bands, and white markings.
AMIIROSTRE, 1134.
M. I 'aiiilal rings 25, body rings 20; dorsal rays 40, on 3 + 7 rings; snout long, moru than
half head; form of body uudescribed. uayennrnsk, 1135.
Subgenus DERMATOSTETHUS, Oill.
1110. 8IPH0ST0MA PUNCTIPINNB (Gill).
Head H. D. 41 ; rings 19 + 39. Eye large. Body comparatively robust.
Snout inodorate, a little longer than tho rest of the head. Occiput with
a raiNcd keel ; joint between the occiput and the first dorsal shield more
pert'cct than usual, so that the head can be placed at an angle with the
body. Greatest depth about equal to length of postorbital part of head.
Skill oil breast and anterior ventral plates thin, showing the striation of
tho Ixines. Tail twice as long as trunk. Brown ; dorsal fin si)eckled.
Length VI inches. San Diego, known only from the original types, which
{lossildy are not distinct from S, grheolineatum. (puncttia, dotted; pinna,
tin.)
I)enmit(islithuiij)ii)tctlpinHis, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1802, 283, San Diego, California.
,^'l>/l«s^<m/l pitnclipiime, 8wAiN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. .Mus., 1882, 308; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis,
liHr., 1883.
Subgenus SIPHOSTOMA.
1111. SIPHOSTOMA CARINATUM, Gilbert.
Rinf,'H 17 or 18 + 40 to 42. D. usually 43 or 44 (39 to 44) on 1 + 8J rings.
Snout very slender, compressed, its length IJ to lA times rest of head.
Eye 2^1, in postorbital part of head. Head and trnnk contained 1^ to
IJ ill tail. Trunk 2k in tail. Closely related to SiphoHtoma caUj'ornienHe
and (jrixeolineatum, differing in the very slender, sharply keeled enout, in
tbe lii'lght and sharpness of the body ridges, the upper and lateral faces
beinjj all concave, and in the coloration. No ridge on opercle. Breast
and liidly Avith a low median keel. Snout sharply keeled, the ridge ceas-
ing oil interorbital space to reapjiear on occiput and first nuchal plate.
Lateral ridge interrupted immediately above the vent. Base of dorsal
eiiualing length of head, covering 9^ rings, only the first of which is in
front of the vent; pectorals short, i length of snout ; caudal pouch on 22
anul plates. Keels on body sharp and high, and the interspaces are
i'
) •
i t
'I
Mi
764
Bulletin 47 ^ United States National -Museum.
transversely concave. Color light olive or grayish, the huok and upper
part of sides mottled with brown, this frequently taking the fomi of
rather wide, ill-ditfined bars; interspace between bars often marked witli
a narrow, pearly-white crossbar; on lower portion of sides of till, a
browu streak between each two plates; dorsal light, iiH baual portion
with oblique browu streaks and spots; central portion of caudal dusky,
the fin broadly margined all around with white. Many specimeuN, iniileN
and females, from Albatross Stations 3027 and 3028, in the Gulf of Cali-
fornia; the largest 8^ inches long. (carina<u», keeled.)
Siphottomu rariimtum, Gilhkbt, I'roc. U. S. 'Sat. M118., 1891, M7, Oulf of California, 31'' 31'
N., 114° «9' W. (Coll. AllitttroM.)
1112/NIPH0NT0M\ CALIFORNIENNE (Storer).
(QBKAT PlPF.t'IMII.)
Head 6^ to 8} in total length ; D. 39 to 46; rings 20 to 21+47 to 49.
Trunk robust. Snout very long, H to Ijf in head, with median rid^tt
above and below. Occiput and nuchal plates not carinated in atliilts.
Dorsal shorter than bead, covering 1 + 9 rings ; distance to dorsal '-'J in
length; pectorals as long as high, equaling in length the dianioter of
eye ; caudal pouch of males covering 21 to 25 rings, its length 3 in total.
Color in life olivaceous, varying to brownish red ; yellowish below ; liead
and body variously marbled and speckled with whitish, the niiiikiii);
posteriorly taking the form of short horizontal grayish streaks, especially
distinct on the top of the head ; anteriorly often forming narrow han.
Snout variable, sometimes not longer than head. Pacific CoaHt of tlie
United States from Santa Barbara northward ; common south of San
Francisco. Much larger than the other American species, reachiug a
length of 18 inches. Described here from specimens taken at Santa
Barbara and Monterey.
Byngnathvui ealifomiemw, Storeb, Proc. Dost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, 184S, 73, California.
Siphottomn cali/iimieHite, 8wAl{r, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 1882, 309; Jordan & Oilbbrt, .SviiopKiH,
384, 1883. ^
/
lllS^SIPHOSTOMA GRI8E0LINEATUM (Ayres).
D. 36 to 41 ; rings 18 to 19 + 39 to 42. Closely allied to S. californkme,
but diflering in a somewhat shorter snout, in the number of dorsal rayH, in
the number of rings, in its size, in the snout being slightly more keeleil,
and in the dorsal covering 0-1 + 9 rings. Pacific Coast of the Ihiited
States, from Puget Sound to Monterey, rather less common than the pre-
ceding species, and somewhat smaller in size, (grisem, gray ; liiinitus,
lined.)
Syngnathufi grineoliiieaiuK, Ayres, Proc. Cat. Ac. Sci., 1854, 14, San Francisco Bay.
SyngnalhiiH ablioli, Gibard, Poc. R. R. Survny, Fiohcg, x, 34G, 1868, San Francisco.
Siphofloma gruieoUneaitim, SwAiN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 310; Jordan iSc Gildert, Synopsis.
905,1883.
1114. SIPH08T0MA LEPTORHTNCHUM (Girard).
Head 6i to 8i in total length. D. 30 to 32; rings 17 to 19 + 36 to 41.
Snont 1^ to 2 in head; median line of snout above carinate; occiput an<l
i ':'
California. 31 ' 31'
fordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North Atmrtca. 766
iinrh.ti jilnteH weakly keeled in young, the keeU apparently disappearing
ii iiiliillM. Angle uf helly Iubn iioute than in 8, calif ornieniie ] the keel
Huiii<'i>i>>*"« wanting. Dursul tin uliorter than head, covering 14-7 riugu;
cuiidal pouch covering about 19 ringH. OtlierwiHe eHsentially an in >S. cali-
forn'iiiiw. Length (i inoheB. San FranciHco to San Diego, generally
ouiiiiiiiiii along the Handy shores. (Xerrnif, slender; piyxnii snout.)
Siiu'iu"''"" I'rerirottrii, QiKAKP, I'roc. An. Nat. B<i. Pliilu., 18.'>4, ir>0, San Diego; imron
|irii" iii|)i<'»l.
fiyi,iin"iliiii>iiniwlimrfiu, GiRARD, Par. K. R. Survey, Fislii-R, x, :tin, 18.'>8, Coart of California;
fi|i>'. ImoDR with nuchal plates kot'lcd.
!ijfHii<i'iiliii» ilimidialHii, Qlth, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Philu., 18*'>2, 2K4, San Diego; subitituto fur
hrfi-inittrit, |ir«uccii|)le(l; H|wcinienii with iliurtKiiout, Hcarcoly luiiKer than rest of head.
SyHijwiiliiin IfplorhyHcfmn, Oibahi), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philu., 1K64, 1/iO, San Diego.
8iiilii"tinii'i hftorhyHChui, JuRUAN tc Gilbert, Hyuupais, ;)84, 18a'); 8wain, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mu«.
18K2, 311.
1115. MIPHOMTOHA FI8TULATUX (Peters).
Riii^'N 20 + 41. Dorsal 37, on 1 + 7 rings. Snout twice as long as the
(llHtiitice of the posterior end of opercle from the orbit, and but little
liiglier than broad. Supraorbital ridges continued on the crown and
cuiivurguut. Opercle with a keel on its anterior half, and with radiating
Htriti*. The entire head leathery, rough. Shields without spines. Lateral
lin*; (liiHHing into the upper caudal edge. Tail twice as long as the trunk
(without head). Pouch on 21 caudal rings. (Peters.) Puerto Cabello ;
not Hcen by us. (fiHtula, a tube.)
SiiiKjniiihiiii flidulatus, PcTERH, Mouutsbor. Ak. Wiss. Berk., 45(), 18ti8, Puerto Cabetlo.
SiiihiistoimJistHlatum, OOntiier, Cat., vili, 101, 1870.
1116. SIPHOSTOXA BARBAB.f:, 8wain.
Kings 18 4- 31. Dorsal rays 34, the flu inserted on 1 + 7 rings. Ten
ringH on the tail behind the caudal pouch. Head Tit iu length; base
of dorsal equal to head. Distance from snout to dorsal 2^^ in length;
caudal pouch 2^ in length of body; tail behind candal pouch 6 times.
Body unusually stout, with short bead, short snout, and short tail, the
general appearance being much like S. californietiHe, but all the parts con-
tracted. Snout short, compressed, just as long as the rest of the head
(mule), its upper edge with a sharp, low keel, which is higher than in S.
mUj'ornienae. Top of head without keel. Opercle striate, with trace of
a keel at base. Keels of body not very sharp, the interspaces between
the angles scarcely concave ; lateral line not continuous with the upper
edgd of the tail; belly with a slight median keel. Dorsal fin low. Color
blackish, with fine pale vermiculations; top of head and neck with wavy
longitudinal streaks; caudal dusky; dorsal somewhat mottled; a dusky
blotch before eye. Santa Barbara ; one specimen known. (barbar*n, from
Santa Barbara, the type locality.)
Siphoflnma barbarie, Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua., 1884, 238, Santa Barbara. (Typo, No. 31253.
Coll. Andrea Larco.)
Sii<bi>sloma bairdianum, SwAiN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 311; not of DumIcbil; Jorpan & Gilr
iiKRT, Synopsis, 905, 1883.
766
Bulletin 47, Ignited States National Museum,
■■I
• 1
J ' * ■•
1117. HIHIIONTONA MACK A VI, Switlii ,tc Miok.
IltMul Tiji to (U in total leiiKtli. D. 29 to 32; riiiKH IK -f-lia to 30. S„„nt
rntliur loii){, coiii|ir<>HHe<l, lH to 2 in li<;u«l, itH iiiu<Iiun \\\w witliu Hli^'ln Krt'l
uhovu and bolow, with Ninullt'r k*M;lH «>n each huIh; opon-lo not k< ili-d.
DorHul Homewhat highor than width of a hody rin^, itH Iuiho ahoiit li^ jn
length of hund, covering 'l-y^ rin)^H. I'uctoral hi){livr tlian length of Iiii8«;
tail altout \\ in total length of tlnh : liody deep; itH greatcHt dfjiih in
adult fein'iies eqiialH width t>f I body ringH, Color in NpirilH gra.yinli or
dark olive; the nialcH with aliout 11 dark-gray croHHbarH on the siilfH,
broader than the interHpacen; the body iH uHually ni(»re or leHN H|iiitttM|
with sniall white HpotN; dornalH pale, iiNually dotted over with diiiki'r;
caudal <luHky, generally Hpottod with white; opercle UNually with wliitt;
barH. (liulf of Mexico, known from the Snapper KankH otf Puiisurola,
Key West, and Co/.umel, Yucatan; rather common. (Named for Cliailt'N
Leslie McKay, of Appleton,WisconHin, an accompllHlied young natiii;ili<4t,
who was drowned iu UriHtul Kay, Alaska, while on a collecting cNimdi-
tioninl884.)
BiphoHlima maekayi, Swain * Mekk, I'roc. H,. S.Nat. Mim., ^XH^,'^^^'^, Key West; Hkan. Hull.
U.S. Fluh Comm., Mil, 1X88, 1 !••'■>; I>. :«) on V! 1 .'i riiij?.-: rliiK" IT-f.'ifi, <i|i(rclo not Kr.lcd;
snout 1% in lioail; Johdan, I'r.ic. V. S. Nat. .Mi\»., l«8t!, 225; 1). ;t2, on 2}4+t>}:j riui!«;
rings 18 -\- 'M. Nc piilu Hpots; crossbars well niurkod.
m.
tllri. SIPHOSTOMA FLORID K, Jordan A Gilbert.
Hood 6 to 6i in total length. D. 27; rings 17 to 18-|-ai to 32. Snout
rather short, about Iji in head; median line well keeled above and bilow,
the ridge on both sides of median ridges above and below not so ('oiisjiic-
nous. Occiput and opercle little keeled. Dorsal shorter than liiad,
covering 1 -)-6 to 7 rings, its height 5 times iu its base; caudal tin '2\ iu
base of dorsal; pectoral slightly higher than length of its buHu ; tail
longer than trunk, 1^ in total length, caudal pouch covering about 18
rings. Color in life dark green ; sides with gray specks and without dark
band; tail with faint darker bars, broader than the interspaces. Sides
of tail, especially mesially, with many rough and oblong pale Hpots.
Snont mottled, especially on side. Lower part of opercle nearly ))lain,
Dorsal translucent, yellowish at base. Caudal yellow, dusky at tip. Anal
plain. Sandy shores from North Carolina to Texas (Beaufort, North
Carolina; Corpus Christi, Texas) ; rather common, (/on'rfrt?, Florida.)
Siphotionm Jhridir, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 26.1, Pensacola, FloridE.
(Type, No. 3082fi. Coll. Jordan.) Swain, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 312; Jordan .Vtiii-iieiiT,
Synopsis, 905, 1883.
1119. SIPHOSTOIHA POETI, Jordan Jt Evermann, now Hpncific namo.
D. 30, on 1 + 6 segments; rings 19+ 24. Snout long. Occipital crest
very low. Body and tail banded, color gray with pale markings. One
specimen known, from Havana; not seen by us. (Named for its dt'Mciil'er.
Felipe Poey, Professor of Zoology in the University of Havana; the most
eminent naturalist of Spanish-speaking countries.)
Syngnathua tenuia, Po£Y, Syuopsis, 444, 1867, Havana; name preoccupied.
I
"I
fordan tind F.vertmxnn. — Fishes of North America.
767
lltO. MIPHOHT<»NA AI^LIHCIH, MwmIii.
If. :m1 !> to !»i in total luiiKth. I). 1«» to HO; \\\\^n ir.-f :J7 to ;1H. Trunk
ritilK'i hlcn(li<i'. Snout 2 in lioiul, niutiiun ridf^o abovo diHtinot, below
coii'|iiinitiv«ly broiul and blunt. Occiput and nuchal platen Hharply car-
iiiaird: belly weakly keeled. Operde HllKlitly keelc«l, very convex,
iiiiiKin^' tlio bead HliKliMy broader tban deep. Dornal little longer than
lii'iut, covering 1 + 7 rin^H; pectoralH ncarcely higher than long, nlightly
exi ling dianuiter of eye. Tail longer thou reMt of body, \\ la total
leiiu'tii : caudal ))oucb eovering 21 rings. Color luMpiritHHouiewhat lighter
tiiaii '<. citliforHiciiHr, Hcan^ely mottled or marbled. Southern C!alifurnia,
iKHili to Point Concepcion; not very ounimon. (diminutive of (u'>^(i(, a
tlllH.)
.S'ij</i. ■' I'M .iii/i'«'iii<, HwAiM, rriH'. r. 8. N'Ht. MiiM., IHH'J, :ilO, Santa Barbara; San Diego; Jur-
I'AN .V (ilLUKKT, .»<)I11)|ihIh, Wr>, iHHII.
Il«l. 8IFH<MT(>.«A I'KIiiOICrn (ONlio.k).
Rings n + ii5. DorNiil 29 to IV2, commencing soutewhat in advance of
vciil . oil 1 4- ^ ringH. Snout 2 in dintance to base of ])ectoral. A dintinct
ritl^'<< iiioiig the median lino of the nuchal shieldH; supraorbital ridge not
ciiMiiiiuetl over the temple; anterior part of the operculum with a faint
rid^'e; NliieldM without spineH; lateral line interrupted. Tail longer than
lioily; ciiiidal pouch short, about '.i in total length. Color brown, nearly
plain, or with lower lialf of side of abdomen with vertical silver bars,
iMconiiiig broador and of a whitish color on the upper half; brown cross
biitids occuring alternately between the silver bars, so that the brown
l)aii(ls are grouped together in twos or threes, tlie hands of each group
iiioru or less continent; in males the silvery bauds are represented by
Hpots; a brown baud through the eye and along the snout; dorsal fin
with ol)lique brown bands. Tropical parts of the Atlantic; occasional
in t lie West Indies; very common in the Mediterranean ; our specimens
from Venice. {pehigivtiH, living in the open sea.) (Ku.)
SiiiciKdlhiiA jifldfiiiim, Uhiikck, Daghiik Ri'Hit OHtimliun, ;ii).'i, IT.'iT, open sea in floating seaweed;
l.iNN.Ki-s, Sy»t. Nut., K(l. .\, 1758, ;i:i7, iit'tiT Osiieik; (ICntiiku, Cut., viii, Itio, 1870.
fyiijiiiitliM elhon, K188U, Eur. Merid., 111, IS'JU, Nice,
1122. SIPHOSTOMA KlK'SKKAf (Kiuip).
Head 71 ; D. 26 to 28, on U + T) lings ; rings Ifi + 'M := 50. A small,
Hicntler species, with the snout i longer than the rest of the head ;
t<tp of head with a slight keel ; vent midway between tip of snout and
twenty-third caudal segment. Head almost 3 times in distance from tip
of Niiout to vent. Lateral line interrupted above the vent. Color plain.
West Indies, known from St. Lucia and Martinique ; also from Cuba, if
S.iliicDiH is the same, as is not unlikely. ( Named for Alexandre Rous-
seiiii of Martini(|ue.)
SymjmlhHsroimeuii, Kaup, Lopliobranchii, 40,1850, Martinique; (jI'ntheh, Cat. viii, 163,
1870,
S^iphnfiiniia rouweaii, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Jlus., 1889, 647.
11
m
( '
i
.1
I
•■'.
■
i '
1
768
HuHftin 47, I'niied States National Mitstum.
linn. HIPHOMTOMA KI,r<KNN (I'.xy).
Very oIinm t<i ^V. ;>r/(ir/ioM»(, but witli 24 or arnlornal iuyn. Head 7' in
total leiiKth. Snout 2 in head. UitigH Kior 17 -f- :i:{ or .'U. Doraal IM or
25, on 2-1-4, Hometimea on U -f- 44 rinj^H. (Irayinli hiown, a Hilv»'i\ imr
on each ring; domal with hlaok HtnmkH. (Pooy.) C'uha; not ran*: |ii<il).
•hly identical with S. rout/tt-nw, both itpcoiea clottely related to H. peluyi, mn.
(eluwnii, ahiniug out.)
Nf/M|/Mii/AiM tliicniii, I'oKV, HynopHlK, 44:i, 1NII7, Havana,
Suimnnlhiiijliifiniiilriii* I'dky, Eumeratlo, 17M, lH7ft, Havana.
Sffngniilhuii }ni-lnriilH;\ I'liRv, Kiimttrutin, 178, 1H7n, Havana.
Synf/milhu* HMeii,l I'uKY, Kiimorlilio, 178, 1H7/V, Havana.
SfftigniUhut nmrmorfuii,ij I'oKY, Eiiiiiurutii), 178, lH7r>, Havana.
SynynathMt iucemleiu,i\ I'uiy, Euiiivrutlu, 17U, 187&, Havana.
1184. MIFHOSTOiWA JONKHI ((JUntht.r).
Ringa 17-f32. Doraal IK, on 1 -f 5 rin^H. Head and snout short, t lie
latter aoniewhat bent upward, shorter than the poHtorl>ital portion nt'
bead, keeled above, but without Hpinea in tlie median lin«\ Interoiliital
apace concave, crown and occiput with a median keel. Keela of liudy
aharp, but not apiny ; the lateral keel of the trunk paaaes into tliei
lower keel of the tail ; a ridge runs across the opercle but does not iM-iich
its end; tail twice as long as the trunk without head ; caudal very nhmt.
Blackish brown; upper half of trunk with thre«', upper half of tail with
aeven equidistant white cross bauds. (Uunther.) Bermuda iNlundH.
(Named for John Matthew Joues, an English naturalist, resident ut
Bermuda.)
Syugnalhuijoneti, (iCNTHER, Ann. and Mag. Nat. lllst., Series 4, xiv, 8, 1H74, Bermudas.
*Bipho»lomafiaviro»lr» (Potv):
Dorsal 26, on VA I ^% rings ; rings 17 ' 3,3. Head 8 In total length, snout nearly n* lunn
as rest of head ; lateral line Interrupted. Head yellowlHli, without Itlark npockH. Doixal with
bands; a silver streak along lower |)art of tixAv. Une specimen, fnini lluvaiia. (I'oey.)
\ SiphoMoma picturatum (Pokt):
Head 7^ In total length, half as long as trunk. Snout nearly bh long as rcKt of Ininl.
Nasal crest evident. (>p<!rcle sculptured like a tnuMiel shell, iilack, with a sliining vcrtiiitl luind
on each ring. Snout with alternate hands of black and green. I>orsal with block Htrcakii.
One individual, from Havana. (I'oey.)
\ BiphoMoma linea (Post):
RIngslO I B.3. Head 7}^ total. D. 26. Body very slender, depth 3% in head. Snout m
long as rest of head. Dorsal on 1% I- 4}^ rings. Yellowish brown, with paler miirUitiKft.
Head with light and dark B|)ots. Dorsal with oblique Hues. Two speciineus from Iliivaim.
(Po<^y.)
g Siphnrioma marmoreum (Poity) :
Rings 16 + 33. D. 24, on Va f- 4 rings. Head 1% in total, depth 3 in head. Snout vory
slightly shorter than rest of head. No postorbital crest. Color ashy, with two pale <i\wU on
middle of each segment. Dorsal unmarked. Snout marked with white and ashy. Ilnvana,
(Poey.)
II 8ipho»loma ascenilenn (Poby) :
Rings 16 + 33. D. on VX + 4 rings. Head 7 in total length. Lateral line not intermpti'il.
Snout as long as rest of head. No postorbital crest. Brownish yellow; faint vertical I'frc.ik on
each ring, most distinctly anteriorly. Snout with pale bauds. One specimen from Uuvuua,
(Poey.)
iii»li
Jordttn and /'Wrtnaun. — Fishes of North Ami-ritii.
\m
MSA. HIFilONTONA HKUHVCKIMI U.IM (I'nr.v).
l.iiiU'H 17 -fy?. I). 20 to 2:», on U -f- H riii«H. Iloiul il«>.'|i; «lit|illi of
IioiIn M ill l>uii<l. Hiiuiit v«>ry Hhoif , om \m\^ um diHtuiiut) littt «\«<oii iVont ol
I'M' tiiitl base uf ]H;ctoml ; o<ici|)itul cr»Ht well iiiurkod, liiowii, with
ithliv iiiarkN, a whito IhiikI iiIoiik nIiIo ot' hotly. Ciilia. (I'uuy) ; not himmi
li\ IIS. ( j/xiiii , Hhort ; «('>;>riA//, lu^uil. )
lifiif.iiftiliuii Urmliyrr^ihulu; I'lirv, Syiii>|wU, 4-1 1, I MIT, Havanu.
Itetl. MIIMKHTOMA AI'FIMK i)lllnth«r).
Ilciul iiboiit !( in total l«>n^tli; Hnoiit a little nioio than 2 in hontl.
Kiliu'r* iH-j-Klt. Doi'hhI .'I.'), on r> -f- I i'in({H. A distinct, riil^tt alon;; niiMliun
liiK (if HUont and nnuliul HJiittldH ; HUpraorltital ridge ciuitinniMl omt tlie
tfiiipU' ; a taint ridge on front of opeiclo ; HhicIdH witliont N|)irH-H. Tail
|iiii;;iT than hody ; caudal {touch half length of liody ; lateral lin*< inter-
iii|ili-d. W<nt Itelow pimterior third of dorsal tin ; caudal tin \v«>ll
(U'vcloped ; anal ilii rudimentary. liack with intliHtinct brown croHHliara;
ii liKiwn hand from eye along Hnout. tiulf of Mexico; LouiHianu. ((iiin-
tlit'i. ) MoNt of recent (<ulf of Mexico referentieH to thiH N|i«-<-ieH wttre
ii|i|iiir(>ntly haHcd on specimeuH of .S. moviili, which Iuim heitn confounded
willi it. (allhiin, related.)
Siiwjii'iilm* iiffini", OCntiibh, (.'at., viii, 103, 1H70, Louisiana.
1127. HIFH0HT0.1IA NCOVKIiM. Kvcrinnnii .V Koixlnll.
Allied to SiphoHtoma afflm: Head 7 to 7i ; depth 11 in female and li'JV in
malt) ; t»ye 6i to 7 ; snout 2i. D. 30 to 34, t»n 4 -)- 1 rings, itH height 2 to
3! in ItH base, wluch e<|ualH head. Rings Ifi-f-SO to 33, usually It! -f- 32.
Top t»f head with a slight keel. Hody rather slonder (deeper in fenialcH) ;
HiKiiit short; ventral surface slightly ct>nvex in frtmt of vent, slightly
concave behind. Color of fenuile in alcohol, alternately annnlatetl with
Ijijlit (ilive-brown and tlirty white, the dark color on the joints, the white
(III liodies of rings; the dark rings wider than the white on trunk, but
narrower on oautlal portiou, the white rings of trunk intlicatetl betwt!en
liitfial and latero-ventral keels by 2 narrtiw white lines with narrow
black lines on either side antl between; these portions of the whitish
rings show as silver bars iu life ; upper part of operclo dusky ; a dark bar
ironi anterior edge of eye to tip of snout; ventral keel, throat, lower
part of opercle, and snout plain whitish ; dorsal with dark wavy tliago-
n:il bars; the variations iu color are considerable; in some femalt^s there
art! nt) distinct white or silvery bars; some are darker and some still
li^litcr; the males resemble the lighter females. Length 4^ inches.
Coiimion at Corpus Christ i and perhaps elsewhere on the coast of the
(Juir t)f Mexico. Apparently most of the published references to .S. (iffine
from the Gulf of Mexico belong to this species, which tlitfers from .S'. uffine
cliiiily in having fewer body rings, in the more posterittr j)t)sition of the
(loi.sal tin, and in the fewer dorsal rays. (Named for Dr. Josiah T. Sco-
veil of Terre Haute, Indiana.)
F. N. A. 50
■rml
1
, .__.^.
I !
'. ' '.' r-'i
' I. •( ' ■
770
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Siphoetotiia fusciim, var., Evrkmann & Kkndali., Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xii, 1892 (1894), lO'i.
Siphotlonttt .iiorelli, Kvkumann & Kkndall, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvili, 1895, 109, Shamrock
Point, Corpus Christ!, Texas. (Typo, No. 47300. Cull. Kvormann, Scovoll. uni
Giirlcy.)
Biphnnloma offine, Jordan & Qiluert, 8ynop«iii, 38.3, 1883, part; Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nut. )Iim.,
1882 (1883), 313.
1128. NIPHOSTOHA BAIKDIANUM (Dum^ril).
Rings 17-f-31. Dorsal 30, on 3-{-6 rings. Head nearly 7 in total
length ; snout more than ^ longer than postocular part of head. Median
crest feebly marked; opercular crest very short. Yellowish, all the iiii;^8
■with a brown streak. (Duin<5ril.) Coast of Mexico, near California;
known from DumdriPs description, which has been verified for us on the
jriginal type. (Named for Spencer Fullerton Haird.)
Syugnaihm bniidiaims, Dum£ril, Higt. Nat. Puiss., ii, 574, 1870, Coast of Mexico, near
California.
1129. SIPHOSTONA LOlJISIANJi: (Gfinther).
Head 7 to 7? in total length. D. 32 to 37 ; rings 20 to 21 + 36 to H8.
Trunk broader below. Snout moderate, about Ijf in head ; mediau iidj^e
above and below, a ridge on each side of median ridge above and below.
Occiput, nuchal plates, and opercle somewhat keeled. Belly iiat or
slightly concave, with a median ridge. Dorsal fin well develojied,
shorter than head, covering 3 + 5 rings. Caudal longer than pectoral,
2J . base of dorsal. Tail longer than trunk, 1} in total length. Color
brownish, lighter on lower part of trunk and below; sides with a dis-
tinct band of brown ; brown of the side extending through eye to middle
of snout. Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, North Carolina
to Texas, south to Key West ; common and variable.
Syugnallms pelagicus, var., LlNN^us, Syst. Nat., Ed. xii, 41(j, 176(); Charleston, South
Carolina.
Syngnallms louuianie, GCnther, Cat., viii, 160, 1870, New Orleans; Swain, Proc. U. !<. Sat.
Hub., 1882, 313; Jordan & Giluert, Synupsia, 383, 1883.
1180. SIPUOSTOMA FU8CUM (Storer).
(Common PiPBnsii.)
Head 7i to 9 in total length. D. 36 to 40 ; rings 18 to 20 + 36 to 40.
Snout short, about 2 in head ; median line above and below well keeled,
the ridge on each side of median ridges rather conspicuous. Occi[iat,
nuchal plates, and opercle carinate ; belly somewhat convex, scarcely
keeled. Dorsal longer than head, covering 4-5 + 5-4 rings, its biitrlit
5-6 in length of its base; tail much longer than trunk. If in total leni,'tli.
Color in spirits olivaceous or brownish; lighter below, especially on
belly, lower half of opercles, and snout; sides mottled and blotchdl
much as in other species. Atlantic Coast of the United States, Cape Ann
to Virginia ; very common northward, where it is the only specie?? of
pipefish. (fu8cu8, dusky.)
Siing'iallms peckii, Stoher, RoiHjrt Fishes Mass., 3, 1839, (name only).
^Syngnathits fnscns, Stores, Beport Fisb. Mass., 162, 1839, Nahant.
fordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North America. 771
8. Nut. Mufl.,
lexico, near
Siiii'iiKilliKii peckianiiit, Storkk, Ileport Fish. Miwh., It).'}, pi. i, fig. 2, 183!>, Holmes Hole,
Marthas Vineyard.
Svii./ii""'""/""""'"". I** Kay, New York Fiiuim: FiBlicK, ;il9, pi. CA, fig. 174, 1842, New York.
ft/ii'/iM'''"'' i'iri(/< ice im, 1)K Kay, I. c, .T21, \i\. .14 flg. 17ti, I8'{2, New York.
S«ii./;m//iii.s </i'A-(i//i, l)i'Mf;uiL, IIi«t. Nut. I'oiss., ii, 569, ]87(t. New York.
Siiii'inalhnsviilhrrtiaiim, Vvttbnih, 1. c, 573, New York.
Sijihiyhma fiuaim, SwAiN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, ;tl4; Jordan & Qilbkrt, Syuopgis, ;W2,
lftf3.
11»1. SIPH08T0MA STAKKHI, Jordan & Culver.
Iloiid lOJ; depth 21. D. 38, on 0-f 10 or 11 rings. KiugH 14-f-:}7or
',W 51 or 52. Tail twice length of head and trunk. Snout 2k in head.
DoiMiil lialf longer than head. Body rather stout ; head Hcarcely carin.ate
iilidve; snout very short with a slight smooth keel ; no keel on oporcle;
lielly slightly keeled; 2 lateral keels on body conlluent into 1 behind.
Color dark olive, much mottled with darker, but without distinct niark-
iugft; i»elly yellowish. Length 4 to ♦> inches. Close to S. urdnm, but
dilit'iiug in the much larger dorsal and the greater number of rings cov-
ered Ity it. Rio Presidio, Sinaloa, abundant among Ahjw in clear fresh
wiittr, near the town of Presidio, 9 mikis above tide water. Apparently
brwiding in fresh water, as the sac of the male is full of eggs. (Named for
Edwin Chapin Starks, preparator in Leland Stanford Junior University.)
SiiihnshDiiu starM, Jordan & Ci'lvkr, Fishes of Si -aloii, ^I.S., Iii!t5, Rio Presidio, Mazatlan.
(Tyjie, No. 47425. Coll. HopkluH ExiKjdition.)
i
II3'2. SIPilOSTOMA AKCTI'.M, JenkinH A K>.rmann.
Head 9 to 11 in body to base of caudal ; depth 20 ; dorsal 20, on about + 5
viuufi ; rings 15 4- ^^- Top of head scarcely carinated, tbe opercle without
a i>rominent ridge. 8nout 2^ in brad, keeled in the median line. Dorsal
sliglitly higher than the width of ii liody ling, its length about equaling
the bead; pectoral 3 in head; distance from tip of snout to vent i to J length
oftiiil; caudal about 3 in head. C<dor palo, with no evident markings
except on the under side of the tube of the snout, and as far back as the
jiosterior maigin of the eye, where there are dark mottlings. Mazatlan
spceiinens show narrow whit« cross bands about 4 rin<'s apart. Gulf of
Calit'oriiia, south to Mazatlan, one specimen taken at (iuaymas, and two
otlu'is leeently taken at Mazatlan by the Hopkins Expedition; a small
iliid slender species, (arctits, contracted.)
Hilihiiflnma arcliiiu, JENKINS A Kvermann, I'lur. T'. S. Nat. Mus., 1H88, 137, Bay of Guaymas.
iTvpe, No. 3903'J. Coll. Jeiikiufi & Evirmaun. '
118». SIl'HOSTO.MA < KINKJKKi .n, H< iiii A Droscl
Rings lo + 38 or 39. Dorsal rays 16 or 17, on + ^ rings. Snont very
short, less than ^ length of head, rounded above ; sliglitly keeled; angles
of body little marked ; head nearly 11 times in total length to caudal base ;
eye 5 in head; depth of body half length of bead. Caudal pouch 4 times
ill leiijith of body, 17 caudal rings: ])ectoral .<nd caudal very small. Color
elii^tiiut brown, with about 12 broad dark-brown cross bauds o) back,
niitldle of each cross baud with many pale-blue streaks, the nw. i distinct
1
j«aiMg.1
J
w!»pi»9|j!ii#HM ^mmmm-'mW^wpw
"DfPfiF
f
Hiii
i i
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n n
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M\
I" '*
W I
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! ,
772
Bulletin 4y, United Stales National Museum.
downward and backward from eye. Went Indies, from PeuHacoIa and Key
West to Abrolhos Reef, Brazil; rather common southward about rocku hikI
coral reefs. One of the smallest species, length 3 inches, {criniger, hc-.n-.
ing hair. )
Siphotloma crinigerum, Ukan & Dbisel, I'roc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, 09, 1884, Pensacola; h.iAiv
A Mrek, Proc. U. g. Nat. Mus., iS84, 239.
Subgenus CORYTHROICHTHYS, Kaup.
1184. 8IPH08T0MA ALBIK08TRE* (Hockel).
Head 9 in total length. D. 23; rings 18 + 30. Body robust. Si out
short, 2§ in head ; a strong median ridge above on snout, 2 ridges below
with a median groove, and on each side of the groove is a horizontal lidj,'!'
rui.aing to lower part of orbit. Occiput and nuchal plates very shaiiily
carinated; opercle with 2 horizontal ridges. Belly somewhat concave,
little keeled. Dorsal much shorter than head, covering 1 + 4 rings ; caudal
well developed, If in base of dorsal; tail longer than restof body, If in total
length. Color in spirits liglit olivaceous, with about 12 irregular brown
cross bands, each covering from 2 to 3 rings; snout light, with 2 or 3 nar-
row cross bands below ; rest of head dusky. West Indies, north to Pcn-
sacola and Key West, south to Bahia; a singular and handsome species,
quite unlike the others and found in deeper waters, and especially about
coral reefs, not on sandy shores, (alhus, white; rostrum, suout.)
Corylhrokhthyt albiroslru, Heckkl, MS., Kaup, Lophobranchii, 25, 185G, Mexico; Bahia; di's-
oription incorrect.
9ip}ioston>a zalropin, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IHgf/, 2<i4, Snapper Banks,
Pensacola; Swain, I. c, 308; Jokdan <fc Gilbert, Synopsis, 906, 18&3.
Syngnathui dlbirotiris, GOnther, Cat., viii, 170, 1870.
1135. SIPHOSTOSIA CAYENNENSE (Sauviige).
Heads. D. 40; P. 18; C. 8. Rings 20 + 25, Dorsal on 3 + 7 ring's.
Snout twice length of postocular part of head, 4 times diameter of eye,
much longer than dorsal. Occipital crest well marked as well as the crest
at the shoulder; snout with a well-marked median carina. Brown, edge
of each ring blackish; 2 silvery streaks along fanks, very narrow, aud
composed of small spots placed end to end. Length 5 inches. Cayentfif
* Kaup gives the rings in albirostris as 12 + 29. On aceoxint uf thie iHf6teM6 we bad tifiwrif
regarded our specimens as types of a distinct species, Siphotloma rjiirnpif. Tiio following is ilic
substance of Kaup's description:
Corylhroichthyt aibiroslris, Heckel, MS.:
P. 12; D. 27; A. 2 or 3; C. 10. Rostral crest ■ odial and interrupted. Body rings 12 (micfrint
for 19), tail rings 29; dorsal fln standing on 5 rings, 4 of which ticlong fo the t^il. ^n' ut liiilf
the length of the distance between the fore border of the orbit and ttiO bas/i of tho pcot(jral 'in.
Color yellowish brown, with 14 blackish > lossbars. Lower i)urt of tho gi'il 'vver bro^o u lOi
blue stripes. Length of body 2.67 inches, of the tail 3.30 inches, of tho dofwil fin 0.6 iucb.
Me..ico; Bahi.*\.
At our request, our friend, Dr. Franz Stuindachner has kindly examined tho types ot Cw/iHiro-
ichlhtjH albirostrii Ho writes (May 27, 1894); "Das Wiener Museum besitzt 3 Exemplaren vuri /',
albiroslm; wahn einlich wurdel Exomplaran Kaup gesendot. Die Zahl der knochurucii Kiuge
betragtr-^-^^. -h 26—28, uud zwar 2 mal 19, 1 mal 18 + 2 mal 28." In the number of plates ilii«
agrees with the type c<" xalropU. There is little doubt that Biphostuma z(ilroj)is and S. nlbirostrif are
identical.
lacola; >^>vai.\
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 773
(Sauvage.) A strongly marked apeoios, noteworthy for the very amall
uiiiiiber of caudal rings and the proportionally large number ot'body rings
ami dorsal rays.
Si;N.;H(if/(i.< (•a//eHii«Hiii«^SArVAOK, Dull. Soc. PlilKiin. I'liriM, 1H82, Cayenne,
345. DORYRHAMPKUS, Kaup.
Doniihomphuf, Kavp, Lophobranchii, 185B, 54, (txcmu).
Chmniililhiis, Kaup, /. c, 54, {ralfHCinmeni).
Ihin/lihlhuK, Kaup, I. c, 5(!, {bilme<UHii).
.i;.v,.j,/,i«, KaI'I', '. ('., <>.'!, {ciine(Uiin).
li.l',iii'lilh!i.i, Tetebs, MoHsanib. FluBsflache, 109, 1868, (zambe::enitu).
'I'liis jjenns differs from Siplwstoma chiefly in the position of the egg
pond) of the male, which is under the abdomen instead of tho tail. The
aiijjlos of the body are strongly ridged. Tail shorter than body. Tropi-
cal hous. (dupii, lance ; pa^^of, snout.)
rji.llYIiHTIlYS:
.;, Snout elongate and comprosscd, devoid of Kpines; tail four-oorner«d.
/'. KinikfHaliout 20 I 25; dorsal rayK 43. i.ineatus, 1130.
l)nKVKMAMrill!S :
.1.1. Snout with a row of spines or Borrationn above; ungloH of body all serrated.
Iili, Rings 2U f 16; dorsal rays 25. oalifokniensis, 1137.
9 m
II'
'il
ipper Banks,
Subgenus DORYICHTHYS, Kanp.
1186. DORYRHAMPHIS LINKATI H (Valenciennes).
Ifoad .') in total length; snout U in head. Rings 19 to 22 -f- 23 to 27.
D()r.'<aI42 to 41, on 2 or 3 + 7 rings. Edges of the shields rough, with promi-
nent Hpines in young individuals which disappear in the adult. L.ateral
lino uninterrupted, passing into the lower edge of the tail. Body com-
j/K'sacd, opercL? with a distinct longitudinal ridge, and a few faint radiat-
ijj{< WitfH beneath ; origin of dorsal flu considerably in advance of vent ;
vent fiear«r end of tail thin to gill opening, (iround color yellowish
lirown. Snout with "> or G black crossbars beneath. (Giinther.) Tropi-
cal parts of AtlantU', from Cuba to Africa; probably not rare, (UtieaiuH,
streaked.)
h'l'uhlhijt linealun, (VAMNrinNNM MS.) Kavv, Lophobranchii, 59, 1856, Bahia, Mexico, and
Guaoeloupe; Poey, Sym.iisis, 18'i, 18(17; (JCntiik.k, Cat., viii, 183, 1870.
Ii'irijirliihj/.i ucuf/'aliii', Kai'P, JjOi.hobrancliii, 61, 18.5'i, Egypt.
u
Subgenus DORVRHAMPHUS.
1187. ^//llVRHA.>fPin'S CALIKORXIKNSIK, Gill.
f/. 'ffit JRings 20+ 16. Hn^/vt half as long as head, its crest formed u\
»f»oiit i^ '/ff^f(ttla.r teeth, behind which are 2 others. Double frontal
< K sf vvftll sprrated. Kidge under orbit unarmed, but on side of snout it
is well serrated. Chin p/ominent but unarmed. Pectorals ao long as
opei'cle. Caudal as long as snout. Yellowish brown, with a black streak
hi
ri t
I i
5
i,!
(
■'i
|:il
1 . n
•i
' ' ■";! o/''i:
-» . I ■ -
t^^'y-M
774
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
from snout to axil. Cape San Lucas ((iill.) Tlie types are lost uml mo
specimens have been since recorded.
boryrhiimjihvncaUforniemiii, Gll.l., I'roc. Ar. Nat. Sri. IMiila,, 18(!2, 281, Cape San Lucas, full.
XiintiiH.)
Itarijii'MhijH caU/ornkiim, (JCNTiiKn, (!at., viii, 18(1, 1870.
346, SYNGNATHUS, Linnu-ns.
Syngnalhuf, ARTEni, Genera, 17o8, (ophiiUon, ncun, Ijiphh, etc.).
Syngualhiis, Linn.kuh, ."^ysf. Nat., Kil. x, IT.'iS, Slifi, (lijjililr, nctin, o/ihulinu, iKpuirciiK, eto.).
SyngnalliiiK, liAFiNRSitUR, Caratteri, 18, 1810, (rcHtrictcil to iniiinri'UH).
Nerophin, RafinerqUK, Indico Ittinl. Sicil., .')7, 1810, {uphiilini,).
/leiiH (Wll.l.uaiinY) SWAINSON, Nat. Iliat. Atiiiii., 11, .'j:i:!, 18.'{9, (iniuorem).
Scyphim, Risso, Kuropo Mi'riil., ill, 185, 1826, {fasvialus).
NeinatoKtnmii, KicilWAMi, 18;t9, .fl(fe Kaup.
Small pipefishes with the body smooth, rounded, the ridges indistinct.
No pectoral fin; caudal rudimentary or Avantiiig, the tail tapering ton
point. Dorsal moderate, ojjposito the vent. K^K** <'ittached to the loosn
skin of the abdomen of the male, and not covered by lateral folds.
Species few, mostly of the Atlantic, (nl'v, together; yvnUog, jaw )
Synonatihh :
(1. Caudal tin rudimontary, witli .'i rays. HiiiBH 28 to 30 | fiO to 70; dorsal 38 to 44.
a:q I'll 11 J us, Ii:ts,
Subgenus SYNGNATHUS.
1188. SYNONATHl'S .K(JllOUKIIS. Linn.nuH.
(Ocean Pipefish.)
Rings 28 to 30 + 68 to 70 ; dorsal :58 to 44. Caudal fin rudimentar.v,
very indistinct. Vent opposite tlie ])08terior third of the doiMjil lii:,
before the middle of total length. Snout about 2 in head. Head .'!H to
4i in distance to vent. All the shields smooth. (Giinther.) Nortlicrn
and western coasts of Europe; also in the open Atlantic and reconlid
from the (Julf of Mexico. If Syngnathiis hcckcU and S. martinicetmis uro
the same, it is probably uot rare in the Caribbean Sea. (oiquoreus, beloufjiiiif
to the sea.) (Eu.)
Syngnalhusir(jiioreu8,liiJifi.r.vn, Systonia Natuno, Kd. x, 417, 1758, open Sea ; GOntiier, Cut., vni,
191, 1870.
Syngnalfimsihh(ildi,'W\WMjyi, Artudi, 0, 1792, Scotland; after SiBUALn.
NeropIiU maatl(d(i, Kafixesque, Indico Ittlol. Sic, 67, 1810, Palermo.
NerophiK aiigniiicns, K.voi', Lopliobr., 0,'), ISjiJ, Brownsey; Dorsetshire; Berwick.
Nerophui Iteckcli,*- K. MP, I.opliobr., GO, 185(5, Bogota.
Kerophifi-\ marlinicenslK (Bihron) Kavi', I.e., (i7, Martinque.
*SyngmUhuii heckeli (Kaiii') :
Rings 28 + 67. Dorsal 38 or 39, ou 3 + 7 rinfis. CiMidal fin rudimentary, with 5 rays. I nil
a little longer than body. Anterior margin of orbit orcupios the middle of lengtli of IhiuI.
Length of bead J of itii distance from vent. Bogota. (Kaup.)
■\ SyngntUhua martiiiiceiuis (Bidro.v) :
Rings 28 -f 64. D. 42. Snout as long as rest of head, liesembles £1. tEguoreiis, but is blacki.'-h,
with a longer tail. Martinique. (Kaup.)
Lucas, {'nil.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 775
347. OSPHYOLAX, Copo.
tuphiinhir, Cner., Proc. Ac. Nat. Siti. Pliilii., 1875, 450, ipeUiicidun).
I't'ctoial iina wanting ; tail subcylindric. Body covered with thio, weakly
ki'i Ird Huuta, which have on the lumbar region free Buperior edgeu, which
till 111 :i MorieH of longitudinal lateral grooves. Lateral dorsal scutea pro-
iliicod upward, and approximated on the middle lino, inclosing a tube
tor a dlHtance anterior to the dorsal ihi. Dorsal fiu short, above the
Mill. No ventral nor caudal pouch; caudal fin rudimcntal. This genus
is lilatod to SyngnuthitH, but is different from known forms in its curious
(loisai tube. What the iturpose of this can be is uncertain, but the strong
l;it< rill cliannels below it on each side are probably an adaptation for the
carrying of the eggs. In tlie typo species the dorsal tube is closed above
Iiy a series of small radiate ossicles in the median line, between which
till' cavity may be entered by small bodies. The same specimen displays
a narrow, free dermal membrane on the middle lines of the upper and
liiwcr surfaces from the thoracic to the beginning of the lumbar region.
Ojicii sea. {i)n(pi'^, small of the back ; ('jXaf, a tube.)
1
IIF.K, Cut., \ 111,
lUt is blackish,
11»». OSPHYOLAX PKLLIiriDlIS, Cope,
Head 11 in length; snout 2 in head. Three longitudinal series of
Hciita on each side of body, and one on middle line below. They are
rounded at the intersecting angles, thus leaving a vacancy, which is
covered by a small, round scale. Eacli scute with a low median keel,
tVoiM which delicate transverse ridges diverge. The two lower lateral
Kci ii's are the ones which form the lumbar grooves. Two nuchal scuta.
I'ai ietal and frontal regions impressed, punctate ; operculum radiate ; sides
of muzzle smooth. Thirty-one transverse rows of scuta. Dorsal radii
Kixtcen. Length 9 inches; tail equal to rest of body. Color pellucid,
tiioback tinged with brownish. (Cope.) Open Atlantic. Notseenbyus.
ipilluciduH, transparent. )
"s;i/i.//(i/(u;peHiici(/««, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phlla., 187.'>, 4.">0, pluto xxv, fig.s. 1 to 4, open
Atlantic Ocean. (Coll. Capt. J. Mortimer.)
348. HIPPOCAMPUS,* Rafinesque.
(TiiK Ska-iiorsks.)
Hiliiiiiciwipiiii, Rafinesquf., Indico d'lttiologia Siciliana, :57, 1810, {hippocamptu) .
Hi]>pi»ampu!t, Leach, /ool. Misc., 1814, 103, (hippocnmpn»).
* Till' follow iiig Kuropean species has been several times reconleJ from our coant, but prob-
ulily cither Hippocampus hudsoiiins or II. pnnctitlalns has been mistaken for it.
Ilijipoi-iimpuH hippocanipnn (LiNV.Tirs) :
Porgal fin with 20 (19) rays. Tubercles generally well developed on tho head and body, and
Bnli.iciite, rarely blunt. Length of tlio snout equal to the distance between tho bind margin of
tliiMirbit and .^ill opening. Spines on tho head and nock sometimes with simple filaments.
llniHn, with bluish-white dots, more or less continent into lines on tho lower part of the side
aij.l (rill oov.r ; dorsal fin witli a black submarginal hand. Coasts of sontlu^rn Knrope, north
to Knj;liiiKi; abundant in tho Mediterranean. Ilrown, tho sides profusely spotted with white,
the Ml 111 plain.
iS';/H|/ii uiiK hippocimipiis, LlNN.«:i:s, Syst. Nat., Kd. x, 1758, 3;J8, open sea.
Ui}ipocampus heplagonm, BAFiNEsyiE, I. c , 37, 1810.
IS
It-
11
J^.^mt^
H
:
iir
ii'ii
77(5
Bulletin 47, Ignited States National Museum.
lt()«ly Htrongly cuiiipresHcd, the Ijully gibboiiH, tapering uhruptly to a
lung, quadraugnlur, prehoiiHile tail. Head with a diHtinct curvtMl nci k,
placed nearly at a right angle with the direction of the body, Biirnioiinird
>)y a cumpreMHed occipital crest, on the top of which ia an angular, 8t;ir-
hhii|)nd coronet ; top and Hides of the head with spines. Physiognomy
remarkably horse-like, like that of a conventional "knight" at cinss.
Body and tail covered with bony plates, forming rings, those on tlix
body each with six spines or tubercles, those of the tail with 4. I'cc
toral lins present, short and broatl ; anal minute, usually present; dorsal
(in moderate, opposite the vent. Egg pouch in the male a sac at tlie baNi- nf
the tail, terminating near the vent. Species numerous, in all warm si as.
They attach themselves by their tails to seaweed and other floating niiIi
stances, and are often carried to great distances by currents. (i-mroKd/im, ,
the ancient name, from Ittkoc, horse; Kii/nTo(, a wriggling sea monster,
or a caterpillar.)
(I. Dorsiil till larjic, with la rays.
fi. RiiigH lU {' ;i8 ; Kleiidur, tli<i tiiil loiiK<>r than hi^iul niid lioily ; hmly iiiiircilor nr HparMlv
.(lottod with white. IXUKNS, II Id.
fifi. KiliKR 11 + 't'^ (') !)''> ; ili-pth of l)<)ily oqiiaU lcii);tli of licml ; Hiioilt 2'{f iu lioilil ; doisal
flu oil l!'a 1 rings; hody mottled, not d itleii. iii'DSOniuh, 1111.
ail. Dornai fin Ninallor, with K'l to 18 rays.
I'. Doraal fin witli 17 or 18 rayH, on '2 <'aiidiil riii);s ; nnoiit Khort, Idhh than half li'n;:ili
of lieiul ; li^ht-hliie .'<]iuts uii Iiis'id and Hiioiit ; head Uflually without filainints:
Hi/.o large. ruNCTUi.An s, 1 1 IJ.
(V. Dorsal fin with Ki layK, on 4 i () rings ; ringnl2 + ;U; mioiit longer than piKi-
oeiilar diHtanco ; body unspotted ; sl/.u moderate, stymfkii, 114:i.
aaa. Dorsjil tin very Rmall, with 12 rays, on U |- 1 rings; rings 11 + HO ; nnuut very short;
body without white spots. zoster.^;, UII.
iUO. IlIPPOrAMPrS INOENS, Oirard.
((Jaiiai.i.ito DEI. HIaii.)
D. 19, on 3 + 2 rings ; A. 4. Rings 11 + 3(5 to .38 ; eye moderate, 2^ iu
snout, which is 2^ to 2^ in head, rather than opercle. Body iu male
rather slender, its greatest depth in males 1^ in head, or about o ]U!il to
the distance from snout to posterior margin of orbit ; tail longer than
head and body together. Spines on head and body high, with Iari;f
fringed Haps; supraorbital spine nearly half diameter of eye; coniiitt
well develoiK'd, with five spines ; surface of plates with many hiiiall
papillii', each third to fifth tubercle of dorsal series enlarged; shoiildfi
girdle Avith 3 tubercles; anterior spine of frontal triangle much lower
than the others; female more slender, tlie depth 1! in head, the snout
eiiual to rest of head. Color blackish, usually plain, faintly barred wiili
darker; papilhe on body pale, giving an appearance of scattered whitish
Hipiinrtnipns aiiliqiionim, IjEAI'II, Zoiil. Misc., 181-1, 104 ; GI'ntiieu, Cat., Vlll, 200, 1870.
Jlijiliociwipiislin'iiiiinlris, OiviKii, Itegiie Aiiiiii., Kd. ii, 1829, Venice ; after WiLHiomn ; lit.nin'
of a fresh specimen.
Hippocampus guUalus, CuviER, I.e.; also after Wii.luohbv, the type apparently from Venice, a
specimen dried and straightened out.
Hippocampus antiqttxu of authors.
Jordan and E7'ermann. — Fishes of North America. 777
1142. HIPPOCAMPUS PrNCTriiATIS, (iiii. honot.
(Caiiai.mto he Max.)
Dorsal rays 17 or 18. Snout usually a little longer than poHtorbital
l>ait of head. TuherclcH on body generally obtuse and blunt : coronet
low : supraorbital spine obliquely truncate, compressed ; heatl usually
witliout lilanients. Si/e large. Dark brown, nuirbled with darker and
iisniilly everywhere with light-blue spots which become white in alcoholic
Npcciniens; these spots most numerous posteriorly ; sometimes these spots
arc altogether wanting. Tropical parts of the Atlantic, coiinnon in the
West Indies, Brazil, and Western Africa, occasionally northward in the
(iiilf Stream as fav as Heanfort, N. C. (Jenkins.) A rather large and
prettily colored sea-horse. (jmnctnlatHx, with small dots.)
mm
1
7
1
Hoei'ks; a white dot before eye ; Honietimes wliitish streaks behind eye;
liiiily sometimes with black dots, (lulf of ('alifornia in shallow water,
H( an e ; ranging north to 8an Diego. Here described from three male and
oiii ii'inale speeimens, each (> inches long, from Ma/.atlan. Girard's types,
livi' ill number, the largest !) inches long, from >San Diego, where tlio
HIMM ics is very rare. Pacilic Coast of northern Mexico, Cape San Lucas,
San Dii^go; not eonimon ; one of the largest sea-horses; reaching u
lciiL,'ili of nearly a foot. {iHi/eim, gigantic.)
//,;,/! MU<»/<M> I'li^f-io, OiiiAui), I'ur. ]{. It. Siii'v., KiNlicH, :tl'2, IS.'iS, San Diego; ndiilt malo ;
.i.iiiiiAx .\; (iii.iiKiiT, SviiiipsiH, ;!Kt;, ihh:).
]ln.j,..,,imi,ii» iinirilis, Oil. I., Prix-. Ar. Nitt. Sci. I'lillu., \H(i'i, 2H2, Cape San Lucas; uiliilt
r>iiiiili>. (Coll. Xiiiiti;.H.)
y
1).
ill r<'
body
with
witli
most
each
Nllhll
Char
;/,;,;'-
.]•
Uipp>
li,,,r<
1141. illPPO('A.1IPrS llirDKOMrK, DoKiiy.
(Common Amkkican Sba-iiok8k.)
l!t; rings 12 -)- 32 t(» Sfi; depth equal to length of head. Snout Ijt
st of head. Spines of head weak, provided with cirri; spines of
all short and bluntish. Dorsal on 3A of the 11 rings. Dusky,
out spots, but with pale grayish blotches, which are sharply edged
paler and blackish ; some of these between eyes and on neck, the
distinct blotch forming an hourglass-shaped figure, extending down
side of the back ; similar blotches on belly and tail. Dorsal with a
larginal dark band. Atlantic Coast, from Cape C'od southward to
ieston; not common. (Name from Hudson Kiver.)
■ iimitm hiibuiiiiiiK, Dk Kay, N. Y. Fauna: FihIich, ;W2, plate .Mt, f\^. ni,184'2, NewYorIt;
il!l>AN .k (ill.llKIlT, Sj'IKipsJH, !Wl7, 188:!.
ruiiijiiis liepliKjoniiH, .TiiuDAN it Qii.BKliT, SyiiopsJH, IISIJ, IMSIt; not of Kakin-si^ik.
Kiiiijiiis lii'rifaH<latin<, Hki'kei, M.S., Kaiip, Lopliobranchli, Id, IKfiO, North America.*
ii
oin Venice, n
' !<;iiiirH ilescription of nippnrniiipiii' hrricimduliiitU as follows: "Thodori'alas lonjf as the tii'iwl,
iiuil -taiuling on .1 rings. Body rings 11. Tlip eyos nearly in the middle between the end of the
mout and the gill onening. Cp to the dorsal fln there are 8 rings. Tail without knobs, and the
gill plate silvery."
'
778
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
I
IJipportiniimHpimiiiildliiK, (iricitKNdP, in SiigrH, Culm PoIhm., 174, pliitii .1, fig. 'i, 1850, Cuba.
Hipjiocaiiiiiiiit tnarijinalin,* llr.CKKi., in K.u'i', Liiphobr. , LI, iM.'itl, Mexico.
IliltpDiiimpuH f(iiiiUtiliiriK,f HiicKKi,, in Kadi-, /, c, ir), 185(1, Mexico.
IliiipticiimpiiH loHiiiriinlriii, Kai'I", LuiiIioI)!'., Vi, 1880; not of Civikh.
HippiintmiiiiH (iiilhihiliiH, QCntiieh, Cut., viii, 2W, 1870; |ii'(il)iilily not of CrviEii.
f Hippafumpim K-ikIh, Blkkker, Miit. Tyilrt. Nud. Id(1., Ill, H'J, East Indies; niinieroun xyiK.irMiH
of //. k:iila iiru i|U>it<'(l by (ir.NTllKU. '. <■., but tliin Kunt Iiidiiin ii|ifL-lvH will |iroliiilily lii' luurnl
dlU'ortiut.
114». IIII»POCA.MIM'H KTYMKKH, Jordan A Gilbert.
D. 16, covering about 4 hotly rings ; rings about 12-(-I^l' Snout not-
ably longer tliiin postorbital part of head ; supraocular and teniimial
spines long, siui])le; a long median spine in front of coronet ; coioiiut
stout, high, its spines slender, abrujitly sjneading. Spines of body mmt
long and slender, each ending in a filament; these enlarged on inch
alternate i)late of thii neck, and about every fourth plate on body mikI
tail; dorsal and upper lateral ridge usually armed and sometimes low <r
lateral ridge ; two strong spines at base of pectoral ; body with about fii)
developed spinous processes besides numerous smaller points. Bro\vni>li,
with darker bars; no pale spots; snout blackish. Coasts of Floridn, in
deei> water, known from the " Snapper Hanks" oil' Ponsacola and Taiiiiia,
and from the (iulf Stream. (HtifliJ'ci', bearing rods or t»rojections.)
Uippwampm nt'jUfer, .TonnAN iV GiiHKRT, Proc. l'. H. Nat. Mus., 1882, V!ti5, " Snapper Banks."
(TyjM!, No. 308711. Coll. .lorJaii .t Steuriis); .Tordan A- Gii.HKUi, SyiiopaiM, 907, 188H.
i J
I V
1144. HIPPOCAMPI'S ZOKTER.K, .Ionian & Gilbert.
Dorsal 12, on 2 f 1 rings; rings 11 + 30. Snout very short, not iikmc
than half rest of head ; supraorbital spines diverging, each with a .sniiiU
spine before it. Coronet high, I length of snout, its filaments about as
long as snout. Spines on body well developed. Olive green ; siiltn of
head mottled with dusky, its margin (in i ) broadly red. Leno;tli L'
inches. Pensacola Bay ; the smallest known species of sea-horse, alum.
dant in shallow water in the lagoons, always found clinging by its tail
to the sea wrack, Zustera marina (whence the name zoHterw).
Uilipiicdtiipiin zoKlcrir, .loRnAN k GiiiiKnT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mtis.. 1882, 2('i.''i, Grand Laroon,
Pensacola, Florida. (Tyii«, No. 311852. Coll. Jordan & Stoarna.) Jordan k ;.ii.iikiit,
Synopsis, 907, 1883.
* llippoiampHK marginalis, Heckei,:
Dorsal fin on last thioi^ of tlic twelve body rings. Greatest lieiglit of body equal to (list;ind>
between the coronet and the end ot the snout. .\ll tlie angles of tlio rings more develi)|ir.l iImm
in //. hmijiriinlrh. White spots besprinkle the head and snout, and the gill plates arc cinss'il li.v
curved black lines; longitudinal black stripes inn on the body to the seventh ring, ami l)lHik
cross lines succeed them from tbe eightli to the twelfth rings; irregular interrupted blin k linen
traverse the belly lengthwise. (Kaiip.) Mexico.
■|" Ilippncaiiipiin fiisficiilariH, HecKEI.:
Snout longer than that of //. ?/(<'ri»(»Vf(.«, with more acute nasal projections, and the l.irsal
not standing on so liigli an elevation. Coloi black, with very many white points. Gill platt'.--
striped by 10 or 11 rows of wl.itedots, and between the lateral line and the liin of the bcll.v tliiTc
are irregular white bands extending as far as to the seventh ring. From the eighth riiiK •" •'''•'
anus there is between each pair of rings a dark cross lino sprinkled with white spei kn, and
marbled. Mexico. (Kaup.)
Jordan ami Kverfnann. — Fishes of North America, 779
Order BB. ACANTIK )PTERI.
(THK .Sl'INV-KAVEl) FlSUKS.)
Aiitorior vortobra- nniiioditii'd aixl without <mHi(;ulii niiditiiH; no innHo-
roiiiiiiid aiitl no inttTclavicluH (no far iih known). Hoi'«l«>rot' nioiith toiiiK-d
liy |>i(Miia\illary ; maxillary noiinally diNtinct fiuin it and alwavH picHtnt,
hill Nonu'tinu^H cooHHiliod witit it. (iilln laiiiinatiMl. >Slionl<l*-r ^iidii;
attiiiliofl to ilio Hknll Ity a po.st-trniporai. wliicli i.s nornially Ciinratt" and
usually not cooHHilied with tlir Nkuli. lly|H>rRora(;oid and liy|>(>rora<-oid
(lisiiiict, ossified, the foinmr u.sinilly ptMfbratr. i'haiyn;;«iaiH wtjjl devid-
opt'd, tlio lower rarely united, the third upper pharynjjpal larKcst. the
foiiilh often wanting. Pectoral actinosts always present, opereular
ii|i|);uatii8 complete; gill openings in advance of the pectoraJH; pec-
tiii;il liuH above the plane of tlie abdomen; ventral tins more or less
mill lioi. nonnally attached by tlie pelvis to the shoulder girdle, typically
with 1 spine and 5 rays, sonuttimes wanting, Nometimes without spine or
with many rays, or otherwise modilied. Anterior ;aysof dorsal and anal
tyiiicaily nimph^ or spinous, l)nt all the tin rays often articulate. Air
liliiddci typically without duct in the a<lult. Scales various, typi-
cally ctenoid; lateral line usually ruhning high. To this group are
i( Iriahlo the great body of existing marine fishes. It may be not a ])er-
fectly iiii'iiirtil order, inasmuch as the members of the group ditler very
widely among themselves, and at the same time some of them approach
v<My closely to neighboring orders as the Iluplomi, tSiinentoynathi, Ilcmi-
lintiichii, etc., groups relat«'d to the parent stock of some of the .lititi-
llnipliri. It is not at all certain that the Acaiilhoptcri have all develojied
fioiii a common stock, nor in many cases can wo indicate the genetic
relations.
Among the Aatnthoptcri a certain number of well-defined suborders
exist — branches more or less separable from the parent stem. It is impos-
sihlc, however, to divide the whole group into suborders, as many of the
coiKstittK^nt groujjs cannot be defined. Thus the J'lrcexoccx, Tanioitomi,
III liriisiniKita, Sclcrodermi, Gyintiodotitin, etc., (san b() easily segregated and
tiffined, while other groups clustering around equally well-marketl forms
can iHit receive any sort of concise and inclusive definition. Examples
of this are the Scomhrnidci, rircoidei, Traclihwidci, and thelike. Hut these
large groups cannot be all referred to a single suborder, as they ditter
as much inter se as the well-defined suborders do.
Wo liavo hero adopted the anomalous system of recognizing two sorts
(it'siil)()rdinate divisions within the order of Acantliopicri, the "subonh-rs ''
or categories susceptible of definition, and " groups" which can only bo
(Ictiiicd through alliance with some central or some parent form. Thus
tlic, varied group of Scomhroidci center sibout the mackerels, seeniing to
(livciire in various directions from the type of Scomber. The difficulty
of definition may arise from any one of several sources: (a) from the real
iutt I gradation of forms; (h) from our ignorance of the real characters ;
or, (c) from the intrusion of unrelated forms which obscure the true
ml^
r
m !
780
Hulletin 77, Unifft/ Stati's Natiomil Musfum.
i|iinlity (»f tlifl K>^<*<U'- ^'''*) pi'(*H«nc«) uf iiitniHivn i>l«*in«ntN Iihn Ixioii y<\w
of the cliief csiihom of tho failiiro of hcIioiih-h of cluHHitlcatioii in the |i.ik|,
Th«) iiiodorn faHhion of a coiiipurutivoly iiiiniito HiihdiviHion of ^iMtt-nt nid
fainiliuH hiiN thiH JiiHtilinition, tliiit "Anul.vNiH iniist ptmtedo Nviithi'siH."
Thu lur^*) fttiiiilioii aixl ^unera r<'co^ni/u«l by tlio tmrli«tr wiiterH win-
•Iways (liHlignrtMl l)y thorntuntioiiof " aherrant," tliat Ih, iinnOated foiiriN.
((isf/rf'H, Hpiiio ; nTfitiif, fin; tiio wonl originally written AciiHthopUiiiiiii,
hut the Hhortcnetl form HueniH preferable.)
Anai.yhis ok SinioKOKUS and otiikk (iuoi'i's oi- Acantiioitkiu.
Note. In the following analyniH only the nioHt Halieiit or the nioNf evi-
dent eharacterH are mentioned, detailed deHcriptionn b«'ing givtm faitlit'i'
on. The groups called Hultorders are nioHtly Hharpiy (lefined and iiinii' (ir
leHH iHolated from the main trunk of the uuihh of Hpiny-rayed (InIioh. TIu)
other groupH mentioned below are for the inoNt part incapable of prccJHe
detlnition, repreaenting rather centerH of relationHhi|). VariouN aboriiint
forniH receive ])roviHional location pending more exact and detailed Nlmly.
ThuH under the Svomhroidti, Hiri/coideif and Tnid'hioidci for example, arc
here enumerated forms which may have little real aHlnity with the (in
tral family of the group in i|iieHtion. In thin connection may he (iiiottd
the following pertinent reuiarkHof Dr. <iill (Mem. Nat. Acad. 8ci,, vi. lis,
1894 ) :
"The author inHiHta, as in previous pnhlications, on the entirely piovi-
nional nature of the present arrangement. Changes — grave changes — iniiNt
necessarily be made in the system when the species shall be studied in a
more scientitio way than has been generally done heretofore. Many I'aiii-
ilies are entirely unknown in an anatomical ])oint of view, and until tlnir
structure has been investigated and carefully compared with thai of
others, their systematic relations must remain doubtful. No scieiilitic
investigator should fear to change his o)>inion. An obstinate persisteiicu
in ancient views because they have been once ado])ted has been too Imi^
detrimental to the interests of systematic ichthyology, and such obsliiiacy
has retarded the general jtrogress of science for twenty to thirty ycaiH.
While the aspect of every other branch of vertebrate zoology has entirely
changed within that period, ichthyology, the most complex and the least
advanced of all, might appear to the casual observer to have had a iiioi«
certain basis than any, inasmuch as the text-books of a past geneiatidii
have essentially the same system as the latest. Either almost oiiinis-
cieuce and prescience were the attributes of the guides of the past who
keep to thu same path in the present, or obstinacy and blindncNH tn an
extraordinary degree have been manifested. To a great extent ichthyol-
ogy has been limited to descri|)tions of species or habits, and taxoiioinio
principles have been (juite neglected.
Meanwhile ichthyology is still a crude and inchoate science. The preH-
ent list has been prepared as u check-list and adjuvant to the use ot the
collection. Many families have been allocated in their positions siiii|ily
because they have been placed there before and because equal douliis
would be involved in ])lacing them elsewhere. In many cases, it is cer-
tain that the general conceptions of their relations (if so positive a Icrni
may be applied to what are vague reiterations of past utterances) are
baseless, but the indications furnished by the exterior are insuHicieiil to
justify positive conclusions. Until the anatomy or at least the osteolojiy
of every family and subfamily-is known, much doubt must remain an to
the proper allocation of such groups, ((iill.)
SAi.MOPEiict:: Adiiiosofln preHeut;durtutlan<l anal with Kpiiicgiii very small nuuib«r; veiitnil tlnn
abdominal, with more than 5 Hoft rays; vertebrui about 3.5.
Xenarchi: Vent auturior in position; ventral flns thoracic, with more than 6 soft rays; Uurral
and anal aplnesfew; tail diphycercal.
fordan and F.vfrmann. — Fishes of North America. 7Sl
lOPTKKI.
I'M.' i'mtm: VeiilrnI fliiiiiili<liiiiiiiiitl,<>Hrli of 1 ii|ilni> iiiKlAriiyii; ilonul Kptnoiifew, itiniilly form-
Iriii '> "'luruli* llii ; Ki" NtriKlurxH iiinl Mtriii tiiro nl' iiioulli miriiiul ; tli» Utll rllphyciTi ul.
.\mm>'I>« iiiiiiti : Vuutrul fliiM wauttiiK ; im «|iliieH in uuy uf thf Him, Utburwiiiv t<iwiiiitiiilly m
Iri 'Ih /'iPfMM'l*.
Km I ',%'>! TK Id : I'i'rtui'iil •I'tiiiontHnot ill Ike tii I'cirm orpcMltioii, 2 uf tlixiii ii()rniiii,iiii|i|i<irtliiK Ilia
flu, I loiiKilinliiial without ruyn, 1 a |>litli' nu tlin iciritiiiiil Hii|i|iurtliiK W tu li) fn'o vliiiiKati< niyH,
ti'iikr ill' IVdin tlin rcHt of tin* fln; vciitrul fina Huliulidiiiiiiiiikl. OtIiiTwImi vaafntlnlly bm I'lrmiihi.
IImiV' >>iiiEi : Vtiiitriil fliiH tlioraclr. tyiilrully uitli 1 niiiiic anil iiiiirii llinii /inoft myH, Hplnrn of
fiiiH \<iri(>iiH; iii|iiainalli>n MtrimiM; iiir iliirt kiiiiii'IIiih'h ixTHiHti'iit; titil illptiyrrrral.
fi ..Miiuninr.l : Vi<ntriil I'imh llmrurir, ty|iiriilly witli 1 h|iiiin ami r>M>rt iiiyH; B|iini'H of flnx varioui;
rniKlal |>i'iImii Io ty pirnlly Hli'nili^r, » llli a liroail, BtronKly forkiil > iiuilal tin ; hiiiIon t.v|>lritlly nniiill
anil ryi'lulil, Ixit often wantiuK or tiony, or uvuu i-tuDuiil; hIiuuIiIit Kfrilln norinul; kHIn normal;
tikil ili|iliy<'i>ri'itl.
I'l.ii' ninKi : ViMitral" thorarlo, with I niilin- ami ft rayn (rarely I, 4); lowi-r |)liiirynf{oaliti<'|Mirntt>
(Ti>n riiriily n>iili!Hi'i-nt); kIIIm 4, a hIII In liiml tlm fiuirlli; lnwtrllN i|iinlili> on i-ai'li hIiIh; miiloi
ty|iiiallv 'toniiid, anduNually well iloviOiipcil; |iiiHt-ti'miiiiriil hIi'ihIit, iIIvIiIimI at lipundnntriioNHl-
flvil will) fikull; bouw of Jawx diHtiuct; iH'ctorul actinoiits nornml; vurti'liriK '^4 to 40; tall
ili|iliyi rrciil.
Siji amii'INNEh: I'oNt-temponil typii'ally riiiiBHiflud with tlinfikull; nmxillurieH norniikl; tInH imu-
nlly »>aly: vontralN thoracir, typically with 1 ipine and r> luift rayH; vrrti'hriK 24 or fuwi>r; tail
dil'lmiTcal.
S< I r.iiiiKKitMi : PiMt-tem|ioral iindiviilod ami i-iH>Ntiinpil with the nkull; iiiaxillnrirH riK>HMifli>il
witli llir |iri'ninxillariuM anil ilmtiirii-H with tin' artii-iiliir; vuiitral fiim r«iiluri'il ur wiintinir, thi<
prhir Imiiio vi>ry long; JawK with iliNtini't ti'oth; Hkin coviti'iI with Mcalos or movahli* platm;
upliiuim iliii'Hiil proHinit; vi>rtr)ini* in rciliiriMl iiumhrr, Iknh than 2i; tail ili|iliyri-rriil.
(MinrnDKiiMi . AHal«ivi', thii hoily ihvitimI with Ininy iininovithlii Bcutt'n, forming a rarn|iai'o;
H|iiniiiiN di'i'Hal i>liHolti|i>; viTtehriit in ri'iliiceil iiiiiiilH'r.
(itMNiiixiNTKR : Ah in thn Sclerodenni, tin; Hkin Nmimth or variotiNly prirkly nr armcil with platiw;
till x|iiiioiiH diirmil nor ventral ItuH; ti'cth coalcscont into t or 2 bony platPH in carh Jaw; vi<rlehrH'
in ri'ihiri'il number.
I'liiiiiiiToiDK : Much aa In the Percoidei, the i)e<'toral vi-ry hrond, Its lower rayn Rlmple and
tliii'ki'iiril.
lliii.i'ONOTi : Lower pharyngeal)) xolidly united; young brought forth alivi>; anal flu very long;
siiilin rycloid; viTtcbrro more than 24. Othi'rwliiii OHHi-ntlally tio in tho I'trcoidei.
riiiiiiMinES : Nostrils Binglo on each (^iile; lower jiharynnealH comiilctoly uniti'il; gilln ll'.^or 4,
till' xlit lii'hlnd laot ^ill pri'Hent or abfieiit. No labyrinthiforni nppoudaKe to tho gills. Other-
v'\*v I'KW'iitially a" In Percoidei.
I'liAitvNuiMiNATHi : Ni'HtriU double; lower iiharyngcniii fully united, without suture; gills .'l|,j,
iiiiHlit hcliind tho laMt; Bcales cycloid; ventraLs ttiipraric; T, 5; bones of Hiiborbital, jaws, and
sliniililiT girdle normal. Otherwise eswntiully an in Permidei.
CATvriiitACTi: Siiborbittt! with a iKiny stay extending backward from tho Ruborbital ring to or
tiuvnril till) iircoperclo; nostrils double; lower pharyiigpaln sepurate; bones of jawn and shoulder
girillii normal; ventrals thoracic, often reduced, modified or wanting, always close together; |iec-
toral On simple; vertobrm usually more than 21; tail diphycercal,
CuANioMi: Suborbital, as In CatuphracH, theHtay more developed; ventrals I, 6, widely se|)aratcd
shoiililer girdle peculiarly moditied; the iinBt-toni]ioral forming an integral part of the skull, the
pflRti'i'iitemporal crowded out of plitre above and on each side of poNt-temixiral; pectoral fln divided
In twii parts or else with free detached rays.
(ii'iiiniDKi: Ventral fins; thoracic, I, 5, t.\ pically close together or else united (sometimes widely
ei>|iar:iti'd); the inner rays of each fln the longest; gill membranes broaifly united to the isthmus;
(lunial sjiiiies few and weak; sott dorsal and anal long; scales variims; nostrils, gills, jaws, subor-
'oilal, ami shoulder girdle normal; vertebra' usually in nmall number (about 24); tail diphycercal.
I)i8(:i>rKi>ii.\Li : Spinous dorsal modiflcd into a lamellated sucking disk, placed on the back of
the lifad: ventrals thoracic, I, f>. Otherwise essentially as in the TnicliiiKiidei.
TnAciiisoinKi: Ventrals typically thoracic, with 1 spine and .'> rays, hut often jugular or with
tlic rays reduced; nostrils, jaws, shoulder girdle, and suborbital normal; scales various; gills 3V^
ur4. lUirsal spines comiiaratively few; soft doreal and anal fins long; tail iliphycorcal; an uude-
&DabU' and probably heterogeneous group, its members proTisioually left together,
II
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
'^P
1.0
1.1
1.25
I^|2j8 |2.5
■^ 1^ 122
Sf 144 ■—
1^ til 12.0
1.4
IIIM
1^
V
V]
vl
o^
/#
Hiotographic
Sciences
Corporetion
23 WEST MAIN STRECT
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
; (
■M,
m
■''%
'k
7H2
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Haplodoci: Ventrals jugular, with 2 or .'i Roft rays; po8t-temporal undivided; gills a, .i Rijt
beliiud tliu last; no suborbital stay; spiuoun dorsal very short; no pseudobranchiai; tail 'lipiij.
cereal.
Xenopteryoii: Ventrals wide apart, I, 4 or I, 6, a broad sucking disk formed of folds nf .^kiu
between them; no spinous dorsal; no suborbital ring; uu scales; tail dipbycorcal.
Blf.nnioidei: Ventrals Jugular, usually with I Kpinc; less than 5 soft rays, often wanting', dur-
sal tin very long, its anterior portion composed of numerous spines; hyiKircoracoid pcrf'rat^;
shoulder girdle, jaws, nostrils, and suborbital normal; tail diphycercal; pscudobranchiie iinsiiiit;
scales usually small and smooth, often wanting; vertebrtc numerous.
Opiiidioiuei: Ventrals without spines; no opines in the anterior portion of dorsal flu. (iilicr-
wiso essentially as in the hUnnioidt. the tail diphycercal, the lust vertebra) sometinicH nuiili
reduced
ANAfANTiiiNi: Ventrals jugular, of soft rays only, the number usually more or lefs thmi .>; no
spines in any of the flns; hypercorecoid imperforate; tail isocerral; no pgeudobrancliin'; ;:i|l8,
nostrils, pharyngeals, suborbital, and shouldir girdle normal; vertt^'orro numerous.
Tii-iNiosoMi: Body ribbon-shaped; the ventrals thoracic, the'rays usually less than I, 0; i.ost-
temporal undivided; skin smooth or prickly; caudal fin wanting or else divided and piu uliiir.
Skin naked or prickly; vertebra) very numerous.
Heterosomata: Cranium twisted so that both eyes in the adult are on the same side of tlic hciul;
dot^al and anal fins very long; no spines in the fins; ventrals thoracic, of more than 5 sott \as>\
coracoids normally developed, the hypercuracoid perforate; tail diphycercal; pseudobrauchiic
present; vortebrte in iucreatod number.
Suborder SALMOPERC^.
(The Trout Perches.)
We place provisionally as a suborder of the Acanthopteri, a sinpiilar
group of archaic fishes, relics* of some earlier fauna, and api.arciitly
derived directly from the extinct transitional forms through whioh the
Hajplami and Acanthopteri have descended from allies of the IsospvudyVi.
The group shows the remarkable combination of true iia spines, ctenoid
scales, and a percoid aiouth, with the adipose fin, abdominal ventraiH, and
naked head of the IsospondyU. The relations of the Pei'copmla with
such archaic spiny-rayed fishes as Aphredoderua and Elasaoma are cer-
tainly not remote and the close resemblance of the head of Percopsix to
that of Gymnocephalua {Acerina) may be more than accidental. The sub-
order may be provisionally defined as follows :
Ventrals abdominal, each with a short simple ray ; dorsal Avith 2 hIhi-
ple rays or spines ; anal with 1 or 2 ; mouth formed as in Percoid fisbeH,
the simple toothless maxillary not forming part of its border. Adipose
fin present. Scales ctenoid ; head naked ; pseudobranchiae present. Air
bladder apparently with a rudimentary duct. Stoniach siphonal, with :.
few cceca. Shoulder girdle without mesocoracoid, apparently of the
normal percoid type ; vertebrae about 35. A single family. (Salvia, trout ;
Perca, perch.)
* In describing Perropsis, Agassi/, refers to it as a generalized type and relic of an older fiiiiim.
He says: "Now, the genus Percopsis is as 'important to the understanding; of nuHleru tv|i('sa.s
Ijfpidosteus and Ceslraciou are to the understaudiiig of the ancient ones, te it combines cliurac-
tere which in our day are never found together in the ti>me family of fishes, but wlii<li. in
more recent geological ages, constitute a striking peculiarity of the whole class. My rermjtm
is really such an old-fashioned fish, as it shows peculiarities which occur simultaneously in tin'
fostil fishes of the Chalk epoch, which, however, soon diverge into distinct families in the Ter-
tiary period never to be combined again. Now my new genus Percojma is a just inturiiiiiliatc
between Ctenoiiis and Cycloids; it is what an ichthyologist at present would scarcely tliink
possible, a true iutermediate type between Percoids and Salmouidw." (Agassiz, Lake Supcriur,
285, 1850 )
•mms
r— ■ •^'rr :-!■— ^-TiT.-
; gills :i, a Rlit
|8d; tail dipliy-
of folds (if hkiu
1 wanting', dur-
,coid pcrfiiit*;
mchia; pii himiI;
sal fin. (uIkt-
oinetinirH uiik h
• lefH tliiin .'; no
>raii('liiii". )-'illB,
it>.
tliati I, 5: piist-
9(1 and (iiM iilhir.
Hide of till' liiiul;
ban 5 soft liiy,'.;
pseudobrtiucbiR
i, a Binpular
I api-arcntly
'h whioh the
) IsospvmUiU.
ines, ctenoid
ventraiM, and
copaidw with
oma aro cer-
Pei'copmx to
il. The Hub-
witli 2 sini-
Brcoid fishes,
ler. AdipoHe
present. Air
lional, with r.
ently of the
Salmo, trout ;
if an older fauna.
modern tvi'tsa-s
combines cliariic-
68, but wliic li, ill
lass. My ;Vrn>;i«l«
Itaneously in tlu'
luilies in the Tii-
jiist intorni.diatf
lid scarcely "''"''
z, Lake Superior,
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
783
Family CIV. PERCOPSID^.
(Thk Sand Rollers.)
Hody inoderat«ly elongate, somewhat compressed, the caudal peduncle
lonj; iind slender. Kead conical, pointed, naked. Mouth small, hori-
zontal ; maxillary short, narrow, withont supplemental bone, not reach-
iiiir til the large eye; margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries
aioiu;, which are short and not protractile. Teeth very small, villiform
on jii'cinaxillaries and lower jaw only. Tongue short, adherent. Giii
nienihranes separate, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiie present.
Braniliiostegals 6. Gill rakers short, tubercle-like. Opercle with eatiro
edjjfs. Lower limb of the preopercle well developed, the angle nearly a
richt angle, its inner edge with a raised crest, its outer edge crenulate or
witli a few spines. Bones of the head cavernous, as in the Percoid genus
Acirina ; cranium with a raised tsrest, which does nut extend lo the occi-
jiut. Scales moderate, rather firm, adherent, their edges strongly cten-
oid. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal short, median, with 2 spines,
Blender or stout ; ventrals anterior, just in front of the dorsal, with 1
riidiiventary spine and about 8 rays; pectorals narrow, i>laced rather
higher than usual in laospondyli ; anal small, vith 1 or 2 spines ; caudal
forked; adipose fin present, small. Vertebra) about 35. first superior
pharyngobranchial without teeth : second, third, and fourth separate,
with teeth. Lower pharyngeals separate. Stomach siphonal, with about
10 well-developed pyloric coeca. Ova unusually large, not falling into
the alidouiinal cavity before exclusion. Air bladder present, with a band
of connective tissue which is apparently with a rudimentary duct. Small
fishes of the fresh waters of the cooler parti of America ; two genera
known, each with probably but one species. The group is one of special
interest, as it combines with ordinary Salmonoid characters the structure
of the head and mouth of a Percoid, resembling notably the European
genus Gymnorephalua or Acerina. The late discovery by Dr. Eigeninann
of !i second genus, still more decidedly percoid in its structure is the most
interesting recent addition to our knowledge of American fishes. (Pvr-
copsida; liunther. Cat., VI, 207, 1866.)
K. liorxal fln with 2 feeble, slender spines or simple rays- anal with 1 slender spine; scales
most strongly ctenoid on caudal peduncle; posterior margin of preopercle entire or
with feeble crenulations; lateral line developed, tlio tubes small; form slciulcr, the
body translucent. Peucoi'SIs, 349.
(Id. Dorsal and anal each with 2 very strong spines; ventral spine evident; stales most
strongly ctenoid on anterior part of body; posterior margin of preopercle with a few
short but Strom; spines; lateral lino imperfect, the tubes more or less obsol"te; form
robust, the substance comparatively opaque. Columbia, 360.
349. PEPCOPSIS, Agassi/..
Percoimf, AoAssiz, Lake Superior, 284, 18/50, {gtUlaiuu).
SnlimijictiK, Thompson, App. Hist. Vermont, 33, 18.')3, {pellncida = f/iHlaltm).
Body rather slender, pellucid, covei^ed with rather thin scales. Dorsal
tin with 2 slender spines or simple rays; anal with 1; scales roughest
yBjES-
784
Bulletin 4^, United States National Museum.
1:
.;lu,:
posteriorly ; lateral line developed ; preopercle entire or very uearlv no.
Vertebrjn 17 + 17 = 34. Atlantic Slope, in cold or clear lakes and rivors.
(nipKif, i»erch; St/^tf, appearance.)
1146. PKR€0P8IS OllTTATlTK, A)?aMij.
(Sand Holler ; Trout Prrcii.)
Head 3i^ ; depth about 4i. D. II, 9; A. I, 7 ; V. I, 8; scales 50. Tl.ad
slender and conical; mouth small, siibinferiov, maxillary nut nearly
reaching front of orbit. Caudal peduncle long and slender. Pale oliva-
ceous, a silvery stripe along the lateral line, becoming oltsulete forwards;
upper parts with obscure round dusky spots made of dark points. Ft-ri-
toneum silvery. Length inches. Spawns in spring. Delaware Kiver
(Abbott) to Ohio River (Sloan; Gilbert); Kansas and northward; very
abundant in the Great Lakes ; in all streams tributary to Hudson liay,
Red River of the North, and found by Dr. Eigenmann in the Saskatche-
wan as far as Medicine Hat ; rare in streams 8outl< of Lake Erie, although
occasionally taken throughout the upper Mississippi Valley. (gutlatuH,
spotted.)
PercojwM gnUalus, Agabsiz, Lake Siiporior, i!86, 185(», Lake Superior; GCNTiiEtt, Cat., vi, 'J'JT,
1866; Jordan & Giiubrt, Synopgia, 322, 18KJ; Ekienmann, Scienco, Oct. 21, 1892, 2:i:t.
Halmnperca pelhcida, TiiomrsoN, Appendix Hist. Vt., X.\, 18.53, Lake Champlain. (Coll. Tli(iiii|>-
Brn.)
PercopKU hammondi* Qiht, Pioc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1864, 151, Kansas. (Coll. Ilainiiionr,.)
350. COLUMBIA, Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Columbia, EinENMANN &.£iaENHANN, Science, Oct. 21, 18U2, 23:s, (Irannmontaua).
Body rather robust, little translucent, covered with strongly ctenoid
scales which are roughest anteriorly ; lateral line obscure or imperfect ;
angle of preopercle with a few stoutish spines. Dorsal and anal fins each
with two very strong spines ; a short ventral spine. One species, iu
riversof the Pacific slope.^ v^amed for the Columbia River, itself for .lohn
Kendricks's sh:p, tho Columbia; the name derived from that of CriHti-
foro Colon, who came to America just four hundred years before tliiti tieb
was discovered.)^
114«. COLUMBIA TRANSMONTANA, Eigenmann A Eigenmann.
Head 3 to 3^; depth 3^ to 4 ; eye 3i, equal to snout. D. II, ; A. II,
6; scales 7 to 9-44 to 46-7. Body comparatively deep, the dorsal ])roliIe
more arched than the ventral, making an angle at origin of dorsal ; sides
compressed, the tail most so. Head short and chubby. First dorsal
epine as long as pupil ; second half length of head, recurved, very di'oply
grooved behind ; anal spines lower than dorsal spines, the second longest;
ventrals reaching past vent; nape scaled. Semitranslucent smutty
green ; sides with three rows of oblong blackish spots, the middle aud
• Head larger, 3}^ in longth, excluaivo of caudal ; dorsal higher, the longest ray 4% in Icngtli;
anal higher, longest ray 6 in length; pectoral equals height of dorsal; ventral 6-% iu Imgtli,
TMtcbtng vent, which is nearer snoat than margin of caudal fln. Kansas. (Qill.)
'" : r
'mmm
II. Hamnioinl.)
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 785
n])]ier most distinct ; back with a series of similar spots, one conspicuous
at licfrinning and another at end of first dorsal; dorsal mottled ; caudal
liaricil ; head smutty ; a blue-black spot on middle uf opercle; a narrow,
HJh cry lateral band ; young translucent, with dark spots. Length 3 to 4
inclics. Sandy or weedy lagoons along the Columbia Kiver, locally abun-
dant at the mouth of theUmatillaandWallula rivers; our specimens taken
' y I'liobnrn and Kutter in the Wallula at Walla Walla, {tranmiontanv,^,
beyond the mountains.)
Oiliniil'iii IratuimonUiHa, KioENMANN & Eioknmann, Science, Oct. 21, 1802, 233, mouth of Uma-
tilla River, Oregon; (Cull. EigenmanD); Gilbert & Evbrmann, InvestigatioDg in the
( olunibia Biver Basin, 51, 1894.
Suborder XENARCHI.
We place in a distinct suborder, next to the Salmoperca', the singular
little family of the Pirate Perches, which finds its natural position between
tliu Percopsidos and the Percoid forms. Structure of mouth and skeleton
8(1 fur as known essentially that of the Percoid fishes. Dorsal fin single,
with few small spines ; ventrals thoracic, with a small spine, and more
than five soft rays. Air duct not examined, probably obsolete, the air
Madder large and adherent. Intestinal canal ending at the throat in the
adult, the vent variously posterior in the young. Vertex ra5 29. One
i'uiniiy among existing forms. Several fossil genera. (Erismatopterua,
.lmi)li',plaga, etc.) seem to stand between Aphredoileru8 and Elassoma.
which seem to be near relatives un the one hand, as Percopaia is on the
oilier, (fti/of, strange ; apxos, anna.)
Family CV. APHREDODERID^.
(The Pirate Perches.)
Body oblong, elevated at the base of the dorsal, compressed behind, the
head thick and depressed, the profile concave. Caudal peduncle thick.
Muuth moderate, somewhat oblique, the lower jaw projecting ; maxillary
reaching to anterior border of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws,
vomer, palatir js, and pterygoids. Premaxillaries not protractile ; maxil-
laries small, without evident supplemental bone. Preopercle and pre-
orbital with their free edges sharply serrate ; opercle with a spine. Bones
of Hkull somewhat cavernous. Sides of the head scaly. Lower pharyn-
•reals narrow, separate, with villiform teeth. Gill membranes slightly
joined to the isthmus anteriorly. Gill rakers tubercle-like, dentate.
pBeudobranohiee obsolete. Gills 4, a small slit behind the fourth*
Branchiostegals 6. Scales moderate, strongly ctenoid, adherent. Lateral
line imperfect or wanting. Vent always anterior, its position varying
with age,* from just behind the ventral fins in the young, to below the pre-
opercle in the adi.lt. Dorsal fin single, median, high, with but 3 or 4
* This singular fact was first noticed by Prof. Stephen A. Forbes.
P. N. A.-
•: ! ■' -
-^i ^i^^
^^^mK^
is
! •
' i
hi
'.11
'fl-
786
Bulletin 47, United States National Muaeum.
spinea, which are rapidly gradnated, the first being very short. Aiml
Biuall, with two slender spines ; ventral fins thoracic, with a v»"y Hlimt
spine, the number of soft rays usually?; caudal tin rounded behind.
Air bladder simple, large, adherent to the walls of the abdomen. Vfi *e-
brii* 14 + 15. Pyloric cu!ca about 12. A single genus, with probably Imt
one species, confined to the United States. Its relutionHaro most cIono to
Coliimhin and Percopsis among living fishes, but it difiers strikingly I'loni
these in the loss of the archaic characters of the adipose fin and tlie
abdominal /entrt>.ls. The position of the vent is not seen in any closely
related group, but reappears in the Amblyopnidii', likewise an ancient t.viio
without close relationships among living fishes. (Aphredoderidw, Giiuther,
Cat., I, 271, 1859.)
351. APHREDODERUS, Le Sueur.
(PiRATK Perches.)
AjhrcilodiriiH, Lk Si'KI'k, in CuvierA ValonciciinoK, HiHt. Nat. PoisH., ix, 445, 1823, (yihboms — smi-
(iiiiifi).
StiTtiolretnia, NCI.SON, Bull. IIIb. Lab. Nat. Hist., I, »!•, 187C, (mo/c/jiVi).
/<Menio/re»iia (Nelhiin) .loRDAN, Dull. U. 8. Nat. Mux., x, 02, 1877, (inolepiii; Slerttotreniia Ix'liig
regarded as anatomically incorrect).
Characters of the genus included above. («0o(5of, excrement; ^t(>ri, tlio
throat, from the position of the vent; hence more correctly Jj)/!0(?o</tTHv,)
J
1147. APHREDODERUS SAYANUH (Gillianig).
(Pirate Perch.)
Head 3 ; depth 3. D. Ill, 11 to IV, 10; A. II, 6; V. 7; ^. 6; scales 45
to 60. Color dark olive, profusely speckled with dark points, which often
make blackish streaks along rows of scales; 2 blackish bars at base of
caudal, between which is a light bar. Length 5 inches. ' S'luggish streams
and bayous from New York coastwise to Texas, and throughout the Mis-
sissippi basin in lowlands and streams with alluvial bottoms; locally
abundant, variable. The singular variations in the position of the vent
have given rise to two nominal species and a nominal genus.* North-
western specimens, Ohio to' Arkansa*) (var. isolepia) have usually
smaller scales than the true sayanus. Sayanus has 45 to 55 ; uolepin usuully
55 to 60; both forms are extremely vaiiable and probably no constant dif-
ferences exist. (Named for Thomas Say, the distinguished entomologist.)
* "A Btudy of the position of tlie vent in Aphodoilems myanm has developed some singular t li iiigs.
It becomes evident from the examination of a large scries that the position of the vent is iKJt a
character of generic; imjtortance, as was supposed when the genus Slemolremia was proposfil, imr
is it apparently an individual or a sexual character as has been since suggested. The olisciva-
tions of Professor Forbes, verified by myself, appear to show that the position of tlie vciil is
dependent on the age of the fish. In the adult the vent is Jugular, close behind the littlo pro-
jecting knob at the throat. In the youngest specimens examined, it is more or less hebiinl the
ventral fins. In specimens intermediate in size, its position is intermediate, the degrci' of
advancement being proportionate to the size of the fish.
"Occasional irregularities occur, but the above rule holds so generally that it can not be mi'rcly
accidental. From it I infer that in the very young the position of the vent will be found t • Im-
IRIHBHBpBHBniS!
-r
\
^1^
I
Jordan and F.Termann. — Fishes of North America.
787
liort. Anal
I v»"y Mliiiit
led behind.
icn. Verte-
robaldy but
loHt closer to
kingly t'lom
fin and the
any closely
indent tvpo
fa;, Giiutlier,
, {ijihboms = »«;/•
rmolretiiia liclnjr
it; (yt(»l, tll«!
Ijikododerits,}
>i.7.>;'K/iii«i.f/iiHH«, (iiM.iAMH, Joiirn. Ae. Nat. Sri. Pliila., iv, 1824, 81, near Philadelphia.
,li,i,i.J,,>liriiiii, IiImihiih, Lr Si'Euii, ill Ciivicr and Vnli-iicii'iiiii-K, Hist. Nat. I'niwi., i.<, 44H, iHXi,
Lalce Pontchartrain.
iit,-runi,,m'nt milr/iiii, NKI.H0N, Dull. III. Lab. Nat. IliHt., i, :i9, 1H7<>, Calumet River, Illinois.
.Ij./in./i.i/rnm cimkiauuii, JoiiiiAN, PriM-, Ac. Nut. 8i'i. I'liila., 1K77, (ill, Sawyer's Creek, Ken-
dall ville, Indiana. (Coll. Dr. G. M. Levttte.)
A~i.r,:,iiiiiiiii mmoiremii, JoRDAS, Dull. V. S.Nat. Mils., x, .V.J, 1877, Flint River, Georgia.
(Type, No. '.129(1. Coll. Hugh M. Neisler.)
,\jilinih'ilenin HiiiimiMn, oOHDAH & GlhhKBT, Synopsis, 4(!U, 188;); Di.atciii.ky, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci,
Pliilu., 188fi, l:i6.
In a natural Hysteni, the Percopsidw should apparently be followed by
tlic Aphredoderidd', EhiaHomidcTy and Percid<v, the great modern group of
H|iiny-rayed t ihes liaving doubtless originated from some such stock as
tliiit of which the J'erco2>nidiv form a remnant. The exigencies of a linear
ill langement re<iuire us to interrupt the series to find place for the groups
I'lrcenofCH, liheijnopteri, and Biri/coidci, probably archaic, transitional or
(li-^eneiate types, of diverse relations, but all of them branching off from
tliu ]iliysoclystous stock before the character of the spinous fins had
reuclied its full development.
Suborder PERCESOCES.
Ventral fins abdominal. I, 5; branchial arches well developed, the
lioncB all present except the fourth superior branchihyal. Third superior
pliiiiyngeal much enlarged ; lower pharyngeals distinct. Scales cycloid.
IVrtorals elevated, about on a level with the upper posterior angle of
opBrculum ; spinous dorsal usually present.
6; scales 4.5
which often
at base of
;ish streams
mt the Mis-
tnis ; locally
of the v(!nt
18.* Noitli-
ive usually
Jepin usually
on8taut<lif-
tomologist.)
lingular things.
he vent is not a
IS proposed, imr
Tiie oliserva-
of the vent is
the littli- pro-
less liebludllie
, the degri'i' of
in not be raerely
be found t" 1»'
as usual in Percold fishes; as in the young flounder the eyes are symmetrical, but as the fish
jrrtius older, its aberrant characters bccmne developed.
" The following table shows the position of the vent in 2C specimens:
be II nth
oftlsh.
' Position of vent.
liength
of fish.
Position of vent.
Tnrhet.
1
1
1
1
4
I'-i
1!
Opposite middle of ventrals.
Opposite middle of ventrals.
Opposite middle of veuirals.
Opposite middle of ventrals.
Opposite anJerior i of ventrals.
Opposite anterior l(, of ventrals.
Opposite anterior l^of ventrals.
Opposite anterior}^ of vcntrals.
Opposite anterior V;i of ventrals.
Opposite anterior I/, of ventnils.
Opposite anterior % of ventrals.
OpjioHite anterior |4 "^ ventrals.
Opposite middle of ventrals.
Just behind base of ventrals.
Detween bases of ventrals (as in
type of "S. isotepis").
Tiichen.
f'
3
1 414
1
1
i
Between bases of ventrals.
Detween h'lsi-s of ventrals.
In front 01 ventrals, g of the dis-
tance from base of ventrals to
the throat "knob."
^distance to "knob" (about as in
types of "/I. vieHolrenia").
i dlstjince from ventralsto "knob."
^ distance to the "knob."
} distance to the "knob."
Halfway from ventralsto " knob."
3 distance to "knob" (as in "A.
cooA-MiiKx, " and in A. aai/anus).
,', distance to "knob."
J distance to "knob."
" No other conclusion seems possible from the above except that the vent moves forward iu< the
fisli trrows older, by the lengthening of the horizimtal (lart of the intestine or " rectum " of the
fish. Sternolremia Uolepia is the young, Slernntremia mesotrema the half grown, and Aphododerui
coi'kianut the adult of one and the same fish." (Jordan, 1877.)
.i.^ii'^tXvLir^i^:*:
v=-s-j; j-^-'^' ^.r.J^r,,
• ..^«*!|?.
i ,ht\^ ■ t
!
a
i
U
y
:|
788
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
This group oompriaes dcanthopieri, with the ventral flnu abdominal,
each of 1 spine and 5 rays, and the pelvic bones not attached to tlie
shoulder girdle; the spinous armature of the tins is loss develupitl,
the scales are cycloid, and the opercles unarmed. The suborder marks u
transition from soft-rayed to spiny-rayed fishes, its nearest aHsociules
among the latter being, perhaps, the Scombroid forms. The families hero
defined are closely related, but whether other families, as Ophiocephnlidd,
Ammoilytidte, etc., should be included, is not certain. From fishes of Mm
general character of PerccHocen, the Hemihanchii and Lophobrancliii Miein
to be descended, and the Synentuynathi are closely allied. The gruu(i Ih
composed chiefly of shore fishes and fresL-water fishes, mostly of Ninall
size but some of them large aud voracious. (I'trca, Perch; £«ox, Piko.)
a. Lateral line wanting; teeth Binull or wanting; gill rakera long and Hleiider.
b. Species carnivuroufl, the body uud bead elongate; vortebrio mure than 35; dorsal hiiIuch
slender, flexible, 3 to 8 in number; stomach not gizzard like. Atiikuinidk, rvi.
bb. Species foedingon mud and vegetation; tlio head short and broad; vertobrn> about 24;
stomach gizzard-like, with long intestines. TAviuudx, cvti.
aa. Lateral line present; teeth very stroug, unequal; gill rakers obsolete; head lont; aud
pointed; vertebra about 24. , SpuybjdmiDiK, ivm.
Family CVI. ATHERINID^.
(Thk Silversides.)
Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, covered with scales of
moderate or small size, which are usually, but not always, cycloid, lo
lateral line; some scales often with rudimentary mucous tubes. Clel't
of the mouth moderate. Teeth small, on jaws and sometimes on voiiier
and palatines, rarely wanting. Premaxillaries protractile or not. Opcr-
.".ular bones without spines or serrature. Gill openings wide, the gill
membranes not connected, free from the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind
the fourth. PseudobrancbisB present; gill rakers usually long and slen-
der. Branchiostegals 5 or 6. Dorsal fins 2, well separated, the first of 3
to 8 slender flexible spines, the second of soft rays ; anal with a wouk
spine, similar to the soft dorsal, but usually larger ; ventral fins small,
abdominal, not far back, of 1 small spine and 5 soft rays; pectorals
moderate, inserted high. Air bladder present. No pyloric coeca. Verte-
braB numerous, usually about 23 -f- 23 = 46; third and fourth superior
pharyngeals coossified, with teeth. Carnivorous fishes, mostly of small
size, living in great schools near the shore in temperate and tropi(Ml
seas ; a few species in fresh water ; all the species have a silvery band
along the side ; this is sometimes underlaid by black pigment. Genora
about 15 ; species 60. All of them which are large enough are highly
valued as food, hence the common name of "fishes of the king," Pesca-
dos del Rey, or Pesce Re, or Peixe Rey. (Athei'inid(Bf Gunther, Cat., iii,
391-409, 1861.)
«i Premaxillaries freely protractile, the skin not continaous with that of the forehead.
6. Premaxillary narrow posteriorly, its odgt nearly straight. Body little comprcssnl, ilie
belly rounded; pectorals short; scales cycloid; vomer with teeth; first dorsal with
6 to 9 spines, inserted in front of the rather short anal; mouth short.
▲tuerina, 'M>2,
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
789
;,/.. Pri'innxlllftry broad pogtorlorly, It* odgo RtroiiKly lurvod.
<•. liiiwor jiiw Htronir, projortlng beyond tho iippor.
i\. Scali'H Hiiiall, rou^b, In 70 nerieH; teotb well doreloped; vomer umially with a
fow teeth; jaws long. T.kthoktolk, "XKS.
ilil. Scales largo, smooth, In 38 to r>0 sorloin, Ciiihohtoma, :tr>'l,
rr. Lower jaw moderate, its tip included; voinol- without teeth.
e. .IiiwH not produced into a l)fal<.
/. Belly not comproswd; poctoral short.
g. Anal mo<lerate, of 16 to 24 rays; flntt dorsal of about n gplnos, inserted
before anal.
h. Teeth evident, in narrow bands; scales moderate or large, 30 to AA.
i. Scales laciniate; dorsal and anal m-aly. KiitTl.ANniA, 3/>ri.
a. Scales cyc'-jid; soft dorsal and anal mostly without scales.
Mris/niA, 356.
hh. Teeth none, or minute and caducous; srales very small, crenate,
about 75. IilcrRESTHF.8, 3,'i7.
gg. Anul very long, of 27 rays; tUe very small first dorsal of 8 spines,
inserted over its front; operi'le short. Kuuvstoi.e, 3,58.
jr. Belly stronnly compressed, its edge forming a more or less distinct keel
before vcntrals; pectorals very long; first dorsal small, inserted behind
front of the long anal.
,;'. Scales perfectly smooth. Thyiiina, 3/W.
X). .'tealcs rough-ctenoid. Atiikhinri.i.a, 36(i.
ft. Jaws produced in a siiort curved beak; teeth moderate; scales small.
TiAllinEBTIIKS, :i61.
an. PreniHxillarieN not freely protractile, the skin of upper jaw inesially continuous with
that of the forehead.
Ii. Toitli simple, pointed, arranged in villlform iMtnds. Atiirrinopsis, .S62.
H: Tee'h each bicuspid or with a lateral brancdi, arranged In one series. Athrrinoi's, 'Mh\.
TUERINA, 'M>2,
352. ATHERINA (Artedi) Linnimis.
(Friars.)
Atherina (Artbdi) TjINNSVs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 17.'>8, 315, (hepteliu).
Mi'mhras, Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, 1836, (no type indicated).
Body, oblong, compressed. Mouth large, terminal, obliqne; jaws
about equal, their edges nearly straight; maxillary extending to the
front of eye. Premaxillaries narrow posteriorly, strongly protractile.
Villiform teeth in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Species numer-
ous, mostly European. (aOepivt), the ancient name, from a6^p, a spike or
arrow.)
«. Anal fin rather fhort, of 10 to 16 rays.
/>. Scales large, 36 to 40 ; first dorsal with 5 or 6 spines.
c. Head very broad, the interorbital width about equal to the large eye, which is
about 2% in head. Scales 36 to 38.
d. Anal rays 1, 12, or 1, 13 ; head about 4 in length. stipes, 1148.
ltd. Anal rays 1, 10 or 11 ; head 3}^ to Z% in length. laticeps, 1149.
rr. Head narrow and pointed, .the large eye much greater than interorbital width ;
body Blender and weak, depth 6 in length ; anal 1, 12; scales 40. absa, IISO.
'>6. Scales small, 46 to 62; body very slender; first dorsal long, with 7 or 8 spines.
«. Anal rays 1, 11; eye 3 in head; scales 46. harrinotonensts, 1151_
ee. Anal rays T, 16; eye 2}/^ in head; scales 62. Carolina, 1152.
aa. Anal fln of about 20 rays ; dorsal rays V-1, 16. miobofs, 1163.
i«;
; ^^'ym-'iv
.■:*w;^'w-.-.-5;;'
I; J m
1~
w
mi
I' . "'
790
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
1I4H. ATHERINA STII'KS, Mllllnr .<c Trofwiiel.
Head about 4^ ; depth about 5. Doraal V-I, i) to 11; anal I, 12 or i:i;
scalcH 37 to 3iM); eye nearly o(|ual to width of iuterorbital Hpace, mik!
twice or more tinieu length of snout ; maxillary extending beyond ilii>
vortical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Distance of end of Niiunt
from root of ventral is ii that from the dorsal. A sharp undulated i'<1;ri'
forming the upper margin of the orbit. Teeth numerous and distinrl m
both, jaws and on the palate. Two series of small black dots alou^ ili*-
side of the tail. (Uliuther. ) Darbadoes. {stipes, a lug or other stupid
object.)
Atherina n/iyiex, MPm.rr k TitosciiEt, in Schoinburgk, Hist, Darbadoes, 671, 184H, Barbadous ;
GVmiier, Cat., Ill, 400, 1861.
:^ft;:
1149. ATHERINA LATICEPS, Pooy.
(Cabkzotk.)
Head3ito3|; depth i'i to 48 ; pye2i; snout 4; iuterorbital space L'i.
Dorsal V-I, 9 ; anal 1, 10 or 11 ; scales 3G-6. Hody thick, head very hioad,
eye large; snout obtuse; top of head broad and Hat ; cleft of nioiitli
oblique, jaws subequal, nuixillary extending beyond front of orliit.
Teeth on jaws and vomer, very small. Insertion of spinous dorsal nejiivr
anal than ventral fins. Upper edge of oibit sharp, nearly smootli,
Color in life translucent green; silvery below, with a well-defined silvt-ry
lateral band, below Avhich a series of dots along the side; back with
dark dots forming streaks along the rows of scales ; snout above wit li
black dots; fins pale, nearly plain ; a dusky shade at base of caudai
Caribbean Sea, north to western Florida, abundant at Key West, Havana,
and Coznmel; probably not distinct from Atherina stipes, stipes being tlio
older name, (latus, broad ; ccps, head.)
Atherina lalicejis, PoF.y, Meniorios, ii, 20.'), 1801, Havana.
Atherina rehana* flooDE & Bkan, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mug., 1879, 342, Clear Water Harbor,
Florida. (Type, No. 2U029. Coll. Dr. Velio.) .Iorkan A Gii.iiert, SynopHJs, 405, ISKt
Atherina stipef, Jordan & GitnERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mub., 1884, 116.
1160. ATHERINA AR^EA. Jordan & Gilbert.
Head 4i ; depth 6. D. VI-I, 9; A. I, 12. Scales 38 to 42. Body
very slender, compressed, the head slender and narrow, with Hliaiplv
pointed snout ; mouth oblique, narrow maxillary barely reaching vertical
from front of orbit, 2f in head ; eye large, equaling interorbital wi<ltii.
2J in head; scales moderate, entire. Origin of spinous dorsal midway
between tip of snout and base of caudal, much behind end of pectoralH,
about opposite tip of ventrals ; length of pectorals equaling deptii uf
• Atherina reUana, Goode & Bean :
Head SJ^ ; deptli 4%. D. V-I, 9 ; A. 1, 10 ; scales 36-0^;^. Snout obtuso ; top of henrt iToad
and very flat; cleft of mouth goniewhat oblique; jaws equal anteriorly; maxillary o.\ti>ii'lin);
beyond front of orbit. Teeth very small iu tlie jaws and on the vomer. The silvery I'aiid
occupies the third row of scales, its widtli less than half the diameter of the eye. Diamt'tiiof
orbit contained twice in length of head, greater than interorbital width and more than twico
the length of the snout. Spinous dorsal beginning l>ehiud the vertical from the tipa ol the
ventral flns. (Ooode & Bean.) Clear W^ater Harbor, Florida.
^ ;l
•nr
I, Barbadoes;
Jordiin iind Rvermann. — Fishes of North Anierica. 791
liiiii\ : voiitralH liulf loiigth of liniul ; Iuihch of vi^rtical IIiih cdiicualoil in n
hIii Mill of Hculos. Color, tianHliictMit oltvu Ki't'ODi tlio Hiioiit niul inaii«lil)Io
(ill^i^\ ; hack witli a iiiudiaii HerioH of black spcckH, one on «>ach Hcalo; a
HJiiiilMr Hcrit'H on eadi nido tlio iiie«liuii row; no dark HpcckH on nidos;
liiiciil Hilvery band broad, occupyinjj tli« greater part of tiie third row
(il M JileH, its width iialf diameter of orbit; u dimky area Itehind vent ;
a M'licH of black Hpecks along base of anal, and thoncu along caudal
|Miluiic'lo to tail. Oiilf of Mexico, at Key West and C(»/nnu>l, with
.liiiLiimia Hlolifcra; not rare, but lesH abundant than Atlurina tuticepii,
(('ii'iiiur, aleuder.)
Ailfrim m-iiii, JoiiiiAN & Gii.nKRT, Pruc. U. 8. Nat. Mu8., 1884, 27, Key West. (Type, No.
;i4,'.iC7. Coll Jorduii.)
Iffll
1
!
1
1151. ATHKRINA HARRINOTONENSIM, (luode.
Head of; depth 8^; eye 3. D. VII-I, 10; A. I, 11; Hcales 4.'»-fi; snout
Hoiiiowhat less than postorbital portion of head, about equal to maxillary,
8lij,'litly greater than interorbital width, or '2 in greatest width of head ;
iiuinilible about equal to postorbital portion of head ; cleft of mouth
oliliijuo, maxillary extending to orbit; lower jaw slightly the longer;
iiKiiitli very portvactilo; teeth small, inconspicuous. Hpinoiis dorsal
inserted behind extremity of ventrals, at a distance from the snout
greater than half length of body ; anal directly beneath dorsal, their
lengths of base being equal ; anal higher than dorsal ; length of ventral
ii that of pectoral, which is more than } that of head. Greenish white,
a narrow silvery band extending from gill opening to tail, covering the
third row (from above) of scales and the edges of the contiguous rows
uliovo and below. (Goode.) Bermudas. (Named for Harrington Sound
in the Bermudas. )
Alhrinn harriiiglnueiii'iH, GooDG, Am. Journ. Scl. A Arts, 3d ncrtefl, xiv, No. 82, 1877, -1*7,
Bermuda Islands.
1152. ATHERINA CAROLINA, Cuvier and Vuloncicnncs.
lload 4J in total length with caudal ; depth 6f ; eye large, 2A in head.
D. VIII-I, 12; A. I, 15; scales 52, nearly or quite entire. Spinous dorsal
wholly in advance of vent; ventral fins reaching past front of vent, and
dorsal nearly to it. Very similar to A. hepseim, but with the head
smaller and the body slenderer. Length 4 inches. Coast of .'^outh Caro-
lina ; known only from the original type, from which the above descrip-
tion is taken; possibly a specimen of the European species Atherina
hojii'i-'t, wrongly attributed to the coast of South Carolina. It is a true
Jtheriua.
Allwrina Carolina, CuviEU & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poias., x, 44.*), 183.'), South Carolina.
1153. ATHERINA MICROPS, Poey.
Head 5 "with caudal; eye 4 in head. Dorsal V-I, 15; anal 1, 19. Mouth
Hiiiall and very protractile. First dorsal a little in front of middle of
body ; the Becoad as well as the anal is a third longer than in latkepa.
r^
H
I.
it
* i
^■:!?
".
^
■ iii
;■•
■f'-i^
ft
H,
792
hulUtin 47, United States National Museum.
Hood nurrow; eyo Hinall. Silvery white; hack j{reoniNh, with tlio hciiIin
partly Hpotted with brown. Knuwii only from a drawing made Ity I'o, y
at Havana. (Poey.) (/<u^K5f, huuiII ; (Ji//, eye.)
AOwrinnrnkropt, Poet, MeniorlM, ii, 20n, 1801, HBvana.
353. LETHOSTOLE, .Jordan A Evermann.
f,rihotiiitr, Jordan A Kvrhmann, now goniii, {fitor),
ThiH genus ia allied to Chirontoma, with which it agreeH in the prnjt'it-
ing lower jaw. The jawH are, however, longer than in ChiroHtoimt, ilu;
HcaleH ninoh Hmaller and crenate. Frenh wateru of Mexico. {AiOufnu, lu
forget; (rro/l^/, otole.)
1164. LETH08T0LK ENTOIt (Jordnn).
(Pr80Ano IlLANI-O PC (^IIAPALA.)
Head 3i; depth 6; eye 5. D. V-I, 12; A. T, 18; Hcales 72-18. Rody
rather rohuat. Head very large, pike-like. Month very large, the iiiiiMl-
lary reaching to past the front of the eye. InternnixillarieH forming ilii>
edge of the jaw strongly curved, their posterior portions broadly diltUid.
Teeth strong, in several series in eacli jaw. Two small faiig-liko tccili
on the front of the vomer. Lower jaw considerably projecting hcynnil
the upper. Eye largo, anterior, shorter than snout, and a little narrower
than the iuterorbital space, which is nearly flat. Head covered \^itll
scales, which are smallest on the occipital region, and largest on ili<>
lower part of the cheeks; smaller scales on the interopercle. Siil<>.s of
head vertical, a conspicuous ridge along the edge of the top of the IhikI
above and behind the eye. Scales small, anteriorly crowded ; poHti'iior
margin of scales strongly crenate, so that the fish feels rough to ilit>
touch; pectorals moderate, nearly half as long as head, reaching sliglitly
past the base of the ventrals ; ventrals rather short, reaching u«>arly ii
the distance to the base of the anal ; anal moderate, beginning considir-
ably in front of the dorsal and ending a little behind it; B])inous dorsal
beginning nearly midway between insertion of ventrals and anal, st^par-
ated from the soft dorsal by a distance equal to about I the length of tlio
base of that fin. Caudal somewhat forked. Coloration uniform in spirits,
the silvery lateral band but faintly indicated. Length 10^- inches. Lako
Chapala, Guanajuato. One of the largest of the Atherinidn; resemblinj^a
pike in its form, and in the largo head and mouth, {estor, eater, a waww
applied by Le Sueur to the pike.)
Chirosloma etlor, JonoAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1870, 298, Lake Chapala, Mexico. ('I'vih'
No. 23124. Coll. Professor Dug^g.)
354. CHIROSTOMA, Swainson.
(Pescados Blancos.)
OhiroBltmia, Swainson, Class'n Fishes, etc., 243, 1839, {humboUltiamtm).
Alherimules, Blgeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch., Japan, xxv, 40, 1863, (vomerina).
Atherinichlhyi, Bleeker, I. c, 40, (humboldtiantim).
Ueterognalhtu, Oibabd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 198, {humboldtiana).
^^iri
'IFTT'^ T^
Jon/an <///</ I'lvfrmann. — Fishes of North America.
703
Tlii-4 U**!'!!* Ih <li8tiiif{iiish«4l from lUmVuhih^n and Miniilhi by the viMry
Ion:: iikI Htrong iiiaiulililo, wliinh protriuleH heyoixl the upper jaw. The
Hciilt'suroHiiiall, tho teeth well developed, there areuHiially a few vomerine
ti'ftli. and the premaxillary Ih extremely protraetiie. The known Hpeoies
iiihuliit Mexico and Dra/il. (xeii>, hand; arufm, mouth, from the prutrac-
tili' iiKitith.)
(I. «^rikl<"< 4'J to 6() ill liinKitililiiinl RorioN; n iiatrli of tcotli on vomur.
h. Aiiikl ra^H I, I'tor'JO; livail innrii tlian I4 length. iirMli<il.l>TlANl'M, 1IM.
I'll. AiihI rit.VH I, I'l iir 111; Ik'ihI Ii'nh than'^ loiigtii. iiautoni, MM.
(M. Si uU>i lurgiir, M to 37; tontli v«ry weak, miiin iiii vomor. johdani, llCtl.
lir>A. (illROSTOMA IH'MHOMITIANIN (Ouviflr .tc Valonci<nne«).
|[<>iid t in total lon^th ; body Blonder, 5 in total length; eye (Sin heod,2
in NiHMit. D. V-I, 10 or 11 ; A. 1, 19 or 20; Hcales ttO, their od^es entire.
I'l'i't'iinl Nliort, broad, pointed, 7 in total length. First doraal (»ver tip
of vi-ntral, which \n 'i length of pectoral; Hccoud .dorsal over middle of
aiial. (Ciivier <& Valenciennes.) Two Hpocimens from a lake near the
city of Mexico, respectively 11 and 8 inches in length, the types of hum-
liiildliiniKiii and vomirinum. The type of romarhmm is said to have alight
toot 111 ike asperities on the vomer. Not seen by ua. (Named for Alexan-
(lii von Humboldt, 176!t-1859, the famous author of '' Coanioa," who col-
li'cti-il tishes in South America and Mexico.)
Mlnrhi.i hiimholillhmii, Cuvicit .V, Vai.cncirnnkb, nut. Nat. Poiwi., x, 479, 18,18, take near
City of Mexico.
Aihrihin romerina, Ci;viRR Sc VAi.eNriKNNCH, I. r., 481, lake near City of Mexico.
AlhmiiiiMliiit hiimboldti, QOntiikh, Cat., ill, 4()4, 1801; ofter OnviKR •>: Vamnciennih.
, 1
116(1. CIIIROSTONA BARTONI, .Ionian A Kvermann, new B|KJcieii.
TTcad 4 ; depth 6 ; eye 4 ; snout 3}. D. IV-I, 10 ; A. I, W ; scales 42-10,
liii'^^o and loose, and with entire edges ; about 24 scales before the dorsal.
Ori<riii of spinous dorsal midway between inaertiou of ventrals and
ori<;in of anal, midway between tip of snout ant! base of caudal tin.
Mouth large, the mandible If times the large eye, the preniaxillaries very
plot tactile. Teeth well developed on jaws and vomer. Color silvery or
Htiaw color; a narrow plumbeous lateral band, edged above with black,
along middle of side, indistinct anteriorly but well marked in posterior
S of its course; rest of body with scattered brownish punctulations.
L('ny;th 3^ inches. Only one specimen known (Type, No. 23136), from a
triliiitary of the Rio Lerma, near Guanajuato, Mexico, where it was
olitaiiied by Prof. Alfredo DugCs. (Named for Mr. Barton A. Bean, Assis-
tant Curator of Fishes in the United States National Museum.)
(Viii:.Ki,mm Immboldliamim, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 299; not of CnviiB & Valbw-
CIGNNIB,
1167. CHIROSTOHA JORDAN!, Woolman.
if cad 4j^; depth 4*. D. IV-I, 8 or 9; A. I, 6; scales 35 to 37. Body
elongate, slender, compressed; belly not compressed; bead medium,
Ir
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
conical; mouth very oblique ; mandible deep and Hhort, projecting; pie-
maxillary protractile but not produced; niaxillury not reaf'hing eye:
teeth very minutd or almost obsolete, Bomewhac movable; eye 4 in Ik ail:
first rays of anterior dorsal over posterior end of veutrals ard sliglitly in
advance of the insertion of the unal; first rays of second dorsal over
middle of anal, the rays when depressed reaching as far toward caiulal
as the rays of anal; length of base of second dorsal about half tlmt of
base of anal or equaling distance from snout to posterior edge of 01 Ujt :
lopgest rays of second dorsal slightly exceed in length longest rays of anal
or about equal the greatest depth, and about i greater tluvn the leiii,'tli
of the base. Pectoral fins large, not falcate, 1^ in head, inserted aiiovi-
axis of body and reachiiig to middle of the veutrals, or about equal kMi<;tli
of longest dorsal rays; origin of veutrals midway between snout and
last rays of anal, extending leyond vent almost to anal ; length ('(|iial
distance from snout to posterioredge of orbit. Eye large and full, longer
than snout, about 3 in head; cheeks and opcrcles scaled, the former with
3 rows of scales ; scales all entire, rather firm. Color light oiive-grccn,
with narrow but distinct and complete lateral stripe ; the 3 rows of scales
on back thickly sprinkled with minute daik-browu dots which exteuu
from the snout to the caudal fin. Length 2\ inches. Canals in tiie
City of Mexico and other tributaries of Rio de Lorma. In the City of
Mexico this species, together with Girardinichthys, is sold in the market,
embedded in meal and baked in corn husks. (Woolman.) (Named tor
David Starr Jordan.)
Otiiro»toma hrmiUemU, Jordan-, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 1879, 299; not of CcviER & Valenciennes.
Ohirosto na joi-dani, Woolman, Bull. U. S. Fish Coram., xiv, 1894, 62, pi. 2, canals .-•* Sala-
manca and in City of Mexico. Tho spocimeiis of " Allierinichlhy» bnmlieusis " meiitioinMl
by Oiintlier as having been rollactcd by SalI6 in Moxioo probably belong to this s|H'(ice.
Tho types of Chirosloma brasilieiise (Quoy aid Quiinard) came from Eio Janeiro, ami tliis
species is certainly distinct from it.
3SS. KIRTLANDIA, Jordan & Evermann.
Eirtlamlia, .Tordan & Evermann, new genus, {vagram).
This genus is close to Menidia, but differs from it in having the scales
laciniate and the dorsal and anal fins scaly. Three species known.
(Named for Dr. Jared Potter Kirtland, one of the first to study the fishes
of Lake Erie and the Ohio Basin.)
a. Anal rays I, 14 to 18; scales 43 (to 48?). vagraxs, ll.'S.
aa. Anal rays I, 19 to 21.
b. Scales 43. mariinha, ll'>9.
bit. Scales 48 to 50. lawniah, iiw.
1168. KIRTLANDIA YAtiBANS (Goode & Bean).
depth 5i. D. V-I, 7 ; A. I, 14 to I, 17; scales 43-6 to 48-7.
Head 4§ ;
First dorsal very small, its insertion over front of anal, midway between
base of caudal and posterior angle of opercle ; distance from its front tu
front of second dorsal f head. Pectorals slightly shortor than head.
Vertical fiua with large scales. Scales firm, adherent, then edges crcnate
Jordan and FA'ermu,.,n. — Fishes of North America.
796
•yy 1 o-iniate, feeUug very rough to the touch. Scales uf head large.
C(il(.r ill life, light greenish above, the lateral V>an(l broad, covering 2
half ni\v8 of scales, becoming narrow posteriorly ; sides and belly silvery;
tip ot snout and of lower jaw yellow, soiled with blackish; each scale
of li.'K'k with 1 to 3 dark points, these forming about 5 conspicuous
stnakH as seen from above ; caudal yellow, with dark punctulations, its
niiii^in dusky: dorsal and pectorals somev/hat dusky, lower fins white;
tiie anal with dark points at base. Length 4 inches. Coast of Uulf of
Mexico, Florida to Texas; very abundant in schools along the sandy
bea'^lips. (vufjranH, wandering.)
ChiiO'lotim vngran-., GooDE & Bean, Proc. U S. Nat. Mub., 1870, 148, Pensacola, Florida.
(Type, N.). 22848. Coll. StonriiH.)
Miiii'li'i laijrano, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 207; Jordan & Gilbe.t,
Sjuopsis, 407, 1883.
1150. KIRTLANDIA MARTINICA (Cuvier Sc Valenciennes).
Head 4^ ; depth ai ; dorsal V-I, 7 ; anal I, 21 ; scales 43. Eye large, as
long as snout, 3^ in head. Teeth rather strong. Scales ritrongly lacin-
iat(>. Spinous dorsal opposite front of the anal. Soft dorsal and anal
naked (possibly scaly in lifef). Pectorals long, extending past base of
ventrals. This species is very close to Kirtlandia laciniata (Swain) and
may prove to be the same. Martinique. Known only from the original
types.
Alherimi mariinica, CuviER & Vai.encipnnes, Hist. Nat. PoiBs., x, 459, 1835, Martinique. (Coll.
I'lre.)
Menidia martinica, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 1880, 530; redescriptiou of type.
^ii|:
!
vaora.ss, ll.'S.
1160. KIRTLANDIA I.ACIXIATA (Swain).
(SiLVERFISH.)
Head 4|; depth 5^; eye large, 3i, a little longer than snout; dorsal
IV-I, 7 or 8; anal I, 19 to 21; scales .50-7, firm, their edges strongly cre-
nate, those on the back laciniate. Upper jaw the longer. Teeth short,
even, forming a narrow villiform band. First dorsal very feeble, over
the beginning of the anal, rather nearer tip of caudal than snout; dis-
tance from first to second dorsal t length of head; pectorals reaching
ventrals, nearly as long as head ; ventrals falling far short of the base of
the first dorsal ; second dorsal very short. Soft dorsal and anal scaly.
Clear translucent greenish above ; back with two or more rather irregu-
lar series of minute black dots, usually not more than one on each scale ;
snout and lower jaw dusky; sides with a well-defined silvery band, |
diameter of eye, covering third row of scales, not bounded above by a
(lark line, but the entire band dusted with dark points; a few minute
(lots on base of anal ; caudal dusky. Virginia to South Carolina; rather
common, replacing northward the closely allied vagrans, with which it
may be found to intergrade. (laciniatus, gashed.)
Meiiidia vagrans laciniata, Swain MS. in Jordan & Gilrert, Synopsis, 908, 1883, Beaufort,
North Carolina; (Coll. Jordan & Gilbert); Jordan & Gilbert, Proc.U. S. Nut. Mu8.,1882,
589, (April 25, 1883).
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
356. MENIDIA (Bonaparte) Jordan & Gilbert.
(S1LVER8IDE8.)
Menidia, Bonapakte, Fauna Italica, about 1830, (no typo indicated, m«ni(fia doubtlpw inton.lcd),
Ari/yrra, Dk Kay, N<!W Yorlt Fainiii: FiaheH, 141, 1842, (wiliilu; nimiu preoccupied).
McnUlia, JoRnAN A Gilhbiit, SynopslH FIbIi. N. A., 407, 188:j, (menidia).
Body elongate, more or less compreRsod. Head oblong, compressed; itilly
before v«ntrals more or less rounded in section, not compressed to an cil^e.
Mouth small, the gap^ curved, very oblique, usually not reaching' the
eye ; lower jaw short and weak ; maxillary slipping entirely under jire-
orbital ; jawB each with a band of simple, usually villiform teeth. I'le-
maxillaries very freely protractile, their spines comparatively long, nearly
ecjual to the eye, extending backward beneath a fold of skin whicli con-
nects the bases of the maxillaries; posterior part of premaxillurics
broad. No teeth on vomer or palatines. Both dorsals short, the usual
radial formula being D. V-I, 8; first dorsal usually but not always in
front of anal ; soft dorsal and anal scaleless. Scales rather large, entire.
Species numerous, probably all American, all of moderate or small si/e,
some of them entering or inhabiting fresh waters. (Menidia, an old name
of some small silvery fish, from fiijVTi, the moon.)
(1. .'Vales moderate or largo, 30 to 50, those of back entire or Hlightly crenatc; soft dorsal mhI
anal mostly scaleleHs; teeth motlerate.
/). Anal rays I, 15 to 18, rarely I, 19; belly very broad, not 'it all compresseil.
c. Scales 38 or ;i9. Origin of spinouH dorsal just before vent and midway betwcru tip
of snout and base of caudal.
d. Snout longer than eye, about 2J^ in head; body deep, the depth 5 in Imu'tli;
soft dorsal I, 8 or 9. peninsi'L.'f:, 1 Hil.
(W. Snout shorter than eye, about 3J^ in head; body slender, the depth fiV, tn 7
in length; soft dorsal usually I, 10. qracims, 1102.
cc. Scales 47. Origin of spinous dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout.
AUDEN8, 1M3.
hl>. Anal rays I, 22 to 24.
e. Scales 45 to 48. Body slender, depth 5)^ to in length.
/. Porsal sijines C; scales 48; head i%. oilberti, llti4.
ff. Dorsal spines 4; scales 45 or 46.
If. Head 4J^ in length; dorsal inserted nearer tip of caudal than end of snout.
8ARDINA, Iltio.
gg. Head 6 in length; dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of camliil.
NOTATA, 11 I'll.
ee. Scales .3C to 40; spinous dorsal inserted over front of anal; pectorals rather lon^'.
/(. Body rather stout, teeth stionger than usual. Front of dorsal nearer liasc (if
caudal than tip of snout; belly slightly compressed. menidi.a. IKjT.
hh. Spinous dorsal inserted behind front of anal.
». Scales 30. Depth 5 in length; head 414. quatemalensi?,* lltiS.
a. Scales 41. Pectoral much longer than licad; snout short.
PACHVLKPIS,- 11(J9.
aa. Scales small, entire, about 56 in longitudinal series; dorsal rays Y-I, 9; anal I, 24; ImkIv
slender, its depth 6%; teeth very weak. claha, 1170.
* The character of the scales baa not been verified in pachylepia and guatemcUensia. Both siiecies
doubtless belong to Thyrina.
Boft dorsal ami
UILBEHTI, llt)4.
«AI,KN8I?,* I"'^-
Jordan ami F.vermann. — Fishes of North America. 707
11«1. MKMDIA PKMNNriii: (Uuudu £ licaii).
Heiui 1; depth 5; eye 3 to 3^, about equal to snout or interorbital
wi<ltli. D. IV or V-I, 8 or 9; A. I, 15 to 18; scales 38 to 40-9.
Mouth very protractile; lower Jaw long, more than \ length of head.
Scali'M large, thin, and smooth, with entire edges. Soft fins scaleless.
Ori{;iii of spinous dorsal iu advance of anal fin, midway between tip of
Huoui and upper base of caudal. Light green ; edges of scales with dark
(luts: lipH and top of head dusky ; a dusky streak along base of anal ;
pye silvery ; lateral streak narrow, taperiiig behind ; bases of pectoral
anil caudal bright yellow ; fins otherwise nearly plain. Length 4 inches.
Floiidii and Gulf Coast, very abundant in schools along the sandy
lii-aclicH. Specimens from black water are very dark, the silvery band
uiuloilaidby black, (peninsula', of the peninsula, i. e., Viorida.)
C/iiV,.>/../».( prniiiniliF, GooDK & Bean, I'roo. U. S. Nat. Miia., 187!>, 14S, Pensacola and Lake
Monroe, Florida. (Typo, Noh. 21H41<( mid 21841/-. Coll. Stearns; and No. 2187(i, Haird).
,Ii>uii'.N &O1LBERT, Proc. U. .S.Nat. Mus., 1882, 2fi6j Jordan & Gii.iikkt, Synoiwis, 407, 1H83.
1162. MKMDIA ORACILIK (Clintlier).
I). I V-I, 8; A. I, 19; scales 40-9. The origin of the anterior dorsal fin
18 ("pposite the vent, exactly in the middle of the distance between end
of wiioiit and base of caudal. The distance between the origins of the
two dorsal fins is somewhat more than i that between the origin of the
poHtcrior and the caudal. The height of the body is contained nine
tinit-H ill the total length, the length of. the head five times and a half.
Tlio silvery band is narrow, and occupies a portion of the fourth series
of scales. Scales with the margin entire. Caudal lobes equal in length;
caudal somewhat longer than the pectoral, and rather shorter than the
head. Original locality unknown. (GUnther.)
Wo refer to this species a number of specimens collected by Dr. Hugh
M. ."^iiiith on St. George's Island, Lower 'Potomac. These specimens are
identified by Dr. Smith as Menidia heryllina, but they differ from typical
examples of the latter fror i the Potomac River at Washington, in the slen-
deiei body, shorter dorsal, and in the dark dotting on the back. Head
4i ; depth 6J- (7i to 8 in total). D. V-I, 9 ; A. 1, 17 ; scales 40. Eye very
lar^e, longer than snout, 3 in head ; snout short and sharp, 2|, greatest
depth of body nearly 2 in distance from nape to first dorsal. First dorsal
Just before vent, midway between tip of snout and base of caudal. Dark
dots on scales of back and sides ; lateral baud sharply defined. Woods
Hole to Albemarle Sound, generally common in brackish waters, (ijracilin,
slender.)
AlhniHii;lithiijgriicilu,GVtnUBr., Cat., ill, 405, ISGl; no locality given.
Meuoli.i heryitina, H. M. Smith, Bull. U. S. Fisli Comm., x, 1890, 70, pi. xx, flg. 2.
Rejiresented in fresh waters of the Potomac River by the deeper-bodied
I
sis. Botli species
1182a. iMEMDIA ORACILIS BERYLLINA (Coi><).
Head 4i to 4^^ ; depth 5 to 5i ; eye very large, 3. Dorsal V-I, 10, rarely
V-I, 11 or V, I, 9 ; anal I, 15 to 18, usually I, 16 or 17 ; scales 38 to 40-8.
'^■^'^i
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Body very Hhindor. Mr.ndiblo slightly ])rojectiiig. FiiMt doi-Hal \v<ll ji,
advance of Hevond, iiiHertedjiiNt before tI>o vent, about midway bel\v(M;n
base of caudal and tiji of snout. Scales entire ; fins not scaly, (irciitent
depth of body li in distance from nape to spinous dorsal. Very piilc
olive, with a sharply defined silvery band found anteriorly on the Idwci
half of the fourth row of scales and the upper half of the tift*ii low;
toward the middle, opposite the dorsal fins, it is on the central pniiioi,
of the fourth row and on the nuirgins of the scales of the third ami litili
rows, rising toward the tail, where it covers the lower half of third and
upper half of fourth rows; back and sides with scarcely any dark ilotN.
Potomac River, near Washington. {beri/UitiitH, emerald color.)
CliiroHloma heryllinum, Ooi-K, TmuH. Anier. I'liil. Soc, ISCO, 403, Potomac River, at Wash-
ington.
Me»iilia herijUina, .Iokdan k (iii.iiKUT, S.viKiiwis, 40H, l8Hlt.
114(8. NKMIMA AI'OKXS, liny.
Head 4^ ; depth 6. D. IV or V-I, 8 or 9 ; A. I, 17 or 1H ; scales l.i-lO.
Head rather broad and flat above. Mouth small Eye 3 in head, ((inal
to snout and to interorbital space. Vent a longitudinal slit, its length
§ diameter of eye. First dorsal spine inserted immediately above anterior
part of anal slit, slightly nearer base of caudal than snout. Pectorals
extending to beyond bases of ventrals, their length i head. Veiitials
Teaching vent. Interspace between dorsals twice diameter of eye. To])
of head covered with large scales. Lateral silvery band on fifth row ot
scales and edges of fourth and sixth rows; the extreme parts oflit'tli
row not included in it. Scales with entire edges, which are nearly
straight, so that each scale is angulated behind. Soft dorsal naked.
Color and iornx ot Menidia votatn; edges of scales somewhat dotted: a
dusky streak at base of anal. Length 3 inches. Mississippi Kivei:
known only from Memphis and Vioksburg. {andens, daring, having k"1'«
far from the sea.)
Meniilia nudettn, Hay, Bull. U. K. FIbH Oomin., ii, 1882, (i4, Memphis, Tennessee, iind Vicks-
burg, Mississippi; (Coll. Hay); .Jordan & Gii.dekt, Synopsis, 908, 1883.
1164. HENIDIA OILBKRTl, .Tordan & Dullman.
Head 4J to U ; depth 5Jr-5t. D. VI-I, Jt ; A. I, 21 or 22. Scales 4-18 or
49-4. Body rather slender, elongate, compressed, especially below.
Head short, its upper surface slightly convex. Snout larger than eye, 'S
to 3i in head. Maxillary lA in snout ; lower jaw included. Eye mod-
erate, 3 to 3^ in head, 1^ to li in interorbital space. Teeth in jaws Kmall,
not close-set, none on vomer or palatines. Gill rakers long and slender,
about 20 developed below angle. Origin of first dorsal midway between
posterior margin of head and base of caudal, its posterior margin oppo-
site front of anal. Its longest spine 4J, in head. Insertion of Keooiid
dorsal midway between base of caudal and fifth scale in front oC first
dorsal, opposite middle of anal, its longest ray equal to snout. Distance
between origin of second dorsal and base of caudal equal to a distance
'1 |!
for dan and Everwann. — Fishes of North America.
791)
I 1
ssee, iiml Vicks-
t'nuii !ip of snout to i un eye's diaiiietur beyond upper anj;I»i of pectonils.
OriLnii of uniil midway between 1>aHe of caudal and posterior base of
nectdiiils. the base equal to distance from tip of snout to base of pec-
toral", longest ray ecjual to snout and eye. Pectorals roachin); beyond
oiij.nii of ventral-4, \\ to 1^ in head. Veutrals reaching halfway to vent,
1} to - ill head, their origin midway between front of anal and edge of
im-diirrcie. Vertical lins nearly or «juite scaleless. Scales largo and
tiiiii, iliose above with the edges distinctly crenate. Color greenish, the
liliick rather pale, the scales thickly dusted with brown dots; a narrow
vi'it<liial bund, which is anteriorly accompanied by a short lino on each
«i(lc ; this band is broadest posteriorly; a bluish-silvery lateral band,
IkikIih il by dark above ; upper parts dotted with black ; sides and belly
iialt 1 tlian back, the upper two rows of scales below lateral band ante-
riorly with a few dots; tip of snout, hea«l between eyes, and /^-shaped
area on top of head, dark ; from the occipital mark a streak of dots
oxtciiilH to base of pectorals ; only a few dots on top of opercles ; lower
jaw (luMky; lining of operclo dark; fins all pale. Panama; numerous
specimens, the largest 4^ inches long, obtained by the AlhatroH». (Named
tor Dr. Charles Henry (iilbert, who first discovered the species.)
.lft'iii''"t (///''cWi, Jordan & Holi.man, Proi'. r. S. Nat. Muh., 1889, 1")."), Panama. (Type, No.
llicri. Albatross Coll.)
11H5. MKNIDIA SARni>A (.IcnkinH ,<[ Kvermiiuu).
(Vr,7, DKi, Kkv.)
Head U in length to base of caudal (5 in total): depth »U6J); eye mod-
erate, ;>i in head, li in interorbital space. D. IV-T, 9; A. I, 25; scales
(i-l.'-f). Hody rather slender, elongate, greatly compressed ventrally.
Head short, greatly flattened above ; snout a little greater than eye,
Iduiit. with two evident folds or grooves across it; maxillary protractile,
verv broad, not reaching orbit ; cleft of mouth obli<|ue, curved, the
lower Jaw but slightly included. Teeth in each Jaw very small and
wide-set, none ou vomer or palatines; giU rakers long and slender.
First dorsal short and low, its origin a trifle nearer tip of caudal fin than
end of snout, entirely in front of origin of anal. Space between f rst
and wecond dorsals equals the length of both snout and eye. Distance
from l)eginning of second dorsal to base of caudal ^n e<]ual8 that from
end of snout to insertion of pectorals, the fin lyinf; over middle of anal ;
the first rays are highest, their length being a little greater than the
diameter of orbit. Origin of anal under anterior part of the interdorsal
upace. one and one-half times as far from sncut as from base of caudal ;
leugtli of its base about twice that of the second dorsal, and about e(|ual
to iiead ; the first rays the longest. Pectorals short, about t length of
head. Ventrals small, short, inserted much in front of first dorsal and
a little nearer snout than base of caudal, their tips not nearly reaching
anal. Scales large, cycloid, not very firm. (General color pale, each side
with a Sroad plumbeous lateral band, two scales in width, and e«iualing
\ lenjrth of head; the upper third of this band is much the darker;
jP9ww'W'»7i"!7Tw;t?wi"'!n)r?»^TTr?'!!?'^
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Bulletin 4J, United States National Museum.
above the band the Hcales are sparsely covered witli fine dark imiicnila-
tions ; iiuue below tb<! band, and but few upon it; top of heud viiy
pale, almost transparent on the interorbital area, but in front ami In hind
thickly set with small dark spots ; snout also marked with spots ; lower
jaw with some spots in front, plain behind ; opercles plain ; lins all ninin
or less plainly marked with numerous small dark s|>ots. Leiigili3i
inches. Gulf of California ; common. (Hctrdina, sardine.)
AlheriiKi HurtUna, Jknkinh A Ktkkmann, I'ruc. U. S. Nat. Mua., 1888, 137, Guaymas, Scnora.
(TyiK!, Mu. 39633. Cull. JeukiiiH & Kvormanu.)
I V--.,
11««. HEMDIA NOTATA (Mitchill).
(SlLVERSIDE.)
Head 5 ; depth 6. D. IV-I, 8; A. I, 23; scales 4fi-10. Eye larpe. ^ in
head, about as long as the snout. Scales with entire edges. Ja\vM(<i|iial.
First dorsal large, inserted in front of the anal, over the vent, about mid-
way between snout and base of caudal. Distance between dorsals jj
length of head. Pectoral scarcely shorter than head, reaching past liase
of ventrals, which do not reach the vent or the front of the dorsal. l?ody
slenderer and more compressed than in MvniiUa menidia. 'r*-(-lli '
in few series, some of them larger. Transparent green, with a
lateral silvery band half the width of the eye; scales above with spots
along theiredges, sothat theiroutlines are clearly defined; chin Npccklcd.
Length 5 inches. Atlantic Coast of United States, chietly nortlnvanl:
south to Cape May ; very abuudant. {notatua, spotted, marked.)
Atlterina nolala, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and I'bil. Soc. N. Y., i, 18t5, 446, New York ; .Ich.'ian a
GiLBEHT, Synopsis, 4<»7, 1883.
Alherina riridenwuH, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Pliil. Soc., i, 1815, 447, New York.
Atheriiiichlhys menidia and notaUi, GCntheii, Cat., lii, 406, 1861.
1167. MENIDIA MENIDIA (Linna-us).
Head 4* ; depth 5; eye 3i. D. IV-I, 9 ; A. I, 22 or 23 ; scales 39 or 10-8,
all entire. Cleft of mouth reaching to nearly opposite eye. Jaws e({uai.
Teeth not forming a close band, those of the outer series much enlarged,
a pair of small canines at symphysis. First dorsal inserted over the front
of the anal, nearer the base of the caudal than the snout. Soft dorsal
and anal scaleless. Pectoral as long as the head, reaching well past root
of ventrals, which reach the vent. Greenish yellow on back, very thickly
covered with fine dots, as are also the snout and lower jaw ; lateral .streak
very narrow, bordered above with a conspicuous greenish-black lino : the
stripe about as wide as pupil, covering the middle of the fourth series of
scales; caudal conspicuously light yellow; dorsal and pectoral fins less
BO ; base of anal dusky. Length 3 inches. Cape Hatteras to Florida,
common on the South Atlantic Coast. {Menidia, an old name of some
small, silvery fish, from fif/v, the moon.)
* First superior pharyngeal without teeth; second with teeth; third and fourth ( no^sifii '
with teeth.— £. C. Slarh.
m.
urk pniiciiilik-
of lieud very
rit uihI Ik iiiiiil
spotH; lower
; iiiiH all morn
aymas, Soaora.
lye large. \\\ in
. JawHoiiual,
mt, about iiiid-
eeu (lorsuls ji
hlng past liiiHe
dorsal. Hody
ndiii. TtM'tli ■
;reeu, with a
3ve with Hpots
chin Hpcckh'd.
tly northward;
irked.)
/ York ; .Ioi.'ian a
fork.
lales 39 or KW*,
. Jaws iMiual.
much enlarged,
I over the front
t. Soft dorsal
well past root
ik, very thickly
; lateral streak
)lack lino ; the
burth series of
ctoral fins less
ras to Florida,
name of some
d fonrth ciHissifU''
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 801
,\[\\vw' nteiMlii, LiNN/KiiB, Sy«t. Naturn>, Ed. xri, MO, ITtlfi, Charleston.
/{thfriiii '"'«''', (UiviER \ Vai.kni'irnnem, Hint. Nat. I'oisa., x, 4tir), 18;)/), Charleston.
.1/fiii'/'i Initvx, Qoonti & Bean, I'roc. l". S. Nttt. Mus., 1882,420, St. John's River. (Type,
Xn If^ittl. Coll. Biiird.)
Mini'Ui inmilientis, JoilDAN A rjii,iiKHT, .SyiunMilH, 40?, ISHU; not of authorg.
lies. MKMDIA OUATKMALKNHIS (QUnthor).
lloiid 4i; depth 5. D. IV-I, 9 ; A. I, 22 ; scales 3<>-7. Anterior dorsal
fill very small, inserted behind the vertical from front of anal tin. Sil-
very liand on the third upper series of scales ; lower caudal lobe rather
Iniigir than upper. Lakes of (jiuatemala. (Giinther) ; not seen by us.
Ath riiiirliihiiH gualematetuiK, GCntiieii, Proc. /oiil. Soc, 1804, 151, Lakes of Huamuchal,
Guatemala; OCntiie", Fisbes Central Amvrirn, 44;i, 18(JU.
11«0. MEXIDIA PAC'HYLKPI8 (Odntlxr).
H.ad r>i ; ilepth 5i. D. IV-I, 6 to 8 ; A. I, 20 to 21 ; scales 41-7. The
snout is short, not longer than the diameter of eye, and the cleft of the
mouth does not extend'backward to below the anterior margin of the eye.
The anterior dorsal is composed of short, feeble spines, and its origin is
opjiosite to the fourth or fifth anal ray. The pectoral fin is much longer
than i1m.> head. The silvery streak occupies tlie adjoining halves of the
third and fourth series of scales. Panama. (Uunther); not seen by us.
(-<i\ii., thick; Afm'f, scale.)
.iihirmlrhihiiH fiichfilejiiit, GC.NTiiEK, Proc. Zoiil. Soc, 1864, 25, Panama; GPnther, FisheH Con-
iral AiiiiTica, 443, 18C9.
1170. MEMDIA CLARA, Evermann >(: JenkinH.
Head 44; depth 61^^; eye 3. D. V-I, 9; A. 25; scales 56-11. Body
slender, general form that of Menidia aardina ; teeth very feeble ; eye
largo, etiual to width of interorbital space; distance between dorsal fins
less than that from tip of snout to posterior rim of orbit. Dorsal and
anal scaleless. Origin of first dorsal nearer tip of caudal than snout ;
pectorals f length of head. Scales small and persistent, with entire edges.
General color that of M. sardina, the lateral baud plumbeous above and
silvery below. Length 3 inches. Gulf of California ; rather rare ;
approaches Leiirenthva in the small scales and feeble dentition, (clarua,
clear.)
Mfiii '11 I'loni, SvEKHAN'N & Jenkins, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., 1891, 136, Guaymas, Sonora.
(Type, No. 43237. Coll. Evormaun A Jenkins.)
357. LEURESTHES, Jordan & Gilbert.
I.em-eslhes, JoEDAN & GiLBEET, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 1880, 29, (<«ii«mi).
This genus agrees with Mevidia in every respect, except that the teeth
are very weak and caducous or obsolete, and the scales are very small, as
V. N. A. 58
F
1
(
I
i
I
t
1
;
^'
r
I
•H"»<r'»^.''J"!"» ""'""tJWiut'.i. v»j»w '•""wt^WJf ))"if '»(W,t».«w«''^i'f|««ppn^
H
•/ ■'■..■■ I"!
802
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,
in Suiilichthys,* 67 to 75 in a longthwiHo hciIoh. Cuaat of Calitoruiu.
(^fv/juf, smouth ; /(7i9i'w, to eat ; from the toothloHS jaws.)
a. Snalvsiibout r.7; lateral luiiiil imt ho wido im cyo. crameim. II7|
ua. ScftleH about 75 iu lunKitudiDal Beriiw; Intvriil Hilvt'i-y liaod widur than oyu, TE.^(.l^, 117:^,
1171. LKURKSTHKN (.'RAMRIII, Jordan A Kvcrmaiin, new spoclea.
Head 4» ; depth 51; eye 3f; snout 3^. D. V-I, 8; A. I, 21; h( ales
5-67-0. Body slender, gently rounded above, narrowed below. Sial,.s
smooth, firm, closely imbricated, the membranous edge strongly Ht'imio.
Mouth moderate, premaxillaries very protractile; maxillary short, not
reaching eye. First dorsal over front of anal, much nearer bir-r of
caudal than tip of snout, or midway between base of caudal and i,'ill
opening. Color hyaline green, with a lateral silvery streak, pluiiili oii»
above, narrow, its width IJ in eye, wider than one row of scales, cover-
ing one row and two half rows; body above lateral line covered with
small brown specks ; pectorals and caudal ohietly blackish ; m rond
dorsal with many black specks; anal and ventrals plain. CIom' to
Leuresthen tenuis^ from which it differs in the larger scales, smalici cyi',
shorter maxillary, and the nmch narrower lateral band. Leii^jili ">
inches. Ballenus Bay, Lower California, near Cape Abrtojos. Scvnal
specimens collected by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, on i\\& AlhutroHK. (Nuiiiiil
for Frank Cramer, in recognition of his excellent work on the s,or-
panidiv and Agonidu.) (Type, No. 27, L. S. Jr. Uuiv. Mus.)
1172. liKlIRESTHKS TEM'IS (Ayrcs).
Head 4^; depth 5. D. V-I, 9; A. I, 22; scales 75. Eye o.iiial ki
snout. Scales small, smooth, and firm, closely imbricated, their idj^cs
crenate. Maxillary not reaching to pupil. Preraaxillary very protract-
ile, curved, its posterior portion broad. Lower Jaw sliorter than uiipci :
soft dorsal and anal scaleless. First dorsal fin over front of anal, nmch
nearer base of caudal than snout. Clear hyaline green, with the l.iteial
silvery streak very distinct bluish, wider than eye, on li rows of scales;
edges of scales above bordered by dark points. Length 5 inches. Coast
of California from San Francisco to Sau Diego ; abundant in San Diego
Bay ; too small to be of much use as food, (teuiiia, slender.)
Atherinopsis tenuin, Athes, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1800, 70, San Francisco.
Leureslhci tenuis, JoituAN (t Oimeut, SynopBis, 405, 1883.
3S8. EURYSTOLE, Jordan & Evermanu.
Euryslole, JoKnAN & Eveiimann, now genus, {eriarcha).
This group differs from Menidia chiefly in the very long anal tin : the
spinous dorsal is very small, the scales smooth, the breast not comimHsed,
the pectorals short, and the head short and deep ; the mouth is formed as
* lidsilichthya, Girard, the characteristic genus of the coast of Ciiili, dilTers from Mi'tihll't in tlu'
very small scales (75 to 105). Some of the species roach a largo size and are valued as fin'l. The
teeth in liasilkhtlnja aro well developed.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
803
of Calitoiiiiii,
l)olow. Sim It's
I, Binallcr evu,
iu M' iiidia, but the JawH uroHliortorand thu opurcluH ant tniucatud hohiiid.
Olio species known, (rfpdf, broad; oto?.}/, Htole, tlu) Hilvory baud beinj?
verv wide.)
117S. KURYHYOLK KRIAKniA (Jonlan .t (iiltmrt).
Head 5; depth 5; snout short, 3i in head; eye lar^e, 2| iu head. Dor-
Hal IN -1)11 or 1^> anal 1,27; HcaluH about 18-!).* Itody short, deep, uiuch
c()iii|iieHHud ; head short, deep, about i longer than deep, ratlier broa<l
uliovo; operclos truncate behiud, the interorl»ital space about e(|ual to
ey*'. Mouth very small, terminal, very obIi<iue, with curved cleft as in
M<iiiiHa, the premaxillary very short, wide bohiiul, with curved edge,
HliiM'xiK under the narrower maxillary ; the premaxillary protractile but
not iiiiich movable; jaws subequal, the lower slightly included. Maxil-
lary scarcely as long as eye, not quite reaching front of eye. Teeth rather
lai>;t\ hu( 'od backward. Gill rakers numerous, long and slender. Scales
siiiootli, caducous, not easily counted, 21 before dorsal. Pectoral moder-
at<-, not falcate, inserted high, 1^^ in head, 6 in body, reaching to the mid-
dle of the small ventral. Belly not especially compressed ; not cultrate.
V'wst dorsal very small, slightly nearer snout than base of tail, over first
my <if anal ; last ray of dorsal much before last of anal. Anal very long,
Hoincwhat elevated iu front, its base 3 in body. Soft dorsal and anal
HcaliUms. Color translucent green, very pale; back, lips, and base of ver-
tical fins faintly dotted; lateral baud very broad and highly silvery,
J an bioad as eye; lower fins pale; air bladder not visible through the
ileKli. Length 2| inches; two specimens known, both from Mazatlan,
thn above description from the second example. (^/j<-, an intensive par-
ticle; <i()xi'<:, anus, from the long anal fin.)
Merinellaeriarcha, JoBDAK A Oilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. MuB., 1881, 348, Mazatlan. (Tyi>o, Mu.
29'2I3. Coll. Oilbort.)
i '
.'Mi
II
359. THYRINA, Jordan &. Culver.
Tliiiriifi, Ji)Ki>AN & Culver, Keport FlHhes Siiialoa, MS., 18!)"), {evermanni).
This genus differs from .ltAerjne?/rt chiefly in possessing perfectly smooth
scales. The translucent air bladder shows through the skin ; the pec-
toral is falcate, longer than head ; anal very long, the small first dorsal
iimtvted behind its front ; belly compressed to a bluutish edge. Some
of these characters have not been verified in pachylcpia and (fuat(tnah'n>iis,
wliich may belong here rather than in Menidia. Two 8i)ecies known.
C^i/i" , a window ; from the translucent air bladder, which shows through
the Hkiu.)
<i. Anal rays about 1, 24, Iho boHO of the fln 2'''^ in body; pectoral 3J^ in body, its popterior
margin concave; ventrals palo. eveumanm, 1174.
o'l. Aiml rays 1,21, the base of the fin 3 in body; pectoral i% in body, its posterior niiir^iu
scarcely concave; ventrals black. cuV8T.\m.ina,1175.
* Nut to bo exactly counted ; the number (30-7) stated in ouroriginal description was an error.
The -iiales can not be accurately counted, but there are over 40 at least.
! <
u
i
-J
4
4i
^l^gggl
Ml
■
■*::■■ ^t
■.•yt'T)^ 7^,^^^:r^^rrf ' v w.ilr*r T7R"'^a"*Ty.7y ■;'TS -? jp^ •» •»>■
804
Jhilledn 4Jy United States National Must'um.
\ -1
■I
. :'■
^
i; ■ i: '*
'Mr-
1174. TlllKINi KVKKniNM, l cnliku A Ciilv.-r.
H«tu(l U; ilepth \\ to Ti; ilorHul IV'-I, 7; anal I,2.'< to I, 'ir>; HcitlcH 'iiuii;
eytt l.'ii ill huad ; Niioiit \Si in lioad ; maxillary \\{ in liuad ; lower juw j ji,
lioad ; purtoral \ loii^tu' tliaii head, Di in liody; uaiidal Hli^htly loii;rrr
tliaii huad; int«rorl>ital Npact) broad, uuariy «-i|iiaI to uyu. Mody imihIi
coniproHHed, tlio holly Hliarp-ud^tMl, concavo on each nido hulow )i*M'i.>ial.<,
aH it' pinchud to^utlivr hut\v«;on tliu tliijy^uiN, tlio rihN rrachiii^ tho > a\^v
tlio Hcahm pariNin^ around it; th*- udf{u aiinoHt carinatc. liack iiuiidw.
ScalttH Hinootli, nono on dormil or anal. Mouth Ninall, turiiilnal, thtt Amx\.
JawH nirvtul, tho Htructiiro prociHoly as in Mnihlid', the ttstfth mode im,.,
ciirvod, tho«o in tlio nppur Jaw loii^rr ; opiMciuo <ddii|ii() l»«hind. imi mi-
tically truncate, (iill lakurH niniKuoiiH, ioiifr and Hlundur; puctoniU miv
long and falcate, roachiiig to front of anal and heytnd tipH of hIioii mh-
ti'<uH, thfir poMturior margin concavu ; HpinouH dorsal hiiiiiII, iiisiitrti
midway luitwoeu tMlgo of proopercle and haso of caudal, aiudit ovfr.sixtli
ray of anal ; last ray of dorsal coiisidt>rahly hoforo last of anal ; ituMo of
aual IH times length of head, 2'i in liody. Color light green, miicli diiiiid
ahovo, traiiHlucont below; a blaek streak of dots along base of imal;
aomu on sides «>f head ; median line of baek dusky; iins all pair; m,
blaek on spinous dorsal, ventral, or pectoral ; lateral stripe ij widilioi
eye, underlaid by black; a large, transparent, window-like space aliovc
front of anal, marking the posterior portion of the air bladder. L»'ii;;tli
2^ to 3 inches; rather common in the estuary at Ma/atlan. (Named t'oi
Dr. Barton Warren Evermann.)
Alherini'Ud rrrriiiiiiiiii, JonvAS i: CvuvEH, MS., Ilrpt. FIhIu-h .Slimloii, lH9fi, Mazatlan. iTvih',
No. 2t!88, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mum. ("otypo, No. 4749J, U. S. Nut. JIub. Coll. llopkliirt i;.\i«<lili.,n.)
1175. TIIYKINA CBYSTALLIN A, Jordan .t Culver.
Head 4J; depth 4.V to 5. Dorsal IV-I, 8 ; anal I, 21 ; scales 40-11 ; pec-
toral \ longer than head, 4^ in body ; aual base more than half lon^'er
than liead, 3 in body; eyo 2.J in head; snout 3J; maxillary 2H ; lower
jaw 2J. Body rather deep and compressed ; snout shortish ; oju'icle
shortish, rounded behind; mouth small, the upper jaw very protractile,
the premaxillary strongly curved; jaws eciual; teeth ratlier stroiij;, the
outer curved, those iu upper jaw largest; eyes very large, sil,<iv;
breast compressed, as in Thyriiia errrmtiiini, but less sharp at edge, apjiear-
ing as if pinched between thumb and finger ; pectoral long, pointed. iii)t
truly falcate, reaching more or less past the middle of the short veiitials,
its posterior margin not concave, the middle rays considerably nioie
than half length of upper rays; dorsal and anal naked; gill nikers
numerous, long and slender. First dorsal small, behind front of the ioiii;
anal, midway between gill opening and base of caudal ; first ray of soft
dorsal over about fourth of anal; last rays of soft dorsal considemlilv
before last of anal. Caudal lunate, the lower lobe the longer and bronilci,
as long as head. Color translucent green, with considerable dusky ddt-
tings, no yellow ; tins dotted ; ventrals black, as are lobes of second ddi-
sal and aual; silvery stripe narrow, underlaid by dusky, its width little
n!f
Jordan anU Ever mann.— Fishes of North Amtrica. .SOo
iiiDM' iliiin liair tlio uytt ; tii'Ht tliirNal ami liii.s« of iinul iliiHky ; oiitliiicN of
nil li: idiliM- »vi«l*)Ut tliroiiKh \\w tniiiNliict'iit Hi<l«>H of IxhIv, Imt Icnh no
lliMii III Thiirinii rrirmumii. liOii^th Hj iiicln's. Itio I'ri-Nitlio, ii«>iir Ma/at-
liiii, -^iiialoa, ill fn-nli water; vory roinmoii ; tlitt lon^cNt Hprciiiu'ii '.i}
iii(hi-> liiiijj. {iriiHtttllhntH, cryrttalliiu*. fnmi tlu* winduw-liko appraiaiu'o
(if till' air bladdor tliroiiKh tlio traiiHliiooiit iiniHclits. )
l()„r,, ,i.((Tv«''i/'iii'i, .'oiiDAN A (!ri,M-,it, KIdlifs Sliiiiliiii, MS., iH'.i.'i, Rio Presidio, briow Pre-
siilio, Sinaloa. (Tvpf, Nn. 2GH."., L. H. ,?r, liilv. Mils, »'iity|n', No. 17440, V. S. Nut. Miih.
I .hi. IIu|ll(lllH Kx|>oilitioii.)
360. ATHERINELLA, Sttimlachiuir.
.ilhiriii'lla, STKINnACHNKB, Irlith. BoltrliK'', H, :!•'>, l'<76, ( ;»ih<ihi.»«i-i).
Itiiiiy oloii^uto, with tlin ahdoiiiiiial «Ml|rt^ coiiiproMHt'd into a 1«m'1. ('It>ft
(if iiiiiiitli very o1)ii(|iit4; toi^th iiookod ; scales stronyly ctciioifl. Ujumm'
jiiu |Piotractilo ; petstorul very loiij; and faicatd. First dorsal small,
jiiHi'i ted heliind front of lon^ anal. Kastorn Pacilic. (Name a diminii-
ti\(' (if AthcriiKi.)
llid. ATllKKINKMii PANAMKNSIH, Stoindachnur.
Head IS; d«pth4;i. I). 111-1,7; A. 1,21; scal»)s ;{7 or ;W-7J : oye larjjo,
:;; sniiiit 3. TIh) brund flat intenirbital Hpaeo 2A in lit^ad. I'rolihtstraiKlit
I'khii .siiont to H»!('ond (lorsal. Ventral convex from l»asc of lowoi' .jaw to
(Mill (if lon^ anal, ed^o of nbdomeu forming a sliarp k<!cl. Lower jusv
(ilili(|nt'; premaxillary protractile; maxillary eoii<'<.;;;,.,i i,y preorbital
wlicii month is closed. Teeth in several rows, those of two onter rows
tliickciicd at base and Htvon>{ly incurved at tips. I'ectoral very stronj;ly
(Icvcldped, much longer than head, falcate, as in I'elivux viiltialiiK, which
tlii.s species strongly resenjbles. Upper jM'ctoral ray lonjjost, liA in body,
(itlit'iH rapidly shortening; ventrals short, nearer tip of lower ,jaw than
liMHo (if caudal. Spinous dorsal short and weak, inserted over tenth anal
ray; soft dorsal extending farther back than anal, lower caudal lobe
lonf,'('.st. Scales strongly ctenoid, those above lateral line longest. A
Hilvci-gray lateral band dotted with black. Panama. (Stoindachuer.)
Known from one specimen 5^ inches long.
Mliniii'lla iianamfnmtii, Stf.i.ndaciinek, Iclitb. B«it., 11, .'t.'i, 1s75, Panama.
361. LABIDESTHES, Cope.
bihnlesth'H, CoPK, Proc. Amor. I'hil. 8or. Pliila., 1870, 45.'i, (sicnilnm).
TliJN genus dithers from Mcnidia chiefly in the prolongation of the Jaws,
both (if which are produced into u short depressed beak. The scales are
siiiall, as in Lcutrxthi't and BimUdithija, their edges entire. {"XaSi^, a pair
(jf forceps ; t(ji9t(j,to eat.)
/
1177^IiARIUE8TliKS HIC'CUUS (Co|k 1.
(BrOUK SiLVKItSIIlE ; Skiimack.)
Head 4i; depth 6; eye 3i. D. IV-I, 11; A. I, 2S; scales 75. Body
elongate, very slender, compressed. Head long, tlatteued above, narrow
i '-* -r
^'^^7iFrwr^'i^!frTywrm^r''^
ww?m^m^if<n
8<N)
liullt'iin vr, Ihtited States National Museum.
'••1
% ■
-Vi/y.
below. Snout HltMitlt^i', «M)iiio. I'miitixillarirH liroatl jMrntiMiorly, vt-ry
protriictil«s i»ro«lii(;i><l forward, tint Niioiit loii^^itr tliaii tlio lar^r < yo,
hUlfin of iippKi* Jaw NtroiiKly concavr. Turtli vi>ry Nlonilor, iiioHtly in uno
Hori«^ii, r«>riiiiii){ u narrow Itaiitl in front, Hcaltm Hninll, tliln, with <>iiiire
ed^oH. SpinoiiK ilorHal very HMiall ; Noft dorsal HJiort. Anal tin loiij;;
cuuilal f' rk«><l ; povtoralH nu>dorat». KiiHt ilorsal inHortud Honi<<\N Imt
Itoliind tlio vfnt. I'ulu olivvi ^ruon, traiiHliicttnt ; latnral Hilvery \>:nu\
v«^ry diHtiucl,Hcarooly broador <lian pupil, bounded abovo by a dark linn;
bark dottiMl with black. In tho black wattirH of tli«« lowland Nwaiii|iH
the Hilvtiry iH un<lurlaid by black. Lun^tli W^ indicH. I'ondH and nlu^r.
gMi Htroanm; Laku Ontario and HoutluMii Mivbi^an to Iowa, Florida, nid
Toxbh; locally abundant ; a very Kracoful littlo HhIi, widuly dihtriixitod,
confined to fresh wators. (micchm, driud ; found in half-dry pooh.)
Chiriiiiliimii niciulum, Col-R, I'rnc. Ai'. Nitt. Rvl. I'liila., lHn:>, H\, Croaae Ule, Detroit Kiver.
(Coll. I'rcf.wBor K<.x.)
LithulenlUiii tU'i-uUu, Cui'K, Vtm:. Amur. I'hII. Hu<\ Pliila., IH70, 4(1; .Ioiipan .t OlLnCKT, Syri<>|w|,i,
4(m, 18h;».
362. ATHERINOPSIS, (iirard.
(PKaCAlX) DKI, KKY.)
Alherhiopnin, OinARn, I'riic. Ar. Nut. Scl. I'lillii., ISM, llll, {idlijutuini.iiii).
Thin (^cnus diiforH from HaHiHchthj/Hui the nonprotractility of the upper
juw. Tho HpincM of tho prcmaxillarieH are very short, much shorter tiiaii
the oye, and they are covered by a skin which is continuous with that of
the forehead, bein^ only capable <»f Huch motion as is permitted by lliu
extension of a fold of skin between the jaws and the frontal re^^ioii.
Scales small. One species, reachiuf; a considerable size, and having
importance us a food-tish. {Athcrina ; orlui;, ai>pearaiice.)
IKS. ATIIKKINOPHIH CALIIOUMKNHIK, (iirar.l.
("CALIKOUNIA SMKLT;" I'KHfADO DKI. RRY ; I'KIXK KRY ; I>E8<'K.-Rf'..)
Head 4 J ; depth 5. I). IX-I, 12 ; A. I, 23 ; scales 77-13. Eye small, r. in
head, liody elongate, little compressed. Maxillary narrow, not n-ach-
ing to the eye, not slipping under the preorbital. Jaws even ; tt-otli
small, pointed, in narrow bands^ inner series of upper jaw enhir^'id.
Gill rakers very long and slender. Scales crenate, somewhat rougli, Hut
not laciniate. First dorsal large, inserted in front of anal nearer liatit-
than snout; second dorsal inserted in front of middle of anal, which lias
a scaly sheath. Pectorals nearly as long as head, not reaching to ventialH,
the latter halfway to veiit. Vertebra) about 4.''). Translucent grecnisli,;!
burnished lateral stripe which is rather plumbeous than silvery, miiu«
yellow on the opercles. Length 18 inches. Coast of California, fnun
Cape Mendocino to San Diego ; very abundant '.n schools near the Hliore;
a food-fish of considerable importance, wlt'i white flesh of fine texture;
wrongly known as " Smelt" to English-speaking people in California.
AdierinopiiiH valifomientiii, GiH/iRV, Vroc. Ac. Hat. tivi. I'hila., 1854, 134, San Francisco, Cal.
(Coll. Dr. Huermann.)'
Jordan and Kvermann. — J''ishes of North Amerua. HOT
}ii.nEiiT, SyMi>|iHiii,
tik.niiliihn* raHfomi*n»li>, UUNTlirn, I'ltl , 4<NI, 1M«)I; .Iohhan .V <iil.nRiiT Syiiii|wl«, 4<K),
b-i.
1/A.M.K .^.r•.l(AYnlUl)UlltAllll, I'lm \i\ Nut. Hci. IMiiln., IHAtl, lai;, San Francisco.
363. ATHERINOPS, .S»«Mn.lu< liimi.
(i'K8('AI>IM.(>H DKI. Uky.) ,
.li/i.fiii j<, STfiNnAciiNRH, Irhtli. RnltritK'' *•>. IHTS, ('</>lHi«).
Tirlli iiiniNor-liko, )iiti<l or IhiiiicIumI, iirniiigu*! in 11 Niii^l«« row in oncii
jftw. < Mlicr\viHt< iiH in .llh(ritii>pHin, I'liit^o HpocioM l.nown, I'roiii (JiililVn'niii
and M< AJro. 'I'lii-mMlitt'o! IVoin tlutotJM'i' Atlitrinidoiu itoing'^iiiuli.v liurbivo-
runs liH tli<> doniitioii \vuul<l indiciitu. (Alherhia; i''i/ , uppfaianuo.)
.1 T'l'lti Y-''lii>|><'<li III)' inner Inik llttli' if iiuy itlortcr tl.an tlii'imti r.
/■. SmloK 02 liiOK. Dumal V-I, 1 1; iiiial I, 'i'i; i<|iiti<ini( ilnrMtl iiiiirli in friuit ol' anal.
iNHt 1.AUI M, init.
;./.. (4ralcH fc fo Wi, pDrwil Vl-I, 11; ami! I, '.iJ. SplniiUH il'ir-iiil iivcr vcni. ArriMH, linn.
.M. Ti'C'tli iu-iirr<i1y Y-n1iii|h'(1, tin' IntiiT i)raiiK inriniii^a Nhiirt lateral liriini h cm the main '<tein.
<t('iil' 1 ti'. Poninl VII-I, 10; anal I, Ti; xpinoui donwl In Trontof vtint. I'ectoralM lon^ur tbiin
IliM,!. IlKUIH, llMl.
II7U. ATllKltlNOPK INNriiAUIN, Gilbert.
Cliiisrlv iiili)><l to Alhcn»o))ii <i(1iuin, tlitt'etin^ in tlio ilarkur color, thu
slfiiiicicr t'orni, tii*) much Hniiillur Hcal«>N, and tiic Hliortor NpinoiiH tlorHal,
wliirii is iiiHorted farther forward. HcalcB 1)2 to (JH (52 to 'A) in itflinh);
.'inimIi's JM'twct'n uppt-r tMljfcof Hilvory band and front of Hpinoii:* dornal
(1 ill ainiiix). Front of dornal much nearer tip of snout tiian iH front of
anil. llifdiHtance between buHe of laHt dorsal Hpinu and front of Hoft dorHtti
^MvaU'r than hui^^th of buHo of Hoft dorHal (much Ichh than hMifrtli of dornal
ill (iiliiiln). SpinouH dorsal coiiHtantly with 5 HpincH (<i or 7 in ajffiiiia).
otiit rwis'f, in fiuH, dentition, and gonoral proportions uh in ujjUiiii. Ah in
iiiliiiis, tlie inner fork of teeth Ih occaHionally uhorter than the outer,
a|i|ii(>;ioliin{5 the case of Alherinojm reyin, where this is the rule. Very
aliiiiidant at San Clcmentu and San Nicolas Islands of the Santa Barbara
(iidiip, and farther s<mth at (iuadalupe Island; not yet found on the
HJion'H uf the mainland. A. affiniH is not known from these islands.
(iiisiiIurHin, of the islands.)
Mhrniii i»Mi/.ini(H, Gti.iiKUT, Proc. V. S. N«t. Mu8., 1891, 549, San Clemente; San Nicolas;
Guadalupe Island. (Coll. Gilbert.)
1180. ATIIKHINOPS AFFIMK (Ayro»).
(LiTTiK "Smki.t;" PKS<;Anii,i.ii DEI, Key.)
Head 5; depth 4J. D. VI-I, 11; A. 1,22; scales 52 to 56. Maxillary
not reaching pupil. Lower jaw slightly shorter than upper. Teeth*
<'l()K<<-sot, incisor-like, Y-shaped, the forks divergent, the inner fork often
a liitlt! shorter than the other ; teeth in lower jaw largest and most mov-
alii'j. Eye large, not longer than snout. Spinous dorsal moderate, inserted
'■First Rupurior pharyDgoal with teoth; Hecoud, third, and fourth coosaiflcd, with teeth.—
£. (.'. Starlii.
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over tho vent, itu origin midway between posterior angle of operclu iind
base of caudal. Pectoral about as long as the head, reaching vuutials, tlio
ventrals not to vent. Body stouter than in related species. ScaleH 11 1 ri,
crenate. Peritoneum dark ; herbivorous. Clear hyaline green, a hII mi, y
lateral baud, \\ scales wide, narrower than eye, bordered above by ;i )iiir-
plish line. Back and sides thickly punctate. Irisand opercles with luii^lit
yellow. Length a foot. Coast of California in sandy bays in schools, w jtli
Atherinopais caUfornivnsin, and equally abundant ; also an excellent luod-
tish, but smaller and therefore of less importance, (nffinia, related.)
Atlierinopnk iiffinui, Aybeb, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1860, 7H, San Francisco.
AthefiHops nffiuig, Jokoan & Gilrkkt, Syuoi^Js, 409, 1883.
1181. ATHEB1N0P8 REOIN, Jonkitif & Kvermann.
(Pez del Rev.)
Head 41 ; depth 4^. D. VII-11 ; A. I, 22 ; scales 46-1.5 ; eye large, e(|nal-
iug snout, 31 in head. Maxillary not reaching pupil, lower jaw slioi tcr
than upper. Teeth in a single series, close-set, incisor-like, we.ik. each
with a short lateral branch on the main stem, not Y-shaped ; tips biowu.
Gill rakers about 19 on lower limb of anterior arch, about 30 on lower
limbs of succeeding arches, not etrong, equaling diameter of pupil. Oiif,nii
of spinous dorsal in front of vent, its distance from tip of snout beiiij^
but little more than half leng'.u of body, the origin of the first to tlie
origin of '.;he second dorsal less than i length of body. The orij,nii of
first dorsal is much nearer the angle of the opercle than to base of caudal.
The pectorals are longer than head by i the length of the head, reacliini;
to the middle of ventrals. Ventrals about reaching vent, nearly 2 in
head. Scales firm, largo; pores developed on scales on various parts of
the body ; 4 rows on the cheeks. Peritoneum black. Color, in alcohol,
pale, darker above the lateral band, the scales in this region having line
punctulations, a silvery band slightly more than one scale wide, -^ the
diameter of the eye, the upper third bordered by a dark line. This species
is allied to Atkerinopa affinis, Ayres, from which it difl^irs in the longer
pectorals, larger scales, and in the position of the spinous dorsal, which
in this species is much nearer the head. Gult of California ; a common
food-fish, (regin, del rey, of the king.)
Atherinopi regis, Jenkins & Evekhann, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mas., 1888, 138, Bay of Guaymas.
(Type, No. 39632. Coll. Jenkins & Evermann.)
Family CVII. MUGILID^.*
(The Mullets.)
Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with rather large cycloid
scales; no lateral line, but the furrows often deepened on the middle of
ea(sh scale so as to form lateral streaks. ' ' outh small, the jaws with
*For a detailed account of tlie American marine Mugilidie, ace Jordan & Swain, Proc. I' S.
N»t. Mus., 1884, f61.
ry^^mimfi
a coniiiiun
of Guaymas.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
8U9
Hiiiall teeth, or none, the teeth vario'^H in form; preniaxillariea protrac-
tile. <iill openings wide, the inenibr.uiefi sepurate, free from the iHthnuia.
i{iaii>'liioHtegal8 5orO. Gill rakerH long and Hlender. (jrillH4, aslitbehind
foiiiili. Psemlobranchiie large. Two short dorsal tins, Avell separated,
till' anterior with 4 stitf spines, the lastoneof which is much shorter than
\\w others; second dorsal longer than the first, similar to onal ; anal
n')ii:i > 13 or 3, gr'iduated ; ventral fins abdominal, nou far back, composed
of ) .^jiine and 5 rays; caudal forkec'. Air blav!'.ler large, simple. Intes-
tinal canal long. Peritoneum usually l)lack. Vertebrie 24. Genera 8 or
II); npocies about 100, inhabiting the fresh waters and coasts of warm
rei^ionn, feeding on organic matter contained in mud. ''In the genus
,V(/./(7, a considerable indigestible portion of the latter is swallowed, and
iu order to prevent larger bodies from passing into the stomach, or sub-
stances from passing through the gili openings, these fishes have the
()ij;anN of the pharynx modified into a filtering apparatus. They take in
a(|nantity of sand or mud, and after having worked it for some time
lietwecn the pharyngeal bones, they eject the roughest and indigestible
|)()iti(»n of it. The upper ^iharyngeals have a rather irregular form ; they
ail' slightly arched, the convexity being directed toward the pharyngeal
cavity, tapering anteriorly, and broad posteriorly. They are coated with
a thick, soft membrane, which reaches far beyond the margin of the bone,
and is studded all over with minute horny cilia. Each branchial arch is
provided with a series of long gill rakers, which are laterally bent down-
ward, each series closely fitting to the sides of the adjoining arch ; they
constitute together a sieve admirably adapted to permit a transit for the
water, retaining at the same time every solid substance in the cavity of
the pharynx." (Gunther.) {Munilida', (iiinther, ill. Cat., 409-467, 1861.)
JIi (irMN.i):
.(. StoiiHicli muscular, )(izxard-like; tcetli slender, iiKually having the iormof cilia; lower jaw
angular in front; spRCios chiefly marine.
h. Anal spinf'S 11; teeth ciliiform, flexible.
c. Orbit with a well-ilevolopeJ adipose eyelid, covering part of the iris; cilia in one or
few series, slender; cleft of mouth chiefly anterior. Mrair, 364,
ir. Orbit without di>tinct adipo.-<o eyelid.
d. Cleft of mouth lateral; lower jaw narrow; upper jaw very thick and very pro-
tractile; cilia brnad, in many series, pavement-like. Cii.knohugii,, 3I>5.
hi). Anal spines 2, the first soft ray simple but articulate; teeth dist'nct, in a few series,
scarcely ciliiform, often obsolete in the lower jaw; lips thin; no adipose eyelid;
proorbital serrate. Qvekimana, 306.
AdilNiiSTOMIN.K:
(in. Stonnich not pzzard-like; teeth not ciliiform; lower jaw not angular in front; deft of
mouth lateral; fresh-water species, inhabiting chiefly mountain torrents in the tropics.
('. Teeth iu villiform bands.
/. Anal spines 2; teeth in bands on jaws and vomer; lower jaw without lamelliform
folds. AooNOSTOMUS, 367.
>■<■. Teeth coarse, broad, truncate incisors, with their free edges serrate; smaller teeth on
vomer; none on |)alatines; head heavy, the bluut, tumid snout overhanging the
small, inferior mouth; lower jaw forming a sharp soft edge. Joturdh, 368.
364. MUGIL (Artedi) Liunams.
(Mullets.)
M'l.iil (AuTEni) L1NN/T.C8, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 316, {cephalus).
r>()dy oblong, somewhat compressed, covered with large scales. Head
laige, convex, scaled above and ou sides. Mouth small, subinferior, the
: n
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
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lower Jaw angnlated. Jawn with oue or a few series of Hbort, Uexililt!,
ciliiforin teeth ; no teotli on vomer or palatines. Eye large, with a l.iirc
adipose eyelid, which ih little developed in the young. Stomach niiih( 11-
lar,lil:e the gizzard of a fowl. Species very numerous, living on mud imd
running in great schools along the shores and in brackish lagoons of uli
warm regions. Wo here exclude from Minjil the Old World grouj), l.i:,i
(type MiKjil capita), similar in habit to Miitjil but lacking the adipose eye-
lid. (MiKjil, the Mullet, from muhjeo, to suck.)
a. Soft (lorBul and anal Ann almoHt naked; anal niyH III, K, niruly 111,7; sidcRwitli dark IoM<:i-
tudinul str'ix's along the rows of scales; caiidal dcej'ly forked; nizo larno.
h. Scales about :S! in longitudinal sericb; deiitli about 4].^ in Ivngtli to base of caii'lul;
teeth very minute; distuiici, from ti|i of iicctonil to front of dorsal about j tin'
length of the pectoral; lips rather thin. iikasiliensis, \\>\i,
W). Scales about 41 in a longitudinal series; depth about 4 in length to base of ciimliil;
teeth closo-cet, rather small; distance of tip of jiectoral from front of dorsnl mImmk
g the length of pectoral. ckimiams, ll^:i,
nn. Soft dorsal and anal fius scaled; sides without dark stripes along the rows of scales ; (.'iiihil
less deeply forked; size smaller,
c. Anal rajs III, 9; scales 35 to 45 in a longitudinal series.
(I. Scales 42 to 45 in longitudinal series; teeth small.
c. Head small, 4% in length. iNcii.is, IIM.
ei'. Head large, UiJ^ in length. TiioiiriiM, lis",
(/({. Scales ;i5 to 38 in longitudinal series.
/. Pectoral not nearly reaching origin of dorsal, the distance from its tip to front
of dorsal being in the adult J-j; length of pectoral; teeth elose-Kct, rutin r
small, (but distinctly visible without a lens; scales ilH or :i',) in longltinliniil
series; dorsal less falcate. curgma, llst'i.
Jl'. Pectoral nearly reaching origin of doraal.
</. Teeth rather wide-set, very small, mostly uuisorial, scarcely visib' > in aiiiill
without a Jens; larger in the young.
/(. Scale.*! 38; bare space between dentary bones very large. iiosi'Ks, 1 i.'-T.
Ml. Scales 35 or 30 in longitudinal series; bare space between <liiiiiitv
bones small. oaimabuianis, II^S.
</<;. Teeth large, in many seiics above; fins deeply falcate; 37 scales in I.iiisi-
tudinal scries. setosis, 11>!i.
cc. Anal rays III, 8; scales very large, about 33 in a longitudinal series; teeth wiili-set,
larger than in any other species except KelositK, about as long us the nostril; iiiipcr
lip thick; pectoral not nearly reaching front of dorsal; si/.c small.
TKll IKllxiN, ll:ill,
1182. MVGIL BBASILIENSIS, Agassiz.
(Liza; Lebbancbo ; Queriman.'^
Head 4 in length (SJ including caudal); depth 4f (5^). D. IV-l, X; A.
111,8; scales35-12. Body elongate, nioreslenderthaninany other AuKMiiuii
Mugil. Snout broad and bluntish, the upper profile almost straight .iiid
horizontal (in young examples the anterior profile is about equally oblii|uo
above and below). Interorbital space greatly convex, its width L' in
head Upper lip rather thin. Space at the chin between the mandi-
bulary bones oblanceolate, acutish posteriorly. Preorbital large, almost
covering maxillary. Eyes hidden anteriorly and posteriorly by a bioad
adipose membrane. Teeth very minute. Scales large, those on top of
head larger; about 21 large scales between origin of dorsal and ti]) of
y visil)' )iiiiiiiiilt
Itll lllllldN, ll!"i.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 811
giioui ; Noft dorsal and anal almost uaked. Margin of soft dorsal very
concave, the sixth lay shortest, 3 times in second and longest ray. Anal
(*iinil:ir to soft dorsal, but slightly less concave. Caudal deeply forked.
V ,il(ir dusky above, silvery below; a dusky streak along each row of
Hcal<'s< those streaks not so wide as in Mugil cejyhalus. Scales on side
and <i|i(>rcle with dark punctulations ; ventrals pale yellowish, the lins
(ithi'i wIhc dusky. Length 18 inches. Cuba to Patagonia, common in the
West Indies and along the coast of Brazil ; abundant in the markets of
Havana, where it is usually known as Lebrancho. It has not yet been
noti('c<l in the waters of Florida, although probably occurring there. It
is rtadily distinguished from MugilcephahiH and other species Avith naked
(luinal and anal, by its large scales.
Mujd hr,mUe)i»U, AoAHSiz, Spix, Pise. Braail., 234, plato 72, 1820, Atlantic Ocean ofT Brazil ;
llir> typi'fl in the museum at Munich ; Jordan k Swain, I'roc. V . S. Nat. Muh., Ihsc, 'Jti2.
,lf"';r/ '<..', CiviKU <k Valenciknnks, Ilist. Nat. I'oiss., xi, 83, 1830, Brazil; Porto Rico;
Maracaibo ; Surinam ; Martinique.
Vmjil lihmnchus, PoF.Y, Memorias, 1 1, 200, plato 18, flg. ?., 1x61, Cuba.
11S». MlOIIi CEPHALIIS, LiiinmuH.
( Common Mullet ; StiiIPKh Mullkt ; (Ikfalo; Macho; Machitip ; Lisa fAiiEziHA.)
Head 4,1 (ojt in total with caudal); depth 3;"; (5 in total). D. IV-I, 8 ; A.
III. S (very rarely 111,7); scales 41-13. Body rather robust, somewhat
coniiPiessed, its depth moderate. Snout rather narrow and acutish, its
upiitr profile little less oblique than lower. Interorbital space slightly
convex, 2^ in head. Upper lip rather thin. Space at the chin between
the niandibulary bones oblanceolate, acutish posteriorly. Preorbital
narrow, not nearly covering the maxillary. Eyes hidden anteriorly and
posteriorly by a broad adipose membrane. Teeth close-set, rather small,
but evident. Scales rather small ; about 23 large scales between origin
of dorsal and tip of snout ; scales on top of head slightly enlarged ; soft
dorsal and anal with very few scales. First dorsal spine usually n little
niori) than half head, its length subject to some variation. Margin of
soft dorsal concave, the seventh ray shortest, 2i times in length of second
or longest ray ; anal similar to soft dorsal, but less concave. Pectoral
reaching nearly to front of spinous dorsal, its insertion above axis of body .*
Caudal deeply forked. Color dark bluish above ; sides silvery, with
couHpicuous dark stripes along each row of scales ; pale yellowish below;
veutrals yellowish, the other fins more or less dusky. Length 1 to 2 feet.
Coasts of southern Europe and northern Africa ; Atlantic coast of
America, from Cape Cod to Brazil ; Pacific coast, in great schools in bays,
lagoons, and sheltered waters from Monterey to Chili, everywhere very
coninum; a food-fish of considerable importance, the flesh of fair quality.
On renewed comparison of specimens we are still wholly unable to sepa-
rate) ^f. alhula from the east coast of North and South America, M. mexi-
canitH of southern California, M. guntheri from western Mexico, and M.
raitnnehhergii from Peru, from the ordinary European mullet, and so unite
* Not on the median line, as stated by Dr. GUnther in his account of Mugil Uneatus,
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nil under otio hoad hh Muij'd cephtilua. Tliu HpecieH baH, however, not In in
recorded from Cubu. (Cephalnn, Cifalo, an old name from Kton/,/
hea<l.) (En.)
Muyil leplmlim, IiINN.kuh, .SyHt«ma Niiturn', Eil. x, 31)1, 1758, Europe ; Itaaoil on AHrrDi.
Miiyil iiUitthi, LiNN-Kis, SyHt. ^llt., Kd. xii, WO, 17fit!, Charle:ton. (Coll. Dr. (tiinlon.)
IHujjil Imiii, Ui.iicii, IfliDiyoNigia, |>lat« 'M'l, 1794, Africa.
Miiijil I'liimieri, IJi.ocii, /. <•., iilati) ',Wi, 17'.)-l, St. Vincent ; on ii ilrawinK l>y Pi.umikk.
3fN>/i7/iiiiii/iifi, MnriiiM. MS., (Uivirk .t VAr.KN(iKNNr.s, Hist. Naf. PoiRH., xi, 'Jil, isao, New
York.
MiKjil rduimeMiirgii, T«ciilfni, Fiiiina I'uruanu, Iclitlij-., 20, 184'), Peru.
Jlfi(;;(7 ^i>7()((/iiii, <imAUii, II. 8. unil Mex. lioiinil. Siirv., 20, plato 10, fl){H. 1 to 4, iK'i'.i, St.
Joseph's Island, Indianola ; Brazos Santiago ; Brazos; and Galveston; nil ..ant
of Ti-xag. (Coll. Wiirili.'nianii, Clark, and Ktuinorly.)
Miigil iiiiiitheri, GlM., Pror. Ac. Nat. ,*<ci. Phila., ISftJ, lti!», western coast of Central
America; not of Stkinoaciinkr.
Miiijil viixiraiiiis, Stkindac'iinkr, Ichtliyol. Doitritgc, iii, 50, 187<''>, Acapulco.
Miifjil itlliulii, Jordan A. ("iii.iiF.RT,8yuopsiH, 4o;t, 1883.
Miiyil crphahm, .ToKOAN & Swain, I'rof. U. S. Nat. Miis., 1884, 263.
IIM!. IMlKilL INCILIS,
(TRKNCH MlIF '.F.T.)
n<'(M'k.
Head ii ; depth ii. D. IV-I, 8 ; A. Ill, 9 ; scales 42 to 44-15, 23 l.ctore
the dorsal. Snout moderately broad, scarcely convex, with tlie
lower profile ascendinj? in the same degree as the upper descendu ; the
teeth very small, slender; interorbital space slightly-convex, its width 2'^ in
length of head. Upper lip rather thin; the angle made by the two
mandibulary bones a right one; the preorbital tapers posteriorly, liaN
the anterior margin tinely serrated, and covers the maxillary so that only
a very narrow portion of it is visible on the side of the snout. Adipose
eyelids large. The space of the chin, between the mandibles and inter.
opercles is elongate cuneiform. . Soft dorsal and anal fins fccaly. Serond
dorscil spine slightly lunger than the first, and more than lialf lengtli of
head; pectorri short, reaching tenth scale, not quite reaching dor.sal;
fins scarcely falcate; caudal deeply emarginate. Silvery; axil blackiKli;
sides without dark stripes along the rows of scales. (GuntlitT.)
Brackish -waters from Rio Chagres to Pard and liahia ; common, (iiivilif,,
pertaining to a ditch.)
Miitjil hicilis, Hancock, Quart. Journ. Sci., 1830, 127, Guiana; GOnther, FiHhes (Vntr.
Ainer., 1869, Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 2t>f).
Mutjil giintheri, Steindachner, Ichtb. Nutizen, i, 12, 1864, British Guiana.
1185. SlUftlli THOBUBNI, Jordan & Starks, now Bi>ecie8.
Head 3i to 3S; depth 4 ; dorsal IV-7; anal III, 9 ; scales 44-15; oiliit
equal to snout, 4^ in head ; uncovered part of eye 8 or 9 in head ; inter-
orbital 2^; first dorsal spine 2; soft dorsal and anal equal, the loni^est
ray 2^ ; ventrals 2 in head ; pectoral It. Body moderately elongate ; a
very gentle curve from tip of snout to dorsal; ventral outline consider-
ably curved, the curve uniform from chin to caudal peduncle. Head
large, broadly rounded above ; eye moderate, -with a large adipose eyelid;
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North Amertca. 813
iiidiii h oblique, the maxillary reaching to front of orbit ; upper lip rather
thiik; lower jaw with a knob at the middle which fits into an eniar^^i-
nirtloii in the upper, itH angle more obtime than a ri^ht an^le ; space
oil cliin between mandibulary bones, broad in front, acute behind, the
sill iiiTcles meeting below. Teeth very minute, scarctdy appreciable.
I'rt'orbital minutely serrated. Pectorals reaching about to middle of
vent mis, not to spinous dorsal ; spinous dorsal inserted above posterior
end "I' ventrals when fin is d pressed ; first spine of dorsal the longest ;
Holt dorsal and anal similar, their margins incised; ventrals inserted
beiiind middle of pectoral ; soft dorsal and anal scaly, 23 scales before
dorsal. Color slaty bluish above, silvery below; sides with rather faint
lon;,ntiidinal bluish stripes wiiich follow the rows of scales, fading out
on tlio belly and running into the darker color on the back; ventrals and
anal i)alo ; pectoral and dorsals dusky ; a dujky bar at base of pectoral.
Pacilic Coast of tropical America from Guatemala to Galapagos ; the types,
two Hpecimens (No. 1607, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.), the largest 8 inches long,
colli'ctod by the Albatross in the Galapagos. Close to Miiyil hicilix, the
head larger, and with several minor differences. (Named for Dr. Wilbur
Wilson Thoburn of Stanford University in recognition of his work on
the Cottidn:)
1186. NUOIL CIIREMA, Cuvier .«; YulemiunuoH.
(White Muixkt; Bm'e-back Mullet; Liza; Lisa Blanca.)
Head 4^; depth 3^-. D. IV-I, 8; A. Ill, 9 ; scales 38-12. Body moder-
attdy elongate, its depth about e(|ualing that of Muijil cephuluH. Snout
ratiier narrow and pointed, the upper profile not so oldiijue as lower.
Interorbital space slightly convex, 2^ in head. Upper lip rather thick.
Space at the chin between the mandibulary bones oblanceolate, acutish
posteriorly. Preorbital rather narrow, nearly covering the maxillary
poHteriorly. Eyes hidden anteriorly and posteriorly by a broad adipose
meirbrane. Teeth thick- let, rather small, but distinctly visible to the
naked eye. Scales rather small, about 23 from origin or dorsal to tip of
snout; soft dorsal and anal densely scaled. Soft dorsal slightly concave,
the seventh and shortest ray 2i^ in second or longest ray. Anal similar to
soft dorsal. Pectoral falling short of spinous dorsal by a distance equal
to i its length in adult, sometimes longer in young. Caudal forked.
Color dark olive above, with some bluish reflections; silvery below; no
dusky streaks along sides ; a rather small dark blotch at base of pectoral ;
spinous and soft dorsal and pectorals pale, with nume.ous small dark
pnnotulations ; caudal pale, yellowish at base, margin of fin blackish ;
anal and ventrals yellowish ; side of head with two yellow blotches.
Capo Cod to Brazil; Mjigdalena Bay to Chili, generally common on both
coasts of America, especially in the tropics,, A food-fish of importance,
entering the sea more freely than does Mugil cephaliis, which is a bay
fisli. Length about a foot. {Curema, a Portuguese name used by Marc-
grave, doubtless corresponding to the Spanish QiurinKtu.)
Mi'iiit ntnmti, CvviEU & VALENCIENNES, IliHt. Nat. l'ois8., XI, 87,1836, Brazil; Martinique;
Cuba.
m
''S5;?r»'»F^TO3!S«?W'1'?^lPl!!Wf?f!r3WffW!^!^^
II
814
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Miijit pflrnmii, Cuvir.n & Vai.kni'irnnf.8, /. c, H9, Brazil; Surinam; Gulf of Mexico; Cuba;
JoiiPAN & Swain, I'roc. U. 8. Nnt. Miig., 18H4, 208.
Muijil bniii/iciixiK, JouiiAN Ac Ciii.iiCRT, Syuoiuiii, 4U3, 1883; OOntiisii, (^at. ill, 431, 18<i1; ii.>t*ijr
AUAHHIZ.
I 1 =
Is' ''!■-■: ."\n
I !;■'.'
1187. nUtilL HONPKS, Junlnii & Culver.
(LlSITA.)
Head ^ to 4; depth 4 to 4k. D. IV-8; A. Ill, 9; scales 38-13; »>>.. U
in hoail ; Hiiout 4; maxillary 4. Body a little slenderer and iiior*) coin-
pressed than in Muyil curemu, the back considerably arched, tlte pmlllo
gently cnrved from tip of suout to front of soft dorsal. Eye modti.ite.
with a large adipose eyelid. Plead broad, rounded aliove, the interoi Mtal
width 2;i in its length. Teeth very small, visible with a lens only. Tip
of lower jaw forming a right angle. Bare space between dentary liomis
club-shaped, much larger than in Muyil curvma, the snboporcles hmoly
meeting below. Pectoral somewhat falcate, unusually long, reacliing
about to base of third dorsal spine, li in head, its long axillary Kciile
unusually long, half length of the fin and 2* in head. First dmsal
inserted over middle of body, over middle of length of ventral 8])iiit);
second dorsal moderate, its edge incised; upper lobe of caudal a litllo
longer than lower, as long as head. Anal rather high ; veutrals inserted
before middle of pectorals. Dorsal and anal fins scaly. Color mucli
as in Mugil curemu, rather greener above, sides silvery, with faint traces
of longitudinal streaks ; fnis pale ; upper edge of pectoral and end of cau-
dal dusky ; a small blackish spot at base of pectoral above ; no yellow uu
head. Length 9 inches. Pacific Coast of Mexico, not rare in Ma/.atlau
Harbor, with Mugil curema, from which the long pectoral readily distiu-
guishes it. (hoapea, a landlord, in allusion to the almost constant ]>reH-
once in the mouth of a small Oniacid crustacean similar to that fouud in
the Menhaden.)
Muyil hospes, Jordan & Cui-veb, MS., Fishes of Sinaloa, 1895, Mazatlan. (Type, N(i. 298«,
L. S. Jr. Univ. Mns. ; cotypcs. No. 4744(), U. S. Nat. Mub. Coll. Jordan, Culvor& Sfiirks.)
•J
1188. MUUIL OAIHARDIANIIS, UcsmaroBt.
(Red-ete Mullet Liza Ojo vk Perdriz.)
Head 4 ; depth 3f . D. IV-I, 8 ; A. Ill, 9 ; scales 35 or 36-11. Body
rather robust, moderately compressed. Snout rather narrow and pointed,
upper profile almost as oblique as lower. Interoibital space convex, L'i
in head. Upper lip rather thick, about as in Mugil curema. Space at tlie
chin between the mandibulary bones elliptical, acutish in front and
behind, scarcely longer than snout. Preorbital rather narrow, covering
about half of the maxillary. Eyes hidden anteriorly and posteriorly by
a broad adipose membrane. Teeth rather wide-set, very small, not visi-
ble without the aid of a lens. Scales in the adult rather large, evident
in the young, about 20 in a line from origin of spinous dorsal to tip of
snout ; soft dorsal and anal densely scaly. Soft dorsal concave ou its
Jordan and Evermatin. — Fishes of North America. 815
iiiir uiii : the seventh ray shorteHt, 2^ iu second or h)ngeHt ray. Anal sini-
iliii iiirtoft dorsal luit more concave. Pectoral reaching very nearly to
iVont of spinous dorsal. Caudal forked. Color dusky above, with bluish
n>il('( ti<iu8, silvery below; no dusky streaks alon;; sides; spinous and
Hoft (imsal dusky, the latter iinoly punctulate with brown, its anterior
x[\\> tipped with black; Caudal pale, broadly margined with black;
uiiiil inilt), its basal half appearing dusky from dark punctulations; pec-
toiiil palo in front, rather dusky behiud, where there is a dusky blotcli at
\)\\nv. Length 11 inches. Florida Keys to Cuba; not abundant, but coni-
iiiiin lit Key West. (Named for P. (Jaimard, the associate of (^uoy, in the
study of the animals obtained on Freyciuet's voyage of the I'ntnie and
the riinxiciciinv, and on Dumont d'Urville's voyage of the Antrolobc.)
Mit'iil ij'iiiiiiirili<i)ws, Desbiauest, I»ict. CluHS., |)1. 109, 18;l], Cuba; no duscriiitUin; I'dEV, Ann.
I.y. . Nut. Hist. N. v., 04, \>]. 7, «(,'». l-IJ, 18T5, Cuba; flrHt ilm.ription; Juuuan & Swain,
pi.... U. S. Nut. Mu8., 18S4, 207.
118». MlKJIli SKTOSrS, (iilbcrt.
llciid 3^ to 3J in length ; depth 4 ; eye large, equaling or slightly exc^ed-
iiij.; tlic length of the snout, 3* to 4 in head, IJ in interorbital width. D.
IV-1, 8; A. Ill, 9; scales 37. Closely resembling iMiif/il hospvH, "rom
wliicli it differs widely iu its much larger multiserial seta', au<i the
loiii;ii. narrower mouth. Mandibular angle less than 90 degrees; length
of cleft of mouth but little less than its width. Premaxillary setii' in
ii luuruw baud, not arranged in definite cross lines as in ChtvnomiKjil ; those
of outer row very long and numerous, curved and closely crowded ; inner
set ;i' much shorter, but arranged in several irregular series; mandibular
setii' shorter and slenderer but larger tlian the premaxillary setin of M.
Clin »"(( ; in a single series ; a narrow strip only of the maxillary is visible
ill t lie closed mouth. Upper lip thick. Preorbital denticulated. Adipose
eyi'liil partly covering pupil, but much thinner than in curima and related
spt'cios, the whole eye being visible through it iu alcoholic specimens;
.idijioso mass lying behind eye less developed, encroaching but little on
till' ojiorcle. Suborbital very wide, as in Miti/H trichodon. Scales moderate,
20 in front of dorsal, 11 in an oblique series from vent to base of dorsal.
Ac((5Ssory scale on each side of spinous dorsal usually longer than the
ba.se of the fin. Axillary scale exceedingly thin and membranous. Soft
liortions of all the vertical tins scaled to tip ; basal portions of the pec-
tonils and ventrals also scaled. Pectoral long, pointed, slightly falcate,
as long as head behind front of pupil, reaching tenth or eleventh scale on
sides, failing to reach front of spinous dorsal by about \ its own length.
SiiiiiouH dorsal lower than soft dorsal. Both soft dorsal and anal strongly
falcate, the last rays much higher than middle rays, the anterior rays when
dejuesaed nearly reaching tips of last rays. Soft dorsal inserted over fourth
or lifth ray of anal. Caudal longer than head, the lol>e8 long and pointed.
Plain grayish above, silvery on sides and below, without stripes or other
inai kings. Ventrals unmarked, the other fins slightly dusky, the caudal
with a distinct black margin. Very abundant at Clarion Island, of the
Kevillagigedo group, also found at Mazatlan, where the color is much
,;
I! :'
i
!■ !;i
I !:1
ii
816
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
darker than in tlio typoH which cumo from bottom of volcanic uniuH,
(aetosuH, bearing brlHtleH.)
Muijil uliiitm, GiLUKKT, I'ruc. IJ. 8. Nat. Mm., INOI, S4'.), Clarion Island. (Cull. Oltliurt.i
it' "<
;!
ill '.^v,.-.
';! ,11. ! ' ' .
:r
",i J
• }
llttO. nViiXh TltlCilOIION, INxy.
(Fan-taii. Mum.kt.)
Head i\ ; depth 3*, D. IV-I, H; A. Ill, H; scales 3;}-ll. JJody laihei
robust, its depth somewhat greater than in MutjH vunma. Snout mi lier
narrow and pointed, the upi>er and lower prolile about equally ohlii|Ut>,
luterorbital space tiattish or slightly convex, 2\ in head. Uppci li|i
thick, thicker than in any other species here described. Space ai the
chin between the mandibulary bones oblanceolate, acutish posteriuily,
Preorbital narrow, covering little of maxillary. Ej'es hidden antfiiinly
and posteriorly by a broad adipose membrane. Teeth wide-set ; liu;;ei
than in most other species ; plainly visible in both jaws, and about as luiifr
as the nostril. Scales large, about 21 from origin of dorsal to ti|i of
snout ; soft dorsal and anal densely scaled. >Soft dorsal concavo : tliu
seventh ray shortest, 2| in second or longest ray ; anal similar to soft
dorsal. Pectoral not reaching nearly to front of spinous dorsal, Caudal
broad, forked. Color dusky olive above, with some bluish reHectiDim;
silvery below. No dusky streaks along the rows of scales. A dark blotch
at base of pectoral. Dorsals and caudal pale, the former with very Ninall
dark punctulations. Caudal margined with blackish. Anal and veiitnilH
yellowish. Pectorals pale, finely punctulate with brown. Length 10
inches. Florida Keys to Brazil ; very abundant at Key West, but lare
about Cuba. (i9pif, hair; oJoif, tooth.)
Muijil Iriclwdoit, PoEY, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. V., XI, 187'), (ifi, plate 8, figs. 4 to 8, Cuba.
Mugil bnmliengia, Jordan & Swain, I'ruc. U. S. Nat. Muh., 1884, 270; not uf Auaskiz,
11.'
I ^'
■ '-'
i
365. CHiENOMUGIL, Gill.
Chieuomugil, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 18G;1, 1G9, {proboscUleiit).
Cleft of mouth lateral; lower Jaw narrow ; dentiform cilia in very iniiiiy
series, broad, flat, and somewhat paved ; upper lip very thick ; no adi-
pose eyelid. Small mullets, of the tropical shores. (xaiv(J, to gape;
Mugil.)
1191. CHiENOMUGIL PBOBOSCIDErS* (Gflnthor).
Head, and especially the body and tail, compressed ; the greatest depth
of body nearly equals length of head, and is 4A in total length ; cyo 4,
shorter than snout. Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal III, 10; scales 38, 14 in Irans-
* A Hocond Bp(fci<'H of Chiniomnijil, possibly American, in Chmiotiiiiijil tiiijro-slriijntiiH (Gi'NTiUR):
Head 5; depth 4%; dorsal IV-I, 8; anal III, 9, scales 42, 13 or 14 "in a transverse m i ics, i!"
between snout and spinous dorsal. Upper lip extremely thick, without transverse fold, iiiulwitli
about 7 series of small Hat papillro on its inferior half; lower lip with a broad momlprHiiineoiis
margin, notched in the middle, but not ciliated. Interorbital space slinbtly convex, 2} \ in lieiid.
Snout as long as eye or longer. Chin nearly entirely covered by the mandibles. I'liHirbitiil
truncate, not notched, not covering extremity of maxillary. I'ectoral inserted ner.-ly in the
middle of the depth of the body, without a pointed scale in its axil; not quite us long us bead,
■ II I 11 I ^^
T
Jordan and F.vertnattti. — Fishes of North America. 817
IJody ViMlier
Snout r;iilu;r
ally ohliiiue.
. UplKM lijl
SpncB ni the
poHteiiorly.
en anteiimiy
ie-set ; linijer
about as loll),'
sal to ti|i of
concavo : tlio
milar to soft
■ Hal, Caiulal
li rcrtectioim;
A dark Itlotcli
W\ very Hiiiall
1 and veil trills
|. Length 10
est, but '.are
verwo Hori«'8, 23 befitre the dorHal. Tlie front part of the upper lip In
extrt'iiitly thick and conically produced, nearly as lon>{ as rest of snout ;
low |p;iit of each lip with a band of soft pavement-like papillic, arranged
in ol)li<iuo series; lower .jaw rather narrow ; cleft of mouth deeper than
broatl ; in some specimens the band of papilhi- passes into n series of fine
inoviiMo teeth anteriorly on the upper jaw. Upper anterior profile nearly
Htraiu'lif- obliquely descending; interorbital space convex, li in head, and
Hcaly ; preorbital area naked. Maxillary entirely hidden by fhe i»reor-
liital, wliich has the extremity truncated and minutely serrated. The
njiiiioiiH dorsal begins somewhat nearer base of caudal than to en«l of
Hiiout : the soft dorsal and anal with small scales between the rays, the
t'oiiiii-i is higher than the spinous dorsal, and commences above the middle
of tlio anal fin ; anal fin rather higher than long, as high as soft dorsal;
pectoial U in head; caudal emarginato. Silvery, upper parts grec^nish;
(lark Htriposof spots along the series of scales. (Giinther.) raeifii; Coast
of tropical America; generally common in rock pools. Length (3 inches.
Known from Mazatlan, Cordova, and Panama. (proboHv'uUun, having a
probo.ici;^. )
Jliiijil iin'hoiuiih iiH, QCntiikk, I'ltt., Ill, 4,'ig, 18ti1, Island of Cordova, west coast of Cen-
tral America. (Coll, (i. U. HkiiiiiiT and ('ii|ituiii How.)
cluiwmiii'jU imihiisfiihun, JoilDAN & SwAiN, I'roc. V . S. Nut. Mu8., 1884, 272.
366. QUERIMANA, Jordan * Gilbert.
(jiiiiiiiinwi, Jordan .t Giliiert, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 688, {liitrenijiis).
Til is genus includes little mullets, with but i spines in the anal fin
ami w ith the teeth in the jaws less ciliiform than in Mutjil. Adipose eye-
lid wanting; preorbital serrate. The species are all American, of small
size, and some of them swim in great schools at the surface. (Jtierimatm is
close to the Australian genus Myxiis, but Myxua has 3 anal spines. (Quer-
imiui, a Portuguese name of Mugil ciirema.)
(I. Tcrtli In lower jaw obsolete; speoies of Bmall size.
b. Scales Biuall, 38 iua longitudinal series; dorsal flu IV-I, 8; aiinl II, 9 or Id.
IIAUKNIirS, ll'J2.
/'/>. Scales largo, 28 or 29 in a longitudinal scries; dornal tin I V-1, 8; aiiul 1 1, 7 or 8.
GYIIANS, ll'JJ.
Iie2. qUEBISIANA HAREXUUS (GUuthcr).
(El Verde.)
Head 3i; depth 3i to 4. Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal II, 10; scales 38. Head
aiul body compressed; cleft of mouth broader than deep, not reaching
roailiiiif,' fourteenth scale of lateral lino. Spinous dorsal commences midway botwoeu siiuiit and
base (if ia\iilal, or above the sixteenth scale of lateral line; soft dorsal begins above the twenty-
9i.\lbsiiilc, or above tbo third soft anal ray. Soft dorsal not -caly, niuch biprher tlianloug, as
liigli a!< anal, which is longer than the dorsal. Body with about II brownish-black longitudinal
streaks i)roduced by a series of spots, one always belonging to the cuticuUir fold covering base
of sea It'. (Giinther.) One specimen from unknown locality, supposed to bo from St. Viiirent.
WhetluT of the Capo Vordo Islands or of the West Indies is unknown, {niyer, black; s/ii(/«(m«,
strcakfil.)
ilugil iihjro-nlriijiUttii, GOntiier, Cat., Ill, 457, 1861, supposed to bo from St. Vincent.
F. A. N. 53
1^ i*
Hi
818
Jiullt'tin 4J, ITniteJ States National ^fuseum.
orbit ; a Hiiigle Hi^rioH of Hiiinll IIximI tenth in ti|i|M^r jaw, noni* in tlu* lo\vt>i
or on tho vomer; li|m tliin. Proorhital H«^rnit«% unttM'iorly iiml inrrihulv.
Anterior dorHiil NpinuH of niodurnto Htron^fth, '1 in hnul. Ki*lt>H iiihI lit>i|y
bright Hilvory, back ch^ar gnMtn ; a largo Nil very bhitrli on eacli Nitlr aliove,
fading at dt-atli. Length 2 incheH. l'acilio('oaHt of Tropical Ainiiicn,
from Ma/.atlan tu I'ern ; locally abun«Iant. {hnrin<j»n, herring.)
JIf//ji(« /iiireii(/ii«, OCntio'.k, Cut., Ill, 407, 1H(H, Paciftc Coait of Central America. (Uoll.
(!npluiii Dow.)
VM'WHiiiim hiirriiijiiii, JounAN * SwAiN, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Miii., 1HM|,274.
lllta. ({rKRINANA CaVKANN, .Torilnii A (iitbort.
(Wiiiiii.iiiin MrLi.KT.)
Head >ii; depth Bit; eye 3if, largo, e<iiialing interorbital widtii, iiliont
twice length of snout. D. IV-I, 7; A. II, 7 or H; Hcalos 2« or 2!i. Ilody
compreBHed,eapeoially below ; tipper anterior profile descending in ii cinvf
to the short snout; topof lieadtranHverHoly convex ; mouth rather iiiiiinw,
obliqne, the symphyHis of lower jaw forming an acute angle. Tcetli in a
single series in upper jaw, rather better developed than in HpecitH of
Miif/il, but not evidently of dilferent character. Origin of vent ml lius
midway between snout and end of anal fin; pectorals long, ."> timt.s In
leitgth of body ; vertical fins apparently scaleless. Some specinu'ii.s ( |m r-
haps females) green above; sides and belly silvery; middle of back wiili
a large pale area, shining silvery when in the water. Other Hpeciiiu'iis
(perhaps males) with a broad coppery oiivo shade along tho sides, cxti'iid
ing on the back ; color otherwise the same; the pale dorsal blotcli an in
the other; tins pale. South Atlantic Coast of United States, known Ironi
Woods Hole (Smith and Kendall) to Key West; generally abundant : ;i
curious little mullet, often found swimming round and round in fiieat
schools at the surface like whirligig beetles ; usually mistaken for tim
young of the mullet or the Iduefish. According to Mr. W. C. Kemlall it
is common oft' Fortress Monroe, Virginia. Close to (Jiieriniaiia hoimiin^
but diftering in coloration, size of scales, fin rays, etc. Length 2 inclies.
{gyransj whirling.)
Qiierimnna giiram, Jordan * Gii.nKRT, Proc. I'. S. Nut. MuB., 18M, 26, Key West ; Smbtji, Bull.
U. S. FiBh Comiu., xi, 1891, l!t2. (Tyiio, No. :t4'J«6. Coll. Jordan.)
t ^
5f !
lit
ii?:
;8
■■i
367. AGONOSTOMUS, Bennett.
AgnnoDlormis, Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zoiil. Soc, 18.30, 166, (telfuirii).
Dujiwii, CiviF.B &. Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. Poiss., xi, 104, 1830, {mnnlicnla).
Neiiliii, CuviKH it Valenciennes, /. c, xi, 166, 1836, (cijpyiiwideH ~- lelfairii).
Fresh-water mullets, with cleft of mouth extending laterally about to
front of eye. Small teeth in villiform bauds in both jaws, and soim-
umes on the vomer. Edge of lower lip rounded, not sharp. Stoniacli
not gizzard-like. Anal spines usually 2, tho lirst soft ray slendtr and
often taken for a spine. Streams of mountainous regions in tropical
countries. The American species constitute the subgenus Dujaiix, cliar-
acterized by the presence of teeth on the palatines. (</-, without; jwi/".
angle; (5ru//a, mouth.)
Jordan iind Evtrmann. — Fiihes of North AmerUa.
810
,1, Iri'iriirlilliil i<|iai'o Hat, iiiiriuu, I hi licail', li<'n<l .T'/),; tluplli 43„ In 1}^; ll|iHtlilii; luiiloii
40 to4i!-l;i. rrii »:h, 1I!»I.
ml, tiitiTiirliitikl ii|«c« roiivi'X, lirmtil, 'J''';, In :( In hviiil.
h. I,i|iN thin; liixly nillicr iliM'p; niitxtllary to rmnt of t^yv. MoNTirm.A, lluri.
M.. Mi'H tlilrk.
<. Mitxilliii'jr hhort, Imroly rt'iichlnK Innitor ryi', 4 in livuil; oyn '\ In Ik'iiiI; IihmiI 4)-4
III IcnKtli. NAxi ri N, UUtt.
rr, Muxilliiry loiiK, resi'liiiiK |H>nteri(ir luitrKiii nf iin|iil, 'J'.j In lii'ikil; cyn vrry Kiiiikll,
n^ III hi>a«li liuail :ti^ ill longtii. miikoi-n, 11U7.
Subgenua DAJAUS, Cuvlnr k ViiloucioiinoH.
1104. AUONOHTOMI'M l>KK('Oii»KM, liUnllictr.
Hoail \\\\ depth H|. DorHal IV-I, 8; nnul III, M; ncuIub 40 tu 12-13.
VillilDi'iu tveth in the JiiwH and on the vuiiior iiiiil paliitini^H; iipixM' lip
tliin : mivxillury n'acliiii>? beyond front of «'y«; interorhitiil Hpucu tlut,
itH widtli 1 in lioad, rathur grttutor than diaiiiutiM- of orliit, wliich oqnala
Iciigtii of snout. Origin of HpinoiiH doiHal midway hut\vt'«>n Hiioiit and
biiHU of caudal ; length of anterior Hpine more than lialf tiiat of iioad.
Soft dorsal aH high as the HpinoiiH; caudal deeply eniarginate; anal fin
lii^'licr than Hoft ilornal ; pectoial an long aH head without Hiioiit ; ventralH
Hoinowhat shorter than the pectoral fins. Nearly iiniforin greenish (in
Hltiiits); Idackish blotches between the dorsal spines, ((liinther.)
Frt'hli waters of San Domingo and probably of i.ther islands. (ptrcouUn,
fff/i/i'-Md/yc, like a perch.)
AijuHDHldiiia percoidet, Ul'MTllER, Ont., Ill, 4*14, 18(il, San Domingo.
m
m
:st ; Smith, Bull.
11U5. A()0N08T0!)irS MONTIt'OLA (Hiincroft).
Depth ti^ to 4i in total length (about 3} without caudal). Dorsal IV-
I, H; anal III, 9; scales 40 to 42, 12 in transverse scries. Hm<i!l teeth in
jaws and on the vomer and palati'nes. Upper lip thin ; maxillary reach-
ing eye; interorbital space convex. Spinous dorsal somewhat nearer
snuiit than base of caudal. (Uiinther.) Fresh waters of the West Indies
ami eastern Mexico, Vera Cruz, etc. (»(on<tcu/a, inhabiting mountains.)
}{«ijU iiioHlieuIa, Danc'koi'T, iu QrilHtli's Edition Cuviur's Animal Kiugduin, FiBhcH, 'MT, ]ilale
:»;, iwto.
Miiijil imiiluH, GoHBK, Nat. Sojourn .Tamuica, H4, IS.'il, Jamaica.
A(jiiiwiti>ma moHticola, OOntiif.ii, Out., ill, 404, 18C1.
tl
i
X
1
1 i
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1
1196. AUONOSTOMIIS NASrTIS, UUnthor.
(TUUCIIA.)
Head 4 J ; depth 4 J ; eye 1^ in snout or 5 in head. Dorsal IV-I, 8 ; anal
111,!); scales 42-12 in transverse series, 19 scales before the dorsal.
Body moderately compressed, rather thick behind the head ; upper ante-
rior profile slightly convex above the opercles. Snout obtusely conic.
Preorlntal not toothed. Rather narrow bands of villiform teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer, and on the palatines. Upper lip thick ; mouth
oblKiue, of moderate width, maxillary reaching eye, entirely hidden
4UIJPI|UI.-IIIIJJ1..
820
Ihtilftin 4J, Unitfd States National Afusfum.
iJ
\h
!l
wlicii mouth Ih rloBiMt. Iiitnrorl»itftl Npiico coiivox, '21 in ImnkI. Antirio-
thirNul ()oiiiiiu«iitM>H iiiiai'^r Hiioiit tliitii Imihu of caiuiul, uihI aliovo tiiitli
Hvulo of latural linn ; itH niitttrior Hiiiti»H iatli«>>' Htroni;, 2 in liuail. Snit
doi'Hal a littht liiKln^' tliaii tliu NpiiioiiH, not Hcaly, ccMunit^nrin^ alxtvr tin.
twunty-fonrth ncii1«, or abovo tl.u fourth anal ray; «-an<lal tin nnur
Kinato ; anal tin Honunvliat liiKlutr than tliu doimil, npinoH f«('lili<, tlic umi
quitu rudiniuntary ; jtectoral inNt^rtotl aliovn tho middle of tliu ih^itli ni
liody, a8 lont? ft" diMtanco from noHtril U> poHtcrior «m1j;«i of opuicif. Hark
KiayiHh ){re«>ii, ua(;h Hcalo with a brown margin; a Hilvt*ry lian<l iiiini
haHo of puctoral to caudal (in; lower parts silvery; hano of pci loral
hlackiNh. ((iiinther.) KivofH of Central America, on both Bides of the
iHthmuH, north to LcMver California." (nanutnH, long-noHud.)
Ajuni»li>mii tiii«M/iii/i, (il'NTiiKii, Cat., ill, 4(Ki, IHtU, Rio Oeronimo; (H'ntiikii, FInIhh ( > uintl
Amcritu, 414, i.luto 70, ««• 'i, •««<'■
1197. AUONOSTONl'N NH'KOPN, (iiinther.
Head 3^ ; depth 4^ ; nnout much longer than eye of male, wlijcji j^
6k ill head. DorHal IV'-I, 8; anal III, H; HcaleH 43-112 in traii.s\*>rN<>
serieH. DandH of villiforni teeth in the jawH, on the vomer, and on \\w
palatine and ; tery^oid boneH. Upper lip thick, protruding autfimilv;
maxillary exteudiug beyond the vertical from anterior margin offvc:
2h to 3 in head ; interorbital space convex. Distance between (IihnuI
ihiH not as great as length of head; anterior dorsal commencing niidwuv
between snout and base of caudal. (Uiiuther.) Streams of West liidiuH
and Central America, (/it/c/w;, small ; (^V'lOy^-)
Ayonotlmiiii miiropH, OPntiieii, Cut., ill, 402, 18111, probiilily WcBt Indies.
Ai/aiii vticropt, GOntheii, Fiiilios Central America, 444, plato 7U, tig. 1, 18GtJ.
368. JOTURUS, Poey.
Johtmi, I'OEY, MomorlaH, 11, 203, 18U1, {pichardi).
Largo fresh-water mullets, with the head heavy, the blunt and tuiiiid
snout projecting beyond the small, inferior mouth; mouth broad, witli
*Sue('iinon8 from San Ju8o del Cabo, near Capo San Lucas, nbttiiuud by Mr, Lyman ItiMirj):,
are tiiUH dcscnibi'd:
Head 4}/< tu 4V^ in length (to base of caudal); oye V/^ in licad; maxillary not li>iii;< i' ilian
interorbital width', contained 2'^ to 3}^ timcH in huad; a i)aiid of pterygoid tvuth oftiMi hut not
always duvuh)pi'd; don<aI Hpiiics very strong, not tiexiblo, thu origin of thx tin iicartM- sjiniit
than tail; caudal well forked, the niiddlu rays IJ-jJ iu outer; maxillary UHimlly extemls riliKlitlv
beyond front of orbit.
Other specimens obtained by thu Hopkins Kxpodition at Ma/.atlan are dcscriboil as f(ill<i\vs:
Head 4}4; depth 4>;,. P. IV-1, 8; A. II, 10; scaleM 4:!-13. Eye 3% in Jiead; snout ;i- ; mux-
illary 3V;,. Pectoral 1 Vr', in head; caudal as long »h head. Body moderately olongiite, nut iiiin h
coinpresHcd; nape prominent, rounded. Interorbital space much rounded, its wiiltli it in luail,
Preorbital narrcw, as wide aspupil; moutli rather small, the maxillary reaching front of |>ii|iil;
lower jaw included. Kye large, without udi|)OHe eyelid. Teeth emull, sand-like. In \;ii\i\y,
vomer roughish. Oill rakers slender, close-set. Pectoral short, not reaching Hplmms ilmMil,
the ventrals inserted under middle of its length; ventrals with a mnall acccsnory scale; ii:i;il ami
soft dorsiii scalolcss, their free c-dges concave; caivlal well forked. Olivaceous; sides 1 naiiiy;
belly silvery; back and sides with many blaclv scales scattered about, making irre^'ular -impIs
Pectoral with a conspicuous black bar at base, crossed by a pale streak; a narrow (l;iik rim
around lower half of eye. Fins all creamy yellow, the ui)per ones dotted airj clomi"! willi
black. Young with a black lilotcli on flrst dorsal, surrounded by orange. Pectoral lar anil
mottled scales of body evident in young and old. Length 8 to 12 inches. Kivers of Sinalmi:
very abundant in rapid places i \ clear waters; our apecimens from llio Presidio. Lucully
known as Trucha or Trout.
h\'ii'^'3. *;>.*!•-
i lirsi.si.'a^wt.^ .
.."->.s>-'f..feia>t.
L'^ir^\ vJl^' --i-vj ;<r-*jii'>i'»;?_:. y iit.
Jordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North Ahterua. 821
il. Aiitrrior
llli(»V« tllltll
liuitil. Stilt
K llllOVi llic
ill llll I'IMItl
1>I<<, till' IllNl
llO )lc|)lli III'
oirlc. Iliii'k
' biiiitl liiiin
of lUTtnlal
Hi«l«*H III I III]
, KInIii'H I' iiiiitl
klo, which id
II t lulls M'INI'
', niid un till'
5 uutciioily;
iryiii of i'\r;
;we€)ii (Idisiil
siii^ iiiidwuy
West ImlicN
it aud liiinid
broad, with
Lymau IIi'MIiik,
not longer tliaii
Il ufti'ii liiit nut
tin nc'iirt'i- snniit
■xti'iiils sli).'Mtly
joil ns fiilliiw:
Biiout ;i-' ; niiix-
inRUti', iiiit iiiui'li
hitli :t ill \w\\\.
K front ol pupil;
l-lik(i, in U\\v\f-\
{ Bpln<iiis i|in>iil,
)r Bcalc: ii;i;ilan(l
is; giilcs 1 traiii.v;
ilTCHUllO' ^ll<'l^
iiirrow (hiili riiu
ni clonil' I vvitli
i'fctonil lar iiml
ivcrii of Siiialiiii;
resldiu. Locally
littht Intttral cloft ; lowi^r lip very thick, ItH vnX^vs fortiiiiiK a Hoft Hhurp-
e(I(()'il fold, itH oiitliiifl vttry olitiiMo. 'IWth couiho, Idtiiil liiclHorN, witli
MTriiti'il «'d);«<N, arran>(od in Inoad pati'hcn on Juwk and vomer; two
iiutrli< M of lower Jaw not conlliient. No adipone eyelid. Firnt dorHal
with four HpinoH; nnal with three; HcaleH lar^e. One HnocieH, livinf{ at
the fool of waterfallN in tropical America. (Ji>tun>, the KpaniHh name uf
Joliirm pirlinnii at Havana.)
IIOH. JOTI'KI'H i>irilAltl)l, Pmy.
(.hiTriiii ; Itiiiio.)
Ili'iiil'M; dept'.i 3ij ; eye (> in head, :< in intororldtal width; Hnout 2ii.
I). IV-l,i); A. 1II,»; Hcales 12 to 45-i:} or It; vertehrie 11+ 13. Hody
rohiiHt, a little conipre8Ho<l behind. Head heavy, little comp'-" T!>d, (;ib-
lioiiH iiliove and anteriorly. Snont thick, broad, protrndintr, Mm.. . and
tniiiiii at tip, conHiderably overhanging the nmall inferior mouth, and
entirely below the level of the eye. Maxillary reaching; nearly to poste-
rior iiiiirKin of eye, 2i in head, hidden entirely beneath the preorbital.
Moiitli broad, but without much lateral cleft; lower Jaw included.
rpprr lip thick, Nlippiiifr beneath the snout. Lower lip very thick, itH
anterior edge forming; a Hoft Hharp-edged fold ; outline of the lip very
ohtiLHe. Teeth rather Htrong, coarse, bluntly conical, forming a largo
oviUt' ]iatch on each side of lower Jaw, the two patches not conlluent ; a
Hiniilar but smaller patch on the vomer ; no teeth on the palatincN ; upper
jaw w ith a band of similar but rather smaller teeth. Nostrils roundish,
clu.sc together, in front of the small round eye, which is nearer angle of
month than level of top of head. Interorbital space very broail, trans-
verHoly convex. No adipose eyelid. Neither lip with cirri or pa)ull)i-.
Sculi's of head each with many smaller ones at base; accessory scales on
ImkIv largely developed. All the fins, including spinous dorsal, covered
with Niiiall scales. (>ill membranes largely united, free from the isthmus.
Dorsal spines compressed and curved, becoming rapidly shorter from the
llrst, which is about two-thirds length of head. Second dorsal aud anal
will) their free margins concave, the anal somewhat falcate, its longest
ray l]-, in head. Caudal forked, as long as head. Pectoral afi long as
liiail, reaching middle of Itrst dorsal. Color dull olivaceous, without
(liNtinct markings; paler below. Length 2 feet. Cuba, Panama, Costa
Kica, aud Vera Cru/ ; a robust, vigorous fish, living in mountain tor-
rents; common in Rio Almendares near Havana, and known from the
nioiiiitaiu streams of Costa Kica, and from streams about Panama.
I'snl as a food-fish in Havana. (Named for Don Esteban Pichardo,
"t'stiiiiable auteur d'un ' Diccionario Provincial de voces Cubanos.'")
.hiiinm )ii<h(mU, PoEY, McmoriBH, If, 203, 1801, Cascades throughout Cuba; JuitnAN, I'roc.
I . S. Nat. Mus.,188C, 35.
Aijniii.nioiiiii gtiihirejit, Gl'NTiiKR, Auii. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) xiv, 370, 1874, Myzantla, Vera Cruz.
Jolunis stipen, Jordan & Gilbert, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mas., 1882, 373, Rio Bayano near Panama.
(Type, No. 31010. Coll. Captain Dow.)
i
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822
Bulletin 4j, (United Stairs National Museutn.
Family CVIII. SPHYRyl<:NID.E,
(TiiK Hahuacudas.)
Body elongato, suljterete, covered with Hmall cycl(»itl Hcales. Head veiy
long, i)(»iiited, pike-liko, Hcaly above and on siduH. Mouth hori/ont.il,
larg«i. Jaws elongate, the lower considerably projecting ; upper jaw non-
protn ctile, its border formed by the preniaxillaries, behind which arc tlie
broad maxillaries ; large, sharp teet^ of unequal si/e on both jawH and
on palatines; none on the vomer; usually a very strong, sharp caninu
near the tip of the lower jaw. Opercular bones ^^ ithout spines or hci la-
tures. Gill openings wide, the gill membranes not united, free fmiri tlie
isthmus ; gill rakers very short or obsolete. Branchiostegals 7 ; giilw I, a
slit behind the fourth. Psendobranchiai well developed. Air bladder iar>;e,
bifurcate anteriorly ; many pyloi'io c<i'ca. Lateral line well develoju'd,
straight. Pectoral fins short, placed in or below the line of the axis of
the body ; ventrals 1, 5, abdominal, in t>dvance of the middle of the Ixidy;
first dorsal over ventrals, of 5 rather stout spines ; second dorsal remote
from first dorsal, similar to anal and opposite to it; caudal hn forked.
Vertebriu 24. First superior pharyngeal not i)re8ent. Second, third, and
fourth Ibeparate, with teeth. Lower pharyngeals separ.ite. A .,iiif;lo
genus of about 20 species ; carnivorous pike-like tishes, often of largo si/e,
active and voracious, inhabiting warm seas, many of them highly valued
as food. (Sphijrwnido', Giiuther, Cat., ii, 334-341, 1860.)
369. SPHYRiENA* (Artedi) Bloch »Sf Schneider.
(Bakracudas.)
SphiiriFiM (AuTEi)i) Block * Schneipkk, Syct. tchth., 109, ItiOl, (splii/rirun).
Sphnritia, SwAiNsoN, Class'n Fishes, ii, 175, ISIJil, {curopim = qihyriiim).
Characters of the genus included above. {iT<l>l>f)(uva, the ancient name,
" hammer lish," from aiivpa, a hammer.)
(I. Scales large, 75 to 85 in lateral line; origin of first (lorsal behind root of ventrals, ovit last
third or fourth of pectorals; body compressed; lower jaw with HeBhy tip; maxillary jciicli-
in.; past front of orbit ; teeth large. imcida, U'.IO.
na. Scales moderate, 110 to 130 in lateral line; body subtcrete or compressed.
(). I'ectorals reachini^ front of spinous dorsal ; >;iaxillary reaching front of orbit , origin of
spinous dovsal behind root of ventrals.
c. Lower jaw with fleshy tip; teo'h very strong; scales in lateral line 110. kssis;. I'JiiO.
tr. Lower jaw without fleshy tip; teeth strong; lateral lino 1.30. ovacmanciio, I2III.
hh. Pectorals not reaching front of first dorsal; i.iaxillary not reaching front of orliit.
(/. Eye large: teeth small; interorbital area convex; niedii'.n ridge of frontal trnnivi'
not well developed. picunii.i.A, 1202.
dd. Eye small; teeth larger; interorbital space flattisb; median ridgo of frontal groove
prominent. dopkai.is, l'2t','i.
aaa. Scoles very small, 150 to 170 in lateral line; origin of spinous dorsal well behind tip of
pectorals, before the vortical from root of ventrals; lower jaw with fleshy tip. Body
slender, subterete.
* For a detailed account of the American species of this geuus see Meek k Newland, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 67, et seq.
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America. 823
• . Ilody leKH alcndor, depth 73'-j in loiiKtIi; Hvulea in latoriil lino ir>0 to 170.
AKOENTKA, 1204.
11'. lludy very slondur, duptli 9 or Iir in IcuKth; acules in lateral lino MM.
»iMiYii.i-:.NA, 1205.
lion. S1MIYR1:NA PICIJDA, nioci' > Schneider.
cient name,
)rliit , (irigin of
land, Proc. Ac.
(Grkat KAitnArriiA; Picuua; Reouna.)
HcikI .'{; depth 2 in lusad ; eye rather hmi. 11, about 6 in head, equal to
widtl) of interorhital area. D. V-I, 9; A. 1,9; xcaleH 10-75 to 85-10,
the ciiitss Hcries counted t'roni lateral line to front of dorual and anal fins
resiitt'tively. Body oblong, slightly compressed, covered with largo scales.
IKiil lai}i;e; maxillary large; nearly \ length of head, J*s posterior margin
rciicliiiig J>a8t front of orbit. Lower Jaw with (leshy ' .p, bluntly conical.
Iiitcioi'bital area concave, with a shallow median groove (as wide as pupil,
at ]M)sterior edge of orbit), divided by a ridge in front and behind. Supra-
ocular ridge bony and striate. Preociilar ridge present. Teeth large ; pro-
iiii'.xiilary teeth small, little compressed, irregularly set, nearly uniform
in si/^f, somewhat thicker and shorter posteriorly ; prcmaxillary with two
piiirs of very large compressed teeth, their length more than half width
of pupil: anterior ones directed downward, posterior ones downward and
backward; teeth in lateral series of lower jaw small anteriorly, increas-
ing gradually backward, when they nearly e<|ual those on palatines; pal-
iitinc teeth similar to those on lower Jaw, arranged in reversed order.
Distance from tip of snout to front of dorsal 2f in body ; second dorsal
spine longest, 1^ in snout ; second dorsal and anal equal ; anal inserted
under lirst third of soft dorsal; caudal forked, upper lobe the longer;
pectorals reaching beyond front of dorsal, 2i in head ; origin of first dor-
sal slightly behind the ventrals; cheeks and opercles scaly, about 12
rows of scales on cheeks ; upper ])art of head with small embedded scales.
Color silvery, darker above ; sides in young with about 10 dark blotches
which break up and disappear with age. Some inky spots, usually on
posterior part of body, are very conspicuous in both old and young speci-
mens. Soft dorsal, anal and ventral fins black, except on margins. Pec-
torals plain, except upper part of its margin ; which is black. Fins of
very young specimens nearly plain. West Indies and Brazil, north to
Pensacola, Charleston, and the Bermudas, very common in the tropicb.
The largest and most voracious of the Barracudas, reaching a length of 6
fet't ; valued as food ; sometimes dangerous to bathers, being fierce as a
shark. {Ficuda, the Spanish name, from the same root as pike.)
I'mhld minor iimrimt, the Barracuda, Oatesbt, FiahoH of Carolina, etc., pi. 1, 1731, Bahamas.
I'kwh, I'akra, Dif. Piezos, Hist. \at. Cuba, 90, pi. H;), fi);;. 2, 17H7, Havana.
Siilii/ni Ml sphnrieiia, \t\v. picitda, Bloch & Scii.neideu, Syst. Iclitli., 110, 1801; after Parra.
Sphin:' mi hecmm, hkckvim:. Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, pi. 9, fig. li, 1803, from a drawing made by
I'l.rMiEii, at Martinique.
Ksuj- InnracHda, SllAW, Zool., v, 105, 1804; after C.vtksby.
Sphijnina pktidu, GGntiieu, Oat., in, 336, 18G1 ; Jokuan & Gilbert, SynopBia, 412, 1883; Meek &
Nbwland, Proc. Ac. Nat. ac. Phila.,1884,C8.
, ■^W!*?fWf?¥^«W?WSI)»»fip^'TV!t5^^ :yf
824
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
1800. 8PHTRJ0NA ENSI8, Jordan k Gilbert.
(ViCDDA.)
Head 4 ; depth 8 or 9 ; eye 6 to 7 in head ; snout 2\. D, V-I, 9 ; A. II,
8 ; scales 110. Body moderately elongate. Pectoral 2f , reaching aliout
to front of flrst dorsal. Ventrals inserted before first dorsal. Canine
teeth of lower jaw, palatiues, and inner row of premaxillary very liii;,'o,
much as in Sphyrwna picuda. Maxillary reaching about to front uf
dorsal. Silvery, darker above, with traces of uumerous vague darker
crossbars. Gulf of California to Panama; rather common; a food-ILsh
of some importance. Length about 2 feet, (ensis, sword.)
BphyriTiia aim, Jonvxs & Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., ii, 1882, 106, Mazatlan ; rvpc,
No. 28210, Coll. Gilbert); Mekk & Newi.ani), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, 70.
S/phijrinia fornleri, Steindal'iinkr, Ichth. Beitriigo, vil, 4, 1878 ; not of OuviEii Ji: Vai.kniiknnks,
which is ttu East Indian species.
1201. SPHYR£NA OUACilANCHi*. Ci vier & Valencienneg.
(Quauuanche; Ouaouanciig Felon.)
Head 3i ; depth 2 in head ; eye rather large, 5^ in head, a little exceed-
ing interorbital area. D. V-I, 9; A. 1, 8; scales in lateral line 120 to 130.
Body rather slender, subterete, covered with moderate-sized scales ; licad
large; maxillary small, less than i head, scarcely reaching orbit; lower
jaw bluntly conical, without Hophy tip. Interorbital area flat ; niedian
groove very shallow, the lar-Ti:; i " .igitudinal ridge very small, anterior ;
supraocular ridge bony, striate; preocular ridge large. Premaxillary
teeth small, 35-40 in number; premaxillary teeth pressnt; anterior pala-
tine teeth larger and more compressed than those on premaxillary, widely
set, decreasing in length gradually ; teeth in lateral series of lower Jaw
small and closely set anteriorly, larger and wide-set posteriorly, about
loin number; a large compressed tooth at symphysis. Origin of iirst
dorsal above tip of pectoral, slightly behind the ventrals; distance
between dorsals 5i in body ; distance from tip of saont to spinous dorsal
2j^ in body ; scales moderate, almost uniform in size ; cheeks and opercles
scaly ; upper part of head witli small embedded scales. Color light olive,
yellowish on soft dorsal ; anal and ventral tips of caudal rays black ; top
of head dark ; dark punctulations on upper part of body ; spinous dorsal
■with some dark punctulations. West Indies, north to Pensacola,
and occasionally northward in the Gr' .Stvcam as far as Woods Hole.
A slender species, rather common in the vi.! >' js. Length 2 feet, (duc-
guanche, the common name in Cuba.)
Sphyrxua guacliancho, Cuvier &. Valencien.nes, Hist. Niv . t'oiss., in 342, 1829, (lapsiiH (or
giiafiuanche), Havana; (Coll. Pooy); J.irdan & Oilhgrt, Sjiiopsis, 411, 1883.
Bphyrmna giintheri, Haly, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xv, 1875, 270, Colon.
I^hyriena guaijiumcJie, PoBV, Memurias, ii, 166, 1860 ; Meek & Newland, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci.
Phila., 1884, 70.
1202. SPHTR.ENA PICUDILLA, Poey,
(PiCUDILLA.)
Head 3^ ; depth 2i in head ; eyo large, about 5 in head, 1^ times inter-
orbital space. D. V-I, 9; A. I, 9; .-cales 110. Body rather robust,
&^*;.::
Ill 1 I ■ii^w^*
, (liiiisiis fiir
\c. Nat. Hri.
Jordan and Ever mann. — Fishes of North America.
825
gubterete, covered with scales of moderate size ; head rather large ; max-
illary rather small, about 2^ in head, not reaching orbit. Jaw with
flesliy tip, bluntly conical. Interorbital area flattish ; median groove
hIiuIIow, divided by a very indistinct median ridge ; supraocular ridge
bony, striate; preocular ridge rather prominent. Premaxillary teeth
Hiiiiill, subconical ; dentition as in Sphyrwna borealis, but slightly weaker;
posirion of spinous dorsal, in comparison with ventrals, variable ; dis-
taiico from tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal about 2jV in body ;
liectoials not reaching spinous dorsal ; space separating dorsals about 5^
in ixnly ; second dorsal equal to and somewhat in advance of anal;
choiks and opercles scaly ; small embedded scales on upper part of head ;
scales on body moderate, uniform in size. Color light olive, darker
above; soft dorsal, anal and ventral fins yellowish; spinous dorsal and
pectorals darker; upper parts of preopercle and opercle each with a
(lark spot ; top of head and tip of snout blackish. Not rare. West
Indies, on the coasts of Cuba, ranging southward to Babia. Length 18
inclios. S. picudilla is very closely allied to S. horealis. Its eye is, how-
ever, much larger (when specimens similar in size are compared), and the
frontal groove is somewhat different, {picudilla, diminutive ot'piciida,)
Sjthiini lilt jikiuUlla, ToF.y, Memorias, u, 1G2, 1860, Havana ; Meek <fe Newland, Vroc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. riiila., 1884, 72.
1203. HPHTRiENA BOREALIS, Do Kay.
(Northern Barracuda.')
Head 3; depth 2*; eye rather small, about 6 in head, scarcely exceed-
ing width of interorbital area. D. V-9 ; A. I, 9 ; scales 115 to 130.
Body rather slender, subterete, covered with moderate-sized scales ; head
large; maxillary small, less than i head, not reaching front of orbit by
i diameter of eye ; lower jaw with fleshy tip, bluntly conical. Interor-
bital area convex ; median groove very shallow, divided by a 'listinct
longitudinal ridge, especially well denned immediately before nostrils;
supraocular ridge striate ; preocular ridge moderate. Premaxillary teeth
small, about 40 in number ; front of premaxillary with two pairs of large
teeth (sometimes accompanied by smaller ones), canine-like; anterior
smallest, directed downward, posterior ones downward and backward;
anterior palatines larger than premaxillary teeth, and more compressed
and widely set ; posterior ones small and closely set ; order of teeth on lower
Jaw reversed, but similar to those on the palatines, and smaller, about 10 in
series ; largo tooth near tip of lower jaw present. Origin of dorsal over or
slightly in advance of ventrals, well behind point of pectorals; distance
between dorsal fins 5i in length of body ; distance from tip of snout to
Hpinous dorsal 2i^,r in body ; scales moderate, somewhat larger behind soft
dorsal and anal ; cheeks and opercles scaly ; small embedded scales on
njiper parts of head. Color olivaceous, silvery below ; young with dusky
blotches across the back and along the lateral line. Atlantic Coast of
United States from Cape Cod to Cape Fear, rather common northward ;
a small species closely allied to Sphyrcma picudilla ; rarely used for food.
Length rarely more than a foot, {borealia, northern.)
.11
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it
826
Bulletin ^7, United States National Mtiseum.
Sl>h!irn-na horeulis, I)K Kav, N. Y. Fniiiiu : Finhen, :i7, pluto W, ttn. VM), 1842, New York ; aIkkk
& NKWI.ANII, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liilu., 1HH4, 7:1.
tiphijriiHH "pel, Jordan & (]|i.BKUT,Syiio(wi8, 411, IKK3; iiut uf HXvT.
.1
1204. KPIIYlt.t:^A AKMKNTKA, GIrard.
(CALrrORNIA IlABUACrDA ; BAnKACOlJTA.)
Head HJ ; dejitb 7i; eye 10. D. V-I, !t; A. T, 8 ; scales in 238 series. Kii;
iu the lateral lino. Hody elongate, little compressed. Lower Jaw iniicli
produced, fleshy at tip. Maxillary not reaching front of eye, alxtut '.'> in
head. Teeth moderate, little compressed. Spinous dorsal inserted a little
nearer snout than caudal, just in front of ventrals, well behind the end
of the pectorals, which are a little longer than the ventrals and less
than -/rt the total length. Scales very small. Brownish, with liluish
luster; belly white, scarcely silvery. Length .^ feet. Pacific Coast, ironi
San Francisco southward to Cape San Lucas ; very abundant about the
Santa Barbara Islands. A long and slender Barracuda, very closely related
to the European S2>hyra'im nphyr(vna; an important food-fish with licsh
rich, firm, and delicate. (aryentviiD, silvery.)
Sphyrmta argetilea, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Phila., 1854, 144, San Diego, California; Mkkk
& Newland, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1«84, 75.
Uphyriena lucaaaiia, Gill, Vtov.. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 86, Cape San Lucas.
1205. SPHYRJ'INA SPHYRJ<:NA (Linna-us).
(European Uaruacuda ; .Si'Et ; Sknnkt.)
Head 3J; depth 9 to 10 in total length; eye 8. D. V-I, 9; A. I, 9:
scales 150-25 to 30 ; vertebno 24. Operculum with a single point; lower
jaw with a long fleshy appendage anteriorly. Pectoral 12 in total length,
and nearly equal to that of the ventrals; the spine of the latter is nut
much shorter than the rays. The origin of the first dorsal is far behind
the extremity of the pectorals, and somewhat before the vertical from the
root of the ventrals, in the middle of the length of the fish, the caudal
not included. The interspace between the 2 dorsals is equal to ,'; of the tcttal
length. Above uniform greenish lead-colored, beneath silvery ; the color
of the back sometimes emits crossbars intersecting the lateral line.
Young individuals brown spotted. Coasts of southern Europe and neiijli-
boring islands ; rather common ; recorded from the Bermudas by Dr. Goode.
(Eu.) (Sphi/rwna, atpvpaiva, the ancient name.)
Esojr ephyrxna, LiNN/Tius, Systema Naturip, Kd. x, iil3, 1758, Mediterranean Sea; altir
Sphi/rana of Arteki.
Emxspet, HXrv, Encyd. Meth. PoisB., 1787; after LiNN.tius.
Sp/if/rwHO I'li/r/acM, Cl'ViER ifc Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii', 327, 1829, Mediterranean;
GilNTHER, Cat., II, 334, 1860.
Sphyrtena virUlencem, CvviER >^ Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Puiss., iii, 339, 1829, St. Jago, Cape
Verde Islands.
Sphyrtma spet, Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mub., v, 1876, 61.
iijtl.-i"L.:>::--v
.- ^■iM-^if^jt-i',c'}^Jft^Ji;^.-iSi'/-'j^iii:'A:-
York ; Mkkk
ifornia; Mkkk
n Sea; after
Jordan and Ever maun. — Fishes of North America. 827
KiiiHttely allied to the PtrceaoccH but abowiug also certain Tercoiil char-
actt'iH is the singnlar
vSuborder RHEGNOPTERI.
Actinosts of pectoral fin of 3 forms, 2 of them normal, supporting the
pi'clDnil fin, 1 of them longitudinal, without rays, and the fourth a )ilat««
oil (lie coracoid, supporting 3 to 10 free and separate rays or feelers. Post-
temporal and shoulder girdle normal; vertebri»> 10 -(- 1^ ■ - 24 ; 2 separate
(luiHiil tins, the first of a few spines. Pseudobranchiie concealed ; ventral.s
HulialKlominal, behind pectorals. One family, I'olynemUlif , of uncertain
origin and atlinities. {i'.>i/yviij, to break asuudei ; nrf/joi', fin.)
Family CIX. POLYNEMIDyE.*
(THK TlIKKADKINS.)
ISody oblong, compressed, and covered with rather large, loosely inserted,
ctenoid scales. Lateral line continuous, continued on the tail, usually
forked, with a branch on each lobe. Head entirely scaly ; suout more or
less conical, projecting over the mouth, which is rather large, inferior, with
lateral cleft; prenmxillary protractile, its basal process vertical; maxil-
lary without supplemental bone, extending much beyond the eye, which
is anterior, lateral, rather large, with a well-developed, adipose eyelid.
Villiform teeth on jaws, palatines, and sometimes on vomer. Pseudo-
linuichiiH concealed. Branchiostegals 7. Gill membranes separate and
free from the isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Two separate
dorsals, somewhat remote from each other, the first of 8 feeble but rather
high spines, the first and last spines very short, the third longest; the
second dorsal equal to first in height but base somewhat longer, of soft
rays only. Anal fin either similar to or much longer than soft dorsal ; caudal
fin rather long, widely forked. Second dorsal, anal, and caudal fins more
or less covered with small scales ; the first 3 or 4 dorsal spines winged.
Yentrals 1, 5, abdominal, but not far removed from pectorals; pectoral fins
moderate, ])laced low, in two parts, the lower and anterior portion of sev-
eral filiform articulated appendages, free from each other, used as organs
of touch. In the young the dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins are dusky,
the anal and ventral fins white ; all the fins grow darker with age, the
pectorals usually becoming black, the operculum blackish. Bones of the
skull with a well-developed inuciferous system as in Sciirnithi; Basis cranii
double, with muscular tube; post-temporal bifurcate; hypercoracoid
with median foramen ; superior pharyngeal bones 4. Pectoral actinosts
divided ; 2 of them nrrmal, supporting the pectoral fin, 1 longitudinal,
without rays, and 1 a plate on the coracoid, srj.porting the pectoral fila-
ments. Stomach ca'cal, with a few pyloric appendages. Air bladder
various, sometimes wanting. Vertebral 10 -|- 14 = 24. Genera 4, Galeoides,
* For a review of this family see Kirscli, Annals N. Y. Ac. Sci., v, April, 1890, 231-236.
I-
V\:>\
i^2S
Jiulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
i! 1
PoUiitonemug, PolynemiiH, and rohjdaclylua] the last 2 only are found iu
America ; apccicH about 25, inhabiting; sandy shores of tropical seas, und
soinetinies entering rivers. Most of them are valued as food-flshes, tlnir
flesh resembling that of the Svianidw. The relations of this peculiar fam-
ily appear to bo with the Schviiidw on the one hand, and with the MuijiJuUr
on the other, but all these resemblances may bo superficial. (Polyiitiiihliv,
Giinther, Cat., ii, 331-340, 1860.)
a. Anal (In much longtu' tlian soft dorsal, of a))out !I0 rnyH; vomer without tnuth; pri'diinnii-
lum entire; frt'o flIuiuoutH of pectorals lonf^er than Ixnly. I'oltnkmis, ItTii.
nu. Anal flu not much longer tlian suft ilorsal, <if alxmt Vi or 14 rayn; vomer with tvetli; pri'-
operculum serrate; free flIamontH of ])ectoi'aIs moHtly shorter than Itoily.
POLVDACTYM K, ;171.
370. POLYNEMUS (Gronow) LinnnMis.
Ptiljinemut, GlioNOW, Miih. Ichthyol., .'ll, 1754, {ijuiwiunrhu).
Penlanemm, Artkiii, SoIhi; Thesaurus, i*:, 74, 1758, ((jnini/uitriiu).
t'libiwmnii, LlNN.Klis, Sysl. Nat , Ed. x, 1758, ;tl7, (In part; iiiimqunriu*; virgmicut; pnradiiviui).
Penianemm, (iCktiier, Cat., II, .1111, 1K(K), {iiuinquariii»).
Pulynemiu, Gii.l., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., 272, 1801, (restricted to qiiimjuariuH).
Anal fin much longer than soft dorsal, of about 30 rays ; vomer without
teeth; preopcrculum entire ; free filaments of pectorals lougerthan body.
In other respects essentially as in FolydactifJus. (iro^vc, many ; i /}/«i,
thread.)
1206. POIiYNEIHlIS QITIN<{UARIUN, Linnicus.
D. VIII-I, 12; A. Ill, 30; scales 7-73-17. Anal fin much longer tluiii
soft dorsal, of about 30 rays ; vomer without teeth ; preoperculum entire ;
free filaments of pectorals 5 in number, longer than body. Atlantic
Ocean ; West Indies to coast of Africa ; recorded from Cuba, Ashaiitee,
and the River Niger ; very rare, and for a long time unknown in collec-
tions; not seen by us. {quinquarius, from the Latin quinqtie, five.)
Polyaemus, Gbonow, Mus. Ichthyol., :il, 1754, American Ocean, from a sixjciinoii in Die
Museum uf Seba.
Pentanemiiti, Artedi, "Scbro Thesaurus, in, 74, 1758," Museum of Seba.
Pohjnenim (jii imjuariuH, LiNN.i-;r8, Syst. Not., Kd. x, 1758, 317, America; after Gronow; Ghiinow,
Oat., Ed. Gray, 17G, 1854, " Oceano America."
Pentanemus ijuiwiuariitn, GOntiier, Cat., II, 1131, 1860; from Cuba.
Puliinemii' urk'dii, Uennf.tt, I'roc. Zoiil. Soc, 1831, 146, Africa.
Polynemns viacronenmn. Pel, llydrage tot de Dierk., 9, 1851, Africa.
371. POLYDACTYLUS, Lac^pMe.
(Barbudos.)
Tridiidiott, Klein, Historia Piscium, Missus., v, 28, 1749, (IHracoalia, MABCaRAVF.=firjmi'w),
(non-binomial).
Polyttemus, Linnjecs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 317, (in part, ijiiiiuiuarius; virginicus; paraduitun).
Polydaclylus, Lac£p£de, Hist. Nat. Poiso., vili, 181, 1832, (jittiuiiVri = rirginictu), thus leaving l'"l'J-
nemtu as the name of quinquanut.
Polynetmu, Cnthir, Cat., 11, 319, 1860, {paradiiaui).
Trichidion, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861,274, (pbmieri = virginieu»).
>■<.■-■-
DACTVI.I s, ;i7I,
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
829
Aiiiil tin not much longer than soft dorHal, of nliont i:{ or 11 ruyH ; vomer
witli teeth; preoperouhim Herrutu; free (ilamenlH of pectorals mostly
Hlioitrr than body. Teeth in villiform bandH on both jawH, vomer, pala-
tiiifs, and xtterygoidH. Preopercle sharply serrated on its posterior mar-
gin, its angle with a scaly flap. Scales rather small, finely ctenoid.
First dorsal with 7 or 8 feeble, rather high spines, the first and last short.
Suft dorsal and anal fins about equaling each other ; pectoral filaments \\
tu !). Pyloric caica in great number. Species numerous, in warm seas.
(T'Vn;, many; ficiKrv'kw:^ finger.)
,1. rcctoriil fllaments 6 (rarely 5). ai-i-iidximans, V207.
an. ri'ctiiral fllunienti 7. vntoiMiUM, I'J08.
aim. l'ci-f(irHl flIainontH 8 or 9.
/<• Maxillary luHfi tlian J-^ length of lii'ad. Pectoral tHiknionttt H. (mtonfmi'S, VJ(»U
III;. Maxillary more than y^ length uf liuotl. i'uctuntl tiluiiii'iitii iiBiiully !).
c>I-KIII't'l,AHI8, 1210.
1207. POLVDACTYLIJS APPKUXIMANS (Lay k lioniiett).
(Baton.)
1 lead 3j^ ; depth 3. D. VIII-1, 12 ; A. Ill, 13 or 14 ; scales 6-«2-10. Hody
rather deep, compressed, the back elevated, anterior profile from snout to
Bpinous dorsal slightly convex ; maxillary 2i^ in head; snout 7 in head;
eyo large, less than interorbital space, 5 in head. Scales rather large.
Longest dorsal spine 1^ in head; caudal lobes somewhat longer than
head ; pectoral fin \\ in bead ; pectoral filaments 6 (rarely 5) in number,
longer than head, reaching to front of anal fin in adult. Color yellowish
white, darker above ; pectorals black in adult. Length 1 foot. Pacific
Cuiist of tropical America, from Guaymas to Panama ; a common food-fish,
known from Guaymas, Mazatlan, Chiapam, Punta Arenas, and Panama.
(approximans, ap^^roaching.)
Pohinemtm approximartt, txY & BENNETT, Beechey's Voyage, ZoiU. Fish., 57, 1849, Mazatlan;
GrNTiiER, Fish. Centr. Amer., 423, 1869; Jordan & Gilbkut, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882,
:m, ;t76; Jobdan, Cat. Fish. N. Amor., 66, 1885.
I'nlijnemiis ralifomientU, Thominot, Bulletin do lu Societu l'hiloiuatlii(|uu (U> I'aris, Seance dii 27
.luin, 1886, California.
'IVichidion approximant. Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 258, 1862.
f i
^^1
1208. POLYDAC'TYLUS YIROINICVS (Liuuivus).
(Barbvdo ; Barbu.)
Head 3i ; depth 3i. D. VIII-I, 9 to 12 ; A. Ill, 13 or 14 ; scales 7-71-10.
Body deep, compressed, anterior profile nearly straight ; maxillary 2i in
head ; length of snout 5 in head ; eye large, equal to interorbital space,
5 in head. Scales moderate. Longest dorsal spine equal to longest ray
of soft dorsal and H in bead ; caudal lobes about an long as head ; pecto-
ral fin li in head ; pectoral filaments 7 in number, somewhat longer than
head, reaching to front of anal fin, in adult. Color yellowish white,
darker above; scales on back with dark punctulations on their margins;
the young silvery white. West Indies, north to the Florida Keys, the
r
ai
.11
V-
830
Jiulletin 4y, Uuiti'd States National Museum.
young very comtuou at Key VVuHt und at Ilaviiim; tho adult a food-f'iHli of
aoine importance, (vinjinicun, from Virginia, but tlio HpeciuM docN not
rungo BO far to the northward.)
Pirnnmiha, Marcokavk, HUt. Nut. Drit/.il, 17)i, 1<i48, Brazil.
Pohjui-muH ririjiiii'iiM, I.iN.N.Ki'g, SyHt. Nut., Kd. x, .'117, IT.'iH, America; Jordan, Pror. II. s, sm,
M«w., IIH, 1881; .roRiiA.N, Proc. U. H. Nat. Mus., 3r,, 1H«(!.
PiilililiicliiliiH jilumierii, IiAi'(:P^.l)E, lIlBt. Nat. Poiss., v, 419, IWCl, Martinique, from ii ilniwiu^
lljr Pl.L'MIKR.
t'tiljinemitiplitiiiirrii, OrNTliKR, Cat., II, 321, lH(i(t; .Tordan * (<ii,nKiiT, Synoptiiii, 413, IHs;),
Triiliiiliiinpliimifii, GiM,, Proc. Ac. Nut. fn I. Pliilii., 27!t, 1801; Poky, SjiiopsiH, 3H7, lN(iH.
rdlijiii-mm »i((H(/<), LA(,'f:rf:i>l!, Hist. Aim Po'm., v, 413, 417, 418, 1803, America; htmnX on V. ri,-,,„„.
CMH, LlNN.KUB.
Pohjmmiin ntiieiiiawii, OuviEK & Valknciennkn, Hist. Nut. PoIhs., ill, 303, 182i), SanDomingo
(Coll. Uiconl); Martinique (Coll. Plf'o).
PolimemiiK uliyoJon,* OCntiieb, Out., ii, 322, I860, Rio Janeiro.
I20tt. POIiYI>A(!TYLUS OCTONEJIUS (fJlrar.1).
Head 3i ; depth 3^. D. VIII-I, 12 or 13 ; A. Ill, 13 to 1.5 ; scales (i-7ii-
10. Maxillary less than i length of head ; pectoral filamentB 8; IkmIv
somewhat compressed, elongated, anterior profile nearly straight, iiitl(>
declined. Head much compressed, gape oblique; snout 5 in head; eye
less than interoibital space, 4^ in head. Scales rather small. Longest
dorsal spine Ii in head; long'^st ray of soft dorsal 1^ in head; caudal
lobe slightly longer than liead, 3i in body ; pectoral fins 1^ in lu^iul ;
pectoral filaments 8, reaching to vent in adult (odofiUn), longer in yoniij;
(octonemus). Color light olivaceous, tinged with dark punctnlatioiis;
belly whitish; pectoral black in adult, pale in young. South Atlantic
and Gulf Coast of the United States, from New York to the Rio Grandt' on
sandy shores ; scarce ; an adult specimen corresponding to octofiVis wub
taken by Dr. Gilbert at Charleston, S. C, where it is very rare, entirely
unknown to the fishermen. Along the Texas Coast the young are more
common, these corresponding to the description of octonemua. OctofiHx is
probably the adult form of Pohjdactylus octonemua, from which it dittVrs
only in having darker pectoral fins and shorter pectoral filaments, dilVer-
ences which come with age in other species of Pohjdactylus, and no doiilit
in this one also, (oktu, eight ; vf/^a, thread.)
Pohjnemm oclonnmiii, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliiln., 1858, 107, Brazos Santiago; Gal-
veston; young; GCnther, Cat., ii, 320, 1860; Goodk A Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IsT'.i,
128; Jordan & Gii.iikrt, Syuopsis, 413, 1883.
TrichidioH ovtojllin, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ■'8«1, 280, New York; adult.
IVichUIioH odiinemm. Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 280.
Pohjnemm orlnlilin, JORDAN & GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., 1882, 5',)0; Jordan & Giliikkt,
Synopsifi, 413, 1883.
1210. POLTDACTYIiUS OPKRCULAKIS (Gill).
Head 3i ; depth 3J . D. VIII-I, 12 ; A. Ill, 13 ; scales 8-69 or 75-1:^.
Maxillary more than | length of head; pectoral filaments u'-nally f*;
* Dr. Gilnthor's description is as follows:
D. VIII-I, 13; A. II, 15; scales 7-70-14. Seven pectoral appendagos of moderate lonplli.
Distance between root of ventral and origin of anal less than that between posterior nostril ami
point of operculum. The villiform teeth of palatine and pterygoid bones form a narrow biind.
Pectorals and top of flrst dorsal black.
ood-fm
M.f
(lot'M
not
or. v. 8.
Silt.
Ill II ilrii\\jii)(
3, IHSa.
iHfiK.
1 on /'. n
■'j'"i-
anDom
ingo
JorUtin anii Kvermann. — Fishes of JVorlh America.
831
IkiiIv floiigato, coinprosscd, outline from NpiiioiiH dorHiiI to Hiioiit Hli^litly
('HUM'S, and littlo doclined. H«>ad iiiiiuh longer than liigli; Niioiit ronicul,
7 ill lioad ; oye latliur large, about r> in head. HcuIvh of Huiall hi/,u.
Luii^i'Nt dorsal Hpinu Ijj iu liead ; longcut ray of soft (lornal 1} in lioad;
('aiiil:il loboH Hlightly longer than head; pectoral lin as long as head
licliiiid pupil ; pectoral tilanients 8 or !t, reaching near front of anal fin iu
ailiili. Color greenish brow n above and yellowiHh green below. Paciiic
C'oiiMt of tropical America, generally coinnion from Cape Han Lucas to
Panama, {opemilarin, from the dusky blotch on the operculum, found
alsii in most other HpecieH.)
Tn./i./io,! ojjcnH/un'H, (iii.i,, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Scl. I'lilla., ISiill, ICH, Cape San Lucas.
I\il;iiiriiii"'iiiiliiiinjmmii, OCntiikii, FInIi. (Viitr. Amvr., 'I'-'l, IKiKi, San Jose de Guatemala.
I'tiliinimiiHoiieriultirix, STKlNKAciiNKn, IchtliyoloKist'li" llritriigo, iv, !l, l.nT.'i; .Ioiiuan ,V (iii.iiKBT,
Iliill. I'. S. Fiah Comni., ii, 107, 111, 1882; Jordan, I'roc. U. S. Nut. Mu«., 372, 1885.
Group AMMODYTOIDEI.
(The Sand Launces.)
This group, conBisting of the single family Ammodytidn', is of unknown
relations. It has been usually placed among the Ophidioid forms, with
whicli it agrees in the long dorsal and anal iins destitute of spines. In
tiie cliaracter of its mouth and gill structures it resemblco the Athirhiida:
ratiier than the Ophidioidei. The ventral fins are wanting. Our kuowl-
tdjje of the anatomy of Aminodytes is still incomplete and gives no
c'crtuin clue to its relationships. The family is placed by Jordan &. Gil-
bert between the PerccHOces and the Scombroidei. Knowing no better
place for it we leave it next the Percesocea,
I & GiLIIKTIT,
Family CX. AMMODYTIDyE.
(The Sand Launces.)
Hody elongate, compressed, covered with small cycloid scales. Head
long. Mouth rather large, nearly horizontal, the lower Jaw considerably
projecting, its symphysis produced. No teeth in jaws, (iiil openings
very wide; gill membranes not united, free from the isthmus. Branchi-
ostegiils G to 8. Pseudobranchiio large, lamellate. Gill rakers long and
slender; gills 1, a slit behind the fourth. Opercles well developed, with-
ont spines or serratures. Eye moderate. Premaxillaries very protract-
ile. Maxillaries long and slender. Lateral line rut.ning along side of
back. Spinous dorsal absent; soft dorsal very long and low, fragile,
extending from behind the head to near the base of caudal. Caudal lin
small, forked. Anal similar to dorsal, but smaller. Vent inserted
behind middle of body. No ventral fins. Pectoral fins inserted low.
Lower pharj'ngeals very small, separate. No .air bladder. Pyloric co'^ca
usually 1. Genera 3, Aminodytes, HyperopluHj and Bleehria ; one genus in
India; species about 10. Small carnivorous fishes, swimming in large
schools near the shore and burying themselves in the sand, along the
IS. _i
im
832
Bulletin 47, f^niteU States National Museum.
coaatH of northern regionH. The rolationHhipH of thin family, uh Ntaicd
above, aro Htill obscure. It hna beun iiHiiully placed near the Oithiilini,,,
but the osteology , HO far uh exauiinod by uh, approaohcH nioru noaiiv to
the Ath*rinid(V, and there is no obvious afllnity between .tmmo(liiliH ainl
Ophidion or Li/codcv. (Ophidiidw, group Ammodytinu, Giinther, Cat., iv,
a84-388, 1802.)
a. Dody witli many triiniivonu, (iblitiuii foliln; a luuKitiidliiul tuld ur Mkiu uIuiik hIiIvh of ImII^;
vomer uiiartu id. amnuuytks, ;i72.
372. AMMODYTES (Artedi) Linuu'us,
(Sand Launcks.)
Ammodiiteit, (Aiitedi) Lll«N.l-;fR, Sytit. Nat., Ed. x, 17fiH, 247, (lohimmn).
Aruiirolii-uiii* Oiu,, Cat. Fish. N. Am., 40, IHfil, (ii«ii/m»).
Body elongate, lanceolate, the skin with many transverse folds run-
ning obliquely downward and backward, the small cycloid scales innHtlv
placed in cross series between thoni. Lateral lino concurrent witli tliu
back. A fold of the skin along each side of the belly. Vomer not aimed
with a bicuspid tooth. Color silvery. Vertebra* G2 or 63. One pyloric
ccRCum. Carnivorous fishes inhabiting sandy shores in cold regions, living
in large schools, burying themselves in the sand near the tide mark.
Valued as bait and useful as food for salmon and other larger liHliett.
The species enumerated below are verj' closely related and may all prove
to be varieties of the Euroxteau Ammodytea tobianua. {ufifiog, sand ; iHu,
to dive.)
a. Doriial fin witli G2 to G7 rays; anal rays 30 or more.
h. Dorsal ruyH t'>4 tu 07; anal :>:) tu aO; laturul fukUlSU; bond 6}^. Duiiirs, IJU.
bb. Dorsal rays 02; anal 31; lateral folds KiO to 182; head 4}4 to 4%; depth 10 to 12.
ALABCANl'S, 1212.
aa. Dorsal fln with 54 to OU rays; anal rays fewer than,30.
c. Dorsal rays 60; anal 28; lateral foldu 125 to 130; head 4^; depth 10.
AMERICANUS, 1213.
vc. Dorsal rays 54; anal 24; lateral folds 130 to ISO; head i]4; depth 9.
PEBSONATIS, 1214.
1811. AMMOOTTES DUBIVS, Relnhardt.
Head 6| ; depth equaling length of mandible, 2^- in length of bead.
D. 64 to 67 ; A. 33 to 36. Skin with about 150 very distinct folds. Dorsal
fm inserted over posterior third of pectoral. Greenland ; occasionally
southward to Cape Cod. (Giinther) ; not seen by us. (duMuo, doubtful.)
Ammodyles dubius, Ueiniiardt, Dansk. Yidensk. Selsk. Afbandl., 132, 1838, Greenland: Ul'.v-
TUBS, Cat., IV, 387, 1862; Jordan iSc Gilbert, Syuoiwis, 415, 1883.
'^
1212. AMMODTTES ALASCANIJS, Cope.
Head 4| to ii ; depth 10 to 12 ; eye 1^ in snout, 5^ in head ; lateral folds
160 to 182. D. 62 ; A. 31. Dorsal inserted above middle of pectoral. Max-
illary reaching front of orbit ; mandible less than depth of body. Lcii<;th
* This generic name Argyrotieuia rests upon what seems to have been a specimen of AmmuJutet
americamu with a mutilated dorsal fin, the first seven rays appearing as small free spines.
Hi
Jordan anU fiver ma nn. — Fishes of North AfUfrica.
83;t
li to !) inclieH, It jh not niilikdly that tliin t'uriii iiihI AmmodiiliH diihiuH coii-
Htitiiti' one oirciiinpolar HpeciuH, i'roin which thu cloHuly ullitMl t'orniH tithia-
iiuH.iiiii' rioaum, and 2»'>'iii>Hatiin iiniy ho Hepitratoly <l«8<;onile«l in tliotlilVcri'iit
mIkik'n iif tlio north tompurato /one. Nortli Facitlo ('oaut of Nortli Anior-
ica, Sitka to Aleutian iHlundH.
Ammi'fliit' ' iil(u<:amt», CoPE, I'rr>R. Am. I'hIliM. 8<m-., 1873, 7, Sitka; .Iohdan .1c Oiliirrt, Hyu<i|wiH,
ii:., ixsa.
12l»^AMN0l>VTKS AMKKICANI'S, U<- Kuy.
(Sand Lainck; Sanh Kri,; I.ant.)
llciiil I?; (lopth ahont 10. 1). GO; A. 2H. Poctoial fins much lon^rer
than snout, reaching front of doiHal. Lateral foldn l^.'i-llio. Depth oqual
to li<ii;;tli of niandihle, whii;h in 2^ in liead. OlivuceouH above, Hilvcry
lieluu ; MidcH with aHteel-hliic Htripe. Newfoiindhind to Cape IlattcraH,
almiiil:int on sandy sliorcH. Very cloHe to A, tohiuHUH of Europe, but appar-
ently more Hlender and with the lieail lonjrer.
Ammiiiliil' 1 timerirmuiH, Dr. Kay, New York Fniina: FIhIioh, HIT, 1M4'J, Stratford, Connecticut;
.I(lll|l\N Ji (ilMIKUT, SyilOpMltl, 4H, ISHH.
Amm-iliiir' iill„liii>, Vk Kay, N'uw Yurk Faunu: KIbIioi, 318, pi. 60, tiK- ti'7, lH-12, New York;
u|>|i;iri'iitly a iniitilatud nih-i'Iiikmi.
AnjijruUuiia i-Uiata, JoilUAN ic liiLliERT, 8ynu|)8iH, 414, 1883.
1814. AMMODYTEH PKRSONATUH, Oirard.
(Sand Launok.)
Head 4J; depth 9; eye 2 in Buout, 6 in head. D. .54; A. 24. Pectoral
fin half length of head, reaching past the front of the dorsal. Lateral
foUlH i;i0-150. Length 6 inohes. Clear hyaline green; sides Hilvery.
Sandy HJiores of the north Pacific from Alaska to Monterey ; very abund-
ant nortliward, burying itself in the sand ; perhaps a \ ^riety of Ammodijtea
lohittiius ; an excellent panfish, the ilesh delicious, (peraonatus, masked.)
.Immr.if;//. « ;)ow)ii(rfi((i, GiRAHD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pblla., I860, 137, Cape Flattery; Jobuan it
GiMJEUT, Syuoiwis, 410, 1883.
Group BERYCOIDEI.
(The Berycoid Fishes.)
Body naked or variously s^aly, the scales sometimes highly specialized;
dursal tin with few or many snines ; ventral fins thoracic or subabdomiual,
• acii with 1 spine, usually 7 soft rays, the number of soft rays varying
from r. to 10; in one family (Monoccntrida;) the spine greatly enlarged
and tlio number of rays reduced ; head with conspicuous mucous cavities ;
air bladder in some species retaining its duct through life, (a character
verified only in Beryx); vertebrae in species examined, 24 to .SO. Shoulder
girdh' and pharyngeals normal. No suborbital stay. A varied group,
allied to the Percoidei and Scovibroidei, but characterized as a whole by
the retention of the archaic characters of the persistent air duct and the
1' . N. A 54
i
1
'ii
■--■ ' -,■
f--
'■I '■
'l!
. ' .i
i
ifallii ■
1
^BHii' '
1
Hi
Slii
Jiulletin ./7, Unittui Statt tional Afuseum.
i i
a\
iiioioitMiMl tiiiiiilM*r <»r vt^ntrnl ruyH. In thn ili)«p-N«<a foriiiH tlm NpiiiiHiiiiiii.
Hill JH Huuimly »l«n«lo|MMl iiihI thn Hritltm iiro iiHiiiilly «iMiei«'y«'l<>i«l i»i wum
iiiK. Ill Mm H|M'r'i««M of trupifitl hIioioh \\w HpiiioiiH uriiiiitiiinor (in^.ui.i
Mcui«'H in lM<tt<!i-<l«)vt)lop«>il tliitii ill inoHt, vi tlio IVrcoiixirphoiiH I'imIum 11,,,
({i-iiiip Im u v«<i-y old Olio ill ^tuilo^ii^ liiint, tlitt aliioH of /^n/j- liuin^ niiiuii;;
tlitM>itrlit>Nt Mpiiiy-niytMl HhIioh known. All urn iiiurino IInIkih, inlmliitjt.^
tli«' tropical hIioitn Of tim iiliyHNCH of tliv oriMni. Tlio p«irtini>ii('tM>r iii,.
J'ulymijeiith' uiiil MnUidtv lu tluH group in qiiuHtituiublu,
FamilicHof HKKYCOIDKI.
n. riilii wlllioiit liiirtioln; vfliiirnl rit.vi> I, n to I, 10; lirniicliliMlitKnlit 7 nr M,
'•. JlorHiil tin nliiirt, kIiikI)', williiiut Npliii'ii; vi'iitrulH miiiill; HiiliJiiKUliir, nf I n|>ii,.. „tii| [,
•oft riiyn; liriiiiilil<>Htii«iilM 7. Hatiivi i,i ini. i , im,
Vt. Donrnl Mil hiiikIc, mIiIi 'i In H iili>iiilHr, Kriuliiatod ii|iIdi'». Anal h|iIiiuh I h, \\ Umw.
rlli(iHl»|{»'>* 7 <■>' ^•
>', Vi'iitrul IliiH Hiiltiiliiliiiiiliiiil, riK'li \vltli I Hpliiii uiiti n Hoft riiyii.
HTKIMIANdllEltYi'lli I, I Ml
(■('. Vitiitrul DitM llionirle, of I ii|ilni> and about 7 MofI tn,y», (I, ti In I, In).
(I. SnIxirtilliilH viT.v broiid, covitIiik the rlicckn. Tiiaciiii'I!tiivii< r, ixm,
M. HiilxiiiiituiN 1IIIITOW, not fovcrinK till' <-liiMikN. IU'.ii)ni> i, iaiv.
hhli. Doriiiil fill dct'plv iiolrliud, ItH aiiti'rior ilivirildii nltli many Ntronx h|iliii'n, miitl uitli |
HtoMi H|iini'H; tlic- third ninch oulnr);!'*!; boiicH of hi'iiil ni-iirly nil m'iTut<'ii Mn<|ijii.
oun; briini'liloNti'KiilH H. lIol.orKNriiiii k, ( \\
(III. I'hin wltli 2 lonK lntrbelN, iittiiclii'd JuHt liohiiid HyinphyNiH o! luwtT Jiiw; bi'iinuliiu.>i<'uaiM4^
fuinilli'M of iini'crtiiln roliitlonidiip.
I'. Vi'iitcal ru.vH I, 7 or 1, <!. PorHiil llii Rlni;le, rontlnuoiiN, with .1 MpincH; aiiiil p-|piiu'B;iiir
■\. HcalcH inodurat' 'inuid; iHidy dorp, cimipruiiw'il; viTtrlirn- '.iU.
I'ol.VMI.XlllM . CXVI.
fe. Vi'iitntl ritys I, 0; d^ ' 'i, w<<ll xcparntud, both Nhort, the nmt of f, uplurr,; iinal
hpineR 1 or 'i\ RCiilun iurK*'i aliKhtly cti-noid; lioily ritthcr •dongutf, IIk' |in>lil>' {lar.i-
bolic ; vertebrii' 24. Mii.i.iu.i . i .\\ii.
Family CXI. BATHYCLlIPEIDiE.
A pneumatic duct to air bladder; ventradiform body, cycloitl Knilen,
Htraightish lateral liue, llattiHh excavated crown, long inteiiiiaxillarivH
extending HH far back as the supramaxillarieH ; uliort poHtiiiedian ilorail
without Hpines ; long anal with one spine, and Huiall, subjugular vontralH
with a spine and 5 rays each. This family shares with the Berycoideaim
a persistent pneumatic duct. (Uill.) liranchiostegals 7. 0\w ireiiuH
and two species, in the deep seas. The genus Bathyclupea wan pliu (mI by
Alcock among the Clupeida; the thoracic position of the ventralH and tbv
shortened abdominal region being regarded by him as a fcatiiro uf
degradation. The species bear, in fact, considerable resemblance to Hixki
and OpisthopteruH. (BathydupHdw, Gill, in Goode 6l Beau, Oceanic
Ichthyology, 190, 1895.)
373. BATHYCLUPEA, Alcock.
Kathyclupea, Alcock, Ann. and Mug. Nat. Hist., viii, 1891, 130, {hothjni).
Head and body compressed ; hexd with large mucous cavities; lower
jaw prominent. Small, villiform teeth on jaws, palatines, and \ouier,
Ionian iin,i /\irtmann, — Fishii of North Amtridi. 835
Uill (•|iciiiiiKN lurK«<- ItriiiH'liitmtoKitlH 7. IViitloltriiiicliiic priwont, litrK«.
8cttli"< •',Vt'l<>>*lt*l**<'><lii<**>'^- I'ltti'i'iil liiMMliHtiiK-t, iii-iirly Htriti^lit. DorHitl
till |Mi^tiiif<liiiii, willi 1 or 2 Npiiu'H and H or 10 luyN. IN't^toriilH Inr^'S
|)oiiii< •!. tl>» ii|)|>*'t' ■'i.V" (1**^ loii^oHt. Vi'titriilN Niilijii^iilai', Niiiitll. ('iiiidiil
(iirnilf, Th« ty|M', lU{{h*jv\»\u» himkuHi, Alcoc^k, wiih ohlaiiifd from the
AiiiliiMiiiii M«>u Ity llio hircMlhjiilor ai a tlcptli of IXH to 'i'.'O fullioiiiH. 'I'liti
|jir^'i'>i NpticiiiK'ii kiiowti in H iiiclitm in li<nKtli. (;iiiOi'i;, tlcop ; ('liiptu,
belling.)
liilA. HATIIVCI.ri'KA AK^KNTKA, ()»o<l« .V lliitn.
lliailM: i\v«)'Jii ; Hiioiitl) iiMWu.or^in int«rurl>ital widtli. D.!*; A.:{<>;
V. ti; HtaU'H M.'). Ilcud un<l lioily roniprt^HHoil ; tlio iMidy covuri-tl witli
lar^*N rycloitt, *l)>«M<liionH hcuN'h. Iltti^ht of hody at vent limN tliun lon^tli
(if licuil, «'i|iial to diHtanru from poHtrrior margin of orhit to tmd of lowor
Juw. i'.yo Hiiglitiy ){n*att;r tliun dirttanco from itH anterior margin to tip
of l(»w»)r Juw. Mouth Hiihv«^rtical ; ionjjtli of upper Jaw Hli^htly wxcewd-
111).; <liiuiiotrr of orliit. T«>«^tli in villiform ItandH on Juwh, palatinvH, and
voiiicr, DorHui flu placed at adiHtancti from tip of Niioiit equal to twicu
litM^lit of Itody ; ilH lirHt ray intHMtod in vertieal from l)nHo of Hoveiitli
anal ray. I'eutoriil Hlunder, itH upper rayH tlio lonf^i^Nt, extending eoiiNid-
(>rii))iy lieyond tlie origin of tiitt anal. VontralNHnuiII, faii-Hliapud, iiiHtMled
iiliniiNt iiiidor tlio poHturior margin of tlio orbit. Color yollowiNJi nil very.
One Hpocimen, 13 inclieH in length, olttuined by the Jtltikc at Htatiun H7,
oflf NeiiM, ut u depth of 305 fathoms, ((juude Si lleuii.) {unjvntvuH,
Hilverv ;
UitlUydupta aryttUeu, (JouiiB A Bkan, Orcanio IflitliyiiloKy, llH), IW).\ off Neria.
Family OXII. SIKPHANOHEUYCIDyK.
Hody oblong, comproHScd, with HoalcH of peculiar form, circular, having
iu tiie center of each one or two erect, couhimcuoum lines, and in arrange-
ment Hcarcely iii\bricuted. Head large, thick, oblong. cavernouN, with
Hliurt convex snout, and with thin ohhcouh ridges, especially an inner
U-!«liaped one on the crown, whose limbs diverge ou eaclt side of the
nupe ; also an outer sigmoid ridge on each side above ihe eyes, continuous
with a similar ridge projecting from the nasal bone, the inner and outer
ridjL^eK being connected by a cross ridge o]>posite the anterior margin of
the orbit. Mouth very wide and somewhat oblique. Lower jaw slender
iuid slightly projecting. Maxillaries large; premaxillaries protractile;
HulMirl)itals narrow. Teeth small, iu a single band on the intermaxilla-
ries and dentaries; palatine toothless. Hones of the head usually ser-
rated. Branchiostegals 7 or 8; gill membranes separate, 3; gills 4, a
slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchiie present. Gill rakers moderate.
A single dorsal. Dorsal and anal without spinous rays. Ventral tins
abdominal, farther back in the adult than iu the young, with 1 spine and
5 rays, ((joode &■ Bean.) One genus, with two species, found in the
deep iseas. {Stephanobvrycidw, Gill, Standard Natural History, iii, 1885,
182.)
I
i
I V !
I ; I
I 'i !
i --i
Mi
jSf,
•n
830
Bulletin 47, United States National M iiseum.
374. STEPHANOBERYX, (Jill.
Sliphanoheryr, GiLi,, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mub., 1883, 208, (/noun).
Beryci«lH with un elongated claviforiii contuiir; body covered witli
cycloid Hcales, scarcely iiubrieuted, jind urined about the center \vi;|i mm
or two erect spines; an oblong head, with a moderate convex nuouI and
with thin osseous ridges, especially an inner V-sliai>ed one on the ciiiwn,
whose limbs diverge on each side of nape, and an outer sigmoid oiic on
each side, above the eyes, and Cv>ntinuoiis with one projecting fioiu tiio
nasal; the inner and rvter ridges connected by a crossbar on a line witli
the anterior margin of the orbit; rather small eyes, in the anterior half
of the head, and the teeth small, acute, and in a band on the preniaxilla-
ries and dentaries (palate toothless), and with ventrals having 1 .s|)inu
and 5 rays. Deep sea. (ffrf(^rti'of, crown ; livryx.)
a. Dorsiil and nuul cacli willi 13 or 14 rays. mon i . Yi\{\
aa. Dorsal aud aual each with 11 rays. hii.j.ii, ViYi
1816. 8TRPHAN0BfiltTX SION.K, Sill.
Head 3 ; depth 3i. D. 14 ; A. 13 or 14 ; P. 10 ; V. 1, 5. Eye 4i in head and
nearly eijual to snout; u-pper jaw slightly longer than postorbitai jiait of
head, (iill rakers long and slender, about 2.5 below the angle; distance
of anal origin from end of heUd equal to J length of head ; ventrals orig-
inating under middle of pectorals. Color brownish. One KpeeiintMi. 2
inches long, o]>tained by the Albatross from station 2077, at a depth of
1,255 fathoms. ((iioode& Bean.) (Named for Mona Gill, niece of Dr. (iill.)
^ephanoheriijr moiitr, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 258, Gulf Stream. (Typo, Nu. 'SMh.
Coll. Albatross.) Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichth., 186.
1217. STEPHANOBKRTX OILLII, Goodo & Roan.
Head 3; depth 3i; eye 4; snout 4. D. 11; A. 11; P. 13; V. I, 5: H. 7;
scales 9-33-7. Upper jaw as long as postorbitai part of liead; gill rakeiH
long and slender, about 15 below the angle on first arch. Origin of von-
trals behind end of pectorals ; distance of anal crigin from end of iioad
fully equals length of head. Color in spirits iiale, the back in f' out of
dorsal showing traces of rose. Length 4| to 6 inches. Gulf Stream, at
diflferent stations in about 1,200 fathoms. (Goode & Bean.) (Naimd for
Theodore Gill.)
BtepluDKiherijx gillii, GoonE & IJean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 187, fig. 200, 1895, Gulf Stream . i Tyi»',
No. 33555. Coll. Albatross.)
Family CXIII. TRACHICHTHYID^.
Body ovate, deep, much compressed, with small ctenoid scales. Mido-
nie.^1 protected by a dermal scute which forms a serrated edge Head
large, deeper than long ; superficial bones excavated and with consiiicuons
muciierous c&,vitie8. Mouth very Avide, oblique; villiform teeth in Jaws
and sometimes on vomer. Suborbitals very broad, covering the ciiceks.
Braucbiostegals 8. Gill openings very wide, the gill laminie very short.
itream. ("Vy,";
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
837
One dorsal fill, short, with a few spines iu front. Ventral rays I, H. Deep-
sea li^lies, allied to the Bcrycidw, 2 genera and 10 species known. ( Trachich-
Ihii'itlii . (ioode & Hean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 187, 1895.)
,1. Viiiiicr loothloss ; opcrcli> entire ; iiiial spineB 3. HopLosTRTiiuti, :i7.'i.
375. HOPLOSTETHUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
;^);)/<)<^ '''"', CfviKR & Valenciennes, Hlat. Niit. PoiSH., iv, 409, l*<'2r, {metlUirranem).
liody short and deep, much compressed. Head short, compressed, very
liluiit anteriorly, deeper than long, with very conspicnouH mucous cavi-
ties. Kye very large. Mouth very obliiiue, the jaws e»|ual when the
niontli is closed. Maxillary long, broad behind, with a distinct supple-
iiu'iital bone, which reaches the posterior border of the oye. Teeth very
tine, \ iliiform, on jaws and palatines, none on the vomer. Suborbital
with radiating ridges and a few spines; a vertical ridge on the front of
tlie oiuTcle. Opercle little developed, its spine small or obsolete ; a strong
spine at the angle of the preopercle; the long vertical limb of the pre-
opercle finely serrated. Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus,
liraiichiostegals 8. Scales moderate or small, ctenoid ; lateral line pres-
ent, its scales enlarged ; abdomen with a series of bony plates, each end-
inj; in u retrose spine. Dorsal fin continuous, short, the spines graduated,
6iu number; anal with 3 graduated spines; caudal forked, its rudinien-
taiy rays spinous; pectorals low, rather lojij^ ; ventrals I, 6, rather short.
Air bladder simple. Pyloric c«eca numerous. Vertebne 11 -\- 15. Deep-
sea tislies. Red in color. (onXov, armor; (rrz/^^of, breast.)
1218. HOPLOSTETHUS MEDITEKRANEl S, Cuvier & ValoncienneB.
Head 2i ; depth IJ ; eye very large, much longer than snout, about 3.
D. VI, 12 to 15; A. Ill, 8 to 11; scales 28 to 31. Abdominal serras 9 to 13
iu number. Body above with very small roughish scales ; sides nearly
or (|uite naked (in the young example seen), scaly in the adult. Pec-
torals reaching first soft ray of anal; ventrals to vent; fins rather low.
Silvery, rosy in life ; fins scarlet ; peritoneum and inside of mouth black.
Coasts of southern Europe, in deep water ; numerous specimens taken in
the tinlf Stream by the Jlhatrosii and Fish Hawk hi about 200 fathoms.
Also found in Japan, if If.japonicun is the same species, as Dr. Giinther
has supposed.
Unjili.^lHhm mnliferraneim, CuviEU & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Polss., iv, 460, 1820, Mediter-
ranean Sea ; G(1ntiiei!, ('a?., i. 9, 185'J ; Jordan & Gilbeut, Synopsis, 458, 188a ; Godue <Sc
Bkan, Oceanic Iclitli.vology, 181, 1895.
TrtifiiiriiiiiiiH prt-tiosiix, Lowe, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lonil., 18.19, 77, Madeira.
t U'lih.sliihiis japimiriis, IIilgendohk, Sitz. Ges. Natiirfol'scliendo Freunde, Ilorlin, 78, 1S79,
Japan ; apimroutly u variety or siiecies witli sliglitly smoother scales.
Family CXI V. BERYCID.; .
(Thk Bkkycoids.)
Hody oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with ctenoid or cycloid,
foliate or granular scales. Head with large muoiferous cavities, covered
! ■: ' I
I]
838
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
by tliiu skiu. Eye lateral, usually large. Mouth wide, oblique, i're-
maxillaries protractile; maxillary rather large, usually with a siiitple-
mental bone. Suborbitala narrow, not sheathing the cheeks. Kamls of
villiforni teeth on jaws, and usually on vomer and palatines; caiuueN
sometimes present. Opercular bones usually spinous. Branchiusti';^ralH
7 or 8. Uill mcmbro^iies separate, free from the isthmus, (iills i,ii><lit
behind the fourth. Pseudobranchia^ present. Gill rakers modciiite.
Cheeks and opercles scaly. No barbels. Dorsal lin continuous, with '1 to
8 weak spines; anal with 2 to 4 spines; ventral fins thoracic, mostly I,
7, the number of rays usually greater than 1, 5; caudal flu usually foi UimI.
Pyloric co-ca numerous. Genera or 8 ; species about 40. Fishes nmstlv
of the deep seas ; the general color red or black. This group is un ancicut
type, a great number of extinct species being now known. {Ikfjichlo;
Giinther, Cat., I, 8-50, 1859, exclusive of certain genera.)
Anoi'Loqastkina; :
M. Scales small, granular or leal-tike ; teeth unequal; palatines toothless; mouth vcrv wi>U'
and oblique.
h. Scales louf-Uke, pedunculated ; teeth villiform, with two pairs of long fang-liki: iciili
above, and three below. Caui.oi.ki'is, Mil
hb. Scales reduced to minute asperities; teeth villiform, some of those in the lower jaw
enlarged. Anoplouastek, ;!77.
Mf.lampiiain^t: :
aa. Scales cycloid ; teetli villiform, none on palatines; head large and thick.
c. Teeth small, cardiform; lower jaw projecting; scales thin ; body short, compress(;d.
PoROMiTiiA, :;78.
cc. Teeth in villiform bunds ; scales largo ; spinous dorsal short.
d. Anal inserted under last rays of dorsal ; a.iui\ with ono spine ; dorsal with tliiTc.
Plectromi s, ;i79.
Bfiiycin^; ;
(iiiii. Scales dcnoid ; teeth villiform on jaws, palatines, and vomer.
e. Muzzle short ; chin jirojecting ; preopercle gpinele^is ; opercles serrated ; anal rays TV,
20 to :iO ; ventrals, I, 10. Bkuyx, ;i80.
376. CAULOLEPIS," Gill.
Caulolepis, Gill, Forest and Stream, xxi, August .30, 188:), and in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils., vi,
1884, 258, (longideiu).
Contour laterally oval or broad pyriform, the body compressed, covered
with small, pedunculated, leaf-like scales; forehead abruptly declivous;
*Dr. (lill (in Goodo & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology), adds the following details :
Body compressed, pyriform, highest in front, and with the dorsal and inferior outlines ron-
verging to caudal peduncle-, which is moderately long and slender Scales small ami not nr
scarcely imbricated, upraised by peduncles, and with the surface cxteudud and dentate liiliiiiil.
Lateral line distinct and developed as a gro )vo running jiarallel with the back and coiiliiiudus
to tho base of the caudal tin. llead higlier than long, with th(( cranial portion very dcilivoiis,
and with tho suspensorial portion oblhiuely extended downward and backward ; the > riiniiim
al)Ove with throe naked membranous area.s, au anterior pair pointed forward and diveririiij,' to
receive tho ascending process ofthe internmxillariesand a median hastiforin one behind: al>o with
a naked horseshoe-shaped urea around the nape, tho naked spaces being scparaidd by tin' liony
bars limiting tho large muciferous cavities; suborbital bones enlarged, sculptured, aiiM with
small, erect spines; the first with threo radiating bars; the second largest, send i in; four
depending processes, three forward or downwar"', and another articulating with the pnoper-
culum obove its angle; the postorbital expanding distally and articulating with the preopcrculuiii
above ; the interspaces covered by a tense skin with tho extension of the scales embeddcil iu it.
Prcoperculum augulated downward and backward, spinigerous at the angle and with nu liori-
zontal liaeg ; opercular apparatus much reduced ; thu operculum extended downward, with
ique. Pre-
1 a 8ii)i|ilu-
Baiids of
ih; caiuneN
chiostciials
ills 1, a slit
I moderate.
18, witli '2 to
c, mostly I,
ally forked,
sheH iiKi.stly
8 auaiH'icut
( Berjinihf,
outh viry wide
; f«iig-liUr Ici'th
IauUii.ki'Is, :i7li.
II tlio IdWiI' jiiw
PLOUASTKK, :i77.
comiircsswj.
I'imOMITllA, o"8.
Ill with tliri'i'.
lECTROMis, :!T9.
I ; anal rays IV,
BKitvx, ;i80.
I. Nat. Mils., VI,
186(1, covered
y declivous;
or ontlinos ron-
iinall mill ""t it
liMitati' li'liiiiil.
and coiitiiiuiiii:!
very di'ilivous,
(I ; the 1 raiiium
mil diverijinj; to
)ehind;alM)Witli
wA by till' '"I'ly
itiired, iiii'l "if"
It. sondiiii; four
ith the iMiopiT-
le preoiHTCuluiii
I ombcdd.'il iu it.
md with no liori-
lownward, with
Jordan and F.7>ermann. — Fishes of North Atnerica.
839
eyes small; a pair of very long, poiuted tueth in front of upper jaw, clo8-
in<r ill iVont of lower; a similar pair of atill longer pointed teeth in the
iowei. received in foveas of the palate; on the sides of each, jaw two
louj,' teeth terminating in bulbous tips; a row of miaute teeth on the
poHteiior half of the supramaxillaries ; i)alate toothless. One species.
(rat '?.'". , sten ; Xtjr/f, scale.)
1219. CAUIiOLEPIS LONfilDENS, Gill.
D. II, 17; A. II, 8; C. x-19-x; P. I, 14; V. I, 7. Head 21; depth of
body \ its length inclusive of caudal; upper jaw from symphysis to end
of iiiaxillaiy contained 3i times in total length. Orbit 4 times in length
of lirad. Front teeth of upper jaw considerably longer than eye ; those
of till' lower nearly twice as long. Scales very peculiar, foliareous and
pediiiicnlate. Color uniform black. One specimen from Gulf (Stream.
{(Jooik tfe Bean.) {lonyuH, long; dena, tooth.)
amlohiiis lonijidem, Gil.!., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. ISS.'J, 258, Atlantic Ocean, latitude 39° if,
longitude 69° 56' ao", in l,34tj fatboms. (Type, No. 33270. Coll. Albatross); tiooDH A
IUan, Ociiiuio Ichthyology, 185, flg. 204, 1895.
377. ANOPLOGASTER, (iunther.
III..;,
t.i,liisli-r, GrNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., i, 12, IS.'iO, (coniii^iui).
lU)(ly compressed, deep, with the scales reduced to minute asperities.
Head large, with thin bones and wide muciferous cavities. Cleft of
iiioiitli wide and oblique; chin prominent. Muzzle short, rounded, not
piotniding. Teeth in villiform bands in the jaws, with reveral larger
teeth in the lower jaw ; palatine toothless. Eye large. Preoperculum
entire. Suprascapula and angle of preoperculum armed with a spine.
Doinal Avithout spines and with about 17 rays. Anal with 9 or 10 rays.
Ventral with 1 spine and 6 rays. Air bladder small, pyriform. Brauchios-
tejjai 8. Gill openings very wide. (uvon?.ng, unarmed; yuari/p, belly.)
nuiiicroim stria; and ridges and with three more diverging ridges extended backward or down-
waril into spiniform angles, one horizonttil and the others oblique, leaving omarginated intor-
upai'fs between ; the interoperculu and suboporcula small, the latter with several Ntriie poiuted
backward.
Eye moderately develoiied, near the anterior profile. Upper jaw not protractile, with the
pri'inaxillaries extended far backward and the supramaxillaries lying beliiiid and above, and
with wide oval extremities furnished with radiating ridges or striav
I.HWir jaw quite deep, with an upper and lower portion longitudinally striated and an inter-
iiii'diiitc region provided with a nuked skin, and with its angle emitting a spine backward ;
(•bin llafteiied backward to a median inferior point; teeth enlarged oiid few, in a single row in
eailijiiw. (1) In the upper u pair slightly curved and regularly pointed, closing in front of
luuei' jaw, and on each side two at intervals, behind much smaller and witli swollen blunt tips.
('.i) In Hie lower jaw a pair near the symphysis more separated than those of the upper and
fitting into fovein of the palate on each side; two smaller teeth nearly Htraight and with glob-
iiIhi' points, the first intermediate between the fli'Mt and second of the upper, and the second
bt'hiMl tlio second lateral tooth of the upjier jaw ; palate and tongue edentulous. (3) A row of
very sniull teeth around the posterior half of tho supramaxillary.
liiiisal single, commencing above the upper axil of tho pectoral, with 2 spines and 17 bifur-
cate rays, the Inst of which is double ; anal short, mostly behind the dorsal, with 2 opines, the
first very short, and 8 bifurcate rays, the last double ; caudal deejily emarginated, but with
roiin.led lobes; jiectorals obliquely inserted, of moderate size, with 1 simple and about 14
brandied rays ; ventral fins subabdominal or decidsdiy behind the pectorals, with 1 spine and
C bruucUed rays. Brauchial apertures deeply cleft ; branchiostegal ruys 8.
'i
840
bulletin 4J, United States National At use urn.
1220. ANOPLOUAKTKK COKNIITIIN (Ciivler Jc Vnloncieiines).
Head 2J ; depth aliout If; eye about 3. D. 17; A. 9 or 10; V. Ki; v.
7. Iiitoiorbital width nearly half that of liead ; snborbital arch witli
7cavitieB; bony ridges of head ending in several blunt points; ventials
midway between tip of snout and base of caudal. Deep Atlantic iivo
specimens known, one of them from :Ut° \^' \W^ N., <;H° %V W., obtain.d
l»y the AlbatrosH. ((jioode & Bean.) («»'»»«/««, horned.)
lloplotlelhwt lormihiK, Cl'VlEli & Vai.ENciennkk, IIlHt. Nat. roisa., IX, 27(t, 18:i:i, Mtoiimi li . i im
Alliicorc, 3i°N.. 40° W.
Aiiophijitiler conmUif, GCnther, Cat., I, 12, 18.')!); GooDK Jic Hean, Oceanic Iclilli., iHi, 1k!i:>.
378. POROMITRA, Goode &. Beau.
Pnrotnitrci, GooDE A Bean, Hull. Mub. Comi). ZoiJl., 1882, 214, (capilo).
Body short, compressed, scopeliform, covered with thin cycloid scales.
Head very large (in young specimens nearly as long as trunk) its Hides
scaly. No barbel. Mouth very large, the lower jaw i>roJecting. Maigiii
of upper jaw composed of a long maxillary and a short preuiaxilian.
Teeth very small, cardiforni, on preuMixillarios and lower jaw only.
Opercula complete. Dorsal fin in middle of body, its origin not far lii'liiiid
veutrals, its spinous and soft portions about equal in length ; aual iinicli
shorter than dorsal ; the last rays of dorsal nearly above its niidtlle.
Pseudobranchije present. Gill openings very wide. Deep seas, (-r./jof,
pore; /i/rpa, stomacher.)
1221. POROMITBA CAPITO, Goode & Hoa.i.
Head 2^ (in young) ; depth 3^. D. VII or VIII, B; A. 9 : V. 7 or s : P.
12; C. 5. Eye large, as long as snout; maxillary 3^ in head. Scalen as
large as pupil, with concentric striae, about 24 in lateral line and 10 in
transverse series. Insertion of dorsal midway between tip of snout and
base of caudal ; base of anal half that of dorsal ; pectoral inserted \(iw,
its length twice its distance from the snout ; ventrals minute, in advanco
of pectorals. Caudal (mutilated in the known specimens). Gulf Stream
in latitude 34°, obtained by the Blake. (Goode & Bean.) {capito, large-
headed. )
Poroinilrii cupitn, GoonE * Bean, Bull. MuH. Comp. Zoiil., 215, 1882, Gulf Stream; fJ.inK.t
Bean, Oceanic Icbth., 183, 1805.
379. PLECTROMUS,* Gill.
Pleclromuf, GlI,L, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 267, {mthorhitalu).
Body moderately elongate, covered with moderate cycloid scales. Head
large and thick, with wide muciferous channels, the bones often w itii
* Tlio followinjr details concerning Pleclnmi'm are given liy Dr. Gill (Goode & Bean, (''innic
Ichtliyolojjcy, 178):
Body little eomiiressed, highest behind ventrals, with the dorsal outline describing h slicrlit
sigmoidal curve and the abdominal almost rectilinear; the caudal peduncle long and lulni^t.
Scales moderate, imbricated, cycloid, and readily deciduous. Lateral line apparently un<l<'vel-
oped. Head obloug or longer than high, very declivous in front, and with the suspeutii.iriuin
ii^iii.K.iA..\*'..i.*Vrji,i
^".-■W !-i.i=*'>';_^u'",'U,l-_
Jordan and Iiiiermann. — Fishes of North America. 841
fol'iK couH expanHiotiH ; oporcleM unarmed. Month inodorate, obliquei, the
juwH siibeqiial. Teeth villiforin, luoHtly in two rows, the inner row
Iaif;t'>t ; palate tootlileHs. One dorHal, with 2 or '?< HpineH and 10 to 16
nivf*. Anal inserted below last rays of dorsal, with 1 spine and 8 or 9
ra.vH. Vcntrals thoracic, with 7 rays. Caudal forked. Deep sea. Very
el(i.s<« l<> McIumphacH, from which it chielly ditfers in possessing 2 or 3 dor-
Hiil s]iiiics instead of 0. Perhaps the two groups should be merged in one,
as hii> l)t'en done by (Jiinther and (Jilbert. (n'/i/Hrpov, spur ; <'innr, shoulder;
•'two Npines, one on each side of the nape, springing forward from the
slioiildor bones, give a strange appearance to the fish.")
,1. iMisil riijH III, ir> or III, Ifi.
''. Napo with a 8|iiue on each side, H|irinKin(( from the nhoiildor lioneH.
RniORIIITALIS, 1222.
hi,, Nn|ie without spiut! uxuliovn; bunos of hcnil llriii, without ))ii|iory exiuiiiHiuiis; iiiaxil-
litry reaching; vurticul from poRtorior mart;iii uf eyv. luoviiris, \22ii.
(M. Kiirsiil rajrt II, II to l:).
'. IIouil 3 ill loii^th; ]i(>rtorai ii«arl,v or (piitu an long aw IkmuI. iieanii, 1224.
i(. Eyo larjfo, 4V,j 'u hwitl.
(/<{, Kvo Kmall, 7 in Iioail. oraksiceps, 1225.
I' . Head 'JJ ill IcM^tli; pectoral l!';j in 1iua<l; heiul with IiIkIi thin cn-xtR ahovc; hii> t with
a sleudur t-piuo; vyu small, ly^ in head. vkistickph, l'22)i.
Jean, (i.-.;iiiio
1222. PLECTROMI'S KUBORBITAUS, <]ill.
Head 3 ; depth 2J. D. Ill, 16 ; A. I, 8 ; P. 14 ; V. I, 7 ; scales about 30-6;
the exposed margins of the few scales present marked with coarse concen-
tric striie. Eye as long as snout and .5^ times in head. Mouth oblique ; end
of maxillary reaching to below hind margin of orbit. Two spines, one on
eadi wide of the nape, springing forward from the shoulder bones. Man-
dible projecting slightly. Gill membranes deeply cleft, free from the isth-
iiiiiH behind; gill rakers moderate, about lt'> below angle of first arch. A
single series of weak, somewhat scattered, curved teeth on the intermax-
illii and mandible. Dorsal origin over the sixth row of scales ; length of
(loiHiil base equal to head. Anal origin under seventeenth ray of dorsal ;
anal base nearly J^ as long as head. Pectoral oi in body ; ventral inserte<l
nnder base of pectoral. Color black. The typo of the species, 3{'g inches
long without the caudal, was obtained by the AlhaironH from Station 2036,
at a depth of 1,73.5 fathoms. Another (No. 35451, U. S. Nat. Mus.) was
iilm.isl vertical; the craniuin above with a naked Bkin extending from the nape forward to the
niisiil region, covering large niueiforouM cavitieH xepiirated by ossecms bars and with lateral crests
«iiniil.itiiig those of crested Scorpa'nids. .Suborbital hones with the Buperficial aea narrow and
eiiiitfing snicatu Kpiniform processes; cheeks covered with skin as well as periorbitHi region.
l'ru..iiciouliim with its inner fold parallel with, but widely Reparated from, the external margin;
tlie hitter is rounded at the angle, the posterior limb is vertical, and a short horizontal one is
cl(vil..|i,.(l. Operniiliim normally developed, with largo cycloid scales, and, behind, railiating
li'L'-: siilioporculuin extending as a membranous border behind; iutoroporculum moderate.
Evi' 111, 111,. rato (its diami^ter eiiiialing a quarter of the head's length) and entirely in the anterior
li!iir III' the head. Mouth with the cleft moderately oblique. Upper jaw not protractile; the
inteniiiixillaries protracted backward alnio-t as far as the snpramaxillaries; the latter have nor-
mally dilated smooth ends. Lower Jaw ()ult(! deep, curvr^d, with smooth skin, with the mini
iiiilini'il inward below and nearly contiguous, and with a truncate chin. Teeth rather small,
cnrvi'il and |)ointed, in two rows in each jaw, those of the upjier closing around the lower jaw,
anil tlie teeth of the external row (at least in the lower juw) smaller than those of the internal.
Braiichiul ui>erturc8 normally cleft. Shoulder girdle emitting a spine on each side, behind the
naiie.
I
■' 1 1 i
' .1 1 ^ MM- ?
■"1
I
842
Jiulleiin 47, United States National A/useum.
tuken from Station 21!)0, at u depth of 1,800 fathoiiiH ; also two Hiiiall imli-
vidiialH from Htation 2585, at u depth of l,14i) futhoiiiH. (Goodo «& itian.)
(n«/>, 1»«1ow ; orhilitu, orbit.)
Pti-rlromim $ii}u>il>iliiU>, CiiM, Proc. I'. S. Nnt. Mim., vi, 18«;i, 268, latitude 38° 5a', longitude
69° 84', \,r.\r> liitliomH. (Ty|M), No. 33271. Coll. AlbiitroHH); Uoouk & Ukan, Ooouiii. I, i,ii,.,
170, fig. 201, nw,.
•1 -
! ■ i
\1
■1
iill
1228. PliKfTROMlIN LIIUIJBKIM (Oilbort).
D. Ill, 15; A. I, 8; scales 2(5. Head very hrood and heavy, the Hiiont
extremely broad and short, its anterior profile nearly vertical. Moiitii very
oblique, the lower jaw protruding beyond the upper, the premaxillarieH
anteriorly on hsvol of lowermarginof pupil, the maxillary reaching vtsiiical
from its posterior margin, 2i in head; Hnout4^, its width cquulingtho l*'M<;tii
of snout and eye; interorbital width 2 ! ; eye 6i. Teeth minute, uiiildiin,
in a single series in upper Jaw niid in front of mandible, the ]ow<t J;iw
laterally with a narrow band. Vomer and palatines toothless. Iiiltior-
bital space strongly convex, as well as rest of head deeply excavated for
mucoue canals, which are covered with a very delicate integument con-
spicuously marked with fine parallel or radiating stril!^ Bones finii and
cartilaginous, not ])upei'y nor with thin membranous expansionsas in ot her
related species. Margins of preopercle entire, the bono firm, the posterior
angle scarcely produced, evenly rounded, the margin nearly vertical. No
evident ridge on opercle, which terminates posteriorly in a flexible rounded
procbSB Avithout spine. Mandibles meeting along median line posteriorly,
but not forming a ridge. Gill rakers as long as eye, slender, about 11
below angle. Dorsal spines very weak, the third half as high as tiist soft
ray. Posterior line of occiput midway between tip of snout and oiij^in
of dorsal, liase of dorsal equals length of head behind middle of t;ye.
Anal small, its origin under base of last dorsal ray, the length of its base
equaling half interorbital width ; spine slender, about I longest soft lay ;
pectorals long, slender, falcate, with 14 rays, the longest If in hi^ad.
Ventrals half head, not reaching vent. Scales large, caducous, with
entire edges, covering theopercles but lacking elsewhere on head. I'lii-
form brownish black, the fins dusky ; mouth, gill cavity, and peritoneum
black. A single specimen, 3J inches long, from Albatross station 2!IL'I{, in
822 fathoms. This species resembles very closely M. typhlopH, as tij{nied
by Giinther (Deep-sea Fishes, C/)rt7Zew(/cr, PI. v, Fig. a). In tjiphlojix *\iii<
mouth is evidently larger, and the species is described as having (i d :..<ai
spines and 11 rays, although the artist has represented it with D. Ill, II.
(Gilbert.) {iHyuhris, sorrowful, dark.)
Melanq)lints luynhiiK, Gii.dert, Troo. V. S. Nat. Mu , 1890 (1891), .'in, Atbalrofs station 2>J2;i. coast
of California, south of I'oiDt Concojicion, in ^22 fathoms. (Coll, Albatross.)
1224. PLECTKOMIIS BEAM! (Giinther).
Head 3; depth 3i; eye 4^. D. II, 11 or 12; A.I, 8 or 9; V.I, 7: P.l.");
scales about 25. Pectoral as long as head, more than twice length of ven-
tral, which does not reach vent. Black. (Bean.) Gulf Stream in deep
water. (Named for Tarleton Hoffman Bean.)
Jordan and Ever mann. — Fishes of North America. 843
pie<i:,.„iiitr,iiMicei>i>, Beav, I'roe. U. «. Nut. Mhs., 1H86, 73, Gulf Stream. (Type, Nog. %VMH,
■S'M'.i, iiud ;U83f). Coll. AllxktruHs); about lutituilu 40°; uut SvojuIuh .•ni*«('tvpii, OOktiibr,
Aim Mug. Nut. Ilixt., t87K, 186, uIho a fhrtromm.
M.hii^i'h'iiA htiinii, <iVsrutu, I)c('|i-B«a Fi.ilit'H, CVi((//cM;;i'r Hi-port, xxii, 2ii, 1887; lifter Hean.
pliilmMiiilwani, OoouE & Hkan, Uct-auic IchtbyoloKy, 179, 18lt5.
laU. l>lii:('THO.ni'H <'KAHMi€KI>S, (iantlier.
Head 3; depth 4. D. Ill, 12; A. I, 0; P. 14; V. I, 7; scales 28. Least
(Icptli of tail » of its free portion. Head very thick, with short snout.
Eyes siiiiill, ] length of head, and i of that of snout ; posterior margin of
pieo|i(M(!ulum descending ol)li«|uely backward; lowerjaw sliglitly promi-
iiuiit ; deft of mouth rather oblique ; maxillary reachen to behind eye,
and is moderately dilated behind. Origin of dorsal hn nearer the ventrals ;
its last ray is above the anterior anal rays. Pectoral tin narrow, nearly as
hwii as head, reaching to or beyond end of anal fin. Hlack. Length 2^
Indies. Two specimens known, one from the mid-Atlantic (1,500 fathoms),
the other from olf Pernambuco. (Giinther.) (crrtN««x, thick; -cf/>«, head.)
g<!()yiW»« miMicc^w, OCntiikh, Aiiii.Ma);. Nat. IIlBt., ii, 1878, IS."), deep sea, mid-Atlantic,
and off Pernambuco.
Militmiihiiii rraxticvjiH, OCntiikk, ChiiUvtigi'r Itepurt, xxil, 28, PI. vili, Ki({. li, 1887.
Vl,:iviiiiisfrwt»icejiii, GoouE & Bean, Ucoauic Ichtbyology, 180, 180r).
3U 292:!, coast
122«. PLECTBOMIIS f RISTICEPN (Ollbort).
Head long, 2? in length ; depth 3^' ; length of caudal peduncle 4J^.
(Jreatest depth of caudal peduncle A its length. Plead narrower than in
M. liifiubris, its anterior profile descending more gradually. Mouth less
obliMue, the lower jaw included, the maxillary extending behind eye, 2J
in head; snout 4^; interorbitai width 2^; eye 7i. D. Ill, 13; A. 11,9.
Pectorals long, H in head. Ventrals I, 7 or I, 8. System of mucous canak
ou head highly developed, their margins raised into high thin crests, usu-
ally with undulating margins and more or less serrulated. A rather long,
sharp, slender spine, directed upward and forward on middle of snout.
Two or three spines at lower posterior angle of cheek ; marginal portion
of preopercle extremely thin and flexible, its lower limb sharply serrated.
From the upper anterior angle of opercle 2 ridges diverge, the one run-
ning backward terminating in a spinous point. Opercular margin serru-
late. Mandibles meeting on median line below, their edges produced to
form a conspicuous median crest. Their lateral margins form membranous
wings which combine with similar prolongations from the suborbital
bones to overlap the cleft of the mouth. Teeth minute, equal, in a single
series in both jaws. Vomer and palatines toothless. Gill rakers long,
Itroad at base, compressed, weak, about 15 below angle. Posterior line of
occiput slightly nearer front of dorsal than end of snout ; length of fin
e(nialing its distance from base of caudal. Spines slender, pungent, weak.
Origin of anal under the fourth from the last ray of dorsal, the length of
its base scarcely exceeding length of snout. Anal spines rather strong,
the two intimately soldered together, their outlines distinct. Scales
entirely lost, apparently about 23 in number. Black anteriorly, brownish
i i:
.■■•'t
844
liullctin 4J, United States Wational Afuseum.
black behind. Moiitli, \i,\\\ cavity, and peritoneum Jet black. Fiii-< all
blackiHli. One Hpocinien r> inclies long, from Htation 3075, in 859 fi-tlioiim,
((filbert.) {crinlit, crent ; -(.r/;/*, licud.)
Meldiiiphai » rritlireiiK, fiil.iiKRT, I'roc. V. 8, Nat. Mm., 18W) (1«!*1), 00, Alhulri)U atatiuii ;iii7ri
coast of Oregon and Washington, ii. 8s9 fathoms.
380. BERYX, Cuvier.
(Alkonsinks.)
/t<-r.v.r, fll'Vir.ll, Kt-gno Aiillii., Kd. 2, vol. 11, l.'il, IH2it, 'lUrmUtclijlnn).
Itody deep, coniprcHHed, covered witli rather large, ctenoid scales, which
are regularly arranged. Abdomen trenchant, but without enliii;;<(l
HCutcH. Mead large, with thin bones and high ridges with deep mucifiT-
ouM cavities. Snout short, tiie mouth oblique, the ohiu prominent: t-yo
large; both Jaws, vomer, and palatines with villiform teeth. Openles
serrated, the operclo usually with spine ; preopercle unarmed. Caiidai
forked ; anal spines 4, the soft rays 2<i to 80; dorsal continuous, with 1 tu
<! spines ; ventral.^ with about 10 soft rays. Air bladder simple. Pyiinic
i,u'ca numerous. Color red. Deep-sea fishes, beautifully colored. ( <*/)i',^,
Vinw/J', a Greek name of some fish, taken by (jcsner from Varinus.)
(I. .Scalc.'H ill lutcriil liiii^ 04 or <!6; 1». IV, 1(1 to 19. iiEc.kiiACTYi.rs, I'JJT.
cui. 8culcH in lutoral lino 71 tu 70; D. IV, 111 to 15. ni>le.M)E.\s, \ii>^.
1227. ItKUYX I>K('ADA(!TYIiUN, Cuvior k ValcncionnoH.
(Alfonnin a Casta Lakua.)
Head 2^ ; depth 2i. D. IV, 16-19 ; A. IV, 28-29 ; V. 1, 10 ; P. 14. ISody
oblong, considerably compressed, its height greatest at the origin of the
dorsal ; maxillary bone reaches almost to middle of orlut. Eye very lai},'e,
about 2i times iu head, its upper limb impinging upon upper prolilo of
head; distance of insertion of pectoral from snout equal to lengtli of
base of anal ; insertion of anal nearly in vertical from tenth to twtli'th
dorsal ray, its middle slightly behind last ray of ('orsal; ventral inscitcd
under axil of pectoral. Scales sharply ctenoid, with a strong middle
keel; the number in the lateral line 64 or 65, Red, with bright sticakN,
Deep seas, recorded from Portugal, Madeira, Japan, and Cuba. I'oey
mentions it as " Pez hermoso y rarisimo." (rftKo, ten ; 6aKTv7io^, fiiif,'ii'.)
(Eu.)
llfriix ihcnitwiiiliiH, Ci'ViKR yV Vai.enciksnes, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., iii, 222, 182 », Madeira or Por-
tugal ; I'oEV, SyiKijiKiH, 297; <iooi>K * Bean, Oceanic Iclitli., 17"), 18'./.
1228. BERYX SPLENDENS, Lowo.
(Au-oNsiN A Casta Cumimuda.)
Body compressed, elongate, its height equal to the length of the htad,
and .contained 3i times in the total. Pectoral and dorsal tins, which are
equal iu length, J of the entire length of the fish ; the ventral i. Doinal
and anal fins are higher tuan in B. decadaetylus; insertion of the anal is
*^.'.^Ai..,lV^'.li!-^*
.-.C^^
ira or Por-
JorUan and RTermann. — Fishts of North America. 84/*
iMidi r llio end of the duiHul. Caiulul deeply fuiki'd. SculeH lar^o, the
wliiili- Niirfacu HpiiioiiH, with short letlextMl ]>oiiitH or prickleH, ^iviti^ u
geiK'iiil I'onghiifHH to the toiicli. Luterul line neuiiy Rtraij^hi, foMowing
till) nirvature of the back, inrouMpiciioiiH, and witii 71 to 7() Hoalen, with
M iiliDve and 20 below the hiteral lino in tninHveiNe HetieH. Hh color iu
thii.H ilvHCi'ibed by Lowe: "At the nionu>nt of capture, whilHt thiH fiFtli Ih
yet aliv«i, the whole body beneath the latnal lin in of a pure, leHplon-
(luni, Hilvory white; the iiiiH alone, and nioiely th.> lid^e of the bark and
lifinl, the inside of the month, the lower jaw, and ])artH beneath the eye
heiiij; of the brightest scarlet, contraNting strongly with the pure silver
of till' whol-j sides and belly, which only after death turn iridescent rosy,
ur Ni'iiietinniH rich golden scarlet. The hind parts of the dorsal and the
vetitiiil fins are transparent ; the iris is italo scarlet. Tlnire is a watery
tninsparency about the scarlet of the back in this state jtorfectly inini-
ituMi' by art." Color paler than in />. dccdthiiijihix, but the insi<le of the
iiKMilh deep red. Known from Madeira, Japan, and the Oulf Stream,
;t4° l!i' ;W N., 74" 34' 45^' V'., in 424 fathoms. ((Joode & Ilean.) {npleH-
daix, glowing.)
hniir fjili'iiilniK, liOWK, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Loiidun, 1833, 142, Madeira; (Jhouk A Ukan, Orouiiii;
I. Iithyol., 176, 1895.
Family CXV. HOLOCENTRID^.
(The SquiUKKi.-FisHEw.)
ISody oblong or ovate, moderately compressed, covered with very strongly
ctenoid or spinous scales. Head with large muciferous cavities ; eye lat-
eral, very large; preorbital very narrow; mouth moderate, obli(ine; pre-
niaxillaries protractile; maxillary very large, with supplemental bone;
bands of vllliform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Opercular bones
and membrane bones of head generally serrated or spiuescent, along
tlxMr edges. Brauohiostegals 8. Uill membranes separate, free from isth-
mus. (Jills 4, a slit behind fourth. Pseudobranchia; present. Gill rakers
iiKKlnrate ; no barbels. Sides of head scaly. Lateral lino present. Dor-
sal lin very long, deeply divided, with about 11 strong spines depressible
ilia scaly groove; anal with 4 spines, the third longest and strongest;
veiitrals thoracic, with 1 spine and 7 rays ; caudal deeply forked, with
sharp rudimentary rays or fulcra at base. Vertebral about 27. Pyloric
Cd'ca 8 to 25. Air bladder large, sometimes connected with the organ of
h<!ii! iiig. General color red. Young with the suou* sharp and produced
(constituting the nominal genera Jlhynvliivhlhys, Hhamf)hohei-yx, ami Jihhio-
6(rj/.r, based on peculiarities of immatnre examples). Genera 4 ; species
aliowt 70, gaily-colored inhabitants of the tropical seas, abounding about
coral roefs. {Btrijddw, part, Giinther, Cat., l, 19-r)0, 18.j9.)
II. ri'co|)erclo without couHpicuous Bpine at it.s iinji^le ; air bludd ' divided by .i contractioD, tlio
anterior part extcndiug to tlio otocraue. Mvrifristis, 381.
"r. Preoperclo witli a conspicuous Kpi'io.
h. SnIwrbituI arcli HJinply serrated; ecaloH niu<lerato, 38 tu 55. Hoi.ocentri^s, 382.
III. Suborbital arch armed witli 3 longHpiues curved forward; KcaleH undcserilted.
Plectbvpoi's, 383.
1 . - hi
l|i u-^
HM
iUtiietin 4jy United States National Museum.
-. y
.-A
381. MYRIPRISTIS, Ciivi.r.
(Fu^,«K-jA<'gUKS.)
Mlirijiriilif, ni'VlRB, R<-kiiu Alilroul, Kit. '^ Vol. 11, IH'20, (jtntiliiinj.
.Vf/ri»/ir/ii/i'ii, (jil.l,, iitlli'llili'il )i|HillliiK.
(MlihUilJK, I.A.N<ll4ll<>ll»' MS., <'| MKII .V VaI.KNCIKNNRM, lllHt. Nut. I'lllhN., Ill, 17'i, IH'itI, (j>l/>..iiiMia|.
liiiinit only ; piintilliK rnruri'Mi'u.
UUmii^ihiihi-riix, (Jli.i., Troc. Ac. Nut. Sri. Plillii,, lN(i;i, 87, (;.ii.i7i.yiH«).
TluH ^tuiiiH iH <OoHt)ly rnlut«)(l to //(WMr<;H/rMM, difTuriiig oxturiially, <;|iii'ilv
in tho al)Heiu;«< of tli*^ lur(;i) Hpiiio tit tliu uiikIo of th«) pruopurclo. Tin- :iii
bliiddvr is dividiMl into two partH Ity u tnumvutHo c<»iiHtriction, tii*- iuitu-
rior pint cxtcndin^r to thuotocrunu,and tins pyloric (io'ca iins ratlm: fn\v (it),
SpucioH iinnierouH in tlio tropical scun; }j;ay-coloi'u(l inhubitantH i»f wyyfn
and rock poolH. Tho ^ronp containH two wull-nnirkod Hiibgonuru, foi out.
of which wo retain tho niannacript naniu (MichlhyH, given it by LaiigNdoif
Hoino Hcvcnty years ago. If n(» intermediate forniH exiHt, (htichthfi^ nijiy
Htand as a distiuct genus, {fivindr, myriad ; rrpiaTtij, a sawyer, here nMun-
iug saw.)
OsTicHTilVH (oartoi', liomi; ix^vf, Bull):
(I. Sfiilei very largo, about ;j-29-7; uiiiil rayn IV, KlorU. THAriivi'nM\, Ij'jii,
Myiiiprihtih:
1(11. Scaluti iiioiluritto, about 3-:)0-6.
c. Ann! niyH IV, V.i; a deop rod or Itlork linrai'n>iiH kIII o|ieiiliiK niiil liaHn of iici'torul
JAroiHN, iJi'iii.
('<'. Aiml riiyit IV, II.
r'. Ventral till |iluiii rcddUli or wliitlnli; ilorHul iiule. uocidkntai.in, I2:iI.
(/>/. Ventral fln Mack at ti|i; donial raoHtly dark. puiUiLoi>u8, 1232.
Subgenus OSTICHTHYS (LanRsdorf).
Vi'iM. NYRIPKISTIS TRACIIYPOMA, (iilnth<r.
Head 2f in length with caudal; depth about 2} ; intororbital width )< in
h >ad. B. 8 ; D. XI-I, 13 ; A. IV, 10-11 ; V. I, 7 ; P. 1.5 ; C. 4-3, 2.5 ; scjiIch
1-29-7. Ai! tue teeth villiform; the upper maxillary bono reaches Iteiiind
the middle of the eye, and is not denticulated. Operclea covered with
spines, and operculum with a rather strong spinous prominence; NcaleH
ctenoid, but the dentioulations equal ; the third anal spine much stroii<;or
and also longer than the fourth. Carmine red, darker above; sides with
about 10 alternate streaks of deep red on rose color; fins all red. ((iiin-
ther.) West Indies; rare in Cuba. A beautiful fish, closely related to
Myripriatia japonicus, the type o{ Osiichthys. (r/)o;j;(V, rough ; 7r<J^a, oper-
culum. )
Miinim$li!i tnuhypoma, OCntheh, Cat., i, 25, 1859, Cuba.
MyrioprMUfulyeiie, Poey, Moniorian, if, 160, 1860, Cuba.
Subgenus MYRIPRISTIS.
1280. MTRIPKIKTIS JACOBUS, Cuvier & Valouciounos.
(FBi!UE-jACgUK8 ; Candii,.)
Head 4; depth 3; interorbital width 4. D. X-I, 14 or 15; A. IV, 13;
scales 3-36 to 38-6. Maxillary reaching a little beyond middle of eye ;
I or dan itn<f Evermann. — Fishes of A'orth America. 847
nn(>i< li' HtriuttMl, tliu Htrii*- oiKliii^ in tiiut puiiitH iit poHtorior nd^o of npflr-
clc, :iImiv«< II vury tVuhlu Hpinu. IVcIoiuIh Nhortor tliiiii vuiitmlH ; lliirtl
mill r<iiii'tli anal upineH nearly ui|iial in lunKtli, tli» former hroa«l«r.
Ui'i'|> I'liiiiNon, paltT liulow ; a lilotKl-rfMl bar acroHH opitrolo an<l haNo of
iifrtoiiil, l>«coniing hlark in HpiritN; (inH nnl, tint vfitical tinH «t«l^e«l with
wliltlNli. Lon^tli 1 foot. Went IntlivN to Hrazil ; roninion ; a brilliantly
culiiiiil IIhIi. (./iicobmi, JanieH ; tho HpcciuH Ih uallutl Frt^rv-Jao(|uvH,
"bidtliur Jim." in Martiniqiiu.)
Miiii'ii'if jiirDliim, Ci'vii'.ii ,V Vai.km'iknnkm, IliNt. Nut. Voixn., in, KI'J, 183, Martinique;
i;i NTIIBIt, Cot., I, 10, IMftit.
Miiiiliiitiif liiihiiii', I'liRY, Mi'iiiiirliiN, II, ITi'i, iHi'iO; Havana.
UhiifiUniJ' iliiinKim, Coi'B, Pruc. Aiiier. I'hiluH. 8uc., Iiil, Ih70, St. Croix laland.
ItSl. NYKIPItlNTIS OCCIItKNTAIilH, (iill.
Head ^ in oxtremo length; depth nearly t ; eye 2^ ; Hnout 5. I). X-I,
!.'{; A. IV, 11; HcaleH 3-35 or 3t>-7 ; pectoral iiu uontainod U tiiiieH in the
toliil iiMi^th, the ventralH 7i, and the caudal 5 times. C<dor on tho upper
Imlf K'ddiHh purple, ailvery below, with many dark pointH, oNpecially
itloii^ edges of acaleH ; Ann pale, except a darker border along upinouH
tloisal. Length ti iucheu. (Gill.) I'aciiiu Coast of Mexico; common in
rock pools about Cape San Lucas. (Dccidnildlh, western.)
Miiic'jnialin occiilentaliii, tiii.i,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Hcl. Philu., 18ti.3, H7; Cape San Lucas, ((-'oil.
\iinluR.)
Hkmiiiiliobtryx /ei(cr>jiiii, (iiLL, /. v., 88, Cape San Lucas. (Cull. XaiituH.)
1282. NYItIPH18TIH PWCILOPUK (QUI).
I le.'ul 4 in extreme length; depth 3j|^; eye 2; snout 5, blunt. D. X-I,
14; scales 3-35 or 36-7. Olive green, golden green below, and cupreous
uii tliu opercle ; spinous dorsal dark green in front of each spine, but
light behind as well as above and below; black in spirits; spinous dor-
Hul margined with dark ; ventrals with a broad blackish terminal band;
base of caudal punctulate with dark spots. (Gill.) Cape Hau Lucas.
Known from the types, which are very young; probably the young of '
lloliweHtruH nuborbitaUn. {noiKihir, variegated; TToi'f, foot.)
IVMmpholiKnjr ptxcilopm, UiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pbilu., I8f>3, 87, Cape San Lucas. (Coll.
XautUB.)
382. HOLOCENTRUS ((ironow) Scopoli.
(Squikkel-fisiies.)
niilnientrnm, Artf.di, Seba, lli, about 1740, nonblDoniial, (nihmni).
Ili'lori-iitnis, Gronow, Zoo|ih>'l., <ir>, 17C3, (rodratut, nonbiiiomiiil).
;;.,/.„ ,>i//ini» ((jRONow), Scopoli, Int. Hist. Nat,, p. 449, 1777.
Ih>lu, minis, Blooh, Ichtbyol., iv, til, 17!t«), {mgo).
Uhltiuhiihthijs, CuviER & Valenciknnes, Hist. Nat. PoisK., vii, 50;{, 18:il, (pilamiiliH) (yuuiiK).
Uotweiilrum, of autburs guuerally.
H
if
m
"4
■t
:* li
I I
4
:!i
848
HuUetin 47^ United S/a/ts JV(i/$4>na/ A/nie4*m,
Hhimilt*riijr, (lil.l., PriH-. Ar, Nat. H<'1. I'llllii., IMtU, iiUT, (hruiAyrAf/MfAii*); young; waIch xahi i., |hi
'ilf, iiiny rii|irp«<'iit n ilUtlnct k«i><»*'
Itoily obloiiKi ino«l<irut)fI.v c«>nipr<mH«Ml, tlin voiitrni oiitliii*^ iiiiiriv
HtruiKlit, the luick » littlo uluvnttul, tlitt tail viiry Hluiitlur. IIi-ikI rcun-
pn'HHcd, iiari'owud forwur-.l. Opuruiiliiiii with uHtroii^ H|)iiiuiil>ov«>. ImIdw
wliicli tluMxIgo In Hliurply Henuti'd ; 11 Htr«)ii){ Hpiiiu at {\w aii^lo oi jtit'-
opuruli). Orbital riu^, prooritital, ptiMtpurclt^, iiit«!ro|u«rclu, nii)i(i|h :r|i;,
occiput, and Hliitiildui- f^irdlc witli tliuir cdguH Hliaiply Norrato. Muutli
Hinall, tcriiiiiial, the lower .jaw projecting in tii» adult; in tlit^ Mmn^r
(which ciMiHtitutu tlio HuppoHuil ^*>n«>ra lihynchivhthiiH and llhhiiiln it/r)
the Hiiout m much prodntMul. Maxillary Immd, Htriat**, with 11 nii|i|i|«'.
mental bono. Kyu exccHHivoly largo. ScalcH moderate, clonely imliii.
cated, the poHterior margin Htrongly NpinouH. Lateral line nintiniidii.t.
DorHal deeply eniarginate, the NiiinvH iiMually 11, deproHHilile in a KHinvt);
Hoft dorsal Hhort and high ; anal with 4 HpincN, the tirHt and Hecond i|iiitu
HUiall, the third very long and utrong, the fourth Huiallcr; caudal widilv
forked; both lobeM with the rudimentary rays Hpine-liUe: vciiIihIn
large, I, 7, the npine very Htrong. SpecicH nuuierouH, renuirkable I'm I ho
development of Hharp spineH almoMt everywhere on the Hurfacu ol ilit;
body. (oAof, whole; «fiT/ioi', Hpine; HpinouH all over.)
(I. l'r(>o|i))rciilur* ii|iiiin \iing, tii|HTiii|;, ucutn; third anal Ninnn vorjr loni,', ni(ir« tliuti UM
(lr|itli ut liuily.
6, Muiitli niodnratu, lower Jaw cxti'iiilinK to below (Irst ' •, to }.j ltiii);th of oyr.
c. 8<'aleHKinHll, TiO to rir> in latoral line; upiicr lolio of cauilal lonK*'r than luwi, liil-
cat)!-, Hoit (lorRal and uual cIcviittMl, iioiiiti'd at tip, tliiH cliaracter hiiIi|>< I ti>
variation. AHrENsioMs, '.SM.
ce. ficalcH moderate, about 46; depth of body 2i| in leiiKth; nieniliranu of front -pines
of dormil blat'k. giriii'Kit, ):;.i4.
ccc. 8oal('H rather larKo, -IS to 42 in lut(>ral lino; caudal lobeH nearly or ijuitu vipiul.
d. Maxillary uxtoudiii); to. below middle of eye.
e. Depth of l)ody greater than length of head.
/. Third anal spiiio V/^ in liead. sunoRDiTALis, ISX').
ff. Third anal 8pin« \\ in head. cuiiiHci m, l.'au,
<!«. I)<'|)tli of body e(|ual to Ii ii^jth of head. liltACilYi>TKiiri<, 12;i7.
eet. Depth of body Icsh than length of head; dorsal without black; i heclis
without white dotH. mahiam's, 1^;18.
dd. Maxillary cxteDding to below flrst third of eye; dorml with blark niaikiiiKH.
' VKXII.LAIIHS, \ZV).
hh. Mouth 8mall, maxillary reaching to below flrst fourth of eye; up|)er lul)e of i fiuilul
longer; cheek with a white blotch. osrri.r.-. MH^
aa. I'reopercular epine Hhort, flattish, uotclied at tip; thinl anal Hpine short, its len^ith ulioiit
J^ depth of body; soft dorsal and aual low, rounded. sanuti-I'aii.i, 1241.
1288. HOLOCENTRUH ASCEXSIOMH (Osbock).
(Matejvelo; SQUiRRKL-t'iBii; SoLUADo; Welshman.)
Head 3S; depth 3« ; eye 2js; snout H- D. XI, 15; A. Ill, 10; soiles
5-50 to 54-7; co>ca 25; vertebne 11 + 16. Month small, little obliiiiie,
maxillary scarcely reaching middle of eye. Longest dorsal spines more
* Little dependence can bo placed on this analytical key, as several species arc iniperlVitly
known and of doubtful validity.
Jon/an atuf F.vfrnmnn. — Fishes of North America.
SIO
iIpN niiI.I tu Ihi
ll.aii lialf length oDhmhI : Hot't <luiNitl |)i)iiitf<l,aN lii^li an the lioily ; tliird
itiiiil -|>iiiit voiy Ntruii);, hn loii^ ax loii^tml anal iuvn, Iji in <l««|illi ol'liody.
rppi I liiliu of cunilal innch tlin lunf(«M-. In litV rliii^lly Ini^lit t°««l, with
tliiiiiii:; lon^itMilinal NtrcakN alon^ Ww rowH of hciIch ; nomi«> N|M>i'iin«nH
Hdiiii'Nv liiit ilarktM, und tin^tMl witiiolivu uliuvis tinn li^lil mmI, tliu HpinouH
iloiMitl largely Kol<l«>n oUvm, itH «>i1^o Hcarlrt ; Iwail i(iiit« rol uliovtt; un
olilii|ii<' whito bar (lrNcen«lN hackvvanl fimn tlitti'yit; tlirHituoloiH fading in
^|)iIil^ 'I'iiiH NproifH viiiii'H nuicli in tl,( di-ptli of Itody and tlio litti^lit of
(III- liii-^. licn^tli uUont '1 futtt. WfNt IiuliuH, about roclvH and it'ttfH, rang-
ing' t'loiii Florida to 8t. Htduna ; very ronunon in Cuba; » nioNt brilliantly
ciiliiivil DhIi, often HtHin in tro|)ical nuirkotH. (Naiuu from AHCuuHiun
iHluriil.)
^T<'« M-.MoiMiiM, (NiiKi.'K, Iter Chin., HMR, 1771, Aaceniiion Uland.
\UVm\i"' /"iii'iimiiiMmh, Hi.iicii, AuhI. Kinclir, IV, 10, pi. Ulift, 171MI, Brsfil; »fti'r Jnfiuiinna of
M»iiiltlAVK.
lliiliH-iiiifii' myo, ItLocii, /, c, 01, pt, 232, 1700, Africa.
SfiiiHu nihrn, BMiril * HcMNlUDP.R, S.Vhti'iiia Ichtliynl., 82, 1W»1; iiftcr I'rmi mimmi nibrn of
t"M K1IIY.
Aiiipliil'iu'ii iiiiilijutlo, Ul.oc'H & SrilNKiiiKH, Syst. Iclitliyiil,, 2U<i, 1H()I, Cuba ; iiflcr Mntfjiii-tu of
I'AllltA.
/iiiid'niiM /,,,/imr, LActpflDK, Illst. Nut. I'oIhh., iv, 280, 18(»2, Brazil; iift<'r,/.ii/i(m(i<ii of Maik'oiiavk.
Hull amiii liiwiiiiiiiin; Ci'viKii A VAi.KM'iKNNrN, IIIhI. Niit. I'oixH., Ill, IK.'i, \H'1\>, Martinique;
San Domingo; Porto Rico ; St. Thomas ; Havana.
Iltili''',il,ii»lul;jijiilllie, (ir.NTIIEIl, Cut., I, 2H, IS.IIt.
Ili'lnr.iilntniinlliirillllhlli; .loHDAN & (ill.llKIIT, HjIIOIwiH, 4M, 1883.
.' Il''l"'i iifriin siriiilii; GitoNow, Cut. FIhIii-h, 173, lK,')4, Antilles; iiiuiii' iircocrnpiiMl.
■f li'lninilriiH ronlniliii, ijttoinivi, I. <•., 173, 1854, near the Equator; .vouhk H|i(«iiiH'ii; iiiiiclcnti-
lialilc.
Kepreseuted in the West Indies by
123»a. IIOLOCEXTRfS ASCENSIOMS Bl'FlS (Wiillniuni).
Specimens of this species from Bahia, apparently representing the true
anniisioniH, differ from Cuban examples. The latter may be regarded as a
distinct Hubspecies, for which the oldest name is that of rufim of Walbanm
(=niher = nihra=jaguar=^lotigipinni8). The Brazilian form (var. jcen-
yiiniis) has the preopercular spine not reaching past the gill opening, its
free portion 2k in eye. Pectoral short, 1^ in head, measured to end of
opercular spine ; ventrals reaching vent ; third anal spine measured from
the HCiileH, 2^ in head ; soft dorsal 1^ in head ; caudal lobe not quite equal
to lieiid. In var. rufii8 the preopercular spine reaches about to root of
pectoral, its free part IJ in eye. Third anal spine li',, in head; soft
dorsal ,V longer than head ; caudal lobe about i longer. The color and
form of body seem to be the same in both subspecies, (rufim, red.)
I'erca riifa, Walbaum, Artedi Pise, 351, 1792, Bahamas ; after Perca mariiia ruhia of Catmby.
1234. HOLOrENTRUH RICCIFER, Cope.
llt'a<l with spines 2|; depth 2^. D. XI, 13; A. IV, 9; scales 3-45-8 ; eye
2Hiiiu's in head and i interorbital width. Spinous dorsal rather short,
^•. N. A. 55
III
'iJ
M
850
Bulletin ^7, United States N'ational Museum.
elevated ; last spine very short, only connected with first soft ray w ithin
the groove. Second dorsal not elevated, first rays equal to \\ loii;;ili of
longest spines. Third anal ray not reaching basis of caudal ; seal's Itor-
dering anal fin, prolonged into grooved 1)lades; body scales stiongly
pectinate, not grooved; muzzle contracted, especially laterally, tlif mux-
illarj' reaching anterior margin of pupil ; anterior supernumerary juiixjl-
lary minute; operculum finely denticulated ; opercular spines 2, (iiual,
elo/'gate; a pair of smaller opines at summit of operculum ; one spine
directed backward at front of preorbital 1>' ne, all the lateral lioiics ser-
rate ; interorbital carina* very weak; v '^ral fins not reachiiij^ vent.
Color in spirits silvery; a brown long, .lal band between eacli two
rows of scales, to middle of sides; below this brown punctiB in the same
position; head browr. shaded; fins white, except first Uoisal, wliicl; Ih
blackish ; the membranes of first to third spines black, with white or palo
spots at base and one at margin ; chin brown. Length of type 2J inciicH.
This species differs from 11. a8censioni», of the same size, in the wider inter-
orbital space, narrower muzzle, upper pair of opercular spines, free oper-
cular serration, deeper body, color, etc. It differs in coloration fioni the
species described by Poey, Avho also does not mention any of tiif pecu-
liarities of this fish in any of them. Bahamas ; one specimen known,
(Cope.) (»tcc««, dry ; fero, to bear.)
Holocetilrnm nicciferum. Corn, Trans. Amer. Pliilos. Sue, xxx, 1806, 465, New ProviJcnce,
Bahamas.
1285. HOLOCKJfTBITS SIRORBITALIH, Oill.
(MOJARHA CaRDF.JJAL.)
Head 3 ; depth 2? ; eye 2i ; snout 4^. D. XI, 14 ; A. IV, 9 ; scales l-;]H-7.
Mouth moderate, scarcely oblique, maxillary about reaching iiiiddle of
eye. Longest dorsal spines IJ in head; soft dorsal about as iiijfji as
spinous portion, sheathed with scales at base ; third anal spinel^in liead;
first anal rays about as long as third anal spine, the others graduated to
the last, which is less than half length of first ; pectorals about as long
as third anal spine or 1^ in head ; ventrals as long as pectorals. Steel
colored, thickly sprinkled with dark dots, which become less uiiiucrous
downward; the fins are dark, thedorsallighter on the anterior hall' at the
base between the spines ; the suborbital chain is bright silvery and
immaculate. Adult specimens recently obtained at Mazatlan are described
as follows: Head '6; depth 2§. D. XI, 12; A. IV, 8; V. 1,7: scales
3-36-7, 7 on cheek. Dorsal spine If ; dorsal ray 1| ; caudal 13. : third
anal*. Pectoral I5. Maxillary slipping under preorbital. Ventral with
accesstiry scale ; dorsal in a groove. Body short and deep, conii)re,s8ed
with slender caudal peduncle, anterior profile rounded. Moutli small;
upper jaw protractile. Teeth in uniform bands on jaws, vonur, and
palatines. Maxillary moderate, slipping under very narrow preorbital,
•which, like rest of suborbital ring, is armed with close-set sharp teeth
turned backward. Preopercle, opercle, subopercle, intercperclc, pos-
temporal, armed with similar teeth. Preopercle spine nearly as long as
pupil ; 2 spines in opevcle. Steel gray, underlaid by bright, coppery red,
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 851
wliidi becomes brighter after death; everywhere niuch punctate with
bliuk. the (lots coarHo ; Hides and especially back with purple reflections.
Top and side of head coppery, a curved bright si'-very Htrea'.i from tip of
snout lielow eye and around it, ceasing opposite middle of pupil ; a ver-
tical silver streak on edge of operclo and extending out on spine; head
vtlliiw ish, upper tip reddish and lower with throat silvery ; dorsal brown,
cloiidi'd with reddish and dark ; dark brown near edge, then a series of
grayish clouds, ronudish irregular whitish spots at its base; second dor-
sal reddish, its ray pale, the first two black ; the caudal red, base pale,
the upper and lower rays dark yellowish, darkest in young, the dark
extending on peduncle above and below ; anal spines whitish, the soft
ravH birch red, the last ones pale, the first soft rays dark ; ventral reddish,
tlio spiiio and first soft ray whitish, the first ray dark red ; when the fins
are elosed it seems reddish edged with whitish or yellowish and with a
blackish line. The dark is fainter in larger specimens. Very common
in rock pools about the Gulf of California, rarely exceeding 8 inches in
length. Mazatlan to Panama ; a small species abundant in rock pools.
{nuhorhitalis, below the eye.)
}liil,„iiiiiHiii suborbUale, GiLl, Piw. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liilii., 181):!, «Ci, Cape San Lucas. (Coll.
.\:iutiis.)
V ProviJence,
1286. HOLOCENTiUS (ORISCITS, Popy.
Head 2} (3^) ; depth 2.1 (3J). D. XI, 14 ; A. IV, 9 ; scales 3-42-8. Eye
very large, 2i in head ; snout very short, 2 in eye. IJody shaped as in H,
suhiirhittilin, a Pacific Coast species, to which it is nearly related. Mouth
small, maxillary reaching past anterior margin of pupil, 3 in head.
\Vi<ltli of interorbital space not as long as maxillary, 3k in head ; bones of
top of head marked as in Jloloceiitrun suborbitalh, except that a few of the
upper occipital ridges are serrated. Spines on preopercle, opercle, inter-
opercle, preorbital and suborbital, as in the western species ; spines on
8ul)()percle a few more ; scales on body as in (iscensionis or mthorbitalifi ;
nuchal scale as large as in the latter ; five rows of scales on cheek, none
on opercle. Spinous dorsal moderately high ; first spine 3 in head ; third
spine longest, 2i in head ; soft dorsal higher th n spines; not falcate, as
in asa-nsionin; longest ray 1^ in head; third anal spine longest, almost 2
in head; longest ray 1| in head, not falcate; pectorals 1? in head; ven-
trals 1^ ; its outer rays not produced, about f, diameter of eye fronk vent ;
upper caudal lobe apparently not much produced, 1;^ in head. Color in
npirits pale silvery, edges of scales showing bright steel-blue reflections !
a leiUiish shade above lateral line; bands of dots following rows of
Hcales. those below lateral line widest and most diff"u8ed ; no markings on
head with the exception of dots ; spinous dorsal dusky ; a large )»lack
spot between first and third spine ; membrane between bands of posterior
spines with dusky spots ; a row of whitish angular spots on the anterior
part of membrane between each two spines, those between the third and
sixth spines longest, the two .'interior well developed below the large
black spot ; other fins pale ; upper angle of pectoral with a group of dots ;
black blotches between first and second and second and third spines.
fr;
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
West Indies, known from Cuba and the Bahamas; verj" cIk-i' to
Holocentrua suhorhitaUn. (cornscua, sparkling.)
Uoloceiilmm contscinii, Poey, Momurias, ii, 158, 18U0, Cuba; JoiiuAN <Sc Bollman, Vinr \- ,s
Nat. Huh., 1888, 650.
12S7. HOLOCENTRrS BRACHTPTEBUS, Poiy.
Head 3i in total length with caudal ; depth 3^ ; eye 3 ; snout 4. 1>, XI
13; A. IV, 8; scales 40. Mouth moderate, maxillary reaching middle of
eye. Soft dorsal and anal not pointed; caudal lohes equal. Ciuinine:
longitudinal rosy streaks along rows of scales ; a pale hand alon<r hihikmih
dorsal; no Avhite band on cheek. (Poey.) Cuba; a doubtful species, pei-
haps the same as //. rexUlariua. {3imxic, short ; nnfiuv, fin.)
Ilolucentrm brachyplerus, PoEY, Ucpertorio, 184, 18GC, Cuba.
1238. HOLOCEN'TBUS XABIAXUS, Ouvier &. Valunrioimeg.
(Marian.)
Head 3 in total length with caudal; depth 3|. D. XI, 13; A. IV. s.
Body rather deep ; snout long, mouth large, maxillary reaching midillc of
eye ; opercularspines 2, short and subequal. Soft dorsal reaching s Iciigth
of caudal peduncle ; third anal spine very strong, its length I dejitli of
body, longer than first soft n \ Caudal lobes equal. Pyloric cmcm h to
10. Bright red, the spinous dorsal with two rows of white spots ; dtlici
fins carmine; no white blotch on cheeks. (Poey.) (Marian, a uefivowonl
meaning tough and lean — a fish of much bone and little flesh.)
Ilolorentinm mnrianum* CiiviER & Valenciennes, Ilint. Nat. Poisg., in, 219, 1820, Martinique.
HolocetUrum rostratum, Poey, Memorias, ii, 157, 1860, Cuba; namo preoccupied.
1280. HOLOCENTBUS YEXILLABRS, Poey.
Head 3^ in total length with caudal ; depth 3^ ; eye 2J. D. XI. 1!! : A.
IV, 8; snout short; maxillary reaching first third of eye. Caudal loUes
equal, vertical fins not very high ; third anal spine f depth of liody.
Metallic white, flushed with red-brown streaks along the ed<j;(s of
scales; dorsal whitish, with large dark-red spots; spinous dorsal with a
black vertical bar behind each ray, not reaching its base; soft doisal,
anal, and caudal with dark-red border. (Poey.) Cuba ; not seen liv us.
(vcxillarhia, pertaining to a banner; from the'marks on the dorsal tin.)
Holocenlnim ve-riUariiiiii, PoEV, Monioriafl, li, 158, 18G0, Cuba.
Ho/ofeM<n(mj)ro(fiif(»Hi,t Poey, Synopsis, :iOO, 1868; described from spccimon 3 iinlicN long; .mutij;,
as shown by the iirotrudinp; snout.
lIMocentmm ripariniii,^ PoBY, Enumcratio, .37, 1875, Cuba.
* Ilolncenlnis mariuniis, CuviER & Valenciennes:
D. XI, 12 ; A. IV, 9. Tliird anal spine cxcoodingly long. Color silvery red, withi. Km-ltu-
flinal streaks. No Mack spot on thndoreal, nor dark pointe on the scales. Lower jaw i !• ■ tint;.
Operclo with two flat points. Martinique. — Cuvier it- Vali-nvieiinen.
+ Head 3J in total; depth the same ; eye .3, lialf longer than snout. D. XI-15: .\. IV, 10;
snout projecting; maxillary reaching front of pupil. Upper spine of opercle with a Mack
jwint or perforation at base. Dorsal l(;w, its highest spine half depth of hodv ; tliii'i aim!
apine strong. Kosy ; belly silvery ; series of scales scarcely marked by streaks ; tins n-cl ; lii^t
two and last two interspaces between spines dusky. Matauzas. — Poey.
X Holocetilrnm riparhwi is based on small specimens fimnd in shallow water along tlic i" t- iinil
is said to differ from verillariuf in having the first three spines only with black interspace. It
J8 possibly a distinct species, but needs verificatiou.
■WW*
"'
', Martinique.
<'s loiip;.vi'nnt.',
Jordan and F.vertnann. — Fishes of North America.
853
1S40. HOLOCENTUI'H OMCITIil'S, i'ui y.
U. XI, 15; A. IV, 10. Mouth omall, the maxillary reaching lirst fourth
of ovf. Scales deeply furrowed. Upper lobo of caudal longer. Red ; a
(lirt'iiNK white blotch on side of belly and one on cheek. First thrtse anal
Hpiiit'H whitish. Cuba. (Poey); not seen by us. (oscm^ns, sniall-niouthed.)
;/„/,„. r'/iiH iiHruhim, I'oEY, Mptiioriiin, ii, ISti, W,n, Cuba.
Ilvi.i„::iim pcrliitiim, I'oEV, /. c., ISV, Cuba ; foiimlo KiM-ciiiicn with ii wbito blotch hobnid tip of
euili (lunial gpiue ; wuutiug iii typo uf mculiim, which was u i»alu.
1241. HOLOCEXTKU!^ SANCTI PAriJ, Odnthcr.
HoadS; depth 2i; eye 4; snout 4; iuterorbital width 5 in head, includ-
iiif,' oiiercular ilap. D. XI, 15; A. IV, 10; scales 48-3^. Maxillary not
rcacliiiig to vertical from center of eye. Operculum with a strong and
tliick triangular spine, and with denticulations beneath ; preopercular
spiiio broad, flattened, and cleft, or bifurcate at its extremity ; its length
3i tiiiit's in that of posterior edge of preoperculum ; ihird and fourth dor-
c'll .sj)ines longest, a little less than half length of head ; soft dorsiil
ratliLM' elevated, more than half height of body; caudal deeply forked,
ni»iioi' lobe much longer than lower; third anal spine very strong, 3 in
ln'iulit of body. Ventral fins about f length of head, terminating at a
great distance from the anus; pectoral shorter than the ventrals. Uni-
foi'tii K'd. Length 16 inches. St. Paul Rocks, mid-Atlantic.
IIvl>«i iitmm mncti-pauU, Gt'NTiiKit, Shore Fislien, 4, 1880, St. Paul Rocks.
383. PLECTRYPOPS, Gill.
Pleclriipops, Gil,!,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Phila., 1802, 237, (cctronpiHi.i).
Tiiis genus differs from HolocentruH chiefly in having the preopcT-cle
armed with three strong teeth curved forward. The preopercular s;)iiif-
is moderate, and the third anal spine not greatly developed. One species.
(z'/.i/KTijov, spur; inb, below ; utp, eye.)
1242. PLECTR¥P*'^S RETROSPIXIS (G^iichenot).
Iload 2f in total length ; depth 2i D. XII, 14 ; A. Ill (?) or IV, 11. The
infraorbital arch is armed beneath with three long spines, curved and
directed forward ; the spines of the preorbital and of the posterior part
of the infraorbital arch with smaller spinous teeth. Hoth limbs of the
preoperculum denticulated, with a rather strong flat spine; oi»erculum
and snboperculum armed with spinous teeth, the former with two long
spines, the lower of which is the stronger. Spines of the tins rather
slender; the soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins rounded, and as
high as the spinous. Caudal forked; scales deeply serrated. Uniform
red. Cuba. (Guichenot); rare. (j'e</'o, backward ; »i>JHfl, spine; but the
spines are directed forward.)
Hol,,,nilnimrelra!<pini», Guicm NOT, in Bamon de !a Sagra, Hist. Cuba, :i'i, pi. 1, fig. 3,1850,
Cuba.
Jfo/' .,)i/n(»i/iro»|)iiio/(Hm, PoEv, Memorias, n, 343, 1861 ; after Guichenot. Siibstitiitc tuv retro-
•■•IHiiis, aa the spines turn forward and not backward ; GI'ntiier, Cat., i, 49, 1859.
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Fuiuily CXVI. POLYMIXIID^E.
(TiiK Bauiiudos.)
Body rather elongated and compresBed; scales not serrated; lalrral
lino continuous with back; head compressed, and with a dccurvi'd jno-
file; preoperculuni serrated; mouth with a lateral and nearly horizontal
cleft; teeth villiform, on both jaws and on palate; branchiostegal aper-
tures large, the gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus ; braiichi-
ostegals 4 ; dorsal moderately elongated, with several' spines, incrcasinir
backward; anal opposite the posterior portion of dorsal, armed with ;{
or •! spines ; pectorals with branched rays ; ventral fins thoracic. ( ;uli
with a spine and 6 or 7 rays. Vertebrje in increased number (2!)). Tiio
family is distinguished by the combination of chin barbels, inoicasod
number of rays, and small number of branchiostegals. Its atfinities are
doubtful, but on the whole seem to be rather with the JUulUdw. ((iill.)
The increased number of ventral rays and the structure of the fliiN wem
to point to Berycoid rather than Percoid affinities. For this reason we
leave the I'olymixi'uhv near the BerychUi', and place the MuUifhv next to it.
A single genus, with 1 to 3 species, inhabiting rather deep waters
in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific. {Beryddw, genus Pulymixiu, (iiin-
ther. Cat., i, 17, 1859.)
384. POLYMIXIA, Lowe.
(Bahbudo. ,
Pohimixia, Lowe, Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc, 18.38, 198, (no?.iVis).
Naiiohrama, Vai.enciknnes, Ilerliur-Webb & ncrthclot, Ich. Ilos Canar., 40, 1844, {wrhhii).
Diiieiiiun, PoEV, Mt^morias, ii, ItM), 18(')0, {veim^iis).
Characters of the genus included above. (Tro/.if, many; fii^it;, mixinf,';
a mixture of the characters of many groups.)
1243. POLTMIXIA LOWEI, Giluther.
Head 3f ; depth 3|; eye 3-. D. V, 30; A. Ill, 16; scales 30. Anterior
profile slightly convex, but descending rapidly from eye to snout ; jios-
terior profile gradually descending to the caudal fin ; lower profile nearly
straight between snout and anal fin. Snout short, obtuse, lower Jaw
overlapped by the upper. Interorbital width 4 in head, covered witli
scales to near the anterior margin of the eyes. Cleft of month wide,
maxillary reaching to behind eye, ending in a broad plate with a convex
posterior edge and a concave superior and inferior one. Lower jaw with
a slight prominence in front. Eye placed high; suborbital less (lian
diameter of eye. Opercles without spines ; these and the subopercles
densely scaled. Origin of dorsal midway between snout and base of
caudal, the fifth spine iibout half as long as the first ray, which is the
longest; the following rays become shorter and shorter to the seven-
teenth, the remaining ones being short and nearly equal in length. Cau-
dal fin deeply forked, with pointed and equal lobes; anal fin similar to
the dorsal in shape, but shorter and lower ; the third spine about ^ of
'wm^'^mf^
Jordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North America.
855
tl.<> tliHt rny, which o<iualB tho fifth doraal ray. Pectontla short and
pointcil, reaching beyond origin of dorsal ; vontrals very short. Teeth
in 111 i>:i(l, velvet-like bands. (Ciliinther.) Uniform greenish above, sides
fjoideii Nhining. Caribbean Sea, In deej) water; occasionally taken in
Ciili.'i. (Named for Rev. Richard Thomas Lowe, British chaplain in
Matl<'ii:i, an accomplished and careful ichthyologist, author of the Fishes
of Miidi'ira.)
Pnliimn,! hni-ei* (iCNTHEu, Cut., I, 17, 1859, Caribbean Sea.
hiiifiiui!- ivitiiMut, PoEY, MuiiioriaH, ii, 160, 1860, Cuba.
Family CXVII. MULLIDJE.
(TiiK Surmullets.)
hotly elongate, slightly compressed, covered with large scales which are
iisiiiilly Hlightly ctenoid; lateral line continuous, the pores often branched;
lar<;($ Kcules on the head ; upper profile of the head more or less parabolic.
Moiitli small, low, subtermiual ; teeth mostly small, variously placed;
no canines, incisors, nor molars. Premaxiliaries somewhat protractile;
niaxilliirics thin, nearly as broad at base as at tip, without supplemental
bone, partly hidden by the broad preorbital. Preopercle entire or
slightly serrate ; operclo unarmed, or with a single spine. Eye moderate,
placed high; branchiostegals 4; pseudobrauchisu present; 2 long
iiiibranched barbels at the throat, attached just behind the symphysis of
tbo lower Jaw. Dorsal fins 2, remote from each other, both short, the
first of (5 to 8 rather high spines, which are depressible in a groove;
anal sliurt, similar to tho soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small spines; ventrals
thoracic, I, 5. Air bladder usually present, simple. Vertebne 9-14=:
23 ; stomach siphoual ; pyloric ca^ca about 20. Species about 40, refera-
ble to 5 closely related genera, found in all tropical seas, some species
straying northward. Many of the species are highly valued as food,
especially the European Midlus harbatm and MuUits surmalctun. The
family is a very natural one and not closely related to any other. It
bears some superficial likeness to the Sckmidw and the Cheilodipttridd, but
this may not show real affinity. The singular barbels appear also in
the I'olymixUdw, but in that family the ventral rays are numerous, as in
lirrycidiv. The small number (4) of the branchiostegals is found both in
Miillidw and rolymixiidw. As the singular hyoid barbels are not likely to
have been developed independently in two unrelated groups, we place
the MnlHd(v. and PolymixUdiv together. As the latter group seems to have
Heiycoid affinities, we leave the Mullidw with the Berycoidei, although
they siiow no resemblance to the Berycoids, other than the characters
shared with the Polymixiida: {MulUda, Guuther, Cat., i, 397-411, 1859.)
'I. Teeth on lower jaw, voiuur, ami palatines; iipper jaw toothless; the bono which forma a
downward huok over uiaxillary strongly developed; interorbital space tiat and wide;
oporcle without spino. Muu.us, 38,'j
*'riii8 species has been recently identified by Gtinther with the rare but almost cosmopolitan
I'ohinii.nu nobilix, Lowe. The latter has D. V, 37 or ;J8, a difference beyond the ordinary range
of variation. We therefore retain the American species, I'olijmUia lowci, as provisionally dis-
tiuct, altbuiigh Dr. GUnther claims to have a complete series of connecting forms.
lif
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum,
aa. Tuctli on boOi Jawa; vomer ami i>ulutiiicH toothli-HH; tli« bono which foriiiN u (lo',\nuiir>l
hook over tlio iiiaxlllAry niodurutoly ilovclopod; intororbltal 8|)acu rather ii.iiiuw
operclu oiidiiig in u siiiglo Hi>iiui.
t>. Ti^uth fimull,.Hiibuqual, in villiforni bandH in both Jawn. MlM.Miiiii .. ::ni;.
Ui. Ti'oth rutliiT strong, uiiiM)iiii1, in onn or two serieH in ciich Jaw. I'i'KM i >, ;ih7.
385. MULLUS, Linnii'us.
(SUHMULKKTH.)
MiiVuK, LiNN;F.tm, Systoma Naturir, Kd. x, 1758, 2',t'.), (Iinrhnliiit).
Villiform teeth in the lower jaw and on the vomer and palatincH : ikuic
in the upper jaw ; the hone forming a hook over the maxillary well (h vcl-
oped; opercle without spines; interorbital space flat and wide. <)tht>i-
wisoas in XJpencuH, the head rather shorter. One species known. (Latin,
MullitH, ul>/.?^<)c, the ancient name of Miillus harbaluH, from //i/^/.oi, lip;
hence " mullet," a fiah with thick lips.)
1244. MULLUS AURATUS, Jordan & Gilbert.
Head 3? ; depth 3* to 4 ; eye 3| ; oblique length of snout 2?. D. Vll-I,
8; A. II, G ; scales abotit 40. Form essentially as in the European Mullnn
harhatus, the profile a little less steep, the interorbital space a iiitJL'
broader, the maxillary extending exactly to opposite front of eye, its
length 2J in head. Interorbital width 3i in head; barbels IJ. Tectii in
lower jaw small; on upper jaw obsolete; on vomer and palatines coanso
and grauular, forming large patches. Gill rakers slender, a little shorter
than pupil. Dorsal spines slender, compressed, the longest about Vl in
head (1| to IJ in MuUua harbatm) ; height of soft dorsal half head ; cau-
dal as long as head. Pectoral If in head; ventrals 1^. Scales mostly
lost, so that the number in the lateral line can not be counted. Color
scarlet, becoming crimson where the scales are removed; snout scailet ;
side with two distinct longitudinal yellow stripes. Caudal scarlet, tirst
dorsal with an orange band at base and a yellow baud higher up: the
rest of the fin pale; no black on dorsal fin. Second dorsal mottled .scai let
and pale; anal and ventrals plain, pectoral reddish; iris violet, dnsliy
above; sides of head with silvery luster. Length 8 inches. Eastiin
coast of North America ; Cape Cod to Pensacola, occasionally take:! in
some numbers at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and found among tlio spi'w-
iugs of snappers and groupers off the Florida Snapper Banks. A^ery tlosc
to the European MuUuh harhutiiH, and especially to unrmuMua, diflferinj; in
the rather lower fins, the black band on the dorsal replaced by yellow.
(auralKH, gilded.)
Miilhi^hdihitiin aindlim, .lORPAN & GILBERT, Proc. V. >S. Nat. Mns., 1S82, 280, Pensacola: iTyjo,
No. ;?()828. Coll. .Jordan); Jordan .V Gilbert, Synopsis, !):il, IKS.'?.
Mullus aimUim, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 39; Hall & McCauohan, Proc. Ao. Nat.
Sci. Pbila., 1885, 161.
JiirUan and J'h'ermann. — Fishes of North America. 857
386. MULLOIDES, lilu»kei.
^f^'^^'^mm
I v
Mull'-''-, lU.r.r.KT.n, Ccriini., 11, r.(»7, iH'i.'i, (jlaniliiinilm).
TliisH<'UUH (lifters from Upcneim only in the dentition, the teeth in both
jawH being in narrow villiforni ItandH, none on vonior or i>iihitine8.
Sptcii's nnnierous, chiefly of tho.Paciiic Ocean. {MuUuh; d(hi<;, resem-
lliillU''.)
124r>. Mri.LOII>KK KATIIHI'M (Kvormiinii .t Jonkiim).
Head :>i ; depth 4 ; eye large, 2S in head, or 1 \ in snout. D. VIII-I, 8 ;
A. i.ti: Hcah'H 2^— ll-fi. liody slender. Dorsal outline well arched ; pro-
lili« tiom snout to origin of first dorsal regularly curved, exceptahove the
eyes, wliero it is very slightly ilattened ; from first dorsal to posterior end
of second dorsal gently convex, and from there to the caudal slightly
coiHMvt! ; ventral outline nearly straight to camlal fin ; head triangular ;
Hiioiit lihmt-pointed; least depth of caudal peduncle 2| in head, and its
leiij;tli 1} in the same ; nututli sliglitly oblique ; the maxillary, which is
3i in lioiul, greatly broadened behind, almost reaching anterior margin of
orliit ; preorbital deep and broad, its depth 3i in head ; lower jaw slightly
iiicliided ; barbels moderate, scarcely reacliing posterior edge of opercles;
pieoiM rclo very weakly serrate. First dorsal spine minute, the second,
lliinl. and fourth subequal, liin head, the others decreasing gradually, the
eiirlith being contained less than 3 times in head; longest soft dorsal ray
2! in liead ; anal spine evident ; longest anal rays 2'k in head ; pectorals
1! ill licad, reaching posterior edge of spinous dorsal; ventrals equaling
pectorals. Scales largo, ctenoid ; head well scaled, 3 scales upon the max-
illary bono, a row of 6 upon cheek, and an odd one on its lower margin ;
])ie()i)oi(loand opercle with about 2 rows each ; preorbital without scales,
lint Knij^liened by a very evident set of irregularly radiating lines ; the
liiiiiiclies of the pores in scales of lateral line largo and numerous, as many
as 11! being counted in some scales. Teeth villiforni, in a band broadest in
front and narrowing backward, (iill rakers slender, the longest 3i in
maxillary, about 16 below angle. Peritoneum black. Length about 8
inilies. Known only from (jruaymas, Gulf of (California. (Named for Mr.
Hicliaid Rathbun, Chief of the Division of Incjuiry respecting Food
FiKlies, United States Fish Commission.)
(■/..ii/Hs ,alhhnui, KvEUMAN.v A .Tk.nkixs, I'roc. C. S. Nut. Mus., 1891, 158, \\\. 2, fip. 4, Bay of
Guaymas. (Type, No. 4o241, Coll. EvurmaDU & Joukins.)
til
387. UPENEUS, Cnvier.
(GOATKISIIES.)
I'jivn, IIS* CuviEn, ROgno Animal, Kd. 2, Vul. '1, l.l", IS'iil, (rillnliis; rtissellii; /n/iiwrn/iiv; /n/<wcin/»«) ;
(iv^trirtetl by Blookt'r to hiJ'ascUiliis).
'Tlic name Upeneit' wan first rc'Strict(Ml by lUoekor to tin' ppocies wliicli, liko hi/nscialiiii, liavo
tliMiith in liotli jaws coiiio uikI uiiisprial; those witli teeth on jaws, viiniiT, and palatines also
bcin^ I ailed Cpeiieoiilen. Itut as Vitewniiles riltatiis is the first species inuntioned under Vpenetu
by I'nvicr, Uleeker afterwards transferreil tlio name I'pniem to this group, giving the now
iiiiini' I'arupiiieiiii to Vpi'iiem hijasiiniiiK. In our judgment the first restriction should hold, and
the naiii" fj)eHeii« should go with Upettetts bifasciiUiw.
HU
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858 JiulUtin ^7, United Slates National Afiiseutn.
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/ffZ/it'iKim, AiiAMHi/., N'oiii, /.iiiil,, liiili'X lIiiiv*>rNnllit, tIMl, 184<i, (niiii<riiloil (irlliiiKnt|ili.v).
/WHidi/irii'im, III.KKKKll, I'uIhh. Cull' ili< (iiiiiifi', M), |H*i'.', ( yini/zt-iMia) ; (Imitli biNorilll iiliovr, iiiij < mil
Ipi'Iiiw).
/'iini/iriiciii, lli.KRKKll, NotU'O MUr li> I'tiniiinuiii 'ii/rKcmdi/i, ilii I'lloili- lu Itt'Ulllon, :i4ri, iHCiV, {l.if.ii,.
ii(i/ii«l; (It'i'lh iiiiini'i'iitl, roiiir, in IidIIi Jiiwh)
.Vii///////ii'iiriiii, l*iiK.v, SyiioiwiH, :ili7, iKt'iK, {mwiiliiliiH); liii'tli piirtly MhitIuI aliuvo, uiiiiMiriiil IxLav,
Jlrmhiimiilliii, iU.f.f.Kf.u, Arfliiv. Nocrl., xi, IIXl, 187.\ [tiiruHiiihiH).
no«ly oblong, (M>inpi'««HBU(I ; month inodomto, iicurly Iiori/oiitiil, low, llm
JiiwH NiiluM|ual; oyo lur^o, lii^h, ]M)Hti«i'ior ; op(>r*;lo Hhort, iUiv\t, wiili a
)>(>bt(M'i(»r H])iiu^ ; lioth Juwh with riitlior Htroii^ iiiiuqiiul tooth, in t)iii' or
two HiM'ioH ill ouch .jaw; no tooth on voiiior or )iiihitinoH; lipH woU disci-
opoil; tlio bono wliioh forum a hook ovor tlio inaxiUary Ionh dovolopHl
than iiiJ/H//«M; intoroibital Hpaoo concave ami narrow; oporvlu oniliii^
in ono Npino ; baibolu iioarly hh lon^ oh hoatl ; Koahm voiy hirj^o, Nimifwliat
otonoid ; hitoral lino oontiniioiiH, itH tnboM raniifyin); on oaoli Noalo ; head
oovoiod with larjjo Hcah's; liiHt doiHal with about 7 npiiioH ; anal witli'j,
tho iirHt very Hhort ; ouiitlal tin torkoil. SpooioH niiinorouH in tlio trupical
HeaH. (All old nanio of hoiiio fmh ; fi-oni Ini/vii, nppor lip.)
(I. Teeth In Imtli Jiiwh uniHerijtl (or irri'Kiiliii'ly liJHeriiil nhnve); ivll tlie teetli coiirKeiiiiclilJslini t.
/>. Kye I ill lieail; luirhelH ]■,, in lieml. SiiileH III; ileplli I In lenjitli; Niiles witli :i Murk
llldtclles. MACI LMIH, I'JIl'.,
iiii. Teeth of npper jiiw iiniHeriiil, of lower lilHeriiil; teeth rather ntronp;.
<-. Kye moderate, '.\\ in head; xealeH ;t7; ilepth 4; ii liroail reil hand from eye to niiiijal.
DKNTATIH, IJI7.
(i<i(i. Tooth of lioth jawH Mcorial, at l<>ant in front.
•I. Scales moderate, iilioiit •10. Teeth all olitnmdy ronio, dlHtlnetfrom oarh oilier; leclh ..n
<ipper jiiw turned inwiird; color red, with a bright yellow lateral Hlreiik.
('. Diirsali! and caiidiil with dark croHH liandH. I'Aitvrs, I.Ms.
le. Doi-KalH and caudal jilain yellow.
/. Kyo ;i' J in head in adult, ^}, in Hiioiit; head .1)/, in longth. MAUTiNtii s, I'JlO.
.;/. hlye :tg in head in adult, l'-;| in Hiiout; head .'I'-'., in lenntli.
XANT1I0UI(AMI\H S, iL'.'iO.
till. Scales larKc, about M'2; outer series of teelli of upper jaw fonned by very obtuse ti.-tli
which are partly conlluent; <'ye ■! in head; a pearly siiot on each scale; each siilenf
body with 2 black blotches; dorsal spotted. (jUANDIfivl'AMis, IJSl,
124«. i;PKNKi;S MACriiATl'S (Bloch).
(Red (iOatfisii; Sai.monrte.)
Head 3i; depth 4; oye t. D. VII or VIII-I, 8; A. II, fi; scales .% or
31, tho lateral liuo high up, following curvo of back. Body oblong, mod-
erately compreHsed, tapering backward from occiput; ventral outline
nearly straight. Snout long and rather sharp; mouth terminal, Miiall,
maxillary not reaching orbit, 23^ in head ; eye situated backward and liigli
up. Teeth on under jaw imiserial, on upper jaw uiiiserial or occasionally
irregularly bisorial, with the outer teeth turned outward; all the teeth
coarse and distinct. Barbels extending to vertical of prooperclo and
extremity of opercular spine. Color red, the color deepening after death or
with the removal of the scales; sides of head with bluish longitiulinal
lines; 3 black blotches along lateral line; each scale with a blue spot at
base. In spirits, steel blue above, descending on the sides in 3 blotches —
1 above poiat of opercular spine (sometimes extending on opercle), 1 under
iii.iii!ll!iP9
/<>ri/itn atuf /''.irrmann. — Fisfies of North Ami-riitt.
m\>
uacli iloi'Hiil (In; iiiitloi' piirtH of body piilu. WnHt liiilit'N timl Itra/il, Koy
Wohi lo Kio Jaiittii'o; gunurully cuiiiiiioii. A fuod-liHli of boiiiu vuIiio, prot-
tily oiloMul. (mui'iiloluH, Hpottcd.)
Miilliti I'l'it III. ilim, lii.cii'ii, li'lilliyiiliiK'iii, :i'IH, I7UII, Brazil.
(V/ifip"" »"!' "'"'"". '''viKii A Vai.knciknnkh, llJHi. Niil. I'iiInm., Ill, ITm, IH'Jii; I'oc.v, Mi'iiioriuN,
I, ::ji, iH.'il; (irMiiKii, <'iit., I, 40H, lH6'.); .Iohiian .V Oii.iicHT, Hyiiii|wlM, (ViiTi, Ikh:i.
Vulllini" iieim iimniliiliiii, ToKV, Syii(i|wlH, ;MI7, IHO*.
Ipnini- liimdatu$, CuviKtt it Valenciknnkh, IIIhI. Nat. I'oIhm., hi, 'IWi, |H'21t, Martinique.
I«47. rPKNKrN ItKNTATI'M, (]ill.
Iload <'<A ; depth 4; «yn iii«Hlurut«, M/t in h4;a*l in adult ; Hnoiit2j. I).
VII-I,H; A. Il,<>; HcalcH U-ltT-'i. Teeth of npporjaw uniHoiial, of hiwttr
liiscriiil ; teoth intliur Hniall, weaker than in f'/K'nins t/randimiiitimiM- hai-
ho\n i'\ii^\uViini nearly to vertical of ))r««opurclu, »Scal«iH very decidnoiiH;
Hecoiid doi'Hal spine i'i in head. Color duHky above, HideH bright rimy,
witli Itroad red band extending from eye to caudal and HiitliiNing <-audal.
Lt^ii>{lii 1 foot. I'aci fit; CoaHt of Mexico ; rare. Known from Cape Kan
LiiciiH, La Pa/, and TrcH Marian iHlands. (iltntittim, toothed.)
i)u Hill' ill niiiiim, Gii.i,, I'roi-. At'. Nut. Ht:i. I'lilla., U'Ml, 18(12, Cape San Li'cab; ynunn- (Typf,
Nn. .lfi!l!». Coll. XitiittiH.) .FdiiMAN & (Jii.iiKiiT, rriic. IJ. S. Nlll. MuH., IHH'^ 'iti:! ; IIai.i. A
M(('AiuiiAN, /. c, 164, 188.'i ; Eveiimann .i .Iknkins, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mub., IHIil, UiT.
124S. ITPENErs 1>AKVI;N, I'o.y.
D. VII-I, 8; A. II, 0; HcalcH 2J— 10-6. Snout Hliort and decurved; max-
illary reaching front of eye ; barbels roachiug angle of preopcrcle, on
jaws only. Teeth conical, very Hinall, on anterior part of jawH in two
Hi;rit>H; lateral teeth in a Hingle Hcries ; all the teeth ol)tuHely conic and
(IJHtinct from each other. Vermilion above, fading into white below; a
yellow longitudinal band along the Hide, with similar narrower HtreakH
below; ventrals and anal yellow; other fuiH whitiuh, with duHky croHS
bandv, 3 on first dorsal, 2 on second, and o on each caudal lobe. (Poey.)
Cnliii. Known only from Poey's description. {j>arvu>i, small.)
I'lHMiis punw, I'oEY, MriiioriiiH, i, 22C, 1851, Cuba.
1249. I'PKNKIIS MARTINICrS, CuviorA ValcnciennoR.
(Ykm.ow Uoatfisii ; Sai.monetr A.mahii.i,a.)
Head 3i; depth 4: eye 3j^ to 3^, large. D. VIII-I, 8; A. II, 6; scales
2i-li7 to 39-7. Body moderately elongate ; anterior profile gibbous before
tilt? eyes. Interorbital space flat, 3.;; in head. Teeth on anterior part of
jaws in two irregular series ; lateral teeth in a single series ; all the teeth
obtiistily conic, and distinct from each other; teeth on upper jaw turned
inward; no teeth on vomer. Barl)el8 reaching to vertical of preopercle,
U in head. Longest dorsal spine 1^ in head ; anal small. Color pale red,
deepening after death; sides with a broad longitutlinal band of bright
yellow; snout with yellow streaks ; vertical fins and patches t)n sides of
heatl l)right yellow. Length 1 foot. West Indies, north to Key West;
generally common; a handsome fish, valued as food.
Ill
Sit i)
"'I ■"
i
m
wpf
1M
M
800
Jiuiletin 4jy UniteU Statts NiUional Afuseum,
L'ptHmi$ miirlimni; ('I'ViKit ft VAl.KNciRNS^fi, llUt. Nat, INiliM., Ill, -IKt, \^2\\ Martink|ue;
jdiiiiK ; Ham. A MiCai'oiian, /. <•., Vii, iHMft.
Vprtiiiiit hiiliiiiiiin, CrviK.it >V VAi.»:NriKNNKH, llixt, Nat. I'oIhii., hi, 4H4, tM'J!), Cuba; yniiiiK.
riinieiiHjIariiriiliititK, ViiY.M, Mi'iniiriiui, I, 'J'i I, Ix.M, Cuba ; iidiilt.
BMhiiUtjUuovUMiu, (iCNTiiKii, (Int., i, im, Wt'i.
1260. I'PKNKCN XANTHOORAMNrM, nillmrt.
Head Hi! ; doptli 4 to li; oye U in Hnont, 8[; in hoa<l, in Hpooinions 10^
iiH;b«>H long, (11 in snout, lU i'> l>«ii«l, in tiuirtinlvus of tlio Miinio HJzc.t 1).
VII-I, K; A. II, 0. I'oioH in latoml lino HH, not coiintiii){ two on Ihim' of
cundal. Two and one-liulf rowH of HcaluH hutwciMi latotal line »n<i liatte
of HpinouH doi'Hal. Fifteen dovtsloped gill rakuiH on horizontal liinlt of
oiitur arch, with 5 Hniallor rnilinientH. Spinoim dorsal not high, 1*-ns ilian
depth of hody, li to i;i in head. Peiitorals |»ointed, Hcarcely reacliiii;,' tijiH
of ventralH, 11 in head. VcntralH reaching halfway to front of imal.
Caudal very deeply forked, the lobcH nharp, the upper the longer, ciinal-
iug the length of head. liarhelH reaching vertical from proopnclr.
Teeth in a narrow liand anteriorly in each Jaw, and in a Hiiigio scrii'M
laterally. Maxillary very wide poHteriorly, projecting well beyond tlio
border of the jueorbital, its width 'i orbit. Red, with a broad yellow
Htreak along sideH. La Paz, Lower California. Very cIohc to I'pnuuH
martinlcuHy the head smaller, the eye much smaller. (^nvBU^, yellow;
ypnfi/ii/, line.)
Vjieiuuii xaiiOioymmmng, (Jimikkt, I'roc. l'. 8. Nut. M"1h., 1»''j1, 553, La Paz. (Coll. .\lliatriis.<.)
1201. UPKNKrS (atANDISQIIAXI8, Gill.
(Ciiivo.)
Head 3 to 'ik \ deptli 3 to 3? ; eye 4 ; snout about 2i. D. VIIl-I, >< : A.
I,B; scales 2-30 to 32-5. Teeth on anterior part of jaws in 2 series, tlioso
of the outer series of the upper jaw very obtuse and partly conllueiit.
Barbels reaching to vertical from root of pectoral tins. Color lij^lit
greenish brown above, rose-colored below lateral line; scales with iiidis
tiuct pearly spot at center ; black blotch on lateral line behind fi|tiiioii8
dorsal; a smaller, somewhat indistinct black spot behind orbit; (liir«al
tins si)otted with color of back ; other tins immaculate. Pacific Coast of
Mexico and Central America; Guaymas to Panama; generally coiniiiou.
(firoinUs, large; nquama, scale.)
UpeMeiia iimiKUiiqiKniiiK, Gri.i., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sol. Phila., lSfi3, If.S, west coast of Central
America; Stkindachner, Ichtli. Bfitriigc, iv, fi, 1875 ; Hali, A Mi'Caimiman, ?. ■.. lA
ISH'i ; JOVKKMANN A .Jenkins, Pioc. V. 8. Nut. Mus., 1891, 15().
Upeiieim lilraKpihin, OCnthek, Prop. /(liil. Sue. London, 1804, 148, Panama; (J('ntiif,ii, Tislien
Cent. Aiuer., i'M, pi. CO, fig. 1, 1««4.
Group SCOMBROIDEI.
(The Mackerei,-like Fishes.)
Body variously formed, usually adapted for rapid swimming; the scales
usually small and cycloid or wanting, sometimes transformed into roii<;h
"^^W
1. All.iitrcj»rt.:
iNTiiKii, Kislies
foniitn and J'lvi'rmiinn, — -Fishes of A'ort/i Awi'ticn.
801
(,i liiHis plutuH, but raroly ctciiuiU. Lat«)ral lino viirioiiM, iiNiiiilly iiikIii-
lute )>r with an untorior ar<-li an<l u poHterioi' Ntrai^lit |>art, at UnxM not
reKiil^iilv an'hiul; HonmtiincM wanting;. FIunIi in tyiiical lurinM tirrn, uily,
and idliliNli in culor, but in Nduut caHUH pain and Nul't. Candiil pi>(lnncl«)
nliiiosi jilwayH slender and Htron^, tliu caudal tin if |tn>H«'nt morn or Icnh
ilee|)l> I'oikt'd, uxcvpt in certain dorp-Hoa forniM and in abiMiiint fainilii^H,
till) Ml I net uru typically adaptod t'orHwit't propiilNion. DoiNttl tin UNually
loll*;. iIh) HpinoiiH portion ^ciuMally Nliortrr than tht< Not't |)ai't, i«oniotininH
uliHtiii ; thn Mpint'N H«ddoin very Htn»njj, Hoinctinii's not difVorcntJafiMl from
{\w holt layH; anal fin uiwayu lon^, niuru of Icsh Hiniilar to noI'I durnal.
VfiitiaJH thoracic, Hubju^nlar, or Hiiltabdoniinal, iiNually with 1 N|)-nd*-r
HpiiK and r»rayH,8onietinieH niany-raye<l, HonictinicN rudimentary or wholly
villi tiiifi. llraucbioHtcgalH f»nv,UMually 7. (JIIIh I, a tslit behind the fourth;
^iil lakerH variuuH ; gill membranes usually Heparate, Nometimes joined
tu^'ctiicr, rarely attached tu the iNthmuN. Mouth and dentition variouN.
8'iioleton tirni or variouHly Hoft, the Htnicture as in spinouH-rayttil liHlieH
fTi'iii riilly ; the Hhonlder girdle attached to the cranium by a diNlin<-tly
forkt'd ])o8t-tenii)oral, which \h not adnate to the cranium. \'ertei>rai
Muyiiig from 21 to more than 1(K), the high numberH found in pelagic K\\Vi-
I'it'H. Intestinal canal generally hhort. TliiH group of nuickerel-like fiHheH
is not capable of exact definition, its deviatioim from the ordinary type of
H])iny -rayed fiHheu being variouH and in various direetiouH, no that no Net
of (liii^iiiostic characterH will cover them. The f^roup is not a Huliorder uh
till) term iM generally underutood; it iu incapable of nimpli) delinition, and
in \\^ divergence some niemberH approach to otiier groups mor<; nearly
tliiiii lo extreme or even to typical momberH of their own. The group ih,
lio\vt\ tr, a somewhat natural one, as by the common consent of ichthy-
ologists its different types have always been kept near each other in the
syNteni of classification. This naturalness, however, has been oliscurud by
the intrusion of aberrant forms, as /a'xh, (hromma, ('apron, Antiijoniu, I'rm-
phtris, aiul iMmpr'iH. These forms have no near relationship to Scomber,
Cdrniix, or Coryphaita, the central groups of the Scomhro'ulii, and it may be
that none of them are Scombroid fishes at all. Perhaps the earliest typo
of existing Scombroids is that of the genus Lamprix ; of the others, the
Scorn hrido' projjcr form a center of divergence. The Zciihr and Cuprolilot
are certainly not Scombroid fishes, nor are they at all idosely related to
each other. While it is uncertain just where they should go in a natural
iinaii;;<'ment, wo have thought best to remove them fri ni the Somhroidii,
with which they have usually been associated by recent writers, and
reserve them for insertion elsewhere. From Scomber-like forms are
descended on the one liand the (hmpyVuJn', LvpidopUUi , and TrUhiurUhv.
Anotiier lino of descent leads to AcanthocyhiiiKf, Jntiophor'uUr, and Xiphiiilwi
still another apparently runs through CurantjiiUv to Nome'uhv iind perhapc
to Coriiphanidw and BramUhv. Other forms, as Teirtitjo)inridii,nn') api)ar-
eutly not Scombroid, but their line of descent is not apparent and at
Iiresent, knowing no better place for them, we leave them associated with
the Scomhroidei. ((jKdfijSpor:, mackerel; tldnr, likeness.)
4 t
fa
I'
n .
in
(r- -■>
I 1
802
HullftiH ^7, Uniteii Stites National Mustum.
"I Vlllll
riflm.
il; !
FainilioiHol'H(;()MltK()ll)KI.
II. Vi>iitriil Hum i>«i-Ii riini|itMi'il uf iilioHt in Mift rityi), •IImi'IiimI In u viTy Ioiik |iiiIi|i' Imn
ritlcl liiiiH'H vi'ry l*rK<) nii'l lixnvjr; IxNly vi'ry <l<'<'|i, i i)iii|iri'HM'i|, iiiinnni'il, i'ii\< i
lllillllll' rK-ltll'H. I.AMI'llllill' I
(III. Vi'iilrikl lliin Willi IxM tliuii H Nofl rnyH, iimially I, n, »<>iiii'tiiiitti) wnniliiu.
\>. Ilorifx ol niKiiit mill ii|i|ii<r Jitw iiiiiti'il iitnl |iriiloiiKfil iiilo iiilliillii>t kmhiiI v
iilHiiit 'J4; miili'N iiiiiiiilii III' rinliiiii'iilitry.
r, Vi'tttnilM of I to It ruyit cikt'li; tt>i>th |iriwi>iit; M'aliiN ,iriiNi<iil. Intiiii'miiiiii' i < ww
If. Vi'litriklH itliil tri'tli wiklillllK III lliii mlilll; uritlrN iiIihuIi'Ii'.
Xll'HIIli 1 . SMii.
fifi. lldlii'H iif Mlliillt nut |ir<ili>IIK<><l III Ik HWnl'il
W. Iluily I'liNiriirin ur liikiiil-Kliu|M'il, with iiiikiiy vxrli'lirii' (;|ii In I'iU), niiihII u| ininiit,
■t'ltli'M mill iIIhIIiii lly fnrlii'il niinlikl mi ik nli'iiili'i' |iiMliiiirli' (tliii Hn xiiiiii'ijnim
wniitliiK); lower jikw wrll (li'vi'li>|»'il, iiHiiiilly willi ik nlit In tin' llifli |.> |ii riiiit
ItH iniilli'ii; ilorxnl ikiulikiiitl Imii:, llui n|i|iiiiiih |iurt iiI'iIiiihiiI \vi>II iIiV' I 1 1 1|; Wv
likKt rn.vH iif liiitli lltiH iil'liin i|i>vi-lo|ii'i| hh IIiiIcIn.
r. Cmiilikl tin |ii'i'fii-nt.
/. Sort ilni'Hikl iinil iinal iliHtinrt ft'oiii MpliioiiH |iurt, tliu ikiitiTlor ruyn ri>riiiiii):ii
tiinri' iir li'KH illxilnct Inln',
I/, Ikiily iiiiiiliiriktcl.v I'liiiiKiil)', fiiHirnrin; cnmlul |Mi<luiii'ln wlili a <l|iiiiii i
ki'(<l| tlnli'lH ikhvuyH |ii'i>ii>nt; vtnitrulH I, A; tliiiil uml t'oiiiili |i|i „
yiiKi'ikiN nnitril. Siumiiiiih i , i wni
^ij. Iloily ili'i'iili'illy i'|iiii((ikli'; I'ikiiiliil |ii'ilniii'li' witliniil kci'l; Dnlii'. pp'..
cnt iirutmunt; vi'iitnilii I, Ti, ur vikriitUNly ritluri'il; iliintitjuii Hirniig.
(JKMI'Vl.lli K., 1 XIX.
j(. Hurt iliirHikl ikiiil aiiiil niorc or Ii'kh ronllnumiH with Niilnoii.t <li<i>iil, Hn ji
ikiiti'rlor I'uyH not forming n illKtinrt liilir; m'm trills nnllniiiilJiiN.
Iii:i'il»ii'ih V, ix\.
t«. Caudiil wiiiitinK, tin' Imily tu|i<'rin){ tn ik iioiiit; vi'iitriklo nnliini'iilHrv <>r uimi.
inK; ilorgal uml anal very louKand low,cuiitliiiioug; ilentition vny atrnUK.
Tuiciinmiii;, cxxi,
<((/. Body ami fliiB varioUH, not Hliowiai; tlui coinliiuatioii aliovo iintcil iindi'r <f.
//. Scales, if iiri'Bi'iit, cycloid or cIkiuiIiI or loliatr, not Imiiy nor iiikrcliiiuiit-likc;
Hunietliiips, cNjK'cliklly In tliu younijf, with a ineilliin rlil^i' on nm li nui'.
I. Caudal flu Innate or forked (or if roiindcd, tliiMliirmkl with very weiik N|j|ii('h).
j, Aual fln nut longer than donial and more or lesii Binillur to it in ixiy
and form.
*. Vertobra' 10+ 12 to 15 21i to 'lb.
I. Firat donal with ItH rayn connected by inDmbriinfl, Hoiiiitlnii'a
becoming oliHolote with ii^e.
m. Aual jireceded by 2 free MpineB (theRa often oliwililr with
age, connected liymemlirmii'H to the fin in tlnyumigi;
uo teeth in the irHoiihiiKUH.
n, ScaloN minute or olmolete, cycloid, tlione ainiii; liitiTiil
lino Hiimetiine.s armed; tail widely fnrke'l; lliird
and fourth lihuryiiKeaJH Heparatc.
o. No free aual NpinoH; dorsal Bjiines long uml flia-
mentuUH; pectoraU very loui; and I'aliutr;
caudal well forked. Nematistiid i , cxxn.
oo. Porsal Bpinex not long and tUamiMituiis; mial
with two free Bpines, in yonng.
Caranhipk, cxxv.
«M. Scales modorate, weakly ciliate; tail not deeply Inrknl;
runiue teeth jiresent. Pomaiomiu r. cxxvi.
mm. Anal without free HpiueH; Hcalca moderate; nM'pliaKUs
with tooth-like prwesses, dorsal tin very Inn;:; '»"•
dal littlo forked. Centboloi'iiiu.i:, i .x.\.\iv.
Illili li-h' ; .MM-
I'll, ri)\' 1' i Willi
ii'iiinih I . ' \x\.
rtwoi.l V rii'Ipri.
I'lllMllli I ' \M|
ll'lllll> I , ' will.
HiTiiill nr iiilimli
II' till -MM' llllll''.
11' llir.|l |.. |u rlllll
II lIl'Vi I' I'll) III'
iir ruyn riTiiiiiiKii
l« Uilll II 'listill't
mill fiiiutli jilur-
iiMiiliin I , I Will,
kni'l; ftnli't" jirw-
; iliilititi'iii Htri'lliE.
ir.iw\ Mil 1 , ' \i\.
mils iloi'Mil, Hull
lilliiiriitiirs.
I,KI'1|H1|'1|IV, l\\.
iiiciiliii'V i>r uiiiil-
ilioii vii.vntriiiii;.
iciiiniiin;, ixxi.
iinili'i' i'.
I' |iurrlimi'iit-lll(p;
I' nil Olll'll Hill'.
vrrv wi'iik Miiliii'i-).
iiiilur to il iiiiii/.i'
ilinilie, rtiiinrtiini's
I'tl'Il (iIimpIiIi- «itli
fliiinlli'>"Uiigi;
lidce aliiiii; liiti'™!
(l«Iy fiiiUi'il; tliir'l
0.
ics loiiR ;iiiil fil»-
iiH ami liiliiiti';
.\TISTIII1 1 , IXXH.
ilaniontiiiin; aiiiil
AKANdlPV, cxxv.
not deeply fiirlii-il;
iiATiiMin r, I'xxvi,
eratc; u^'ililmgus
tin very Ion;;; iiiii-
LOl'UlB-i:, I XXXIV.
fordiin <///(/ J'.i'tt tthiHU. — I'ishfs of Aorth Amtrica. 803
//. H|tlti<iiiit iliirmil ri'|ii'i'*ii<tiliHl liy ni'veriil I'li'ii ii|iliii'ii; ImnIv i<Iuu>
Kitio, riiHiruriii; kciiIi'i »iniiill: inmlal lltlli' tnrkiil.
UaUIYI KNTHII>.»:, ('\XVII.
H. Vnrli'lirii' ;ui or mora (in oxi'i<m of II) -f 14).
\i. <Kiiii|ili»Kiir« ultli |iiotli-llki< ih'imi'mwh; )i|ilnouii ilorMtl ami \iiii>
tnilH rinlliiH'riliiry nr witiilliiK; lunlv ■ <iiii|iki'i<ni'iI; rumlal
ili'i<|ily forked; ^\\\ lllllllllirillleN altm In i| tn tlie InlliliiiiH or
mil.
SiiiiiM » I t;iii
\ \xv. ■>
n
)if>. <Ki*o|iliii|{ii4 wlllioiit toolli-llke |ii'iM'i'itiii'H; )(lll inetnlii'iuii'ii
free ri'iilii III)' IntlllllllM; I'lilldal till ileeply forked; nki'luloli
morn or Ii'hh llriii.
I/. DiirMal raVH all st Itli niiii|ile riiyN, iioiie of tlii'iii urtleiilato
or liritiirlii'il; veiitruln Jugular, I, ;i tu I, U.
I'lKllArl.llH:. IXXXI.
)/</. Dorxul riiyH not all i<ini|ile, hoihk or all of tlii'iii liraiiilied
or iirtiriilute; ventral niiH tliorin le, I, .'i.
r. Dui-Hiil tin uitli a ilintlnet N|iinonx |>art,
a. .SpinonH domal well ilitvuluped, llie hpineH lo to IS|
ill IMIIIllier.
^ Srali'H weak, cyilold. Nomkiii t;, cxxvin.
U. Sialt'it linn, rach ouo witli a inedlaii riilKe.
HTRINK.IIKIIIIIl.t:, rxxxill,
u. HplDuiiH dorsal liltio developed, of:! or I wink and
Hieiiiler Hpiiii'K I oiitiiinoiiN witli tluiHnl't riiyN;
dor.ial tin lie^finnliii; lieliind the hntd; lnHly
ovate; McaleH linn, not very small; liypereora-
eold very larKe, entering ventral outline,
intervening lietHeen the very idiort pelvic
lioiii' and the HJioulder girdle.
liii AMin.i:, rxxxii.
ri. Dorwl till witlioiit HpinoiiH part, all tlie rayit lirancliod
and artinilate.
II. Dorsal lieKinnliii; iim a creHt mi tlie head; hody
obluiiK; HialeH very Hliiall.
(Nmvi'ii.KNiii.i:, cxxi.x.
ii«. Dornal lii'KinninK almve tlie axil of the pertoral;
cunilal riMiududor merely einari;inate; Hkelo-
ton without llriniii'SH, soft like a wet rag;
dorsal Npiues fuw or none.
Il'OSTEin.*, IXXXVI, '
.//. Anal till exressivuly lont;, more tlian twiee ns lung as dorsal; scales
woll dovelupud; dorsal spinuH few, );raduated.
l'£MHIiEIlIII.K, I'XXXIX.
Ml. Seali'H firm, linear, parohinent-like; liody compressed; spinoiiH dorwil short;
I. oneK of head rough; mouth small. (JitAMMiroi.K.rin i;, rxxxvil.
\tMi. 8ca1c.-< hard, bony, arranged in uliliipie spirals; tail with 'I keelx; teeth in
jaws cuMib-iiku; body ublung. Tktbaoo.nuihu.k, t'xx.xviii.
Family CXVIII. SCOMHRIDiE."
(The Mackkkels.)
Hody elongate, fusiform, not much compressed, covered with minute
cycloid scales, the scales antoriorly sometimes forming u corselet. Lat-
eral Hue present, its course undulate. Head suhconic, pointed anteriorly.
* For a review of the Mackerels (Scorn /<riii;i) of .\mcrica and Europe, see Dresslar and Fegler
111 Bull. U. S. Fish Comni., vn, 1887 (1889), '129 to 446.
,/.
I / . «
..^-v.
/>-
•'\ ;xit 'J
I'!;"
%
I i,
I !
m
V
I i
I ' 1 i ■
I :l
864
Bulletin 4J, United States National Museum,
Muuth rather large, with hvtorul cleft; jtieiiiaxillary not protrartilc
maxillary without Hupi>lutneiital boiu'; Jaws with sharp teeth, Iiiim< or
small. Vomer and palatines toothed or not. Preopercle entire ; oikitIi;
unarmed. In the very young tlie preopercle is armed with radi.uinjr
spines, which are later absorbed and lost. Clill openings very wide, tlic
membranes not nnite«l, free from the isthmus. (Jill rakers usually Ninjr.
Pseudobranchiic present, largo. Gills I, a slit behind the fourth. Iliaii
chiostegals 7. Dorsal fins 2, the first of rather weak spines, depnssihle
in Or groove, the second similar to the anal; the elevated anterior lobe
always distinct; anal spines weak ; last rays of dorsal and anal dctiirlicd
and separate, forming in each ease a series of finlets; caudal peduncle
extremely slender, keeled, the caudal lobes abruptly diverging, falcate,
the fin adapted for rapid motion ; ventral tins well developed, thoracic,
I, 5. Vertebra- in greater number than in I'aruntiUhv, the number 1:1111;-
ing from 31 to 6(5. First upper pharyngeal present, without teeth ; Ntcond
with teeth; third and fonrtli coossified, with teeth ; lower pharyiij,'cal8
separate. Stomach sac-shaped. Pyloric ca-ca numerous. Air bladder
small, sometimes absent. Coloration metallic, often brilli.uit, the ])ro-
vailing shade steel blue. Genera about 12; species about r>(). Fislicsof
the high seas, many of them cosmopolitan, and all having a wide laiifje;
most of them are valued as food-tishes, the llesh being firm and oily, but
sometimes coarse. {Soomhr'ulw, i)art, Giinther, Cat., ii, 349-373.)
ScoMiiPiN.>: :
u. Caudal iKHlancIo '■ i .>iit median keel on oiicli »iil(>; dorsal liiis well separated, tlic iiitor-
spaee lienij^ less than lialf length of head; .-ipiiioiis dorsal short, of ;i to 1- r-iiiiis;
liody scal.v ; vertelira< normally formed; slender teeth on vomer and palatines; maxil-
lary entirely covered liy preorliital; a deshy lobe on each siile of lower jaw iii;ir its
jnnction with niaxillarj ; corselet very small or obsolete; f,'ill rakers long, sleiid.r, iiiul
ui;merou8; pectorals inserted hinh, on level of eye; vertebra- 14 17 - Ml.
ScoMi.i:!:, :1S8.
(Id. Candal peduncle with median keel: a small keel iibove and one below this; i" rtunil
usually inserted below eye.
SAiiniN.T-; :
(>. Dorsal spines 10 to Ifi; g.lls normal, the lamina' not forniins a network; teeth eiilir<'.
c. IJody Fcaleless. excepting about the lateral line and corselet; abdominal vcilcl.ni witli
their lower foramina enlarged, and a portion between the vertebra- proper ami the
hii-mapophysea developed in the form of a network or trellis.
'I. Dorsals well separati'd, the interspace nion- than half head; corselet well il'vcl.
oped; teeth small, some present on vomer, none on palatines; gill rakii> l"ii|;,
Blender, and numerous; pectorals rather higli; vertebra- Ilfl. Ai xi-. ^i"-'.*.
(III. Dorsals contiguous, tlie interspace more than .I in head; palatine teeth vlllit 'ini:
pectorals low.
<\ Vomer toothless; dorsal spines 15 or !•); vertebra' ;i8. Gvmnosahi'A, :i!"i.
ic. Ilody wholly covered with small scales, those on tlu' corselet aiul lateral line suMetiijics
la.-ger; dorsal spines 14 to 20; vertebra- normally formed, not as in .•tHj/'siiMil ''.'/»'•
My,siir</(i.
/. Teeth of jaws slender, subconical, little, if at all, compressed; gill rakers niiiiiiT-
cue; corselet distinct; pectorals inserted low.
g. Vomer and palatines with villiform or sand-like teeth; body robust, not i oiii-
prcssed; vertebra- 39 to 41.
h. IVctoral short, not reaching much beyond tip of the rnoderiiie v itial;
size enormous Tiii nm -, :"'l.
hh. Pectoral very long, ribbon -shaped, reaching much beyond I'lont "i oliI;
ttizo moderate. Geu.m", :J'J2.
i^i
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America.
.SC5
!/</. Voraor tootlile§s; palatines with a siiiglu row uf ratlior Btroiig, coiiiial tootli;
•joily uiuiigato, «lifflitly ('(iiiiiircHfMid; vtTtcbrm 50 to .It. Saiiha, IWIl.
/. T'Mlli of jiiwH HtroiiK, siibtriaiigiiliir or kiiiro-lilie, iiioro or less conipri'sBcil, viili-
furii trotli oil viimcr ami ]ialatini-H; pill riiiiorH cuinpurutively I'uw; cornclit
(ilwcuro; pcrtonilo im^ortod iiuar I(^v(!l of oyc; (iorBal »|iim'g 14 to iK; body
I'lougatv, coinpru88od; licad sliort; suoiit Hliort; vortebnu \h.
ScOMnKROMORUS, :)94.
AcAxiii "■vmiN.T-; :
U. hnrriiil splnoH al)out 2r>; gills with tho laiiiiiiii> forming a network hh in \i\>hiw, tcctli
liirp'', coiniJrosBcd, serrated.
(. I>ursiil spines i.4 to 20; body eUmKate, fuBiforni; enout long; vertebne :i'J '■ 34 tiCi.
At'ANTllocvmuM, 395.
388. SCOMBER (Artedi) Limiiiua.
(MaCIvKHELS.)
$((,m\»,- (AnTEDl) LiNN.T.rs, Syst. Nat., Kd. x, 297, 1758, (sii.md/ioi).
C-rdijI"; liHoNOW, Cat. FIhIicm, 1(13, l,Hri4, {umiiiliriis),
Pin'ii"i"l"l'l(iinis, JdiiUAN & GlMiKKT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 18.'<2, M'.i, {pneiimntophDnig).
I5()(ly fusiform, rather elongate, somewhat compressed ; caudal podnn-
flc slender, without median keel, but with two siuull l^eels on each side.
Moutli wide, with a single row of rather small, .slender teeth in »'ach
jiiw aiul on the vomer and palatines ; maxillary slipping under the broad
jireoiliital, a lleshy lobe on each side of lower jaw near its junction with
niaxilliuy. Scales vary small, not forming a corselet. First dorsal of !•
to 11' t'edjle spines, separated from the second by an interspace greater
tliaii tho base of the fin ; second dorsal small, followed by 5 to i) detaclnd
liiilets; anal similar to second dorsal, with similar finlets ; pectorals and
vciitials small, tho former placed hiwh, on the level of tho eyes; caudal
fill siiiall, widely forked. Pyloric mipmidnges exceedingly numeious.
Air liladder small or wanting. Vertebra' nunillllly fornuMl, II 4- 17 = 31.
Gill ralcors long and slender. Species few, widely distributed, usually
swimming in large schools; carnivorous and migratory; everywhere
liijriily valued for food. ((T/('V/3pof, Scomber, tho ancient name of the com-
mon mackerel.)
ScoMiiHii:
(I. Air bladder wanting.
''. Iiorsal spines 11 or 12; sides of body below median lint- hilvery. scnMiiiu s, I'J.'C
I'.SEi MATiil'lloRUs (nvtvfxa, ulf; ijiopiui, to bear):
(III. Air bladder prcseut.
c. Uursal spinas 9 or 10; Bides of body below median line in adult mottled. roi.uH, 12.53.
.Subgenus SCOMBER.
1252. SCOMUKK SCOMIUU S, I.innj.u^
(Common Mackerkl.)
Head 3; depth 3i; eye less than snout, 5 in head. D. XI-12-V ; A. I,
11-A'. Skull with inconspicuous parallel ri<lges ; suborbital somewhat
tria!it;ular, posterior border of eye not covered by radiating scales ; first
dorsal about as high as long, height of second about ^ its length : a
groove connecting dorsals ; air bladder wanting. Snout rather long and
F. N. A 56
i t
n
i! 1
% :
' m
t
ll
i
;
■ -;; j
Hi
SGG
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
pointed, comincssed. Muiith large, maxillary extending to anterior nuii-
giii of orV>it. Vontrals and i)octoral8 short, the former nearly half l('iii,'tli
of head. LnstroiiB dark blue above, with about 35 wavy, blackish, tmus-
versf streaks ; below silvery ; base of pectorals dark ; base of i>rt!()|Mi(;lti
with about 15 or 20 small black specks or mucous |)ores, generally anaiiffed
in a single rov,- ; both dorsals margined wiili white. Length 18 iiiclics.
North Atlantic ; abundant on both coasts, north to Norway and La'iiador;
south to Spain and Cape Hatteras. One of the best known food-fishes of
America and Europe. (Eu.)
Scnuihcr sanitlinii^, IiiNN.Kl's, Syst. Nut., Kd. x, 2H7, Mt'iH, Atlantic; ul'tcr Scoiiihci- piniu'lix V
of Artgui; .Toudan A Oii.iiKitT, S.viio|PHis, 42t, 18s:!; Hiikssi.ai. & Keslku, /. <■., 4:!1, l.->l).
fy-iiiiihcr ri'mdli", Mnt'iilM,, TraiiB. Lit. iiiid I'liiloH. ,S(jc. N. Y., Isl'i, 12:!, Sandy Hook, New
Jersey.
Soiuiher "romhn; Linn.>:us, Syst. Nat., Kil. XII, VJ2, ITt'iC; iiftiT AlliKiil; til'NTllKK, Cut., ii. '■\:,~,
1800.
Subgenus PNEUMATOPHORUS, .lonliin A (iilbcrt.
1253. SCOMBKU COLIAS, Gnidiu.*
(GHVI) MACKKHEI, ; TlNKKIl MaCKERKI. ; EaSTF.U MArKKUEL; TlIlMllI.EEVEll MA(kElll;l, ; Sl\M>M
MaCKEKEI, (IK Kngi.ami.)
Head 3; depth 3J; eye 4 in head, nearly equal to snout. 1). IX-I, IL'-V
or VI ; A. I-l, 11-V or VI; scales 200. H«M*d rather pointed: ridtics of
skull evident but not parallel ; subopercle rather more elliptical than tri-
angular; posterior border ot eye covered with large radiating scales: i()|i
of head with a largo translucent area; no groove coinmcting dorsals: the
first dorsal higher than long, the last spines shorfj and weak : secoinl dor-
sal twice as long as high. Maxillary reaching front of puj)il. Pectoral
I length of head. Blue, with about 30 wavy, blackish stroak.s wliicli
extend to just, ])elow the lateral line; some of these form reticiiliiiioii>,
and inclose pale spots of the color of the back; more than 20 1/1 i<k
specks or mucous pores on base of preopercle, generally arranged in more
than one row ; belly and sides silvery, but always in the adult with
roundish dusky spots or cloudings : a black axillary sj>ot. Atlantic aiul
Pacific oceans, widely distributed, north to England, Maine, and San
Francisco ; very common in the Mediterranean and in southern C'alifor
nia ; irregular in its appearance on our Atlantic Coast. Smaller than the
coumion mackerel and inferior to it, although a food-fish of impoi tmci .
The Pacific Coast form called Scomber dk'oo differs in no tangible charac-
ter. {coUds, an old name of some mackerel.) (Eu.)
* A siip]HiHeil hyliriil liotwccii Srniulier Kriiniltnm iind Scomlier inline was olitaiiicd at JilmK I
oil Illi<id(^ iHJaiid, by Dr. Si'tli K. Sleek. Tlu' ioIInwiiiK are its cliaraeters:
Ileiid 4 ill length to fork of caudal lin; eye ."i in head. D. XII, I-IO-IV; A. I, Il-IV
roliust, lis ill ciilias. CaiKlal peduuelo round, as in < o/icls, rntliei- th.iii drpressi'd, a.< in >■
No longitudinal groove hi'tweeii the doisali^. A Idaik axillary spot Snout more like v
than ( >'i,<.s. Ventrals and lu'ctoials .xhort. Iliudniost liiileta double, as is the casi' «
.sr<)ii((>;ii,s. Uidgcs on its head aro in thiee parallel lines, as uifcmnlinis, not as in (v./ikj.-. Su
clo more elliptical thai triang'.ilar. I'osterior border of eyo not covi'nd with la.'.;e rai
scuUm. To]) of hc^ad, as in ,S'. \cn}iil nis, without translucent aiea. About 20 small black
or pores at base of jireopercle, avrai, 'jed in a single row. Coloring on tlu^ back in lilol'
in c(i/((i.<, rather than in stripes, us i .si'itmbni:!. Sides mottled, much as in '(,/(((.•.■. ISaM' ^
torals (lark. The fidlowing note '-.is made by Dr. Meek: ".September ic, IJlock Islai
peculiarly iiuirkeil Scdiuher saniihruf. oii.v four tinlets, no air bladder, low spinous dni^;
markings of .S. ctilitts. Mr. Blackford tliMiks it is a cross botweeu the two." Lougtl
iuchus.
-laii.l,
lin.b
,J.r.r..
illi .s.
IjiipCf-
li:ililjp
.|..rU>
■ r |K.,-
.>:. .\
ll. ;i>i<l
■m
M
w
Jordan and Evermanu. — Fishes of North Awerica.
8(>7
ImevU', Cetti, Hist. N«t. Saril., Ill, I'.IO, 1774, Sardinia.
Sntiihn- coliii», (iMKi.lN, Sy«t. Nut., lliUlt, 17H8, Sardinia; biux'd on Lnci-rlo of Crni.
liintiihir Iwirtm, Waldaum, Art. I'iw., 2ii'J, 17!)ii, Sardinia; iiCtur ('rni.
iSiDMider iiiiiiiiiiiildphiinin, De i.a UitciiK, Ann. Mum. Nat. Hint., xiii, IlLlaiid :i;il, Isiili, Balearic
Islands.
Sciimh'r iii<ii)(i}ilillialmnH,llAriifT.Ht)VV., Tndicu d'lttiologiii Siciliaiii), 1">, IHlii, Palermo.
S^nmfiiT gri'j; MiTcilll.L, TriiliH. Lit. mid lMiilo.1. Sue. N. V., l.Sl.l, 42', New York.
Scomlnr iiiiiciiliilM, rdicii, MaK. Nat. lllst., v, 22, 1832, England.
Si'niiil'iriiwliiliiliis, SwAlNSON, Nat. Illst. l"islii'«, ii,l()l), IK1!», Sicily.
Siv.mf"i;;)((((7i«, SwAiNsoN, Nat. Hist. Fisliis, 11, 410, 1k;i!», Sicily.
ft,:,mi"rili<'iiii, Ayiirs, I'roc. Cal. .\('. i^vi., is'ifi, '.i2, Santa Barbara.
So'iiil")- tiehvii, STOKEn, Fisln's Mass., i:!0, ls(!7, Massachusetts coast.
tk':ml:r oilian, DllESSLAll & FeSLEU, I. f., lo2, 1881).
KKUi:i. ; Si\M>ii
II JUocK l-lMll.l.
389. AUXIS, Cuvicr.
(FUIGATK MaCKEHKLS.)
Au.n', ( iviF.n, RoRHf .Vnini., E<1. u, Vol. 2, 11!), 182'.), {nnhri).
I'lddy oblong, pliiiup, mostly naked poateilorly, anteriorly covered with
Hinall Hcalee, those of the pectoral region enlarged, forming a corselet.
iSiniiit sciy short, conical, scarcely compressed. Month rather small, the
jawH ('qnal. Teeth very sniali, m().stly in a single series, on the jawsonly.
Tail very slender, depressed, with a rather large keel on each side. First
dorsal short, separated from the second hy a con.siderable interspace.
Second dorsal and anal small, each with 7 or 8 finlets. I'ectorals and ven-
trals small. No air bladder. I'ranchiostegals 7. Pyloric cieca dendriti-
cal. (iill rakers very long and slender, numerous. Vertebrii' JW in num-
lier. pconliarly modified, essentially as in GjimnoxurdK. One sp^icies, jiela-
gic, widely distributed, (uv^ic, an ancient name of a youug tuuuy, from
(liinfu, to grow.)
1254. AI'XIS THA/AKD (LacopMe).
(Fiti' Ajy. Mackfrei,.)
Head 4; depth 4i; eye 5; snout 5. D. X-IJ-VJII; A. VIM3 ; Vert. :«t.
ISody robust, scarcely compressed, abruptly contracted at caudal peduncle.
Opercle very broad. Scales of corselet and along anterior <J///^al region
comparatively large. Maxillary almost entirely concealed by p/zorbital.
Doi sal spim J rather stiff; space between dorsals i* length .Of head. About
33 gill rakers below angle. Pectoral reachi'ig past middle of fir-^t dorsal.
Blue, variegated with darker above, becoming plain with age; Ixlly sil-
very. All warm seas, occasionally northward to Cape Cod. This species
IS \ cry erratic in its movements, swimming in Jarae schools if/ y^rioiis
wann seas. It rarely reaches the coasts of the United States, buf it
occasionally comes in jmmense numbers. It is a i>oOr fi.sb, <^f Jijtitle value
as tbod. ( Thnzard, from the French Tassard, a name applied to the epficies
of Sconihcromoru:).)
.^•iM,l")M,(,i(;/, Imcki'kuf., Hist. Nut. Toiss., in, ;i. isoj, 6' and 7' S. latitude, coast of New
Guinea
S<itml,er rochi'i, Itissn, Fclitli. Nice, 105, ISIO, Nice.
Scomber bUiis, RAii.NEsyUE, Caratteri, etc., 45, 1810, Palermo.
i\
11
■It , '
ii
■I
,, i ■
u;.0S^
i ' i
i i
■ (
#^
I !'^f
; < ;
; I
f,;
8G8
Bidllctin 42, United States National Afuseuni.
ni/iiiiimriiiliniiiiis, KiRSii, Kiir. JK'iiiil., ill, 417, IH'27, Nice.
AiixiK viilijaris, CvyiKti A VAi.KNrTiKNNKS, HiHt. Nut. I'oins., viii, lit!), IKMl, Mediterraneai
Au.fis liippimiHiHiKi, Iti.KF.KKit, Fauna ifajiaii, 'lilH, IH.M, Japan,
Aitjri.1 liijiiiiiiiiiliH, Ki.KKKKit, Toi'imtd, v, li'il, IM"),'!, Ternate.
AiLrinrorhvi, GCNTIIRIl, Cat., II, 3t')ll, l.sf.d.
/liu'i'o f/ia;ur(/, JuKDAN & UiLUEKT, Syii<i|)!«iH, 4'i'>, IHHIl.
390. GYMNOSARDA, (iill.
(LiTTLK TUNNIKS.)
^'//iHii«wn/(i, (Jii.i,, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sei. riilln., 1802, 12.1, (iiii/c«'"/).
TiiiiiiH"', lil'TKEN, ,S|n)lia Atlantica, KiO, IUMI, (/;.-/,iih.</«); not nf CuviKit it Vai.knciknnks.
TUiiiinkhlhijii, (iini.iiii.i, Oatal. I'esci Ituliuna, 25, 1880, (Ihunitimt, noi I'hiiiiuifhlhiis of Likkm 1:, u
genus of Ciii>riniil/i).
Kitthiiimiis, LOtkkn, MS. (in Kjiist. Feli. 1881); Jokdan A (Jiliikut, Sjnoiwis, 429, lSKi,{lhiiiiii'ii:i)
This gonus according to Liitkon * diflors from Thnnrnmi (1) in the
abaenco of tooth ou vomer; (2) by the completo absenco of Hcales outride
of tbo corselet, while in Thumnix of tbosiimo size the skin ia covered with
Hiiiall scales; the limits of the corselet ia the Ttiimy and Albicoio mo
obscure, so that it can not properly be said that they have distinct toLsc-
lets; and (3) by an important osteological character, namely tlie peciiliui'
development, in the form of a network or trellis, of a portion of the
abdominal part of the backbone, between the vertebrie proper and the
hieraapophyses. Vertebnn 38. Species of smaller size tlian the Tunnies,
mlso pelagic, and of little value as focd. {yvuvuCf naked; aaixhi, a kiml »{
tunny caught about Sardinia; Sarda.)
(I. Lat<'rnl lino with a decided curve lielow socoiid dorsal ; 4 lengtliwiBefntripuH on sides uriimly
lielow lateral line. I'F.i.ami-, IJo'i.
(((1. Lateral liuo without distinct curve; no stripes below lateral line. ai.i.ktkiiata, I'JMi.
1255/OYMNOSARHA TKLAMIS (liiniwus).
(Oi'EANIC BoNlTO.)
Head3i; depth 4. D. XV-12-VIII; A. II,12-VII. Body oblong, rohn.st.
Lateral liuo making a decided curve immediately beneath the second <li)i-
sal. Corselet strongly developed, covering the entire space betwciMi the
diagonals connecting the posterior extremity of the spinous dorsal iind
the base of the pectorals. Posterior margin of preopercle about 1' m
inferior margin. Pectorals reach vertical from tenth dorsal spine. Hack
bluish; belly silvery; 4 brownish stripes on each side of belly, jiaiiillt'l
with the lower curve of body; no spots below pectorals. Warm ncas;
pelagic; not very common; north to Cape Cod and Bermudas on tlie
Atlantic Coast of America, once recorded from California.} (-////';/;,
tunny.) (Eu.)
♦Spolia Atlantica, .IOC, 1880.
fWe follow lliesslar and Fcsler in uniting; F.uthiinnuii and f.'vim/osiiriJd, licoause llie cNlniiul
characters of t'lithintims are all shown liy (lyhiiKn^diila umln, the Asiatic type of llio liiltcr - nii-.
Gymnosarda. I'robubly the skeletons are al.so einiilar.
I See Eigeuiuauu, I'roc. Cul. Ac. Sci., iii, 1889, 8.
I -^
iterraneaii
Jonfan and Evennann. — Fisfus of North America.
809
f^wii)-,- pflamin, LiNN.v.UN, Sysf. Nut., Ed. x, 287, n.lS, "in Pelago inter Tropicos."
.s. „/,/., jitUwiidcn, LAnf:l'f!l)K, Hist. Nut. I'oiHS., Iii, 14, 1802; ultiT I.inn.kir.
7V,/;/, ,' • ;i</..m//«, CrviEK it Vai.enciknnf.s, IliBt. Nut. Poiss., viii, ll;t, IKll.
Thiinm-i iiiliwiis, Stf.in1;\(IINf.u, Iclith. Hcriilitc, v, 7, lutiH.
rtn/( .'< inliiniHK, Poky, Syimpsis, 362, 18(i8; Goodr .t Ukan, Proc T. S. Nat. Miih., 187H, 24.
P,„lhn.niii* j)c/i(i»//ii, .TdllMAN &, CWmiriit, .SyiioiiHirt, 4ll{», 188:i.
(,;iiiui' ^'irdajieUtmie, UllESSLAll & FesLEII, I. f., 430, 1889.
12o«. <aMNOSAKI>.i ALIiKTKItATA (IlatliioHque).
(Little Tcnnv; Hmnito.)
Head 3J; depth M. D. XV-I, 12-VIII ; A. 12-VII. Hody fusiform,
roliiist. Latei'cal lino nowhere inakin*^ a very distinct curve. Corselet
well developed, not covering the entire space between the diagonals cou-
iicctiug the posterior extremity of spinous dorsal and base of pectorals.
I'osicrior margin of preopercle alumt 2 in inferior margin. Pectorals
reaching vertical from ninth dorsal spine. Bluish above; sides and belly
HJlvory ; no stripes of any kind l)olow lateral lino; above lateral lino sev-
eral wavy, oblique streaks; 5 round black spots about as largo as pupil
licldw pectoral. Warm seas, occasionally northward to Cape Cod ; com-
iiinii ill the West Indies and the Mediterranean ; not recorded from Califor-
nia. (AUctmiln, a local name in use at Palermo.) (Eu.)
Si.nnhn- allellenUiis, RAi'iNE-syUE, Ciiriittcri Alciiui <ioui;ru, (■tc.,4r>, 1810, Palermo.
TliiiimiishacliiiiHUs, Ris.>io, Kur. Mi-rid., Ill, 414, 182fp, Nice.
So.uil', r <iuiidrq)iinclatii!i, Geokfuey St. IIilaiiie, Duscr. K(,'yiit. Poiss., \i\. 2\, lip;. 3, 1827, Egypt.
VA/diHiK Ihmmina, Cl'viEu & Vai.knciknnes, Hist. Nat. Poins., vrii, 101, 1831, Mediterranean,
Tii!iiiiiiix limnilimsin, CcvieeA Valenciennes, Hist. Nnt. I'dIsh., viii, UO, 1831, Brazil.
ThiiHiiiis hn'ripinnis, CuviFU & VAt.i-.N('iFNNE!», Hist. Nat. Puiss., viii, 112, 1831, Mediterranean,
(hriiiiKx (tllilerdlHH, GiM., Cat. Fish. Kast Coast N. A., in Il('|it. U. S. Fish Coiiim., 802, 1873.
I'lilhiiiiiiiisaUiteralus, Joiidan it Gimieut, Synopsis, 430, 18K3.
Thiiiiiiiililhiis lliHinihiu, GiomiiI.i, Cat. dui Pusci Italiani, 25, 1880.
Oniiiiiif lliiiimiun, PoEY', Kniimuratiu, 72, 1875.
'rhiiiiiius i(/;i;(i,<, Cantoii, Cat. Malay Fishes, lOii, isno, Sea of Pinang.
Thiinnklithiiahreiipinniii, GiULioLi, Cat. doi Posci Italiani, 2.'>, 1880.
' f
391. THUNNUS, South.
(GUEAT TCNNIES.)
Viijmmf, CfViF.n, Rt"^Kno Animal, Ed. i, 313, 1817, (Ihyunux; not of FAnuinirs, 1775, a proniis nf
IJiitterdius).
Th'iiiHiin, SiPi'Tii, Eiicyclop. Mc'tropol., V, 020, 184.5, {Ihiimm/i); (fnle Gii.i,).
'////.im.s-, Ciioi'Kn, Proc. Cul. Ac-. Nat. Sci., 18G3, 77, (lliiimmi:; not OnjcniiK, Gll.l., 1801, whirli was
iiiisiiially a misprint for On-iiiiii^).
Alh.irnr,!, Jordan, Man. Vort., Ed. v, 100, 1888, (lhijnmi!<).
i!ody oblong, robust, with very slender caudal peduncle. Head conical.
Moiitii wide, with one series of small, conical teeth in the jawsand bauds
of minute villiform or sand-liko teeth on the vomer and palatines. Scales
imsont, those of the pectoral region forming an obscure corselet. First
dorsal of 12 to 15 spines which grow gradually shorter backward, the
interval between last spine and second dorsal slight ; second dorsal and
anal .short and rather ' i^h, each with 8 to 10 fiulets ; ventrals moderate ;
pectorals mode'^te, inserted rather below the level of the eye. Vertebra)
I
■ ; I
870
Bulletin 4jy Uniteii States N'ational Museum.
Dortnal, 3*J to 41 in number, the lower foramina very Huiall. Open NuaH;
tlio Hingln Hpecioa widely distributod and 'ttaining a very great w/.w
(divvor. Thuniiiix or ThyHuuH, an old name of the Tunny.)
I'iS;. TIIIINMI8 TIIYNNTN (Uiiiiiimir).
(TuNNv; HonsK Mackkiif.i.; Gukat Ai.iiacihik; Ti'na.)
Head 3J ; depth 4. D. XIV-I, 13-lX ; A. 1, 12-VIlI. Uody oblong, very
robuHt; corHolet well developed, extending farther back tlian jjeotoiiils;
caudal keel extending forward to (second finlet front caudal. Moutli ratlitT
large ; nuixillary reaching pupil ; posterior margin of proopercle soincwliat
Bborter than inferior. Eye small. Dorsal and anal f ilcate, short, L' in
height of first dorsal; ventrals longer than anal, caudal very widely
forked; pectorals short, reaching to about ninth dorsal spine. Dark 1>Ium
above; below grayish, with silvery spots. Pelagic, found on all warm
coasts; north to England, Newfoundland, San Francisco, and .Taiiaii.
The largest of the Scomhmhv, reaching a length of 10 feet or nu)re and a,
weight of l,riOO pounds. Occasionally taken along the California eoawt,
a specimen 8 feet long, from Monterey, examined by us. The flesli in
excellent, that even of very large individuals being of fine flavor. Tii(«
subject of extensive lisheries in Europe. (i9/vi'w, an old nanio, wht'iico
Tunny, Tunc, Thon, etc.) (Eu.)
Scomhcr Ihynnns, LiNN.KUS, Syst. Nut., Ed. x, 297, 1758, Europe; liaHi'il on Srnmher fiiiiiiuli> k«.ii
9, of AllTEDI.
Scomber albmoreii, BoNNATERiiE, Eiicyc. Iclith., 140, 1788, Jamaica; luiscd on Si.oank.
'flitimiii:i uu'diUrrinieiis, Risso, Eur. Bleriil., Ill, 414, IH^f!, Nice.
?7///iimiKrH/i/((m,("iviKKit VALKsriKNNK.s, lIUt.Niit. Poi>s., vii^.W, [il. 210,1831, European seas.
TliiiiiiiiiK hriichiiptcnin, OrviKii .t Vai.knciknnks, Hint. Nat. PoisB., vm, 118, ijI. 'ill, iHlil, Mediter-
ranean.
Thijnnun cimlla, CiviKii it Vai.enciknnes, Ilist. Nat. Poiss., viir, 102, 18;il, Caribbean Sea.
fiiom/icr s/o(iiici, (JiviEU & Valencienxe.'*, HiHt. Niit. Poins., vm, 14H, 18:11, Jamaica; Imsi-il dii
Sl.OANE.
TliiiniiKs secumh-ilormilis, Stoueh, Fi.slics Mass., Mli, 1807, Cape Ann and Provincetown.
Orqiniin sildeycUi, Steindachneh & DiiDKiti.K.iN, Uuitriigi- zur Kcniitnis!) dor Fisclir .Iiiluiii, in, 11,
pl.3,fig.l,188,-), Tokio.
Orciiiiim thiiniius, JoiiiiAX iV (iiMii'.UT, Synojisis, 12!», 188;t.
AlhacorulliyimHs, DliESSLAU it Ee.si.kh, /. <•., 4;!9, 188!).
392. GERMO, Jordan.
(Alhacores.)
Orniniif, frvir.n, Ri'pno Animal, Ed. i, 3M, 1817, {hIiiIiokjh); not Orcyniis of llafinp8(|iii', Aiiiilyso
d(f la Niiluri', 181.'"), vliitli is cijuivaleiit to Si'DinhiidiiU's.
fJiTiiio, JuUDAN, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Piiila., 1888, ISO, {idnhiiiiju).
Pectoral fuis very long, saber shaped, their length in the adult .'i))ont l
the length of tiio body. Otherwise essentially as in T/im/(hh«, to w liit'li
the genus is very closely related. Size large, but nuich loss than that ot
the species of Thunnun, (Gei-mon, the French name of the long-fiiiued
Jlbacore.*)
*All)anir(' is ti'oni .l/fcoioxi, a I'lHtiiKiicsi' name said to bo fnim tlic Arabii- ii? a, and '"I'oni,
little pijj. It should not be Hpellod Albicore, as it iH not coiiuocted witli albtu, white.
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America. 871
18fi8. UEItnO ALAIiUNia (Omulin).
(LoNa-FINNRI) Al.llACOIlR; Al.llKOOU; Al.l I.HNiilll ; (iKKMiiN.)
Il(>a<l 3J; depth 3i ]). XIV-II, 12-Vni; A. II, 12-VII. Body littlo
coini'icsHod, icjjiiliirly t'Uipticiil, its weight grout in projiortion to htiigtii.
Tail strongly koekul, hroadcr than deep, the keel (extending forward to
lilili llnhit from last. Corselet Huiall, indiHtinct. Soales ratlier large.
Dorsal and anal of ocinal height; pectoral very long, Haber-Hhaped,
iciiiliing to first of the dorsal linlets, shorter in the young, inserted a
litlli' holow level of pnpil, its base a little wider than the largo eye; von-
trals short. Metallic steel-blue; belly silvery; fins dark, with metallic
liistrr. Tropical seas ; pelagic and widely distributed. Karely seen on
the Atlantic Coast of America, but very common in the Mediterranean.
It is found on the Pacific Coast as far north as San Francisco, and is
cxtifiiiely abundant in the spawning season about the Santa Itarbara
LsIuimIh. As a food-fish it is of little value, the llesh being coarse and
oily, far inferior to that of the Tunny. Length W feet; weight 15 to 20
pounds. {AUiluntja, a name used in Sardinia, fr<mi alu, wiug; loiujttn,
long.) (Eu.)
/l(.i-/"ii;/<i, Cktti, Hint. Nut. SurJ., in, I'Jl, 1777, Sardinia.
Siniiil'ii- ahilmiQii, Omei.in, Syst. Nat., i:i30, 1788, (Sardinia; bosi^d on (V//i; iiiiHprint I'nr
"../.(/»M!/a").
,Sv.v//.er (/oiHrt, LACfeHf.DE, IliHt. Niit. I'oiKR., II, .IDS, and in, 1, 1802, 17"^ S. latitude and 103'^'
W. longitude.
Tliiiiiiiii^iilliDiliniH, Lksson, Voy. Coc|uilli', Zuiil., 11, Ki.'i, 1H2«, Atlantic Ocean,
TItijiiiiiis hiiKeatiid, CuviKK & Valenciknnes, Hiwt. Nut. Toiss., viii, lltii, IHill, tropical parts
of Atlantic.
Tliiiiiiiits piicijirim, CuviEii & Valencienneh, Hint. Nut. Puiss., viii, lIs;!, 18:11,27''' and 26" S.
latitude, 103° W. longitude.
'riiiiiiiiiix iiiijniii-riiidliia, Ci'viEU it Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poinn., viii, i;t4, 18:!1, Atlantic
and the Indies.
Tliiiiiiiiis i(lli((cor(i, I.nwE, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. J.ond., 181)9, 77, Madeira.
Thiiiiiinii mncioptcnis, Temminck \- Sciii.EriKi., Fauna ,Tai>aii, Poiss., 1)8, pi. Al, IHAO, Japan.
■>i7/»»s .«Mfi»?((/ii.s,''' PoKV, Knnuii'i'atio, "1, 187.'>, Cuba.
Oivi/iiMv r(^(/")l;/o, .JouiiAN ifc Oii.iiEUT, .Syiiop.siH, '128, 1883.
AHxio'ia iihtloiii/a, Duesslau ifc Fesleu, /. c, 438, 1889.
i !
)i|Ui', Analyse
393. SARDA, Cuvior.
(BONITOS.)
■<'ii.ii, CivTEi!, lU'^'no Anira., Ed. 2, ii, 190, 1829, {jiehiimis --snrdu).
/'./.r/Hv«, Cl'VIK.ii ,t VAi.ENriENNE.s, Hist. Nat. PoLsH., VIII, 149, 1831, (win/d); nut /V/uhii/h of
I'A! iiiN, a gcntis of Hnakos.
Hody rather elongate, covered with small scales, those of the pectoral
lotion forming a corselet. Caudal peduncle slender, strongly keeled.
Head large, pointed, compressed. Mouth large. Teeth in the jaws
*I'<K'y, in (Ict-ciiliuij:; '*rr//Hii.< Ni(/)i(/(((H.>i, sayH till' pectoral in siibuhiliix id I'f;, in anal, .'> in total
to biisi' of caudal, ).jiii ventral, U in head. " Dr. Liilken nnitcH otlier douhtful species, ullikoni,
pn'iii, 11.1, ijiniii', etc.^ with alalimiju. but hesitates to Uo the siune with siilnditliis tmly on account
III' t!ie length of its pectoral, which he thinkii is a little too long lor lliyMimi and not nearly loug
uiiuudi for aklmiiju.
4
: m
872
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museutn.
I Mi
rathor Htroug, oonicul, Blightly comproHHetl ; Hiniilar teotli on tho pala-
tinea, but none ou tbo vomer; maxillary nut concealed by preurlijtal,
(lill rakvry long and strong. FirMt dorsal long and rather low, of IH t.. l'2
rather stout spines, which are gradually shortened behind; int*i\:i|
between the last spine and the second dorsal short ; second dorsal nukiII,
followed by K-9 finlets; anal I'm similar, usually with one less Unlft;
paired fins small ; pectorals placed below the level of the pui»il. Xo air
bladder. Pyloric C(ectt very numerous, dendritical. Vertebni' normally
formed, 50 to 54 in number. Fishes of rather large si/e, of motalTic
coloration, (Sarihi; o<l/)r5a, the ancient name of the typical species, a Ino
known as Jmia, I'damyn, etc.; so called from its being taken in tlio
neighborhood of tho island of Sardinia; hence, also, the diminutive
mtiidivri, the Sardine.)
(I. Piii-flal Hpiii('8 21; inuxillury roachiiiK lii'yoinl orbit. saiiim, Ijriii,
11(1. Dursul H|)iuc'H IH; iimxillary nut ruiichiiig liuyoud urbit. ciiiLK.vsis, \mi.
1360. SARDA KABDA (niocli).
(BONITO.)
Head 3J; depth 4. D. XXI-I, 13-VIIl; A. I, 13-VII; P. 10. lio.k
elongate, moderately compressed, robust; corselet distinct, Bnialj, nut
extending beyond pectoral. Teeth moderate, slightly compressed, alioiit
30 in each jaw. (Jill rakers rather small, 11 or 12 below angle. Maxil-
lary reaching beyond orbit. Lateral line slightly undulating, with
nowhere a decided curve. Dark steel blue above, with numerous uai row,
dark stripes from the back obliquely downward and forward from the
back; silvery below. Length 21 feet; weight from 10 to 12 pounds.
Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts, north to Cape Cod; very abundani : a
food-fish of rather low grade. This species seems to inhabit the <i|n 11
ocean, approaching tho shores for food or purposes of spawning. (En.)
Scotiiher jiiliiiiiys, BuC.NNIfii, Iclitli. Massil., 03, 17(18, Marseilles; iidt of LiNN.v.fs.
Svoiiihir n<in}(i, Iti.ocH, Iclitlijologiii, X, IJA, \)\, ',i'M, 17!I3, Europe.
Si'ymhir iinditvrnitieiis, IJi.ocii .t Sc'iiNKiiiF.it, SyM. Tclilli., 2:i, ISOl, Marseilles; atliT IIkinmiii.
Simiihrr ]ii 1(1111 itiiH, llAKiNK8<n'K, CumttiTi, 44, iil. \1, 1810, Palermo. •
rddiiijiK fiirdd, GCntiikk, Cat., ir, ;!<i7, 18(iO, and of nioKt European writers.
Siirdd iiirdilnTdiieii, .loiiDAN & CJii.nKliT, .Synopsis, 427, 1883.
Stirihi natda, DuE.s.SLAK &. Ff.sleu, /. e., 440, pi. vill, 188!».
l>280.'^SAItl>A CillLKNSIS, Ciivicr A Va'.encionncs.
(California Bomto ; Skipjack.)
Head 3J ; depth 4|. D. XVIII-1, 12-VIII ; A. II, 11-VI. Head pointed.
conical, naked. Maxillary not reaching eye. Teeth strong, curved,
about 40 in each jaw. Pectorals placed just below the level of pniiil,
scarcely half as long as head. Gill rakers long, strong, 16 or 17 litlnw
angle. Corselet moderately developed. Lateral line undulating, nia); iiif{
a sharp curve below soft dorsal. Dark metallic blue; sides dusky;
several blackish stripes running obliquely upward and backward tiDiii
the pectoral region to the upper edge of the tail, the.se variable in i;iiiii-
ber and direction. Length 2 to 3 feet ; weight 16 pounds. San Franc isro
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 873
to i'uiiigonia and .Jupan ; iiUundaiit uurthwanl iiiMuninior; very similar
to till pi'occdiug, but wit!) tliu NpiiuMiH dorHal aivviiyH Hliurter, itH li«)Hli
siniiliiily coarse, dark red, and oily. (chilfiiHin, living in Chile.)
1',1'ini ,■ ■hili'iuin, Ci'viKii A Vai.knciknnkm, HiHt. Nut. I'niKH., VIII, Ittl, 1831, Valparaiso; OPn-
Tlli;i;, Cut., II, :»>H, lHt;0,
I'ftdiir - ' < iVii/d/M, Tkmmini'K ,1c Si'lll.KdEI., Kiuiiia .litimii, I'iiIhh., IMI, pi. Ti'J, 1Hr>0, Japan.
;v/<ii./'< liii'iilalii, (iiRAiiP, I'lic. It. It. Siiiv., x, Kifp, l>"iH, San Diego, Calirornia.
Sir./ii 'liitiiiiiii, JoUUAN ik (iii.liEUr, SyiioiwiH, V2H, IHSIi; Diikhri.aii ,V Fksi.ku, I. c, 411, 1880.
aftof Itiii'sMiii.
394. SCOMBEROMORUS/ Laci^ptde.
iieomliimiiinruii, LACf.PftliK, lliHt. Xiit. PoiM., Ill, 'Jitli, 18(l'.i, {pliimierii).
Ciibiiiiii, Cl'VlKll, l()'(;iio Aiillii., Kil. 2, 11, IH'l'J, I'Jii, [tiniiiiimiiHii).
Aiiu'h'Uliii, IIknnktt, rrof. ('(iiiiin. /uijl. .'<<n'., 1, 1(1!), iHlil, (iiiiwimiii),
l,.f,i.l.,,i\,lnm, (Jll,l., I'loi-. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'liilii , 12">, l.S(i2, (//i(n,).cii,m. iim).
fhiidiiiilni, lidCKiMiTiiN, I'Tic. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liilu., 187'J, I'M, {coitiulor).
Sciiml'ini(li>n, Van Bknedf.n, (foBHll).
Hody elongate, wholly covered with rudimentary scales, which do not
form :i diHtinct corselet. Head pointed, comparatively short and sinull.
Moiitli wide, the strong teeth in the Jaws more or less compressed or
kiiUV-Hhaped ; villiform 01 Hand-like teeth on the vomer and palatines;
maxillary not concealed liy preorhital. (jlill rakers few. Caudal peduu-
cal with a single keel. Spinous dorsal low, of 14 to IH feeble spines.
.Soft ildiNul and anal short, similar, somewhat elevated and falcate, each
followed by 7 to 10 Unlets; ventrals small; pectorals moderate, near
the level of the eye. Air bladder present. Verlebrn- normally formed,
45 iu number. Fishes of the high seas ; graceful in form and beautiful in
color: among the best of food-lishes. ((twiy/^/joc. Scomber ; o/^opof, near.)
ri, Mali's witli HiilcH silvery, ih) HpotH; females witli - rowH of brown gpotfi, fliis nearly plain.
(■IINCIH.IIH, 1201.
(I.I llotli Kcxps with ntimeroiKs liron/.e spotn on Biiies ; HpinoiiH doreal dark oxcipt at liane.
''. .'^cift dorsal inserted in aiivaneo of anal. macilatus, 12<>2.
'.'1. Soft ilorsjil inscrtod over anal.
c. Roily dec)!, the deptli less than 5 in loiipth
(1. Teotli 20 to :\-l in each .jaw. KIKRUA, 1203.
ihl. Teeth ahmit '10 in each .jaw. Rkoams, 1204.
re. Body inoro slender; the depth about in length. cavalla, 1205.
12«1. SCOMItKltOMOIU'S COXCOLOi: (LockiuRton).
(MONTKIIEV Sl'A.VIRII MaCKF.RF.L.)
Iliad about r>; depth rather less; eye 5h. D. XVII-10-VTII ; A. I,
l(')-\ III. Mouth slightly oblique, the maxillary reaching to posterior
mari^in of pupil. Teeth of Jaws comparatively small, subconical, little
c()ni]ire88od ; about .TO in each Jaw ; those of vomer and palatines minute
anil u;ranular. Lateral line slightly wavy, descending oblirjuoly. Pecto-
ral lins 8 in length, inserted rather above axiu of body ; ventral fins
Ninall ; spines of dorsal slender and fragile, tlio longest J as long as head ;
dorsal lins separated by an interspace e(|ual to ^ length of base of spinous
* Ki r an account of the species of Scomberomorui see a paper by Meek & Newland, Proc. Ac
Xiit. S. i. Phila., 1884, 232-235.
)
i in
us
H7I
Hiillrtin 77, UnilrJ States !V<itioHii/ Museuw.
tloiNiil : caiiilul Hlioi'tttr than lirud, itH lowrr IoIm^ loii^cNt. (iill laKt-iN
litii^, IH l»<lo\v aii^lf. Mair <lark Htt<<>I liliir, llH^ NiiloN Hilvi>iy, wiilidut
MlrrakH or HpotH; t'oinalc willi Iwo allt«rnatf nrriiN of lnown Npnl . ilic
NJlvi'iy nil NitlfN cIoikIciI witli dusky ; Hum in-arly plain, <larK, Mium. n^
Hay, Calit'oinia ; appcarin;; about SantaCiii/ in nioilriatt* nunilins < mli
fall; not known olNtnv lino, and ahvayn diNuppcarin^ in Novt'nilii i .\
t'ood-DNli of v«My IiIkIi <|uality, not infoiior to any otlu^r of tli*- l';iiiiii\.
(coiiiitlitr, iinilornily colonMl.)
I'htiiiiiiiliii iniiiiilni; I.iM'KiMiTON, I'i'iir. Ac. N'lil. Scl. I'lillii., Is7ll, l:i:i, Monterey, Culiiornia.
.•viillldnr./HiilIK CllKri'/.x-, .lullllAN .V (ill IIKIIT, I'rur, I' . ><. Nut. MllH.,l,'i, 1 HK| ; JiimiAS .Sliijlllir,
.•^.vnoixtiH, -I'Jii, ls,s;i; Mk.kk a Nknm.ank, /. ■■., V!:i;i, ImM; |Iiu'.mhi,aii .V 1''i.mi.hh, /. . , ii.'. Issm
I'iti'l. SCOMIIKItOMOItrS NA(i I.ATIM (Mitrliill).
iSl'ANINII MaiKKIIK.!..)
IloadH; d.'ptli li. I). XVII-1H-1\ ; A. II 17-IX ; maxillary 1 , in li. nil:
(>yo I'j; portoial I'i ; ventrallA; dorsal and anal IoIh<k HulM'i|ual. L*. \'<in\\
rlon^atti, itH dorsal and vt^ntial ontlincH o<|ual ; pldt'lll^ stiai^lii rimii
Huont to dornal ; head Nuiall and pointed: mouth laii^*', ol>li<|Ui', jawN
oqiial: maxillary rcacliin;; jtoNlfrior nuiij^in of oiliit; toctli lai;;i', iinn-
proHHod, and Hliarp, llu>ir fornuila Ikmii^ 'Ji-'Jl t«i ',i'2-',VJ; ^ill mkoiN '_* | tl.
iSoft doi'Nal inserted in ailvaiico of anal a distann' aliont «m|IuiI to diaiiK'
tcr «)f I'y*' ; latt'ial lini" undulating, with about I7r> poroH. Colof hilvtiy,
bluish above; sidi^s with many elliptical spots of dull (>run<;e (M>j(ir, two
row'H of those spots bolow lateral line and one row above ; spinous ilmwil
white at base, blaek above; soft dorsal tinj^ed with yellowish, lis nuu-
^i]is black; anal whit«': ])osterior sid«> of ])ectoral black, antcrioi siilr
yellowish with black borders; caudal bhickish. Moth coasts of Nditli
Anu'rica, appearin<j in larj^ti but very irr«'jfular schools in the (iiiU'of
Mexico and aloii<; the Carolina Coast ; ran<>;in^ north in the fall as I'nv us
Cajte Ann. and south to Mrazil : rare or unknown in Culia. Weifjlit SoiH
p«)unds. One of the very best food-ftsbes in the United States, {maitt-
laiits, spotted.)
Sfomhrrwiuiiltiliii', MiTc'Hii.i, Trails. I-it. \- Pliil. Soo. N. Y., i, 1S15, ilG, New York.
Ciihiiim tiiiuiiliUiiiii, (ii'NTiiK.ii, ("at., ii, :i7'J, isoo; IIoliiiidok, li-litli. S. Car., (Hi, IMi'id.
S'<>iii'"ii'i»<'iiis i»<i(/i/,i(ii.<, ,I()i!i>AN .t (iii.iiKiiT, SviioiisiH, 4^li, ISs;!; Mkk.k ,t Nk.wi.aM', '. ■ , '.l^O,
1S8,'); l»ttK8:iil.AU A FfijiLEii, /. c, 113, pi. 9, ItiSi).
126». SCOMDKItONOKI'S SIKKItA, .Ionian & Slitrks.
(SiK.UUA.)
Head 4J; depth 4J. D. XVIII-LVIX : A. ll-bV-IX ; maxillary 1; in
bead; eye 5: j)ectoral I't; ventral ,'5A ; dorsal and anal lol)es e(iu!il. li in
head. I?ody elonj^ato, its dorsal and anal ontlino about o(inal ; indlilc
straight from snout to dorsal; head small and pointed; month ll^'J,'(^
obli(]ue, jaws e(iual; maxillary reaching to posterior edge of orliit.
Teeth large, compressed, and sharp, \'; on each side; gill iMUcrs
4-fll. Soft dorsal inserted almost directly over front of anal : iiitcval
I'JKI. KCONHKItONOItrS ItKiiAMS (liloch).
(fliKIIIIA ; I'lNTADO.)
Iloiid 1]; «l('ptli 4*. 1). XVII-I. IfH-VIII ; A. 11, ll-VIII. Mody rutlur
oloii^'.'it*', itH tloiNal niul vitiitrul ciirvrN alioiit v<|iial. I.ahTal lino
(l(:s< rtiilin<j^ <)l>Iii|ii«)ly, tindiiliito uloii}; tlio tuil. Month liir^i-; maxillary
rciicliin^i to lirlow oyc ; aiijjio of piJMtjicrcIo produced liinkwiMd; p(i(!
torals Hcaly ; caudal podiinclo ratlxir Hlundttr, itH hsast d<;|itli H.Jt in head;
(•amlal IcHM widely foikcid Mian lu mariihifim. Ttirfli tiiaiif^iilar, Htron^jly
r,oiii]in'HKed, about 10 in (laoli jaw. l'«utoral ncaly. Siiv«!iy; Hides witii
two IdackiHli longitudinal ))andH (MOHNing lateral line li«do\v Hoi't, doiHal,
iiotli |io>4t(M'ioi'1y l)i'okon with longitudinal HpotH; ahovo and below tiieuo
iiuincrous browniNli Hpots in rowH ]>ei'HiHtent in the adult ; anterior por-
tion of HpinouH dornal black. Cape (!od to Brazil ; not viuy eoninion on
our Atlantic ('oaHt ; abundant in Cul)a, cloHcly allied to ScombrromontH
miitiiliilui^, i'roHi which most liHhcnn(ui do not diHtingiilHli it. It r(>acheH
alciijith of r> or (! feet and a weight of 20 pounds, it being alHO an excel-
lent I'ood-tish. {rvijaliH, royal.)
Scnnilier riijdlts, Bi.ocii, Iclitliyol., pi. liit:!, 1705, Martinique ; iiftiT u ilniwiti'^' liy I'mmiik.
SeimihiidiiioriiH iihiiiieri, Ii.\ri:i'Ki)K, IliHt. Nat. I'hIhh., hi, 292, iKOfi, Martinique; aftiir AriiitiKT'x
Cnpy (if I'l.lIMIKIl's (Iriiwiiin.
Cithlim ir./d/i', (iCNTilK.H, Cat., II, 1172, IKOO.
Ciiliiini iicriiuiii, (^rviK.ii it Vai.kN(Iknnk.«, llist. Nnt. Poise., viii, IHi!, isni, Cuba.
Sii>,iiti,'miiii,ni.s reijidiii, .h)Hl>\n .V (ill.liF.itT, SviiupsJH, 420, lHHIt ; Mkkk & Nkwi.asiii, /. <■., 2.t|,
1»S5 ; DiiEbsLAii & I<'i;si,Eit, I. <., 'IH, jil. .\, 1880.
12«5. KrOMBKKO.HOIU'S CAVALliA (Cuvlnr & VjilonciciincB).
(KiNiiFisii ; Cavalla ; Oeno; .'<ikuiia. )
Uead 5 ; depth 6; eye large, 2 in snout. D. X V-1, 1.5-VIII : A. II, la-VIIl.
Mouth large, maxillary reaching to below eye. Lateral line desceuding
:i
1 '
Jordan ami Kvermann. - Fishea of North Amcrict.
87r»
Ijiu iiiidiihiling, with about hr* poren. Silvery; above dark Hteel bluinli;
Niitt'N with nuineroUH found Hpotn of Iho Hauio color an the iiack, three
lows of thene HpolH below lateral line and one above; NpinouN dornal
nil black; Hoft dornal tinged witii yellowiHh, itH niarginn Idack ; anal
wliitr; poNterior tuce of pectoial entirely blatdc, anttrioi luce yellosviHli
with lilai-kiHh borders : caudal lda<'k. A lai ^e example, Niippuscd to be a
niiile, liaH live rowH of npotn below tlie lateral line, anteriorly IheHo NpotN
ilf(ir:isiiig in Hi/e toward the belly, but extending nearly to bas*) of ven
tnil liu. l>ength 2\ feel, I'acitic Coantof tropical America: generally
I'Diiiiiion, reproHonting S, inaiiihihiK, which it rcHeiiibleH very doHely, tlio
more backward iiiHertion of the Hoft dorwal and the coloration being tlio
unly distinctive charactern of importance. The HpeiiicH is not valued as
fooil. hut this may lie due to the poor ways of cooking lish prevalent in
Muxico. (•V(in«,the vernacular name, meaning Haw.)
Si'miil'-'i iiiorii* wiiiiil.ihiH, .loitDAN <k QlLliRIIT, Hull. IJ. 8. Kixli Chiiimi., II, ISK2, IOC; not uf
Miiriiil.l,.
Roiii/" i"i""'"" fhrrii, .liiiiPAN iV Staiikh, U<'|it. KIhIich Hitiiiloii, MS. iHit,'!, Mazntlan. (T,v|ii',
N.. 1720, L. S. .Ir. I'niv. Miih. (Nill. HopldiH ICxpodltlnii.)
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
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Photographic
Sdences
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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876
Bulletin ^7, Ihiitcd Statts National Museum.
abruptly below the seoond dorsiil. Teeth triangular, strongly cor,i])if.sseil
about I^Oou oadijiiw. Pectoral 5 in body. Gill rakers very short, less than
^ diameter of eye, about 8 below the angle. Adult iron gray, ncurly or
quite ininiaculate ; young with the Hides of bod.\ marked with ilarkc;
yellowish sjiots ; spinous dorsal without black blotch anteriorly. Iiojii.
cal Atlantic, in the open seas, coming in immense numbers to the Ilmida
Keys and Charleston, rjinging north to Cape Cod and south tc Africa
and Urazil ; very common on our South Atlantic coast, especially unions
the Florida Keys, the catch at Key WeHt very large. One of the li< m food-
fishes of the Florida coast, with firm rich llesh. It reaches a 1oii),m1i of
r> feet and a weiglit of 100 pounds. (CavaUa or Caballa, a Spanisli luime,
from caballuH, horse.)
Ciibiim mralla, CuviElt, Ri'giio Aiiim., K(i. 2, II, 200, 1829, Brazil ; »ftpr Gnnrnpum ,,f Mviir-
OUAVF
Cijhium vtiliaUa, CuviKu k Valknciennes, Hist. Nut. Poiw*., vin, 187, 1831, Brazil ; Ci nthki;.
Cat., 11, :i7;i, 18(10.
CjiUum immaiiilwiiiii, CuviKn & VAtENCiENNES, /. c, viii, 101, 18U1, no locality.
Sfomlinromniiiii t iiIki'.Iii, .InuUAN * Gii.iiEiiT, Troc. U. S. N'iit. Mus., 2G8, 1882; .Fohdan A Uimif.ki,
Synopsis, 127, l.S8:i ; Meek i Newi.and, I c, 'm:>, ISKf).
Scomhtromurm cavalUi, Ukesslak & Feslek, /. c, '114, pi. xi, 188!),
39S. ACANTHOCVBIUM, Gill.
(Petos.)
Acaiilhocjihium, (jll.l,, Proc Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hila., 18(!2, 125, (mra — mlatuM).
Body elongate, fusifoim. Head very long, slender and pointctl, tho
niandilde being longer than upper jaw; jaws forming a sort of liouk:
cleft of mouth extending to below eye; posterior part of iiuixillary
covered by the prcorbital ; both jaws armed with a close series of trciicli-
ant teeth, ovate or truncate; their edges finely serrate; villiforiii ti'etli
on vomer and palatines ; gills as in Xiphiaa, their lamiuie forming !i net-
work ; scales small, scarcely forming a corselet; those along the liasc of
dorsal enlarged and lanceolate; keel strong; caudal spinous; dorsul very
long, its spines about 25 in number. One species, a very large mackerel-like
fish, widely distributed; especially abundant about the Florida Straits.
This remarkable genus imlicates a long step from Se(tmb(roMO''iin towaid
the tj'pe of the swordfishes. (uKdvOa, spine; CUjMam; the name hi jUnv
was originally applied to the cured llesh of nijhiftti').
12«e. ACAXTIIOC'YBIITM SOLANDRI (Oiivior A Vnlonriennes).
(Peto; Wahoo; GrAiiAniMi.)
Head 4 ; depth 6i ; eye 5 in snout ; gape more than half length of liiad :
piemaxillaries in front prolonged in a sort of beak, which is nearly liait
length of snout ; teeth somewhat irregular, the posterior much the laiKost,
all strong, serrated, about 50 in each jaw. Dorsal spines mostly sube(iiial;
lateral line descending abruptly under sixteenth dorsal spiiu' : the
highest, behind the middle of fin, 5| in head ; dorsal and anal lobts low.
Caudal lobes short, very abruptly spreading, their length about ii head.
/<>
l'ect!>i:il
below : no
l/)(ly. 'fn
(iontlii'i'ii
of t; ff' <>'
ivfoo(l-ti>l>-
O/iiii" - •''Oiil
i)HK ; ope
I 'ill, ill III - Ml,
Tat, 11, '
Ciihiiim t" '"••
CljIliUlll !■■ 1,11111
,{,m,thn':J'iiim
Mmihuqil'iiiiii
Mackerel
presKiMl, cti
obsolete, S(
very nlronf
Lo\ver jiiw
Tree from
uuariiicd ;
broi<l fishes
the soft pa
ibnu to th«
usually not
snull, oftei
number. 1
atioii mete
Fishes of t
ble depths
food. The
diverge in
sive steps
progressiva
other lian(
ciali/.ation
the (hmpif
posed of si
and liuckv
been verifl
ther, Cat.,
TiivnsiTiNA-.:
a. l)"(ly mo
h. Ynni
c. ]
fordan and FA'ertnann. — Fishes of North America. 877
I'ectonil L'i in head. Corselet smiill. Steel bine; dark above, paler
lidow : 110 distinct markings, yonng faintly barred : Una colored like tho
IkIv. Tropical seas; not rare about Cuba, whore it spawns; north to
(ioutlKiM Florida; not rare al out the Florida Keys. It reaches a length
of f) ft' I or njore and a weight of over ;")(> to lt)0 pounds, and is valued as
afood-tisli. (Named for its discoverer, .Solandcr,an early explorer.) fEu.)
Olhiiwi ■■■'■I'in'Iri, CrviKli A Vai.knciknnks, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vill, l!!-', 18:11; ril'tor MS. of Solan-
py.i: : open sea, exact locality unknown.
/V.iiim M", llENNKTT, Bcechoy's Voyagf, Zoul,, 63, iil.2(>, fig. '2, 184U, Loo Choo ; (ii'NTiiEii.
Cat, II, :!7:i, IrtfiO.
<y.ii(w ;"'"«, I'oEV, MfinoriuB, ii, 2:!4, pi. Hi, titr. 1, l.M'.ii, Ha /ana.
Ojltimii oniiiii, DiiDKKi.KiN, Giorii. di Sr. Nut., Ed. Kcim., viii, ls7'2, Palermo.
,ii(uil)ii"i,i'iiimfeluii, I'oEY, S}iio|)sis, 303, 18(!8.
,{,aiithw:ihU(iiisolandrt, JoiiBAN, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mm., 1S84, ll!t.
Family CXIX. (iEMPYLID^E.
(Thk ESCOLAUS.)
Mackerel-like fishes with tbe body rather elongate, more or less com-
piesKi'il, covered with niinuie scales. Lateral lino various, sometimes
obsolete, sometimes with a dorsal branch. Head large, compressed, with
very ulrong teeth, usually compressed, some of the a;iterior canine-like.
Lover Jaw projecting, (iill openings wide, the membranes not united,
iiee from isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth. Opercles in adult
uuariiied : in young the preoporcle with radiating spines as usual in sconi-
broitl lislies. Dorsal fin long, a notch separating tne weak spines from
the soft part, which always forms a distinct lobe anteriorly, similar in
ibnu to the anal fin. Finlets often present. Caudal peduncle slender,
usually not keeled, the fin moderate in size, always forked. Ventrals
snull, often reduced to a single ispine. Vertebr;e numerous, 32 to 53 in
uuiuher. Pyloric cccca rather few. Air bladder usually present. Color-
ation metallic, usually brilliant. Genera about 6; species about 12.
Fishes of the high seas, widely distributed and descending to considera-
ble depths, usually breeding about rocky islands, most of them used as
food. The Gempylidw are closely allied to the Scomhridtv, from which they
diverj^c in the direction of the Lcpidophhv. and Trichiitrida: The succes-
sive .steps are indicated by the progressive elongation of the body, the
prof^ressive reduction of the ventrals and tho vertical fins, and on tho
other hand by the progressive elongation of tho lower Ja,, and the spe-
cialization of the dentition. Dr. Liitken calls attention to tho fact that
the (hmpylidw possess a system of dermal ribs or subcutaneous ribs, com-
posed of slender bony filaments close-set, directed backward and upward,
and liuckward and downward from tin median line. This character has
been verified in Thyrsiteti, Nealotus, and Gemjpylus. {Tnch'nirida, part, Gilu-
ther. Cat., Ii, 349-353, 1860.)
TiiviisrriN.T-;:
a. lluily modcr.itely elongate, the dorsnl spineR Io.«s tlinn lio, tlio tinlcts nBuall,v few.
'). Viiittrals well developed, their rays I, 5.
0. Dorsal and anal ouch witli detcched finlotf,.
d. Lateral Hue well developed, moderately curved; Unlet.-' 2; Bkiu with Bniall lliin
acaleii. Bipinnula, a'JO.
i^
i \
11
in. I
1%
'1
n
•i u
i y
fi
It
878
Bulletin ^7, United Stales National Museum.
ilil. Lateral liiiu ubaoldto ur neutly ho; linlutH 2; skiu witli buiiv tiilxTrUs.
HfVKTMs, ;)ii7.
>'r', >)orsiil iiiid anal each witliuut IliilutB; Inturul lino prcHont, doiiblu.
Ei'iNMi.A, :i'jn.
bh. Vuntral I'iiih each reduced to a Hinglo Hpinc.
<•. DiirHil tin morn or less Ri>|iiirated from soft part of the fln; body iit't grcutlv eimi-
i^iitc; tlfilotH few or rioiK!.
/. S|inco between vent and anal tin armed with a daKKcr-sliapud Hi;iiie; Utiral
lino present, Hiiij^lo; 2 or It tiiilets present. Nkai.hi i s, ■.v.v.i,
Jtf. Sjiace between vent and anal witlioiit dagger-Hliapcd siiino; Unlets J: latirul
lino BJngle; ventruls minute; (youn^; without tinletH and willi the vintral
HpineB very long anil jag','od). I'rometiii(|[|iii>, iixi.
(Jrmpvi.in.k:
(Id. Lody greatly elongate, the dorwil tin with about 3(1 spineg, the Hpinoiis part ruiitinii.ni.
with the Hoft part; dorsal and anal flnlota C; dentition strong; ventrals I, Ti, verv sniuii.
OEMI'I lis, Jul.
396. BIPINNULA, Jordan & Eveimanu.
lUpiiiniila, .roniiAN Ht KvKiiMANN, new genus, (rinlacin).
Body Hubfusiforiii, elongate, low, nnifoim, slender; head coiiipiPSHCMl;
lower Jaw longest, both jaws with small teeth ; teeth on vomer faii^' lik«.
First dorsal low, uniform, of 20 slender spines, the fln near soft doisal,
the anterior lobe of Avhich. is moderately developed ; tinlets 2, aii.il Npiins
3, a dagger-shaped spine before it. Ventrals moderate, I, 5 : pii(oral>(
inserted low. Scales thin, cycloid, deciduous ; lateral line single. No
gill rakers. One species known. Dr. Gill divides the genus 'rinjrsUis,
Cuvier «fc Valenciennes, into Thyrsitvx* with (5 or 7 flnlets, the latcial line
abruptly decurved, and Thyrsitoj)^,^ with 4 or 5 finlets, and the lateral
line nearly straight. The American species, i"Jo/««'«, with 2 fiiiU'ts, and
the lateral line lightly curved is still better distinguished, uiul Klionld
probably constitute the type of a new genus, for which we projM>.sc the
name Bipinnula, {Us, two ; jnnnula, finlet.)
12«7. BIPINNULA VIOLACEA (Bean).
Head 4; depth 8. D. XX-I, 19 + 11; A. 17 + III; V.I, 5; 1'. 13.
Width of interorbital area slightly greater than length of eye, which is
contained nearly li times in length of head and 3J times in leiiuth of
upper Jaw. Least height of tail equals width of interorbital aica.
Length of snout twiccs that of longest dorsal spine, and ^ distanco from
snout to origin of spinous dorsal. Maxilla extending to vertical tliiouj;h
front of eye. Length of upper jaw equals 'Si times width of interorbital
space. Mandible reaches to vertical through hind margin of eye : its
length, including the lleshy tip, is 5 times width of interorbital aiva.
Anterior nostril smaller than posterior ; situated in advance of eye 1
diameter of eye. Posterior nostril a narrow slit placed midway between
anterior and eye. Strong teeth on intermaxillary and mandible, 'i'luce
large fangs anteriorly in roof of mouth ; pseudobranchiii' well developed:
no trace of gill rakers. Spinous dorsal begins at a distance from snout
* Thijruilix, CuviK.li & Vai.kncie.jnes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vui, 190, ISIil, (ci<im). (T luimt'i, un
old name ol some tisli, from Ovptro^, a wand.)
•j- Thijrutopsi, Gill, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hila., 18()2, 125, {lepidojmUies).
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. S7()
which fi|uals twice length of snout; it is liinhest in middle. Ninth and
thiittfiiili Hpincs slightly longer tlian third npine and more than twice
us long iiH twentieth, their length eiinaling \ that of unout. Soft dorsal
liiuhcst anteriorly, its longest ray, the lifth, being nearly twice least
liiMi,'ht <it' tail. Caudal forked, its middle rays ahout \ as long as
external rays. Anal origin under the third ray of soft dorsal, its dis-
tiinc'o fioni vent 2i times length of dagger-shajied spine. Vent directly
miller (Mui of spinous dorsal. Anal rays longest anteriorly, the fifth ray
lieini' nearly as long as corresponding ray of S(>ft dorsal. The dagger-
sliiipcd spine in front of anal \ least height of tail ; ventral immediately
iiiulir third spine of dorsal ; its first and longest ray J interorl>ital width ;
lit'tl) ray ahout \ as long as first ; pectoral heginning under second dorsal
spinis itH length 2^ times width of interorhital area, extending to verti-
cal iiiiilway between fifth and sixth dorsal spines. Lateral lino well
(levtlopod, descending gradually from upper angle of gill opening,
leacliinji; median lino of body under soft dorsal. Scales irregular in
sliajic. thin, elongate, cycloid, and deciduous. Puridisli ; the spinous
dorsal, pectorals, ventrals, and inside of mouth blackish. Known from
one Hi)C("imen caught by Captain Thomas Thompson, on Lo Have hank,
south iif N,>wfouudlaud, in 12ij fathoms. (IJeau.) (viohicm, violet-
colored.)
Thiii«iii'i's riiihtrcm, Bean, Prnc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, .')i;i, Le Have Bank. (Type, No.
;i',ijs7. Coll. W. A. Wilcox); Goodk A 1U:a.n, Ocoiiiiic Ichtb., 11)5, 1805.
Thijrsikf tiiijcr, I'oEY, Kuuuteratio, 74, 1875.
397. RUVETTUS, Cocco.
(ESCOLAKES.;
Rmrtiiis, Cr>crn, Giorn. Sci. Sicilia., xili, 2, 1829, (preliiiuvs),
;l]i/nni<, l.owK, TruDS. Zoiil. Soc. Lonil., li, IWl, 1841 (Ki)iijili:r),
AcanHioihrmti, Canthaine, Journ. Ac. Hci. BcUes-IiCttriH ISruxellcs, x, 18.35, {IcmmMi).
Body fusiform, modei'ately elongate, the skin covered with bony tuber-
cles remote from each other and obli(iuely placed. Mouth large, with
stroni,' teeth, some o^' the anterior in each Jaw canine-like. Lateral line
obseiue, little developed. Abdomen keeled. Tail not keeled. Dorsals
near together, well ditferentiated ; dorsal and anal each with 2 linlets.
Ventral rays I, 5. Color black. One species. A large, deep-water lish,
generally valued as food in the tropics, {lioveto or liuvetto, Italian name
of Unrctlus prvtiosua.)
1268. RUVKTTUS PRFTIOSCS, Cocco.
(Kscdlar; Rovetto; Uuvetto; Cmicolau; Oil Kisii; Scouit Fisii; Plain-taii..)
Head \ ; depth 6 ; eye large, 5. D. XV-1 8-II ; A. 17-11 : V. 1, .5 ; C. !» + ^ ;
vertebra' 16 + 16=32. Co'ca 11 to 14. Body oblong, compressed, not greatly
* .Viiiithcr tish of this tjroiip, nppareutly allied to Encohir lias liocii iiientioiicd us Thyntili-s iiiijer,
I'llKV.
Iviiiiwn only fi-oiii II fiajrme'it of tlm tail of a specimen weiKliiiij; alxmt 100 poiiiiilH. ('audal
|iiJiiikIi' with a distinct keel. Scales thin, smooth, and luunditih, not spinoui'. Ctdor cvery-
whori' iiitiiise hliick. Last rays of dorsal apparently detached. Klesh white, (•xi|ui.'<ite in
fl^voi, .x^iii Hiirdliiix jin'tumiiK. Havana. (Poey.) Thrown on shore hy a stonii. This it^ prohu-
I'ly not u Thi/niU't:, uur a Jiiviimuhi, as the caudal ptduuclo Las uo ktel iu either genua. i,iiiijt:r,
bluck.)
M
■- I
u
'I
:^T' TJ>''i
880
Bulletin y/, United States National Museum.
oloiigate. Head largo, coin|>act, plain, with flat and oven sides, < luinNicr
than in Promctliichthyn, the lower jaw being very Htrong. Toji di iicmi
broad and (lat. Mouth very large, the gape extending beyond middle oi
eye ; teeth strong, Home of the anterior «!anine-like. First dorsal Inw, tlir
spines slender; second dorsal and anal high In I'ront. Caudal larije,
broadly forked. Pectorals small, vontrals snuvUer. Skin appaiiiitly
smooth and scurfy in appearance, harsh and st id" to the touch. Sl<in cov-
ered with small, irregular, cycloid scales and also rows of glassy lnilvid
prickles in quincunx, the structure of thete complicated and pcciiliui;
each one X-shaped or X'^^l"*!'*'*^) with 2 points and 2 or 3 roots. Color
purplish 1)rown, darker above and with blackish patches ; inside ol nidiitli
dusky. Tropical parts of the Atlantic in deep water. Abundant in dccji
water about Cuba and the Madeiras, frecpiently taken in the Mcditnia-
nean, two specimens, 4 and (J feet long, taken otV the Grand r>anks id' New.
foundland. Found in ;500 to 400 fathoms. It reaches a weiglil id' liiii
pounds and is valued as food. "The Ctiban iishermen go *fi-scli(iliiriiif;'
('ii escolarear '), after the Ashing for the spearfish has ceased and licfom
that for the red snapper begins." The flesh is Ahite and flaky. Imi soft
and insipid in the Madeiras, according to Lowe, where its extreme oiii-
ness makes it unwholesome. {jn-vtioHun, precious.) (Eu.)
IlHiellii.1 jiriiiiisiw, Coccn, Giornah! di Srieuzo jht la Sh'iliii, xi.ii, 21, ls2!t, Messina.
Telnigimuiim shiiiilcx, LoWK, I'ror. Zeiil. .Sor. Lotid., 14;j, 183:!, Madeira,
ItoreOiHteiiiiiiiidii, Cantu.vink, Giorn. Si-i. et Litt. Tiwi, 183,3, Malta; tUlo Pcikv.
TliymlexdciiiUhodenttti, Lowe, Proc. Zoiil. Sue. Lorid., 1830, 78, Madeira.
ThiirKites scholariii, PoKv, MemoriaB, i, 372, 1861, pi. 32, tij;. 1, Havana.
Tliymtfs pretiomis, GOnther, Oat., 351, ISnO.
Apliinis f implex, Lowe, Trans. Zuiil. Soc. Loud., ii, 1841, 180.
liiivellim leiiimitd-ii, Valenc'ienne.s,' in Weiiii &. Ueutiiei.ot, Poiss. Canar., .W, iiliites.
Acanthodervia timviin'ii, Oantbaine, Juurii. Ac. Sci. et BollcB-Lettros, UruxBllcs, IKi'i, x, jil. 1.
398. EPINNULA, Poey
^)miiii{a, Poey, Memorias, i, 3G9, 1854, (magislralis).
Body fusiform, somewhat compressed, moderately elongate, covered
with minute thin scales. Lateral line present, double. Dorsal Tn is con-
tiguous, barely connected, the spines A\ell differentiated. Ventmls I.').
No finlets. Tail not keeled. Deep wateia of the Atlantic. (Name sliort-
eued from ejnnnulatus, without fiiilets.)
12«0. EPINNULA MAOISTRALIS, Poey.
(Domine.)
Head 3; depth 5. D. XV-I, 16; A. Ill, 13; V. I, 5; P. 15; C. 8 + 7; R
7; coeca 10. Body moderately elongate, compressed. Maxillary reucliing
middle of eye; eye large, about 2 in snout; opercular point sol'r ; liist
dorsal low, depressible in a groove; anal beginning but little lidiiml
second dorsal. Caudal forked, the lower lobe shorter; pectorals not fal-
cate; ventrals half smaller, under lower angle of pectoral. Inti-itinal
canal straight. Head about as \n RuvctUm, the mouth large; the maxil-
lary nearly half head ; lower jaw projecting ; premaxillaries boidcrcd
^fii!
fordan ixnd ETermann. — Fis/ies of A'orth America. ScSl
witli i'M external HerieH of nharp teeth ; about 2 lai(j;o cotiipresHod canines
oil t'JKli Hide in front ; one on each Hide near t ip of low jaw ; low»!r teeth
otlitiwiMo smaller. Scales sniall, caducous. Upper lateral lino very high,
imialli 1 with hack; lower Joining it behind the shoulder, thence curving
ildw II \\;ird, following outline of belly. Intestinal canal short. Hluish,
(liiiki r ;ii)ove, silvery bolow. (Poey.) Two specimens liuown, one taken
iienr ll:ivana in IH."*?, 3 feet long, the other obtained by the Alhutronn in
\)<Kk I .)/((//is/r«/i.'*, Master ; in Spanish, Dihiihii'; in reference to its resem-
hliuii'c to the scholar, Encolar, Jiufcthtx pnlloHnn.)
fJHi.iiii'' i^in'jMriili", I'liKv, Mi'iiioriiis, i, iltill, isr)!, Havana; (iCNTiiKit, Cut., ii, :il,», IHtiO; (5(](iiiK
\ 111 AS, Oioiinic IchtUyol., lOS, isns.
399. NEALOTUS, Johnson.
S:;ih'l"\ ,1'HINPOV, Proc. /oiil. .''oi'. Loiiil., 180"), 4;!l, (/Wjks).
iiody elongate, much compressed, incompletely covered with delicate
scuIls. Cleft of mouth deep. Small teeth in jaws and on palatine Itones ;
iioiir oil vomer. First dorsal (composed of about 'M> spines) continuous,
extt'iidiiig to the second ; finlets behind dorsal and anal ; a diigger-shaped
siiinc Iithind vent. No keel on tail. Caudal tin well developed. Von-
tiiiln reduced to a spine each. Seven branchiostegals. Deep seas; one
N|H'cies known. (veaXwror, newly caught.)
1270. NEALOTl'S TBIPKS, Johnson.
HeadU; depth 9J; eye 5; snout 3. D. XXI, 19 + 11; A. 18, III ; P. 13;
V. 1. lU)dy very elongate, with a few large, decidtious, simple scales of
(Iflicaie structure here and there upon its surface. Head flattened above,
coiiciu in interorbital region, with 4 low ridges, the inner pair of which
iuclohe an elongate, dianiond-shaped space; lower jaw longest. Eye round,
lateral ; opercle with 2 obtuse projections behind, separated by a notch.
Spinous dorsal inserted in front of root of pectoral, its height slightly
{greater than half that of body ; its length less than half that of body,
placed in a groove; the second dorsal placed close behind first, not so
high and less than hiilf as long. Pectoral origin under angle of ope'cle,
its lenj^'th equal to that of second do nal fin. Spines representing ventrals
inserted close together under hinder part of roots of pectorals, their length
aliout i height of body. These spines arc longitudinally grooved, and each
aiipeaiH to consist of 2 or 3 spines coalesced together. Vent very slightly
postinedian ; a ilat, dagger-shaped spine, longitudinally grooved, half .is
lonj; as height of body, inserted close behind vent. Anal fin inserted
behind this spine at a distance about equal to its kngtli, and opposite
to, lint rather shorter than second dorsal. Caudal fin deeply furcate.
Lateral lino descends obliquely from above opercle to middle of length of
fisli, and then continues with a gentler obliquity along posterior part of
body to tail, -where it is inserted at i distance from ventral to dorsal out-
line. (Goode & Rean.) Two specimens known, one from Madeira, the
other taken by the Challenger between the Bahamas and Bermudas, ((ripen,
3 -footed, the 2 ventral spines and the anal spine forming a tripod.)
yfuhiii^ inpeH, .Johnson, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lond., 18C5, 434, Madeira.
F. N. A. 57
)
i
['
If
!
ip.,i.!,»-JH IHUIVtlUJflllf IlllfUJJI^II
882
1-:
Jiulletin 4J, United States National Museum.
400. PROMETHICHTHYS, dill.
(CoNK.FOS.)
I'rowrlhenf, iiVO\ \ (iAIMARD, MS.
Promilheiif, LnwK, TniiiH. /ool. Soo. Loinliiii, II, iHl, l«r., (ullinilieiii') ; nmiir )irciMcu|ij,..|
f /<iVt<i/ii(i,* (irNTiiKH, Cat., II, :i}!), iHtiii, (iinii(i/ii»).
Pioiiulhirhlhjiii, iitl.h, Bli'in. Nut. Ac. Sci., vi, 115, lii;i, 1803, {(ilhiuliriiH; Hulistltutc fjr I 'on,,' Hum
of Lowe).
IJody elongato, slondor, fusiform; iiiotitli largo, with two strong;
canineN in front of each jaw ; HpiiioiiH dorHal lonj;, contif^iKMiH to the suit,
which iH rather high ; two finlotn above and two holow ; pcctoriils ((m,.
paratively low ; caudal without keel; veutralu repreHciited by a imii of
minute HpincH; no daggor-shapodHpine behind vent. Preoperculuiiiiiiiiiinicd
except in young. Lateral line descending in an oblii|uo line, midnlat
ing below the front of the Hpinous dorsal. Scales very minute, .sniootli.
Voracious fishes of the open seas, reaching a moderate size. ("(iw(/";/r,
wary ; /v'^'t> f'sh.)
«. Hciul Hliort, 4 in longtli ; depth 7. piiOMETjr: , >, lj7i.
aa. Ilcait longer, 2% in length ; depth 0. I'akvu'inms, 1j72.
1271. PROMKTHHJIITIIYS PltOMKTIIKIS, Cuvier * ValencienueH.
(Raiuiit Fish ; Coeliio ; (-'onk.io ; IJeumupa Catkisii.)
Head I ; depth 7. D. XVIII-19 or 20-11 ; A. K^-II ; V. I ; vevtcl.i;i \iu +
14 = 41. Body elongate, compressed throughout, nowherecarinatc. Head
smooth; eyes prominent, the space between them Hat, with a sliallow
median groove. Mouth large, the gape aliout reaching middle of eye.
Uoth Jaws with an outer row of about 25 short, strong, CDUipiessed
triangular teeth; anterior canines similar but much stroijger; vomer
toothless ; palatines with fine close-set teeth. First dorsal low, its spines
weak, with fragile membrane; second dorsal high; caudal forked. A en-
trals reduced to two small blunt scale-li'ke spines, much larger in tlie
young, where minute rays are also present. Lateral line abruiitly bent
downward under front of dorsal, without dorsal branch. Scales iniinitc,
apparently wanting; vertical fins "with rudimentary scales, lliiifonii
deep coppery brown in life, with metallic iridescence, with some blackish
cloudings; tins more or less dusky. Tropical islands of the Atlaiitie, in
deep water ; west to Cuba and the Bermudas ; not very common. ( Low e. )
* The generic iiitnie, Dicrolus, was given to a very young flsh, Dlcrolim ariiKilus, Gi'NTnii:. from
unknown locality. The cliaracterii of llicmlnn are tlio*^ of larval (leiiipyUiiit and 'l'li;;i'iiiii:i.
In tliese larva; tlio ventral Hpiiics are elongate, the jaeoperele armed witli sj)ines, the liiiliiMun-
nectedwith the liody of the fin, the anal Bpiues more develojied, and the body nliurt. liilktii
regardti liia-nlitu ariualns as the young of I'roiiielhich'hjin prmnelluiis, in which case llif ntiiii'
Dicrotiis (5i'(cpoTos, two-oared), would supersede I'rometliichthiis. The description of liirmlns,
however, applies better to I'roDielhiilitliya jiio)iie//ioi(<cs(Bleek('r), an Kast Indian Kpecics liiiviiig
D. XVIII-II, l.T-II, A. IT, 14, II, and two lateral lines. This species apparently IiIhui:- t"
a different genus from Pnnnethichlhijn jtromelliem. For this latter genus, the uameDicrnln.'' -houlJ
be retained.
The following is the generic description of THcrolun: "Body rather elongate, comiiri'Sfi'il :
cleft of mouth wide. First dorsal continuous, willi the spines of moderate streiiiitli, .iml
extending on to the second; finlets none. Vnntral reduced to a long, crenulatcd siiii;.', Pro-
operCTiIum witli several spines at llie angle. Itody naked Several strong canines in ilir jaws :
minute teeth on vomer and i)al'itine bones. No keel on tail. Seven brauchiostegals. I'siudi'-
brauchiiic prcscut. (GUuthur.) Fin rays J). XVIII, 18 ; A. II, 16; V. I, in Vicruius wimitii^
Joriian anU F.vermann. — Fishes of North AmeriiU.
88;{
" I'hiH tiub, the ' Cuollio ' or Kiihbit FiHli uf MiuUuiu, Hvuh Iiiibitiiiill.v at
thu liottuni, uiul iu taktui ut iiioHt nuuhoiih al a depth of fium KX) to 3U<)
or IIH) fathoms, and in thu Huiniiier nionthH, accordiiif^ to Lowo, it iH ^on-
eriilly onu of tho coniinoneHt and chuape.st fishea in thu market, where it
is sold in bundles, cliietly to thu I'urtiignoHe. It breeds in August and
S('i)ioi>iber, and attains a length of \\ to '1\ feet. It is a very wary lish,
its iiiiiiiti uf rabbit lish being due to its haltit of snapping otVbait. Sev-
eral Mpecimens were obtained in Hermuda in 1877 by Dr. (ioode. The
liMliciinen obtain it at a depth of fiO to 100 fathoms, and it is known to
tlitiii iiH the 'Catfish.'" (Goode &.. Dean.) (PromethcuH, a classical name
"pur line allHuion J'aviU il sainh:")
lldiiliitUiK promrtlu'im, i/'l'ViRit i: Vai.rnciennes, Ilist. Nat. I'oim., viii, 213, pi. 222, 1831, St.
Helena.
Oaiii'iilit* miliiiidri, CuviKU & V..i,encien.nks, /. c, viir, 215, 1831, New Holland ; iifttr
Siil.ANIIKll M.'<.
ili'iiijiiili'< iiriimrlhniii, Vai.encif.nnks, Iclith. I li'H Canaries, Til, pi. 11.
I'iniiiiiliiiis (illimliiiin, I.owK, Trim.i. Zoiil. Soc. Loiulnn, 11, IHI, 1841, Madeira.
Pnimillikhlhiiii alliiiituiit, (Jiionr. \ IIf.an, Ocean. lelith., 200, 189r>.
We provisionally associate with VromethkhihijH, the fish called JHcrotuti
pun'i2>inni8 by Goode &. I?ean, the very young or larva of some unknown
Hpecies. If tha small number of dorsal and anal rays is pennanent, this
.species would form a new genus, between I'romvlhichlhijH and CivrnpylitH,
the nmall soft dorsal and anal marking a transition toward tho LepidopUhv.
1272. PUO.'WKTHUHTIIYS IMIIVIPINXIS (Ooodu k Bean).
Mead 2^ ; depth 0; eye 6; height of tail 2 In eye. D. XXI, 11; A. II,
S; I*. 12; V. 1, 1, or I, 2. Upper jaw reaching vertical from front of
orbit. Three large fangs in upper Jaw, a large fang neartip of lower jaw,
and M smaller teeth. Three weak, diverging spines on the border of pre-
u)K;rculum. Dorsal originating at a distance behind eye about e<iual to
U times length of eye, or about over middle of operculum ; spines all
serrated, the first 5 about ecjual ; they diminish gradually in size from fifth,
aud the last is only about i as long as eye. The ventral origin is under
the sixth dorsal spine ; the spine strongly serrated, its length equal to
that of ninth dorsal spine; ventral with either a single bifid ray or 2
simple rays. Color silvery ; caudal peduncle and top of back at base of
dor.sal brownish. Western Atlantic; JUxitronH stations 21537,2542, and
2t)(il: about 40° N., 70° W.; known only from larval specimens. {parvuH,
small ; pinna, fin.)
UicivliiK parvipitmis, Goopk A Bean, Ocuauic lelitliyolofry, 201, 1805, Gulf Stream.
401. GEMPYLUS, Cuvier «.t Valenciennes.
(Snake Mackekels.)
Oetni^iiltit, CuviEn A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., viii, 207, 1831, {nfrpew).
biiiuisiiiiin, Lksson, Voyage C'oquille, Pois.'^i .nn, 160, lS2rp, (Ihiirsiloiiles).
Xiiplwlhi/ca, SwAlNsox, Nat. Hist. Fislies, 11, 1839, 230, (<o//i!»t).
Hody very much elongate, compressed, and band-shaped, approaching
the form of Lepidopus. Head long, pointed anteriorly, the lower jaw
'i'
"%
(
M. t
I:. ..
^fi'r7^--'.wf'7VI'"^ ' ' •'
884
Bulletin 47^, United States National Museum.
projctctiiij;, tho imtoru»r toetli in upper jaw very loiiKi caninu-like. Scilin
iiiiiMittf or oltMoloto. SpinoiiH ilorNiil very loiiij, of about MO Hpiu.'H; M.ft
(lorNul low, liut with a <liNtinct lobu, Niiuilar to anal and both foilowtil U\
ft to 7 liiil«itH. VentralH F, 5, but oxtrtinidy iiiinuto. Caudal tin latluT
Hrnaii, \v»dl forkc^d. Latoral lino Hiu^le, arched anteriorly. Vcrttlmr
'JH -f' Jf) aH. Air bla«lder present. Youiij? havinj^ the " />i' /•»///«" inini,
witti lar^e liead, HpinouH ventralH, and Hpini^rerouH preoperole. Deep Noa.
{GcmpiihtH, an old name of Honio Scombroid fiHh.)
127l». «KMI'VI,rH SKIti>K>'S, (liivior \ ViiU'niiPiinf.H.
HeudSJ; depth 17. D. XXX-1, 13-V : A. II-1, 11-VII ; V.I, 7> ; voMcI.ih
28 -f 25 - 5H. Eye7in head. Maxillary uearly reaching front of pii|pi|,
Kachjaw with a Mcries of coiupresaed, triangular, trenchant teeth; about
(5 long canincH in front ofjawn, Home of tiiesowith an omargination, as in
Sphynviia ; palatines with a row of small teeth, uono on vomer ; unii;illy
a Mingle canine at tip of lower jaw. Lateral line straight except anterioily.
Dorsal spines slender ; soft dorsal and anal small, with numerous liiilcts.
Pectorals pointed, rather long; ventrals minute. Color dark metallic
blue. Flesh firm. Deep seas; a rare fish, widely distributed, reachiiij,' a
length of 3 feet or more, (scrpettit, a snake.)
flem)>!ili(ii serpetti, CuviKR it Vai.encik.nnks, Hint. Nut. I'oinB., viii, 207, ISal, Martinique.
tlimjiiihiii terjieiin, GCMllKit, fat., li, li.'id, 18tiO.
(li-miiiiliiK (i'liilier, CiviKii A- Vai.knciknnks, I <•., 211, Otaiti.
(liiiijiiiliiiiophiiUdiiKi', I'orv, McinorlaH, ii, 2-l(), isfil, Cuba.
LfiiiiiiMima Ihymliiiilf", TiKSSuN, A'oyano ('oiinillo, 1(!0, 182(1.
Gempylus eerpem, GyODE A Bean, Oceanic Ichtli., 202, 1895.
Family CXX. LEPIDOPIDiE.
Body elongate, band-shaped, scaloless; dorsal long, continuous or kuIi-
continuous, without distinct lobe to the soft dorsal ; anal comparatively
short, preceded by a considerable number of short detached spines ; no tiii-
lets; caudalsmalljbutdietinctandforked ; pectorals with someofthelower
rays longest ; ventrals rudimentary or absent ; a spine or scute, or i)aii of
scutes behind the vent. Lateral line conspicuous. Mouth large, tlie
lower jaw projecting. Teeth very strong, premaxillaries not protraeiile,
lanceolate in jaws, more or less larger in front; uo teeth in palatines.
Air bladder present. IJill membranes separate, free from the istiiiniiH;
gills 4, with a slit behind the fourth. Abdominal and caudal verteln;!'
numerous, 100 or more. Pyloric cceca in large numbers. Three genera,
and about 5 species ; similar to the TrichiurUue in habit, but retainint: tlic
caudal fin of the Gemjiylida; This group represents successive steps by
Avhich the muscular and free-swimming mackerels become transformed to
band-shaped pelagic surface fishes with many vertebra?. The fins and
tail become degenerate, the teeth more and more highly specialized.
The retention of the rudin>entary caudal furnishes a slender character for
the distinction of Lepidopidw as a family from Trichiuridw. (Lepidojyodida;
Gill, Standard Natural History, m,206, 1885.),
m
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. «S85
Aril wdi'IN.k:
II, liorHiil <llvi(luj inlii tui) |<urtiuiiH; rrmit of uiial with w i1iikk«>'-"I>i>I'U<I K|iini' Im-IiIikI vuiiI;
vcntrtiiri wuiititi);; viTtuhrtu 4U \ ST --- 100, Ai'IIANoI'I m, li''^.
LKrii"i"iN.»;:
ii.i I)(iri<nl (III rontiniioiiK; front (if niiiil without ilapRor-HliaixMl Hpiiio; vi<iitriiU ri'iliii'iil In ii
piilr of Hcal<'«; Ifoily imt very Hliiidor; liiiiil with arrrst iilmvc
/.. Ddiwil iiivM IrHrttliiuiloO; twiHliBtiiirt iMwtiiiml hciiIi'h; vi'iitraltlirliiiiil liani- of (piTloraln.
c, tloail Hhurt, lii^b, ('uiii|iri'Htiud abovutoa trciichuutcdKt'; JawNi'i|iial; iirdtllrcoiivux.
Evo.\y»i»;Toi'iiN, 403.
cc, Ilonil rather loiit;, with latcrul occipital crcHtu convcrnliiK anteriorly; louir jiiw
projiMtiii;;. I-Ki'liiiiiTS, 1114.
fcb.' Iloily low; hi'iiil wittiout cront; (lorHul rnyN aliuiit 150; oiio jiostanal ^cntc; vcntrals
liuluw liaiu of pfctoralN. Ukmtiiuueij.mvm, 400,
402. APHANOPUS, Lowo.
y(])/miin;)in, LOWK, I'ror. Zoiil, See. Lend., IR'.O, 79, (rarhn).
l!o(ly very elongate, 1>au<l-like, scalcleHS ; head long, pointed; ch-tt of
nidiith very wide ; jaws armed with strong, lanceolate teeth arranged in
Kiii;;Io Hcries and in coninion alveolar groove; no teeth on palatine; eye
very huge; Lack occnpied l»y a long dorsal lin, divided in two Hnhocinal
pnrtH; anal spines numerous and feeble; a dagger-shaped spine behind
vent ; caudal well developed, deeply cleft; pectorals moderate, rounded;
vciitrals absent ; branch iostegals 7; air bladder present. Pyloric append-
(la{,a's few. Two specios in the deex) sea. (d^aw/r, invisible; TroOf, foot.)
1374. APIIANOPl'S MINOR. Collett.
Head about 2.| in length of body to vent; eye about 4;} in h^ad. D.
XLI, X + ? ) B. 11. Eight long teeth in the intermaxillary, the two fore-
iiKKst "canines" the longest ; 8 teeth in the lower jaw, a trido shorter; no
teeth in vomer and the palatine bones. Ventrals none ; a strong dagger-
sliiiped spine behind vent. Air bladder present ; pyloric c<i!ca 7. Dark
silvery or steel-colored. Length from tip of snout to vent (in the single
speeJmen examined)352 millimeters. One specimen known, from the east
coast of Greenland, 65° N., 31'' W. (Collett.) {minor ^ smaller.)
Aphmoima minor, Coi.T.ETT, Vidcnsk. SelKk. Forhandl. Christiania, No. 19, 11, 188C, east coast of
Greenland; Gooue & Heah, Occauic Ichthyology, 207, 1895.
403. EVOXYMETOPON, Pooy.
(TiRANTES.)
Ernrymelopon (Poey) Gilt,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18G3, 228, (tienia/us).
Body very elongate, band-like; head with the supraocular portion com-
prc'Hsed into a trenchant edge, and the upper profile abruptly descending
toward the end of the snout ; eye of moderate size, much below upper
profile. Cleft of mouth wide; teeth lanceolate, in single rows, with
larger ones in front ; a series of small teeth on palatines. Fins as in
Lepidopua. One species. (ei>, true; c'^if, sharp; jueruTr-ov, forehead.)
8H({
Jiulietin y7, United States National Museum.
11176. KVOXVMKTOI'ON T.KMATIS, I'm«>.
(TlUANTI-.i I'VKANT Fl«ll.)
Iload 8 ill cxtroiiiuloiiKth ; iU^pth 12; oyo about in lioftd. 15.7; I). 87;
A. 1!); ('. 17; 1'. 12. Ili'iul ohlun^, tioncliant uliov*^, olovtitful ultovo i vih
for a Hpaco roiiHidorably jjicaler than clianioter of cyo, and docnrvcd vciy
oltliijnrly downward to Hnout. Tho lirHt 10 dorual Hpinrs undividrd;
tho rcHt Hplit. Color Hilvery, Avith about narrow roddiHli liaiidx, inost
diHtinct holiind, tho Ih'Ht on thn rid){n of tho lM>ck and th» (it'tli almi;;
lateral linn. Ciiha, in dut^p wat«M' ; rar». Si/nHinall. (I'ooy.) According'
to DrH. (iill and (>iinth«'r a H])«cini(3n probably iduntioal with this wns
recorded early in the jtresont century from Scotland by Hoy. {tanitiliis,
with ribbon-liko HtripcH.)
Evoxjimfl«i"<» liiiii'iiitii{\'iir.\) Cii.i,, I'loc Ar, Niit. Sri. I'liilii., lHtj,1, 228, Cuba; Oii.i., I'm. ,\..
Nut. S<'i. IMillu., IMrt, 20(1; OooiiK. \ ]Ikan, Otiaiiir Irlitli., 204, 1805.
404. LEPIDOPUS. <iouan.
(FllOHT-KIbUKS.)
Lfpiilopnii, OovMi, Hist. Nat. VdWh.. IH.'i, 17"0, {gnwuii).
\'<iii(lellitiK, SlIAW, (iciil. /oiil., IV, l!t!), 1H(K), {liiHihiiiiciiii).
Siiriiiiii, ](Ai-lNKH(jrK, Ciir. Nuo. Goii. Sic, 2(\ I8I0, {imiiirfu).
Zipliulliicii, MoNTAijf, WorniT Mom., 1, 8'2, IHll, {Ivlnuhm).
Jlody very elongate, band-like, scaleleaH; head pointed, with Jatcriil
occipital crestH converging anteriorly ; cleft of month wide, the jaw.s
being armed vith ntrong lanceolate teeth in a Hinglo Beries, larger oms in
front; a scries uf minute teeth on the margin of the palatines. Nodiiltn
oblique. Eyes largo. Along tho whole of back ono single dorsal liii ;
anal spines numerous, but minute or hidden beneath the skin ; no ]i(ist-
anal spines; caudal well developed; ventral tins rudimentary, insi'rtfd
behind pectorals. Two postanal scutes. Eight brauchiostegals : .lir
bladder present. Pyloric c<i'ca somewhat numerous. Surface fishes (if
tho open sea, readily chilled by cold weather, hence the name frost tisii,
(^cTTt';, scale; Troi'f, foot.)
12;«. liKPIDOPl'S rArDAXrs (Kuphmspn).
(FttosTKisii; ScAiiiiAUi) Finn.)
Depth 15i; D. 102 to 104; A. 24 or 25, C(T'ca23; vertebr.T 41 + 71^-112.
Body very elongate, band-like; cleft of month wide. One single didsal
fin extending whole length of the back ; caudal well developed ; veiilrals
reduced to a pair of scales; anal spines .numerous, but minute or hidilen
beneath the skin ; no scales. Several strong teeth in jaws ; teeth on iml-
atincs. No keel on tail ; 8 brauchiostegals ; air bladder present ; pylmif
appendages in increased number. Pelagic, occasional in the Atlantic,
from Norway to South Africa and New Zealand. In New Zealand it
comes to tho surface periodically in great numbers to deposit its spawn.
Length 5 or 6 feet. A specimen taken by . .n Xantus at Capo San Lucas ;
not otherwise known from American waters, (vaiidatus, tailed.) (Eu.)
Jordan ami Kvermann, — Fishes of North America. 887
7-,,./ .< I •iM>(></H«, Ki I'HiiANKN, Mtot'kh. K. V«t. Ac. Nyu lluiiill., .'ij, \.\. ii, 11^. ,!, 17hh.
I,.inl i'>'"J'"""''i III'"' l< >t .'^I'llNRinKH, 8.VF<«. It'lllh., 2:i!), IHOI.
ji,. /,Huii.;//iii/iii«, Hoi.iiN, Kidliitiili. SkrI. \, Nut. Wclnk., v, Ii:), Iwft!.
f,,,l,.,nti,,;iHij\„miii, V.»NiiKi,i.i, Ar. Scl. MhIi., 17117, Liibon.
y.ni'i.ili'" liitiiiniiiiii), HiiA\«, (ini. /<m'>I., IV, I'.)'.), IHiKi, Portugal.
/..;m./ />iM iHrrniili, niHMO, Irhtll. Niic, llH, |il. Ti, 181(1, Nice.
/„..'/..■., ieiiwtni», MiiNTAor, Wcrii. Mem., i, H'J, pi. ii iiimI ;i, IHll, Great Rritoin.
/,.;,;,/-(m(( ii-;/(/riii«, CrviKU A VAr.KNciKNNf.H, llUt. Niit. I'uiHH., Mil, 2'j:i, iKil. France.
L<fil'iiutei*ndutM, Ul'MTUCit, Cut., ii, 314, 18UU; Quudk ifc Kea.n, Uceuuli Mitli., 'Ju;i, IH'IA.
4
405. BENTHODESMUS, (ioodo <.V noun.
r,>i(ili''<leiu,u», GooDK A Hr.AN, I'roc. V. 8. Nat. Miw., iv, 1881, :18(), {i-loiiyntiiH).
Itdily luikod, much coinpruHsed, attcnuuto, taporiii^^^railnally finin vent
to lia.sc of caiulal ; caudal pedunclu vi^ry Hlundur, Hiipportiii^ a HMiall hnt
viill-dcvelopijd caudal tin ; vent couHidcraldy nearer liead than to tail.
LatiTal lino Biniple, in a deep, wide furrow, nearly NtraiKht, in front of
the vent f^radually UHcendiiiK to the scapular region. Head conijireHsed,
its iijjjier profile nearly hori/.ontal ; nnout gibbous iiearitH end, as in Lipi-
(litim-i. Top of bead very Hat, concave between tbe eyes, with no occipital
cirst ; inter{)rbital ridges not elevated. Eyes large, slightly postniedian.
OlicKMilunj (d)long, reaching a little beyond the" liase of the pectoral (in.
Nostiiis horizontal, in front of the eyes. Suprauiaxillary not extending
to vert ical from front of eyes ; lower jaw with stout cutaneous appendage.
Time very long, simple, compressed teeth on each intermaxillary in front ;
outMide of these a few minute teeth, and behind them a row of largo acic-
uiiir teeth; lower Jaw with a single row of moderately large acicular
teeth, more numerous than in the upper jaw, largest in the middle of tho
Jinv ; palatine teeth minute. Dorsal iiu beginning abo ^ the operculum,
nearly uniform in height throughout its entiro length, and continuous
aii;:'_>Mt to tho caudal; rays very numerous, 150 or more. Anal beginning
near tho vent, preceded by a single scale-like appendage; spines very
numerous (numbering with the rays about 100) all except about 'M being
Hpines, minute and almost hidden ; a short fin jiostoriorly ; caudal small,
normal, forked ; pectoral inserted almost horizontally, with lower rays
loni,^'st, and its upper outline rounded ; ventral fins rcnresented each by
a minute scale-like spine, inserted below the origin of tho pectorals.
I'Hiidobranchiie present; gills 4, a slit behind tho fourth; gill rakers
Kliortand spiny, in a single series ou tho first and second arches, almost
olisolete on tho third and fourth. Deep-sea fishes ; two species known.
{■Vn<(k)i;, deep; dta/iui, band.)
/
1277yBENTHODESJHS ATLANTICUS, Goodo & Dean.
Head 7i, its greatest width G in length ; depth about 4 ; snout 2i. D.
1." t ; A. 100 ; P. 12 ; V. 1, 1. Body attenuate, its height at vent 4 in head, its
w idth ^ of its height at tlio point mentioned ; length of caudal peduncle
half of greatest height of body ; least height of tail + width of inter-
urbital area; width of interorbital area (ou tho bone) 4 in bead. Upper
> !
SiiS
Bulletin 4j, United States National Museum.
jaw not reaching vertical from anterior margin o^" eye, and ccnialinjr \h<m-
orbital portion of head ; lower jaw about twice greatest height of body ;
mandibular tip nearly 3 in eye. Eye slightly poHtmodiau, the orbital tllain-
eter C(iualiug half length of snout. Besides the 3 long teeth, thuro an^ on
each intermaxillary 8 or 9 of moderate size ; on one side many small inUi-
mediate teeth are present; the number of teeth in the lower jaw varyiiiir
from 13 on the one side to 21 on the other. Gill rakers 13, the loii^'cst
about 2 millimeters ; about the same number on second arch, while on
the third there are but 6 or 7 very small ones, and present only in ilio
angles, while in the fourth there is about the same nunil)er, very incdu-
spic-.^ouB. Origin of dorsal above middle of oporclo, and at a distanco
from the snout equaling twice length of snout ; anal lin conipostil of
about 100 si)iue8 and rays. Owing to the mutilation of thespeciiiu'ii it is
^mpoasible to determine how nmny there are of each, but there aio mi])-
posed to be about 28 rays, uoruially united by a membrane into a lin.
Caudal also imperfect but the middle rays are seen to be about halt as
long as the remnants of the external rays; the i^u supposed to rcsoiniilo
in shape that oi LipidopHs caiidaitts', pectoral originating under tip of
opercular hap, its outline rounded above instead of emarginate, as in
L(p!di>i>iis caiidatus; its longest ray equaling postorbital part of luad :
Aentrals originating at a distance from the snout equaling that of basiuil'
pectorals from same point, rudimentary, and represented jy minute s'-ntts,
the length of which is 3A millimeters, or about half interorbital wiiltl'..
Cci'cal appendages 8 in the specimen examined ; some, however, may h avo
been lost, the abdominal viscera having been i)artly digested by tho hali-
but in the stomach of which it Avas found. Color uniform silvery, with
traces of dark color upon head and tail. Length 35^ inches. One speci-
men taken from the stomach of a halibut caught on tho western edij;e ol'
tho Grand liank of Newfoundland in 80 fathoms. (Goode Ar liean.)
{aflanticun, Atlantic.)
Denlhoilcsiiiiiit cloinjaliis, GoouE & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 380-3; not of Ci.aukk, iIm-
orit;inal lUnnjiitiis beiiij; from Nev Zealand; Joudan it Gii.bkut, Syuojisis, 910, ISS.'i.
BeuthoiicemuD a'Mmticus, Guove & Bean, Occauic Ichtli., 295, 1895, Grand Bank.
Family CXXI. TRICIIIURID^.
(The Cutlass Fishes.)
liody extremely elongate, baud-shaped, naked, tapering to a point, tlu'
ventral lius imperfect or wanting and the spinous and soft parts of llm
dorsal fm not diiferentiated. Mouth wide, the jaws armed with Ktionj;
uneciual teeth. Premaxillaries not protractile. Pseudobranchiai present.
Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth ; gill membranes separate, free from tlic
isthmus ; lateral line present ; dorsal fin very long, low, usually continu-
ous, the rays all similar. Caudal lin absent ; anal lin very long and low,
scarcely rising above the surface of the skin. Veutrals thoracic, rinli-
mentary {Eui'lcurogrammus) or wanting. Vertebrie in greatly increased
number, about 160. Air bladder present. Pyloric coeca nuuioroiis.
Genera 2, species about 6. Surface fishee of tho tropical seas. ^'('Iy
/ordan and Ejermann. — Sishes of North America.
889
close ti> the irjnV/ojjjrfa^ and Gc»i|)i/rWrt', differing from the former chiefly
in till absence of the caudal fin, the hist Htago in the progressive reduc-
tion (if i)art8 seen in these groups. {I'rkhiurulw, part, Giinther, Cat.
Fislu's. 316.)
,1. V. hi ml tins wontiug. TBioiiniKUg, 406.
406. TRICHIURUS, Linnaus.
(Haiutails.)
Trirhiiims, LlN'N'/TT-S, Syst. Nat., K"l. X, 24(1, n.lS, {lejilitms).
(,i/mii";/'(.*to', GiioNiiw, MiiK. Iclitli., I, 17, No. 47, 17.')4, and Zooph., i, liifi, ITOIJ, (tcplnruH).
f.'iM'/i' /;/";'"" (Ki.EiN) II(.ei:keii, MOni Poiss. Guiii., 0, 7.'i, lH(i'2, {leiilnnin).
hi.lwf. i (Artedi) Oill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pliila., 18G2, 120, {iirgcuteus).
Hody e.Ktremely elongate, band-like, the tail very slender, tapering to
a line i>()int, without caudal lin. Head long, with a very wide mouth,
the JawH armed with unequal and vory strong teeth ; upper jaw with
alioui t long, strongly compressed barbed teeth ; teeth on the palatines,
none on the vomer Lower jaw longest, preorbital covering cleft of
iiioiitli posteriorly. Dorsal fin single, low, occupying the whole of the
back, the spines not distinguishable from the soft rays ; anal very long,
its ba.M) more than half the lengtii of the body ; composed of detached
spinis. which are very short, nearly hidden in the skin, the anterior
directed backward, the posterior forward; ventral tins wanting; pec-
torals small. No scales. Lateral line decurved, concurrent with the
belly. Vertebra' 39 + 120, ribs e.Kcessively frail. Color silvery. Voraci-
ous I'lslics of the high seas ; reaching a considerable size. {rpixLov, a little
hail : wpii. tail.)
1278. TRICHIURUS LEPTURUS, Linnneus.
(Cl'ti.ass Fish ; SiwiiBAiin Fish ; Sii.veufisii ; Sabi.f, ; Savola.)
Head about 7^; depth about 1(5; eye 2 in snout. D. 13.5 ; A. about 100;
snout long and pointed, about as long as pectoral; maxillary reaching
nearly to pupil, concealed by jireorbital. Uniform bright silvery ; dorsal
(lark-edged. Warm seas, chiefly of the western Atlantic, north to Vir-
ginia: occasionally in Lower California (Streets); common in the West
Indies, swimming near the surface, where it becomos benumbed with the
8li!j[btC8t cold.* (AeTrrof, slender ; o/'/j(/, tail.)
Trirliiiniis h'liliinit, LiNN-i-;i\s, S.vst. Nat., Ed. x, 24G, 1758, America; after />«p<i(i-ii(i of Aetedi;
(1 viKii it VAtExciF.NNKS, Ili^t. Niit. Poins., VIII, 2:57, 18:il; (ii'NTliEii, Cat., il, :!4r>, 18(50;
.-nil KTS, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu.s., vii, 4f>, 1877; Jdudan & Giliieut, Synopsis, 422, 188,1
Trklu'ni's (iigeiilciiit, SllAW, Gcn. Zoiil., IV, 90, pi. 12, 1803, after Liuuivus.
Leiiiirii.s hjUunia, PoF.v, Knumeratio, 94, 1860.
*''A ronimercial fishery of cuuBidcrable importauco uxigts at Jamaica. This specicH enters
till' c>tiinry of St. Jolin'H Kiver, in Florida, an.'.; has l)cen known to leap into io\vboat«. Lin-
iianis wrote of it iu 17.58: 'Tutud urgcutous exilieus ex aqua Bxpe in uymbaiu.' " (Syst. Nat.,
hi. X, i, 21G.) (Guodo.)
890
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Family CXXII. ISTIOPHORIDiE.*
(The Sailfishes.)
Body elongate, much compressed, covered with elongate scnteH; liones
of upper jaw consolidated into a Hword, which is ronndiHli on the cdfres
and spear-like, shorter than in Xiphiaa. Jaws with small, ptMsistent
granular teeth. Ventral fins of 1 or 2 rays each, attached to a iiclvic
arch; dorsal single, or divided into 2 contiguous portions, the first iiuich
longer than tbb second, the fin rays distinct, the first rays of doisiil dis-
tinctly spinoDs; anal divided, last rays of dorsal and anal sucloiial;
caudal peduncle with 2 fieshy crests or keels. Vertebnn 12 + 1:.' 24,
elongate, hourglass-shaped; neural and hiumal spines flag-like; rilm well
developed. Air bladder very large, sacculate, of numerous Ncj'arate
divisions. Intestiiio short, straight. Gills reticulated as in .\iphi,ii,.
Two genera, with about 5 species, oceanic, similar in character and
habits to the swordfishes, but smaller in size. This group represents a
younger stage in the development of Xqiliias, and is intermediate Ixtween
the latter and the Scombroid stock, from which both are derived. Tlic
gaps are wide in the series Scomhefomonm, Acaulhovybium, Intioplionis,
Tvtruptnrua, X'iphias, but the natural sequence seems evident. .Several
fossil genera of sailfishes are recorded. Other forms are apparently inter-
mediate between them and the mackerels.
a. Ventral rays 2 or 3; dorsal very liigli, undivided. isTinpiioias, -(iiT.
aa, Veutral rays united into 1; dorsal low, divided iu tlio adult. TF.TnAPTnii s, li^
407. ISTIOPHORUS, Lac^pede.
(Sailkisiies.)
Isliophonts, LAc£pflDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., in, 374, 1802, {ijludi/er — ;//<«/ii(«).
TIMio^ihoriin, OeviEii it Valenciennf.s ; amended siielling.
Makiiini, LAcftpfiDE, Hist. Nut. Poiss., IV, 088, 1803, {iiigricann).
Macliina, CuviEii; amended spelling.
Macnrui, Nardo, Isis, xxvi, Col. 418, 1833; amended spelling.
Noli'tinm, Hr.nJiANN, OI)serv. /oiil., 30.'), 1804, (ijludius).
ZaHclurus, SwAiNSON, Nat. Hist. Fish., ii, 239, 1839, (imUcii.i = glaiUiis).
Body slender, much compressed, covered with elongate scales. Numer-
ous small teeth on the jaws and palatines. Ventral fins present, of 2 or
3 rays; dorsal fin extremely high, continuous, as in the young of Titrup-
turuH and Xipliias; the rays very numerous, none being aborted, the
height of the first much greater than that of body ; anal fin divided.
Air bladder sacculate ; intestine short, nearly straight. Sword usually
shorter and less flattened than in Xiphias, the edge more rounded, tlie
lower jaw more developed. The skin is also rougher. Large fishes of
the warm seas; the number of species uncertain, probably several.
{lariov, sail; ^opiu, to bear.)
♦For a detailed accouut of the Inlioplioriilie an<l .Vi/i/iiiita? see Goodo, Proe. U. S, Nat. llui-.,
1881, 416.
Jordan and Eve r man n. — Fishes of North America,
S91
1*270. ISTIOPHUItl'S NKUtlCANM (Lact^x <!••).
(SAll.Fiiiii ; Si'iKEFisii ; Dooiioo; OuKi > ou; Voii.ikb ; Aiiima Voi.ahoiia ; Adi'.ia Tkirta.)
Ileiid -^1 (3i in length with caudal) ; depth about 0. D. XLl-7 ; A. fl-7.
Loiii;ist dorsal spine if total length of head. VontialH \\ in head; pec-
toiiilH ;i!; caudal lobes IJ. Snout, from eye, 2j times length rest of
head; lower jaw 3i in head. Front of eye nearly midway between tip
of lo'vor Jaw and edge of opercle. luterorbital space broad, tiattish,
]} in ))ostorbital part of head. Maxillary reaching to slightly boytuid
eye, which is 2^ in postorbital part of head and 10 in snout Sword nar-
row, reijiilarly tapering, depressed, its upper and lower surfaces both
roniiilfd, its edges blunt and rougher than its upper side. For its entire
Ifiiijltli it in nearly twice as bro.ad as deep. Breadth of snout at the mid-
din point between its tip and the eye 2.") times in its length from the eye.
Hluisli Itlack, p.iler below ; dorsal dnsky bluish ; its membran«!s with
iiianv nearly round black spots, from ^ to i diameter of orbit. Length
of specimen described (obtained by Dr. Jordan at Key West) (5 feet.
West Indies and warmer parts of the Atlantic, north to Key West and
Knuice ; rather common about the Florida Keys; stragf^lers taken at
NVw|i()rt and Savannah ; very rare in Europe. DitVering from the East
Indiiui lutiophorua jilatHus in the longer and slenderer sword and in the
shorter dorsal fin. (Eu.)
M.ikiiini iii.;W<(()i«, LAcf:l)f:i)K, Hist. Xat. I'oiss., iv, 088, lRn:i, Rochelle; from ii (Irawinj; l>.V M.
TlJAVKIlSAV.
VijiAi.i^ iiiiiki(ira, .SllAW, Ooii'l. Zoiil., iv, 1">4, iHOil, Rochelle; after L.\( (I'KDK.
//iVi../. //..)»« (iiiiiricaniii', ("iviF.ii A- Vai.knciennks, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., viii, .'WCi, ISIil, Brazil;
aftii- (iiielmrii of SIaiichravk.
'lliflii'l.Ui'iiiH /m/(7i<7/H.«, v'JeviK.it iV Valenciennes, IIJHt. Nat. Poiss., viii, 1105, ISIU, Eastern
Atlantic, north of Cape of Good Hope.
Skei' .hjiviliii ijitebucu, Naudo, Isis., xxvi, Col. 41(), 18:j:i, Brazil; after Mari'c:i;.\vk.
408. TETRAPTURUS, Rafines(|iio.
(Spkarfisiies.)
TihajtliirKx, RAFlNERQfE, Inilico il'Ittiol. Sicil., 30, 1810, (liclone).
Sh-i.nii.,p..,l„s, Nardo, Isis., XXVI, Cols, •llfi, 419, 18,3'J, ylnpus).
body much compressed, covered with rudimentary embedded scales;
sword roiiuded on the edge; caudal keel double; small teeth in the jaws
and on the palatines ; ventral fins represented each by a single spine ,
(lorsiil fins separate in the adult, part of tho middle rays being aborted,
not {greatly elevated, their height not greater than the depth of the body.
Air bladder sacculated. Vertebrie 12 + 12. Intestine short, nearly straight.
Pyloric cn^ca very numerous. Large fishes of the deep seas. They swim
in deep water, according to Poey, and pass Cuba in pairs in summer
bound for the Gulf of Mexico. Males smaller than females, (re-pa-, four;
-Ttfun', wing; ovpi'i, tail, from the wing-like caudal keels.)
'I. Ho'iy lather Blender, the lieifjlit of dor-al in adult moio than half depth of boiy; caudal
moderately forked. niPK.iATOii, 1280.
"(1. liody robust, the height of dorsal barely half depth in adult; caudal very widely furkcd.
AMPLUS, 1281.
892
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
1280. TETUAl'TUUUS* IMPERATOR (Bloch & Schnuider).
Tetrapturun indirun, CuviKii A Vai.knciknnks, Hist. Nat. Polm., vnr, 28tl, 1831, Sumatra; .m „
flKiiri! )iy Daiika.
TilniiilnniH hirxrhelii, (iii.w, Ami. Nut. Hist., i, HIS, 1838, Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope.
]li!<li<iiiliiirus herscluUI, OOntiikii, Cut., li, .')i;j, 18<'i0.
Hi»thph<iriiK liiciirdyliin, (iC.NTiiKii A Ti... i lAiu, Kisli. /aii/ilmr, .W, 1800, Zanzibar.
Telmiitums lamvlulii, I.Ctkkn, .Spoliiv Atlaiiticii, 411, 18!M).
(Dii.i.KiKir ; Si'F.AHFiflii ; Anu.iA Dlanca ; Aodja de Palakaii.)
IToad (to end of upper Jaw) 2; ; depth 7 to 8. Length of caudal lolios
4i. D. Ill, 'M-D; A. II, 13-0. Nape elevated, tlui greatest depth ol \hh\\
opposite the opercle. Eye midway between operclo and tip of lower jaw,
Dorsal inserted in front of base of pectorals, its height i to ,'] in dcjitli of
body ; caudal forked at an angle of 70 to 80 degrees. Dark bliu« aliovc;
•whitish beneath; fins dark blue. Length 7 feet. Weight lo Id 100
pounds. West Indies ; not rare on our coast, ranging occasionally north-
ward to Cape Cod. Our species is hero considered to be identical witli
the form found in southern Europe ; but no direct comparison uas yit
been made, {impcrntor, emperor). (Eu.)
Xiphiiis itiiperator, IlLocii & Si'IInkider, Syst. lihtli., (Ill, pi. xxi, 1801, Mediterranean; aUcr
DuiiAMF.r..
T'iriiiiliiriis belone, Bafinesqite, Carattori, 54, pi. 1, tig. 1, 1810, Sicily; Ci'vaat \ Vu.kv-
CIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poisn., viii, 280, 18111.
Ske})iiu<i})i>(hiii tiqms, Nauik), Tsis., xxvi, Col. 417, 18.3.1, Adriatic.
TelrapliiniH ijiiinji!, Lowe, Proc. ZoiJl., Soc. Lond., viii, 1840, ,30, Madeira.
Telmplnrun alhiihui, PoEY, Momorias, II, 237, 18C1, Havana; .Ioudav & Gii.iiert, Synn|isi5, 4jn,
1883.
Telraptunishssoiii, Oanestiiini, Arch. Zoiil., 2.19, pi. vii, 1801, Mediterranean.
Hisliiiphoriis ht'loiii', GCntiikii, Cat., ii, r>13, iHfiO.
Tetraplunm imperator, Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miih., 1881, 417.
1281. TETUAPTUBUS AMPLllS, Pooy.
(Aguja i)k Casta.)
Head 2? ; depth 5 ; length of caudal lobes 3^. D. Ill, 38-7 ; A. I!. 13-7.
Body stouter than in TetrapturuH imperator, more convex at naiic, tlic
greatest depth behind opercle. Caudal forked at an angle of !•() to 100
degrees. Dorsal inserted rather behind base of pectorals, its liciijiit ';
depth of body. Length 10 feet or more; reaches a weight of 400 to 800
* If, as Dr. Goode RUggosts, tiio species called imperalor is confined to the MeditPii-iiiiinii, the
Ainorlraii species may stand ns Telrapliinis alhiilus, »t possibly as 7'. ijeorgii. AccmhIIiii: U>
Liitken tliero an, but four recognizablo Hpecios of hliophoriiUf. {llisliophonw glailiiin ami •innHivf-
Irix; TclrajitKritK belaiie iiiul liersrheli). lie identifies both of rho American species of T' Imiiliirns
with Telriiptnriis iiidirnx, Cuvier & Valoucieiiiies. This view is perhaps correct, but, as Iwi- lnoii
pertinently observed by Dr. Goode, the identity of the American species called Tiirnitfuni* ulliidni
and J{islu>pli(Wiiii nmericaniis, with tlieir Old-World representatives, is yet unproved, and In imin)'
respects it is desirable to retain the American names until this identity is shown. "Tn unite
species from widely distant localities, without ever having s(«n them, is very disiistrc.us ti> a
proper uuderstanding of the problems of geographical distribution." (Goode, Proc. I". S. Nat.
Mus., 1881, 427.)
Should Liitken's view prove correct, the following synonyms should bo added to 7' /m/''"™«
imperatnr or uUiiditK. We do not seo any notable difl'erence between the Anicrcan form, lalleil
albiilu.i, and tho European imprmlm; and so adopt the latter name for both. We have nu meau»
of comparing either with indicus or herscheli.
Xiphiaf, LinNj
fordan and Eifermann. — Fishes of North America. 893
]ioiiii<l> (I'ooy.) West IndieH; not very vuininoii, uiul iocoi(1«m1 V»y
IVyoiily. {ampluH, iiiiiple.)
frir'ij'ri'M 'implun, I'ditr, Moiiiurius, II, 24:i, 18C1, Havana; .Ihiuian \ (Jiliikkt, Syiioimin, 420,
Family CXXIII. XIPIIIID/E.
(Thk Swordkisiiks.)
FishoH of groat size, with the body elongate, naked, the yonng covered
ivitli loiigh granulationn; upper jaw very much i>roloiiged, forming a
"sword," which is flattened horizontally and composed of the consoli-
dated \ oilier, ethmoid, and premaxilhiries. Teeth wanting in the adult,
jiieHt'iit ill the young. Dorsal fin long, usually divided in the adult, cou-
tiuiious in the young, without iiitfercntiated spinous part, both parts
composed of soft rays, the posterior portion much smaller than the ante-
rior and placed on the tail, resembling the second dorsal of a shark ; fin
rays enveloped in the skin. Anal fin divided in the adult. Caudal
[ipdunclo slender, with a strong-median keel. Caudal fin widely forked
ill tlie adult. Ventral fins entirely wanting; no pelvic arch. Gills of
liccniiar structure, the laminae of each arch joined into one plate by reticu-
lations. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth ; gill membranes separate, free
from tiie isthmus. Pseudobranchias present; branchiostegals 7. Air
liladik r present ; pyloric co'ca very numerous. Intestinal canal long, with
iiiauy folds. Air bladder simple, large. Vertebrie short, 14 + 12 ~ 2(i in
iiimibf: , the neural and hiemal spines normal ; ribs very few. One species,
an enormous fish of the open sea, rivaling the largest sharks in size and
of iiniiiense strength of muscle. Very young or larval individuals dift'ei-
iug much from the adults ; the fins high, both jaws prolonged into a beak,
aud the head armed with long spines. (Xq)hikla;, part, Giinther, Cat., ii,
511,512.)
409. XIPHIAS, Linnieus.
(SWORDFISHES.)
Xiphiaf, LiNN.KUf!, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 248, 1758, (ijlaiUus).
Swordtishes without teeth and without ventral fins. Body somewhat
comiiiessed. Dorsal fins 2, the anterior beginning opposite the gill opeu-
iugs, falcate and elevated, its height rather less than that of the body ;
second dorsal very small, on the tail, opposite the small second anal. In
the young, teeth are present and the 2 dorsal fins are connected, the fin
oeinj: elevated as in the species of Intwphorus. First anal similar to first
dorsal, but smaller, less falcate, and far behind it ; pectoral fins moderate,
falcate. Skin naked, more or less rough, especially in the young, which
have rudimentary scales. Sword flattened and trenchant. Caudal keel
single. Intestines long, sinuous. Air bladder simple. Pelvic arch obso-
lete. Fishes of groat size, reaching a weight of 300 to 400 pounds, the
flesh red and rich in flavor, highly valued as food. (Jupiuf;, the ancient
name o£ Xiphias gladiua, from fj^of, a sword.)
ill
8!)4
Jin/iedn V7, United States National Museum.
l!!M>2. XinilAS (a.ADirs, LiniiMUH.
(CiiMMiiN SwoHDi'igii; Khpaiia; Khpadon; Kmi'kraiiou.)
Hnad about 2\ ; doptli altuiit HJ ; snout 3 in length. D. 40-1 ; A. IH-ll;
Vortcliru' II j-12. Cleft of iiioutlioxtondinf.' licyondoye. Colordaik inctnl-
lie piii'|)liHli iibovo, duMky bolow ; " Hword " almost black aliovo, Ixlow
lighter; linn dark, with Hilvery Hhoen. Atlantic Ocean, on bofli (oaHts,
ni;)Ht abundant luitwcen (^uba and Cape Ureton ; not luie otV CajM^ Cod
and the N(!\vfouiulland liankH; rather coninion iuHonthein Kmopi : aNo
found ill the I'acilic;, occaHioually taken about Santa liaibaia Island.',-
but not elHewhere recorded from the eastern Tacific. The object otcxteu-
aive liHlierieH in the Atlantic, ((jiadins, Hword.)
Xiiihiiis ijl'i'liii", IiiNN.vas, Synt, Nut., E<I. x, 2I»<, \7'>», Europe; iil'tor .\li>liiaa, of AniKhi; Hihc m,
Ichtli.vdldKiii, I'l. ■?(!, 1784; ('trviEit Sc Vai.k.nciknnf.s, Hist. Nat. I'oisH., viii, zVp, 1s:!|; (;( x.
TiiKit, Cut., II, •'ill, 18G0; Stokeii, Fisbt'B Mass., 71, lB(i7; Jordan A (!ii,hkut, S.viKipsir', i:n,
iH.s;!.
XipliitiK runileh'li, Leach, in Worn. JIuiii., ii, r>H, jil. -J, ti^;. 1, 1H18, Frith of Forth.
Family CXXIV. NEMATISTIID.E.
(TlIK rAPACiALLOS.)
IJody oblong, compressed, rep^ularly dimiuiHhing in height toward tiic
caudal; the caudal peduuclo moderately reduced. Scales cycloid and
Hinall, but conspicuous, arranged in moderately oblicjne rows above iind
less oblique ones below. Lateral line simple and unarmed, scarcely con-
vex anteriorly and not angulated. Head little longer than high, com-
pressedand trenchant above, with t^ie profile strongly decurved from tiic
dorsal fin to the eyes, the snout oblique. Eyes in the anterior half of tlie
head, near the snout and the profile. Nostrils double, in front of the cve,s.
Suborbital bones low. Opercnla unarmed. Mouth rather large, the cleft
very oblique and continued under the eyes. Teeth villiform, sniall. pres-
ent on the vomer and palatine bones. Branchiostegals 6. Dorsal litis 2,
folding in a deep sheath; the first with 8 very long filamentous .siiines;
the second low, long; anal fin low and oblong, shorter than the (second
dorsal and with 1 slender spine, which is attached to the soft rays by
membrane for its whole length; caudal fin forked .and acutely lolnsd;
pectoral fins long, acuminate ; ventral fins large, inserted under the bases
of the. pectorals ; each with a long, slender, compressed spine contiguous
to the first ray, and with 5 rays, the internal of which is compound, and
has several contiguous branches nearly or quite distinct, thus ajipeaiinj,'
like several rays. A single species known, a large, showily colored lisli.
found on the Pacific coasts of tropical America. The group is closely
related to the CarnngUhv, especially to Seriola, It is, however, well distin-
guished by the peculiar development of its anal and dorsal spines and by
the st-ructure of its ventral fins. {Ncmatiatioiila', Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci'
Phila., 1863.)
*0n« vury lar^o Hpooimcn was kcoii by .lordnn A Gilbert in 1880, oil' Anucapa Isli":,i, an'tln'i
t<il<cii otl'Sunta Ijosu Island, was exhibited at tlio San Francisco Midwintei *'ai'.iu 18'J4; uuutlier
seen n(>ar Cerros Island by Thos. 0. Williams, December, 1894.
furdan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North America.
895
410. NEMATISTIUS, (iill
\V«M/i«'/"S «in,I., Proc. Ac Nut. S.i. I'hiltt., 1H(«, 25H, (y.^W.-r-,/..)
'•i(rii>/ii''i"", * lii'ii'llKNdT, Mi'-m. .Si)C. Sci. Nut. (Ihorliourif, xiii, 0<», 1S('(8, ((•(iiii«</«i(/«(i).
TIlit j,'('nuH iH allied to Sirioht, from which ittlin'oiH iiotahly in the dovol-
.iiiiiiriit of tlio spinous doiHiil and the pectoral tins, the dorsal liein>; con<-
iMWid iif '^ very lon^; lilanientouu wpinoH, the pi'ctorals l>ein<i; falcate,
atiiiiiiiiiito, and nearly twice nn lonf; as the ventrals. The lateral line is
nearly straif^ht and is not keeled on the candal i)ediincle. Ventrals 1, ">,
the iiimr ray ninch braiif^hed to thobaseHo that thennniherof rays appears
iiiucii ^'reater tiian it really is. One species known; a lar<;e tish of an
imiio-'iiif,' appearance. ( 1 ■//,««, thread ; iaTiov,sa\\.)
1288. NKMATISTirs PKCTOKAMS, (!ill.
(I'K/, UK GaI.Mi; I'AI'AliAI.I.I).)
Iloail '.V. ; depth 2'i ; eye 5 in head in young • snout 4. D. VI 1 1-1, 27 or
'j8; A. 1,17; scales ll'J. IJody oblong, compressed; caudal peduncle
slciidti. Scales very small and inconspicuous; lateral line Himjile and
uiiimiwd. Moiith rather large, very obli(iue, the cleft continued under
tiiceycs. Teeth villiform, small. Dorsal tins 2, folding into a deep sheath,
tlit'liist with 8 long filamentous spines, the second low and elongate;
anal I'm low, long, but shorter than second dorsal; pectoral fm very long
and I'iik'iitc. Color plumbeous on the back and operdes ; sides golden ;
an in(li;;o-blue cross band on the snout, another on the forehead, a third
band from nape to subopercles ; a broad indigo band from first dorsal spine
to near vent ; a curved baud from sixth dorsal spine downward and across
to liase of upper caudal rays ; dorsal spines banded with alternate blue
black and white; lower half of pectoral black. Length of adult 1 feet
or more. Gulf of California to Panama, generally common ; one of the
most Htately hshes iu our waters, its long rays brightly colored, giving a
striking appearance. Recorded from Cape San Lucas, Guaynuis, Piche-
lno):;(>, Mazatlau, Magdalena Bay and Panama. {pectoraVm, pertaining
to tlie pectoral.)
.\Vw(l^-/(".s jieriiir.iliii, Gri.i,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri., Pliila., 18C2, 2!>f), Cape San Lucas; (Coil.
Xuiitus); Steindal'iineb, Iditli. Bcitr., iv, 11, 187.1; Joudan A: Gii.iikut, Proc. U. 8. Nut.
Mils., 1«81, 277; ihiil, 1885, 375; Jordan, CntiiloKUc, 72, 18»u; Evehjian.n A Jenkin.'*, Proc.
r. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, 140.
fSiriiil,,i,liiis vuriiwjukks, GuiCllENOT, M#m. Soc. Sci. Nat. Clicrl> uij. , xiii, !li), 18(;s, locality
unknown.
Family CXXV. CARANGID.E.t
(Thk Pami'anos.)
Hndy more or less compressed and often elevated, sometimes naked, or
rnoic usually covered with small, thin, cycloid scales. Head compressed,
; I -
,1'; ■
m
*Sn-iiilii}iJiiiR, nccordind to GiiitliPiiot, is (liatingiiislied from SrrioUi in having the dorsal spines
mill li prolonged and liliforni; all tlie (>j>erculnr liones covered with scales, l). VIII-I, lilt; .\. II,
I, 111.
t Fur an account of the transformations of various memberH of this family, seo Liitkon, .Spoliu
.\tlantica, 1880.
4
:1
89(}
BtUletin ^7, United States National Afuseutn.
ii r
the occipital keel prominent, UHuiilly trenchant. Moiitii of varyin:^' miv
the dentition varioiiH, the teeth generally NUiall ; preiiiiixillinifs ii^iiallv
protriietile; maxillary witli or without a Hiipplemental hone; |nto)u'r(.'lH
iiHually entire in the adult, in the very youu^ armed with :! or nioro
Hpiues. Lateral line complete, anteriorly arched, the posterim iniit
Htraight, HometimeH armed with bony plates. Dorsal tins more or Ii s.s sep-
arated, the BpinouH part rather Aveak, the.HpineH UHually dt^irt-issilili' in ^
groove; anal fin lonp, Himilar to the soft dorual, always preceflcd li\ tw,,
Htitl'HpineH, usually separate, but in the yoiinj? often more or lesHooiiinctid
with the tin or with each other; these sometimes diHapj)ear with old iij,'e,
and sometimes the spinous dorsal also vanishes; often a ]>ro('iiiiilKMit
spine before the dorsal fin; ventral lins thoracic, well ileveloinil, |, .•>;
caudal peduncle very slender, the fin widely forked ; pectoral (ins iiiiiniw.
Gill openings very wi«le, the membranes usually not united, free from tlie
isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind the last. Gill rakers usually lon^, Itniii
cbiostegals commonly 7. Air bladder present, often bifurcate liclimd,
Pscudobranchiie large, present in all our genera, sometimes disaii]) iiiin;;
with age. (F.sophagus unarmed. Pyloric (-(pciv generally iiiiiinious.
Vertebrie fewer than in the <Scomftnf/(r, usually 10 + 14r-2i in iniinlpfi.
First superior pharyngeal without teeth; second, third, and fonrtli sepa-
rate, with teeth; lower pharyngeals separate. Color.itioTi <,'cii( rally
metallic and silvery or golden. Genera 2!t ; species about 20(1, alionndin^'
in warm seas, often moving northward in summer, like the Samihriiln.
They swim swiftly, often with the dorsal tin above the surface of the
water. Most of the species are widely distributed, and nearly nil ,110
valued as food. {Caranyidiv, jiart, Giintber, Cat., 11, 417-185, 1 800, exclu-
sive of certain genera.)
ScoMniioiiMN.i'::
a. Priiiiuixillarics not protrartilo (except iii the very j-onnp); portoriil tins slmrt, r.iirnlcil;
Hoft (loi-Hiil Kiniilar to iiiml, both much longer than abdomen; biteral line uiiariii>'<i.
h. Maxillary without supplemental boue; no pterygoid' tooth; BcaloH linear, tMiiln'ildiil.
Oi.ii)oi'i.rn>, 111.
aa. Premaxillaries protractile.
f>. Anal fln much Bhorter than soft dorsal, its hoso not longer than the abdomen.
Sekiomn.'I'; :
c. Pectoral fin short, not faloato; maxilli>ry with a distinct supplemental b )iii'.
(J. Dorsal spines low and weak.
e. Dorsal and anal^tins without finlets.
/. Membrane of dorsal spines disappearing with age. Naitrato, 11'.'.
ff. Mend)nuio of dorsil spinos persistent. .'^ekihia, -tK).
«<■. Dorsal and anal lins each with a di'tached two-rayeu finlet. Ki-A^iATi-, til.
bb. Anal tin about as lung aa soft dorsal, its base longer than abdomen.
<j. Maxillary with a supplemental lione; lateral line arched anteriorly, ii.suallv :ii]inil
posteriorly; pectoral long, falcate.
Caranoin/k:*
h. Dorsal outline more strongly curved than ventral outline.
t. Dorsal and anal each with a single detached finlet; body slender.
DeOAI'TE !!'.■», II"
* The genera of Caranginm here recognized are all clo.sely allied to Cnranx, and the Unowii
species form an almost unbroken series from Decaptenis on the one extreme to iSV/oi- "n tin'
other. They might well all be rouuited with CaraiiJC as Giiuthoraud others have proposed.
^,.-.-.J
\lti'
C
■<v.
. Ji^j^^\.\.[ii.- ,:
fordan ana Ever tnann. — Fisttes of North America. I^M?
i<. Durmtl uiiil iiiiiil witliixit lliilntii.
J. liatt'nil linn wltli wiill-ilovclniu'd inilrM for Km I'ntlri' |r>ngtli; Im-ly
tiliitiKJitu. TuAi III lUrt, IHi.
^'. L»ti<rikl lliiK witli Hcuti'H MU its dtralKlit |iuHturii>r iHirtimi only (IIiuhh
tjiiiMi'tiniiH VI1I.V fi'w iKxl Hmiill, i'ii|M}i-iully In tlinHi' K|i<'<-iuH witli tliu
l>uily liiiirli ('cjiiiiH'i'MNcd).
k. Shoulclrr «irill(i witli ii (li'i'|> < rcws furrow at iU Jiiiii'tioii willi tin'
iotliiiiUR, iiliuvc wlilc'li Ih II lleHliy |iroJt!Ctluii; ImhIv i'l(>iiKat<'.
TU.MIIIUOI'H, 417.
H'. KlinuliliT KJrillo tioniiiil, itrt Hiirt'itii'i'vi'ii; liuly ili'o|ii'i'.
\. lludy (ililciii;; in iiiiin' or Icih (■icvutiMl, not lui liduw.
Ill, Ti'ctli uf JnwH ill f«w Herii'M ur In onu Hcriot), 1111041111), or
lit li'iiHt not roriniiiif vllliroriii ImiimN, tin' oiidr mtics
iiliovc Msimlly ciilarKcil, ihi' lowfr tcutli iisiiiillv iinl-
M'riikl.
H. Muxillary very narrow, its urcatcNt wldtli Hcanoly ' ,'
cyu; hi'iid hiiiuII; lateral llni' ntrotmly arrluul in
Tront; tictli iiiiiscrial, tliuxr on paliitiiicH and
voinrr iiiiniilc or olwolt'to. IIkmicaua.nx, II>
nil. Maxillary liroail; lirad ruthrrlar;.'!'; voiiiurancl |iala-
tiiKH witli tfotli. (!aii\n\, tl'J.
iiiiii. 'I'l'i'lli of jawH ('(|ually Hinull or wan till),', I'orniint; villi-
form liandKif prcsmt; maxillary linnid; l>o>ly ciiin.
prcsufd; NpinoiiM dorsal wi/ak, usually disii|i|iuarinu
witli iiKi'.
». Tcctli very iiiiniitu, lUHniiiivarliiKip tliiuidiilt; noti'eth
uuvumnror iialatinvN; dorsal fi|iiiii'ii low and weak.
Onatiianoihin, I'J".
<»o. Trctli poreiHtont, in liands; voinurand iialutiiios wltli
iiiiniitc teeth.
/I. 80ft dornal with iioiiu of it.-< rays |iro(liiceil in flla
uiunts; lateral linu nearly HtraiKht; body
oblong. ('AllANilolllKS, liil.
fy. Sol'tdorHal with 1 to (J rays jirodiiieil in Ii laments.
7. Uody nioilei-at<'ly (Miiiipi'os.sed; Hjiiiioiis dorsal
nioro or less piTsistont. <'ni'i.A, 42-.
'/</. Uody dofp, Kfi'tly eoliipressod, its edges all
treiicliaiit.
r. Soft dorsal lolio very hi);h, lilainytitoiis.
Al,K<Tls, 4'j;i.
rr. Soft dorsal lobu low.
IIVNNIS, 4'JI.
//. Uody liroad oviito, very strongly compri'ssod, its oiitliues
overywliure treueliant, tho luitoriur protilu nearly verti-
■ eal; scutes almost obsolete. VoMKii, 4ii.'i.
Xi). Lateral lino without any scutes; body short and elevated, stron;;ly
compressed. Sklbnk, 120.
(/'lll.OUOSCOHIIRI.V.K :
///'. Dorsal outline less strongly curved than ventral; body much coinpreB.sid, its
outlines everywhere trenchant; urmuture of lateral lino ub.solete or
nearly so. Ciitouosco.Miiuis, 427.
'rilAClllNOTIN.I-; :
1/1/. Maxillary without supplemental bone; anal fiii similar to soft dorsal, Its base much
longer than abdomen; tail unarmed; pectoral short, not falcate.
1. Forehead convex; teeth small or deciduous. TiiAciiiNorr.s, 42H.
* A ilitiiiled account of the Americuu species of Caraiiijmw is given by .lordan & Gilbert, I'roc.
U.S. Niii, Miis., 1883, 188-207.
!••. N. A.
-58
S08
bulletin 4J^ UniteU State i Aational Xluicum.
411. OLIGOPLITES/ Uill.
(Lkatiikk .Iackkth. )
iAi[)i>\>\\irk, Oll.l., I'kh' Ac. Nnt. Sli. I'llilu., IHtst, ItiO, (,„ri,l,'nli,tiH ■,iMlll«>.
liody (>oiii|ii'tmHu«l, ohlong (ir luiiruoluto. ('uinlal |MMliiii*;hi nIoihIi 1. i,„t
ktHfliMl. Iluiiil hIioiI, <;oiii|iruMMu<l, uciitu. Oucipitul ki'ol Hlimp. Moiiili
rat III!!' lai't;*), witli small Nliarp tcutli in haiKlHoii JawN, lon^iio, voim r, timl
palatiiiim, iioiiu on tliu ptuiy^oitlH. .lawH alxiiit t)<|iiai, tlio iippiM imi |iiu
tiaiUilo, uxcu^pt in tlio very yoiuiK, in winch it in niovalilu aH m nilici
CaramjUlii ; maxillary very narrow, without diHtinct Hii|»ph'm»Mit;il lione.
(Jill raktMK rathur long. HcalfH Hinall, lin«;ar, and oxtromcly ii;iiiow,
omhtMhIetl in the nkin at tlitlorttnt anglcH. Latural lino nnarnit'il. IioimjiI
HpinoH ratht^r Htrong, 3 tu 5 iu niimbur, nearly iVuo in tho atliilt ; hicoikI
ilorual vury long, itH poHturior ruys ptMicillated and nearly or i|nit<'ili.>4('(iii-
nt'ctutl, tbrniiiig tinlutis; anal rather longer than Hot't tlorual, iniuli linii^ti
than theahdomen, itH laHt rays I'ormingHimilar tinletH ; anal Npiiit'^ sticm;; ;
ventral (inHdepreHsible in a groove; pectoral tinH very short. Specie-. Itw,
in the tropical Bean of America, {u'/iym;, few ; iiTT^lrr/r, armed.)
.1. Itmly nitliiir cldiiKUlc, I'lliplkal, tlir ilcptli iihniit 4 in Iciiglli.
'>. Muxilliiry not I'i'lU'liiiiK poNtiTior hordor uf i-jc; IowunI liifranrliilitl Imiir ii-ii,illy n.ir-
I'owi'i' llmii lli« Olio aliovi^ it. .>\i in >. I'>|.
''f<. Muxilliiry riiai'liiiiKlx'yoiiil poHtt'lior liunler ol eye; IowchI iiil'iiiorliiliil Ihmh' iimi.iIIv
lll'iiltdlT tlllUI tilCOIIl. llrxt llliovi' it. ■■MIKSs, \M
'('I. Iliiily rutlii'i' iU'r|i, l)iu (lulitli in luliilt iiliuiit I! in IriiKt'i ol' lioily; louitt Inli'itoiliital Ihiii'
lii'oiiilor tliun tlio one uliovc it; niaxillary nearly rciuliiii); iMjHtorior nmi'Kin of i-yo. amis, Um;.
I2S4. OlilliOIMilTKH SAI'KIIS (Ulorli \ .^clmi'ldi'r).
(Lkatiikr Jacket; Uunnkh; Zai'atkho; (^iikiiiia; Sai'ikiii.)
Head 5; depth 1. D. V-I,2(); A. 11-1,20. Hody lanceolate, sloiidn, ami
compreMsed. Eye as long as snout, about I in head ; opcrclcs hlimi.
Maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit, nearly to its postcrim cdj;!';
lowest bono of infraorbital series usually narrower than the bone alu.vo
it. Scales very long and narrow, embedded in the skin, placed olilii|uely
at angles with each other, their appearance unlike ordinary scales. Fins
low; pectoral as long as eye and snout; caudal very deeply foiked. ilie
lobes equal. liluish above, bright silvery below; tins yellow, lloili
coasts of Tropical America, very common in the West Indies and aloni;
the Florida Coast, ranging north to New York and Lower Calil'iiiiiii ;
not valued as food, being dry and bony. The Pacitic Coast form <:illeil
inornaluH seems to us inseparable from saitrnn. (naiints, ani'imi:, li/unl. i
tkomhvr muim, liLocii k .SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichtli., '.i2\, IsOl, Jamaica; tmwil on tlic I.mthn i'„iii
or SmirHH itrijeiileim of JJltoW NE.
ChorinevwH onittimtiiliK, (JI'ntiier, Cat., II, 475, ISW); not GimtiTiirliiiiidiriileiiialis, LiNMi-, "iiiuli
is Home other Caran(;oid fisli weon liy IjI.nn.v.cs in tlio Miisouin dc Giht; tlic di'scriptl"!! 'in-
idi-ntltialile.
Oliiji>l>liUs orriilnitaliii, Gll.L, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliilu., IGC, IStiS.
* In tlif Old-World kcxis Sfomhrniilvn tlicrc aro Heven dorsal Hpiiies, tlic pti^ryKoiils 'H' oiiiiil
with lec'th, aud in most of the .sjiccica the Kcales are normally devoloiied.
forUan atht Evermann. — h'iihei of Nori/t Amerua.
8U1»
<'rMr"ii"''<< »></"•''''<■• l<A('(:l>»''.i>K, IIUI. Niil. I'oiiM., Ill, 31)i, IHO'J, Equatorial America.
/.i.Ai'i '/"■''"'"i ^iV'f* it *iAiMAiii>, Voy. Kruyc, 'A\M., 'MVt, \>^'i\, Equutorial Aiiiericu.
,'j)„ri<i' '"< «it/fiiii«, Ci viv:ii ,V V'Ai.KNriKNNtH, llixt. Nitt. ruJHi , Sill, :i'.i !, IKII, Martinique.
Bru 'il, and San UominKO.
l'/l«rin' ""< </ll"'<('il, ('( Vll'.ll .V VAI.KNrlKNN'KH, / I., Mil, :i'.lli, IKIl
>,iii,/,i. ,.(. iihiiliili', ,\n\K\<\\ A itii.MKin, Syiiii|iMlH, 417, ImhM.
nhjifiilit'^iniiriiiihiK, (iii.i., I'ruc. Ar Nut. Scl, I'lillii., Itiii, \H<V.\, Panama.
i%,iiiiii ii'iii iuiiniiitiii; OCntiikii, Kinh Cciilr. .Viiii'i., IMII, ISI'ili.
(Jll.jul,!,!^ «i(liril», JuUUA.N ik tilLIIKIlT, ."tyilDllHlH, !l7;i, 18K); ,I«III>AN, I'icir. [' . S. Nlll. !»ll|H,, iMN.'l,
:i7.'..
ISHfi <»M4J4>i>I.ITi:M H.ilJKNM(iil>Nli).
(SAI'TKIIII.)
Il(>uil r>i in tutui lt>n(;tli with <^niulal ; duptli t^ (witii ctuidal). I). IV-I,
l!i; A. 11-1,20. l'p|»»M' iiui.\iliary very narrow |ioHti'i'i(>:l,v, n-ucliin;;- li««y(Miil
vuitical front poHtorior lini of oildt; lou^tii of intoriiia.viilaiy half tlial. of
huiiit; Nuuiit u littlo lon^tT than cyu; thu infraorbital, Hitnatuil aliovn thu
inaxillitry, iH hroaUfi than tlitt lionu next al>ov«tit; imhiu of thuHU liont>8
luacli to anterior ]>ruup*'rcular t)^lyt^ I'oHtorior margin of infiaorhital
rill;; nearly vertical. Coloration uniform, ((iiintlier.) Weut IinlieH ; not
Heeii li.v u.s: perhapH not diHtiuut from Olnioyl'itit ntminH. Len;;th 1 foot.
{mUiiih, leaping.)
rknmlitr !"iliiHi>, lll.ocil, IcIltliyoloKiil, [il :i:t."(, I7u:t. .S'O V,(l. .\.
.S. m('»-r.M'./.« Kii/M/.'-r, I.Aif.l'P.liK, llixt. Nut. I'ciiNH., ii, pi. 1!», li^, 'J, l(j(MI.
('/li.n'iii»ii<««i/iVii«, Cl'VlKit A Vai.knciknnkh, Hint. Nut. I'oiiiw., viii, ;iH!l, isyi.
O/i;/../''''- > "ii'ifHii, (il'MiiEU, Cut., II, 47r>, 18(1(1.
HopreHentud in Laku Maracaibo, in fruHh or liruckiNh waters, hy
I '
i 'i
I'Jsria. OliKitM'LITKS SAI.IKNS I'.Vl.tt.YIKTA ((Jiivior .V Valoiici.'iin.'N).
Kiitiroiy Hiniilur, hut with the poijterior margin of the infraorhitai rinj;
deeply concave, ((iiinther.) Lake Maracaiho, Venezuela; «aid to he a
loud HhIi of Houiu iniportance. (pulumita, u SpaniHli name uppliud to var-
idii.s .sjiecios of /^r«H«i</«i', SlromatcUlu; and Caraiigida:)
I'hniiiirniiiM iKihiiiutii, ('vvifAi X Va i.K.Nci KNNKs, Hint. Niit. I'dIhr., vim, .'t'.iv;, IHMI, Lake Mara-
caibo.
liH». OLHiOI'I.ITKS AI,TrS(Oliiitlic'r).
(.ll'IIKI. ; M<iD(lli.)
1 lead 3|1 to 4i ; depth '3 to 'Si ; eye 'Si to 4 in head ; snout 'Si to 1 in head ;
iiiaNiiiary very narrow, lv| in head, not (|uito r<-aching posterior border
ol'()ii)it. D. .V-I, lit; A. II-I, UK Lower jaw projecting;. Lowest bone
of iiilVaorb* l broader than the bone above it. IVctoral (in louder than
tilt! ventral, nearly a« louj; aa the head without snout. Hody much deeper
and more compressed than in other species. Ctdor silvery, bluish above.
I'acirK! Coast of tropical America from Mazatlan to Panama : a jnetty fish,
rather common, easily distinguished by the deep body, (tiltna, high.)
Clinriii'iiinsalliiH, 0(?ntiieii, FistK'H Ccntr. .Viiior., 4:1.1, 18ti!t, Panama.
(//,,,„,, ;,/,, „/(h,^ .Foriian .t Gii.iiKHT, I'liM'. I'. S. Nat. Miih., 1X82, ;174; i(.i./, Hull. V. 8. Kisli. (,"0111111.,
1>'*>'^, 100 uiid 110; JoKUA.N, I'roc. U. S. Nut. Mu8., 1886, ;i75.
uoo
Hullftin V7, UniUU Slatts National A/usium.
li
'.'■
1
:
;
m
4X3. NAUCRATES, Kutiuoaquu.
(I'lLOT-l'lHIIKH.)
l'inliimiitiiii,X4l{r(:Pit>r., Il'nl, Nitl, I'hUn., hi ;||I, ImO'J, (,,-inlH(tiir); imt t'luhiiunltiH ,<t IIim.h ,^
H<'HN».ii>>:u, INIII, uliii'li Ix liii'lm.
Siiiiiiiili-, ItAKiNiMii », <'itriill('ii ill Alriiiii Niicivl (iiitii'il, \t ., lr*lli, 11, {iimiliieliir).
IS.miiliilii; MiMilMi, Li'lirli. Nrit. Klw hr, Km, IMII'.!, (./ii./..r).
.V((iii7.it(», <U;viRH )t VAi.r.spir.NNi'.H, llUt. Niit. I'liihH., 'JI7, 1h:i;i, («iiim;)»i««i4« ; yoiiiiK).
\llMinihiin», Itu'iiAiiimiiN, Voyunu KruliiiN itiid Ti>ri'i>r, 'i^, lull ; vt'iy yniiiiK.
ThiN ^niiiN <li(V«M'H from Sirioltt only in (hu rt'dui'tioti of tlit* H|iiiiiiim
•lorNiil to a ft)\v (I or '>) low, iiii(;uiiii«)ctetl HpinoH. Tlio yoiiiif;, rallnl
Xitiichrun ttiid Xynlojihiprnx, Iiavu thu NpiiicH of tliu (l«>i'HalH ooiiiircii il Ity
niMiiiliiaiio, uiul a iiioro or Iuhh diHtiiiut Ntroii^ Hpiiio at tlio aii^lo <il tlic
(»pui'(!i|l|iiii. A niii^ht ftula^ic HpttciuH wiiluly tlintribiittut ill thu opfii Ncait.
(I'di'siii'iTi/r, riiltM' of thu HliipH, I. ('., Iioldiiig NhipH I'uHt— a iiaiiiu applied liy
iho aucieatH to EvhtHi'm aud utbur fiubuH.)
l!iN7. NADt'UATKS III <'T(»lt, l.iiniii uh.
(PlLoT-risll ; KoMKim.)
Iload I; dopth I. D. IV-I, 'M; A. II-I, 10. Ilody rather oloii-;ii..,
littht (toiiipruHHuil. Hnoiit rather hliiiit; mouth tormiiiul, ubliqiiu, niimII;
maxilhiry Hi-arcoly rea<'liing orbit. Caudal kuel large, tli>Hhy ; poctoials
tthort and broad; vuntralM rather large. liluiNb, with f) to 7 broad dark
vertical baru, extending on the liiiN. Length 2 feet. A pelagic IIhIi loiiml
in all warm Heau ; occaHional on our Atlantic Coaut from Cape Cod in ilio
WeHtludieu; not common in uiarketH or in collectiouH. {dudor, leader.)
(Eu.)
(JiiHleronlnm iliii'lor, LlNN.Ki'g, Sj'st. Not., Eil. x, •JO.'i, IV.IH, "in Pelago."
A'liMmi^s (((i'7<>r, GI'NTliKli, ("lit., II, ;ni, IH^O : .loitliAN A (ilLUKur, MyiiopMiM, 4l:i, iXHA . (iiii,,
TrtM'. V. S. Nat. Mum., l.sHJ, i'M).
(liiHlvroHlniH aiilciisniii; ItAi.DoiiK, .'•kriv. Nut. .St<lHkiili. Kjol)., ii, Kill, 18IKI.
4»(.()i(((>iT Air/ivH/cri, lll.iicil \ SriiNKlDuli, SyHt. Irhlli., fiTO, IMdl.
CetilitiiwIiiH loudiiitiir, LAcf;i'f;i)K, Hint. Nat. I'disM., in, ;tll, 18()2, no locality.
A'(iM(ni/r>i/(iii/(ini.i, ItAKiNKSfirK, (y'lirattofi, IHlO, 4,'), Sicily.
Niincnitex iiiilinin, Lk.sson, Voy. ('(i(|U'l!v 1.17. l8'J'.», India.
yiiurmliHiiiinliiiriueusis, Cl.viKii & Vai.knciknnk.s, IliHt. Nat. I'oiKH., viil, li'J.'i, ISIll, New Yurk.
ikritUi diummiiUTi, Ct'viK.tt >t Vai.knciknnks, /. <•., ix, '217, 18U;i, Gulf of Bengal.
Seriiila tuccinctii, CuviKn & Vai.k.nciknni- ■, I. c., ix, 218, 18:t;i, south of St. Helena.
NiiucliTiis ciiiiipresiiiis, CuviKR A Vai.k.nciknnks, I. c, ix, 24!>, 1833, P'lolucca.
Njuchntii iihhreniUiiH, Ci'viKiiA Vai.knciknnk.s, I. c, i.x, 2"il, IRt'!, Atlantic Ocean.
Nimclernshiarhijceiilnis, CiviKii & Vai.knciknnk.s, /. c, ix, 2jlt, 183J, Indian Ocean.
Kauclenii Iriacaiithm, CuviKii It Vai.enciknnks, /. c, ix, 'iSa, 1S3:1, Atlantic Ocean.
Sauclenis anuHlari», CuviER A Vai.kncif.nnks, /. c, ix, 254, 183;$, south of St. Helena,
Stmclenis leiwiinit, OuviKii & Vai.kxciknnew, /. <■., ix, 2>^>, 1833, south of St. Helena.
AiiHcni/cn niniioiilin/n, .SwAlNSON, Clnssii. Fishes, ii, 412, 183!», Palermo.
Siiiuralcs senatiis, SwAiNsiiN, /. c, 41:5, 183'.», Palermo.
niiHinin yimipihif, (iiioNow, Cat. Fishes, 123, IS.M, Palermo.
Xyoloplwrus, IIiciiakdsun, Voy. Erobiis ami Torror, f)2, 1844, Palermo.
/ori/tin iimi F.jrrmann. — FishfS of Xorth .tfntriai.
1N)1
413. SERIOLA, Cuviur.
(Amiiku-kisiiks.)
,4-ri.7.i, Cl'Viril, n>>K>>" Alllril., I'M. 'i, 11, UIm, iK'Jt). (•Iiiniirili).
Il„l,ii'"lif, llll.i., I'i'iir. Ac. Nnl. 8<-l. I'lillii., \t»>,i, 41.!, iiliimirili; milHlltiiln lor Hirmla, iin'il tii
l>Ml,iiiy).
Mi.fi'i'iii-r, AoANDiT!, rinr. llriiNll., 1H2(I, (ihiiiniili, xiilmlitiili' Tor N> ri'"/.!, iimmI Hi IliIuiiv ; nut
.I/m Kp/iJiri.-, llriiNril, IHIC, II Ki'liliM iif IiimhIh).
/,;wl,il„n, Sw.MNiiiiN, Nut. IIInI. ("liiHHii. KIkIii'H, II, 1h:io, 'JIh, r/ii». /.i^h).
/.).„/. (»c7il«,*, 'riloMlNMT, Hull. S.I. I'lllliilll. riilln, JHKil, IV, 17.1, (miiillni).
Itody <)l»loii({, tiKxIoi'iiti^ly r(inipr«>HH«Ml, not olMViit<><l. Occiput and liioiiHt
mil hfiichunt. II«>ii*l iiNiially iiioio or lt>NN conical, not very hliint.
.Miiiitli coinparativoly lar^u, witli Itroa.i lianilH of villii'orni tcclh on ho'ii
Jaws, ton^^ne, vomer, anil palatinoN; a l»roa«i, Ntronfr, Hiipplcnicntal max-
illitiy itonn; pronuixillaiiuH protractile. HcalcH Hinall; lateral line
Nriiicely arched, forming a kutd on tho caudal peduncle, not ariiietl with
liiiiiy |ilate:4; Hideaof hotxl with Hinall HcalcH. FiiNt tloiMal witlial)ont Hcven
l(i\\ Hpinca, connectctl by nionihrane; Hecontl dorHiil very l<>n){, cloviitotl
ill front; anal Hiinilar to the Hoft dorsal hut not nearly ho Ion);, nhortur
lliiiii the abdomen, prcccd'Ml by two very Hinall free hiiIiich, which dis-
ii|i|M','ir in old HnhcH ; nolinlotn; ventral IIiih very lon^ ; pe<-toralH nhort
iiiiii liroatl. (iill rakorn moderate. SpecicH of moderate or laifre ni/e,
(it'lcii fjracefnlly colored ; most of them valued iih food-fiHheH. (Seriola,
tho Italian name of Seriola dumerili.)
Sk.ii|(ii,\ ;
<i. lli'iul IniiKor tlinn iIpi'P, tlio |iroflli> nut vory Kt<'('|i. DiirNiil anil hiiiiI IIiin nnt fiilratn, tlin
lii'i|;lit III' tlirir lolx'H li'NH tliiiii lialf ili'|itli of ImkIv. Durmil rayn lio In '.\x ; «|ii'rli'H nf
liirK« "i/*', •^loi'K'it*'. with a <ir '1 lii'diiil, ilark rioHs Iuhh »Iii>ii yoiiii);, IIkwi liocoiiiiii);
iilisiili'tn with UK*'; u yolldw lati'ral banil; iiiirlial liar |>ali'.
/■, DoiHal rayH !tO to MK ; dark luimls on yoiiiiK vi'ry IhoriI.
r. Mouth ,-<niall<'r, tliii inaxlllary liaroly rvarhliiK I'roni o{ |iu|)il, 2-!<| in licnil. Ilrail
4 in IciikHi. lioitHM.ift, 1'JH8.
fc. Mouth 1arg«, tlin maxillary roarhin); niiilillc of orliit, 2<„ in IiimkI. Hiail.'l)^ in
loiiKth. /iiN.\TA, 128!).
hi'. Dornal rayH ItO tu 34. Mouth ralhrr Inrp', tin- niaxillnry ri'iirhinK miililli' or |iii|iil ;
dark liandH uii younij; liroad.
</. Body Mli^ndi-r, dopth llj.j to 3')^4 in lonnth. i.Ai.ANni, IJOO.
(hi. IVidy dui>|H>r, thiMlcpth Din longth. ih'mkkii 1, 12!)1.
Z.iNr iiTiivs (^oi'dt, baud; ix^tit, lish):
"'I. Ilrad di'epur than loug, tho anterior proiilu steep ; no yellow longitmlinal liand ; Htze
HUiall.
I'. DorHiil not falratn, it« Hoft rnyH ,12; youiifj with alioiit 12 narrow dark rrosH hars.
/. Body rather elongate, the depth HJ in length; nuihal Imiid ulwrure.
MAZATI.ANA, 1202.
ff. Body rat)u>r deep, tho depth ,'i in length; dark nurhal hand distinrt.
FASciATA, 12'.>;i.
<•••. Dornal and anal falcate, tlieir anterior lobes morn than half depth of Imdy ; head
deeper than long ; body deep; dorxal rays 27 to ISO.
g. N'uchul iiand dark brown or black, iiivoi.ivna, 121*4.
3!/. Nuchal band jiale yellowish. i'ai.cata, I'.'l,').
' Siiid to differ from Seriola io having no free unal spines and. tho flrst durwl spine nut turned
rur»ard, both characters being probably due to age.
.Ill;
m:
■J
902
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
VMH. SKKIOLA IM>U8ALIH (Qill).
( Yki.i.iiw-taii..)
Head I ; depth 4. D. V to VII-I, m ti 3!»; A. II-I, 21. Body roKulavly
fiiHirorin, Homowlint com pressed, tapering to the sharp snout and slctulci
candal peduncle. Maxilhiry barely reaching front of pupil, 2.it in ImikI.
month not very largo. Oill rakers long and strong. Head naked, cxcciit
on the cheeks ; linHscaleless. Caudal keel moderate ; caudal lobes ncailv
equal. Spines of moderate development, the free anal spines disiipiiciir
ing with age; pectorals shorter than veutrals, which are half leiij,rtli of
head ; longest dorsal ray I height of body. Pyloric cceca very nnim ions.
Itriglit stool blue above ; sides dull silvery, an irregular yellowish iiittial
band; fins dusky yellowish green; caudal dull yellow; young witli Ki
indistinct dark bands, twice as wide as their intervals, the second lictwotn
the second and fifth dorsal spines; dorsal and anal fins nearly black, tlio
.'interior angle of the latter lighter, Length 3 feet. Pacific Coast, fioiii
Point Concejjcion southward to Ma/atlan ; abundant in summer about the
Santa Marbara Islands. An excellent food-fish and mucl. sought aittr Ipy
anglers, {dorsalh, pertaining to the back, from the long dorsal.)
IhtUilriiihin thrmilh, (liij., i'nir, Ac. Nut. i^ci. Pliilii., 180;), 84, Cape San Lucas, (("nil, Xiinlus.)
Scr(o?ii liihiiiili, .Iouda:: & Oimikkt, Pidc. U. ;-,. '^'at. Muh., 1880, 4.^(1; not of ('itviku \ Vai.f.v-
CIKNNKS.
Serioln (hnKnlin, OUPAN A (iiMiEliT, Proc. U. ,S. Nut. Mus., 1882,270 and .fr)!): Kosa Smith, I'-i'c.
I1..S. Nut. Mii.-i.,188:t. 2:!4;.Ic)Ui).\N, Proc V. S. Nut. Mus., 1884, 12;i; (Johdk, Ki.-ili.n Imlus-
frioH of U. .S., ;!;U, |)l. 108, 1884; .Iordan, Catnlojiuc, 72, ISSr); .Iordan A (ilLBKiiT, .'^yiidiwU.
444, 188:5; in part.
12H0. NKKIOLA Z(»NATA (Mitohi!!).
(RUDDKR-FISII ; SMAUK'S PiI.OT.)
Head 3* ; depth 3;^. D. VII-I, 38 ; A. II-I, 21. Head longer than dooii :
profile descending in a gentle cnrvo; top of head to base of dorsal fin
compressed. Mouth small, nearly horizontal ; maxillary reaching to bolow
the middle of orbit. Pectorals small, rounded, as long as eye and snont :
ventrals t length of head. Vent behind middle of body. Bluish above.
white below ; sides with about 6 broad black bars, these forming tliroe
large Idotches on the dorsal and two on the anal ; the bars growing faint
or d'sappearing with age ; an ol)li«iuo dark band from the spinon.s dinNal
to the ej'e, the space above this olivaceous; spinous dorsal black: ven-
trals mostly black. Length 2 to 3 feet. Capo Cod to Cape Ilatteras : tlie
banded young rather common northward. (zohoIhh, banded.)
Scomber zdiKitiis, MiTrniM., Trnns. Lit. an<l Pliilos. ,Soc. N. Y., 1815, 427, New York Bay.
Stuiola wnatii, GCntiikii, Cat., il, iCt'y, W>0; .Iurdan & Giliirrt, .Synopsis, 44fi, 188:i.
Represented south of Cnpe Hatteras by
1289a. KKRIOLA ZONATA CAROLINENSIS, Holbrook.
Very similar tc Seriola sonata, but more elongate, and paler in color.
Head di ; depth 4S ; eye Gi. D. V to VJI-I, 36 or 37; A. II-I, !!• to 21.
Bouysnbfaai form, more slender, highestt at origin of second dorsal, tlioncp
Jordan and Evermann.- -Fisht'^ of North America.
903
tapi'iiiip; evenly to auout ami tail. Caudal peduncle soniowhut depressed,
with lateral carinas and strong transverse grooves above and below ;
iiiaxilliiry reaching vertical from middle of orbit, about 2\, in head.
Iv^ctli villiform in jaws, on vomer, palatines, and in one median and two
latt'iiil series on tongue. Scales small on the cheeks, none on limb of pre-
(ipon It' or the remainder of the head. Adult bluish above, whitish
lionciitli, ft baud of greenish yellow as wide as e,vo extending from pre-
(ipeirlo to extremity of tail ; lins greenish ; traces of bands on the oporcle ;
ciiiiilal (liisky, not yellow ; second dorsal and anal dusky ; tip of dorsal
pal": jioctoral dusky ; ventral creamy, its inner edge somewhat dusky;
iiisicK; of mouth pale ; young banded. Gulf of Mexi^ o and South Atlan-
tic Coast, fommon north to Cape Hatteras.
!vnolii •■'intHiiemiM, IIoMinnoK, Iclitliyol. S. </., 72, 18ti(), Charleston. South Carolina; Jordan
A Cii-iiEUT, SyiiopHiK, 44.'>, lHHIl.
S.ri../.i -I'linmii, GooDE * Ukan, Pnic. V S. Nut. Muh., 187!), IH, Pensacola, Florida. ('I'.vi"',
Nm. .:2;i2u. Coll. Stearns.)
12»0. SKUIOLA liALANDI, (hivier .V Valoncicnnefi.
(GuEAT Amiieu-fibii ; Amiif.ii .Iack ; ConONADO.)
Head 3J to 4i ; depth -H to 3|. D. I, 34 ; A. I, 27 ; dorsal lobes 2h in
lioad ; maxillary 21. Body slender. Dorsal fin dusky, with a light-yellow
suliiiiarginal band ; pectorals dusky yellowish ; ventrals yellow and
liiacki.s'h; anal blackir.h, with pale edgs. Young and old specimens have
ossontially the same general form, being in all stages more slender than
Striold (himcvilL A food-fish of some importance reaching a weight of 100
pounds and a length of 5 or 6 feet. West Florida to Brazil ; rather common ;
occasionally north to New Jersey; the specimens here described from Key
West. (Naiued for M. Delalande, a well-known naturalist, who collected
li.slicM for Cuvier in Brazil.)
S.iin;„ hilamU, ('uviKR & V.m.enciennes, Hint. Nut. I'oiss., IX, 208, \H'X\, Brazil; GOntiier, Cut.,
II, Ilia, IHOO; Steindachneu, Iclitliyol. IJorich., v, 40, 18fi8; Goouk & Be'.:i, Villi. V. S. Kisli
I' uiissioii, I, 1881, 43; .Ioai>AN & Gilbert, Proc. U. S, Nat. Muf., 1882, 271; Jokhan,
I'roo. U. S. Nat. Miis., 1884, 122 and 123.
Strl'ihi ijiiids, PoEY, Mi!moria.s, ii, 227, 18fiO, Cuba.
/jiniflilhiix fjigan, PoEV, Syuopsii), 371, 1808.
1201. SERIOliA DVMEKILI (Risio).
(Amber Jack; Coronado.)
iloitd 3|',f; depth 3. D. VII-I, 32; A. II-I, 21. Lobes of dorsal and
anal low, not quite half length of head. Nape scarcely carinated. Very
• loso to Scriolu lalaiKli, but reaching a smaller size, and with the body
deeper and little compressed j mouth larger than in iS. do;-srt/t», about as
in S. lalandi, the maxillary reaching middle of pupil, 2(*jf in head. Gray-
ish, silvery below ; a gilt baud through eye to base of caudal; another
tiirough temporal region to front of soft dorsal; no dark cross bands;
<inH plain. Length 24 inches. Mediterranean to West Indies, north to
Key West and Pensacola ; common southward ; a food-fish of some
II h
11
I3
it !
7.!
it;
.!_! \
I fS
^1
ii
004
liulUtin 4J, United States National Museum.
iiiip(»rtunce. (Named for A. M. Constant Dum^rii, icbthyologiHt m tin;
Mnsouni at Paris, abont 1810, father of Auguste Dunn^ril, 1870.) ( Ku. i
Ciiriwx dumniU* UiSHO, Iclitliyol. Nice, 170, pi. (i, i\\i. at, 1810, Nice.
Siriiilit fhiiiinili, KiRso, E-.ir. Mc-ritl., Ill, 424, 1827; 'jivieh, lU'giio Animal, Ed. 2, 13'i, pi. '.i,, tj^,
I, 1H2!t; (JnviKB .t Vai.knciknnks, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., i.\, 201, id. 2.')8, 18;i;i; (ilMiii k, i ,,t i,,
4il2, ISfiO; >SrEiNi)ACiiNEii, Iclitli. ncriclitc, v, 40, l8tiH; Steindach.neh, Idiili. 11. m , .. ,
20, 1874; .Iniii.AN, Proc. U. S. Nnt. Mils., 1884, 122 miil 123.
Triuhmitfialidiilii)!* Uafines((|;i;, Ciiriitti'rl, 42, pi. .\i, 11(1. 2,1810, Sicily.
Ti-iichiiniH fiinriiiliiM, IUfinksi^I'E, Iiulicc d'htiolo^iu Sicil., 21, No. 108, uiid ii|ip. M, Ni,. |.;. |s|(i
Sicily, nut Sciiiiihri /iiKciiihis t){ Bi.oi ii.
Hiriiihi jirii.riiiia, I'UEY, Alt^iiKiriiiH, ii, 229, 18(10, Cuba.
Subgenus ZONICHTHYS, Swninson.
1202. SKRIOIiA MA/ATLANA, Stoiiidunlinor.
Head Si ; depth 3?. D. VII-I, .32; A. II-I, 21. Eye 4^ in licad : snout
3. Maxillary not reaching middle of eye. Longest dorsal ray 2i in licad:
longest anal ray .3. Pectoral half as long as head : ventral 1 : in licaij.
(irayish, with nnmorous narrow bluish cross bands, more or less n.niilcd
with brown. Ma/atlan ; one young specimen known. Coloration as in
Svriohifdncldln, but the body formed more as in Seriolit (hniirrili.
Seiiiila vin::iilhiu(i, STElNDAniNEK, Iclitli. BeitriiKO, v, 8, 1870, Mazatlan.
:SH!\!
i4'
li:
120S. SKRIOLA FASCIATA (Blo( h).
(Medregal.)
Head 4 ; depth 3|. D. VIII-I, 32 ; A. II-I, 20. Body oblong oviil, coiii
pressed. Ma.xillary reaching front of pupil; pectoral 8 in total lenutli:
second dorsal low, not falcate, its longest ray not half depth of 1kii1\ :
anal similar, but lower. Grayish, with golden reHections, a brown iiaml
from eye to nape; no yellow longitudinal band; young with ahdut U'
very narrow dark cross bands which disappear with age, tlieHc hands
continued on the vertical fins; fins greenish. Size small. Lcngtli alMoii
one foot. (Poey.) Wsst Indies north to Charleston ; not very coniinon:
not seen by us. (faaclatus, banded.)
Scomhcr fdsciatiiK, Bl.ocn, Iclitliyologia, pi. 341, 1793.
Si'rioht /tmintii, CuviKR & Vale.nciennes, Hist. Nat. PoIbs., ix, 211, 1833; GrNTiiKR, < ui , n.
404, 1800; .Jdudan & Gimieut, Synopsi.s, 445, 1883.
Iftd(drii<liisf(i>iiii(tii«, Poky, Synopsis, 373, 1808.
fterinld xciuicoiwKilii, Poey, McmoriaH, ii, 232, 180(», Havana. Tlip name fnfuinUi wiis u'ivii I'v
Poey to baudcd spccimenB, that of Kciiiicoroimid to tliosu from wliich the hands Im I ili^-i| ■
pearcd.
129t. SEBIOIiA BIVOLIANA (Ctivior <t Valonrionni's).
Head 3i; depth 3,^. D. I, 29; A. 1,20. Body elliptical, deep, com-
pressed; the nape not very sharp; caudal keel weak. Head a little
* Wo do not know which of the two names (hnin'rili and aUciolim lias priority of dnto. W- fol-
low custom in recognizing the names of Risso pivon in 1810, in preference to those of IUI'hihs.iiu'
of the same year. The far greater accuracy and value of the excellent work of Uimi jusfities
this preference.
fordan and Everviann. — Fishes of North America.
006
lnn<;<' than deep; snout Itlniit, coinpreased, not conical, 3 in head; max-
illarv reaching to near middle of pupil, 2\ in head. Dorsal fin falcate, its
lolic I! in length of body, 13 in depth, 1^ in length of head, and 2\, in base
of fin. Olivaceous; a dark-brown or black band from eye to soft dorsal ;
the body otherwise plain. Mediterranean to Brazil, the West Indies, and
Sdiiili Carolina; occasional on the Florida Coast. (Named for the Due
lie Kivoli, who collected the types of the species in Greece.) (En.)
Sri"/" nr..;i((»n, CuviKB & Vai.knciknnes, Hist. Nat. PoisB., ix, 'J07, 18.'5.'i, the Greek Archipel-
ago; LI'TKEV, Spolm Atliiiiticii, CO:i, 1H8(); .lonnAN k fiii.iir.UT, SyiiopBiH, 4'I4, 1883; JmiinN
AfiiMiKRT, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mils., 1884, W,\ .Ioutiax, Proc. V. S. Nut. Miih., I88fi, r.:t2.
,«,ri,.;.i '•..«<ii, OrviKR Si. Vai.en( rKNNEs, Hist. Nat. PoIhs., ix, 208, 18:!:t, South Carolina.
t.wWiiis h„^r\, (Jill,, Cat. Fish. E. CiiHflt N. A., :i6, 1861.
Il.il,ii,arliishn.tci, Gii.L, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Pliila., 18<i2, 442.
.<,ii"/( J'imnrieiisin, CvMF.n & Vai.encienves, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix,211, ls:i:t, Buenos Ayres;
1'mkv, Mcmorias, ll, 2:j!i, 18G0; GOntiikr, Cut., ii, 404, 1800.
]li]„l,:i,iiis honarifHrn, Poev, Syiiop.siH, :i7.3, IHCS.
Sr/'/" roiniiiilii. Poky, MiMiiorias, ii, 2;i2, ISfif), Cuba.
IM'iii'iiliificiiroiiiiliiii, PiiEV, SyiioppiB, 371!, 18G8.
/,.»/. hihiis rnrnnatm, PoEV, Eiiunieratio, 83, 1875.
tii^
1295. SRItlOLA FAI.CATA, <^Hvi.-r A ValpiicienneR
(MaDUEcIAI. : " llciCK Sai.jkin.")
Hond 3i (4? in totaD; deptl. 3? (4 in total). D. VII-I, 29; A. II-I, 21.
Cnca !!0. Body rather deep and compressed. Head somewhat longer
that deep, not conictal. Snout 2^ in he<ad ; maxillary reaching front of
pu])il, 3i in head, its tip broad; eye large, .5i in head, IJ in snout. Occi-
put Homewhat carinated. Interorbital space wide, convex. Caudal keel
littlo developed. Dorsal high, somewhat falcate, its anterior lobe 1* in
lieii(l,2i^ in the base of the fin; pectorals 2 in head; ventrals 13 ; anal
loliolj; anal spines small. Life coloration as follows: Grayish above,
paler but hardly silvery below; fins blsvckish, the pectorals pale, the
caiuiiil not iit all yellow; oye white; lining of opercle pale; a very
nl).scure olivaceous band from eye to front of dorsal, scarcely visible in
frosh specimens ; preorbital and pieopercle shaded with olive. West
Indies, north to Florida and Carolina; more common than the preceding,
witii which it is probably identical, differing, so far as we can see, only in
tlic fiiint color of the temporal baud. If the two are the same, the name
Sirii>}a rh'oliana should be used, as having priority. Seriola fasciata is
apparently a different species, (falcatns, scythe-shaped).
^n.liifalnila, CuviEU * Valencienxe.s, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 210, 1833, Gulf of Mexico ;
KiNTHEit, Cat., It, 464, U'60 ; LPtken, Spolia Atlantica, 603, 1880; .Foui^an Sc Gilbeut,
I'roc. U. S. Nat. Miis., 1882, 271; Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nut. Miis., 1882, 237;
.luKiiAN, Proc. I'. S. Nat. Blue., 1884, 123.
I<eri',hi ihihm, LowE, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Loudon, vn, 1839, 81, Madeira.
Serii-la decUns, PoEV, RIcmorias, ii, 230, 1860, Havana.
Serinlit ligulata, PoEV, Mtimorias, ii, 231, 1860, Cuba.
/ouHlithys declivii, Poey, Synopsis, 372, 1868.
mm
M ;
i 'X:.:,m
•3t.
i^
900
liulletin 4J, United States National Museum.
414. ELAGATIS, HeniHitt.
(UUNNKUS.)
r.lnijniin. Wr.ssf.yk, Nnrrntivc of a WlmliiiK Vojhkc, 11, 283, 1K:?r., (hiiiinntilntn).
.•<i-iii,lirhlli!iy, IJiKKKKii. Niitiiiirk. T.vclHclir. N(>(lcrl. Iiid.. vi, 1!10, iHfi-J, (hijiimiiilnlii)
liiriiiilim, I'oKv, MdiiiKriiiH. II, iHiid, 'ii.'i, (iiiiiitiilnliiH).
Hody loiij; and .slefulwr. Second doiHul iind aniil loti<j, oacli witli mw
d<ita(!ht'<l (iiilut coinpoHfMl of 2 rays Imliiiid tlio rost of tlio (in. otlici-
wiso oHHcntially nn in Siriola. One HpecicH pelagic. (i/AimuTi/, a .Hpiiullc.)
I2»«. KLAtlATIS BIPINNHIiATrS ((Mo.v .t (Jaimurd).
(UlINNKU ; Vk.i.ijpw-t.mi,.)
Head ;if| ; deptli 3:1 ; oyo oj ; Hnont 2J. ^. VI-I, i7, 2; A. II-I, 17,2:
HcaleB about 100. Maxillary triangular, its gniatcst width 2! in its
length; Hupplcnientary bone long and lit. ear, all except its caudd-vintial
margin slipping under the preohital ; preorbital and preoperele cntirf.
Length of mandible e<iual to distance from tip of snout to niiildic of
pupil ; distiinco from tip of upper Jaw to posterior end of maxiilmy 1),
in head. Body oblong, 'elliptical, the back little elevated; head latlui
long and pointed, tlie mouth terminal; a slight occipital keel, (iill
rakers about all below the angle, cephalic ones gradually shortn. tli.'
longest about li in eye. Lateral line wavy, origin at dorsal edge of ninTcic.
the ceph.'ilic end running slightly dorsal to opposite origin of s]iiiiiiiis
dorsal, then turning slightly ventral until opposite origin of anal lin,
and then median to caudal fin. Origin of soft dorsal sligh:ly neani tip
of snout than base of caudal; sp'nous dorsal low, the thinl and louiili
spines longes', about 5^ in licad ; soft dorsal and anal similar, racli
slightly falcate ; longest dorsal ray 24 in heiid, the thirteenth slioilcst,
fii in head ; second ray of dorsal iinlet t\t ice length of first, or I in liciul:
longest anal ray 3+ in head, about as long as second ray of finlit: tlii'
tn'o small anal spines remote from the rest; pectorals short and lnoad,
nearly 2 in head ; ventrals short, 2 in head, folding in a ventral dcinx's-
sion ; caudal widely forked, the lobes attenuate and slightly longer tliiiii
liead. Body covered with small cycloid scales ; head naked, except jioi-
tion of cheeks and part of its dorso-caudal margin ; scales on clunks in
about 6 series, those on nape smaller than those on upper portions of
body. Color dark blue or lead above, becoming pale yellowisli liciow;
two conspicuous blue bands on sides of body, the upper one beginning' at
the orbit and passing to dorsal margin of caudal peduncle, its width
abont equal to diameter of eye ; the other beginning at snont and pass-
ing along lower margin of orbit, across opercle and above pectoral lin to
caudal ; caudal yello*. ish, with a darker margin ; ventrals and pectoialu
yellowish, with some blue. Length 21 feet. Tropical seas, occasioTially
in the West Indies, straying northward to Long Island, where the spioi-
mens upon which the above description is based were secured hy Dr.
Meek. {hi-pinnulatu.s, with two pinnules.)
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of Nort/i America.
007
Srn'xf'i ''i/>i)i»><'n<"i <{<«>Y ><c Qaimaki), Voy. I'niuic, /oiil., I, :<t'i:i, pi. Ul, 1)^. :!, 1x21, Keeling
Islrnds.
<^y,uU\'Minhittt* Tory, Bfi'inoriaH, ii, 2:)3, 18)'>(i, Havana.
Wij/ir/i- ''7ii»»ii''i'"«, Hknnkt.", AVlmlinK Voy., ir, UK;*, IK;1.''i; Mkkk A Hoi.i.man, I'nii'. Ac. Nut.
8. i. rhila., IHH!), 42.
f\i»}»\t- hiiiiuniiliilti, OCSTIIER, (!at., II, 401" IMfiO.
f:i,iii'(ii- iiiuiiiiliiliiH, JoitiiAN ill OiMiEitr, SyiiopHiN, 44(;, 1S8;).
415. DECAPTERUS, Blo«iki'i.
(Mackkkkl ScAns.)
l)fr,ii)lrni\ ni.EF.KEn, Natunrk. Tj-dschr., v, 417, lHri5, {hinn).
f.ii-l'iiihihiilm. Oil. I,, I'roc. Ac. Nut. Scl. IMiilu., 1862, 2t!i, {himiiiles).
i;iini\itjiiiji"ilhiis, Gill, I. c, 2'il, (inneronomn).
Hi-tltigfiniiiiiK, GlI.L, / r., 2(!1, (lll/limiiii').
Hody elongate, little coniprcHsed, almost perfectly fusiform. Head
slioit, pointed. Moutl» rather sniiill ; jaws about ci|nal, the dentition
tVehlc; maxillary rather broad, with a supplementary bone. Preniaxil-
laricH protractile. Scales moderate, enlarged for the whole length of the
latcnil line, but spinous and bony posteriorly only ; second dorsal and
iiiial each with a single detached finlet; free anal spines very strong;
first dorsal well developed, persistent; pectorals comparatively short.
Alxlonicn rather shorter than anal fln. Gill rakers long and slender.
Specii'H numerous. ((5t«rt, ten ; tttkiwv, Rn; there being 10 fins, counting
the spurious finlets and excluding the free spines.)
'(. .Slii(!ld8 of lateral lino niimorous, 40 to 50 in numl)er; depth fi in lonetth; tocth j)r<\-i<Mit nn
j!nv8, vomer, and palatinos; none on tongno.
I'. Dorsal with .'iO soft rays; lateral lino anteriorly with about 1'.', diRtinct, Rinull Mack
points. PIJNCT.\TI'8, 129Y.
W'. Doraa'i with 27 soft ray.s. scoMimiNiLx, 12!t8.
'in. ,'^hi('lds of lateral line few, 20 to 30 in numhor.
'. Teeth iiiiniito on both jaws, vomer, palatinon, and tongtio; ghields 22 to 28; depth .'> in
length. s.\NCT.i:-iiELKN.r;, 12!>!l.
'■■■. Teeth diRtinct on lower jaw and tongue; caudal koel of 30 dintiuct Hhieldn; depth T)'/^
in length. iivi'oniw, 1;100.
r,i: Teeth oliHoloto; caudal keel of 2r> RhicldN; depth 5% in length. m.m'.miki.i.i'r, l:i01.
1207. DECAPTERUS PITNCTATIIS (AguRsiz).
(ScAP; KoiiNn RoiiiN ; Cioar-firii ; QiriA-yriA.)
Head 4^; depth 5. D. VIII-I, 30-1; A. II-I, 24-1. Eye rather small,
sliortor thjin snout, about equal to the width of cheeks or the inter-
oiliital space. Maxillary reaching front of eye. Teeth on vomer and
palatines, none on tongue ; teeth in jaws in single series. Lateral line
littlo arched ; arch of lateral line nearly as long as straight part ; scutes
miiiierons, deep, crowded, about 40. Pectorals short, shorter than head.
Breast, cheeks, and top of head scaly. Bluish above, silvery below; a
dark opercular spot. Length 12 inches. Cape Cod to Hra/il ; occasionally
"There seems to be no difference hotween llu American form called pinnnlaliis and the East
Indian bipinnulatuii.
i
M
I'
11l
908
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
iiortliward ; very coniinon oti the cuatitH uf Florida and in the Weitt
IndioH. (pundatuH, ihittcd.)
fti'iiiiihir hiitjHis, MiTriiii.i,, Trann. Lit. k I'hil. Sor. N. Y., I, 1816, (il. 5, fij;. P; not (if F.inn jih.
Varims pniuliitim, AuAssr/, S|iix, Piw. Hiiik., lOH, pliitd 6f)a, flu- 2, 18'J!t, Brazil; I'lviru ,v
V.\1.>:N( IKNNKH, Hint. Nut. I'dJHH., IX, US, iHKt, (JCnthkii, Cut., II, A'iC, ISCO.
C(irmi.r«ii(iiTH«(KiHS()), (!i'VlKil !i Vai.kniik.nnk8, IlUt. Nat. I'oIhs., ix, :i:I, ISHU, Mediterranean
!ieni)ilinis ihiiicIiiIks, I'ok^, Syiiii|iHi», UtW, ISTfi; .liiiiDAN Si (Jii.iiKliT, S>'uuj)ai*, Ci'J, |s> ;•, .l,,|i|,,\
.V (iii.liKiiT, I'roc. V. S. Nut. MiiH., I88;i, Ih'J.
l>iftH. !»»:(' A PTKKI'K SCONRKINrM (Vatcm lonneN).
Heads.}; depth lij. D. IX-I, 27-1; A. II, 23-1; scales 42, liilcial liiio
very Hiijjiitly bent. Ey«^ Jiirjjo. 3A in head; Hnont cciiialin^eyo: )ii(toinl
li in head. Uieonish above; paler below; no distinct oporcnlai siioi-
no black spots in tim;nie. ((Jiinther, after Valenciennes.) (iiilii])ii};(),s
Islands; not seen by ns. Close to Dcvajitcr iia jmnctatna, tho doisal aiipar-
ently shorter. {scinnhrhiuH, niackerel-Iiko.)
Cimni.f mtinhriiiKs, VAl.KNciKNNrs, VoynKO do la Vonus, .i;i2, jil. 7, i\ii. 1, 184(',, Galapa(;o
Islands; (irNTiiKii, Cut., ii, i'M, 1800.
I2»». DKCAPTKniTS SAN<'T.K.|IKLKN.F: (Cuvl.r Sc ValonclonnoH).
Head4jt; depth 5. D. VIII-I, 32-1; A. II-I, 27 or 28-1. .Shields L'K
to 32 (in Japanese examples; 22 to 28 in specimens from St. Hclciia;
Steindachnor) ; pectoral IJ in he.ad. Maxillary reaching front of eye;
eye moderate, rather shorter than snout. Teeth minute, in sinj^Ii^ siMics
in jil ws ; also on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Bluish, a black ojMiciilai
spot; tip of soft dorsal brown. Tropical parts of the Atlantic, on Imtli
coasts of South America; not seen by us. According to Poey this niucIcs
occurs in Cuba, where it differs from DvcapteruH punctaiua in ha\ iiii; its
scutes subdenticnlate, less narrow, and beginning much boliind the
origin of the anal. According to Stoindachner this species is identical
•with a common Japanese species, Decajdn'us maroadni (Teiinninck A
Schlegel).
Cm ■ minrttr-hflenir, Ct-vrKn & VAi.ENrir.NNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 37, 18XJ, St. Helena.
Derajiteriin siiiKiii-litlriiii, I'dkv, SyiiopsiH, W<H, 1808; .IiiitPAN .k Gii.iikrt, Syiiii|isis, i'xi, W\;
Steindachnku \- l)(")i)Kiii,KiN, FJBolin .Ia|ia.\t<., iii, 17, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1884.
fCnrnihr viiiriKidsi, Tkmminck il Sciii.KiiKi., Fauna .laponlca, 108, pi. 58, lij;. 1, IslJ, Japan:
GOntheu, Cat., II, 425, 18(iO.
ISOO. DEfAPTERrS IIYPODITS, Gill.
Head 4 in total ; depth nearly 5. D. VII-I, 2I-I ; A. II-I, 2fi-I : s.alcs
70 4- 30, lateral line with a very slight sigmoid.il flexure, and covoilmI
with very conspicuous scales, trifid on each scale. Teeth on lower jaw
small and uniserial ; tongue with a longitudinal narrow band. Color
above greenish blue, the opercular spot small. Cape San Lucas; five speci-
mens known. It is perhaps a subspecies of DecaptcriiH macanUuK, the
differences in the size of the teeth being of minor importance and of
doubtful permanence, and both forms may be inseparable from Dcatptcnis
sanctas-heltAa!. (iTro, below ; ofJoef, tooth.)
Decapieriu hiipodus, Gii.i, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1862, 2G1, Cape San Lucas; (Coll. Xantus);
Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miib,, 1882, 3.58.
I or dan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. '.K)9
1301; l»Kt'AI>TKItrs MACAUKIJJ'K (Ciivioi k Vuluiiuii'iniM).
(Mavkkiikj, Shad; Anthmnu.)
Ilcadr.; »l«pth (». D. VIII-I, ;U-I ; A. 11-1,27-1; t«<'tlM>l»Holot«; HcutcH
lie<;iiiiiiii;; nt ODil of dorsal, 25 ot tlieiii witli kuulM. Lutenil liiiu iiuarly
>tniij,'lit. Silvery, plunibeona boluw ; u Htiiall black Hpot on tlio opoiTlt).
W'uriii partH uf the Atlantic, Htrayin^ uurthward to Cape Coil ; Hcarce on
our coast. Length 1 foot. (French maqiicrvau, mackerel, the name
a|iiilieil to the apecioH in Martinique.)
OimiiM».(c<iif//ii», Ouvir.ii & Valeni'ibnnks, MM. Nul. I'niHH,, ix, Id, is:i:i, Martinique; GCn-
TiiEii, Cat., II, 42f., 18(X).
lltollihni' iiKUiiri'lllln, I'ltEV, Klllimurutio, 7!t, ^H^^)■, .FlIHUAN A (ilLUKUT, I'roC. V. S. Nlll. iMllh.,
IBM, I'Jil; JuRUAN ti UlLUEUT, SyilupHIH, 433, 1883.
416. TRACHURUS, Kalinemine.
(Sauukls.)
7'nir/,iiiM-, li \KINF,SQ<'F., Iliilico tl'Ittiuloxia Siciliiuiii, 2(1, IHIO, {trniliiiiiis).
TtMliiini', Ct'ViKU, Itugiio Aiiiliml, K(l. 1, 1H17, (h-achinns).
Uudy rather elongate, somewhat compresHed, iiot elevated, tapering to
aBloiulcr caudal peduncle, which is as broad as deep. Scales itresent, not
very Niiiiill. Lateral line armed throughout with plates, those on the
I'uudal jit'duncle larger and spinous; an accessory dorsal branch to the
lateralliue. Snout rather long. Mouth moderate. Minute teeth mostly
iu 8iii;;l<) series on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Dorsals 2, the first pre-
ceded liy a procumbent spine. No finlets. Two strong spines before the
anal, connected by membrane. Pyloric cteca numerous. About 4 species
kuown : found iu all warm seas. (r^<a,|;o(i/wf, the ancient name of Travhiirns
truchurns; from r/OT;j;i;(; , rough ; oiyxl, tail.)
(I. Iloilv ulougatp, littlo coniiirotwed, tho depth ti in luiiKtli; KcuteH aliuut W) (50 | Ki to '18) in
n\iiiibi<r, the hei^lit uf tlu; luiterior scutes '.jtliiit of tho posterioi' iiiid ahuiit 2' -^ in
iliiimetor of eye; (".irved puif of hiti'rnl lino waricly Hliortor than straight part; niaxil-
liiry 2% in Load, roauhiug jist boyoud vortical from fronc of oyo; lining of ojiorclo
scarcely blnckiHk. i'ictuuatus, 1302.
<i((. liudy comparatively deep and coniprcgsed, tho depth 4 to 4Vi in length; gcntes about 72
(34 to 30 -| 30 to 38) in nunib.-r, tho anterior scutes scarcely lower than tho posterior,
their height about 1J4 •" diameter of eye; length of curved part of lateral lino 1? to
1^ in straight part; maxillary reaching post froi;t of |iupil, 2)4 to 'i\ in head; lining
of opeicio blackish. tbaciiuuih, 1303,
1802. TKACHIfRUS PICTl'ltATl'S (Uowdich).
(Housk-mackeukl; Xukb;..)
Head 31; depth 5. D. VIII-I, 31; A. II-I, 27; scales 50 + 47 in Cali-
fornia examples, 90 to 108 in others. Similar to Trachtirua irachurus, but
sleuderer and less compressed and reaching a much larger size. Arch of
lateral line longer, as long as straight part, the junction of the two much
beyond tip of pectoral; plates on the anterior part small, crowded, their
lieijrht lees than half eye. Length 2 feet. Warm seas, especially common
on the coast of California, from Sau Francisco southward to tue Galapagos
J) 10
Hullitin y7, Ihiitfi/ States National Museum.
IhIiumIh 1111(1 Chili; not iiuticed on thu ooast uf Mexico, ivltuinlant in
HiiiiiiiK'i- 111 thu iiiurkotH ut' Sun Fruuoiscu, where it in u foud-liuh ol ;;<i(m1
<iuaiit.v. AIhu \vi<luly diHtrihutud in the open Hca, rua-^hin^ tlie Mtilitui-
I'untnm and New Zealand. It liaH not been recorded from theuuNt loaHtof
oitlmr North or Houth America, whore Trachitnm trachuruit'iH tho only well.
known HpeciuH, even thiH being rare. The Calilurnia Mpeoius may provu
Huparable from thu Atlantic form, in which cuhc it wonldntand uh 'I'ntilnirii^
nyiHiiielrieHH, AyruH ; no ditl'urencu iH, however, known to ii.s. I-mkon
rucordH HpecimcnH from the Went Indieu, A/orus, and Chili, {pwinitiln^
pictured.) (Eu.)
Siriiiln fikhiralii, liuwDicil, KxciirHioii tu Slailoirn, l2:i, ll^. 27, 18'jri, Madeira.
Ciirini.r iiirliDnlim, Jc)i(i)AN A Gil.liKitT, I'riK'. l'. S. Nut. Mum., 1Hn2, Unit.
'J'liiiliiinin imiiinilii.i, STKiNliACii.NKii, Itlitli. llrricli., V, 114, IWW; .louii.w & (Jii.iii.in, I'li.r C s
Niit. MiiH., \HH•^, MH; JuiiD.VN k GlI.liKUT, I'roc. U. H. Nut. Miih., I.sm:1, I'.H, .Iiiiihas ,v (in,
iiKin, s^'iii>|>HiH, '.)ll, 18h:i.
CamiiJ- 'riirhiiniH, "Uoiixli'iiui Hulxliviitioii," OuviElt * Vai.kn(;iknnkn, lliHt. Nut. I'liins , iii i:
IKIII, Mediterranean; Valparaiso.
Ciirmix viiriiii, l.iiwK, TniiiH. /ui>l. Sex . lioiitl., n, 18li7, IKI, Madeira.
CtuiiiiJsiiiiiimliicnK, AvuKs, l'toc. Cal, Ac. Nut, Sci., i, 18.">.">, 02, San Francisco.
Tmchiirm fiMax, ('atkixo, Cutul. I'oix. I*ortH(,'iil, 310-318, l8ti7, Lisbon.
Triwiiiiriis iwoi, UiUMuLi, (Jatulugo iIukH Aiilllii <t I'eBci Italiuui, 27, 18Ki), Italy; I>:i.m'(I mj c.u.iuj
aiiiia, UisNo.
('iiiiiH.1 {I'mrhiiriiH) iiiviini, 8tkiniia<'iinek, Ichtli. Iteitr., ii, 10, \»lt>,
'lYdfliiiniK nii;iiri, LCtkkn, .Spuliu Atluntit'ii, 12(i, 1880.
TritchuiiiKKi/iitmdricuii, CJiLL, I'roc. A';. Nut. Sci. Thila., 186'i, Uiil.
1S0». TKACIIIIIirS TItACIIlIUl'K (Liiiiiiiiii*)
(Saurel; UA8fUN,)
Head 3^; depth 4; eye large, equal to snout, 4 in head. 1). VI 1 1-1, •JH;
A. II-I, 28; HcaluH 40 + 37. Hody more compreBSud and deeper thuii in the
preceding. Head rather long. Mouth moderate, the maxillary n-achin;;
the front of eye. Arch of lateral line abort, reaching scarcely beyond pec-
toral, H in straight part, the plates high, nearly as high antcriuiiy a.s
posteriorly, their height more than half eye. Greenish, sides silvtuy ; it
dusky opercular spot. Length 1 foot. North Atlantic chielly on tiie
coasts of Europe, south to Spain and Naples ; it is very rare on our coaHt,
recorded from Newport, K. I,, Pensacola, and Capo San Lucas. A lliird
species, Trachurii8medUeri'aneu8, not known from America, largely rcpliices
it in southern Europe. (Eu.)
Hvombi-f Iravhm-uK, liins.v.m, Syst. Nat., K<1. x, 1758, 298, Mediterranean Sea; iiftci- fio^mUr
lim-iitlaliruH avuleata of AllTEDl; D. VIII, 34; probably iiicliulos Truchiirioi iiieiUlrninc "-.*
IViiWiHiHd Iriiclinriii, Uloch, Natur);ei<ch. Ichthyulof^ia, Ii, 138, pi. 30, 1784; jjuod liKiiif auil
dcHcriptioii of tliu iiorthorii species, hero called IraclmruK.
Carmu tracliiiriiit, CuviEii & Vale.nciennkb, Hist. Nat. I'oisK., i.\, 11, 1833.
Tiachtii-m <r((c/n(n(/i, Steindaoiinkh, Iclitli. Borich., v, 32, 1808; Jordan A Giliieut, I'lm. I'. S.
Nat. MuH., 1882, 20!l; GOnthku, Cat. (in part), il, 419, 1800.
*It iH possible that fliosi)eciflc name <cacAHrH(>, being based entirely on Moditerranr.ui s|ieci-
mens, Hlioiild bo transferred to the coniniouust sjiecics of th.-it region, now called 'Jhn-hin"^ mali-
IfrraueiiK. In that case the name Trucliundi neniispinosiii (Nilssou) is probably to be retaimil fi'r
the form here called TrachtiriiH irachiirna, which ranges farther northward than tin "tliers.
lilocb's dflscription of Iracliv.ruH belongs to this form, and probably two cr three species « i ru i ou-
founded by Artodi and Liunasus, ua by very many later writers.
Jordan ami Everinann. — Fishes of North America. Oil
'('jiilii" '"■■'•"» i''"""''^«"""»i I'Acfcl'llllB, Hint, Nut. I'lilxH , III, HI, |il. U, IMIJ; HnilTcly llll'lltl-
llaM'', troiii It IlKnro liy I'mmiku, hii|i|>(>hi'iI tn liii\ci I n iiimli' In Miiitliiiciiic.
/Viii/dii"^ ..im"«, llAriNKSylf^ lliclic'o il'lltiiil. Siiiliuiiil, 'JO, lH|(l; Iiiihi il on Sc..)ii/i, r /;in7iiiiii« ul'
I.ONII'h; JdiiIIAN i& OiLIIKHT, 8yilii|HtiN, Ull, IHM; JohdaN Hi (ilLliKlil, I'kic. I'. S. Nut.
Mil", l'**l. I'Jl-
(',,r,iii>' » 'Hinjiiii'ixiii, Nli.HHciN, I'lmlr. Iclitliyiil. Snincl,, H4, 1h:12, Scandinavia.
/V.iWiiiiM. I'liriiini im, (iiioNow, Cat., Kil. (im.v, IH.M, I'Jf), seas of Lurupc; iillii Sinnihir Ixmn
(,ifii.i/i I iii'i'o iiiiiiiiiKi liiimnlii >>r (JlloNiiW.
Tuu'hiiiii'hiiiini, Mai.m, lliiliiiKliiiiH Kiiiiiiii, I'JI, Bohusl'an, Sweden.
iriuliiiri'- Inuhiiriif, LClkKN, Slioliu Alllllltlcil, Vl!>, 18M0.
417. TRACHUROPS, (Jill.
/'rii(7ii'/'7'«, (ill.l., I'roc. .\f. Niit. 8ri. Pllila., 4:11, I8tl'2, (niimrinifililhiUiius).
Tlii.s jteiius is cIoho to Caraiix, diHoriMf; in the iidio clunjjiito I'oriii iiiul
cHiHiiiilly in tho Htructniu of tiio Mhonldtir j^irdlo wliicii Iium a (Uiup ciohm-
I'liiiow at itN jnnctiou with tliu JHthnuiH, witli 11 llcNliy |irojvctiou ubovt;
tl'c tin row. JSpucieu low, found iu ull warm 80U8. (Travhitnin; Cnji,
aiiiioaianco.)
i:i04. TltA('lirm»l>S <it|lMI<>NOI>IITIIAI.MI7K(ni<»li).
(GotmLEU ; Itiu-KYKU Si'ad; Goaiii.K-KYK Jai'K ; CiiiniAiiiio.)
lltatl :iV ; depth 3i ; eyo 3. D. VIII-I, 2li ; A. II-I, 22 ; scutoH 35. lU.dy
iilildiij; rloii^ate. littlo conipreuHcd, the hack not eleva. eJ. Iluad elongate,
iiitlitr pointed, the lower jaw projecting; nia.xiUary reaching past the
t'loiit (if the eyo, which is very large, longer than unout,' much deeper
than the cheeku, and greater than tho interorbital width. A single HorieH
(pf Hiiiall teeth in each jaw ; very weak teeth on vomer and palatines; a
patcli of teeth on tongue. Shoulder girdle near iHthmuw with a lleshy
pidjt'ction, in front of which is a deep crosH furrow ; adipose eyelid largely
(levclojied. Scales comparatively large. Cheeks and breast scaly. Gill
inkers long, numerous. Lateral lino scarcely arched, its scutes weak, but
little carinated. Dorsal spines slender; free anal spines strong; pectorals
falcatt', shortish, about 11 iu head. An angle at lower posterior part of
opuiciilar region as in Chtpva. Hluish olive above, silvery below, a faint
oiierciilar spot. Length about 2 feet. IJoth coasts of tropical America,
occaHionally north to Capo Cod ; common in tho West Indies and on the
west coast of Mexico; specimens examined by us from Cape Sau Lucas,
Mn/atlan, Acapulco, and Panama. We are unable to see any dift'eronce
liet'.v; lii the Pacific Coast form TrachuriiH brachychirua, Gill, and the ordi-
nary cnitninophihulmitii. Specimetis from Havana, Acapulco, and Mazatlan
a^rt'c perfectly. Also found on tho coast of Africa and iu most tropical
M'as. (cr«mt'w«, purse ; (iiplla?i.iiur, oyo.)
Ik'niil'ir rnimnKiplithtilmim, ItLocii, Iclitliyol., pi. ,'{43, 1793, Acara in Guinea.
l><i'iiili,r jilnniiiri, Biocii, Ichtliyol., pi. 344, ITiKl, Antilles.
Hiimlnr I'lihiiithphthalmiin, Blocii & Schneidkk, Syst. Iclith., 20, 1801, Guinea.
<<ir,iMr iiKirropMlialmm, AuASSiz, Spix, Pise. Uniti., 107, 1829, Brazil.
TmrhirojiK hriwhijchirus. Gill., Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Philu., 1862, 2G1, Cape San Lucas.
Cmviij (rmnemiitliOialmtts, LACtl'kDK, Hist. Nut. PoiBH., iv, 107, ISlKt; (,'iviKit A Vai.kni^iknnkh,
lli^^t. Nut. PoisB., IX, 02, 1833; Joiida.n & Giluebt, Syuoposis, ■134; uiid of receutwriterBgeu-
eiilly; Gt'NTiiEU, Cat., II, 429, 1800.
4i
'hi
^\
UVJ
liullttin ^j^ United Stales Nutiomil Mmeutn.
TViu'Aiiro/ix (TMiiKiio/iAMii/mii', JiiniiAN A <lii.M»:itT, I'ror. U.S. Niit. Mii-i , llMi, ISN3.
OiniMJ-y'iimiiii, t'lviKit ifc Vai.I':ni'Iknn»:n, llUt. Nul. ToinH., l,\, lO, lHU3.
Tiiichurojuniliimieri, 1'uky, Euuiui.'ruttu, 7H, IMTS.
418. HEMICARANX, Ithmkor.
r.ir.iH!/. ./)«,* fill.l., I'roc. Ar. Nut. Scl. I'llllll., IW,,;, 1:11, (fnlmti,,),
lltiiiiKiiiiiij-,* Iti.KKKKli, Vcrnl. Kiiii. Ak. Wilt., \i\, 1;IJ, 18ny, (iiiiiriiinnliui).
Muxillary vuiy nurruw, itu ^riuutuHt widtli hciiiooI.v i «y«( ; lifad snmll.
Teoth utiiHuriul, fuw or nunc on voniur or iiuliitin*^H. UoihuI ami una! Iiiin
very low anUu'iorly, not falcutr, their liast^H with 11 coiimjikmioiih Nli.atinit
sctiluH. Lateral linu nioro or Iunh urchod in tVoiit, tho plates Miiall ami
niiiiioroiiN. Tropical hcuh. Allictl to Caraiur, dillcring chiclly in ilir nai
row maxillary. The American HpecicH arc all rare aud need I'liuiit 1 cdin
pariHon. (/}//<, half ; Curaitx.)
>i. Arcli iif lateral line vi>ry HtroiiK, itH lixiKlit muro thnii ■.', iti l«iiKtli; UtNi'ol'i t'>i'iil iwu\\
(liiHky; lii'itd very Hniiill; cinicliil IoIicn vi'iy iiiirqiml. Auiii.iiiin m in > l.tn'i.
ml. Ari-li of liitiTiil lliiu lufH ciiiivi'.x, itH luii^lit nut ' ., IIh Ii'ii^th;! ('iiinliil loln'i miIh'<|uuI
/>. IhiRti of |ii'('turul with u largo Jet-lilm-k area; Hidi'H in luiiiit not l>ani'cl, IkuiI 'imill.
A IKIMAM ^, Dm,.
hh. Iliuiii orin'ctDrul witliiiut liliti'k blotch; bIiIoh luini'd with liluik; lii'uil lallur l.iii,'>
I'. Ilcitii nlioiit ;i}.j ill length; NciitcN or i;>ti'ri>.l liiiu iiiuutly ariiicMi.
il. Hoft ilursal with !!0 rayn; iiiial »itli2'J. ht:irM>is |:;ii;
itil. Hon (liirHul with ~>i lays; anal with 21. Kiiiriiii, liinx
<'<', IIcikI :i in lun^th; houIum Tuolily urniuil. lki'i riii.s, i:)ii!i.
liiO."!. IIKIHICAKANX AMHIiVKIIYX'lll'S (Cuvi. r .« Vul< iici.nn. »).
IToad 4^; depth 2i ; eye large, aH long au unoiit, '■ii in Jiead. 1>. \ III.
28; A. 11-1,25; shieldu 50. Arch of lateral lino very wtrong, itn liiij,'iil
mote tlian k itu length, which is much Icnh than half length of hti;n;;lii
)>art. Kody oval, much comprcHHcd, with the axiu nearly midway liitutcii
the hack and Itvlly ; prutilo very convex. Mouth very HUiall, olilninc, tliu
maxillary reaching little paHt front of orbit. Head umall, Hliort. alnmt a»
deep aH lung. Gill rakeru Hhortidh, rather utroug, 20 below arch, anal s|iineti
Hmall, the tjccumi longest; upper lobe of the caudal falcate, more tiiaii a
third longer than the lower. Lateral scutes numerouH, very Htion^'.
Teeth rather strung, in one series in each jaw ; teeth on tungiio lew or
none; those un vumer and palatines minute, deciduous; scales ^mall;
cheeks naked, breast scaly ; lateral lino strongly arched, the aicli aluiiit k
the straight portion ; scaly sheaths of dorsal and anal very high, eMmii-
ing the whole length of fin. Pectoral falcate, little longer than IkikI,
reaching anal, (ireenish above, with blue retlectiuns; sides aud ialow
gulden ur dark silvery; caudal fin yolluw, inner edge of njiper lolic
black; base of pectoral dusky; a black axillary sput; upercle I'aintl.v
blutched. Tropical America from Cape Hatteras to Hrazil ; ratln 1 coiii-
mon in the West Lidies, occasional on the coast of Carolina aud I'loi ida.
(a/i/j/.i'c, blunt; fwyxog, snout.)
* Wo havo MO nieaiifl of knowing which of these two nuinca han priority of dato.
Jlemicarmu was tiiift printed,
f Character not voriflud iu Ilcmivarmu sccundux.
.\|.|i:|v.|lll.V
i
;fe'i
Ionian and I'Uertnann. — Fishes of JS/ot//i .imiriia.
013
,iiM,.r.ii«'.c/(.</i«r/("«, <'i virii .V V*i,r.N(ir,Mixr.H, lllxt. N«l. I'dIm*., iji.Kk*, |iI. '218, Im:W, Braill;
lilNTIII II, <-'ltt.. II, til, \Hm.
r.mm/ /</">'ii«, Iloi.iiiiiicih, li'litli. Siiiilh ('nnilliiii, !il, IHtiii, CharlcBton.
r.iMiiiJ *'''""('.'/i/M», I'hkv, Mciiii.rlaM, ii,:ill, Iniii, Cuba.
luMiij/'-j" '" ''■'■"VW'*! I'oKV, Kiiuiiiurutid, 77, lH7r).
i:)UA IIKMICAKAXX ATKIMANIH (Jonhiti .1 (illhcrt).
llfiKl I: dt'iitli U'. 1). Vl-I, li!t; A. II-I, 1.'5: Hciilt'H (Id (.Ul pliifoK).
Iliiily !i';;iiliii'I.V elliptical, cuiiiprrHmul luxl imicli «>lt<vattMl, tlio iIimnuI aiul
\t'iiinii I'lirvrM alioiil equal, and tlic ^luatvNt ilt«ptli of hoily iiuarly in tliu
iiiidillc <>r loti^tli, oxcluHivo of caiuial pt>iltnicl». Huiid Hniall, Hliort.aiiil
liiw, lis ili'ptli latlicr IvNH tlian itH htn^tli, tlio uppttr piotilo (limcttiiiliii);
1,'i'iitl.v III tlio nIiui'p Hnuiit ; jawH aliuiit u(iiial; pnMiiaxillaricH anteriorly
iJKiiii ill ilii' iixiHof body; niaxillariuN narrow, n^iu-liiii^ Hli^litly liuyond
:iiiiiMiiir iiiai'^iii of orltit, '^ in lumd; caidi jaw with a siii^lu r*>^iilar
Miles oi vi'iy Hniall, cloM«5-Het teeth, without larger tt-etli ; no teeth on
Miiiitr. |iiilatineH,or tongue. Kye moderate, Hiijrhtly longer than Huout,
if in itilerorhitai width' ocuiput witli an evident eariiia. (iill rakeru
iiiiMli'iati', alioitt 15 on tlie anterior liinh, the longent half the diameter of
(iiliit Head nake«l, with the exception of a patch of NcaleH on the teiu-
jioritl rc^non. Dintance from Huoiit to origin of Mpinoiitt dorHul leHH than
l('iii.'lli III' pectoralu; dorual HpiucH Hlender and fra<;ile, the higheut ei|ual-
iiii; distance from Huout to front of pupil; a well-devtdoped antrorue
>|iiiii' liclDro dorual ; Hoft dorual and anal Himilar, not falcate, the raya
itH;iiliiiI,v (lecieaHing from the lirHt; liiglieHt soft ray of doiHal about half
ilistiiiiri' from Hiiout t(» baHe of pectoral, and Honiewhat lt>nger than tlie
lii;,'lu'si my of unal ; free anal Hpines little developed ; dorsal and anal
wicli (IciHCNsiblo into a very higli Hhoath of scaloH, which leaves only the
last two or three rayH uncovered ; caudal tin wide, well forked, the upi)er
Io1m> evidently longer and more falcate than the lower, but Ichh produced
than in llcmicaranx nnihlyrhynchua, the longest ray about ^ length of rest
ul'lisli; pectoral tin very long and falcate, reaching o))poHite to l)aHo of
stvcnlii ray of anal, about half longer than head; ventrals rather long,
leiicliiii;; beyond vent and slightly more than halfway to front of anal.
ilieiist entirely covered with very tine thin scales; upper part of sides
uiiteiiorly with irregular series of scales which are not well imbricated;
lateiul lii'e witi- a strong curve anteriorly (but less arched than in Car-
(iiu (uiil'hirhynchuii), the height of the curve ); of its length, which is a
little more than half length of straight portion ; the line becoming
alirui)tly straight opposite front of anal ; plates of laterol lino developed
aloiif,' entire length of straight portion, the plates not large, the height
itl the largest one not more than half diameter of eye. Color blackish
olive al)()ve, dusky yellowish below with a silvery luster; top of head,
snnnt, and a large diflt'nse blotch on upper part of opercle black; cheeks
and lower parts of head thickly dusted with large brown points; vertical
liiiK dusky, the caudal and anterior rays of anal with much greenish
yellow ; ventrals largely white ; pectorals dusky olive, the axil and a
lar^e black blotch ou both sides of the fin at base jet black, the blotch
:J
Hi
■> h
I:
K. N. A.
-59
I»
m
U14
hulletin 77, UnitfJ Statfn XatiotutI ,\fu\,nm.
«ovfli-inu llu' liiiHd of all (lui rii,,M ol' iMTtonil fxct-pt tin- Ikwi i, iiinl
oxtciidiliK oil tlu) liii tor » (liHtiiiuut ki'*"^^"'' tl><^'> ' li'iiKtIi of llu ; itisi,!,. ,,(
inoiitli mill liiiiii); of o|m>i'(;I«)h not liiiu-k. I.fii^lii 1'J inciirN. A miiikIc
rt|M-(;iiii«>ii ('r\|M% No, 2!),:M1) wum taken in Hut Itay of I'anain.i (.(/,,,
lilack ; muiiiiH, iian<l.)
tUritiu •iiriiiiiiiiii', .liiuiiAN .V (lii.iiKiiT, Hull. ('. H. KMi I'omtii., i, IM41, ;((m, Panamu.
I!t07. IIKMICAKAW HM IMM H H'ooy).
(StlilMio ; Vill AMIS )
Iload Mt in total with canilai ; «l«ptli ',1. I). VII-I, :«(); A. II, 1, jj; ty,.
r> in lioatl. Hody oval, nioiUtratuIy uluvatnil, tlin curve of tliv iVoni a Ijitli
floater than that of tiiroat. Maxillarv roacliin^ liiNt foiiitli nf ivt;
adipoNo t\vcli<l wull ilttvuJoptMl ; Hcalt'H vory Hniall ; p<!(;toial lonK, laliiitr.
tlio bnckliTH of latoral line bv^innin^ oppoHiti* itH point, liii;^'i' ami
nnniuronH; ciirvo of lateral linu not ih'HcrilttMl. Cainlal lohvH iioi wiilily
Noparattxl, )irol>al)ly Hii)KM|tial; dormil and anal witliont Malicnl loin, j'ali
violut above, white below ; Hideu witli (i broad dark ItandH, IomI vviiliaK<':
liiiH inoHtly blackiHli, the caudal };reeniHh ; throat blackiHh. (iica I'o,
Cuba; not very eoiunion, reaching a woijjht of I^ |iounds; used an lood,
(I'oey); notHeen by us. (hcchikIus, second, from tim SpanJMli nam*' SuiiiikIii
".I'ignore le motif qui I'a fait nommer ainHi." — I'ocy.)
Oiriiiu iterinKliiii, I'liKV, MfiiiDrlim, ii, 'iZi, Ixild, Cuba. (('i>ll. I'diiy.)
Ciiriiiiii<i}i» miiiiiiliii), I'lPFV, Svnii|inlH, litlV, lM(i7.
f Citiiiiix /(«iiii<ii», CiiviKii iV VAl.KNriKNM.'..<i, Hint. Nat, PciIhm., ix, 7(1, l«:i:i, Mexicu: on luliiiH-
iiiir liy MiK'KiNii >V liK.MHl^:; a biiiidi'il Npucluu, with iiiik'l<' <>t° latcriil line umli i Irout n| w.m
cli'irtal.
1808. IIDMK'AKANX IIKTIIII (Stilndiu Iiik i).
Head ;H; depth 2; eye 3^ in head. D. VIII-I, 28; A. II-I, '.M, mih,,
57. Hody deep, Htrongly comprossed, the back arched, tin; vent in! line
little curved. Maxillary reaching pupil. Dormil antlanal tin.sratlici lii^^ii.
but the anterior rays not exserted beyond the rest ; highcMt rayis dl' ildi
Hal, l:^ in length of head ; sheath at base of dorsal little deveioptMl : cau-
dal tin not deeply forked ; pectoral moderate, as long as head, twice liiif,'tli
of ventral ; curve of lateral lino not quite twice in straight part, Sciitc;*
small, but each ending in a spine. Teeth slender, rather long, uiilHiiial
above and below; no teeth on vomer or palatines. 15ody even w lure
linely punctnlate, with G rather sharply dotined broad dark baiH, l«!,si(k's
one on the head; pectoral and caudal yellowish; other tins d:«k <;ruy ;
axil with some dusky ; caudal tin pale. Pacitic coast of tropical Amtnica,
known from three specimens, the largest 5 inches long, from I'aii.iinii.
(Steindachner.) Perhaps not distinct from Caranx Icucurun, (Naimd loi
Ignatius Fiirth, Austrian Consul at Panama.)
Carmix f'urthii, Stkinpachneii, Icht i. Beitr., iv, 12, 1875, Panama. (Coll. Fllitli.)
1300. IIKMIC'AUAN'X LKUCUltl'S (QUntlicr).
Head 3; depth 2. D. VIII-I, 28; A. II-I, 24 to 26; scutes fn; Miont
rather obtuse, the jaws equal, the maxillary reaching past front nl eye
/.trJiiH and Evi'rttMnn. — Fisfirs of Xorl/i .Ipnerua. JM5
li'fili iiiii^iMiut, very hiiiuII, iiuiiu on puluU'. Luturul lino \vitl\ u Homicir-
,.i,l;,i' itii li, the luiigtii of wliit'li Ih lif to U in Htmi^lit part; itH ati^Io
IkIiovI'k'oI uC hucoikI (IimniiI iiiid with iihoiit riOHiiiiill low Hhit^lilH, hut iVtw
iil'wiiicli I :i\ <f(h«prc<NH<'<l NpiiH-H. IN'Ctoriil ri>iu;hiii^ uiiiil N|iiiioN. ItiowiiJHh
;;m}J*'"'> ^vith (> liurk-hrowii vtutioul IiuihIh, thu first JM-hiiid hiiHr of
M'llurul. iliu fourth frum niidtlh) of Hoft «hirMul ; a hir^u hhtck Hpot on
„|iew Ic : <lorNui,iiiiul, anil vtMitnil hliicli ; lutctoral and caudal palo. Two
ijivciimtii-i. cauh 'A inuhuH loii);, from runaina. (Ciuntliur.) (A(t'\(V, whitu ;
AM^ tuil-)
,■,,„„,/ ;,ii."/M», UI'NTMiiii, rriH'. /(i()l. Hill'. I.omloti, tMti4, '.'I, Panama; (Ccill. ('ii|ii. Julni M.
liiiH); i.r!«rm,ii, I'Uli.Ci'Ulr Aincr., 'I:!!!, iNHii; .liriii,A> ,v (iniimr, rim. U.S. N. Viii.,
l»(i:l, I'.' I.
419. CARANX,' Lacrpcdt).
((Jukvai.i.i';h.)
liiMii/ (( iiMMK.Iin(iN) l.vrri'fliiK, IIlNt. Niil. ToInm., Ill, r.7, IHIfJ, (^ai/iiiiiK, Mjiii-iuiiin, ri,niM|;(i»,
111/11 1, I'll . I,
•iiruK/, U.\('iNKHyrK, (JarnttiTl Alcuiil Nimvl Ui'iutI, II, iHln, (lli'Kt ruNtrictlnu tu /ii/mi, iii(..r,
I'll'.).
Tiin'fliriii., lUriNKMgrK, (!lirnttrri, '11, IHld.t ('(ini»i/i(» hilipim).
Cifciiiyii., liiiii'Hiii, (hivinr'ii Nut. lllMt. KIhIuim, Ultfl, 1837, (biiHcil mi /.c* rii)'iiM!/Hr.i nt' (hiviKll;
tyiHt I 'iiMiii.i' I'liriiHi/Mii).
',lr^,'/r/«')i'», SwAINKON, CIiwm'ii KiHiii'K, 11, '^'17, 1«;W, (iiifliiHiiiihrii).
.1/171.., ."^W MNMlN, riUH§'ll KiflM.'H, 'JIS, IKlit, ( H'll/'l liiinih, Ul'.«t!KI,l, lli'jriliillllin, Dav; H|lr('ll'«
with III)' tcrth iiiiiHcrial uii Jitws iiiul tongue uii I)", liudy ritnit'oriM; nliirlilN iiuimiruiix; (lurxal
luw).
•The limpiT typ» of the ki'IIIIn fVimiir Hcomx to 1)0 Sannher riiher, IJIncli. Tlio liainn CuniMj'
ttimilipiiii'Mtly I'i'i'iinlod In iniiMiiHci'i|it liy ConinK'miin, wlio ii|i|illi'il it tn Cunni.i- nm'insiin. In
|iriiili'il iiiiiiii'iii'littiii'r I'liriiMX wart Di'Ht iiHcil liy Larr>|ii'(li', \vliiiail(i|iti'il tliii liaiiii- rriilii (!oiiiiii(<I'niiii
ii|ipl,viiJt{ il t'l a lai'gii Ki""!!!' •'•nitainint; ainoHK utlicr HpccirH IiiiiIiiiihh, < iiniiii/iix, »yii riiiniiH, finUui,
■m\ni\i,i. TIiIh );i<iiiih whh nnxt furtlior limltcil by l(atlii('si|ii)> in (lit) I'ollowinK wiinlrt:
"lo liiM'i'i'liiti) iloviTit (iiviilfro in i|uattrii tscni'ri, ilneiicro Carnnjf ilcl inoilt'riii iltioloni <'ln' li"
iintniniiti 'rnirliiiiin, ('(iniii.i', TiiVi'iiyifcnin, ii lliiimilin; v iinosti ti'i' nitiiul nmi olTerisciiiio vituiio
•pri'ioSii'iliiiiiii; IliiioihiM (////(iixjiii) ilifferlHon ilal TrdclniniH iii'll' avcru <lni' aln anali, u il CnraiiJ'
iirH'iivcii' nil riiKKio >> rtpinu Noioitu du lu duo iiIh diirtiali imI il TricroptiruH noli' avunin tm
f'lniitl (if;iiiiiiii d'liiia inoinlirana alurc."
Tlu'sni liiiractiTs aru all partly fallacioim and (if no HyKtoniutic inipnrtiinco. All of tlicin arr
lakiufriMi l.iii'i'pi'do'rt Rualytical kt-y. Wu nniKt. Iiirn to l,aci'|K'(ln'rt work In tl'id tlii'ir Hijiniti-
raiici'. '/'i''i'/ii(nni evidently rorrrrtpondrt to Larrpi-du'H "premier MiiuH-di'iii'i', " Sniinlier Irinliiiriiii
lieinn itH tyiin. Co'iiii.!' currecpcmdrt to llic "si'cnnd HouH-gonrc," including the Hpccii'n J'enliw,
«/«•, i/,'i :, »ii/ijii(ii, and hunh. llijiiniliH (iirno, liclow; /Sn, two; two fri't' anal Hpines or llnletH) ii)
ImiU'iI (HI Sriitiilier <//ii»i'kj<, L. I.irhia j/imcii, Cuvicr, a Kumpean spcoicH. 'l'r'n<i>\ilvniK \» baNcd
I'll I'liriiii.r 1 iiMiiii/M(i, and i.stliei°('for«Hyn(inynuiuH witli tliu later < 'urunijiis of (iriflitli and ( 'iirKiii/iix
(if (iiranl.
'iir.iii.i' is next further rewtricted liy Cuvier A ValenclonneH. Anions tliolr " Ciiriiii.r propre-
iiii'iil ilits" are two BpecieH, yV'n/dit and ruhii; placed in ('iiidii.i' liy liotli Ualine«(pie and Iiaeepede.
iHiBiif tlh'M' two specieB should ap|iarently lie retained iiH the type, unleHS wo aro tn return tiitlio
iiiiihUNcripl^ of (NimnierKon for our underHtaiidiiiK of the ^fonp- I" Swaiimon'H work, in IMIli),
iii/'iris still ntained in connection with the name Vnritiu. \it tnichiinm, «y/»'<'ii).ti(«, and fiiriiiiijiiit,
niK'cics liTi'tot'ore taken liy authorn as typcH of (.'i<niii;>', are none of them available for tliiM pnr-
im-i' lii'cim^e all of them were referred to other (;enera by Balinewpie. we must apparently
(.liiidKn lictweon )-ii/«caiiU fenlmi. Wo therefore Helect Cwiinx nilwr an lyp(! of the nenus.
lillliii iMi'i'i adopted «/<i'ci(W/(ii as the typ(^ of Ciinm.f because this waM the only HpecicH mentioned
li)'f!iiiiiiii.isciii, from whoso mnnuarripfs I,ac(''pe(lo adopted the name Oinoi.''. It is not, however,
I'viilint tliiit I,a('(''pedo retfiirded this species as his type. If, however, wo sliould adopt this view,
till' iiaiiif ( 'iri-ai).!' would ai'.persede (Imilliimnihm and the genus hero called i'umux would hecoiiio
TtirvKjiirriis. The name C'i(ra»i.r is really derived from Ciiritiujiie, and several writers have taken
''imii.r cnfiMi/Hx ns its typ'-. This arran},'ement seems to us not tenable. Its adoption would
'liift tlie ijiiiiies of tho suogouera, C'iir(iM.r taking tho idate of Tiiifj>hnif.
t Uiiiu„V,~, Hatinesiiue, J. c. (based on Smmber (jUiiims, L.), is oquivalout to Lichia,vm is also Uuti-
"''S'lUf's f;i iius JlmtiicaiUtia, I. c, 43. Licliia is of lator Uatu.
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OUJ Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Mar, Ili.KKKKK, Verhiiiidl. llutiiv. Uunootmii., xxiv, 1851, (hoopn; tooth m oiiimuh; |ii|||,,ii
JMlllltO).
LfiiiijIoHnuH, Iti.KF.KKn, f. c, (car(ingoi)le«; tooth in ono row; tootli on vomer and ]i;tlutiii<x, iii>iic un
tonKUo).
Vriujiin. Ul.KKKKR, 1. c, {carangoiden; tootli 2-roweJ in jiiws only).
Leplii'iiin, ni.KEKEH, /. <•., {le}iltihpis; uniBerliil luoth on luwor jiiwaud tongui^; iionr ipiMi]i|„.r jm,-
or piilntd).
MuroidiH, Ili.p.KKKii, I. ('., {leptoleim).
Vammjiililhii'i, Di.kkkkk, Uijdnigcn Ichtliyol. Fiinna CoIoIicb, iii, 7(!0, nbont IHri'i, (^/;i"-. y"iiii(;,f
Bomo f<|)eci('S iillicd to /ii/iid; iiri'oiicrclo Hcrnito; ti'utli iii sovj-ral rows, outer onlmijid; iwn,
on vomer, palatines, and tongiii^),
(Viruni/Mn, GiKAitn, I'roc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Plilla., ISfiS, 1()8, (eKviileulus -hiiipoK).
raratrailm, OiLi,, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. riiila,, 18G2, 432, ijiiw/iit/iin -trj/dod).
Body ovate or oblong, compressed, the back soinetiines coiiHi(lt'ral)lv
elevated, Hoiiietinies little arched. Head moderate or ratluT iiir>,M', moro
or IcHHcoiiiprcHScd. Mouth moderate or large, oblique; iiiaxilluiv l)rou(l,
with a well-developed supplemental bone, extending to below oyc I'n-
niaxillaries protractile. Teeth developed in one or few series, uii('(|Uiil,
or at least not in villiform bands. Villiform teeth usually pie«t)iit oi'
vomer, palatines, and tongue, Avanting or deciduous in suiiic sj cvach.
(iill rakers long. Eye large, with an adipose eyelid. Dorsal siiincs
rather low, connected; second dorsal long, usually elevated in front : l)otli
tins deprcssible in a groove. Anal iin similar to second dorsal and neaily
as long, preceded by two rather strong spines, its base longer tlian the
abdomeii. Caudal Iin strongly forked, the peduncle very slender. Vi'ii-
tral fins moderate; pectorals falcate; no finlets. Scales present, mostly
very suiall. Lateral line with its posterior portion armed with stionj;
bony plates, which grow larger on the tail, each plate armed with asitiiio;
a short dorsal branch of later.^1 line usually present. Preopercle cntiru
in the adult, serrate in tho young, usually with a membranaceous liunler.
Species very numerous in all warm seas, most of then, valued for food.
As here understood, this genus includes a considerable variety of furni.s,
differing in the dentition and in the shape of the body. Its meinbei s seem,
however, to form a natural series. (Name a corruption of the Portngueso
Acarauna, French Caranguc. Lac^p^de, however, claims to derive it from
mi>u, head, "A, cause de I'espece de. prominence que pr^^sente lenr tite,
de la force de cette partie, de I'dclat doni. elle brille, et d'ailleiirs pour
annoncer la sorto de puissance et ue domination que plusieurs osseux de
ce genre exercent sur uu grand uombre des poissons qui frdquenteiit le»
rivages." — Lac6pMe.)
u. Teetli on vomor and palatiuos pcraistont.
h. Soft dor:$al and anal low, not nineh clovatod in front, Httlu if at all fulcatL<; teeth in
jaws in one or few series, w^th no canines,
Selab:
<•. Lateral lino strongly arched; arch of lateral line not half as long as stniij-'lit por-
tion; the angle under front of soft dorsal; breast scaly; lateral eiiite.i stiimjr^
abont 48 in number; scaly sheath of dorsal and anal very deep. Iliad li'o;
depths; second D, I, 24; A. I, 19; sides with broad, dark bars; a blm k "I'lr-
cular spot; fins largely yollow. viNm s, 1310.
Cakanx :
(•<■. Lateral lino little arched, its curved part not shorter than its straight [nirt; iiiax-
illaries scarcely reaching front of eye.
/onian and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 917
W^ .:'\
(I. 0|)orcular Hpot obsolete; liody ratlirr elongate, tlio duptli '.i to ^\:j in longtii;
§iiout 3 in heuil; lioud :il., in body; Ht'cond I>. I, 2I>; A. I, 2'2; ihiuldrt 26
to 29.
«. Dody Blender, tlio dcptb about ny.j in length; ' -'ur dark, cbiutly bluiah.
UUIIKR, Hill.
ee. Body deeper, tin- doptb abouc 2j in length; color pale, inoHtly golden.
IIARTII0U)M.1':r, 1.')12.
'.'. SdCt dor8.il and anal murb lovnted in front and muio or Iorh falnite; upper teetli in a
biuid, the o'ltcr enlarged; lower teeth in one serieH; dorHal Bliuath of sculeH not
greatly developed; Hoft doreal and anal both rather Hhort.
'riiiciKiiTKiii's {rptU, three; axpof, point; nrtpov, tin; from the It free spines Huppoaod to
Ktitnd iHjtweon the doreals):
/. llreuMt naked, except a small rhombic area before vontrals; twi <ma11 canines in
front of lower jaw; body robust, compressed.
(/. Opercular spot large; adult with a black spot on pectoral; pectoral .1 in length.
IIoad:)i<^; depth about 3; second D. I, 20; A. I, 10; scuteti (duvoloiied)
about 25. Ill I'l'os, 1313.
//. V.reasi entirely covered with small scales.
I'AiiATnACTUH (jropa, near; arpaKToi, spindle):
A. Body subfuslform, the depth less than J/, the length ; breast scaly; teeth of outer
seriessniall, not canine-like; a black opercular spot; no spot on pectonil;
arch of lateral Hue about iialf straight |iart. citYSos, 1314.
t. Pectoral flu moderate, rarely longer than head; Hcutes about ."iO.
«'. Pectoral fln very long, much longer than head; scutes about 40.
CAIIALI.US, 1315.
CARANOiniTHYB, (Caratix; l\Ovi, fish):
hh. Body oblong ovate, the depth more than % the length; outer teeth rather
strong, lower teeth not canine-like.
j. General color silvery; vertical flns not all black.
/•. Body moderately elevated, the depth in adult 2 to 2',^4 in length.
Opercular spot very small or ob.soleto; no pectoral spot; pectoral
3 in length.
/. Body rather elongate, the depth in adult 'Z% in length; dorsal
aad caudal fins largely black; eye larger than in (\ liilii>i, the
head less obtuse. Head Zyy, second D. I, 19; A. I, 15; scutes
30, MAllOINATUS, l.'llC.
II. Body mcKlerately deep, the head bluntish, the eye small; the
depth about 2*^ in length; dorsal fln scarcely dusky, caudal
fin pale. Head 3}; second D, I, 20; A. I, 17; scutes 30.
I.ATI'S, 1317.
kk. Body much elevated, the depth in adult 2}> in length; no dark cross
bands nor opercular spot; a sniall, dark spot in axil; caudal and
dorsal lobes dusky; curve of latisral line IJ^ in straight part;
caudal lobes as long as head; pectoral J longer. Head 3^; depth
2J; second D. I, C2; A. II, I, 19; scutes 32. mehusicoi.a, 1318.
jj. General color brassy or blackish; vertical fins Hack; lower teeth not
canine-likn.
m. Anterior profile gibbous; head very large; curve of lateral lino less
than % straight imrt; second dorsal and anal strongly falcate;
anterior lobe of dorsal about % head; pe<'toral very long, 2J^ iu
length; color nearly uniform black. Head 33';'i; depth 2J; second
D. I, 21; A. If, I, 18; scutes 28. Luouimis, 1319.
mm. Anterior profile scarcely gibbous; curve of lateral line a little inoro
than V, straight jMirt; soft dorsal and anal strongly falcate; ante-
rior rays of dorsal % head; pectoral a little more than J^ lM)dy;
coloi dark olivaceous or brassy ; sides with many small dark-
brown spots. Head 3%; depth 2%; second I). I, 22; A. I, 19;
BcutcB about 35. MELAMPvaus, 1320,
•■i &■■
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5
I
11.
im-
918
Bulletin 4J, United States National Museum.
I'lUHPIH (oupa, tail; d(rtr(«, fthiold):
(III. Teeth on vomer und ]inIatincH wantiiif; or ilecidiiouH ; tectli in jaw Hnbor(niil, Mm tiiih j,|
unit or two rowH; lateral lino not strongly ui'clicd; Hoft dorsal and aiiiil <<.u: AMiV
rather few.
H. Hody deej), ronipresRod, the liack and belly arclicd; Nliieldit '24 to .'l(»; wriiml h I, jd. ^
I, 22; opercular H|)ot preHeiit. (. mu, l.'):i|
Subgenus SELAR, Dloeker.
1«10. TAIIANX VIXt'TliS, Jordan \- Oilhert.
(COCINERA.)
Head 3i; depth 3. Second D. I, 24; A. I, 19; lateral scntcs Mtroii;;
about 48. Body elongate, elliptical, oompressed, upper proCiIc evenly
arched from snout to caudal peduncle, the lower nearly rectiliiicfir from
snout to origin of anal fin ; upper profile slightly carinato anteriorly.
Width of cheek about equal to diameter of eye. Mouth moderately
oldique, the jaws snbeqnal, the lower scarcely included ; intermaxillarits
anteriorly about on a level with axis of body, just below level of lower
margin of eye; maxillary reaching vertical from front of orbit. .3 in
head; teeth very small, Mun,, • a narrow band in each Jaw, Itecomin;;
a single series in sides of uiuiiuiiile; the outer series slightly en larjied:
teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue similar to those on jaws, (iill
rakers very long, numerous, the longest f diameter of orbit. tJieir
number about 10 -f 27. Eye large, less than length of snout, about e(|iiiil-
ing interorbital width, 4 in head. Adipose eyelid moderately developed.
Preopercle with its posterior margin very oblique, the angle broadly
rounded; preorbital thin, its least width ? diameter of orbit. Spinous
dorsal well developed, the spines high and flexible; the antrorse spine
well developed ; the fourth spine the longest, the fifth but little shorter:
those posterior rapidly decreasing ; the fourth spine equaling = leiijjtli nf
head ; length of longest dorsal ray less than \ length of head ; anal
spines strong, the soft rays a little lower than those of dorsal; soft
dorsal and anal entirely received within a very deep membraiiacoons
scaly sheath, which is | the height of r^^dian dorsal rays, and terminat-
ing before the ends of the fins, leaviii;, ti?n last 2 rays free; the 2 fins
not falcate, the rays regularly decrea' 1 txn first; pectorals very lonp,
falcate, reaching much beyond origin .>t -•■ jl, and to twelfth lateral
scute; the fins \: length of body ; ventrals joa'-hing to or slightly beyond
vent, which is nearly equidistant from their inner axil and from second
anal spine; caudal lobes not falcate, the upper slightly the lonjjer, p
little less than length of head. Lateral line with a strong curve ante-
riorly, the width of which is less than \ straight portion ; the depth of
curve about i its width ; plates very strongly developed, exteudinj]; the
whole length of straight portion of lateral line, which begins under first
dorsal rays ; top of head, opercles, jaws, and preorbital scaleless or with
a very few scattering scales; cheeks scaly; breast entirely covered with
fine scales; membrane of caudal fin w'th series of scales. Color dusky.
bluish above, silvery below, with golden and greenish reflections : 8 or ?
vertical dark half bars descend from back to below lateral line, the
4asr
Jordan and Ever maun. — Fishes of North America.
919
w idest about equaling diiiiiiotur of orbit, and more than twice us wide as
tilt' iiirlit iiiterHpaces ; breuHt blackiHli ; head dimky ; end of snout blaclt;
a distinct black blotch on upper anjjle of opercle ; fins somewhat dusky ;
tliP liiwcr yellow in life; pectoral without spoti axil dusky ; anal white
at tip 'it lobe. Pacific Coast of Mexico, Ma/atlan to Funta Arenas. A
well iii;iiked species, abundant about the entrance to the (lulf of Califor-
nia, its range extending thence to the coast of Central America. (i'jhc<»««,
Itaiidctl.)
Cimii.' r;ii'7»«, JiiuDAN A GiMiF.nT, I'roc. V. S. Nat. Miih., 1881, iVIf*, Mazatlan; (Typo, Nos.
HKn;:, luiil -JHIlfiO. (!oll. CilliiTt); .IiiiiDAN >fe (!iuiF.HT, Troc. V. S. Nut. Miis., 1883, 1!)7.
Cams. *\\.. I-AV k Bennktt, Ik'i'rlioy'H Voyii^so, .'V>, 18411, San Bias; Mazatlan.
Subgenus CARANX.
ISlt. CAR4NX KUnEK (Uloch).
(Ciiii Mancho ; Cadbonebo.)
Ifpiid 3;-; depth 3i D. VII-I, 26; A. II, I, 22; scnteb 25 to 20.
Str!iii;lit portiin of lateral line considerably longer than curved part, 2i
in body. Lateral line not strongly arched; maxillary scarcely reaching
trout ol" oyo ; teeth on vomer and palatines persistent, those on Jaws in
a t't!\v series without canines. Dorsal low, its anterior rays slightly
falcate, 2;^ in hecad. Color bluish olive, silvery below, scarcely yellowish
in iit'o; a va>»uely defined horizontal stripe of clear blue just below the
dorsal; dorsal yellowish gray, other fins dusky olive, a distinct black-
ish liar extending along lower lobe of caudal. West Indies ; not rare.
{rumr, red, which the species is not; it was originally named from a
drawing erroneously colored.)
&vii«'nT 1 i/kt, Block, Ichtliyologia, jilato .342, 179:5, Ste. Croix.
Carms riiht'i; Bi.ocii .fe Sciinkidkii, Syst. Ichtliyol., 29, 1801; Jordan ifc (iii.nEUT, Proc. U. S.
Nut. Mns., 1884, 32; GOntiieu, Cat., i., iW.
Cimmx I'lKchii, CijviF.u & Valenciennes, Hist. >T<it. Foiaa., ix, 69, 18;t.'l, Ste. Croix; hhiik? type.
Ciiniii.r Iridmus, PoEY, Memorias, ii, 22('>, 1800, Cuba.
Vnmii.joiilee iridinuB, Poey, Synopsis, 300, 1808; Poey, Enumeriitio, 77, 1875.
1S12. CAKANX BARTHOLO.n.VI, Oiivier .«; Valuncieauus.
(Yei.i.ow .Iack ; Cirii Amarillo.)
Head 3i ; depth 2^ D. VIII-I, 27 ; A. II-1, 23 ; scales 28. Body ovate,
deep aiul compressed, somewhat elliptical ; the profile anteriorly not ele-
*"atcd, forming an even curve continuous from the snout to the base of
tlic dorsal, the snout therefore not blunt. Top of head not much com-
pre.s.sed. Premaxillaries on the level of the lower edge of the pupil ;
niiixiliary not reaching to opposite the front of the pupil. Teeth rather
einali, in a narrow band on each Jaw, without distinct canines ; villiform
tcelii on tongue, vomer, and palatines. Cheek about as deep as the eye,
wliicli is rather smsvll, considerably shorter than snout; adipose eyelid
little developed. Gill rjikers long. Breast entirely scaly ; soft parts of
tlio vertical fins densely covered with small scales. Dorsal low, its anterior
rays slightly falcate. Pectoral fiu falcate, a little shortei than the head,
wjJMi'aiPWMWW
I':
1%
920
Bulletin 4y, United States National Afttseum.
II
3 .fcJ
I -4
!
II
roachiii^ past the front of the anal; caudal equally forked. .Strai);lii
part of lateral Hue 2-* in body, scarcely as luujr as curved part ; \t\;\\yn ,,|
lateral line snioll. In life, bluish silvery, everywhere strongly waslicd
with golden, the younfj with golden spot'J. Fins all pale yellow; no
black on opevcle or lower lobe of caudal. West Indies, occiisidiinllv
northwiird to Florida and North Carolina; common in Cuba. (Naimd
for the Island cf .San Dartolom^.)
Carimr hm-lliolomni, ("I'viKK .t Valknciennes, Hint. Nat. PoIhh., ix, KHI, ISSi, St. Bartholo-
mew; .loRDAN & GiMiRiiT, SyDopniH, 41)0, ^W.Y^.
Cwaiircihi, I'dky, Meiiioiias, II, 224, IHOO, Cuba.
Ciiraiu l/ci(i((, JoiiDAN, Proc. V.H. Nut. Mus., 1880, 480, Beaufort, North Carolina. iTypc,
Nc I. 27372. Coll. Gilhurt.)
CariwyoUks dbi, PoF.y, Synopsis, ;tOG, 1867.
Subgenus TRICROPTERUS, Baflnesaiio.
1S18. CARANX HIPPOS (Liiniwus).
>
(CBEVALl.fi; ToRo; Horse Cuevai.l(: ; Cavam.y ; Jack; Jiovaova.)
Head 3^ ; depth 2i ; lateral line (scutes) about 30. D. VIII-1, 20 : A. II-I,
17. Body oldong, the anterior profile very strongly arched, lb ii<l lai;;o
and deep. Mouth large, low ; lower jaw prominent ; maxillary oxtcmliiii;
to nuarly opposite posterior border of eye, 2^ in head. Teetli in iijipcr
jaw in a broad villiform band ; an outer series of large, wide-set, ((Piiiial
teeth ; teeth of lower jaw in one row, a distinct canine oh etwh .side of
symphysis; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and toii^Mii-.
Lateral line with a wide arch, its length IJ^ in straight part, tlio aiii{lc
under fifth dorsal ray ; plates not covering all of straight part. DoihuI
spines short, rather stout ; gill rakers stout, riither long, 15 lielow anjjle.
Occipital keel sharp. Eye not very large. Pectoral falcate, ), loii^ci tlian
head. liroast naked, with only a small triangular patch o'i Ncalos in
front of veutrals. Caudal lobes equal, nearly as long as head, oliva-
ceous above; sides and below golden ; a large distinct black blotcli on
opercle, bordered behind with pale; a large faint black spot on lower
rays of pectorals, the latter sometimes wanting in young ; axil of picto-
ral with a black blotch ; edge of soft dorsal black ; upper edge of (aiidal
peduncle dusky Warm seas, generally abundant; found on both coasts
of tropical America, north to Cape Cod and Gulf of California, also in
the East Indies; a large and wel. known food-fish. More aliinidant
northward on our coast than any other species of the genu.s exempt
Carnvx cryaos. Easily distinguished by its canines, its naked bnast. and
the color markings. (Zn-n-of, horse.)
Scomber hippos, liinsiRva, Syst. Nat., Ed. xii, 494, 1706, Charleston, South Carolina.
Scoinher caraiif/us, Blocu, IcLthyol., pi. 34(), 1793, Antilles. •
Carmijc eriilhriirtu, JjAokpiiDR, lliat. Nat. Poiss., in, 68, 1802, South Carolina; lm»cil mi S'<'mlei
hippof, LiNN*i!8.
Ciiranx daulii'tttoHii, Lac£p£de, Hist; Nat. Poiss., ill, 72, 1802, Martinique; on a diiiwiin; I'V
Plumieb.
Curanx camngua, Lac£p£de, Ilist. Nat. Poiss., lii, 59, 74, 1802, Martinique; oiindr.iM iiiL'l.y
Plvmirr; Cuvier it Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 91, 1833; GUntiikk, Cat , n,ii\
1860, aud of authors.
II'
Jordan and pAicrmann. — Fishes of North America.
021
r,ii,iii' omlhnjiiniiin, Ci'viKit .V Vai.ekciknnkh, Hint. Nat. PdIhh., ix, 109, 18!V}, Isle de France.
Ciinuu (iiil'i, Ci'viKii 1% Valkni'IENNKij, IltMt. Nut. I'liiHH., IX, 117, la'M, Vizagapatam; alter
KAii.'.i ifiirah, of llussm.l,.
,\iritii.riitiiilliiruni, JIENNKTT, Wlmliiitr V.i.vaKo, u, 28'J, IH-Id, West Indies.
('(iriiii/ ih/i'iiHiir, DkKav, N. Y. Kuiiim: FiMlics, 12(1, 181'J, New York; Hoi.iirook, lolitli. Soiiili
Caiuliiiii, S7, 18(;o.
niwwj"^ (■■"-iil'iiliiH, (iiitAitii, r. S. M(!X. 1!oiiiiil. Siirv., 2U, jil. xi, Hus. l-'l, IH.VJ, Brazos San-
tiago, Texas. (Coll. WUrilcmaiiii.)
CiiiiiKiiii I hri/iuiii, Gll.l., I'roc. Ac. Nut. Sci. riiilii., 4^4, 18(','J; yoiiiiK.
r.irmij' >"»/«"«, flt'NTiiKii, KIhIi. Coiitr. Aiiicr., ■I.'t2, IKfiO, Panama.
OiHi/i;/"< hii'iKiH, Gii.i,, I'ror. Ac, Nut. Sc> I'hilii., 1802, 4H;i, ami lOscwlmrp; Piikv, Kiiiimpratio,
V\ 1«T">.
Card:.'- /,;,,yiH.«, .loiinAN * fJii.nKiiT, Proc. I . S. Nut. Miib., 1882, 200; Jokdan & liiMiRRT, .'tynuiiaiH,
137; .loiiDAN A OitiiEBT, Proc. U. S. Nut. Miih., 1883, 200.
Subgenus PARATRACTUS, Gill.
1»14. i'ARASX t'BlSOS (Mitchill).
(TlAiiD Taii, ; Kr.NNKii; .Ti'rf.l; Yki. low Mack krei,; Cn(:VM,i,r..)
Il.iid :i|; depth 3J. D. VIII-I, 24; A. II-I, 19; lateral line 50 (scutes).
I{o(ly oliloiif?, moderately elevated, tlie dorsal and ventral outlines about
('f|iially arched. Profile forniin}; a uniform curve. Snout rather sharp.
Moiitli Hiightly oblique, a little below axis of body. Maxillary reaching
iibiiiit to middle of orbit. Teeth comparatively large; a single series in
lowei Jaw ; upper jaw with an inner series of smaller teeth; no canines;
tctitli on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Eye rather small, shorter than
Htiout, ;H in head. Gill rakers long and numerous. Pectoral as long as
liead, liaroly reaching anal; rarely longer than head in certain specimens
from KcivWest, possibly referable toC. cahallun. Scales moderate; cheeks
and breast scaly. Lateral line with a weak arch anteriorly, which is
alwut half length of straight portion. Lateral scutes numerous, devel-
oped on whole straight part of lateral line. Greenish olive, golden
yellow or silvery below ; a black blotch on opercle; fins all pale. Length
1 foot or more. Cape Cod to Brazil ; generally abundant, common farther
north than any of the other species of Caranx; a well-known food-fish
rarely exceeding a foot in length, not found in the Pacific, where it is
replaced by Caranx caballus. (.Ypi^ffof, gold.)
S.,.,H(),Tr,7/so.i, MiTCilin,, Trans. Lit. it Phil. Soo. N. Y., i, 18ir., 424, New York.
r,„niiri,i!.quelii!<, CiiviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. PoisB., IX, 97, 18*!, San Domingo, Cuba,
and Brazil; .Tordan & Gimiert, Synopsis, 435, ISS."?.
Trwhiirii.i KiinnmoHHii, Groxow, Cat. Fishes, Kd. Gray, 12.5, 18,')4, Carolina.
Oir.iH. ();,«.*, De Kav, N. Y. Fauna : Fishes, 121, 18-12; GOntiier, Cut., li, 445, 1860.
/'.ii.,^.ir/;(.s/,)sv/i„7((s, GiM,, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila., 1802, 432; Poey, Synopsis, Xii), 18G8.
Ctiriuiy , li,-iisiis, .loRDAN & GiLuriiT, Pioc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, I'JO; Joruan & Giluekt, Synop-
Kis, '170, 1883.
1315. CARANX CABALLITS (G(inther).
(CociNERO ; CociNEUO DoRADO ; Jurel.)
Head 4 ; depth 3Jt. D. VIII-I, 24 (22 to 24) ; A. II-I, 21 (20 or 21) ; lat-
era! line 41 (developed scutes). Pectoral usually longer and scutes fewer
than in Caranx cryaon. Form of C. crysos) rather elongate, not greatly
m
1 >
l.i
W"
92li
Hullt'tin 4j, United States National Museum.
noiiiproHNed ; the dorNiil iiikI ventral outlineH regularly and neiirl\ ciiuallv
arclied ; a low ociripital carina; a proinineut Hnpraot-nlar rid^r,.. Scale's
comparatively larj^e, tlio scaly HhoatiiH of the vertical liiiH iikkU mtt'lv
developed. ChoelcH and upjier part of opercloH scaled ; l)rt'ast seaiv.
Teeth in a narrow hand above, those in front Honie.vhat ciilaii'eil,
those of lower jaw mostly in one series; feeble teeth on tonf^m . vdnici,
and palatines. Month rather small, the Jaws nearly e(|Uiil ; iii!i\illiii\
reaching front of i)npil, 2it in head. Eye large, 3.J in head, (lir ndiposo
eyelid well developed. (lill rakers nnmorotis, very long mikI hIciuIci, L'K
below angle. Curve of lateral line low, the straight part beginning; iiikIcm
first ray of second dorsal ; length of arch Ijr in straight part. Scutes of
lateral line strong. Pectoral fins very long, slender, and falc.iic, tluii
length considerably more than that of the head, 2.J in longtl' ol' IkkIv,
their tips reaching fourth anal ray; ventrals short; second (IoismI iind
anal a little elevated in front, the longest ray half length of licud. tlic
last rays of the lin scarcely rising above the scaly sheath. (Jictnisli nlxivr,
golden below; a black blotch on the operde, no spots olHcwlifrc; tin>
greenish, with faint dusky shades, nowhere distinctly black. Parilic ('oust
of tropical America, Cerros Island to Panama, straying nortiiward to S.in
Diego ; very common from (itiaymas southward. Closely related to ( '. < ci/miv,
of which it is a representative on the Pjicific Coast. Among our Npcciiiuns
of Carnnx crysos from Key West, are some which agree closely witli tlic
type of Carnnx cabalhiH, having the pectoral scarcely shorter; it is imt
likely that the two forms can bo distinguished as species, ami [k rliaps
not even as varieties, (cahallun, horse; the names Caballo aii«l ilorso-
mackorol are often applied to species of Caranx.)
T^-admrt's h<u>jis, GiRAHD, Piic. R. R. Siirv., Fisli., 108, tSSg, San Diego; not i'urniix l,i.,. /,.■._ Ct \ im
& VAlKNriKNNF.S.
ruriiiij- <(i/i(i//H«,*(ir"NTiiEii, Fisli. Oeiitr. Anirr., 4.'!1, 1SC!», Panama; Joiihan .V (iii.iiKUT, I nic. I'
S. Nut. Mn«., 1S80, -ISfi; Jdudan & Gilheiit, I'mc. V.i^. Nat. Miis., iss.'i, lii'.i; .l.,iti,*\ a
GiLiir.RT, Syiioiwis, i'.iii, 1H83.
CiriDi.r j/min^',* Steinuaciinku, Iclitliyol. Notizcn, ix, 2!\, 18()!», San Diego; luiscil on Tnulmni^
/.(wiyis, GiRAItl).
Cirmi.e («"./«», (ii'.L, Vruc. Ac. Niit. Sci. riiilii., 18(>2, '.iCil.
Subgenus CARANGICHTHYS, Blcoker.
l»i«. CAIUNX MAIUUNAXrS, Oil).
Head ;U ; depth 2? ; eye 3. D. VIII-I, 19; A. II-I, 15; scutes 'M). iiodv
more elongate than in Caranx latuH, the back less elevated, and tlio pro-
file less steep. Eye larger, 3^ in the young of C. lattm of h.iiih' size.
Teeth moderate, the anterior in both Jaws little enlaiged ; maxillmy 2 in
head, reaching beyond pupil ; teeth and mouth essentially as in (Unni-r
latus. Gill rakers rather long, about 12 below angle; scutes latiicr
weaker than in C. Intits; arch of lateral line Ih in straight prut, an
.abrupt angle at junction of the two parts which is under sixth dorsal ray :
pectoral } longer than head; cheeks and upper parts of operde scaly;
* W<' do not know whioli of thcso two names of llio saino diitu ih entitled to priuiil\ I'ii"-
tiler's paper was written first and probably printed first.
l)rea^*t s
iiveiN .s
tiint'H w
dorsal ;i
of lin
atM:i''i
vvitli '''
rcatlil>
(/ilKl'l/N,
r.iiiiiiJ' 1"'
Jordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North Amrrini. KS^IW
lircaHt •<caly ; scaly sheath of fins little developed. HIiuhIi ; sides );()ldcii ;
aveiN .iinall, hluuk opercular spot uiid a black axillary spot ; youii^soiiic-
tiiiD's with faint cross bands; tins all deep golden, especially the anal;
(lorsiil ;ind caudal broadly margined with i-lack. the color covering nu)st
of I'm : no sjiot on pectoral. Pacific C«)ast of Mexico ; rather connnon
lit Mu/iitlan ; recorded from M.i/atlan and Panama; long confounded
ffitli ('(iniiixlntuH, which lives in the same watersf Caratix mtinfhiatKH is
rt'iulily known by the slenderer form, dark colors, and larger eye. {mar-
ijiimhix, edged.)
CuaM iiiitryiiialitH, GiLi., Proo. Ac. Nut. Scl. Plilln., 1800, Ifitl, Panama. (Coll. ('mit. Dow.)
■•! ii I
1»17. CARANX I.ATIIS, AgiisHlz.
(JiiRKl. ; XfiiKi. ; HoiisE-EYK .Jack.)
H(>aa 3^ ; depth 2*. D. VIIl-I, 22 ; A. II-I, 1(5 to 18; lateral line with
;i")H(iitoH. Form of Carunx hippos, but the profile not so strongly arched.
Tfiotli nmch as in (-. hippos, the canines considerably weaker. Gill rakers
ratlitM long, about 12 below angle, iireast scaly. Scutes present on
wliole of straight part of lateral line; arched part of lateral lino Ik in
straijilit part ; an abrupt angle at junction of the two parts, which is
under third dorsal ray. Pectoral about as long as head ; maxillary reach;
ill};; posterior edge of pupil ; cheek and upper parts of opercles scaly -
Hcaly Hheaths of fins little developed. Uluish ; sides golden or silvery; a
very small, black opercular spot ; young sometimes with faint dark cross
liaiids; fins mostly grayish. Anterior part of soft dorsal fin dusky;
caudal yellow, without black; no spot on pectorals; no axillary spot.
WcHt Indies and . ^ warm seas, occasionally north to Virginia; very
abundant southward; not so common northward as Caranx hippos.
Equally abundant on the west coast of Mexico ; our specimens from
Panama, Clarion Island, and Chatham Island appaicntly not difi'erent
from West Indian examples. Also common in the East Indies, if Caranx
hehcri is the same, as we suppose. The fiesh is sometimes poisonom in
tli(! tropics, giving rise to the disease called Ciguatera, {hitits, broad.)
Cariiix hitim, AoASSlz, Pise. Bras., 105, 1829, Brazil ; Jorhan & Gimikkt, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus.,
ISK:t, 2(M).
Ciimux li'iiUmw, AoASsii!, Pise. Bras., lOfi, 1820, Brazil ; OCnther, Cat., ii, -tl".
.SV'iwf'iv hi'hiri, He.nnf.tt, Fishes Ceylon, pi. 2(1, 1830, Ceylon.
Ciiniii.r J'lilhij; CrviKK & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 9,'>, ISS.'?, Antilles; Brazil ;
I'liKY, Kcpertorio, 328, 1875; Jordan A Gii.iieht, Synopsis, 4:j7, 18,sn.
rmiiiiiiii.if<(Uii.r, (JiLi,, Proc. Ac. Mat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 4;W, anil elsewliiTi'; I'oey, Synopsi.f, ;i(;4.
ISC,8.
Cmmi.r xem, CtiviEll& VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Polss., IX, 10.5, 1833, Pondicherry.
Ciir.iii.r fnrslcri, (^uviEB it Vai.encienner, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 107, \H'M, East Indies.
Ciimii.r imimi, CuviEii & VALENCIENNES, Hist, Nat. Poiss., ix, 112, 18.(3, East Indies.
Ciiratix lessoni, CirviEU & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nut. Poiss., ix, 11.: 18.'-3, Malabar.
Cmiiii.i- Mcmjeri, CuviEii & Valen(!iennes, Hist. Nttt. Poiss., IX, 116, 18.33, Malabar.
(Wtiii.i- iinnvipinleH, RioiiARnsoN, Voy. Erobus and Torror, 136, 1814, Port Essington.
Curttiu- /iiyijjiw, GCntiier, Cat., ii, 440, 1860, not Scomber hijtimitjj.; GCntiiek, Fishes Ciuitr Amer.,
l:n, I860; Day, Fishesof Mai,-l.ar, 86, 1865; GOntiier, Fischo dor Sildsee, 131, fig. 84, 1876.
(Wnii.f riehivdl, Holbrook, lehthyol. South Carolina, 96, pi. 13, fl({. 1, 18(X», South Carolina.
Cimtnx aurvm* PoEY, Knuineratio, 76, 187.'), Cuba.
* ('(iroiix rtMreim, Poey. Brilliant yellow; silvery below; veiitriils straw color; anal yellow; tip
of second dorsal and caudal lobes greenish, Leunth 10 inches. Seen iu Cuba after north
winds iu winter. Said to ditler from Varatix lalus only in color.— (Poey.)
^f^
nmAW'"}) Sta^r^^i^,
t
f
;
t
I
1
1
i^V
UL'l
HiiUftin -/7, Untied State'- Natiomtl Afuseum.
lUIN. CAIUMX MKIIIIKK'OI.A, Jonliiii A.StiiikH.
Head 3?; dopth 2^. D. VII-I, 22; A. II-I, 1{» or IH; hcuUn :;2. iv,..
tural j^ longer than head. Durual lobo IJ in huud ; caudal lohus <'(|nal in
h<>ad ; citrvu of lateral lino 1^ in Htraight part; lieiglit of tucii ju
itH chord!. £yu tin head; Hnout3; maxillary 3; ventral L'^. jtodv
unuHually deep ami com prosi^od, deeper than in Varunx lulus; tlmliack
elevated, tlie belly similarly arched ; head moderate, deep, the na|ic iircliol.
Month Huiall, maxillary broad, with broad supplemental bone, 'i'li'th ji,
moderate bands, the outerenlargedbnt not canine-like; upper t<>ftli ratlu'i
larger than lower and in a broader band. Villiform bands on voukm', pala-
tines, and tongue. Eye moderate; preorbital rather narrow. (Jill rakers
rather long and slender, about 12 below angle of arch. Soft tlorsal uikI
anal with falcate lobes. Caudal well forked, the lobes e(|Uiii. I'lctoral
very long and falcate; ventrals short. Lateral lino rather Mirmi^rly
curved, with moderate armature. Breast entirely scaly. Clear liluc
above, silvery belaw ; no bands or spots anywhere, except a small, lilack
axillary spot, and a blue-green ))atch on back of caudal peduncle; ]iec-
toral bright yellow; anal and caudal yellow, the lobes blackish; caidal
grayish, the lobes black with whitish posterior edge; ventrals yellow ;
young with a deep-blue spot above the eye in life. Length (5 to IL' inelies.
About Mazatlan, on sandy shores; very common; the young of an iiieh
in length very abundant in the body cavity of a large translucent Jelly-
fish found about the Veuados Islands in January. {Me<luna, ajolly-HNh;
colo, to inhabit.)
faiviii.r mrdnmcoln, .ToiinAN Jt Stauks, Ilopt. FIhIioh Siiialoa, MS., ISOfi, Mazatlan. (Cull. IIi<|iklijH
BxiK^ditidii.)
1310. CARANX LIJflVBRIS, Pocy.
(TiSOSA.)
Head 3jt; depth 2? ; eye 4}. D. VH-I, 21; A. II-I, 18." Body ohl.nifj
ovate, compressed, deep, the back elevated, but not arched. I'rotile y;ili-
bous from occiput forward to above eye, thence straight and steep at ii
considerable angle to a point in front of nostrils, Avhence the snout au'iiiii
projects at a strong angle. Outline of back nearly straight from occiput
to front of second dorsal^ thence declining regularly to caudal pediinelo.
Ventral outline nearly straight from lower jaw to origin of anal, the liaso
of which is placed at a similar angle to that of soft dorsal. Head lame,
very deep, deeper than long, occipital ridge not sharp. Month large, the
broad maxillary reaching to opposite front of pupil. Lower jaw .stnuij;.
the chin projecting when mouth is closed. Teetu in upper jaw in a • now
villiform band, with an outerseriesof larger, conical teeth, 6 to 8 in iiiiin
ber on each side, subequal and regularly arranged. Lower jaw with a
single series of teeth similar to the larger teeth of upper jaw, a few smaller
teeth intermixed with them. No differentiated canine teeth. Villiloi'm
teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Gill rakers rather long, closo-Het,
? diameter of eye. Eye large, with a distinct adipose eyelid, its diameter
equal to that of the broad preorbital, which is wider than maxillary.
fordaii ant{ Evermann. — Fishes of North Amen'iu. 025
•
Clu'ckN closoly Honied ; opercIeH nioatly ikiUimI bolow ; a few HeitleHon Hiib-
(riiiTclf Mild iutei'opei'cle. HcuIhh «>u body not veryHinull; bruuHt uloHuiy
i«i'ali>*l' Jjutorul linn with a moderate curve uuteri(»r!y, becoiiiiiifr HtraJKht
at fi'unt (if anal, the len^fth of the arch liuin^ Ichh than jj that of Htrai^ht
part; ^'leiiteut depth of arch about \ itn length. Ainiatureof lateral line
|)e);iiiiiiii!^ at the curve ; the platcH rather lar^re, very broad, 28 in number.
KiiiM vvitli very few Hcaleu or none. Si>inouH di»rHal moderate, tiu) HpineH
rather strong, itH lant Hpine Htout and free, nearly horizontal. Second
(liimil falcate, the longeHt rayH more than half length of itH batie. INmte-
liiirpail of tin rather low, rining well above itH low Itanal nheath of HcaleH
wliii'li tcrminateH near middle of fin ; anal uimilar to Hoft dornal, itn
aiitoridi rays more than half baue tof fin. Free anal HpinoH moderate.
Caudal lubeH rather broad, ecjual, not very long, the upper aH long an from
Hiiuiit to edge of opercle, depth of tin from tip to tip about v(|ual to
ijpptli of head. Ventral Hub nhort, not tilanientoua, an long aHfroniHnout
tueiul of maxillary. Pectoral extremely long, falcate, reaching to tenth
plate of lateral lino, or about to seventh anal ray, itn length 2} in that of
budy, loHS than greatest depth of body. Color sooty blackish, neiuly
uiiifonii, the belly not paler than back. A black spot at angle of opercle,
iiuiio oil pectoral. Ventrals, anal, nud dornal wholly black, aH are the
Hliifldn of lateral line. Length 18 inches. Rocky islands in the tropics,
both ill the Atlantic and Pacific. We have compared our specimens from
Clarion Island, Revillagigedo8,with one of Poey's specimens from Cuba,
auil with specimens obtained by Dr. Streets. These ditfer somewhat in
t'unii and in the height of fins, but we have no doubt that all belong
to the Hanie species, this being another of those common to the two coasts
of tropical America. The species is rather common about Cuba, where it
is regardedas poisonous, and its sale in the markets is forbidden. ( lutjnbr'm,
mourn fill, from its dark color and especially its bad reputation, associated
with the dread Ciguatera, a disease arising from fish poisoning.)
Si-omhir HKCfHHwnia, Dlocii & Sciineideu, SyBt. Ichth., 33, 1801; i\o\. Scumher agfensioms of Ohiieck,
wliicli may lie (larunx guara.
Carmij Iwjnbriii, PoEY, Mi!inoria8, II, 222, 18C0, Cuba; Joni>AN & Gilueut, I'roc. U. 8. Nut. Mub.,
\m, 227; JoiiDAN k ^Silbeht, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 18H3, 201.
('<miii.i- fnmtiilin, I'oEY, MomoriiiB, ii, 222, 18C0, Cuba.
Vmiu.'- moiiKinnh, CuviEii & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., ix, 102, 18;{3; GttNTHEn, Cut., li,
4:1.', 18U0; GCntiieu, FiHche SUdsee, xi, 132, pl.85, 187G; OUntheii, Voy Olialleugur,8bure
Fislu's, 4,5,1880.
Caramjuii liKjiibru, PoEY, Synopsis, 366, 1808.
1820. CARANX MELAHPTGUS, CuvK-r & Valcuciouucs.
He.'d 3i ; depth 2f ; eye 2 in length of snout, li in depth of broad pre-
orbital, 2^ in postorbital part of head, and 2 in interorbital area. Second
D. I, 22; A. 1, 19; scutes about 35. Body oblong ovate, compressed, the
back arched, the profile not steep, the curve from snout to dorsal being a
rearly regular arc; ventral outline nearly straight from the chin to front
of anal, where an angle is formed with the ascending base of the anal.
Head moderate, compressed, not blunt in profile, the occiput and inter-
orbital region elevated and considerably cariuated. Mouth moderate,
lii
* Si
i 1; ■
#1
^1):
'I
1)20
liuileiin y7, United States National Afuseum.
I
luw, ol)li(|ii», tliu lowoi'Juw pruiiiiiioiit, Huiircely piojucttin^ ixtyoinl ii|>|i«)r;
iiiuxilliiry harely ruucliiii)^ toopputtito fnuitof Hiiitill«yt). Uppvrjau ^^ jih
a l)uii*l of villii'onn tcutli, in tVuiituf which iHuruwot' ation^ tt'utii, ulioui
10 on uauli Hido, thu imtorior liUKCHt, lurgtu' than in niout Npocir-*, Imt
hui'illy i'uninoH. Lowerjaw witli UHin^lu row of iiitliur lai^ottMttli, iiii'^'u.
luiiy phiciul much Hnmllur than tlio lai'f{«>r tcutii uf tiic npp<M' Jaw ; villitoiin
tcutli on voniur, palutinuH, and tonguo. Kyu Hniall, phiccil lii^h ami far l>iick '
adipoHuuyulidHmall. CheukHand upper part of opurclcH witli Hinall NcalfN;
leHt of head naked. (Jill rakuiH long and Mtron^, au luu^ an cyu. Sciilrg
rather Hmall ; hiuattt cloHcly Hcalud ; lateral line not stronf^ly aiiind,
bucumliiK Htraight oppuHite front of anal, its curved part !<! in lcii;;(li of
Htrai);ht part. Plateiton anterior portion «>f Htrai^ht part scarcely (liU't^r-
ent from ordinary HcaleH ; thoue on poHterior ])ortion moderate, witli lii^rh
keelH and appreHued HpincH; 37 plates in all, counting from hejriniiiii^Mjt'
Htraight part. SpinouH dorsal moderate, the Hpines slender, ratli*>r IiIkIi.
Procumbent spine obsolete. Soft dorsal low, falcate in front, tiit^ loiixoHt
ray little more than half Viaso of Ihi, or 1^ in length of head. Antfiitir
part of tin with a distinct soaly basal sheath, which becomes obsiiltti' at
about the fourteenth ray. Anal iln similar to soft dorsal, a little sliorter
and lower, its scaly sheath more developed ; free anal spines modi^iiitu.
Caudal iiu widely forked, its lobes subequal, Ij^ in head, distamu^ I'luia
tip to tip more than length of either lobe. Pectorals long and fa'i atu,
their tips reaching sixth anal ray, longer than head, and a trillu
less than greatest depth of body. Veutrals short, ^ length of jici;-
torals. Coloration in spirits olivaceous; dark above; pale bel(»w, but
nowhere silvery ; top of head clear olivaceous; opercular spot obsuleto;
lower jaw soiled golden ; no pectoral spot ; base of pectoral soiii<;wliat
dusky; small irregular dark-brown spots, smaller than the pupil iiiid
irregular in size, scattered without order over the body, rather most
numerous about pectorals. Caudal fin dusky, especially on its pu»turiur
edge; dorsal aud anal dusky, their lobes black; veutrals dusky at tip;
pectorals olivaceous. Pacific Ocean, about islands in mid-ocean, witlely
distributed. Our specimen from Socorro Island of the Kevillagif,'e(lo
group, (^t/tof, black ; Trvy;/, rump.)
Ciiranx mehimiiijijuii, CuviKit & Valknciennks, IliHt. Nat. Toisa., ix, IKi, \W.V\, East Indies.
OCnthkh, Cat., II, 440, 1800; GtlNTiiEB, Fisclin dor SildHeo, l;i;t, i)l. Sli, 187(ij Stiikets, lliill;
II. S.Niit. MiiH., VII, 69, 1877; Jonn.iN&GiLUKRT, I'roc. U. 8. Nat. Muh., 1881, '230; Joukan A
(tiMiKiiT, I'roc. U. S. Nttt. MiiH., 1883, 201.
I'lmm.r Klelliitiis, KvDciux & Soui.KVET, Voy. Hoiiite, I'oihh., I(i7, 1840, Hawaiian Islands.
Oiruiu hUaiithupteriin, RUppell, Nuue Wirbultkleru, 49, 1837, Red Sea.
Subgenus URASPIS, Bluokur.
1821. €ABANX UUAUA (Uonnaterro).
("ENXAufto.")
Head 3h', depth 2J; snout 2i in head; eye 4? to 5^. D. VII-I, 'JC; A.
II-I, 21. Shields 24 to 29, 112 scales in lateral line. Body oval, compioNHed,
the outlines evenly curved ; head compressed ; upper profile steep, not
strongly decarved; mouth small, the broad maxillary barely reachiiig
/orUan atuf Kvermann. — Fisha of Aort/i .Iwfruu, IIJ7
lioiit <>t uy<S teotli in jawH biNorial in yoiiiiu, uniM'riiil in adnlt, tlio
iwtli hiilit<i|tuil, lilnnt ; viliifoiin tovtii on voniur, p»liititu>H,an(l ton^jno in
thr voiiii^s tliuHu tliMuppuaiing ontiiuly witli a^**, trat't'N itMnainiiiK in h|iuu-
iiiii'iiit <il 1^ inchoN ; lipn thick in thu adult. Lat«M'al lint) littl«MirclM'<l, itM
ciuvi'd |iart rather longer than itH straij^ht part. I'uctoral lon^i t'al«-atM,
ruiiciiiii^; Nuvonth Hoft ruy of unal, HJij^htly lon^^ur than hcail. Soft dorHal
mill i>ii:il low, Hcarculy tdttvatvd in front, tiio rays 'iii to ',i in hcatl. Camlul
IiiIk'!4 loiii;, aH long aH Imad. liluiNli and Hilviay ; u idaek opurenlar Npot;
III) !4|iiiis on IhiH. Lrngtii 2 fuct. (Htuindatdinor.) 'l'ropi<>al purtH (»f thu
AtliiiitM', \vi«loly diHtributiHl ; not raro in tho Mcditcrnnotan ; conunon
;iliiii^' thu coaHtH of Africa, nrazil,and tlioMaduirau. Not certainly known
iViiiii liio WfHt IndicH, though douhtluHN occurring there. It iH aluoahun-
liitiit ill the South VaciWu, it' Caranx pl(ilesM(( and Citriiiw cliilnmiH are really
till! Hiiiiii' HpecieH, UH iH HiippuHed. We have not Htudied thin HjtecieH and
uiu iiiil sure of all itH nyuonyniy. {Giutra Ttnhu, a Ilra/ilian uauie uued
by Marcgrave for Bonie Caraiix, apparently darunx latiix.) (Kn.)
ttii;vmkniilr'iiiiilimiii,OHur,vli, Iter Cliiiiu, IT.'iT uiiil 1771, Kii);liHli iMlitioii, Ascension Island;
(Kill I'. "S; A. 2ri. (iray iiliovc; hIcIi'h wilvt'i'y. Iii'ii|{tli 1 foipt. Miiy \>v inini'iiuiiliihiilniii!) m
nilfi: not Saiiiilirr nitiiiiHiiniiii, Fdiintkh, IsOl, nor Ctiriuix imciHHiDiiin, Civieit \ Vai.kn-
Cir.NNKS, Wtlicll in <'. Illllllhiin.
.Slim/"!- !/"'iri(, IloNNATKiiKK, Kiicycl., 17SH, l.ia, ]il, 68; uiiiiMpecinii'ii from America in Jumtiuu'H
riilli'ition.
ticnmhir ilriilij; Hi.ocif & SriiNriPEii, Syst. Iclitli., :!'), l»(il, Brazil.
Ciiniii.' I'lH/cr, ClviEH A Vai.knciknnfo, IliHt. Nat. I'oiss., ix, «7, 1k:»:I; OCntiikii, Cat., ii, Ml,
iMio, crroncoiiiily iiHrrilii'il to New Orlciiiis; STKiNnAciiNKii, Ichtli, lierlclitu, v, :ir>, |il. 1, Ihom;
J.iiiiiAN \ Oll.iiKUT, Troc. V. S. Nut. Mnn., ISKt, 1!)H.
f TniclmrtiH iiiiiivrinliH, ItAKiNKHgiiK, Curiitturl, I'J, l«l(», Palermo.
t\irmi.r tiiiiii, (iK.ornioY St.-IIm.aiuk, DcHcr. Knyiitc I'oifiM., pi. iil, iiliuiit l.vJO, Egypt.
(Vnlii tiiinhi, ItiKSo, Kiir. Murid., iii, '12'2, Ix'JIi, Nice.
fi'aniii.'- iiliilimi, C'l'viKii it Vai.encik.n.nks, lliiit. Nut. I'oiHH., jx, HI, M''V.i, seas of the Indies.
f ('<ir,iiir (iinriiiiiiiiiit, CrviKK it VAi.r.Ni'lENNEs, lliHt. Niit. I'oJBis., IX, M.^, iMill, Australia.
'icinii,i*ci/«ii, Ci'viEii & Valenciennes, Hint. Nut. I'oIhh., ix, «6, IKW, Brazil.
Oirmtx iiwiUi', Cl'ViBii & Valencjenneh, Hist. Nut. 1'oIkm., ix, SH, iKiH.
f Caraitx cliikiuiii, (jAV, llist. Chili, Zuol., u, 200, ItiOO, Juan Fernandez.
420. GNATHANODON,' JJleeker.
(Iiiatli.iiiiiihu, Dl.EEKER, Vorli. Batav. Ocnootucli., .xxiv, Makruel'.', 18.')1, {Kpecwuiu; teutli on
liiii^'iii' only, none on jaws or jMili'te).
'•(Mil.., (lii,i,, I'roc. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'liilu., 1«H2, 4;j;i, {spichsiis; not ('(iniiij; uh roHtrktutl by
m.rkcr).
IlijlMnrnnjr, Klunzinueb, Fischo Avu Rutbun Mceres, 92, 1884, {itpeciomi>).
This genuB differs from Caranx niaiuly in the dentition, the teeth being
very auiall, granular, and entirely lo»t with age. The maxillary in broad,
the body compressed, and the tins are without lilumeuts. Tropical seas.
(j-KiCdi-jjaw; (i, without; Move y tooth.)
*Slii.iilil tlie name runm.!; bo reKunlfd as limited to tliPHimcies (nyit'ciVinKn) tirKt plarcd in it in
tliu iiKuiuscriptB of Cominersou, tlio proxout genuH would bu cullfd Vanm/; ruthur than
(ill<lt/l(IIIO<(uil.
nww^ ! Ji)i. jupi
J. pi -^M^.qip i> I
J)li8
bulletin ^7, Vnittii States National A/useutn.
^ilHn"
lll«<. (IMATIIANOIIOM SI'H'IOMUM iKumkiil).
(MdjaHHA IhtHAIiA.)
Ilttiid :<,', ; ilfptli 'i\t to 2. H««c()ii(l ]). I, 'JO; A. I, Ki; NciitcH wiiik. nlioin
ir>. 'r««(ttli vttry iiiiiiiitti, iliNa|ip(«iii'iii^ utirlv : iii)ium)ii vuiiiit or iijiliiiim.^;
(ihitukH Hculy ; bmiHt eiitiroly ncuI.v. ('hi vc of liilmal lino i^iu sii;ii<r|||
part. Hotly lirou<lly oviito, Htioii^ly coinpn'Msfil ; vtMtit'ul liiiN NonnNNiiai
falcntu; tliu lohu uf tlio Noft doiHul uboiit liult' li<>u«l ; pi^utoral ruliati..
luiif^ur tliiiii lioatl. (iill lukciH miiiiioioiis, lon^, about L'O Im'Iow an^rlr.
Color lirilliaiit. koMdii, with W broatl, tItiNky croNN IiuihIh, a iiariow Niii|H'
butweuii uacli pair of broad oih>h; optuciilar Hpot obNolrttt, a Ninall lilai k
axillary npot ; vandal IoIiuh with diiNky iiinor «mI^o ; no dark ,H|iMih oi,
caudal in young or old. LtMigth 2 IVmI. Tropical partH of tin' i'aciiir
and Indian ocuauH, Capo San LncaH to tlut Kvd Sua; on Handy hliniis: an
excellent and valued food-llHh. Tlit) three dark blotclieH on tlic raudal
tin deHuribed and tiffured by authorH aH chaructcriHtic of (i. njininsiiinn:
nut found in our HpeuiniuuH. (njnriomiM, beautiful.)
tti-iimher iiin<-inini», FhkrAi., I>«h(t, Aiiltii., ITT'', xii, Red Sea, at Djiddo, Arabia.
ti<oml»r rim, KohhkAi., /. <:, 177ft, M, Djidda.
Ciiniiix iiiiloDiioi), IticHAUPHDN, Viiy. KntltiiH Ji Tuiror, Iclitli., |il. M, flu. l iiml .'i, |h||, i.illiil
r 'iiMiii.i' KiiiriimiiH ill text; Australia.
('(iniH.!' HiiiriiiHiiii, (jrNTIlKll, ('lit., II, 'J44, l«(10; (JCntiikii, l''inli. (N'litl-. Aiiht., ClI, iNii'.i; .Imums
\ (iii-iiKiiT, I'roc. U. 8. Nut. Bli IHH'.!, aT.I; ihul, Im«;i, Jiia
Ctiriiiu puniimeimit, Uui., I'ruc. At 8ci. I'liilii., IHUU, Ititl, Panama.
421. CARANGOIDES, lilceker.
Uarmiiiiiiilfii, Bi.KRKr.ii, Iliitiiv. (iciKMitHcli, Verb., xxiv, Makrcoli', 18,')I, {iilinjhliiiiiir, tvtU < '|ii;il
Htivural Herii'H in liotb Juwh iiiiil mi puliitc uiiil touKUo).
Teeth persiotent, all Huiall, iu villiforin bandH on ,jawH, vonici, |iala-
tines, and tongue. Lateral line scarcely arched in front, itody (ililmi^,
not much elevated; none of the dorsal rays produced. Otherwise csweii-
tially as iu Carano;. Tropical seas. {Carunx] dJot, likeuesH.)
1:123. i'ARANOOIDES ORTIIO<atAM.MI'S (.Tordiin Ik Oilltirt).
Head 2J; depth 3J; eye large, broader than proorbital, its dianicttr 1}
in length of snout, 4$ in head. Second D. I, 32; A. I, 2(j; scutes 17.
Hody elliptical, compressed, the back regularly but not strongly arcluil,
the ventral outline forming a rather even but less convex curve. Iliad
longer than deep, rather pointed in profile, its median ridge Hoiiu'what
elevated. Month low, oblique, the maxillary extending to nearly opiin-
sito front of pupil, its length 2k in head; lower jaw slightly pnijoctiiii;.
Teeth all equally minute, in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines,
and tongue. Adipose eyelid little developed. Cheeks and teiii|Miiiil
region with fine scales; rest of head naked. Scales rather small, tliosu
below pectorals smaller; a naked area on breast, becoming wider t'ur-
ward from base of ventrals. Lateral line almost straight, Hli<;litly
undulated and curved upward above pectorals, becoming straight liy
/or dan dmi Etvrmann. — Fishes of North America.
020
itlmoMt iiiiix'io'ptililo «l«^;{rtH>tt opptmito loho of anal. (irnnt»at tinptli of
till' ai< li l*'MM tliaii iliuiiioh>r of pupil ; tliv litnt^tlt orHtraJKlit part I«)hh than
ihiii (il ilittuiirvo. I'latcH (l*u-el<>|i(>(l only on tlio p(»Nt««riur tliinl uf th«i
^titii;,'lii part; tlio p1ai««N Hinall, with low k««OH, tlioir Hpini'H littht proinl-
iit'iit: I ' t*> IH phituN tlttvolopotl, inrhidinK Ninall on«;H, in front of wlii«;li
;iit' nl I M) onlinary Nciilt'N on tli«« Ntrai^ht portion of thu lati'ral lino.
S|iiiHnis ilorHal vitry Ninall, of .'( wuak HpinoH Hli;;htly connocttMl hy nutni-
liiiitii'. iliK hi^liTHt Hpini^ not longer than diatnctiM- of pii|)il (th«>so Hpint'N,
|iiii!iiilil\ , rnoro iinnioronH antl liirK^r in yonn;^ oxainphm). Holt dorNal
Idii^ and low, witli HJundor rayH; u widl-dov do|)()d Hcaly UaHal hIumUIi
iiiittTJoily. Klovatcd rays in front a littlo nion* than k \\w hami of thu
liii, a litll)^ moro than half len^tli of head ; anul nhortta' than tlorHal, itH
aiituriiM lohu (Mpially hi^h, and witli a niniilar ItaHul Nlu'utli. Krcu anal
ti|iiiit'N (ilmoluto in typical Hpecinien. (.'audul lolitm niodoratu, (M|nul, aH
|iin<{ a's licjid, thuii l«-ngtli ()i|iial to thu d<i|)th of the tin from tip to tip.
I'tIohiI llii fiilcattt, itH tip vory Hlundor, ruaidiiii^ ui);htii ray of anal, itu
li'ii);tli I'i in liody. VontralH Hhort, 2^ in huutl. Coloration in HpiritH,
iiiiiiltx (ills iicfouH, uYurywhon* irrogularly clouded with dark«tr, thu Ixdly
Houii'i'lv paler than thu buck ; opercular Hpot olmolutu. DorHal, anal, poH-
tt'iior liordur of caudal, and tipH of vuntralu IdackiHh; Huh otherwiHu
(lull <)liv:ii'cuuB. Length l(i iucheH. Uuvilia^iKcdo InlandH; onu Hpeciniuu
known: iliu HpecieH in poHsibly identical with the onn called ('iiranj:
firiUiii liy Giinther (Fischu der .SiulHeu, 134, 187<)), from the racilic
islainls. It iN, howovur, certainly ditVureut from the original Svombvr
/mill I of Forrtkill, from the Red Sea. (oiiOik', straij^ht; ypn/t/ii/, lino.)
OiimiJ- '■iitio.jiiimmiin, JuuDAN .t (Jii.iiKHT, I'roc. I'. 8. Nat. Mim., 22ti, IHMI, Sulphur Bay,
Clarion Island, Revillagigedos. (Ty|i<', Nu. 28.115. Coll. Meiit. Ni< IiuIn.)
Oiriiii</ui</i,<ior(/iu(;ru(iimti«, JouuAM Si Quuekt, I'fuc. U. 8. Mat. BIiiii,, 2U2, lb83.
422. CITULA, Cuvier.
(Vii/.i, (TviKn, llrRnr Animal, K<1. i, ;tl5, 1817, (nrumlti).
Miifii'; Ci'viKH, Ui'gno Aiiinuil, Kd. i, 1817, :i24, (alnipim),
ThJH ;,'(iiuH ditlbrH from VardiujoidcH mainly in having one or more of the
anterior rayu of the Hoft dorHul produced in tilaniontM. The body hau not
tilt) distorted form seen in Alictis, but is more like that of C'aranx. The
yuuiig Im mure like Caranx in form and appearance than the adult," itu
♦Conipiircil witli tho contral upocien of Caranjr (us ('ar",nx latiin), CUnta doritilu dlfTerH Htrikiii|;ly
ill miiiiv luspwlH, iiniuiiii; othern tho fiilliiwiii):: The (freatiT ('uiiiprcHHioii niiJ oloviitioii of tlm
l»ii|.v, llir ^TciitcT leii^tli and sliarpiicsR of the lni'iist, tlio much Kr''"'<-''' depth "f tho proorliitui
r(';:i(iii, till' (.'I'latcr promiiiuiico and HharpiicKH of tho frontal and otTipituI kool, thu nioro (ililii|iiii
|n>>iiiuii III' till' bonus of tho Iioud, thu foohlonoKM and uniformity of tho tooth, tho approximation
iiflnw ul' till' niiindiliulur rami, tho rodurtion in nI/.o of thu HoaloH and wiitoN, and tho incroaHo of
thi'iiiiki <l anas, thu rodiiotion or lo8g (in tho adult) of tho dorsal and anal spiuoH, thu incroaHo in
K'liKtIi III tlio lulioH of thu dorsal, anal, and caudal, and, finally, tho incroat-o in thu diflToroncu
lii'twi'oii till' old anil the youujj;. Not one of theso features is, liowover, well adapted for gonoric
ilintiiHtJiiii, aB they incruaso by easy trunsitious from HjKicies to spocies. On the other hand,
coiii|iariii(; Cilitln dorsitlut with Hrleiie mmer, wo find that in almost ovury one of the difToroncoH
almvi' luili'd, tho latter species carries those characters to a still greater extreme, and differs from
''i(ii/(i ilms.ilis in just the roHpects in which tho latter difTurs fmni I'tiranx l(Uii». Vmuer $eli)niitiii
is, ill siiiiii' ri'i;arilM, a species still more oxtronio than Heteiie vome^, iilthoUf;h it has not quite lost
the Intel 111 MUtoH. As a matter of fact tho (Viroiii/iiiH (excepting Metfnlnii\iii>, liemiileruf, and \wa-
filily 7V.I. /iiinid) fiirm a continuous, almost unbroken seri's, only divisihle into genera for oon-
veuieiicu Kaku, beginning with Trachuru» on tbo ono band and ending w.itb Stkni! on tho other.
F. N. A. 60
/■- ■ . 1
f5l»:
7w«^BW!ifip?p«^w?'Bipr
930
Bulletin 4j, United States, National Museum.
later devolopmont carrying the tish farther in the direction of the c aicnK
forms Aleclis, Ilyitim, and Sdctif.. Warm seaH. (Vitula, an Italian nm.n.
of Zeus J'aber. )
'f
i ■'
■,1?s.v
1824. CITILA nORSAIiIS*(Uill).
'PAmpano.)
Head 3] ; depth 2,^,j. D. VI-I, 19; A. II, 1, 17; eye 4J in head; mu.i.i l'.
Pectorals \ longer tliau head; ventrals short, 3 in head; dorsal loins ij jn
body reaching middle of caudal. About 25 developed scutes. Caudal loli,.
eciual to bead. Dorsal with 1 long tilament, anal with 1. Caudal niodciati',
the lobes e(|ual. Dorsal sheath of scales "ery low. Pectoral very lonj;,
falcate, reaching tenth at-al ray. Ventrals small, reaching just pimt vent
liody deep, compressed, rather ovate than angular, i>rofilo straifjlit from
the vertically truncate snout to nape, then rounded, then straight to (rout
of dorsal. A nearly straight line from chin to front of anal. Eye ratlin
small; adipose eyelid small; i)reorbitaI deep; mouth rather larj^e, tin
lower jaw included ; teeth small, in broad bands on jaws, vomer, and pal
atines; maxillary reaching pupil, 2i in head. Cheek entirely scaly, some
scales )u opercle above; breast naked, body well scaled; a partly nakwi
area above lateral line; body with small scales, the nuchal region naked,
scarcely carinate. Gill rakers rather long, 2 + 15. Lateral line evenly
curved, the curve high, equal to straight part. Scutes small, IM with
keels, the total iiuraber of scales on straight part 58. Steel bine above,
silvery below, with golden reflections and shades; lins all pale, tin;,'ed
with yellowish, some of the posterior membranes of dorsal dusky; no
black on pectorals; axis jet black ; ventrals tipped with dusky. Openlr
with a dusky streak along its edge; blackish within; a dark spot en
orbit above. Young more elongate, the produced rays shorter. Leni,'tli
about 1 to 2 feet. Pacific C'oaat of Mexico, not rare on sandy .shores in
the surf, Mazatlan to Panama, {dorsalis, pertaining to the back.)
Oirunfiiiiik'n ilnisalis, GiLi., Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1803, 100, Panama; not Vomer i^;/-.i/ -, f!ii i,
Ciiniiu: ihmtlin, UCntheb, Fish. Ceutr. Aiiier., 432, IHOS).
Ciliila ildfsdliit, JoiiUAN A GlMiKiiT, Proc. U. S. Nut. Muh., 1882, 375.
t'aranx (■irinUer, .Tohda.n Sc (Jii.iiKUT, Proc. U. .S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 202; a now name as a sul.stitut'
for (lorsalis, preoccupied in Caninx, if Vomer ilormlis is regarded us a spc^cies of Cnnui.r.
*A larp;t' specimen from Ma/atlaii apparently represents the adnit condition of ilii> ^|Ml■il-,
ItHcliaructors arc; Head 'A%; deptli 'V/^. Second D. I, IH; A. I, 17; about th si iitis (kvilu|i. .1.
Uody rattier elon^rate, moderately compressed, with angulai outlines. Protile of liiiel roiiniliil;
that of bully soiML'what concave, forniins an af>gle at front of anal similar to that iit limil uf ilni-
sal. Eyo ."i in head; maxillary 2)-^; mouth n'oderatc; lower jaw included. Teetli in Im.uuI, villi-
forii: liamls on both jaws anil on vomer and palatines. Nostrils large, ei,iuil, close ti'^itla'i-. Gill
rakers 3 -f 14, rather stout, shorter than eye. Dorsal spineo all obsolete in sji'' iiiieiis idiiniiinl.
First dorsal ray soft, lilanientous, \% in body; longest anal ra; 2% in body. Canilal K' il ("IihI
erably 'evateil, with a small keel above and below it; scutes not sharp; caudal loin s Mil«'i|\ial,
about as lout; as head; pectorals falcate, JL longer than liead; ventrals short, 3'f., in ln.i.i. V\n\r
of lateral lino low, 1V„ times in str.aight part, its height ';, the length of its chonl. Maxillari
l>road, with very broiid supplemental bono, its greatest .vidth '% eyo. Color silviiv, struiiulj
tinged with golden, olive on e.pper parts, with pearly reHectioris lielow; a large l.la.k f|n)tiii
axil, nearly as large as eye. Fins uU palo. A single large specimen, 2 feet in leuglli, taken in
the Astillero at Mazatlan.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
931
423. ALECTIS, KatiueHquo.
(TlIItKAUFIBIlRS.)
CiiWw, TAi'f;pfii>E, Hist. Nnt. Poisg., iv, 683, 1802, (nvi'Kcn*; nanio prooccupicil in lilnls).
.iMi*, liAMNKHguE, AnalyMo dv In Nature, iHlTi, (Hiil)8titiitt> for (lulliin, iireuccu{ii«id),
W.|)/iiin\ CuviEit, lti>giio Aiiiiii., II, 322, 1817, (ti7i(i)i«; iiitnio proocciiplod;.
Sum, Ci \ iKii, U6gne Aniiii., Ed. 11, Vol, 11, 20!), 1829, (iii</iVi!).
tinllklilhii'. ClviKU A Vai.enciknnkh, Hist. Nat. PoisB., ix, 108, 1833, (ijiiUim; 8illi»titutufor tlaUiw)-
Hklihiihrliihi/'', GiLl., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'bila., 1802, 431, {ciUaris; stibHtitutu lor JUipharis, yro-
0(l'll|ill'll).
Body rhomboid, deep, strongly compref':.od, more or less completely
covi'it'il with minute embedded scales, sometimes apparently nuked ;
sciitt'H on the straight portion of the lateral line enlarged, bony, and
t)|)iiiouH, us in Caraiix, but much less developed. Mouth moderate, with
baudN of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue. First
dorsal tin little developed, the spines short and rudimentary, mostly dis-
appearing with age ; soft dorsal and anal similar to each other ; the first
live or «ix rays of each lin elongate and filiform in the young, becoming
nliortei with age; ventral fins elongate in young, short in the adult;
pectorals falcate; no finlets. Caudal peduncle narrow, the caudal widely
forked. Gill rakers moderate, stout. This genus is not essentially different
from Citranx, the great change in form arising from no important modifi-
cation of the skeleton. The changes due to ago are surprisingly great,
an Dr. Liitken has shown, the characters of the nominal genera being
cliietly Htuges in the growth of individuals. The young individuals are
almost orbicular in form, with the filaments excessively long. Tropical
seas. {liAtKTup, a cock ; different species having been known as Meerhenne
or (iaUiiH marinuH, Peixe-Gallo, Gal, or I'oisson-Coq', these names first
applied to Zvun faher.)
"4
1
I
u
i
1826. ALECTIS CILIAKIS (Blodi).
(TllREADt'ISlI ; (JOBIILEK FiSH ; SUNFISII.)
Head :!i; depth U to 2. D. VI-I, 19; A. II-I, 16; scutes 12. Body
oval, much compressed, highest at the elevated bases of dorsal and uuul
lius. Pieorbital very deep. Mouth nearly horizontal in the adult, very
obliqut; in the young. First rays of dorsal and anal filamentons, exceed-
ingly long, in the young much longer than body, becoming shorter with
age. Lateral line with a wide arch, the curved portion about e<iual to
the straight part. Scaly sheath of fins little developed. Scutes becom-
ing stronger and blunter with age. Ventrals broad ; occipital keel sharp.
I'eetoiiils long and falcate, longer than heud. Bluish above, golden yellow
below ; a dark blotch on opercle ; a black spot on o ■')it above ; a black
blotch on dorsal and anal in front. Tropical Ameiica on both coasts,
rangiujr north to Cape Cod and Mazatlan, generally common southward,
about the Florida Keys and Cuba; a food-fish of some importance. The
many nominal species of this type have been reduced by Liitken to three
or foil I : gallus and ciliaria of the East Indies, alexondrinus of North
Afiica, und crinitua of America. We have not examined the East Indian
4.^.
932
Bulletin V7> United States National Museum.
rl'
,l!
i^
iui'iiiH, but wesoe no rutiHuii for doubting that ct/j«m is the youimof ,/„//„,
ii8 has been Hiippouud by Dr. Day and others. The name {itdlnn w us. Ikiw.
ever, originally applied by Linnii-UH to Selene vomer. Our yomi^r siieci.
mens of iriiiitiis, moreover, agree fully with the figures of (//((m i«. \V(.
think it, therefore, e>:trcmely probable that all the nomiiuil siKcies (j|
this type are forms of Aleetis ciUarix. As has been sliown by Liitkin
(Spolia Atlantica, li>7), the nominal genera SvyriH, Jilejiiitirix, anil <iiit\k\,.
ihjjs, are simply stages in the developmeiit of individual.s, tlir cliarai
ters assigned to these genera changing with age. {eiUurin. witli loin-
lashes. )
/euH viliarix, Ulocii, lohtliyol., vi, 2'.), pi. 29, 1788, East Indies; yDiiiiu.
Scomher JildiiieiiloKUs, Mimio I'auk, Ti'uiih. IjIihi. Soc, hi, H(i, 17!t7, Sumatra.
(lalliia viicumiK, l.Ai^fil'f.DK, Hist. Nat. PoinH., iv, .ISS, IHOIi; iiftiT Linn.kus.
/ei's cfiiiilnn, MnciiiM., Amcr. Juiirii. Sci. Ai'tH, xi, 1820, H4, Shoreham.
lilepIiiiiiKniiiUiiH, I)K Kay, N. Y. Faillia: FislicK, 123, 1842.
AlciiiH criiiiliis, JoiiDAN ik Gii.iiKRT, SynoiKsin, 4118, 1K8H.
Blijilnirichthiis criiiilM, (JiLl,, I'roc. Ac. Niit. Sci. IMiihi., 18G2, 2t'>2.
Omtiij- viiiiilii.1, JoHDAV * GlLIlEUT, True-. V, S. Nat. Mils., 1H82, 35!); ihiil 1SK3, Jn:;
(!allkhth!is(riiiili(\ LrTiiFN, Spolia Atluntini, 131, 107, ISSO.
Illeiilmri.i siilnr, ('uviKit & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Toisi-., ix, IIJl, 18;):t, Caribbean Sea.
Caniiu siiloi; GCnthek, Cut., Il, 4.J4, 1800.
Dlepliiirin iimjor, CuviEii it Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. ruiss., ix, lO:!, 1833, West Indies.
Gulliclitlinn <:h)r<ihi, OuviEit & Valenciennes, Illst. Nat. ToisH., ix, 175, ls33, liast Iiidieb.
CaraiKjoiileK hkj)hari», Uleekek, Vorhaiiil. Uatav. Gunootsch., xxiv, 3Iaki-. 07, |S'J, Last
Indies,
CnranijoidesgaUkhlhiiK, Bleekek, /. c, 68, East Indies.
4>i'^nVi nn(i/i*-, I'OEV, S.vnoiwis, liOil, 1808, Cuba; a largo t<|iociiiion williuut tilaiiicnlinis lajs .m
the aiiti^'ior part of the anal; pr(i1>al)l.v an accidental variation ; the dursal Imk tJji' hicninl
ray ns louf; as the body; the other filamentous rays sliorter. A. I, 14.
i.'J'
424. HYNNIS, Cuvier.
Ilijntm, CuviEii k Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., ix, 195, is:i3, (gorccmiii).
This genus has the high, compressed, angular body of tSelrnc, the (loisal
and anal lobes not ending in filaments, and the caudal peduncle aiiiicil
with a few weak plates, as in Alcclis. Its position is between Ahilis and
Selene, with close affliiities to both. As elsewhere stated, the scpjii at ion of
these peculiarly formed genera from Car: nx and from each other lias no
basis in any structural character of importance. Tropical seas. (1 r//*;, a
vomer or plowshare.)
K. Kye moderate, OJ^ in her.d in adult; pectorals Jiale. ciiiknsis, VVli:
aa. Kyo very large, 3^ in head in adult; pectorals tipped with dusky. iiui'iuxsi, VSl'i.
1828. HYNNIS CUBfcNSIS (I'ooy).
Head 4 in total length with caudal (about 3.^ without) ; deptli :> C-i
without). D. I, 19; A. I, 1(5. Eye 5| in head in specimen dC '-'i feet.
Maxillary reaching nostrils. Teeth villi:J"orm, present on jaws, vomer, and
palatines. Scales minute. Arch of lateral line very convex, ils scutes
weak. Pectorals fjilciform, a little longer than head. Insertion i>t' anal
opposite second third of pectoral. Dorsal moderately falcate, ilH lieiglit t
that of body below it. Caudal deeply forked. Silvery, with itriglit
Ionian and F.vermann. — Fishes of Nortli America.
933
rellcotions ; a large blue spot ou opercle ; lipH bhiish ; no Hpot on pectoral.
Lciiiu't'i •' foet. Cuba. (Poey.) Wo bave examined Foey's drawings of
this H|)t'('i<3S and are sure that it is distinct from UynniH alexaiidrhiUH,
tlieK^'vptian spi lies.
Il„iim» 'iihi iisif, I'OKV, Muiiioriofi, ii, 235, 1800, Havana. (Coll. Pooy.)
1827. HENNIS IIOPKINSI, .Tunlaii .fe Starkg.
(Pampano.)
Hoa<l :!i ; doptli 2 ; eye 3-5. D. VI-1, 18 ; A. II, I, ir> ; snout 2J in bead ;
iiiiixillaiy 2J ; pectoral '3\ in body ; V. 2i in bead ; dorsal lobes 2} in bead ;
laialalloliesl,^ ; anal 2i ; proorbital 4^ in bead. Body oblong, compressed,
ik'vatfd, witb angular outlines, ventral outline sbarp. Top of bead
sliarply lur'nato ; profile nearly straigbt from snout to nape, tbere boldly
convex, then nearly straigbt to elevated front of soft dorsal, a concavity
in protllo before soft dorsal and before anal. Moutb oblique, ratber
liuno, tilt) jaws e*iual. Broad bands of small sharp teetb on Jaws, vomer,
and palatines. Eye very large. Dorsal and anal lobes low, none of tbo
lavH prolonged. Lateral line witb a long arcb, as long as straigbt part,
which has about 12 elevated scutes and 37 scales in all from end of curve;
curved part of lateral line undulating bebind. Gill rakers sbort, ratber
few, 12 in all, tbose above angle obsolete. Body minutely scaly. Belly and
lower jiaits largely naked, a large patcb of scales on cheeks; bead other-
wise naked. Pectoral long, falcate, reaching seventh anal ray ; ventrals
not short , reaching past vent. Caudal moderate. Bright blue above, with
bright rellections ; sides bright silvery ; no golden ; a narrow brownish
streak not quite so wide cs pupil from upper part of gill opening to middle
of hase of soft dorsal ; pectoral tipped witb black ; axil of pectoral dusky ;
upper iinH rather du^ky, lower white ; dusky on angle of opercle inside
imdout. lint without definite spot. One specimen, 26 inches long, taken
with a Mcine in the surf at Puerto Viejo, near Mazatlan. (Named for
Timothy Hopkins, esq., of San Francisco, founder of the Hopkins Labora-
tory on Monterey Bay, in recognition of his deep interest in biological
research.)
Uijmiiii hdiikiiisi, .ToRi>AN & Stahks, Rept. Fishes Sinaloit, MS., ISOr), Mazatlan. (Typo, No.
lufi:!, I.. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. Coll. Hopkins Expedition.)
425. VOMER, Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Vmiier, Ct viKit .t Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 189, 1833, {hroirnii).
FI>tlijsomii>, SwAlNSON, Class'ii Fislios, ii, 2ri0, 183!», (broiniii).
This <j;enn8 is closely allied to Caranx, from which it differs only in its
distortion of form, and in its weak teetb and very low lins. Body broad
ovate, very strongly compressed, all the outlines sharply trenchant.
Head very gibbous above the eyes, its anterior profile vertical ; lateral
line strongly arched, its posterior portion with very weak shields. Scales
minutf, ruilir.ientary ; soft dorsal and anal extremely low, not falcate.
doling nuich deeper in form ti..in the adult, all the fins higher, resembling
iekne. Warm seas, (vomer, a plowshare, from the form of the body.)
•M
I'
I'll
^1
■'I
934
Bulletiti 47, United States National Museum.
((. Soft donial with about 25 rayH; duptli iii adult leiti than half lungtb.
iKi. Soft duraal with 21 or 22 rayii.
/>. Do|ith in mliilt ahoiit half luugtli,
hh. Depth in adult much morn than half length.
1828. VOMER D0R8AIiIH, nill.
Depth less than half length of body. D. VII-1, 25 ; A. 1, 20. WoHt IiulicM
and west coast of Africa. (Giinther.) A doubtful species, not ho»mi liv uh.
(domaliH, pertaining to the dorsal, which is longer than in I'omeractipiin'iH.)
ArijureioHiiH HctiphmUt, var. B, OrNTiiF.R, Cat., ii, 4S9, 18f>0, St, Vincent, Cape Verde Islands.
West Indies.
Vomer ilonuiUn, GiiL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1862, 436; after UCntuf.u.
Voiiiir Heiieyaleimh, Guiciienot, Ann. Sue. Linn. Maine et Loire, 1865, 3.'i, Senegal.
Vomer yorecmiH, Gukjiienot, /. c, 37, Gorea.
Carmuc aelipinnia donalia, Jobdan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua., ISS^t, 204.
./'
noBsAi.is, lijox ■
■ Ar'j;irfi"""
1
H jamuic
HETiNNNis, i;i2;i. ■
1 \:mnij'il""i'
oAiinNKvsis, i:i:io. 1
1 .4r.(;/c"i">"- ;/
1
H f.uiniJ- ■«'■'';"
i- .;t
Ii 1 1 "
1820. VOMER SKTIPINNIS (Mitcliill).
(JoROBADo; Moonfish; HobskFl.^h; Blvnt-nosri> Shinf.r.)
Head 3i ; depth 2 in adult, IJ to If in young. D. VIII-I, 21 or 22; A,
11-1,19 or 20; scutes 20. liody oblong, rhombic, less elevated th;iii in
Selene vomer', profile anteriorly nearly vertical, highest above (he eye,
snout somewhat protruding, belly mostly arched in the youiijj; ; inoiitli
oblique; maxillary reaching vertical from front of orbit. Ventral lins
minute; dorsal and anal very low, especially in the adult, the loiij;; rays
disappearing very early ; pectorals falcate, about as long as head. (Jroeii-
ish above, below golden or silvery. Young with a black blotch at ()ri<,'in
of straight part of lateral line. Tropical America, on both coasts; from
Maine to Brazil, and Cape San Lncas to Peru; generally common soiitli-
ward, the young coming northward in the Gulf Stream; also iu Western
Africa, {seta, bristle; pinna, fin.)
Zeti* oeUpiimiii, Mitchili,, Trans. Lit. and PliiloB. Soc. N. Y., 181.'), 384, New York.
Vomer hrovmi, CuviEB & A'ai,bncif,nner, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 189, plato 25t!, l«;i:i, New York
and West Indies.
AriiijreUiHiis netipinniii, GPnTIIER, Cat., II, 4'>9, 1860.
Vomer setipiiiniH, Gli.l., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1862, 4:56; .Iobdan .t Gii.nEUT, Sviioiim.^ 110,
1883; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 204.
Selnie seliphinu, LCtken, Spolia Atlantica, 135, |880.
r/a/j/dojHHn Kjitci'i, SwAlNSON, Class'n Fishes, ii, 1&'», 2,'iO, 406, Brazil; after Srix and AiiAssiz,
pi. 57.
rialHKomm mioropleryx, Swainron, I.e., 406, Pernambuco.
Arijijrcumm tinimaciilatns, Batchelder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1845, 78, Maine: yoiinp.
Vomer smiclii-mmihie, colnmliiaiiUK,marlinicenm, ilomiuieenniii, iioreborai-eiisiH, Hniirlii-inlii, /:/.i(ii/ii'i..«is
cnyenuemis, and culm; GricnENOT, Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine et Loire, 18t)5, ;18 f» 11, localities
indicated by the names.
Vomer cuHw, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phllos. Soc. Pliila., 1870, 119, Rhode Island; yomiK.
1880. VOMER OABONEN8I8, Guichcnot.
Depth in adult more than half length. D. VIII-T, 22; A. I, is or 1S>.
West Indies and we^t coast of Africa (Giinther).
seen by us.
A doubtful species, not
Jordan ami F.vermann. — Fishes of North America.
035
^r./;(r«i">i'- ic/iifinnM, viir. A., fSONTiiKii, ('at., II, 450, 18<i(», Fernando Po ; San Domingo ;
Jamaica ; Bahia.
r.imir;;'!'"""'""'', finciiENOT, Aim. Hoc. Linn. Main«ut Loire, 18»i."i, 4J, Gaboon.
H,,iiiri'i,'>i'> ijiihoueiiiiiii, Htkini>a(!||nkii, ViBcli-Fiiiinu (leH SencKiilH, 3«, iHfill.
Cimiij- "liiii.iiiiii iiahoneii tin, Johuan A Qii.ubht, Pruc. V. 8. Nat. Mnn., 1883, 2(1-1.
426. SELENE, Lac<^pO<le.
(M00NFI8HK8.)
.■v/ciic, I/AifpftnE, IIlBt. Nat. I'oiss., iv, 500, 180:1, (iminuen - young of comer).
.IrVVCci"-"-. I/AlflPKDK, MXh"-. Nftt. I'oiHfl., IV, .">0(i, 180.% (i'oimit).
Itody very closely coiiipreHHed and much elevated, the profile very
iililiiliic or nearly vertical ; edges of body everywhere trenchant, OHpe-
ciiilly aiiirriorly. Head short and very deep, the operclo /cry sliort, and
the iin'(irl)ital extremely deep ; an abrupt angle at the occipital region.
Miititli I'tither small; premaxillaries protractile, fitting into a nc ch
hotwcoii tlie bases of the maxillaries ; maxillaries broad, each witli a
Hupplcmcntal bono. Tongue narrow, free. Teeth minute, on Jaws,
toii<;ii<!. vomer, and palatines. Gill rakers long and slender. Spint^s of
fins usually weak, more or less filamentous in the young ; free anal spines
iminovahle, sometimes obsolete in the adult. Soft fins falcate, much
elevated. No finlets. Head naked. Scales minute. Lateral line wholly
iiiiarnied. Coloration silvery. Tropical seas. Notwithstanding its extra-
oidiiiaiv form, this genus ditfers in no important regard from Caranx.
{ntl'iivti, tlio moon.)
11. Piirsiil with iiliout 18 Hoft rays, anal witli alioiit 16; anterior profile of head curved; hones
III' Iliad lower and less uhliijno than in Scliin- vmiier. iiiiistkdii, 111.31.
(1(1. IiiFisal with ahout 2.1 noft ray.i, anal witli aliont 18; anterior profile of head, from hase
of Hnout to occiput, almuNt perfectly straight. vomeu, i;i:t2.
1881. SELENE (ERSTEDII, LUtken.
Head 8; depth 2. D. VI-I, 15; A. (H)-!, 14; eye 4 in head; snout If;
maxillaiy 2§; ventral 3^; caudal lobes equal head; pectoral i longer
than head. Body compressed ai.d elevated, but loss so than in Scleuv romer;
profile oblique, concave over snout, then straight to occiput, which is
well rounded; line of back straight to soft dorsal, then slightly curved
to caudal peduncle ; ventral outline rounded on breast to ventrals, then
straight to anal, forming an angle at first ray, then straight to caudal
peduncle. Mouth projecting, with minute teeth on Jaws, vomer, pala-
tines, and tongue; gill rakers thick and blunt, many of them knobbed at
tip— in old examples at least, 1 above angle with 3 or 4 rudimentary
ones, and 13 below. A large thickened knob at occiput, very conspicu-
ous in adult, due to the thickening of the supraoccipital crest. Pectoral
falcate, reaching to tenth anal ray ; dorsal and anal lobes filamentous,
reaching past tips of caudal lobes; lateral line strongly arched, its curve
c(iHal to its straight part. Color silvery, with bluish rofiections above;
dorsal and caudal dark, pectoral, ventral, and anal white; axil dusky.
Leugth 15 inches. Pacific Coast of tropical America, frouiMazatlau to
03C
Jiulletin 4J, United States National Afiiscum.
Pauaina; not common. Hore doscribed from an adult oxarnplo tiiktn ;,t
Ma/atlan. (Named for Profeasor 0r8ted of Copunhageu, its discovtuer.)
Miiif iiisifiUi, Iii'TKKN, SpoUa Atluiitica, 144, IMMO, Punta Arenas.
Silnie iiiHlnlii, JuHDAN Jll OlI.liRHT, i'roc. V. 8. Xut. MilH., 188:t, 'Mi.
t
ISh
188'i. KKIiKM; VOMKU (Liiiiiiiuiii).
(MooNKiHii ; JoitDiiAiiii ; LnoK Down ; IIoiiheiirad.)
Head 3; long dorsal layH 2 ; pectoral 2J ; long anal ruyn 2ii, ; dciiili i'.
the young much deeper. D. VII-I,2H;* A. Il-I, 18. Anterior jnoiili' (loin
tip of Huout to occiput almost perfectly straight in the adult. Itiiiincii'i
of eye, length of opercle, and distance from eye to jtrotile ahoiii I'ljnal ;
eye 2 in maxillary, 2i in preorbital ; mandibles very d»ie|>, tlic iltniarv
bones thin, approximate ; one or two of the dorsal spines greatly *'liiiii;at)'
and (ilamentouB in the young, short in the adult; ventrals varial)lt) in
length, usually about as long as the eye in the adult, variously (ioii^aic
in partly grown specimens. Color uniform silvery in the adult. Om
observations of this species tend to confirm the correctness of Dr. I,iitkc'ir.s
views (Spolia Atlantica, 139) as to the transformations incident to its
growth. Tropical America, on both coasts, from Capo ('od to I'.ia/il, and
from Lower California to Peru. Very common southward on .sandy
shores, both in the Atlantic and Pacific. Tlie Pacific Coast form, Im-
rooriii=iHwijicun, is not evidently dift'erent from Selene vomer, {nniiir,
a plowshare.)
/eiM vomer, LiNN.i;ue, Syst. Nat., Eil. x, 1758, 260, America; ul'tor /ens rain/d hi/iii;,i cii \.\s-
SJKVH, Mu8. Adolph-Krod., i, 00.
AtyymoHiis romei; I.AcfirflDB, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, .'iOO, 180IJ; (!itL, Proc. A.'. Nat. .'^ri. I'hilii.,
1802, 41)7, anil olHOwtion-.
SiIeHc vomer, CuviEit & Vai.enmennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 177, \KVA; OCNTiiEit, Cut., ii, 1'»,
1800; LCtkkn, Spolia Atliiiitica, 1S8(), 547, (with tigureH nliowiiig tlic vaiioiiH (•liaii;.'cs iMidir-
gone with ago); Jouiian .t Gilhkut, Synopsis, 4.'l!l, 18,s;;; IJukvooiit, Ann. li.vr. Nil. Ili>l,
N. Y., V, 08, pi. 4, 185.'); Giu., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1802, 4:i(;; .ImmAN .'. 'iii.ii.iii,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 188;!, 20r>.
^■m gaUiiit, LiNN.KUs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 207, America; after %<'uneaH<Ui lifunn nl' Vkikpi;
confused with Aleclix (i/niris.
Zi'm niijer, lii.ocii & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 98, 1801, (confonndcd with rnmaciiiilhus ,(,■• mil'i .
Sfleiie mgentea, LAcfa'finE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 500, pi. 0, fig. 2, 180:1, (adult).
Zens capillaris, MiTciiiii., Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc, 1, 1815, .S83, (young). New York.
Argnrumis iiipiUmis, Gii.1., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1802, 437.
/a-iis roslraliiK, MiTCMiLL, /. c, 384, New York, (young).
Xiu« (jeomelriiiis, MiTCUii.i,, Anicr. Slonthly Mag., li, 1818, 245 (adult), New York.
AnjijrioKm trUiaiulhm, Swainson, Nat. Hist. C'last .1 Fish., ISliO, 250, Brazil; after Si'i\ ,\ .\i..»s-
siz, pi. 58, (young).
Argijriomn filanirnlosus, SwAlNSON, 1. c, 250; after Cuvier & Valenoiennes, pi. 25.'i.
Argijriosiis mlifei; Swainso.n, I <:, 409; after Ci'ViEii & Valenciennes, pi. 2">."p, fiiil»tiliiii' fir
router and filameutosnu.
ArgyrioBtiK iiianricei, Sw'WSiion, I. c, 408, Brazil, (adult).
Argiirioms milch illi, De Kav, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 1842, 120, (young), New York.
ArgijrUMiif njiUii, Castelnai', Aniin. Nouv. Itares, 21), 18,5.5, (adult).
Arggriomshrevoorii, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1803, 83, Panama, (young).
Argyreioms paciftcus, Lockinoton, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, 84, Lower California,
(adult).
* D. I, 20 to 22; A. 1, 17 or 18, iu Pacific Coast specimons = SeLne hrevoortii (Gill).
•im
Jordan and Kvermann. — Fishes of North America. 937
427. CHLOROSCOMBRUS, Giianl.
(Casahks.)
CW'.n <. '"'ifin, OinAWT), rror. Ar. Nnt. Sci. I'liilu., 1H.")H, 1(18, {mniii'iiolitn).
,i;i. /"/''"."' I ''I'NTllF.li, anil otlifiH, lull Miiri'iilniij; A()A88I/, wiiHglvoii hm u Hiilxitltuto (tir SiTinlii,
(iC w liii'li iinmit it iiiiiHt III) coMNiilcrtMl u Hyiionyiii.
Ilodv olilonjj ovate, closely coiiipresHed, but not elevated ; the abdomen
prnniitiiiiit anteriorly, its curve beinj; much greater than tlie curve of the
back. Occiput and thoracic region trenchant. Caudal peduncle very
iiaii'iiu , the iln widely forked. Scales Huiall, Huiooth. Lateral line arched
in fidiit, unarmed, or with a few small plates. Head nearly naked. Pre.
()iliit;il low. Mouth rather small, olili(iue, lower jaw scarcely projecting ;
iippcijaw protractile; maxillary broad, emarginate behind, with a largo
siipiilfincntal bone. .Taws, vomer, and palatines with feeble teeth, mostly
ill siiiylo scries. First dorsal of feeble spines, connected by membrane;
Hi'coiid dorsal and anal long and low, similar, much longer than the short
aliddiiuMi. No finlets. Anal spines strong. Ventrals small ; pectorals
fiilciitc. Ciill rakers long. American ; small species, little valued as
I'odd. ( vXcj/jih;, gi'oen ; rrKo/ifiixic, mackerel.)
II. I'lhinl iif ciirvi'il ]iart of lateral lino considoralily lonRor than lieail, l';i to IJ in Ktmi(;lit
)piiit; lateral lliio aniioil ]M>.sti'rii>rly with mnall bony Hliir'UlH, a« in IVjik.t; coluration
riillicr (lufky, llii" tins largely li|ilie(l or cilgcil with lilaiklsli. oiti/tiKTA, llilt,'!.
iiii, I'licii'il (if ciirvi-il part of lateral line about u8 lung hm head, nicosureil from tiji of lower
jaw, and l-.j to 1;'.^ in length of Btruight i)art; lateral Hhieblw wholly ohsoleto; color-
ittiun rather pule. ciinYBCiirs, 1:i.'14.
1SS8. CHLOIlttSCOMBItrH ORQrETA, Jordan .t: Gilbert.
(Orqukta ; Xl-REI. liK Castim.a.)
Head 3J ; depth 2^^^. D. VIII-I, 2fi ; A. II, 26. Body ovate, strongly
conipicssed, the edges trenchant. Dorsal and ventral outlines very regu-
larly curved, the curve of the belly considerably stronger than that of the
back, llio axisof body much nearer the latter. Caudal peduncle very slen-
der. Young less elongate than the adult, otherwise very similar in form.
Head Hinall, rather pointed, the anterior profile nearly straight. Mouth
small, very oblique, the lower ,jaw projecting. Maxillary broad, extend-
iiie; ii little beyond front of eye, its length 2J in head, its tip marginate;
supploniental bone well developed. Teeth very small, those of the jaws
not villiform, forming very narrow bands or single series in both jaws;
villilorni patches on vomer, palatines, a. id tongue. Adipose eyelid well
devclojied. Preorbital very narrow, not half width of orbit. Gill rakers
miiiifions, very long, slender, close-set. Head nearly naked. Body cov-
ered with well-developed imbricated scales; the ventral ridge, and a nar-
rowly triangular area forward from front of dorsal naked. Lateral line
with a rather strong arch anteriorly, the chord of the curve being consid-
erably longer than head, and IJ^ to 1? in the straight part. (In Chloroscom.
hniK chnjsHrus the chord of the curve is about as long as head from tip of
lower jaw, and H to li in the straight portion.) A distinct keel along
caudal peduncle, the scales of lateral line enlarged and bony, with
ill
m
I
938
Bulletin 47, (United States National Museuth.
-I
bliintiHli tipH. (Id C, chrysuruH thu HcaleH ut' lateral lino arc littii- ii lu nil
(tittereiit from tho other HcaluH.) DorHul and unal nuked, tiii> nIk .ims at
their haHeH largely developed along the anterior half of each lln. AhtKUHr
dornal Bpine concealed. SpinoiiH dorsal perHiutent, the HpincH sltiidt;),
longest ulightly Hhorter than anterior rayH of uoft dornal, which arr uliout
half head. Soft dorHal and anal with anterior rayn highcHt, tho llns imt
falcate. Caudal widely forked, tho upper lobe slightly longer ilnni tin-
lower, which about 0(jualH head. Anal HpinoH strong. PentoniU m ry
long, falcate, a little more than Hongth. Ventrals short, ahont \wm\.
Color somewhat darker than in C, chrijsurns. In life, back giciii wjtii
blue reilections; sides and below silvery white, with bluish and [i upliNli
retloctions; a distinct blacK blotch on upper angle of opercle, c\t mliii^r
ou shoulder girdle; inside of opercle, and skin lining shouhlci' .inlli'
below, largely dusky. A quadrate black blotch on back of tail, oicimI-
ing backward along bases of upper caudal rays. Fins light yellow inh,
the dorsal and anal edged with black ; tip of upper caudal lobo Mack.
Ventrals whitish. Tongue, base and roof of mouth, and skin of ii]i|)i'i
branch iostegals black. Pacilic Coast of tropical America, Mu'^dalcna
Bay (Stoiudachner) to Panama ((iilbert); common at Panama, Imt not
seen at Ma/atlan either by Gilbert or Jordan. {Orqueta, the Spanish
name at Panama.)
ChhirnHCfmiliniM f,r<i»ein, .TnnnAN * (iii.iiKKT, Pror. U. S. Nat. MiiH., 1KH2, (Mti, Panama. (Tv|«',
N08. i!itlf;r., 2U'J7H, 2!t'J«.'>, and 29:U:J. Coll. ailbort.)
CliWdsfoiiihriis stiriirns, JotlKAH & GlI.liERT, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mu8., 188.'), 20('>, (/(i^wn.v lor '././ii.l.i,
uiicorroctod proof Hlioot).
1894. ('IIL()ROS('OMBRU!$ CHRYSHRUK (Liniin iih).
(Casaiir; Bi-Mi'Kit.)
Head 3J; depth 2k', eye very large, longer than snout, about .3 in lend.
D. VIII-I, 26; A. II-I, '2Ct. Head rather deeper than long ; oporcics vtiy
short; snout short. Mouth very oblique; maxillary reaching anterior
margin of ej e. Chord of curved part of lateral line scarcely longer tiiiin
head, IS to If times in length of straight part. Lateral line wlioily
unarmed. Caudal peduncle longer than deep, its diameter loss tliaii tliat
of eye; ventrals very small, fitting into a groove in which the vent is
situated ; pectorals long, falcate, k the length. Greenish above, siilcs
and below golden ; caudal peduncle dusky above ; darl opercular and
axillary spots; inside of mouth black; fins not bordorru or tipped with
black. Cape Cod to Brazil; very common on our south Atliintie Coast
and in Cuba; not valued as food, the flesh thin and dry, the bones larjic.
{X(>vai>C) gold; oi'fui, tail.)
Srnnihir chriiHuriiK, Linn.kus, Sj'Bt. Nat., xii, 494, 17Gfi, Charleston, South Carolina.
Scomber chlorh, Ulocii, I(dithjologiii, plato 339, 1793.
Microitlerii.c comKipiilita, Agassiz, Spix, Pise. Bras., 1()4, 1829, Brazil.
Serioht mminpnlitu, CuviEii & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 219, pi. 250, 1833.
Scomber Utlm, Guoxow, Catiiloguo Fislicw, Kd. Gray, 127, 1854, Carolina.
Cldoroscombrm c(in}>J>iiiis, Giuari), 'ex. Bound. Siirv. Zoiil., 21, pi. 9, tig. C, IS.W, St. Joseph
Island, Texas. (Coll. Wiirdomann.)
Microi>leryx chn/miriiH, GCntiieu, Cat., II, 4G0, 1800.
CMoroKcombnis chriiminw, GiLl, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., U«:2, 4.'»7; Jordan it Gimikut, .•^yiiop-
sia, 441, 1883; Jordan & Gilbekt, Proc. U. S. N.at. Mus., 1883, 206
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
U3{>
428. TRACHINOTUS," Lac(<pMe.
(I'Xmi'anos.)
U'lrhiiii'l"^. TjAOftPflPF, Illst. Nut. Polw., Ill, 79, IHO'.', (/niraliin).
iv«./w..'"-. I.Acfl'i:i>n, HiB(. Nut. 1'oIhh., hi, !I,'i, lWf.i, (i,l„rl,ii}.
Aaiulhiii"-i. }>\((v(.l>r., IIlBt. Nut. PoIkh., IV, WX), 1S0;i, {rlitiiiihoiilff).
IMr'ihi'friin, lldi.nniioK, Icli. Sdiilli f'arollim, 8'J, iHtio, (/xoh/ikhh/i).
Inlinilini, ClHAIlH, I'riir. Ac. Nut. Sci. IMllla., 1H58, lllH, {nmiliiiiiH).
Hody C(»nip;'088e<l, niodorately elevated, tlie K^peral outlino oviitr.
Caudal peduncle Hliort and rather Hieiider. Ahdoineii luit trciicliunt,
shorter tium the aiiul fin. Head moderately coinproNHod, very Idniit, the
Hiioul aliniptly truncate. Month nearly horizontal, the maxillary reach-
int; the middle of the eye; premaxillaries protractile ; maxillary without
(liHtinrt supplemental bone. .Faws, vomer, and palatiubH with bands of
villitortii teeth, whieh are deciduous with age. Preopercle entire in the
adnlt. (iill rakers short, (iill membranes considerably united. Spinous
dorsal represented by fi rather low spines, which are connected by meni-
liraiKt in the young but are free in the adult. In old specimens the spines
appear small on account of encroachments of the flesh, and ultimately
often disappear. Second dorsal long, elevated in front ; anal opposite to
it and similar in form and size ; 2 stout, nearly free spinea in front of
anal, and 1 connected with the fin, these often disappearing with ago.
Scales small, smooth. Lateral line unarmed, little arched ; no caudal
keel. " When extremely young the preoperculum is armed at the angle
with !t large spines, and smaller ones above and below. The spinous
dorsal is developed as a perfect fin, and teeth are present on the Jaws and
palatine arch. In this stage the species has never been described by pre-
vious naturalists, and consequently has received no name, as the cor-
responding stage of NaucratcH (Xauderm) has. At an early period the
preopeicular spines are absorbed into the substance of the preoperculum
and disappear. The spinous dorsal and the teeth are still retained. In
this ecndition it remains for some time, the spinous dorsal, however,
gradnally losing its relative size, while the soft vertical fins increase.
In this stage the species belongs to the genus Doliodon of" Girard. At a
later period the ra*)mbrane connecting the dorsal spines has beconu) obso-
lete; and the species then represents the genus Trachynotus, as understood
ly Cnvier &. Valenciennes, and others. Finally, in old age, the teeth of
the Jaws, palate, and pharyngeal bones have fallen out, and the lobes of
the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins attain their greatest extension and
become pointed. This final stage has been made known by Ilolbrook
under the new generic name of Bothrohvmus" (Gil), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Pliila., 1862, 440). The pseudobiauchiie also disapi v in old specimens.
Sorn(' of the species of Trachinolun (carolinm, etc.) a., among the most
highly valued of our food-fishea. Most or them are, however, not of
superior quality. {Tpnxix, rough
Travhyiiotus. )
vwTOf, back ; hence properly written
.'■■■I
121
For a review of the Bpecioa of TrachimUis, see Meek & G0S8, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Piiila., 188-i,
i' ■
m\^
940
Jiulletin 4j, United StaUs NaliomU Xfmeum.
II. I><iri<al with 10 to %» Nol't ray«; HrmI with 17 to ID mirt ruyi.
\>. IIikIv vi'ry iiiiirh roiiipp'NNi'il; nIiIiih wIIIi iiikrniw liliick cruHa liani; lnlH'r* i>r \
t'lollRUtr, ri'Ul'llllIK pItHi llljllllll' llfniiullkl III! ill Ulllllt,
riiriil nii>
r. Hiuiiit niilitniiicniu or hourly vurticul; |irulllc rrmn Hii|iriiiirliilikl to frutit nt 'ii>r«nl fl
vi'x; ImiiilN on IhhIv narrow, oliMilutn in tlw
II
'•""VOX. (ii.Ai , I ,, i:u',,
re. Hnoiit low, very olilii|uii; prufllu from HiiiirikorbllHl ri'Kloii to ilorwkl wiik, iv con-
young; Vfrtlritl lliiHwItli i,,|,
iiiiMiM,|.i ., i:tif,,
/>'>. Iloily iiioilorikliily riini|ir<'iii<'i|; hIiIi'h without iinrrow lilikik ii'unh luirii; Inlii.. i,i Miiimi
tliiM Hlmrlcr, riirriy rriivliinK Iihii- of cikiiilul; loht'H of <luriiiil ami itiiitl ii<iiully
lihktklHh.
i\. Iliiily liroiiil, iiviilo; thi' liiick nri-hcil; tlif uri'ikloKt ili<|ith at all uki'h n<'itrl,v ' . Iiul-iIi
III lioily; |ii'(illl<' friiiii noNtril to ilornikl I'vuryNvhiiru iiiurly uviiul.v rc>iiv< \: umI
uilliout liliii'k N|Mit.
>', liiilii'H lit' vurtlral lliiH iiiiirh i-li'viktud, that of ilorNul in ailult iiiiii li \<
liuikil; riilor |iuli>
IIX'T tliuii
FAI.IAIIH, \XA'.
I't. Iiolii'H of viTtirikl tluH low, lliikl of iliirHiil in adult Hliortor than Iii'ikI: ml.,
cliiHky.
IT I. Mill, IIW.
ili\. Iliiily oliloiif;, thii |ii'i>flli* not Hti'oiiKly airhril; th(Mlu|ith in yiiuiiK ami nM J In '.'jj
in li'iiglli iif lioily; iliirKal IoIm'm low.
/, Axil with a Ji'l-liliki'k Hjiut; ilt>pth alNiiil 2*.^ In Inngth; inout hliiiii. iiriijirt-
iiiK lii'yiiiiil the mouth.
jj[. Axil not Mark; ilcpth ahout 2j{ In li-nKtli.
KK.NNK.ini, i;t:tii.
iliMihll,
I:i4ii.
nil, nin>al with 'J'l to 27 Hiift rii.VH; aiiitl with 'I'i t< . mift rayn; iHiily oMoni;, nillnT I'lhii.t;
Kl'i'ati'Nt tliirklirNH W in K>'ruti'Kt ili'|itli of hiiily ; ili'|ith Ii'hh than liult' li'ii!,'tli: lulxoul
viTtiral tliiH Hliort, not hlark; hIiIi'h without dark rroHH liiin*.
I/. llDrnal with 2ri Biil't rayn; anal with 'J'J Hoi't rayN; prollh- rnnii Niioiit l<> pruriiinluiit -|>iii<'
I'Vi'iily convex.
h. ItiHly Vi'ry ik-(>|i, thii deptli ahout half length.
»/i. Doily iiiodi'i'alrly iloi-p, thu dopth alioiit 2' j^ in louKth.
i. Kriid iiiiidiirati', alimit \ In hiHly; ilorHiil lolii' pale,
II. Ili'iid larK<', 'Ij.i to ;)■._; in body; dorvul IuIk) lilack.
ijij. Donial with 27 Hoft rayH; anal with 20.
AltOKMKI H. i:ui.
OAKOI.IM M, \.\\L
I'.M.iiM \. |:'.i:i.
lAVF.NNKNSIS, I;I4I.
ia»f.. TBACHINOXrS OIiAlK I'M (Illorh).
(fiAKK-TOI'SAlI, P.kMI'ANO; Oi.n WlFK ; I'ai.ometa.)
Head 4 ; dopth 2; eye 3?. D. Vl-I, 1»; A. II-I, 18. Pyloric nicM Hi.
Body elliptical, niiicli compreHHcd ; Buoiit blunt, Hnbtriiiicutc, viiiiial
from mouth to horizontal from upper edge of eye; the profile fVoni
supraorbital to front of dorsal fin convex. Mouth nearly Iioii/ontiii:
niiixillary nearly reaching vertical from middle of eye, its It-n-^tli I! iu
head; jaws Avithoiit teeth in the adult; dorsal spines separatoiii the
adult; dorsal and anal fins falcate, the anterior soft rays reaching' miilillu
of caudal (in ; dorsal lobe lA, anal IJ in length of body ; ventrals n .idl-
ing }, distance to vent, their length 2= in head ; caudal very deeply fm 1<<<1.
its lobes nearly half length of body. Color bluish above, yioldfii
below; lobes of dorsal and anal very dark; rest of fins pale, with Mnish
edges; caudal bluish; pectorals golden and bluish; ventrals wIuiinIi.
Hody crossed by four black vertical bands ; the first is under tin- i>ni-
cunibent spine, the second under the third dorsal spine, the tliinl .iiid
fourth under the soft dorsal; a black spot, representing a tifth baml. on
lateral line between last rays of dorsal and anal ; this is sometiiiu-> iiiso-
lete; the position of these bands appears tobesnbject to slight variuiion.
fordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America. WW
Tilt* yoxiiK of tliiH N|)oci(>H Iuih not y«)t 1)e«ii (l«>H(>rihe«l. Lt^i^tli i;< incliuH.
'I'lopiciil Aiiiurica, fioiii Virginiu to tlut Citriltltvati Hmi, Keiiurully roiiiinon
t'ruMi (.'iiroliiia to Florida; a very liuudHoiiiu tiub, not lii){lily valuud.
{ijliiiicii't, y'/avKo^, Ijoiiry liluo.)
,/„w,j. ri;//iiiiciM, ni.iirii, Iclithyol., |il, 210, 1TH7, Martinique ; on a (lKiiri> l>y I'm'mikii.
IViic'^iH '"V/'"'"*"'! ''''^■'">>^ VaLKNI'IRNNKn, IliMt. Nut. Vi^K*., \lll,4lKI, IKII; JtildiAS .V (ill.llKIII,
|>|M I'. S. N»t. MiiH., •iVl, IHH'J; JiiiiiiAN AUiLliKiiT. S>ii<>|mIm, 14:1, 1HM:I; AIkkk i&<Jimi*, True.
Ac Nut. S<1. I'hilu.. laj, IMK4.
■tyiuhn'i'^iii" •jlii»MU, UVmtuku, t'ttt.,li, 4M3, 18tKi; QiLi,, I'nto. Ac. Nat. 8ci. I'liilu., I:ih, tH*>'.'.
198«. TKAC'IIIN'OTl'N KIIODOPrM, (iill.
(I'AMl'ANITd.)
llcii.l :U ; depth 2. D. VI-I, 20; A. II-I, 18. IJody inoro olovatod timn
in TniiliiiiotuH ylnucim, tho Huont lowor and tliu antoiioi- prolilt^ mmk^Ii
iiiuro straight; mouth rather huge, obli)|ii«s the JawH nearly u(|nal ; tiie
HiiDiii low, Homowliat prominent. Anterior ruyH of dornal and anal nuich
IH'odiiccd, reacliing nearly to middle of caudal in the adult, nhort in the
yoiniji; caudal deeply forked, its lobes 2} in body. Vonirals Hhurt, not
leiiiliiiig vent. HhuHh green aitove, Hilvery below ; uidoH with r> Mhurt,
luiirow, vertical, blackiuh stripeH, the first two nearer together than the
otlieiH. (he last two sometimes reduced to spots; these banils always
fiiitit, obsolete in the young, in which the vertical fins are also much
lower; caudal, dorsal, and anal lobes largely of u l)right iiuiroon color,
ur Diiiiige brown iu life, the anterior edge 1)lackish, shading oil' into
pinkish, this color present at all ages. Pacific Coast of tropical
Aniuiica to Panama; very common on Hun<lj' shores, replacing Trachhiotua
ijlanntH, which it much resembles. The ditVerence in profile is constant and
I'hinictcristic. Not uiuob valued as food. Length 2 feet, {podui, rutte-col-
ored; To/f, foot.)
TraihijiciluK rho(li>2)iui, OiLi., I'roc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pliila., 1KC3, 8.5, Cape San Lucas; (Cull.
Xiuitiifl); yoiint;, 2 iiiclicH Iodk-
f7Vii'%iii'/H»H(MM<»(i, Gill, /. c, 180;j, 85, Cape San Lucas; (Coll. XuutuN); young of 1 luch,
|iiis<ilily yuiiiig of T. ki'iinedyi.
TnicliiiiiiiiKHfitiidiiluH, Gill, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., iKfilt, 80, Panama; OCntukii, FIhIi. Contr.
Anii'i-., 434, 18(i9; Mekk A Gobs, I'roc. Ac. Niit. Hci. I'liila., I8M4, 12:J.
Tradiiinutuii ijlaucoidet, GCntueb, Troc. Zoiil. Soc. Lonil., 18C4, 150, San Jose de Guatemala.
1887. TBACHINUTU8 FALCATIIS* (LiuimniH).
(Round P.iiwi'ANo; Palometa.')
Ikatl 3J; depth U. D. VI-I, 19; A. II-I, 18. Body broadly ovate,
iiiotlcrately compressed, profile very evenly convex from procumbent spine
to level of upper edge of eye, where it descends almost vertically. The
vi-rtii-al portion is about IJ- times tho eye; length of snout n.^arly equal
to eve; mouth nearly horizontal; maxillary reaching to vertical from
niidiilo of eye, its length 2^ in head ; jaws without teeth in adult ; dorsal
' >l mU\ TrachiuoliiH /iilealUH \wo\o to l>o identical with the East Indian T. urdtiis, ns ae\ora,l
«ritci> havu Buppuaed, the American name, falcatiu, has prucoduuco of date.
kJ
Ill
942
bulletin ^7, UniUd Stales Notiomil Museum.
it|>iiii'H hIiuiI ttiid thick, not cunnuctud by iiiuiiiliraiiu in udult; sintritU
HJiorl, tiirir tipH Hciirculy rcucliiii^ halfway to antorlor anal N|iiiii,:i In
iiitad : luiuilal witiuly forktui; loltuH aliout L'jj in lonj^th ot'lMMly; durNul
anil anal llnH t'ulcatu; anttjiior layH rtMiciiinK alnioNt to itoHtitrioi iihI oI
llnH; in adultH, dorHal loho 2/i, anal lolm 1^, in lun^th ut' body, ('oldr
liinihli above, Hilvery btdow ; lobuH of dorttal blauk in yonn^; in .hIiiIih
tint IliiH art) all bliiJHh with li^htor tipH. Thu yonn^ dill't'i' from tlio utluit
aN abovo dtmrribud in Ww following rimpuvtH: Tliu protllu in Hcaicily con-
vux ; Hnont Hliorter and I«>hh vertical; HpinoH ninch lon^ur an<l (KiuiucU'd
by nienibrant'K ; lobuN of vurtical llntt Hhoitor; dormil lobu witli lilmk;
tinr« all nnidh darkui'iJawH with bundH of villifoiin teeth; *■>!« Iar>{('r.
WoBt IndifH; Capo Cod to Mru/il; abnndant Honthwanl; ran^nn^' nortii
in thu (inlf Htrt-ain to Woodu IIolo,th() adnlt raruly tukon noitliwuiil. As
a fuod-litsh thiH B))ocicH iH Ichh valuablu than itu cuni^euui, tardUinin,
{J'aU'iitiiH, Hcytho-Hhaped.)
/,.(/»ii« 7'ii/<.i/"», I-iNN.nH, SjHt. Nat., K(l. X, 17fiH, 281, America; Muhoiiiii ilu (icn.
'DruchiHiiliiK /iiUiitiiK, .liiiiKAN, rrcpc. U, ,S, Nat. Muh., .OTri, l«Mti; Mkkk .V (ii*N, /. r., 1sn|, 1i;|,
Chiiloilou rhimifniiihf, in.oiii, |il. iiot), 17H7, Martinique; <>ii uilruwini; iiiaili' tiy I'l.i miv.ii.
Tiiiihitiiiiii' /<yi(iii«H«, De Kav, N. Y. Fiiiiim: Fishi'H, 117, |il. 1!», tlj?. 6;i, lHl'2, New Yoric Harbor.
Afiulliiiiiim rliiiiiih<iUh.i, liAif.l'l DK, l\M, Nut. I'dIdh., iv, MO, IHOII.
Triiihiiiiitiii' rhoiiilitililiH, OuviKH it Vai.Enciknnkn, Hist. Nut. I'dlM."*., viii, 4()7, 1831.
Triwhyiiolun rhomliiiidvn, JnltiiAN & OlMiEIlT, S.viiippHiH, ",t74, IWt.
'I'riivliiiKiliio /hkciki, Cuvir.B &. Valkncif.nnf.B, IliHt. Nut. I'oIm., viii, 410, l8;tl, Brazil.
'I'Titihimolm uinUm, Ol'N'l'llEU, Cut., II, 481, IbCO, (iu part, not of IilN.N.»;fM), ami of niiin.v ivum
writtTB.
181JH. TRAt'HIN'OTI'S CrLVKBI, Jonluii * StorkH.
Head 3)!; depth IJ. D. VI-I, 17; A. 11-1,17. Maxillary .'< in lirad:
eyo 'A'i ; mtout 4^. Dorsal lobe l-i',, iu head ; pectoral If^,, ; cainlai ,', loii;,ar
than head. IJody very deep, compressed, the back nmcholevateti. Snout
very blunt and convex, the rest of profile straight and steep ; lower Jaw
somewhat included ; base of doi.sal and aual very oblique. Doinal and
anal lobes rather low. Caudal long. Lateral line little elevated iti iVoiit,
the curve li iu straight part. Gill rakers very short, about x + U- Teeth
persistent. Uluisb gray, silvery below, tinged with yellow, every wlioio
much soiled with blackish dots, no distinct markings anywhere; the axil
only slightly dnsky ; fins all dusky except middle of caudal and hdic of
anal, and the veutrals which are whitish. Five specimens, each aljoiit 8
inches long taken in the Astillero at Ma/:atlan. Close to TruchiiioiiisfdlatluH
and to T. ovaiii^, but with the vertical fins lower. (Named for (Jeoi^e
Bliss Culver, its collector, a member of the Hopkins Expedition to Sin-
aloa, December, 1894.)
I'riuhiiiuliis riiU-eri, .loiiiiAN & Staiikn, Ui'iit. Fisht'M Siiialou, MS., 18'JO, Mazatlan. ('I')!"', N"-
2UU1, L. S. jr., Uuiv. Muh. Cull. UopliiuH Expedition.)
1839. TRACHlNOXrS KENNEDTI, Stoindachuer.
(Palometa.)
Head 3? ; depth at vent 2fr ; at anal 2i^„ in specimens 2 feet lonp, yonn?
somewhat deeper, with lower fins. D. VI-I, ID; A. 11-1,10. Curve ni lat-
eral Hue 'i in straight part. Eye 5 iu head ; maxillary 2^. Dorsal lobe 1-, ;
fordan and FA't'rnuinn.— 'Fishes of North America.
043
,;,iiilal iulioH \ loiigttr lliiiii liuatl. routonil 1^ in liuail. •Snout 3^. Louiit
,li.Mtli 'I caiHlal iiu«liiiiolo \\\ in iii'iid. Hodv ol)l()nK,ct)iM[»r«)HHtMl, and <du-
uiiud at liam-Hot' (lorHuI an<luna1. Anturior piotlloof liiMulanovun (mhvm,
tliiNrii'iil blunt and cunviix, lino Ntrui)(lit froni napo to tloiHui. Moiitli
iitudi'iiii)', v«M-y obH({ue, HUlHuloiior, tliu lowur Jaw iiiunli Hlioitoi' tiutu
iipiM'i'i tl>o nuixillnry nsacliin^ to poHtfiior liordor of pupil. Tuotli oimo-
letu. I oil widuly foi'k«;d, tli«i loltcH ('i|ual. LobttMof doiMal and anal low,
nut nIimi )i. (iniy ahovt^ with dtiup-^riM-n r«tluctionH, lowur liulf Nilvury,
v>itli ^ll()n^ goldun tiufjo; axil ,j«)t blauk, tlio color oovurini^ itano of tin
iiiiilextfntling Itubind for u dintancu nt-aily tM|ual tu ryu, ho tliat tlio tin
(Idi'H mil covor it, tliiH iiuiik uaid to bo faint or wantinp; in tlu) youn^;
uii|ii'i I'm duHky, tlio caudal ml^t'd with jtabM ; anal dunky witli k**I*I('I>
tiii^'r; vttntialH purplish white; puctoialHtluHky ; maxillary with abla<;k-
IhIi stii'uk. Tropical America, in thu Nurf, ratliur common from Hahia <lu
Mapliilt'na to Panama; hero dcHcribcd from a lar^c Hpucinutn from Mazat-
laii, tlifpcr in )»o«ly than Htoindachner'H typen, which have the depth li!
to'-' in length. The Pacific Coant repr«-Hentativo of TruclihiolHH ijoodn,
(Niiiimd for itadlHCoverer, Lieutonunt Kennedy, of the HteaniHhip IJuHnlcr.)
j'/Mi/>//ii'^i< Ariiii(''///i, MTKiNiiAriiNKii, Iclitli. lii'iti'., Ill, 17, |il. VII, ltt7r>, Magdalcna Bay.
Trudiimlm hnntdyi, Mekk & Oo»«, /. c, 1884, 123.
1H40. TItAt'illNOTrK <100I»KI, Jordan k Kvcriimiiii, now HpocloH.
(PEKMIT ; I'AI.OMKTA ; QltEAT I'.iMPAN".)
Ik'iul :}; depth 2j}. D. VI-I, 19; A. II-I, 17. Body oblong, elliptical,
inudtMiitcly compresued ; profile nearly Htraight from procumbent Hpine to
uostril, where it desceiulH nearly vertically, forming an angle; vertical
[lurtioii from angle to Huout nearly equaling eye ; Huout obliquely truu-
catt'd; maxillary reaching slightly behind vertical from middle of eyo»
its lt'ii;,'th 2'i in head ; jaws with bands of villiform teeth (these disappear-
ing with age); ventrals reaching ;■' distance to vent, their length 2 in
lieud ; tips of pectorals reaching slightly past tips of ventrals ; do; .al and
aual tins falcate, their anterior soft rays less elevated than in Ti'(uhinotu8
falciitiiH, but extending beyond middle of fins when depressed, their length
ill tlut young 4 in length of body ; caudal forked, lobes about 3 in body ;
lateiiil line nearly straight, slightly curved upward above the pectorals.
Color liliiish silvery above, silvery below ; dorsal, caudal, and anal lobes
black; no cross bars. Length 3 feet. West Indies, north to West Florida ;
not VL'iy common. Here described from a small specimen from Key West,
tilt; characters of the adult taken from Giinther. The sjtecies reaches a
very large size, larger tliau any of tlie others in American waters. The
^ijiecicfi is allied to the African TruchinotitH gomiittis, Cuvier & Valen-
eieiiiicM, but it has fewer dorsal rays (D. VI-I, 22, in T. (joransix). (Named
for Dr. G. Brown Goode, who tirst noticed the species as an inhabitant of
the waters of the United States.)
'l\mhiim,fm gnre'ihmi', GCntiieii, Cat., II, 483, 1800, in purt; not of (JrviEii \ Valenciennes;
tiuoiiK. \- Hean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 187!», 112 and 'XV.); ayioi'wnvu nuarly 3 feet loiit;.
'Ihicliiiii.iiis fhuiUipim, Jordan & Gildeut, SynopsiB, 442, 1883, and of Meek \ (io.ss, /. c. ; not of
Gill.
'1
- t
m
^
944
Bulletin ^7, [United States Natiomil Museum.
'ly.irhiiuitiiii jiiioilii, JoiiDAN \ KvKKMANN, MS., Key West, Florida. (Coll. Ji.i.
No. 14ri5, I,. S. Jr. I'liiv. Miib.)
'I'raihijmUiii airoliniiH, I'oEV, S.vuopsin, 371, 1868; not of otlier aiUhorB.
'>!"■,
;*,
n
1»41. TRACHINOTHS AltGKNTKi:s, Cuvi.-r & Valencicnn.-s.
Depth 2 in length in specinwiiH (> inches Iomj? (2,',, in orifjinal tyiic, a
loot long); cauilal lobes 3\. D. Vl-I, 24; .^ 11-1,21, (1). 2;"): A. :;:;, i,,
original typo). Lobes of dorsal and anal ' ching to middle of Iimsc oi
lin. Silvery, with blackish on tip of do obe and on nuddic of pec.
toral. Atlantic Coast, usnally confonnded witij Tritclnimliis c(niilitiiiKj \t
really distinct from it. According to Ur. Bean, this may ltd a valid
species, allied to Trachinoiiix carolimts, but vith the body d(;c]Mi, the
depth being half length without caudal. West Indies. Wo have situ
only the original type of nnjenttuH in the museum at Paris, fiom
"America." {mujentcuH , silvery.)
TraMuotiiH unjeiileiiK, CfViKli Sc Vai.kmiif.snks, Hist. Nat. PoisB., vill, 4i;i, ls;!l, New York
and Rio Janeiro. ((!iill. Dclaliinde. Coll. Milhcrl.)
Tnahii nlns iiijirrun, CuviEli & Valk.ncien.nks, Hist. Nat. I'oi.ss., I. c, viii, 411, 1831, Martinique.
(Coll. I'luc.)
1842. TRAC'IIIXOTl'S CAROLJXrS (LiiimMis).
(Common I'ami-ano.*)
Head 4; depth 2^ to 2*. D. VI-I, 25; A. Il-I, 23. I'.ody obloni;, ((.m-
paratively robust ; greateot thickness 3 in greatest depth. .Siioat tVoni
month to horizontal from upper edge of eye nearly vertical, wmie-
what bluntly rounded ; proHIo from U])per edge of snout to procuiiilient
spine evenly convex. Mouth nearly horizontal, maxillary reacliiiif,' to
vertical from middle of eye, its length 2J in head ; eye 4^ in ht-ad, alioiit as
loi'sr as snout. Jaws without teeth in adult. Ventials reach ! diNtance
to vent, about 2 in pectorals, 2A in head. Dorsal and anal liiiN I'alcatc.
anterior rays nearly reaching middle of fins when depressed ; dorsal lolic
4A in body; anal 5A in length of body. Color bluish above, silvery oi
slightly g<dden below; pectorals and anal light orange shaded with
bluish ; caudal and upper portion of caudal peduncle with bluish idlei -
tions. Length 18 inchee. South Atlantic and (Julf coasts of I'liited
States, ranging north to Cape Cod on sandy shores, veiy conuuoii south-
ward, rare or accidental in the West Indies and in lirazil. The most
valued food-fish in our southern waters, its llesh rich, firm, and deliiate,
superior to all others of its genus or family. On the Pacific Coast it is
scarcely known as a food-fisL, perhaps from its scarcity. (ccroUnuH, from
Carolina.)
(laslrnisleim cfirolinv:., LinNvKVS, S>>t. Nat., Ed. xii, lllO, ITCifi, Carolina. ((!<>11. Dr. (Iiinlm.)
f Traehijnotiis <irg<'ntem, Ci'ViEli & Vai.knciknnes, Hist. Nat. PoisH,, vili, 410, lX;il, New York:
Rio Janeiro.
'! TrarhijHoUui cupreu.i, CrviKUi- Valkncif.xnks, Hist. Nut. Poiss., vill, 414, 18'J1, Marti: iqiie.
'jyacliipioliis pampaiiiin, Oi'ViErt \- Valenciennes, HiBt. Nat. Poiwi., viii, 41'), 18:il, Brazil;
Charleston.
TinchynoUiH cwcVmux. .Tordan k Gilbeiit, Synopsis, 442, 1883.
TracbinotMcarolinM, Meek & Goss, l. c, 1884, 127, and of most recent writers.
* This word (meaning Rrapt leaf) is properly spelled P.impauo. not Ponipano.
I
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America. 945
1848. TRACHINOTITS PALOMA, Jordan k iSturkt).
Head :!\ to Sf, ; depth 2i. D. VI-I, 24; A. II, I, 23; eyo 'i\ in head;
snout - ; maxiUary 2i. Dorsal lobe Is in head; caudal li',,. Body
ratkr ilouj^ate, the back moderately and regularly arched; Hnout blunfc-
ijli: tlif protilo straight from before eye to dorsal. Mouth large, hori-
/(iiitiil, tilt) jaws siibe(|ual, maxillary reaching past pupil. Lateral line
little iiiilii (1, its curve 1^ in straight part. Teeth well developed. Cau-
ial not widely forked. Gill rakers shortish, about 8 below angle; dorsal
audaiiitl lobes about reaching middle of fin. Silveiy, without spot or
band; :iiial creamy orange, its tip whitish. Other fins i)ale, except
(Idiaal It'lio, which is blackish ; pectoral a little dark, axil silvery. West
coast of Mexico ; rather scarce, found on sandy shores. Length about a
tout. Ht'i'orded from Cape San Lucas, Mazatlan, and San Juan Lagoon.
It is extieuivily close to TraehiHotus carolinun, hnt has the head rather
laigur. As a food-fish it is unknown to Mexican fishermen, who do not
(Ihtm^'iii^h it from other species. Here described from 2 specimens
t'loiii Ma/atlun, and from 1 from San Juan Lagoon, the largest 5 inches
lon^. (pidoma, a dove, a name applied to fishes of this group.)
Tniihiiiolii^ 1,'iUiiiiii, Jdudan itfc Stakks, Kept. FiHhes Siniiloa, MS., 18'J5, Mazatlan. (Tyiio, No
Ji:;, I., s. ,Jr. Univ. Mus. Coll. llopkiiiii Expuditiou tu Maisutlaii.)
,:.; >,
,,, _.. ^.
1344, TKAt'HINOTUS t'AYENNEXSIS,* Cuvior .t Valencioiiiies.
Deptli (in young of 2i inches) 2 in length. D. V-I, 27; A. II-I, 2G.
Form of Trachiiiolus falcatuH, the body very deep, the snout short and
very tilmit ; eye very large ; preoperclo (in type) with very strong spines.
Dorsal lolit! 2 in head, in young. Fins all pale. Coloration plaiu. Cay-
enne; known from one very young specimen in the museum at Paris, in
bad coiKlition, examined by us. Close to TracMnotuit J'alcatus, but with
more numerous fin rays.
Tmliiiiiiiii' . .i//('HHf iisi*, Cl'viiii a Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vui, 417, IS31, Cayenne;
GCiiiiiKit, Cat., II, 485, 1860 (copied); Meek & Goss, I. c, 1884, 12^
'I
•i'
Family CXXVI. POMATOMIDiE.
(The Bluefisiiks.)
I5o(ly oblong, compressed, covered with rather small scales, which are
weakly ctenoid. Caudal peduncle rather stout. Head large, compressed.
Mouth large, oblique. Premaxillaries protractile; maxillary not slip-
pinj; under the preorbital, provided with a large supplemental bone;
lower J:nv projecting; bands of villiform teeth on vomer and i>alatines,
those on tlie vomer forming a triangular patch; jaws each with a single
series of very strong, compressed, unequal teeth, widely set; upper jaw
with an inner series of small depressed teeth; villiform teeth on the base
of the tongue. Occipital keel strong; free edge of preopercle produced
'Similar to tins species is Trachiiiolnn paitomn from Payta, Peru, also known from a very young
•■sauiple. Dipth 2>^ in length. D. 28; A. 27. Dorsal lobo black, snout low, bluntisU.
if'. ■•
i\ N. A.-
-61
wmr
■m
i;;
• 1-..
:■'«;
940
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum
and serrated. Gill membranos free from the istlunus, not unit- <1. iSian.
cliiostogals 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. PHoudoliranclii c \\\\^<f
Gill rakorH slender, rather few. Opercle ending in a Hat point. Cluelo
and oporcles Hcaly ; lateral lino present, unarmed. Dorsfii tinH 2, tlio
anterior of about 8 weak, low spines, connected by ineinlpiuiio and
depressible in a groove ; second dorsal long, similar to the cioii;;iitt! anal,
both fins being densely scaly ; fin rays slender; 2 very sniall, fico anal
spines, sometimes hidden in the skin; ventrals thoracic, I, 5: ixdiinci,.
stout; pectorals rather short; caudal fin forked, the lobes Itidad; aii
bladder simple, with thin walls. Pyloric ctpca very nunierouH. XCrti'Iii:!
10+14=21, as usual in Camiighhr, A single species, found in nearly
all warm seas. This family is closely related to the Curumjidn, inm
which group it seems to be an offshoot toward the Percoids. (CortniifuUi,
genus Temnodon, Gunther, Cat., 11, 479, 480, 1860.)
429. POMATOMUS,* LacC'pede.
(Bluefisiies.)
Pomnlnmns, LAff:rftl)F,, Hist. Nat. I'oif , iv, 430, 1802, (skih).
(loiiciiii'ii, l{AFiNKS()rK, Ciirattori Alcuiii Nuovi GeiiiTi, 53, iHln, i^irra).
LiijihiiriK, ItAnNKSOlK, I. c, h'A, 1>*10, {iiii'ililciTniicii» hipliai).
Tciiiwxl.m, CrviKii, Rt'^iic Animal, Kil. 2, Vol. Ii, 200, 182!), (millotor).
Kllliliriis, Eici(WAi.i>, Fauna Casiiio-Caucasana, 1841.
C/(n)»//.i, (Uaidcii MS.) Giio.Now, Cat. Fishes, E<1. Gray, 18.'i4, 14!), {riiiairuniiu),
CheihiUiilims, ISlkkkeii, Nat. A'cili. IIoll. Maats., Vi\t. V, 2, No. 1, 74, 1871, {liei,lani,ill„i^: ii.,i
of LAffii'KDE, aH earlier restricted by Cuvieu).
Spamctudoii, Dk Uociieukune, Bull. Sci. Philom. Paris, iv, 159, 1880, (nahial).
Characters of the genus included above, (t^)^", operculum: rnu,,!.
cutting; from the serrated preopercle.)
1845. POMATOJirN SAIiTATRIX(LinnH iix).
(Rn EFisii; Snap MAfKEnEi.; Skipjack; Fat-hack.)
Head 3^; depth 4. D. VIII-I, 25; A. II-I, 26; scales il;"). Ijody robust,
moderately compressed ; belly compressed .to a bluntish edge. Heiul dcqi;
top of head and a ridge on each side above the cheeks naked. C'liutks
much longer than opercles. Pectorals placed rather low, ilnii Icnjjtlia
little more than half that of head. Coloration bluish or yreen !i above,
silvery below ; a blackish blotch at base of pectoral
Lenyi '^ feet.
* The following words of Mr. U. G. Elliot, are jwrtiucnt as to cases of this kiuil. in
generic name commonly nsed can claim no rifilit of jpriority;
*' The law of priority is very clear in regard to the treatment of such cases, but soiuf
object to have itenforccd on the ground of expediency, and because it would bcapl !■
fusion. Doubtless such would be the temporary result in this and all siuiilar iiiHiii
errors are corrected which have been continued by writers who liavo .simply t'l'llowiii
without making independent investigations; but the confusiou is originally caused I >
commit errors, not by those who correct them. * * * It may Ik) incouvenient l"i
have become familiar with any special gro\ip to have their ideas of its nuiiienclHtiiii
by showing that errors have been committed and then knowingly continued; bat tli i
a most indefensible reason to advance why these should not be corrected. * * *■
tism is an excellent principle when it serves as a bulwark against the commission of :
it is a most baleful principle when it is exerted ugaiust the correction of errors.'"— iicoi''
Monograph of the I'Ulidm.
iiiiiiiralii't-
I'lvati' ('"li-
nn 's Wlll'll
cimIi oilier
IIh.-i' Willi
thiisi' wh.i
lii^tll^lll'll,
1 u.iulil I'P
( 'oIlMTVil-
lIlUH'S lillt
/ (.'. KUul:
1' ■'
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
947
Atlantic aiul Indian oceans ; widely distributed ; of late years very al>un-
(laiit uii our Atlantic Coast ; a lar^ru, voracious t'lsh, extremely destructive
((I otlici iinlies ; highly valued for food, the llesh being most excellent.
Occasional in the Mediterranean ; (specimens from Athens examined by
iisi. {sdlttdrix, one who leaps.) (Eu.)
IWfii mll'ii'ix, liiNN.i'ius, Syst. Nut., K(l. x, 1768, i, 'i'M, Carolina; iiflcr IWrn miiriiia milliiirir,
ilicSKipJiick of ('atk.si)y.
;>,pii /")'/(' , KiiubkAi., Pescr. Aiiini., 177.'), Constantinople.
i%iMiiitriiii liri:l(iciiiilliiii<, LAcd'^DK, HJHt. Kut. I'iiIkh., Poft Dauphin, Madagascar.
l'„itMlifm)is sl;llf, LAuf:rP:i)K, IIlHt. Nut I'oii-s, iv, 4'M, IHW, Carolina.
l„j,hiri»wlilerrauvns, Rakinesqik, Iiidicc, 17, 1810; lifter FdkskAl.
limeiii"!! frill, Kafisksqve, Iiidico, f>3, 1810, Sicily.
rhnmisiiii' nriinnii, OnoNiiw, Cat, Ed. Gray, 1-10, 1854, Carolina; " Pisciw HapidisHimuH ct palato
I'liiiui'ium uratiHsimus."
5j,iiraito/"ii uiibiiil, Dk Rociiedrune, Hull. Sci. I'liiloiii. Paris, 159, 1880, Senegambia.
i;miern»tiiin fiiltiUrix, liiNN.ias, S.vst. Nat., Kd. xii, 4fll, 17(i(i.
Teimoilnn s,ill,^lor, ri'viEii .t Valenciennes, Iliht. Hat. I'oIhs., ix, 225, 183;J; iSToiiER, IIlKt. Fisli.
Miiss., 159, 1)1. 15, fig. 1, 1839; GCntiieb, Cat., ii, 479, 18fj0; Steinuachneb, Ichtli. Bcitrago,
l^»>l.
r.'iwilnimf- xiiltiitnr, Jordan &, Gimiert, SynopsJH, 448, 1883.
I'uiiMtuiiiim HittiUrU, Jordan ik Uiluert, Synoi)sis, 914, 1883.
Family CXXVII. RACHYCENTKID.E.*
(Skkgeant Fishes.)
Body elongate, fusiform, subcylindrical, covered with very small, smooth,
udliertiit HCiiles. Lateral line nearly parallel with the back. Head rather
liioad, low, pike-like, the bones above .ippearing through the thin skin.
Mouth I'iitiier wide, nearly horizontal, the maxillary about reaching front
ot eye; both jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue with bands of short,
bbarp teeth ; lower jaw longest; premaxillaries not protractile ; preopercle
unaiined. First dorsal rr^i-esented by about 8 low, stout, equal, free
8piue8, each depressible in a groovo ■ soft dorsal long and rather low,
somewhat falcate, similar to and nearly opposite anal ; 2 weak anal spines,
one of them free from the lin ; pectorals moderate, placed low ; ventrals
tliuiacic, 1,5; caudal tin strong, forked, on a moderate peduncle; no caudal
keel; IK) fiiilcts. Gill rakers rather short, stout; no air bladder; branchi-
ostegals 7; pyloric C(vca branched ; vertebra* 12 + 13=^25. A single genus
with piohahly but one species; a large, strong, voracious shore fish, found
ill ail warm seas. Its relations are with the Scombroid fishes, although
uut elo.se to any of the other groups. The superficial resemblance
*Tlii' .istcoloKy of tills family is plvon as follows by l>r. Gill: "Acantliopterygiatis with a
(lt|iie.wcil, l.iuail, distcnoiiH iTaniiim, thcf medifroiitliuw doulde, plnn(>, snilptiircil, and perfectly
ccuriiiiitc; the splP'iiotiiK with the upper Piirface piano and scarrely declivous; thi^ parethnioids
exipitt'ij, w itii the upper surface nearly continuous with the iiiedifroutinefl and the lower with
till' l«iriis|>h( Moid, and imperforate; theprosethnioid with a larKo and nearly s(|Uiiie tubular aiir-
faiuiiiii\;t -hurt declivous portion at a very olitiise angle with the former: tin' Bupraoecipitine
»itli an aiit.riur ecarinato plane portion and a jionterior eristiform portion; the lateral posterior
cre-tsviry I.. \v, depressed, and ceasiuR at the iiiedifroiitines; th<^ basioecipitine solid below; th(!
exii'-rijiitiiir idndyles distant from each other; the parasphcnoid very broad and eciirinate; the
Contour 111 (111. body fueiform; tho head wedge-shaped and broad; the scales small and cycloid;
tlii^ cnuiliil liii with' procurrcut raylets; dorsal fin lung and preceded by free spines recliiiuble in
growes, uiid normal pectoral uud ventral flus."
J
948
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Uachi/cntron bears to Jicheneia, as Dr. Gill has shown, is not connt.ctnl
with any intiniato honiolofjy. (ScomhruUv, part, Giinther, Cat., i;, 37,-,
l«t)0; liachiccntridw, Gill, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18S>5.)
430. RACHYCENTRON, Kaup.
Riichycpiilroii, Katt, Isis, xix, Col. 8'.t, IS'Jfi, {I'lpiit).
Jliti-liiiciilidii, Kai T, JhIh, XX, Col. 0'.i4, 1><2"; uiiieiitled Kpullliig,
I.en I'AiwiiIrs, CuviKii, llcKiie Aiiiiiml, Kd. 2, ll, 20;j, lH2!t.
Eliwate, CuviF.n & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. PoIsb., viii, .328, 18.11, {malabarku .oi,iii,lu>)
Characters of the genus included above. (pux'C, lower part of back-
KtvTfwVf spine.)
1346. BACHYCENTItON C'ANAbUS (Liunaus).
(Serof.ant Fish ; Crad Eateu ; Donito ; Coiiia.)
Head Hj tlepth 5|. D. VIII-I, 26; A. II, 25. Head much <l(|>i(,s.seil :
mouth moderate, the short maxillary reaching front of orbit. I'lctoi til's
broad and falcate ; caudal deeply emarginate, the upper lobe ,sli;,'liily tlio
longer. Lateral lino wavy and irregular, descending posteriorly. Olive
lirown, sides with a distinct broad baud of darker, and a Icms distinct
band above and below it; silvery below. Length .5 feet. Wiiim .•mus;
common on our Atlantic Coast in summer, especially in Chesiiiicakc liay
and southward ; north to Cape Cod ; not recorded from tlif Ka.sicin
Pacific, but abundant in the East Indies. (Name from Canada, wlitif tlic
species is not found.)
(Imliroflciis cimadiin, Li.nn.kus, Sj-Bt. Nat., Ed. xii, 491, 1700, Carolina. (Coll. (iiirdc'ii.)
Sciiiiilicr iiiyei; Bloiii, Iclithyologia, pluti' :«7, 1793.
Ciiitroiioliit yanU-tiii, IyAcf:pi":iiE, Iliflt. Nat. PoisH., iii, 357, 1803, Carolina.
Ceutfoniihin njimoms, MlTCiui.L, Trans. Lit. and Pliilos. Soc. N. Y., i, 490, pi. 3, li;;. n, IMS, New
York.
Klamte jxmdkerianu, Ci'TiEU & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. PoisH., viii, 329, IKil, Pondicherry.
KIwatr iiiiitlii, CuviEit it Valencikxnes, Hint. Nat. Poiss., viii, 332, 1831, Orixa.
Ehirutc vialaharka, CrviKn k Valencie.nnes, Hist. Nat. PoitiB., vill, .332, 1831, Malabar.
ICIdcak tilUnilicii, Crvitai & Valenciennes, Ilist. Nat. Poiss., viii, .334, 1831, Brazil.
Ehcafe rawn^a, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fishes, 113, i)l. 2.5, fig. 77, 1842.
Eliicdle hiriltald, Ci'viEii & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. PoiBB., viii, 338, 1831, Molucca.
Eliiciile fiilciphmix, GossE, Jaiiiaini, 208, 1851, Jamaica.
Eliu'iik iiiijrii, GrNTllEii, Cat., li, 375, IHOO.
Elucaie caiiadu, JuuDAN & tiiLUEUT, Syuopsis, 418, 1883.
Family CXXVIII. NOMEIDvE.
Body oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid scales ; lateral line con-
tinuous and unarmed ; head compressed ; opercula unarined ; nostrils
double ; mouth with a lateral cleft ; upper jaw scarcely protractile : teeth
small and conical, on the palate as well as jaws ; gill menibiancs tree
from the isthmus ; branchiostegal rays .5 or 6; dorsal more or le.ssilivided,
and with the spinous portion shorter than the soft, but well dtx eloped,
and the spines slender. Skeleton with numerous vertebra- (in Xomfun
16 + 25) ; pyloric appendages very numerous. Genera 6 or ^ ; species
for dan and Evertnann. — Fishes of North America.
949
about l'>, mostly of the open etea ; small tishes, rarely used as food^
(.V,,Hi<(//((, GUuther, Cat., ii, 387, 1860.)
K, MKIM
n, Fiiilc tH nono.
/,. Vi'iitralH very long nnd brond, longer than thn pectorals; attaclicil by a membrane to
tliK abUomon ami deiircgsiblu iu a deep Tiirrow; niuiitli narrow; (cftli on Jiiwh,
voiniT, and palatinoH. Numkin, 4:!1.
Ih. Vi'utrals niudoruto, much shorter than pectorals; snout inflated. Phknkk, 4:!'J.
431. NOMEUS, Cuvier.
s,,mfv*f.ys\t.^^ B«»Kno Anim., Ed. i, li, ;il5, 1817, (gronnrii).
Hody oblong, rather compressed, covered with rather small cycloid
scales. Head llatti.sh above ; occipital crest little developed; cleft of the
moiitli niirrow. Teeth small, in a single series in the Jaws ; teeth on tlie
vomer and palatines. Pseudobranchiin large. First dorsal with 10 or 11
8|)ine8; .second dorsal and anal very long, similar to each other, without
tinlets: anal fin with 3 rather strong spines, nono of them free; caudal
tin not deeply forked ; ventral fins long and broad, attached to the belly
l)y a ineinbrane, depressible in a deep furrow in the abdomen. Lateral
line nuiiiing high. Air bladder present. Pyloric cu'ca very numerous.
VerteliiM' 16 + 25. Small fishes of tho warm seas, our species living com-
monly under the protection of the " Portuguese Man-of-\Var," swimming
freely among its poisoned tentacles. (ioo<le & Hean mention the capture
(if 10 individuals under a single colony of this '* Man-of-War." (rofierr,
pastor; early travelers having compared the fish to a mullet, harder or
umjcr'm Dutch.)
1347. NOXEI'S (JRON'OVII (Gmcliu).
(PoRTt'orERE Man-iif-Wau Fish i IIaudkk; I'astoii.)
Head 3? ; depth 3* ; eye 3,! ; snout 4,', ; interorbital width 4^. D. X-1,
26; A. Ill, 26. Body compressed, back and ventral line eijually and gen-
tly arched. Maxillary reaching to below the front of tho eye; ventrals
reacliinj; front of anal,* Ij-; in head; pectorals reaching past front of anal,
a little longer than head. Brownish above, silvery below, the sides below
with large round brown spots; cheeks and operclcs silvery; ventrals
lilack, with silvery edgings; anal with 3 brown spots ; caudal with brown
spots ; pectorals brown above, white below. Tropical parts of the Atlantic
and Indian oceans in rather deep water, swimming near the surface, very
abnndant in the Sargasso Sea, common north to Florida and Bermuda,
occasionally farther; Woods Hole, Mass. (Barton A. Bean.) Alsorecorded
liy Ei jienniann from Panama. (Named for Lawrence Theodore Uronow or
UronoviuH, a senator of Leyden and one of the ablest ichthyologists con-
temporary with Linnajus.)
(.v./(ii(sy,. „„„■;;, Gmei.in, Syst. Nat., xiii, 120.5, 1788, Tropical America; after Gronow.
Nimeusijrnmvii, GCntheh, Cat., II, 387, 18G0; JoROAN A; Gilbert, Synop.sb, 449, 188.'$.
w
r-:^:fi
*Tlio large fan-nhapcd vi-ntral.s aro used in support iu rusting ou tho bottom. In swimming
iney aru usually closed in their groove. Goode & Beau.
.riti;
950
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Kleotru muuritii, Bl.ocii A Sciinkidkr, Syst. Mitli., (IC, 1801, Brazil; lifter Piiinck Mai lin »,.
<inhiiimiirii.i yroiKiriitiiiiK, LacAtkuk, HiHt. Nut. I'oiiw., ii, ()h4, IT'J'.I; iil'tcr filtoNow.
Nonii-iiH miiciilimiK, IIk.nnktt, I'roc. Zmil. Siic, I, 18.'tl, 14(i, East Indies.
Seriolu imjiiroyiiilaii, CtiviKB & Vai.e.nciknnkh, IliHt. Nut. I'oisH., ix, pi. 2ti2, 183;j.
NoiiifUH tiiiicuhiliiH, Valkncikxnkh, in Cuvikii, Uo^no Aiiiiii., in, I'oigg,, pi. r><i, Ar. 2.
Nuiiwuv ujcyuriiD, PuEY, MuuioiiaH, ii, 23U, 1860, Havana.
I ■;
i^-
432. PSENES, Cuvior & Valonciennes.
Pi>enei>, Cuvier .t Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. PoIhs., ix, 259, 183!!, (>iiati«]>hriiH).
Cnhirept, LoWK, Proc. /oiil. Sor. London, 184IJ, 82, {<jrm:itis},
Aliiiiiiiliiiiia, Smith, 111. Zoiil. S. Africa, Fisb., pi. xxiv, iiliont 1842, {c(i))eniie).
Kiinirrhuii, Dk Filipi'I und Vf.iiany, Mem. Accud. Sri. Turin, 2d Her., xviii, 7, (mlcalii").
Ihwhelocimis, Doi'MET, lU'V. ot Mug. Zoiilogie, ISO, pi. XV, (titedilpn-timiix).
Body compressed, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size. Mouth
narrow, beneath the short, swollen snout. First dorsal with (> to lU .siiincH;
second dorsal and anal much longer, similar, without iinlets; anal spinvN
3, joined to soft part of fin ; pectorals larger than ventrals. Lateral lino
unarmed. Small teeth in Jaws. Branchiostegals 5 to 7. Waiin seas,
known chielly from very young specimens ; found in the open ocean.
(i/)//i»V, the osprey, Pandion, the allusion not evident.)
n. Dorsal rnys ulioiit XI, I, 34; anul rays III, 34; body docj); iinsputted. PELU'cinrs, l.'MS.
mi. Dorsal riiyH X, I, 2!) to 27; anal rays III, 25 to 27; siduB witli parnllcl dark HtnuUs: Inuly
deep. cVANoi'iiins, lliln
aaa. Dorsal rays XI, I, 22 or 23; uniil rays III, 23; body oblong, mucli blotcbod uii>l l.,iiiil<il
MACrLATIS, infill
nriaa. Dorsal rays X, I, 15; A. Ill, 15; body oblong, inucb spotted and mottled.
UEori.rs, 1.151.
184S. PSENES PELLUflDUS, Llitkon.
Head 4; depth 2jt; eye 2? ; snout 4. D. XII, 34; A. Ill, 134. liody
high, short, and compressed. Pectorals 1^ in head; ventrals as lonjj; as
head, extending considerably beyond the end of jiectorals ; vertical fum
quite high, IJ^ in head, showing a tendency to become falcate postci imlv:
caudal An furcate. Lateral line placed high ; scales small. Dentition as
in the other species of the genus ; teeth in the maxillary finei and
farther apart than in the mandible ; end of maxillary reaching to verti-
cal from anterior margin of pupil. Ne.arly colorless and seniitraiKsparent.
Deep seas, one specimen taken at 32° 24'' N., 76° 55' W., in 528 fatlionw,
by the AlhatronH, (Goodc & Bean.) (iwlhicidus, transparent.)
Pnenes ppllnciihiK, LCtken, Spolia Atlanticn, 51fi (10!»), tig. fiOl (198), 1880, Strait of Surabaja;
GoouE & Bean, Ocean. Itlitli., 221, ttg. 228, 1895.
1849. PSENES CTANOPIIRTS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Head 4; depth 1;^ D. X, I, 25 to 27; A. Ill, 25 to 27. Snout sliort,
truncate, as long as eye ; lower jaw slightly projecting; soft donsal and
anal scaly. Body brownish, with dark parallel lines of dots aioii<r tlic
rows of scales, sometimes a bluish streak above each eye. Open
sea, widely distributed, in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceanF;
i4ii<
fordan and Kvermann. — Fisfies of North America.
951
rcconlcd by Liitken from deep wuter ott' Jumuicu and Martini«{iio.
(*iDi/iM«;, blue; <i<pi>rr, eyebrow.)
;Vii<<'.'/">i'';''i'','/»', CuviKii* Vai.ENoiennks, Hint. Nut. 1'oUh., ix, 2tiO, pi. 2V,r>, 183;{, New Ice-
land; LI'TKKN, SiKilia Atlniitiiii, 110, IH8I1.
I'tiuearii-'iiiicKM, CuviKii it Vai.knciknnkh, Itlwt. Nat. roisfl,, IX, 2C4, l«;i;!, Java.
;'.,.„,..,. I r.i/Hd, Cuvieu A VAi.EsriKNNKs, Hist. Nat. PoIhh., ix, 2(14, l«:i;t, Gulf of Bengal.
/'„>„,. '">riM, GuicHKNoT, Mem. Sue. Scl. Nut. f'liciliDurjr, ISOfi, i;i8, Madagascar.
i«(.ii./'- iiiultiiadiatue, GC.NTiiEli, Proc. Zoijl. Soi'. Loiul., 1H"1, tWll, pi. (il, Manado.
' ■!
I35U. PHEXKS .WACl'LATrS, Liitkuii.
Head 3^, to 3J ; depth about 3. D. XI, I, 22 or 23; A. Ill, 23. Body
liitlii'i' elongate ; eye 3 in head, half longer than Hnout ; fina somewhat
Hcaly ; scales behind eye and on interopercle; no others on head. Pec-
toral length less than depth of body. Teeth in one row in each jaw.
Dusky, with diffuse spots forming 7 broad cross bands on back and
tail, extending on the fins; first dorsal mostly black, second with 2
(laik bands. Open Atlantic. (Liitken.) One specimen taken by the
AlhairosH in 27° 49^ N., 76° 12' W., at the surface in 033 fathoms. Accord-
ing to Liitken, this is very likely the young of I'liencn cupennis, Hmith,
but that species has D. X, I, 19; A. I, 19. {macitlatus, spotted.)
;Wi(( « //.iini/udw, LOtken, Spolia Atlautica,110, 1880, open Atlantic, 39° N.,25°4' S., and butwcon
;il mid 27° W.
1861. PSENKS ltE(i)l)LUS, Po*>y.
D. X, I, 15; A. Ill, 15; V. I, 5. Eye median, 3 in head. Body regu-
larly oval, compressed; teeth uniserial, cylindrical, short, slender, close-
set. Silvery with blue spots, some large, others rounded, about 20 in all,
distributed without order and about as Largo as eye, a band pas.sing
through eye ; cheeks silvery. Coasts of Cuba. Length 3i inches. (Poey.)
SpecinienH apparently similar to the type of Pnenes reyuhis have been
recorded under other names from the East Indies. (rtv/M/Ms, diminutive
of rc.c, king.)
/•«.ii,v ,,;;ii/»,v, Poky, Synopsis, .'175, 1808, Cuba.
Cnlili'i'^ iiiillriis, Day, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lonil., 1871, flOO, Madras.
Ciil,iiri>s indicinidUitiin, GOntiier, Ann. Nat. Hist., x, 1872, 423, Misol.
f *
Family CXXIX. CORYPIIiENIDiE.
(Thk Dolphins.)
r>()(ly elongate, compressed, covered with small cycloid scales. Cleft of
tilt* mouth wide, oblique, the lower jaw projecting. Cardiform teeth in
tlie jaw.'s and on the vomer and palatine boties ; a patch of villiform teeth
on tlie tongue; no teeth on the a'8ophagu.s. Opercular bones entire.
Skull with a crest, which is much more elevated in the adult than in the
youii^f. A single, many-rayed dorsal fin, not greatly elevated, extending
from tlie nape nearly to the caudal fin ; anal similar, but shorter; both
witlunit distinct spines ; pectoral fins very short and small ; ventrals well
deviloi)ed, thoracic, I, 5, partly received into a groove in the abdomen ;
T
052
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
caadalflu widely forked. Lateral linepreueut. Gill iiiembrancH t'w.v t'lom
the iHthimia. liraiichiostegaU 7; no pHoudobraiichiif. Nu uir liliiildfr.
Pyloric appeiidageu very numoroua. Vertebrm about 30. A Hiiij^lc ;;(iiiin.
with probably but two Hpecies. Very large ttubeH, iuliabitiiig the Iiijri,
NeaH in warut regioiiH, uoted for their brilliant and changfahlr iitUnx.
{Scombi'id<f, geuuM Cori/phmui, (jiiiuther, Cat., 11, '104-108, 1800.)
433. CORYPHiENA, Linnieus.
(DOLl'IlINS.)
0)r//;)/((PHn, LiNN.r.118, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1768, 201, (/ii;ij)i(n((i).
CiiraiuomoniH, l.Acfn-KDE, Hist. Nat. I*ui88., ill, 20, 1S()2, {prlayiitiit).
IjejnmiiliiK, UakinekijCK, Ciiriilti'i'i, etc., .'5.1, 1810, {liii>]iiin>iilii<).
Laiiqiiii/u$, CuviEit it Vai.knciknnks, IIJHt. Nut. Toixg., i.\, :117, 1X33, (piliiyicuH- .vom,^' (i.nni.
Characters of the genuH included above. The HpecicH are not well
known, having been unduly nniltiplied by authors. Acconliiij,' tn I)i.
Liitkeu all are probably reducible to two. (KoplipuD'ii., the naiiic a|)]ilit'il
by Aristotle to Coryphwna /iijy>«rM«, from «.Vt";, helmet ; (paiiu.!, {o sliow.i
(I. Dorsiil nij'H 55 to 65; nuul 2(; to 30; adult iiiali' with tlii' frout Kf'-'at'j' "'I'vatiil, toriiiin;:.!
li it'll <T08t. iiii'i'liirs, l:i.v:
aa. DorHitl ra.vo 51 to 55; onal 21 to 26; profile of adult malo not vnry Htci'|i, not vitv ililTinni
from tliut of tho female. f.ijiiski i^, i:tj:;.
:.:.,
185'2. CORTPHKNA IIIPPURIIS, LIunicuH.
(Common Dolphin; Douado; Douuade.)
Head 4f to 55 ; depth 5. D. .55 to 65; A. 26 to 30, Profile in .'uliilt iiial.'
nearly vertical; maxillary reaching middle of eye or beyond. Vcittdmi'
30 or 31. Ventrals inserted slightly behind upper ray of pectdial, it>
length 1^ iu head ; pectoral li. Colors brilliant in life, the head. IkhIv,
and tail greenish olive, changing suddenly at death; brownish olive
above, white or goldea below, with a series of about 15 bright-biuc spots
on back along each side of dorsal, the largest on the back and hcu<l,r<)riiiiii>;
bands on the snout ; dorsal purplish blue, with paler oblique 11 iies : otlier
fins tinged with blue; caudal yellow ; in spirits pale, with blackisii spots
aa the lower parts. Length 6 feet. Pelagic, north on our coast to Cape
Cod; abundant from South Carolina to Texas; not definitely known
from tho eastern Pacific. Remarkable for its brilliant coloration, wliicli
fades at death, although the change has been much exaggerated. A ^'ood
food-fish. (Eu.) (iTTTTOf, horse; oi/kI, tail.)
Cnryphima hippiiriis, LiNN.»:us, Syst. Nat., Kd. x, 1758, 201, open seas; GI'ntiiki!. (mi.. ii. I"''.
ISiW; Jordan & Gildebt, Sjnopsisi, 914, 1883, and of autliorn (generally.
Scomber pelagktts, Linn.t:vs, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 299, no locality.
Corjiphniia/ascinlalm, Pai.ias, Spicil. Zoiil., viii, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1772, Amboina.
Coriqihiiiui cliryHiiniH, Lac£i'£de, Hist. Nat. Poi8.s., ii, pi. 18, flj;. 2, 1799.
Corypfiima imperiiili^, Rafinesqve, Caratteri, &c., 33, 1810, Sicily.
Lepimphis liippuroiden, Rafinesque, Caratteri, ic.,34, 1810, Palermo.
Coriiphena immaailata, Auassiz, iu Spix, Pise. Bras., in, pi. 56, 1829, Atlantic, off Br.T/il.
CoryphtKua niorcyracii, Cuvieb & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 301, 1'*'X'. South
America.
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
953
0)r'/;i/(.i"<i (Mfiirii, Ci'ViKu A Valkncirnnkh, Hint. Nnt. I'oiiH., ix, »iiy, iMli;), Philadelphia.
Oiriijih'' "■' il<i'"'l", Ci'viKii .V Vai.knc ik,nn>;h, lliNl. Nut. I'oisH,, i\, 3lt:i, 18:t;t, Brazil.
(■..niyhi ••'! iliilfim, Cuvimi .t V \l.KMiKSNKs. Hint. Niit. I'liiHM., IX, Mor), iK!!:), Antittcs.
(;iri(j>'i.>"'i t'i'!/>i(<i, Cuvieii ti. VALK.Nc'iCMXtit*, IliNt. Nut. PuiKM., ix, 3U8, I8a:), Martinique; nfiiT
i'l.l MIKIi.
Oinjiili:""! ,iriii/ruru», OuviKu A Vai.knciknnkh, /, c, ix, ;tl», lM.i:i, Sea of Coromandel.
lUiijil I rtiiiiiiiiijii, Ct viKii A Vai.km'iknno, / >., IX, :iir>, lKi:t, seas of India; urtcr I!knai(ii.
;,,„»;.";("> «it'i/H«, CiiviKii.V Vai.kni'iknnbs, /. .■,, IX, iiiil, IKlll, Sicily.
(!,r//;./i.'' "'I urtiiiiherniilrH, CUVIKII A VaLKNCIKNNKS, /. C, IX, III'), 18;i;t, South Sea; ftfliT (luterii-
tjU 4 nrCoMHKRHIIN.
Oinijilci ii't Hiii'ltri, JoUVW A UlI.IIKHT, SyiliipSlH, 4fir>, 1HH3.
13ri». C'OIIVI'II.KNA KijI'ISKTIS, Lliiiia>aR.
(Small Ddlimiin.)
Il.ad \{ to 4,i? ; depth 35 to 4. D. r.l to Ho; A. '21 to 26; vertebrsi' 3:^.
Prolili' of lioad convex, Imt not noaily vortical, even in the adult; niax-
illaiy icacliinjj front of pupil, 3* to 4.,' in head. Inuertion of dorsal behind
CM'; ]if(;toral8 e<|ual half length of head; maxillary reaching middle of
oyi>; prolilo of snout becoming nearly vertical with age; front of anal
mikUm middle of body. Colors brilliant in life, changing Huddouly at
(lentil : brownish olive above, white or golden below, with bright-blue
8|i(itt>, the largest on the back and head, forming bands on the snout;
(IiiimhI ])iirplish blue, with paler oblique linos; other fins tinged with
hliw; (.aiidal yellow ; in spirits pale, with blackish spots on the lower
imrts. " Male with the front elevated, forming a crest, which projects a
little beyond the upper jaw ; female with l)lue spots along each side of
the till], regularly arranged." (Poey.) Length 30 inches. Open Atlantic;
rare in the West Indies; not recorded from coast of the United States.
(«yMH>. horse ; «</«, bristle, tail.) (Eu.)
t'.irv;i/i.iii.( d/Hise^M, LiNN^:us, Syst. Nat., KJ. x, 1758, 201, (iiiiHprintoil eiiuineliii), high seas;
.till 1 Dormlo of (Isiikck, Uowi (Jliiliii, liOS, 17.'.7; CrviKi! A- Valknciknnks, Hist. Nat. rjjsc.,
i\, J'.iT, ISM; .IdUDAS >t GiLiiKUT, Syiu>i)his, !il4, 1S8:5.
O'l-iijil,:! ,ii( (iiiiiUn, Kakinkshi'e, Caiiitteri, Ac, 15:!, THlo, Sicily.
iU-jijili:! i('( hssiiiiii, CiviKii A Valknciknnks, Hint. Nat. I'dIks., :jo7, IHItt, India.
iMiiijiii.iiix inimliiUtlus, CuviKH A V.VLKNi.'iENNKS, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., ix,;'i27, 18:!;!, Atlantic at the
Equator.
/,<im/»i.//(- )i.(ij)o/i7rtHHK, CiiviEii A Valknciennf.s, Hist. Nat. I'l'iss., ix, liM, \K\:,. Naples; alter
l!i 'II.
i''mij,li:i ,in it;:<i}i(ii, CuviKii A VALENriKNNKs, IliBt. Nat. Polss., IX, :i06, ISitlt, Azores.
'■"//,,(, I /M iiiiiivhdiita, .?oiti>AN iV (iiLiiKitT, .Syiio[)«iH, 4.54, 1881!.
Family CXXX. LAMPRID/E.
(The Makiposas.)
liiidy ovate, compressed, and elevated, covered with minute, cycloid
sciilts. Head small, rather pointed. Mouth small, terminal, without
teetii in the adult, its angle with slits in the skin to permit the motion of
tile jiiws, as in the tunnies. Premaxillaries protractile. Opercular bones
entire Dorsal fin single, very long, elevated, and falcate in front, with-
out ilistinct spines; anal long and low, not at all falcate; both tins
f
■A L .i
{»r>4
'I
i:'>^
h
Jhtlletin 47, Um'tfd Statis National Museum.
tlu|M'CHHil)l«) ill a {{roovc; vuiitriil Diih thoracic, liiit licliiiid tli*; |M-ctiinilH
attai^litul to a very long piihic lioiut, coiiipoHoil of II to 17 mift ra>-^: pe^.
tornl tiiiH lur^o, t'alcatu, tli<Mi' Iuihuh liori/ontul ; (lamlui tin iiiiiil< luttly
forkoil, JtH immIiiik'Ic Nliort and Hli-iidcr, without kctd. A pit at li;iNf 1,1
caudal, ahovc and litdov , aH in ciMtaiii NliarkH. LattMal lino iniNriit.
much ainhod in front. |{ianchioHtt>^alH l>. (iill iiiciiihraiicN free rinin tlir
iHtliiniiH. <KNO])haKiiH not arincd with HpinoiiH tcrtii^ Air hladdn lur^'c,
hit'iircate hchiiid. Pyloric appondap^H vttry niiincroiiH. Vcrtcliii- I,').
Ilypocoracoid very iniicli dilatutl as in Jhamii. the entire Hlioiildi r ;rir(llt>
very heavy; the ]nihic bone niiich loii^^er than in lirumn. I'isht.s ni
lar^e Hi/e and );oi)feoiiH coloration, inhabiting the open NeaH, tlu^ ijuiji
liriii and rich. A Hiiiule );enuH with probably but one HpecicN. Ii iistni-
bleH tlie tunnicH in the cliaracter of the IIchIi, but the form is ver,\ liillcr-
ent, and the character of tlie anal iiuH HeparatcN it widely from ail ilm
niackorel-like liHlicH. It \n tiot certain that it really belon^rN with tlui
Sioitihru'tdii, (Sivmbridti , ^enuH Lamj))'i>i, Oiinther, Cat., 11, II,'), llil, iKi'iii.)
434. LAMPRIS, Jeot/iu8.
(Mauii'Oha.)
Litiiiprh, Uktzii'h, N.vii IlandlnnK, ill, 01, 179!), {■j:.ihiliii>).
Chriimlimin, liM'kvf.W., IIi»t. Nat. I'oiHH., IV, .IMti, 180'_', (\i»w).
Characters of the ^cniis iniduded above. The siufjle npncies is cdsnm-
politan, most beautifully (uilorcd, and uiiHurpaMHed uh food, the llvsli rich,
firm, aud delicate. (/(i/i7r/w(, radiant.)
J
1864. LANPRIM LUNA* ((JinHin).
(Mariposa; Opaii ; Moonfihm; San I'kihio Krsii ; Chavo; .Ikiii sai.km IIahmoik ; (liwir
FiKit ; (irin AX ; I'diHSuN liiNH.)
Head ;U ; depth I't D. 53 to r>o; A. ;W to 41; V. II to 17; v(iiil.i;i
23 -j- '22-= 15. Hody short and very deep, the sides much coiii|ii(sm(1.
Mouth toothless. Lonjjest dorsal ray shorter than pectorals, which are
nearly as lonjj as the head. Anal very low in front, a little liiu'licr
behind. Color a rich brocade of silver and lilac, rosy on the lully;
everywhere with round silvery spots; head, operdes, and back witli
ultramarine tints; jaws and (ins vermilion ; llesli red, of varyiiiji >lia<U's.
Skeleton strong and linn. Length 3 to ♦! feet. Open waters of tlu'
Atlantic and Pacific, frequently taken off the Coah .s of Eurniii: not
rare off Madeira, occasionally taken olf Newfoundland. Maine, uml Ciilia.
also at Monterey and other places in California. Our specimiMi i- IVoiii
Monterey. One of the choicest of fishes, the llesh rich, firm, ami nl (Icli-
cate llavor. (/</na, moon.) (,Ku.)
* W<^ liavo lioforo us a (IrRwiiig of a Kpecimon of Lamprin liimi madi* at Snl'lo Isliiml I'V .iMrnos
Farrjiiliiir ill IKuli, aud soiit with an aoroinpaiiyiii); letter to Dr..). BiTiianl Oil|iiri "I lliililax.
Mr. Fari|iiliar writes: " Jiimt itiniKine tli<' body a lioautil'iil Hilvor, iiiti'r.<iirisiMl with -i'"!- "i 1'
lifflitcr color alioiit tlii; n'w.e of a Hi-xponrc, tli<' eye.'' very lar;;c and lirilliaiit, wllli a irolli-n riiiS
around tlKaii. You will then liavc hoiih' idea uf tliti Hplimdid appcarancu ul' tliu lisli »liiii liv^h.
If Caligula had eeeu hiui I might have roalizud a fortunu.
Ionian and F.7>ermann. — Fishes of Nortii America.
1155
/,«. Icii.i. (iJiiti.iN, Hyi-l. Nut., Mil, Vi'iU, 17HH, Normandy; iilli'r I'dUkoh ilr Liim-, l>i' IIamki,,
Dm l',i:lii«, 111,71.
I.,i,,yii\.< »'* IIkCnnh'ii, DiuiNki' i^rlnkr., in, :UtH, ITHh, EUinore, Denmark.
hwf'i""* ll<iNNATKiiii»:, KiK'vcl. Ic'lilh., 7'J, |il. :i!), I7XM, Torbay, EnKland; iiFIit Opnh of
PlN> \NT.
/,,,«.()■.."/ 1 i, Wai.bai M, Artiill I'iM'ilini, :i!i8, 17i»'J, Norway; iifh-r /iin r.iiii/<i l>(iiirr,, of SrniiM
jj,',,m("r i"M>i>Ti, lll.Di'll ,V Si'llNKiiiKli, Hytt. Ii'litli., :|M, lSO|; itftiT Sfniihif ;ii7>i{/ii'i-' iif (llNNKD;
ii|H'('itiiciiK ri'iiiii Moiir Throndhjem.
//«. iw;. n.(//», Siiwv, Nut. Mi»i'., IV, 11(1, IKiKl, Torbay; aftiT (i|iiili of I'i.nnant.
■/,m.fi!i, Shaw, Oi'iil. '/.t<i\\., i\, liH7, 1n(i;i, Torbay; iifiiT I'bnnant.
/..i/iij»'i< I'tulii, Ijiiwk, KInIii'm Miiilcirii, 'il, \H\:\, Madeira.
iiviil'rm ■ji'""li", <'rvlKII ii VaLKNCIKNNKH, Hint. Nut. I'liiHH., X, :iu, |il. 2H2, 18,'irr, .Idhdan & QlL-
11KRI, SyiicipBiH, Vi'A, IKHII.
Impri^ li""i, iirNlliKli, Oat., II, 4in, IKflO; Day, KIhIi. Great Urituiii llH.
liminis iM/iiid, (iuoDE <t IIran, Ih'cunir Iclltll., '22:(, INOA.
Family CXXXI. l'TEUA(."LIDJE.
Dors.'il fill vfli-y hif^h, continuoiiH, with itHiiiyHuU Hiinpio, not articulate
noi liiani-liod ; anal Hiiiiilar to doiHal ; vtuitralH jii<{iilui-, iiiNortud ht^t'oro
pcotdialH, about iiiulur the oyu, tiieir rayH I, ',i or I, 5 ; HoaloH linn, lohuto
or (>iiiar<;iiiatu ; doi'Nal and anal oach with u husul Hlu^uth of onlar^fd
NcaloH, tlio tin othorwiKo naked. OtherwiMo chh* iitially an in tlm Bidniidn .
.Skt'lt'ton not oxaniinud, the vortohni' jiiobably uiinteroiiH, tiio attachnwMit
of till- vcntrals to tho Mlioiilihu* girdlu (U'iduntly nnliko thatHiHUi in th««
Iknmidii . Two gcMHM'a, with about 5 spocioH ; Nniall pchif^ic tiHht'H, notablo
t'oi till- v«!ry high lins.
II. tViritml riiy§ I, :i; Iiitoral lino faint, Imt pri'Hon*; ilorsnl lii'KiniiiiiK "ii IkmhI, Its bIioiI riiys
I'l'W (aliuiit 2 or :S) iu niinil)er, tlio tliinl cir forrlh ray Ihiiki'hI; tci'lh on vnnicr ami pala-
liiii-H. I'TKitAi'i.is, 4:<.'i.
435. PTERACLIS, Gronow.
nrni-lis, ORONOW,Actft Hclvctlcu, vil, 44, 1772, (nli/eru).
I)li.jnp,:lii^. I,A( (:pfil)E, Hist. Nut. I'oirtg., II, 512, 1800, {lelifera).
Hody oblong ovate, nincli conipreHHcd, deep anteriorly, growing rapidly
and ii'<;;uiarly Hlonder behind ; scaleH rather large, liiin, «>a('li one with a
median hori/ontal furrow or einargination, these forming distinct
ati'iiitcd lineH along the rowH of Hcalea. Lateral liiu; not oii.solcte. A
slieatli of very large Hcales along baHes of doiHal and anal ; a iongaxilhiry
Ncale at base of ventral ; scales on head aiul breast small. Caudal
pedmicie slender, the caudal fin short, Innate. Vent nearly under jtre-
opiircic, f li<> breast very short. Abdominal cavity extending mucii behind
vent, a.s in the llounders. Ventrals Jugular in position, directly under
the eve, each of a feeble spine and about 3 soft rays. Pectorals moderate.
♦Wo liiivc no moans of liiiowin); wliii.li of tlit^ three Bpccifln iianiog given to tliin siiecie.i in
1788, liiiKi, (jiilliiliii, refihiK, irt ciititleil to priority. We lmv<» elscwlieie rrpirdi'd the niinies of
'•ini'liri as prior to tlioce of Hoiiuiiterre, uriil we liiiow of no I'inlsoii for Hiipposlii); llic \viiil» of
llriiniii.il to 111- carliiT than eitlier. Tlio Rtill earlier name jii'liuiiiii.^, (jiven by (iunner, in an
frroi-.il' iiiciitificaliipii, t\>i! Hiomher pclayUiiH it{ Linnii'U.s lieiiij; a i 'orijplnnin.
t Till- .lapancHe penus, < 'intrdithnVm, Hilpendorf, lia.s the ventral rays I, .'>; lateral line olisolete;
ilursil I . _'iiiniiin hcliiiul head, with about l;t ;rradnatcd rave, tin- fourleentb ray b>nt;e.-it; no
teeth uii \uiuer or pulutiues. The type is Veitlrophvlit peUrii, Ililgeudorf.
onu
Jiitllt'lin V7, I ^nited StaUs Natiomil Afitsenpn.
/
DoiNitl (III fVct-NHivuly liiKl>) ull tlio luyH uliko, Hiiiipit), fnmili', and
iiiiltraiM-litttl, appciiiiiiK liUu liairH; hoiiik of tliu utittnior niyN lnL;ht>r; j
or li of tlu) anterior Nliortur iiimI (;rii<liiiit«Ml ; thu poHtorior I'liyn iho^ti'm-
Hivoly Hlioi'tor ; iiiNt doiNal ray on tlio Iiuad. Anal Hiniilar tu ilnisul,
<M|iially lii^li aiitl alinoNt art \m\\1, tlio rayH all Hiinplo, thu tliNt my slinii
Kyo lar^o ; \n\.\w uluvattMl ; iiioiitli lai't^M, iiuatly vortical ; inaxillaiy lniHtil.
Bcaly ; tt'i^th hiiuiII, Hlnulur, on JawH, toii(>;iio, voiiiur, ami |iiil;ttiiii'N.
l'Hontl()l)i'aii(!liia< piuHoiit ; air hlatUluiHiiiall ; co-cu 6. Pula^ic; liilus, w ii|,.|\
tliHti'iltiihMl. (Trz/mr, lliiorwin^; K/.tiut, to cloao. " Tliunanio iiMllratin<;
tlio (loiiblo rowH of HcaluH which unibraoo tho baHOH of the twd vittical
aiiH.")
i:tr>A. PTKUACIilS CAKOIilNrM, Ciivtor A Viiluiiclonni^H.
D. LII; A. XLIV. Month larK««r, HcalcM larger, and fonrth or l()ii),'OHt
ray of tli« doiMal stonier than in othor spocioH. Silvery, willi li|i,i>||
rt^lluctionH. CoaHt of Sonth Carolina; known from a nnitilati'd Hpccinicii
'1 inchoH lonjy, ovidcntly th« yonng of Honic pttlagic HpcciuN. ((,'uv. A Val.)
A Nucond HptH-.iiMtMi, agrcoing in ffunural with tliiH duHcription lias liuen
lately ohtainoil hy tli«> AllxttvoHs (Uoodu Jlc Koan).
f lieriiiliH tiirhopliriin, OrviKii A Vai.bnciknneh, IIlMt. Nut. PciiiK,, ix, IKl", iKi:!, locality
unknown. I), fid; A. 44, (('oil, (jiioy it tiiiiiimnl.)
IliTmlimninliiiiiii, (U'viKii A Vai.knciknnkh, /. r,, IX, HUH, 18;i;i, off coast of South Carolina,
(irNTIIKIt, <'ilt., II, 411, |M(!U; JuUIIAN \, <ilLlir.llT, 8yllO|IHia, 45.'i, IMK:|; (JomIiK a \\}.\tt;
Ocoiuiic Iililli>i)loKy, 212, 1«'J5.
it
Family CXXXIT. URAMIDiE.
(TlIK rOMKRKTS.)
Body oblonp;, more or loss elevated, strongly compressed, covered \\ itii
firm adherent. HcaleH, large or small. Scales lirm, <!ycloid, lohatc, or
emargiiiate, or with a median ridge or spine; this character tomicl In tlic
young of all species but disappearing with age in some of them, .Moiitli
moderate, very obliqne, tho maxillary broad and scaly, the i)r(iiia\illar,v
protractile ; Jaws with bands of slender teeth ; teeth on vomer ami |i;iiii-
tines present or absent. IMeopercle entire or serrulate, serrate oi s)piiioii((
in tho young; operclos well developed. Dorsal and anal tins loiij;. HJinilar
to each other; each with 3 or 4 anterior rays short and simple, (h\ eloped
as spines, the remaining rays all articulated; soft dorsal and aiiiii hiuIv
or with a sheath of scales ; ventrals small, below the pectoral ; tlie axil-
lary 8(^ale well developed, the rays I, 5, Pectoral long. Caudal ])ediiii(le
slender, the fin lunato or forked, sometimes widely so, liraneliio.-^te^'als
7. Pseudobranchia^ present. Pyloric cteca few. Air bladder present or
absent; supraoccipital crest large and high, extending forward to t lie
snout. Vertebra' numerous (10 4-23:^39 in lirama ritii). Skeleton linn.
Shoulder girdle thick and heavy, tho hypocoracoid especially laij^e and
much dilated, entering tho ventral outline, excluding the pubic boiie.s from
contact with the shoulder girdle; pubic bones short and small: neurals
and iuterneurals small and slender. Fishes of tho open sea, widely di.s-
tributed and ofteuiuhabitiugcousiderable depths, subject to great chiiuges
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North Amirua. 1>57
ffitii ii'.'i Genera 3 (//)'((>/(((, I'ltnnitH, I'h riiioinhun) w ilh alioiit lOHpucioH.
[Honiiliifid, |»urt, (iJtluther, Cut., ii, lOH-lll, inm.)
„.• |)iii-al (111 liORlniilnK "t a iiolnt iMihliiil tli« k'H t>|ii>iiinK,
h. Sili'H liirK" ( "• '" f"" '•! Ii'iitltliwlw) m'rlcH); lutrnil llii" (iliwilrtc ; i'i»ih hoiiIb ilccply
uimirKli>i>ti' "»*' villi a iiu>iliuii ImrixiititJtl tUitii- iiix in I'lnnilit iiinl tin' yniinK of
lliniim); tliiH clinriii'tor |><iriiiit«iit tlirniiKli lift'; fmlt Dun clilclly Mitly at Inixii itnd
nil til" Ulitcrliir liilii'; vi'lltrulH ilidiTtfil Ik'Toic pec IhIIiIk. TAMAirr.'', 1:111.
lili. S iilt'H Niiiiill (iiliuiit roi in liitiTiil lliii') tlioHiMif mIiIi'n uIiIi ii Imikt lioiiy vtirliiiil rlilK"
mill Ik iiurrow cyi liiiil l°ri-<i inirl, wlil<'li roiu ritlH tin' riil^o in IIikucIiiII; lutrml jjnr
iU<Tulu(iuU; itul't Iku* ttluiuDt uutiruly ticuly ; vutitrulH iimcrliil Ih-Iuw iiiMtoiuln.
llllAMA, 1.17,
436. TARACTES, Lo\v«.
Turiulf, l.'iW*:, I'roc. /iiiil. Sue. I.oiiil., IHOIJ, H2, ("»;"t, prnljiilily yiniliK "f lliiiiiui i>r 7'iir.nY<«
Inll'JII'lllllin).
,\rifi,i Mil. KIN, III BlPlniliirlincr'M KIhcIik Jiijiuii, ill, 7, iHMl, (WiiMiMWiiim); imliH! |in'i)C«'iipiuJ
III Mollllnkr', by lIcilmdNrli, 17111.
Hodv ovato, coinproHsed, tlui iiapo Iohh olevated tlian in Iir(imn,theihav,k
iiKiro N(i; NcaleH large, firm, doojily enmrginate an«l witli a liori/.oiitui
iiicdiaii I itljieorspiue, lis in tin* young of UraiiKi, tliiH character ptirMintent;
no liilt'iiil line; dorHal and uiiul more or lewH falcate, the HpiiicN lew aiitl
dIlmuIi'I. iulnute to the Boft rayw; hcuIch on the Iiiih largely conliiied to tiiu
antmior lohe; ventrals small, inserted before pectorals. Caudal simply
himitf, on a slender peduncle. A well-marked genus interme<liate Itelween
I'll rticl i 1^ iind Bnimn. The large scalers (lateral line 4:5) of Tannim asjicr,
show, as Dr. Liitken has indicated, that it is the young of liniiiKi Ioikj'i-
liiiiriix, rather than of Brama ruii. This species, lontjipinni)*, is very closely
related to the Japanese form culled Anjo ittciiitlachncrl. The name TarncteH
may tlurcforo supersede Aryo, which is preoccupied. (rapuKn/r, a dia-
tiirber.)
litr>«. TAUA<'Ti:S SAl'HSI Itll (Liinol).
Head H i" total length; depth 2i. D. Ill, MO; A. II, 20; V. I, 5; B. 7;
Hcalen TiO. Ikuly compressed, elevated; back and belly slightly keeled;
lino of iirotile strongly elevated toward front of dorsal, thence descending
jjiaduiilly to the forehead, where it is abruptly decurved in a semicircle.
Eye lai^e, 3 in head. Mouth oblique, the maxillary nearly reaching pos-
terior margin of eye. Dorsal beginning behind base of pectoral, its
len^'tli of base equal to height of body; second soft ray longest, nearly
^ of iicight of body; anal inserted below fourteenth dorsal ray, its
tirst Hot't ray Jdepthof body ; pectoral reaching twelfth soft ray of dorsal ;
ventral under base of poctoivtl, its first ray J height of body. Silvery
and gray; the dorsal, from its first soft r.ay to the ninth, brosidly bor-
dered with white, the rest of the fin with black ; first 7 rays of anal
perfectly white, the next 4 bordered with white, the rest of the fin black-
ish; hoth lobes of caudal broadly bordered with white, the (5 middle rays
*Di'rs;\l lii'giiiniiiK on tlio hcail abuvo ttin proop^rcli' In I'leriiiDiiihus, Frir«. I'leri/nimlnis lirama,
Frii's, till' known siH'cics ol'tliw ficinis, iHthuH far known from Iceland, Norway, and iifigliboi-iug
waters. It Uoubtlugs occurs in Greeulaod waters.
-^.
Wf-
'ii-iiitiig^iwiiiiiiinij^mnjmyMr'
958
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
blackiHli ; itoctorals and vcutmls yellowish. Each scale of sidcn 1 in spoci.
iiieii 12 inc'icH long) with a spinous lidgo along its niiddio. il.uiifl.)
Havana. Onu Npecinien in thu niusciini at (Joneva. It is ovidthtly w,
Tarnctva, bnt with the lins much lower than in TaractcH l(iiiiiij,i„,iU.
(Named lor I'rof. Henri do Saussure, of (Jeucva, a writer on cnisiatea
insects, etc.
Umiiiii Kiiissiiiii, lii'NKi,, Kiiviio (III Gt'iiro IJriiiim, Moui.Soi-. I'liyn. IIJNt. Nat. Qeiii-rc, \mi. \^;
jil. •^, 18ti5, Cuba; 1'oey, SyiiopsiH, 'M'>8, iHtW.
m\
437. BRAMA,' IMoch «.V Hchneider.
(POMKKET.)
i.ramii, Iti.ncil k ScilNRlliKR, Syst. Iclith., 98, 1801, (ntii).
LijKiiliis, ItAFiNKSyiK, Curattori, etc., 63, 1810, (wrnijn-).
Body ohlong or elevated, compressed, covered with rather small cyeloid
scales, each of which is usually composed of a bony ridge or spine, with
a cycloid free edge, the bony vertical portion often becoming hiildtn with
age. Mouth wide, oblique, the lower Jaw the longer; the Jaws and pal-
atines provided with slender teeth ; maxillary broad, scaly. No tieth in
the (esophagus. Opercle moderately developed; preopercle entii",.siriu-
late in the young. Snout obtrse and convex, supraoccii>itaI civM liii,'hly
elevated, extending forward to tip of snout. Dorsal and anal fuis very
long, both wirh th*. anterior lobe more or less elevated, the rn.>?i lay of
dorsal over the ventrals and notably behind the head; a few (Sort) of
the anterior i ays developed as slender graduated spines; ventrals .small,
thoracic, the number of rajs 1, 5. Soft parts of vertical fins eovtivd with
small scalcj except along the edge. Pyloric co'ca o ; branchioHto^'als 7;
vertebrae about 40; pseudobranchias large; air bladder large. Slioulder
girdle very heavy, as in Lampris, the hypocoracoid especially thick mikI
large, excluding the small pelvis from contact with the clavicle. Neiirals
and interneurals comparatively snia!!. Large pelagic fishes of du-iky
colors, widely distributed and descending to considerable dejulis, tlio
adu't quite unlike the young, {Bruina, bream, Ahrumia, the species hav-
ing been called Jirama marina by John Ray.)
((. Doraal rays about III, 30; anal rays II, 19 or 20; cauda! not det-ply forked.
h. Caudal fin bordered with wliito (ivs in Taracleii), its middiu rays notealiunt; Idiij^cst dor-
sal rays more than half de|itli of body. Acia^si/h, 1:i57.
hh. Oaudal fin without whitish border, its middle rays somewhat salioiit; luii^c.-i u.rKil
rays g dei)th of body. iiRKViiomii, !:!>.
aa. Dorsal rays 'II, 31 to 33; anal rays II, 26 or 27; fieales in lateral line 80 to W\ longest
dorsal ra.'s about half depth of body; caudal very deeply forked, its middle nivs nut
talient, KM I, l^nil*.
♦ A vory elaborate study of Tiramd has been completod by Liitkon, based upon alaifT'' scries,
chiefly of young specimens. ConcerniiiK li. rail he concludes that it is (juite cosim P'liliin in its
distribution, occurring from the Fariie Islands to the Cape of (Jood Hope, and is re|ii . -intiil I'V
closely similar, if not identical, forms on the coast of Chile (/i. fhiliiixiH &i)i\ ansliali'. aid New
Zealand (B. sijimmnsii) and in the waters of Japau. He states that It has not ye' 1"« n lomid in
the West Indies or off the east coast of North America, overli)oking, iierhajis, tlie iMCt tliiit
7?nima rail was observed at the Bermudas in 1880 by Dr. Goode. Ho considers D. nrrini m\<\ Ii.
(himiimiiri auii Tdniclen aajifrto bo immature forms and gives a very doubtful accept^iiii' fi...ix
species, claiming to be distinct from JJ. ruti, described from various parts of the At! lutic—
{Goode it liean.)
Bnima rail is not unl'reqently taken on tht! coasts of California, Oregon, and Watliitigton.
TaracUa asper is, however, not the y /ung of Urumu raii, but belongs to a distinct geuu^^
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of JSiorih America.
i)59
1357. liltAMA AOASSI/II, Vwy.
11,11(1 \\ in total with caudal; depth ;i D. Ill, 21>; A. II, 21. Nunihor
ofNCttlt-^ not stated, piobahly about as in I\. rnii. Eye 3i in head (iu
j[Miiiiii II - f»'et long); maxillary reaching past middle of eye. .laws with
haiidi "I villilbrm teeth, thoHo in front larger; no canines; villiform
tirtli III the i>alatinc8 ; two strong teetii on the vomer. Form of the
sciiles iiliout as in Ji, raii, their free border thin and not ciliated, giviug
tlMMlltit of an opiuennal membrane attached to each scale and n-tlect-
jii^riidiill silvery color. Longest ray of dorsal a little more than half
(Icptli of body ; anal inserted under thirteenth ray of dorsal ; ventrals
twice iiH short as pectorals; caudal concave, its middle rjiys not at all
linidiiiiil. Air bladder large; vertebrie more than 21. Dusky, with
l)ii;,'iit roliections; caudal largely bordered witii whitish. Cu'ca 7.
C'lilia: known from one specimen. (Poey.) Apparently allied to litama
■i\\, but the tins are shorter. (Named for Louis Agassiz.)
ar.iiiMi.r/'i'^M.ii, I'dev, Me;iioriiis, ii, '2l»-t, I81IO, Havana.
ISriH. DUAMA BREVOORTII, Popy.
Ileud H in total length with caudal ; depth 2s. D. Ill, 1.7 (or III, 30);
A. II, 21. Eye 3J in head, (in specimen 1(5 inches long). Teetli as in
IWamn itiiitntizH, but none on vomer. Second ray of dorsal ? heigiit of
body; anal inserted much farther back than front of dorsal. Scales as
m Jlraiiiii agaashii. Caudal blackish, without pale margin, its middle
rays Halicnt, half the length of the oiilci ; pectorals shortor than in
other species; tins higher than Ii. raii, lower tliini in H. luiasnizii, (Nioa
><. Color as in Ii. aijansizii, except the caudal, ilaviilia, Citlia ; known
fioin (lilt; specimen. (Poey.) (Named for .James Carson llrevoort. )
llraiiui hrrruoriii, I'uKV, Mcmoriiis, 11, VdOO, 18('.0, Havana.
,/
1»5U. IIKAMA KAII (Blot^ti).
(PoMFRET; ('AST.\(iNOI.E ; KhNDANIS.)
Head 3J; depth 2h \h 111, 32; A. II, 27; scales 13.80-23. Pyloric
ca'ca ."). Vertebra Ul -f -^^ = '^0. Eye large, 4 iu head, as long as snout.
MiuilJary 2-, in head. Teeth on palatines, none on vomer. Scales of
sides of body in adult much elougato vertically, consisting of a loi.'^ ver-
tlcul bony portion which is sharp at either end and does not appear at
the .surface; this projection extends under each scale above and Itelow
for ii distance nearly eiiualing diameter of the visible part of the scale;
this til o part forming a cycloid lobate flap deeper than long; axil witli
a fiiii.;o of long scales attached by one edge; scales of back and belly
smaller, nearly normal in form; fin rays of anterior part of doisal, each
*itli a scaly flap free at one edge. Mi:xillary and opercles scaly; lower
jaw w ith rudimentary scales. Pectorals long, falcate, reaching middle
of .inal. 2i; in body; dorsal and anal high in fioiit, but lower than in
Bmmn ugassizii, the lonu'cst rays about 2J iu depth of body, 5i in length
of body ; caudal tin on a slender peduncle, deeply forked, its middle rays
II JULMITI" -!?;?-
900
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
: 4
not salieut, its longost rays 3J in hody. (Jill rakers moderatti, x 13.
Color sooty jjniy, with sonio soiled silvery; snout, vertical lins, and
region above anal black; edges of dorsal and anal darker ; axiljci lilack
within. Bon«!8 iirni. Length 2 to 1 feet. Open seas, widely diKtiiliiitfd,
descending to considerable depths; occasional on the coasts of Ijiiop,.
as far north as the FaWie Lshinds, rarely taken on our Atlantic ('o.i.st.
lierniuda (Uoode); Cilraud Bank (Bean). It has lately been fi(i|iii'iitlv
obtained on our Pacitic Coast in diflcrent localities from Santa (.iialina
to Puget Sound. Here described from a si)ecinion fotnul in tlic Los
Angeles market. Tu our sjtecimen the pectoral is a little longer ukI the
scales a little larger than in Day's ligi re of tlie Kuiopean toim.but
doubtless the SMne species. Many of the known specinu-ns hav. Iicen
beached by storms. An excellent foo<l-(ish. (Named for liev. .Jolm Kay
a learuetl naturalist, one of the ablest of the predecessors of Liiiiiiius.)
(Eu.)
ISramn mnrinn i niidii foreipata, Ray, Synoiisis Motliixlica I'isciiiiii, llTi, 171:1, Middelbiirj;.
Sfhiriixruii, Bl.iiiit, Iclitliyol., pi. '27:1, 17!)1 , ftftor Kav, etc.
Spanis cimtani Ilia, SllAW, (it'll, /oiil., iv., 404, 180:5; affrr IiAi'Ki'i hi:, who copi i| li'irn l;i,..c ii,
Spitr'is nii/ir, 'Vvnv»\, IJritisli Fmiim, itH, 1S07, Swansea.
LeiKiilKK saitniuK^ Rakinks(Mi-', Ciiriitteri, utc, .■);!, lUKi, Palermo
Brama ibinmimiin, CiviKii \ Vai.knciennek, IliBt. Nat. I'oiss., mi, 'I'M, \HM, Indian Seu, Lon-
gitude 85^ E.
.f/indMacnaii, C'uviKK .V Vai.knciknnks, /. c, VII, li'J.'i, ls:)l, Indian Sea, Longitudi 85° E.;
from KtoiiKuti (if lio-iiifi ulahiiKjii.
f llriiniinhiliwi", Ga\, Hint A'hiU, I'ecos, 21H, 1H4:!. Chile.
liraiiia riiii, Vm.f.mu.nnes in ('iviKit, UoKiio .\niiii., lUiistr. I'fiiss., pi. 26, titr. }, ].■■,' Chile
after (iAv's typo.
Iira,.i(i raji, Buicii iV II^ciinkiiiku, Syst. Iclilli., !•!!, IKOl ; .IcutiiAN iV fiii.r.iKT, Synoip.sis, il). l^v;.
Bramaraii, Gi'Ni'iiKR, Cut., 11, 40i<, 18(10, LriREN, Spolia .Vtlaiilica.
Family CXXXIIl. S'0]INK(;ERIIDil=:.
Dorsal fin low, divi led by a deep notch into an anterior part of .ibont
11 slender spines and a ])oste -ior part of about 18 soft ni ys; scales modor-
ate, each with a median keel; veutrals I, 5, inserted before pociuials,
otherwise essentially as in the Itramiihv, so far as external chaia<ter.s
show. The true relation of the group remains to be shown from a .itiuly
of the skeleton. One species known, from rather deep water.
438. STEINEGERIA, Jordan & Evermann.
Sleintijersii, Jokdan it K\ kkmann, I'ruc I'. S. Nat. Mu?., 1886, 4il7, (ni'xwiii.v).
Body ovate, considerably compressed, thickly covered with ratlior
large membianotis scales, whicii are closely imbricated, and each wiilia
distinct median keel. CI 'ft of mouth very obli((ue, the lower Jaw
strongly projecting. .Jaws ■ ith bands of small cardiform teeth, tlnse in
front largest, especially in tin lower Jaw; teeth in villiform liaiuls oii
the palatines, but absent from fhe vomer. Premaxilhiries proti.K til'':
preopercle without angle, with a.scending limb finely serrulate, ami «itli
a few coarser teeth about the angle No distinct lateral line. Poisal
'.'.*•' !'■■
Jordan aiuf F.vcrmann. — Fishes of North America.
9(51
mid aii.'il fins Boniewhat elongate, the fonnor deeply notched, with 11
(jlfinU r spiiHiH, tlio latter with 2 BpineH ; caudal lunate, witli short and
slc;iilt 1 i:'3duncle; voutrala I, 5, inserted before pectorala, not depiessililo
in 11 ),'ioove, each with 1 spine and 5 rays. Vent well behind ventrals.
A single species known, from the (iulf of Mexico. Its 8kelot(>n has not
IjttMi 1 xiiminod. It is therefore not known \w\\ close its relations to
/.'/■((mc may be, 1)nt it cannot be removed far froni that group. Its
dividi il dorsal suggests relations with Komcus, but the scales are more
liko I hose o£ liruma. (Named for Leonhard Stejueger, curator of rej)-
tues in tiie United States National Museum, one of the ablest systematic
zoolo.^isia of our time.)
i:{(tO. STKINGOKKIA ItUltKSCENS, .lordan k KNcrnntiiii.
IIoad2S ; depth 2; snout short, f) in head. D. XI-I, 18; A. II, 20; V.
I, ')•, scales 5()-2ri. IJody ovate, considerably compressed, the greatest
thickness a little less than half length of head. Anterior profile from
tip of snout to base of dorsal nearly straight; outline of belly prominent,
tlit>ii\iH of body being rather nearer dorsal than vential outline; breast
and belly not carinate. Head but little longer than deep, its upper sur-
tacc liiittish, the bones not very firm; intcrorbital space nearly flat, with
2 ri<i>ios about as broad as eye, which is 3J^ in head; preorbital very nar-
row, somewhat cavernous, its edge sharply detitate; mouth very obli(iue,
the lower jaw strongly projecting, the broad maxillary reaching lo below
middle of eye, its length i that of the head. Each jaw with a band
of email eardiform teeth, those in front largest, especially in the lower
jaw, lint all of them small; a band of villiform teeth on each palatine
hone, Idit none on the vomer; premaxillaries protractile. Lower jaw
with conspicuous pores ; preopercl'j forming a nearly even curve, without
distinct angle; ascending limb of prcopercle very finely serrulate, with
eoiue 1 or 5 coarser teeth about the angle; ot'ier opercular bones very
tliin, with entire edges. Checfks, operclea, nu^xillary, and top of head
closely covered with scales similar to those on rest of body, l;rit a little
smaller, (iill rakers rather short and w ide apart, 8 or 9 develope/l //u the
1( wer part of the arch, the longest about i^ length of eye. Body closely
covered with membranous scales, which are closely iml^ricated, deeper
than long, each with a distinct median keei, besides which are some
smaller radiating ridges, especiaily on the scales of the sides of the body.
These ridges on the scales form continuous ridges, which give the t/ody a
loiijili appearance, although they are not spinigCiTous; stales largf^cst on
middle of sides, becoming smaller on back and on Ijelly; no distinct
lateial line; fins with few scales or none. £)oisal spinas very slender
and llexible, some of them ending in filaments (all more or less inutilated
Ml typical example); soft rays separated from spines by a deep notch
extending neitrly to base of fin ; soft dorsal elevated, the longest rays
about 1^ in liead; caudal lunate, its peduncle very short and shnder;
anal I'm high, its spines short and slender, the longest ray IJ^ in heal ; no
free anal spines; ventrals iusti'ted before pectorals, their length 1', in
K . N. A. 03
1;::
,^-^°
i'HIPnwif
i. I
902
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
head, not depresHiblo into a Iihuuio of tho ulxloniun ; poctoriilH li in luad
vent well buhind vontialH. Color iu liib Miilniou red, liitlu-r biii;lit and
nearly nniforni, darkur on back, silvery under the chin ; iinu nil salmon
with black areas toward base on both dorsals and anal ; ventrals liui,'ilv
black; liniuj? of opcrcles pale. Lenf^th 5 inchcH. A singio spcciincn in
fair condition, waa found in the Htouiiich of a Ked (Jroupor IVoni the
Snapper lianks off Pensacola. (ruhcucena, reddening.)
Slviiiiyoiid ,vi/<c«i)/», .IimiiA.v A; Kvkiimann, I'luc. U. S. Niit. Mum., 1«80, 407, Snapjiir Banks
off Pensacola. (Tyjic, No. IJT'JOl. OdII, Jurdiiii A Kveriiittiin.)
Family CXXXIV. OENTKOLOPIIIDiE.
(TlIK KUDDEU-FISIIKS.)
liody oblong or elongate, compressed, covered witli luoderatu lycloid,
adherent scales. Lateral lino present, straightisli. IJones of htiul .sdinu-
timcs serrulate. Mouth moderate, with small teeth. I'remaxillaiits pro-
tractile. (Esophagus with tooth-like processes as in Stronuttridn . \ fite-
bra) in normal number, 10+ 11 or 15 = 21 or 25. Dorsal fin lonn, '■> tu 10
of the anterior rays simple, more or less spine-like; analsiniilai , ^lioiln;
caudal lunate, on a ratlier stout peduncle ; ventrals well develoiitil. tlm-
racic,I,5. Skeleton moderately firm. Fishes of tho open seas, inlialii!
lug moderate depths. Three genera and about (i species recogiii/nl. Tliis
group is closely related to the StromaithUv, but seems worthy ol >()iiinit(
recognition. Hkntrolophinu', Gill, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, xxi, (ititl, ],s,sl.)
CK.NTUcii.oniiN.i-: :
((. iJoi'.sal Hpiiies sleudor, (j;iiulliatod, joined l)y thu meinlinmu; soft iiivh iuoili:i:ilrh . irviit^il;
Iwml iiiikcd, itH btmori entire. CKNTU'ii.nnn >, l;i;i,
Mui'iN v::
(HI. Dorsal spinos blmrt and stont, sulieciual, about as long a.s soft rays; liiis not tiilrai.-. .-jj. r-
of liead sraly.
6. Kyes small; dorsal spinea Heareoly eonnoctod by nioinbrunu; ineopenl' . ini' in|i ivlc
and suboperole linely Berrato. Palinikp iiiii\s, llD,
iv
r*
439. CENTROLOPHUS, Lac6pede.
(Black Kukfs.)
Ceiitrnl-ipliiif, liAOi':pi^:DF., Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 411, 1803, {iiign-).
I'uiiijiUks^ Lowk, I'roc. 7ii>i'A. Soe. Lon<l., 81, ISM), (piniijiilusi.
AcenlnilojihiiK, Nakho, Prodr. lelith. Adriat., sp. G2, iiiiaciilosn.s).
Gijiiminfiihuhis, ('ocfo, Gioiii. Soi. Lt^ltr. Sic, 20, 1829, (iiicsKini'mfh).
Body elongate, covered with minute t,: t^les; lateral line presenl, aiolied
anteriorly. Head naked, unarmed. Mouth rather small, with small tt'itli
in jaws only. Epibrauchials of fourth gill arch with long, tooilnd ino-
cesses as in Stromatvun, lllwmhux, Mnpns* and I'alinitrichthyn. Doisiil loiij;,
continuous, not falcate, with about 3 slender, graduated spines. Dorsal
aud anal scaly ; anal with .^ slender spines. Ventrals moderate, ilidiaoic.
* ^flllllll', Cocco Leinis, Lowo, bused ou Mttjnts imperialiK, Cocco— OeiUroloplins •ir<ili.\ I'initr
.t Valcneionucs.
(■.■ !
4 ■
Jordan anU liver mann, — Fishes of North America.
963
I ,'). rccioralu inodorutu. (Juiulul foikud. Air bltuhha* hiiiuU. Pyloric
cdta 1' "1" 10. Tlueo Hpocius kuowu, from tho Atluutic uud Pacitic.
{xivT^ov, siiino ; /\6i>«(;, crest.)
13«1. t'KNTIUUiOlMUS NHiKIl (Giiiuliu).
(Bi.Ai'KriKii ; lii.ACK KiKCK ; Burlark.)
Head r. in total length ; depth 4 to 5. D. Ill, H5 to .3H; A. Ill, 20 to 22;
vertelir:"' 11 + 11; cd'ca 9. Maxillary reaching to below frontofeye. JJor-
nal iuHeitcd above lirst third of pectoral. Scales minute, forming a Hheath
aloiij; lianal third of vertical (iua. Dark l)ro\vn, clouded or spotted with
|ialer. Coasts of eonthern Europe, not rare in rather deep water; one
HIieciiiK'M, i) inches long, taken at Ueuuis, Massachusetts, in \Wi,, (niyvr,
black.) (Eu.)
iVrai iifjrii, flMELiN, Syst. Nat., 1321, 1788, Cornwall.
Onirnl,>i.hii!< lijiiirii, IliB.«o, Kiir. Murid., lit, liliT, IS'JO, Nice.
Coilriitniiliiix miiiii), CIuviER & Vai.bnciknnks, Ilist. Nat. I'oiRs., ix, lU'J, l.x'tM, Mediterranean.
Cetitriihii'hi'x }ir'iiijiihi.i, Cl'ViKn & Vai.Evciennes, Hist. Nat. I'uisti., i.\, .Til, In:!:!; m.t uf I.inn.i:iis,
will) iliscrilic'8 some very diirort'iit fish aH Oiriiplnimt iiiiiiipHun.
,ireiiir,:lfi'!iiis )iiaiiiliisu», Naudu, I'roJr. Iclitli. Ailriut., No.tia, IhIh, (UA. ns, l.'^JT, Adriatic.
i'aitrulvplnii iiiya; (Jt'.NTUJSU, Cut. Fislies, ii, 403; Ouode & Bean, (Jci'uu. Ithtli., '.iH.
440. PALINURICHTHYS, Bleeker
(Black Rudder Flsuks.)
PaUniirm, He Kay, Now York, Fauna: Fishes, 118, 1842, (perfifomiis) (iiriM)ccui)it'il in < 'iHntaceu,)
Piitiiiiinrhlhiiii, Bi.EEKER, Kiiiini, Spcc. I'lsc. .Vrcli. lud., 22, Novcmlx'!', IK'i!), (j>< ni/oniii").
PiiliwiiK hlhi/s, Oii,L, Troc. Ac. Nat. Sc-i. I'liila., Jan., 1800,* 20, {percifunnu').
Piiiiiiiirl<i~^ (ICnthku, Cat., II, 485, June, 1800, {pfn-ifi)rmis).
Body oblong, ovate, moderately compressed. Profile very blunt and
convex. Mouth moderate; maxillary narrow, with a small supplemental
bone; premaxillaries protractile, little movable. Jaws nearly e^ual, each
with aiiout one series of small, slender teeth ; no teeth on vomer or pala-
tines. Preoperculuin, interoperculum, and subuporculum finely serrated.
Gill rakors long ; gill membranea separate, free from the isthmus. Scales
small, wniooth ; larger, thicker, and more adherent than in Sfrumainis.
ClieekH Hcaly. Fins rather low ; dorsal fin long, preceded by to 8 short
8ube(iiial, rather strong spiue.s. the last ones connected by membrane, the
otliei'.s nearly free, all much lower than the soft rays ; anal fin similar but
sbortiM, preceded by 3 spines, which, like the dorsal spines, are nearly
embedded in thick skin ; vertical fins densely scaly toward their bases;
caudal lin emarginate; caudal iieduncle stout; ventral fins large, thoracic,
1,5; ])eetoral fins moderate, rounded, or falcate. One species, differing
from tho European genun Mnpiis Cocco (= Leirnn Lowe) by the low, partly
free tiiiiiies, and thosmaK oyo. (Tmlwovfior, ralinurun, a pilot ; /^'^r';, fish.)
*"T1
tbe qii
!•• paper in tlie Proc. Acad, was i)rol)al)ly puldished earlier tlian Dr. Blecker's Imt, happily,
■^tion is innnateriul."- Gill, I'roc. Anie'r. Philos. Soc, xxi, 007, 1884.
064
Bulletin 4J, United States National Museum.
I.' I
I
h
»?:■
13(12. PALINIKICIITIIYS PKRCIFOBMIS (Miuhill).
(Rui>DF.it-Fi8ii; LuuFisii; 8nii>-nobe Mi'llet.)
Head 3it ; depth 2A. 1). VIII, 20 ; A. Ill, 10; lateral lin« 7."); rye rntlier
lur^u, nearly «'«iiial to Huout, 4^ in head. Body ovate. Maxillaiy icmli-
ing to opposito front of pupil; eye with adipoHu eyelid, 'lop of i„.;„i
Bcalelesa, covered with small uiucouh pores. Pectorals nearly ,is lone ;,h
bead. lUackish green, everywhere dark, the helly scarcely piilcr and hdi
silvery. Length 1 foot. Atlantic Coast of North America, from (',i)m. ||j,t.
teras to Maine; rather common northward, especially ahoiit CaiicCod:
one specimen once taken in a live box off Cornwall, having driftctl across
from America. {Vvrca, porch; forma, shape.)
('iirniilieiKtXKriifiiniiiH, MnciiiLi,, Amor. Monthly MiiKm I'l -'I, IHlK, New York Harbor,
Pi)ii<hfiliniit cnnmhieimiK, CoiiNisii, /oiilogint, IX, 1874, 'liW, Penzance, in Cornwall, ii'iiii.'!'.
Coriilsli.)
riiHiiiiriiii iiirci/dniiin, I)K Kay, Now York Fauna: Fishes, llH, pi. 24, tin. -Si IM-.
I'aliiiiiriihlhiis jierri/oi-'iiix, Oii.L, I'roc. Ar. Nnt. Sci. I'hilii., 2n, iHdd.
raiiimctiis jiiicifcniiit, (il'.NTIlKU, ('lit., II, 4S.'>, IHIiO.
Liru» jn'rc{foimiii, .lonn.v.N A (jimikut, Syuopsis, 4.52, 1883; Koiipick, Vmr. Ac Niil. Si i. I'hilii., ;!lr.,
1884.
Family CXXXV. STROMATEIDyK."
(TlIK FlATOLAS.)
Hody compressed and more or less elevated, covered witli small or
minute cycloid scales. Profile canteriorly blunt and rounded. Mouth
snuill. Premaxillaries not protractile. Dentition feeble ; iu> teeth ou
vomer or palatines ; pharyngeals little developed ; o'sophagus armed with
numerous horny, barbed, or hooked teeth. Opercular bones siiiootii, not
serrate. Cills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gill membranes either st'p.ii.
ate and free from (Strontateiii(i) or broadly Joined to the isthmus {Stroiuii-
teokliuo), restricting the gil! openings to the sides as in VhatodqiltrHs. (iill
rakers rather Ions;. Pseudobranchiie present. Cheeks scaly, rirojieule
entire or serrate. Lateral lino well developed. Dorsal fin siiif^'le.lonj;, with
the spines few or weak, often ob.solete ; anal iin long, similar to suf't dmsal,
usually with 3 small sitines, which are often depressiblc in a fold cf skin:
ventrals thoracic, I, T), in the young, but reduced or altogetliei wantini;
in the adult ; caudal tin well forked. Usually no air bladder. I'yloric
cteca commonly numerous. Vertebric 30 lo 3(5 (/»7(o»i/)».s 30 orSl ; Sli'im-
atcns 36). Genera 3, species about 30. Fishes usually of .small sizf.
found in most warm seas, many of them valued as food. We luir icuiovc
the VvntroU)i)liUhv, a, group usually associated with the StroiiKih iiln , Iml
differing in appearance and in the smaller number of vertebra, a!thouj;li
agreeing in the possession of teeth in the (e?4ophagu8. (Scoinhrltla . \K\r\.
Giinther, Cat., ii, 397, 1860, genus StromateuK.)
aPelvicf hone iirojiicting froiu tlio sl<iii as an evident flpino ; no trace of voiitriils.
* For a review of tlio American species of Slromatcidir see |>ftpor hy Fordice in Pi'
Sci. I'liila., 1H84, 311-1117.
+ Tho pelvic bono is not externally visible in SlromcUeits.
A,'. Kat.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North Amirica.
905
441. RHOMBUS, Luc^pMo.
(BUTTEK-FISHKS.)
(fdmndiK, L^ffrj^rr, Hist, Nat. Poiw., 11, wix, 180<), (aleiMoinf).
I'^ynhi*, Ci viKit, Ri-Ktiu Ariiiii., E<1. 'i, Vol. 11, 'IXW, lK2!t, (hmiiiiiiiinii),
['„r..iiiito, lill.l., Cut, Fish. K. Count N. Aiiicr., 18(11, iJ.'i, not cli'irttctori/.t'd, (/rmrdiW/iMd); Proc.
Am. I'liil. Soc, XXI, (;70. 1884, (diuniioscMl).
rMmeht, ,li>iii>.vN & Kvkhmann, iit'w HUbKcniiH, (pulomelti).
liody ovate or suborbicular, strongly compressed, tapering into a slen-
der camliil peduncle, which is not keeled or shielded. Head short, coni-
pri'SHod, I lie profile obtuse. Mouth small, terminal, the jaws suhequal.
Premaxilliiries not protractile. Jaws each with a single series of weak
tcetij. Scales very small, cyloid, silvery, loosely inserted, extending on
the vertical fins. Opercular bones entire, (jlill membranes separate, free
frum tiic isthmus; gill rakers moderate. Lateral line continuous, con-
curreut with the back. Dorsal fin long, more or less elevated in front,
pvccedotl I)y a few indistinct spines — usually one or niore procumbent
■ipines ill front of dorsal and anal, each of these with a free point both
auterioriy and posteriorly; anal fin similar to dorsal, or shorter, usually
with til ree small spines; ventral fins wanting; a single small, sharp
spiiio, attached to the pubic bone, occupying the place of the ventrals;
pectorals long and narrow; caudal widely forked. Species few, mostly
American. This genus ditt'ers from Stromnlviin chiefly in the prominence
of the pelvic bone, which projects as a lamina beyond the skin. Species
of Stromat('H8 occur in Europe and South America, but none within our
limits. (imni3o(;, a rhomb or diamond, from the form of the body.)
RiliiMiirs:
II. Dorsal and anal fins very liigli in front, the anterior lobo falcate; body suborblcnlar.
;.. i»nisal rays III, 40, anal rays III, 4;i. I'Aitr, V.\ra.
W>. Ifiirsal rays about III, 40; unal rayis about III, .TJ. xanthi'rt's, l;iG4.
cKi. Por.siil luid anal tins moderately (devuted in front, the anterior lobo searculy falcate.
I'ai.cimkta (Siianisb name from I'aloiiia, a dove);
I. .Sides of back without couspicuous series of pores above lateral lino.
1/, Anal rays III, 45; boily ovate, the depth half its lcni,'th. talomi-.ta, ISC').
lit. Anal rayH III, ;J2 to 39.
e. Body broad ovat(S the depth rather more than half the length; A. HI, :i2.
MKOiis, l;tfiO.
ic. Body elliptical, the depth not half the length; A. Ill, .'W. simillimi s, KiOT.
I'.iitiiNMTi s (TTopos, pore; i/wtos, back):
IV. Sido ot hiiek above lateral line with a Keries of large, wide-set pores.
/■. Body elliptical, the depth 2';^ in length; anal rays III, :J7. tiiiacantiius, l.'iOS.
Subgenus RHOMBUS.
1363. RHO.>inrS PAKIJ (Llnufcus).
(Harvest Fish.)
Head .3 : depth U. D. Ill, 45 ; A. II, 4.S ; scales about 90 ; vertebrtB
I'l + 1"' Body suborbicular, bounded by even curves ; mouth very small,
f'lliquc; maxillary reaching front of orbit. No pores along sides of
'<ack. Dorsal and aual fins falcate, the length of their longest rays
ipf
^i» I 'ly f'li.ywwi .•v"P*!<P"' W'l^'M
<| I
900 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
greater than head ; pcctoralH much longer than head, reaching hiilfwnv
to caudal ; caudal lohuH uiiual ; HcalcH thin and du(;iduuuH, not vci v hhiiiII
Pelvic 8j»ine crenuhite in joung. (lirecniHh ahov«i, golden yclldw lidow.
Length G inchcH. South Atlantic Coast of United States and \V,.,st
Indit's; not rare Houthward, ranging from Capo (!()d to iFiiiiuiii ii, anil
alHO to Kraxil ; often found Hwimming heneath the PortiigueNc ninn (,|
war with Aomrna gionuvii. (Puru, a Brazilian name of a siiccicN ot
romacatithiiH.)
Piii-u llrafiUnine ciitiijriier, Hr.oANF, .Tnnmicn, 285, 1727.
StrnmalviiR imrii, LlNNKts, S.vst. Nat., YA. x, 17r>K, 'JI8, Jamaica (l)ii80(l on Sl.OANr.i; .fniniw ,t
Gil.iiKiiT, Syiio|wiH, 914, 18*1; FciitDiCE, /. «., :112, 1M84.
Omtiidnn iihiiiiloiiis, LiNN.THs, SjHt. Nat., Eil. xii, 40(», I7t'>(i, Charleston, (<'(ill. Pr. (i:iiil..||.)
Hlirinnilij.r ijarihiiii, Di.iicii ,V; .ScilNKinKii, Syst. lolitli., Wl, Isol, Carolina; al'tiT I, inn i i s
Siriiiiinlriis hmiiiiihiiiis, 'Mircuu.i., Trans. Lit. and I'hilug. Sue. Now York, i, Ittlf., .ur,, New
York Bay.
likomhm alejMolHn, LA('f:PKi)E, Hint. Nat. I'oisB., li, 1121, IHWI.
Ulin>tihusliiiigii>innis, CrviKn A Vai.bnciennkm, IIIhI. Nat. I'om., ix, 401, pi. 274, Imin.
Hlrnmntfim ijanli'nii, (JCnTHKH, Cat., ll, ;t9!>, IKOO.
Slrnmaleii^ akpidulus, LCtken, Spolia Atluntica, 621, IHHO; .Toiidan ,\- Oii.iir.iii, ,><viiii|."l'', 4rj|,
1883.
>
vrith vci y i
oiii*. sniiill,
iMii'lal !"■•'
mill; N-'ii
,.st: pci'iHi
l,i'n;,'tli L',
,Uivi;.)
Vrrlllil''"" /"'''
bia, l.itit
iTj'l'v, No
13«4. ItllOMRrK XAXTHUnilS (<M(.y A- Oainiar.l).
Allied to lihomhuH jxiru, but perhaps distinguished by the slioiioi dor-
sal and anal. D. IV, 10, A, III, I{0. East coast of S<»utii Aimiica,
Cayenne to Montevideo; not seen by us; perhaps not distinct fiom
IthomhuH j'arn. (f«i'i?<ic, yellow ; ffi/w, tail.)
Si'mitiim rinilhitrim, QrOY .4 Oaimakh, Voy. Froyc, Zo'jl., 3*1, 1H24, Brazil.
lilinniliim fiiiioilipiiniin. CiviKR iV Vai.bnciennks, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., rx, AOH, 181!:!, Montivideo.
llliiiiiil)iiittriuiiliilii.t, CrviKii it Vai.enciennkk, /. <:. ix, 410, 183.'}, Cayenne.
i</ioi/(fii(« «/fciui(/ari», UuiciiENOT, Mem, Sue. Inii>, Sci. Nutur. Cherliourt;, xn, 24.'i, Imh;, Cay-
enne.
Subgenus PALOMETA, .Tordan \ Kvennann.
13«r). ItllOMIU'K I'AL(».1IKTA (Jordan * nollnmn).
Head 2? to 3; depth 2; snout shorter than eye, 4^ in head; eyn riitlior
large, 3 to 85 in head (young). 1), III, 45 to 47; A. Ill, 45. Hodv ii\;it<>,
compressed, rather deei)er than in /»'. iri(ic(tiiliiii.s; ventral outline most
arched; protile evenly convex to nostrils, where it abruptly dcsocntls,
rendering the snout very blunt. Mouth sniail ; maxillary reaciiing initl-
dle of i»upil, 15 in head. Jaws equal. Teeth comparatively lontr, Nhndci.
and close set, especially in the lower Jaw, where thi'y form an tvcn cut-
ting edge. No teeth evident on vomer or tongue. (Jill nuMnlimiicK
entirely separate. (Jill rakers long and slender, the longest alii'Ut liiilf
eye, about 17 developed i»elo\v angle. Dor.sal and anal spiin's sulitijiiiil,
the longest not half eye: distance from tip of s;iout to lirhi Mill riiv ul
dorsal less than depth of l»ody by ji diameter of eye; basi' il' anal
slightly shortei than base of dorsal ^peihapH longer in adult); iiiMiKralf
as long as head ; no trace of ventrals, the puliic bone ending in a ""Imrii
spine; the usual antiorse spiiufs befort^ the dorsal, He^iiion above lutcnil
line without evident porntt. CheekHuoaly ; oporoles naked ; body covureil
Jordan and livermann. — Fishes of North America.
U07
with vti.v Hiiiall scales. Color silvery, bltiiMli abovo; liody witli iiiiiiier-
0114, siiijkll, Itlavk (lots, which are most nuiiieroiiH alon^ biiHes of fins,
Qii'lul |>i'<luucle, top of head, and on snout, and hir^i'i^t alon^ l>asr of
anal; \titical fins covered with small hlack dol.s, tho.sron caudal sniall-
cst: pciiorals dotted. Length 3 inches. Pacific Ocean, off Colombia.
l.iii^'tli -I inches. (Palomcta, Spanish name of these lislie>4, from I'ulomu,
,lllVL',)
.r, iN.idM. / .l^l"((;M, .loRDAN A BoLLMAV, Troc. r. S. Nut. IMiH., Ihk:', Ifi'i, off Coast of Colom-
bia, I.ititude 8'^ i6' 30" N., longitude 79° 37' 45" W.; Albatross Station, No. 2804.
^TyI"■, Xu. 11136. Cull. All.iitruss).
i:t«((. UIIOMItrs MKIUrS (Put<'n<
(I'AMiMK.TA.)
Hoatl.T}: depth l,',,; pectoral 2); in body; dorsal lobe \\^\ caudal 2},.
n. Ill, U: A. 111,32. Form broad, ovate. Fins diHtinctly punctn'ate.
Ltii^itli 7J inches. Otheruiso essentially as in JUiomhiis Himillimm*.
I'licitio Coast of North America, Ma/atlan to ranama, scarce. Tliis
•ipccies is now known only from the orij^inal type in tiie museum iit IJerlin.
In l^S'i. mimerous specimens were collected at I'anauia l»y Dr. (Jilbtut,
all of w iii(!h have since been destroyed by lire. {nKdiim, midway.)
*.,», !/• "• nii'iliiin, rKTKR8, Berliner Moimtslierifliti', 707, ISG'.i, Mazatlan; Jouhan, I'roc Ac.
Nut. .>>i. riiiltt., 1S83, 284; Foudiue, /. c, 311, 1884.
i:te7.^I{|IO.niil S SIMILLI.MI S (Ayros).
(OaI.IFOHNIA I'OMPANO.)
Head t : depth 2. D. Ill, 4(5 ; A. Ill, 40. Body ovate, blunt anteriorly,
with a short, slender tail, the caudal tin widely forked. Mouth very
small, t(>rminal, the maxillary extendintj to the eye. Teeth very feelde.
Uiil iiikoi'.s short, slender, less than half diameter of eyt>. Kyi' small.
i)iit> or 2 procumbent spines before the dorsal ; lon^^est rays of dorsal ^ of
iicad; piibic spintr small; i)ectoials longer than head; no pores jilong
liiisc (if ilorsal. Spines of dorsal and anal very small or entirely oli.soli<le.
Scalo.s Hiiiall, silvery, deciduous. Bluish above, bright .silv(*iy l>elow;
lliis |tiiiiotiilate; anterior IoIm^s of dorsal and anal dusky-edged. Length
10 iiiclus. I'acilie Coast of the I'liiled .Stales, I'uget .Soimii to .San
l>it'i;ii; iibundant in summer, especially about Santa ("riiz ; highly prizcid
as afiiiMllish, its llesh bein); rich and delicate. (iiiiiiiUinmH, very similar,
to llhiimhiiK IriacatilliHs.)
/<iiM(„./„v ~,u,(llii,iits, Avi(K.«, Vr»i . ('ill. \v. Niii. 81I., IHHO, M, San FranciHco.
^r<,m>tleii> unilUiiiUt, Jul(l>A.S A (ill.ltt'.HI', Sj'iiii|i»in, -Ifil, iss;;, Knld'H », /. •., Hit, IHHI.
Subgenua POKONOTU8, <ail
laitN. KIIONIIIM TUIirANTIIIM (l-»<l(i.
(I1111.1.AI1-HN11 : IIaik ».>.i iixii III iTrii-riKii; !.i K<)nil!.)
Ii<:nl I: depth 'Jk; eye I D. Ill, (.'•; A. Ill, :IN. Iludy o>ul, much
coin|M> .M^l. IhUHul and ventral oiitllittiN alxiiil e<|Uall> curved. Hiioil
068
Bulletin 47 ^ United States National Museum.
very ttliiiit, rouixlud in prolilc. Mouth Hiniill, tlut iiiaxilliny nut Kiuliiiiir
orbit, ('uiidul immIuucIc v«My hIioiI; antoiitir rayH of dormil iiiid ntmi
littlo <;levat<>«l. Lutoral linu lii^li, a HoricH of coiiHiiicuoiiH |Mti«-s jihnvi' it
nuar tlio baNtMil* (loiHul. I'uctoralH iiiuch loiifrur than hnuul. (ijll lakiis
rather lonfj, it «liani«t«r of «y«. lUiiiHh abovo, Hilvery boh>w. [,tMi,Mli lit
inclieH. Maintt to Florida; v«>ry abundant nortliward ; rare, and tmnHl ji,
(l»<>p watrr Noutli of Cape IlattoraN; an oxriillcnt pan-lish of lini- iluvur.
tliongli luHH highly valnotl than itH California cungunor, which it cUihcIv
r(!Honibl«;8. (r/if/c, thre«s »k((I''^((, Hptne.)
Bliiimiil'iiK Iniuiiiithiii', Vy.t n, Mem. Anirr. Ac, ii, |wirt 2, ix, pi. 'J, (li;. 'J, IwMi; Pistntaqua
River, New Hampshire; Joiu>an, .V Ciii.iiKiiT, S.viii>|i«is, ■ir.l, inH;i; Ki.uniii, /. ...:;i,i,
1H8I.
StroiiKilriiH rriiiiloHuii, MiTCllM.l., TriinH. Lit. A I'hlliw. .Sdc. N. V., i, lull, ;i(l,'"i, plui.. i, ii_. j Nj^^,
York Bay; CrviKii A Vai.kncik.nnkh, IIlHt. Niit. Poiiw., ix, 40H, lH;i:i.
Rhoiiibux liiiivimlliii'', Vf. Kav, N. Y. Kikuiiu: yishoa, la7, i>liitu 2(J, IK'12.
Family (^XXWI, ICO.STEIDJi:.
(TlIK ]4A»i FlHIIK.S.)
Body oblong, comprossod, naked, prickly, or coverod with sinall
cycloid scales. Head moderate, not externally l)ony, the oiuicUs
unarmed. Mouth moderate, terminal; premaxillary not protract ili>: max-
illary moderate, without Kujiplementalbone. TeetliHUiall, inHin<.;lt'.siMifN;
vomer and palatines without teeth; no teeth in the throat or on tin' )iliar-
yngeals (in Icaxli hi ot Jtr(»/««). No barbels. Lower pharyn.t,'eal«s.ii:iialr.
Ihanchiostegals (>. (till openings wide, the nu<nibrancs free I'l tlic
iathmus; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill rakers slendei. I'-.(M(1o-
branchiiv large Pyloric cu'ca few. Air bladder present. I.atcia! hue
present. Dorsal tin very long, continuous, without distinct N)iiiics: anal
long, wi' hunt H]iineH : caudal tin convex, its pedunch> slender : vciitial llii»i
thorncic. separate, lint very close togetii(>r, I, \, «»r I. Ti, wanting; in mif
gei ih; poctorais Kiuntted, lleshy at base ; vent nornuil, witlmiit |ia|iilhi.
Sket^ton very soft and cartilaginous. Vertebrn' in large nnnibci This
gro\i(),asat |»rescnt constituted, is <'onip<tst'd of I (|uite divcr^r uiiiria,
inhabiting the deeper waters of the Atlantic and I'acilic. l)r, dill nniios
Irosttiild with the Stromiilriiln . 'Ihe reason of Ibis association i^ not
evident, as the peculiar throat dentition Heen hi the Slrotinihiihi 'li'«> imt
occur in Ivoyhiis oi .tvnthix 'I'lie /((»<i/(((/ti show atbiiiticK « ith ' '<>'i"'"'-
jthii», but apparently their reuognition as a distinct family is in^tiiii-ii.
tf('IIKI>i>l'M|||»i1 :
n, lfcNi,\ i'<>vi4riiil Willi kiimll, lyi'liilil urnliNii im |irli'kli«<i \«iilriil« I, .'■: iiniilnl r'lM'.i 'i cm)
li'itinaii'
I'. Ilixl) I liiiiHiilr, Milt rittii|in'iwril Ml !•«•<'• i>f wlilnti Ali« I' i' "
l-ti IIihI, iiviiIiI, •lr<iliiil)r i'iiiit|iri'Mi)>i|. t>«|tm'li«ll> nI liirx'n iil vi<rtlrMl flu*
M, MIX < <
Ml. IVmI) ■iHIiiIi'M , V)iM|«nI ItllK, II |tri'M<Ml, Willi till' tllllll|ll-l III IHtll ||<M lllllll I
ii'lillKI^ 4
I, ^Kiiiml ilii* |tr«i*<ttt. iwiiiliil iKiin^M
■( Vmiiial ruin I, 4i Au mif«iiii4 IntHKl linn rniifti wlllii|iliMttNt idmnt '<
HitiiMimft I' '
11.
ii« "'
Jordan utui KvermatiH, — Fis/irs of JVorlh .luifriiti.
U6U
Arii IIS »::
K. v uiiti'iil tliiH vMiiiliiiK: < iiiiiliil t<iii»rt(li>iilr; luti'iiil linn ultlioiit h|iIiiiiIi'h: ilorxal t\n
vi^i'j luiiK, III iiboiit 'ill rujH. A I Bull f, 446.
442. ICICHTHYS, .Ionian iV <iill.Pit.
f,i.*Wii/>. .I"IIIMV A (llMiKiii, I'liK. r. S. Niil. Mim., IkMo, :v\\ (liM'kitiiilimi).
|lo(l\ (Idujjalc, not t'Icviited, not comj>v«)H8c«l at tliohaHCH of tlio vortica)
liiifi. Iliad ni(>(loiat(>. KyoH lateral. Moiitli t*uiiiinal,littlii ohli(|ii)>, with
cinali, >iiaii> tt'ctli in oni) moiioh, in tli(^,ia«H only. I'lt-nnixiilarieM not
lirotiiH'tile. ("ill inonibrancM Heparatci, froe from tlic istlinniH; yill rakorH
Idii;;. I'stuidoluanclii!!' i»rt!«ent : 1)raii<;hioHftL;als 7. Koily covi'it'd with
8iiiall rycioid Hcak's. Lateral line contiMiioiiH. nnainied. liuHeH ot° Duh
witlmni spinnleH; dorsal and anal tins lon^ and low, conipoHeil of
soft rays only ; pectoral (inn niodcnatc, their ham-H lleHhy, as in I(i»iliun\
vential linH Hniall, thoracic, I, ."). ('andal ronndcd. Pylorii; cn-ca ahont
(i, Imni'. Rones all very llexiltlo, carliiaj^inons. Deep-sea lishes. (i!h<,>,
toyiciil (irHiilnnit; t\"i\, i\n\\; in alluMion to the llexihle skeleton.)
1S««. I< ICIITIIYS l,(M'KI\«n'ON'I, .Toidan * (1111m rt.
llouil ."• ; depth 1 ; «\ve huj,'o, lateral, lonjjer than snont, I in head. 1).
Ill; A. -'H; seah's 120. Mody ohlonj;, somewhat conij>res»e<l, the caudal
linluiicli! rather slender. Head niod«'rate, eonipresHcil, with veitieal
rliti ks. rather broad and elijihlly convex iihove, the snout alirn|itly
ili'NieiKiin^. Mouth moderate, little <ddi(|ne, tlic Hlendcr maxillary
M-arcciy widened at the tip, extending to beyond front of i)upil ; anterioi
iil^'o iiT premaxillary (III lev(>I of lower rim of eye : lipstliin; piemaxil-
lary lii|ii'rin){ backward, not I'oiniiii^ the wliole mar;;in of upper jaw ;
iimxlliaiy behind slippinf; entirely under the membranous ed^e of preor-
liital ; |ircorbital lather wide with on*' 01 two s(>ries ot' ratliei lai;;e, tliin,
lyi'liiiil Ficah'H ; lower jaw prominent, project in;; in Irmit, included at tli(«
»u\en. Teeth in jaws (uily, minute, sharp, clustdy and evenly H<>t, larger
and IcNH numerous than in liiiHlnis n niiimnlii 11$, Cheeks rut her wide;
|iii'ii|M'ii'le \>ilh a (irominciit ciext. behind which iire some lailiatin^
iiiii('tiii> lavilies ; the bone with a Itroad, pmloni^fd, llexilih , meuibiana-
•'(Min« I'tl^e, odvei'vd with rudiatini; Hlriie,«*ueli of wliieli ends in aliexilde
iHiiiii Mperele and Nuliopetele iiither lar|{tt, extremely thin, and each
rhm»iiili\ ladialinK sti iii'. Ilia ''ionle^alNT. <i|ll lukein loiiu, Nleiitbi ,
"liMiji, ilo»«*-iM)t, und modciiilel> nllH, thttii leiiMlh iieail> 'j diumeler of
cvr. .>*cult4it very (iiii.ill, mifi , and Hiitnolh, •MiveiliiK llu' ImmIy evenly,
lint lii'i'iiiiiiii(( HiMiilli I be|iM\ ; laieial line iicailv Hlialuht. appiiieiills
'••Hill tin, Ihuxui tin \i>\m and I<>m , beuiiiniiiu tnail.v muhms bclMeeii
M'lil iiiid Ummt »( VRiilrHln; mII Ihe rM>>t mtfl ttlid iiilleiiliMtMl, and rII
••»(T|ii lite rtrtit briUM'tied ; lilnl !»>• »niy low, the Mil Uliidiitttl)' iloliiK
|H)«li I iiil^, the hinhcNl lay* M in head, NomimliNi Mcal> 1 anal llii nlMilbtl,
•luiiii i ImnHittliiK nhghlis in fioitl of (lie iitlddli* id thu Um\^ Aiid iMidlltg
iH^
^^^„o.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
1.0
I.I
11.25
|2£
|Z5
™2.2
1^ i2.C
I
1.8
U IIIIII.6
6"
1^
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
.<&'.
a
^x^
i
l\
t1;-
1 u
'm I
';!
.'^^
5)70
Bulletin 4/, UnitfU States National Museum.
jnst in front of last rays of (lorual ; caudal broad, fan-shapod, on a hIch.
dor podnncle; tho acoosHory rayw nnniorous and procurrcnt; basd of jnc.
toralH a little liclow the axis of body, their outline rounded ; tlio fin hIkui
and small, Hhortor than h«-ad ; ventrals short an<l Huiall, thoracic, ])lii< kI
a little behind ])ectora!H, with 1 olmolete Hpine and 5 Hoft rayn, 1 of wiiicli
IB slightly lilaniontouH, the lin ',\ in head ; (in rayH not beset with H])iiir<i .s.
Vent normal, immediately in front of the aiuil, without papilla. Air
bladder wantinj^. Uonea all soft ap.d dexiblo. Skin not thick and toii!.;li,
as in IconteiiH, but thin and scaled. Color plain brown, paler below, soim -
what punctnlate. Length 7i inches. Deep water oft' San FrancisiD.
California; one specimen known. (Named for William N. Lockiu^jiori.
its discoverer, at that time ichthyologist of tho Califoruiu Academy oi
Sciences.)
Iriihlhijn lorkinglnni, JniiiiAN .V ttiMiKRT, I'Mo, U. ."* Nut. MiiH., HI, IKSO, ;!0."i, deep water off
San Francisco; ((*oU. W. (!. W. llHrfor<l); .Idudan I. (iii.iiKitT. S.vnopsin, (i'Jl, IKKi.
443. SCHEDOPHILUS, Cocco.
Mirdoiihihif, Cocco, Oiorn. Tnnoin. MoBsiim, Anii.,iii, 7, .17, '\H'M,{mi'(ln<ioplia(jus).
<Vii(«, Vai.k.sciknnes, Iclitli. IsU'H CuimricH, 1;$, lH;i(>-1841, (Imlliiliili).
Body ovoid, strongly compressed, covered with small, smooth sralos,
without prickles. Head small, the interorbital space broad. Eye small;
snout obtuse; margin of preopercle with licxible tpines. Mouth nuKliM-
ato, oblique, with one row of small teeth ; none on tho palate. Gill oihmi-
ings wide; gill rakers long, narrow, wide-set. One dorsal with a iVw
llexible spines in front, beginning at the nape, its rays numorons : anal
similar; caudal rounded, or slightly emarginate; base of vertical Iihh
closely compressed; ventrals small, I, 5. Branchiostegals 7; pseudo-
branchiai present. Skeleton extremely soft, as in leontetin. Open seas,
the young found at the surface. Several species recorded, (axediu, a raft;
(^i'Aiu, to love.)
1370. SCHEDOPHILUS MKDIISOPHAOUS, Cocco.
Head4J; depth 2J; eya 4. D. 40 to .50; A. 25 to 29. Body stronsly
compressed, elongate, ovoid in shape. Head small, as deep as long. Inter-
orbital space convex, broader than diameter of eye, which is sitnatctl
immediately below the upper profile of head, nearly as long as snout.
Snout obtuse, with projecting lower jaw and oblique mouth; mouth of
moderate width, the cleft extending to below front margin of eye; max
illary rather narrow, but widening towa d its extremity. Teeth minute.
implanted in a single series on the sharp edge of jaws ; palate toothlo.ss.
Preopercular margin armed with short spines, which usually become a
little longer on posterior margin; these longer spines have an obli(iiie
dorsal direction ; interoperculum spinous, the suboperculum less so ; oper-
culum membranous, its upper portion shows radiating osseous strife, which
project beyond the margin. Gill rakers of the outer branchial arch loit^s
narrow, and rather widely set; gill openings very wide. Dorsal fin com-
meuciug above root of pectoral and terminating at a short distance from
■^
f
m.
Jordan and /'Irierwann. — Fishes of North Ameruu. \)1\
)(1, oil il hIiii-
baso of i>((-
tlio tin hIkhi
Jiucic, i»l;ii 1(1
H, 1 of wliich
kvitli Hpini'i s.
piii]iillii. Ail
ck aii<l ton;;li,
r bolow, Hoiiii -
in Fiiineisci).
. Lockiiifiiiin,
a Acadoiiiy ol'
, deep water off
rt, (Kl, 18Ki.
1..).
smooth Rcalos,
il. EyoRiiiiiU;
Mouth niotlcr-
te. Gill oiKMi-
lal with il few
in»erou8 ; anal
f vertical tins
lis 7 ; pstniilo-
1. Open HOiiH.
{ax^(*hii a raft;
Body stTonsly
18 long. Intoi-
ch is situated
ong as snont.
ath; mouth of
I of eye; max
Teeth minute,
late toothless,
lally become a
ve an obliinie
I less so ; oper-
18 strife, wliieh
hial arch Ions:,
dorsal fin com-
distaace from
caudal, the caudal p«idnncle being about as deep aH hrig; tills liii rather
low, the longest rays, l>ehind the middle of fin, being not erectile into a
vcitical pcsiiion ; caudal tin (slightly injured) with a rounded margin,
ami rather shortt>r than the head ; pectoral tin with a broad bast;, moro
tliaii half as long as bead, and with the upjier rays longer th. n the lower;
villi raiN ratht^r small, close together, inserted in advance of pectorals.
Till- entire fish is covered with minute, cycloid scales; on the head they
iiliipiar to be- present on the < heek only ; iijiper i)art of tin* head (!ov(ued
Willi a thick, spongy skin, as in Ciiilrolojilntx. Color in life a pale greenish
olive, marbled with <larker, the markings bei ig in the form of spots on
the upper and in irregular longitudinal bands on the lower half of tne
Imily; vertical tins also spotted with blackish; iris nearly white, a ring
of small white i)ore8 encircling the orbit. The specimen described is UV
iiie'ies long and in good condition, with the exception of the lower part
of the abdomen, which is lacerated and shrunk in conseciuence of the loss
')f t ho intestines. All parts of the body are in that state of softness which
is peculiar to many deep-sea fishes. (Giinther.) Pelagic, the young
alniuvlant in the mid-Atlantic, the adult taken in the Mediterranean, otf
Ireland and oft" Samoa. " This is primarily a pelagic surface form, but it
seems very possible that it inhabits the middle or low«r strata of the ocean
as well. Dr. (iiintlH r says that it is evident that at least in the adult
state, it descends to some ('opths. Ihe want of firmness in the ti.ssiies
seems to clearly indicate it as a decp-se.'i/ fish. Ho hazards the opinion
that the depth to which it may descend probably does not exceed 100
fathoms. Calling atcention to tlio fact that the young of the species are
iiiir'h more frequently found near the surface than the adult, he nicntions
the habit of this and similar forms of congregating around the floating
}ft(lus(i', and also questions the accuracy of the theory that fish ever feed
upon Meilmw, since he says the fish could draw but little nourishment
from these animals. As a matter of fact, many of our surface oceanic
fishes feed voraciously upon various forms of Mcduxw and upon Sal2)a.
We have often taken large quantities of this kind of food from thestomachs
of various surface Scomhrovh, as well as from Alutcra and Mola. Dr. (Jiin-
tber's full description, which is quoted above, is taken from a specimen
obtained at Port Rush, County Antrim, Ireland, in August, 187H, captured
in a salmon net. Mr. Ogilby, who sent it to the British Museum, was very
much impressed by the softness of the flesh. 'It was,' he says, 'the
most delicate adult fish I ever handled; so much so, that within twenty-
four hours after its capture the skin of the belly and the intestines fell
off when it was lifted, and it felt in the hand quite soft and boneless.'
This is quoted to emphasize what has been said regarding the softness of
its tissues, and its similarity in this respect to the fishes inhabiting the
abyss." (Goode «fc Bean.) (J/erf«««, jelly-fish; i^njeZi', to eat.) (Eu.)
.Wi.v;oj);n7,(8me(fii«oj)7(a^H», Cocco, Giom. Iiinnin. Messina, 111,7,57, 18:!4, Messina ;Gi'!JTTri:R, Cut.,
II, 412, 18C0; GOntiieu, Deep-Soa Fislics, Chullouger, 'Ifi, 1887; Goode & Uean, Oceanic
Idith., 214, 1895.
Crim bertheloti, Valenciennes, Voy. Canarios, Poiss., 43, 1836-1844, Canaries.
^ii;
^i.;
iiiiii
1
"*n!
072
Bulletin -/7, United States National Museum.
444. ICOSTEUS, Lockington.
hmlenx, Tj()"KiNaTON, I'roc. V . S. Nat. Muh., hi, IK80, fiH, (HiiiV/md^Viiii).
Si7i('i/«yi/(i7()yj«js, Stein'DACIINKH, Iclitli. Ilcitri'ne, XI, 4, 1HS1,((i^iii«>'<h«).
Hody oblong, much coiiipreHHed thioiighoiit, the liead thicker than ;iiiy
part of the body. Dorsal outline rising rapiiUy to thoorigin of thtMlorsiii
fin, thcnco more regularly curved; the region at the base of the doiMa!
an<l anal strongly coniitressed ; caudal peduncle slender, widened at tlio
base of the fin. Mouth large, horizontal; maxillary narrow, reaching' to
beyond middle of eye. Teeth in jaws in cne row, slender, sharp, closely
and regularly set, those in the lower jaw largest ; no teeth on vomer, \\\\X-
atines, or pharyngeals. Gill rakers flexible, few ; gill membraaes sepaiiite,
free from the isthmus. I3ranchiostegals6; psoudobrsinchiiu well dovelojicd.
Lateral lino conspicuous, continuous, decurved, groups of small spines
present along its entire length ; no scales anywhere on body cr fins. Fins
rough, with small spinules; a series along eaci) ray, dividing as the ray
branches ; dorsal fin commencing above the axil of the pectoral, omposed
of 50 to 60 rays, which are all soft and flexible, some of the anti rior
unbranchad; the fin low in front, increasing in height behind; noneof tlie
rays more than once forked; anal shorter than dorsal, similar to it, of 35
to 40 ray s ; some of the anterior apparently undivided ; caudal fin elongate,
fan-shaped, t' middle rays produced; accessory rays numerous, procur-
rent; pectorals with a fleshy base, fan-shai)ed, the middle rays loiijjjtst;
veiitrals thoracic, inserted just behind the pectorals, narrow, con8i;<tiug
of 1 short subspinous ray and 4 long soft rays. Air bladder large. Ver-
tebrse numerous, the vertebral column extremely flexible and soft. Cranial
bones tolerably firm ; bones of the face and operclea very flexible. Dcc])-
sea fishes, from the Pacific. (fi«w, to yield, submit; har'wvy bono — tiie
"entire body being characterized by a want of firmness, as it can be
doubled up as readily as a piece of soft, thick rag.")
/
1371^ ICOSTEUS .ENIOMATICUS, Lockington,
Head 4 ; depth 3. D. 52 to 55 ; A. 37 to 40 ; V. I, 4 ; scales 110 to 120 (groups
of spines). Longest ray of dorsal nearly reaching base of middle caudal
rays. Eye (5 in head, scarcely half the length of the snout or the \vi<ltli of
the intororbital space; diameter of caudal peduncle about 5^ in greatest
depth. Pellucid yellowish or brownish, with purplish spots aud blotdies
of irregular form ; the spots largest above aud most numerous alonj; the
lateral line; fleshy bases of caudal and pectorals spotted; throat and
gill membranes with dark punctulations; fins dusky, obscurely blotciied.
Length about 12 inches. Pacific coast of United States; some 10 speci-
mens known from deep water olF California, Oregon, and Washingtim;
the example before us from Monterey. (ahuynaTiKoc, puzzling.)
Icostetis tiui<jmiiliciiii, Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lit, 1880, GU, off San Francisco; (Coll.
W. G. W. Harford); .Tokdan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 620, 188:5.
Sche(lophiloi>si» spinosM, Steindaciinek, Ichth. Eeitr., xi, 4, 1881, with figure, off San Fran-
cisco
Bchedophilus enigmaticm, GCntuer, Deep Sea Fishes, Cballenger, 46, plate 44, 1887.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
973
"!', bone — the
aa it cuii be
445. ACROTUS, Uoan.
Acri<l<'!>, Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Muh., 1887, ti31, (withwjhhiji).
Shape of the body as in IcoHteun, from which it ditlors in the absence of
vcntrals and spiny tubercles aUmg lateral line, and in having a)i emargi-
natc caudal. Head abort ; mouth niodei ate ; eye HUiall. Teeth minute,
lUilHurial, on intermaxillary and mandible ; vomer, palate, and pharynx
todtliless. Gill openings wit'e, the membrane not attached to isthmus;
gillH 1, a wide slit behind the fourth ; giil rakers short, soft, and llexiblo ;
l)8eiitlobranchiie well developed ; branchlostegals (5. Vent somewhat in
advance of middle of body. Caudal peduncle very slender; ventrals
aliHcnt; caudal large, emarginate. Skin naked. Lateral line without
tulit'icles. Vertebrjo 70. Bones all soft and llexible. Size large. Probably
worthy of family rank. {uKporog, without oars (ventral tins).)
1372yACROTL'S WILLOl'WHBYI, Itoan.
Head 6; depth 3jt; eye 12; snout 4; interorbital width 3. D. 41 ; A.
38 ; P. 20. Upper jaw 3 in head, maxilla reaches to below middle of eye.
Caudal peduncle very slender ; its least height little more than ^ its length
and not much exceeding i length of head. Gill rakers 15, 9 below the
aiiKlf, longest about as long as eye. Origin of dorsal not clearly made
out, the first ray that can be seen without Jisaection is nearly midway
between eye and end of dorsal, but dissection reveals Trays in advance of
thits ; dorsal beginning much nearer head in Icostcus, and dissection may
show that rays are developed much farther in advance than we have been
able to distinguish them; longest dorsal ray about 3 in head. Caudal
peduncle as long as head without snout ; caudal large, emarginate, its
middle rays | as long as external rays and s as long as head ; vent at a
distance from tip of snout equal to 3 times, and from base of caudal a
space equal to 3^^ times length of head ; the first evident anal ray at a dis-
tance behind the vent equal to i length of head ; longest anal ray a little
less than i^as long as head ; pectoral placed close to the head and nearly
iu the middle of the height, its length 'i length of lead. Lateral line
with a slight curve over the pectoral and becoming uedian about half-
way between the pectoral and vent. Skin naked. Peritoneum very dark.
Chocolate brown; inside of mouth and gill opening rich, dark brown.
(Bean.^ One specimen, 5i feet long, obtained at Damon, Washington
(Quinault Agency) apparently thrown up in a storm from deep water.
(Named for its discoverer, Charles Willoughby , Indian Agent at Quinault.)
Acrotim triUonijhbyi, Bean, Proo. U. S. Nut. Mus., 1.S87, G'il, Quinault Agency, west coast of
Washington; (Type, No. 39310. Coll. Chas. Willoughby); Goobe & Bean, Occftuic
Ichthyology, 217, 1890.
!'■
'^'' '
off San Fran-
Family CXXXVIL GRAMMICOLEPIDIDil!:.
Body compressed, covered with vertical linear scales. Mouth small,
terminal ; teeth minute, asperities on the Jaws only. Lateral line sinuous,
unarmed. Two dorsals, the first very short, triangular, the second and
ill! |[
974
liulletin -//, United States National Museum.
tho anal lon^; anal fhi preceded by two short, stout, separate spineN.
Vertebra' nuinerouH, 10 -f 36 i— KJ in number. One jjenus, witli a isiiif,'it)
:ipecies, found in deep waters in the West Indies. {Orammkohiiidhlaj
Toey, Auul. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., ii, lb73.)
446. GRAMMICOLEPIS, Poey.
(I'nimHiiV'i/cjiw, I'dEY, Aliiil. Soc. Ehi\ Hist. Nat., II, iHT.i, (hracl iimriiluf).
liudy deep, uonipresued; eye large; mouth small; head and o^micIcn
partly rugose; teeth minute, none on the vomer or palatines. l'('('i(jr{i|
short and rounded. Kays of dorsal, anal, and pectoral brauchcil. A
single species known. ( y/jf(/</ut/c6i, , linear; 'Acnir, scale.)
1379. (mAM.MI<'4)LKlMS ItUAt'llIIJSn LI'S, Pocy.
Head 5; depth nearly 2; D. VI, 34; A. II, 33; V. I, 6; P. 15; C. I, KM.
Eye very large, 2^ in head. Body much compressed and (luitu (liep.
ISranehial apertures deeply cleft, apparently only i branclii()Mtt'j;al(!.
Snout short. Prefrontal turbinal and anterior suborbital extremely luml
and covered with spiny rugosities. Preoporcle and interoperclo with
rugose borders; remaining opercular bones entirely rugose. Mouth mnall,
subvertically cleft ; premaxillary process large and lodged in a JoKsa of
the cranium ; maxillary complicated; teeth simply a narrow row of niiuutu
prickles, none on vomer or palatines. First spine of dorsal rugose, as
are tho lirst ventrals, the two postanals, and the external ones ai' tail;
rays of pectoral, second dorsal, and anal compressed, not branched at
tip; pectorals very short and rounded; vertical fins all well developed;
tail injured in the type; caudal peduncle large; ventrals thoracic, with
a rugose spine and 6 llexible ones that are branched. Aside from the
frontal bones and the suborbitals where the skin abruptly terminates
and the nasal portion of snout, all the trunk and head is covered with
scales, including the inferior mandible; scales very ditterent from those
found among related fishes, their length greatly exceeding their width;
they have the appearance of parchment, transparent, brittle when dry,
overlaping each other, aud strengthened longitudinally by a raised lineal
ridge; their contact with each other is so extremely intimate that it lends
to the skin of either side a very smooth appearance although rough to the
touch ; the scales are so long that 4, 5, or 6 of them are sufficient to sj/au
the height of the trunk, one of such a series being crossed by the lateral
line, where its presence is denoted by a raised ridge; leading scales ou
the body, above as well as below shorter, and where carried on to tlm
head much more firm than those found on the fin rays ; scales of the head,
although shorter, of the same f rm as those of the trunk ; no scales upon
the fins. Caudal peduncle without cartilaginous or osseous plate at its
sides; posterior to the anus, the ventral keel is rough. Cranium rather
cartilaginous than osseous in structure, except the frontals, which are
rugose in line in the supraorbital region, and bristly in front, as are the
turbinals and suborbitals ; these latter are 4 in number, the last 3 heinft
very slender; 2 supratemporals ; lower jaw with several rows of niiuute
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 975
Jopiirate nimuch.
», with u Hiiiijlo
ravimkoUiiidula,
spiniH upon the (" atary and articular oIuiuentH. Vortebrm 10 + 30 = 46.
Aut< rior ueural spiuu not excavated, being lufty and Hnioutli ; the 5 that
fullow are nhort and inclined backward; remaining ones slender, us alsu
tlifii lummpophyseH ; last vertebne withuut lateral spines. Pleurupop-
liysi'H inconspicuous, feebly developed, of much the same si/.e and shape as
the I'pipleuruls; but one pseudo-interneural spine in front of the one that
HUpi'trts the first dorsal fin ray. (Poey.) A single specimen of this
leiiiJirkable fish was obtained by Poey ut Cuba, in 1872. (Name a Latin
(liuiiiuitive of fifiaxiov, arm, from the small pectoral.)
Ornmiiiiiolvpuhradiimniliiii, Poey, Aaiil. Soc. Ksp. Hist. Nat., If, 1H73, I uba; SiK'FerDT, Juiiriiul
Jlorpliology, II, 1888, 271, with i:i figures; Goodk & Ukan, Oci'ttiiic Iclitli., 21H, tig. 'I'll, l«'.i5.
Ill a natural arrangement the Grammicolepiduht; should apparently be
followed by the Ephippidw, and these in turn by the ChitodonlhUv and their
allitsH, from which are derived the long series of aberrant or degenerate
I'orins known as Flectoytiathi. The needs of a linear arrr .gement make it
desirable to interrupt the series here to givo place to tlio TctraijoHurUlo
aud other aberrant forms which may be allied to the Hcombrida; and also
to the long series of Percoidea, which are also very closely allied to the
uiackcrel-like fishes. When the Percoid series is finished we shall revert
to tho.io remote branches from the Mackerel stem, if such the Chwtodan-
tiih aud the Flectognatha should prove to be.
i! !V-
Family CXXXVIII. TETRAGONUKIDiE.
(The Square Tails.)
Body long, slender, plump, not compressed, covered with hard, ciliated,
grooved scales, which are very adherent. Lateral line single, straightish.
Ileiid scaly; opercles entire; eye large; mouth short, obliijue, the jaws
box-like, armed with one series of close set, comb-like teeth; teeth on
palate. Dorsal divided, short and low; spines about 15; soft rays
few ; aual very small, its spines indistinct ; caudal peduncle long, rather
Hieiuler, with cartilaginous expansions at the base of caudal; caudal
rather small, forked; ventrals small, subabdominal, placed below middle
of pectoral, I, 5; pectorals short; no air bladder. Atlantic; pi-obably
but Olio species; in deep water, apparently rare. The relationships of ihe
giou]) are doubtful. Lowe places it among the mackerels, GUnther near
the MiKjilidw. It seems remotely allied to Branddw and other Scombroid
fonii.^, but it forms a distinct group without near relatives. {Telrayon,'
urina, Uiinther, Cat., iii, 407, 1861.)
hi
K'
447. TETRAGONURUS. Risso.
TcdvifloiiMiiMt, R18SO, Ichth. Nice, 347, 1810, (curieri).
Cteiio'hiy, Macleay, Pfoc. Liiiii Soc. N. S. Wales, 1885, 718, {winimoni).
Characters of the genus included above, (rerpaywpof, square ; oipd, tail;
square-tailed, from the form of the caudal peduncle.)
;;.!#
'4'!
i'! 'I'
I
Hi
i I
IMl
970
Bulletin ^7, United States National Afiiseuni.
1»7*. TKTKAIIOXI nrs nVIKKI. ItlMHo.
(Ks<'iii.Aii UK Natura ; Coi'BI'ata ; Hquaiik Tail ; Hka-Uavkn.)
Head W, depth 7; eye about 3*. D. XV-ll; A. IF, i); V. I, T.; scales
90. IJoily I'liHifuriii, not coinprcsHcd, plniiip iiiitl compart, tliotail iHCDiiiing
distinctly tonr-anj?l«d; at liawo of caudal tlicHo four (Miuidintant aimifH
rlHo Hiiddonly into four short, elevated, laccrato-Hcrrato crests 01 mlnco
of produced toothed scales, these serrate keels iiicetin;; ii\ tho loik ot
the tin, the keels as long as eye. Melly underneath round, witii ;i line,
closed groove from ventral fins to vent; a similar groove ht'hiiid mial,
Head broad above; eye very large; snout short, truncate, as long as eye;
jawsetiual; nuixillary slipping below preorbital ; gape luoderiile, icacii-
Ing front of eye; lower jaw with very high guuis, shutting witliin iiiipti
Jaw like a trunk within its lid; teeth bony, white, and glassy, in oiiu
row in each jaw, arranged like comb t«!eth ; lower teeth larger, almiit 10
in each side of each jaw, the teeth of lower jaw larger baeksvard : ii|i|K'r
teeth Hubconic, lower compressed, lancet-like; vomer and palatines with
small teeth; gill openings very large, the nuMubranes connected lielow,
free from isthmus; pectorals short, rather low; ventrals small, ovate,
ratlier behind pectorals, fitting into a hollow of the belly. Dorsal iiisoited
behind ventrals, of 15 low pungent spines depressible in a groove; soft
dorsal short, scaleless, not in a groove; anal similar, shorter, its lirst two
rays small and simple; caudal broad, rather short, well forke<l. its rays
feeble, much articulate. Whole body covered with a hard and loni-
pact armor of close-set scales in 83 regular obli(iuo spiral rings, tboso
ou tail smaller. These scales are so tirmly fixed that tliey eau
be torn off in spiral belts. Their edges are striate and finely eiiiate,
the striio being also rough. Lateral line nearly straight ; head nmstly
scaly; the surface everywhere rough. Color uniform rusty black, the
edges of the scales hyaline; inside of month blackish. Length 1 loot.
Q''.sophagu8 with soft papilla* ; stomach a long conic sac ; cu-ca numeious,
unequal; vertebra* 36 -|- 22^=58. (Lowe.) Open Atlantic, once taken
off our Atlantic Coast. Originally described from Nice. Kisso says
that it lives at great depths, approaching the coast only in August at the
time of spawning, and that its natation is slow and feeble. It lias since
been found off Toulon and Marseilles, and by Lowe near Madeira, m hero
it was taken swimming at the surface. Lowe is also of the opinion that
it occurs at very great depths. Its flesh is white and tender, but at times
when eaten it is a violent poison, as was demonstrated by the peisonal
exjierience of Risso himself. This Risso thinks may bo due to the jioison-
ous jelly fishes ou which it feeds. A single specimen was obtained by
the United States Fish Commission at Woods Hole, November 10, 1S90
(No. 44436, U. S. Nat. Mus.). (Goode & Bean.) (Named for (ieorgos
Chretien Leopold Dagobert Cuvier, 1769-1832, the great conipaiative
anatomist, who laid the foundations of modern ichthyology.) (En.)
Tetrmimmnw ciirieii, Risso, Iclith. Nice, 347, 1810, Nice; GCnther, Cat., Ill, -108, 18C1; (!oor>E
& Bean, Oceanic IclitU., 230, fig. 417, 189o.
Tetragoiutnii allantictu, Lowe, Fishos Muiluirii, 12!>, pi. xix, 1843, Madeira.
ki:;...-.i.
Jordan ami Evcrmann. — Fishes of A'ort/t .Imerica. 1)77
i i'
Fiiiiiily CXXXIX. PEMlMIEIilD.E.
(TlIK Dkki'-watkk Catai,ufa8.)
Ilodv oblonp;, comprcHHcd, covered with niodomteorHmnll ncalon, which
iiKMlistiiictly ctenoid, the vent well forward, the long buNo of tlie anni
viiN <il>li(pie. Laterul line nearly Htraight, nnarmed, extending on the
caudal tin; membranes of anal more or Ichh scaly, tiiat of dorsal mostly
iiakcd. Head compressed, with blunt snont, narrow proorbital, and large
i-yu; iionos of head nnarmed, or very nearly so; nostrils double; cheeks,
(ipenlcs, and jaws scaly ; mouth large, very ol)li<iue; prennixillary pro-
tra('til*S maxillary very broad posteriorly. SnuiII teeth on jaws, vomer,
and palatines. Gills 4 ; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
liiaiii liiostegals 7. Dorsal I'm very short, median or anterior, with r> or U
Hlcndci' graduated spines, continuous with the soft raya, the lirst of which
i8loii>;('8t; no projecting interspinal boues before dorsal. Anal fin very
lun^S not falcate, with 2 or 3 small spines in front ; caudal lunate or mod-
onitidy forked, on a stoutish peduncle. Ventrals moderate, I, 5, inserted
liolow the pectorals, which are rather long. Supraoccipital crest high,
sifiidcr; vertebral in normal number, 10 + 24 {rempheris); the abdominal
verttdtiii- short; the caudal vertebrtit gradually lengthened. Coracoids
much dihited. Air bladder large, thick, divided into two by a constric-
tion, the anterior part smaller and round. Pyloric co'ca (! or 7, some of
tlioiii longer than the » tomach. Small fishes, inliabiting rather deep
\\ liter in the tropics. Three genera, I'lmpherls, Parapriacunthus (I'einphe-
iklilliiin), and Ncopempherin, with about 12 known species. The rehitiou-
tihiiiB of the family are not very clear. lu the form and proportions of the
tins I'liiipheritt resembles Kurttti*, with which genus it has been usually
asHuciiited. Kurtun has feeble scales, nearly or quite naked head and free
HpiucH, and antrorse interspinals before the dorsal fin. Kurtus seems to
be a iiiembor of the Scombroid group. Panphris shows but few Scom-
broid characters, and bears a superficial resemblance to Priacanthus.
We allow the supposed relation to Kurtus to remain, and place the
group iit the end of the Scovibroidei, where in fact it probably belougs.
(Cdranijidw, part, Giinther, Cat., li, 509, 510, 1860.)
(I. Auid flu very long, iU first ray iu udvaucu of middlo of budy. Pkmi>iiebi8, 448.
&! ;v' t
448. PEMPHERIS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
rcmphrrif, CtrviEK & VaIjENCIKnnes, Hist. Nat. PoiBs., vii, 296, 1831, {onaltmis).
Uody short and deep, tapering posteriorly, covered with rather small
scales, 35 to 70 in lateral line. Vent in advance of middle of length.
Dorsal rays VI, 9; anal rays III, 35 to 46. Caudal lunate. {Pempheris, a
name given by Numenius to some little fish, now unrecognized. "Ces
noma sans caract6re indicatif de leurs esp^ces se trouvant aiusi vacantes
lea naturalistes s'en emparent comme de choses sans maitres pour les
appli(iiier aux genres nouveaux qu' ils decouvrent." (Valenciennes.)
0. Auiil rays III, 32 to III, 25.
'■. Scales iu lateral lino nearly 50; 32 in a lengthwise series; eye 2J4 iu head.
ME.\ICANU8, 1375.
I.N. A. 63
I t'i
S?
«^
^mm
y^jTiJr. fJi^Jfig?!?^
078
liulletin 47, United States National Musfion.
'\
,i
il
its
'A
4i
'^!
i
1
^'1
U<, SnlrH ill liili'i'iil litic '>•>; I'.vi' :)'.j ill lit'iiil. Mi'iiDMiiriniKi, ];i7o
<m. Aiiiil ru.VH 111, 111. BcHlrx in luti'ml linn 0«j t-yo very l«rg«', 2)/, iii liund. MlLl.Kiir, I:i77,
(OKI. Aiml luyM III, 'l\. Scali'w in liitcrul liuo fiii; oy 1\:^ In liuad. roi:ti, UTn,
1:175. rnniMIKRIH MKXK'AM'H,* ruvior a VuluncionnoH.
D. VI, !(; A. Ill, [in; Hcalos in a loiiKtlnviHo ueriua 32,10 hciiIo in u
tniiiHvei'Ho MoricH, Prolileu littlucuuouvo. Copper culur ; thu Hum vdlow,
withuiit black niarkin^H. Pacilic coast of Mexico, ouly the type limwu,
I'roin Acapulco. (Cuvier ^ ValencionuuH.)
IV»ii'/a'n'4 mcxkfini)*, Ouvirh it VALCNciCMNes, IIlMt. Nut. I'uIhii., vii, :t08, 1831, Acapulcu.
187(1. PKnPKrlltlS M'iiOMIIIHdKI, MUllor A Troschul.
Head 4; depth 3. D. VI, 9; A. Ill, 33; V. I, 5; scales in lat(Miil lino
5(i, hoHidcH about 13 on the caudal fln. ProHlo depressed above tlic cyu;
lower outline Htrongly convex anteriorly, thou Htraight alonj; the liclly,
then contracted so that the base of last anal ray is on level of miililli' of
pupil. Scales rather large, distinctly ctenoid, deciduous, except tlumo
along the lateral line, which are smaller than the others and jifisi^tcnt.
Eye 3i in head; half broader than interorbital space. Maxillary rcucli-
ing beyond middle of eye; each jaw with two rows of small, Nlcnder
teeth directed backward ; small teeth in narrow bands on voimr ami
palatines; preoporcle finely serrate; fiu rays slender; height of (linsal
greater than its base, which is about half length of head; anal liasc not
quite 2^ in body, its first rays 3;^ in head ; anal spines slender, grudiiatvd ;
caudal moderately lunate, the upper lobe the longer; pectorals I'alcnio,
as long as head; ventral short, as long as eye; lateral lino cnivcd to
below middle of dorsal and extending on the scales of ca.udal tin. Viulut
above, golden yellow below (in spirits); scaly sheath of anal wiili dark
specks. (Steindachner. ) Barbados and Cuba. (Named for Kuboit 11.
Sohomburgk, author of the History of Barbados.)
VcmX'hnU tdinmhiirgki, MOllrr & TBOSrilEl,, in SclioinburRk's History of lliii-biuluH, r.c'i, 1,S15,
Barbados; D. V, 9; A. Ill, 35; Steindachner, Icb. Notizon, i, 8.
1877. PEMPUERIS MULLEKI, Poey.
(CATALTJFA 1)E 10 AtTO.)
Head 3;^ ; depth 2^ ; eye 2J in head ; base of anal 2i in body or 1 i tinios
as long as head. D. IV, 10 ; A. Ill, 31 ; scales 56 to 60. Color red, silvery
below, dusky on back and base of anal. Length about 5 inches. Weut
Indies to Brazil; rather rare on the coast of Cuba, in waters of modcrati'
depth. A handsome little fish, resembling a young PnacaH//i»<8. Probably
* Tho following account of tho original typo of Pempherin mericana lins beon sent iih liy "ur
friontl,Mr. Aloxandor Thominot: " Body compresHed, its hi'ight 2J^ times in thi' tntal liiif-'lli:
bead a little more than four times in tills dimension; snout (i in head; eye as Unit; .i"in"ilij'
peduncle; insiTtion of dorsal nearer tip of snout tban rtwU of caudal; pectonls as Ion;; Mri lionil.
Total length 0.14(t mm.; head 0.033 mm.; snout 0.005 mm.; eyo 0.015 mm.: caudal biiull' ii.02S;
length of pectorals 0.033; base of dorsal 0.018; height of dorsal 0.020. tin rays 1). 1!; !'■ w;
V. 1, 5; A. 32; C. II-I-II. Scales in lateral liuo nearly 50."
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 070
identical with rcmphcriH Hvhonihurnki. iNuiiiud for tlio luitoil cMtiiipai'Htivu
uiiatoiiiiHt, Prof, JuhaiiiiuH Miillor, who wroto on tlio tishi-rt of IturltiuloM.)
p^mfil''"! iiiiilleii, Tory, Mi'timriuH, II, 2t)',i, Itiljii, Cuba; 't''" iuivv l^miihrm niiitlni ot Kluu-
/l!J^<•r In n ililVuruiit K|i<rcleH).
i'lii,;., ,i» Kli'iiiihnryki, JouuAN, i'rof. U. 8. Nut. Mm., ll<8(l, M, utnl IMIKI, HIT; purliiiiw nut of
Ml I.LKU ik TUONL-IIBL.
931, Acapulco
IH7H. rKMIMIKKIH l>(»KVI, Ildin.
Iliad 3; depth 2i; oyo 2i ; Huoiit '2 in «^yo. D. IV, 8; A. IH, 21 ; HcaU)»
2-,")))-lL'. Maxillary about i im lonjj aH ln'iid, its i»oMl.ori«»r uxtruniity
vuiy much widouod; uumdiblu Hli^htiy longer than niaxillti, itH loiigth
Hourly i gretttcHt height of body; width of interorbital M]iace eiiual to ^
longtli of maxillary ; origin of dorual Hiightly behind vertical through
origin of ventral ; diHtaneo from tii» of Huout to origin of dormil not
uiucii mure than length of anal baue; longeNt dormil ray Hiightly excebd-
iii<{ \ length of head; origin of dorHal tin conuiderably in advance of
niiiMlo of total length; origin of anal directly under end of dorual;
leii^'tii of anal baHo eijual to greutet^t height of body and not much in
uxccNs of length of head; origin of ventral alnioHt directly under that of
(loiHiil; third ray of ventral uh long as eye; pectoral 4 in liody ; caudal
imiu'it'oct in type. Cuba. Only the typo known. (IJoan.) Named for
Prof Fchpe Pooy, who collected the typo of the Hpecies.)
hiiiiilc'i!< i'oeiji, BnAN, Troc. U. S. Kut. Muo., 1885, 'i'iv, Havana. (TyiK', No. :t7l84. Coll
■I 1
llarl>HiluH, i:i,'i. isiA,
Group PERCOIDEA.*
(TlIK PkkCII-LIKE FlSHEb.)
A gronp of fishes of diverse habits and forms, but on the whole, rcpre-
sentiiig better than any other the typical Acanthopteryyian tish. The
gruiip is incapable of concise definition, or, in g'aneral, of any definition
ut all; still, most of its members are definitely related to each other, and
buur ill one way or another a resemblance to the typical form, the perch,
or more strictly to its marine relatives, the sea bass or Sirranidw, The
following analysis gives most of the conmion characters of the group:
Body usually oblong, covered with scales, which are typically ctenoid,
not smooth nor spinous, and of moderate size. Lateral line typically
pruHL'iit and concurrent with the back. Head usually compressed later-
ally, and with the cheeks an<l oporcles scaly. Mouth various, usually
teniiiiial and with lateral cleft, the teeth various, but typically pointed,
arniiif^od in bands on the jaws, vomer, and palatine bones ; gill rakers
usually sharp, stoutish, armed with teeth ; lower pharyngeals almost
always separate, usually armed with cardiform teeth; third upper
♦.\s tli(!8e BheetH aro passing tbrouf;!! tliu pross wo liavo received, thrnugli tlic courtcgy of onr
frieii', I»r. (i. A. Boulenper, of the Britisli Bliiscuni, pronf sliects of the first volume of his
"Cat:iluiru(^of thoPerciform Fifilies in tlio Uritisii Bluseiini." ThiH Rives promJHe of IwiiiK, lilio
ils imitutype, Dr. Guntlior's "Catuloguo of tlio Finlien of the Itritish Museum," u nioiiunicntal
wiirk iiiillHpmisalMo to all students of fishes. Wo have iiiatle free reference to Dr. Bouleiiger's
condii.-ioiis iu tboBO geuera of Pcrciformen or Pcrcoiilea, iu which bis work is printed in advance
of ours.
f
'\-:-i:
m
'I'
a iti.ut.t
il
I
: I
980
Bullitin 47 , United States National Museum.
■A:
I A
..tip
ItlittiyiiKuul iiiodurutuly uiilurKo<l) oloiiKiite, not artioulatod to tlin ura>
Ilium, tliu fourth typically prcHuut; gillH 4, a Hlit huhind tlio fuurtli ; ^j||
luuuibi'unuH free from thu iHthuiuH, und UHually not couuectod wttli \:\w\\
other; i»8eiulobraiichin' tyi»iculiy woll duvulupod. lirauchioHti'^Mln i„\v
UHually or 7. No bony Htay counuctinK tlio Huborbital chain to tlic pn..
upurclu. Upurciihir bonvH all well duvulopud, normal in poHition: the
prooporclu typically Hurratu. No cranial Hpinea. Dorual iin vaiii>iiM|y
duvulopcd, but alwayH with Home HpincH in front, thene typically Htili imd
pungent; anal tin typically Hhort, UHiially with 3 HpinnH, Honuttiinrs with
alarf(cr number, BomctimoH with none; caudal tin variouH, UNiially limatu;
pectoral tins well dovelo[)ed, inaerted hiKh ; ventral llns alwayn ])it'Hiiiit,
thoracic, ueparate, almost always with 1 spine and 5 raya. Air liliidilfr
usually present, without air duct in the adult ; simple and (jeneraily atUicr-
ont to tlio walls of the abdomen. Stomach cti'cal, with pyloric apptMid-
ages, the intestines short in most species, long in the herbivorous roiniH,
Vertebral column well developed, none of the vertebrui especial l,\ iih.mI-
ilied, the number lO-f-lt, except in certain extra-tropioal and fresli-wattir
forms, which retain the primitive higher numbers. Shonhkr ^(inllt)
nornuilly developed, the post-temporal bifurcate, attached to tlic Nkiill,
but not coositiod with it ; none of the epipleural bones attached to the
center of the vertebra-; coracoids normal, the hypercoracoid iilwujH
with a median foramen, the basal bones of the pectoral (actiiiosts ur
pterygials) normally developed, 3 or 4 in number, hourglass Hliapod,
longer than broad ; premaxillary forming the border of the inuiitli,
usually protractile ; bones of the mandible distinct. Spocii-.s vury
numerous, found in all seas except those of the Arctic regions. Many
species inhabit fresh waters, especially in North America and Euro])o.
These fresh-water forms are apparently nearer the primitive stock tliuii
the marine species are. The Elaimomida', Centrarchida; and Pciriila luo
the most primitive, and app irently form, with the Percopaidw and Aphre-
doderida; an almost continuous series. This series we are compelled to
break in a linear arrangement for the purpose of bringing in othi'i nnies
of transitional forms, which culminate in the Berycoida und the Scombroids,
a. Maxillary not slienthod liy tho jiroorbital, or only partially covered by tho odgo of tlio latter;
Toiitral with it» accessory scale very small or wantiug; pectoral without acccHwiry Hmlf;
sUeuth at base of spinous dorsal little developed; vomer usually with tectii; upiTclu
usually ending in a spine.
b. I'rocaudal* vertobriv with transverse processes from tho third or fourth to tln' lu.-t;
ribs all but tho last 1 to 4, sessile, inserted on tho centra behind thu traullvt)r^u i>ru-
cesses; anal spines 3 or more,
c. I'seudobranchiin rudimentary, covered by tlie skin.
d. Lateral line wholly wautinf;;; dorsal Hpiuo8 4 orS; vertebraj about 10 -f 11=24.
KLASSOM I !>.>:, (XL.
(hi. Lateral line more or less developed; dorsal spliica to 15; vortclirii' '.;'.> tn 'Si.
Centbabchiii.i;, cxii.
cc. Psoudobranchin) large; dorsal spines about 10; vertebra) 10 -f 15 = 25.
KriiLiiD.r, ixui.
lb. I'rccaudal anteriorly without transverse processes; all or most of tho ribs incorted ou
tho transverse processex when these are developed.
* These characters are taken from Boulenger, Cat., i, p. 2.
■K.<IH|ll|||lll^
•1
Jordan and Mverpnann, — Fhhen o/ North America. IWl
t'. Anikt Nplntii 2 or 1, vnry rAroly ubitulotu; vortxbriK ta liiciowi'd iiiiiiilM>r (,l() In '10).
I'Kllrlli.V., rxi.111.
tr, Anul Hpliii'N'i (raruly :(); viirtcliriu 2t or Zl; |ia«ii(lolimiii'lilii' wnll <|i'viilii|icil; ilnrMtl
III) tliviJetl. ('ii»'.ii,iii)iiTr.iiiii.r, rxi.iv.
rtr. Anal Npliii'it :i ori..)ni>, iu'Vim' 'i, nor 1; |MH'iiilo>iriiiirliiii' wril i|nvi'Ui|H'<l; durHal t)ii
I'oiiiliiuiiiiH or (livid<*il: \i>rti*lirjt' 21 to ii.'i.
(. Vonior, uiiil iiNiiiilly iiitliiliiii'H uImo, wIiIi tcolli,
1/. liUtui'iil lino NlroiiKly iiiitrkcil, uxti'inlliiK to I'liil ol' i.tiiiliil flu; hoily olon-
g»li<; ti'Otli Hiiukll. CCN'ruuPoMlliC, I'xi.v.
1/1/. Iiiitoriil lino not rxtemliuK on laiidikl (In.
h. Anal tin Nliort<>r than iloFNul; hciil not I'vorywlioro roveroil with roUKli
wali'H; poNtoi'ular part ot' hcail not nliorti'ni'il. .Hkiiiianiii.I':, rxi.vi.
/i/i. Anal fin Hcarci'ly Mhortttr than ilorMil ami Nlnilhir to It; hiail ami hiMly
evctrywiicru cuverud with rutiKh Mfalfa; litxly deep, coinpninNc'd,
I'llUrANTIIID.V:, CXI.VIII,
/. Vomer without toutli; dorsal flu contlniioiiH; hody d<><>p, i-oniprcHNcd.
LUIIOTIII.V, CXI.VII.
lUL. .MAxlllary rilippinK for nioHt of Um length nndi'i ho odKe of the preorliltal, which I'orniM a
niorii or lowi distinct xhiMith; vontnilM with an ao'i'Hxory Hialc; u|H<n'le withuiit Npinun;
inaxillary without NUpplcnicntal hoiii-; anal NpincH ;i, raicly 'J.
t, (!urnivoruii)i Mpecii'H; IntootlnoMof niodoratu lungtli; to'^th lu Jhwm not all InclHor-IIko;
vortohrii' iiHiially 24 or 2.').
i. 8pincHof prcniaxllla'-y not Kr'Mitly prtMliiccd, not uxtonding backwanl to thr
(M'ripiit; month niodcratidy prutmutih'.
k. Vomur with tooth.
/. Teoth in JaWHUHually iin(M|ual, Hoino of thoni more or Iprh raninn-liko;
nodl8tin<'t tnlmrch'N from the cranium for tlio articulation of tho
eplpharyngualg; onlargod a|H>phyH<'H for tho arlii'uiution of the
palatincH and proorhital; flnit 4 vertehno without parapophyHCH;
maxillury long. Lutianiu.v;, cxlix.
\tU. Vomer without teuth; i)aiatln(>H and tongiio toothleNg.
■m. Toutli on sldoH of jawH not molar; nukxillarloH formcil oHxontially nw in
tho iS«rr>niii/ir. II.KMt'LlD.v:, ri,.
nmi, Tooth on sidoH of jawH molar; maxlilarioH p<'c'iillar in form and in
articulation, unliko thoHu of tho SirraiiUlii. Anterior toutii coni-
cal, or eUu moro or U>8h incisur-liko; prcopcrcio (^ntlro.
Si'Aiiin.i':, cLi.
jj. 8pinoM of promaxillary oxtunding backward to tho occiput, bo that tho mouth
U uxcusaivoly protractile; proorhital vury narrow,
n. Lowur pharyngi-alH ^voll Huparatod; tooth in jawH small or wanting; vomer
with minute tooth or none; dorsal flu rontinuoUNor deeply notched;
proopcrcio entire. M.knii>.k, ctli,
nn. Lower pharyngeals closely approximated, often apparently united; tooth
present, small; dorsal tin notched. (ikkridk, ci.iit.
it. Herbivorous H|iecifls; intostinal canal elongate; anterior teeth in Jaws iucisur-liku;
no molars or canines; prcmaxillarioH moderately protractile.
KYi'iiosiii.t;, n.iv.
j;
• i-
fi
(
t
>•
\
i
t
3
V
Family CXL. ELASSOMIDiE.
(Pigmy Sunfisiies.)
Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather largo cycloid scales.
Mouth small, termiual, the lower jaw projecting ; each jaw with rather
stronif conic teeth, in few series, directed forward vomer with a few
weak teeth ; palatines toothless ; upper jaw very protractile. Bones of
bead with entire edges. Cheeks and opercles scaly. Gill membranes
M
'f
*-
Pf I n
i^-*'fv . 7^v^i^y'y^i'fv^'^'^9^*^\^^i^^^.'^;rf:i^.*.?^:;'''^iy'i^r^r'\'if^K-r^yri^y^y^
"^^
m
982
Bulletin 77, United State:> National Museum.
broadl.r united, free from istlnnns; gill rakors tubercle-like. Lower
pharyiigcniH uarrow, separate, with sharp teeth. UrauciiioHtegals jqijuir-
ently 5. Lateral line obsolete. Vent normal. Dorsal lin sinj^Ie, hinall,
with 4 or 5 spines; anal with 3 spines; vontrals thoracic, I, 5; cimlal
roundel. Pseudobranchia' small, glandular, covered by the skin. No
py.'orip Cd'ca. Posterior processtis of pien>axillaries extending to the
frontals, the latter smooth ; parietal and supraoccipital crests not jno-
duced on the frontals. Vertebra* 1()-|-11 or 1.5 = 21 or 25. Two spicics
knon-n; very singular little fishes, among the very smallest kiiowo,
inhabiting the swamps of the southern United States, interriu tliutts
between the Aphrruoderidw and Ccnirarchidii'. Like I'ercopxix, ('nihni.
Aphrdcdcrua, Dallia, CholoijaHier, etc., the ElasKomidw constitute a relic 0."
a very ancient fauna. Dr. Boulengev places Elusmma among the (.'intnir-
chidiv, an arrangement to which we see no serious objection. Elamomn, as
Dr. Boulenger suggests, is a dwarfed sunlish, bearing much the .sanio
relation to the others that the dartevs iiear to the perch. {ElansomUlu,
Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 461, 1883.)
4^9- ELASSOMA, Jordar.
Elassoma, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 50, 1877, {zotmUi).
Characters of the genus included above, (thiaauua, a diminntion.)
a. Scalus niuderato, 38 to 45 <n a longitudinal serioB. xonati m, \'.i1'.>.
ail. Eoalea vory largo, 27 to 30 in longitadiual sorios. EVF.nr.i.AHF.r, i;i8().
1379. ELASSOiVA ZONATUM, Jordan.
Head 3 ; depth 3i; eye large, 3 in head. D. IV, 10, or Y, 9 ; A. Ill, r>:
B. 5 ; scales 38 to 42-19. Body oblong, compressed, the nape rather In oad
and depressed ; head narrowed forward. Mouth small, oblique, the max-
illary scarcely reaching pupil. Teeth in jaws stout, conical, slifjlitly
v'^rved, directed forward in 2 or 3 rows. Color olive green, every wlicic
finely punctulate; sides with about 11 parallel vertical bands ot dark
olive, about equal in width, narrower than the eye, about as wide a;* the
pale interspaces ; a conspicuous roundish black spot, nearly as large as
the eye, on the aides just above the axis of the body, under the bef,'iiiiiing
of the dorsal ; soft fins faintly barred ; a blackish bar at base of cau-
dal. Length li inches. One of the smallest of our spinous-rayed t'mhes.
inhabiting sluggish streams and bayous from Southern Illinois to 'F'exas,
Louisiana, and Alabama; not very common and only in still waters of
small extent. Variable. ''5^onrt<«8, banded.)
EUmoma ^■onata, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x. .'iO. 1877, Little Red River, Judsonia,
White County, Arkansas. (Coll. Trof. Henry S. Reynolds).
Elatnoiiiazmolmn, Jordan & Gildert, Synoiffiit) 4t)l, 1883; Boulenoeb, CaUiIoguo of Fi.-lns in
the British Museum, i, 34, 1895.
13S0. ELASSOMA ETERGLADEI, Jordan.
Head 3,'^ ; depth 3^ : eye 3 in head. D. IV, 9 (III, 8 to IV, 9) : A. Ill,
5, (to III, 7) ; scales 28-13 or 14. Body more elongate and less comitressed
j-VtiiiiiW^-i^' .iff-i, ...j^.vi~!**.-4>^*^i:.iijiii-j^'
•h^^Lk^^^.
imiiiution.)
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of Norf/i America.
983
thiii'. in Klaasoma :onatum ', the head thick, uiodenitely pointed antorioiiy,
lliittiHli, and moderately wide above. Mouth obliijue, very Hinall, its out-
lino curved, uppoi jaw very protractile, lower jaw projecting ; Hnout very
ulioit not longer than pupil ; preorbital very narrow. Maxillary of mod-
oiiiti' width, barely reaching the vertical from front of eye, ita length 4
in html. Teeth in narrow bands, those of the outer series euuirgod, close-
set, .slender, and curved. Apparently a few teeth on the vomer. Cheeks
and (ipcrcles scaly, the former with 3 or 4 rows of scales. Preopercle
(utiic; opercle unarmed, oniarginai:e behind. Gill membranes broadly
coniio'tud across the isthmus. Breast with small scales ; scales of body
very large, cycloid; no trace of lateral line, (iill rakers very small,
tubercular. Pseudobranchiie very small, apparently covered by skin, as
in tbo ('cntrarchidai. Vent normal in position. Dorsal fin low, the first
spino Hliort, the others graduated; ventral fins very slender anu narrow,
their filamentous tips nearly reaching front of anal; their rays I, 5; the
iuuer ray short, so that the number appears on a hasty examination to bo
1,4; pectoral li in length "f head ; caudal sl'ghtly emargiuave, 1^ in
bead. Color, in spirits, dusky olive, without cross bands or scapular
spot; centers of scales paler, thus forming faint longitudinal streaks;
many Hcales of back and sides each with a dark brown spot ; these irreg-
ularly scattered ; body and head soiled with dark points ; dorsal, anal, and
caudal conspicuously marked with cross bands formed of dark dots; ven-
tials and anal largely dusky, similarly but more faintly barred. Length
U iuclies. Swamps of southern Georgia and Florida, locally common in
dark waters tributary to the Everglades. Extremely variable in colora-
tion and in number of fin rays, if all the known specimens really belong
to one species.
:?r'i;
F.kwom'i rivrglaxlei, JORDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8., 1884, 323, Indian Rivet ,)d Lake Jessup,
Florida; (Typo, No. 25326(8). Coll. U. Edward Earll); Gii.bkrt,* Bull. V. S. Fixh Ooiiiin.,
vni, 1888, 228; WooLMAN.f Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x, 1890 (1892), 299 uud :iOO, i>l. Rt, fig.
I t:i':
* " \ single speclmon from the Satilla Bivor at Waycross, answeriug well tho ori);iniil dcscrip-
tidii, lull with the anal III, 7, instead of III, 5 ; D. iV, 9; scali^s 27. FiiisallhiKh, tlii' viMitraiH '
rciicliiii', slifshtly boyond origin of anal, tho longest (lorsiil ray IJ.', in head. In Hpirits, faint
traief cf •', or 7 dusky cross bars; a white area on base of caudal. In life, a blue bund under
eye mil ;i number on sides. Dorsal spines with blue." — Gilbert.
tWcKiliniin givts the following account of spacimons ol this species from Hillsboro River,
Klorida : " Two very fino specimens were taken in Pcmbertou Creek, which differ in Roveral
liirtiiuliirs from tho types of this siH!ci<!8 {Elassoma erenjlwlei). Total length of specimens a.") and
'27iimi. ii'spectivoly; length tocaudal fin 22}^, 23 mm.; greatesthelghtof body (),7 mm.; depth
of cauil.il jii'iluncloo, 3 mm; length of head (j, 7 mm.; intororbital area 2, 2 ram.; eye, 2, 2 mm.;
(listiiiin- from tip ol snout to front of dorsal, 10, 10 mm. Number of dorsal spincsand rays, III,
K III, s; length of ba«o of dorsal 7, 7 mm.; longest dorsal spine 3, 3, mm.; longest doi-sal ray 5,
fi; iiiml I V, ,'■.; IV, .'); ventrals reaching anal; scales 28,28. Ground color, very dark brown,
in'ttrly l.lii -k, with 3 cross bars behind dorsal, between which there in a dark metallic blue space;
f|rtit (III (i|i(Tcle of a dull carmine color; 2smar spots of tho same color at base of caudal; Rpots
(>!' bliii' im other parts of body, notably along lateral lino; tins dark; up;>erbalf of dorsal black;
'.; liplitir spots on the last rays of dorsal.
"Sev iral specimens wero obtained in Mill Creek which correspond more closely with tho orig-
iiiiils (if EhiKsoma. Tho measurements of 3 of these are as follows: Length 25, 25, 23 mm.
rcspcoiiv.ly; length to base of caudal 21, 21, 19 mm.; greatest depth 6, 7, 5 mm. ; depth of caudal
pc(lini(lii;i, 3, 3 mm.; length of head fi, 0, Gmm.; e\ol}4, 1%, V/^ mm.; distance from end of
Kiiout t., origin of dorsal 9. ft>^, 8 mm. Dorsal rays IV, 8; IV, 9; IV, 9; ana! rays III, 5; 111,5;
'II. "i; :iiimber of scales 27, 28,27. Ground color dark brown, thickly covered with darker spots
liavln^' iMi definite arrangement; a few deep lustrous blue scales on body; dorsal dark, showing
in Miincspi'rimens ft double row of dark-red spots, forming 2 stripes parallel with edge of fin.
Ititire B&ems to be lome variation iu size of eyeand width of interorbital space." (Woolman, {. c)
*i
1
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i;
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i
i
i
1
.
^v ;t '" >t^*"'^t7'?t^;v ^'? '^/*'
■•yyiTi'^^^^'^/fr
'■*.
984
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
4; liUNMiKito,* Hrv>ii-H. Kuiig. Vetunak. Akud. F(irh., I2:i, I8t)4; BoiiIuiikit, Cut., I,:tl.
I
I ■ i :
Family CXLI. CENTKARCIIID.E.t
(The Sunfishks.)
Body more or less shortened and compressed ; the regions al)ovo and
below the axis of the body nearly equally developed, and cornmixindinir
to each other, and the pHeiidobranchiti^ imperfect. Head coiiiincHHfu,
Mouth terminal, large or small. Teeth in villiform bauds, tlic outer
slightly enlarged, without canines; teeth present on premaxillaric'g.
lower jaw, and vomer, and usually on palatines, also sometimes on t(>ii<riie,
* Dr. Einiir Liinnlwrg Rives tho following aocouiit of tlio Bpouiiiiona obsorvcii by li
Orlaixlu, Florida, and proviHionully nanicid " h'Jdssoina (irUnidiviDit^' :
" Localities — Forn Crook and small lakes around Orlando, Orange County; Tohopili
other waters aroiiml Kigsimniee, OHCoola County; Arcadia, Do Soto County.
" This little flsli Hoems to bo e.xtrernoly variable. When I obtained my tirnt Hpccinion^
Crook I siiroly believed that I had founil a new Hpocies. I wan led to that opinion l>y I
ber of spines and S(jft rays in the virtiial fins, .lordan (I'roo. C. S. Nat. Mu.-i., iHs'li i
Eliiivuima t'rerg'd'lei with 4 spines and ") or 10 soft ."ays in the dorsal un<l li Hi)iiics uml .".
in the anal. On my specimens I counted r> spines (in one only 4) and 11 or 12 soft nivr^.
formulaof the anal was III, 7. There was thus 1 spiuo and 1 or 2 soft rays in the iln:
soft rays in the anal more than in the typical /■'. erergladei. I therefore bolievod it jnsl
lisli a new subspecies with the uami; orlaiuUcHtn, the more as also the color, etc., was <
Later on I found in the literature that Woolman (/. <•. p. 290) had found in I'emlioiii
variations in another direction, that is with the formula III, 8 for the durxal, and IV, :
anal. But in the Santa Fu lliver the specimens were more similar to mine with d'
0-12; anal 111,5-7. Through this the variability of /■;. erov/Zorfct becomes still mure
Tbc ttusaro larger in the males, as the following measuronients will show:
III alidiit
ili^aaml
III KiTll
li'' iiiiiii-
I'-^ciilH's
, ami till'
•a I and 'J
tn..>|||l|.
iill-rciit.
•II Crci'k
•. Inrthi-
■r-al IV,
I'viiU'ut.
Length without caudal
Length of head
Depth of boily
Vertical height of dorsal.
Vertical height of anal _.
Length of dorsal
Length of caudal
Height of caudal
Male.
^fill imelfrs.
v.y,
2-.^
10
5
8
Female.
jUllliiiieterH.
20
fi
r,
2
2':.
8
5
"My largest specimen measured 25 millimeters without the caudal, which is roiiiiilfil, not
slightly emarginate. Woolman's figure (I, c, PI. LIII) has the caudal roundiil, tun. Intln'
females the ventrals reach to the anal; in the males the filament from the I'onrth niy siii passes
the S'.lnes of anal. Intestinal canal short, no appendices pyloricn>. Kggs Ian;*', l>iit l<'\v in
DURiber. December and January seem to be the spawning season of this little tiHli. aiil in that
time the male has such a bright color that it must be regarded as one of the liunclsdiiii-t licsli-
water ii.shea. It is black, with 7moro or h^ss complete vertical crossbars of bright nuiallii liliip.
A semicircular blue spot below and behind eye. At the base of the caudal there ii re 2 "liilli'li
blue or blue spots surrounded by black. The ventral fins almost biuo with bhuk li'ihl'i'. At
tlio base the dorsal has 2^ bands of blue spots; the anal has 1 or 2 bands of the sann' kiml. A
little within the black margin of all the vertical fins, ^hn chief color of which is il.i li, is a
broad, blue band, which is broadest and brightest on the atial; pectorals not rolmol, Alt'i-
the spawning time the blue will change to paler greenish blue but still i.ic*^'"'- 1. 1 spirits
the blue color is lost and the fishes become blackish with paler l)and whore tlif I!"'' li"*
been. Both the caudal spots are always conspicuous. The female is not so bright ll-(i'li>r
is a kind of rusty brownisli with darker spots. These are sometimes arranged in tlii" laiigis
along the side. The belly is always paler and the entrails sliine through, tlic liver n iMi-li and
the intestines dark, if they contain anything. At the base of the caudal two wliiti-li, dark-
bordered spots. Dark spots on the rays makeone band on the anal, two on the dorsal, and ilirif
on the caudal."
t For a useful review of the species of this family see Bollman in Beport U. S. Fith (I'mni,,
XVI, 1888 (1892), 667-679, plates lxviii-lxxii.
.»:^_..-
seum.
g<'r, Cuf,, I, lit.
fions abovo nnd
ll C01T(iHp(i|l(liiij;
iju'i coin|u(s.sc(i,
auds, tin- oiitiM'
preniaxill;irit'8,
;ime8 on toriiriu',
iservfd liy Inn, ;,|„„|,
y; Tohopckiili^aaii,!
'Ht Kpl'cilMOIlN in I'lTii
iipiiiiDM liv III., iiiiiii-
Nns., ixsi) (|.,:ciihc,«
pines iiiid .". >,,|t rays
I2s(il't rays, ami the
9 in the (liirsal ami •:.
eved it just tucsial)-
, etc., was ilill.TCiil.
in I'einlicilnri Cicik
111, iiiid IV, "i Inr till-
ine with dorsal IV,
I still lUdir tviilout.
nuli\
ytiHera.
I/.
ch is ronndml, not
iindrd, tiio. In tlic
uiirtli ray siiipassos
s lariic, lull li'H ill
l(> fish, and iji lliut
hiinds(iini-t licsli-
I'i^lit iiii'tallirliliif.
Iicro lire 2 «liilijli
I.liuk hcidrr. Al
till? same liiiiil. A
which is Irla: k, isa
lot roloieil. Aft'l
otnlli.' ;.i spirits
licre the lihic lins
hright. llscelor
cd ill Ihr. . ranges
;^ liver mldi-li and
wo whitish, ilark-
dorsal, ;iiid llireo
J. S. Fiili Cemni.,
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes oj North America.
985
ptoryKo'ds, and hyoid. Premaxillaries protractile ; maxillary with a snp-
plcmiMital bone in the large-niontbed fornm, Hometimes uiinnte or obsolete
in otliii8. Preoperclo entire or somewhat serrate ; operole ending in two
flat points or prolonged in a black flap at the angle. Preorbital short and
deep; tirst suborbital narrow, the maxillary not slipping under its edge.
Nostrils 2, on each side. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudo-
brancliiiii small, almost glandular, nearly or (luite covered by skin. (»ill
niemliiiiiicH separate, free from the isthmus. Hianc^jiostegals 6, rarely 7.
Gill Hikers variously formed, armed with small teeth; lower pharyngeal
boiiessoparate, their teeth conic or sometinies paved. Cheeks and opercles
scaly: body fully scaled, the scales usually not strongly ctenoid, rarely
cycloid ; lateral line present, usually complete. Dorsal fins confluent,
tlid spines 6 to 13 in number (usually 10), depressible in a shallow groove ;
anal Hpines 3 to 9. Intestinal canal short. Pyloric co'ca 5 to 10. Verte-
hni' 2H to 35 (13 to 18 + 15 to 17), Entopterygoid present. Precaudal or
alidoniinal vertebrie with transverse processes from the third or fourth to
the la.it ; ribs all but the last 2 to 4 sessile, inserted on the centrum behind
the tnuiHverse proceses. Frontals with a pair of largo muciferous chan-
nels which converge posteriorly or are confluent with a transverse channel
connecting the postfrontals, their posterior openings close together on the
median lino in front of the snpraoccipltal crest. Coloration usually bril-
liant, chiefly greenish. Sexes similar ; changes with age often great.
Fiesh-water fishes of North America; genera 12; species about 30, form-
ing ont! of the most characteristic features of our fish fauna. Most of
the species build nests, Avhich they defend with much courage. All are
carnivorous, voracious, and gamy. All are valued as food, their impor-
tance heing in direct proportion to the size which they attain. The
groui» lias been divided by Dr. Gill into three subfamilies very closely
related to each other — Cenirarclihw., Lejwminw, and Microptcrina: Most of
the 8[)ecic8 belong to the Lepomina: The Micropterina; approach most
nearly to the Scrranida'. At the same time they are perhaps farthest from
the primitive stock from which the group has sprung. (Percida; group
GriistiiKi, Gunther, Cat., i, 2u6-261, 1859.)
Centbaiu'iiin.t; :
a, Diiisal till scarcely longer than anal.
If. Dorsal spines 5 to 8; aiialRpincsG; spinous dorsal shorter tliansoftdorsal; hcdy ein igatc,
compressod. Pomoxis, 4.10.
I'll. Dorsal spines 11 or 12; anal spines 7 or 8; Hpinotis dorsal lonner than soft dorsal; hody
short and deej), eoraprossed. Centuakrhus, 451.
w. Diirsal tin much larger than the anal; gill rakers rather short.
liKP.niiN.i-; :
.. liody comparatively short and deep, the deptli usually more than g the length; dorsal
fill not deeply einargiiiate.
./. Tongue and pterygoids with teeth; mouth large, maxillary reaching post middle
of eye.
e. Scales cycloid; caudal convex. Aoanthauciius, 452,
ec. Scales ct(^noid; caudal concave behind.
/. Opercle emarginate heliiud; anal spines a to 8.
(/. Lingual teeth in a single patch; gill rakers about 10; preopercle ser-
rate only at its angle, other niembraue bones entire; lower point
of opcrcle without pointed stria). Ahdloflites, 453.
I «<fc
iifliii:!
j.r^'aijflF^
'Pw'JT^Tto*?^^^???^^ '■'
986
Bulletin 4y, United States National Museum.
< 1
m
yij. Lingual tooth in two patches; gill rakttra abuut 20; muxt of tli. m,.,,,.
brauu bones uf tlio head serrate; lower point of opcrcli' -triutc
the striii* ending In Hhari> I>oi»ts. Aiii iiiipli u s, i:>4.
jT. O|i<'rcio ending In u black convex prot'oss or flap; nnal nplneH 3; |iri "iirnle
entire. Cilknuiiiivti i ., 4r,:,.
(Id. Tongue and pterygoids toothless; mouth Hmall, the niitxillury barely reailiiii).' imt
middle of eye.
h. Caudal convex; opercle emarginate, without flap.
t. Dorsal tlu continuous, normally with '.)splnuH;anal normally with li s|>inpii,
Knnkai'amiii s, 4j(;.
ii. Dorsal fln angulatod, some of the median HplnoN olovateil; dorMil ."iijriis 10;
anal 3. Mk80(io.nistm s, 457.
hh. Caudal margin ctpncave; opercle prolonged behind in a convex pr(iic.-<- nril;!],
which is always black; dorsal spineH normally 10; anal 3.
J. Supplemental bone of maxillary perfectly dictinct. Ai'OMuii'i, 4,"i>.
jj. Supplemental bono of maxillary rudimentary or wanting.
k. Lower pharyngeals narrow, the teeth uttuuliy sharp, not r(iiii( al.
liKl'liMlS, 4.'iO.
kk. Lower pharyngeals broad and concave, especially in the mlult: leith
more or Ichs blunt and paved. Kii'ciMciis, 4111.
MlOROlTEniN/T. :
<•<: Body comparatively eiongate, the depth In the adult about 3-i t'>" length; ilmsal tin
low, deeply emarginate, with 10 spines; 'month large; caudal lunate.
MiCHOl'TKIll S, -ICl
::! -ii
V il
n:
it''
n;
450. POMOXIS, Eafinesque.
(Ckappies.)
Pomoris, RAFINKSQTrF,, Amer. Month. Mag., 1818, 41, (annularin).
Pomoxyi, HoLBROOK, Ichth. South Carolina, 29, 18(10, (change of spelling).
Ilypei-istius, Oill, Amer. Jouru. 8ci. and Arts, 1804, 92, (liexacaullnm = carolinetmn).
Body more or less elongate, strongly compressed, the snout projoctinj;.
Mouth large, oblique ; maxillary broad, with a well-developed supple-
mental bone. Teeth on vomer, palatines, entopterygoids, and tongue,
Lower pharyngeals narrow, with sharp teeth. Gill rakers long and slen-
der, numerous. Opercle emarginate; preopercle and preorbital liiielv
serrated. Scales large, feebly ctenoid. Fins large, the anal largii tliaii
dorsal, of 6 spines and about 17 rays ; dorsal with 6 to 8 graduated spines,
the spinous dorsal shorter than the soft part ; caudal fin emarginaii' ; pec-
torals rounded or obtusely pointed, with 15 or 16 rays, the upper lonijest.
Ventrals close together, each with a strong spine. Branch iosttiirals 7,
Lateral line complete, the tubes straight and extending Jit least im the
anterior half at the exposed surface of the scale. Posterior pioci'ssos ol
the premaxillaries not extending to the frontals; supraoccipital and
parietal crest very strong i)roduced forward on the frontals to between the
orbits; vertebne 184-li> = 33. (Tru/Lin, opercle; ofi'f, sharp ; the <ipercle
ending in two flat points instead of an "ear-flap.")
a. Dorsal spines 6, rarely 5; anal fln plain; profile of head more strongly S-shft]"'! t'la" '"
eparoidei. annii-.m;i^, l^*''
aa. Dorsal spines 7, rarely 8; anal fln strongly reticulated. spaboil-kr, ns2.
:;)i
.i»-,^,^.v,4>..jiLtkv4;.;-»Vi
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America, 1)87
.7.
1881. POMOXIS ANNULARIS,* Kalinosquo.
I^CtUPPii; Daciiei.iiu ; New Liiiirr ; Cami'iiki.i.ite ; fAC-A-i.AiT; Chapet.)
IIca<l 3 ; depth 2i- ; eyo large, 4, reaching past pupil. D. VI, 15 ; A. VI,
IH; sriilcH 36 to 48. Body elongate. Head long, the profile more or It'HS
Btroii;;!y S'^I><^I'<)<^> owing to the projecting nnont, depressed occipital
ri},'ioii. iind very prominent thickened antedorsal area. Mouth very wide.
Scales on cheeks in 4 or 5 rows. Color silvery olive, mottled with dark
;;reen, the dark marks chiefly on the upper part of the body and having
a tcr.dincy to form narrow vertical bars; dorsal and caudal tins marked
with ifieon ; anal fin pale, nearly plain. Fins very high, but lower than
in ]\mo.r\s aparoidcs. Length 12 inches. Very variable. Middle United
States from the Great Lakes south to Texas and west to Kansas and
NYoraska ; generally common, especially in sluggish waters, in ponds, and
liayoiis : it strongly resembles its e<iually abundant congener, but the two
do not intergrude so far as we have seen. (annHlarin, having rings.)
Bmif/ii iiiiiiiihirit, RAFiNEgQt'E, Aiiicr. Month. Mttf?., 1818, 41, Falls of the Ohio River;
Iloii.MAN, Koview of the Ceutrarchidn', 560, pi. 68, fig. 3,1802; JoitVAN & Gilcekt, Synopsis,
464, ISKj.
Cirhk(in,,ri(t, KiETLANP, Report Zoiil. Ohio, 191, 1838, Ohio River.
I'rnum.rit iiiiiilioi, CtiBARD, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'liila., 1857, 20O, Houston River. Kentucky.
?omitijshi;vivauiUi, GiM., Proc. Ac. Nttt. Sci. Plilla., ISBr), 64, North Grand River, Missouri.
V>'mfij» iiiturmciUm, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philii., 1865,04, no locality.
PwiMtip iirulacanthm, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18G5, 60, Tarboro, North Carolina.
y
1882. POMOXIS SPAROIDES (Lac6pede).
(Calico Bass ; Grass IIass ; Barfisii ; Stkawiierry Bass.)
Head 3 : depth 2. D. VII or VIII, 15 ; A. VI, 17 or 18 ; scales 40 to 45,
OiowH on cheek. Body oblong, elevated, much compressed. Head long,
it8 profile not strongly S-^^^P^d, the projection of the snout and ante-
dorsal ii'giou and the depression over the eye being less marked than in
PomoriH annularis. Mouth smaller than in P. annuUiris, the maxillary
reacliiiii; about to the posterior edge of pupil, the mandible shorter than
pectorals. Fins very high; anal higher than dorsal, its height 4-5 times
in lenjfth of body. Color silvery olive, mottled with clear olive green,
the dark mcttlings gathered in irregular small bunches, and covering
the whole body ; vertical fins with dark olive reticulations surrounding
Dale spots ; the anal marked like the dorsal ; a dusky opercular spot.
Length 12 inches. (Treat Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley to New .lor-
sej-, and southward to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas ; chiefly in lowland
streams and lakes, abundant ; a handsome fish, valued as food ; it frecjuents
ciiielly cold anil clear waters, being rarely seen in muddy bayous. (aTrdpog,
Spnritu; fUhc, resemblance.)
Ldlmix sj„iri,lJes, Lac^p£de, Ilist. Nat. Poiss., ill, 517, 1802, South Carolina.
i'iiiiili<mi< iiiiiinitinculalnii, Le Sueuu MS., in CuviEB & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iii, 88,
1S2!), Wabash River.
Oeti/r.(r,/,ii« hexacimthii, CuviEu & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., vii, 459, 18.')1, Charleston,
South Carolina.
*Thi8 iierfoctly well-markod species is confounded with Pomoxit itparoidKS by Dr. Boulenger.
'■:'?!
I n
TT
'f.^77Ti>^fr .1 . ( '
T>i')f^*V-""'?T™T
n'P ilfK^ni^ITT:* 1
088
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
IlUlirrifliuii lariiliiiniHiit Gn.i., \nift. .lourii. Si;i, itiid Artf*., 1804, !Kl, South Carolina.
Pi)mi>ryH Dparniihii .Jonn\fi t^ Oii.bkkt, Synoimig, 4t>5, ISH'i; Uovlenuer, Cat., I, 7.
romoxii nmroidcs, Uolluan, (. c, 65i), pi. (J8, flg. 2.
451. CENTRARCHUS, Cnvier & Valenciennes.
(Round Bass.)
nutrarrhm, OcviKn A VAI.EVrir^NF.S, Hist. Nftt. Poiss., Ill, 84, 1829, {iridemi).
Eiiieiilnirclws, Gii.r., Amor. .Jour. 8ci. nml ArtH, 1864, OH, (irideim).
Body short and deep, coinpressed. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw tho
longer; maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone. Tcetli on
vomer, palatines, ontopterygoids, ectopterygoids, and tongue. Oi)erole
emarginato behind. Gill rakers setiform, very long, finely dentate, in
large number (20 to 30 below angle of arch). Fins large; the d()r.sal and
anal fins about ecjual in extent, the soft portion of the latter longest and
most posterior, the 2 fins being obliquely opposed; dorsal fin with the
spinous part longer than the soft part, of about 12 spines, whicli arc nut
rapidly graduated ; anal fin with about 8 spines. Scales laige, not Htioiifrly
ctenoid. Lateral line complete, the tubes straight and occupying; at
least half of the exposed surface of the scales. Posterior processes of
the premaxillaries extending nearly to thefrontals; frontals poHtcriorly
with a transverse ridge, connecting the parietal and supraoccipital crests,
which are very strong and extend forward to between the orbits. Vortebni'
15+16 = 31. (KtvTiJov, spiue; u/);i;6i', anus, from the development of the
aual spines.)
1383. CENTRABCHII8 IHACROPTEBVK (LAc£p£nE).
(UOUNB Sl'NFISII ; Fmeji.)
Head 2i to 3; depth IJ to 2 ; eye large, 3i to 4 in head. D. XI to XIII.
12 to 14 ; A. VII or VIII, 15; scales large, 5 or 6-38 to 45-15, i to 6 rows
on cheeks. Body ovate, strongly compressed ; head small ; snout short,
shorter than eye ; mouth small, oblique ; maxillary reaching posterior
border of pupil ; lingual teeth in 2 patches; opercular spot narrow, inueii
higher than long ; dorsal high, longest spine If in head; pectorals and
ventrals long, reaching anal, ventral spines extending past anus to tin.
Gill rakers x -\- 30. Green, with series of dark brown spots on sides below
lateral line, forming interrupted longitudinal lines ; a dark spot below
eye; soft dorsal and anal reticulated; young with a black occllns at
base of soft dorsal. Lowland streams and bayous from Virginia south-
ward to Florida and Louisiana ' northward in the Mississippi \ alley to
southern Illinois ; locally abundi. in clear waters ; a handsome fish, rarely
exceeding 6 inches in length. (fiuKfMs, long; nrepbv, fin.)
Lalmis mcuroplenis, LAof:pi5i)E, Hist. Nat. ToisB., iii, 447, 1802, Charleston, South Carolina.
Lahrtin irideux, liAckpp.VE, Hist. Nat. Poles., in, 71G, 1802, Charleston, South Carolina.
CetUrarchus macroptirux, Jobdan & Oilbert, SyaopalB, 4G3, 1883; Bolluan, I. c, 5&b, j'l. 08, lit;. 1;
BOUUNOSB, Cat., I, 8.
>\\
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America.
980
452. ACANTHARCHUS, (iill.
^Mfl/^rtT;,!!*, Ottt, Atner. Journ. Scl. and Arts, 18C4, !t2, (j)omo/i«).
liodj oblong, robust, not much conipresHod or elevated. Month' not
very lui ^'c, tlio broad maxillary with a wttll-devoloped Hiipplemuntul bone ;
liiwer Jaw projecting. Teeth on vomer, paliitineH, pl»uygoids, and tongue ;
lin^Mial ifoth in a Hinglc patch ; pharyngeal teeth sharp, (.lill rukerH few,
rtitlicr lung and strong. Opercle emarginate ; preopercle entire. ScaleH
cycloid, large. Lateral line complete. Dorsal spines usually 11 ; anal
8|iiueH .') ; caudal tin rounded behind. Close to Amhloplihv, differing chiefly
iu tlio ruuuded caudal. One species known. {ukuhOu, oinuo; uij^iut, uuus.)
1884. ACANTHAUCIIVS P<»M0T1M (Uaird).
(Ml!l) SUNflHll.)
Head Sir; depth 2; oye not very large, 3Ho 4 in head. D. XI or XII,
Klor 11; A. V, 10; scales (>-43-12, about 5 rows on cheek. Hody oblong',
inodevatoly compressed. Snout short. Mouth wide, the gape short ; the
maxillary reaching posterior part of orbit; lingual teeth in 1 patch.
Abuut ri gill rakers besides rudiments. Dorsal spines low, the longest
abuut as lung as from snout to middle of pupil. Pectoral I'i in head.
Color very dark greenish ; body usually with 5 rather indistinct blackish
loiigitiulinal bands along the sides ; cheeks with dark bands, which run
nearly parallel, the lowest passing across the maxillary around the front
part of the lower jaw ; fins plain dusky ; a black opercular spot. Length
6 inches. Southern New York to South Carolina, in sluggish streams near
the coast; locally common, especially iu the Delaware River; a small
species of little value as food. (Pomotis, the suufish, a synonym ofLepomis. )
Cenlrarchiin ]mtnoti$, Bairi), Ninth Smitlison. Report, 325, 1854, New Jersey; New York;
(Coll. lliiird); GONTiiKn, Cat., i, 250, 1859.
.kniithari hiis jmmntit, .loKDAN & OlMiEIlT, Synopsis, 469, ISS'A; BoLLMAN, I. c, 503, pi, 70, fig. 1.
Ambh'pUkii jiuiitotin, fioULENQEU, Cat., I, 11.
453. AMBLOPLITES, llafinesque.
(Rock Bass.)
AmIdcptiIeK, Uafinesque, Inhth. Oil., 33, 1820, (ichtheloiiles—:ntpe»(ri»),
Hody oblong, moderately elevated, compressed. Mouth large, the
broad maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone; lower jaw
projecting. Teeth on vomer, palatines, tongue, entopterygoids, and
ectoptcrygoids; lingual teeth in a single patch ; pharyngeal teeth sharp.
Branch iostegals 6. Opercle ending in 2 flat points ; preopercle serrate at
its angle; other membrane bones chiefly entire. Gill rakers rather long
and strong, dentate, less than 10 in number, developed only on the lower
portion of the arch. Scales large, somewhat ctenoid ; lateral line com-
plete, the tubes occupying at least the anterior half of the surface of the
scale. Dorsal fin tnucn more developed than the anal fin, with 10 or 11
1
wm^'iJi!
"w
W i
990
Bulletin 4j, United States National Museum,
nitlior low HpinoN; una) HpinuH iioriiially 0; pocturalH obtiiNcly
with 11 or I'l I'uyH, tlio up]>ui- louguut. Cuudul iiu uinurginutt;.
biuut ; on-Xin/c, ui'iiiutuie.)
I">intc(l
,/
1SN5. ANBLOPLITER ItrPEHTRIS (Rnflnooquo).
(Common Kock Iiamm; Rkp-kye; Uooolk-kye.)
Head '2S ; depth 2-2^; eye very largo, :U in head. I). XT, 10; A. VI, lo;
HcaleH about r)-3!)-12, (> to H rowH on cheekH. Co'ca 7. Vortobrii' 11 -j. l«.
Body (d>l()ng, moderately conipreHsed. Head large, the prolilc little
depressed above the eye. Mouth large, the maxillary oxtendiiij; to oppo-
Hito posterior part of pupil ; lingual teeth in 1 pateh. Gill raktis fuw,
7 to 10, developed on lower part of arch; preoperclo sorrute near its aiji,'li'.
Color olive green, brassy-tinged, with much dark mottling; the youu"
irregularly barred and blotched with black, the adult with a dark spot
on each scale, these forming interrupted black stripes; a black i)|)*Meular
spot; dark mottlings on the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal. Lt'M<;tli 12
inches. Vermont to Great Lake region and Manitoba, south to LuiiIh-
iana; very abundant west of the Alleghanies ; a gamy tisli, valued as
food. (rujHiitrin, living among rocks.)
Iliidiumin rujieilrix, Rafinksque, Am. Muntbly Mug., 1817, 120, Lakes of New York, Ver-
mont, iind Canada.
IchlMl* eriithroim, U.\riNKsgrE, Iclitli. OliiciiMis, 2!t, 1820, Ohio River.
Ijeponiis ichthi-liiidiv, li.\TiHK.sitvr,, Ichtli. OIui'DhIb, ;t2, 1820, Ohio River.
CichUi imea, Lk SuEUii, .Joiir. Ac. Nut. Sci. IMiilu., 1822, 214, Lake Ontario.
CeiUmrchuH peutacanthiui, CuviEU & VALE^CIEN^•E«, llist. Nat. I'oiss., iii, H8, l^'JH, Wabash
River.
Ce)Umrchm feneun, CuviEtt & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poish,, hi, 84, 1820.
Ambloj)liles nipehtrit, Jordan & Qilueht, Syuopsis, 406, 1883; Bollman, /. <'., 5GI, |>l. O'.i, tii;. '.!;
BOULENOER. Cat., I, lu.
• g>
I r ii
I { ; 'j
H !
ir
Represented in the Roauoke River, east of the AUeghunits, by au
isolated colony,
1885a. AMBL0PLITE8 RCFESTBIS CATIFRONS, Copo.
Scales on cheek minute and embedded, wholly invisible over most of
the area; profile concave over the ^yes. Diftering in no other iiarticular
from AmblopliteH rupcstriit. Roanoke River, Virginia, (caciin, coucave;
froiis, forehead.)
AmhhpIUe* cam/roiw, Cope, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philu., 18C8, 217, Roanoke River. (Coll. Copt.)
AmbhplUea rvjieslria cavifrona, Bollman, {. c, 661.
454. ARCHOPLITES, Gill.
ArchopUtesi, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliiln., 1861, 165, (interrtiptus).
Body oblong, compressed, the back elevated. Month large, oblique.
the broad maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone. Teeth ou
M'
mJJJ^W.^Hd»^8iW!IJH!f»IW>W ''
Jordan and Kvermann. — Fishes of North America.
l)«l
|;tvv((, v(tiiiur, pulutiuus, tongue, ooto|»t«ry>?iM<l8, aixl <Mitoi»kM'y){ui«lH ; lin-
I'uul tilth ill 2 piitcheri ; i>litu'yii};;eiil tcuth poiiittttl. (iill iuk«*i'H long
ami Hi I mi};, cuiaprcNHetl, niiiiiuroiiH, iiltuut L'O in niiiiibor, Huino of thuiii uii
tliu u|)|»'t portiou of tlu) iinOi. liniiichioHtu^alH 7. Upt^rculiiiii eiuur^i-
ualt', tlio lowur point much th«t hiigur, Htriale, tliu ridf^uH tetininutinK in
Miiiill >|>iM«!H; pruopuirlu, inleropeicle, Huhoporclu, Huborbitul, uixl pru-
uiliital witli thuir infurior udguH conHpicttouHly Horiute ; tlunturieH and
|ir('o|itMi It) witli lur^u niucifuroiiH (lupruHHiuuH or pitH. DuihuI fln with
iiliiMil I'l HpiM«;H; unul UHiiully with 7 Hpin»H. Cuudaluniur^inutt). SuuIum
^tiuuglv i!t»!Uoid. C'aliforuiu. (a^j.fiV;, anus ; ('<n-A(r;/f;, uimaturo.)
)f New York, Ver-
egbauius, by au
188«. AllCliOPLITKH INTKUKI'I'TIH (UlrurJ).
(Sacuamento Pkkcii.)
llciitl -:i ; depth 2i; ey« very largo, 4 to 5 in head. 1). XII or XIII, 10;
A. VI (11- VII, 10; HcaUiM about 7-40 to 51-14, about 8 HoriuB on cheek.
Itudy oiilong, ovate, compruHHcd, the back couHiderabiy elevated ante-
riurlv, (li'preHHed over the eye, the 8Uout projecting at an angle. Mouth
icrminitl, very largo, the maxillary very broad, extending beyond pupil.
Diiisil s|,ineH rather low, strong; anal spines similar; pectoral short,
baiul.v iciicliing u'lal. Color blackish above, sides silvery, with about 7
vei'ticul blackish bars, irregular in form and position and more or less
iutorniptt-d; body sometimes almost wholly black; sometimes brassy;
a black opercular spot; fins nearly plain. Length 1 to 2 feet. Sacra-
mento and .San Joatiuin r' vers and tributary lakes; abundant; the only
fresh-Will t!r Percoid west of the Rocky Mountains; an excellent food-
fisb, now l)eing exterminated by the carp and cattish, which infest its
spawniiiji grounds. {intcrrujUuH, interrupted.)
t'nifr(irc/iiis iiilerriiplun, GiHAiin, Prof. Ac. Nut. S<'i. Pliila., 1854, 129, San Joaquin and Sac-
ramento rivers. (C'oIIh. DrH. Uooruianii iiud Newberry.)
lV»/mn7i"s miiiii/.wi(/i, AYIIK8, Proc. Ciil. Ac Nut. Sci., i, 18,"4, 8, Sacramento River.
.liiiW";i(i(. s iiihrnijitiiH, Glu.VHl), Pac. R. K. Surv., x, 10, pi. 2, llgH. 1-4, IH.IS; II<ilTi,KNGKit, Cat., 1, 12.
irdoplUcs intirniplHii, JORDAN & UlLliKBT, Syiiopsis, 466, 1883; Bollmaii, 060, pi. 69, ilg. 1.
River. (Cull. Coiw.)
455. CHiENOBRYTTUS, Gill.
(Wakmoutiis.)
Clmuiliriillu-, (Jim., Ainer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 92, 1864, [iiielaHoim - ijnlonun).
lil'i^fliUf, .Idiihan, Manual of Verti-bratoH, Kd. i, 223, 1876, {melmiops).
This genus has the general form and dentition of Amblojilitcs with
the convex opercle, 10 dorsal and 'S anal spines of Lepomia. Preopercle
entire. Ihanchiostegals 6. Caudal fin emarginate. Scales weakly
ctenoid. Vertebra} 13 -f 16=29. Posterior processes of the premaxil-
laries extending nearly to the frontals; frontals posteriorly with a
transverse ridge connecting the parietal and supraoccipital crest, which
are very btrong. (xa'tvu, to yawn ; Eryttus, i. e. LepomU.)
^■■M
H ■ ■■ '
m
ii
|:i| ,■ ■
inn|iP!iPf«i,Hiii iiw#i fmm^^^mnf?'!^^'^
4 -
i
m'j
l<uileiin ^7, United States Xational Muacum.
I.
1»N7. CII.KKOHItVTTrH (IHLOSIN (Cuvl.t ,v VuIoiiiIkiiii. n).
(WAIiMotlTH ; OiMI<lt.K-BYr.)
Ilnad 2^ to 'Sk \ <Uq»tli 2 to 2i ; eyo I te I*. I). X, !t or K); A. Ill, m or
9; Hciih'H »>-IO to hi-ll or I'J; U7 t«» I'J \w\vh ; •! to H iowh om clietk. |(„(lv
tu^iivy, tl4M)|i, iMoro ulon^utu tliuii in /.ifioiiiin; liou*l lar^tt, niioih .iliout
equal to M,v« ; mouth lai^o, iiiaxilliiiy rnicliiii^ poNtuiior lioiiln iiicvr;
oporculur Hpot iiliout UH largo aH eyo. Dornal HpiiiuH low, lon^cMt micli
iiig to niidtllu of pupil tVoui tip of Huotit; puototal not nMicliiii^r iiil;,'iri oi
anal tin ; vciitralH nearly reai-liing tinuN, v«Miti'alHpin«t ahout 'J in (li.staiirt'
hutwtion origin of vvntrul and anuH. (iill rakt'iH H or !) buMiili'N riitli-
niontH. Dark olivo-gre«n, clouded with daiktT, UMinilly with reil nr jihu.,
and hrauHy ; a duHky Hpot on each Ncalo niort) or Ii-hh diHtiiut ; Mitidil
liiiH nutttlcd with dnaky ; a faint H|)ot on lat^t rays of doiHal, iKiiiji'iiit iiy
palor; 3 ohlii|uu duHky or icddiHh baiN radiating from uyo ; holly yt'llow-
inh or hraHHy. Length H to II) inchi'H, KaHtcrn United States fnnii tlii'
Uieat LakcM to Carolina and TexaH and wet^t to KauHas and Iowa. L'liiiily
\v»Nt or Hoiith of tlio AlleghunieH; common in Month Carolii.a. A vit.v
voraciouH BpucieH, variable in form and color, (.'/k/ommm, largo iiioiitiicd.;
hniiiitiH iiiiliiHiiH, Ci'viKit A. Yai.kni'iknnk.h, IliNt. Niil. I^lll<^., III, 4UH, IH^O, Lake Pontchartrain
and lagoons about New Orleans.
CeutriirihiiH ririilii; (,'1 viKii ik Valknciknnkh, llJMt. Nut. I'liiHu., vii, 'Kid, |s:il, Charleston,
South Carolina.
C'lilliiiniH piiiicliiliihiK, AiiAHSiz, AiiKT. .liuir. .*t('l. ami .\rlK. If*.")!, ;i(K», Huntsville, Alabama.
CullmruiijliTiilnifiii, Holiikoiik, Joiir. Ac. Nat. ."^ci. I'lillii., iM.'i.'i, M, St. Johns Kiver, Klorida.
Cnlliiti-iiH iiielafiiqiH, Uikarp, I'ror. Ar. Nut. Mt-i. I'hilii., IHb"!, 'JMl, Leon and Medina rivers,
and Dry and San Pedro creeks, Texas.
Lepomh ihnnihtUii, Ccii'K, .loiir. Ac. Nut. .Sci. I'lillii,, iHdH, 'J'jl, Texas.
l^mmii iiillii, Coi'K, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. IMiilii., 1H(JH, ^i'l'i, James River, Virginia.
ChiniiihriilliiH (iii/iWih», MiKav, Proc. V. S. Niit. iMus., l«hl, HH, Lake Michigan, at Chicago;
(Cull. Jorditn); HpociiiieiiH with durmil HiiiiicH 11 littlu more uiitorior than ii>ii:il: .Imiiman \
Oii.iir.nr, SyiiopHiM, 407, 18811.
OhteiiohriilliiH (juIuhiih, Joudan A Qilbrkt, HynopolH, 4)IH 1883; Dollman, {. c, fiU'J, jil, •>'.•, li^'. :i;
DuULEMaEU, Cat., I, 13.
456. ENNEACANTHUS,* (till.
Enneaeanthut, OiLL, Amor, Jour. Sci. and Arts. 92, 18G4, (ohenui).
Jhiiiit>plilrH, CoPK, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 18(i8, 218, {timiilaiit = yloriimn).
Cojwlimiliti, JoiiDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1877, !>*'<, {erimrha).
Body rather short and deep, comproHsed. Mouth small; the .supple-
mental maxillary bono well developed. Teeth on vomer and palatines,
* Concerning tliiH kouuh McKa.v n^iiarkB: "ThiH goinm, Einieiinnitlinn, Gill, as iiihlcniloiHll.y
nio, iiicliulcB llftiiiiiiililenniHl CnjielantHit. Tlio kimiiis UvminjililiK waH luiHed liy <'t>| 1 tlii' |ii'v
eiico of H HpineH in the dorHal tin and 4 in tlio anal. I Icarii from P^ofc^^H()r Jordan's iintc* lluil
Coiio'm original typo of J[eiiiioiilil*.s sinwlunK lias really!) Bpiiics in tim dorsal, hi. Cilwiml .1.
Nolan, who has recently exatniiiiMl th« Hpecinien, alNo'iiiforniH mo that tliero arc ti H|iini's in llf
dorsal. In a collection of youiij? specimeiiB of Eniietu'dnlhiiH vinnjurolin from Viiuinia. wliirlil
have examined ill the National Museum, there are si^veral specimens with the tin liniiiilii l|. '.',
A. 4, several with the formula P. 10, A. 4,aiid tlio remainrlcr with the formula P. '.', A.;i. 'I'li.il
is, some of these specimens, all collected nt tin; same time and evidently of Ih'' -^inic ^vi'v.
werts Ennencanthm Miar</(»-o(i(i, others were Uemiojilileii HiniKlann, ond tiie rcmaimli r w nlil n'l"''''
sent a second species of Copehmdia. In 120 specimens of Ewn'tirimtliiiH mnrijimili-. 1 Aamineil I'.v
me the results wero as follows: 111 specimens with J). 8, A. H; 8!) specimens with |i. '.i. A .1; '.'
specimeiis with D. 10, A. .'5; 5 specimens with I). 10, A. 4; 4 specimenH with 1). !», .\. I. I" ''"'
examination of 63 specimens of EnneofaiithtiK nhi'Him the following results were ohtaincii . I
specimens with I). 8, A. 3; 46 specimens with P. n, A. ;i; 2 siMicimons with D. 10, A. ;i; Ispcciniin
with D. 10, A. 4."— McKay, Pruc. U. 8. Nat. Mat., 1881, <J2.
. :>,^i:^\.K4^y, y
Jordan and live rmann. — Fishes of Xorth Ameriiti,
!»i»a
iiuiiit oil tl><^ toiiKUfl. Opornlu eu<liii){ buhintl in '1 tint iMtintH, with tt
(leriiiol IxMiitu'. I'rouperolo uiitiiu. HcnleH rutliur iargu, tliu latorul line
HtiiiiriiiiH-H intui'i'uptml. Gill rakera Niiort, 9 or 10 lu<lu\v initio of uroli.
Doihiil tin contiuiioiiH, noriiitilly with U Hpiiu'H ; uniil tin Hniulitu' tiiun tiiu
(lurHul, with 3 HpinoH; caiidul tin con>(«x liuhlnd. .liianrhioHtut^alH (i.
SiHici)"* of Hniall hI/.u and btijfht oloratiun, intunniMliato hittwoun Li\u>m\n
im\ ( < ntnn-rhiiM. Ahnornial vari.ttioiiH in tiio nnnilMT of doiHal and anal
it|iiiit^ liavo (fiven l•\M^ to tlio nominal guuera IltfiHunililtH ami CojtcluHiliu.
(uiMi, nine; uKavthi, Hpine.)
,i, (i|><'iriilttrH|H)t lurgo, moro than liulf ryo; Hidoit witli It U> HillNtlnrt vortlrnl lilurk UirM.
ii|i»:n|'i*, 1;iHH.
(M, n|>< rciilar npot fiinallur timn huir t^i'; doily witli tint (TiMiHliari* mtrruwer unci Iimii iliHtliiit,
iirtiijilly tllHn|i|H>iki'iii|< with UK'i'; iiiiild Willi linnl, IkmIv, niiit viTlirul tliiH with ruiiiKl
Nky-l)luo HiHjta; I'umaio duller with lowur lliii) ami largiT fiiint iiiotn, iimiuiohi'h, I:)8U,
I
,:, .lU'J, [pI. ti'.t, IIl'. :i;
18HH. KNNKACANTIH'H OKKSI'H (llulnl).
Head '-'if ; depth 1* ; eye 3i in head. D. IX, 10 ; A. Ill, 10 ; Bcales ■1-,V2-10,
tiiH |MirfH developed UHually on about 20 Hcaleu, hut Honu^tinwM on nearly
all ot'tlit'ni. liodyublou^, ovate, elliptical. SualeH large, little crowded.
(iill lakera x-|-9or 10. Dormil spines 2^ iu head, au long as from snout
til posterior margin o;'eye ; anal ftn large ; ventral spine not reaching vent,
itHlh'Hl my not reaching the baHe of the last anal spine; caudal (In moderate,
aiioiit a.s long ns from snout to middle of opercle; opercular spot rather
large, more than half the size of eye, velvet black, bordered with purple.
Cheeks with 4 tows of scales. Color oiivaceouH, with .5 to 8 well-detined
lilaekish cross bars, not disappearing with age; spots on body and tins
imqilisli or golden; cheek with lines and spots; a dark bar below eye.
Leu)rtii -i inches. Charles Kiver, Massachusetts, to Florida ; abundant in
HliigiriHli streams near the coast ; usually larger in si/.eand duller in color
tliuu tlio next, the two closely related but apparently not intergrading.
{uheitun, fat.)
Pniwjiia iiiirmiii, Bairi), Ninth SmithBuu. Reimrt, IWA, 324, Beesley Point, New Jersey. (Ooll.
Puird.)
iirj«in /.i».i,i<(((i, HoLBROUK, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'hilii., ISM, 51, St. Johns River, Florida;
(it'NTiiKR, Oat., I, 260,1859.
PmiiiiM (jiiti.ihiii, Morris, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Phila., 1869,3, Delaware River, Philadelphia.
l'.miii-iiiitliii:iohesii», Jurdan Si G11.DERT, SynopsiM, 470, 1883; Bollman, I. v., 604.
Apomulis uliisui, BoVLENOER, Cat., I, 10.
188». KNNEAC'ANTHUS OLORIOHUH (Hnlhrouk).
Ileii(12'J; depth 2i; eye 3i in head. D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 9 (occasionally
D. X, or A. IV, in abnormal specimens, these often ubiindai.t iu
certain streams); scales 3-30-9. Body comparatively elongate. Mouth
moderiito, very oblique, the maxillary reaching Ji, past front of oroit.
Dorsal spines medium ; soft rays in the males somewhat elevated, reach-
ing to i>r beyond (var. pinniger) the base of the caudal; the longest soft
ray as long as from suQut to front of opercle, or (var. pinniger) as long as
head; fins in females all lower; pectoral fin reaching nearly to middle of
V. \. A. 64
3
1
rv 'T t '
'i:
I i
:1
!M>4
Ihtllttin y", Ignited States National Must urn.
anal. Oill rakors x -f " <»' !<*■ Kutcral lino iiNiially, but not alwavK.ioiii.
|)l<*tu. Color (lark olivo; yoiin^f with tracoH of narrow vorticiil. d h),,,,
liUiH ; car Hap Htiiail, with u hlin border and a jtoarly Hpot in tVohi ; i \\,\x\
bur about widtli of pupil extundin){ oblii|Mi^l,v downward bujosv eye;
NidoH of lioad, wlioh) Itody an<l vortical liuN, in thu nuiloH, with Kiiiml
bri^'lit bluo HpotH urran^ud in irro^uliir rowH, thoHo HputN nuiNt dlhii.xi on
tho chockHand opordoHandun tho lowor jiart uf tiioHidoH; f<>iiiiilt'<i i|ii!l(.|.
with larjfor and faintor HpotH nioro ri>;;nlar in pouition ; u <lark bar lit'iow
oyo. Lon){th UJ inclien. Now .JorHoy to Florida, in cloar, Hlii;,'({iN|i
HtroaniN; a bountiful littlo AhIi. (filoriomtn, ({lorioun).
llriilluK j/Ziirionm, IloLliuuuK, Jour, Ac. Nnt. Scl. I'lillii., Wttt, Fi\, Cooper River, South Caro-
lina.
//-/»^.J.^7«•1 niiiDiliiiio, C,»\'K, Jour. Ac. Nftt. Wcl. riillii., iHtlH, 2lH, Tuckahoe Crci k, near
Richmond, Virginia. (*'oll. <'o|m'.)
Kiiiifnitiiiihiin iiiimiijir, JoiiuAN, Hull. X, V. M. Nut. MuH., '.i", IM77, Tar River, Kiiistuii, North
Carolina; KjiccimoUH with bright colon uiiil vury IiIkIi IIiih; firoliahly not \miiiIj\ .i \.iii>'|iiI
(llltiuctluu.
h'.mi'iiiiiiilhiin iiiiinjiirdliK, (Jii.i, .V JoiiiiAN, Uull. x, V. 8. Nut. Muh., !J8, 1H77, BuRHk'y Point.
New Jersey.
f ('oyip/iiMi/id* ninrrlm, JnHii.\N, I'rm'. Ac. Nut. Hcl. Plillu., 187H, M\, t> |iu b|i<!cIuicii n i .imiI rrmii
Dr. riiiloTt. Hoy, luiil to ho from Menomonee River, near Milwaukee, WiHconsm
til In Ih prohuhly an error, uiitl tliii Hpccluicim roully caniii from Nuw JurMuy.
A'ii»('(i"rii//iriii Ki'iiiii/iiii*, JoitiiAN Hi (iii.iiKiiT, 8yuo|»*lH, 470, 18K:),
li)miiiiu)Uhif ijloriomiH, IIoi.i.man, /. (.,504.
htmiiamlhUH triarrhiiii, JoiiDAN A UlMiKitT, SynolwlH, 4tli», 188a; Uollman, /. c., 664.
457. MESOGONISTIUS,t (iill.
(HaN1>KI> 8UNKIHiIKS.)
Mi'iuiyoiiiiitiuf, Oii.i., Aiuiir. Jour, t^ci, uiul ArtH., 1H()4, !)2, (cliuttMlmt),
Itody Hh«irt and duop, compremHod. Mouth HUiall. -ooth ])i'i-N('iit uii
voinor and palatiuou, nono on tho tongno; suppleuieutul niaxillaiv lioiic
Nniall. (Jill rakors ruthor strong, doutate. Operclo ending in twollul
points, with a dermal border ; preoperclo entire. ScaluH lai'^f. Doi^ul
with 10 spinoH ; outline uf tho flu angulutod, the middle upineN boiiig iiiucli
longer than aonio of the ponterior ones ; anal tin much sinallor tliaii the
dorsal, with 3 8pinoH; caudal fin posteriorly rounded ; pectoral olitnsely
pointed, the upper rays longest. Size small, (//tffof, middle; ^una, angle;
'ijt'hh', sail.)
* Enneaiiinlhus eruircliiiH (Jordan):
Dorwil X, 7; Hiial IV, 8; hciiIch 33. V(!nfral 8|>lne reaching anol. Ollvacoous; .crtlcal \\w
with round, pain gputH. Only two H|icclmunH known; the oriKhial type, purportin;: l< I"' fi"'"
Milwaukoc, WincunHln, another from Talio dreuk, MiNSOuri. Both th' c Bpeclincns wovr i. rtjvi'd
from Dr. 1'. Jt. Hoy. There ih no doubt a confuNioii of localitieti, and |probal)ly linlli .aiiic Inmi
Delaware River, jierhapH from Dr. Abbott's cullcctiun. ThiH Ih espociall.v iinljiiMc, ii« "
HptH'imen of Stohphnriit hnneiiii wuHfound in the same colleetiou, also attributed to .MilvMtiikei'.
t Dr. Boulenger unites this genus and Kiin«acnnlhuii with Aponwlin. In our juili;nii'nt Aii'no"!"
isHcarcely distinct from Lepoinis, with which geuus Jtffso<;oMi8<i«(i antl KiiiuucaHlhi'^ lia\u uo verv
cloBo atHnities.
/ii^ihin tiui/ hU'ermann. — hiihes of North AtufrUa.
mb
I i
177, BcchLy Foinl,
IHIH». MKHOUONINTHMCHIITOilOM (Italnl).
(IlLAi'K-MAMnrii Hi Nriaii.)
Ilrinl.'t; (luptli lii ; «\vn litrgts :( in lioiul. I>. X. 10; A. Ill, I'J ; hoiiI««h
f.'jx III. Hotly Hiiltorliiciilar, coinpntHHtMl. ili'iid iiuMlitrutr, tlio protili)
iiiarl^ I'DiHMiriuiit with tlu^ doiHiil oiirvt^ Moiitli vttry hiiiuII, tlie iiiuxil-
lurv iiiUiliiiiK ii«ttrly to tli« eyo. ('Iiuekn with '.i or I rowH ot'HonluN. FiiiH
nitixi iur^fo; (IoihuI liii higli in tVont, t\w niitUU» portion iluprvNmHl. (iill
riii(i'i>« nliort, X -|- U) or 11. I'nctornl H iulioud; fourth dorHul spino 2 to
'ji, l.utt'riil lino contlniionH. Coh)i'Ution chMulud Ntruw oolor, tho niduH
witli )• to H conMiiicnoiiH lint rutli«n' irrugular bliick v«<rtical hurH, tiio tirHt
tiir()ii;;li thu oyo, tho HHOontl in front of pttotoruJH, interrnptt'd on t\w opur-
ciiliiiii, tliM third at tlut front of th«) dorHiil covurin); thu nutinhran«t of tho
litNt :! NpiiioH and forming a nimlial hlauk Htripu on «-acii ventral tin, tho
I'ointii at front of Hott dorHal, tho Hfth oppoHito itH lust ray, ti>u lant at
;lii> liiiHoof the «;audal ; black opercular Hpot, with a creHcent-dhapcd paler
iciilti : (luH niottlod. Length i inchcH. Now JorHoy to Maryland, in
i4luKK>^l> HtruaniH. A very handHonio littlo HhIi ; locally abundant, but vory
iiuiKiw in itH range. {t'ha;todoii, a geuuH of niarluu liuhcH, with aimilar
cioMN liiindH.)
]'Mm.H- ili:iliiihm, llAiiiii, Ninth .SniltliHoii, U«|Mirt, IHM, :t'J4, Cedar Swamp Creek, New Jer-
sey; (Coll. Halnl.) (iCNTiiKit, Cut., I, 20;), IHr/i.
\lnuj,iiii»litm chiitiuliiii, JciiiliAN fc (ilMiKRT, 8yiiu|)aiM, 171, 1883; Uul.l.MAN, /. r., 6U&.
{immittiii ihaMoH, Buclknukb, C'nt., I, 111.
ri
458. APOMOTIS, UatineHque.
Ij»'mn(|., tlAriNEBQCl!, Journal ilo riiyHiquc, (>t<-., I'arlH, 4'J(), 181U, (riianetlwi).
Tiliiu'iiils, UAHSKHgl'K, Ifhtli. flliluliHii, 'il, 182(1, (rj/dMcWiiK).
tlrijihin, CrviKu & Vai.knciknnes, lIlHt. Nat. PuIrs., vn, 401, 1831, (/hiiicAi/h*).
('iiWiMnn, iliKAiin, r. S. Mox. Douiid. Siirv., Ichtli., 5, 18.^9, (not of Rafinebciuk).
TiiiH j^euiiH is very close to Leponm, from which it (liffeiH only in the
(loveI())iinent of the Hupplenientary maxillary bone, which bucomeH rudi-
mentary or wanting in tho adult of Lepomin. The mouth in largest in the.
HpecicH in which this bone is best developed. Lower pharyngeals narrow,
with lUMito teeth; gill rakers well developed, long and stiff; ]>ectoral
lili'.ntiHii, shorter than head ; scales moderate, 43 to 50. Species witlely dis-
tribiitctl in American waters, similar iu habit to tho species of Xcj^omia.
1,(1, M'itliout ; iTU)na, opercle ; o'vi;, ear.)
II. Binly ulilong, tlio dcptli 2'/, to 2^ in length; tlorHiil with a nioro or Iokh ilifltinct liliiik Hpot
at l)iiwi of liiHt soft ra.VM; oiicrnilarNptit niargincil with bright colorH, tlin lilack coniincil
to bony part; scalos 45 to 55; gupplcmontal maxillary well dovuloiMid.
cyanelluh, 1301.
<«. Body Hhort and doep, tho depth about 2 in length.
'1. Siak'H 40 to 40; opercular spot as lurge ns c-ye, margined above and below,
('. Eye 43^2 t" 6 in head; body not covered with brown gpotn.
({. Color dusky olivo, with some red and bluish, a faint spot at buHe of last dorsal
rays. isciivkus, 131)2.
(/<(. Color plain olive; no spots on the tins. puenax, 1393.
'TW^'y^^iVf/FaF'
■•■wT'-'rn- wa-vrfrp^fft^f^iififfn^^f^
i !
I.ii
91)6
Bulletin ^7, United States National Muse urn.
ce. Eye 3^ to ii'--^ in hoail; color olivo, iifliiall.v with iiiaiiy clitik broii/.o h|ioIn liko lit
Hpocks Bcattcrcd over tlio bo<l.v; no bliick Hpot on last ra.vM of dormil ari'l niiiil.
I'lINlTAII ^ l;i!M.
bb. Scalog large, iC) to 35; rolov ^rron, with tlarker liars; dortml fin UHnally with al.la.k
ocellfttod Bjiot at baito of liitt rayx. symmktuki s, l:::i,'i.
./,
1891. APOMOTiK CYANKLUIS (nnflnmiuo).
(BLrK-si'OTTKi) Si'Nkish ; Orekn Si'NUsi: ; Litti.k ItKn-KYK.)
Head 3 ; depth 2i. D. X, 11 ; A. Ill, 9 ; Hcales Binall, 6 or T-lfi lo r.ri-Ki;
40 to 48 pores; 8 rows on cheek. liody oblong; rather elongate, liecomin;;
short and deep with age; moderately compressed. Head large, witli juo-
jecting snoUt. Mouth rather large, the maxillary broad and tlat, with a
small supplemental bone, reaching nearly to middle of eyv. lo\v<;r
jaw projecting. Dorsal spines quite low, the highest scarcely lonjjcr tlian
snout, 3 to 4 in head in the adult, longer in the young. Opercular H|i(it
small, less than eye, broadly margined with bronze, the black cmiliiicdto
the bony part. Gill rakers moderate, x + 13. Pectoral short, not icacli
ing anal, li in head; veutrals not reaching vent. Color variable, tlic
prevailing shade green with a strong brassy luster on sides, which hecoiucs
nearly yellow below ; each scale usually with a sky-blue spot and moicoi
less of gilt edg'ng, giving an appearance of pale lateral streaks ; Ixsidch
these marks, dusky or obscure vertical bars are often present, and tiie
sides are sprinkled with dark dots; vertica' iins marked with blue oi
green, the anal usually edged in front with pale orange; usually acoii-
spicnous black spot on posterior base of dorsal and anal, these often obso-
lete ; iris red ; cheeks with narrow blue stripes. Length 7 inchew. Very
variable. Great Lake region to Mexico ; very abundant from Oliio south-
westward to the Rio Grande; ascending small brooks; not found eastuf
the Alleghau>.e8. (Kvaveot;, h\ne.)
Lepomit q/anellux, Rafinesqvr, Journ. do PhyBi<|uo, 1819, 420, Ohio River; Johdan .V Gii.iiKin.
Sy='>ii6i8, 474, 1883; Bollman, /. c, 5C9; Kvkrmann i\c Krndai.l, Bull. U. S. Kisli ('nimii .
XII, IS;,:- aC94), 111.
Icthelis melanopn, Rafinesqve, Iclith. OliienBis, ^8, 1820, Ohio River.
Pomofis loiigiilus, Baird <fe GiRARW, Proe. Ac. Nat.Sci. Philu., 1853, 391, Otter Creek, Arkansas;
(Coll. Capt. Geo. B. McClellan).
Galliurtis diaphaum, GiRARn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 200, 1857, Rio Blanco, Texas.
Cattittrut formomiit, Qirard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 200, 1857, Arkansas.
C-'Niurus mkropa, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 200, 1857, Rio Blanco, Texas.
Calliuntsmuriuiu,* Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 200, 1857, Texas; (Tyjie, No. 115).
Bryttus signifer, Girari), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 201, 1857, Rio Medina, Texas.
Brytlti$ miiieopaa, Cow,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, 1865, Whittlesey Lake, Minnesota.
Calliurus loiigulua, Gibard, Kept. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Ichth., 5, pi, iv, figs. 1 4, is.'.;!.
Apomotu cyanelluB, Bovi.enoer, Cat., i,21.
•The speciin'"n8 called CaHiMnisjiinnHHit by Girard an^ uoarly all tlio ordinary ciiini'lhin. Oin'
of them (No. 415, U. S. N. M.) differs soniowhat and has been regarded by McKay iis ii ili.-timt
8i>ecie8, thus described:
i4j)omo«8jnni!»iii»(Girard): Head2g; depths. D. X, 10; A. Ill, 9; scales 7-42-15. ISn.lv. Imipitp,
somewhat compressed, the form precisely as in Apotnolis ci'miellus. Mouth rather I u :.■: iiiiixil-
lary about reaching front of eye; teeth on vomer and froiit of ]>alatines. (iill niUi:- iti.i.li'rat.'.
9 or 10 developed. Supplemental maxillary scarcely appreciable. Eye equal In iuiennbital
width. Cheeks with 7 rows of scales. Spinous dorsal rather h'lrh, the l<)iicc.>t ^|llll.• al.imt le
long as from tip of snout to pupil; pectorals short, scarcely reaching vent. Scales snial I, ntliin.l
on breast. Dark greenish; a black sjwt on doTHal as in A. ci/aiielhis. Characters fnnii .N'o. 415,
U. S, Nat. MuB., from Texas; definite locality .lot known, {mnrinus, like a mouse, Mm.)
■ 1 -B^^^t-e -.aj.viil^-j 1
rX.^-t^k.i^Lj' .J!SjA'^.'.:-Vrr.
': rij'"i-«^.l-.^;i^'.':-:i»-.-i ■
Jordan and Ever tnann. — Fishes of North America.
907
1802. APOMOTIS ISCHVRUS (Jordan & NoIsud).
Head 2\ ; depth 2^ ; oye \\ in hfiul, amaller than opercular spot. D. IX
orX, 11.'; A. Ill, 9 or 10. Scales 5-16-14, 6 rows on cheek. Formof /^t'/>o»Ht«
^mllidiix- Hotly robust, rather elevated; month wide, the inaxillaries
leacliiufj middle of orbit ; supplemental maxillary bono veil developed.
I'aliitinc tfjetli present. Occiput prominent : top of head tlat and short,
foriiiiii;^ an angle with the descending profile. Fins high; dorsal spines
ratlii r low and strong, the longest u(inal to distance from tip of snout to
middio of orbit; opercular Hap largo, entirely surrounded by a broad
palo edge, (jill rakers long. Color in spirits dusky olive, mottled ^v ith
nraii^t- and blue ; checks with broad, faint blue bands; a dusky spot on
dorsal and anal behind ; belly and lower fins coppery yellow ; lower jaw
and lnwer parts of head leaden blue. Length 7 inches. Upper Missis-
Ki|>pi Valley ; rare, known only from western Illinois. (/ff;ti;p6r, robust.)
;.jii,.j;t.//iHs Uchi/rm, Jukiian & Nrt.soN, Hull. U. 8. Nat. Mub., x, 26, 1877, Illinois River:
(('(ill. .S. A. Forhcs).
I.ei«imi' i^rhijru*, JoitnAN A (ili.iiRRT, SynopHia, 474, 188:1; Boli.man, /. c, W).
1898. APOXOTIK PHENAX ((;<>pe k Jordan).
Head 2^ (3 without flap); depth 2^^ ; eye small, 5; snout 4f. D. X, 10;
A. Ill, 9; scales 7-14-12, 7 rows on cheek. Form of Leponiix jxillidus,
Kodv lather short and deep ; snout short, projecting, forming an angle
over tlio eye. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw slightly the longer, the
iiiaxiilary reaching pupil ; the supplemental bone strong ; opercular spot
larger than eye. Gill rakers very long. Dorsal spines short and strong,
the loiiifest as long as from snout to middle of eye; pectorals long ; soft
dorsal high; anal higher. Color in spirits nearly plain olive green ; no
black spot on dorsal or anal. Length fi inches. Beesley Point, New Jer-
sey ; (tuly two specimens known (in Coll. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. ). These
Hpeciincus are referred by Bollman to Jpomotis ischyrus, on the supposi-
tion of error in locality. We have recently been permitted* to examine
the tyj'es of A. phenax. It seems to differ from .1. iachyrua in the some-
what Kiiialler eye, the smaller and less bony opercular flap, and in the
coloration. Both iHchyruH and phenax are w^ell separated from cyanellus,
but lioth are near j)t.»c/a/((«, and more material is needed to fix the status
of each, (^ev"^, deceptive, having the maxillary oi ApomotiH cyaneVus
and tli« form of Lepomis pallidim.)
Ajwmnii^ liheimr, Cope & JoiiDAN, Hull. IJ. S. Nat. Mub., x, 2r., 1877, Beesley Point, New
Jersey; locality possibly erroneous.
lA^inii lilienax, Jordan & Oilbkut, Synopsis, 474, T"?*?.
1894. APOMOTlrt PUNCTATIIS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Head 3; depth 1|; eye large, 3^ to 4 in head. D. X, 11; A. HI, 10;
scales (}-10 to 45-13; pores 38 to 40 ; 7 rows on cheek. Body deep, com-
pressed, the profile steep; an angle above the eye. Mouth moderate;
*Tliruugli the kindness of Dr. Edward J. Nolan of the Philadelphia Academy.
ii
-^S.'* ^rf' /l/W i " rTavrTTin?!™.fri''B.i5!rpit7V?^- "><
908
Bulletin ^r/, United States National Museum.
maxillary reaclr'ig past anterior margin of eye; uupplemontal maxillary
present, small ; i)alatine teeth present. Uill rakers rntber long, Htili. .uul
strong, X + 8 or 9. Opercular flap small, short, and deep ; Hhorlci tliuii
eye. Dorsal spines high, the middle ones highest and nearly half liead, as
long as snout and orbit ; pectoral lA to 1^ in head, ventral reaching; anal.
Olivaceous, with numerous small deep brown spots, smaller than pin-
heads, resembling flyspecks: most distinct on lower part of tlio wideH,
where they form lines along the rows of scales, and on the oix'ick'n;
sometimes they cover the whole body; spots rarely obsolete ; (ins iilain
dusky. Length 6 inches. A handsome species, known at sight itv the
peculiar coloration. South Carolina to Florida, in lowland streams. Xot
rare, (punctatus, spotted. )
lirythu puHrtalm, CfviEU & Vai-kncienn*;*, Hist. Nat. Poiag., vil, 4G2, 1831, Charleston, South
Carolina.
Bryttvn reliriilatiin, CuviER <fe V.\I.KNCIENNE8, Hist. Nat. Polss., 4(1:5, ISIU, Charleston, South
Carolina,
Lepotnii apialim, C.ovr,, Proc. Amor. Philos. Soc, 1877, Ci, Volusia, Florida.
Lepomu pumiiittiH, Jordan & Gii.iirrt, Synoiwiis, 47t>, 1883.
Apomotis jmnclabis, ItoiiLRNOER, Cat., i, 2-i.
% '
1805. APOMOTIS SYMMETRICDS (Forbes).
Head 2f ; depth 2i; eye 3i; snout ih D. X, 10; A. Ill, 9; scales
6-35-10; tubes developed on 14 scales only; 5 rows on cheek. Hody
rather short and ileep, the back evenly arched, a slight depression aliovo
eye; caudal peduncle stout, its least depth nearly i length of head.
Mouth small, oblique, the maxillary reaching to vertical of eye ; Hui)])le-
mental maxillary bone present; opercular process ^ diameter of eye,
flexible margin narrow, the black not confined to the bony part.
Lower pharyngeals broad, broiider than in somewhat larger specimens of
Evpomoiia gibhosus, the teeth bluntly conic ; gill rakers long and slender.
the longest more than half diameter of eye. Lateral line {gently
arched, incomplete. Fins moderate ; longest dorsal spine equal to dis-
tance from tip of snout to posterior edge of pupil ; soft dorsal higher, its
longest ray half length of head ; pectorals long, 1^ in head, reaehing
third anal spine ; ventrals short, scarcely reaching anal, or nearly twice
n head; anal size of soft dorsal. Coloration in alcohol: Base of each
scale on npper parts of body and along sides brown, outer margin pale,
the genentl appearance resulting being that of 12 or 13 longitudinal rows
of brown spots, 4 of which lie above the lateral line ; on the eandal
peduncle the spots are less regular; all parts of the body, including; hns
as well, covered thickly with small coffee-colored specks, the head and
breast being especially thickly covered ; tips of the ventral fius hlaek :
no black spot on dorsal or anal and no blue lines on cheek. Leu^'th .3
inches. Mississippi Valley, Illinois to Louisiana and Texas; a ])retty
little fish, not rare southward in lowland streams; here described from
specimens collected by Evermann and Gurley at Houston, Texas. It
shows affinities with Eupomotis. (symmetricus, a word improperly assumed
as the antecedent of our symmetrical, for which the Greek is aii/i/xirpuc,)
Jordan and Ei'ermann. — Fishes of North America.
999
/^j,„rai- iimmelricuK, Forrkh, in JonnAN & OiLBEKT, SynopHiit, 4T.i, ISHIl, Illinois River, (Coll.
Foiliis); Bo(,i,MAN, /. i\, r>71; Evkkmann & Krndam., Dull. 11. 8. Finli Cumin., xii, 18!t2
(ISlih, 111, pi. XXXII, Wk. 2.
jljnmiili^ 'lliiimetriciit, Doin.RNnKii, Cut., i, '.il.
ff
as; a jtretty
459. LEPOMIS, RatiiioHfiuo.
(SUNKISIIKS.)
Upnniit, nAFINESCiUR, Joum. do Physique, 4((2, 1810, (iiurihii).
lUioli'. Km iNF.sglK, Joiiru. (Ic I'hyrtiquc, 402, IHIO, ((iiiriViiJi); tint imino traiisrorred liy CfViF.R
t(i till' ftroiip (if wliicli riilii(iiii{ - ijibhnniH) Ih type.
Hllielh. llAFiNKSQUE, Iclitii. OliionBJs, 27, 1820, {niirilim); II(ii.iiu(h>k, Irlitli. S. Oaroliim, i, 12,
minprrr,,^ JoiiDAN, Aiiii. Lyc. Nat. lllst. N. Y., 187(i, (1877), llli'), (j«i//i,/h/.).
Frichuiii, ,((jui)AN, in Klippurt's Kept. FIsli. Coniin. Ohio, 1870 (1877), IM, Nlip for lleliotienu,
uiMiirri'itod in proof, (ptilliilm),
.Voiw/i'i, IiiRDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 7(1, (/iilhtjr).
Irpinponiiis, Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Flist. N. Y., 1877, .110, (I'lnondatioii of Lepnmit),
Rodj- oblong or ovate, r..; e or less compresHod, the back in the ndnlt
fion'ewliat elevated. Mouth moderate or small, the jaws about e(nial;
inaxillaiy narrow, the supplemental bone reduced to a mere rudiment or
altojjether wanting. Teeth on vomer, and usually on palatines ; none on
tongue or pterygoids ; lower pharyngeals narrow, the teeth spherical or
paved, all or nearly all sharp, few or none of them conical. Gill rakers
mostly short ; preopercnlum entire; operculum ending behind in a con-
vex lliip, black in colov, which in some species becomes greatly developed
with age. Branchiosiegals 6. Scales moderate. Dorsal fin continuous,
with 10 spines ; anal with 3 spines ; caudal tin emarginate ; pectorals
long or short; vertebne usually 13 + 16 or 17 = 29 or 30. Coloration
brilliant, but evanescent. A large genus, one of the most difficult in
onr fish fauna in which to distinguish species. The form of body, devel-
opment of ear flap, and height ox spines vary with age and condition,
while the general appearance and the numbers of fin rays and scales are
essentially the same in all. Several attempts have been made to subdi-
vide the group,* buc the characters used, drawn from the pharyngeals,
gill rakers, palatine teeth, and pectoral fins are themselves subject to
variation, changing or disappearing by degrees without marked gaps.
The following analytical key, bas?d largely on work of McKay, Bollman,
and Boulenger, will generally serve to identify adult examples ; only by
careful comparison, aided by long experience, can young individuals be
distinguished. As to the difficulty of defining the genera of sunfishes,
McKay has the following pertinent remarks: "This genus (Lepomli)
as understood by me, includes Apomotia, Xenotis, Brijitus, Hetioperca,
lydfopJites, and Eupomotis of authors. ApomoUn has been separated
from Lvpomia on account of the large size of the supplemental max-
illary. On careful comparison this i.s found to be scarcely larger than
*Dr. Boulenger divides Lepomin and Euiimnotis as here understood into genera, thus doflned :
a. Siipphunental maxillary absent or reduced to a slight rudintoiit; pectoral fin obtuse.
Lepomis.
oa. Supplemental maxillary absent; pectoral fin acutely pointed. Eupomotis.
'K
W \ V
ii
1:
1 ■
irrp' gtrr^w^t i^w'vT'viJ^J/^ 7Jir"'°^'V"'S'yT . 'r»,1 i W « ' '''f ' V""^ 4" K I'WI' !PI~^" - """W
1000
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
»(
■y .
in ono or two other species of Lepomia, It disappears by degrees, Imt
seems to exiHt in all the species, thougli sometimes so Binali n» tu hv
inappreciable. I have oven found it present in large speciineii!* of
L. pallidun. Its presence in the species is only a character of dciriw,
therefore not generic. Till the group has been more fully stiKlicd
A'tnoth was supposed to contain a large number of species, and wnn
separated from Lepomts principally for convenience sake, iiiid (Jii the
slight character of the feeble gill rakers. By a comparison of :i v(>rv
large series of the alleged species from Professor Jordan's collection j
have come to the conclusion that they are all forms of a single Hpeeies,
The gill rakers are usually rather more feeble than in the rest of the
8])ecies of lAponih, but this again is a question of degree, liriitlnx lias
been distinguished from Lipotmn by the presence of palatine toetli. Tlii.s
is also a character of degree, and is subject to the most perfect gradation.
I have found it impossible to retain Xy^tropUhn and EupomoI'm also, as
there is complete gradation in the character of the pharyngeals lietween
Lcpumis proper and Xystroplitin and again between XyntroplHin and Eiijm-
inotiH, both as to the width and form of the bones themselves and tliu form
of the teeth." (McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, p. 88.) (/*-,. . .scale;
TTM/io, operculum, a character supposed to distinguish the geuuH from
Sparua.)
a. Pectoral fins Bliorl, obtuse, not roacliing beyond front of anul, considerably .sluirtiT tliuii
head; dorsal spincH low.
liKPOMIS:
h. Gill rakors sbortisli, Imt rathor firm, x 4- 8 or 9; palatine teeth present.
c. Opercular flap in adult very long, but narrow; Hcale8 43 to 48; longest (lorwil spines
about 3 in bead; some bluish stripes on head; belly red in adult.
Ai iim s, V.i%.
cc. Opercular flap short and broad; scales 3(i to 40; longest dorsal spines alumt liulf
head; sides with rows of red spots. miniati s, 1:197.
Xenotib ({ei-os, strange; oCs. car):
lih. (iill rakers very soft and weak, x + 8 or 0; palatine teeth obsolete, so far as Kiiiiwn.
W, Dorsal spines rather long, about half head; sides with rows of bronze spi.ts; bihIcs
3% to 41, GAU.MAM, IMS,
dd. Dorsal spines short, about 3 in head in adult; opercular 3]X)t in adult viiy long
and broad, variously shorter in young; colors brilliant, excossivclv viiiiablf;
scales .36 to 45. WKOAi.cnis, I:)!i9.
Heliopf.hca (^Aio?, sun; irepxi, perch):
aa. Pectoral fins more or less pointed, not much, if any, shorter than head, and n'luthiii^' lu
or beyond front of anal; gill rakcix mther long, slender, and firm, x + II U> 111.
e. Scales very largo, about 35 (33 to 39) in lateral line.
/. Opercular spot short, wholly surrounded by a red margin; mucous ikjics nu head
large; sides with conspicuous red spots; dorsal spines moderate, tlio lciii^:;>l nut
quite half head, niMii.is, MiW.
ff. Opercular spot plain black; body without red spots, but with some Muisli ImnJp.
HAPl.OONATlirs, 1401.
ee. Scales moderate or small; mucous pores small; dorsal spines high, the kiui:est liiilf
head,
g. Dorsal fin without black at base of its last rays; opercular flap shortish; shies with
chain-like ci'oss bands, macbociiiih s, 140J.
gg. Dorsal and anal fins each with a large black blotch at base of posterior lays; oper-
cular flap large, but not long; no red spots, the colors often brilliaiit but nnt
varied, pallidls, H03.
rubly shortiT tliaii
Jordan and Evertnann. — Fishes of North America.
1001
Subgenus LEPOMIS.
180«. LKPUMIS AUBITITS (Miiiiivug).
(Ykm.ow Bem-y ; Rediihkast Biikam.)
n.!!i»l (without flap) 2J to 3 ; depth 2 to 2i ; eye 4 to 4i in hoad. D. X,
11 01 12; A. Ill, 8 to 10; Hcales G-43 to 48-1"), 40 to 45 pores; 7 rows of
Hcalfs un cheek ; scales on breast very small. Hody elongate, not much
eleviitcd. Snout moderately prominent. Mouth ri»ther large, ohliquu,
tlio maxillary reaching past front of eye. Palatine teeth few, ratlier
large. Gill rakers quite short, x-|-8or J), not much longer than in L'\)o-
mi mvgalotis, but stifl' and r^. igh, set wide apart, diminishing in hi<.o
from tlio angle forward. Opercular Hap verj' long (longer in the adult
than on any other of the suntishes except Lepomis vu;jaIotix), narrow,
usually not wider than the eye; in the young the flap is variously
slioiter, but always narrow ; lower margin of flap msually pale. Dorsal
spines r»,ther low, the longest 3 in head ; pectoral H to li in head.
Color oiive; belly 'argely orange red; scales on tlie sides with reddish
spots on a bluish ground ; vertical fins chiefly orange or yellowish ; head
usually with bluish stripes, especially in front of eyv, most distinct
in adult ; flns becoming dusky in spirits ; no dusky blotch on last rays of
doi'Bal and anal. Length 8 inches. Maine to Louisiana; abundant in
all streams east of the AUeghanies ; the typical form aTjove described
chsolly northward, (atiritus, eared.)
Lahmx aHriltm, Linna:i's, Syst. Nut., Kd. x, 175K, 2«;i, Philadelphia.
Bnjlliis iiiiicnlor, CuviEii A Valenciknnes, Hist. Nut. Poisfl., vii, 404, 1831, Philadelphia and
Charleston.
PomohLs ntbrkauda, Sturek, Joiir. Bostoei So.!. Nat. Hist., 1842, 177, Concord, New Hamp-
shire. (Coll. E. S. Hoar.)
Leporiis ophthalmicus. Cope, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 23.'), Ruanoke River, Virginia.
lejMmiix (lurittis, el mgatuf and miistacalin, Jordan & Gilbert, Syuopsie, 475 and 477, 1883.
Upomin aurittu, BoLLMAN, I. c, 573; BouLENOER, Cat., I, 24.
Represented southward, from Virginia to Louisiana by
ISeSa. LEPOMIS AUBITUS SOUS (Cuvier & Valcnci<3Due8).
Scales on cheeks larger, in 5 or 6 rows ; scales on breast large. A
dusky blotch on last rays of dorsal. Very abundant in coastwise
streams, passing into the typical form northward, {solia, of the sun.)
Pomoilx solit, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vii, 468, 1831, Lake Pontchartrain,
Louisiana ; in part.
PomuiiK ehmgatm, HoLBBOOK, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, 47, pi. 5, fig. 1, St. Johns River,
Florida.
Lepomis mystacalig* CoPE, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, 1877, 66, East Florida.
*'I.f}iimis myslacalis {Cope): Head 3%; depth 2. Eye large, 3U iu head. D. X, 12; A. Ill, 12;
scales 7-51-15. Body deep, coinpressed. Dorsal spines robust, little shorter than the soft rays;
paired dug long; maxillary extending somewhat beyond front of orbit; 4 rows of scales on
ciieeks; opercular spot short, without border. Qill rakers slender. Dusky, sides silvery, with
irregular, short, dark, vertical bars; a pale band from mouth across preopercle, a dark line
below this, then a silvery band; lower parts and most of vertical fins yellow. East Florida.—
•* i
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1002
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
\%
1:197. LKP0MI8 MINIATVH,* Jordnn.
Head 2}; depth 2i; eye large, 3^ in head. D. X, 10; A. Ill, 9; Hcales
4- iO-11, 4 ruwH on cheek. Body oblong and somewhat regularly ellipti-
cal. Mouth rather large. Opercular flap Hhort and broad, entirely Mack
or dark green. Gill rakers stout but not very short. Palatintt tcotli
present. Dorsal spines rather long, as long as from tip of snout to jxm-
torior edge of pupil ; pectorals long. Sides of male with about 1 1 lows
of red spots, those of the lower rows very bright in life; middle of nido
with a few scales with black spots, and some black on scales undtr tli<*
pectorals; belly orange, with red spots. Length 6 inches. MissiN.si|i|ii
Valley and southward in lowland streams ; common about New OriciiiiH,
ranging from Texas eastward to Indian River. (miniatiiH, scarlet.)
LepoiiiiH winiatuH, Jokdan, Bull, x, I'. S. Nat. Mug., 26, 1877, Tangipahoa River, Louisiana;
((!(>11. T. II. I<oan); .Tokdan tt Gii.iikkt, HyiiopHifi, 470, 188:).
Subgenus XENOTIS, Jordan.
ia08. LKPONIS GARMANI, Forlms.
Head 2^ ; depth 2^. Eye large. D. X, 10 or 11 ; A. Ill, 8 to 10; scales
5-34 to 41-14, 5 rows on cheek. Body rather deep; mouth moderate;
maxillary not reaching front of pupil ; longest dorsal spine about half
head. Gill rakers short and flexible. Dusky olive, sides with rowu of
bronze spots, 1 on each scale, 7 rows below lateral line; head with blue;
opercular tlap large, f diameter of eye. Length 4 inches. Perhajm uot
distinct from Leponm miniatus. (Named for Professor Harrison Gurinan,
now of the University of Kentucky, at Lexington.)
Lepomis (lamtaui, Forben, Dull. III. Lab. Nut. Mist., 135, January, 1885, Little Fox River, at
Phillipstown, and Wabash River and Drew Pond, at Carmi, Illinois: (Coll.
Forbes); Buulongur, Cat., i, 27.
1309. TiEPO!HIH SfGOALMTIS (Raflnesqiie).
(TiONO-EARE'> SlINFISll.)
Head without flap, 3 in length ; depth If to 2^ ; eye 3^ to 4 in Iiead
D. X, 10 to 12; A. Ill, 8 to 10 ; scales 5-36 to 45-14 ; pores 31 to 40, iibout
5 rows on cheek. Body short and deep, compressed, the back very
strongly arched in adult, the profile very steep, usually forming an angle
above eye, but sometimes full and convex. Mouth small, obliqiu', the
premaxillary rather below the eye, the maxillary extending to opposite
middle of eye. Gill rakers very short and soft, weaker than in any other
species, x + 8 or 9. Dorsal spines very low, the longest little longer than
the snout, 3 in head. Pectoral 1^ to 1^ in head. Opercular Hap in the
adult very long and broad, with a broad or narrow pale blue or red mar-
gin, tl e margin sometimes very broad, sometimes almost wanting ; thellap
half o: more longer than the eye in the adult, much shorter in the young,
*Thi8 is probably a distiuet species; uot the youug of aunVus aa Bellman aud Bouleiiger lia«D
regarded it.
^iiil
r
useum.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. l()03
; A. Ill, 9 ; Hcales
regularly ollipti-
ad, entirely Iilnck
;. Palatini tcotli
i of snout to |)08-
tli about 1 1 lows
; middle of Hidt.
scales under tin*
cheH. Mi8siN.si|i|ii
out New OrlcaiiH.
H«, scarlet.)
>a River, Louisinna;
[I, 8 to 10; scales
mouth niodf'iatt';
spine about liiilf
des with rows of
head with blue;
les. Perha))8 not
larrison Garman,
kittle Fox River, at
Tmi, Illinois; (Coll.
3 A to 4 in liead
)8 31 to 10, about
the back very
"orming an angle
all, oblique, the
cling to opposite
lan in any other
ittle lonj^er thau
Bular dap in the
blue or red uiar-
anting; thellap
er in the young,
1 aud Bouloiis-'iT liMO
its ilevelopmont subject to great variation. Color, brilliant blue and
cran(,'o ; the back chieHy blue ; the belly eutirely orange, the orange on
the Hides in spots, the blue in wavy, vertical streaks; lips blue; cheeks
orau^^e, with bright blue stripes; blue stripes before eye; iris red; soft
partH of vertical fins with the rays blue and the membranes orange; ven-
tralM dusky. Length K inches. Micliigau to Minnesota, South Carolina,
aiul Nouthwest to the Rio Grande; very abundant in most streams,
espi'i'ially in clear brooks. One of our most brightly colored fishes.
Kxtninuly variable; the young are often elliptical in form, and the size
at which the characteristic ear flap is developed varies greatly with dif-
ferent individuals. We have thus far failed to distinguish any tangible
varieties. Some southern specimens have the ear flap longer (fallax)',
gome northern ones have the scales rather larger {inacriptus), or the margi.i
of tlio ear flap broader than usual {peltustea), or wanting altogether
(lythydchloriH) ; others {aureolun) are bright golden with the flap short;
801110 southern specimens (breviceps) have a dusky spot on the last rays of
dorsal ; still others (marffinatua) have the ear tlap bordered with green.
These characters gradually disappear on examination of a large series.
{li(y<i<;, great ; ovf, ear.)
Ichllielii meijalolu, IUfinesque, Iclith. Oh., 29, 1820, Ohio River.
Pnmolis uiliilti, KiRTi.AND, BoHt. Jourii. Nat. IliHt., 472, 1842, Ohio.
Pomi'l(« hrevicepH, Baird >Sc GiRAni), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philii., 1863, 309, Otter Creek, Arkan-
sas. (Coll. Cii])t. Geo. B. MuClollau.)
l>ovtoliii fallax, Baird & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 18.'i4, 24. Elm Creek, Texas.
(('(ill. John H. Clark.)
PomoHx ruHfexifrniiH, Bairu & OlRABD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18.'i4, 24, Rio Ciboto, Texas.
(Coll. Clark.)
ronwiix vvfadm, Bairi) & Girard, Troc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 24, Rio Cibolo and Salado
Creek, Texas. (Coll. Clark.)
fomotm miigiiinnleiiluii, A0A88IZ, Amcr. .lour. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 302, Huntsville, Alabama.
Pimolisiii'rniUiis, A0A88I7., Amer. .lour. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 302, Huntsville, Alabama.
Pomolis hombi/roiu* AoASSiz, Anier. .Tour. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 303, Huntsville, Alabama.
Pomotiii marfiinalm, Holl)ro()k,t Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865,49, St. Johns River, Florida.
FomolU pnpeii, GiRARi), Pacific R. R. Survey, x, 2G, 1858, headwaters of Colorado River,
Texas. (Coll. Capt. Pope.)
f.ejwHii« peltastef, Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc, 1870, 453, Huron River, Michigan. (Coll.
Prof. A. Winchell.)
Xenotis lijihrochlorU, Jordan, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., 376, 1877, Wabash River.
Xainiig imreolm, Jordan, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., 376, 1877, Wabash River.
I^mnis meijidolUi, Jordan & Gii.dert, Synopsifl, 477, 1883; Boulenoer, Cat., i, 26.
* f,»7io»iiVi bninb^frotn (Agassiz): Head '2,%; depth 23^. D. X, — ; A. Ill, — ; scalos 5-V-ll.
Body riitlK^r Bliort and deep, with the pror.lc very steep and the back very ni<ich arched, the
creuti'st depth of the body being over iho opercles; opercular flap very sm-ill, unniargined.
Kj'e i.rt^e ; a slight angle in front of the eye. Gill rakers unknown. Mouth moderate, placed
Very low, the premaxillaries entirely below the eye; maxillary extending back to the middle of
the pupil. DorNal spines moderate, the last ones somewhat shortened. Anal fln large, pectorals
and vi'i.trals reaching anal. Scales of cheek in 6 rows Light brown; flns pale, unspotted.
Scales (if belly and sides dotted with golden orange. Length 4 inches. Tennessee River; this
account taken from the original description and from a tracing of a drawing received from
Ricliiird UlisB.— .djossii.
t Lepomis martjinnttis (Holbrook): Head 3; depth 2. T). IX or X, 12; A. Ill, 10. Body short
and dcup; snout shorter than diameter of eye; maxillary reaching orbit; pairetl fins rather
long, (^ulor dark olive with darker vertical bars; bead and body with numerous) bluisb-greeu
9pote; opercular flap bordered with green. St. Johns River, Florid:.— HoibrooJi;.
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1004 Bulletin 4^ United States National ACuseum.
Subgenus HBLIOPERCA, Jonlnu.
• J
1400. liKI'OMIS IIIIMILIS (Ulrurd).
(Hri)-8l'ciTTl:i) Ht'NFIHII.)
Hoad 25 to 3 ; depth 2\ to 2J ; eye largo, W to 3 J in head. D. X, 10 or 11 ;
A. Ill, H or i»; hcuIcn r)-IM (33 to 3!t)-ll; poros 25 to 32, abont 5 rouson
(^]i«;ok. liody ohloiig. HcaleH large, opiueu rather high. ProtilcH not veiv
HttM^p. MucoiiH poruH on head very large; opercular flap ruthtsr lon^',
broad, with u very broad red margin, which entirely snrroiiudH tlio Mtu^k.
LongoHt <lorHaI H|)ino not (|uite half head; pectoral a little Hhoitei tliun
head. <jlill rakers rather long, blunt, x -f('t:o 11, well developed. ItliiiNli,
with conspicuous greenish spots and niottlings posteriorly; sidos with
many conHpicuous round, sahnon-red spots, usually a faint black Hpot on
last rays of dorsal ; belly and lower fins red. Length 4 inches. Ohio iiiid
Kentucky to the Dakotab, Kansas , and Texas ; locally abundant, cspeiMally
in sandy streams of the Lower Missouri baaiu; a small, highly-coloml
species, (hitmilia, humble.)
llriillHs hnmiliii, Gihard, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Pliila., 18f>7, 201, Sugar Loaf Creek, Arkansas.
ItruUiiH ocutiihin* Odi'E, Jour. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pliila., IStLI, 811, Lake Whittlesey, Minnesota.
hiiKiiiiiH imiujiillmiiH, CoPR, Juiir. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Philn., 1808, 221, Leavenworth, Kansas.
lAlumi'tH liiimiliM, ,Ioiii>AN A (Jii.itKUT, SyuoptMH, 47y, 1883; Uveumann & Co.\, Uuiwit f. S. Fi-li
Ooiiiin., XV, III, 18U.'J (18<Jf)).
Eupirmotia humilU, lioVLKNUEU, Cat., i, 30.
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1401. LKPOMIS HAPIiOONATHIIS, Oopp.
Head (without flap) 3i ; depth 2>J ; eye 3A in head without flap, C(nial to
the nearly flat interorbital space. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 9; scales (i-Ii'i-lt or
15, () rows on cheek. Form oval. Dorsal and ventral outlines subciiiially
convex. Lower lip more prominent, maxillary bone reaching anterior
line of orbit, lower pharyngeals narrow, with conical teeth; gill rakers
obtuse, rather stout; no supplementary maxillary bone nor palatine
teeth. Pectorals not described; ventrals barely reaching anal ; oxtrenii-
tie.s of soft dorsal and anal of the same length, and falling far short of base
of caudal. Caudal notched at middle, the lobes beveled at the free lior-
ders. Opercular flap rather long. Color olivaceous, yellowish below, a
blue band crossing the preorbital bone above, and another following the
premaxillary border and passing along the inferior border of the orbit;
below this another blue line crosses the cheek. Other blue bauds have
been obscured by the alcohol ; flap plain black. Length of type 4.^ inches.
Monterey, Nuevo Leon. The most southern of the group to wliicli it
belongs, and, the first known from Mexican waters. (Cope.) (a-Ain'/f,
simple; yvMog, jaw.)
Lepomix haphignatlwH, CoPE, Proc. Anier. Philos. See, 1884(188.')), 168, Monterey, Nuevo Leon.
(Coll. Cope.)
* Leponm oculaUis (Cope): Similar to LfpomuhumUu, but the body deoper, the caudiil pcdim-
cle and fin forraiug but % of length. Head short; opercular flap long, with a blade spot as
largo as eye, surrounded by a broad, pale margin; body without red spots. Depth 23;,. Scales
6-32-11. Length 3 inches. Minnesota.— Cope, .
^\^M , J L-j'-btfJ^V.A^xJI^^ri-^
irey, Nuevo Leon.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1(M)5
1402. liKPOMIN MACUOrillKIM, UaOiuHHUK.
Ilcidli; aept.:2.^; oyo 3} to 4 in head. I). X,12; A. 111,10; scuIeH
iilioiii r)-l2-ir», about 7 rowH on cheek. Hody rather elon^utu, the Iiund
HoiiK'whut nciite. Pectoral flnu pointed, an long um head, reaching beyond
\('tilialH to anal. Gill rakeru rather long and blender, Htrongly toothed,
x-f 11. LongcHt dorsal H])ine abont half head. Snppleniental bone minute.
Uri^jlil steel blue, with many bron/.e orange spots, which cover nearly the
wlidlt- surface, so arranged that the ground color forms a series of vertical
cliiiin like bara, very con.'tpicuous in life; vertical fins mottled with liroii/.e
and usually more or less edged with pale orange; sometimes a faint Idack
ilorsiil spot ; no distinct blue stripes on check, but the sides of the head
HJiailcd with purplish. Opercular flap small, black, margined with pale.
Leuj^th 5 inches. Ohio Valley and southwestward to Arkansas and Ken-
tucky ; rare; a small, handsome species. {iinKfwr, large; x^Wi hand.)
I.epiimi'' macrocliir.i, UwisMitvr., .loiirii. do Pliyi<ii|iR', 420, 1819, Ohio River ; Licking River;
.(iiuiiAN it GiMiF.UT, 8.vllOIlBi■^, 47f/, 188:!; Kom.man, /. <■., 572.
UpiMiinii:< ni-phi'lim, Cope, Journ. Amor. Pliilus. Soc., 18ti8, 222, Kiskiminitas River, western
Pennsylvania,
hip'iiiii'lis macrochinu, Bouit.nurb, Cat., I, 30.
1408; LKPOMIS PAIililiniH (Mitdiill).
(Blve-qill; Blue Bream ; BmieSunfihii ; Ciii'i<kii-niihki> IIueam ; Dollardee.)
Head 3 (2t to 3i); depth 2 (IJ to 2i); eye 3J to 4 in head. D. X, 11 or
12; A. Ill, 10 to 12; scales 7-43 to 52-1(5, 40 to 50 pores, 5 rows of scales
on ciieek. Body comparatively short and deep, compressed ; the young
Hlendor, the adult nearly orbicular. C'audal peduncle rather slender.
Head not large, the projecting snout usually forming an angle above eye.
Mouth quite small, oblique, the jaws about equal, the maxillary barely
reaciiing the front of the eye. Opercular flap very short in the young;
in tiio adult rather long and wide, without pale edge. Gill rakers moder-
ately long, nearly terete, bent slightly downward, about x + H to 13,
Dorsal spines strong and high, the longest altout half head, usually longer
than snout and eye; ventral fins reaching,anal ; pectorals very long, usu-
ally longer than head, reaching past base of anal spines. Olive green;
adults dark ; young more or less silvery, with a purple luster in life ; sides
with undulating, often chain-like, transverse greenish bars, which become
obsolete in the adult; no blue stripes on cheeks; a diffuse black blotch at
base of posterior rays of dorsal and anal, often obscure in young ; no rod
on fins; very old specimens often with the belly coppery red. Length 12
inches. Great Lakes to Florida and the Eio Grande ; very abundant ; one
of our most widely di8tril)uted and variable species ; found in all quiet
streams throughout its range, and often brought into the markets; a good
pau-fish. (pallidus, pale.)
Labriix jnilliduD, MiTCHiLi., Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc, N. Y., 1815, 407, New York; iiiiBprinted
I'llUlllluK.
lepomia appendix, HiTCHiLL, Amer. Month, Mag., 1818, 247, New York.
Pomn/i« iiicieor, CuviER & Valenciknneh, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vii, 400, 18:U, New Orleans.
Pomotii (iibbom», Cuviek & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vii, 4C7, 1831, Charleston.
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/Vi»i<>/i> D/irWooHo, IIaihi) A OlHAHl), I'rcir, Ac. Niit. S<-i. I'lillu., IhM, '.i'l, Browniville, Texas.
l\imolit "'u'tirKD, Ahaxhi/, Aiidt, Jour. H<:l. and Art*, IMM, llOi, Huntavllle, Alabama k). ij.
ni«ii'< ilmtply coli>r<><l, alniont ItUrk.)
/Vm'i<i«/iiN'i, OiHAHi), l'r<)<'. Ai'. Nut Hii. I'hila., 1H&7, 'JOl, Port Snelting, Mlnncnotu.
l.ifHiiiiii> liiHiiUimiit, Copit, I'ror. Ac. Nal. Hcl. I'hilii., iMtiTi, Kl, Leavenworth, Kanaax.
LrpimiiK nr<leii'<uiu», Cui>K, Juiifu. Ac. Nut. Sd. i'lilla., iMtlH, 'Hi, Kiaklminitaa Klver, Penn-
sylvania.
I.<f»mi»piirjntrr»crn; Cmvk, I'roc. Anmr. Pliiloa. Hoc, 1h70, -IM, Yadkin River, North Curolina
Lejiiimio iHtlliihiii, (ill. I, X Johiian, Fiolii nnd ForuMt, 1H77, l!Nl; Juriian A (lii.iiKlir, 8.viiu|,hi,, ^^[,^
IHH.'!, ami III' iiiuHt ritcimt writorit.
tluiHmiulu iialiiJiit, Uoilkmiikh, Cat., l, 211.
460. EUPOMOTIS, Gill &, Jurdun.
fntuitli', IIoMiRooK, Ictli. H. Carolina, 1, r>, IHdO, (not of ItAriNKHgiTR).
ii'ii/Mmiotin, Olf.l, A Johiian, KI<>I(I and ForcNt, 1H77, ItK), [niimiD).
XijuiroitHiit, Johiian M8. in Coi-k, I'roc. Anidr. I lillos. ISim'.. xvm, n/, 187H, (ijillii).
Tliis KenuH, aH understoud by iis, is very cloudy rolattul to Liiiiimh.
ditluring only in the blunter and more |iaveiiioiit-liko teeth of tlio Ihwim
pharyngeal bonoH. TheHo boneu are, in typical HpecicH, liroiul unit con.
cave, especially in the adult. There is cousiderublo variation umnii;; tin;
species, and it is possible that this division can not be maintainod. Most
of the species have long pectoral fins, the supplemental niax.ill!(i v loot
or very much reduced, and the opercular Hap always with an <inin|;e
patch on its lower posterior portion. (Jill rakers various, usually slnut,
The retention of this genus is possibly justified by convenitinco, but
neither the longer pectorals nor the blunt pharyngeals separate it Hliarply
from Lepomia, with which it has been united by McKay, Holhiiaii, and
Jordan & Gilbert, (ci', well; Tru/uti, oporole ; oh:, oar; or rather, ti, ^'cu-
nine Vomotis, sunflsh. )
XvsTROPLiTER (6ti<TTf>oi', Hcruper; oirAiVrif, artnaturo, from the gill rakcru of IIir tyiiiral .-|ii'Cii"<|
a. PcvtoralB shorter tliaii liead, not extending beyond tips of voutralH; hcuIob giiinll, ulmut Vi,
gill rakors rather long; coloration plain, i>ai,liiii .'', I4f)4.
E0POMOTI8:
aa. I'uctoraU longer than head, uxtonding to iK^yoiid front of anal; gill rakurs iiUHlurBti- ur
short; opercular Hup orange on its lowor posterior ])ortioii,
h, Ohoeks without marked liluo or orange B|)ot8 or liueK.
c. Scales large, 'H to 3U; oiwrcular flap Hniallcr than eye, its margin lilnoil-roil in
male. HKiKi.s \W.>.
cv. Scales mcMlerato, 42 to 44; opercular flap broad, with ". very broad (iniiii;!' ur
whitish margin.
d. Cheeks with 5 rows of scales; color chiefly g-ccnish. iioi.iiuhoki, 14()fi,
<hl. Cheeks with (i or 7 rows of scalos. Ki'iivmii s, 14(i7.
bb. Cheeks witli wavy blue lines; sides of b<Mly profusely ..;otted with orange; wiilis about
-17; dorsal spines not very low; opercular flap large, its lower poxtt^rinr hurder
always scarlet. aiBuosi's, HMi.
Subgenus XYSTROPLITES, Jordan.
1404. EVPOMOTIS PALLIDUiii,* (Agassi/.).
Head 21 ; depth 2| ; eye 4^ ; snout 3} ; scales 8-42-12, 5 rows on ciieeii.
D. X, 10 ; A. Ill, 9. Body elongate, rather deep mesially. Caudal peduii-
• " This species resembles Pomntu incuor (Lei)ntiiU palUdiin) in the outline of the body, 1 In' natiiri'
and coloration of the scales, and in the size and form of the flus, but it differs greatly t'l mn it by
its large mouth, the free extremity of the upper jaws reaching the vortical line of tlic juiildlo of
the eye, by the presence of teeth upon the palafe, and by the ventral fins being placiil immedi-
ately under the pectorals. The black opercular appendage, which is very short, Imn a narrow
..^■-.-.*liA£Lii
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J or Man ami Evermann. — Fishes 0/ I^orth A merit, t. 1007
I'Itt latlior rloiifjato. Hiioiit projeotiiiK, formiug uii atiKlu ttltovi) eyn.
Moiitli wido, the luworjiiw projuctiiiK ; maxillary r«>uchiiigjuNt paHtfruiit
III' |Mi|iil. Kyo UN lun({ uh (>|>»rciilar tlap; flap inudMrutu, Itroati, witli u
\t'tv wide pulo udgo huluw and huhiud. DoinhI Hpiium iiioduratu, uh Iuii^
ji^ Hiioiit and halt' of orhit; peotorul Hhoit, reaching tips of voiitrulH.
Ii(i\M'i pharyiiKnal to«)th Miint, aliiioHt ])av«)d. Li^ht olivo, uniform in
ii|iiiilr4: trucflH of duttky mottlingHon luHt rayn of dormil und anal. Length
7 iii('li»H. Ouorgia to Tcxuh; uut oommun, but few ttpecimeuii known.
^puUiiluH, pale.)
Pimi'ii' iiiillidtiH, AoAMix, Amor, .lour. Bel. Artu, 1RA4, 3(Kl (iiiiiiki ])ri<(j<'(Mi|iliMl in himmiii l>y
h'lrtidpillliilli; MiTCIIIM., Iiiit not III Knpomntid.
\\Tiiii<i> iilh,ilii», <iiHAiii>, I'roc, Ac, Niit. H4-i. IMillu., 1Rft7, 2iK), Rio Blanco, Texas ; (Typi-, 421).
.Kijuiriii'ldm (lillii, JiiHiiAN, null. X, I', ."<. Nitt, MiiH., ',!!, 1N77, "Oarden Key, Florida"
luiiiliiubtvilly uu orrur, iih tlicro 'i no hvali wutrr Htruaiii or imnil lui tlio iHluiid of Uurdou
K''.v).
hflnii'lllillhln, .TollDAN .V GiMIKKT, ,*<> no|»(llH, 481, IHKJ; IloM.MAN, /, (',, 575.
UlMiHif Unm, McKay, True, U, U. Nut. Muh,, IHHl, HO, (uftur I'omulit luilWlun, AutuMVt).
TT
riikerH mmU'riiti' ur
Subgenus EUPOMOTIS.
1405. KUPONOTIH HKKOM (lliiird .^ Oininl).
Hofid 2< to 3 ; depth 2 to 2ij ; eye 3i to ii; suout SJ to 4. D, X, 11 ; A.
Ill, 11; Boulos 4-34 to 39-13, 4 rows on cheek. Appeurance of Leponm
pulUdiiH. Body robuHt, moderately ulongute, dorsal and ventral outlineH
about equally curved ; head rather large, the projecting onout forming n
coimideruble angle above the eye. Mouth rather wide, obliciue, the
maxillary reaching slightly past front of eye. Longest dorsal reaching
past |ii>Hterioi' border of pupil ; pectorals reaching beyond middle of anal ;
vontrul spine li to H in distance between origin of ventrals and anus.
OpenMilar Hap smaller than eye, smaller than in K, holhroohi, much as in
K, ijibhoHUS. Gill rakers short and not very stitf. Pharyngeal teeth
pavod ; the pharyngeal teeth not so blunt as in E. holbrooki or in E. yihho-
8UH. Life colors dark greenish above, gradually becoming brassy toward
tlie holly, which is light brassy ; opercular spot greenish black, the flap
with a broad, blood-red border in the male, plain in the female; no spot
on dorsal or anal fin. Southern Indiana to Florida and the Rio Grande
basin, in lowland streams; rather rare. (?/pu(:, hero; Heroa is the name
of a },;ouu8 of Ciohlidu; which these fishes resemble.)
Pomnlin Ihtos, Baiiid & GlilAKD,* I'ror. Ac. Nat. S<l, IMiila,, March, 18.14, 25. Rio Cibolo,
Texas,
orRntto Imrdor liehind; thero is a Mack spot at tlie baHO of tlio puntcrior rnys of the dorsal; liotb
'lursal anil anal arv marked by 1 or 2 dark stript'x; tho caudal in croHHcd by Hoveral dotted vertical
lirieH; tlit^ro are 8 or 9 dusky bars across tho sides Itotween tho head and tail. This Kpecies bears
till' Hunio relation to PumolU that Vomoxin bears to the true Oenhiirvliim in tho size of the mouth
nnd form of the body, and I have no doubt it will some day become tho typo of a distinct f;eniiH."
(Agasxi/.) Tennessee River, at Huntsville, AlultanKt. We are informed by Mr. Kichard miss
that tlic types of this species liave the pharyngeals iwved. Since these paRcs have been put in
tyjii' wo hiivo received from Mr. Samuel Garinan a des<Tiption of .Vgasxi/.V tvpe which leaves
little lioiiht of its identity with the present species. It ban: Head 2:>i; depth 2'.^. D, X, 10; A,
111,1(1. Scales 5-3C-13. Pectoral shorterthan head barely reaching trout of anal; mouth large,
with projecting snout, tl<e maxillary uoarly reaching middle of pupil; last rays of dorsal and
aDal (lu»ky above base.
•■ '
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Jiuiitlin ^7, li'niU'U HUitts Aattomii Muifk
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l^miiiii whilii;* AiiANMi/, Ariii'i. .Iniirii. Nil. iiml An*, MArcli, iN/il, 3<)U, Hunt«vi||t
Alabama.
/x'jMMiiM H../,(/ii., ,li)iii>\v A Uii.HriiT, HyiiDpolM, •IH'i, IHKIJ,
Iriiniini liiif, .fiiMI>\N .V KliiiKlir, S) liii|Hlii<, IM), |HM3; IVil.l.MAN, I. )'., ATA.
Uiiptiiiiiilu hiro», UolI.EMilKII, <'at., I, 'M,
IIOH. liri'OMOTIM IIOI.IIKOOKI (nivl< r .1 Vnl.ncliiiiiMo.).
IIi'imI :< to .'H ; (lopth 2 to 2i ; (<y« t in lioiul, itHlongaHHiittiil. 1*. N.Idii,
I'i; A. Ill, !Mo 11 ; HcaU'H (Ml or 'ir>-ir>, 4.'{ porcM, 5 iowh oh cImmiK. Itmlv
roliiiHt, flfvtitotl, tliH Hiioiit riitliiM pnxliiciMl ; iiiaxilliiiy nuinliin^ t'huit ni'
uriiil ; pifoptM'clo Nli^Mtly ilciilitMilulo. DotNiil llti h't^U, tiiu N]iiiii .s uIhhii
UH liiK'' HH tlio Hoft I'uyH, tlio lonK«!Nt hiilf huiul ; poctoml IIiih v< ly Idmk.
loii^ iiH lu>a(l. dill rnktM'M iiiotlDnitu, olttiiao, Htron^ly t<)otii)t(l, n 4. in.
Opuntiilar flap Hlioit, broad, witit a broad 011111^0 tnarffiu lit'lnw ami
boliiiid. No palatiiio ttMttli ; jowttr pliaryii^ttalH broad ; tlio trclli lai;;*>,
witii HiilmpluMical vruwtiH. DiiHky ulive, Hilvnry buluw ; tliroal yellow;
liiiH dark, with yrllowiHJi rayH ; no blark dorsal Hpot. l^Mn^tli lo iiiilicK.
Vii'Kiniu to Florida; abundant in lowland NtroainH. (Named fur lip,
.John KdwardH llolbrook, of CharluHtun, unthor of the excullunt Iclitliy-
olugy of Soutli Carolina.)
riiiwlin Imlhtmiki, Civir.ii A VAtKNCiF.NN KH, HlHt. Niit. I'iiIhh., VII, 460, 18:11, Charlcscoii,
South Carolina.
Ihiniiilin N/iiri'MHii, lIiii.iiUDOK, Juiir, Ac. Nat. Sii. I'liilii., IHA.'), 4H, pi, 6, flg. 'J, St. Johns
River, Florida.
Pi>miiliii iiiiniiliiiihiin, (il^NTiieH, Cat., i, 284, IHAO, St. Johns River, Florida; ititci' ilolliruok.
A'i/Wiii/)///'* /iiiii/imiinH«,t (Iin'K, I'liic. Amur. Pliilim. Sue, 1877, 00, Volusia and Buy Port,
Florida.
LipitmiMhiilhmiikii, .Ioiidan ySc <iit,liKliT, .SynopHlH, 482, 188!!; UoLl.MAN, /. e., fi70.
Kfipiiiiwli.i hiiihroiikii, Itoui.F.MiKK, (Jut., I, 31.
l407^KrP0.1IOT!H KFRYORUS (M. Kuy).
Head 3i; dopth 2:^ D. X, 11; A. Hi, 10; scales 6-4.3-14, (J or 7 rows on
obeok. Body very robust, compressed ; form nearly oval ; dorual outline
more convex than ventral ; profile steep, convex. Mouth obli(|ii(', nuiuII;
maxillary reaching front of eye. Outer teeth stronger thanothors; tcetii
on front of palatines. Lower pharyngeals with the rather lonj^ posttn lor
spur turuod up, stoutish; tK'i inner angle rounded, somewhat ul)tuHc.
* W<i <lo not know which of tlioHo iv \ iiuinef), hrriM and nntdliiii, hus priority. We kIm' jirrfcr-
enci! to hfioK uH II leHS cunveutional na.no anil uh alrciidy most widely uccopted,
t .Yi/d/i-iyi/iVcd ?()»(;ii»(oi»j), Coo(>, is thus dcwrilicd: "Hody elovutod, hut tlio hrail nitlnr iini-
diict'd, so that tho profile in oliliqiio and ncurly straight from the huso of tlio doriial liii. TIk'
depth of thu liody enters the total length 2.5 times, and tho IoukHi of tho heud enters lli" eaiii''
;i.O tiuieH. Tho orhit is lurRe, eiinnlioK tho leDKtli of the muzzle, and (^nterio); the |iUL:tli nf tlin
litMid 4 times. Tho interorliital space is \.!i times tho diameter of tho orhit. Tlic niu/./li' is
8ul)conic and tho end of tho maxillary bono readies the lino of tlio anterior niar^nn i>l tin'
orhit. Tliu dorsal flu isoh^vnted, tlie spines ei|uuliug the soft rays and not seiviniiid li'iiii tliciii
hy a notch. Cainlul flu oponly notclied; ventral not reaching anal; tlio pectorjil mt.v Ii'iip,
reaching the lino of tho fifth anal soft ray. Formula: D. X-12; A. III-ll; IM.t. S ul. (oniiuU:
7-44-16; 5 rows on tho preoperculum helow tho orhit. The color above is dunky, liclow •ilun,
the gular and thorncic rogiou linht yellow. Tho opercular hhick spot is ihort ami lias •. ci"'-
son border. Fins black, tho cauflul, anal, and pectoral fins with yellow rays. The cjnls ul tlio
long gill rakers are obtiiNc, as in /,. nitinlun, TJiero oro no palatine teeth. Length IVu meters.
Volusia and Bay Port, Florida."— Cope.
\
Vn, HuiiUvllle,
It. I>. X.HMo
I clirxk. Kiiily
kcliin^ t'loiii lit'
u H|iiiit'N aliiiiii
tliiH V( ly l(iii({.
M)flm<l, N l-Kt.
(ill Iti'Idw uiiil
i») tfclli lai),'ti,
tliroiil vi'llow ;
l^tll 1(1 illclll'N.
s'liiiKxl tor l>r.
Belluiit Ii'litliy-
IH31, Chorlcseon,
llR. -, St. Johns
; iifti'i- ilnlliroiik.
1 and Bay Port,
•i.
<ir 7 KtwH on
(lorHal outliue
hli((nc, Hiiiull;
notheiM; teetli
lonj^ lii»8teii(ir
lewliiit ol)tU8e.
Wi'K'iM' iiri'fiT-
hi'ftd rathiT imi-
il(>ri<al I'm. TIk'
;id ciittTS III' BaiiK'
>r tliol.llt:tll(if till'
t. Till' iini/.zli' JK
ior iiiiirL'iii of till'
piinilid 111'"' tlii'lii
MM-tonil M'lV \«i>f.
i;i. Si-;i|.(orniiilii:
rkv, l..'l"W-ilvirv,
rt iiiid liiw .. crim-
. TlllMMllHuf tllO
jongtii IVu luotere.
/
/
Jnrtfan and Evtrmann. — Fishes of North Amfri,a, 1009 •
Teeth Ntoiit, vttry iiiiich bliiutwd, not done net, tliu innor coiiNiderably
ittroii;,')'!- uikI Itma liliint tlian the roHt. (>ill rakortt Hhort, Htoiit, iihoiit K
lu niiiiihtfr, tho iiiiiur Hiirfuco roiiKliuiio<l. Muxillury witli n Hiiinll Itiit
|ierl'*-< ily tliHtiiict Hiipphmiuiitul bont^ Kyo vttry Hriiull, o(»iiHi«lur»l>ly Ichh
tliuti li'i>Ktl> of Hiiout. OiK'i-ciilitr tliip iiMiirly uh loii^ iia snout, Hiirroun«li>(l
l»y a MM'y hroud, paler, nienibrunouit margin ; a<;al«i) on thu opurclu Iuiko,
inriiovvH. Doi'Hal apinuH low, the longeHt aH lon^ an from Huoiit touye;
iiiiich lower than Hoft rayn; caudal piMlundu and tin Hhort and broad;
\eiitiiilrt and peoturalH short, reaching vent. ScaluH on brtmHt lar}r««r than
\\wm iiu chtteks. Color In Hpirits mottled olivo, yellow IhIi below ; top of
hfiiil hliicklMh ; niembraneH of vertical Huh duHky ; ventriilH duHky, with
li^'litci margins; pectorals pale. Length K inches. Upper Uruat Lake
region, long known from one specimen ; several otlutrs lately obtained in
iiiirtiiiiM Ohio and northeastern Indiana show that tho speciuH is a valid
oiiu, itllliough allied to Eupomotia <jihhoim». {fiV" c> wide ; o/mi , margin.)
Lymiit .iinionm, McKay, Prnr. U. H. Nat. Mtia , IHHl, HO, Lake Huron at Port Gratiot,
Michignn; (TyiM-, No. 41(K»); .Fiprpan A Oii.iikrt, Syiii>imir<, IHI, iMfCl; MiCuiimnK, Kiihol
l,<>rilii C'd., Ohio, 27, 181)'.!; KiRlcil, Piili. U. S. Filli Cumin., .\iv, 1804, M.
UlHiiiiu iiuritM, Boi'LENUCR, Cat., I, 24; iu imrt.
y.
UOH. KITPOMOTIN OIRBOSITH (MnniiMm).
(Common 8iiNri8ii ; Dnr.AM ; Pumpkin 8kri>; Si;nny.)
Ik'ittl :t to 3i ; depth 1| to 2 ; eye 4 to <U in head ; snout 'ti. D. X, 10 to
12: A. Ill, 10 or 11 ; scales 6-40 to 47, pores 35 to 4'), 4 rows on cheek.
liody Nliort and deep, compressed, the profile steep, convex, usually an
an(;le above the eye. Head rather small. Mouth small, oblitiue, the
maxillary scarcely reaching the front of the eye. Dorsal spines rather
high, tho longest 2 to 2^ in head, as long as eye and snout ; tho soft rays
higher; pectorals long, as long as head. Scales large. Gill rakers short
iind Huft, smaller than in any other species except Lepomia meyalolis, x-\-S
to 10. .^^haryngeal teeth all bluntly rounded, paved, the bones very broad,
Honie>t hat concave. Color greenish olive above, shaded with bluish, the
(tides Hpotted and blotched with orange ; belly orange yellow ; cheeks
urangc, with bine wavy streaks; lower fins orange, upper bluish and
orange Hpotted. Opercular flap rather small, the lower posterior part
alwayH bright scarlet, a mark which distinguishes this species, when
adult, at once from all our other high-colored sunflshes. Length 8
iiichcN. Great Lake region to Maine and southward east of the AUe-
gbanit'H to Florida; rather rare in the Carolinas and Florida; found only
ia tho northern parts of the Mississippi Valley — Iowa, Minnesota, Wis-
eousiii, etc.; one of our most abundant fishes northward; a familiar
and active inhabitant of clear brooks and ponds, defending its nests
with great spirit. "A very beautiful and compact fish, perfect in all its
parts, looking like a brilliant «)in fresh from the mint." (gihbonHn
formed like the full moon.)
Pma gibhoM, LlNN»:us, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 292, Carolina; after l'erv,xJ>uvMili» yibbota, ventm
Inlii,, i){ Catesbv.
F.N. A. 65
i, !
■I
iiii
I. !
a
1010
Bulletin ^y, United States jVational Museum.
' I
(if t
-il:
» :
ii-
Sponi* niireiw, Waibaim, Artpcli, Pine., 200, l/l»2, lakes of New York; after "(JnMiiHch" of
HciKirr.
NoToiii' Mumdala, MiTniiM., Fishes of Now York, 18, 1814, near New York City,
/'omo^i iii/i/'i/M, C'l'viKB A Vai.kncif.nnf.8, Hist. Nnt. Poiw., in, !)1, 1820, Lake Huron New
York, Virginia, and Carolina.
Jhttwiiiiraiviiilii, CiiviEii * Vai.knciknnes, /. r., vii, 4B.'), 18.11, Philadelphia.
Ponioti'i cnli-nhei, Cl'ViKR & Vai.knciennks, /. c, vii, 409, IBS'", Philadelphia.
Eitpomutu aureui,* Boi'LEMOEli, Cut., I, 32.
461. MICROPTERUS, Lac^^pede.
(Black Bass.)
Mieroptmu, LAcf:rf;nE, Hist. Nftt. Poisg., iv, 325, 1802, {do!omieti).
CnUiurtm, Rafinesqi'E, Jourii. do Physique, 420, 1810, (pmicliilatnii=:dnloiiiieii).
Aplilen, RAKiNEStjl'?;, Iclith. Ohionsis, 30, 1820, {imllidin =.mhiwl<}eii),
Lepomis, Rafinesque, Iclith. Ohionsis, 30, 1820, (not Lepomin, Rafinesqi'k, \%V,>),{ii:,Hi'hi^ztal-
ntoidet).
NemociviipMiH, Rafine8que, Ichth. Ohiensis, 31, 1820, {JleruolarUi — dnlomieii).
DiojtUliK, Rakinesque, Ichtli. Ohionsis, 32, lt20, (w(/m(>H-^ = (Jo?omiefi).
Aph'sion, RAFlNEsyliE, Iclith. Ohienni.", 3P>, 1820, {mlHiirti).
7/iiro, CrviEii & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, Vzd, 1828, {nigriraiiH^mhiiniilin).
Grpnlt'n, Cuvieu & Vaj enciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iii, 64, 1829, {tahmndiH).
Body oblong, compressed, the back not much elevated. Head otilong,
conic. Month very large, oblique, the broad maxillary reach inj; nearly
to or beyond the posterior margin of the eye, its supplemental boue well
developed. Lower jaw prominent. Teeth on jaws, vomer, and j»iilatiiie8
in broad villiform bands, the inner depressible; usually no teeth on the
tongue. Preopercle entire; operculum ending in two flat points without
cartilaginous flap. Branchiostegals normally 6. Gill rakers l()n<; und
slender. Scales rather small, weakly ctenoid. Lateral line conii)lete, the
tubes straight, occupying the anterior half of each scale. Dorsal fin
divided by a deep notch, the spines low and rather feeble, 10 in number;
anal spines 3; the anal fin much smaller than the dorsal; peeturals
obtusely pointed, the upper rays longest ; ventrals close together below
the pectorals ; caudal fin emarginate. Posterior processes of the pieinax-
illaries not extending to the frontals ; frontals posteriorly with a trans-
verse ridge connecting the parietal and snpraoccipital crests, vliicli are
very strong. "Vertebrae 16 + 16 or 17 ^= 32 or 33. Size large. Tw o species,
among the most important of American " game fishes," now larjjely intro-
duced into the waters of Europe. (uiKfjoi; small ; nrepbv, fin ; the dorsal
fin in the typical specimen having been injured, its posterior rays detached
and bitten off short, were taken by Lac^pMe for a separate fin.)
a. Mouth moderate, the maxillary iu the adult not oxtonding heyond eye; scaU's Hinall, aliont
11-74-17, about 17 rows on the cheek; young moroor loss barred orspotted, invtrwith
a black lateral band. Dui.nMiEr, 1409.
*Dr. Roulengor rejects the name gibhosus applied to this species, as it occurs in tin' ti'iitli edi-
tion of the Systema Naturce, not reappearing iu the twelfth, with which ho begins tic liinoniial
nomenclature. Wo have followed the custoni of American authors in rccognizinft the tenth
edition (of 1758) as the starting ooint of binomial nomenclature.
■I
fcrtor"r„,Mrw(ii"of
, ISl'J), (;."//i.(ii-.sd-
foraan ana FA'ermann. — Fishes of North America. 1011
M. M'Mtli vory largf, tlio maxillary in tlio adult oxtendiiiK iM-yoiiil tho eye; ■calca rattier
largo, alioiit 7-08-l«, alomt lOrows on tlio clioek; IiiHt splncH of dorfiiil vory short, bo
that tho tin is almuMt divided iut < 2; young with a blackish lateral hand.
SAI.MOIIIKH, 1410.
J
1408. MICROPTEllUS DOLOMIKU, Lacffpide.
(Shall-houtiibd Dlack Bass.)
Head 2* to 3^ ; depth '6\ (2f to 3^) ; eye \\ to 2 in suout, 5 to 6^ m head.
D. X. 13 to 15; A. Ill, 10 to 12; scales 11-72 to 85-2o, pores 67 to 78.
Body ovato-fusiform, becoming deeper with age. Moutli large, but
Biiialli-r than in MicropteruH mlmoides, the maxillary ending considerably
in front of the hinder margin of the or.jit, except in very old examples.
ScaleH DU the cheek minute, in about 17 rows ; scales on the trunk com-
paratively small. Gill rakers long, x -{- 6 or 7 besides rudiments. Dorsal
till deeply notched, but less so than in M. mlmoidea, the ninth spine being
about lialf as long as ti>e iifth and not much shorter than tho tenth.
Fifth dorsal spine about 3;^ in head; base of soft dorsal and anal scaly.
Coloration dull golden green, with bronze luster, young with darker spots
along the sides, vrhich t^ra to form short vertical bars, but never a dark
lateral bund ; 3 bronze bands radiating from eye across cheeks and oper-
cles; a dusky spot on point of operculum; belly white; caudal fin yellow-
ish at base, then black, with white tips; dorsal with bronze spots, its
edge dusky. In some waters the iin-markiugs are obsolete, but usually'
they are very conspicuous in the young. Southern specimens usually have
tho scales of the lower part of the sides with faint dark streaks ; adult
Kpecinieiis have all these marks more or less wholly obliterated, and
become ultimately of a uniform dead green, without silvery luster.
"The black bass is eminently an American fish; he has the faculty of
asserting himself and of making himself completely at home wJierever
placed. Rr is plucky, game, brave, unyielding to the last, when hooked.
Ho has the arrowy rush and vigor of a trout, the untiring strength and
bold leap of a salmou, while he has a system of fighting tactics peculiarly
his own. I consider him inch for inch and pound for pound the gamest
fish that swims.'' (J. A. Heushall.) From Lake Champlain to Manitoba
aud southward on both sides of the mountains from James River to South
Carolina aud Arkansas; abundant: frequenting running streams, and
preferring clear and cool waters ; its southern limit is bounded by the
presence of such waters. As a game fish this species is usually more
highly valued than its congener. (Named for M. Dolomieu, a mineralo-
gist in Paris for whom the mineral Dolomite was also named.)
.Ificrop/ciK., ihilnmieti, LAcfepfeDE, Hist. Nat. PoIbs., iv, 325, 1802, locality uncertain, perhaps
South Carolina ; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 485, 1883.
Bw/iniiHs arhigan, Rafinesqub, Amer. Month. Mag., 1817, 120, New York ; Canada.
CaUiunm imnctiilatus, Rafinebqub, Ichth. Ohieneig, 26, 1820, Falls of the Ohio.
l^'mis irifaiiciala, Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohlensis, 31, 1820, Ohio River, etc.
Up'inis jJixHolaris, Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 31, 1820, Ohio River.
LtpomU: siilmonea, Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 32, 1820, Kentucky, Green, Lickiii^, and
Ohio rivers.
Ifpomisnntula, RAFINESQUE, Xchth. Ohiensis, 32, 1820, Ohio River.
Etheottomaaaiiura, Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiensis, 36, 1820, Ohio River; Salt River, Kentucky.
I :..
i ■ 1
-.T-J
fWWw^tfiw«ii«*»i|B,™SL<^i!i^««f.»'»W.ii^
\
r.
1012 Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
\ I
(XMafatciala, Le Suiitr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1822,216, Lake Erie.
CVcAIa ohioeniit, Le Sveur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1822, 218, Ohio River.
Cichla minima, Lc Si'EUr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phlla., 1822, 220, Lake Erie.
Centrarchiu obacunu, De Kay, N. Y. Fauna: Fislios, 30, pi. 17, flj;. 48, 1842, Onondaga Creek
New York.
DioplUet variabUit, Vaillant & BocoURT, Miss. fkK Mex., 1874, 142, Wabash River, New
Harmony, Indiana; after Le Sueur MS., 1822.
Gentrarchuii/aicialnt and ohacxriM, GCntiier, Cat., i, 258, 1859.
Micropterua ilolomiei, Boulenqer, Cat., I, 15.
J
1410. HICB0PTERU8 KALSI0IDE8 (Lucepido).
(Laboe-moutiif.d Black Basb; Obwego Bass; Green Bass; B.tYoi' li\!f'.}
Head 3 to 3i ; depth S to 3i ; eye li to 2 in snont, 5 to 6 in head. D. X.
12 or 13; A. Ill, 10 or 11; scales 7-65 to 70-18, pores 58 to (u. Body
ovate- fusiform, becoming deeper with age, moderately compresHcd. Head
large. Mouth very wide, the maxillary in the adult reaching beyond the
eye, in the young shorter. Scales on the cheek in about 10 rows : scales
on the trunk comparatively large ; tip of maxillary in adult aa biuad a»
eye. Lingual teeth sometimes present. Gill rakers longer than gill
fringes, x + 7or8, besides rudiments. Dorsal fin very deeplv notr'-pd,
its fifth spine 3^ in head. Coloration dark green above; sides : i"' I >
greenish silvery ; young with a blackish stripe along the sides iroin opoi-
*cle to the middle of the caudal fin ; three dark oblique stripes nc'iuss the
cheeks and opercles; below and above the lateral band some dark sputs;
caudal fin pale at base, then blackish, whitish at tip; belly white. Ah
the fish grows older the black lateral band breaks up and grows fainter,
and the color becomes more and more of a uniform pale dull green, the
back being darker ; a dark opercular blotch usually present. Length 18
inches or more. Rivers of the United States from ^ he Great LakeH and Red
River of the North to Florida, Texas, and Mexico ; everywhere abnndant,
preferring lakes, bayous, and sluggish waters. It grows to a laig u-.size
than the preceding species and is readily distinguished by its (coloration
and the larger month and larger scales. Both species vary much with
different waters, but in general this species is less active than the pre-
ceding, and is less esteemed as a game fish. (Salmo, trout; W(V, like;
the fish being often called "Trout" in the Southern States, being trout-
like in gameness and in quality as food.)
Labrus Mlmoidei, Lao£p£de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 71C, 1802, South Carolina. (Coll. 1!<>s..i
Lepomii pallida, Rafinesqur, Ichth. Ohien'jis, 30, 1820, Ohjo, Miami, and Hocking rivers.
Cichla floridana, Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phils., 1822, 21!), EastO^'lorida.
Euro nigricatis, Ovvieb& Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 124, 1828, Lake Huron; <iiMiiEii,
Cat., I, 255, 1859." '
OryUet nobaM.'AoAseiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1854,298, Huntsvilie, Alabama. (Coll.
Newman.)
Orystet nuecentit, Baibd & Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1854, 25, Rio Frio and Rio
Nueces, Texas. (Coll. Clark.)
QryiUi megailoma, Garlick, Treat. Art. Prop. Fish.. 108, 1857, bays of Lake Erie.
DioplUe* nueeensii (rectdii, Vaillant & Bocourt, Miss. Sci. Mex., 1874, 142, San Antonio de
Bexar, Texas (Coll. Tr6cul.)
Mieroptenu $almoide», Jobdan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 484, 1883; Boulekqer, Cat., i, 1«.
''':\-^ii:'v''.\^ k/* j'..-'A*^.r:
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1013
II
A vol' lUfM
Family CXUI. KUHLIID^.
Body oblong, strongly compressed; scales large, ciliated. Lateral line
coiu{ili;to, the tubes straight and occupying the anterior half of the
fxposed surface of tbe scale. Mouth large, jirotractile ; maxillary
txpost'd, without supplemental bone; teeth in jaws in villifonii bands;
tet'tli oil vomer, palatines, entopterygoids, and ectopterygoids; tongue
Hinoutli ; head partly naked ; preorbital and preopercle denticulate ; oper-
cle with 2 spines. Gill membranes separate; 6 branchiostogals ; pscudo-
branchisB large; gill rakers long and slender. Dorsal fins connected at
the base, with X, 9 to 13 rays, the spinous portion longer than the soft.
Anal as much developed as the soft dorsal, with III, 10 to 12 rays. Dorsal
aud anal fins fitting in a well-developed sheath. Caudal emarginate.
Pectorals obtusely pointed, with 14 or 15 rays, upper the longest. Ven-
trals behind base of pectorals, close together, with a strong spine. Pos-
terior prccesses of the premaxillaries not extending to the frontals; supra-
occipital bone extending forward to between the post-frontal processes,
its crest not extending on the upper surface of the cranium ; parietals
short, without crest. Precaudal vertebrsu with transverse processes
behind the fourth ; ribs all but the last 2 to 4 sessile, inserted on the cen-
trum Iiehind the transverse processes. (Boulenger.) Vertebra) 25 (10 or
11 -|- II or 15). One genus with 7 or 8 species inhabiting the Pacific Ocean,
especially fresh and brackish waters of East Africa, the islands of the
Indian and Pacific oceans, and north Australia ; our species strictly marine.
The relations of this family have been much in doubt. Its species were
originally placed in the genus Ditlea, which is a near ally of Centropristes
and StrranuH, Dr. Gill recognized the superficial resemblance of these spe-
cies to Xmichthys, which is one of the Sparoid forms. But in Kuhlia the
preorbital is narrow, serrated, and not sheathing the maxillary; there is
no axillary ventral scale and the opercle has 2 strong spines. All this
indicates Serranoid affinities, for which reason we have hitherto placed
Kuhlia near Morone. A similar thought seems to have been with Dr. Gill
when he proposed the name Moronopsis for species of Kuhlia. Very lately
Dr. Boulenger has shown in Kuhlia the presence of skeletal characters
of the Centrarchidce, and in his catalogue Kuhlia is placed in the latter
f)uiily, but there are important differences and the natural character of
iie wionp Centrarchidce disappears if this genus is introduced. We there-
f' . admit Kuhliidw as a distinct family between Micropterua and Morone
tiiC closely allied to both.
462. KUHLIA, Gill.
Kuhlia, Gni, P:oc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Phila., 1861, 48, (c«ia/iM).
.Vwoii(,;i(ii.s, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 82, {marginattu).
Paradiikf, Uleeker, Nederl. Tydschr. v. Dierkunde, 1, 257, 1872, {margmatus = cUiatu$).
Body oblong, mnch compressed ; head compressed ; mouth short, oblique ;
maxillary without supplemental bono; lower jaw projecting; no canines;
the teeth snbequal; preorbital sharply serrate ; angle of preopercle with-
out strong spine. Gill rakers slender. Pseudobranchiffi large. Scales
1*L
3^ ,,
n- i.r
t
uW'li
p>fM«(P*iW^5apNpiVW/«MPt^P((WlP«'^^ "
t
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M
j
; N
t
11
ft
N
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WBA
t !i
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II
I'
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1014 Bulletin 4y, United States National Museum.
large, not very rough ; lateral lino distinctly arched in front; top of Load
naked. Doraal tin deeply notched, but not divided to base, with 10 hIimkIci'
spines; caudal lunate ; anal spines graduated, the fin short. Coloiation
bright silvery. (Named for Kuhl, a naturalist, associate of Van liusselt,
and the discoverer of the typical species in the streauis oi' Java.)
(I. Eyo moderate, 3|j in head; pcotoraU lj| in licad; caudal with 2 obli<|u ; blark liars mi onch
lube; durnal witli a daric bar. aiii;i:, WW,
aa. Eye very largo 2J in head; pcctoraU 2^ iu head; flns not barred. xeniiia, 1412,
1411. KUHLIA ARGE, Jordan dc Bollman.
Head 3i to 3}; depth 2t; eye 3? in head. D. IX-I, 11; A. Ill, 11;
scales 7-50 to 52-12. Body oblong, strongly compressed ; back elovated
above pectorals, the anterior profile straight and rather deep : caudal
peduncle long, compressed. Mouth rather small, very oblique, tlu) lower
jaw considerably projecting ; maxillary reaching anterior margin of pupil,
2i to 2| in head. Eye moderate, slightly longer than snout. Teelli very
small, in narrow bands, those on vomer in a V-shaped patch. I'rcorhital
very narrow, :t3 edge anteriorly with strong retrorse serra*, the moder-
ately broad maxillary not sheathed by it. Least width of preorbital 3i
in eye. Serrio of preopercle sharp and fine, well developed below angle.
Gill rakers long and slender, about 9 -|- 21. Scales rather small, ctenoid,
firm, 3 or 4 rows on cheeks, 2 rows on interopercle ; jaws, snout, aiul top
of head naked; opercle with 2 strong spines, the lower the larger and
nearly as long as pupil. Lateral line anteriorly rather sharply curved
upward, concurrent with the back; no accessory ventral scale. Nostrils
very small, round, close together. Dorsal spines high and pungent, liardiy
flexible, the first half as long as the second, the fifth longest, IH in liead,
reaching tip of eighth when depressed; dorsal fins very slightly con-
nected by membrane; sofh dorsal If in anal, first ray 2 in head; caudal
deeply forked, as long as head, its inner rays not quite half as long as
outer; first anal spine 1^ in second, which is strongest and equal iu length
to third ; free margin of anal slightly concave, first soft ray 2J iu head;
pectorals short, pointed, 1? to 1^ in head ; ventrals moderate, reaching
vent, 1^ in head ; soft dorsal and anal free from scales ; a scaly Kheath
along base of both dorsals. Coloration bluish abovt , sides brilliant sil-
very ; soft dorsal with a black oblique bar across its anterior rays; caudal
with 2 black and 3 white cross bands on each lobe, these convergent
backward; lower fins pale; axil of pectoral dusky on the inner side.
Length 1 foot. Galapagos and Kevillagigedos archipelagos ; locally com-
mon. This species was first known from several specimens taken liy the
Albatross at Chatham Island. It has since been taken iu great almndaueo
by Dr. Gilbert about Clarion Island. It is very close to Kuhlia ianinra, of
the waters of Java, Sumatra, and Buro, with which it is iden tilled by Dr.
Boulenger. Kuhlia iatniura has the eye larger, 2| to 3 in head. Compar-
ing our specimens with the full description of the latter species given by
Dr. Bleeker, we are able to detect no other difference, and it is jiossible
that our species will prove to be a variety of K. twniura. {upyvi, bright.)
W^L\.JH ,
lL-J:<l.iiv f~ *■ *> .T- L _,
^mm
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1015
A'li/iliii iirijiey Jordan k Ddllman, Pmr^ U. S. Nat. Muh., 1880, 159, Chatham Island, Qalapagoa
Archipelago; (Type, No. IIIG'J. Coll. Albatross); Jouda.n & KiutNHANM, /. c, 419, IS'JO.
1412. KUHLIA XENURA (Jordau .t Gil! ).
Head 3i ; depth It ; eye very large, 2? iu head. D. IX-1, 11 ; A. Ill, 11 ;
scales 7-51-12. Maxillary barely reaching front of pupil ; gill rakeru long
and Blender, 9 -{-24; pectoialH 2^ in head; veutrala scarcely reaching
rent ; longest dorsal spine 1^ iu head. Body deep and compressed. Color
olivaceous above, silvery below ; caudal fin plain. Tropical seas ; prob-
ably wost coast of Central America ; known from two specimens in tho U. A.
National Museum, bearing the label "San Salvador. J. M. Dow." But
it is possible that they were brought by Dr. Stimpson from China, and
KxiV: x scnura may not be an American fish at all. {^ivoi-, strange; oi'im,
tail; the tail being more deeply forked than in Xenichthi/H.)
XetiicMliiiK xennrtu, JoiiDAN & Gii.iiERT, I'roc. U. S. Nat. MuB., 1881, 454, supposed to come
from San Salvador. (Typo, No. 4350.)
KiMui .'t'mra, Juudan & Oiliikut, Proc. U. Nat. Mus., 1882, 37C (locality iiuestiuui'd) ; Joiidan
& Giue!fSlANN, {. c, 419, 1890.
Family CXLIII. PERCID.fi.
(The Perches.)
Body more or less elongate, terete or compressed, covered more or less
completely with rather small, ctenoid, adherent scales. Dorsal and ven-
tid outlines more or less unlike. Lateral line usually present, not extend-
ing oil the caudal fi:i. Mouth terminal or inferior, small or large, the
premaxillaries protractile or not; maxillaries large or small, without
distinct supplemental bone. Jaws, vomer, and palatines with bands of
teeth, which are usually villiform, but sometimes mixed with canines;
occasionally the teeth on the vomer or palatines are absent. Head naked,
or more or less scaly ; preopercle entire or serrate ; opercleej usually
endiiii,' in a flat spine. Branchiostegals 6 or 7. Gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth ; gill membranes free or connected, not joined to the isthmus ;
gill ralvers slender, toothed ; pseudobranchia) small, or glandular and
concealed, or altogether wanting; lower pharyngeals separate, with
sharp teeth. Anal papilla usually more or less developed. Fins generally
large: 2 dorsals, the first of 6 to 15 spines; anal fin with 1 or 2 spines, the
usual number 2. Ventrals thoracic, I, 5 ; pectorals often very large ;
caudal lunate, truncate, or rounded. Air bladder small and adherent,
often entirely wanting. Pyloric coeca few. No subocular lamina of the
suborbitals; entopterygoid present. Anterior vertebra; without trans-
verse processes ; only the first pterygial or actinost usually in contact
with the coracoid ; sometimes a part of the second also. The posterior
processes of the premaxillaries are short; the supraoccipital and parietal
bones are short and confined to the back of the skull; parietal crests
are absent, and the supraoccipital crest is very short, not extending
to the anterior extremity of the bone, or even absent. Vertebnis 30
to 48, always more than 10, 13 to 25 iu the precaudal portion. Genera
I 4i;
4
WW
^^"'■'Tw^wfw^nE^wwc'fTO'^'asw™^^ w^smrmejfff^nf^T^"
1*
I
■ lili ■
I
s
lOlC Bulletin 4J^ United States National Museum.
about 23 (12 to 25); species about 120; inhabitants of the fresli wiitNt*
of oool re^^ions in the Northern Hemisphere, most of thum boin;; con-
fined to eastern North America or to Europe. The great majority of
the species belong to tlie subfamily EtheoHtominw (the DarterH) .-ill tlio
Hpecios of which group are American. They are among the most sin^riilar
and interesting of our lishos. They dift'er from the typical I'vtrhin in
their small size, bright colors, and large flus, and more technically in tlit>
rudimentary condition of the pseudobranchiio and the air bladder, Imtli
of which organs are usually inappreciable. The preopercle is uniiinit'd,
and the number of branchiostegals is 6. The anal papilla is likewise
developed, as in the Gohiidw, to which group the darters bear a consid-
erable superficial resemblance, which, however, indicates uo real aOinity.
The relations of the darters to the perches have been aptly expressed hy
Prof. Stephen A. Forbes : " Given a supply of certain kinds of food
nearly inaccessible to the ordinary fish, it is to be expected that hoiiio
fishes would become especially fitted for its utilization. Tliii.s tlie
Etheoatomatina; as a group are explained in a word by the hypothesiH of tlie
progressive adaptation of the young of certain Pcrcidw to a peculiar
place of refuge and a peculiarly situated food supply. Perhaps wti niuy
without violence call these the mountaineers among fishes. Forced from
the populous and fertile valleys of the river beds and lake bottonm,
they have taken refuge from their enemies in the rocky liighlaiidH,
where the free waters play in ceaseless torrents, and there they have
wrested from stubborn nature a meager living. Although diniinislied
in size by their constant struggle with the elements, they have develu])ed
an activity and hardihood, a vigor of life, and a glow of high color
almost unknown among the easier livers of the lowerlands. * * * Not-
withstanding their trivial size, they do not seem to be dwarfed so
much as concentrated fishes." (Am. Nat., 1880, October, pp. ()!t7-702.)
The colors of the Etheostomince* are usually very brilliant, spccicH of
•The following is a irapiilar account of the habits of these flshes: Any one who liiis ever liccu
a boy and can remember back to the days of hig alders, yellow cowslips, and an niii;lt'W()rm
on a pin hook will recall an experience like this: You tried some time to put yuiir tin^'ii' on ii
little flsh that was lying, apparently asleep, on the bottom of the stream, half hidden utidura
stone or leaf, his tail bent around the stoue as if for support against the force of tin' current.
You will remember that when your fluj^er came near the spot where he was lyin^, tlic lient tiiil
was straightened and you saw the jixh again resting, head up stream, a few feet iiwtiy, Icariup
you puzzled to know whether you had seen the movement or not. Yon were trjiiin '" '"t^'i »
Johnny Darter. Nothing seems easier, but you did not do it. Having by wcll-ui]ileMi»«l
Btrategem succeeded where you failed, allow us to give you that acquaintance which lie sudeltlv
declined. In all clear streams from Maine to Mexico tbe Johnny Darters arc found, and the huy
who does not know them has missed one of tlie real pleasures of a boy's life. All of thcni nrr
very little fishes, some not more than 2 inches long, and the very largest but 6 or 8. Hut eiiiull
though tiiey are, they are the most interesting in liabits, the most graceful in form, and many
of them the most brilliant in color of all fresh-water flshes. The iJookg call them " I)artei':<,'|
for one of the first species known was named linleomma, and that in Oreek means "dail body,"
a name most appropriate to them all. The realistic dwellers in the Ohio Valley call (ionieof
them " Hogfish," and the boys call them "Johnnies." Certainly the boys ought to know, ami
Johnnies tlioy are, and Darters they are; so Johnnie Darters they shall be. Their fuBt iiitro-
ductiou to science was in 1819, when Raflnesque gave to tnem their sci.entiflc name Klhc'^om.
This name seems to mean "strainer mouth," but the "eccentric naturalist " whose peculiar iii^e
of the Greek language was not the least of his eccentricities, says that it means " various nioiitli,"
because no two of those he knew (Etheoaoma fldbellare, Percina caprodet, and Diplesiim lih-miioidf)
have the mouth alike. But whatever it may mean, Elheosloma is their name, ami Uatinesqut'
their godfather, and we may call them Johnnies for short. Raflnesque said of tlie Johnnies tliat
he knew " they are good to eat fried." I suppose that he had tried them, but we have not. ^^('
Bhould as soon think of fllliag our pan with wood warblers as to make a meal of them. Tbe good
I
Jordan and Evermann. — Pishes of North America. 1017
the yv//iro«<omiNa' especially l>ein)r»ni(>iiK the most brilliantly colored (ihIioh
kuusvn; the Hexnal ditreroiiccB are uften great, the fotnaleM Itoitig as a rule
(lull in color and more Hpockled or Imrretl than the inuleH. MoHt of tlieni pre-
fer cliur running water, where they lie on the bottom concealed under
KtoiicH, darting, when frightened or liungry, with great velocity, for a
hIioiI (liHtance, by a powerful movement of the fan-Hhaped pe(;toralH, then
Ht(i|i|iing as suddenly. They rarely iihc the caudal lin in Nwimming, and
tlifv iire Heldom seen moving or tloating freely in the water like moHt
fislicN. When at rest they support thcniHelveson their expanded ventrals
anil aiiul fin. All of them can turn the head from side to side, and they
fi'u(|ii(!iitly lie with the head in a curved ponition or ]iartly on one side of
tilt' liddy. The species of Ammotri/pta, and perhaps some of the others,
prul'cr a sandy bottom, whore, by a sudden plunge, the fish buries itself
in the sand and remains quiescent for hours at a time, with only its eyes
and Huout visible. The others lurk in stony places, under rocks and
wuedN. Although more than usually tenacious of vitality, the darters,
froni their bottom life, are the first to be disturbed by impurities in the
water. All the darters are carnivorous, feeding chiefly on the larvii* of
Dipttrii, and in their way voracious. All are of small size ; the largest
{I'ercina rex) reaches a length of 10 inches, while the smallest {Microptrca
punchdata) is, next to ElanHoma sonatum, the smallest spiny-rayed
IihIi known, barely attaining the length of an inch and a half,
lu Europe no Eiheostotuimr are found, their place being filled by the
genuH /Angel (Anpro), which bears a strong resemblance to the American
forms, a resemblance which may be a clue as to the origin of the latter.
The other European genera are Pvrca, Luciopercu, a near ally of Stizontedion,
GijmnoccphaluH (Jvirina), and Percarina., The separation of the ElhtoHto-
miniv into genera is a matter of much difficulty as the structural ditfer-
euces are small, the individual variations great, and the j^iadations very
perfect. We have, hitherto, been disposed to unite them all in one genus,
but to do so tends to obscure the relations of the species. Dr. Boulenger *
man Koes a flshiag not fur "pot luck," but to let escuiie " tlio Indian within Iiiin." Thii.lohnny
has all that ardent desire fur {wrfuct fruedoiii that iH HiippoRod to bo nativo to tliis continoiit.
Unless nil appearance of captivity bo concealed in a well-kept a(|iiarinm he will ({uickly lie on the
bottum, dead. Here, at the beginning (lor much as we may regret the fact, the death of some
individual must precede our acquaintance with the group, and even to some extent with the
individual himself), wo observe two noteworthy factH, the iinh in dying does not turn over, and
does ui>t ri.^e to the surface. On direction, we find that the air bladder is only rudimentary,
beinK structurally but not functionally present, a distinction not without meaning in these days
of evolutionary hypotheses. If our tank be so arranged that the conditions are nearly natural,
them lining an abundance of stones and weeds on the bottom, our .Tohnuies will cheerfully live
with us and wo shall be ready to study their individual peculiarities. For it must be known
thiit while all flsh ar" fish, they are so only as all men aro men. Tim children of one family are
not inure unlike one another than the tlehes of one brotid might be if the sickly ones and the lazy
ones ivere as carefully guarded as arc ours. As it is, they have their individuality. One is con-
stantly darting over and among the stones, never resting, moving his head from side to side when
his lioily is for a moment still. Another will lie for hours motionless under a stone, moving only
for a few inches when pushed out with a stick. Theae peculiarities of temperament are import-
ant factors in the problem of life, and from such ilifferences under varying conditions, may have
resulteil forma which wo now designate as different species. — "The Johnny Dar(era," Jonlan d- Cope-
land, Amer. Nat., 1876.
* I)r. Boulenger gives the following synopsis of the genera of PercuUt :
I. Head with the muciferous cavities moderately or feebly developed above and on the sides;
dorsal fins distinct.
A. Body more or leas compresBed.
n
»
I
1018 BulUtin 4j, United States National Museum,
f
I
\^'
1
: I
,1 '
'!J!
!itl
places them in 8 genera. We are unable, however, to stop with tliut
number of divisions. If they are not all placed in one genus eacli Htriic-
tural type must stand as a genus by itself. {Peroidw, part, (funthor, (!at.,
1,58-78,1859.)
/. I'Heiidubrancliini well developed; preopercle xorrato, the teeth on itH lower margin iinirorni"
liruncliiostuKuJB 7; no auul |iapillu; promaxillariuH protractile; HkuU not uH|H<c'iiill\ lav
onioiifl; mouth large, terminal.
Lucioi'KitoiNit: :
a. (y'nnino teeth on Jawa and palatine*; body elongate.
h. Ventrnl tin* well neparated, the diHtancu lM<twoon them equal to the width of their
baHc; Hpines of Hecond dontal and aiiul very feeble, cluBeiy apprusaod td tli<' sort
raya; doraal Hna well separated; caninea atrong. 8ti7.i)8tkiiion, di:t.
PEttCiN;F.:
(1(1. </'anine teeth none; body ubiong; ventral Ana near together; mouth largo. I'kih a, 4i;i.
U. Ktheostohin.h:
Paoudoltrauchitc imperfect or wanting; preopercle entire or nearly ao; brunchioatei;iilH);: unul
papilla UHually preaent; jiyloric C(Bca 'I to 6; aupraoccipital creat low or wantluR; I1sIu-h dt
amall alze, all American.
o. Parietal region of akull rather dopreaaod, not atrongly convex in tranavcri'i' flection,
'"^-ahaped in aection; bonea of akeleton rather alender and tuin; vvrtebni' 'M tu44.
d. Cranium broad between the eyea; premaxillariea not protractile; auout cniiic, \\\^-
like, projecting beyond the inferior mouth; ventrala separated b,v an iniiTf'iiui'i'
equal to the width of their Irnae; ventral line with a aerioa of onliir^'cil si \\c»
which fall leaving a naked atrip; doraal apinea nunieroua (13 to 15); ;;ill nnni-
braue8 8eparato;8caleH amall; vertubrw 23-1-21 = 44; ai/o largest of tliu dartiTH.
Peuiina, 4(15.
dd. Cranium not broad between the eyea; mouth leaa inferior, the auunt imt rnurli
projecting.
«. liody not hyaline nor extremely elongate, ita surface almost entirely iiivi'ml
by scalea.
f. Premaxillariea not protractile, free only at the sidea, the akin ot' tin' pre-
maxillariea in front, firmly connected meaially with thiit of tlu' for*'-
hot^d, with no croaa groove between; anal fln always liir;;e, nirely
■mailer than aecond doraal.
1. Seven (exceptionally 8) branrhioategala; maxillary large, exposed, free liebind;
premaxillariea protractile; preopercle serrated.
No canine teeth; ventrals close together. I. Pkkca.
More or less enlarged canine teeth; ventrala separated by an interspace iit leiist tM|ual
to % the width of their base. 2. IjIciuhkiha.
2. Six bran<ihiostegals; maxillary amall, its upper border if free, entirely ur ui'urly
entirely slipped under the preorbital.
a. Maxillary free from preorbital.
a. Premaxillariea free only i^t the aides.
Ventrals separated by an interspace equal to the width of their base. 3. Percina.
Ventrala separated by an interspace considerably less than the width of tboirbiuse.
4. Etiikiist(i>ia.
0. Fremaxillaries protractile, entirely free from the skin of the Hiiniit.
Ventrals separated by an an interapace nearly e(|iial to tliu width i>f
their baae.
5, ItiJI.KiiSilMA.
Ventrala narrowly separated. 6. I'l.cii kxtha.
h. Maxillary adnate to preorbital; ventrals narrowly separated. 7. Iiii'i.esiim.
B, Body cylindrical or somewhat depressed.
a. Maxillary exposed, its upper border slipping under the preorbital; body traiisluii'nt.
Fremaxillaries protractile. 8. Ammuckvi'ta.
Premaxillaries free only at the sides. 9. Crystai.lakia.
6. Maxillary covered by preorbital; premaxillaries free only at the liiili-A.
10. Aspii".
IL He« ' with very large muciferous cavities above and on the aides.
Two dorsals; maxillary exposed, free, behind. 11. Pkiharina.
Dorsals united; maxillary covered by preorbital. 12. Ai kkina.
hi
■JilMt-iiiftS .
i.A fc^'^.-vvl.
;o. rum A, 4t;l.
i eiitiroly <i)vert'(l
sod, free U'Linil;
Jordat} and Evermanu, — Fishes of North America. 1010
1/, Vuntral flD« well Heparatetl, the iiitunpace itboiit equal tu width of
Ihnir buae,
A. Middle lint' of lielly with more or lom onlarKed, caducouM |ilatoi,
which uru Hhed lit certain Huaaonii, luaving a iialiod atrip.
Hauroitrui'm, •>•;)).
hh. Middlu liiiti of Udiy with Hiiiall, |N^nlBtoiit HcaleH like thoie of
Hides. IIyi'oiiomi'h, 4ti7.
jT. PremaxillurieH protructilo, u groove Ri!]iaratinK thuiu from the akin of tho
t'oi't'liead, raroly crotisvdby a narrow frouiim in one H|MH'leH {nhnmnnli).
i. Anal Hpini'D 2, both well devolopud, tho flnt iiinallv the longer, tho
Hocond rarely oliHulcte.
j. Maxillary normal, free from thu preorliital, except at base; vomer
usually with teeth.
k. Anal fln rather largo, scarcely smaller than second donuil;
mouth not rery small; belly nuked or with cadui'ous
platea, at least anteriorly; gill niembrunos scarcely con-
nected, ventral flns well separated. Cottouastrh, 4(!8.
kk. Anal fln short and small, much smaller than second dorsal;
mouth Huiull; belly covered with ordinary scales; gill
membranes brtiadly connected across the Isthmus; ven-
tral flns inw^rted close together. Ulocentua, 4C9.
jj. Maxillary adnate to the proorbital for most of its length, and
Ihei-efore nearly immovable; mouth very small, inferior; no
teelli on vomer; ventral flns dose together. Diflrsion, 470.
ii. AniirHpine single, olMKure; dorsal spines usually 0, slender; anal fln
Hmall, much shorter than soft ilorsal; ventral flns well separated.
UOLEOSOMA, 471.
ee. Body extremely elongate, hyaline, subtereto, tho Itelly mostly naked;
lateral line compltte; head long, pointed; gill membranes somewhat
unite*].
(. Premaxillaries not protractile, free only at tho sides; dorsal spines 14;
anal fln large, with 1 spine; scales very small. Crvstali.akia, 472.
//. Premaxillaries protractile; dorsal spines 7 to 11.
m. Anal spine single; anal n<>arly an largo as second dorsal; vertebra)
41 to 44; bones of skeleton very thin. Ahhockvpta, 473.
7»»i. Anal spines 2; anal fln small, much smaller than second dorsal.
loA, 474.
ec. Parietal region of skull not depressed, more or less strongly convex in cross-
section, thus, f\ ; premaxillaries never protractile ; belly covered with ordi-
nary scales; ventrals inserted close together; anal fln rather small, of 7 to 9
soft riiys, notably smaller than second dorsal, usually with 2 spines; vertebra;
31 to 36, tho bones rather firm.
n. Lateral line developed, at least anteriorly; dorsal spines 8 to 14.
o. Lateral line straight; body rather robust.
p. Head naked above.
q. Dorsal flns large, usually with more than 7 spines.
Ethf.obtoma, 476
qq. Dorsal flns small, VI-10. Alvakius, 476.
pp. Head completely scaled ab )vo. PsrcimoMASTEu, 477.
oo. Lat il line with a slight arch running high anteriorly; dorsals well
separated ; body slender.
r. Head scaled above. Copelandellus, 478.
rr. Head naked above. Boleiohthvs, 479.
im. Lateral lino wholly wanting; flns all very short, only dorsttl spines; verte-
brsa U -f 16 = 30. Micbopkbca, 480.
I'
J
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1020
JUilletin 47 ^ United States National Museum.
TliK fullowitiK ai'o the iiiiiiihorH uf the vertehrii^ in HpeclcH uf I'lrriiln un
given by .lordun «&. Eigonnianii aiul by Doiiloiiger:
INtna lluvlatllli
I'orni tlaveitciiUH .
Lui'lii|ii'ri'A v(>l|j;uniiiit
LnciniHU'ca Huiulra
Htl/<iHt)>ili(iii vitri'iiiu ...
Ziiiniil iu!iM<r
/inic'l '/.liigfl -
I'ercai'lim (Iciiiidunil
Acuriiiiv ccirnuu .....
Foniiia niproilns .
Iliiilroptoriiii axpro
IladroptoniM ovidoB
Hailropti-riiHplioxocuplinlui).
IlailropturiiH HcioniH
KthuuBtonia zuualu
22 f- 1(1=41
22 I lit =i4l
22 + 21 = 4a
25 I 21 4n
2B I 21=4tl
20 + 24 44
22 + 20 4(1
Il4-ll» = a3
If) I 19- :ii
2:J I 21= 44
11) f- 23 ^ = 42
18 + 22 = 40
19 + 20. = 39
18+22 = 40
10 + 23 ^ 30
Ktheodtoiiin marnlatiim .. in +
n<il«i<'litliyH ruHlforiiiis lu I
EtIinoBtiiiim viirluliim in -\-
Ktliitoitoniit Irpidiim lo |
EtIiHoittoma wliipplii . in I'
RtheoHtotim Itabullaro 1:| +
Mlcropcrni punctiilata 14 |-
OottugUMtitr ('(i|)olandl iM-f
DulooRoina cainiirum 17 •}•
ItoIooHomu nigrum in +
Uli)coiitrtt simtitcra 15 ■
DipleHion blennioidoN l!) |
Atninorrypta |iol1ucida 23 f
Ammocrypta \ivax 21 +
24
;i!t
2)1
:ii'>
2U
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III
:if>
21 r
:ui
2(1
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IC.
:iil
20
:iM
21
38
*1'1
;iT
2:!
:i.s
'j;i
42
•i\
44
'jii
41
I
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41:
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463. STIZOSTEDION,* Rafinesque.
(Amkricax Pikr Pkuchss.)
atixoiledinn, Rafinrrqcf., Iclitli. OhietisiH, 23, 1820, (mi/monea).
PotiMcatiipmH, Rafinekqi'R, Iclitli, <.»iitm8iR, 23, 1820, {niyropmiflaln; mythical).
Oyttoperca, Ull.L & JonvAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mufl., x, 44, 1877, {canmletue).
Sthostedittm or iUbotUtthtiim, amended Hpelllng.
Body elongate, fusiform, the back broad. Head BUbconicnl, long.
Cheeks, operclcs, and top of the head more or less scaly. Muutli large,
thojuws about equal; premaxillaries protractile, little movablo, Teetli
iu villifonu bands, the jaws and palatines with long, sharp canincH. (iill
rakers sleuder, strong; gill membranes separate. Preoperclt) Ht'iruted,
the serru) below turned forward; operele with 1 or more spineH, tcrniina-
tions of radiating stritu. Dorsal fins well separated, the lirst witii V2 to
15 spines, the second with 17 to 21 soft rays; last dorsal spino not erectile,
bound down by membranes ; anal spines 2, slender, closely appiessed to
the soft rays, which are rather long, 11 to 14 iu number. Ventral lius
well separated, the space between them equal to their base ; ventral Hpinc
Blender, closely appressed to the soft rays. Scales small, strongly ctenoid ;
lateral line continuous. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobrancbiiu well devel-
oped. Pyloric cooca 3 to 7. Two species, ditfering considerably from each
*Tlie genua StizoUedion Is closely related to the European genus Lucioperca, Olivier (typ(^ Pcrca
Incioperca, L.). From Lucioperca, however, it dift'erssiifticiently in the wide-set veiilralH iiinl in tlio
weak development of the anal and ventral spineR, which are closely approximated tntlich.itt riiys.
The domain In Lucioperca arp nlightly connected. The name Lucioperca, according to l!(iiili'nj.'i'r,
"should date from the first Ition of the Regno Animal. 1817, when Cuvier (p. 295) dots use llic
Latin name [liswell as the French plural 'L«« Samlret'] ('cequi leurafait dmiiu'r le niiiiiiio
lucio-perca') although indirectly and without a capital. (Boulengcr, Proc. Zoiil. Sue. Loiid.,
1892, 411.) But, as Dr. Gill has shown, this jg too great a strain on the words ol <'"viei, wlio
"simply stated a historical fact and did not formulate a nomenclatural proposition." I" "''•t'''
words, Cuvier states that the name Lucioperca was used by Glesner, but to the genus to wlncli
Oesner's Lucioperca belongs he supplies only the French name " Les Saiidres," and /,iici";" >■''" '"''"
only date from its use by Fleming, Phil, of Zoiil., .394, 1822. Since that time, tlio iiiiiiit s .s'.iii</<i/,
Cloquet, 1827: Saiuinm, Stark, 1828, and Schiluii, Krvnirki, 18:12, have been applied to tli.- t.v|"' "f
Lucioperca. See Boulenger, I. c, and Gill, Proc.U.'S. Nat. Mus., 1894, 123, for discussioua of tue
relatioiubips and nomenclature of the Pike Perches.
j.i^**.--.lT4^i^ti'^
■:'-J^^;:<^^^.^-iiu
I'
8 of I'rrriil,,
- \n + 24
:i!i
- 1(1 1 »»
.'Hi
.- 15 )-m-
:in
. lO-l-l!)
:i.'.
. 15 1-21
:ui
. i;t + ai
Id
- 11 i- ic,
;u)
.. 18 + Ud
;iM
- 17 + iil
38
- 16 + 1!:;
:i7
- in : 2:1
:is
- M 1 Si
42
- 2:1 1 ■.'!
44
„ 21 + 'Ji
41
Jordan and Ever mann. — Fishes of North Americn. 1021
otb<H . Lar|{e, oarnivorouH Hsiies of tho fr»sli watera of North Amurioa.
(irr/^'u, to prick; arrifiiof, a littlu hreaHt; " the naiiiu iiimiiiih piiiiKuiit throat,"
iicconliuK to KaflueHtjiie ; thn HiibHtitutioii of ntvdion foi- attlhiun apparcutly
HU^r^rrsted by tho name I'eriiitedion.)
Stizhsikiiion:
II. Pyloric ctuca 3, mibniiiial, I'ucli hh Ioiik im tli« Htoiimcli; Muft ilnrHal IoiiKi it* I>m« k Hliortor
tliuii MpinouH (lorHul, uf uliuiit 2ii noft rit.vii.
/i, ('huekmuiil upimr Murfitcn of lii'itil HpiirHrly Hrnleil; bixly Noiiicwliat cuiii|ir<iitHUil; ii lilat-k
lilotch uii litKt ilunuil K|)iiiui; no black blotch on Iiuho of |ii-cti>rul; mh'iiikI clnrnitl
«iiii|>ly mottled. vrriiKtM, 14i::.
(Wnmithca (ki!wi<, (log; nipxri perch):
lui. I'ylorlc ciiM'a uuo<|iiiil, 4 of thviii of iiioduratc b'liRth, much Nhorti>r tlinii Htoiimch, the
otberH 1 to 3 in numliur, Kiiiiillvr and vurialiU-, lonid or all of tbciii NoincliincH uiiiitiuK •
Hoft dorsal iihiirtcr, its luiNn l.^ ohortfr tliiin HplnoiiH ilormtl, of alioiit 17 Hoft rayH.
•'. (!huekB and upper Hiirfitce of lieiid nioru or lewi clonely Hcalid; IxMly terete; no liliick
blotch on limt (lomiil HplnoH; a black blotch at baHU of ]iuctoral; Hocond dorHiil with
rows of dark 8|iotH. uanadensk, 1414.
Subgenus STIZOSTEDION.
His/STIZONTEDIOM VITREUM (Mitchill).
(Wali.-kyedFikb; PikkPbrcii; Dohy ; Oi.asseyk; YrllowPikb; Ului: riKK; Jack Halhon ;
WllITE-EYK.)
Iluiul 3i ; depth about 4^ ; eye Hhorter than Huout, 4^ to 5 in head. D.
XII to XVI, 19 to 21; A. II, 12 to 14; Hcales 10-110 to U2-2b, Ki to 05
purcs. Body Hlender, becoming coinpreHsed with age, tho back more
arc-licil than in Stizontedion canadenne. Cheeks and upper surface of head
neurly naked. Dorsal spines high, more than half length of head; dorsal
lluH well separated, the interspace between them greater than diameter
of eye, the last dorsal spine scarcely erectile ; soft dorsal nearly as long
aH H])inouB dorsal; anal longer than high. Pyloric c(eca 3, rather long.
Dark olive, finely mottled with brassy, the latter color forming indis-
tinct oblique lines ; sides of head more or less vermiculated ; lower jaw
llesh colored ; belly and lower fins pinkish ; spinous dorsal with a large
jet-black blotch on the membrane of the last 2 or 3 spines, otherwise
nearly plain; second dorsal and caudal mottled olive and yellowish;
base of pectoral dusky, without distinct black blotch. Groat Lake
region, Upper Mississippi, north to Assiniboia, east to Vermont and Penn-
sylvania, south to Georgia and Alabama, especially common north vard;
an abnndant and valued food-fish, reaching a length of 3 feet and a
weight of 10 to 20 pounds, {vitreus, glassy, from the large eye.)
I'erca vitrea, MiTciiiLi,, Supp. Amor. Mouth. Magazine, ii, 247, 1818, Cayuga Lake, New
York.
Prrai Mlmonea,* Rafinesque, Amer. Month. Magazino, v, 364, 1818, Ohio River.
Perca {romucampaiH) nigropunclala, Rafinesque, Ichth. OhieDsis, 23, 1820, mythical; on a draw-
ing by Audubon, not intended to reprcBcnt any fish.
*Tlie name talmoneum has been applied to tho Ro-callcd "Blue Pfke" originally described
from tlio Ohio River, but more common in the Great Lakes, particul.irly Ontario and Erie. It
is smaller and deeper in body than the ordinary ritreum and different in color, but it is not
likely that any permanent distinctions exist, this species, as usual among fresh-water fishes,
varying largely with the environment and with age.
. : :...J
1
Ii:
II
lit
I ill
.i.
Ilii
III P.
f
1022
Bu/ietin 47, United States National Museum,
lAtfiiypivrix nmrrirmut, (!rviKR A V*i.KNUlRNNri<, llUt. NHt. ToIm., ii, Vli, IN'JH, New York
(li'NTllKH, <:•(., I, 74, iKriIl.
Sihimlgihiiiii lilrfiim, Johdan A •ill.liKliT, Syiii)|Mli, h'ifi.
lmci<<pvrva vitreii, llouLKNtiCli, ('ul., I, M.
Subsenu* CYNOPERCA, (iill .V Jordan.
l4l4.''NTI%OMTKinON CAMAIIKMMK (Smith).
(Haiiobii; 8anii I'lKr.)
Head 3i ; dopth 4i to «5; «ye 5 in hoiid. I). XI to XV-I, 17 to lit; A. II,
11 or 12; HculuH O-l(M) to 120-27; poruH in luturul lintt, M) to ih't ; vtMitlim.
'2',i-^2'2; pylorio ou'cii 4 to 7, uiiuqiial in ItMi^^tli. Hody vlon^iitc, niiiri<
terete tban in Sthonttdion vilrciim, the lleHli more tranHlucont : hrad
<lepr«H8ed, pointud; opercular Hpinea vurialtle. Olive gray, nitlfM Iuunhv
or orange, with dark niottlinga, more diHtinct in the young, which iire
uharply marked ; tirnt dorHal with '2 or 3 rowH of round, hlaok M]it)tH, no
black hlotoh on luHt H]iinoH; aeoond doraal witii 3 irregular rowH of dark
Hpota; a large Mack blotcli on baae of pectoral; caudal duHky anil yol
lowish. NortlicaHtern North America, from PunuHylvania to T*>iiiii')«Nt>«,
ArkansaH, and the Upper Missouri, especially abundant northward;
a snialler lish than S. ritrvum and of much less value as food. Tlio lypuai
canadcHse is from the 8t. Lawrence region, much less widely diNtnlxitcd
than the variety ijriHeum, from which it differs in having the opurcli's ami
bones of the head considerably roug\er, the number of the opoiTiilai
spines (which are merely the free ends of the striiu) increased, tv ' tliu
linad more cl jsely and extensively scaled.
Lncioperva canaili .mi*, C. H. Smith MS. in ORirriTii'H i>ilitluii of Cuvieh'h Kt^goo Aiiltj
275, pi. 1, 18,34, Canada; Doi'LENOEB, Oat., i, 64.
SlisotletUum auuuUnse, JoBUAN & OlLUEBT, SyuopslH, 62r>, IHKi.
Represented in the Great Lake region and southwestward to Keiitiicky
and Arkansas by
1414a. 8TIZ08TEDION CANADENSE ORINKUM (DoKuy).
(Sauqer; Sand Pikf. ; Gray Pike; Pickerinq.)
This is the common Sand Pike or Sanger of the Great Lake rogiou and
southwestward. It differs from the typical canadense chiel'y in tiio
smoother opercles and head bones, the fewer opercular spines, and the
less complete scaling of the head. The two need fuller comparison and
ni'.y prove to be distinct species, but this is unlikely. Length lU to IH
•nches. (griaeua, gray.)
Lucioprrca griiea, DeKav, New Yorli Fauna: FishoB, 19, 1842, New York.
Lucinperoa pepintu, Estes in Hallock's Sportsman's Gazetteer, 322, 1877, Lake Pepin. [CM.
1\ C. Estea.)
1414b. 8TIZ0STEDI0N CANADEM8E BOBEUM (Girard).
This is the form foand in the Upper Missouri Basin, and difVeiH from
griaeum chiefly in the more slender head, which has <i snake-liko uHpcct.
(boreiis, northern.)
Lucioperea borea, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Pbila., 1857, 201, Fort Sarpi, Nebraska.
IH'.'H, New York
I t<» Kciitiickv
Jorifttn and Evtrpnann. — h'ishts of North Amirua. 1023
464. PERCA (ArtiMli), LiiiiiiKiiM.
(HiVKIt I'BKCII.)
/WfiiiAnTitDO liiKN.r.iw, Hyatmiiu N»lurii', K<l. \, IVftM, i, •ml YA. \ii, 1, IM, W><', [jUnUiilU)
l),ilr<i' hji; Hriii i.jiK, Joiirii. IUt. Vnr. M»k<I*'>>"I'K. i^X'K '^O*'*, {Jliiriolili').
Itiiily ubloiiK, Boinowhat conipreBMud, tli« Imck «>l«vnt<nl. (JIiuhUh Hciily;
iipeirU'H iiioHtly iiakctl ; the opurctiliim urtiivd witli u nin^lo Hpiiio ; pn'oit-
i>rclit 1111(1 hIiuuIu ^r Kirdlo Herrated ; prnoperclo with rntrnrHo, lio()k«<d
NerriiliuiiH beluw. Mouth inodcrntrt, toriiiiiiiil ; pruiiiaxillitiioN protriictiht ;
tv(4li ill viUiform buiidH on JawH, vonior, aiiil paUitiiinH ; no canin(^ tot^tli.
l(ruii('iiioHtnf{alH 7. (till ni«mbran»H Hepuruttt; pHoiidobntiichint huiiiII,
hilt porfoct ; no unul papilla. Hcal^H rathor niiiuII, Htnuigly ctuiioid,
latunil line complete, the tubeHtraight and iiotextoiidiii); to theextieiiiity
ut' tlio Huale. Dorsal tliiH entirely m^parato, the fliHt of 12 to 1(> npiiieH;
anal tin with two alender HpinoH, well Hflparatvd from the noft riiyH; ven-
tral NpiiioH well develope<l, the ventral tliiH near together; caudal eiiiar-
({iiiut)^; air bladder prenent. Pyloric v)i>ca3; vertebrie very nimeroiiH,
21 -j- -I > or 21 ^-^ 41 or 42. Freuh watoru of northern regiouH ; three doHely-
reliitod HpttoieH now kn<»wn — I'erca flnriutUiH in Europe, 7*. mhrviikii in
Asia, iind P. JtavcHcenn in North America. Thin genu: haH long been eon-
Hidt'icd the type of the upiny-rayetl linheH, and in many HyHteniH it ban
liceii |>lucod Hrnt in the HerieH of tisheH. Ptrra \h, however, a compara-
tively recent and Homewhat aberrant typo, an<l in no HeuHe entitled t«> be
regarded either aa the first or the center of tin npiiiy-rayed Heries. The
great group of Pvrcoitha occupies in some sense a central position among
the Aninihopti'rijgii and the characteristic spinous armature is here most
typical in character. Rut the genus Perca is neither central nor typical
among the Percoidva. That position id more properly to be assigned to
EpimphiiuH. (KipKr/, Perca, the ancient name of Perca fluviatilia, from
ffff)(cor, dusky.)
141R>PERrA FLAVE8CENH (Mitchill).
(Yellow Priicii ; Amrrican Pkrch ; Rinoed PEat'ii ; Raccoon Pkhoii.)
Head 3i; depth 3i. D. XIII to XV-II, 13 to 15; A. II, 7 or 8; scales
7-71 to 88-17, 54 to 62 with pores. Back highest at origin of spinona
dorHal, which is more or less behind insertion of pectoral ; |>roiile convex
from ilorsal to occiput, thence concave anteriorly, the snout projecting,
a little longer than eye. Mouth somewhat oblique, maxillary not quite
reaching opposite middle of orbit. Gill rakers x 4- 15, the longest ^ to
\ length of branchial filaments. Cheeks closely scaled throughout, the
scaled imbricated ; opercular stria) and rugosities on top of head well
marked. First anal spine longer than first dorsal spine; first dorsal
spine inserted above or a little behind base of pectoral. Psendobrancbiw
quite small. Gill rakers stout, shortish. Back dark olivaceous ; sides
golden yellow; belly pale; sides with 6 or 8 broad, dark bars, which
extend from the back to below the axis of the body ; lower fins largely
red or orange ; upper fins olivaceous ; with or without a distinct black
iP.
'k
i;*
{ J
m.
.^-y
1024 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
spot on anterior or posterior part of spinous dorsal. Length 1 foot.
Fresh waters of the eastern United States, chieily northward and ciist-
ward ; abundant in the Groat Lakes and in coastwise streams from Nova
Scotia to North Carolina, conimoi in the tributaries of the upper MisHiti-
riippi, especially in Iowa and Minnesota, west to the Dakotas; uukiiown
from central Ohio southwest ; abundant in the lakes of northern Iiwliana;
not known from the Ohio River or the lower Missouri. A familiar, luuiil-
Houie, and active fish of fair quality as food, the flesh not rich in Uavor.
(JlareHccna, yellowish.)
Perc^. aviericanii, SciinANCK, Abh. 3*rivalgec. Obordoiitschland, i, 1702, America, (iiDt ivroi
ainericnna, Gmei.in, 1788); .Tordan & GlMiEliT, Synopsis, 624, 1883.
Mornne Jlave^ceim, MiTciiiii, Kept. Fish. N. Y., 18, 1814, near New York City.
CeulrnjmiiiuH Lil'^u, Kafinebque, Prucis des Deconvertes Somiolof^iqiios, 19, 1814, Pennsylvania,
prolmbly.
I'erca noldtii, Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly 3Iag., Jan., 1818, 205, Lake Erie. (Coll. (iov. IieWitt
Clinton.)
Perca m-rratogranulata, CjviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 47, 1828, New York,
Perca granulata, CuviEii & Vai.enoienneh, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 48, pi. ix, 1828, New York.
Perca acuta, CuviER & Valencif.nne.s, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 49, pi. x, 1828, Lake Ontario.
Perco (/raciVin, CuviEB Ic Valencien.nes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 50, 1828, Skaneateles Lake,
New York.
Bodiamu jlavetvem, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. am' Philos. See. N. Y., 1816,421.
Perca flaveKcenx, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., li, 40, 1828; GOntiikii, Cat., i, 5«,
IS!)'.), JioiiLENOKU, Cat., I, -is, and of authors gononilly.
Perca Jluviatiliijlaveicetis, Steinoaoiimeu, Sitzgbor, Ak. Wien, lxxviii, 1878, 24.
465. PERCINA, Haldeman.
(Log Perches.)
Percina, H,vI,deman% Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viil, 1842, 330, (nebtUom).
Pilcoma, 1>e Kav, New York Fauna: Fishes, 16, 1842, (aem\fascialum).
.'..ipropcrca, Heokei., Canestrini, Systema der Percoideu, 311, 1860, (sehra).
Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with small, ctenoid scales :
Lateral line continuous ; ventral line with enlarged plates, which I'allott',
leaving a naked strip. Head depressed, rather pointed, the mouth ueing
small and inferior, overlapped by a tapering, subtruncate, pig-liko .snout;
upper jaw not protractile. Maxillary small, exposed. Teeth on vomer
and palatines. Gill membranes scarcely connected. Dorsal fins well
separated, the first the larger, of 13 t" \6 spines ; the second dorsal rather
longer than the anal, which has two spines, the first of which is usually
the shorter. Pectorals symmetrical, rounded, or bluntly pointed, their
rays 14 or 15, their spines moderute ; ventral fins well separated, the
interspace about equal to their baoe. Air bladder and pseudohianchiie
preoent, rudimentary.* Vertebne (i-. caprodcs) 23 + 21 = 44. (Jeneral
*So far as the cranium is concerned, Perca is probably nearer PercUxa than either is tn ikizoite-
dU>n. Comparing the skull of Percina with that of Perca, we find that in the forimr tlio lioncs
of the skull above are much smoother; the ridges and grooves of the frontal, parietal, iiiid iiiastuiil
regions conspicuous in Perca, are nearly obsolete in Percina. The tube-like pores on tlic frontal
boues, conspicuous in Perca, are barely visible in Percina. Parietalsand supranccii itiil with
radiating strisB, more regular than in Perca, the ridges leer and less sharp. Frontal rppi""
narrower than in Perca, and less depres8e<l. Supraoccipital bone larger than in Pcrat, ilacri'st
very much smaller, not rising to level of occiput. Sutures of skull more distinct than in Perea-
Skull in profile less convex at occiput, more elevated between eyesi.
Post-temporal in Percina trifurcate, the forks slender, the posterior part without rciTation ; il»
form similar to that of Perca. Scapula |.-BUapcd, thinner and weaker tbau iu Perca; its edge
s ;
u
) M.
um.
-.ength 1 foot.
yard and ciiHt-
ainH from Ndva
B upper Missis-
)ta8; uukiiowu
•them Indiana;
fainiliav, liand-
rioh in ilavor.
merica, (imt /Vroi
;ity.
14, Pennsylvania,
(Coll. (iov. He Witt
3, New York.
28, New York.
>ake Ontario,
ikaneateles Lake,
30NT1IKU, (at., 1, Sit,
.'iA.
, ctenoid scales;
3, which I'allott',
he mouth ueiug
,pig-liko snout;
'eeth on vomer
torsal fins well
d dorsal rather
lich is usually
pointed, their
separated, the
seudobranchiii'
= 44. (ieueral
„ either is t" ^Itn^c-
tho former tlioliones
parietal, and inaetniil
pores on tlicfnintal
supraiicrii ital witli
irp. Fnintal repi""
an in V<ri:>i, its crest
stinct than in fe'"'-
ithout ri'iration ; it?
u in Perm; ita edge
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1025
pat torn of coloration olivaceous, with dark vertical hands alternatlji
loiilj; and short. Size, largest of the darters, approacliing that of Aapro,
to \\ liich genus it is more nearly related than the other darters are. (A
diminutive of Perca.)
,1. lioily deep; the depth more than ) the length; body with orange HhadoB in llfi'. hkx, 1416.
im. Body Bill terete, the depth not more than } the length; no orange Hhodos in life.
CAPR0DB8, 1417.
1416. PKKCINA REX, Jonlun A Kvornianu.
Head 3g; depth 4K. D. XIV-15; A. II, 11; scales 11-83 to 85-19, 5
rows of small scales on cheek. Body elongate, little compressed, the
form more rohust than in Perclna vaprodea, the hack more elevated ; head
stouter, the snout more acuminate, and the mouth a little larger than in
P. caprodes; +he head similarly formed. Opercles and nape closely
Bcah'd ; breast naked; gill membranes nearly separate; pseudohranchisB
very small ; median scales on ventral line moderately enlarged. Fins
hif^iier than in P. caprodee, the longest ray of the soft dorsal slightly
more than half head. Adult, in spirits, mottled green above, yellowish
below ; 4 dark cross blotches on back ; about 10 roundish dark blotches
on sides, these almost confluent into a band ; a small black spot at base
uf caudal ; no trace in young or old of parallel cross bands on side of
back, the young with the hack covered with zigzag markings, the sides
with 10 short, vertical, inky black blotches about as high as the eye ;
second dorsal and caudal in adult yellowish, with oblique cross stripes
of black spots ; first dorsal yellowish, mottled, with a median dusky
not serrate. Foramen of hypercoraeoid much larger than in Perca, Pelvic bonc8 proportion-
ately (shorter and broader than in Perca. Ilest of Bkeleton essentially aa iu Pn-ra; number of
Tertetine, 23 + 21 = 44. Lower pharyngeaU triangular-elliptical, with large teeth.
Ascdinpared with the other darters, the ekull of Pcrciua is much broader between the eyes;
the parietal bones are more strongly ridged, the sutures more distinct, the top of the cranium
beyond the (syes more depressed, and the supraoccipital crest more developed than in most of the
tbers. In all these respects Percina is intermediate between Perca ou the one hand, and the
cxtronie forms, Ammocrypta and Microperca, on the other.
The other darters form two irregular lines, the one with depressed cranium, and slenderer
boues, ciilniinating in Ammocrypta; the other having the cranium more convex transversely, the
buuea tirruer and smooth, and the vertebree fewer In number. This group seems to culminate
in iliiri perca.
So far as the skeletons are concerned, we seem to be justified in the following inferences:
1. The Elheoafominse are near allies of the Percinte, and should not form a separate family.
2. Th(>y are among themselves closely related, and the extreme forms are so connected by
interni(!(liate forms that they might with no great violence to nature be regarded as forming a
Blngli' senuB.
3. The species nearest allied to the typical Percitue is Percina caproilei. This is the largest in
size, and of the others in general those smallest in size are most aberrant in structure.
4. Thi)su species which nave usually been grouped together on external characters agree in
general in regard to the skeleton.
5. As most of the skeletal characters change by degrees, none of them is of much use in
defining genera.
6. Tlicse skeletal characters apparently of most importance are in the structure of the mouth,
the iiri^adth of the frontal r(jj;ion {Percina), the number of vertebric, and the outline of the
transvi'ise ^section of the skull across the parletals, whether ^-^ as in Holeomma, etc., or H, as
in Elhenslnma. The prolongations of the frontals in EtheoMoma Jlabellare and in Hadroptenw
phoxncrphalm and its shortness in Etheostoma zonale seem to be purely specific characters. The
ileTeluiiinent of the nearly obsolete supraoccipital crest, the distinctness of the sutures, and the
sculpture of the parietals are features which offer no basis for trenchant division, except, per-
haps, us distinguishing Percina from all the others.
7. As defined by skeletal characters alone, we may distinguish Percina, Etheoftoma, Microperca,
and perhaps Dipleaion and Ammocnjpla from the rest as a distinct genera. The other groups, if
lotaiiii'ii, must be separated from thesu and from each other by other characters. — Jordan &
%eiim.iHH, Proc. V. 8. Nat. Mut., 1S85, 71.
•li
F.N.A.-
-66
• WWP^jpra^'f'r^
Ml
1
I '
'lit i
MM.
1026
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
bani^ ; pectorals yellow, banded with olive; anal faintly apotteil with
black. In life the adult example was olive green, straw color btlow :
back with 5 obscure, dusky, cross blotches; 9 obscure, dark, olive (tumm
blotches on sides; a small, dark, caudal spot; snout and nape daislied
with orange; cheeks yellow; first dorsal pale olive, with darker dlivti
spots at base; a broad band of brilliant orange tov.^id margin, tlm
edge dusky; soft dorsal and caudal light yellow, with bands of hlack
spots; anal pale yellow, with 2 rows of olive spots; pectorals and veii-
trals yellow, with olive spots : ventrals edged with orange. The smaller
specimen had the di./k blotches on side inky black, the back more
sharply mottled, and the orange on dorsal very faint. Lengtli of typo
5i inches. Two specimens of this species were taken in swift wutii in
the Roanoke River, near the city of Roanoke, Virginia. A splendid IIhIi,
probably the largest of all the darters, looking like a Ludoperca. (rex,
king.)
Etheottonm rex, JoBDAN & EvEBMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 1888, 367, pi. xiv, fig. 9, Roanoke
River, near Roanoke, Virginia. (Typo, No. 30858. CoIIb. Jordan, £veniiaiiii au>l
Jenkins.)
Percina ret, Boulenoer, Cat., I, 59.
/
J
1417. PERCIMA CAPBODES (RaflneRque).
(Lou Pebcii * ; Rockfisb ; Hoa Molly ; IIoofihii.)
Head 4 to 4f; depth 5 to B^; eye 1\ in snout, 4 in head. D. XIII to
XVII-12 to 17: A. II, 9 to 12; scales 9-90 to 95-15, pores 76 to 93. Hody
elongate, compressed. Head long and pointed, depressed and .sloping
above. Month small, quite inferior, the maxillary not reaching to the
front of the eye. Cheeks, opercles, and nape scaly (the nape naked iu var.
zebra); chest naked. Fins rather low. Middle line of belly witli a row
of enlarged caducous scales ; pectoral about as long as head; auul spincH
feeble, subequal, or the second the longer; caudal truncate; vertebra;
23-|- 21=44. Color yellowish green, or yellow, with about 15 transverse
dark bands from the back to the belly, these usually alternatiii<^ with
shorter and fainter ones, which reach about to the lateral line ; a black
spot at the base of the caudal; fins barred. Length 6 to 8 inches, (ireat
♦The Log Perch is the giant of the family, the most of a fish, and therefore tlio liast of a
darter. It may be readily known by its 7dbia-liko colors. Its hue is pale olive, si Ivory lulow,
darker above. On this ground color are about 15 black vertical bars or iuconipletu riims, alter-
nating with as many shorter I>ar8 which reach only halfway down the side. The liiniiiiio?t
bar forms a mere spot on the base of the tail, and there arc many dots and speckii's on lln- tins.
The body is long and ulender, spindle-shaped, and flrm and wiry to the touch. Tliv In iil is Hat
on top and tapers into a flat-pointed snoiit which is squared ott' at the end like tlio huoui uI a
pig, and this resemblance is heightened by the form of tlie small mouth undornentli it. Kkhu
this pig-like snout has come the scientific name caprodes. This is a translation .'I' thr M-r
name of "hogfish," which Raflnesque heard applied to it in his time and which is ^tlll used in
the same regions. Percina reaches a length of C or 8 inches and it may readily be 'aiiKlit oi' a
small hook baited with a worm. Wo often meet an urchin with two or three of tin in slniiiK
through the gills on a fork'fd stick along with "red-eyes," "stono toters," "liDrnvlicadrt,"
and other "boys' fish.". We find Percina usually in rapid and rather deep water. Wi' rarely
find them small enough for ordinary aquarium purposes; and the living specinieii liifnro n^^,
though wonderfully quick and graceful in its movements, has shown little that is nutrwortliy,
save his courage, his fondness for angleworms, and a possible disposition to bury liiiiiMil in tin'
sand. There is something in the expression of his face, as he reata on his "linnd> am) fiH't"
on a stone, that is remarkably lizard-like, uuggestiug tho Blue-tailed Skink {E-umcn- /■iMotm]
—Jordan <£• CopeUmd, 1376.
;:Miirt!Si^Mli^^iii
;"'.■** A^ ^i:4itArl:^.'t'.'.
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1027
Lakes and Htreams of the south and west from Quebec to Lake Superior
and Iowa and south to Mississippi and the Rio (irande, chiefly in swift
(,M'a vol ly streams of some depth, not in brooks; a large darter, readily
taking the liook, and abundant in most localities. (KaTr/ioc, pig ; tMo<;,
rettcmblance. )
Sv.i/M rtiiirodes, lUtiNKHgue, Amor. Mouth. Mug., 1818, fy'M, Ohio River.
I'miiiii nebiilota, Halukman, JoufD. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Philii., 1842, 330, Susquehanna River,
Pennsylvania.
Pilinma leim/tucialmn. Dr. Kay, N. Y. Faunu: FisliCH, 16, |>l. 50, flg. 162, 184Vi, Lake Cham-
plain, at Westport, N. Y.
IWiiiia hiiimatliitii, Hai.ukman, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nut. IIlHt., 1844, 167, Susquehanna River,
Pennsylvania.
rilr<;„(i ciirbnmirid, Baird A GiRARU, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philu., 1863, 387, RioSalado; Rio
Medina; San Pedro Creek, Texas. (Tyix?, No«. 740; 742. Coll. Clark; Keniicrly.)
.Ujmiiirrmzfhrii, IIkckei., Cuuostriiii, Vorli. Gi-g. Wioii., x, 311, 1H60.
Ellu'ifliima caprodes, llaflnesiiuo, Iclitb. OhieniiiB, 38, 1820; M(£NKiiAim,* Amor. Nat., 1894, (Vll,
111. 18 and 19.
Pihciiiit tii'Imlota, Vaili.ant, Rechorcbes, 61, 1873.
I'ileiniiii bimaculalii, Vaillant, Koclierclios, .52, 1873.
ren-iua i:a}>ruiles, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopgis, 490; Buulsmier, Cat. i, .'>7, and of writurs.
Hcpresented in lakes northward by
1417a. PEKCINA CAPBODES ZEBBA (AgasBiz).
(Manitou Dartkr.)
Hc^id 4i; depth 7. D. XV-14; A. II, 10; scales 90. Nape always
naked. Lateral black bars short, shorter than in caprodes, not extending
nmch above lateral line ; these also more or less confluent, about 20 in
* TliiR paper gives an interegting study iu gpociflc variations. The following are some of the
concliir'Ioug reached by Mr. Muenkhaus in regard to individual variation in Percitui caprodeH:
1. Tho variation between the specimens of a single locality is very slight.
2. Thu most complicated color pattern can be connected with tlie simplest by a series of intcr-
meili.itc stages.
'i. Tho variation in color pattern can not be connecte<l with the latitude inhabited by the
different varieties. The color variation is determined, but nut in a direct line north and south.
4. The Himplest color pattern of tho body, found only iu immature specimens, consists uf 9
transvi'i'so bars.
5. The simplest color pattern of adults, consists of the 9 bars seen in the young plus half bars
liciwcon each two of the primary bars.
G. Tliu next complication arises by tho addition of quarter l>ars. These bars are first intro-
duced in tlic region between thu two dorsals, from which region variation seems to radiate.
7. AiiDther complication may be the splitting of tho bars into reticulations on the back and
their intensification into larger spots along tlie sides.
8. As to dorsal rays, XV, 15 is the commonest combination, XIV, 16 tho next, XV, 16 and
XVI, l'< thu next, and so on. The largest percent of any combination does not cxci-ed 21.052.
'J. Tlio average number of dorsal spines is 15/g, while the number of spines pre<ioniiDatiug is
111. The average number of soft dorsal rays is 15/,, about tlie same uh tho spines — 16 is seen to
be the number in about 50 per cent of all the specimens examined. While 42.11 per cent have
XV diirsal spines, and 50.007 per cent have 15 dorsal rays, only 21.06 per cent have a combination
ef XV ^!lline8 aud 16 rays.
11. It will bo seen that the prevailing numbers of dorsal rays occuring in the more northern
)<treaiiis are XIV, 16. As we go farther south the usual number is XV, 16, aud in the most
suutliern streams the numbers are 15, 16, and 17 spines; thes|>ecimeus from Texas are i>eculiarly
poor in the number of spines.
12. The soft rays do not show the same variation found in tho dorsal spines, the number being
the siiniu fur localities north and south. The average number of dorsal spines and rays com-
bined consoquently increases with the dorsal spines.
13. In the anal rays we have, as in the dorsal spines, a slight increase in their numl>er from
Dortli to south. The most common number in the Indiana ntre^ms is 10, ihe numlntr increasing
toll and 12 in the most southern spucim-ins.— MusnnrAaiw, I. c.
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1028 Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
number; a black caudal spot; dorsal and caudal mottled. Lakt'N nf
northern Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin and northward to LakeSniH-iioi ;
the common form in the Great Lakes. The typical zthra is well disiin.
guished from caprodes, but specimens variously intermediate havo Im-cii
obtained in Illinois by Dr. Forbes and in the Potomac by Dr. licaii.
{zebra, a striped wild horse ; from the color.)
PUfoma zelira, \0AMSiz, Lake Superior, .'W)8, ISSO, Lake Superior; Vaii.lant, Bec)iprc|ics, 4s,
1873, witli jilateR.
/VrciHii manitoii, Jordan, I'roi;. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., 1877, r>:t, Lake Manitou, Rochester,
Indiana.
Percina caprmlen manili III, .ToRnAN <k Cjilhkkt, SyiioiwlB, 5(Mt, ISHlt.
466. HADROPTERUS, Agassiz.
(Black-sided Daktbus.)
Hndroplenit, AnA88l7, Anicr. Jouni. Sci. iiiiJ ArtH, 1854, 'M)!i, (niiirnfniieialiis).
Elheoslonia,* AcABBlz. Ainer. Journ. S<'i.aud Art«, 1854, 305, {•'bleniiioiilen" (nut of Uahnks./if.
= a»pro),
Alvordiu$, Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'liila., 1'5!>, OR, (imicHia/iis).
Plesioperca, Yaillant, Recherolies sur Poissouci (Il'8 Eaiix Doiicus, KtliuoHtoiuutiiia, (unc'<ji.N;.
Ericomia, JoRPAN & Ciii-ei.anp, Hull, x, U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1877, (euiden).
Berraria, GiLnEitT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 205, (scieniK).
Body rather elongate, compressed or not. Mouth rather wide, teniiinal,
the lower jaw included, the snout above not protruding beyond the pre-
maxillaries, which are not protractile. Teeth on vomer and UHually on
palatines, also. Qill membranes separate or more or less connected.
Scales small, ctenoid, covering the body. Belly with a median series of
more or less enlarged spinous plates or ctenoid scales, which iu most Hpe-
cies fall off' at intervals, leaving a naked strip; in some species persistent
and but slightly enlarged ; sides of head scaly or not ; lateral lino com-
plete or nearly so. Fins large, the soft dorsal smaller than the spinous or
the anal ; anal spines 2 (one of them very rarely obsolete) ; dorsal Hi)iiie8
10 to 15. Ventral t fins more or less widely separated, especially in species
"'The name Etheostoma ca,u not bo nsed for this ^roup as none of ita spccicH vfun known in
BafineBque, who baaed the genus Etheoetoma on caprodes, bknnioides, and flabellare.
t This character of the separation of the ventrals " by an interspace equal to th« wiiltli of tlieir
base" was first introduced as a generic feature by Dr. Boulenger (Cat. Telcostcaii FikIks, i, 4.1).
It is used by him to separate Pe)-cnui(== Percina -^ Alvordm»)irom Elhenstoina ( ~ I'llifoslnmn lli/jio-
homtu + Serraria + Uadropierun proper f Pu-cilkhlhys + BolekhOiys f Almiriits, etc.), in wliirh tin'
ventralfl are said to be "separated by nn interspace considerably less tlian tlio wiiltli of llnir
base." In like manner Boteosoma (including Cottoijntler) is separated from Vloceiilru ami /'<;/' >i.
the former having the ventrals widely Be])aruted. In Ammocrypla the interspace is e>|inil to tn<'
width of the base. To ascertain the value of fijjg character wo have, with the asslBtaiu ■■ "I Dr.
Meek, examined most of the species of Elhfostoniiuir. We find that in the extreme forms, /'. mmi,
OnjutaUaria, lioleosoma, Ammocrypla on the one hand, the ventrals are widely separatc'l, a- -i.itcil
by Dr. Boulenger. On the other hand, in species related to Etheottoma flahMare and /•-'. ; ■' rnhmu,
theyare very close together. Between these extremes, however, woflnd every gradation, flii^
character, like other characters, shading off by degrees, and many of those species deMriliil by
Dr. Boulenger as having the flns close together, would be placed by us rather with the uthiis.
The comparison of the interspace with the width of the base of the finis not wholly satl-^!',;' lory,
asthe base of the fins appears broader in the males with enlarged rays and narrowir m tlit;
young. In general those siwcies with the most elevated crania have the ventrals n irest
together, a character usually going with small anal fin and short first dorsal, except anioii^' tin'
allies of Ammocrypla and Boleosoma, The species examined by us may bo roughly placed i'> f'^»>'
groups, thus:
I. ■« i.i "*!, -llJ*- •!. "
lot of HahnKSi(I k
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1021)
witli caducous plates. Vortebrm 39 to 44,19 + 23 — 42 (//. anfro)\
lH.j-22:^40 (//. <;rWt'«); 18 + 22 = 40 (If. iiderus) ; 19 + 20 = 39 (H. phox-
mi'hahiH), Parietal region more or less depressed, not strongly convex
in ( roHS section ; supruoccipital crest usually present, but small. Pyloric
ni'ca 2 to 4. Coloration bright; often brilliant; sides nsnally with dark
lilolches. The most active and graceful of the darters and many of them
will) most attractive coloration. This group exhibits large variation in
iiiiiKir characters, f—no of its species approaching very close to those of
IHIiKiHtoma, the dividing line between the two genera being somewhat arbi-
tiiuy. It seems best not to regard the subdivisions of this group as
iliHtiiict genera, as the characters which separate them disappear by
(legiees. (<'/(5/wt', strong ; TrrfpC)^, fin.)
(I. Mriliiin lino of Ixilly with ii BerloH of enlarj^od caducous ventral plates, which fall off at
certain iiiturvals IcariiiK a nuked Htrip from breuHt to vent; proojierclo otrictly entire;
Kill niemhruneH uxually separate, Hoinetinies Honiewliat connected across the isthmus;
ventral fiUH well so|)arated, the interspace usually not less than the l>readth of their
base.
Al.VOKDIVS :*
/.. riilatiiie toetli present; dorsal spine.: 11 to 15; ventral fins widely separated.
I'. Iiuwerjaw as Ion); as upper; snout very narrow and pointed, es|H!cially in the adult;
space between month and gill cleft about >.| length of heail; cheeks and oju^rcleg
scaly; lateral blotches small, quadrate; scales small. I'uoxocKriiAi.rs, 1418.
It: Lower jaw sliorter than upper; snout less pointed; distance from mouth to gill
cleft about half head.
</. Snout longer than eye; head very large and long, '.i]/^ in length, chiefly naked;
scales very small, about !)<); 80 jiores; sides with oblong blotches.
MACROCEPIIAI.KB, 1419.
Giiori' A (ventrals widely separated).
I'eniiiii rex.
IVrciim caprodes.
Huilnipterus aspro.
HHilropterus peltatus.
lliiilioptcrus ouachita\
iliKiiiiiiterus niacrocejjhalus.
Hadniptorus phoxocephalus.
llaitropterus u'grofast'iatus.
Iladi'upterus ruanoka.
Hadroptcrus scierus.
Cottogaster shumardi.
Cottogaster copolandi.
f.'ottogaster gilborti.
Cottogaster • "anidea.
Boleosoma nigrum.
Doleosoma nigrum olnistedi.
Boleosoma camurum.
Crystallaria asprelln.
loa vitrea.
Ammocrypta pellucida.
Ammocrypta pellucida clara.
lioleoBoma podostemone.
Etheostoma swannanoa.
Hypohomus aurantiacus.
Hypohomus cymatotieuia.
liypohumus 8<iuamatus.
Group I) (ventrals well separated, not quite so much so as in A).
Iladrojiterus evides. Uiocontra histrio. Ulocentra stigmica.
Kthciistoma variatnm. £theostoma elegans. Ettieostoma thalasslnum.
EthiMistoma /onale. Ktheostoma blenniua. Boleosoma longimauus.
Oiioup (' (ventrals rather close together).
PHycliromaster tuscumbia. Diplesion blennioides. Microperca pneliaris.
Kthoustoma obeyen.se. Microperca punctulata. Etiieostoma squamice|i8.
I'loieiitra simotera.
Groui' D (ventrals very close together, almost touching).
Gtheostnma flabellare. Ktheostoma whipplii. Gtheostoma pottsii.
Kth(icist(>macieruleuin. Etheostoma jessia*. Copelandellus quiescens.
KtliiMitttonia lopidum. Etheostoma rutilineatum. Boleichthys fusiformi.s.
Ktlunistoma cragini. Etheostoma camurum. Boleichthys fusiformis eos.
Gtht'ostuma australe. Etheostoma maculatum.
Iiisiver.il of these cases, the assignment is almost arbitrary; thus: Uadrnplenu nigro/iuicinttu
lias the iutei-spaco narrower thau in HaJmpteriis aspro, and scarcely wider than in Hndroplerut
fiiks. Diplesion blennioides and Pj/schromaster tuscnmbta might be placed in B as properly as in C.
Wu I'oiiclude that while this character may prove useful in classilicatiou, we are unable to use
it to separate a large group or genus, Percina, from the still larger and more heterogeneous group,
Elheoiloina,
*Xatned for General Benjamin Alvord, U. IS. Army, a gentleman interested in natural bietory,
who discovered "Alvordiits macidalus," at Fort Gratiot on Lake Huron.
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Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
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(Id. Snwit Marccly loiiKcr than eye; houd ihurtiT, ab(iu( 4 in lungtli.
e. Vint (lorHal alxiiit ns liiKh aH second; m-aloH rathor Hniall.
/. Cheeks anil opercloi ctntircly naked; sideH with dusky sliailes.
MA(!iaAT''tl, ll.'(i,
^r. Cheeks and opcrclos more or less Hcaly,the chucks Honietimi's iink> >1.
(/. Scales sniiill, uboul 0() tu 7(1; 65 to TA port's; cliucks with snmll ki aloM;
opercio with larger ones; lino with rounded coDtlucnt blotthi's.
ASPBO, 1421.
I/!/. .Scales larger, M to 60; SO to M iK>res.
A. ('hoeks and oporcles each with some largo scales.
(ll'NTIIKRI, I I'W.
. Ml. Cheeks naked or with Hmall embedded walcH; o|M>rcli'> with
some scales,
i. Body nut very slender, the depth 6}^ to &^ in length: pec-
torals Hhortor than bead. I'Kl.TATr.", I l.i:i.
ii. Body very slender, the depth (! to 0]/^ in length; pi'iiumln
OH long as head. onAriiiT.v:, 14:i4.
ee. Kirst dorsal lower than second; scales large, 44 to 50; houd chivtly ii.ikdl;
pectorals as long as head; sides barred with deep-blue grcuii In iiuile,
ROAN OKA, 142.').
Ebicosma (ep, springtime; Koanim, to adorn):
66. Vertebrin about 37; dorsal spinea 10 to 12; male with the lower flns tulK-rnilatp in
spring; gill membranes separate; ventrals not widely separated; HcaluB nuxltTato.
j. Cheeks naked; operclcs scaly; head heavy; flns large; coloration orniilc, >li<' iimlo
with much blue-black and orange. evii>i:s, MJii,
aa. Median line of belly with a series of enlarged and spinous scales, which are pcrsistirit. at
least iiosteriorly; ventrals well separated, but the intersiiaco usually less than width i<f
huso of fln.
Serraria (tsrra, saw):
k. Preopercle finely serrated; gill membranes broadly united across isthmus; scali'.i siiiall,
about 70.
^ Coloration of Hadroplenu atpro: yellowish, with diffuse, bluckisii, lateral hlotilios.
depth 5 to 6 in length. sciEitus, 1427.
IIadropterus:
kk. Preopercle strictly entire; gill membranes rather narrowly united; scales larger, ahout
60; body robust, deep,
ni. Olivaceous, with dark vertical bars ; flns high; dorsal rays XII-12; ileptli r> in
length. NIOROFASc lATIS, 1428.
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Subgenus ALVORDIUS, Uirard.
1418, HADROPTERITS PHOXOeEPHALUS (Nelson).
Head 3|- to 4; depth 5i to 6; eye 4i in head, about eqnal to Hiiont.
D. XI or XII-12 to 14 ; A. II, 8 or 9 ; scales 12-80 to 85-16, 66 to 71 ])oie8.
Body rather slender, compressed. Head extremely long, narrow, and
tapering, the snout very acuminate. Mouth large, the maxillary reach-
ing to the eye ; the lower jaw unusually narrow and long, scarcely
shorter than upper ; distance between mouth and gill cleft f head, (lill
membranes somewhat connected. Cheeks, opercles, and neck witli Hiiiall
scales; breast naked; a strong opercular spine; ventral lino witli . small
caducous shields ; pectoral shorter than head ; ventrals widely seiiarated.
Skull more elongate than in H. aspro, the frontal region very narrow;
parietals more convex in cross section than usual in ffadropterm, no supra-
occipital crest ; vertebrae 19 -f 20 = 39. Pyloric coeca 2. Color yellowish
brown, but the lateral spots smaller and more numerous than in //■ anpro,
W
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1031
quuilrnte iu form, the hues rather dull; a small blackish spot at each end
of the lateral line. Length inches. Ohio to Iowa, south to Kentucky
and Oklahoma; in sandy rivers; locally common, especially in Arkansas;
a well-marked species, notable for its very slender head. {(j>o^d(, tapering;
Ksipn'At/, head.)
ni'ioitima phi>xi»e))halum, NEL80N, Bull. Ilia. MuH. Nat. HUt., i, 35, 187G, Illinois River and
its tributaries. (Coll. Nelson.)
Aliurtlim ]inojtocei)halu», Jobdan & OlI.liERT, Synopitif), 501, 18H3.
Paxiiia phoxocephala, Houms.nueu, Cat., i, Ki,
5% in longlli; \iQc-
mils; flcnlcs tiniall,
;aleH liirKcr, al>otit
1419. HADK0PTKR|:H MACR0CKPHAL17H (Cope).
Head 3| to 4 ; depth 6 to 7 ; eye 4i in head, shorter than snout. D. XIII
to XVI-12 to 14 ; A. II, 9 to 11 ; scales 11-88 to 90-16, pores 74 to 83.
Body elongate; head longer and more slender than in Hadropierm aspro',
niaxillary about reaching pupil, 'di in head ; nape scaly; cheek naked, or
with a few rudimentary scales behind eye; opercle with very small
cycloid scales above, rarely quite naked; breast naked ; scales on middle
line of belly enlarged and caducous. Gill membranes separate. Pectoral
1> in head; anal spines subequal; ventrals well separated. Color light
brown ; 9 black spots on side, confluent, squarish in form, sharply defined
and edged above by a continuous, undulating pale streak from eye to
batse of caudal; fins, including ventrals, barred; a small but very dis-
tinct spot at base of caudal; a median dark shade across spinous dorsal.
West slope of the Allegbanies from Pennsylvania southward iu mountain
streams ; rather scarce ; .known from Youghiogheny River, Foxburg, Penn-
sylvania; north fork of Holston River, Saltville, Virginia ; middle fork
of Holston River, Glade Spring, Virginia ; Big Sandy, Green, and Cum-
berland rivers, Kentucky ; and Clinch River, Tennessee. A Ibrge and
interesting darter; found only in clear rivers, not in brooks. (naKplic,
long; Ketpa^Tj, head.)
Kihfofloma macroceplialum. Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc, 1866, 400, Youghiogheny River,
Pennsylvania; Vaillant, Rocherches, 64, 1873, with plate; .Tobdan, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., VIII, 1888 (1890), 147.
AliWiViiHjiiiwroccplialttK, Jordan & Gilhert, SynopsiH, 501. 1883.
Pit cilia uiacrocepliolu*, Boulenoer, Cat., i, 62.
v/
1420. ;: .('.iOPTEBUS MACVLATUS (Oirard).
This species has never been satisfactorily identified since its first descrip-
tion. It seems to be close to Hadropterus guntheri and to Hadropterus
(tspro, but is apparently characterized by the naked head. The following
is t lie original description: "Amongst the fishes collected by Major B.
Alvord, at Fort Gratiot, Lake Huron, there is a species of Etheo8tomid, the
generic character of which reminds us somewhat of those given to the
genus Hadropterus. The opercle and cheeks, however, are scaleless, as
well as the thro&t, which is minutely prickly. The first dorsal fin is longer
and lower than the second, which is equal to the anal. The caudal is
eniarginated posteriorly. The species itself being yet undescribed, we
shall call it Alvordiua maculatua. The specimen before us measured 2^^
U
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
iDohes. The body is elon^^ated, rather slender, and snbfasiform. The Ik .«1
is Huboonical, entering about 4} tinieu in the total length. The eyo Ih \\v\\
developed, its diameter being contained 4 times in the length of tli«> nidi'
of the head, once in advance of its anterior rim. The posterior uxticin-
ity of the maxillary bono extends to a vertical line drawn within tlic
anterior rim of the orbit, not (luite in front of the pupil. The lowoi jaw
is somewhat shorter than the upper. The Rrst dorsal iin is much loii;;er
and lower than the second, to which it is nearly contiguous. Its ii)i|i(<r
margin is convex. The second dorsal is lower than high, diminiNliin^r
gradually backward. The caudal, which forms about the sixth of ilu^
total length, is somewhat emarginated posteriorly. The anal is iiliufd
opposite the second dorsal, and nearly equal to it in size and sliapo. 'I'lie
ventrals are sublanceolated and rather short, their posterior extreiiiiMeg
being even with those of the pectorals, which are subelliptical in incir
outline. The formula of the fins reads : D. XIV; A. 1,10; C. 5, 1,7,(1, 1, S;
V. I, 5; P. 14. The scales are rather small, deeper than long, antt'iioilv
truncated, posteriorly rounded, with radiating furrows upon the aiitt rior
se<>tions only, and fine pectination upon the posterior margin. A NoricN of
la ger scales conspicuously toothed pofjtcriorly, may be observed aloiii;
the ventral line between the vent a.'d the extremities of the ventrals.
The ground color is reddish brown, the dorsal region being tessullated
with blackish spots, whilst a series of black patches may be observeil on
either side, larger and less numerous in the male than in the female. A
black streak intersects vertically the eye. The fins in the male aro uni-
color, except the first dorsal, which is black, spotted at the base. In tlic
female sex the caudal exhibits transverse blackish lines. The inferior
regions are unioolor in either sex." (Girard.) (maculatus, spotted.)
Alrordum mitculatiin, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1869, 67, Fort Gratiot, Michigan.
(Coll. B. Alvord.)
1421. HADROPTERiT A8PR0 (Copu & Jordan).
(Bla'" iIded Darter.*)
Head 4 ; depth 5 to 6; eye about equal to snout, 4 in head. D. XIII to
XV-11 to 13 ; A. II, 8 to 10 ; scales 9-65 to 80-17, pores 63 to 75. Hody
♦ Thn fine gentleman of tlio family is the Black-Bided Darter (Hadrop/(>rM» (i«;(ro). Him w >■ may
know by his colrrx. The ground hue is a salmon yellow; the back is regularly and Iwaiitiliilly
marblfd witli lilhrk in a peculiar and handsome pattern. On the sides, from the head tu the tail,
runs a jet-l>lark band, whi^h is widened at intervals into roinided spots which contraxt Kliargily
with the Rilvery color of the belly; or we may say that on each side is u chain of rontliiont
round black blotches. Sometimes the fishes seem to fade out; these blotches grow jmli' ami im
longer nieit, but in an instant they may regain their original form and shade. This liitter
change can be induced by the olTcr of food, and it is of course due to niuHcular action on tlie
Kcalus which cover the darker pigment. A male in our aquarium underwent almost iiir'tarilly
an entire change of coloration upor the introduction of u female fish of the same species ividg-
nized by him as hin affinity. A<'.'uough the two have been together for some week.s, tlic iinvclty
has not yet worn off, and although his colors vary much from one hour to another, he lia> mver
yet quite reverted to iiis original hues. The form of the Black-sided Darter is more ^rac efiil
than that of any other, and his movements have little of that angular jerki.iess whicli rlii.rac-
terixes his relativos. The fins of Hadroptems, like those of Pa-cina, are long and large, tlif uiim-
' ber of dorsal spines beitig about 14. A notable peculiarity in both species is the presence of a row ut
shields, or enlarged scales, along the middle Hue of the abdomen. These may help to protect
that part from the friction of the stony bottom. They seem to be shed sometimes, but when or
why this happens we do not know. AidroptoriM delights in clear running water and may be round
inmostBtreamssouthand weatof NewTork. Itisespecially desirable for aquaria, beinr lanlict
than any other fish as pretty, and prettier than any other fish as hardy, and w ithal with " u way
of hii own," M an Iriah laborer, Ba* aey Mullins, once said to us of Thoreau.— •/orttan it Ccjiehml.
-^aJi -rfvJJrf-ij
m.
m. Theln.Hl
be eyo jh well
;li of t)u> '^idf
^rior oxticiii
n within tlic
ho luw((i jaw
much loii;{*T
IB. ItH U|i)lfl'
diminisliiii^
sixth of I lie
iial iH pliicol
I Hhapo. I'liu
ir extroinititiH
ticiil ill tncir
.5,1,7,(1, I, ><:
ig, anteriorly
1 tho aiiti-iior
1. A Moricis (if
served along
the ventralH.
kg tesHuIIatcd
1) observeil on
le female. A
mule are niii-
hase. In the
The inferior
potted.)
:iot, Michigan,
D. XIH to
to 75. Hody
ne
Him wi' may
and liuaiitllull.v
hca<l tu till' tail,
oiitraKt Bliaiply
liiii ut' I'diiHiioiit
row pall' ami ii"
ide. This latter
r action on tlie
Jmost instantly
le Bpecic.f ri'mg-
elts, the iii'Vi'lty
ler, ho lia> mviT
nioru jriacofnl
wliicli ilii.nic-
Xaxfie, till' miin-
sence of a row of
help to protect
les, but when or
td maybe found
i, boinf "uinliii
nl with "away
dan A Copehml.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1033
mtliei elongate, fusiform, compressed behind. Head moderately elongate
It'gH |iointed than in some of the species. Mouth moderate, the lower ,juw
inrltitied ; maxillary reaching Just past the front of tite eye. (jlill mem-
lirmies scarcely connected ; distance from mouth to gill cleft uhout half
hiiul. Lateral line straight, prolonged forward to the eye. Opercles
»itb lather large scales; cheeks usually covered with very small ones,
wiiii'li are scarcely visible, but rarely or never oltsolete ; breast naked ;
nape naked, or more or less scaly; middle line of bully with enlarged
(Uiliicoiis scales ; body otherwise entirely scaly , the scales small and rough.
Pectoral a little shortor than head; ventrals well separated. 8kull
smoutlier than in I'ercino, its outline more convex, frtintal region very
narrow ; supraoccipital crest minute. Pyloric cteea 3. Vertobne
l(|^2;i-=42. Shoulder ginlle and pharyngeals as in /Vm/Mt. Coloration
Htraw yellow or greenish, with dark tessellations and nuirblings above,
and about 7 large dark blotches along the sides, which are partly conllu-
eiit, tliiiH forming a moniliform band ; tins barred. Great Lake region U*
the niidiUe Missouri, and north to Minnesota ;* southward through Mis-
souri, Indiana, and Kentucky to Arkansas, especially common in the
Ohio Valley ; abundant in clear, gravelly streams, not common in snuill
bruokH. One of the most curious and elegant of the darters. Its color-
ation varies much in intensity with ditl'erences in surroundings, (.txpro,
w/AiKjil, a related genus, which this species resembles ; from atiper, rough. )
ahfiKliiiii'i lilnmioideH, KlRTLANl), Jouro. liost. Sue. Nat. HiHt., 183!), 340, flg. (but not doHrrlp-
tioni; not of liAFlNEsgl'E.
iknrdii'.i 'ispro, OoPK & Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Phlhi., 1877, 61, White River, Indian-
apolis, Indiana, siibHtitute fur Etheo$toma lileimioideK, of Kihti.anu and Aoahhix; Jokiian &
Gii.iiKKT, Synopnis, 501, 1883.
PiTcim ufiiro, BouLKNOER, Cat., i, fiO.
1422, HADROPTRRrH MttNTHKRI (Kignninann & Kigunmann).
Head ^ to 4 ; depth 5J to 6. D. X-1.3 or 14 ; A. II, 9 to 11 ; scales 5-56
or 37-!), pores 53 to 56. Premaxillaries not protractile ; distance from
mouth to gill eleft half head; gill membranes scarcely connected; ven-
tral lino with the median scales enlarged ; lateral line complete ; palate
with well-developed teeth; preopercle entire ; nape and breast (with the
exception of the median line) naked; cheeks and opercles each with
about 3 series of large scales. A strong opercular spine ; pectoral nearly
as long as head. Yellowish; back marbled with darker; a lateral series
of large dark pots ; dark streaks below and before eye ; spinous dorsal
with a dark s^/ot in front and another behind. Closely related to Uadrop-
(ir«8 oKdclntw. Souris River, Winnipeg, south to Iowa. (Eigenmann.)
* Kecordcil by Dr. ElKoumann from nrandou and V/iiinipt>g iu Manitoba. Concerning tticHe
•peclmeiis, IJr. Boulongur reinarlvs: "Tlio latter Bpecimons have been referred liy Prof. Kigen-
niann to /'. niipro, from which they differ in the iuil<>jd cheeli (with or withonta few cinbedde.i
Halen) unci tlie smaller number of scales in the lateral line. They show the following formula:
D. XIII. 12-14; A. II, 9-1(1; scales 04-72,^ ; latera'i line 56-62. In the Bull. U. S. Fish Coram.,
viii, 1889, p. 113, Professor Jordan says of P. peltata: ' General form of E. aspro, from which this
(pecies tiearcely differs except in the larger size cf the scales.' If so, the Canadian specimens
belong to P. peltata and.not to P. atpro The two species are, however, nearly completely con-
nMt«il, and may ultimately have to be united."
I i
%
i
i
1,
Jmi
i
1
i
it
rl
i
hi
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1,' n
yi : i
t -a^
ISa!
i!lH
I"
ItH
■ i a»
It
111.
]034 Bulletin 4J, United States National Museum.
(Named for Dr. Alhurt C. L. G. Oiiiithnr, Kouptu' of Ihtt HritiHli Mutieuiii
of Natural IliHtory.)
f /l/ri»r./(i«ii»m<i(/<i/H)i,« OiHARD, Priic. Ar. Niit.Sel. I'hila.,n7, Iftno, FortOratiot, Lake Huron.
t'Jhrnniiimii ijiiHOi-ri, Kkiknmann \ Kiiir.NMANN, Anier. Nal., Nnv., IHW, !Mi2, Winnipeg. Souri»
River, (<N>II. KiKfiiiiiuiHi); Cedar River, Cedar Rapida, Iowa. iCnII. Meik.i
JVri'iHii yiienllirri, Uul>LKNti», Cat., I, 01.
UM. IIADKOPTKKrM i'KliTATI'N (StaiinVr).
Head 4; depth 5ij ; eye 4. D. XIII-12; A. II, 10; scalen t^-rii' to .')t)-lt.
Generul form of lludropleruH anpro, hut stouter and with largtM NcalfH;
head rather heavy, the Hiiout bluntiah in profile, about as lon^ an eye;
lower Juw Hli^htly included, maxillary reaching Just past front of lyx, itn
length '.ii in head ; gill membranes scarcely connected. CIumO; usually
wholly naked (peltatun), but often with smooth embedded soalcs {mn.
aewMM). Operole with about 3 small scales above, sometinu's naki'd on
one side ; nape and breast naked ; caducous ventral shields largo ami few
in number. Fins all comparatively low and small ; pectoral a little
shorter than head, barely reaching tips of ventrals ; anal nearly iin lar);*'
as second dorsal, its second spine a little slenderer and longer tiiaii lii.tt;
caudal lunate. Light straw color, the marking all very dark, v(M;;in^r on
Jet black ; back with dark cross blotches and irregular wavy loiifritiKliniil
markings above lateral line, much as in H. aapro', sides with hIx lar^'o
conspicuous square black blotches, about as broad as the interspaci's ami
alternating with fainter bars of black, these sometimes coalcHciii^ in a
dark lateral bar ; a faint dusky streak along lateral line ; marklii^rN yome-
timos bright (pcltatHs), or obscure and diffuse {cras»Hn); top of head
black ; a black bar below eye ; snout and opercle mostly black ; napo
with a pale spot surrounding a dark one ; a dark band in axil aixl <l tu 8
round spots on back ; first dorsal wi' h a sabmedian black band and Honie
black spots toward tip; second ciorsal and caudal obscurely liarred;
ventrals and pectorals dusky. Southeastern Pennsylvania southward to
South Carolina in coastwise streams ; locally common ; not found wcat
of the AUeghanies. Close to Hadropterun aapro, but with tlio scales
always larger, (peltatua, shielded. )
Wieoiloma pelliitiim (Staiiffor MS.), Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila,, 1804, 2.13, Conestot;a
Cr^sek, near Lancaater, Pennaylvanla ; (Coll. Stanffer); Vaim.ant. Itcrlicri'liox, 61,
187.1, with platOH; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vin, 1888 (189();, IIH.
Hadroplma macnialiw, GiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 100, (nnmc prcocruiii''il^ tribu-
tary of Potomac River, Ann Arundel County, Maryland.
Etlieontoma neruetise, CoPK, Proc. Amor. Philog. Soc. Phila., 1870, 201, Neuse River at the
falla, 8 miles east of Raleigh, North Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)
AlvoriUm craunii, Joroan & Brayton, Bull, xii, U. S. Nat. MuR., 12, 1878, Saluda, Ennoree,
and Reedy rivers, near Greenville, South Carolina. (Coll. Jordan & lirnytoii.)
Ah'ordius uenineimK, crasnuii, and rariatiu, Jordan <Sc Qilbert, Syuopsis, 502 and 503, 1883.
Perciua peltcUii, Boulenger, Cat., I, 60.
♦This Alvordiii* maniUtliin \h more likely to be Hadrnpteriu gunlheri than H. <w/»", ax (iiranl
deiicribeB it as having the head acaleless. Perhaps both are varities of 6do g|)ccii's, tu whicli it
may be necessary to add pellaliu and ouachUie also, and possibly even atpro.
#^i/:'.;
M^^
Jordan ami Rvermann, — Fishfs of North Amrrica. 1035
) lii-itiNli MiiNeiiin
Neuse River at the
I4!!4. IIAIIKOPTKRIN OrACIIIT.K (.Ionian A Ollbrrt).
Iltiid 1; depth (>i ; eye :{;! in head, eqiiul to Hiiont. I). XI or XII-13;
A. II. 10; H«'ttleH 0-52 to «M)-1(), por«H 50 to 58. Kody «doi)({Ht«s Hl«<iidur,
roin|i!iiativ«dy littl« coiiipruHHtHl. Head Nioiidor, the Hiioiit not blunt, the
iippn protlle deHoendin^ i» » lon^ gentle curve. Mouth moderate,
iiaiiiiw , preniuxilliirieH on a level with lower part of orbit, nonprotrac-
tilr; lower Jaw ineliided; gape nearly horizontal; maxillary reaching
vert Hill from front «>f orbit, itH length Hlightly greater than Nuout, \\\ in
IiuimI. OiU monibranoH ncarcely Joined acroHO iHthmuH. Fins of moderate
Mi/r«: longeut dorsal spine 2^ in head, the longest soft ray more than half
lifitd : anal spines short and weak, the two nearly e(|ual, their length
eiiniiling diameter of orbit; caudal emarginato; pectorals reaching to
ii]i|)(»ito tips of ventrals, as long as head. tSoales moderate, rough;
latfiiil line complete^ straight; opercles and nape scaled ; cheeks smooth,
iiaki il or covered with embedded scales ; breast naked ; middle of belly
nukt'd, or with series of enlarged plates; an enlarged spinous scale
li»>t\vrfM bases of ventral fins. Color olivaceous; back nmre or less tes-
Noliiili'd with dark brownish, the margins of the scales dusky ; 5 rather
fiiitit <lark bars from the back downward and forward to lateral line ; the
*''rst under front of spinous dorsal and the second under its last rays, the
third under middle of soft dorsal and the fourth immediately behind it,
the fifth a mere cross blotch on back of tail; on middle of back these
l)arK lire narrower than the interspaces, but grow much wider downward ;
middio of sides with a series of 8 or i) quadrate dusky blotches, more or
iesH loufluent, as in anpro] below pale, unmarked ; dorsals, caudal, and
pectunils more or less evidently barred with light and dark; ventrals
and il mil unmarked ; no red or blue in life. Length 2 inches. Southern
Imliitiia, western Kentucky, and southwest to Arkansas; not rare ; known
from i'atoka River, Indiana (Evermann) ; lower (>reeu and Obion rivers,
Kentucky (Woolman) ; Black Elver* and Saline River, Arkansas. Very
cioHt) to IfadropteruH peltatuSf a, little more slender, the pectorals longer,
and t distinct cross blotches on the back. The scales in both are larger
tlian ill lladroptvriia anpro, which they otherwise much resemble. (Name
fioiii the Ouachita River in Arkansas, now usually spelled Washita,
from il tributary of which the types were taken.)
FJlim^i .,11(1 {lliidroiitenu) oitarhilir, JoHVAS & QihnEnT,VTOf. V. 8. Nat. Mub., 49, 1H87, Saline
River, Benton, Arkansas, a tributary of the Washita; (Typo No. :»<)44!») ; Coll. Jor-
dan \ Meok); Jordan, Bull. I'. 8. Fbli Comin., vili, 1888 (1890), 1C4.
*Tli<' roliowiiiK *teficription Ih taken from a Rpeciinen from Bliivk Itivor, Black Rock, Arkan-
sas (C. II. .<. K. Mock):
Head I; .U'litli 0)-^; eye 3J; snout ^%; intororWtal width 2 in eye. D. X-1.3 ; A. II, 10; waits
ft-58-f, latoral linn complete. Body slondpr, subteroto, rather loosely scaled; breast and nupo
iiaki"), ciicekH and opercles scaly; lielly with a naked streak where tlio plates have fallen off.
IIe:ul iiai I'liw, slender; snout pointed; mouth largo, maxillary reaching pupil. Upper jaw with
freiiHiii, Imt s<'arcely protractile. Gill membranes slij^litly connected across isthmus. Eye
hrgf, a little less than snout; interorbital very narrow. Anal fln large. Color similar to that
of //. iisyiio; sides with about 8 very irregular, coulluent dark blotches, most distinct on pos-
terior jart of body; a dark line forwanl and a very distinct one downward from tho eye, meet-
ing its li'llow beneath; 4 broad dark blotches across the back (resembling CoUogculer uraiMea
in this ri'spcct), the first at anterior part of spinous dorsal, the second between the dorsals, the
third iii-ar the middle of soft dorsal, aud the fourth just behind the soft dorsal; fiua, except
Tentrald and anal, barred with dark.
I.
I
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]:■
.1 .
t
I \
■
I ■ I
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4
,1-1 J (
HKMi liulletin y/, UnileU States iWttionai Museum,
Wih. IIAIIHOI'TKKIH ItOiXOKA (lonlitii .V .Imiklni).
Iloiul .'{) to 4; iluptli \\ to 4}; vy« 4^ to 4} in liuiul, about lu luii);
UN Hiioiit. I>. X or XI-ll; A. II, M or 9; Hoah^H 5-4H-J>, |Hir«H II to .".o
Hotly iltM'itliMlly robiiNt, iiiodrnilnly <'oiii|truNMMl, tli*t buck »luvutt>«l. JlrjHJ
brutid, iioiivy, ta|)«)riiiK t'orwanl, tboNiioiit inoilurutuly blunt at tip, thun
niMiriy Hd-alKlit from b«ifoi'«Mtyo backward to occiput. Pruniaxiliniits not
|irotiiictil«i. Maxillary :<;{ in IumuI, reu<;liin;i{ front of iiupil. Mouth Nuiali,
littl«> olilii|iu), low, tint lower jaw inclndt'il all around; t«»th rutliurNtion^r.
(7h«!(«k Nculi^litHH, UHually 2 or [( Nuiall Noahm on upptir part of opt^icli . tin.
lioad ol'ton *|uit« naked; nap« and broast naktnl ; middle lino of lii>|iy
with about H nuid«<rat<*ly onlar^ed HcahtH; preoptircle entire; opt iculai
Npino moderate; ^ill mumbraneH very Hiightly connected; latfini liiw
coni)il<>tt> ; dorHal thiM moderate, CfUitijifuouH; anal large, ito Hpint-.s laiK<>,
the HrHt HtrongoHt; pectoral about aH lonnf uh head, reaching beyoiiil ven-
tralH to vent; caudal Nlightly lunate. Color Htraw yullow, the iiiaieH
dark green ; .sides with lU or 11 vertical croNN bars, more or Ichh ('oiilhicnt
into a lateral l>and ; in the mulcH thcHe bandu are of a tUtep blui^ ;;r*<i>ii
and vaguely detlned ; in the fenuilcH they are diHtinctly diamond shapiMJ
and nonllucnt along their middle, forming a broad band, with bolli (({jrett
Herrate; nuile with lower jtartH and paler parts of head bright Hiilpliui
yellow; back barred and nu)ttied with dark; nape with a pale npot;
head dark blue in males, with a black bar forward and one downward
from eye; lips orange. Fins in male nearly plain blue-black; first (iiUMii
with a median band of very bright yellow, its base with a black liand,
its edge narrowly black: second dorsal and anal faintly barred: ndmu'
orange yellow on ventrals, anal, and soft dorsal ; 2 yellow spot.s at lia.so
of caudal, the upper forming a curved streak above the la.st of tlit^ dark
lateral spots. Females paler, yellowish below, the markings black and
less difl'iiso, the second dorsal and caudal sharply barred. Lni^^tli 2)
inches. Roanoke Kiver, Virginia; common; a beautiful speuicN <if tiio
mountain streams.
tUhensldiiia iniinohi, .foRDAN & JKNKINS, Pr4)c, I'. .'4, Niit. Mii8., 'MS, 1888, Roanoke River at
Roanoke, Salem, and Alleghany Springs, Virginia. (Typv, Nu. aUHfiii. Cull. ,l,rri|iiti,
Kvoriiiaiiii, anil .K'likiiis.)
IWi-iwi riiUHiilai, llori.K.NdKIl, (^llt., I, 62.
Subgenus ERICOSMA, .lunlaii ,^ (.'upulaiul.
I42«. liAnROPTKKl!N KVIDKN* (Jonlaii k Coiwlaiul).
Head 4i; dejitli Hjt; eye rather large, high, 3^ in head. D. XI-10; A.
II, 8 or S>; scales 9-.o2 to tH-Jt to 11 ; vertebrm 18 + 22 = 40. I^ody mod-
erate, somewhat compressed. Head heavy, the profile rather convex.
Mouth moderate, somewhat oblique, the lower Jaw included ; niaxiliary
reaching front of eye. Cheeks, neck above, and throat naked ; opeicleH
with rather larger scales, caducous ; ventral plates little enlarged, Finn
large; pectorals long; second dorsal lower than anal, but with longer
'*' Dr. Boulenger places this well-marked Bpecies in the syuonymy of "Percina peltaUi-
is no warraut fur this arrangement.
There
ma peltula." There
Jordan and F.vertminn. — Fishea of North America. UW7
liu^(> : vt^ntrulH not witlt^ly H«pui'utiMl. Coloration u.\ti-«<niul,v Itrillinnt;
(lark olivucconH ahovo, t«*8HeUttt«Ml withitaik; Ni<l«H witli ulioiit 7 broud
triiu^t^'THU Imi'H oxtuntling front below tlut latuiai lino on ono hIiU*, uctohh
the li.ick, und Uuwn thu other Hide; tliuHu burH ur«^ widor tliiin tliocyo
anil ;iio connected along the lateral line by a faint black Htripe; in tho
leiiml)^ these barH are black and the intervening npaceH yrlh>wiHh ; in tlio
nmio ihn bara are of a dark rich bine green, with metallic InNirr: tli«t
coiiiit'i ling longitndinal line greeniHh bron/.e; JnHt above thiH line in a
liimiiiiiUM yellowiah streak, and above, in each of the intorHpaceH between
timliaitt, 18 a bright blotch «»f bron/e-red; blaokiHh green NtreakKdown-
wiinl and forward from eye; cheekn orange red, the color of iron riist ;
ilorHul lin orange colored, with a bright brou/e edge, a blackiHh Hpot on
the Itmt rayH ; Heoond dorual and candal i)ale orange ; two bright yellow-
iitli NpotH at base of caudal; anal bron/.e, with a blue-black nhading;
veutiiil linH dark blue-black; jtectoralH faintly orange. Mal<>H with the
rayMol' tho ventral and anal Huh covered with Hnnill corneous tubercleH,
miicli :iH in some Cypriiiidii, Female and alcoholic Npecimens show little
uf the liright colors, although the same )iatturn is preserved. The spinouH
(lurmtl lias a dusky s])ot on its posterior rays, autl the tins are (lestitute of
the (lurk bars found in related species. Length '2 to 'A iiiches. Indiana,
in tli«' Wabash and Mauniee basins, west to central Iowa and H«»uth-
wurd in Arkansas, Kentucky, and Tennessee in the larger, dear streams;
fopucially abundant in the French Hroad, the Wabash and in tho O/.ark
rei;iun ; not found east of the Alleghanies. There is considerable varia-
tion in coloration and in size of scales, those from the Tennessee Hasin
eHpeciiilly having larger scales (52 to 65). One of the most brilliant of
all liMlKis. (evti<i}/i;, comely.)
Akmltm ri-iden, JORDAN A Copr.i.ANn, Proc. Ai". Nat. Sol. Philii., 1H77, 51, White River, near
Indianapolis, Indiana; (Coll. Jordnii Jk. ('upcliiml); Joiidan A (iii.iiKiiT, SyiiopKin, r>o:i.
EOuoiilnmii eiuilen, .loHDAN, Bull. U. S. FImIi C'omiii., viii, 1880, 53; Wholman, Bull. U. 8. Fish
Co 1., X, 1890, 200.
Subgenus SERRARIA, Gill>«rt.
1427. IIAUROPTKKim MCIERIIN, Swuiii.
Head 1 to 4,{ ; depth 5 to 6 ; eye 4 to 4^ in head, scarcely e<|ual to snout ;
suoiit bluntisb, 3^ in head. D. XIII-13 or 14; A. II, it; scales 7-HK to
70-17, pores 64 to 71. Body robust, rather compressed behind. Head
ratliei' short. Mouth small, the lower jaw included; maxillary not
reachiug the eye by about the width of the pupil; preopercle more or
km diHtinctly serrate, especially in the young and in southern speci-
meuH. (iill membranes broadly connected. Lateral lino straight, com-
plete, not prolonged forward to the eye. Opercle covered with rather
large Hcales ; cheeks with slightly smaller ones ; a triangular area on the
breast, in front of the ventral tins, with embedded scales; breast other-
wise almost naked ; throat naked ; scales persistent, those on middle line
of belly little enlarged and not caducous, except a few of the anterior
uneH, 1 enlarged plate being present between the ventral fins; body
otherwise covered with rather small ctenoid scales. Fins all very large;
n
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1038
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
spiuouB dorsal separated from the soft dorsal by the lenj^th of tli» Hiiout ;
outline of the spinous dorsal gently curved, the first spine ^ lon<r<>r than
last spine, and f length of middle spine, which is 1} in head ; Itasi^ of
soft dorsal longer than that of anal, its rays of about etiual longtli, ! ; iu
head; anal about as large as soft dorsal, its spines subequal ; vtntralH
moderately separated, about equal to pectorals, which are 1^ in lieail.
VertebriB 18 + 22 = 40. Color yellowish olive, everywhere v:if,'uely
blotched with black. Top of head, dorsal, anal, and ventral tins
entirely black in male, paler in female ; base of pectoral and caiidtil finH,
branchiostegal membranes, cheeks, and sides posteriorly hlackish;
scales everywhere finely puuctulate with brown, the sides witli a tew
larger black specks. Length 5 inches. Northern Indiana to 'IV'iincsHoe
and Texas, the typical form above described being common in wecdy
brooks from northern Indiana southward in the Wabash Hasin tlniiiigli
Kentucky and Tennessee to the Washita and Saline rivers, ArkaiiHiis.
Strongly resembles Hadropterua aajrro, but duller in color, and easily dis-
tinguished by tho united gill membranes and the serrulate pi'eii]iercle.
{(iKiepbg, dusky.)
Iladroplerus icienu, Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., 1883, 252, Bkan Blossom Creek, Monroe
County, Indiana. (Coll. Jordan & Swain.)
.■ Vteimlirma Hciemm, JounAN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vui, 1«88 (1890), IGO, 1G4, mid M7; Bm-
I.2N0RR, Cat., I, 80.
Represented in streams of Texas by
1437a. HADROPTflKUS 8CIERIIS SERRULA, Jordan A Gilbert.
Close to HadropteruH scierua, but with smaller scales, 68 to 71 in tlie
lateral line, instead of 64 to 66 as in typical acierum. The coloration in
Bcri'ula is paler, with more sharply defined markings, the black Idotciies
on the side being less confluent, and t^-o sides of the belly without dark
clouds. Breast naked; the opercle very weakly, but generally distinctly
serrulate. From southern Arkansas southward through eastern Texas,
Common in sandy streams {aerrula, a little saw.)
HadrnpUrm $cierus seinila, Jordan & Gubeut, Proc. V. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, It;, Red River,
Fulton, Arkansas (Type, No. 36481. Coll. Jordan & Swain); Evekmann a Ki;Nn.u.r,
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xi-. 1892(1894), 113.
Subgenus HADROPTERUS, Agiissiz.
1428. HADROPTERUS MGROFASCIATUS, Agassiz.
(Ceawi-a-bottom. )
Head 4; depth 5; eye moderate, 4 iu h«.ad, eqtial to snout. D. XII. II
or 12; A. II, 9 or 10; scales 7-58-15, pores 55 to 60. Head and body
stout and heavy, the body compressed, more robust than in relateil
species. Mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching front of eye ; i)reoi)er-
cle entire; distance from mouth to gill cleft ji head. Fins all larije.
Scales rather large. Pectoral nearly as long as head; ventrals moder-
ately Ldinarated; anal spines subeqnal. Breast usually naked, Imt some-
times cioi: •^ly scaled ; scales on the median line of the belly Huniewhat
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1039
euliir;;t>(I, but the ntost of them not caducous nor especially spinous.
(iill iiM'iiibranes a little connected. Color dark olive above, with black-
ish iiiiirkiugs; sides with vertical bars, somewhat diamond-shaped, but
ijiiite narrow ; these acute above and below, more or less confluent along
the iiiiildle, about 12 in number; the bands dark greenish, varying to jet
black, most distinct near the middle of the body and broadest behind :
jMuer lialf of each of the vertical fins black ; outer half more or less
leckiid and barred ; top of head black, a black band through eye and
nit, and a dark vertical shade below the eye; a small black spot
letween 2 smaller ones at base of caudal fin ; no red nor blue. Length 6
indies. South Carolina to Louisiana in the larger clear streams ; common
in the Alabama Basin ; one of the largest of the darters, its form heavy,
more like that of a typical perch, (niger, black; fasciatm, banded.)
Ihilroplinw nigrofatciatiit, AoASSiz, Amer. Journ. 8ci. and Artx, xvii, 185-1, 305, Mobile,
Alabama; .Jordan & Giluert, Synopsis, 506.
Vtaioii'irn <incep$, Vaillant, Becherohes sur Ethoofltom., 37, plato 1, llg. 3, 1873; ii<> locality
giv.'ii.
MioriUi's spiUiuaui, Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 491, Chiclcasawha River, Mississippi.
(Tvpc, No. 27432. Coll. Ilay.)
Ethevstuma uigro/atcialum, Yajllant, Becherclies, 69, 1873; Bovlenqek, Cat., i, 80.
467. HYPOHOMUS, Cope.
* Gilbert.
llypnliniiiiif, Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc, Phila., 1870, 449, (auranliacui).
SmiiiKi, Jordan H Evkruann, new BUbgenus, (iqnamatus).
This ^enus contains darters closely allied both to Hadrophrus and to
Etheontoma {Nothonotus). From the former they are separated by the non-
differentiation of the ventral scales, the belly being covered with small,
persistent scales like those on the sides. From Ethcostoma, Hypohoniux is
(listin^niished chiefiy by the larger anal fin, more depressed cranium, and
more separated ventrals. The relation in both cases is very close. Species
oflarj^e size and usually showy coloration, (irw, below ; o/zof, uniform.)
SWAIMA*:
a. Gill uit-mbranoB broadly united across the isthmus; scales very small ; snout long an<l slender,
till! mouth long and narrow.
Ii. Color olivaceous, with dark lateral blotclicH; a black humeral scale; tins with orauKo;
head 3f in length; depth b}-^; cheek and opcrcles scaly. squAMAi't's, 1429.
IIVPOIIOMUS;
wi. Gill membranes scarcely connected; snout moderately produced.
<■. (ipert'les and breast scaly.
d. Scales very small, about 86; dorsal rays XV, 15; color yellow, with dark lateral
shades. aieiantiacus, 1130.
lid. Scales moderate, about 66; dorsal rays about XIII, 13; color greenish, with a dark
wavy lateral band, bordered above and below by pale; a dark spot at bawe of
caudal. cymatot.v.nia, 1431,
cv. Opcrcles ind breast naked; cheeks neai'ly wo; dorsal rays about XII, 12; color brilliant
olive, with dark cross bars, the interspaces red in the nmle.
e. Scales about 74; lateral line complete. nianou.*;, 1432.
ee. Scales about 60; lateral line incomplete. spii.otus, 1433.
♦Nanicil lor Dr. Joseph Sw :.u, President of the University of Indiana, and discoverer of the
tyjiiail spfcies.
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1040 Thilletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Subgenus SWAINIA, Junliin k KTitriiiann.
1420. IIYPOIIOMl'S SQI'AMATl'S (GillHrt & Swain).
Head 3? ; depth 5i. 1). XIA -13 ; A. II, 10 ; scales 10-82-18. Ilody .lou-
gate, the Hidt'H and caiuhil pedunclo compresHed ; back elevated, tlio pro-
file foiHiiiif; a slight angle at occiput; head very long and slender, with
a long acuminate sn'^nt, as in IladropteruH phoxociphaluti, which tliis spe-
cies somewhat resemhles in a|)peatance. Cleft of mouth long and nui row,
the lower jaw included in closed mouth; maxillary reaching virtiwil
from front of orbit, its length equaling that of snout, 3J times in licnd;
upper, jaw not protractile. Bands of teeth ver,y wide, the outer i>roinaxfl-
lary series enlarged. Vomerine patch well developed. Eye niodt rate, 1:
in snout, 4 J in head to end of opercular spine, 2^ times the furrowed inter-
orbital width. Preopercular margin 8trictl,y entire. Gill nieiidiraiies
widely united across isthmus. Spinous dorsal long and low, spines fVoin
the third to the tenth snbequal in length, those anteriorly and posteriorly
gradually shortened ; longest spinel length of head; spinous and soft
dorsals well separated ; base of soft dorsal equaling \ the distanee from
its origin to front of spinous dorsal ; anal shorter than soft dorsal, Init
higher and inserted more anteriorly ; anal spines strong, the first sliy;litl.v
the longer, about equaling length of snout; highest anal ray nearly half
length of head; caudal emarginate, the lobes rounded, 11 in head; jiec-
torals e([ual to length of head behind front of eye; veutrals 1'^ in heiul.
Body covered with very small scales, uniform insi/e, and completely invest-
ing the ventral region, which is without series of enlarged scutes; cheeks,
breast, and nuchal region covered with still finer scales haviii<; entire
edges, and the opercle with larger spinous scales; interopercle and part
of snbopercle naked; an enlarged black humeral scale. Colors in life;
Yellowish olive, with about 10 broad dusky bars across the bacli, and an
equal number of dusky blotches along lateral line ; a conspicuous lilack
humeral spot ; a broad black line forward from eye to snout, and a nar-
rower line backward from eye to iii)per preopercular margin ; opercle and
occiput largely dusky ; a diffuse dusky blotch at base of tail, with a small
round, jet-black spot behind it ; spinous dorsal translucent, witli a broad
subterminal brownish-orange band; soft dorsal and caudal barred with
dusky and orange-yellow; pectorals slightly reddish; ventrals translucent.
Length 5 inches. Upper Tennessee River Basin ; known from the Watauga
and French Broad rivers ; rare ; ji large and interesting species, icniarka-
ble for its long and slender head ; perhaps the typo of a distinct j^enus.
{squamatun, scaly, the scales being small and close-set.)
Hllieostoina (Ifailroyilirns) siiiiai}itiliis, Oii.heiit & Swain, I'roc. I'. S. Nut. MiiR., 1887, ■''<, French
Broad River, at moutli of Woif Creek, Tennessee. (Type, No. 3G052. i 'H. (:ill"il
it Swain);. loRUAN, Hull. U. S. FIbIi Conim., viii, 1888 (\S<)0), 147, 153.
J-Hhenstotna sutiamatum, Boulonger, Cat., i, 84.
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Subgenus HYPOHOMUS, Cope.
1480. HYPOHOnUS AI'KAMTIACIIS (Ooiio).
Head 4i; depth 6; eye 4 in head; snout 3f, D. XV-15; A. 11, 11
scrfles about 14-100-15, 85 pores. Body elongate, somewhat compressed :
mm
a distiuct genus.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1041
lifiitl moderate, snout deourved; mouth nearly horizontal, lower jaw
slight iy included ; preniaxillaries not protractile ; maxillary reaching past
front of orbit; gill membranes slightly connected; width of interorbital
spaci- about 5 in head. Cheeks, opercles, and nape covered with fine
scaleH; breast naked ; scales very small, firm, and even, strongly ctenoid ;
luteiiil line nearly straight, complete. Dorsal fins long, well separated,
low, longest spines less than half length of head; anal higher; pectorals
long. \\ i» head ; caudal truncate. Color in life olive, tinged with orange ;
a black lateral band of confluent black blotches ; chin and throat deep
orangt^ ; deep orange on front of spinous dorsal, shading to yellow behind ;
oraugc on front of pectoral ; a round yellow spot above each interspace
in lateral band ; a row of small brown spots on each side of back nearer
baHc of dorsal fin than to lateral line, these ceasing under soft dorsal ; top
of head dark. Length 4 to 6 inches. Upper Tennessee Basin, rather rare,
in swift waters; a beautiful species; known from the North Fork of
Holston, Clinch, Watauga, and French Broad rivers, {aurantiacus, orange
colored.)
Cotloiinxlrr aiirantiacuii, Coi-f,, .lourn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 211, North Fork of Holstun
River, Saltville, Virginia, (Coll. Cope).
DheMlinitii aumnliaam, Vaim.ant, Rcchen^lies, 67, 1873; Johdah, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vill,
18^H (1800), 147; Boiii.enqeh, Cat., i, 67.
llaihiiiliiuH aurtmliaciis, JOBUAN & GiLBEliT, SynopHig, 506, 1883; liKAN, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mu8.,
1885, 165.
1481. HTPOHOMUS fTMATOTJCNIA (Gilbert & Meek).
Head 4 to 4i; depth 5 ; eye large, 4 in head, about equaling snout;
D. XII to XIV-12 to 14 ; A. II, 10. Scales 7-64 to 70-12, pores 60 to 63.
Body robust, comparatively little compressed, the ventral region very
prominent, rounded, the dorsal region scarcely elevated ; dotsaland ven-
tral outlines converging rapidly toward caudal peduncle, which is very
narrow and expands abruptly behind to form a broad basis for the caudal
fin. Head short, tapering rapidly forward, the snout not blunt, short and
slender. Mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw included ; maxillary nearly
reaching vertical from front of orbit, about 4^ in head. Teeth in very
narrow cardiform bands, the outer scries in both jaws rather conspicuously
enlarged. Cheeks, opercles, nape, and breast covered with large scales,
those on cheeks smaller than the others. Preopercular margin entire.
Gill membranes narrowly joined across isthmus, the union being in most
cases hardly perceptil o, but in one specimen examined quite broad.
Spinous dorsal rather short and high, the first spine but little shorter than
the second ; anterior spin s highest, the outline of the fin thence declined ;
highest jspiue equaling half the length of the head ; soft dorsal small,
quadrate, as long as high, its base but little more than half that of spinous
dorsal, its longest ray If in head ; first anal spine very strong and robust,
much stronger than any of dorsal spines, or than the second anal spine,
its length equaling distance from snout to center of pupil, equaling or
slightly exceeding that of second anal spine ; anal larger than second
dorsal, its base slightly longer, and the rays higher, the longest ray l^to
F. N. A 67
ii
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1042
JBulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
H ill head ; caudal slightly emarginate ; pectorals short, not reaching' 1 1 pH
of ventrals, the two about equal in length, equaling head behind Illl^<t^ilH.
Body covered with large, rough scales, everywhere spinous, but wiilia
tendency to smoothness on the breast ; ventral region coniplett-ly and
uniformly scaled, without median series of enlarged plates, two or tliree
of which only are visible between the ventrals. Colors in life: Aliovc
and on sides greenish, made very dark by fine, close-set, piiuctiiliitioiiH;
two pairs of light streaks along sides, narrower than interspaces, 1h com-
ing yellowish in spirits; the upper pair from the nape running aloii;^ cadi
side of dorsal, inclo<^ing between them a dusky streak occupying mciliau
line of back ; the lower pair from above opercles running in a wavy course
above lateral line to upper caudal lobe; below this and bounded liy it,
occupying the middle of the sides, is a broad dusky mouilifonn liaiul;
lower part of sides and ventral region light olive, dusted sparsely witli
rather coarse black specks ; a small jet-black spot at base of caudal ; a
broad black bar (sometimes obscure) on head from snout thiougli eye
across upper part of cheeks to opercular spine ; .sometimes a ts(>ricis uf
small black cross blotches on median dorsal line ; fins translucent, barred
with dark lines. Length 4 or 5 inches. Western Kentucky and soutiicrn
Missouri, in clear, cold streams; not very common; one of the most
beautiful species. (Ki'fia, wave ; Tmria, ribbon or stripe. )
Etheostoma (lIadropler>'s) cijmatoUniia, Gii.BKitT & Mekk, I'roc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1«8V, .'il, Niangua
River and Osage Fork of the Gasconade, near Marshfield, Missouri; Sac River,
near Greenfield, Missouri; (Typo, Nos. 30215, 3G308, 38200. Coll. Gilbort A JUok)!
WooLMAN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., x, 1890 (1892), 200.
Etheoitoma cymatotenia, Bovlenqeii, Cut., i, G7.
14»2. HYPOHOMUS NIANGU£ (Gilbert & Meek).
Head 3it ; depth H to 6. D. XI or XII-13 or 14 ; A. II, 11 or 12 : scales
11-74-16. Body elongate, terete, the sides somewhat compressed, hccom-
ing more so posteriorly ; back elevated, the profile descending gently in an
unbroken line from front of dorsal to tip of snout. Head very long and
slender, much as in H. macrocephnlus and H, phoxocephalns', the snout com-
paratively deep and narrow, abruptly rounded vertically at tip. Mouth
large, the cleft wide and slightly oblique, the maxillary reachiiif^ beyond
front of orbit, its length equaling distance from snout to front of jiupii.
3i in head (the latter measured in this description to end of opercular
spine). Outer series of premaxillary teeth somewhat enlarged, the
bands all broad. Eye slightly less than snout, 5i in head to end of oper-
cular spine; interorbital space convex transversely, its width about ?
diameter of eye. Cheeks perfectly smooth, with a few scattered, embed-
ded cycloid scales; opercles and breast strictly naked ; nape and ventral
region closely scaled. Preopercular margin entire. Gill mcnibranes
scarcely joined across the isthmus. Spinous dorsal short and high, the
first spine much shorter than the second, the seventh and eight h about
equal, the longest 2i in head; soft dorsal high, its base IJ in that of
spinous dorsal, the longest ray 1} in head ; anal similar to second dorsal,
but smaller; first anal spine short, the second but little longer, its length
1 5'
Htn.
t reaching; tips
ehiutl iioMiiils.
>UB,1)nt with 11
omplehilv and
)H, two or throe
in life : Ahovt;
puucttiliitioiiH;
•spaces, Imcoiu-
ling aloii;; each
iipying lucdiau
1 a wavy course
bouuded liy it,
uiliforiii liaiid;
I sparsely with
je of eaiidai : a
ut tliroiigli eye
ines a series of
isluceiit, l)arred
cy and .southern
le of the most
., 188", .'il, Niangua
ssouri; Sac River,
11. Gilbert ,V JUekj;
11 or 12 ; scales
pressed, liecoiu-
iig gently in an
very long and
the snout com-
at tip. Mouth
eacliing beyond
front of pupil.
nd of opercular
enlarged, the
to end of oper-
width al'out ':
attered, .Mubed-
ape and veutral
ill uifiidtranes
t and high, the
d eigliTh about
secoi.d dorsal.
uger. its length
Jordan and Er^ermann. — Fishes of JVorth America, 1043
i'i|nalini; thatof snout; caudal wide, truncate behind, Hli);htlyeniarginate
when fin is not spread ; pectorals e<iualing distance from front of orbit
to tip of opercular spine, the tips of pectorals and ventrals reaching
about the same vertical ; ventrals \\ or \\ in head. Scales on body of
uMidcrate size, becoming larger and less closely imbricated posteriorly,
thusi' on nape and along base of dorsal anteriorly little imbricated,
runnilish, without spinous points, partially embedded in the skin ; ventral
region uniformly scaled, without naked strip or series of caducous plates ;
no enlarged scale between bases of ventral fins; head and breast naked,
except ing a few embedded scales below and behind eye. Color olivaceous,
the i>ack with 8 to 10 dusky cross bars wider than the interspaces ; these
dorsal bars usually continuous with an equal number on middle of sides,
the latter terminating below lateral line in V-shaped prolongations, much
like those in Dipleaion hlennioideH. In one specimen examined (adult male)
the first 2 bars are partially confluent on sides, the anterior one including
the axil and ending in a black spot below pectorals, the second encircling
body l)ehiud ventral flns ; bars behind front of anal in this specimen also
completely encircling body ; back and sides marked with many small,
liright. carmine-rod spots, irregularly disposed in the light interspaces;
in the male specimen examined by us they are much more numerous,
those on hinder part of body confluent, forming narrow bars, 1 down
the middle of each light space ; a dark streak forward and 1 backward
from eye, none downward ; opercle and vop of head dusky ; spinous dor-
sal dusky, the base marked with flue red spots, the fln broadly margined
with a bright carmine band ; soft dorsal barred with alternating series of
dark and of reddish spots ; caudal with wide bars of dark and red ; a pair
uf small jet-black spots on caudal peduncle at base of median caudal
rays; anal dusky at base; pectorals and ventrals light orange, indis-
tinctly barred with dusky. Length 4 inches. Niangua River, in the
Ozark region of southern Missouri ; scarce ; not seen elsewhere.
I'ularlv beautiful fish.
A sin-
miimUniia (lladroplems) niangvie, GILBERT & Mkek, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mii8., 1887, 52, Niangua
River, near Marshfield, Missouri (Type, No. 36214. Coll. Gilbert & Moek); Meek,
Hull. U. S. Fieh Comm., ix, 1889 (1801), 125.
Ethfoihmii iiiangux, Boolenoek, Cat., i, C8.
1488. HYPOHOMUS SPILOTl'S (6ill>ort).
Head 'Sk to 3|; depth 5J to 6jt; eye 5 in head in specimens 2 to 3 inches
long. D. X or XI-12 or 13 ; A. II, 10 or 11. Scales 8-58 to 60, the pores
iili.sent on the posterior 5 to 13 scales, and occasionally on single scales
more anteriorly. Color in life olive green above, light below ; back with
8 dark cross bars formed of dusky mottlings ; continuous with these, or
in other cases alternating with them, are 8 V-shaped markings on middle of
sides; sides and above spotted, with reddish orange occupying the light
interspaces ; a narrow black bar from above opercular angle, through eye,
encircling the snout; pectorals and ventrals translucent, tinged with
light orange ; dorsal translucent, the rays speckled ; spinous dorsal with
^ narrow red margin, terminating posteriorly in a bright orange-red
V m
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1044
Bulletin 47, United States National Afnseum.
Hpot, in advance of which iH a larjru black blotch; u black humoral spot ■
2 Jet-black HpotH at baHe of caudal, more or less continent into 1. m all
other respeotH this a^rrecH with the deNcription of typical nnniima:
Length 2J inches. Kentucky River; apparently rare. Close to llndrt,))-
UruH iiianf/uo; but the scales much larger and the lateral line iucoiiipltti'.
{(TJTiXoTog, spotted.)
KlheortmiKi iiiaiigwr niiihliim, fliLiiKKT, I'roc. V. 8. Nat. Mux., 1H87, 53, Sturgeon Creek, a trib-
utary of the Kentucky River, near Travellers Rest, Owsley County, Kentucky.
(Ty|w!, No. 38:119. Coll. GilbtTt); Woolman, Dull. U. 8. Fish Coiiim., x, 18i)(MlWJ), 28(i,
pi. 61, flg. 3.
468. COTTOGASTER, Putnam.
CoUogaiter, Putnam, Bull. Muh. Cuinp. Zoiil., 5, 1863, (teimellatuiii, Thomi'hii.n, not ul |if. Kav
- ropeliinili).
Imimloma, Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sri. Phila., 1877, 49, (»humanU).
Ulieoiryptii, Jordan, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 9, 1877, {copelandi).
Body rather robust, little compressed. Head moderate, bluntish,
Mouth moderate or small, the lower Jaw included ; premaxillurics pro-
tractile or occasionally (in shumardi) Joined by a narrow freniiin to tli<!
frontal region; maxillary not adherent to the preorbital. 'Icctli on
vomer. Gill membranes nearly separate. Scales ctenoid ; tlu^ middlu
line of the belly anteriorly naked or with caducous scales ; lateral line
continuous. Dorsal fins large, the second usually smaller than liio lirst
and smaller than the anal. Anal spines two, the first the longer. I'y loric
co'caS; vertebrio 18 + 20 = 38 (copelandi). Skull short, the frontal region
not very narrow ; panetals little convex transversely; sutures (lixtiiict.
No supraoccipital crest. Coloration not brilliant. Size muderate.
(««rroc, sculpin; yaaTt/p, belly.)
COTTOOASTER :
a. Median line of belly with a seriea of more or less enlarged eaducouB B]iiMuiis Hi-nlps; dioiks
and breaxt moHtly naked.
6. Dorsal rays X or XI-13; back with four broad blaek cro«H bands. iuamuf.a, 14:14.
hh. Dorsal rays XI-10 or 11; back tessellated; sides pule, with a series of l-liiok lilutcin -:
a small ink-like speck at base of caudal. (■DrKi.A.Nui, H3'i.
Imostoma (etmi, to move; o-rofxa, mouth) :
an. Median lino of belly naked anteriorly, with ordinary scales posteriori.v; cliocks mo^ly
scaly; premaxillarioB sometimes with afrenum.
c. Dorsal rays X or XI-13 to 15; scales about oG; sides with diffuse dusky MohIh's.
sinMAUni, U.'iii.
Subgenus COTTOGASTER.
1434. COTTOOASTER L'RAMDEA (Jordan & Gilbert).
Head 3^ to 3J ; depth o'i ; eye 3^ in head ; snout 3f . D. X or \1-1.) : A.
II, 10 or 11 ; scales 6-48 to 56-x. Form moderately elongate, terete, very
little compressed ; upper profile gently arched, the lower almost straight ;
caudal peduncle short and very slender ; upper profile of head descend-
ing in a long gentle curve to the sharp snout. Premaxillaries always pro-
tractile, the fold very narrow. Eye equaling length of snout, .'>! in Iiea<l'
nearly twice interorbital width in a specimen 2 inches long. Opercular
spine well developed ; preopercnlar margin entire. Parietal region rather
I -i
■ \
r
1
iiiN, not 111 |ir, Kav
inuns t-calos; (■lieik>
■iorlv; cluM'ks mostly
Jordati and Kvertnann. — Fishes of North America. 1045
hioail, deprossed, the bones ru^j^oae. (iill membranes very slightly joined
itt l>a»*o Cheeks mostly naked ; opercles closely scaled. Itreast naked,
or with n few scattered scales. Paired tins rather small, the vertical tins
loii^' l)ut rather high ; meml)rane of tirst dorsal not joining base of second;
|(iii<;t'Ht dorsal spine abont cqualin<r distance from tip of snout to middle
lit' (libit ; soft rays half as long as head ; caudal tin deeply emarginato •
anal spines very short, about uqual in size, as long as diameter of orbit;
soft liiys of anal high, the tin rather longer than second dorsal ; pectorals
»n(l vontrals short, reaching about the same vertical, not nearly to vent;
len^'tli of pectorals nearly equal to head. Scales of moderate size; nape
cuinplotoly invested ; a wide nakedstriponeachsideofmedianlineof belly,
tlin latter containing a single series of thin, elongate plates, weakly
spinous on posterior margins, these probably caducous ; lateral line com-
pleto, parallel with outline of back. Color greenish olive, rendered dusky
on upper parts by black specks Avhich become large and very conspicuous
on top of head, opercles, and sides of snout ; four conspicuous dark cross
bars, narrower than interspaces, downward and forward from back to
lateral line ; the first from anterior dorsal spines, the second from space
lietwfcu dorsals, the third from posterior half of soft dorsal, and the
fourth from caudal peduncle; a series of about 11 dusky blotches on
sides immediately below lateral line ; a 1)lack bar before, one below and
one behind eye, the one below eye very distinct ; dorsals, pectorals, and
caudal barred with light and dark ; ventrals and anal plain. In life the
colors similar, there being no distinct blue, red, or green. Lower
Wabash basin (Evermann) to southern Missouri, south through Arkansas
and Alabama to the Escambia ; mostly in sandy lowland streams. A
strikingly colored species.* {Uranidea, the miller's thumb, or blob, now
called Cottus ; ovfmvo^, sky ; dihuj, looking.)
KtheoMlnma (CoUoyasler) miiiiMfa, Jordan & Oii.bebt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu«., 1887, 48, Washita
River, Arkadelphia, Arkansas; (Type, No. 30413. Coll. .Tonluii Ac Gilbert); Jordan,
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., viii, 1888 (1890), 104.
,y
1486. COTTOOASTER COPKLANDI (Jordan).
Head 3| to 4 J ; depth 5^ to 6i ; eye large, 3J to 3f in head. D. X to XII-10
to 12 ; A. II, 8 or 9 ; scales 6-44 to 56-8. Body rather slender and elongate.
Head rather large and long, somewhat narrowed, resembling that of
liolcDnoma. Mouth small, horizontal, subinferior. Cheeks naked ; oper-
cles and neck each with a few scales ; throat naked ; ventral plates well
developed ; scales moderate, strongly ctenoid. Pectoral as long as head.
Color brownish olive ; a series of rather small, horizontally-oblong, black
blotches along the lateral line, forming an interrupted lateral band ; back
tessellated; blackish streaks forward and downward from eye; ventral
tins dusky in the male ; vertical fins with dusky specks ; a small ink-like
speck at l)a8e of caudal persistent in most specimens ; a black spot on
anterior rays of spinous dorsal. Length 2^ to 3 inches. Great Lake
region, from Lake Cbamplain to Lake Huron and south to the Black
* Improperly placed in the synonymy of Coltogaster r'^"'v",rdi by Dr. Boulenger.
f!
1
I
.r "
;!:m '
' -y. I
1046 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Warrior, westward to Missouri and through the Ozark region, wlicrii it ig
abundant, as also throughout Central Indiana, in clear brooks. A iiluinh
colored and very variable species, the eastern form, subspecies puinmni,
usually with larger scales,* (44 to 48), the typical copvlandi having iiNiiallv
53 to 56. C.putnami inhabits the Great Lake region from Lake IIukui to
Lake Chaniplain. (Named for its discoverer, Herbert Edson CopclaiKl,
an enthusiastic student of these fishes; a most active and .woll-c(|iii)i|M'i|
naturalist, whose early death at Indianapolis in 1876, deprived Anici icuii
ichthyology of one of its ablest workers.)
Boleomnia lennellatiim, TnoMVSos, ApimtuMx Hist. Vormnnt, 5, 1853, Lake Champlain; nut nf
DcKay.
Bheocrppta cDpelaniU, Johdan, Bull, x, U. S. Nat. Mm., 0, 1877, White River, near Indian-
apolis, Indiana; (Typo, No. 20143. Coll. Jordan); 8ealc8 GO.
Cottoyailer imtnnmi, Jordan fc Gilbert, SynopslH, 408, 1883, Westport Brook, Essex County,
New York; Lake Champlain ; (nainu -x substitute fur liuleononui U'lutUutiim, 'riii>Mi's>iv);
spocimuns with scales 44 to 48.
Boleotoma eopelandi, Dovlrnoeb, Cat., i, Ul.
Subgenus IMOSTOMA, Jordan.
148tt.M;OTTOGA8TEB SHUMABDI (Oirard).
Head 3j| to 4 ; depth 5 to .5^ ; eye large, 3i in head, as long as Hiiont.
D. IX to XI-13 to 15 ; A. II, 10 to 12 ; scales 6-48 to 60-11. Hodv Htont,
heavy forward, compressed behind. Head broad and thick. .Moutli
large and broad, the lower jaw wide, a little shorter than tlie iipjjer:
maxillary reaching to the eye. Premaxillaries usually protractile, but
a narrow freuum sometimes present. Cheeks, opercles, and neck UHually
scaly; the cheeks rarely naked; chest naked; belly naked antcrioily,
scaly for a distance in front of the vent ; scales rather large. Dorsal tins
large, the first larger than the second, which is smaller than the anal,
though longer ; the 2 dorsal fins well separated ; anal fin largo, very
deep, in some male specimens reaching to the caudal ; anal spines strong',
the first the larger ; pectoral nearly as long as head. Color dark, <leii8uly
but vaguely blotched with darker ; sides with 8 to 10 obscure blotches,
the anterior ones bar-like ; a large black spot on base of spinous dorsal
behind, and a small one in front; second dorsal, caudal, and pectorals
barred ; a very strong black suborbital bar, and a faint dark lino alonjr
muzzle. Length 3 inches. Michigan to Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and
southward to Kentucky and Arkansas; common in the lower Waliasli
♦Concerning tho relation of these formn, Mr. Woolman remarks: " Klheimlotiw rni,rhi,rU nii'l
f'. }iH/n(i»ii are clotiely allied, and may bo identiciil, the chief differences occiirriii« in lln' nurii-
tier of Hpi:ieH in the dorisul and anal flnsandin the size of the scales. K. coj)c/(iii(/(hiis(l.>i>al XI I";
anal 11-9; lateral linefiO. E. pntniimi has dorsal X-11; anal II-8; lateral line 44. In i:ifiptii-
meiH from this locality the dorsal is X-11, X-12, XI-11, XI-10, X-ll, XI-12, X-11, X 12, X-V2,
X-12, X-12, X-11, X-12: anal II-9, 11-8, II-9, II-9, II-8, II-8, II-8, Il-i), ll-i»; lal- 1 M \uw
61, 48, 61, 49, 52, 51, 50, 48, 51, 48, 50, 60, 54. In these specimens the lateral line ilo.s imt fro as
high as theaverage given for K. eopelandi, nor as low as in E. ptiliiami, while th(! iiunil'ir 'f }'»
rays seems to indicate nothing. I wos also unable to find any constant difference in tin' iclativi'
proportion of head and depth."
To this Dr. Gilbert ailds : " Specimens of thJB species recently collected liy Pr. .T. A. Iliiislmll
at Put-in-Bay (Lake Krie), Ohio, have scales varying from 47 to .'J2; others from New llaiiniiiy,
Indiana (collected by Prof. Evermann), vary from 40 to 51. In the Alaliania siHriim ijs tlii'
lateral lino averages 53. lam thus unable to longer distinguish ptUttami (charactcri/i <t I'.v u^
larger scales) from copcfandi."
It I Si
:s t' ■;
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1047
Kiver; very variable ; iiihahita rivers rather than brooks. (Nained for
itsdiscuverer, Dr. Georgo C. Shumard, siirgeoii of the U. S. Paoilic U. R.
Survey. )
//,„lii.j''>Mii«Aiiinarifi, QiRAiiii, I'r(M<, Ac. Nut. 8ci. Philii., lKri9, 100, Arkantaa River, near
Furl Smith, Arkanaaa.
fjhri'i' "itrri'jiili, McCoKMii'K, lliill. Olxirllii Oulloge Lab., Nu. 2, 30, 1H91, near Oberlin,
Lorain County, Ohio; Hpuclmon with a rruuiim to u|>|ier Jaw. (Coll. L. M. McOoriiiivk.)
yjli,,'!:! n,i:iiiiliiiiimrili, Vaii.lant, Kyclicrclii'H, 73, 1873.
l„i,iHl4,i,„i nhuiiiHrili, J(ii(ii.\N & OiLiiKUT, HynoiMiH, 408, 1H83.
jlolfOKiiii't ihiimartli, Oovlemorr, Cut., i, 02.
469. ULOCENTRA, Jordan.
rinreiilrn, .InnnAN, Man. Vort. K. l*. 8., Ed. 2, 22.1, 1878, (lUriimnu).
Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Head short, thick, with
tnniiil cheeks. Mouth small, horizontal, the lower jaw included. Pre-
nia.Killaries protractile, little movable, sometimes with a narrow, mesial
freuinu in some species ; maxillary movable, not joined to the preorbital
except at its root ; vomerine teeth present, small. Gill membranes nar-
rowly or broadly connected. Scales moderate ; the belly scaled like the
sides, with no ventral plates. Lateral line complete or incomplete.
First dorsal with about 12 spines; anal smaller than second dorsal, with
2 well-developed spines, the first the longer. Ventrals not widely sepa-
rated. Vertebrte (siinolera) 15 + 23 = 38. Skull not very narrow ante-
riorly ; parietal region rather depressed, not strongly convex trans versely^
Frontal region much broader than in Dijilenion. Supraoccipital crest
small. Small species, often highly colored, intermediate between Bole-
omna a,m\ Diplesion. (oWof, complete ; /ctirpoi', spine ; the chief character
separating the genus from Boleosoma.)
a, (iill ineiiibruncH narrowly connected; cheeks and oporcles usually Bcaly ; body slender; scales
large.
h. LiUcral line incomplete; coloration olivaceous, tessellated witii darker; scales about 40,
siium,1':a, 1437.
ill. Lateral line complete; scales about 66; pectorals as long as head. hilberti, 1438.
an. Oill membranes broadly united.
c. Lateral lino complete or nearly so.
rf. Opercles naked or nearly so.
e. Spinous dorsal longer than soft dorsal; pectorals as long as head; sides
witli green spots; scales about 47. verkcunpa, T439.
ee. Spinous dorsal not longer than soft; i)ectcral longer than head; sides
niucli variegated; scales about 52. iilSTitm, 1440.
(/({. Opercles scaled; pectoral longer than head; snout blunt; scales about 60;.
sides with dark green quadrate blotches. simiitkiia, 1441.
cc. Lateral line incomplete; cheeks and opercles naked; anal rays II, 6; red, with
dark markings. phlox, 1442.
14S7. IILOCKXTKA STIUM.EA (Jordan).
(Speck.)
Head 4^; depth 5. D. X to XIII-12; A. II, 7; scales 5-46 to 55-10,
pores 0.), more or less. Body slender, formed as in Boleosoma. Head nar-
row and thin, the snout somewhat pointed, obliquely truncate in profile.
Jf
r;
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il-i '
.1 : '
! |! j !
1048
bulletin 4J, Unitdt States National Mt'seum.
Mouth narrow, hori/.ontiil, Hiiliinferior, itn cloft tioarly rnarliini; t'\c
promaxillurieH littlo protractile, Noiii*«tinieH with a narrow I rnuin.
Lateral lino exteiHlin^ to opponite middle of Hecond dorHal; Hcaich rathtM
hirgo , .iporclcH, cheokH, and neck Hcaly; bruaHt naked. Gill nuMiilnuntH
nut. very broadly Joined; opercular spine Hharp. KiuH ratlu-r litt^f.
caudiil euiarginate. OlivaoeouH, teHHellated, and upeckled ahovi'; milfit
with about H W-Nhapod dark green blotohcH below the lateral iini' ami
variouH duller ones above; upper parts in the larger HpuciineuH NprinkiiMl
with Huiall orange HpotH, which are more vouHpicuouH after dt'iith, vnIdmi
the green hax faded; flno mottled; spinouH dorual with a band of onin);!'
red above, and 1 or 2 narrow dark oneH below it; a dark Htri))(' toiwanl
and another downward from eye. Length 2\ inches. TenncNstt^ and
Arkansas to Georgia and Louisiana ; rather con>mon in the puinls and
streams of the pine woods; a small variable species. (Tny^a/or, Hpuck-
led, from ariyui/, speck.)
Uoltomma iiliijmwum, Jordan, Anu. Lyr. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1870, nil, amatl tributaries of the
Etowah and Oostenauta rivers, near Rome, Georgia. (Ooll. .Ionian .^' i.ili.' it.i
PiiciUrlilliiiii xij-ttliliK* Hay, Troc, II, H. Nat. Mu«., 1880, 4!).'>, a rocky and sandy stream
flowing into the Chickasawha River at Enterprise, Mississippi. (T.v|i', N...
27433. Coll. O. 1*. Ilay.)
JCtheosloiiia Htiijmium, (JiLBKliT, Bull. U. S. Fl»h '' mni., ix, 188'J (1801), 160.
* Concerning tho form called cnratiliii, Dr. Gill>ort ling tliti following:
"Hfiid 3:J4 to 4; dopth C. D. XI to XIII-ll to 12; A. II, 0; hcuIoh W) to fir., r> Imiciln.litial
BorioH hi'twceii lutt'ral lino and hnttit of HpinouH doriial. NiiniiTouHgiHuinii'ns I'pmii viii s Im uli-
tiesonaMu urt to contributu tlio following polntH to our kiiowludKo of thlH Hpvdi'x: Wiih iuikIi
tho liiiliit of ^7. oliimliili, but the 8Dout Hlundur and hIuh'P, with ^''ntly drciirvt'il |jn>tili' ami iIk'
mouth torniinal, nearly horizontal; lower jaw iucluded; niuxillary extending nhii' l.v lii'\nii<l
vertical from front of eye. Preo|ion'lo entire; opercular Hpine developed. <iill nKihlnaijin
eridently but rather narrowly united across isthniiis. I'ecturals reaching ninnHliai In-viiiJ
ventmls, about as long aii head, not nearly reacliing vent; veiitraU not extemlinj; -' , (lii^liihii'
to front of anal, eipialing distance from snout to preoperule; dorsal llns well ><e|iar.tt>'il, tli>'
interval between them eipntlinK '-^ diameter of orbit; dornal spines very slender and ri,i;:lli', tin'
longest equaling longest soft ray and half length of tiead; anal Mpincs slemler, aljoiit I'liial in
length, the anterior the Btron);er, '.| length of head; soft anal rays equal half dl^liino' lioiii
snout to base of pectorals; caudal sfnillowy lunate. Scales strongly cteiiuiil, niiitdrinly < civiriii);
body except liroast, those on the nape snialler; opercles and upper portion of iln i ks cIuh'Ij-
scaled; head otherwise naked; no enlarged Idack humoral scale. Lateral line ri'ailiiuu'alMiiitto
end of soft dorsal, on 30 to 45 scales. Color in life: Oliv.iirous, with six dark < r">s luu!' uii
back and with dark tessellations, which follow the same pattern as in /•'. ulmntvU: tlnw uw niip. r
parts light brownish red, instead of dusky; the |y|-sliap<-(l marks along sides diisUv, m tmii);. in
tho brighter specimens only, as the starting points for light-blun baiiils wliicli nmri' i.r hss (diii-
pletely encircle belly and caudal peduncle; no other bright markings; u iiarniw il.irk i^lreuk
from eye to snout; an indistinct dark streak below and a black spot brhind (ye; .1 rsils ami
caudal inconspicuously barred; a pair of minute jet-black spots at tiase of nicdiaii i.i j'lal ravs,
more conspicuous in the young; opercle dusky. This siiocies has undonl)te(lly u vrv wiilcilis-
tribution. Originally described by Professor Hay frnm the Chickasawha Rivei-, it wa« iliiriiiL'
tlie summer of 1884 founil to l)e abundant in tributaiies of the Clinch River near riintun, 'IVn-
uesaee, in tho Black Warrior River at Morris, and at Tuscaloosa, .\lal)ania and in tin' Sallu"
and Washita rivers in Arkansas. Our specimens have been compared with the nrifriiiiil tjius,
witli wldch they agree in all respects. The fr. mini joining the premuxilhiry to tin' I'mliead is
very narrow and easily ruptun^d, the ujiper jaw then appearing protractile. OccaHioiiull.v the
fold is continuous, no freuum being present, the species varying in this respect lilic i'.
»iiH<)/eni)H."
In a later paper Dr. Gilbert adds: "This siiecies is widely distributed throiiKlioiit tlio ba.sias
of tho Cumberland, Tennessee, Escambia, Alabama, and I'oscagoula rivers, and will iloulitlcss
bo found in other Gulf rivers. It has also been taken in Arkansas. Comparison of la/ci/ii*
with tlie typo of stigmtKum, and with additional material from the Coosa River has sliown their
identity. Specimens are in tUo present collection from Cypress Creek and Big Naoco."
/on/an atui F.jrrmttun. — /''is/ifs of tVort/i Atntricu. l()49
yjlir. ■/■■iiiii •/iiij»>ni,t Hay, I'dm-. T. H. Nnt. Mim., Inm'), nM, Yellow River, near Chaffin,
Sitnta Roaa County, Florida (Cull. Miiiiii .V l)ii\lm>ii); iiiuil i'it.M< II, li.
Il„i iiliii Hligmiiii, JiiiiiiAN JIl liii.iir.iiT, ^<ylMl|lll|F•, fit,', lH^:t; IImi l»:\ciKii, <'uI., i, D'.i.
I ;." ii/ru i/ai'idiMII, Uull.KNiIKH, Cut., I, IH).
UM. ITLOfKNTRA (ai.HKKTI, Rvoriimtin fc Thohiirn, ii<-w Hpi-rle*.
Iloail U ; <l«i)tli«); «\v«' 'Hn hnnd, lon^ur tliiin Niidiit. D. IX-12: A. II.
!l; KdilcH r>-r)l li» fi7-x. Hotly Mlt-iitltM', I'liHifot iii, liltlt« t'iiiii|ii<'sscil : flit'
ii|i|ii'i' prulilo ili'HC(;n<Iin(; in ii ^(Mitltt, n^^iilur ciirvt) from litint of (lt>rNul
to tip of Hiiout, whicli JH liulow tliu axJH of tlio hotly, Mt>iitli Niiiitli, lit>ri-
zdiilal, tli« lower jaw iiiclutltMl ; maxillary it'iifliinj; vt'itiful fitmi front
ut° (libit, itH len;;tli t'i|nal tt> (iiam«>t«*r t)f oyo ; iiri-maxiliaricH |trotrat>til<>.
Iiitrrorbital Hpacc ij tliamt'tur t»f eyo. (Jill mumbraiitt narrowly ,jt(iii»>tl,
frtc I'rtim iHtbmuH. Latttral lint; cttntiniittiiH, nearly HtraiKlit, t't)iitinu«il
forwiirtl tt) eye. Opcrclo antl upptfr part of elieekn with Mtiilt-H nimilar tt»
tlid.stMtn body; brcaHt naked; nimiIch on mttdian line at' belly similar to
the otlit'i'S. Fin« inttderate, the pt'ctt)ral reaching tt) tip t)f vi<ntral antl ■;
(llHliince to anal, etpuil to length of head ; anal rather Nmnll. rt)lt>r in
iili'oliol: Yellowish with tlark teHHellations above; ^S tt» lOtibloiig lilttti'lieH
ai< iji the HitlcH, with Hmaller blt)tt;heH between antl partly ctmllnent with
tlii'iii ; the coloration innch as in CiiltoijuMlrr cojiiloiidi \ n]))ier fniN barred.
Tiir.'e H))ecinienB from Clintdi River, at Walker's Fortl, near 'I'a/.ewell,
I'liiiesHeo, the longest '2 inches in length. (Type, No. \7'>',M. ('till. Kver-
miiiin, Scovell, and Gurley.) (Named for Dr. Charles Henry (jiilbert.)
1480. riiOC'KNTRA VKKK('l!M)A (Jonlan & Kveniinnn).
noad4.J; depth 4A; eye large, longer than sntmt, IH i" hcMid. D. XI.
11 ; A. II, 7; scales ()-47-!(. Ft)rni of heatl and bt)tly much as in I'livilieli-
thjia :o)it(lis, the hotly snbfusiform, little compressed, tlu> back Mt)niewhat
elevated. Heatl small; snout short, very convex in prolile. Month
small, inferior, horizt)iital ; premaxillaries protractile, bnt with truces of
an obsolete mesial frenuni ; maxillary extending to just bt>yontl frt)nt ot
eye, I^J in bead. (Jill membranes broadly united; ])reoperclo entire;
clu't)k8, opercles, and nape scaly; breast naked; lateral line complete.
Fins all very low; tlorsal fins scarcely Joinctl ; caudal slightly lunate;
pectorals as long as heatl, reaching tips of ventrals, not to vent. Color
* I'liirintraihivuioiii (Hay).
Iliad 4J; depth li'-o; oyoll; snout T,, iiioye. I). IX-10, well si'imnit'd; A. 11,0; son 1p.-<.")-,'i( 1-7,
piircs devido|M'd on nliout 'M). Intoroi'liitiil spacu imrrnw. Mmitli lar^rc, liorl/.niitiil, toriiilnal,
the maxillary cxtRiiding tu a porpcndiciilitr IVum pupil; cU^t't of nioiith '.^ head; JawH about
<'i|iial; pri'niaxillai'iuH l'ru<>ly protractile, tlhcukn and oporclcH dciiKidy ticali'd; hri'ii>(t iiaUiil;
oiicrciilar Hpiiie well duvoloppd; ^ill lucmlpraiieK narrowly connec^ted; voiin'riim teeth apparently
ppsMnt, Bttso of spinous dorsal 4Jj in length of body, its ludj^lit 7; baw of soft dorsal Hhorlcr,
7 ill length of body, its hoif!lit about thoBiinie. Anal spines well developed, tlu^ first the stronger.
Til" pectorals roach to vertieal of eighth dorsal spiue, tlio ventrals falling short of tips of pec-
tiirulB. (!audal peduncle compressed, tapering gradiiiilly to i-uudal flu. (ieneral eolor oliva-
leniis; many srales, eaeli with a dark blotch, these uniting to funn /iirzag and VV-'''>"I"'*1
niiirkings, especially above the lateral lino; sides with about 10 larger and nearly sijuare spots,
tile largest on caudal pedunelo; belly and chest under a lens are seen to be thiekly s|iriiikl(-d
with black dots; a black streak downward from eye and another forward to snout; tins dusky;
li'itlidorsals with rows of dvisky spots between the rays; eiiudul barreil. One specimen known,
Villnw Kiver, near Chaffln, Suuta Eosa Oounty, Florida. This is probably identical with
i'l""iilra ttigtiiiea.
■ 1
M
H
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■1 > .i
I'M
i i
1 11
1050
liulUtin 4y, UHtttU States National Museum,
in HpiritN: OrtMtiiiHli yi^llow, much niottlod with darkur K^ntMi ; il <>i 7
(liHtiiH't <|iiiulriit«« Ki'ooii HpotH »loii){ Intui'Hl lino; trncoH of !< iluik Kpnti
III n vt^rticul i'«>\v at bano of oiiidal ; h dark bur bolow and boforr • yt-;
top of brad tiai'k ; viuitiulH and anal plain; otlior Unit liarrml wiiliihiik
oiivo; HpinoiiH doFHal with oruiiK«« in front and orun^u HpotH on its \:\h\
raya, tip of luMt HpinoH dark. Liuigth 2UncliuH. TribiitariuH of IIdInIhii
River, Virjjinia; rare. (rer«'c«Mr/M«, inodeHt.)
tVinmlimxi virfruwtHw, JoauAN A KvKHMANN, Priir. V. 8. Nat. Mild., IHHH, :»(«», Middle Fork of
the HoUton River, about s miles louth of QIade Spring, Virginia. (Tyii, N<,.
»Of<'i'J. C'dII. .lorilHii, Evuriiiiinii, nmi JonkiiiN.)
VUiffulia twrcMMiM, DodLKNucii, Cat., i, 08.
1440. lILOrKNTBA IIISTKIO (.lonlnn ft Qllliort).
Head t to li; depth 5 to ^ ; eye H In head; Hcales 5t-.W to r»l-\'. I),
X-i:<; A. 11,7. In form much resembling VadlichthijH coikiHh, Inn ihr
body Hlenderer and lesH coinproHHed, and the anterior profile of hoiul iiiori>
doclivitoiiH, the mouth being on a level with lower portion of baHo of imm-
toralM. Mouth Hiiiall, horizontal, Hubinferior, the lower Jaw iurhnlcd;
maxillary reaching vertical from front of pupil. Si in head. Eye nitln'i
large, high up on Hides of lioad, itH diameter much greater than Ini^Mli nl'
Hnout. Interorbital width half vertical diameter of orbit; parietal u-;;iiiii
narrow, smooth, rather strongly arched. Opercular spine little dev«'li>|ii>il.
(till membranes broadly joined across the isthmus. PremaxillaricM tich-
nically protractile, the upper lip everywhere separated by a fold I'mm
the skin of thp forehead; they are, however, very little movable. \t rti-
cal tins small, the paired fins greatly developed; spinous and soft doisalM
separate, nearly equal in heiglit and extent; the longest dorsal s|iiiii)
half length of head, the spines all slender and weak ; first anal s|iiii)>
longer and stronger than the second, slightly longer than snout; camliil
fin emarginate, less than length of head; pectorals much longer than
head, reaching beyond tips of ventrals to vent, their length nt-aiiy I
that of body ; ventrals about as long as head. Scales ctenoid ; lateral
line complete, not decurved; head naked, or with a few scales on oi)or-
cles; na]ie completely scaled; breast and a long strip behind viiitial
fins naked, only the posterior half of ventral region scaled ovn; no
enlarged humeral scale. Color: Body very dark green; back \vitli 7
light cross bars, usually very distinct ; ventral region light, the lower
half of sides marked with light and dark greenish, these niaikiiifjs
showing a tendency to form bars, usually alternating with tlio.^e un
back; top of head dark, the sides light greenish ; a broad dark liar t'nuii
eye to tip of snout, 1 below eye, and a broad dusky area covering; parts
of opercle, proopercle, and cheek; a dark bar in front of pectoral tin
and several transverse series of dark spots on under side of head ; tins
all conspicuously marked with broad bars of light and dusky groenisli;
a black humeral spot; females show traces of this jilan of coloration.
but are more uniformly dusky greenish, the lighter marking mucli Ims
cousplcuouB. Length 2 inches ; a small, odd looking little fish. Southern
Jordan and F.vfrmann. — Fiihfs of North America. 1051
Iiii1iiinunn«l HoiitiiwfNtwnnl to ArkuiisnH;* known from tlio lowor WnltnHh
mill trihiitai'ii'N (Kvurinaiin), (jroiui UivtM', Kuiitiioky, an*l HIack, I'oloaii,
itiiil WuHliita I'ivMrH, ArkaiiuaH; locally common, (/lit/n'o, u harle(|iiin.)
yi\( Umm (VXixtntta) hMrio, .liiRiiAN k OiLHiiiT, Pror. V. H. Nttt. Mtw., IB«7, 47, Poteau Klvor,
near Hackett City, Arkaniaa; Saline River at Benton, and Waahita River at
Arkadelphia, Arkaniaa. (Tv|h', Noh. :i<)3lir>, :iiU(Hi, :tt'>-l4K, Coll, Junlaa & Ullliort.)
/v;,. ./..iiM /ii»/ri-., .foiiMAN, null. II. H. KUh Culiim., viil, 1HB8, 104.
li'iiittmhuliio, lluUI.KNilKII, Cat., I, 1)8.
1441. I'LOCKNTKA NIXOTKKA ('i^>|)o).
Ilnul 1 to 4h (lopth t to 5; eye'M in lieiul; I). X to XII-IO or 11; A.
II. ~; NcaleH O-tH to r>12-ll. Dody Nhort anil rather <lu«|». Huad Hmall ;
till' NiiDiit very olttuHo with Htron^ly curved jirotlli*, aliiumt uh hiiiiit uh
in liipIiMhii hknnmiUx. CheokH, open'Um, and hreaHt naked or partly
Hciii.v . Dorsal tlim well sejiaratod ; pectoral a little lon^^er than head;
liitt'iiil line complete. In lifV pale ^reen, the dark markingB ^reen ;
vanoiiH HcaleH on back bronze -red iu center, the neighboring HcaleH light
yellow, the bronze niarkingM forming very irregular Htreakn; belly pale
yellow, more or Ichh iluHhed with bright orange ; HpinouH dorsal pale at
liitM', then a black Htreak, then pale, each membrane with an orange H])ot
tiiiDiighout the pale streak, the first two Hpots of a brilliant Hcarlet;
imI^'c of the fin snuffy brown; soft dorsal with the rays pale yellowish,
till' iiicmbranos spotted with bronze brown, a black spot at base of each
ray: ciiiidal yellowish, with three wavy black bars; anal and ventrals
piilc yellowish; pectorals yellowish, faintly barred; head with various
ijn'fii markings; a dark stripe downward and one forward from the eye.
LeiiL^th 3 inches. An elegant and peculiar species, carrying to an extreme
tiio <,'()bioid a]>pearance of these fishes. Western Virginia, eastern Ken-
tucky and Tennessee, in the basins of the (ireen, Camberland, and Ten-
neste rivers, southward through Alabama to the Escambia Uiver; very
ubiinilant in clear rocky or sandy streams; one of the hamlsomest of the
Nniiill darters. {aifiorPpa, comparative of oiiiug, snub-nosed.)
lhjii»ioiMt nimoterum, Coi-k, Jourii. Ac. Nut. Sci. riiila., 18C8, 215, HoUton River and ita
tributariea; Vaii.i.ant, Reclioi-chos, 1(K), 1873, with (ilatcs.
Vlirnilni Himotern, .ToiiDAN it Oll.iiKliT, Syiui|i8i8, 49.'), 1K83; BoiLF.NOER, Cut., I, !)7.
Ailiii't atriiHHtiiK,\ .TdiiDAN, Bull. X, I'. .•<. Nat. Mus., 10, 1877, tributary of the Cumberland
River, near Nashville, Tennessee. (Typo, No. 204;«. Co'l. A. Wincliell.)
♦Tlic following (loRpriptiori is takon from tho BpocinionH from Black Bivcr, Black Rnck,
Ark;iiiNis, lielon^in^ to Vliui'itlrn hiilrio, ((!oll. S. K. Meek):
II- :i'l I'j^; depth .V4; eye 4; miont 31^; 1>. IX-9; A. 11, 7; scaleH fi-,';0-7, liiteral Hue conipl.-te;
I liiiK^ 1111(1 opercles nearly naked, a few scales on their upper parts; nape Hcalcd; lireast and
uiitciiMi|ii)rtion of holly iiakeil. Body rather rohnst, Hiniilarin form to I'luHiihthHiir.iiniiHs. Head
lipiivv; snout short, sharply docnrved; mouth Htnall, horizontal, the lower Jaw fncluiicd; upper
Jaw with a Hiiiiit freiium, preninxillaries slightly protractile; \i\\\ nienihraues broadly united;
tt^i'tli ill jaws well dovelopod. Fius rather high; iiectorals large, thi-ir tips reaching past tips
of vi'iitrals. Color dark olivaceous, much mottled with darker; six dark dorsal hlotches; top of
liMid mid base of caudal black; spinous dorsal with a broad dark margin across top of siiinesand
ildwiiuard on first inombraue; all the other tins irregularly barred and dotted with black or
ilarl; I.Kiwn; a dark vertical bar above base of ventral; a aeries of tlark spots on postocular and
adiiiU liiK! downward from eye; snout and lower parts of head with some Biwts.
t'l'li'' description of this form is substantially as follows:
(■/.". .»^a nlripimiu (.Jordan).— Head 4%; depth 4%. D. XII-10 or U; A. II, 7. Bcsly rather
sliott, somewhat compressed behiud. Head extremely short and deep, the snout very short and
abruptly rounded, 08 in [l/oceii(ra (iniufora. Eyo largo. Gill membrauea broadly united. Mouth
II
i;
I 1
:^\
■(■■
:'*;■■
■'0
1052 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
1442. IILOCENTRA PHLOX (Cope).
D. X-12 ; A. II, 5 ; ecales 5-52-8. Body rather stout. Head ((np,-
pressed. Mouth teniiinal, the preiiiaxillaries freely protractile; oixiru-
lar si>ine strong. Cheeks and opercloa nuked. Breast and neck scuioleHs
or nearly so. Scales rather 'arge, the belly scaled like the sides. (Jin
niembranes not described. Lateral line straight, reaching middle of
second dorsal. Vermilion red, with faint, small, brown dorsal Hpotsiu
series of similar blue epots along the lateral line. Spinous dorsal with a
dark blue border; second dorsal with a dark shade; caudal cross-Inn nd.
Anal tin small, other fins large. Length 2 inches. Trinity River, Texas.
(Cope.) Not seen by us. {<l>?JiS, ilame.)
IldhoHoi Id phi',.!-, CoPK, Bull. XVII, U. S. Nat. Mus., 18S0, .10, Trinity River, Fort Worth
Texas. (Coll. C.>|k'.)
lUivetitraitVnx, .Iouhan k GiLBEhT, .Synopsis, 495, 1883; Boulkxoer, Cat., I, 90.
470. DIPLESION, Rafinesque.
hiplesion, U.vFiN'ESQrK, Iclitli. Oliienaig, .17, 1820, (Ulemiioides).
tlyonlnma, AnASSiz, Amor. Joui.i. Sci. aiiJ Arts, 1854, 305, {uemitaui).
lie \\ rather elongate, subterete. Head very short and b'l . t, with
tumi ' olH"^k8 : the profile very convex. Mouth small, inferior, hori-
zontal. Prem.axillaries protractile, little movable, joined to the forehead
mesially by a slight frenum ; maxillary not protractile, aduate lot most
of its length to the fleshy skin of the preorbital; lower jaw very short;
teeili in jaws strong; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill meinhraiies
broadly connected. Gill rakers very short. Scales moderate, nmgli.
l^iateral line complete ; no enlarged ventral plates. Dorsal fins lai i,'e, the
spinous dorsal longer and lower than the second, of about 13 .spines;
anal smaller than second dorsal with 2 strong spines. Veutrals nioder-
ately sfparated ; pectorals long, symmetrical. Vertebra; {hletuiiiiiiku)
19 + 2.3 = 42. Pyloric c(eca 4. Froutal region of skull very iiarniw;
ethmoid region abruptly decurved. Parietal region moderately convex
(less so than in Ethcostoma, more so than in Boleo8oma)] no supraoccipital
crest. Coloration largely green. {(Uf, two; nATi^iov, near; dorsal tin
nearly divided in two.)
small, with (miuhI jiiws. ClieekH and opercles scaly; tlifi rheek scales small and clo.scly .•^'t; a tri-
iiiitrular scries of fcali's on temporal region; throat smooth; neck above closely si-aliil: lu'll.v
ciciseiy scaled. Kins largo; Bpiiuiu;; doi-sal liigi', the second still higher, hut smaller lliiiii tlir
first, Its base abont equal to the length of the head; dorsal tins coutijruous, slif^htly i .nritMliii.
Color olivaceous: head above entirely black; back with 8 dark cross bars; about 11 I'iir-liki'
iil'itihcR, Komewliat indistinct, arranftod along the lateral line; fins chietiy black; iiierii'ininc?
of the second dorsal and ventral fins entirely black, that of the spinous dorsal wiili m limiid
blnek horizontal bar at base, aliove which are numerous distinct black oblicpse striiili<; mii'l
with a broad black bar: caudal and pectoral fins largely dusky. Females and yonni: in-'hiilil.v
paler. Scales 7-58-8. Leiifith 'ij^ inches. Cumberland Kiver. It is probably ideiitiml witli
ilocenlra siinotera, (afer, bla^k ; pmiia, fin.)
Jordan and ETermann. — Fishes of North A merica.
1053
1448. DIPLESION BLENNIOIDKS >■ (Raflucsqus).
(Gkeen-bidei) Dautru. )
Htiul 4i to 4g; tlepth 4| to 6. D. XII to XIV-12 to 1"); A. II, 8 or Jt;
gcalt"! 6-58 to 78-14. Body stout, elongate, little coinpiessod ; profile
very convex. Eyes large, 3^ in head, high up and cloijo together ; a
loiii;itudinal furrow between the eyes. Month small, horizontal, quite
inf<:iior; upper jaw concealed in a furrow under the snout. Opercular
spiiH! Htrong ; distance from mouth to gill cleft I head. Scules moderate ;
tiiosc on the belly large, not caducous; cheeks with fine scales ; operclew
witli large ones; neck scaly; chest naked. Anal papilla very large.
Auii I Hpines strong; caudal fin emarginate; lower rays of the pectorals,
and the rays of the ventrals and anal enlarged and fleshj' in the males.
Pectoral longer than head, of 15 rays. Vertebiin 2:^-f-21— 44. Color
olive green, tessellated above ; sides with about 8 double transverse bars,
each pair forming a Y-shaped figure; these are sometimes joined above,
forming a sort of wavy lateral band; in life these markings are of a
clear deep green; sides sprinkled with orange dots; head with olive
stiijies and the usual dark bars ; first dorsal dark orange brown at base,
l)la<! above, becoming pale at tip ; second dorsal and anal of a rich blue
green, with some reddish; caudal greenish, faintly l)arre(l ; young and
female specimens are more or less dull, but the pattern is j»eculiar.
Leiij,'th 3 to 5 inches. Pennsylvania to South Dakota and Kansas and
south to the lower Alabama basin ; one of the handsomest and most
abundant of the darters; in clear brooks. (lilciinitix, bleuny; fti)ii<j,
likeness.)
EOwsionin (biplesidii) hlcniiioiileii, Kafinesqve, .Jouni. de rii.v»ii|iii', 4l!l, 181!), Ohio River;
VAir.LANT, Rei-horclies, 57, 187.1.
Uij<ifl"iiia iieirmani, AoASSiz, \n)er. Jourii. Sci, mid Arts, 1851, H(15, vicinity of Huntsville,
Alabama. (Coll. Dr. Nowmm..)
Pih'"i,.ii iijmiiiogramtiia, AniiOTT, I'roc. Ao. Nat. Sci. I'liilii., 1800, 3;i", no locality.
llijoil"iiia lileiiiiioperca, CiU'E, Joiirn. Ac. Na'.. Sol. I'liila., 18C8, 215, tributaries of the
Kanawha and Holston rivers.
Diph'xiiiiii hleuiiioideK, JoiiDAN & Giliieut, Synopsis, 497, 1883; I5()ui.en(ikii, ('.it., i, lOO.
*OiH' of the most simply beautiful of all fislios is tho Greon-sided Darter (&//)?(■.•./•>» \l inwiitcs).
Ho is iKit like the I'.lhnisionia ccni/ciiiH, an animated rainbow, but Iiu lias llie bi'iiui.v iif urei'ii
j;ras>, Willi violuts, and mossy logs. As we watch liim in tho water, with his brifilit bleiidod
rolersiiiiil gentle wa.vs, once more, with Old Izank, "we sit on cowslip bunks, hear tlie binls
•siiiL', and possesa ourselves in as much quietness as tho silent silvorstreaim wliiili wnsee glicle so
iiuii'tlvby us." During the ordinary business of the year, Diitlesimi, like most sensible lislnsaiid
men, ilri'sses plainly. It is not easy to get time for contemplatiun when tho btrean^s lire low and
food is scarce. Besides, a plain <oat may ward jff danger as well as fueilitate iittiuk. ,\t all
tinic«. however, ho may bo known by these marks: The fins aro all lars^e; the back is covered
with /iii/ag marUings, while on the lower jiart of tho sides are 8 or !• W-sliaped olivo spots;
these are more or less (connected above, and sometimes form a wavy line. Tlic eyes are promi-
nent; tliosnout is very short and rounded; while the little infi ri.vr mouth is ]iiickeied up as if
for saying "prunes and prisms, prunes and prisms." Ibit wlo ii the first blue binlsgive warning;
bytlieir shivering and bodiless noti's that spring is coming, tlnn liijilrsimi puts on his wedding;
ciotlies and becomes, in fa> t, the Green-sided Darter. The dorsal fins become of a bright gniss
(ireeii, with a scarlet band at the base of each; the broad anal bus a tinge of the deepest emerald;
nliile evi'iy spot and lino upon the side has turned from an iindetiiied olive to ii deip rich
grf'ii. >iiili as Is scarcely found elsewhoro in the ai'im.i' world excepting on the heads of frogs.
Till' s, line tint shines out on tho branching rays of the caudal liii, and maybe seen struggling
throiiuh the white of tho belly. The blotches nearest the midlle of the back beronio black,
ami thiikly sprinkled everywhere are little shiny specks of clear bron/.e orange. [ii the ai|iia-
riuin liiiitenidn in shy ami retiring, too much of a tine lady to scramble for angbwdriiis or to
8nii|i It the "basF feed." She is usually hidden among tho plants or curled up under an arch
of stuiifs or iu tv geode,— (Jordan & Copelaud.)
,1^ 1 )'
I ;'?
[■
i
M. !i
l()/)4 Bulletin ^7, Ihiited States National Must' urn.
471. BOLEOSOMA, l)e Kav.
(7e8SK/,f,ATEI> DaRTKKS.)
liolroKotmi, DeKay, New Yorl< Fauna: Fiilii'iJ, 2<t, 1842, (lisxtllnlmn uliimleiH).
Afliwj, (ifn\nu, rVoc. >r. Nat. Sci. !'//»«., I**8, 64, {effuhjrns).
B'trilln, (' fiAiiii, Troc. Ac Sat. Sci. Pliila.. IW.t, r,5, (.(/n>Hm(iiI((/<i).
Vtiilhmliii, JoiiliAN, Bull. r. S. Kilt. Mum., xii, 89, 1S7S, (.•amH/iim).
Body nioderatol.v elongate, fusiform, but Hlightly traiiHlucciit. Iltud
small, iiairowcd forward, the profile convex. Mouth Hniali, hoii/oniiil,
tJie lower jaw iucluded ; premaxillarv protractile. MaxiUarioa iioi aduiitf
to preorbital. Vomerine teeth present. Scales large; lateral line con-
tinuons or interrupted behind; belly with ordinary scales. Gill iinin-
branes broadly narrowly connected. Dorsal spines i».siial!y H, verv
slender all d lloxii^^e; soft dorsal much larger than anai ; anal noinially
with a single, short, slender spine, the first soft ray simple, but articulate;
ventrals well separated ; vertebra- (li. nigntm) 15 -f- 22== 37. Pyloric cucii
3 to 6. Frontal region of skull very short and narroAv ; j)ari('tal rej;ion
flattish above; no supraoccipital crest. Coloration olivacfoiis aiul
speckled, the males with inky black in spring; no red or blue, Si/,o
small. Very active little fishes ; abounding among weeds in clearsiniuiis.
(/3o.' c, arrow, da;'t ; od/ki, body.)
BOLEOSOMA :
a. Lati-ral liuo cominetc or very noarly so; pyloric o«!oa 6.
6. Pocttn'als very long, ' ., to J-i^ longer tlian luiui; operclcs scaly; Kill nicnilii.iiii - m.mi'-
what connected,
c. Snout about a.s long as eye; profile steep and nearly straight; scalcH ulpmit t:;.
LOXlilMAM -. 1444.
cc. Snout shorter than eye; profile rounded; moutn small, inferior; s<iiles ali. ut :!".
rolH'STE.MONK, Ut.'i.
bb. Pectorals moderate, about as long ashcad; body and fins siK>ckle<l; male witli ih^ lieail
black in spring.
(/. Head more or less scaly; dorsal rays usually IX-12 to 14; scales 41 to '>."..
Ni(;i:r-ii, 144(1.
(Id. Head wholly naked; dorsal rays usually VIII-IO; scales 45 to 60. si>.'.\ i. 1417.
Vaillantia* :
aa. Lateral line ceasing near middle of body; i)yliiric co'ca 3; clieiks and o|>i n 1 - >'H\y;
breast usually so; head speckled above. D. IX or X-10 or 11; A. I, 7 nr I, J^; >■ iiles
about 5G. cAMi i:i M, M4>.
1444. BOLEOSOMA LONOIMANUS (Jordan).
Head 4^ ; depth 5. D. X-13; A. I, 8; scales 5-44-7. Body modciatcly
elongate, not much compressed ; head rather long, somewhat blunt aiitir-
iorly, convex above the eyes; profile of the snout steep and nearly .■'ti a ij,'lir:
premaxillaries protractile; lower jaw iuclu<led; maxillaries ^eachill^ iVoiit
of orbit, about as long as eye, which is 4 in head, and about a.s loiiiias
snout; teeth rather strong; gill membranes a little conuecttl. J.atcal
line complete ; scales rather large ; belly naked anteriorly, with onliiai v
scales posteriorly. Cheeks naked; opercles with some scales ; iia|t am
\)i:ast naked. Pectorals very long, reaching front of anal, about ! tin.'s
* Named for Leon Vaillant, ichthyologist of the miiseuni at Paris, author of a ni'ist ■ .K'
nionogiaph of tho Etheoslmnidte.
illi'iit
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1055
UH Idiig as bead ; ventruiH long, but rot reaching tips of pectorals nor front
ofaiiiil ; dorsal spines bigli, tbe longest li in bead ; soft dorsal very bigb,
l,',i ill head ; anal smaller than soft dorsal; anal spine short, the first ray
lou^'er than tbe spine, simple, but articulate toward tbe tip ; caudal lunate.
Color in spirits : Straw color, many scales on tbe back darkei ; 10 dark
Bputs (>u sides, rather irregular and small ; 1 at base of caudal and 1 on
front of opercle; back with 5 or 6dark cross blotches. IJotb dorsals with
(lark spots ; caudal and pectoral somewhat barred ; 3 or 4 dark bars only
ou cMiulal; ventrals and anal plain ; a stripe forward from eye, but only
a very faint dark shade below eye ; a little black spot «m bawe of pectoral
iil)()\ (■ ; sometimes faint dark dashes ou lower part of side, alternating
with the dark blotches. In life this species is clear green, with markings
of darker green or black. Length 2\ inches. Basin of James Kiver, Vir-
irjiiia ; recorded from North Kiver at Loch Laird, Virginia ; HuflFalo Creek
near Loxington, Virginia, and Elk Creek near Natural Bridge, Virginia.
All active species living among rocks; locally abundant. (Ioikjuh, long;
maiiits, hand.)
a/iic-' Did hmijiiiitimi, Jordan, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1888, 179, tributary of James River,
Virginia; (Type, Ko. 24610, Mub. Coinj). Zool., SBpoclmeiis); JoBUAN.Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
ls<(<, 361.
Eu/fyx.ij/iK loiigimannt, Boui.enger, Cat., i, 96.
■|
":i
u^
!j- • ft,''
nifiiiliiiini - ~"iiii-
1446. BOLKOS'')MA POD.f.'iTK.'dOXK (.Jordan & /.'nkins).
Hiatl 4* ; depth 5| ; eye 3f in head, a little longer than snout. D. X-13;
A. 1, X : scales 4-3.^-6. Body rather stout, somewhat compressed, the back
elevated. Head short, rather bluntly rounded in profile, the rather wide,
blunt snout overhanging the small inferior mouth. Upper jaw protrac-
tile; maxillary short, freely movable, just reaching front of eye, and
scarcely as long as eye; mouth very small, inferior, contracted; teeth
small ; gill membranes broadly united. Cheeks, nape, and breast nak(;d;
open Ics with a few large scales; preopercle entire; middle line of belly
naked anteriorly with ordinary scales behind; lateral line co/iiplete.
Dorsal fins moderate; anal fin lower and smaller than soft dorsal; anal
spine Hliort ; first anal ray simple, a little longer than the spine and artic-
ulate toward tip; caudal truncate; pectorals rather long, i longer than
head, reaching beyond ventrals to vent. Color, light yellowish green,
with 7 or 8 small dark quadrate spots along side ; 5 or (5 larger ones ;Uong
back ; scales of back mostly with dark centers; a dark bar below eye; a
little spot behind eye ; a dark opercular bar and a dark l)ar before and
lieliiiul pectorals; lower side of head with some dark spots; pectorals,
both dorsals and caudal, with cross bands of dark olive spots; dorsal in
life also spotted with brownish red ; caudal also with a subtcrminal dark
liaud : ventrals and anal nearly plain. Length 2 inches. Roanoke River
: locally abundant in very clear streams, living almost exclusively
river weed Podostemon cvratophyUum (Michaax), whence the specific
Rasii:
in the
name.
i'Jhi>;sii:,ii,i pniloMenimie, Jorpan A' .Tenkins, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Miis.
at Roanoke, Salem, and Alleghany Springs, Virginia.
Kvermann, and Jenkins.)
( pudostemone, Boulengcr, Cat. i, 05.
(lull
Bolffls.i.,
188S, :ir,9, Roanoke River
(Type, No. 39S(i;j. Coll. Jor-
, H2
ior>()
Bulletin 77, United States National Museum.
7
144AriiOM:()MOnA MdltrM (R<inncK<)ue).
1;
(.lllllNNY DAUTBU.*)
\i
••1
flead lif to lA ; dnptli 5 to 6; eye ',\% to 4 in lioad, equal to or a little
longer tliun Hiioiit. D. IX-12 to 14 (VIII to X-10 to 14); A. I. 7 u, !i;
Hcal«8 5-44 to r)5-J>, rarely 35 to 40. Body fusiform, slender, litth^ coin-
pressed. Head conical, moderate, the snout somewhat decurved. .Month
small, lower Jaw included. Cheeks and hreast naked (specimens occiiMJon-
ally found with these regions closely scaly); opercles scaly ; space lict'om
dorsal mostly scaled. Opercular spine stronj^; space between nioulli mikI
gill cleft al)out half head. Fins high; pectoral about as long as liiud;
dorsals about e(|ual in height, the Bi)inous a little longer. Anal sinull,
its spine short and weak ; caudal truncate. Coloration palo oil viicdnis;
back much tessellated with brown; sides with numerous small W-sIiiiimi1
blotches; head speckled above, mostly black in the males; a black line
forward from eye and sometimes a line downward also; lins h.iinil;
males in the spring blackish anteriorly, often almost entirely Jet Muck.
Tubes of the lateral line sometimes obsolete on the last 4 or .') scjilos.
Length 2 to 2V inches. Eastern United States, almost everywhen", esjic-
cially northward, the tyi»ical form {x'xjrum) throughout the Ohio Valley,
Great Lake region, and Upper Mississippi west to Colorado and north to
Manitoba ;t very abundant in most streams, especially small ones, inuoiif,'
I
* Wo novor grew tired of watching tlie little Johnny {lioleomma nigrum, Ii!iliiipsi|iifii.
Althoiigli our earlit'st ai|uariuin friend— and tlic very tlrst specimen Hhowod us liy n i:i|iiil ascent
of tho river weed how "a .loliiiny could climb trees' — lie liiis still many resonncs wliiiliwi'
Inivo never learned. Whenever wo try to catch him with tho liand we l)eKin with nil the uii' or-
taiiity that characteri/.'^d onr first attempts, even if wo liav(! him in a two-quiirt pail. \\f niuy
know him l>y his short tiu.x, his first dorsal having l)nt !l spines, and l)y the ali^i'im' nf nil
color save a soft yellowish brown, which is freckled with darker markings. The iliirklnuHn
on the sides is arran^;cd in 7 or 8 W-shaped marks, below which are a few flecks of tlic n»w
color. Covering tlio sides of the liack are the wavy markings and ilark specks, which liave given
him the name of the "Ti'ssellated Darter," but IIoIioshuki is a braver name aad we im n prcfT
"Holy" for short. In the spring tho males have the head jet-black, and this dark cildi- often
extends on the back part of tho body so that tho fisli looks as if he had been taken bv llie tail
and dipped into a bottle of ink. Ihit witli tlie end of tho nuptial season this (olor (lisC|i|ieiirs,
and the tish regains bis normal strawy hue. The head in ISiilensoma resembles that of hii'lifimi,
l)nt the h.abit ot leaning forward over a stone, resting on tlie front fins, gives a pliy-iiiigrmniy
oven more frog-like. His actions are, however, rather bird-like, for he will strike aititu lis like
a tufted titmouse, and he flies ratlierthan swims through tho water, lie will, with nnc li immbc-
verance, push his body liet ween a i)lant and the side of tlie aqnarinm and balance liimsclf m
the slender stem. Ccouching cat-like before a snail shell, ho will snap off the horn.- « liii li the
unlucky owner pushes timidly out. lint he is often less dainty, and, seizing the iinnnal by
the head, he daslies the shell against the glass or a stone until he pulls tho body out nr break.-
tho hhvW.—Jiirilitn if- Oipihiiiil.
f Specimens obtained by Mr. Woolman from Big Stone Lake, Minnesota, and wliii li iriayre|ip-
*'iit a tangible variety, are de-erjiied as f(dlows:
Head Vr,; depth r>f\ eye i'4 (i witliout flap), equaling snout. D. VIir-12; A. 1, 8; pialcs
•l-iit-r). Resembling tho variety dhiisti'ili in the high fins anil slender body; head nioilcinte;
candal peduncle long and slender; moutli large, nearly horizontal; iirema.xillariis pmlraclile,
maxillary reaching vertical of pupil; gill membranes scarcely connected, t'liieks iiakcil er
marly So; op(rcle8, nape, and bn-ast scaled; belly with ordinary scah^s; lateral line c.iiii|iletc,
sliglitly arched in anterior portion. Dorsal fin high, the longest spine about l/.t in lnail, tlie
sott portion a little higher; anal rays about '2 in head; anal tin smaller than soft dmsal. it.< ha.*''
If, in that of ^iot't dorsal; iiectoral liir)g, as long as head, abi.ost reaching anal tin; \ ■ntialssliort,
1' ..in pectoral. Color of male, inalcolnjl, dusky, v.illi 10 or i I darker \ : licaloarsexliicliii^rlri'm
median line of back to below lateral line, tho anterior ones narr.iw, tlmse on postei i r jiart cl
body broader; thesjiaces between these bars with small dark pimctuialions; topaiid siJ — "' licail
[irolnsely punctnlate, adark sntiorbital spot; spiimus dorsal black on nmmbrane cunncriiiiL' lir-l
2 or :! spines, rest of spinous i)art punctate and edged with black; a stna 11 black simt iii iHsleiiur
part; soft dorsal more or bws mottled; caudal ;)aler, S(nue black on tip and edges; anal incluHely
covered with fine dark points, thickest on edge; ventrals blue black; pectorals pale. Leugtii '.i
inches. Known only from Big Stone Luke, Ortouvillo, Minnesota,
i
um.
1 to or a littlo
S A. I, 7 ti) ii;
(ler, little coiii-
urved. Month
iineiiH occaMioii-
Y ; spaco liffoiti
een iiioiilli mihI
Ion;? UH lii'iul;
r. Anal siniili,
alo oli\ iicrdiis;
small W-sli;iiM'il
ih; a liini-k line
i ; liiiH biiiied;
irely jet Mack.
t '1 (»r 5 scales,
9rywhei(>, espc-
lie Ohio Valley,
Lo and noitli to
ill ones, among
iijnivi, I{nliiios(|uo).
us by n ra|iiil iu«cci)f
rt'soiiri'i's xvliich we
ti with nil till' iiii'iT-
iiiirtiiail. W.ina.v
the llli:-l'Il( I' of ill!
The (lurk liiiiwn
flecks of the simu
which Iiiivi! );iven
and we iM n pr^f'T
is (lark (■•ilur often
taken In tlir tail
is color (lisi])|icari',
s that of luplryimi,
es a |iliy<ini;iuiiny
strike attitinlis like
, with mil' li pcrsc-
balaiice liinisi'lf lU
liorii.-- " hii li the
iiig tlic ;iiiiiiiiil hy
body out or bri-iiks
id which iii;iyri'|ir'-
•1'2; A. 1, >;; scales
head inoiicratc;
iilarics iinilriH'tlle,
Cheeks naked er
eral line iniii|ilete,
ut V'/i III 111 ad, til.'
soft dorsal. Ilsl'ilfc
liii; \ .'iilnilssliert,
jaraextciidiii;.'l'riiiii
m nosteri"r part i>l
opaiidsid'soi' head
uie coiiiiectiii;; first
■k spot on p.islerior
(jes; aniil profusclv
.is pale, l-cii'-'tli 2
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1057
;rravol and weeds. The tvpicnl form (nh/rum) has the lateral \iue slightly
iiihnupted behind, the dorsal rays usually IX-12, and the tins rather low.
(nvi'i; lilack.)
fjh. -I'lmn iiiijriim, IlAiiNKSQfB, Ichth. Ohionsis, 37, 1K'20, Green River, Kentucky.
M' ma iiniciildtum, AdASSi/,, Lake Superior, ',wr>, 18.50, Lalce Superior. (Coll. AKasBi/,).
I!.:l iii'i (ibmtedi hriiijiiimis, (/'oi'E, Joiirii. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., 1808, 214, Kiskiminitas River,
t'enflsylvania.
i!„l,.:,,iiifiiiiitl<iliim, Vaii.lant, Rorbcrches sur Kthewtomntidn*, 88, 1873; Rubstitiitn for maciilaliim
of AdARSi/., fhimgi'd on nccoiint of tlio prior m(ici(/n<«m id' Kirtland.
I'„r,ii-hiliiisl>e<mi, .lonuAN, Proe. U. 8. Nut. Mua., 47U, 1884, Tabo Creek, Lafayette County,
Missouri. (Type, No. 357.54.)
Uotn.^nma itigniin, Boi'LENOCK, Cat., i, 03.
Kt'{)re8euted Northeastward by
y
144«a. BOLEOSOMA NIGRUM OLNHTKI)! (Storor>.
(Tkbrkllatku Darteu; Urand Oiianciikk.)
Head 4; depth 5*. D. IX-14 or 15; A. I, 9; scales 47 to 5'P.. Body
skniler, little compressed, with long caudal peduncle. Head slender,
ratlii'i pointed. Cheeks and opercles scaly ; space before dorsal and breast
usually naked, sometimes closely scaled. Fins very high, pectorals reach-
ing past tips of veutrals. Coloration olivaceous, tessellated above ; sides
witli blotches and zigzag markings; fins speckled or somewhat barred;
head not speckled, dusky in males ; usually a black stripe forward from
the eye and another downward. Length 3^ inches. Lake Ontario to
Massachusetts, south to Virginia, chiefly coastwise and east of the
Alkorjianies ; probably intergrades with Bolcosoma niijritin,hnt generally
the dorsal is longer in olmntedi, the tin liigher, and the head more scaly.
(Named for Charles H. Olmsted, an early student of the fishes of the
Connecticut River.)
Elheofiiiiiia ohiinlt'ili, Storer, Journ. Bost. See. Nat. Hist, 1841, 61, pi. ,5, flg. 2, Hartford, Con-
necticut. (Coli. Chas. n. Olmsted).
Perni <i,ii,im(i, Haldeman, .Journ. Ac. Nat. Sei. Pliila., viii, 1842, .'530, Susquehanna River.
Mcwniiia lesselliiliim, IlK Kay, New York Fauna: Fislies, 20, pi. 20, lif?. .57, 1S42, "most of tlie
fresh-water streams of New York;" no definite locality given.
KihiMi,.„i'i iilroviaciiMa, Oiraud, Proc. Ar. Nat. Sei. Phila., 18.5!», Cfi, Potomac River,
vicinity of Washington, D. C; a sliglil variety with nape and breast closely scaled;
this form found also in Cayuga Lake, Now York.
fllnb <■■:■, mil iisojxis* Ooi'E, Proc Am. Philos. Sor., 1870, 270, Loyalsoc Creek, a tributary of
the Alleghany River in Pennsylvania.
;- .eo»,),/i( oliudedi, JuRnAN & Gilbert, Synopsis, 492, 1883.
* Ro/.vwonm iTtopun (Cope): D. VII-14; A. 10; scales 5-47-8. Body stout, the back rather
eleviitci; the caudal peduncle somewhat contracted; muzzle somewhat decurved; noo;ili
tcTtniiial. Dorsal flns much elevated. Color light brown, with t> small dark dorsal sp' and
lOsiinilir small spots along the dorsal line; u bar around muzzle and one below eyo. cngth
2'4 iiiclies. Loyalsoc Creek. (Cope.) One specimen known, probably an . udeutal v;iriation
of De/ii'SoHKi ohnitedi.
K. N. A. 68
'■''
'''.t
m
aC"- i'
j; "
1
;<•'
/»
i. ''
' ?y'-:
I
■ ■ -J ■ 8?3
■ ' ! !'■■ ■ ir.
■- ■ i\' ■ if
..;< Jii-
-Mil
u: i i
fl'
1058
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
liepresented southeastward by
144flb. BOLROHOMA NIUKITN EFFirLOENS (Qlr d).
Head 4i ; depth 6i ; eye 3J in head. D. IX-13; A. 1, , ■scales .Vlo to
49-6. Body rather slender; caudal peduncle not contraclotl : oixMciilar
spines rudimental ; muzzle abruptly decurved. Opercles scaly ; (licilis
nape, and breast naked; soinetimes a lew scales on cheek. Fins viry
high ; caudal very much rounded; veutrals reaching anal ; iwctoraN still
longer. In the males the dorsal is extremely high, the membruncN lar;,'t;iv
black, the rays spotted with white; seven dark cross blotches on Kack ;
8 faint dark marks on side, the intervening spaces metallic irnin in
life; a small spot at base of caudal ; caudal with white specks, l.i n^rtii
2i inches. Maryland to North Carolina, {effuhjenn, hrllli.ant.)
Arlina effiilyeiu, GiiiAKD, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila., 1859, 01, brooks and streams flowing
into the Potomac River; Vaii.i.ant, Rechorcliea, 142, 1873.
Iloleosoma effxtlgvm, JoKliAN k GiMiEKT, SyiiopHis, 493, 1883.
Represented in streams of Virginia by
144«c. BOLKOKOMA NIOKUItl VKXILLAKK (.Tordan).
Head 4; depth 4^. D. VIII or IX-10 to 12; A. I, 7 ; scales 4-;i,-, ro
47-6. Body rather short and stout; caudal peduncle not oonUattteil ;
opercular spine moderately developed ; space in front of dorsal liii naked;
muzzle moderately decurved; eye moderate. Second dorsal very lii;,'li,
higher than long; pectorals and veutrals long, nearly reuchin;,' aual.
Coloration olivaceous, the sides with traces of vertical bars ; liist il(iis;il,
veutrals, and anal black ; second dorsal and caudal strongly Itarn-il witli
pale in fine pattern ; head black in the male ; lateral line complttc. Fins
shorter than in olmstedi, the scales larger; the form joined tobotli uliirnm
and ohnnledi by series of variations. Length 3 inches. Tributai ies of tlio
James, Roanoke, and Ra])pahannock rivers ; common. {vcxUlari-^, caiiy-
ing a standard, from the high fins.)
Boleomima vixilUirr, JoiiDAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mii8., 1879, 235, Rappahannoclc River, War-
renton, Virginia; a very extreme spt'cimcu with I). VIII-IO; A. I, 7; KciilesI li.V'i; (I'.ill.
Charles Ilallock); Jordav A Gii.heet, Syiioiwis, 493, 1883.
Etlunnlomn niijmm verillare, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., VIII, 1888 (1890), IIJ mi,. I IJl.
Represented southeastward by
144«(1. BOLEOSOMA XKJIU'JI MACriiATH'EPS (Cope)
Head 4 ; depth 6^ ; eye 3f in head. D. IX-i:{ ; A. II, « ; scal.s 5- 11-10.
Fins large; opercular spine moderate; cheeks naked. Palo yillowisli,
with ill-defined series of dorsal and lateral spots and many siicckk.s
between ; top of head, nape, and ninz^le marked with large brown spots ;
all the fins black, barred. Common in the upper waters of tlit- ('atawba
River, North Carolina. (Cope.) (/ftacM.^a/ws, spotted ; ce^js, head.)
lioleoHoma inai-ii'alkeps, Cope, Proc. Am. Philu8. Sw., 1870, 2ii9, Upper waters of the Catawba
River, North Carolina.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1059
Another form ur specitiH of thiH typo from Nebrauka may be recorded au
144«e. nOLKOSOMA NIOKUJI HEK£UM (Cupv).
; f
A Htont, little compressed species, with large scales. Dorsals not in con-
tact. Eye 5 in head, more than once in mnxzle, anterior to its border;
lit'ixl \\ in total length. Candal very rounded, first scarcely as high as
H(<('(*nd dorsal. Pectorals longer than ventrals, not reaching vent. Scales
1-10-5, D. IX-13; A. 9; V. I, 4. Outline of back rather elevated.
Hcsiilo the largo size of the scales, the proportionately longer head and 4
soft ventral rays distinguish it from other species. The color in spirits is
liiilt> brown, with four dorsal blotches, and a few groups of zig/agsonthe
Hides. Second dorsal and caudal barred. (Cope.) We have the follow-
in;; additional notes upon the type of this species: Head 3} in length
of I'ody; pectoral as long as head; dorsal spines IX; the ventral rays
apiicar to be really I, 4 ; anal spine weak. Cheeks naked ; gill membranes
seimiate. Eye not half as large as in specimens of nigrum of same size,
IJ ill head in adult ; snout more pointed than in other species of liolvo-
KoiiKC, mouth larger. Lateral lino complete. A true Bolcogoma and appa-
rently a valid species. Typo, a single specimen in poor condition in the
Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. Platte
River, near Fort Kearney, Nebraska; only the type known, (meawua,
n'tnuior, intermediate.)
rinilnhtliyn metieuf* Cope, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philii., 1864, ZVi, Platte River, near Fort
Kearney, Nebraska. ^Coll. Dr. Ilaiiiiiioud.)
Uiihi'stiinn meawum, VAILI.ANT, Ruchorchos, 08, 1873.
I ¥
n
i-t m
1447. B0LK080MA SUSAN J'! (.lordau & Swain).
ilejul 4\ ; depth 6^. D. VIII-10 or 11; A, I, 8; scales 4-15 to 50-6.
Gemia! form and appearance of Boliosoma n'njrum, the body slenderer,
the liii.s smaller, and tho head entirely naked. Body very slender, ftisi-
foiiii, little compressed, tho back not much elevated. Head short and
siiiiili. Mouth small, inferior, formed as in other species of the genus.
Snout Hhort, bluntly docurved. Eye rather large, a little longer than
snout, the maxillary extending to below front of pupil. Whole head,
na]ic, breast, and middle line of belly naked. Scales rather large, the
tiilies of the lateral lino wanting on tho last 3 or 4. Fins moderate, the
doi'siils shorter and lower than usual in this genus, highest in tho males.
Aniil npiiie single, weak. Pectorals rather long, reaching well beyond
tijis of ventrals, their length about equal to that of head. Color in life
essentially as in BoleoHoma ni;/rH)ii, the miJes (in spring) with the head
and lins jet black, tho body blackish olive, barred with black. Females
lij,'lit olive, tessellated with darker, and with dusky spots along the lat-
'lai line. A dark spot before eye and one on back before dorsal; lower
lins ]ia]e ; both dorsals and caudal with darker bars. Length 2 inches.
Basin of the Upper Cumberland River, Kentucky ; locally abundant. A
well -marked species, without bright colors : small and slender. (Named
■lit'
i < :
1000
Bulletin 4j, United States National Museum.
tor MrH. SiiHau liuweu Jurduii, who wuh interoHteil in life utiulieH ot tliu
darters.)
lUileommin hiihuwi, Johpan it SwAIN, Pntc. II. S. XhI. Mils., 18S;t, '240, Wolf Creek and otiicr
tributaries of the Clear Fork of Cumberland River, near Pleasant View, Whit-
ley County, Kentucky (Tyipo, Nci. IKWOI, ('oil. Gilbert A Hwaiii); U(ii)1,e.N(ieii, f'ni , .||
Subgenus VAILLANTIA, .Ionian.
I44S. liOliKOMO.M V <'AMI KIM, Forbes.
Head 4 to IJ ; depth r»i to fij. IJ. IX or X-10 or 11 ; A. T 7 or x : sr.iU-^
5 or (5-56 to UiVll, ]»ores about 20 to ;{(). Itody ulendcr, nioderiittly ( om-
pressed, with long caudal |)ednncle. Hack somewhat elevated. Ilciul
small, rather slender, the snout shorter than eye, strongly dfcurvcd.
Eye 4 in head. Month inferior, horizontal, small, the maxillary cxIcihI-
ing nearly to middle of eye. Gill membranes little connected. ('Iifcks,
opercles,and breast closely covered with rather large scales; mediim line
of neck naked; opercular spine strong; scales moderate; hitt-ml lim^
quite short, nearly straight, reaching to middle of tlie s[)in()iiH (IimhiiI,
developed on 20 to 30 scales. Fins small, the dorsals well apaii ; liisi
dorsal larger than the second, which is larger than the small anal ; pec-
toral as long as head. Coloration much as in BolcoHoma u'Kjvnni. \m\
rather paler, olivaceous ; back spotted and tessellated; sides with ulioiit
10 irregular spots; a dark spot on opercles; head spotted above; a lihicV
line across the muzzle ; no bar below eye; dorsals and caudal fin lincly
1)arred. Length 2^ inches. Indiana and Iowa to Alabama and .smitli-
west to Houston, Texas; common in Arkansas and southward in Haiiily
streams. (ciimuruH, snub-nosed.)
lioUnmitiia camm-a, FoiuiF.8, Bnll. il, 111. Lai). Nat. Ili.st., 4<i, 1H78 (tmiiin prporrupinl in I'Jlin.slnum.
but not in lUAemoimi), streams of Illinois (Coll. Fmhrsi; IIoilknoeii, Cat., i. l"i.
Vaillmilia ihloiDHimiii,* Hay, I'roc. V. IS. Nat. Mus., 1880, 4!t."), tributary of Tuscuml'ia River
at Corinth, Mississippi, Sandy Creek at Artesia, Mississippi, and Horschunter
Creek at Macon, Mississippi. (Type, No. 274'28. Coll. Ilaj.)
VaillatUiii caiitura ulid chloroioma, Jokiian &, QlLUEUT, SyuoprilH, 4!l4, 1883.
472. CRYSTALLARIA, Jordan Si (Jilbert.
('riifdilliirid, .FouDAN & Gilhert, in .IoIihan, Cut. FiBlien N. .\., "8, 188;"), (nKitrellii).
Body slender, elongate, subcylindrical, pellucid in life; scales siiiiill,
rough; lateral line complete. Mouth small; i)remaxilhirie8 nut )ii(pli;ic
tile; teeth on Jaws and vomer; cheeks and opercles scaly ; op(M<le witli
a strong spine , gill membranes somewhat united ; l)ranchiostei,'als ti.
* The following is the sulKstamo of Dr. Hay's ac<'ouiit of lliilensumii chhirnsnuiii :
lioleomma rhlnrmniiKi (Hay).— Head 43^^; depth ^'.i. D. IX-Il; A. I, 7 or I, 8; l.tiral lino ,5n
to GO. Body Blender, eomiiro.ssed, the dorsal region innch areheil. CJaudal peiliue !■ I"Iil' ini'l
slender, the body abruptly contracted at the vent. Head .snnill, convex in pnilile. Clni k-i iH'l
opercles sealed. Breast scaled or naked. Dorsals 8ei)a.rated by a di.staii(;e eipial to Imll iln' lui''^
about oipial to each other, larger than the anal. Lateral line devoloiu'd on 4 d' '-" -'iili^
Greenish yellow, with many bhitches anil zigzag markings of brown; a row of atioul H' "f tie?*'
blotches along each side, most distinct on caudal pednnele; about 8 square brown J r-iil i|)Ol^
Top of head, opercular spot, aad subocular npot black. A black streak from eve tu suuut
Length 'i tu iy^ iuchus.
\\
on.
Jordan and F.vt-rmann. — Fishes of North Atnerica. 1061
Htudit'H Ot' till)
Creek and other
int View, Whit-
LENilKII, <':il. I, .l|
7 or X ; sculcH
odenitcly cuiii-
oviited. I lend
iglj' dcfuiscd.
icilluiy cxtt'iid-
ctt'd. Cliut'ks,
H ; nicdiiiii line
b; lati'i'iil liiii^
([lilKtllH (IdlHlll,
•11 iipart ; lirst
iiiill iiiitil : |ier-
i\a ii'Kjntiii, liiit
des witli about
abovo; a liiacl'
mdal I'm lincly
mil and snutli-
ward ill saiuly
Uliif'd ill /.'///. ■^<^lllHl.
('ill., I, '.111.
"uscuniliia River
ind Horseliuntcr
<■//(( I.
scali's riiiiull,
'H not pnitrac
()])(Mclf witli
ichiosti'i;als <».
I s; l:iti'r:il lino .W
I'icilmiil ■ I'liiu: iiii'l
initile. ('lii'ik-iiii''l
al fo liairili''li<'ii'l.
on 4 U- 2*> .-<'al<'^.
f about f thosv
jirowii '1 'I'lil spot'
from ev^' tu ^""'''•
Huili dorHalH and anal liigli and lon^; caudal notched ; vcntralH well Hop-
ai.itfd; anal with one t'ctddu Hpino. TIiIh jrennH diticrH from Ainmocrypta
I'liu'lly in havinji^ tho |)rumaxillarieH nonprutractilc Tho vertical tiuH are
iiiiich more developed than in the latter ^onuH, there hoint; 1( dorHal
s|hiieH and 12 soft ra.VH in the amil tin. Tho Hi|uumation la much more
complete than in Ammotriipia, hut the body Ih uimilarly hyaline. Tho
siiii^Me HpecieM is one of the largeHt of tlie darterH, much larger than the
H|)i ( icH of Ammucri/pta or loa, roHemblinf; species <»f lladropteruH in habit.
(/i/)i ffTH/lAof , cryHtal.)
144V. <'KYHTAIiLAItIA ASPUKLliA (lonlitn).
Head long and Hlendcr, l', to 4.J ; de])th 7 to 8 ; eye iarjje. D. XII to
XI\ -i:{ to 15 ; A. I, 12 to 11 ; scales 7 to 10-!t8 to 1()0-10 {m to 85 in speci-
iiiciiH from Alabama). Hody long, slender; mouth not large, subtenninal,
li(.ii/.ontal ; i)remaxillarie8 not protractile; opercular spine well devel-
o|ii(l. Scjuamation much more complete than in Ainmocrypta pellHcUhi , the
NCii lew very small and <iuite rough, largest posteriorly; cheeks and oper-
c1i:h with pectinate scales; throat and belly naked, the space between
tho vcntrals scaled ; back of neck scaled. Fins large; the dorsalis well
Hi'liii rated, tho spinous high, highest in front; second dorsal smaller,
Hiiiallor than anal ; anal si)ino high, dexiblo ; caudal lunate. Color hya-
liiii' olive, with 3 or 4 dark, broad cross bands meeting over the liack,
tho width of each of the lirst 3 alxmt c(|ual to depth of body, tho fourth
iiairowcr, all extending somewhat obliquely downward and forward to
tlio lateral line; a dark lateral ))and along sale, made up of about 10
luoio or less contluent dark (juadrate blotches, darkest where it passes
through the cross bands. Southern Indiana and Illinois to Arkatisas and
Alal)ania, cliielly in tho larger, dearer streams, where it is found in the
swift currents. Recorded from the Ohio Kiver, at Rising Sun (.Jenkins) ;
Waiiash River, at New Harmony, Vincennes, and Terro Haute (Ever-
iiiaiiii); (Jreen River, Kentucky (VVoolman); Chocolo Creek, Alabama
(Kirsch); and Washita River, Arkansas (Jordan & Gilbert), besides the
ori^rjiial locality in Illinois, where it was first obtained by Dr. Forbes.
Aningularly interesting fish, {duprvllun, a diminutive oi Anpro.)
I'tnii.,hiiis (miirelliin,* .loRDA's, Hull, ii, 111. Liib. Nut. Hist., liS, 1878, rocky tributary of Mis-
sissippi River in Hancock County, Illinois. (Cull. ForbeH.)
AmiHi'irijiilu iiniirellii, .louDAN \' Gii.in-.ur, Sviiopsih, 490, 188;t.
Kllii;.xl.,i,iii KMiniUiiH, EvEUMAN.N A.Jknkins, Troc. U. 8. Nat. Miib., 1888, fiO.
Criislnlhirin unpnltna, Uoui.KNOEli, Cat., I, 104.
473. AMMOCRYPT.'., .Jordan.
(Sand Daktkrs.)
liriir'.lr/ii/i^ .\0ARSiZ, Bull. MuH. Conip. /oiil.. I,.'), \8K\,{iwlliiciili<ii), (not Plenrolejyin, Koerton, a
),'. iiii.s of extinct Ganoids).
■Irmi'' ii/pta, JoBDAN, Hull. I'. S. Nat. Mus., x, (>, 1877, {bemiii),
I^ody slender and elongate, subcylindrical ; pellucid in life. Head slen-
der. Mouth rather wide, terminal, horizontal, the lower jaw included;
■* In ihe origiual description, copied in .Ionian & Gilbert, Synopsis, 490, tho count of fln rays
iif .1 'inrrijpta pellacUla Was, by a slip, substituted for that of Cri/atallaria asprella.
I
■i
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m
1(MJ2
Bullrtin ^7, United States National Museum,
preniaxillaries very jtrotmot ilo ; tuuth on the vomer. Scalcii thin, ctfiKiid,
littht iiiibricutnd, proHeiit ul<)i)}( the ntf^iuii of the luterul lino and on iiii>
tail, sonietiniKH wanting on tlie hack or helly ; lateral lino coiii|ili't<>,
eiicli tiilie occnpyinK nearly the whole length of its Hcale. Iloiid icaly or
iuike«l ; no ventral plates, the helly naked. (\'\\\ nienihrimeH conoid-
erahly united, forming an angle at their Junetiun. Dorual linN niodciuto,
ahont e<|ual to the anal tin and to each other; dorHal with alMiiit in
epineH; anul H])ino uingle, weak; vontralH well Hcparated, liehind jnctd-
rala, their Hpinea feehle; pectorala pointed, uynimetrical, of 12 to ir> imvn.
Vertebra! 23 + 21 = 44 {A, pellucida). Pyloric co'ca 4. Frontal re>,'iuii o(
skull narrow, the jtarietal region unuHually depresHed, the hoia-Hof hi<t.|(..
ton all Hlender and thin. Suturett of Hkull very distinct ; supraonlpltiil
crest ohHolete. Foramen of hypercoracoid very large. DartcrH of moil-
orate or rather large size, inhabiting the Handy bottoms of clear strciUUN,
where they bury themselves entirely, oxceping the eyes and Huout. Col-
oration translucent, with bright rellections. (u/y^of, sand ; K^u'Trr'V, con-
cealed.)
(I. Chi'(<kr4 unci (>|K)rcIi'H Ncaly; hIJch of body iiNiiully well Ncalwl. I'Ki.i.ti'ii \, ll'in.
au. Clio(*kN iiiul u|ii'r('I<i8 uiiUimI; buily imiHirfuctly hcuIuiI. iif.ami, II'iI.
/
1460.''ANN(M'KTPTA I'KLIilK'IDA (Biiird).
(Sand Dartbb.*)
Head 4 to 4 J ; depth 7 to 8*. D. X-IO (IX to Xl-fl to 11) ; A. I, x 1,. lo;
scales aliout 75 (07 to 78), about fi series above lateral line. Uo(l\ elon-
gate, nearly cylindrical, the flesh pellucid in life, but of firm, win tex-
ture ; head stout. Cheeks, opercles, and temporal region scaled; the scales
embedded and more or less cycloid. Neck above thinly scaled or naked;
scales of body not very rough, those along lateral line and caudal iiediinclo
most closely imbricated ; belly entirely naked ; opercle ending in n short,
flat spine. Maxillary barely reaching to opposite the large eye; eyes lii^h
up, 3f to 4 in head, nearly equal to snout, separated by a narrow, ^jmoved
space. Pectorals shortish, almost as long as head, reaching tipstjt ven-
trals, halfway to vent. Translucent; scales with tine black dois; a
* We linvo often liroiiKht linnie with ns a ".lolmny," "8|ieck," or " Crawl-ii-bottnni." "f ii
diflcrciit typo from any of those whoso lialiitw woalreat\v kin'W. It had a vr'ry8liar|p iin-i«liii)i
projected over its mouth; its body was excoedlngly HJim and round, an transjparcnt as :■ llv, luil
hard and firm to tho touch. Its belly and nnu;h <>( iU hack were (juito bare of scales ami iImw
along its Hiiles wore small and inconspicuous. i>ur ai|uarium Inul been arranp'd IoiiIm' mii-
vonlonce of <»ir other f-V/l(■l»l^))Hl')((! friends and the bottom was thickly covered with stoms aiiiDii,'
which a small fish might easily hide. .Several days passed after the intro<luctibii of tliulitM Amiiin-
erijpta, which survived tho change of water, when we noticed that it had disapiicanil. ('anl'ul
search amongthe stones and aroimd the geodo only made it the more certain tliatitljaii p'TwiiihI
increasf-d our wonder as to tho way; for surely it had not been eaten, nor had itjunipciloin, iiiilcss
like Ariel, it could assumea "shape invisible." Finally, aftergoitigoverevery incliof IIm' i;iimiiii1,
there was discovere<l, under the noseof llaleomma, which was standing, as usual, on its liiinilsiiiiil
tail, tho upper edg<!of acaudal fin, and on each side of Boly's tail appeared a little Mai k ivchi'I
in ayollow frame, .^»/m(lcr;/;)^l was buried! Washodead? Slowly ono eye was closed iiia li.nt'i's
inimitable way— for they can outwink all animalsin creation except owls — and a tone li ot a fiiiiror
on its tail showed that it had lost none of its activity. It was (pilto improbable that it li-ul I'ceii
buried so completely by accident, we therefore cleared of stones a small spot, leaving; tlieluinl
white sand exposed, and awaited developnu^nts. Thi^nfordayswo watched it closely only ii> !■ m"
tbatitcould bury itself with great celerity, for it wasnotcaughtiu theact. Dutourpati'ii"\Mis
at last rewarded; for ono morning, as wo came out to breakfast, it put its nase, that we new knew
has a tip uearly as hard as boru, against the bottom, stood up ucarly straight uu its heail uel vMi
'I
Jordan and /''.i>frni<tun. — Fishes of North America.
lOOii
^ !
HciiiH (if Hiiinll, Nr|ii»riHli olivu (»i- bliiiNli lUotclit^H iilotig thu liu(;k atitl
nni>ilir^r aloii^ cacli NitU^ ; lattual HptttH cdiiiiuctfd by a );ilt Itaml. LoiiKtli
;{ jiicIk'h. Liiki) Krio to Mintumota, Kuiitiicky and Tdxuh ; ahouiuliii^ in
eli'iii mindy HtroaniH; ono of tho nuiHt inkt^roHtin^ of our liHlnm, luiryiii);
itM'ir in th«) Naiul by an iiiNtimtannonH inovuniunt, leaving ouly ItH uyuM
ami Nnout viHJblu. {pellittidiin, tranHparont.)
I'kui'ilfiiiii prlluriihtu (lUiBi) MS.) AriAKHiit, Dull, Mud. I'omp. /i>(ll.,i, A, 186:i, no locality; tli>'
ppcciiiit'iiH rriiiii Black River, Ohio, tlm tv|i<'H uf i:ilii">i"iiiii i>,lliici-lHni, IIaihd MS., IN/iU,
(Tyiic, N>i. Mil. t;oll. Ifciinl); Vaii.i.ant, Hot h"rrlii'H, li.s, 1873, with iMiito.
rh"'Uiii»ittllHii,laH, ,l(iRt)AN A (JiPi'ii.ANi), AniiT. Niit.,Hfi, 1h77.
A,in,;n-iii)lii jitlhwidu, JoKUAK ic Ull.liKlir, Syuu|>alM, 48'J, 188:t; IIo(ti.kniiku, (.'itt., i, ir)9.
)!
]vo|ireHuiito«l northwestward by
14«Uit. ANN<K;HYI>TA PKUJCIHA CLAKA (.lorilikii .t Mock).
This variety diflVu-M from the ty\nca\ peUucida in having n(» Hcales along
the nuchal region, and none on Hides anteriorly, oxcopt the 5 or fi rows
iiloii^ the lateral lino; clieekH with few soales. It grudoH into the typi-
cal /((//wnV/d, althongh extreme forms are readily recognizable; scarcely
woitliy of separation from the species. Mississippi Valley, Wabash
RImt, west to central Iowa and Minnesota and south to Arkansas and
1101 them Texas. (claruM, clear.)
Awm'.-riijilii rhirti, .IditiiAN X Mkkk, I'ror. V. S. Nut. Miin., 1K8.'), 8, Des Moines River,
Ottumwa, Iowa. (Typr, V... .•i,')828. Coll. .Torilnn A M.'rk.)
Mf'^i.'iiiitpitluvidiiiii iliinini, KvKit.MANN A .Iknkink, I'roc. IT. S. Nat. Mum., 18«8, 49.
li-:
H
Kol)resonted sonthwestward by
145011. AMNOCKYPTA PKLIJIC'IDA VIVAX (Hay).
More fully scaled than typical pt'UuxAdu, the region before the dorsal
licini; more or less closely covered with scales; scales firmer and rougher.
A dusky bar across base of soft dorsal. In other respects essentially as
in jii II iicida. Pyloric cijcca 4. Vertebra 21 -f- 20 = 41. Length 1^ inches.
a HH Ut hoHtinK of llio tail to r!({lit ami left was in lefw than flvit Boconds romplotoly hiirind. Tlio
wiimI liftd bcon violontly utirnd of ('(uirsc, and just iis it had nearly Hcttlod, probably in \enn tlmn
liiilt .1 niinntc, itH now) wan put ((uictly out, and t«-ttliiig back loft tlio twinkling; oyps and narrow
fiirili.iid alone vinible. Since tlion we have kept BroreH of them in an aqrariuni arrauKcd
I'iilii riiilly for llieir convenience and have often Heen tliem burrow into tbi- Hand. Tliey will remain
biirifil m liiiiKaHtbe water is jpure and cool. Indeed, we now rely almost entirely on tbein to
wiirri IIS when tlio water needs cbangine. When this need ii4 felt they come out of the Hand and
lie i>n llic bottom panting violently. We have been una)>le to diNoover any inimediato incentive
fill' ilnact. It MceniH to be entirely unjjremcdltateil. A number of them in confinement lie
hi'l|ilcssly on the bottom, motionless and slowly breathing, when one suddenly starts and buripH
liU )>' ltd and neck in the now whirling sand; by a motion as (]uick as thought, his tail beats
fniiilH'ally about and when again the clean sand lies smooth on the bottom the little eyes uro
liinkiiii; at you like two glistening beads, as if to witness your applause at so clever a trick.
WV liiive never seen Amiiincriipta taste of food, nor do wo ever expect to do so; foraltli"Ugh its
nitiuili bristles with teeth, its small size forbids an attack on any game which we can c'Vor. Its
quics-iiit habits and tho character of the bottoms to which it confines itself seem to indicate that
its |iri'y is minute if not microscopic. Rut speculation about what we do not know as to its food
mi^rlit lead us to speculation as to the origin of its characteristic features — how, for instance, tho
linrd ><nout, the transparent muscles, and tho burrowing habits arc consequent on its loss of scales,
or li-.w tho loss of unnecessary scales and of pigment cells is consequeut on its burrowing habits.
Tien, wli(>n wo have finished these nnitters, we might inquire liow it came about that there are
" Juhiiny Dartora" at all, uud why oo other coutineut has tbom,— i/orcian it- Copelmvi,
iltH
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Hiotographic
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CorporaJion
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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BulUtin 47f United States National Museum.
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Mississippi and northwest through Arkansas to Texas; in sandy stream.s.
(vivax, vivacious.)
Ammoirypla i-inijr, IIay, Bull. U. S. Fish Comni., ii, 1882(1883), 68, Pearl River, Jackson.
Mississippi. (Type, Nu. a2213. Coll. Hay.)
14A1. AMMOCRYPTA BEANII, Jordan.
Head 3f to 4; depth 7.^ D. VIII to X-10 or 11; A. I, 9 or 10; (scales
65. Uody greatly elongated, subcylindrical, transparent. Heud rather
large, heavier than in Ammoorypta pellucida. Mouth rather wide, nearly
terminal ; the upper jaw somewhat the longer ; outer teeth strong,
hooked. Opercular spine obsolete. Head entirely naked. Body naked,
except the caudal peduncle, which is sparsely covered with t'hin. embed-
ded scales, and a series of rather large scales along the sides, on which
the lateral line runs. Dorsal luns high, wide apart, about equal in height
to the anal fin and to each other; candal fin emarginate. Calor trans-
lucent, without bars or spots, the lateral line shining golden in lite.
Spinous dorssl with a large black spot on the membrane anteriorly,
another near the middle, and some small ones behind; other fmH with
their membranes dusted with dark points. Length 2^ inches, linlt'
States, Alabama to Louisiana; rather common in sandy bottoms of clear
brooks in the pine woods. (Named for Dr. Tarleton Hoffman Bean, its
discoverer.)
Amviocrypta beanii, JoniOAN, Bull, x, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1877, Notalbany River, Tickfaw,
Louisiana, (Coll. Bean); Uoulengeii, Cat., i, 103; Jordan & Giliiekt, Syuo|isis, ikk.
Ammocrijytta geUda, Hay, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 490, Chickasa^vha River, Enterprise,
Mississippi. (Voung.) (Type, No. 27425. Coll. Hay.)
I' ■
'I J
474. lOA, Jordan «fe Brayton.
loa, Jordan & Brayton, Bull. IT. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 88, 1878, {vUrea).
This genus differs from Ammoorypta chiefly in the presence of 2 well-
developed spines in the anal fin. The anal fin is proportionately smaller,
and the scales are larger and rougher, more fully covering the body.
Species small and slender, translucent in life ; abounding in sandy brookn
of the southern pine woods, (log, an arrow or dart.)
(I. Cheeks and operclcs closely scaled; anal rays II, 7.
aa. Cheeks aud opercles naked; anal rays II, 10.
VlTllFA, 14r)2.
vicii,, 14J3.
fe:
'4
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'f'S
1462. lOA TITREA (Cop«).
Head 4 to 4i; depth 7 to 7i. D. VII to IX-11 to 14; A. 11,(5 to 9;
scales 50 to 62. Form of Ammocrypta pellucida, or a little less elongate.
Head slender, acuminate; mouth not very small, maxillary reaching
front of eye; temporal region scaled; eye 3f in head, nearly etinal to
snont ; chteks and opercles covered with large, imbricated, very roughly
ctenoid scales, these scales extending forward to the maxillary and hack-
ward to edge of operole and on suboperole ; the feeble opercular spine is
almost hidden by them. Middle aud lower part of the aides of the body
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. lOf};")
■ir
covered with large, imbricated, very rough scales, these less closely set
below; breast naked; behind the veutrals the middle line of the belly
wit li some small scales, behind which is a naked space bounded by small
einbudded scales, and extending as far as tl.e vent; back, from middle of
tii'Hl dorsal forward, naked, posteriorly more or less scaly. Fins low and
small, the second dorsal longer than the first or the anal, the spines
slender; anal spines short; pectoral tins long and narrow. Translucent,
with small dark spote^ on back and sides, besides liner specklings; tins
plain. Length 2 inches. Southeastern Virginia and eastern North Caro-
liuu ; locally abundant in clear sandy streams in pine woods. (I't^reus,
glassy.)
rmitirhthija vitreus, CoPE, Proo. Amcr. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1870, 263, Walnut Creek, a tribu-
tary of Neuse River, Wake County, Nortl Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)
/oil liii-en, Jordan & Gii.bekt, Synoiisis, 490, 1883.
Ammocriiptu I'Urea, Boulenuer, Cut., 1, 102.
I
■1.
f h
1458. lO.l VIQIL, Hay.
Head 3J; depth 6; eye 3, greater tiian snout. D. X-12; A. II, 10; scales
about 60 in longitudinal series. Body slender ; head long ; caudal pedun-
cle compressed and comparatively deep, the fish, therefore, having nearly
tlie Hame ddpth throughout its length. Top of head sloping gradually
from occiput »^^o snout. Upper j aw protractile ; mouth large, terminal,
sliglitly oblique ; the jaws equi^l, maxillary reaching anterior edge of
pupil ; interorbital space very narrow ; jaws with recurved teeth ; oper-
cular spine W3ll developf.d ; opercles and cheeks naked. Dorsal fins well
Heparated ; the origin of spinous dorsal ^ distance from snout to base of
caudal, its length ^ and its height k length of head; soft dorsal same
size as spinous. Length of anal fin f length of head, its height i head.
Posterior portion of body densely scaled, anterior portiou probably with
few scales above, but none below the lateral line. Pale straw color or
pellucid in life with some blotches and specks of olive, about 10 square
spots along the back, and about as many along the lateral line, moat dis-
tinct posteriorly ; top of head dusky ; a small but distinct black spot at
base of caudal. Length 1 inch. (Hay.) Only one specimen known.
Pearl River, Jackson, Mississippi ; a rather doubtful species, possibly a
variation of Ammocrypta heanii. (vigil, wide awake.)
/-« ri'j!l, Hay, Bull. U. S. Fish Conim., ii, 1882 (1883), 59, Pearl River, Jackson, I^issis-
sippi. (Coll. Hay.)
The genus Ammocrypta represents the extreme of development of the
series of darters with elongate bodies, a natural series being formed from
Perdna through Hadropterus, Ulocentra, and Boleohoma to Crystallana and
Ammocrypta. Another well-marked series, at first parallel with these and
closely related to its members, leads oft" from Hadropterus and Ulocentra
through Etheostoma, culminating in Microperca. This second series is
distinguished as a whole by firmer skeleton with fewer vertebrie, the
skull more convex in cross section, the anal fin smaller and the fin rays
teuding to become fewer. In habits, the species of the second group ar&
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B,.!letin 4y, United States National Museum.
more quiescent, swimming less freely for a distance, but lying at rust for
some time, then moving with sudden jerks. In this series bright Miic or
red coloration in the males is more frequently observed. We begin tlut
series with the chief group, Etheostoma, a group from which as a wliolc
Hadropterus can scarcely be separated.
475. ETHEOSTOMA, Raflnesque.
EOteontoma, Rafinehqite, Jonrn. do PhyHique., etc., Paris, 1819, 419, (caprmlet, hUnninidef, ihiheU
lam; first rustrictoil liy Aoabsiz, 1854, to atpro, wrongly ideutifled as " hlennioUle»; " rt.'t*trict(.'il
by Cope & Jordan, 1877, to flabellare).
Pwcilomiiia, Agabbiz, Lake Superior, 1850, 299, (varialiu) (name preoccupied).
F<ecilichOiy», Akabsiz, Amorican Journal Sci. and Arts, 1854, 305, {variatut).
Cutonotuii, AuABSiz, Amorican Journal Sci. and Arts, 1854, 305, (flabeUalut).
Oliyocephaliu, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 67, (lepidiu).
Nothoiiutuf, AriABSiz, Dull. Mub, Comp. /oiil., i, .3, 1803, (maculalus).
Artatichlhyn, Vaimawt, RccherchcB Bur Icb Etheostomatlna, 107, 1873, {etmileun).
Nanotloma, Putnam MS., Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, «, 1877, {soualU) (not Ifmvimiomm,
GCntiier).
Jthothceca, Jordan, Sept. U. S. Fish Comm., 1835, 868 {zoneUu, Bubstituto for Nanostumn, rcj^ardid
as preoccupied by Nannoatoimu).
Torrenlaria, Jordan & Evermann, new Bubgenus, {autlrale).
Nivic( t, Jordan & Everuann, new subgenus, (boreah).
liiiflucmimelhu, Jordan Sc Evermann, new subgenus, (potliii),
Clariculr, Jordan & Evermann, utw subgenus, (jidife).
Body robust, or rather elongate, compresp-^d. Month terminal, or sub-
inferior, varying in size ; the lower jaw included or not ; preniaxillarios
not protractile ; maxillary movable. Teeth rather strong, usually present
on vomer and palatines. Gill membranes separate or more or lesH biua'Uy
conuected. Scales moderate or small, ctenoid ; top of head without scales ;
scales of the middle line of the belly persistent and similar to thu others;
lateral line well developed, nearly straight, often wanting posteriorly ;
fins large, with strong spines ; first dorsal usually longer and larger than
the second, with 7 to 15 spines ; anal with 2 strong spines, the anterior
usually the larger, the second rarely obsolete ; anal fin always smallei' than
the boft dorsal ; ventral fins more or less close together. Skull narrow,
the parietal region very strongly convex in cross section ; supraoccipital
crest very small or wanting; lower pharyngeals very narrow. Vertebrsi'
33 to 39, usually 15 + 21 = 36. Pyloric coica 3 or 4. Bones rather lirni.
Coloration various, often brilliant. As here understood, a very lar{;c
genus covering a great variety of forms. Many attempts at further sub-
division have been made and some of the subgenera indicated below
have been considered of generic value. Intergradations of all sorts
occur and the technical characters do not always indicate the real rela-
tionship. Many of the species are excessively variable, each brook having
its peculiar race. (The word Etheostoma is stated by Eafinesque to mean
"various mouths," the species known to him, i. e., Percina vaprodn,
Diplesion blenniaidea, and Etheostoma flabellare, being so different in respect
of the form of the mouth that he conceived that they might belong to
difierent subgenera. The etymology of the word is not evident, unless
7
Jordan and F.vertnann. — Fishes of North America. 1067
it l)c from ifiin^. to strain, and
nxiMii^ would make Heierostoma.)
oTufta, month ; irrpog, different, and
1. T<nteral lino comploto (a few tubes very rarely wanting).
''. Ulll niemlirancH more or legs broadly connected ucroHH the iBthmug, ventrulfi soparati-d
by a distinct interspace, which ,s not so wide as base of the fln; anal spines nor-
mally 2.
rcKCiLiciiTiiYS (irotKiAof, variegated; tx^ut, flsh):
r. Anal fln nearly an Irrgo as soft dorsal; spinous dorsal with about 13 spines; head
almost naked; fins very large; colors brilliant. variati'm, 1454.
Nanostoma {vavot, small; trrotia, mouth):
cr. Anal fln much smaller than soft dorsiil; spinous dorsal with to 12 spines.
(I. lleid entirely naked.
e. Scales moderate, 48 to 67; pectoral ^^ longer than bead; V. al<out \II-13;
sides with dark green spots. rwannanda, 1455.
ee. Scales rather largo, 40 to 48.
/. Pectoral about as long as head; D. about X-11.
g. Head large, 3% to 4 in length; sides with dark green blotches.
THALABBINdH, 1150.
fjg. Head rather small, 4% in length; males with series of ^^rarlot
spots along the raws of scales. inbcriptuh, 1457.
ff. Pectoral much longer than head; D. XII-12; l>ody robast; the depth'
43^ in length; color olive with dark oblique bars, blennius, 1458.
(Ml. Head not entirely naked.
/(. Checks naked; opercles scaij- scales 50 to 60; body slender, the depth 5'%
in length ; color green, with darker markings. bvpestrf., 1459.
hit. Cheeks an<i opercles scaly (rarely nake<I); body slender, the depth 5 to 6
in length. D. about X-11; pectoral about as long as head.
I. Scales about 42; males with series of dark siwts along the rows of
scales. ELEGANS, 1460.
ii. Scales about 60; no distinct dark spots along series of scales.
ZONALB, 1461.
U'lTiiONOTi'S (I'oWs, prominent; vStrot, buck):
lib. Oill membranes scarcely connected across isthmus; first dorsal long; anal rather
small; ventrals near together, the interspace very narrow.
j. Humoral region without enlarged black scale.
A-. Head short, the muzzia abruptly decurved; scales 60 to 58;|vertical fins black-
edged; breast blue in life.
I. Dorsal spines 11 or 12. ramurvm, 1462.
H. Dorsal spines 14. vi'lneratum, 1403.
H: Head rather long and pointed, the snout not docurve<l.
III. Scales rather small, 56 to 63; body and fins variegated with red.
n. Color olive; throat blue; sides in male with crimson spots and a
brown, wavy, lateral band. D. XII-12. maoulatum, 1464.
11)1. Color yellowish, with 4 dark bars; 10 to 12 oblong dark spots on
sides; fins with red in male; 1). XI-12. cinerkum, 1465.
Him. Color greenish, with 8 to 10 transverse bluish bands; between each
pair a bluish rhomb; a black caudal spot; fins with yellow.
D. XlI-13. tessellatum, 1466.
mm. Scales rather large, about 45; male olive with quadrate red spots on
sides; breast blue; belly orange; fins ornate; form robust.
KUFIIINEATUM, 1467.
jj. Humoral region witli an enlarged black sc^le;' scales 43 to 65. D. X-11; color
olivaceous, with 8 to 10 dark cross bars; form robust. jordani, 1468.
aa. Lateral line more or less incomplete (occasionally nearly or quite complete in je(wi> and
in tqimmkepii); vontrals close together, the interspace very slight; first dorsal and anal
rather small.
I Si:
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
i.-u
il.
vi i
.t;
f, -
TiiHHKNTAniA (/(irreiid, u HWlft Btn-am):
f>. Anal Hpiiio fiiii^lo iim far uh known; head naked or very nearly ho; a binck In nii'nil
lirwi'KH or M'liif; Hiioiit Kbarp, tlio nmutli lurKO.
;>. ScalvH C(>; bcdy and head very long and Hlender. A. I, 10; i^ill nien'branpRRr'|iitrato.
SAdin A, \\m.
lip. Scales ')8 to TiG; body rather deep, the head slender, A. I, 7 or K; gill nicinliruruB
ino<lerately conuocted- bo<ly with Blmrp crosH bandfl, AUSTiiAt r , UTO,
»». Anal flplnos normally 2.
>/. (lill nicmbrancH scarcely connected; lo>ver jaw moderate, nut projecting.
Nivu'oLA {nij; iiivriin, snow; co/o, to inhabit):
r. Fins very Bmall, the dorsal rays VIII-O; cheeks and opercles scaly; 9<alc8 63.
iionKAi.K, 1471.
>T. Fins not very small. Dorsal spines U to i:); the soft rays 10 tu 14.
Ua FI NEBQITIEI.LV8 ■!■ :
N. Dorsal Ann more or less connected; lust dorsal spine not longer tlj.iii next
the last; u dark humeral scale; coloration mottled; form very ii)lpiir.t,
the depth about 4 in length; scales 44 to 50. pottsu, in^
(>Lino<?Ei>HAi.rs (6Aiy6«, few, small; irt^aA^, head):
fs. Dorsal tins well separated, the last dorsal spiiie short; form cuniparutivcl}-
slender.
I. Humeral region without dlfTorentiatod black scale-like procesK; eomc-
times with a faint dark spot.
H. Scales between 8pin(>\is dorsal and lateral line 4 to 7.
t'. Head not entirely naked.
w. Cheeks and opercles more or less closely scaled.
X. Scales small, about 60; soft dorsal with 10 or 11 rays;
body slender. ihh i:, 14711.
XX. Scales moderate, 41 to 55; soft dorsal rays 12 nr 1:;.
y. Lateral Hue almost or quite complete; KJdos in
male with bluish bars or blotches.
JE.wi.t:, 1471.
ifjl. Lateral line with 30 to 35 tubeH on'y; Mas with
alternate yellow and dark crosN Imr"'.
HTKOVINCTrM, 1475.
WW, Cheeks scaly; opercles naked; scales 54 to ill. 1). \-Vi;
■ides with faint dark cross bars, lepidoqknvs, 1476.
tcunc. Clieeks naked or n arly so; opercles more or Icsn scaly;
scales rather large, about 48; males witli alternate
oblique bars of red and blue; flns ornate.
c.mtri.KiM, 1477.
vv. Head entirely naked; scales about 48; form and riilmation of
Etheoitoma aenileuni. i.KriniM, 1-*7S.
tt. Humeral region with a distinct black process or scale.
X, Checks mostly naked, opercles scaly; scales about .'>(); liody liamii'il;
fins rather large. D. XII-12. TiPi'Ki-AMif, H7'.i.
.rv. Cheeks and opercles naked, or very nearly so.
a'. Scales veiy small, 63 to 80; body everywhere mm li (lotted
with black. puNi:Tii.Air.M, I48ii.
lui'. Scales moderate, less than 62 in number.
I)'. Scales of sides not marke<i,each with a dark Hpni, tlicsf
forming continuous stripes.
c'. Scales 46 to 55; snout much shorter than .yc.rliicli
is 3>^ in head. cincixi.MSl.
ce'. Scales 45 to 50, snout as long as eye, whidi is Si"
head. obevf.n.sk, 1482.
♦Named for Constantino Samuel Raflnesque, who first recognized the existence of darters in
the streams about the falls of the Ohio (Louisville, Kentucky),
V.'fe.--.:
i.;?*; t' iZ J!i^\ I
^mii
r
vm.
i; a black In in.ral
nen'bran(>HBniiiirato.
SAdlTTA, MWt.
r 8; gill iiii'iii)irjiii.'8
AU8T11AI I . UTO.
irojectinK.
iJB scaly; sialcsW.
IIORK.M.K, 1471.
Otol4.
ot longer tliaiL next
il; form v«iv roljiKt,
POTTNir, 1472.
form coniiiamlivcly
)-like priiccsh; some-
4 to 7.
inly scaled,
I witli 10 01' 11 rays;
inwi:, UIX
orsal rays I'l or l:i.
I) coiiipk'ti'; sides in
blotclies.
jEssi.i:, 1474.
ibes on'.y; sides with
rk cross Imrs.
ITKOVINCTIM, 1475.
54t(. lil. 1), X-12;
.EPIDOdKNVS, 1476.
more or less scaly;
mules Willi alternate
flns ornate.
c.iciMi.ErM, 1477.
rm 811(1 coliiiationof
I.KI'IDIM, l-'7.'*.
lale.
lilt .")(»; Iicily liandeil;
TlPl'KI'AMif, H7'.l.
where mm li dutteil
ruNCTi'i.Air.M, H8I).
•.
h a dark spnt, tlie«'
rtor than .ye, rliicli
cii.\iMSi,14i>l.
as eye, wliicli is 5 in
OBEY ESS*:, H81i.
stenco of darters in
Jordan and Evermatm. — Fishes of North America. 1069
W. BcaleH of back ami sidnx each with a dark 8>Hit, theao
forming coiitiiiuoiis streaks.
(<'. Scales .'iti to 61; male with the belly reil; snout
rounded. I'Aaei, 14H,'i.
AiV. Scales ri:i; no red; snout |Kiiiited. viruati'm, HHt.
(yiy. Gill membranes more or less broadly conuectud across isthmus; usually au
enlarged black humeral scale.
Claricola (cfaniji, clear; ;<>'", to inhabit):
e'. Lower Jaw scarcely projecting; head more or \v*a scaly; B|iiiies in maloi
without knobs.
/'. Scales usually less than GO.
g'. Body robust, the depth 4 to 4^ in lenf^th; snout sharp; mouth
rather large; greenish with dark markings. .m'I.i.>:, 1485.
gg'. Body rather slender, the depth \y^ to r> in loiigth.
/('. Cheeks scaly, male with dark bars and red blotches on sides
of body. AiiTEsi.i-:, 1480.
}M. Cheeks naked, or with embedded scales; male with red sjiots
along sides of body. ai.aiiam/V., 1487.
ff. Scales usually more than <>0.
t'. Cheeks usually naked or nearly bo; (tores wanting on in to 20
scales; male with red spots and r'.'d markings on fins.
wiiii'Pi.il, 1488.
ti'. Cheaks usually scaly; pores wanting on few (usually not more
than 4 or 6) scales; flns low; no red in life.
squAMicEPS, 1489.
Etiieostoma:
ee'. Lower jaw strongly projecting; IigmI entirely naked; dorsal spines low,
each ending in u small, fleshy knob in the male; colors dark, no red
nor blue; flns checkered. ki.adellare, 1490.
Subgenus PCECILICHTHYS, Agassiz.
1454. ETHEOSTOMA YARIATr.n, Kirtland.
Head 3^ to K\ ; depth 4| to 5i ; eye %\ to 3S in head. D. XII to XIV-11
to 13 ; A. II, 7 to 9 ; scales 8-51 to 63-12. Body moderately elongated,
not much compressed, the back somewhat arched. Head short and thick,
the suout short and blunt, and the profile above the eyes strongly
decurved ; profile a little depressed at the nape. Eyes large, not very
close togetbev, slightly longer than snout. Mouth small, low, subhori-
zontal, the lower jaw included ; teeth small, subequal, bluntish, in rather
broad bands ; teeth on vomer. Premaxillary not protractile ; i..axillary
reaching front of eye, 4 in head. Top of head extremely rugose, the
wrinkles evident through the skin, and radiating irregularly from behind
the eye. Parietal region rather broad and depressed, as in species of
Hadroptcrua. Preopercle entire ; opercle with a rather sharp spine, (xill
membranes somewhat broadly united, but meeting at a rather acute
angle. Head naked, except for 1 to 3 scales on the upper part of the
opercle; scales of body rather large, ctenoid ; lateral line complete; nape
covered with small scales; breast loosely scaled; belly covered with
ordinary scales similar to those on the sides; no enlarged ventral plates.
Fins all very large ; dorsal fins slightly joined ; anal fin large, but lower
than the soft dorsal, and somewhat shorter; pectorals as long as head,
reaching front of anal; second anal spine longer than first, both of
J'
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1070
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
niodorato size; longest dorsal spine 2i| in head; lont^o^t soft lay it;
caudal snbtrunoate, its longest ray 1^ in head ; longest ray uf atial 1,' ;
pectoral a little longer than head ; ventral u little shorter. Color of
large male specimen, dusky greenish above, the head similar, tint cinti ih
of the scales darker, and the whole body covered with fine dark iiointH
visible with a lens; belly and sides of the body from anal Hu foiwanl
and as high up as the level of the scapula of a bright yellow oiaur,. ;
posterior parts of the body with 5 vertical zones of bright oianijr,
these about half as broad as the dark greenish iuterspaceN ; first /oiif
op])osite the interspace between the dorsals and extending downward to
front of anal ; the last two on caudal peduncle ; a vague, diiNky ana un
base of caudal; a dusky shade across nape in front of dorsal, with L' or
3 blackish cross blotches on back behind it; head nearly plain, witli
some dark specks and some dashes of orange; breast with liglit-diaiij^rc
shades ; first dorsal with a broad median band of blue black : a paler
stripe below it and above it ; the base of the fin with dark inti'is|)iiial
spots, and the edge of the fin again bliickish ; second dorsal blue lilack,
dashed with orange toward the base; caudal blackish, rather darkei at
base; anal blue black, with orange yellow At the base ; pectoral blackitili,
with orange cross shades; ventrals blue black, with some ed^nn^^H of
orange. Young examples similarly marked, but paler in color, with
more distinct markings, especially the dark cross bars on back. \\ lildi
are often very distinct, much as in Cottogaster uranidea; Hdn in Icinalcs
and young paler. Length % inches. Ohio River basin from western
Pennsylvania,* through Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky; generally rare,
probably more common southward. A large, handsome sp'^cieH, not
recognized for nearly thirty years after its discovery, the naino rnridlim
having been meanwhile transferred to other species (cwruleum aud ihlUitua).
(variatus, variegated.)
Etheosloma varialum, Kirtland, Zoulogy of Ohio, 1C8, 192, 1838, Mahoning River, Ohio;
BOVLENOKB, Cat., I, 81.
Elheoitinna notalnm, A3A88IZ MS., Putnam, Bull, i, Mus. Conip. Zoiil., 4, 1863, (niimo oil.v).
Hadroptent* leiwelliUns, Jordan, Bull, x, U. S. Nat. Mui., 7, 1877, Alleghany River, Fox
burg, Pennsylvania. (Coll. Baird.)
Hadroptenw variiilun, Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 163; rodiscovery of the siiocies from
IVhitewator Bivor, Brookrille, Indiana. (Coll. Amos. W. Butler.)
Boleoioma variatum, Yaillamt, Recherches, 84, 1873.
Subgenus NANOSTOMA.t Putnaai.
1466. ETHEOSTOMA 8WANNAN0A, Jordan & Everniann.
Head4i; depth 6; eye 4 in head. D. XI or XII-12 to 14 ; A 11, !•;
scales 6-48 to 57-7 or 8. Form of Uloceutra mnotera. Body rol)ust. some-
what compressed, the back elevated; head very short, deep, the anterior
* A specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoiilogy from Enston, PonnRylviuii:i fPclnw.ari'
River), seems to belong to Etheottoma rnriatum. Anal large; dorsal spines 12; pciiI''^ 1'. ('il'
membranes united; belly scaled; premaxillary not protractile; a dark sinjt on last di i -:il i^l'in",
color otherwise faded. There is no other record of this species from east of tlio Ailiglmuii'!.
and this locality may bo doubtful.
t This group is very closely allied to Ulocentra,
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North America. 1071
ing River, Ohio;
uf till! siiucioa fri'Ui
prolilo strongly convex; snont short and blunt; eyo large, placed high;
muuth very small, horizontal, inferior, the lower jaw included all around.
Prciiiaxillaries not protractile ; maxillary short, not adnate, reaching to
opiioHite front of eye, 4 in head; teeth small. Cheeks, opercles, and
breast naked; nape naked in one specimen examined, scaly in the others;
lati'iai line complete; belly evenly scaled. Uill membraiieH broadly con-
nected. Fins rather low; dorsals contiguous; pectoralH long, ^ longer
than head, reaching beyond ventrals to vent. Mules, in spirits, dusky
grei'ii, the belly paler; book irregularly mottled and blotched with black
and Htrewn with specks of saO'ron yellow; 6 distinct black cross blotches
on dorsal lino ; 8 to 10 roundish or quadrate black blotches on sides, a
Hmallur spot behind the last of these at base of caudal, these lateral
blotches somewhat connected ; head dusky above ; a faint bar below eye ;
axil lilaok ; fins nearly plain. In life, male olive green, light green below ;
markings all dark green ; base and lower edge of pectoral tinged with
aatfrou ; base and tip of first dorsal bright snuffy brown ; second dorsal
and caudal olive, speckled ; lower fins pale yellow. Female and younger
specimens have the body more speckled; the pectorals and caudal barred
with dark. Length 2ito 3 inches. Upper wate-s of the Tennessee River;
locally abundant ; a beautiful little fish, thus far known only from the
clear, cold waters of the middle and south forks of the Holston and the
soutli fork of the Nwannanoa, a most beautiful stream flowing from the
Hanks of Black Mountain into the French Broad.
aA«o.«(.-Hia (tiraimonoa, Jordan A Evermann, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1388, 30O, South Fork of
Holston River, Holstein Mills, Virginia; Middle Fork of Holston River, Marion,
Virginia, and South Fork of Swannanoa River, Black Mountain, North Caro-
lina (Type, No. 398G1. Coll. Jordan, Evormaan and Jenkinti); Boulenqer, Cat., I, 81.
145«. ETHE08T0NA THALASSINUM (Jordan k Braytou).
Head 3| to 4 ; depth 4f to 5 ; eye 'i\ to 4 in head. D. IX to XI-10 to 12 ;
A. II, 7 or 8; scales .5-40 to 48-7. Body rather stout, compressed behind,
the back somewhat arched. Head large, the snout rather blunt and con-
vex iu profile. Eye large, high up, about equal to snout ; interorbital space
rather narrow. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the maxillary reaching
to the orbit. Upper jaw slightly longer than the lower. Head entirely
naked ; throat naked ; neck naked anteriorly ; opercular spine obtuse ;
Fins all large; membrane of the first dorsal continued to the base of the
second ; longest dorsal spine scarcely shorter than the soft rays, the base
of tliu spinous dorsal a little longer than that of the soft dorsal ; anal not
much smaller than the soft dorsal, its first spine the longer; caudal tin
deeply lunate; pectorals as long as head, reaching nearly to vent. Male,
in life, with body dark green and blotched above ; sides with 6 to 9 dark
blue-};reen vertical bars, the 5 next the last most distinct ; spinous dorsal
reddish at base, then a broad black band, the uppermost third of a bright
ferni};inou8 red; second dorsal blackish at base, reddish above; candal
with "1 orange blotches at base, black mesially, pale orange distally ; anal
fin of a brilliant blue-green color at base, pale at tip ; ventrals greenish ;
head mostly grass green ; the streaks forward and downward from eye
iti.t
iy'U«jMIW«I(pu»«p^HJPP?|i|pB^lp»^
^SPWWRP^l^PPPW^
)
'i
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3 ,
1072 Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
(lark ){t'o<Mi; fuiiiuloH (IuIUmuikI iiioru Hpeuklud. LtMi^tli 2\ iitch<>H. Sjintuu
Kivur hitHin in North and Mouth (Jarolinu ; locally very abunduiit ; a picttv
HpociuH. {llialaviiinim, ueu ^ruuu, i'roiii Dnhiana, Hua.)
NdUioikiIhii Ihnliimiwn, .Idrdan .V IIkaytdn, Dull. XII, V. 8. Nat. Mud., 13, 1H7H, Reedy Kiver,
Greenville, South Carolina; Catawba River and tributaries in North Carulina;
Ennoree River, Chick Springs, South Carolina; and Saluda River, Farr's Mill,
South Carolina, (Typo, No. Illl'J'J. Coll. .Ionian & Urii.vtoii); .Ioudan .t (iiLiiF.in, ,sui„|wi,,
fill, IHHIt.
Elhnii^'ima Oititamnum, JuuUAN, Dull. U. 8. FIhIi Coinm., vili, 1888 (180O), I'M; Uovlkniikk, Cut.,
I, 83.
14f''. KTHKOi^TOMA INSCRIPTVX (Jordan * nrnyton).
Head 4Jt depth 4J; eye 3i, about equal to Hnoiit. D. XI-12; A. II, «;
scales r)-4(»-5. Hody rather stout and deep, stroiij^ly compressed. Ciiiidiil
pedude rather deep, Hea«l large, rather obtuse, the profile (luiteKilihoiiN,
a considerable aujrle formed opposite the eyes, which are higli ii|) and
close together. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the maxillary rtiicliini;
eye, the upper jaw the longer. Head entirely scaleless ; neck abovn Hcuiy ;
breast naked; l)clly closely scaled; scales large. Fins larg**; Hpinoii.s
dorsal longer than soft dorsal, which is somewhat larger than tiic ;iiial ;
the 2 dorsals connected by membrane; dorsal spines a little iiion- tlian
half the lengtli of the head ; pectorals large. Color olive, with a biijjht
scarlet spot on each scale, these forming continuous lines along the rows
of scales; 3 dark blotches across the back ; 1 in front of dorsal, roiiiiing
a black spot on the anterior spines ; 1 between the 2 dorsal fins, luniiiii};
a similar black spot on the last rays of the spinous dorsal, and I on the
caudal peduncle, behind the second dorsal; sides with about (i iii()i,niliir
dark-olive blotches Jubt below the lateral line; edge of spinous <iorsal
black, below this bright orange red, a dusky bar at the base; entire anni
flu, cheeks, opercles, and a bar below the eye bright blue ; femalen with-
out red spots, the sides blotched. Length 2i inches. Oconee Kivci,
Georgia; scarce; one of the most beautiful of the group. {hiKciiptiiH,
written on, from the markings.)
NolhoiiotM iiisiriptim, JoitDAN & Biiayton, Bull, xii, U. S. Nat. Mus., 34, 1878, Oconee River, at
Sulphur Springs, Hall County, Georgia, ((^ull. Jordiiu it Braytou).
Nano$loma insiriptnm, Jordan & Giluebt, 8yuoi.eii<, 512, 1883.
1458. ETHE0ST0M.4 BLEXXH'S, (HiUK-rt * Uu.
Head 4? ; depth 4? ; eye 1^ in snont, 4J in head. xJ. Xn-12; A. 11,8;
scales 5-43-8. Body exceedingly robust, little compressed, tlie ventral
outline more strongly arched than dorsal outline ; greatest depth opiMisite
front of spinous dorsal, the 2 profiles thence converging rapidly liackward
to form the rather long, slender, caudal peduncle. Head very deeji, witli
subvertical cheeks, broad below, narrowing upward and forward. I'lotilc
from nape to middle of interorbital space nearly horizontal, thence ulirnptly
and very obliquely docurved to tip of snout. Middle of eye ei|ni(listant
from tip of snout and front of nape. Greatest depth of preorbitai f length
.w?~ fii^~^i.\-jSL^jr
„i, ti ■"^. rf
•firfffwrnm^.
I
\
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1073
; UoVLKNciKII, <'ut ,
, Oconee River, at
.orbital ; lengtli
(if liuatl. Mouth very Hniall, Hiibinforior, the lowor Jaw tnohuled. LotiKth
ot'iiiiixillary etiualiiig distance from tip ')f siioiit to anterior noHtril. I'ro-
inaxiUurieB not protractile, the fold of upper lip interrupted by a very
iianow frenuni, an Ih the case in some spociniens of Ulocvntra ximottra,
to which species the present one is really closely related. Vomer with
teetli. Opercular spine very little developed, the operclo terminating iu
» Hat point, scarcely projecting; beyond the membrane. Uill membranes
very widely Joined across isthmus, the width of the union being ii dis-
tant d from posterior margin of membrane to tip of lower juw. Kye sniall,
hi^'li up. Rpinoi's dorsal long and rather low, composed of stiff spines,
the iiiumbrane of last spine Joining base of first soft ray ; the middle spines
tilt; liighest, about half length of head ; second dorsal shorter and higher
than the first, much larger than the small anal fin, its longest ray l)f
ill ht'iid. Anal spines short and robust, the firpt longei than second ; long-
ei^t anal ray about equaling length of snout ; caudal lunate ; pectorals
voiy large, reaching much beyond ventrals, about it length of body. Yen-
•ralH equaling distance from snout to base of pectorals ; least depth of
caudal peduncle i depth of body. Body covered with very large scales,
thoHc, on nape somewhat smaller; head and breast wholly naked; lateral
line (complete, straight. Color in life : Light olive green above, with 4 con-
spicuous blackish-brown cross bars, narrower than the interspaces, run-
ning from back downward and forward to below lateral line ; the first,
very broad, occupies the entire nape, and terminates above l>a8e of pec-
torals ; the second, much narrower, begins below end of spinous dorsal ;
the third below last rays of soft dorsal ; the last bar much less conspicu-
oiiH on back of caudal peduncle. On middle of each light interspace is a
similar, somewhat broader bar, less clearly marked, and with ill-defiued
boundaries, these bars terminating below lateral line in 7 or 8 dusky
blotchus; each scale on back and sides with the central portion light red,
changing to golden brown in spirits ; belly and lower fourth of sides sil-
very white; two bright areas at base of caudal, with a blackish bar
immediately behind them; caudal indistinctly barred with dusky. Dor-
sals translucent, the membrane between each 2 rays with an elongate
(liiiiky-red blotch, extending f height of fin ; spinous dorsal margined
with light red; pectorals barred with dusky and light yellowish; ven-
trals with traces of similar bars; anal translucent, an indistinct yellow-
ish baud along its middle. Length 2^ inches. Northern Alabama, in
small streams tributary to the Tennessee River ; not common ; a strongly
marked species. (Blenniua, a blenny, from the form of the head.)
Bheostuudi {Uliolhaca) bletmitis, GILBERT & SwAiN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mub., 1887, 55, Cox's Creek
and Shoal Creftk, tributary to the Tennessee River, Florence, Alabama, iTypn,
No. .!6187. Coll. Gilbert & Swain); Gilbebt, Bull. U. S. Fi8h Comm., ix, 188!) (1891), 160.
1469. ETHEOSTOMA BVPESTBK, Gilbert St. Swain.
Head 3J to 4; depth 5}. D. XI or XII-11 or 12; A. II, 7 or 8; scales
50 to 57, 6 or 7 series above lateral line. Closely related to Etheostoma
Ihlawiinin, from which it may be distinguished by its more slender form,
F. N. A. 69
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1074
Jiutietin 4;, United States National Museuhi,
tiMt uhHeuco of bright colurution, tlio Hnmllor HcaleH, and tli« N(|naiii:iilii!i
uf tho uperclo. liody Hlundor, t'liHit'uriii, littlo coiiiprcHHt'tl, tliu ii|i[i*'r
ivntorior profile duHC«^iitliiiK rapi<lly to tip of Hiioiit. Moiitii hiihiII, Imii-
/oiitui, tnriiiiiiiil ut lowor hitlu of Hiiout, tiui lower Jaw incliitlt'd ; maxjl.
lary ruucliing vortical from front of orbit, itH lungth Hlightly Ichh tliaii
cliiiiiiutur of oyu, 3^ iu head, in HpecinionH \\ inclu'H long. Iiitt'nuliiial
Hpuce very narrow, itH width half dianiutcr of orbit, (jtill nuMiilii.'iiiirt
widely joined, free from tlio iNthnuiH. ticaleM Hmall,i) to 7 lon^ritiniiiiiil
HerioH between lateral lino and tho baHo of tlie Hpinonu dorHal ; tnlnHot
lateral lino nHually 55 or 50 in unnibor, varying from 50 to 57 ; lateial lim^
uomplete, Htraight ; opercio more or Iohh completely covered with scalis
aH large as thoHO on aidcH; cheeks and broaHt naked, the nape clcmfly
Hcalod. Fins of moderate hI/o, tho apinoH weak and tiexilde ; Icn^'ih ut'
dorHal HpineH equaling dintanco from tip of nnont to middle of orliil : anal
HpinoH Hhort, about equal in ui/.e, their length lenn than dianuiter ol'diliit ;
])ectoralti long, reaching beyond vertical from vent, their length !! t(» \\\
tinioH in length of head and body ; veutralH reaching vent ; eaudal Hlimt,
not deeply notched, 4^ in length. Coloration in life: (jraNH ^rrcin,
with dark markiugH, but no red or blue; back with dark croNs ImiN,
wider than tho light interHpaceo; a Heries of (i dark blotchoH, soirictiiiio.'i
W-Hhaped along nideu, immediately below lateral line; UHually I <lail<
spota at base of caudal, 2 of which are cloHoly approximated al liahc of
median caudal raya; dark vermiculationa on top ot snout; u (lark Imr
downward, and 1 downward and forward from eye; fins witii wavy,
dusky bars. North Kiver, a tributary of the Black Warrior liiver, Ala-
bama. {rtqwHtria, living among rooks.)
Elhen»t,mti tupentre, GiLiir.nT & Swain, Proc. U. B. Nat. Muh 1887, 57, North River, near Tus-
caloosa, Alabama, 'Typo, No. 36605. Ooll. Ollbert & Swalu); liuuLeNQKii, Cat., i,hi!.
1460. ETHE08T0MA RLEfUNH (Hay),
Head 4; depth 5; eye 4 in head. D. X-12; A. II, 8; scales r.-12-O.
Body stout, somewhat compressed. Plead short and deep, witii swollen
cheeks ; snout abruptly decurved ; mouth subterminal, horizontal, .stiiuli,
the maxillary not reaching the front of eye. Lateral lino nearly
straight; cheeks, opercles, and back of neck scaly ; chest and region just
behind ventrals naked. Spinous dorsal half as high as lon;,^^ a little
longer than the head ; soft dorsal ^ as long as head and f as high hh long;
anal i length of head, as high as long; pectoral fins very largo, nacliing
beyond ventrals to vent. Color purplish ; 6 largo, quadrate, lilaek
blotches along back, and 8 broad, transverse bars along sides fainter,
these alternating with dark spots; many of the scales above with jet-
black spots, forming longitudinal streaks ; 2 black spots at base of cau-
dal, as iu zonale, but larger and brighter ; a few black spots behind eye;
dark spots downward and forward from eye; ventral and anal 'mis indipo
blue; pectorals with blue; a bar of deep orange red along base of both
dorsals; female with the lower fins pale. Thought by Dr. Gilheit to be
based on highly colored examples of Etheostoma zonule, which is not
Htf-4 4iMi.*ii^»-i*»e!^ -&ibr SSm
^^^r E-'T ft^a- Ji,^*~^^ %ii'^t v^
Jordan and Evtrmann, — Fishes of North Amtrka. 1075
til Hiimll, liori-
iiiiliK<'ly> Ixit the coloration in nioru lik» that of K, iiiHcriphim. Length
:>^ iiK 1)08. ChickaHiiwhii llivur, MiHHiHHippi. (vleyaiit, ulot^ant.)
S.m"i "iint'O""'* "*^> '*>'<-<:• I' ^- ^nt. MuH., 18H0, 1'.K), •hallow rocky branch ofChlcka-
siwha River, Enterprise, Mitaitaippi, (Ty|M-, Nu. 274M. Cull. IIa>); Johdan A
i;ii HEiiT, 8yiii>|MlK, 51(1, 1883.
ahru'i ,1111 lynrruiii, Hay M8., Jiihuan, Cat. FIhIi. N. A., 80, IHNA; «ariii' I.V|h>; Dunio a lulMtltutA
fur lUi/uiu, aa liuUkMliy cUytuui, Uiuahd, waa thou pUcoil In KlhfnMuma.
14AI. KTHKONTOINA ZONALK (C<>p«)-
Hp;i(1 4 to fJ; depth 5 to «>. D. X or XI-K) to 12; A. II, «5 to H; Hcalog
tMH ttt r)3-i), poros 44 to 50. Dody Hleiuler, Hoinowhat ooinproHHed. Iluud
miiull, lather Hhort; thu mouth Hiiiall, Hiibiuforior. Snout vury Hliort,
(leciiivod, rather obtuse, niuxillbry scarcely reuchin){ front of eye; eye
luu(;ri than snout, 3^ to 4 in head. Cheeks, operoles, ?.\nl neck, more or
leHH Healed, breast usually naked. Te«jth very feeble, tlioHe on voinur nol/
evident, probai)ly none on the palatines. First dorsal well developed,
sepanited from the second, which is higher and shorter than the spinous
duisal, and considerably larger than the anal; caudal emarginate, pec-
toral as long as head or u little longer. Hright olivaceous above, golden
beluw; (i dark brown (piadrate dorsal spots, which connect by alternat-
iii{;s|iuts with a broad, brown, lateral baud, from which 8 narrower dark
IiIiiImIi bands more or less completely encircle the belly; paired, anal, and
cauilal tins golden, brown-spotted; middle half of the first dorsal crim-
8011 ; a series of round crimson spots near the base of the second dorsal ;
uccipiit, a band on muzzle and 1 below eye, black ; a black spot on oper-
culum and 1 at base of pectoral; females duller and speckled, with ven-
traJB barred and lateral bars feebler. Length 3 inches. Mississippi
Valley from Ohio, northern Indiana (Kankakee River), west through
Iowa, and south through Kentucky and Tennessee to Alabama, Louisi-
ana, and Arkansas, in small, clear streams; locally abundant in weedy or
gravelly places.t Very variable, (zonalia, banded.)
Pidli.7///i,v« znnalii, CoPK, Journ. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Phlla., 1868, 212. Holston River, Virgrinia.
((.'(.11.' Coin-.)
UtiMtii.ma I'imUpes, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8., 1879, 2'M, tributary of Illinois River,
Naperville, Illinois, (Typo, No. 23464. Coll. E. R. Coiwlana); fomules with barred
veiitnilM.
Antiiiichihitu 30)ia/i«, Vaihant, RechorolieB, 110, 1873.
Xanottt.mii ;:o>ia/e, Jobdan & Gilbert, Synop8lf>, 510, 1883.
Elkeoftvwii zonale, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 54; Doulenokr, Cat , i, 83.
Represented southwestward by
14«la. ETHEOgTOMA ZONALE ARCANSANVM, Jordan & Gilbert.
This form differs from the typical form, in having the breast nearly or
quite naked. Found in the Ozark region of Missouri and Arkansas.
•The
his i:le(jii
specimens from Hlsstiisippi called Nanontoma !:nnalt by Hay, seem to be tho female of
tA Biiiciiiien in tho Museum of Comparative Zoiilogy from Delaware River apparently
t'eloiiKrt ti) EOieottoma zonale. It ii) very deep in body, the depth 4} in length, equal to length of
tho short head; scales 53. There is no other record of the species from this region and the
locality may be doubtful.
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Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
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EOie^iUma xomile arcmmanum, Jordan A Gilberv, Proc. U. S. Net. Mus,, ISSti, n, Spring River
Carthage, Missouri; James River, Marahfield, Missouri; Poteau River, Ha> kett
City, Aikansan; Washita River, Arlcadelphia, Arkansas, and Saline River. Ben-
tun, Arkansas. (Type, >'08. 3C240, 3C27P, 30399, 3G110, 3U147. Coll. Jurduii & MtiU.i
Subgenus NOTHONOTUS, Agaosiz.
14fl2. ETHE08T0MA CAMURUM* (Cope).
(BLVE-IIRt:ARTEI> DAHTER.)
Head 4; cieptb 4*. D. XI-13; A. II, 8; scales 7-50 to 58-«, 18 t(i5.'j
pores. Body stout; head short; muzzle abruptly decnrved, the mouth
somewhat inferior, lower jav included ; caudal broad, truncate. Mules
very dark olive or blackish, with an obscure band of a paler slado ; I»ellv
paler; breast and throat deep rioh blue; sides profusely sprinkltnl witli
crimson dotf<; these spocs are sometimes arranged in short lon^itiKlinal
seiiesof threes and fours; ser'es of olivaceous lines along tho rows of
HCiileB; first dorsal with a black spot at base in front and a criiimon one
or. the margin between the first and second rays ; second dorsii', ciiudai.
i.nd anal crimson, bordered with yellow, which again is bordcied with
black or dark bine on the edge of the fi::; the crimiion is deepeHt next
the yellow; pectoral and veutial fins with a broad red niargi:.. Females
less distinctly markad; greenish; many scales brown; fins yellowish
olive; caudal red; all vertical fins edged with blackish. Spec! menu from
the Tippecanoe River, Indiana (Coll. Everniann), have the follow in;; life
colors: Sides light brcwn, with 12 to 15 very narrow greenish lines nm-
ning from pectorals to caudal ; three rather plain vertical bars of the
same color, but much broader just back of the pectorals, faiat traces of 5
or 6 others between tbem. and the tail; about 50 to 60 small dee])oiange
spots scattered irregularly over the sides ; axils dusky ; belly pah; l)lui8h
green ; throat and chin deeper blue ; top of head and cheeKs lij'lit brown,
more oi less mottled with darker ; spinous dorsal uniform light brown,
or greenish ; soft dorsal deeper brown, with a series of reddish si)otsnear
the top ; above these a pale line, above which is a still daiker line, form-
ing the border of the fin, and same as soft dorsal; i)ectorals pale brown,
darkest on outer half; ventrals same, but outer half a little darker tliau
pectorals ; caudal light brown with some dark near the middle, a reddish
brown bar near the tip; outside this a pale bar, the extreme ti]» of the
fin being a pale green. Scales 53; snout bluntly decurved. Length 2}
inches. Indiana and Ohio to Tennessee in clear, swift waters: not com-
mon ; one of the most elegant members of this most beautifnl ^'enns,
perhaps the prettiest of fresh water fishes, (camuruii, i)luut-lieaded )
Paecilichthi/s caiminis. Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila,, 1870, 205, head waters of the Cum-
berland River in Tennessee. (Coll. Copo.)
NcMoUoma camnnis, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, SOC, 1883.
h!lheo$toma camurum, Jordan, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., viii, 1888 (1890), 160; BouLENOEn, fat., i, Git,
♦A more beautiful flsh than the Bainbow Darter, one of tho very liaiidHoniest o( tluiii all, is
tho Blue-breasted Darter, ElheoKljtna camnntm. It is a deep olivo-greeii little l^-li. sjiriikliM
over with dots of carmine like a brook trout. Its breast is of a deep ultramarine lilue, iiml its
fins gayly varie^ted with blua, yellow, aud cri-nson. But we hardly learned to lumw itiiKim
aquarium acquaintance, for we found it but twice, both tiues in (ho dearest of wat. r, iiml uiir
spec'mons never survived conflnenieut more than two or three houis. We can unly -ly u( tlnir
habits that they died where other darters lived, and that before they died all other Ii=lie8 biumiJ
cheap and common besido them. — Jordan it Oopeland.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1077
1468. ETHEOHTONA VULNERATUM (Cope).
Head 4 ; ,1eptb 4J. D. XIV-IS; A. II, 8 ; scales 8-5:^9. Body fnsifonn,
Btout ; caudal peduncle very deep; dorsal outliuc scarcely arched; top
ut' lit'iul gently and regularly curved to the end of the muzzle ; orbit four
times in length of liead, c(|ua! to muzzle; first dors::! not low ; cuudal
truncate, rounded; anal small; scales small. Color light olive, with
about ?j vertical dark olive bars on the sides, which are interrupted above
the lateral line; a few irregrlar crimnon dots on the sides. Fins uni-
t'orin, transparent, except the first dorsal and caudal ; the former has <t
median series of red spots, the latter is pale orange, with a black margin;
uocioHS bars on fins in the male; second dorsal witli a black margin.
Length 2 inches. French Broad River. This is probably the young of
Ktlivosloma camurum, as Dr. Gilbert has indicated. The number of dorsal
HItinoH is, however, greater than ^\re have seen it in camurum and we
leave it for the present as a distinct species, (sulneraius, wounded.)
\Wiliililhija fulneraliia, CoPF Proc. Am. PliiloB. Soc. Thila., 1870, 2Cri, tributary of French
Broad River, Warm Springs, North Carolina. (Coll. Co|>u.)
SoOwiKiiM mliierwiis, Jordan & Gii.uert, Synopsis, 508, 1883.
I
liddlo, a re(l<lii*li
oi'i.ENOF.n, Cat..i,G'J.
1464. KTIIEOSTOMA NA€1'LATU.1I, Kirtland.
Head 3J to 4 ; depth 4J to 5i. D. XII-12 or 13 ; A. II, 8 or 9 ; scales 9-56
to 61^14, pores 57. Hody elongate, with dorsal line not elevated, and
the caudal peduncle very deep. Head acuminate, the front descending
very gradually, the mandible rising as gradually to its extremity; orbit
rather large, equal to snout, 4 to 4^ in head ; end of maxilliry reaching
front of pupil ; jaws subequal ; teeth of outer row larger. Lateral line
complete ; cheeks naked ; opercles scaly ; opercular spine strong. Fins
generally, especially the caudal, short, latter slightly rounded; first
dorsal long ; first anal spine very large. Pectoral shorter than head ; gill
membranes sep..rate. Coloration above black, shading to dark olive
below and with a narrow, wavy, leather-colored dorsal band ; throat
turijuuise blue; sides and dorsal region marked with small circular
spots of bright crimson, irregularly disposed, and in considerable num-
ber; first dorsal uncolored, with a black spot at base anteriorly and a
(lark shade through the middle ; second dorsal blood red, without border ;
"audal with two large crimson spots confluent on the middle line of the
tail at its base, without border ; pectorals and ventrals not red-bordered ;
females dull, with the fins black barred and not crimson. Length 2i
inches. Northern Ohio and Indiana southward through Kentucky and
Tennessee to northern Alabama, generally rare ; most common in tribu-
taries of the Wabash, Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee rivers ; found
in clear, swift water ; one of the most beautiful species. (maculatuH,
spotted.)
BheoMuma macttlaia, KiRTLANi), Jour. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1840, 27t), Mahoning River, Ohio,
(Coll. Ki:'tlaud}; Boulenoeb, Cat.,i, (58.
P'mlidiihys amiijuifiuuit, Coi'E, Proc. Anier. Fhilos. Soc. Pliila., 1870, 264, heati waters of the
South Fork of the Cumberland River, in Tennessee. (Coll. Cope.)
^leoioiDamaunlatmn, Vaillant, Recherohes, 87, 1873.
HolhonotHs aaiiguiftaua uud maculalui, Jordan iSe Qilubrt, Synopsis, 607 and 608, 1883.
1%
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14«6. ETHE08T0MA CINEREUH, Storur.
Head 3^; depth 5i; eye 4 in head; snout 3J. D. XI or XlI-11 to i:{;
A. II, 8; scales K--57 to 60-9. Body slender, somewhat compressed ; licarf
pointed; profile from tip of snout to top of head regularly convex;
mouth moderate, horizontal, low; upper lip on level with lower lim of
orbit; maxillary reaching front of orbit; premaxillaries not protra( tile;
gill membranes but slightly connected. Opercles scaled ; cheeku, nape
and breast naked or with few embedded scales; scales small, litni, lirely
ctenoid, those on ventral line not enlarged; lateral line complete, i'jus
moderate; height of spinous dorsal about half length of head; soft dor*
sal somewhat higher, a little higher than anal; pectorals about U iu
head, reaching tips of ventrals. Color: Upper portion of body liglit yel-
low; back with 4 dark cross bars, the first and largest between tlie two
dorsals, the next two in the base of the second dorsal, and tho luHt upon
the caudal peduncle; each scale above lateral line with a brown spot,
these spots forming 2 or 3 lines running back to region of second dorsal;
along the lateral line is a series of 11 or 12 oblong dark spots, continued
forward across opercles and through the eye, meeting around the Huout ;
top of head dark; entire under parts of body yellowish; dorsal tins
speckled or mottled with brownish ; spinous dorsal margined with red:
second dorsal and anal variegated with red spots. Length 3^ to t inclieN.
Tennessee and Cumberland rivers ; rare, and only lately rediscovered l»y
Doctor Philip H. Kirsch nearly fifty years after its original discovery;
recorded from Tennessee River at Florence, Alabama, Obeys Kiver at
Olympus, Tennessee, and Sock Creek, near Whitley Station, Kentucky.
A large and showy species, {dnereus, ashy gray.)
EtlieoHtnma cinerea, Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Mat. Hist., 1846, 40, Florence, Alabama. (Poll.
C. A. Hontz.)
WieoKlniiiii cineieum, Kibsch, Bull. U. S. Fish Oomm., xi, 1891 (1893), 264, and 2t>H; Vaillant,
Reclierches, C8, 1873; Bouienoer, Cat., i, 82.
Nothonottts eineretu, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 509, 1883.
14A«. ETHE08T0MA TESSELLATUM,* Storor.
D. XII-13; P. 13; V. I, 5; A. II, 10. Body oblong. Head ffil.hoiis,
less than i the length of the body. Lateral line straight. Top of the
head and upper portion of the sides of a greenish-brown color ; 8 or 10
transverse bluish bands on the sides ; the intervals between these bands
are yellowish, and in the center of each is a bluish rhomb ; a black blotch
at the base of the tail ; the lips, opercles, and rays of the tlrst dorsal
gamboge-yellow. Length 3 inches. Florence, Alabama. Caii<;ht iu run-
ning water. (Storer.) Not seen by any later colito.?+or. but apparently a
valid species, (tesaellatus, having spots, like mosaic.)
Fkheosloma tessellala, Stobeb, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1845, 48, TAinessee River at Flor-
ence, Alabama. (Coll. C. A. Hentz.)
ElheosUyma tenellaliwi, Yaillant, Recherches, 68, 1873.
Nothonottu teMellalut, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 509, 1883.
*■ The name tcMellatm is preoccupied in this genus, only if Boleoioma be merged into it.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America, 1079
14«7. ETHU08T0!IIA KUFILINEATIIM (Cupe).
Head 4; depth 4i to 5. D. X to XII-11 to 13; A. II, 8 or 9; scales
6-15 to 48-7. Stout, the dorsal line elevated and descending regularly
from the base of the first dorsal to the end of the muzzle. Muzzle short,
re;;ularly conic, about equal to eye, which is smaller than UHual, 4^ in
head. Premaxillaries not protractile; gill membranes not united across
tlio isthmus. Pectoral as long as head; lateral line complete. Dorsal
well developed; caudal peduncle deep; caudal fin small, truncate.
Sciiles large; cheeks, nape, and breast naked, ope rcles scaled. In life,
male, green, the body with longitudinal stripes, each as wide as one row
of Ncales, and formed by darker edges of the scales ; some of the scales
with center spots of bright orange brown; usually from 2 to 6 consecutive
scales in each series orange brown, then an equal number olive, the olive
and orange areas irregularly alternating; head with an olive-black band
through snout to nape ; an interrupted band below this, still lower 2
blackish spots ; usually about 5 black dailies on each side of head, a
characteristic color mark ; angle of mouth orange ; lips orange, except in
front ; lower jaw with an orange spot ; interopercle, opercle, cheek, and
first three branchiostegals each with orange spots; belly orange yellow ;
breast deep blue ; fins all bordered with scarlet, a very narrow blackish
e(lt,'o and a narrow pale streak between it and the scarlet.; spinous dorsal
straw color, dotted with black and edged with orange; second dorsal
similar, more yellow; caudal scarlet, its center yellow, its base with a
larj{o blue-black spot, which extends into the yellow; base of caudal
yellow, an orange spot above and below ; anal bright yellow at base,
then scarlet, with narrow pale and dark edgings ; ventrals similar ; pec-
torals yellow, with a blackish and a scarlet crescent at base and a sub-
teriiiinal scarlet band. Females green with 8 faint dark cross bars,
obscure and interrupted; scales on sides with yellow streaks arranged
like the brown streaks on the male; fins all yellow; au'^/l and ventrals
tiii<^ud with orange; pectorals tinged with orange anteriorly, all the fins
with bars or dark spots; caudal blackish, its base yellow; head with
black markings similar to those on the male, but without scarlet. Length
3 inches. Upper tributaries of the Tennessee^ Cumberland, and Green
rivers ; very abundant in clear brooks and pools ; one of the most gaudy
of darters, (rw/jts, reddish ; lineaius, lined; properly spelled rM/oW»ea<Mm.)
Pircilichthys nifllinenMs, CoPE, Proc. Amer. Philoe. Soc, 1870, 267, Warm Springs Creek,
French Broad River, Madison County, North Carolina. (Coll. Cope.)
Xollnmntiii riifUiiiealm, Jordan & Oilbeut, Synopsis, 508, 1883.
EthensioiiiarufolinecUum, Joedan, Bull. U. S. Fish Coir.m., viii, 1888 (1890), 149; Boclbnoeb, Ct.,
I, 09.
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1468. ETHE08T0MA JORDANI, Gilbert.
Head 3i to 3f ; depth 4f to 5. D. X or XI-10 to 12 ; A. I, 7 or 8 ; scales
43 to 55 (averaging 48). Closely related to Etheostoma rufilineatuni, from
which it differs conspicuously in form and coloration. Body rather deep,
compressed, the caudal peduncle slenderer than in related forms, the
anterior profile much more convexly deourved, the snout blunter. Mouth
if.
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Bulietin ^7, United States National Museum.
terminal, oblique, rather small, the maxillary scarcely reaching vettioal
from front of pnpil, Sif in head ; premaxillariea on level of lower niur<rin
of orbit, the jaws about equal. Eye equaling snout, i\( to 4^ in lit'ad,
twice interorbital width. Preopercle entire. Uill mombraueH not united.
Spinous dorsal high, the spines strong, the membrane from last spin** not
joining base of soft dorsal ; highest dorsal spine slightly more than lialf
length of head; base of soft dorsal 1} in base of spinous doraal ; iinal
shorter than soft dorsal and inserted more anteriorly, the firnt Hpinc
longer and stronger than the second, f the height of longest anal ray
and i length of head ; caudal fan-shaped when widely spread ; pectorals
reaching beyond tips of ventrals, li in head; ventrals extending halt'
way to base of second anal spine. Scales large, strongly ctenoid, pres-
ent on nape, the breast naked; opercles scaly, head otherwise naked.
No enlarged black humeral scale. Lateral line complete or wantinji; on
occasional scales in its course, straight. Colors probably brilliant in lii'o.
In spirits, the males are olivaceous, darker above, the sides with taint,
narrow longitudinal dark lines running between the rows of scalcH;
back with 8 black cross bars wider than the interspaces, the first on
nape, the second under and in advance of origin of spinous dorsal, the
fifth under first rays of soft dorsal; the first bar continued downward
into axil of pectorals, the others usually not reaching lateral lino ; mid-
dle of sides with irregular bars, usually formed of disconnected blotclieM,
and 9 or 10 in number ; a pair of black blotches at base of median caudal
rays and sometimes a pair at base of outer rays; fin rays all blackish,
the membranes lighter; basal half of anterior portion of spinous dorsal
black, its margin narrowly white, a narrow submarginal dark line below
it. Soft dorsal and caudal with a wide white (probably orange in life)
siibmarginal band, the tips narrowly black ; anal and ventrals similar.
but without black margin; pectorals uniform dusky, with light mem-
branes ; snout and top of head blackish ; a small black spot behind eye;
fins probably ])lue and orange in life. Females mottled, with tins barred.
Tributaries of the Coosa Biver in the Alabama River basin ; locally
abundant. (Named for David Starr Jordan.)
Etheontoma (Nothonotm) jordanl, Uilbeut, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., ix, 1889 (1891), If)!",, jiIatoM,
flg. .3, Choccolo Creek, Oxford, Alabama, and Chestnut Creek, Verbena, Ala-
bama. (Coll, KirHch.)
EOieottmtM jordani, Boulknoer, Cat., i, 70.
Subgenus TORRENTARIA, Jordan & Bvermann.
1469. ETHEOSTOHA SA6ITTA, Jordan St Swain.
Head 3^; depth 4f. D. X-13; A. I, 10; scales about 68 (48 tubes).
Body rather slender, compressed, the back a little elevated, the caudal
peduncle rather long and not very deep. Head very long and slender,
eel-like, tapering forward to a sharp snout, its depth at the pupil about ^
its length. Interorbital space narrow. Snout about as long as eye, 5 in
head. Month very large for the genus, oblique, the maxillary reacbiafi:
to below frcnt of pupil, 3i in head. Jaws snbequal in front, upper javr
not protractile; tedth rather strong. No scales on cheeks, operclcs, or
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of Nortii America. 1081
brea^^t; nape covered with small scales. Opercular spine well developed.
Gill membranes scarcely connected. Scales on body small, firm, ctenoid;
asiiiiill, black humeral process. Lateral line nearly straight, becoming
olisdlote under last rays of second dorsal; belly covered with ordinary
HcaleH. Dorsal spines slender, rather high ; soft dorsal rather higher, its
l)UHO Hhorter ; anal nearly equal to soft dorsal, its base somewhat shorter,
its I'iiys a little higher; anal spine slender, single in the typical example,
the normal number probably 2; caudal truncate, 1^ in head, about as
long as the ventrals, which are rather shorter than the pectorals. Color
iu lite dusky green, with markings of darker olive, the latter forming
about 9 obscure cross bars, which are about as wide as the interspaces,
thestf most distinct posteriorly and below the lateral line : a dusky spot
at base of caudal ; a roundish orange spot in each of the pale interspaces
between the bars alouf^ the sides ; some minute orange spots above the
lateral line ; a narrow black streak along side of head through eye ; a
pink spot in front of eye above; snout tinged with orange; first dorsal
tranHlucent, with a narrow edge of orange; soft dorsal translucent,
speckled with dusky a^^d pale orange ; tail with 3 or 4 alternate bars of
orange and dusky olive, the marking not very sharp; pectorals similarly,
but more faintly, marked, orange at base; anal and ventrals colorless.
BreaHt not blue nor orange. Length 2^ inches. Head waters of Cumber-
land River; only the single type known, perhaps the type of a distinct
genuH. {aagitta, an arrow.)
PKcaiihlhiif mijitta, Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 1883, 2.")0, Wolf Creek, a tribu-
tary of South Fork of the Cumberland, near Pleasant View, Whitley County,
Kentucky. (Coll. Jordan <fe Swain.)
Etheoiloma mtgUta, BoULENOEB, Cat., I, 88.
i
1470. ETHE0ST03IA AUSTRALE, .Tordan.
Head 3i to 3J; depth 4i to 4f. D. X to XII, 9 to 11. A. I, 7 or
8; scales 6-58 to 66-11, pores 34 to 44. Form of Etheostoma cienileum',
mouth rather small, the lower jaw included ; maxillary reaching front
of pupil ; eye small, about as long as the sharp, pointed snout, 4 to 4^ in
head ; gill membranes moderately connected ; cheeks, opercles, nape, and
breast naked ; lateral line incomplete ; a well-marked black humeral
ecale. Fins in males rather high ; anal fin with a single spine (in all tLe
numerous specimens ex-amined), this spine long and quite strong. Pec-
toral as long as head ; caudal rounded. Color in spirits : Males with about
10 dusky cross bars, with pale interspaces, perhaps red in life, these alter-
nating with pale blotches on back ; a dark spot below eye and a dark
humeral scale; soft dorsal and caudal barred. Female specimen (with
eggs) speckled, with dark cross blotches on back ; scales punctulate.
Length 2 inches. Chihuahua River, Mexico, in the Rio Grande Basin ;
locally common, (aiistralia, southern.)
bifksiim fasciatui, Oibard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, lol, Chihuahua River, Mexico;
not Cutonottti fasciatui, Girard, aUo un Etheostoma.
BheottoiiHi aiutrale, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 362, Chihuahua River, Mexico
(substitute name, description taken from the types of Dipleiion fMciatus, Girard); Evermann
k Kendall, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xii, 1862 (1894), 116; Boulenoer, Cat, i, 88.
II:
,t -V'
islr
1082 Bulletin ^/, United States National Museum.
Etheottoma tcuvellii, Wooi.MAM, American Natnraliit, March, 1802, 26t, Rio de !•■ Conchas
Chihuahua, Mexico. (OoU. the Scovell Orizaba Expedition.)
I.'.. . f
Subgenus NIVICOLA, Jordan A Evormaiin.
1471. ETHEOHTOMA BOKEALE (Jordan).
Head 3g ; depth 5? ; eye 4 in head. D. Vni-9; A. IT, 7 ; scaloH 1-,':!-in :
lateral line with pores on 15 scales. Body moderately elongate, Honuwliat
compreHHed, the caudal peduncle rather long and stout, the genoial torm
resembling that of Etheostoma artesiw and E. pmictulatum, Kuad latiirr
heavy, the snout bluntish, rather strongly decurved. Anterior inotilo
gently and somewhat evenly arched. Snoat short, about half as lon^ aH
eye. Mouth nearly horizontal, the lower jaw included, the iiiaxillaiy
extending about to opposite front of pupil, its length 3| iii head. Tcotli
small. Preopercle entire ; opercular spine strong. Premaxillary init pro-
tractile. Gill membranes very slightly connected, A small black liiimenil
scale ; cheeks, opercles, and nuchal region scaly ; breast naked ; Hiales of
moderate size ; lateral line very short, nol; reaching last spine of ddisal,
running rather high and slightly arched. Scales cf belly like those of the
sides. Dorsal fins well separated, unusually short and small ; the Ii)n<;t;Nt
spine in the largest example (9 ?) 3i in head, in another one ( ^ .') L';i in
head ; soft dorsal a little higher than spinous dorsal, also unnsually Hinall
for this genus ; caudal long, truncate, or slightly lunate, 1^ in head : anal
low and short, its spines high, the first highest ; pectorals nearly an lon^'
as head, reaching past tips of ventrals. Color in spirits: Male, dark
gray (perhaps red in life) somewhat mottled with darker; sides witli 11
or 12 very distinct vertical dark cross bands (probably blue in lifei, each
alternate, one usually extending across the back, meeting its fellow of the
opposite side ; a dark saddle-like blotch on back between dorsal tins; a
dark bar before, behind, and below eye, radiating from eye, the siii)orhltal
bar most distinct ; head with dark dots ; spinous dorsal with a Hiihmediau
broad dark band (otherwise pale) ; soft dorsal and caudal sharply liarred
with darker ; about 5 dark bars across caudal ; pectoral more faintly
barred ; lower fins pale, plain. Another specimen, probably a female, i8
paler and grayer, with the cross bars narrower and less regular ; the mark-
ings on the fins are much paler, the first dorsal being without dark longi-
tudinal band. Length 2i inches. Montreal, Canada; only the type
known, (horealia, northern.)
PtecUichth!i» horecUis, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., 1884, 477, Montreal, Canada.
3fi747. Coll. T. J. Doran.)
Etheo^otna boreaU, Boulenoer, Gat., i, 78.
(Type, No.
I
If
Subgenus RAFINESQUIELLUS, Jordan & Evermann.
1478. ETHE08T0MA P0TT81I (Qirard).
Head 3i to 3* ; depth 3i to 4. D. IX to X-1, 10 to 12 ; A. II, 7 or S ; scales
5-44 to 50-10, pores 23 to 31. Length of caudal peduncle nearly equal-
ing head. Least depth caudal peduncle equals i head. Body extremely
short and deep, the head short and heavy, moderately compressed.
Upper
M
e lat Conchas,
I dorsal I'iiih; a
jnada. (Typo, No.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1083
pi iiflle of head rounded, no angle above orbitH, the short Hnont with rounded
piolile, but not obtuse. Preuiaxillaries on level of pupil, nunprotractilo.
I'norbital extremely narrow, little wider than the broad end of the max-
illary bone, which is not concealed by it. Uill membranes rather narrowly
iitiitod across the isthmus, their width anteroposteriorly \ diameter of
cyt', Opercular spine bifid, with 2 minute free points. Preopercle entire.
Kyi' large, 1 in head to end of opercular spine. Interorbital space wide,
gtiiiiigly convex, its width equaling length of snout, X^\ in head. Fins all
ginall ; distance from front of dorsal to tip of snout \ length ; dorsals low,
tilt; 'J joined at base, the last spine appearing longer than the preceding
uiii' and i)elonging to the' second dorsal; longest '(orsal spine i head;
ii'ii^^th of last dorsal spine f diameter of oibit, the spine erect and con-
nvcted for its entire height with the following soft ray ; the next to the
laHt spine directed very obliquely backward, and appearing much shorter
than the last spine, its membrane joining last spine at base only ; base of
gpiiious dorsal as long as head in front of preopercular margin, its highest
ray half head ; anal fin very small, the spines large and strong, first spmo
much longer and stronger than the second, 3jt in head, equaling length of
anoiit and half eye ; highest soft ray of anal e(|ualing length of snout and
eye ; pectorals and ventrals both very small ; the pectoral short, broad,
and rounded, reaching the same vertical as ventrals, \\ in head, and having
l)iit 11 rays; ventrals close together, 1^ in head. Sides of head, broast,
and nape wholly naked ; body with rather large, ctenoid scales, uniformly
covering belly ; lateral line straight, incomplete, reaching to below mid-
dle of soft dorsal. Color in spirits : Light olive, sides and above obscurely
tesHclated with darker ; nine short dark cross bars on back, and traces ol
about an equal number on middle of sides, those on front of sides faint,
only the last 5 evident ; a black humeral spot present ; a faint dark streak
downward and 1 forward from eye, and a small dark spot above and
behind orbit ; cheeks dusky ; top of head vermiculated with dusky brown-
ish ; spinous dorsal with a banal series of small blackish spots, each in the
midst of a translucent area, the terminal portion of membrane rendered
dusky by minute close-set dark points; soft dorsal and caudal barred
with light and dark lines ; pectorals and ventrals translucent, unmarked.
Lenp;th 1| inches. Streams of Chihuahua, Mexico ; an aberrant species
of darter, looking like a young bass. (Named for John Potts of Chihua-
hua, its discoverer and an "esteemed friend" of Dr. Girard.)
Alileti.m polliii (missprinted potiii), Girari), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1859, 1U2, tributaries of
Chihuahua River. (Cull. John Potts.)
RheoMoma micropterun, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus., 1888, 289, Chihuahua, Mexico; Eveb-
M.\NN & Kendall, Bull U. S. Fish Comm., xii, 1892 (1894), 115, pi. 35.
Boleoscma poltsii, Vaillant, Becherches, 94, 1873.
BheoitomapoUeii, Boulenoee, Cat., i, 74.
» ii
H
t
'1 ■■:■
'1!
1
i
Subgenus OLIGOCEPHALUS, Girard.
1478. ETHEOSTOMA lOW.E, Jordan & Meek.
Head 3* to 4 ; depth 4 to 5* ; eye 4 to 5 in head. D. VII to X-10 or
11 ; A. II, 6 tc 8 ; scales 5-55 to 63-11, pores 20 to 34. Body rather more
elor^'ate than in Etheoatoma jessiw ; the caudal peduncle rather long and
•lik
Ij ;
i
I' I
i'l
I I
ItJi
: 1
1084 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
alendur, lioud muderatuly acute, the snout a little deourved, its l('n;;i|i
nitlior leHH than eye. Mouth HinuU, nearly horizontal, the lownr jjiw
included, the maxillary reaching to opposite front of eye, its lun);tli I in
head. Teeth rather Hmall. Opercular spine strong. (4ill nuuiiliniiicN
scarcely connected. No hlack humeral scale. Cheeks, operoles, and mipo
more or less closely scaled; breast naked; top of head without NouleN;
scales smaller than in E. jeHsiir; lateral line straij^ht, ceasiuf^ nriii the
middle of the body. Fins all low, the spines slender. Dorsal iius wdi
separated, caudal subtruncate; pectorals 1^ to li in head. Fin la.VN
unusually variulile. Color in life: Li^ht^^reen, finely blotched withdariu!);
dark-greeu blotches on opercle ; a dark stripe below eye ; sides with III or
11 reddish spots interspersed among darker bands ; spinous dorsal w nh a
narrow dark margin, below this a darker band and then a red one; Not't
dorsal, caudal, and pectorals irregularly barred with yellow and witii
greenish specks. Length about 2 inches. Upper Mississippi Valley tVoni
Iowa and Nebraska, north to Assiniboia ; common northwestward, many
specimens having been taken by Dr. Eigenmann from Swift Current lii vm in
the Saskatchewan Hasin, and from Fort Qu' Appelle in the basin of tlio
Red River of the North, this last being the most northern point at wliicii
any species of darter has yet been found. Dr. Meek records it us tihww-
dant in Siorm and Spirit lakes in lown, and in the State Fish CoininlH-
sion ponds at South Bend, Nebraska. It is the most common darter in
Nebraska and South Dakota (Evermann & Cox), its range extending as
far west as Valentine, Nebraska (longitude 100° 30' W.), the most wewterly
))oint at which any member of the family has yet been found in tiie Mis-
souri Basin.
Elheustoma iowic, Jo3dan & Mf.rk, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug., 1885, 10, Chariton River, Chariton,
Iowa, (Coll. Jordan & Meek); Eioenmann, Bull. U. S. Fish Coinin., xiv, 181)4, 117; Meik,
Bull. U. 8. Fish Coiniii., xiv, 1894, 138; Evermann <t: Cox, Bept. U.S. Fish Coniiii., win, ]m.
Wieostoma i/mippetla,* Eioenmann & Ekjf.nmann, American Naturalist, Novf^niber, Is9i, (1(3,
Qu' Appelle River, Fort Qu' Appelle, Manitoba, (Type iu Drit. Muh. ('(ill. F.\<:m-
mann); Eiijenmann, Bull. U. S. Finli Oomm., xiv, 1894, 117.
Elhennliima iotv, BouLENOER, Cat., i, 72.
EtIieuMoma qtiappeltu; Boulenoeii, Cat., i, 74.
1474. ETHEOSTOXA JES8I.E (Jordan & Brayton).
Head 4 ; depth 4f to 5. P. X to XII-12 to 14; A. II, 7 or 9; scales G-IT
to 55-8, lateral line usually but not always incomplete, pores developed
on about 35 to 38 scales. Body fusiform, rather deep and compiessctl:
head rather large and moderately pointed; mouth rather large, terminal,
* This nominal species was described as follows:
Head 3% to 4; depth 6 to 6»^; dorsal IX-'J or 10; anal 11, 7, Bcales 3-63-10; poros 19. Eye
very larf;e, much longer than snout, 3)^ in head; jawssubeipial. Premaxillarics not protrnctlle:
gill membranes scarcely connected; cheeks and opercles with a few scales; ventral liii.' witli the
median scales not enlarged; lateral lino straight; palate without teeth; anal fin ronsi'liraliU
smaller than soft dorsal; humeral region without black scale; cheeks with a few sciiiis just
below and behind eye; opercle with a few scales on its upper angle. Pectorals 1',, in head;
caudal rounded. Color pale olive, with a lateral series of ill-deflned large darker spcits; in life
with about 8 dark-blue hrch on side; alt<jrnating with rusty bars; dorsal and caudal liurf barred.
Qu' Appelle River, a tributary of Assiuiboine River, at Qu' Appelle, Assiniboia; one siitHinien
known, 44 mm. long. (Eigenmann; Boulenger). This is the northernmost point from which
Darters have been obtained. This species is veiy close to Elheoatoma iowm and may not be differ-
ent, (qu' appelle, what callit? ; name of a river tributarjr to the Assinibolne.)
m.
ed, its lriii,'tli
le lower juw
tH leii^tli I ill
II iiiciiiImiiiich
oleH, ami mipu
itliout scales;
»iiiK Ut'iir I lie
iiraal iins well
id. Fill iiivN
dwitluliiikei ;
dee with Hi m
I doi'Hiil w nil il
, red out! ; suit
low and with
pi Valley fioin
jHtward, iiiaiiy
nrrentliivei in
le basin of the
point at wliicli
rds it UH aliiiii-
Fish Conimis-
imou darter in
[e extend inj; as
9 most westerly
liid in the Mis-
River, Chariton,
, 18!)4, 117; Meik,
Conim.,xviii,lb!).'.
BV.'iiibcr, InOJ, il63,
Mus. <'<'ll. F.ijrPii-
JoKifan ami F.verfnann. — Fishes of North Atnericn. 1085
9; scales 6-47
lores developed
id coinpressetl;
arge, terminal,
_ 10; pores 19. Eje
iries not protractile;
rentral li" • «itli the
iial fln ooiisi'liratiU
th u few sciilcujiist
ctoralB 1'., >» •'i'^!
darker epots in w
\ caudal liiis barred.
-iboia; one Biit'iinicn
X point from whicb
id may not be msf
upper Jaw slightly the longer. Cheeks usnally closcdy Healed, Bonietimes
almost naked ; opercles scalud ; nape Hcalud ; hreant nuked. Fins moder-
ate. Chestnut-colored above, with vl"Mit 9 4|uadrute bar-like blotelius of
(lark greenish along the sides, and about r> dark (TOHH blotches on back;
buily uHually covered with dark dots; Hns mottled with chestnut; spin-
uiis dorsal with an orange-red bar aenms it near the edge; second dorsal
and anal speckled with golden, or with dark cross streaks. Texas speci-
meiiH with 3 dark spots at base of caudal, the median one most distinct.
No (lark humeral spot ; lower fins dusky. Length lH inches. Indiana to
lowii and south to Mississippi and Texas: widely distributed but not very
common anywhere; perhaps more than 1 species included here, as the
ty\H'H o{ jiHauv, (tHprufnin ami nwahii ditl'er in form and coloration. Only
the form UHprigenc is well known as yet. (^'amed for Mrs. Jessie Dewey
Bray ton.)
Pirnliililliiii jemiw;* JuRDAN A IJiiAVToN, in .Tordan'H Man. VorfebnitoH, Kd. '_', 227, 1877, and in
JoiiiiAN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. MuH., xii, 1K78, A!i, Chickamauga River, Ringgold, Georgia,
(Coll. Jordan); Jorlan & Oii.heut, S.vnupMis, MS, 1883.
PuciUclithyn (u<pri<jeniii,-\ FoRiiKS, Hull, i, III. Lab. Nat. IllHt., 41, 1877, smalt creek at Pekin,
Illinois. (Cull. Forbu8.)
*Tlu< following Ih tbo original dei>criptlon of I'lvciUihlhu^jrium, .Ionian fc llrayton:
Body fuaiform, rallior deep and compresHod, tbo deptb 6 to T)'-^ in length, tbo form of the
body similar to that of i*. tpivtnhilis. Hoad rather largo, moderately pointed, 4 in length;
moiitli rather large, terminal, the upper jaw Hiightly longeHt, not protractile. Kyo pretty
large, high up, 3}^ in head, about eqinil to Hiiout. Clieuks naked, Hcaly above; opercles sraly ;
tliroiit naked; neck altove scaly; scales medium, 6-4.'> to 60-7. Lateral lino incomplete, but
oxteihliiig farther tban 1'. varintun and P. ipeclalnlit, on about 30 scales, or nearly to the end of
tlio HtH'uud dorsal. Fins moderate. Dorsal Xll-about l!ii. Anal II, 0. Color in spirits, oliva-
ceouH, with about 9 B<|uarish, bar-like blotches along the sides and about 6 cross blotches on the
liack. Dorsal and caudal flns faintly barred. In life, the fish is chustnut-colored above antl
the equares on the sides are briglit dark blue; the fins are mottled with chestnut. A dark yel-
low or orange band across the dorsal. Second dorsal and anal with dark and goldnn specklings.
Sevenil specimens, each about 2 inches long, taken in Ohickaniauga Kiver at Itinggold. ThO
ipeciinens are certainly not fully grown, and the coloration of the adult male is doubtless mu> h
more brilliant. It will bo distinguisbc(l at once from /*. rariatm ( = cn'niteiiH) and /'. spninhUiK by
the Koaliness of the upper part of the cheeks, by the greater development of the lateral line.
the more numor,.>us dorsal spines, and the coloration. This species is named for Mrs, Jessie D,
Braytuu.. — Jordan tt liraytoii.
fTlie following is the original description of I'ircilielUhijii iitprigeniM, Forl)e8:
llpiiil 3''4 to 4; depth 4^ to 4% in length, eye in bead 'il4 to 4; nose about % the eye. Width
at pectorals 8 to 10 in length; at middle of second dorsal 12 to 15. The caudal peduncle is
twice as long as high. Longitudinal rows %. Breast always naked, operdu wholly scaly,
back wholly scaled l^fore the dorsal, or a narrow strip left bare. The first dorsal onsists of
From !i to 12 spines; its height is from ^^ to ' ^ its length, and % the height of the socoud dor-
sal. The latter contains from 10 to 12 rays, of which, in one case, the first was a stout, sharp
Hpinn ( X I-1, 11^; its length is % that of the first, and J greater than that of the anal. Tbu anal
I'onHJsts of 2 spines and 7 or 8 soft rays, the longest ray reaching to the middle of the caudal
peduncle. Fourteen specimens examined; taken in small creek near I'okin, Illinois. Among
some s[)ecimen8 from Pekin, Illinois, whose label as PiivMifhthiis ^pevtnhiUii had apparently served
todistriiise them, I observed a number with scaly cheeks. Dr. Jordan has decided that these
are iiiither gpectahUU nor jestiie, and I have therefore described the series as a new 8i)eci(^H,
although the wide variation of so-called specitic characters presented by them suggests that
several species of this genus may ultimately have to bo merged. I have nut lieen able, however,
with a large number of specimens, to trace the one wholly into the other, and I therefore leave
them distinct fur the present. General appc^arance much like tliat of /'. npfctahiliii, from which
it dilTi'rs in the scaly cheeks, the more complete lateral lino, and the greater number of vertical
rows of scales. In spectabilis the cheeks are either wholly liare or a few scales appear behind
and below the eye. In asprigenis they are either wholly covered or nalted only on tbo lower
fourth. The vertical rows vary in my specimens of tpedabil is from 38 to 4:t (counting only com-
plete rows), in aspriijfnis from 48 to 5'J. In the former, the lateral line extends over from 25 to
31 scales, in the latter from 34 to 41. The bead is email and pointed, the eye large (longer than
snout), the outlines regularly curved, the body compressed and rather deep, the mouth ter-
tiiiual, otiliquu, and tbo jaws almut even. The dorsal fins are sometimes separated by distances
varying from the length of half a scale to a scale and a half, but are occasionally quite continu-
ous, the two being united by membrane. Length 35 to 45 millimeters.
:|
. ?
l;
!;l •'
III
m
I 1 1
pi'
1080 Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum,
pirrilUhOiiii nn,im,l Jordan, Pr<ic. I'. H. Nat. Mui., 1HB4, 47U, tributary of Peart Kivtr,
Monticillo, MlMiMlppi. (TyiHt, No. :tA30H. Coll. Jordan .V Hwnlii.)
147S. KTHKUNTONA LIITKOVINCTIKII, Uilbort \ Hwaln.
Hoa<l :<! to 4 ; depth 4^ to 5; oyn'H to 4 in head. I). IX or X-i:i; A. II,
7 or H; HoaloH 0-49 to 55-11. Uody coiiiprcHHud, th« hufk cloviitcd, ilu'
profile duHoeiidiiiK rapidly forward, and ^rradiially toward tall, from front
of Hpinoiis dornal ; caudal pednnolo vury HlundiM'. II«;ad coiiiiinsMtl,
with a Hhort high anout, the nppur protilu of which dcHcondH in a n\\mn
curve. Month at lower level of ninz/.le, which dotsn not project In yoiul
it, mandible included. Gape nearly horizontal, of moderate hI/o, tlin
maxillary reaching vertical from front of pupil, 3i in head. C1u'c1<h and
opercleH scaled. Preojterclo entire. Opercular Hpine preHent. Hiamliio-
Btegal iiiumbraneB narrowly joined acroHH iHthmuH. Eye rather l:u)ro,
longer than snout. DorHals short and low, well separated from rach
other; base of spinous dorsal e<iualing length of caudal peduncle anil
but little longer than that of soft dorsal; highest dorsal B])imi iialf
length of head; the highest soft ray IJ in head; anal spines of alxnit
e«iual length, both slender and rather high, it length of head ; pccinutls
as long as head ; ventrals 1^ in head. Cheeks, operclcs, and nape iIdmI)'
scaled, the breast naked or partially scaled ; no black huniurul scale ; lat-
eral line nearly straight, continued to below middle of second dmsal,
running on 30 to 35 scales. Colors iu life: Very light pale olive, with 7
dusky cross bars on back, narrower than the interspaces and nacliing
about halfway to lateral line, their ends connected by dusky liiiea;
below lateral line about 9 dusky greenish blotches, between wliidi nro
orange-yellow cross bars, most distinct posteriorly, not reaching molian
ventral line ; no distinct streak forward from eye ; a dusky bur lielow
eye; snout dusky ; small black spots at base of caudal; soft doiNnl anil
caudal barred with dusky ; spinous dorsal with a black blotch on posterior
rays, a yellow or orange bar through middle of fin, the base uiid mar^jin
dusky ; anal fin unmarked. Length 2 inches. Stone Uiver, a trilmtary
of Tennessee River; not common, (luteus, yellow ; mnctuK, banded.)
t Tho following in tlin original doacription of Pirciliclilhiis finiiui:
Ilcad 3i in length; doptli 4g. D. XI, 12; A. II, (i; scaloH 3 or 4-41-7 or 8. Doily rii8llnriii,
rathor elongate, tlie back rather elevated anteriorly, tho caudal poduncle modnratc, Hnniowliiil
comprossi'd. Head ratlior Blender and mnall, the anterior profile rathorsteopaud ki'hH.V' iir»iJ,
becoming moro obtufie at tlie tip of the snout. Snout short, a little bluntiHh;itH li'ij^tli 6 in
bead. Eye rather largo, 3)^ in nead. Mouth not very small, oblique, tho lower jaw iurlndi'il;
the maxillary reaching very nearly to opposite middle of pupil, its length 3^f, in luail. iVitli
rather strong, present on vomer. I'reopercle entire. CJIIl membranes very" ni'arl.v si|«iriit('.
Opercular Bi)ine strong. Operclcs and cheeks well scaled; scales of body rather Ini'jfc, ri.iKJul;
belly covered with ordinary scales; ntichal region nearly naked; breast naked; luiriiil liui'
wanting posteriorly on about two scales, anteriorly somewhat arched and coiuiiri'ent with the
back. Dorsal flns contiguous but separate, both high, tho soft dorsal shorter and lii}:lj<'i' tlinu
tho spinous dorwal and much longer and higher than the anal: longest ray of soft ilorMil I;' j Id
head; caudal tnincate, l'f<^iii head; pectorals moderate, 1^ in head, not quite rearliiii^' vent;
ventrals coterminous >^th° them, 1^^ in head. Color in spirits olivaceous, marbled witli (iuikor,
the dark markings rather obscure and taking the form of dark quadrate spots about as lar^c as
the eye and alternating so as to give a checkered appearance. Head with 4 dark 8tri|ii'S wliii'b
radiate from the eye; a dark streak on anterior part of oi)ercle; spinous dorsal witli a I'^ikaI
band of pale (probably crimson in life), above this a dark band (probably deep blue); i'k' ""I''''
edge of the fln broadly pale (probably scarlet in life); soft dorsal and caudal checUcn il w illi
light and dark spots; anal and ventrals plain, apparently bluish, the latter darkcxt; iirdnniU
plain; no black humeral spot. A single specimen, 2 inch^;i; long.
Jordan and J'.vertnunn. — Fishes of North America. lOS7
\-'X.'-' "I'll lutenviuiliim, Oii.HKBT \ HwAiN, I'rt)<\ U. S. Nut. Mim., 1MM7, M, Stone Kiver, ntar
N.ishville, Tenneaace, (Coll. Olllwrt •% Hwalii); Dot'i.ENiiRR, Cat., i, 7:i.
I47«. KTHK(mT(»nA I.KPIINHIKNYN, Kvormaiiii A KkikIuII.
Iliiul (including opercular flap) 4; depth 5; eye 4 in lioud ; Hiiuut 4.
1), \-12; A. II, 7 or K; HcalcH 7-')! to 61-!); Interul linu Htraijrlit and
incoiiiploto, 32 to 38 poreH. Hody moderately stout, head heavy, Huout
ithott, blunt, and decurved, back little elevated, caudal peduncle deep,
itH li'iiHt depth 2 in head. Mouth rather Hniall, but little obliiiue, lower
juw NJightly included ; premaxillury juHt reaching front of or'uit, not
prutiactile. (Jill nienibranoH scarcely united. Fins nioderato; soft dor-
sal liif;her than spinouH portion; pectoral short, only as long uh head,
nut ruacbing beyond tips of ventrals ; veutrals short, distance from their
tipti to origin of anal equaling half length of hea«l; anal rather small,
acarci'ly reaching tips of soft dorsal when depressed. Scales strongly
ctenoid; cheeks densely scaled; operoles and breast entirely naked;
napo Hoaled ; median lino of belly with ordinary scales, not deciduous.
In tlio larger specimen, which is 2 inches long, there are on the right side
oThchIcs in a longitudinal series, upon 38 of which pores are developed,
whiitt upon the left side there are but 54 scales, upon 35 of which pores
are tleveloped. The second specimen, If iiches long, has 61 scales upon
the ri;;ht side, with pores in 38 of them, and 55 upon the left, with only
lioduv eloped pores. This shows a considerable variation, not only among
imiividuals, but between the 2 sides of the same individual. Color in
alcoliul : Head dark above, sides pale, a dark line forward from eye to
tip of Huout and another broader one straight downward from the eye,
broadest at lower end; a dark postocular spot followed by a fainter One
un tlio opercle ; dark humeral scale present ; side of body with about 13
dark vertical bars, the first crossing over the back just in front of the
HpinoiiH dorsal, the next 4 indistinct, except on buck, where they widen
iuto large blotches, the sixth crossing the back between the 2 dorsals;
the Hoventh to tenth, inclusive, under the soft dorsal ; the eleventh
croHNeH just back of it, while the thirteenth is at the base of the caudal
lin ; Hpinous dorsal pale at base, next a broad dark band, then a narrow
pale one, which is followed by a pale blue one (probably blue in life and)
lastly, tipped with a very narrow margin of white; soft dorsal marbled
or vcrmiculated with brown, the largest, plainest markings being at
about ^ the distance from the tips of the lit caudal like the soft dorsal,
but tlio colors deeper; all the other fins unmarked. Lergth 2 inches.
Rio Comal, Texas. Only the types known. (XeTr/f, scale ; ytwf, cheek.)
fihenntiiiiia lepidngenyf, Evebmann A Kendai.i,, Bull. U. 8. Fish. Ooiniii., xii, 1892 (Foli. (i, 1894),.
n I, pi. x.\xv, flg. 3, Rio Comal, New Braunfels, Texas, (Type, No. 44840. Coll. Kver-
iiiiiiiii, ijcovoll, andOurloy); Boclenqek, Cat, i, 72.
If
I' I
If
li
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KKSS
bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
J
1477. KTHHNtTOMi nKKirLKHN,* Stor«r.
(\\\xi> Taiitkr; Uainiiow DAHTrH ; Hoi,i>iru Vinii,)
Iltsul .'{} ; il«^)ith 'I I; eyo 4 to \\ in iutad, littlo Hliortcr than Nnotit.
D. IX to XII-12 to II; A. II, 7 « iS; hcuIch fi-lH to CiO-ai, iiMiully
5-15-10, jiorcH IH to :<5, Hody rolxiat, lutluM' doop and coi:i|ircHH«Ml
tliu bark Honunvhat cluvated. IIi>ad large, ooinpri;NN«Ml. Moinli moil-
eiato, terminal, oltliipu), tlio lower Jaw Hotnesvhat ineludod, tlio max-
illary reaclihiK front of orbit; o|iurciilai' Hpinu nioderatn; ^\\\ nii'inlnanuN
not conuuvtud. Palatine tueth in onn row. ClieekN naked or nearly no;
opercleH Kcaled ; neek and breaut UNually naked. FiiiH all lart^T ; (lorNai
HnH imnally Mlij^litly c«)nnuctud. Anal HpineH Hnbeqiial or tlie tiihf, a littlit
tliH longer; caudal rounded; pectoral nearly or quite aH long ais huail.
MaleH olivaceoiiH, teHHclluted abitvu, tlio HpotH running togellier into
MotchcH ; buek without black lengthwiHe HtripcH; HideH with aliout 12
indigo-bluu barn running obliquely downward and backward, iiiii,Ht iIIh-
tinot Iteliind, Hepuratcd by bright orange interHpaccH; caudal I'la tleep
orange, edged with bright blue; anal tin orange, with deep blue in fVoiit
and behind; Hoft dorual chiutly orange, blue at bane and tip; H|iin()us
dorHal criniHon at base, then orange, with blue edgings; ventnilH (lc*>|i
indigo; cheekH blut^ throat and breast orange; fennileH niucli tlulltr,
with little blue or red, tlie vertical fiuH barred or checked ; yriuri;,' vaii-
ouHly marked, no dark linmeral spot. Length 2^ inchei'i. MiN.siNNi|i|ii
Valley ; very abundant in gravelly HtreaniH, and aHcendiug Hniaii limoks.
One of the moHt gorgeouflly-colored darters, but less graceful than iiionI
of them. The most common (tpooiea in most i>artH of the Ohio Valley.
(carulcuH, blue.)
Ellmmlomii iiiriiha, HTouEit, I'ruc. IIOHt. Hoc. Nut. Hint., 1K46, 47, Pox River, Illinois. (Cull,
8. (!. Cliirk.)
•Gnyeiit of rII tli« Dartew, and Indcml tlm gaudiost of all frniil' tvator flBhe!<, In tin' Unlnlwiw
Dartor (FAhnmlnmd inriileiini). TliiH is u litttle IIhIi, ni^vtT more than 3 ini'lien liing, iiinl Ufiimlly
about 'J. Everywlixri) throuRlioiit tlin northorii pariH of tlio MiHHiHHi|i|ii Valley it imikcH it.t
boiiu' ill tlio rlppleH and Hhallowti of the rivors and Id tlio Hliaiiy retreats iif all tlm llltlci iMcjoki.
Tlio inalu fish In greeiiiHli above, with darker blotches, and itSRidoH art* varii'Kati'd uitli nlilhiiic
baiidH altoriiately of indigo bluo and drop oraiiKo, the orange often odg<>d with patclicH nt' u hite.
The rlicoks arc dci'p bine, the broaHt duop orange, while the expanded fins are gc)rKl'llll.^ jii h iir-
let, indigo, and crinison. The female, aa is iHiially the caHO when the male of tlio i(|» > jck in
reHplendent, Ih plaiuly colored — a npccklj' green, witli no trace of bine or orange. Wlii-ii tliu
war of tho rebellion broke out there were Homo good people who were anxiously Imiklin; fur
somes sign or omen, that they might know on which sldo the "stars in their i ourMci" wem
fighting. It so happeiRHl that in a little brook in Indiana, called Clear Creek, coiiic mi" cmiplit
a Rainbow Darter. This flsh was clothed in a new sui^ of the red, white, and blue of li.sualivo
land, in the most unmistakably patriotic fashion. There were some p*!ople who hiul iicvirKocn
a Darter before and who knew no more of the fishes in their streams tliaa tliene tihlicn kiew ( :f
them, by whom the coming of this littlo "soldier fish" Into their brooks was hailed iisnn unipn
of victory. Of course these littlo fishes had really "always been there." They were there
when America was discovered and fi)ra long time before, but the people bid not Keen tleni.
Tho warblers lived, you remember, in Spalding's woods at Concord, but Spaiding did iidt kimw
that they were there, and they had no knowledge of Spalding. So with tho Darters in Spiikl-
ing's brooks. Still, when the day comes when history shall f.. ally recount all the inllneincs
which held Indiana to her place In the lliiion, shall not, among greater things, tlils leiist of
little fishes receive its littlo meed of praise? The Rainbow Darter is a chubby lilll ■ lisli, iw
compared with the other Darters. In its niovcmonts it is awkward and ungriiceful, tli"Ui;li
swift and savage as a pike. One of tho mildest of its tricks, which we have noticed, is this: It
would gently put its head over a stone and catch a water boatman by one of its 8winiiniii'_' W^»,
release it, catch it again and again release it, until at last the boatman, evidently iniicli aiiiiiiy'il.
swam awiiy out of its reach. It will follow to the surface of the water a piece of meat mrii'eiKled
by a string. It is more alert in discovering this than a hungry sunfish or rock-bass, aiiil it can
be led around like a iiot lamb by a thread to which is fastened a Bectigu of a viorm.—Joplan it
Copeland,
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishts of North Atntriia. 1089
\'.,,,},>mmi\ triilhroiiiulrtim, KiiiTi.ANi), (!|i<V8liini| Aiinitlii Hi'limi-it, INA4, 4, near Cleveland,
Ohio. (Ty|H<, No. I'^^IH. ('.ill. KIrtlaiKl )
/'. hrhOiiii rernifDliir, .ViiAHMt/, Am. 'oiirii. Sii, niiil ArU, INM, IWH, Quincy, Ittlnol*. (Cull,
Dr. I.. Wiktiun.)
I\, ,h:iKimii iriinni-iT'iim, AnnoTT, I'ntr. Ac, Nut, 8i'i. IMillu., iHtM), H2)l, Lake Suparlor.
I./.i/kA/A//* nirti/tND, Vaii.I.ant, Iti'dittri'ltciH, 11)7, 1M73.
t'liidiililhii' ftiruUim, Joiihan X *iil,iiKl(T, SytiO|Mlii, TilT, INKI,
m 'X<"m<i itirultiim, Mkkk, Hull, V, H, FUli Coiiiiii., IMOI, II'.), 13t, lAA; Iloi'LKNOEn, Cat,
I, 71.
(inuliially pasainf; from Indiana woHtwunl into tho Hil){ht variety
■i
r
U77a. KTHK0HT0.1IA ('(KKIHiKrill MPM'TAIIIM': (AkiuwI/),
Ileii<l4; (loptli 4i. I). X-12; A. II, 7; itoalos 5-l()-7; lateral linu on
lid-'.'.') HoaloH. Very Hinular to curuleum, but more elongate uiul ruthur
iMoii) oonipreHHod; tho colorH Hiniilar, but the upper portion of tho uideH
Willi diatinot blackish atripoa along the rowa of tho hciiIon, and the
|rri)tind color of the hack and aidea having a poouliar whitiah or Itleachod
u|i|ioarance. The two doraal thia uaually 'svell aopaiatod. Scaloa uaually
piosont hnlow and hohind oyo. Length 2 to 1) inchoa. MiaaiaNippi Valle,y ;
rat Iter loaa abundant than tho other and aaconding amall or oven nmddy
Httfiuna ; not alwaya to be diatinguiahod with certainty from tho pre-
I'l'iliug. Both occur in Indiana and lUinoia, hut tho form callud Hpectubile
iH I ho only one aeon in atreama of Miaaouri. (npictaMiia, oonapicuous.)
l'nrtlirhlliii» uprclnliiliii, AoAHNiK, ' iiiiir. Juiirn. Scl. niid Art*, 1mM,:<()4, Osage River, Missouri,
(Coll, Uoo. Stolloy); Jordan iSc Oilhert, SyiiopHlH, 61H, IHKI.
; ) i
, Illinois. (Cull,
1478. ETHK0HT4».1IA LKPIDU-H (Dalrd He Glrarcl).
Head 4i; depth 4 J. D, IX-11 to 13; A. II, 6 to 8; acales 6-48 to 54-8,
poit'H 27 to 3<). Body rather atout, compreaaed, tapering liackward.
Hoiid aubconical. Mouth moderate, with equal jawa ; maxillary reaching
front of orbit. Eyes large. First doraal rather low; doraal fina aoi>ie-
wliiit connected. Head, as well aa throat and neck, entirely acalcloaa.
Color olivaceous, with some dark-blue bars; scales dusky at baa(',8ome-
times a alight trace of a humeral spot ; dorsals and caudal mottled or
bari'od. Length 2^ inches. Streams of Arkansas, Texas, and Chihuahua •
common; apparently gradually paaaing into EtheoHtoma corn le urn, from
which only the naked head separates it. Gilbert regards it aa a aub-
Hpecies of cfWMiettTO, (lepidus, pretty,)
l!ol,:,mm(i lepida, Baird Sc Oirarp, Proo. Ac. Nut. Scl. Pliila., 1863, 388, upper tributaries of
the Rio Nueces, (Coll. Clark.)
OU.inrephaliu grahami, OiRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Philu., 1869, 102, Devil River, Texas,
I). IX-13; A. II, 7. (Coll. Clark,)
0tiijmephahuleonen»u,QiRAHi>,}.c.,Hy2, Leon River, Texas. D. IX-10; A. 11,7. (Coll. Clark.)
OUijor?phalm pukhelhu, Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 102, Gypsum Creek, a trib-
utary to the Canadian River; A. II, 6. (Coll. Lieut, Whipple.)
Itohnmna lepidum, Vaillant, Bocherchew, 90, 1873.
I'(iiilichthy$ lepidni, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 617, 1883,
BhcoBtoma lepidum, Evermann & Kendall, Bull. U. S. Flah Oomm., xii, 189»»(1894), 114;
DouiENOER, Cat., I, 73.
F. A. N, 70
! '
&
I .III
1090
Bulletin ^7, United Staies National Museum.
pi$|ii
1479. KTHEONTOMA TIPPECANOK, Jordan k Everraann.
Head 4i ; depth 4J. D. XII-12 ; A. II, 7 ; scales 5-50-8, with porcH on
ahout 23. Body rather rohust, comprestted, with deep caudal ])ediiii(:l*>;
heau moderate, with pointed snout; eye small, as long as snout, 11 in
head ; month large, ohlique, the lower jaw somewhat included ; niaxiilui y
reaching nearly to middle of eye; opercle very short, little longer tlian
snout, its spine strong ; cheeks naked, or with one or two scales aliovc ;
opercles well scaled : breatt naked; top of head naked ; nape wit'n line
scales; upper jaw not protractile; gill membranes nearly separate;
lateral line straight, ceasing under front oT second dorsal. DorHulH mod-
erate, slightly connected ; anal spines subequal ; pectorals shortish, aliout
as long as head ; caudal short, subtrnncate. Color dark, the scales covered
with tine pnnctnlations ; body with 12 dark (probably blue in life)
cross bands, nearly vertical and narrower than the interspa'ies, the n(>xt
the last one brightest and broadest ; between this and the last, two bi'i<rlit
spots (probably red in life) with a dark one between them, at has** of
caudal; a black humeral scale; first dorsal dark; second dorsal, anal,
caudal, and pectorals barred ; ventrala speckled ; three dark streaks
diverging from eye ; interspaces on sides probably more or less red in
life. Length li inches. Tippecanoe River, Indiana; but few specimens
known ; possibly a variation of Etheostomn jcasia:
Etheostoma tippecanoe, JonT>A^s &'E\ekm\ss,'Ptoc. V. f'<. Nat. Miis., 1890, 3, (with a fi^'mv of
Ethcostoma odmiinim, l>y an error of printer), Tippecanoe River, Marshland, Indiana,
(Typo, No. 40080. Coll. Everniann); Boulenoer, Cat., i, 79.
I,
1480. STHEOSTOMA PUNCTULATUN (Agassiz).
Head 3i; depth 5f ; eye large, 3i in head; snout 4i. D. X or XI-U;
A. II, 8 cr 9 ; scales 9-63 to 80-16, 43 to 53 pores. Body slender, com-
pressed, the ventral outline nearly straight, the back scarcely elevated;
upper profile descending in a gentle regular curve from front of dorsal to
snout, which is below axis of body. Snout sharp ; mouth terminal,
moderately oblique, large, the maxillary reaching vertical from middle
of pupil, 3 in head ; preraaxillaries not protractile. Teeth on vomer and
palatines, outer series in upper jaw enlarged. Preopercle entire ; oper-
cular spine very slender. Gill membranes not united across isthmus. Fins
rather small. Pectorals and vcxitruils about equal, the latter not nearly
reaching vent, as long as from snout to nape ; dorsals not joined at base,
the spines rather strong ; anal with two slender subequal spines, as long
as diameter of orbit, the first stronger than second ; caudal truncate.
Body covered with small ctenoid scales, which become very fine on the
nape; breast naked; an enlarged black humeral scale; cheeks and opcr-
cles naked ; lateral line straight, ending below last rays of soft dorsal,
the tubes wanting on about 20 scales. Colors in life : Very dark slaty
green, with iudistinct darker bars, irregular in number and size, down-
ward from back ; belly and branchiostegal membranes deep oraugo red ;
sides of head coarsely punctate with black ; top of head dusky, a dark
bar forward from eye, one upward and backward across upper porti'^n
■-#»
V-'TTT^' ;. ;?-"? .-•'(«■
Jordan and Everntann, — Fishes of North America.
1091
of cheek and opercle and a broad bar downward ta behind the mandi-
hlu ; a conspicuous black, humeral spot ; usually a darker area at base of
ciiiidal, one below soft dorsal and a dusky bar in axil of pectoral, ending
lielow the fin in a blackish blotch ; spinous dorsal dusky green at base, a
liroad black bar through its middle, more conspicuous anteriorly, its
margin reddish ; second dorsal, caudal, and pectorals light reddish^ with
indistinct wavy bars formed of black punctulations ; anal and ventrals
(lusted with coarse black specks. Length 2 inches. Ozark region of
Huuthwestern Missouri; not very common ; in small brooks ; here described
iVum specimens from James Fork of White River, Marshfield, Missouri.
[imnctuXatvi.9, with little points.)
l'iicUic}Uhy» punclulattiii, A0AB817, Amor. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1854, 304, Oaage River, Mis-
souri.
lioli'iiKDiiiapnm'tulntum, Vaimant, KecherchoB, 92, 1873.
Klheoitoma pmictulntttm, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Uu8., x, 1887, GO; Boulbnoer, Cat., i, 7t).
1481. ETHK08T0NA CRAOINI, Qilbert.
Head 3i ; depth i} D. VIII or IX-10 to 12 (VI, 12 in one specimen,
probably abnormal) ; A. II, 6or 7 ; scales 6-46 to 55, pores 15 to 20. Head
and body heavy and not closely compressed, the back not elevated, the
caudal peduncle deep ; snout short and broad, less than diamdter of orbit,
5 in head ; mouth terminal, broad, little oblique, the lower jaw included;
the maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from front of pupil, 3i in head.
Premaxillaries nonprotractile. Eye large, mnch longer than snout,
iMlualing length of maxillary. Interorbital space narrow, less than diam-
eter of pupil. Preopercle entire; opercle ending in a short, flat point,
the spine poorly developed. Gill membranes very slightly connected
across the isthmus. A conspicuous black humeral scale. Fins small, the
pectorals reaching but little beyond tips of ventrals, li in head ; spinous
dorsal low, the spines strong, the longest about i^ length of head ; anal fin
very small ; first anal spine longer and stronger than the necond, 3^ in
bead ; caudal truncate, equaling length of pectorals. Scales weakly
ctenoid, uniformly covering body, including nape and ventral region,
becoming somewhat smaller anteriorly on sides ; cheeks and opercles with
few scales or none, head and breast otherwise naked. Color in spirits :
Olivaceous, much mottled with dusky above ; lower half of sides sprinkled
with coarse black specks, and with traces of two silvefy lines; middle of
sides with a series of about 12 dusky spots as large as pupil, the inter-
spaces silvery ; a black spot on opercle, one behind and one below orbit ;
snout dusky ; caudal conspicuously barred with light and dark ; soft dor-
sal and anal faintly barred ; spinous dorsal translucent, dusted with
niinatedark points, margined with blackish; traces of orange markings
on lower side of head, and on bases of pectoral fins ; caudal apparently
tinged, in life, with bright yellow. In life, fins with brick -red shades ;
body with blue specks ; body and fins profusely punotnlate with black.
Length 1^ inches. Western portion of Arkansas River Basin, from Garden
City to Cafion City, in small brooks ; the only darter reaching the base
*.il
'*ii
i: ;
li
1092
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
I 1
iji
i !
Ji:
I •
of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. (Named for its discoverer, Prof. F.
W. Cragiu, then director of the Wasbbarn College Laboratory.)
EtkeotUmia a-agini, Oii.rert, Bull. Washburn CoIIoro Laboratory for March and April, 188.",, !iii,
smatl stream connecting the " Lake " at Garden City, Kansas, with the Arkan-
sas River, {Tyv«, No. SRViO. Coll. Crajfln); Gilheiit, I'roc. U. 8. Nat. Muh., 1887, (iii; .Imi.
DAN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comni., ix, 188'J (18'J1), 17; BdiacNaKU, Cat., i, 77.
1482. ETHEOSTOMA OBETENSE, Kirsrh.
Head 3J; depth 4i to oh D. VIII to X-12 or 13 ; A. II, 7 to 9; scaliNs
5-45 to 50-10, poros 10 to 27. Body rather long and low, couipresMd,
the back not much elevated in adults, more bo in the young. I hail
moderate, heavier and less pointed than Ethvostoma ftabeUare, whicli tlii.s
species resembles in many respects. Interorbital space narrow, e} e uhunt
as long as snout, 4 in head, the maxillary extending nearly to below it.s
middle. Mouth rather large, little oblique, the jaws subequal ; preuiax-
illaries not protractile; teeth rather strong ; gill inembranes Hlightly con
nected. Head, nape, and breast naked. Margin of first dorsal rouiultil,
its longest spine 2 in base ; second dorsal larger thun first, its niui <;iii
nearly straight, the anterior ray about H in base ; oandal moderate, equal
in length to caudal peduncle, also to ba.se of first dorsal, its margin huI;-
truncate ; anal smaller than second dorsal and placed opposite or sli^j^litly
behind that fin ; pectorals about as long as head ; ventrals e<|ual in leii;j;tli
to base of anal. Lateral line almost straight, beginning at upper ed<ro of
preopercle .j>nd extending backward, slightly descending, to past middle
of first dorsal, developed on about 12 scales. Color of adult male, Uj^ht
olive ; dorsal region marked with 7 dark cross bars, the first being on the
nape and the last on the end of the caudal peduncle; on the sides nic 10
or 11 irregularly-shaped dark spots ; top of head dusky or black ; tins of
adult males dusky white; black spot on membrane of fir^t 3 or 4 dui>al
spines, vanishing posteriorly ; second dorsal with faint traces of bars ;
caudal plain ; margin of anal jet black ; pectorals faintly barred ; ven-
trals dusky or black. The female and younger specimens are similarly,
but more deeply, colored. Black humeral scale very large and distinct,
larger than in related species, as in Etheoatoma flahellare. The anal, pec-
torals, and ventrals of the female and younger specimens are plain white,
while the dorsals and caudal are distinctly barred ; on the check is a
smooth, light colored area, extending from below the eye ol)ii(;iiely
upward and backward to a distance twice the length of eye, and ttiini-
nating at upper edge of preopercle, constricted into two parts, the anterior
somewhat the larger, and everywhere bounded by a silvery baud, beinjf a
notable color mark. Length 2f inches. Tributaries of the Cumberland
River in Clinton County, Kentucky. (Name from Obey River.)
Elheottnma obej/ense, Kihsch, B"11. U. 8. Fish Con i., x, 1890(1892), 292, Indian Creek, Spring
Creek, Smith Creek, and Albany Branch, all tributaries of Cumberland River
in Clinton County, Kentucky (Type, No. 45565. Coll. Kirscb); Boulgngbr, Cat., i, 78.
148». ETHEOSTOMA PAOEI, Meek.
Head 3i ; depth 4 to 4i ; eye 3i ; snout 3^. D. IX or X-12 or 13 ; A. II,
7 ; scales 8-56 to 61-13. Body robust, snout abruptly decurved, but not
^_V. ..^^^rt'^.^L^
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1093
liliint. Mouth rather large, terminal| maxilla'-y reaching vertical from
(lupil; premaxillaries nOt protr-«.rtile; lips thick; gill membranes not
(^ounected. Cheeko, opercles, and breast naked, nape scaled ; lateral line
imperfect, developed on only about 12 scales. Color of male: Belly bright
K'd, extending on sides to upper rays of pectoral fins; above the red is a
> ullowiah band on the sides about as wide ac diameter of eye ; upper
part of the body olivaceous, with darker markings, each scale being pro-
vided with a dark spot, these making faint lateral streaks along the rows
of scales; about 9 dark blotches on the side, resembling faint bars;
caudal and soft dorsal barred; pectorals faintly barred; anal and ven-
trals plain ; a dark humeral scale. The female has the under part whit-
ish, the sides olivaceous, much mottled with darker; otherwise as in the
male. Length 2 inches. Only the types known, 2 specimens, taken in
the spring branch on the United States Fish Hatchery grounds at Neo-
Nho, Missouri, tributary to Neoalio River, Arkansas Basin. (Meek.)
(Xamed for William F. Page, Superintendent of the United States Fish
Hatchery at Neosuo, Missouri.)
ViheoiUma pagei, Mrek, American Naturalist, 1894, 957, Neoshc, Missouri, (Type, No, 45666.
Coll. Meek); Boulenuek, Cat., i. 79; Evbkhann & Kendall, Bull. U. S. Fiah Oomiii., xiv,
1894 (1896), 472.
tjS
I ^
1484. GTHEOSTOMA YIROATUM (.Tonlau).
Head 3| ; depth 5»' D. TX-IO; A. II, 8. Body slender, subfnsiform,
compressed, the back somewhat elevated, the caudal peduncle rather
deep. Head long, rather slender and pointed, little compressed, the
Huout but little decurved. Mouth rather large, somewhat oblique, the
maxillary reaching to the pupil, the lower jaw scarcely shorter than the
upper; teeth small, even, in several rows. Eye rather large. Posterior
horder of preopercle obtusely crenate above. Scales rather large;
hiteral line distinct, on about 20 scales ; 53 in a lengthwise series. Head
naked; nape and breast naked. Color greenish, each scale with a small
bhickish spot, forming conspicuous lateral stripes, as in Etheostoma flabel-
lure lineolatmn ; back and sides wlth>cross blotches ; humeral scale large
aud black ; dorsal and caudal fins faintly barred. Rock Castle River and
Round Stone River, tributaries of Cumberland River, in Rock Castle and
Laurel counties, Kentucky ; not common ; a pretty little fish, {virgatua,
streaked.)
P'lcilichthys virgattis, Jordan, Proc. U. g. Nat. Mus., 1879, 236, Rock Castle River, Living-
ston, Kentucky, (Typo, No. 23456. Coll. Jordan); Jordan & Gilrkrt, Synop8i8,615, 1883,
fJheostoma virgalum, Boulenqer, Cat., i, 77.
m
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S'lbgenus CLARICOLA, Jordan & Evormauu.
1485. ETHROSTOMA JULIiE, Meek.
Head 4 ; depth 4 to 4^. Eye ih D. XI-U or 12 ; A. II, 7 or 8 ; scales 8-38
to 60-8. Lateral line incomplete ; cheek and breast naked, opercles with
few scales on upper part. Ventral region scaled, like the sides. Gill
membranes broadly united across the isthmus. Teeth on vomer. Body
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deep, coinproMHed, with the dorsal region elevated, the form being nituli
UB in CottoyaHter uranidca. Mouth large, terminal, the lower jaw* bin
little the Hhorter ; snout pointed, upper lip thick ; premaxillary not ])i(i-
tractile, the frenum narroAv, torn in the type. Tip of maxillary roacliiii<,'
to front of pupil. Pectoral fins large, their length equal to the lengtli of
the head; ventrals small, not close together; anal small, with 2 sliotr,
sharp spines.* Color in life, dut^y olivaceous, greenish below; cniidul
fin, soft dorsal, anal, and ventral fins yellowish; pectoral fins diiHky,
with outer border pale yellowish; spinous dorsal dusky, upper half with
a yellowish tinge; a faint dark band on chin; a dark bar below ey(> : a
black band across back in front of spinous dorsal, terminating at base of
pedtoral fins ; a second and much fainter band on back between spiiiouH
and soft dorsal ; a third faint band on back at middle of soft dorsal,
and a fourth on caudal peduncle; sides dotted with faint yellowJHli,
forming irregular stripes along rows of scales. On the posterior half of
body are 6 faint, dark, vertical bars. One of the handsomest of tin;
darters in life. Length 2i inches. Basin of White River, Missouri.
Only the types known. (Named for Mrs. Julia Hughes Gilbert.)
Elhei>iitoma juUie, Meek, Bull. V. 8. Fish Comni., ix, 1889 (1891), 130, plato 42, fig. 2, James
River, near Springfield, Missouri, (Coll. Muck, Druw & Ruttgr t); DuuLKNOEit, Cat., i, s7.
1486. ETHEOSTOMA ABTE8I£ (Uay).
Head 3t ; depth 5. D. XI-12 or 13 ; A. II, 7 or 8 ; scales 8-46 to 50-11.
Body elongate, compressed. Head large. M(>r.th large, terminal, neaily
horizontal, the lower jaw slightly included; maxillary reaching to oppo-
site front of pupil. Palatine teeth in a broad band. Eye equal to snout,
4i in head. Cheeks entirely covered with small scales; opercles wiili
large scales; scales along back very small. Lateral line extendiiij'- to ciid
of second dorsal, on about 45 scales. Dorsals contiguous; first dorsal as
long as Lead, its height less tbi. ' half its length ; soft dorsal considerably
higher; anal a little over half length of head; pectorals reaching tips t/f
ventrals, much smaller than in E, cwruleum. Gill membranes largely con-
nected. Yellowish olive, with transverse oblique bars of darker, and
sprinkled with small blotches of carmine ; pectorals and ventrals dull
blue ; dorsals with a broad band of carmine along their middle, bordoied
on each side by orange ; tips of dorsals dull blue, as is the base of the soft
dorsal ; base of spinous doi'sal with several carmine spots ; anal mostly
crimson, tipped with blue ; caudal blue, then orange, carmine orange, and
tipped with blue ; a black humeral scale. Length 2f inches. Geor<;ia t
to Central Texas (Palestine), in sandy streams of the pine woods ; rare:
perhaps intergrading through Etheostoma alabamw with E. tvhipplu.
PcecUichlhija artesiie, Hav, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 494, small branch of the Catavba River,
Artesia, Lowndes County, Mississippi. (Typu, No. 27434. Coll. Hay).
* This species is descrilwd and figured as having but 1 anal spiue. In one of Dr. Mei'k's
types in the Museum of Stanford University, two spines are well developed, us in its ally, AV/uds-
toma whipplii.
fA specimen from Georgia (24524, M. C. Z.) has scales, 40. Another specimen is from uu arte-
sian well in Alabama.
Jordan and livermann. — Fishes of North America. 1095
1487. KTIIEU^TUHA ALABAN.E (Oillwrt k Bwain).
This species or subspecies is closely allied to Ethcoaloma whippUi differ
in^' from it in having the scales cons' '^ntly larger, there being usually 50 to
5() in the course of the lateral line, though occasionally 58 and even as low
an 13; the pores of the lateral line wanting on about 12 scales; the num-
ber of rows of scales between the lateral line and the spiuoi ^ dorsal is 7
or H, occasionally fewer. Gill membranes moderately united ; humeral
process or scale developed, black. Not otherwise differing from Ethcos-
toma whipplii, the form and coloration similar. The relations of this
species with Etheosto'o, artCHia; are also very close, the two may prove
iiiHeparable. The male of artenia; seems to have much more of blue mark-
iii<^' tliaa the male of alahumw. Black Warrior and Dig Cahawba rivers,
Alabama ; locally abundant.
Eth'osloma whijijilei aluhaniie, GiLUEUT & SwAiN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Miirt., 18S7, 62, Black Warrior
River near Morris and Tuscaloosa, Alabama. (Cull. Gilbert & Swain.)
8 from uu arto-
1488. ETHEOSTOMA WHIPPLII (Girard).
Head 3i ; depth 4^ to 5 ; eye 4i in head. D. IX to XII-12 to 14 ; A. IT, 7.
Scales 60 to 70,* 8 or 9 series between lateral line and base of spinous dor-
sal ; pores 35 to 50. Body rather deep, compressed ; least depth of caudal
peduncle equaling length of snout and eye. Mouth terminal, oblique;
maxillary reaching vertical from front of pupil, 3J- in head. Premaxilla-
rit-H not protractile. Eye moderate, slightly greater than snout. Pre-
opercle entire; opercular spine strong. Gill membranes rather widely
joined across isthmus. Fii. s larger than in E. punctulatuni', dorsals slightly
juiiu'd at base, the longesu soft ray half length of head ; pectorals some-
w'bai longer than ventrals, which equal distance from snout to preoper-
cular margin ; first anal spine longer and much stronger than second ;
caudal truncate. Scales small ; lateral line straight, ending under last rays
of soft dorsal, the pores wanting on 16 to 20 scales ; opercles with a few
large ctenoid scales; breast and ventral region, cheeks, nape, and a strip
aluiijr base of spinous dorsal anteriorly naked or with embedded, cycloid
scales. Colors in life: Grayish, mottled with darker and with about 12
indistinct dusky bars, becoming more clearly marked posteriorly ; scales
of lighter interspaces on sides with small, round, bright, orange-red spots,
tliose near lateral line in longitudinal series of 2 to 5 ; 2 orange blotches
at base of caudal; a dark spot below eye and 2 behind it, 1 of these on
upi)er part of cheeks, the other fainter, on occiput. A conspicuous black
liuuieral process; spinous dorsal dusky translucent at base, a dark bar
about halfway up, then a translucent bar, an orange-red bar, and a trans-
lucent bar tipped with dusky ; soft dorsal similarly marked, with more
yellowish ; anal like soft dorsal, the orange brighter, sometimes covering
distal half of fin, the basal dusky area fainter; caudal barred with light
*Ina single specimen from the WHShita Kiver at Arkadelphia, Arkansas, but 48 scales are
present. No other of many examples has less than 60. It is this variation of whipplii which
led Gilbert & Swain to regard aiabanue as a subspecies of it. The extent of such intergrudutiun
needs examination.
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and dark and margined with blaok, sometimes with a submargiual liamt
of orange. Lower Arkausas Hasin ; locally abundant in clear trilmtiuicH
of the Saline, Washita, etc. (Named for Lieut. A. W. Whipple, IJ, S. A.,
in command of the survey by which the species was discovered.)
llohichlhiiHvliiiiiilii, GiR.vRD, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phila., ia'i9, 103, Coal Creek, Arkansas.
Iliileoiomn whijtplvi, Vaii-LANt, RocherclioB, 90, 1873.
Etheottoma whix'pUi, UiLUEBT, I'ruc. U. S. Mat. Mug., 1887, 01 ; Buhi.eniikr, Cat., i, 84.
148e. ETHE08T0MA S<{U>MICEP8, Jordan.
Head 3,^ to 4^ ; depth ii to 5. Snout short, as long as eye, 4 in head.
D. VIII to XI-9 to 12; A. II, 7 or 8; scales 6-48 to 60-12. Body latliii
robust, the back not elevated, the sides somewhat compressed, the camlal
peduncle stout. Head rather short, the snout rather blunt, the anterior
profile somewhat decurved. Premaxillary not protractile. Mouth hhkiII,
oblique, the lower jaw somewhat included; the maxillary extenum;; to
front of eye, 3i in head. Teeth rather large, close set. Preoporclo on ( i i o.
Gill membranes rather broadly united. Opercular spine well develoiicd.
Nape, cheek, opercles, and breast covered with small scales; these part.s
rarely naked; body with moderate, ctenoid scales, those on belly Himi-
lar; lateral lino straight, its pores wanting only on the last 4 or 5
scales. 'Fins all low; dorsal spines subequal, the longest about ',i\ in
head ; soft dorsal well separated from spinous dorsal, its longest rays not
quite equaling head ; caudal fin rather large, 1^ in head ; anal small, the
longest rays If in head, the spines small; pectorals 14 in head; ventralM
li. Color in life dusky olive, with about 10 rather diffuse blackish oios-s
bands, most distinct just below lateral line, along which is a longitndinal
pinkish streak ; scales above with many dark punctulations, but with no
distinct spots; a dark bar below eye, and a horizontal dark Htieak
through it : both dorsals and caudal barred with black in fine pattern, as
in E. Jlabellare, but less distinctly ; lower fins pale; no red or blue niai ly-
ings anywhere. This species varies excessively in squamation of head
and in size of fins ; nape, breast, and cheeks sometimes naked. Lower
Wabash Valley, Indiana, through western Kentucky and Tenneisseo to
Georgia and western Florida; abundant in sandy streams southward.
Specimens from Alabama (var. parvipimm) are smaller, with lower tins
and fewer fin rays. D. XI-10; A. II, 7; scales 6-48-13. They seem to vary
perfectly into the typical form, (squama, scale; -cepa, head.)
Elheoatoma aquamiceps, Jobdan, Bull, x, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 11, 1877, Russellville, Kentucky
(TyiK), No. 1345. Coll. Dr. Bebb). (Head 3J; depth 5. D. IX-12; A. II, 7; scales r.-,jO-X);
Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 51 4, 1883. (Type, No. 1345. Coll. Dr. Bebb); Boilman, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 464; Boulenqer, Cat., i, 85.
EOieostoma patvipinne, Gilbkht & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, 59, small spring branch
tributary to the Black Warrior River, Tuacaloosa, Alabama. (Type, Ni>. 3G71(J.
OoU. Gilbert & Swain.)
T
Jordan and P.vertnann. — Fishes of North America. 1097
.1
Subgenus ETHEOSTOMA.
1400. KTHKSTOMA FLABKLLAKK, Kutliioaque.
(Fan-taileii Dahteb.*)
Head 3? to 4 ; depth \\ to 5J ; eye 4 to 4 J in head ; snout 4. D. VITI-12
to W ; A. II, 7 to 9; Hoalos 9-40 to 6.1-14, 15 to 40 por«H. Number of fin
riivH and scaleH subject to largo variations, the spines occasionally fuwor
tlian 8. Hody slender, compressed, the back not elevated; head long
and pointed; snout not decurved, the upper lip on a level with top of
evo; month very oblique, lower jaw projecting; maxillary reaching
front of eye; interorbital space narrow, \\ in eye ; gill membranes rather
broadly united; distance from mouth to gill cleft on median line 1^ to 1^
ill head; caudal peduncle compressed, doop, its least depth 2 in head.
Fins all low, the tlrst dorsal in the male about i us high as second, higher
in the female, the spines with enlarged Ueshy tips in the male ; anal about
HJ/e of soft dorsal ; pectorals usually not quite as long as head, their tips
rouching beyond tips of ventrals; caudal largo, rounded. Scales moder-
ate ; head entirely naked ; lateral line nearly straight, incomplete, reach-
ing about to end of first dorsal ; a narrow strip along base of spinous
dorsal not scaled. Color rather dark, body covered with numerous fine
<lark specks, these forming dark cross bands or blotches in the nwiles,
leHs distinct in the females ; black humeral spot cons]>icuouH ; usually
a (hirk line across opercles, through the eye, and around smmt ; second
(lomal and caudal iius barred, other fins usually plain; pectorals faintly
barred in Virginia specimens. Length 2J inches. New York to Virginia,
west to Iowa, and south to Sout>i Carolina and northern Alabama;
usnally abundant wherever found. It lives in swift waters, and its
movements in the water are more active than those of any other species;
it is the most hardy in the aquarium. (Jlabellarw, like u fan, from the
form of the tail.)
Eihimlomaflahellarit, RAriNF.SQi'E, Jour, de Physiquo, 1810, 419, tributaries of Ohio River,
KHuiistoma Jlabellata, Uafinesquk, Iclith. Ohiensig, 30, 1820, Ohio River.
ElhuslomafoiUinalis, Rafinesque, Idith. Ohioiisis, 80, 1820, Ohio River.
Kilut stoma linsleyi, Storeu, Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1851, 37, Wolcott, 'Wayne County,
New York.
Oliijarcphaliis hnmeralu, Girasd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci Phila., 1859, C7, James River, Virginia.
*Tho Darter of Partera is tlie Fan-t,iil [Klht'ustnma flahcllmr). Hardiest, wiriust, warie.it of
tlieni all, it is tlie quo wliich is nust export iii cntcliing other creatuvs, and the ono wliicli iiioKt
»\irely ovades your clutch. You fail oatcli a weasel asleep when you can put your finger on oin-
uf these. It is a slim, narrow, 'jiack, pirate-rigged little fish, with a long pointed head, nixl a
Iirojecting, prow-liko lower jaw. It carries no flag, but is colored like the rocks among whii-li
it lives. It is dark brown in hue, with a dusky spot on each scale, so that the whole body seems
covered with lengthwise stri])es, and these are furtlier relieved by cross bands of tlie waiuo color.
Its fins, especially the broad, fan-sbai)ed caudal, are likewise mui'h checkered with spots of
blark. The spines of the doi-sal tin are very low, and each of these in the male ends in a little
flesliy pad of a rusty-red color, the fish's only attempt at ornamentation. The Fan-tailed Darter
cliodsos the coldest and swiftest waters, and in these, as befits his form, ho !<>adH an active, preda-
tory life. He is the terror of water snails and caddis worms, and the larva; of mosquitoes. In
tlie ai|uariiim this Darter is ono of the most interesting of fishes, for, though plainly colored, it
is Very handsome, and in its movements is the most graceful of all the Darters. Its mouth opens
wider than that of any of the others, and it is fuller of bristling teeth. Its large, yellow-rim-
m«l black eyes are over on the watch. The least of a " fi-h " and the most of a Darter, the Fan-
tailed is worthily left as a type of the genus EOit"..<iwma, in which it was first placed by its
(Uecuverer, Bafineaque. {Jordan lii Copeland.)
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Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
CalowiiuH /tiHclaliio, CiinAnn, Pror. Ar. Nut. Hcl. PhllH., IHfiD, 08, Madrid, New York, an I
Gr<«aB River. (Ty|Mi, Not). V,\m itiiU l.'S45. Coll. E. O. Daytun.)
OiUtiniiiiiH keiiniroUi* PrTNAM, Itiill. Mux. Cwiiip. /oul., i, IHGli, 3, ■outhern Illinois,
CatiiHiiiimjIiilwUiiliiii, Vaili.ant, ItocborcbuH, 121, 1873, with plate.
fUlwimli/mnjlabtHarv, Jurdan & QiLuinT, tiyiiu|i8i8, AlU, IMK); Uoulkn(ikii, (;at., i, h>\.
A Hlight variety of tbis Mpecios, from the Cumberland MuiintiiiiiH, Ii;ih
been reooguized by name uh
1400a. KTIIKOHTOMA VLABKLLAKK t'r»BEBIiANDI('IIM, JonlHii Jt Mwain.
Head 3ft ; depth 5^ ; eye 4i in head, equal to snout. D. VIII, 11 ; A, 1 1.
7; Hcales 45, the tubcH on 15 to 20 Hcales. Body moderately olon^^ntr,
Homewhat compreHsed, the ])ack little elevated. Head usually thick iiimI
heavy, little tapering anteriorly, much stouter than in E. JluhiUnrc.
Mouth terminal, very oblique, the lower jaw somewhat project in;;,
maxillary extending nearly to below its middle. Teeth rather stioii;;.
Head, nape, and breast nuked; belly and region along dorsal witli tliu
scales small ; scales of body smoother than in E, Jiabellare and iiuuo
loosely imbricated, especially in the adult. Fins essentially as in otliur
species, the dorsal spines lo\<r and sube(|ual, lowest in the male, the llcsli
at their tips being thickened ; caudal large, rounded ; other fiUH mod-
erate. Color in life greenish, semitranslucent, the body in th« iidiilt
without trace of lines, cross bars, or spots, excepting the large, l)lack
humeral spot ; back with a few faint dusty cross shades. Young with
tessellated spots and numerous faint cross bars, which are developed
chietly as a series of spots along the lateral line ; a dark streak from eye
through snout ; a round, black spot behind eye ; first dorsal tranHlucent,
abruptly edged with black, the free tips of the spines golden uian;;e;
second dorsal oblicfuely barred with alternating bands of black and
golden; caudal pale, with about 7 very sharply defined curved cionh
bands of black ; pectorals olivaceous, scarcely barred, an orange liar at
base; ventrals and anal plain, slightly dusky. Length 2f iiichea.
Brooks in the Cumberland Mountains tributary to Cumberland Kiver,
EtheoHtomti ciimberUimUcum, Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 188.3, 261, small streams
of the Cumberland Mountains, Wolf Creek and Briar Creek, near Pleasant
View, Whitley County, Kentucky. (Coll.'Jordaii & Swain.)
A better marked variety, differing chiefiy in color, repredentiug Klhioi-
toma flahellare to the northwestward, is
,/
1490b. ETHEOSTOMA FLABELLARE LINEOLATUH (AgaBsiz).
Very similar to the typical flabellare, but rather less elongate and more
compressed. Coloration darker, each scale with a dark spot, theue form-
ing a series of conspicuous longitudinal lines along the rows of bcales ;
*Tbe original types of Cnlonotut Jcennicotti, now in poor condition, show the following charac-
ters: Color plain, without trac'e of lines or spots on body; pectorals, cauaal, and both dorsale
brightly checkered with black. Black humeral spot large. Cheeks, opercles, and brciist naked.
Scales rather large. Lateral line extending to below middle of second dorsal. Gill nionibnines
forming an angle with each other. Pectorals u little shorter than head. Head 3^; depth 5%.
J>, VIII, 10; A. II, 7; scales 6-40 to 42-X. From a rocky brook in Southern Illinois.
in
V York,
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Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North Amrrua. 1099
so( I md dorsal and anal conspicuously cross-barrod ; head blackish, with
(linker atri^oH radiating I'runi t^yo; males fiirtlier iiiarl^ed witli couspioii-
oils dark orosH bars. Miiiii<>snta to northern Indiana and northern Mis-
Hoiii'i. in cold weedy streams {IhuololiiH, with small lines.)
I'iit 7x11 UiiriiUiluii, AoAHMi/, AiiiiT. Joiirn. Hrl. ami ArtH, IHM, 3ii6, ■mall creeks near Quincy,
Illinois.
nh"'l"iii,i liiiiiilnhim, JiiiiiiAN .V OlMiRTlT, SviMiml", AIM, IHKI.
fatuii'luH liiKulatum, VAIIJ.ANT, Itoclturi'hvH, 1)8, lH7:t.
476. ALVARIUS, Girard.
Ahiniiii,»(iinAai>, Proc Ar. Nat. .Hcl. I'lilla., IHBO, 101, {l,it<rai:i<).
Til In gcnns is based on a single species, which has not been recognized
Biinc it was originally described. It is apparently closely allied to
Etiiiiiittomu, difleriug in the small number of its tin rays, in which regard
it iip))roachtiH Microperva. The species is imperfectly described and its
alliiiitiea cau only bo guessed at. (A coined name without meaning.)
i^i
jutiug W/icos-
14»l, ALTARirK LATKRALIN, Giranl.
"A representative of the Etheostomoid family was procured by the
United States and Mexican Boundary Commission at the mouth of the
Hid (Irande del Norte (Rio Bravo). It constitutes a new generic pety
!illi(Ml to CatonoUia, and to which we have applied the niame of Alcariusy
with the following characters: Head elongated and tapering. Month
tenninal, large, not protractile ; lower jaw longer than the upper. Teeth
very minute. Opercular apparatus, cheeks, and throat scaly. First dorsal
nearly equal in height to the second, from which it is quite distinct.
Anal .lU much smaller than the second dorsal ; caudal fin truncated ; 5
soft \-ujs to the ventrals. Ventral scales uniform." Body slender, elon-
!,'ate. Head subcouical and tapering forward. Eye equal to snout, 4 in
liead. Maxillary reaching pupil. First dorsal about equal to second and
Hcpaiiited from it. Anal smaller than second dorsal, the last rays of the
2 tins opposite each other. Scales very small. Lateral line median.
Krowiiish, back spotted; sides with a narrow blackish streak, which
extends around the snout ; first dorsal with a black spot on its upper pos-
terior edge; caudal transversely barred. D. VI, 10; A. 8. Length If
iiiilifs. Rio Grande. (Girard.) The types are now lost and the species
has not been rediscovered, {lateralis, pertaining to the side.)
■UiMf'^lalertdiii, Oirard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 101, mouth of Rio Grande, (Coll.
M.\. Hound. Surv.); Vaillant, Uecliorchos, 141, 1873.
VitcUiihlhii, lateralis Jordan & G11.11KRT, Synopsis, 022, 1883.
Ethemiiimit laterale, BouLENOEK, Cat., I, 87.
477. PSYCHROMASTER, Jordan «fe Evermann, new genus, (tu8cumbia).
This genus is allied to Etheostoma, from which it differs in its robust
form, its single anal spine, and especially in the s<iuarantion of the bead,
which is scaled to the snout. One species. {xpvxp<>i) coid^vuter ; fiaaryp,
setrcher.)
Ij
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1100
Bulletin ^7, Uniied States National Museum.
\\m. I'HVCIIKOMAMTKU TI'H< i'MIIIA (CIIIm it 8«ra )
HoihI :U to 3!i ; (l«ptli I to \\. 1). IX or X-tl to 13 ; A. 1,8; hcuIch iUIh
to TiO-lO; poruH I'l to 'JO. Hody uxoeudingly lutavy and rohiiHt, witli iIh-
vutud liack <tiid Itroad, thick lieud. Autorior proiUit deHi;undiii); rii|iiilly
iVoiii front of doFHul, i\w Huoiit blunt und broadly rounded, but not nvor-
llanKin^ tlio niontli. (jiapo largti and widu, tli« niandibb; littlo inciihli'd,
tlio maxillary ruucliinfj; vortical from middle of orbit, 'A in liuad, i',vi>
rather Hinall, 4j^ iu head, thu interorbital wi<lth jj itn diameter. rr<'ii|MT-
cular marj^in entire. Checks, opurclcH, nape, and top of liuad guiiciaily
Bcaly ; only the unout, interorbital space, and preorbitalH naked. (i|)ci-
cnlar Hpine little developed. Oill menibrancH scarcely Joined jkidhh
iHthmtiH. FiiiH all very small; dorsal spines weak, the median xpineit
highest, half length of liead ; soft dorsal scarcely higher than HpiiimiM;
anal (in with a ningle, rather weak spine, i\w (irst soft ray articiil.itnl
and branched. Pectorals and vontrals very small, the latter not loiicli-
ing !i distance to vent ; length of pectorals equaling distance from il|i of
snout to i)reo])ercular nuirgin; caudal broadly rounded. ScuIcn ioii^Ii,
wholly enveloping head and boily, except snout and interorltitui N|iiiL'i>;
lateral line incomplete, arched, following the curve of the back; pori'H
absent on 15 to \¥> scales. Color in life: Varying shades of grayi^li und
greenish olive, much nutttled and speckled with black; six broiiti, ilaik
bars across back; K or 10 linear black blotches along lateral line, Miqiu-
ratod by silvery interspaces; a dark streak before, one below, ami out!
behind orbit; opercle and toj) of head dusky; pectorals with Hcvcral
dark bars, ventrals unmarked ; a black blotch at base of eacli ('iiiiiii<i
lobe; other fins more or less barred with light and dark. Len^^th 2
inches. Spring brooks in the Tennessee River basin in northern Ala-
bama; locally abundant.
Etlieimlomii hmrHmhia, Oll.iiGRT it SwAiN, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mils., 1887, 0.1, stream flowini; from
the great spring at Tuscumbia, Alabama, (Typu, No. :I<I164. Cull. Uilburt .v Suuiu);
BUUI.KNUEU, Cat., I, NS>.
478. COPELANDELLUS, Jordan & Evermann.
a>)u;lamMlnti, JuRUAN & KvERMANN, new goiius, {qui. Menu).
This genus differs from Boleiolithys in having the top of the headclostly
scaled. One species, found in the lowland swamps and everglades ol'tlif
south. (Named for Herbert Edson Copeland, 1849-1876, who studicti tin*
Darters ])ecause ho loved them, and who began a monograph of tlx' ^noiip
in 1874, a work not yet finished, althcugh many have worked upon it.)
1493. rOPKLANDRIiLrS QiriESCENH (.Fordnn).
Head SJ; depth if. D. IX to XII-9 to 12; A. II, 7; scales :^Ht()r.)MO,
pores on 21 to 28 scales. Body not greatly elongate, compressed, tlic l)ack
elevated, the back higher and the tail shorter than in Bolekhlhyx io».
Maxillary extending to front of pupil; Jaws equal; preopercle ;i little
orenulate above. Eye much longer than snout, 3^ iu head. Cheeks,
Jordan and I'.vermann. — f'ishes of Xort/i Amerim. \ 101
o|m'I'gI<!h, uii«l wholo tup of liiiiul doHoly hcuIoiI; ItrcuHt niitl iiiipo Nrulvd ;
HiK'iit, JiiWH, and prtMtrltitul iiiiktMl ; liitviiil liiitt niiiiiiriK v*>r.v lii){li, iih in
linh irlithyH J'usiJ'ormin, IVom wliicli thin Mpocios Ih cliittlly «li.stiiiniiirtluMl l»y
tlin iHculy crown, u cliuraotor Hoen uIno in /'. tuncumhiii, (iiil nioniltmnoH
H(>|iiirute, II Hiiiall Muck hnni«<nil Hpot. ('audiil lonj;, H in head, roiindt'd
or |M)intod liuhind; pvctorul nourly aH lon^; an htiad. Color dark brown,
till' palu partH chiefly bright rod in lite; back witliHoniu dark nnirkingH;
HJilc with a broad black lateral band, niottlcil and intcrNpcrHtMl with rod;
an iiKui of rod tilong lateral line ; Home black Npotn on lower ))art of Hide ;
li lil:((;k Hpot at IniHe of pectoral ; It black barn about eye; I or *> round
liliii U spotH in a croHH nerien at Itaue of caudal, the 2 middle ones conHpic-
tiuns; thiH checkered; dorual, anal, and caudal linely luirred; ventralH,
aiiiil, and pectoralH plain. Length 1!( incheH. Swampsand streams of the
liiwIiindH from Virginia to Florida; known from Hluekwater Kiver./ufii,
ViiLlinia; Allapaha Kivor, Nashville, (jleorgia, and varioun NtreuniH in
Fliiiiila; the HoutharumoHt known H])ecie8 of the darterH. SpeiiinuMia
fiiiiii Orlando, Flori .ia(Cull. Kinar Lonnbcrg ), are larger ami more lirightly
eolmud than thoue from the Dismal Swamp region. {quicucniH, lying quiet.)
l',i(i//.A%(i</Mff«cenii, JoKDAN, Proc. U. 8. Nut. Miis., 1M.S4, ITM, tributary of the Allapaha
River, Nashville, Georgia, (Typi', No. '285iKt. Coll. W. .1. Tiiylor.)
B/i.. ..(.. 1/1(1 i/Hi.dtriM, .loHiiAN, Ke|). U.S. FiHh Ooiiiin., v, Ihwri, BH'.i; Wooi.mas, Hull. U. .S. KImIi
iniuiii., x, 181MJ (18U2), pii. 2«4, 207, iiM, ;JOO, aiiil;WJ, pi. 511, Hg. I!; HiPri.KNiu.ii, Cut., i, lr>.
479. BOLEICHTHYS, Girard.
Mri.hIhgK, QlRARO, Pnic. Ac. Nut. .Scl. Philii., ISfiO, 1(«, (.jrilui).
TIiIn genns containa small and ulender HpecieH allied to those of the
sectiun Vligocephalax under KthcoHtoma. The lateral line w incomplete and
baa ii Hiight upward ctirve anteriorly instead of being Htraight as in all
tilt) sjiocies of Ethvontoma. Top of head not scaly. Lowland streams and
BWiiiiips; the species few, variable, and hard to determine. {Solir, dart;
I'.tWi'., fish.)
Clii'okg and (>|iercleg Hcaly.
I. I'licoka nakud; oporclog moro or lem scaly.
rusii-ORMiH, 141)4.
BXILI8, 14U6.
V
1494. B0LKICHTHY8 FUSIFORMIS (Qiranl).
Head 3i to 4 ; depth 3f to 6 ; eye about 4 in nead. I). IX or X-9 to 12 ;
A. II, t) to 8 ; scales 3-43 to 6()-12, pores 10 to 30. Body usually olongate,
coniprussed ; bead rather long and narrow ; muzzle short, decurved,
»boit(!r than eye; mouth comparatively large, terminal, lower Jaw
slightly included, maxillary reaching to pupil; premaxillaries not pro-
tractile; gill membranes somewhat connected. Opercular spine strong.
Caudal peduncle long. Scales strongly ctenoid ; cheeks scaled ; opercles,
nape, .lud breast usually well scaled, sometimes i>artly naked, especially
the breast; lateral line incomplete, high up, often interrupted. Fins mod-
erate; pectorals broad, about reaching tips of ventrals. Olivaceous,
sides and back dotted and blotched with dusky, paler beneath ; bead dark
1*' 1
lHi.i
JiulUtin 47, UniuU Stata Natiomii A/it.\, um.
I ■'
!|,
< !
I*i' ;!•
»hovc, with (liiaky dotit on NitluH, a dark lino (Icwiiwuni iind unotliii lot
witi'tl IVoni tlitMtyo; buM» of caudal with I «lui'k hiioIh in ii VHitinil mw.
Doi'Httl und cauihil llnH Hpeoklud nnd liiirrml with dark ; tlio H|MniMiN >\i\\!^\\\
in lifu nHnally hi'iKht hino, with u nuidian rriniNon imnd. An <>\iit incly
vui'ialih) H|M<()i(!H t'onnd in lowland Htrcninm anil pondH from MaNNui'liiiMttN
to tlio Uioliranih) and w«Ht to Minn»Hota. Thronghont thin <>ntir«f K-^ion
Hmall dai'toi'H aiu fonnd, whicli aj^ico nioro or !(wh rloHxIy with t>|ii('jil
J'uHiJ'onnit, from Charhm Uivor, MaHHarhnN«>ttM, hut |)ruH«)ntin^ NJI^lii mui
ationH for ditlor«>nt ro^ionH. To tlioHo havo \wvn ^ivon tho vaiiouN h|',<M!i-
llu nannm found in thu aocompanyiiiK Hynonyniy.* {J'lmiJ'oniiiM, Npindli'
Hbapud.)
lUiltiKumm futl/iimiit, UinKHK, Vroc. Doiit. Soc. Nkt. Illat., 181VI, 41, Chartea River, Masaa.
chusettt. (Coll. lilrikril.)
Ihiliiiminiiibiirnilli, lliiMiiiiioK, Jtiiini. A(\ Nat. Set, I'liila., IHAA, ntl, South Carolina.
Ihleiunimii griwili; QliiAitii, I'roc. Ac. Mat, 8ci. I'blla., 18fi!), lo.'l, Rio Seco and Leona Klver,
near Fort Inge, Texaa. (Type, No. 1;ijh. Coll. K.'nticrl.v)
noliil<iii» erorhrtiim, CofK, l'io<;. Ac. Nut. Scl. I'lillu., 1H(14, Vi.'Cl, Brown's Mill, New Jersey,
opposite Philadelphia, (Coll. Copo); Vaii.i.ant, lleclitirclirii Kiir Eth<uat., i:t:i, ihTi, »liii
pill to.
Jloltiihtliyn eoi, .lonDAN * CopEi.ANn, Proo. Ac. Naf. Hfl. Plilla., 1H77, K), Rocl< River, Wiscon-
sin; Wisconsin River, Wisconsin, (Cull, .lonlun Jii Co|>oluiiil); Fox River, liliiioia,
(Coll. Jordan); Northern Indiana, (Coll. |)r. <<. M. I.i'vottc); pxrlmpM a vitliil h|i>,i...
I'lirilirhlhtiKbullenmiHi, IIav, Hull. IJ. 8. FIhIi Coiiim., ii, I8H2(18K.!), CI, shallow pool on Big
Black River near Vaughans Station, Yazoo County, Mississippi, (Coll. Ilayi; Jon-
DAN I'ScQlLIIERT, SynopHiH, CIl), l8H.t.
I'(iiili<hlhy§ pahiitrin, Qiliiiht, I'roo. U. 8. Nut. Muh. 1884, 209, Switz City Swamp, Greene
County, Indiana. (Cull. Oilliurt.)
IliiliileiiiHhmriilti, Vaim.ant, BBclicrclieM Biir KtlicoHt., 127, 1873, willi pluto.
lliiUtUpiH /(mfiirmiK, Vaii.i.ant, ReclicrclieM Biir KtlicoHt., llll, 1873, with platu.
hicUirhlhijulmnalli, JuKDAN A OlLliKItT, Syiioinl", f'lO, 1883.
I'lii-ilkhthjinfiui/ormiH, Johdan & GiLiiKUT, SyiiopaJH, 620, 188.3.
ViivUuhlhiiH ernvliriiiiH, Jordan * Oiliik.it, SyiiopNlH, .V20, 1883.
IHiviUrhUii/ii <■««, JouuAN i& UiLliEii'', Synopsia, 021, 1883.
*8onieof tbo reaulta of a conipariaou of apei'lmons of Ihia apocioa from ililU'rnrit l<icalltli'4
may l>o given hi>re:
a. Thayer Lake, Michi|;an (eon). ThcRO apcriniiinH iiro u little atoiiter and darkor in rulur;
the acalog on the cheeka olmciire, in tlila reHpoct a|i|>rourliiii)r ^.n'/c; ncuIun n.'i.
h, Nortlieni Illinoia(('os). Stouter, the depth 5 in length; Hcnieg TiO, 4 rowa uliovi' latiTal line:
scales on cheeka evident; 3 Hpota at bime of caudal,
c. Southern Illinois {bairaUi). Still Htoutor, depth 4^^; aralcH 4U, 3 ruwa udovc latcnil liin':
clioekH well Bcale<'' ?olor nearly |)lain; aides with faint Iiui'h, and a Hin^'lr hjiot at Ii'm'
of caudal.
tl, Terro Haute, Inil'-i-ni {paluftrit). Depth 6; acaiea 50, 3 rowH altuvc lateral liin'; miuuI
rather ahort; luc-^a well acalcd; a aliigle faint randal Hpot; niarkiii^'ri ulinciir''; bliiMi
liara in life.
c. Trinity Kiver, Dallaa, Texas {grarilin). Similar to (> in color and form, a Mill' >U<[\W\:\
cheeka veil B('ale<l; walea 50, 3 rowa above lateral line; 3 apotH at buNo of camlal.
/. Saline Kivor, Benton, ArkanaaH (grarilu). Similar to e. Scalea 4!); 3 .spotn at Ijiisi' i.tiamliil.
g. Sima Bayou, Ilouaton, Tuxoa (gracilit). Snout blunter; color much paler; Kput.'* al hii^x nf
oanilal scarcely perceptible; BcaleH03.
h. Mount Vernon, Indiana {palunlrin). Stout; depth 4},[^^, acalea; 53, 1 row above latTiil lii"';
1 caudal apot; anout bluntiah; no dark lateral 8trii)e.
Poeaibly theao aeverul variotiea may be separated by the following characters:
a. Body very alemler, depth about 6 in length.
b. a dark lateral stripe and more or leaa of red marklnga; 4 dark aiiota at liaxc of canilal.
rt.SIFdllMIS.
W(. Paler, no evident dafk lateral stripe, but body finely Bi>otted or mottled ^vltll iliirk:
no red spots; 3 faint apota or none at biiBe of caudal. liincii.i.''.
aa. Body Btoutieh, depth 4^ to 6>-^ iu length; no dark lateral stripe.
c. Snout moderate; acniea on cheeka amall; Bides with crimaoii spots. '"■"•
cc. Snout bluntiah; no bright red; sides with greenish crosa ahades. iM.rsTiiis.
ccc. Snout rather sharp; body nearly plain greenish. haiik.uti
les River, Maiia-
Joriimi It mi F.vtr tann, — Fis/ies of Xorth Amerti a. 1 103
/'. ilirhlhyt grnrili*, Joikitsti A OlLRRRT, Hyiio|Mlri, n^l, IHKI.
f:il -limi.i I'liniformi; Kvr.ltMANN ik KrnHAM^ Hull. t'. H. t'mll <'iiliiiii., Ml, lH<)3(|Hmi, IIA; DiiV
i.KNiiBH, Cut., I, 7A; mill ufautbun Bouurally.
I4V5. HOLKICIITilVN KXII.IH, Olrunl.
Ilxnd :<); (Inpth iionrly H. I). IX or X-10 or II; A. 11.7 to !). Hotly
coiiipruNHuil, tuporiuK towuni tliocniMlul ptMliiiiolo, wlilcli \h HJi^litiy con-
tiiK'ted. Muxilluiy rencliiiiK luituiior ^'^\^^^^ of pupil. Liitrnil liiitt luniior
tliiimil tliuii tlio abdomiuul oiitlino; puctoralH uxteiiiliiiK iMtyoii*! vt'titrulH.
CliockH niikud, yulIowiHli lironii, spocklml with K'uyiHh black; (lorMaU
itiHl caii'lal burrud ; a ilark Hpot on occipital i'«t{ioii, and a Htirak in
u(l\anoe of aH well aH holow the orbit, ((lirard.) Length 1 to 2 itichoH.
Tliis HpecioH diffurn from HoleiohlhijHj'miiJ'onitiH in the naked cheekH.* It in
|i:iiliably a variety of the latter. Upper MiHHouri River Itanin and Ued
Uiver of the North (Hpec. Mua. Conip. Zoiil.). {ixilin, Hlint.)
linli iihlhyn exilui, OiRAnn, l>ri>c. Ar. Nnt. Scl. I'lilla., IHA!), 103, Little Muddy River, a tribu-
tary of the Upper Missouri. Typo u little ituiitcr tlinii li. /iimfiiniiin, the ln'inl licuviur;
Ki'iilflH &;); |K)ru*22,
Wiitn.liihjis wiirreni, UiuARii, Froc. Ac. Nat. 8cl, Pliila., 1HA0, 1(H, Cannon Ball River.
V'l'ihililliynexUui, JniiDAN \ Giliikkt, Syii(i|wlK, 521, 1Kh;1.
I\inli,lilli!iii inirrem, Jukhan M (iiMiRRT, H,viiii|ialx, r>21, 1nk;i,
t:tli<''floma exile, UoLLMA.N, Dull. U. S, FIhIi C'uiiiiii., viii, IHHK, 221; BotaBMiKR, Cut., i, 7)).
' H
ty Swamp, Greene
III! lIHIlToMt localltic
480. MICROPERCA, rutuam.
Miin'iierfit, Putnam, liiill. i, Mub. Coinp. /oiil., 4, iMKt, {pinirtiilnlit).
Tiiis geuuB ditl'ers from EtheoHtnma in the almost or rjuite complete
abHeiioo of the lateral line. The Hcaloa are larger than in moHt of the other
darters, the tin rays and vertebrie fewer. Gill mombrancH considerably
ouniiected ; mouth iniall, the lower Jaw included. The specicH of MUroperva
are the smallest in size of the darters, and are plainly colored. They
are very closely allied and may all be varieties of Mkrupcrca punvtulata,
(ftiKiuiq, small; nfpKri, perch.)
>i. ClioekBund oporcIeH xraly; anal 8pino8 2; acalea 30. prikmarib, 140(1.
11(1. Chooks and opon^lcH rbiofly uakud.
I>. Anul uplnos 2. ruNiTvr.ATA, 1407.
(lb. Anal spino Biugle. fonticoi.a, 1408.
1'
1406. MICROPKRCA PRffililAKIS, Hay.
Head 4; depth 4*. D. VIII-11; A. II, (J; scales 36. Body short and
Htuut. Snout conical, pointed; jawse<iiial; mouth small, Hlightl.y oblique,
maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye small, 4 in head. Cheeks and
opeicles with large scales. Opercular spine well developed. Scales large,
the tubes of the lateral line developed on 2 to 4 of them ; dorsals well
*Spi'i'iineufi of a small darter obtaincil by Mr. Cbarles H. Bollmmi in Chun Iinkc, Mii'bi);an,
Dity lii'loiig to this R|)ecie8. Tbeei* gpfcimenn, liuwever, diffur inuterir.lly in tlxt ninnbcr nf dortial
tajB. Durcal VII-IO; A. II, 7; lateral linn extending to end of anal: Kcale ''H; tulioH interrupted,
37 tu 4U; I'heokH naked.— Uo/Zmon, Bull. U, S, i'uh Oomm., vii, IHSS (iS'JO), li/,.
t
I I
i 'SI) '
"!
1104
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
separated. Anal spines slender, high; pectorals and ventrals roaciiini;
about to vent. Olive, speckled with brown ; 10 brownish spot^aloiij; the
sides ; black streaks downward and forward from eye ; dorsal fins iiiottliil,
Length lA inches. Alabama and Mississippi, west to Arkansas, in lowiaud
streams and ponds. ( jmx'/tari«, pertaining to battle, it being found on
the battlefield of Corinth.)
Mcroptrcu xiritliimn, Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils., 1880, 4n<i, small branch of the Tuscumbia
River, at Corinth, Mississippi, (Typo, No. 27418. Coll. Hay); Hay, Bull. U. S. I'isli
Comm., II, 1882 (l«s:»), t!2; Joiidan & Gilbkrt, Synopsis, 522, 1883.
EthrtiH(nma pr„Uari», GllliERT, null. V. S. Fish Oomm., IX, 188'J (1891), 169.
EtheusluiitapriAiUnre, liouLENUF.ii, Cat., i, 89.
1497/mICBOPERCA PUNCTULATA, Putnam.
(Least Dartkr.)
Head 3f to 4 ; depth 4i to 5. D. VI to VIII-9 or 10 ; A. II, 6 ; scales 34
to 37-9. Body rather short and deep, somewhat compressed, the l)iick
arched. Caudal peduncle rather lon<i;. Head moderate ; snout somcwlmt
decurved; mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, the maxillary extemliiif;
to below eye; jaws equal. Cheeks naked; opercles with a few scales:
opercular spine very small; neck and chest naked; no traco of lateral
line; the usual series of tubes along the temporal region; scales (jiiite
large, strongly ctenoid. Vertical fins short ; anul spines strong, tliu
first usually the largest ; ventrals rather long. Coloration olivaceous,
the sides closely speckled and with vague bars and zigzag niarkiui,'.s:
second dorsal and caudal barred; dark streaks radiating from eye; a
dark humeral spot. Length 1 to 1^ inches. Smallest of the darters and one
of the smallest of fishes ; common in the clear, cold, weedy streani.s and
ponds of the Northwestern States from Indiana, Michigan, and Minnesota,
south to Arkansas, where it may intergrade with/o«<j'co?«, as Dr. Meek lias
speciniens with 1 and 2 anal spines ; rare outside of tributaries of die
Great Lakes, (punctulatus, speckled.)
Microperca pi'nctiilata, Putnam, Bull, i, Mus. Comp. Zoiil., 4, 18r>3, from various points in
Michigan, 'Wisconsin, Illinois, and Alabama [those from Alabama ])rulmlilv M.pm-
/iaris] (name preoccupied in Etheoi>tomaby E.punctulatum, Aoassiz); Jordan AGiliikiit, Syn(i|i-
sis, 623, 1883.
Etheostoma micropercn, Jordan & Giijiert, in Jordan's Manual ui" Vertebrates, Kd. 5, i:!l, ls<""*,
substitute for pnnctulala, preoccupied in Ktheosloma; specimens from lakes of Laporte
County, Indiana; Bovlbnoer, Cat., i, ST.
i'!
1498. MICROPERCA FONTICOLA (Jordan & Gilbert).
Head 3Ho 4 ; depth 4i to 5. D. VI or VII-8 to 10 ; A. I, 7 ; scales 34.
This species or variety is very close to the northern Mm-operca pHnclnhda.
The only tangible differences seem to lie in the coloration and in the con-
stant presence in Microperca fonlicola of but one anal spine. Tlio head
in Microperca fonticola is nearlyorquite devoid of scales. In life, light oliva-
ceous, the scales broadly margined behind with dusky ; about 8 indistinct
dusky cross blotches on back, the dorsal region dusted with fine dusky
specks ; a series of dark, stitch-like, short horizontal lines along tlie
Jordan and Ever mann. — Fishes of North America. 1105
iiiidille of the sides, forming an interrupted lateral streak; three small
(la I k spots at base of tail ; soft parts of vertical fins with light and dark bars ;
lo'vcr half of spinous dcrsal jet black, then a broad red band narrowly
edjjod above with black ; a dusky streak below orbit and one in front
of if. Arkansas and Texas, in clear rocky streams ; rather scarce ; known
only from Washita River, at Arkadelphia; San Marcos River, at San Mar-
cos, Texas; Comal Creek, at New Braunfels, Texas. (/oh«, fountain ; co\o,
to inhabit, it being most common in the great spring ir which the Rio
San Marcos rises.)
.\h,<n»» foiitivola, JoiiDAN * Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18S8, 23, San Marcos River, San
Marcos, Texas. (Type, No. 36523. Coll. Jordan A Gilbert.)
nhr,.sl.,ma fonlkohi, Evekmann & Kend ,i., Bull. U. S. FUh Comni., xii, 1892 (18!)4), 115, pi.
xwvi, flg. 4; UouLENOER, Cat., I, 90.
Family CXLIV. CHEILODIPTERIDiE.
(The Cajvuinal Fishes.)
Body oblong or e' jugate, sometimes compressed and elevated, covered
with rather large scales, which are striated and ctenoid, or sometimes
cycloid; cheeks scaly; lateral line continuous; cleft of mouth wide,
obliiine ; villiform teeth on jaws and vomer, and sometimes on palatines;
canines sometimes present; (teeth wanting in Brephostoma) ] preopercle
with a double ridge, its edge entire or slightly serrated ; opercular spine
little developed ; lower pharyngeals separate, with sharp teeth ; pseudo-
branchiie present ; branchiostegals 6 or 7. Dorsal iins well separated, the
first with 6 to 9 rather strong spines ; no dorsal sheath or furrow ; anal
tin short, usually with 2 spines, sometimes with 3 or 4; ventral fins thor-
acic, I, 5, without axillary scale. Small fishes of the tropics, especially
abundant in the East Indies, some of them in fresh waters, most of them
iu liither deep waters. Color often bright red. Genera about 15 ; species
about 130. < PercidWj part; group Apogonina, Giiuther, Cat., i, 222-250,
185!t.)
CllKll.OI)IPTEBIN/K :
(I. Body oblong, nut greatly compregsed nor greatly elor.gute; an<il Hpinea 2, rarely 3; teeth
present in Jaws at least.
'', Anal flu with 2 spines, the soft rays UBualljr 8 or 9.
c. Canines none; teeth all villiform; lateral lino normal.
d. Palatines with teeth.
e. Scales large, 20 to 30 iu lateral lino.
/. Preopercle with its postoriot' edge distinctly serrate, at least iu tho
fW.
Apooon, 481.
AroGONicHTiiys, 482.
Glosdamia, 483.
body elongate; scales
Epiqoni's, 484.
anal spines 2.
''"fllODIPTBllUS, 485.
I'll. Anal An with 3 spines and 8 soft rays; no teeth on vomer or palatines; no canines; cau-
dal rounded; opercles entire; body moderately elongate. AHiiciiTiiys, 480.
young.
ff. Preopercle with its ridges entire at all ages.
ee. Scales small, 40 to 45 iu lateral line.
Palatines toothless; teeth moderate; eye very large;
rather small; preopercle entiru or nenrly so.
Canines present in jaws. - Dorsal spines 6; opercle unarmed
V. N. A.
-71
I
p
1106
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
SL'OMDROI'IN.K.
aa. IJody elon(;ato, tlio form iiitproacliiUK that of tlio Biirratnula (SpAj/rrtwi); iiioufli liirj.'! ; anal
Bpiiicg .1 or 4.
g. Teeth Bubeiiiiul, without diHtiuct caiiiiios; jtruoporclu Burrate. 1). VII-I, 10; A. Ill 7
BcalcH Rinall, about 00. Si'iivit.iiNnis IhT
gg. Tooth uiicquni, tho jiiws with Ic'-g caniiips; preoiicrdo untir<> or Dearly 80.
h. Second dorHal and anal long, eai-h of 12 to 14 soft rays; soft i>arts of viTtic;il tiiii
Dcaly; scales rather small, 45 to no. ScoMimni's IHK.
AA. Second dorsal and anul short, each with 7 to 9 soft ruys; vertical flnu muio-Iv
scaly; scu'os large, about 30. Uyvoclvuuma, 46!^
I
I,,
;i
48Z. APOGON,* Lac^pfide.
(Kings of the Mui^lets.)
Amia, Gronow, Zoophyl., 80, 1763, (inoXxKcccnm; nonbiuouiial); Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'lilla.,
1802, 237, (imherhv; scales 20 to 28).
/Ijjoifoii, I;A('f:pfti)E, Hist. Nat. Poiss., in, 411, 1802, (rafccr -= imberfcwt),
(hlorliincliufi, LActi'ftDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 165, 1802, {tleitrieti),
Diplcrodun, fliAcfipfiDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 107, 1802, {hexacanthm, etc.).
MoHopritm, PoEV, Momorias, 11, 123, 1860, (iiiaciilatua),
fLeindamia, Giix, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1803, 81, {kalomna; scales 33 to 38).
3Iioimrun, Kkekft, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 18(>7, 942, {hinatm).
Body obloug, compressed, covered with large, ctenoiil ?.'\' Lateral
line continuous, with 20 to 30 Hcales. Head large; mouth wide, oliliiine,
the maxillary extending to below middle of the large eye ; villifonn teeth
on jaws, vomer, and palatines ; no canine teeth ; preopercle with a doiilile
ridge, the edge somewhat serrate, at least in the young, becoming; eiitiic
with age in some species; opercle with a spine behind. Gill rakers latliei
long. Dorsal spines 6 or 7, strong ; second dor^jal remote, sliort ; anal
with 2 spines and 8 or 9 soft rays,!; the second much the longer, tlie soft
part similar to the soft dorsal; pectorals aad ventrals moderate ; vurtebni'
11 + 14 = 25. Warm seas; the species numerous, (a, without; zojwi, a
beard; thus distinguished from the bearded mullet, Miillus harhatux.)
♦The following description of the skull of Apogon is given by Dr. GUnthor: The skull of tin'
species of tho genus Apogim is distinguished by the hemispherical prominent capsula lercliri.
formed by the parietal aiid occipital bones and by the hinder part of the froutuls; the lattiT < ')
is generally provided with 2 or more small spinous prominences; tho orbital i)art of tlie ('■■
is very developed, not flat, but with a deep, narrow groove along tho median line; this (.'
bifid behind, thus scjmrating the orbital part of the frontals from the posterior. In ficpiii ■
median groove is a high ridge, generallyhalf as long as the diameter of tlio eye, and bill li.
this ridge, togethcrwith those spinous prominences of the frontals, is for the puri)o.so of kit) i ,
the skin suspended above tho grooves. Largo mucose cavities are formed thereby, coiiiiiiuiiica-
ting with those of thesuborbitAl arch, etc. The occipital crest is very developed and bminl, more
or less truncated behind, reaching downward to the vertebral column and supported bv iirmtlnr,
narrower, horizontal one, which arises also from the occipital. Another peculiarity of the fkiili
of Apogon is tho internal free ridge of the preoperculuni, parallel to the external nmiKin- '""^
operculum is always supported by a strong, straight bony ridge, conspicuous from tin' mitsi.lf,
but prominent only at tho inner surface; itarisos near tho articulation of tho oponiilniii with
the epitympanic {os tenipnrale), and projects sometimes in a small free si)iue at the liiri'l' r aiigie
of the operculum. In Apogon inihnbit the lower outer margin only of tho preoperciiliun is viry
finely denticulated, the teeth becoming smaller at the angle. Tho vomerine and palaiine tcoth
are arranged in a single row, tho seri'js of tho former forming a right angle. Tlni'' are 11
abdominal and 14 caudal vertebrre.
f This genus, as defined by Lac6pode, includes species of Lutiamiii, Apogon, Aspro, Jiuir >■ Ihi, I'tr.
As one of these species, hejencmtlhtu, is typo of the earlier genus Apogon, Dipteroilo, iiii.v 1"'
regarded as a synonym of Apogon,
X 12 to 17 soft rays in tho East Indian genus Archamia.
I'i
mouth liirc'; anal
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1107
,1. liiifto of caiidnl with a ilistinct roiinil Mackisb blotch (riiroly wanting).
h. Bubo nf Hoft itorsal witliotit hliickish middle-liko blotch.
c. Operclo without dark spot; cliooks without uvidont dark dots; nift doioal much
hl;j;hcr timn spinouB; scales 28 to .'JO. imiikiiiiis, 149!).
cc. Opcrclo with a dark 8i)ot; chcckH dusteil with dark pointH; soft ddrsial hiilf liijjlicr
tliaii Hpinous; RcaleB25, dovii, 1.100.
Ml. BaHo of Hoft dorflal with a distinct blackiuh saildlo-llko blotch oxtendiiiK dowiiwiiril on
Hides of body; scales 26. ur.TnoSELi.A, l.")01.
iKi. Baso of caudal without blackish blotch.
(I. Soft dorsal with a round black blotch below it and a similar ono on caudal ]iimIuuc1o
above; scales 28. .MAcii.Atrs, iri()2.
M. Soft dorsal and caudal peduncle without round black spots.
<■. Body with few black specks or none; a blackish bar between laHt ra.vs df soft dorsal
and anal; another on caudal peduncle, himitati's, 1503.
ee. Body covered everywhere with blackish dots, like tly specks; no other distinct
markings; scales 25. nuMENTARit's, 1504.
\.c. Nat. Sci. I'liila.,
>U8 irom i"i- ">"-■•■•
■ the oponu'iiniwitli
1400. APOGON IMBEBBIS (Linnivus).
(KiNa OF THE Mullets; Alfoncino; Funcinita.)
Head 3Jt; depth 3.1. D. VI-I, 9; A. II, 8; scales 28 to 30; vertebne
10+15. Body ovate, moderately compressed; eye large; preopercle
finely serrate. Briglit scarlet, with minute black specks; iiiis red, a
black blotch at base of caudal on each side, this sometimes wanting;
dark Hhades made of fine dots, usually present on each angle of «;aiula1,
tips of second dorsal and anal, and between th') eyes. Mediterranean and
neighboring waters; once taken at Newport, Rhode Island,* and once
recorded from the island of Feruando de Noronha. (imberbiH, without
beard, a character which distinguishes Apogon from Mullun.)
iluilm imberhia, LiNKif.us, Syst. Nat., Eu. x, 1758, 300, Malta; after Artedi.
Ajiiyi'ti ruber, Lac£p£i)E, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 411, 1802, Malta.
(klnrhinchus flettrieu, Lac£p£de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 16.5, 1802, Equinoctial Ocean.
f diplerotloH heracanthuK, LAcfipfinB, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 167, 1802, Equinoctial Ocean.
f Cenlropomus auralm, Lac£p£de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 273, 1802, Equinoctial Ocean; this
species, and the two preceding, based on notes and drawings of Commerson, representing
Bonie species of Apogon with a black bar at base of caudal.
Cenlmiwmua rttbent, Spinola, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., x, 1806, 370, plate 28, fig. 2, Mediterra-
nean.
Peren piisiUa, De la Roche, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., xiii, 1809, 318, Nice.
Dipteradi in ruber, Rafinesque, Caratteri, 47, 1810, Palermo.
.ipngim r('j:-muttortttn, CuviEB A Valenciennf.8, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 14:!, 1828, Marseilles;
Nice; Genoa; Ivi9a; Naples; Palermo.
AjmijnuiihthijH americmiM, CoPE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, 120, Newport, Rhode Island ;
uot of Castelnau. t
Apogon imberbii, GCntheB, Cat., I, 230, 1859.
'*^Vrongly identified by Cope as Apogon americamt* (Castelnau), a Brazilian species, not known
to (ictur north of Bahia.
t The following description of the true Apogon am«rican«M (Castelnau) is taken from a speci-
men from Bahia: Head equal to depth of body, 2J in length, maxillary 1% in head, eye 2^.
II. Vl-I, 8; A. II, 8, scales 2-25-9. Gill rakers slender and long, about 8 f 10 in number.
■'reopcrclo very finely serrate above, mostly entire below, except near the angle, when its
surface is irregularly notched. Color red, unmarked, except for a diffuse dusky blotch made
up of dark points on the opercle, and some dark spots on snout and cheeks. No spot at base of
'auda!, and no spot or marking anywhere on body or flue, except the dusty blotch on head.
■::!^
;^
mw^i^isfif^w^fm^^iiw-
'kfim-f.' ■ '^m
1108
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
¥ !
I I
1600. APOGON noril, OUnthor.
Head 2i; depth 3; eye large, less than 3 in head. D. VI-I, 9; A. II, 8;
scales 3-25-9. Palatine and vomerine teeth present; upper jaw Hlijriitiy
overlapping the lower; maxillary extendinj' backward to below the pos-
terior third of the orbit. Operculum with an ipper flexible point, aiid
with a lower stiff spine. The third dorsal spinu a little longer than tln^
second, \ the length of the head, f height of longest ray of second dor-
sal. Caudal fin slightly emarginate, with the angles rounded. Only tho
bind margin of the posterior preopercular ridge is serrated. A lonndisli
black spot on each side of the root of the caudal ; the spinous dorsal
colorless, transparent ; uniform olive (in spirits); head densely pnnctii-
lated Avith brown. Length 2i inches. Mazatlan to Panama ; generally
conmion southward. Very close to Apogon imhvrbiti. (Named Ibr Capt.
John M. Dow, its discoverer.)
Apogon dovii, QVntheb, Proc. Zobl. Soc. Loud., 1861, 371, Panama. (Coll. Dow.)
f
1601. APO»ON KETR08ELLA (Gill).
(Cabdenai..)
Head 2|; depth 21 to 31^; scalec 2i-26-9. Dorsal VI-I, 10; aiiiil II, 7;
eye 2| to 3i in head ; maxillary If ; snout 3f to 4^; interorbital space 4;
height of flrst dorsal 1|; of second dorsal 1^; caudal Ij^ in head; pec-
toral If; ventral If. Body rather plump, not much compressed, tlio pro-
file rising steeply from snout to first dorsal. Caudal peduncle lon^r and
strong; eye very large; mouth large, oblique, the maxillary opposite
posterior margin of pupil. Teeth small, the outer scarcely enlarged.
Promaxillary protractile; no supplemental maxillary. Preopcrcle mi-
nutely serrulate on its vertical margin only, these serrulations Kof't and
easily rubbed ofi in the adult, distinct in the halfgrowu. Bright scarlet,
much dotted with black ; cheek with many dark points ; a difi'iiHc dark
blotch on opercle ; a diffuse black blotch at base of caudal; first dorsal
with triangular red area in front of base ; second dorsal red at base, tlio
anterior half .jet black above the red, the posterior half translucent ; from
black anterior rays a rather faint black sa idle falls to middle of side;
caudal red at base, upper and lower lobes black, the middle pale ; anal red
at base, the anterior rays black, the posterior pale; pectoral wliite, the
base deep scarlet ; ventral white, red at base, blackish at tip ; opercle red-
dish within, with some dusky. Young more sharply colored, with less
black on fins, the spots on body more distinct. Color of half-grown exam-
ples scarlet, deeper below and on tail, fading on fins; second dorsal, anal,
and caudal tipped with blackish; an oblong inky spot at middle of base
of caudal ; an inky bar below soft dorsal extending to level of pectoral
and spreading on base of soft dorsal ; a black bar from snout tlironi,flie,ve
to gill opening, broader and clearer behind, overlaid by reddish, a fainter
dusky band below parallel with it. Length 4 inches. Pacific Coast of
Mexico ; about rocks ; known from Cape San Lucas, and from the Wuados
^i/.S^Mi/Tsiki^U^^. :-i\-'
:-4:;j- .£.-^^*'.,L'*'
Mip
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1100
and Isla Blanca, near Mazatlan ; rather rare ; a Ktngularly pretty little
tisli ; our speoiineus obtaiued l»y the use of dynamite, {retro, behind ;
sella, saddle.)
Amui relroiella, QlM,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri. I'hila., 1802, 2.'51, Cape San Lucas. (Coll. Xnnliig.)
AiKi'jiiH retronella, Joudan, ViHlu^g of .Sinuloa, in Proc. C'al. Ac. Sri., 189,'), 442, plato .'{7.
1602. APOCJON MACULATUS (Poey).
Head 2J; depth 2*. D. VI-I, 9; A. II, 8; scales about 2i-26-7.
Maxillary 1.;* iu head, reaching beyond pupil ; eye very large, 3 in head ;
prcopercle distinctlj' serrulate. Pectoral 1$ in head, somewhat shorter
tliaii c>?/ada]. Color intense scarlet, nearly uniform; a tinge of crimson
about pectorals and on sides of head ; a round, black, ink-like spot, a
littlo larger than pupil, under second dorsal ; another, smaller, on upper
part of tail, on each side, just before root of caudal; tip of caudal
wliitish; tip of anal dusky ; iris red. Length 2^ inches. West Indian
fauna, from Ponsacola to Bahia, in rather deep water; common on the
"Snapper Banks;" often found in the stomachs of snappers and
({loupers; a very handsome little fish, {maculatus, spotted).
Mwo'in-iiiii tiKirulnluii, Poky, Menioiian, II, 123, 18G0, Cuba.
.l)w;/./i iikichIuIiih, Jordan & GiLiiERT, Pfoc. IJ. S. Nat. Mu8., 1882, 279.
Aii<"j"ii maviiliila, .IdunAN A GiliiEUT, Syiioiwis, 9.'10, 1883.
1603. APOGON BINOTATUS (Poey).
Like Apogon inipmntarius in all respects except that it lacks the black
(lotH of pigment. Mouth, eyes, and scales similar. Caudal lunate.
Rosy ; a black vertical band uniting last rays of second dorsal with the
aual, and another on the caudal peduncle. (Poey.) Cuba. Not seen
I>y us. {hinotatus, two-spotted.)
Amu( hitwItUa, PoEV, Repertorio, 234, 1867, Cuba.
1
.1
I- I
I ij
1
• i
I
1604. APOOON PIUIHENTAKIUS (Poey).
Head with flap, 2 J ; depth 3 ; eye 3i; snout very short, 4J ; D. VI-I, 8;
A. II, 8; scales 3-25-3. Body considerably compressed, especially on
caudal peduncle whose least depth equals length of head from snout to
posterior border of orbit. MOuth large, oblique, the maxillary reaching
slightly beyond posterior rim of orbit. Preopercle serrate. Longest
dorsal spine 2i ill head or 1^ in height of soft dorsal. Scales ciliated.
Caudal forked. Carmine red with purple reflections on the head; pro-
fusely and irregularly covered >vith small black dots like fly specks,
must distinct on jaws and cheeks ; flns all pale. Length 2 inches. Cuba ;
common at Havana, where our specimens were obtained. {pigmentariuSf
having dots or points.)
yiinio^irion 2>igmeHtanus, Poey, Hemorias, ii, 123, 1860, Cuba.
u
I'
]!■!
1110
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
iii
I
■K
r i
'i \
482. APOGONICHTHYS, Bleeker.
Apogonkhtlii/K, Blf.ekf.k, FIoHh, 3'^1, 1854, (perdix).
This genuH diffurs from Apogon only in having the preoperclo oiitiro at
allagos; Hcales very large (20 to 26) and cycloid. Small HpooioH, Hiinilar
in habit to those of Apogon, found in the tropical seas. The geiiiiN is
scarcely diNtinct from Apogon. {Apogon; /^Wtf, fish.)
n. S'-aloN in lateral line 21 to 2U; uudy with innny dark puiutn.
h. Vfiitruls Hliort, not roncliing vont; dorsal rays VI-I, 0, Aiuirs, l.Wi,
W(. Vcntrala long, uxtending lieyond anal; dorsal rays VIl-I, 9. stei.latvs, ISfio,
aa. Scales i:i lateral linu 30; ventralsluug, reaching beyond front of anal; hody every whcm
with black specks; dorstU VI-I, 9.- puncticui.ati'h, I'd?.
1506. APOGONICHTHYH ALUTUS (Jordan etc Gilbert).
Head 2% ; depth 2i. D. VI-I, 9 ; A. II, 8 ; scales 21. Head much com-
pressed, short and high, its height at occiput f its length ; snout Nliort
and blunt, less than interorbital width, about half diameter of orbit;
mouth very oblique, the maxillary reaching beyond pupil, but not to jios-
terior margin of orbit; length of maxillary If in head; teeth in nairow
villiform bands in each jaw, those on vomer and palatines minute; eye
of moderate size, 2f in head; orbital rim elevated above and behind;
interorbital width 3J- in head, with a low median longitudinal ridge:
both ridges of preopercle entire; opercle without spine; gill rakeis
slender, the longest rather more than half diameter of orbit, H or It
on anterior branch of outer arch. First dorsal low, of 6 rather weak
spines, its base % length of head, and equal to greatest height of tin:
second dorsal high, the longest ray \'^s in head. Anal similar to second
dorsal ; second anal spine half length of longest ray, which is contained
If in head ; caudal IJ^; ventrals not reaching vent, IJ, and pectorals If,
in length of head. Color rusty red with silvery luster ; sides of head
little reddish. Body and fins everywhere much soiled and freckled witli
dark points. First dorsal blackish, thickly punctate; second dorsal,
anal, and caudal yellow, smutty with dark points, the posterior half of
the caudal more dusky. Ventrals smutty yellow ; pectorals colorless,
Snapper Banks off Pensacola and Tampa; not rare; the known specimens
from stomachs of the Red Snapper, Neomcmis aya. {ukovrog, unwashed,)
Apogon atutns, Joudan & Giliieut, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 279, and in Syuopnis, 9:il, ls83,
Snapper Banks, Pensacola. (Coll. Jordan & Stearns.)
1506. APOOONICHTHTS STELLATUS, Cope.
D. VII-I, 9; A. II, 8; P. 10; scales 7-23. Ventral with elongate rays
extending beyond last anal ray. Caudal rounded. End of niaxillary
reaching nearly to opposite posterior margin of large orbit. A delicato
frontal carina. Greatest depth 3 times to base of caudal. End of iiuizzlo
truncate, with emargination to receive tubercle of mandible. K'tildish
brown, with a series of dark brown spots on the edges of the scales of
each row (except that bearing the lateral line), each with a silver center;
^^
tm^
7
Jordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North America. 1111
Bad nmcli com-
,h ; siiuiit Hliort
leter of orbit;
, bnt not to iioH-
teeth in iiaiiov
68 minuto ; ey«
^e and behind ;
;itudinal ridge:
16 ; gill rakers
f orbit, X or !•
6 rather weak
t height of tin;
nilar to hccoihI
1 18 contained
id pectorals 11,
sides of head
1 freckled with
B6C0ud dorsal,
osterior half of
iOral8 colorless,
lown Hpeciiiiens
■Of, unwashed.)
SyiiopHis, 9:il, 1SS3,
heiid with Dumorou8 Hllver-center6d brown bpots. Candal, dorsal, and
anal tins dark, with diiHky cross bars. Total l6ngth 1 inch, 7.5 lines;
ileal! 7.5 lines. Bbhanu>"; one sp6Cinien known. (Cop6.) (utellatua,
wilii Htarry spots.)
Ap,,jiiiikhlhi/$ tlilliiliiK, OuPK, Trails. Amer. I'hiloa. Soc., 1860, 400, Nassau, Bahama Islands.
ir>07. APOGOMCHTHYK IMINCTIt'UIiATVS, Pony.
Head 3S in total ; depth 3f . D. VI-I, «.» ; A. II, 8 ; scales .3-30-8 ; eye 2^,
twice length of snout. Preoperclo with both margins entire; mouth
id)li([ue, the maxillary reaching to posterior margin of pupil; teeth in
viliiform bands; ventral reaching beyond pectoral to middle of anal tin.
Scales cycloid. Reddish with bbio reflections on theopercle; head and
middle of trunk covered with black specks, as are also the fins, except
tlio i»ectoral, which is blackish at the tip. Cuba. (Poey.) Not seen by
\u. (7>H»c'<(c'H/a<i(», with fine specks.)
jllu.ii'iiiiihtliyii pmicticulalUD, Poky, Koportorio, ii, 233, 1867, Cuba.
483. GLOSSAMIA, Gill.
(Slim.iiiiiii, Gill, Proc. Ac, Nat. .Sci. Philn., 1863, 82, (aprion).
This genus contains a few species with small, cycloid scales, 40 to 4o in
the lateral lino, and the preopercle entire. The anal is short, as in Apogon
and Apogonichthy8, its rays being about II, 9. (yAwtraa, tongue;
Amid Apogon.)
1508. OLOSSAMIA PANDIONIS (Goodo & Bean).
Head 1; depth 4. D. VII-I, 9; A. II, 8; scales -^-'all, cycloid, 3-45-9.
Body oblong, rather robust, not elevated nor greatly compressed. Eye
very large, forming nearly half the length of the side of the head, much
greater than the interorbital space; maxillary as long as eye, extending
to opi)08ite front of pupil; preopercle entire. Gill rakers very long and
Blender, Mouth oblique, but not nearly vertical, the lower jaw projecting.
Teeth in jaws very feeble ; feeble teeth on vomer and palatines. Fins
low; caudal well forked. Color nearly plain reddish, the body and fins
everywhere speckled with line dots. Deep water, off Chesapeake Bay ;
rare. (Pandion, the Osprey, named for the United States Fish Commis-
sion steamer, Fish Hawk, by which the species was dredged.)
Aiuuj,,,, jiimdinms, OooDE & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,, 1881, 160, deep water, off Chesapeake
Bay. (Typo, No. 26228.)
484. EPIGONUS/ Rafinesque.
F.pignmm. Rafinesqite, Indico Ittiol, Sicil., 64, 1810, (macropthalmu$ r- telfscopium),
VomnlnHiHn, CuviEUife Valenciennes, Hist, Nat. Poise., 11, 171,1828, (lelescopium, notof Lac£pede),
T*«,ny,», IJiEEKKB, Ai'chiv. Nocrl., XI, 261, 1876, {telencopium).
VomuliiiiikhlhiiH, Giaiioii, Elonco Pesci Italia, 1880, 80, {coiistuncia: --■ lelescopium).
*The name PomcUomus can not b9 used for tliis genus, I'omalomiis was oriKinally framed by
Lacqu'ile for the bniofisli, his " Pomaiowut isii7»." Later, in 1810, Risso described tlio typo of
F.piijo It ll.^, referring it to I'omnlovim as a second species of that genus, Cu vier arl)itrarily renamed
the hlucflsh Temnodon and retained Pomatomua for the type of Epiiioiius, a form unknown to
Laccpi'ile. In defiance of rules of nomenclature, most European writers have followed Cuvier
in this iirrangement.
'-¥:^
r «
1*
1112 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
Bo«ly elongate, thick, covered w ith rather large deciduous scalea. I lead
very large, entirely covered with scales; eyes very large; tooth all villi-
form, withont canines; no teeth ou vomer or palatines. HrauchioHtc^'ulM
7; opercular bones not seriated nor spinous, tlie operclu ending in 2 I'ucblo
points ; preoperclo with prominent rounded or striated angle. l)orMiils2,
well separated, the first with 7 spines; anal spines 2. Caudal forked.
Soft fins more or less scaly ; pyloric couca numerous. Deep si'a fiHlusM of
the Atlantic and Mediterranean. t 'Im, above; yuvin, angle, the liiick
angulated.)
1600. EPIUONVS OCCIDENTALIS, Ooode & Bean.
Head 3; depth 7. D. VII-9; A. II, 9; scales 4-5r)-8. Least hoi«lit of
tail e«iual to width of interorbital space. Eye nearly half leiif^tli of
head and 7 in body. Snout about ^ eye; maxillary reaching soniewluit
beyond anterior margin of orbit, its length half that of head without
snout; preinaxillary short and thin, its length about equal to tlmt of
snout, its connection with the tip of maxillary ligamentous; groove for
premaxillary process naked, narrow, its length twice its width ; a weak
spine on the operculum. Sixteen gill rakers below the angle, the l()iii,'est
about } length of maxillary. Weak villiform teeth in very narrow liaiids
on the Jaws; vomer and palatines toothless. Third spine of ih^sul
longest. Interspace between dorsals as long as the lust spine. ISiino of
soft dorsal i as long as head, the longest ray slightly longer than base
of fin. Ventral fin i^ length of head. Color in spirits: Upper parts dark
brown ; lower parts light brown ; inside of mouth pale ; trace of a dai k
band beginning on the snout and continued behind the eye, aloiifj tin'
lateral line to the tail. Only one specimen known, secured by the
steamer Blake off Barbadoes, in 237 fathoms. The species is very readily
distinguished from the Mediterranean species {E. telcbcopiiim) by its more
slender form and its large number of rows of scales. Length 5} iiicliea.
((xoode & Bean.) (occidentalw, western.)
Epitjomu occideiilalis, Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 233, 1896, ofT Barbadoes. (Coll,
niako.)
485. CHEILODIPTERUS, Lacdpfide.
CheSodiptenit, IiAcfepftDE, Hist. Nat. Poi88., lii, 539, 1802, {taltalrije, vtacrodoii, etc., rentrictoj by
Oi'viEn & Valenciennes, in 1828, to macrodou).
Chilndiptenig, GOntiier, amended spelling.
Paramia, Bleeker, IteviBion AiX)gonini, 74, 1874, {macrodon, the name Cheilodiptents being trail!-
ferred to I'omaloinus aaltairix).
Body oblong, covered with rather large, deciduous scales; teeth on
jaws, vomer, and palatines, some of them in both jaws strong, canine-
like; operculum without spine; preopercle with a double ui.argiii, tbe
posterior edge serrated ; eye large. Dorsal fins separated, the iirst of 6
fits chief characteristics are its globular eyrs of extraordinary dimensions, its Inree nml
strong flns, the powers of rapid swimming, and :\. generally vigorous and active ronstitiitiou.
All these charaotcristicB are necessary for its defense against the oceanic animals which frequoDt
the marine abysses, where it customarily lives." — Bmo,
1 r '
yii
Jordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North America. \\\'S
spiuea; anal spinena; oiuidal forked. Tropical seuB. (^xtllm:^ lip; ,5/(,
two, nrepov, flu ; lidlies with 2 dorsals and the upper lip exteuuible.)
1610. <<HElLOniPTKHITH AFFIMK. Poey.
Depth 48 in total length with caudal. D. VI-I, 9. A. II, 9. Eye 3 in
Iliad ; mouth obli({ue, deeply cleft, the maxillary omarginato behind,
iciichiug to opposite center of pupil. Opercle with 2 flat Hpiiies and a
Htria, which ends in the lower spine, itehind which the subopercular lobe
extends; preopercle dentate, with a double border, having at itn angle
Hcarcely discernible points. A spine on the mastoid region; jaws with
villiform teeth, with some canines in front; lower Jaw witii lateral
canines, also. Second dorsal opposite anal ; second ray of first and third
of second double height of the last ; ventral spine strong ; caudal eniar-
t^iuate. Scales of back cycloid, those of sides finely ciliato; cheeks with
scales. Color red ; peritoneum silvery ; base of caudal blackish ; opercle
Hiiiooth and shining. Cuba; 3 specimens known. (Poey.) Not seen by
iiH. {affin'm, related, to CheUodiptcrus macrodon.)
Ch, ilndnilerm afilnis, I'oBV, Ann. Ac. Nat. Sci. N. Y., xi. 187G, &8, Havana (Typo, No. 117410.)
I-
Sarbadoes. (Cull.
;, etc., restrktoil by
rlij)<cni« being traiiH-
486. AMIICHTHYS, Poey.
Amiwhlhyn, PoBT MS., in .Iorpan, Proc. U. 3. Nat. MilR., 1S86, 586, {(Uaptemn).
liody rather elongate, covered with small, caducous scales. Hoadblunt-
JHh, the mouth almost vertical, the lower jaw short. Small sharp teeth
on jaws, none on vomer or palatines ; opercles entire. Dorsal deeply
notched, very long, of 13 spines and 22 soft rays; anal short, with 3
spines and 8 soft rays. Lateral line parallel with the back ; caudal
rounded. One species; the affinities of the genus doubtful, but probably
Itolonging to the Cheilodipterinai. (Amia, a name used by Uronow and
Pooy for Apogon] Ix'&vg, fish.)
1611. AMIICHTHYS DIAPTEItUS (Poey).
Head 4 in total length with caudal ; depth 5 ; eye large, 2f in head. D.
XII-I, 22; A. Ill, 8; V. I, 5. Head bluntish. Mouth almost vertical ;
maxillary reaching pupil ; lower jaw short. Teeth in jaws only, sharp,
curved, and well separated. Opercles entire. Dorsals deeply notched ;
tin; third dorsal spine highest, more than half depth of body, the last
spine 2 in eye; second dorsal low, its height half that of longest dorsal
spine; caudal lounded ; pectoral acute. Lateral line parallel with the
back. Scales small, caducous, erch one with a central dot. Color uni-
form, the e.'"^8 silvery, the vertical fins yellowish. Two specimens, 2*
inches long, from the coast of Cuba. (Poey.) Not seen by us. {6ia,
divided; Trrepot;, fin. )
"Glims ? dxaplerutfi," Poey, Synopsis, 305, 1861, Cuba.
Amiichthj/B diapterM, Jordan, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., 1886, 686.
* In view of the dou; <t attached tu tho 1 vlatious of tliese young flsheH, the specific name only
wiis published by Poey. With his permission, the generic name chosen by Poey was later printed
i>y Dr. .Jordan, tho confusion being less if the species has some recognized name.
',:!■
k\
iii
'^' m
1114 HulUtin 47, United States National Museufn,
487. SPHYRiGNOPS, Uill.
HlihyriiHopii, Gill, In Puiv, MeimiriaN, 11, ;I4U, 1801, {hainUanut).
Hotly ulongiito, Hleiider, covorotl witli Hiimll Hcalea. Head elnn^nto;
snout mtlior convux ; prnopercio rounded, itH edgo Herruto ; o]ifrci«« with
M apineH, tluMuiddloone lurgeHt ; oyo large; mouth large. Villilonii t<>i'tli
on jawH and vomer. Dorsal flns well separated, the first with 7 HpiiM'H;
second dorsal and anal short, the latter with 3 spines ; caudal foi kni.
One spevius known. {Sphyrmni, the Uarraoudu; wrji, appearance.)
1518. HPHTBA^NOPg RAIRDIANITH, P007.
Head 3; depth 5i^ ; eye large, as long as snout, H in head. li. t; ; I).
VII-I, 10; A. ni, 7; acales about 60. Head depressed above the »\vu;
mouth very protractile ; teeth pointed, subequal. Maxillary loii^r and
pointed, reaching posterior border of pupil. Opercular spine Htron^r;
dorsals about equal in height, the longest spine 2i in head; voiitralN
longer than pectorals, which are 2i in head ; caudal forked ; anal Hpinrs
weak, ('armiue red ; a largo blue-black spot on the operclo ; iiuN red.
Known from a single young specimen taken in deep water olf Cuba, (i^x^v.)
Not seen by us. (Named for Professor Spencer FuUertou liaird.)
Sphyririiopt bainliaHuii, I'oby, MemoriaM, 11, 300, 18C1, Cuba.
488. SCOMBROPS, Temminok & Schlegel.
Scnmhropn, Trmminck & ScHLlOEL, Fauna Japonica, 118, 1842, {clieUuilipleroMen).
LatehniH, PoEV, MoiiioriuH, 11, 168, 1860, {oculatiu).
Body elongate, covered with small, thin, smooth scales ; lower jaw-
longest ; 2 to 4 long canines in upper jaw, a series of canines in lower ; tcetli
on palatines; bones of head not serrated; opercle with 2 feeble jxniitH.
Eye large. Hranchiostegals 7. Dorsals separated, the first of 8 very f<;tl)le
spines ; anal spines 3 ; soft dorsal and anal rather long, of 12 to 11 i aytj.
Pyloric cwca 6 to 15. {Scomber, mackerel ; uip, appearance.)
Subgenus LATEBRUS,* Poey.
1618. 8C0MBB0P8 UCULATU8 (Poey).
(Ebcolar Chino.)
Head 3^ ; depth 3i ; eye very large, 3i to 3i in head. D. VIH-1, 11 ; A.
Ill, 12; scaltK. 45 to 50. Body elongate, the dorsal and ventral outlines
similar; mouth very large, the lower jaw projecting; maxillary extend-
ing beyond pupil, its length li in eye. Teeth long, sharp, slender, well
separated, with conical points,! some of them enlarged, forming Huiall
canines; 12 canines on premaxillary, 2 to 4 on inner edge longer than
*Latebruii, "dtymologio fantastique." (Poey.)
tin Poey's figure the premaxillary canines are represented as distinctly barhod, alllioiiKli
nothing is said of this character in his description. If this character exists, it may ilvftiw tin'
s.ibgenua or genus Latebrtts, as the teeth in tbo Japaaese Scambropschilndipteroidea are not l>:tt'lit'il'
«
Joriian and Ever maun. — Fishes of North Ameriea. 1 115
ul elongate;
i; lower jaw
tluMttherH) teetli on vomer nnd pulatiuuH coiiipreaiMul, in u HingU^ row;
|ii(M>|>orolo entire; opurcle with 2 Hat pointH. DorHiiJH well Hepunitfil,
the HpineH Hleuder, the loutfeHt; about halt* head. Soft dorHal and uiiiil
Niiiiilar, concave in outline, the longest ray half head, ('autlal forU«>d ;
|ir(>toralH and ventralH Hhort, the former 1| in head; ventrulH iiiHcrted
under the pectoralH. Hcales huge, caducouH, with entire edgcN ; liuad
hialy except the lipH; Hoft dorsal, anal, and caudal scaly. Air bladder
slender; pyloric co>ca 0. Violet brown, paler below. (I'oey.) Coast of
Cuba in deep water; roaches a weight of It pounds, the general appear-
ance suggesting that of the Harracuda. {ooulatiin, big-eyed.)
I.iililinig Dculalw, i'liKY, Momuriuii, ll, 108, with platr, 18M), Cuba.
S 'iiiibropi oculattu, UuouE it Ukan, Ocuuulc Iclitbyulugy, ZMi, 18U0.
489. HYPOCLYDONIA, Goode «& Heau.
/////"if/.(/(/oiiia, OoonE & Hkan, Oceanic IcIilliyuloKy, 230, ISltB, (hella).
Hody covered with thin, deciduous, cycloid scales. Kntire head scaly,
with the exception of the angle of the prooperculum, but the scales of the
licad are deeply embedded in the skin and are covered by minute pores,
HO that their outlines are almost entirely concealed. Eye large. Mouth
iimderately large; the upper jaw slightly protractile. Teeth in the |)re-
inaxillary minute, in broad bands, which are separated at the syin-
piiysis ; mandible with a marked concavity in front on each side of the
Hvniphysis, this concavity being armed with a band of minute teeth ; 4
Hiiiall canine-like teeth in an irregular group at the symphysis ; 5 addi-
tional canines on the mandible, increasing in size backward and coa-
tiiiued hehind by a short, narrow band of minute teeth; minute teeth
oil the vomer in a triangular patch ; palatine teeth in bands, which are
broadest in front. Anterior nostril small, circular, not tubular; pos-
terior nostril in a long, wedge-shaped slit. Maxillary dilated posteri-
orly. Lower lip well developed, broadly attached to the under surface
uf the maxilla. Preoperculum minutely serrated behind and bilow ;
o|ierculum with 2 thin, Hat spines. Branch iostegals 7 ; gill rakers in
moderate number, rather stout ; a glandular organ in the upper angle of
tlio gill opening ; fins well developed, the spinous dorsal longer than the
Hocond dorsal ; dorsal with 9, anal with 2, spines ; veutrals long ; scales
large, thin, cycloid, deciduous; lateral line high up, with a gradual curve
nearly following outline of back. This genus resembles Scomhrops in
furm and is closely related to it, but none of the vortical fins is scaly,
the tongue is toothless, and the soft dorsal and anal have few rays, (iirru,
below ; K'A'vduVf wave).
1614. HTPOCLYDONIA BELLA, Goodo A B«an.
Head 3 ; depth 3| ; eye 3* in head. D. IX-I, 9 ; A. IV, 7 ; scales 2-29-7.
iSnont J as long as eye. Maxillary reaching nearly to below middle of
eye, its length ^ of head. Spinous dorsal inserted over origin of pec-
toral ; the third and longest spine as long as the postorbital part of the
bead ; interspace between the 2 dorsals very short ; longest ray of soft
1'
■v. •:
111((
Hulletin 47, United States National Museum.
(lurNal \ I«m)kM> •>(' tiiaitdiblo. Anal Hpinfiii alender. Peatoral ah ton^ iih
littiiii witlioiit tli«) Hiioiit. WMitnil HliKlitly in a<ivanc«) of oriKin of ptc-
toral, tlio (In noiiily uh lon^ »» pectoral, itH length 4 in body. Ltm^tli
!K) nii!liinet<!i'H. Oolorn fiul«>it in tlie typeH; traces of piirpliHh lirown on
the npper ]>iirtH tind the h<<u«l ; HpinoiiH dorHal with a dark triunKnhn
Itlotch on ItH npp<-r portion, extending from the necond to the nImIi
H])ine, involving Ichh than half tlie height of the niemhrane. Hpecimi'tiK
wi^e uhtiiiuttd l)y the Albali'OHH from Htation 2314, at a depth of ITi!)
fathoniH; from Htation 2',W7, at a depth of 2K() fathoniH; fn»ni Ntallnii
'JiOl, at a depth of 142 fathoniH; from station 2417, at a deptli of !)')
fathoniH; from Htation 2418, at a depth uf 90 futhoniH ; from station L'L'.'i,
ut a depth of 111) fatliimiH, antl from station 242(i, in d'i fathoms, (liuntlu
Si Mean.) (b<7/HM, beautiful.)
Illilii"l!i<l<'iii" Mtii, liouDK lie Bean, Oceanic IditbyuIOKy, 'i30, 1800, Oulf Stream. ('r>|»',
Nu. 4-»l21.)
ii
Family CXLV. CENTROPOMID^E.
(TlIK KOIIALOB.)
Tills family is thus defined by Profonsor Oill (Proc. U. S. Nat. Miih.,
18H2,484): "Typical Acanthopterytjiana with the postorbital portion of t lie
hUiiU longer than the oculo-rostral ; the pariotals behind the constrict iuii
continnons with the epiotics and transverse lamiuie i 'lug from liit<
Hiipraoccipital crest, the three together forming a well 'intiated ym-
terior oldong pentagonal or hastiforin area ; the reeutei ^ ^..riotal niimih,
with its anterior margin, produced forward nearest the opisthoticn ; I In*
exoccipitals well developed and contiguous above the foramen niagiiiim;
the vertebra^ in typical number (10-fl4) and longish ; the anterior li
partly coossiiied and the first with selliform apophyses extending bm k-
ward and embracing the second vertebra; the vertebrie mostly with
fovea! or pits for the ribs and only with developed parapophyses for tlio
poHterior (6 to 10) pairs of ribs; the second neural spine subereot, antl
with laminiform extensions, which embrace the first; the nenrapo|)liyNt>s
and neural spines of the other vertebrie depressed at theirbaseSjContinnons
with the zygapophyses in front, and slightly curved upward at their tipH;
the hii-mal spines resembling the neural." Subocular lamina* produced
behind in a pointed process. External characters are the elongate Ixuly,
with elevated back, straight abdomen and angulated base of anal. SciiIoh
ctenoid, varying in size, lateral line conspicuous, extending on the ciindul
tin, the tube straight, confined to basal>half of the scale. Head deprcsHcd,
pike-like, the lower jaw projecting; villiform teeth in bauds, on jiiws,
vomer, and palatines ; tongue smooth. Maxillary broad, truncate behind,
with a strong supplemental bone. Pseudobranchio) present, small. Fru-
opercle with a double ridge, the posterior margin strongly serrated, with
larger spiutts at the angle ; preorbital and suprascapula serrated ; opercle
without true spines. Qill rakers long. Dorsal fins well separated, the
first with 8 spines, the first and second short, the third and fourth lon<;est;
anal with 3 spines, the second strong, the third longandsleader, these llus
1*
Stream. ('I'M"',
Jordan and Evtrtnnnn. — Fishes of North America. 1117
iiKtvInt; ill HiMily Hlioiitha. Ciiiulnl torki'd. VuiitnilH lurui*, I, R, iitHortod
woll hohiiKl tho pcotoriilH, a Noaly pructmN nt thoir liaN«> ; |i«t(;t<>rnlH narrow
uiul rather iH>intvtl, tlio iippvr riiyH longer tliuii low<<:. HraticliioNtt<KnlN
7. Air bladder well dfveloped, Hiniplo or with itppfndii»{<>H anteriorly.
SpeoiuH about 15, all American and referred to (»ne ){eniiH. 'I'lify are game
I'lHlies, exoollent aH food, the liabitH and eburacter of tlenb remMnbling the
liiiNS, as the oommuu uunio Kubdlu * iudiottt.eH. (Uituthur, Cat., x, HU, geuuH
490. CENTROPOMUS, Laot^piid..
(KOHAI.OH.)
>','\tr<yp(m«t,\tKff.vi.XM., Illit. N»t. PoIm., iv, V!4M, XtMi, (/iirjojMTcu, iiii((cc-imufif<, etc., rattrlctvil tu
Mni(ri'<ma/i<i by Ouvim \. Vai.BNOIKNnkh).
tiriilahrax, BlEEKKU, Arch, Nuerl, H<-, Kx. Nut., xi, 'Jt)-!, IHTO, {iinilri-timtliii; (li« liunix dfulriiimmu*
\mlug reitrli'ted tu JuoiojjeiTU, the tIrHt ii|K)cl<m inuiitioiieil uiiilcr llio Kciu'rlc uumu Cuilruiiuiiiut
l>y Iiar6p<'(lii).
iW'i'ToCi'pAaJln (UllOWNB) ItLKBKKR, oj). vil., XI, lUJO, 1H78, (H«./«<iiH(Wi«).
Charaotei'8 of genuH included above. (Kivrpop, npino ; rr<.>/mf operole.)
II. Preorbltal ontiro or vory faintly Harrat<Hl;Hpln(>« of flu* mixinralc, iiinic iimn' tluiii Imll IhmmI;
lutcriil lino Muck, with ulioiit 7(1 hcuIi'h (|i<ireH); cuiulul (In Hliort; air bluililir iiHiiiilly
with recurvtxl appenduKua at itn •nturiur oiid; unul with (1 suft ruy*, tliu laiit clut't to tbu
1)080. 8i/.(i tiirgu.
'i. AppoiidaiffH to air bladder diivelopod; v<'> • ntl fliiH ytdluw in tif(>, tlie puHturlur |iurt with-
out duric blotch.
0. ApiiendagoH to air bladder very loug, 2 to 3 tlnii's diameter of eye; tliird anal it\t\ni'
proJectiuK beyond Herond. virikih, 1,'iiri.
ce. AppcndageH to air bladder ohort, shorter than eye; Rwoud anal Niiitin proJoctJiiK
beyond third. iindkcihamh, I6l>i.
lib. AppendagoH to air blathier obaolote; aorond anal Dpino UHiiaily Hhortcr thiiu third, li.'iw
tlian lialf depth of body; ventralH more or Iohh blackish. nkihesck.nh, 1,'')I7.
(III. l'rcorl)it<il with woll-devoio|)e<l rotrunto teeth, eHpociully poxteriorly; uir bladder without
iippendugeg; HpiiieH longer. Size conipiiratively Hniull.
>(. Lateral line iu u narrow black streak.
e. 8cale« moderate or largo, M) to 00 iu lateral line; aecoi.d itiiiil Npiim very xtroiiK,
veutrals more or less dusky; usually broadly tipped with blink; iinal ruyH
III, 7, tho second spine a little shorter than third.
/. Scales in lateral line 67 to 60; uecoud anal spine very long, l^ to 1} in head;
depth of body 3^/, in length. I'EiiiMACiaA, 1618.
Jf. Scales In lateral lino 61 or 62; second anal spine \% Iu head.
g. Body rather stout, tho depth about 3J^ in length. iiUANDocrLATrs, 1,510.
gg. Body more slender, the depth 3^ in length. crviF.iti, l.ViO.
ee. Scales small, about 70 in lateral line; ventrals pale; uecoud anulspiiui Htriing,ei|ual
to depth of Iwdy; anal rays III, G. mf.xicanuk, l.O^l.
d<l. Latoral lino pale, not in a dark stripe; ventral flns yellowish, without black tip.
h. Scales very small, about 87; sides of body parallel with each ntber; S'jcuud anal
spine longer than third, equal to depth of body; anal rays III, ti.
I'ARALLF.LCH, 162'.i.
hh. Scales small, 66; second anal spine very long, about equal to depth of body; third
anal spine same length; angle of preopeicle with about •> long, conib-like
teeth; anal rays III, 7. pectinati'h, 1623.
* Uubfilo 'u tho Spanish name of the European bass, DwetUrarchmt (or Moroue) Utbnir.
t Dr. Boulenger adds to this group the old world genera, LalentMA Pxnmmoperca. These genera
are ajiparently allied to Ceuimpomtu, but in them there are 11 or 12 |)recaudal vertebra', 26 in all,
tlu'ilursalsanicounected, and there are numerous minor differences.
<i
I 1
i
ii
1118 Bulletin 47 ^ United States National Museum.
\ r. 1 1
hhh. ScHles largo, 4U tofiiiiii lateral linn ; eye mudorati', uhoiit ftiii head; anal rays Ill,i>.
i. Second aual spine moderate, abuut ^^ depth of b<Mly, little longer than iliini;
prooporcle with .' Htroug teeth; hack Btcpply elevated. onionknsis, 1 .Ji.
ii. Second anal Hpine oxtromcly long, it8 length little, if any, Iosh than duptli uf
body; much longer than third aual spine.
j. Body modoratuly elongate, the depth 314 to !)% in length.
Jfc. Scales before the dorsal small, IC tu IH in number; maxillary n-acliiiig
past front of pupil. Third dorsal Hpine half head; hcuIcs Al.
AlnnTiH, \aii\,
kk. Scales before dorsal not crowded, 10 to 14 in nuL.^'or; maxillary Ijanly
roachiug front of pupil; third dorsal spine not quite half ln'ud;
scales 61.
/. Third dorsal spine less than half head; Hcales 47 to 50,
IIOHAIITO, 1520; AFFINIS, 1 'i'J7
JJ. Body more elongate, the depth 4 in length; second auul spine exios'-ivi'ly
lung, IJ times depth of body; scales 53. ensifkruk, Vi'iH,
i' f
1A15. CEMTB0PUMV8 YIKIDIS, Lockington.
(ROBALO.)
Head 3; depth H; eye 7i in head. D. VIII-I, 10; A. Ill, 6; soalos
9-75-15, pores 71. Snout 3i in head, including subopercular flaji; 18
scales before dorsal ; gill rakers 4 + 9. Preorbital faintly serrate, lu'toin-
ing entire with age. Subopercular flap extending to within 4 to (i N(;ales
of front of dorsal. Maxillary 2f in head, extending to below middle of
eye. Preopercle strongly serrate, with coarser teeth at the angle. Body
robust, the sides not flattened. Dorsal spines moderate, the third longest,
2 to 2i in head ; second anal spine not reaching tip of third, its length 2;
in head, quite variable, proportionately longest in the young. Ventral 2
in head, reaching more than halfway to anal; caudal shortish, 1.} in
head ; pectoral 2^ in head. Air bladder large, with 2 recurved appen-
dages anteriorly, each 2 or 3 times diameter of eye. Back greenish, Hides
dull silvery, the upper fins dusky, the lower paler ; ventrals plain yellow-
ish, scarcely dotted with dusky; no yellow on other fins; lateral lino
black ; some dusky at base of pectoral and behind second anal Hpine.
Length 2 to 4 feet. Pacific Coast of Mexico ; very common from the (inlf
of California to Panama; u valuable food-fish, in all respects siniilai to
Centropomus undecimalia. The only differences we find are the larger
size of the appendages to the air bladder and the greater length
of the third dorsal spine. Here described from a specimen from Mazatlau.
{viridis, green.)
Oenlropomus viridis, Lockinoton, Proc. C&l. Ac. Sci., vii, 1876 (1877), 110, oif Asuncion Island,
Lower California. (Coll. W. J. Fisheb.)
1616. CENTS0P0MU8 UNDEeiMALIS (Bloch).
(RoBALo; Snook; Jbochet de Meb.)
Head 2f to 3; depth 4 to 4i; eye 7i n head. D. VIII-I, 10; A. Ill, 6;
scales 9-75 to 80-15 to 17, pores 60 to 70 ; snout 3i ; gill rakers 4 + D ; 18
scales before dorsal. Body robust, the sides little compressed, the back
not much elevated. Preorbital faintly serrated ; subopercular flap extend-
ing to within 4 to 6 scales of origin of dorsal. Maxillary extending to
■pp
lortish, 1^ in
suncion Island,
Jordan and Ever mann. — Fishes of North America. 1119
liolow middle of orbit, 2^' iu head. Dorsal Hpines of moderate strength,
I ho third longeiit, about half as long aa head ; second anal spine more or
IcHS longer than third, 2 to 2\ in head, the spines variable iu length,
louger in the young. Venfrals 2 iu head ; pectoral 2^ iu head ; caudal
shortish, 1^ iu head, reaching more than halfway to anal. Air bladder
witl' a pair of shortish appendages anteriorly, these about as long as eye.
Cc'loi- olive green, the sides dull silvery ; dorsal fins blackish ; lateral line
l)Uick ; ventrals pale yellowish, rarely dotted with black ; blackish
bliades behind second dorsal spme. Length 2 to 4 feet. The largest, most
abundant, and much the moat important species of the genus. Common
on sandy shores throughout the West Indies, from the coast of Texap
to Surinam or beyond. An excellent food-fish with delicate white flaky
Hcsh, like that of the striped bass (Soccua lineatus). Here described from
Hpccimens from Havana, {undecim, eleven, the soft dorsal with eleven
rays.)
S<i:inaHndecitHalii>, Block, Ichthyol., vi, 60, pi. 303, 1792, Jamaica.
< I'lilropomiu undecimradiaitti, Lao£p£de, Hist. Nat. Poim., iv, 268, 1802, after Blooh.
I'vica loubina, LAc£r£DE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 397, 1802, Cayenne.
SiihyrKiia aureoviridiii, LACirilDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 324, 1803, Martinique.
Ci'iitropomus appeiidictdattis, PoKY, Meniorias, ii, 119, 1860, Havana andCienfuegos.
Ciutropomm nndecimalin, CuviEB & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poigs., ir, 102, 1828 ; Vaillant &
BocouRT, Miss. 8ci. Mex., iv, 17, 1875 ; UVntiiek, Cut., i, 70; Jordan A Gilbert, Syno^wis,
528 ; Boulenuer, Cat., i, 367.
1617. CEMTBOPOMUS NIGBESCENS, GUnthor.
(RoBALO Prieto. )
Head 2J to 2^ ; depth 4 to 4J; eye 7 to 9 in head. D. VIII-I, 10; A.
Ill, 6; scales 10-73 to 78-19, pores 70. Gill rakers 4 -f 9. Body robust,
the flanks not compressed. Preorbital very faintly serrated ; subopercu-
lar flap reaching to within 5 scales of origin of dorsal fin. Maxillary
extending a little beyond middle of orbit, 2| in head. Dorsal spikes not
very strong, much as in Centropomus undecimalia, third and fourth
equal in length, 2^ to 2| in head ; second anal spine rather shorter than
third, barely i head ; ventral 2i in head, reaching scarcely more than ^
distance of its base from anal. Pectoral 2^ in head. Caudal shortish.
Air bladder without appendages anteriorly. Dusky olive, sides silvery ;
dusky shades on opercle and base of pectoral; ventrals largely black;
upper fins dusky ; lateral line black. Length 2 to 3 feet. Pacific Coast
uf Tropical America ; generally common from Mazatlan to Panama ; a food
fish of some importance, rather smaller in size than CentropomuH viridia.
HtM-e described from a specimen from Mazatlan. {nigreacena, blackish.)
Cmtnuwmns nigrescefu, GOntuer, Fishua Central America, 407, 1869, Chiapas; Vaillant A
Bocourt, MiBB. Sci. Mex., 20, 1876.
[J
i;;
1618. CENTBOPOMUS PEDIMACVLA, Poey.
(Constantino de las Aletas Prietas; Robalito pk las Ai.ktas Pbibtas.)
Head 2it ; depth 31 to 3f ; eye 5 in head. D. VIII-I, 10 ; A. Ill, 7 ; scales
8-55 to 58-11, pores 55 ; 21 scales before dorsal ; gill rakers 5 -f- 13. Body
\i
■iV..
1120
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
i<-.- 1
deep, compreused, with Uuttoued parallel sideH Pieorbital Mliatply mt-
rate ; prcopercle very uharply serrate, the teeth at the angle louder ; I
HpinuleH oil the humeral plate ; Bubupercular flap ending 6 scales bct'oru
dorsal fin. Maxillary nearly roaching front ot pupil, 2f in head. Doisul
spines strong, the second a little shorter than third. t,ho third 1| in IumkI;
second anal spine very long and straight, li to 1^ in head (in Pacific CoiiHt
specimens, var. medius, Gilntlier, this spine is somewhat curved, a littlu
shorter so far as known, than in Atlantic specimens, var. j)t;dimacula,li to 1 i
in bead) ; Cauda? fin deeply forked, the lobes pointed, 1\ in head; ventral li;
in head, reaching more than halfway to anal ; pectoral shortish, 2i in head.
Air bladder simple. Lateral line black. Darkolive, the sides bright silvery;
ventral pale yellow, tipped with black; some yellow on anal, with Ijlack
behind the spines ; upper fins dusky ; pectoral colorless, a little dusiiy at
its base. Length 15 inches. Both coasts of tropical America ; very com-
mon in Cuba, Jamaica, and south to Brazil, and also on the west coa»t
from Mazatlan to Panama; a food-fish of some importance. Except that
the second anal spine is a little shorter and more curved in Pucitiu
examples {Ctntropomus mediiis, Giinther), we find no difference between
these and the typical pcdimaciila. On both coasts the species enters the
rivers. Here described from specimens from Havana and Mazatlan. {pvs,
foot; macula, spot.)
CeHlropomiiK jtedimaculii, PoRV, Meniorias, ii, 122, 1860, Havana and Cienfuegos; Vaillant i
HocouuT, Miss. Sci. Mox., 29, 1875; Boulenoer, Cat., i, 371.
Cenlrtypumus vieilhia, GOnther, Traas. Zojil. 8oc. Luud., 18C4, 144, Chiapam. (Coll. Oiibort
Salvin.)
Hi
rl <(
SH
1619. CENTROPOMUS 6BAND0CVLATUi«, Jenkins & Evermann.
Head 2^ ; depth 3* to 3J. D. VII-I, 10; A. Ill, 7; scales 8-52 to 54-13,
23 to 26 before dorsal. Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed,
but not flat-sided, the back elevated, the belly straight; nape convex;
snout projecting, the profile behind it concave; maxillary 2| in head,
reaching front of pupil ; snout 3^ to 3i * in head. Lower jaw stroufjly
projecting; eye 5i^ in head; preorbital with rathar small retrorse seine
posteriorly ; preopercle with sharp, distinct teeth on posterior limb, 2 to
4 enlarged teeth at the angle ; moderate teeth below ; suprasoapula with
5 spines; opercul.'t>rflapending about 6 scales beforedorsal, the scales before
dorsal being much reduced in size. Scales of body large. Dorsal spine
strong, the third much longest and strongest, 1§ in head, fourth slenderer
and shorter; second anal spine very strong, straight, 1| in head, shorter
than the very slender third spine; caudal well forked, 1^ to H 'u head ; pec-
toral 1|; ventral 1|. Color pale greenish, silvery below, the lateral liii'j
black and conspicuous, becoming straight under last dorsal spine ; ujiper
tins slightly dusky ; ventrals pale or with a few dusky specks near tip ;
a little dusky behind second anal spine. Pacific Coast of Mexico Here
described from two specimens, 1534 (L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.), 15 inches loug,
and 201 (L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.) 14 inches long, both taken by Dr. Gilbert
* Not 3.7, as stated in the original description.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1121
{AlhatroBH ?ixp.) in San Juaii Lagoon, on the west coast of Mexico. The
larger Hpocinion is much deeper in body than the other, and both dift'er
somewhat from the two specimens from Guaymas, the original types.
This species is very close to CentropomuN jwdimacula, bnt its scales are
larger in all the four known Bpecimeus than in any of the latter we have
seen. ((/ra«<?j«, great ; oculu8, eye.)
I ',;itroponm» (/r<inrfoei(/i(/H»,* .Tr.NKlNS & Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., 1888, 130, Ouaymas.
(Type, No. 30030. Coll. Jenkins & Evermann.)
1520. CENTROPOHUS CUYIRRI, Bocourt.
Head 3; depth 3J; eye 5. D. VIII-I, 10; A. Ill, 7; scales 9-51-14.
Maxillary reaching first third of eye ; preopercle with 2 short spines at
tlio angle, with smaller ones above and below. Third dorsal spine high,
iiliont half head ; second anal spine long, but shorter than third, not
(|iiite equal to greatest depth of body. Air bladder simple. Olivaceous;
Hides silvery ; lateral line black ; ventrals dusky at tip. Length 8 inches.
Haiti. (Vaillant & Bocourt.) Not seen by us. Apparently very close
to Centrojwmun 2)edimacula, bnt the scales apparently larger. Dr. IJoulen-
ger refers the species to the synonymy of Centropomua i)cdimacula.
(Named for Georges Leopold Dagobert Cuvier.)
i\»lropomm aivieri, BocouuT, Ann. Sc. Nat. Paris, 18C8, 91, Haiti; Vaillant & Uocoubt, Mils.
Sci. Mox., 2(>, 1875, with plato.
: i
1621. ENTROPOMUS MEXICANU8,t Bocourt.
Head 2i; depth 4; eyo 4. D. VIII-I, 10; A. Ill, 6; scales 11-69-16.
Flanks compressed, parallel with each other; ventral outline nearly
straight, with an angle at the anal. Suborbital with 5 or 6 sharp teeth ;
preopercle with 2 teeth, larger than the others ; opercular lobe reaching
front of dorsal. Dorsal spines high, the third longest, 1? in depth of
body; second anal opine very long, much longer than third, equal to
* The following is a description of the GiiayniaH tviK's, slislitly condensed from tlie original:
Head 2%; dopth 3g. D. VII-I, 10; A. Ill, 7; scales 8-52-10, 21 in front of tlio dorsal. Allied
til CintrojximHs pvdiiiiacula; the body couipressod, tlio belly straight, the back somewhat elevated;
prolilo concave; nuchal region convex; miixillary reaching a vertical line through the pupil, 3
in licad; snout 3>4 to 3^ in bead; eyo large, 6 in head; preorbital with small serrtc un the pos-
terior portion, directed backward; preo|tercle with nearly equal, distinct teeth on the vertical
liiiili; a series of graduated teeth on the horizontal limb; a strong spine at the angle, and a
Btroiig spine next above the angle, sometimes bifid; 2 Hat spines at the angle of the anterior
rillKi'; suprascapula with 4 strong spines; opercular flap about reaching the vertical from the
fr"i!t of the dorsal. Gill rakers (i + 16, tho longest as long as pupil. Dorsal spines strong, the
tliii'il being the highest and strongest, 1| in head; the fourth but little shorter, but more slen-
der, their tips, when depressed, scarcely reaching tips of ventrals; insertion of first dorsal spino
midway between tip of snout and last ray of second dorsal; fourth dorsal spine 2 in head;
Beiuiid anal spine very strong, straight in one specimen, slightly curved in another, 1% in head;
third anal spine a little longer, but much more slender than tho second anal and loiiger than
th(! tliird dorsal; caudal well forked; pectoral small, 2J in head, much smallerthiin the ventrals;
ventrals with a strong spine; tho spino nearly as long as the pectoral fin; soft rays of ventral as
Ions; as third dorsal sjjine. Scales largo on the sides; crowded in front of the dorsal. Color
white below; dusky above tho lateral line, which is black and conspicuous; scales on back and
Bidis covered with numerous punctulatiotis; first dorsal somewhat dusky, second lighter, colora-
tion of both due to fine punctulations; a large black blotch on the tipsof tho ventrals and anal;
nuinlirane between second and third anal spines black. — Jeukim it Ecertnann.
tl*r. Boulenger refers this species to tho synonymy of Ceuti opcyivs jxtraVelns. This dctermina-
tinii II, ay be correct, but from Bocourt's description it would appear that ' ' itropomxts mexicamv
bail a dark lateral line and larger scales than I', parallelui.
Mir
ni
i: I
tS-ii:
^1
F. N. A.-
-78
1122
Bulletin 47, United States National Mttseum.
depth of body, Vi in head. Air bladder simple. Color olivaceuuii,
whitish below, lateral line blackish; ventrals not black. Length 7 inches.
Coasts of Mexico ; recorded from the Coast of the Gnlf of Mexico; alNo
reported from the State of Oaxaoa ; the exact locality not known. ( Vuil-
lant & Bocourt.) Not seen by us. Recorded by Steindachner from
Bahia.
Ctntropomui mexicarwt, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. Paris, 1868, 00, Gulf of Mexico; Vaillant A
BocouBT, Miss. Sci. Mex., 23, 1876, with plato.
■jl
1622. CENTBOPOHVS PARALLELFS, Poey.
Head 2\] depth 3i ; eye small, 5. D. VIII-I, 10; A. Ill, 6? scales 8". to
90. Body moderately elongate, compressed so that the two sides of the
body are parallel ; an angle at front of anal. Month small; maxiilury
not quite reaching middle of eye. Subopercular flap reaching front of
dorsal. Dorsal spines feeble, the longest 2 in head. Lateral lino not
black ; 12 scales between second dorsal and lateral line. Serratioim of
preoperole directed slightly upward; 2 or 3 much stronger spines ut t1i<'
angle; suborbital toothed. Length of second anal spine equal to i1e|>Lii
of body ; third spine much shorter and very slender. Air bladder simjile,
Greenish above, sides silvery, with bright reflections; faint pale strealvs
along the rows of scales ; ventrals and anal tipped with orange brown.
A small species, rarely more than a foot long, found on the coasts of Cuba,
entering lakes and streams. (Poey.) Also recorded from San Domingo,
Jamaica, Barlados, and Rio Chagres, Guiana, Pernambuco, and 13abia.
{■Kiipu'k'kri'Koq, ;parallelu8, parallel, the form being "slab-sided.")
CeiOropomwi paraUelm, Poey, Hcmorias, ii, 120, 1800, Havana and Cienfuegos ; GCntiikh,
Fishes Central Amer., 407, 1869; Boulknoeb, Cat., i, 369.
I 1'
m:
1628. CENTROPOHVS PECTINATITS, Poey.
Head 2\y depth 3f ; eye 6. D. VIII-I, 10; A. Ill, 7; scales 68. Hody
moderately elongate, compressed, with an angle at front of anal, ilouth
small. Maxillary reaching anterior third of eye ; angle of preopercle
with about 6 long spines, slender and close-set, like the teeth of a comb ;
preorbital sharply serrate behind ; second or third dorsal spine longest,
If in head; second anal spine as long as depth of body, liin head ; lliird
slightly longer, but very slender. Air bladder simple. Plumbeous above,
sides and belly white ; center of each scale bluish, thus forming faint
lines ; fins greenish ; lower lobe of caudal yellow. A small species
(Poey ; Boulenger), rarely more than a foot long, found on the coasts of
Cuba, entering the lakes and rivers. Also recorded by Boulenger from
San Domingo and Pernambuco. (pectinatus, comb-toothed.)
Centropomua peclinatus, Poey, Memorias, ii, 122, 1860, Havana and Cienfuegos; Buvi.kn<:er,
Cat., I, 368.
1624. CENTROPOMUS UNIOXENSIS, Bocourt.
Head 2f ; depth 3i ; eye small, 6. D. VIII-I, 9 ; A. Ill, 6 ; scales
8-49-12. Body robust, back steeply elevated ; base of anal angulated.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1123
ico; Vailiant A
I'rofilu iiioi'H concave tliau in other specieH. Snout lung, about 3 in head;
iiiMxillary not reaching middle of eye. Preopercle with 2 very Htrong
tiitlli, other serrations very weak. Dorsal spines moderate, the longest
lint (|uite halt' head ; anal spines long, the second \ depth of body, about
lialf head, but little longer than third. Air bla('der simple. Olivaceous,
with faint streaks along the scales; upper fins brownish, vcntrals pale ;
liiiorul line pale. Pacific coast of Central America; rather common at
ruuama; not recorded from Mazatlau ; closely related to Cintropomua
unnatus and to C. enaiferua, but apparently distinct from both. (From La
I'liion.)
Cnh-oimviuii uniimitisis, Bix'oi'RT, Ann. So. Nat. I'nris, 1^08, (M), La Union, San Salvador;
Vaui.ant a BocimnT, Miss. Sci. Mex., 1875, 87; Boulknoek, Cat., i, 370.
1525. CKNTROPOMUK ARMATUS, Gill.
Head 2i ; depth 3;? to 3|. D. VIII-I, 10 ; A. Ill, 6 ; scales 7-51-14, 10 to
14 Ncales before dorsal. Preorbital serrated in its hinder half ; suboper-
ciilum produced into a long flap, which extends beyond the vertical from
tlif origin of the dorsal fin. Premaxillary scarcely extending to below
middle of orbit. Dorsal spines of moderate strength, the third longest,
half as long as head; second anal spine exceedingly strong, much
Htninger than third and longer than third dorsal spine; ventral tin
HCiircely more than i of distance of its base from anal. Air bladder
simple. Silvery ; dorsal fins, a blotch on the opercle, and the membrane
bt't ween the anal spines blackish ; lateral line not black. Length about
a lout. Pacific coast of Central America, common from Chiapas to Pan-
ama. Dr. Boulenger refers this species, with its allies, robalito and affinin,
to tlie synonymy of Centropomus ensiferus. Our Atlantic Coast material
shows that etmj'erua and affinia are very close to each other and doubt-
fully distinct from robalito, but certainly distinct from armatua. It is
probable that robalito and affinia should be united with enaiferua,
{lumatua, armed.)
Ceulmpomiis armalttf, GiLi,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1803, 163, Panama; GPntheu, Fishes
Tentral Amer., 408, 1869; Vaillant & Bocoukt, Miss. Sci. Mex., 34, 1875.
■I
BollKNliER,
162«. CENTROPOMUS ROBALITO, Jordan & Gilbert.
(Constantino ; Bobalito kk las Aletas Aharillas.)
Head (with opercular flap) 2^ in length ; depth 3i. D. VIII-I, 10; A.
Ill, tl; scales 5-51-9; scales large, those in front of dorsal not crowded,
10 to 14 in number ; b series between lateral line and front of spinous dorsal.
Body comparatively elongate, the back little elevated; profile from snout
to base of dorsal more nearly straight than in most of the species ; upper
outliuo of head somewhat concave ; nuchal region little gibbous. Mouth
smaller than in C. armatua, the maxillary barely reaching the verticiil
Hue from front of pupil (in C. armuttia of the same size reaching past
front of pupil), the gape contained nearly 3 times in length of head;
snout long, longer than in C. armatua, 3^ in head; eye moderate, a little
U-m
'1
mm
ni
■'\
■i i
'I i
-^^^
1124
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
more than half length of aiiout ; preorbital with Htroiig rctroiso n(>ii;i'.
Top of head narrower than in C. armatun an<l more strongly rid^oil;
the two interior rid^oH on the interorbital Hjuice Heparatcd Ity u s|i;ico
little wider than the noHtril, coalescing; opposite the nostrils and romiinir
a single ridge for a little distance forward to near the base of the N|iiiit's
of the prcniaxillary. Preopercle with rather distant teeth of iit;nlv
e(inal size on the entire length of its vertical margin; similar teilli on
the horizontal part, growing larger l)uckwar(l; about 2 tetUh nt tin.
angle much longer and stronger than the others; suprasoapnla witli .'i
or 6 strong teeth ; subopercular flap reaching about to front of HpiiHuis
dorsal. Gill rakers long, about i diameter of orbit. Dorsal spiiu-N hiirh
and rather strong, but distinctly slenderer and more flexible than in
C. armatua, their tips when depressed reaching considerably fartlier luick
than the tips of the pectorals or ventrals; third spine lon.iL^fst, a littlo
less tlian half length of head; fourth spine but little shorter than tliiid;
insertion of first dorsal spine a trifle nearer last ray of second dorsal
than tip of snout ; second anal spine very long and strong and strai^lit 01
more or less curved, its length and form very variable, its tip iiliont
reaching base of caudal ; much longer than third dorsal spine cv tliuii
third anal spine, and about 1.} in length of head ; third anal spine aluMit
e«iual to first soft ray ; caudal fin well forked ; ventral tins long, loiuiiini,'
in most oases scarcely to the vent ; pectorals about equaling ventrals, It
in length of head, not reaching tips of ventrals. Vent about iiiidwiiy
between base of ventrals and middle of base of anal. Color lilui.'sli,
olivaceous, silvery white below ; lateral line pale ; membrane of iinteiior
dorsal spines and of second and third anal spines blackish ; pectorals and
soft parts of vertical fins somewhat dusky ; ventral plain bright yillow;
anal with more or less of bright yellow. Length about 1 foot. I'acilic
coast of Mexico from Mazatlan to Panama; generally common, e.s)»ec-
ially about Mazatlan, where it enters the streams in abundance. I'lobii-
bly not distinct from C. ensiferun. (liobalito, the vernacular name;
diminutive of JRobalo.)
Cenlroponms robalUu, Jordan k Gii.beht, Proc. V, S. >fiit. Mus., 1881, ■Ki'i, Mazatlan ; Aca-
pulco. (Types, Nob. 28102, 2?ia2, 28150, etc. Coll. Gilbert.)
1527. CENTROPOMUS AFFINIS, Stoindachner,
Head 2'i,; depth 3*; eye large, 4 in head. D. VIII-I, 10; A. Ill, (i;
scales 7-46-11 (Vaillant), 7-47 to 50-10 or 11 (Steindachner). Nnotit
depressed, its profile a little concave; back not much elevated; ides
compressed, parallel; line of belly straight. Maxillary reacliing t" iirst
third of eye ; suborbital with 5 or 6 small teeth ; preopercle with 2 large
triangular teeth at angle, the other teeth strong; subopeiculai tlap
reaching base of first dorsal spine. Scales large, those before dorsal
amall. Suprascapula with 4 teeth. Ventral reaching more than half
way to anal; pectoral It in head; third dorsal spine 1| in depth of Ikm'v,
about 2i in head; second anal spine notably longer than third, its Icugtii
If in head, iV greater than depth of body ; caudal a little shorter than
Jordan and l<A>ermaun. — Fishes of A'orth America. 1125
Mazatlan ; Aca-
elevated ; uU'S
liciiil. Coloration oliv«; Hides silvery; Maek shades on vertical flns,
i^jiocially beliind anal spines, l.atoral line brown; ventrals pale. (Vail-
laiit «& liocourt.) Coast of lira/il, north to Belize; evidently very close
to C<'utropomn8 eiiHi/vruH, to which Dr. Itoiilenger refers it. (affiiiin, related,
to CtntropomuH luulevimulia.)
r.iitritjmmiin ajiiiin, Stkindaciinkr, lolitli. Noti/.on, I, pi. 1, fi|?. 1, 18(14, Rio Janeiro and
Cajutuba, Brazil; Demerara, (Coll. .Toliaiin Natlcrur); Yaillant >V Bocut'RT, MIhm. Hri.
Mox., :il, III. 1, flg 1.
('.ninffKimiiH hviilier, lloconuT, Aim. Sci. Nat., 5 Sor., ix, 00, 180H, marshes of Belize. (Coll.
Ilucoiirt).
152S. CKNTROPOMIIH KNSIFKKl'S, Poey.
Head 2*; depth 4; eyefijin head. I). VIII-1, 10; A. 111,6; scales 7-i3:^ll,
j)(iie8 48. Preorbital coarsely serrated; snJiopercnlar Map extending to
vertical from origin of dorsal. Maxillary scarcely extending to below
middle of orbit. Dorsal spines of moderate strength, the third and
fourth longest, %■ as long as head ; second anal spine exceedingly strong,
mnch stronger than third, 1.^ times depth of body, much longer than
dorsal spines; ventral somewhat more than i the distance of its base
from anal. Silvery; dorsal fin, a blotch on the opercle, and the mem-
brane between the anal spines blackish ; lateral line not black. Air
bladder simple. Lengtii about a foot. West Indies; generally common
from Cuba to Surinam ; also found on the Pacific Coast, if C. robalito is
the same, which is not unlikely, (twm, sword ; fero, I bear.)
CeiiliopouiuK eim/enm, PoEY, Momorias, li, 122, 1800, Havana; OC.ntiiku, FIhIi or Central Amer.,
■108, 1809; Bi)ULEN(iKR, Cat., I, 1509.
♦ r.iifrojwiiiHd fcrei'in,* GCNTiiEn, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Ivoii.i 1804, 144, locality unknown.
For the sake of completeness, we add the description of the only remain-
ing; species of this genus which is known to us:
CnitroponiiiH coimtaHthiHa, Jordan &, Starks, new species. — Head 2f ;
depth 31; eye 5 in head; snout 'ii; interorbital ^ eye; D. VIII-I, 10;
A. Ill, 6; scales 10-67-13. Posterior half of preorbital rather strongly
retrorse-serrate; anterior portion entire; maxillary extending to below
the middle of orbit, 2^ in head ; subopercular Hap extending nearly to
within 4 scales of the vertical from the origin of dorsal. Gill rakers
4+9; 21 series of scales before first dorsal. Third and fourth dorsal
spines equal, abor ; h.If as long as head; second anal spine longer and
much stronger tiiu,ii third, l^ in head ; third longer than soft raj's ; ven-
trals long, li in head, nearly reaching vent, their length not quite equal
to distance from their tips to anal. Air bladder with very short, blunt
anterior appendages^ which are not more than half the length of the
pupil. Pectorals 2 in head; caudal short, with roundish lobes, 2 in
head. Olive; sides silvery; lateral line dusky; head pale; ventrals
paks tips of dorsal and membrane behind anal spines blackish. Allied
* < eiitropomus brevis, Gilnthor : Head 2\4; depth 3i^. I). VIII-I, 10; A. HI, fi; scaleH 8-r)0-X.
Maxillary reaching to middle of eye; suborbital strongly toothed; lolm of siiboperclo reaching
beyiiiiil front of dorsal. Vent ranch nearer anal than ventrals. Dorsal spines strong, the third
pqiial to distance from chin to posterior border of eye; second anal spine strong, i),^ in head,
greuti'rthan depth of body; third anal spine much shorter. Air bladder simple. Lateral line
pale; lower flns pale Locality unknown, (tiiintlier.) This may bo a species distinct from
Cenh'immis emifeniH. having deeper body and smaller scales. Its validity is, however, very
iloul'tdil. Dr. lioulenger, who has examined its type, as well as siiecimeng certainly refer-
able tn robalito (Presidio, Forrer), to urnia(«.« (Panama, Salvin), and tiwi/eriw (Jamaica), regards
tbeni -.M as identical. C. armalm is certainly valid, but the others may all b« identical with
eim/f)!(».
.; -"i i^
II
Ki ■
iri
1120
Jiulletin 77, Ihiited States National Afuseum.
to C. mexicanuH, luit tho doraal Hpines more slender and Hhorter and tlic
body deeper. Known from 3 HpeciniuiiH collected ut Huliia. Hra/il, liy
the Alhati-OHH. The one here dcHcrihed Ih 8| inches lon^ and nunilttnil
1033 on the register of Stanford University. Two others are in tiie l'. S,
National Museum, numbered 4.32Ki). (Coimtantitio, a Spanish veruaciiliir
name of the smaller ItohaloH or Jiobaliton.'^
Family CXLVI. SERRANID^.
(TiiK Ska Bass.)
Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with adherent scales of
moderate oi small size, which are usually but not always ctenoid; ddisal
and ventral outlines usually not perfectly corresponding. Mouth moder-
ate or large, not very oblique, the premaxillary protractile and tho liiiiad
maxillary usually not slipping for its whole length into a sheath foi med
by the preorbital, which is usually narrow. Supplemental maxillary
present or absent. Teeth all conical or pointed, in bands, presL'iit on
jaws, vomer and palatinco. (iiii rakers long or short, usually stiff, a i mcd
with teeth. (Jills 4, a long slit behind the fourth. Pseudobruiaiiiii'
present, large. Lower pharyngeals rather narrow, with pointed teetb,
separate (except in Centrogenya). Gil) membranes separate, free from the
isthmus. Branchiostegals normally 7 (occasionally 6). Cheeks and
opercles always scaly; preopercle with its margin more or less serrate,
rarely entire ; the opercles usually ending in one or two flat spitie-Iikc
points. Nostrils double. Lateral line single, not extending on tho lau-
dal fin. Skull without cranial spines and usually without well-dev(d()i)r'd
cavernous structure. No suborbital stay. Post-temporal normal. Second
Bubofbital with an internal lamina supporting the globe of the eye;
entopterygoid present ; "til or most of the ribs inserted on the tranHverse
processes when these are developed; anterior vertebrie without trans-
verse processes. E real spines usually stiff, 2 to 15 in number ; soft dor-
sal with 10 to 30 rays ; anal fin rathershort, its soft rays 7 to 12, its spines.
if present, always 3, in certain genersk (GrammisUnce, Kypticinw) alto^'i ther
wanting. Ventrals thoracic, usually I, n (I, 4, in Plesiopinai), normally
developed, without distinct axillary scale. Pectorals well developed,
with navrow base, the rays branched. Caudal peduncle stout, the fm
variously formed. Vertebrae typically 10 + 14 = 24, the number sonic-
times increased, never more than 35.* Air bladder present, usually small,
* The following .iccount of tho numbore of vertebrnB Is takun from Dr. Bonleiigcr'g Ciiti
of Toleo8tcan Kisheg; tho nomenclatiiro of certain spocies is changed tu agree with tliat
the iiroscnt worl{:
Percichthys trucha 15 -f 20 = 35
PerelclithjB pocJia 14 -f 19 = 33
Percilia gilllsBii 13 -f 22 = 35
Lateolubraxjaponicua 17 -j-18 = 3u
Niphon spinosug 14 -f 17 = 31
Morone aniericana 12-1-13 = 25
KoRcus chrysops . 12 -f 13 = 25
Dicentrarchus labriix 12 -j- 13 = 25
Percalates colc.ioruni 11 -}- 14 = 25
Ctenolatea ambiguua 11 -i-16 = 2(')
Siniperoa chuatsi 13 -f 15 = 28
AcantbUtiua pictua 10 + 16 = 26
AcaiithiBtJna Borratus 10 | Ifl =--
Ileinilutjanus macrophthal-
mus 10 + 15 -^
Centrogeuy8 vaigiensis 11 -fH-
Polyprioii amcrlcanus 13-1-14^
Polyprion prugimthus 14 -(-13-
Oligoriis tnactjiiarienBis 16 -)-]',) =
AulacuccphaluB teni. hickii 10-i-14 =
Plectroponia niaciilatum 10 ^- 14 =
Variola loiiti 10 | 14
BodianUB guttatuB 10-1-14:
Bodiauus punctatus . 10 -|- 14 -
'Jti
itn.
Jordan and Kvertnann. — Fishes of .Vortli America. 1127
lorter and the
lia, Ih'ii/.il, liy
aiul nuinlii nil
ne in tlu) IS,
iHh veruaculiir
lerent Hcalfs of
itenoid ; dorsal
Mouth niodt 1-
i and the Imiad
Hheath fonufd
utal inaxillary
ds, present on
illystifl', anniMl
seudohramliiii'
pointed teotb,
D, free from \\w
Cheeks and
or less senate,
flat spine-like
ing on tlie can-
well-developcd
ornial. Seeoml
)e of the eye ;
the tranHvei.sf
witliout tians-
tnber ; soft dor-
bo 12, its spines.
nnce) altogttliei
>iwtt'), noriiiaily
irell developed,
e stout, the tin
number some-
, usually small,
uleiiBcr's Cat
l|ll(.'UC
•eo
with tliat
..r til.
10 + lC -
•ji;
al-
lO-i-15.-
'.'">
11 -fU-
'Si
13-1-14.
•J7
14-1-13-
■J"
16 + 19^
I'l."
:kii
10-H4-
■Jl
10-1-14
■1\
10 1 14
■:\
10-!- 14:
:.\
>•«
10 + 14--
•zi
and adherent to the wuUofthe abdomen. Stonuichciecal, with fewormany
|)ylori« appendages; intestines short, as is usual in carnivorous fishes,
(leiiora ()0 to 70. S|)ecies about 400. t Carnivorous fishes, chiefly murine,
;iiid found in all warm seas; several genera found in fresh waters. As
lieie understood, the Svrranidn) comprise the most of the family of /'er-
viiiiv as understood by (Uiuther and others, exclusive of those with imper-
tVet pseudobranchiu*, those with one or two anal spines, those with the
iiiimbur of yortebnu increased, those in which the whole length of the
maxillary slips under the preorbital, and those with the anal fin many
rayed, ai'd the cranium shortened behind. As here understood, the
Sirranidw are essentially e(|uivalent to the Serramnw and GrammMinn;
of Houlenger's Catalogue. Even after these eliminations, the family is
eonsiderably varied, (rercidte, part, Giiuther, Cat., I, 6i-220.)
I. Anal gpinoH 3, woll dnvolopcd.
<i. Dorsal fliis 2; vortebrii! 25 to 30, 11 to 16 in precaudul portion.
MonoNiN;»;:
h. Maxillary without Biipplomontal bone; teeth all pointe<l; pectoral iimymnietrical, itit
upper rays lougoBt; dorRiil (in our gonera) X-14; skull without cavornouK struc-
ture; prcopercio strongly serrate; caudal flu furl«Mi; tongue with teeth; ventral
fins inserted behind axil of pectorals; teeth all alike, usually villiforni, without
canines; preorbital narrow; lateral lino normal, straight, or bent upward at hose;
preopercle serrate; gill rakers moderately long and slender; species generally ut
largo si/o, and silvory-olivo coloration, mostly inhabiting froKh or brackish waters.
Preoporcle without antrorso spines on its lower limb.
I'. Dorsal fins separate; spines of tins weak; anal rays III, 12, the spines graduated;
lower jaw projecting; base of tongue with teeth. It<i('cr8, 491.
cc. Dorsal flns joined; spines of flns strong; anal rays III, !), the spines not gradu-
ated; jaw8 Bubequal; base of tongue toothless. Mokone, 402.
"«. Dorsal tin single, sometimes deeply divided.
(/. Maxillary with a distinct supplemental bone (rarely obscured by the skin); dorsal
usually divided or deeply notched.
e. Inner tdetli of jaws not dopressible or hinged.
Ll0PR0P0MIN£:
/. Soft dorsal longer than spinoug part; doi-sal deeply divided, the spines G to 9 in
number; prcopercle entire; vortebrea 10-t-14=s24; lateral line arched
anteriorly.
g. Dorsal spines 9; caudal lunate. Liopuopoma, 493.
ijg. Dorsal spines 0; caudal truncate. C'iiurististivm, 494.
' ~lianu9 tmniops
ilpinephelusareolatus
iilpinephelus striatus
Kpinephelus fasciatus
Epinephelua tauvina
I'mniicropBgiittatus
Alphestesafer
Mycteroperca bonaci
Anyperodou leucogranimi-
cus
Paranthias furcifer
Parolabrax liumeralis
10-t-14 = 24 Seiramiscabrilla 10-114-^24
10 i 14 -f:4 i Serranus scriba 10-M4:-24
10 + 14^24 'l Qilbertiaseniicincta 10 4 17-27
10 1-14=24 i! Ctcsioperca lepidoptora 10-|-10-^2«
10 + 14=^24 II Oaprodon lougimanus lO-i-lO- 20
10)14 = 24 !' Ilolanthias borboniuB 10 [16^-20
10-1-14 = 24 |i Authiassacer 10-f 16 = 26
10-f 14 = 24 !i Plectranthiasanthioides— 10 ; 16=26
; Callanthiaspeloritanus 11-1-13 =24
10-H4 = 24 || Paraplesiops meleagris "(04 10 = 26
10 + 14 = 24 I Pleslops nigricans 10 + 1.1 — 25
10-114 = 24 li Rypticus saponaceuB 10 -'-'14 = 24
t A review of the genera and gpec!es of Sen-ani<lie found-in the waters of America and Europe,
by David Starr Jordan and Carl U. Eigenniann, was published in Bulletin viii of the U. S. Fish
Conimission, 1888 (1800), 329-433, plates 60 to 09. In that paper may l)o found full synonymy
of "II the genera and species. A must excellent account is given in Boulonger'g Catalogue of
TeluoBtean Fishes, Vol, i, Just published as these pages are going through the press.
?l
I
1 i
1
- i
i i: "
i V
J
I* ' 8
1 (
I ,
t
1128
Bulletin -/7, United States National Museutn.
l'(ll,VI>nillNIN.«:
fj. Hurt (li)i'Hal iiliorter tlinii Niiliioiu inrt; vortubriu inure than 24 ('ifi to ltd); lii,i<|
without riiiioMfl di'rnial umtllli'iitiuiiH.
A. Totith itll villirorni, without <-anlii«<«; wirt ihtmal with 10 to 12 rnyit.
I. Head nut urinuil with HiiiiiiK<'rouN rlili^i'x; |jru<i|H'i'i'lii riiixli'ratnly m r-
rato, HiiiiictinioN l»<('oi>iini,( itntirn with uk<'; liinwil tin i|im'|,Iv
nutclii>il, tlio laiit H|iini>fl much Hhorlcr liiaii tlm iiiliiiihi ciiim;
■rales ruKuM; Moft durini m-aiy; tlunuil Hpiiii't II; IcmKUn tm.lli-
lom; furtilieuit liroaci, llattlHli; Muuut, |ireiiiiillai, and Jkuh nakxi;
raudal ■ulitruiR'alc; jiro()|i<iri'lu (Inuly Koi'ratu, licrDinIni; iiilnv
witli aK<t; gill riikcrH very HtroiiK; p.vlorir cn'ca fi'w (iihoiii 7i;
pecturul ubtUHuly |iuliiti'd; vuntral iuBcrted a littk' lolurc axil of
puctural; vurtubrui 20, Stkhkui.eimh, t'.i'i.
a, Hi'ad ariiii'd witli roUKh ii|iini)(«r<iUHcn'RtH, thitre l>«lnK H|iliioim pru-
Jectiuns uliuvii thi< oyuH and a i-oukIi, Ixmy I'idKii uii tlin ci|ii'ii'|i<,
witli uthiTH (III tli« |iiiHl-tuiii|»>i'al; iliUMal tin low, tiiiitiiiiiniiii;
toiiguu with tui'tli; donial HpinoH 11 ur 1'^; mift dnriai icaly; I'liiulal
ruuudi'd; voiitial nut iiiaerti'd iMifurn axil nf pucturul; pylniic
cu'cu niiiiutruui (abuut 70); vcrtebrii' '27. roi.Yl'itinN, lln,.
Epinkimirmn^;:
('<■. Inner tneth of JawH deproKdible or liinged; caniiio tmith more ur 1pm dUtlin i, in
front of each jaw; BcaluH nniall, firm, tho fop of licud morn or 1<'»h kihIv;
lateral line ninuiiiK low (uxeept in ({(iiUniilfrlnm, utc); Hii|iniu('c'i|>ital crvKt
usually more or l«t» encroaohing on tliu top of the hUiiII, nu uh to leiivii w 'Ih-
tluct amuoth area at tlie vertex (except in riii'f(//ii); ti'iiiporal crcKtN iisimIIv
distinct; gill rakers various, generally sniall andNliort. Dorsal ruyn Vill in
XIV, 12 tu ^0, tho number uf spines usually not Ki; anal rays III, 7 tu III. IJ:
ventral fliis iusortud mure or less behind axil of pucturaln; head iiiianni'il,
except for the opercular Hplnes and the serne on the prooperclc; Hol't i\'>v^n\
scaly; srales of lateral line usually triangular ami cyeluid; vertebne uIiikihI
always 10 ]- 14 — 24, rarely 20 ur 27. Chiutly shure flslieR, often of large size;
all of them, so far as known, bisexual.
j. Pectoral uiigynimotrical, 'ts up|M>r rays longest; dorsal spines 8; plectroid hpiiii'
on preopcrcle sing' j, very strong: " ;4ruiig canine on middle of si. If uf
lower jaw; opende with a long, kiiife-Hha|H^d spine; bo<ly rather cli'i].;
lateral lino running liigh ; Jaws naked ; Hcalcs small, Ann, and ruugli ; lan-
dal ruundcd; soft dorsal rather sliurt, of 12 ur l^i rays.
QONIOPI.ECTm s, l'.»7.
jj. Pectoral ruunded, symmetrical, its middle rays longest; canines iisuallv ilis-
tinrt, in front of 1 or both Jaws.
k. Frontals* with a transverse ridge on posterior part In front of the siijira-
occipital connecting the parietal crests; frontal hones without iirocoKsi'd
or longitudinal ridges on tho upper surface; dorsal spincH alwayH '.I
I, Posterior process of promaxillary extending to betwo^n frontaln; iiian-
diblo without curved canines on its sides; caudal not fuiUud;
scales ctenoid. Petkomktoi'on, iw.
H'. Frontals without transverse ridge.
m. Dorsal spines 9; soft dorsal of moderate length and height, its rays
1.3 to 15; anal rays III, 7 or 8; skull and head essentially as iu
Ephinephehm, the snout not very short, the frontal region tiat or
convex, the supraoccipital crest continued forward over it, I If
lateral crest short, low, and diverging; mouth and toctli as in
Kphinephtlua. Bo»IAM>, l'.''i.
* These characters, with other osteological cliaractera used in this analysis, are taken from
Boulenger's Catalogue, p. 165 et teq.
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1120
(itr>iu:iO); III .1.1
B, are taken truiii
■mm. Diimnl Kplm'i 11, (nirnly Ht, tii'vnr !»).
II. I'lirinlikl rri'HiN ii"t |iriHhii'i'i| furwurtl on tli«< t'roiiinU; rruiititU with
u in'orfwt III' kiiiili on iiiicli xlilii, lii'himi iiitrrnrliltiil ami; |ir)>-
initxillHry |iriic(>HH<>H lltlliiK liiln ii cikvit.v al llii-niitcrliiri'xirMii-
ity III' till) fi'iiiititlH, III' Jiidi nil I'liinrKliitttluii of tlK-tM< Iiuiii'h; anal
riiyM III, H, III III, I).
(1. HcaloN iif IIki IntiTttl linn normul, nmi'l«>il hy raillutliiK riilKON.
\>. Crttuiuni nnrmw almvo tlii> liiti'iorlillul H|iari-, ili'i>|ily
concikvo; iiccipltHl rri<Ht niii'tiiiK inliriii'liilal region.
Kl'INI.l'IIK.I.I H, .'■i(H»,
;>;>. (Jriuiiiini vxry liruail and Hat alinvf, thn intorniiiital little
ctini'uve, tlio oc'i'lpltul rrcNt ili!ia|i|ie»iiiiK lii'rurii
niai'liiiiK IntiTiirliltiil n-Klon. (iAiiiii ta, 5(11.
mi. i^tstleH <if till' lateral lliii' earli willi 4 tu I) ntron^ raiiiiitliiK
riilKex ; i-ranliini Nliort, extii'iiii'ly limail, ami ilepri'iiHi'il
between tlio eyon; the uiiterlor iirollle of lieiui a litlle
eoncHve; ilornal H|ilnoii low; ilunial ray« XI, l*i.
I'liiiMiciiiii'M, ri(i2.
nn. I'ui'iolnl rreNiN prmlin'eil forward nn the IVuiilalM.
I/. KruiilalN with a pmcuxM or knoli <in narli Hide liehind the
Interurliiial area; preiMiixlllarleN llttiiiK into a eiivity al
antHfior extremity of fruiitsin; anul rayH III, H, rarely
III, l>.
r. I'reoperrle with u 8in)(le ant riirue Imuk or Npiiie near the
HUKle; Hiipraoeripllal and parietal iTunIm nut extendiiiK
to lietwcen orliU«; BcaloM ctenoid. Ai.I'IIKstkh, fii);».
rr. Preoperrle wilhunt anIrorNe Hpine; Nnpraoiripilal and
parietal ituhIh extending to between uriiit.s; aralcH
Hinooth; caninu teeth Hnwill or oliNolete; head xniull
mueh I'oinpreaHud, the interorliital area In the uiiiilt
uot broader than the eye; NUpraoei'ipltal erc"t low;
«oft diirrtal uniiHually Ioiik, the rays \l, 17 to 'JO;
dornal spluuH low; vertical flim all roiinited poN-
terlorly. Ukkmatoi.f.I'ih, riOI.
qq, FrontaU without procecsus on the upper Hiirface; parietal
cruHts extendiuf; to between nrbits; preniaxillary pro-
cenHei not extending to the frontalM. Anal tin elungato,
tt8 rayH III, 11 or III, 12, (very rarely III, it or III, 10);
caudal tin lunate or truncate; HpiDexidender, thuHo of the
anal fin graduated; lower Jaws ntrongly projcetinn; era-
niuni rather broad and traD8ver8oly concave between the
oyea, its lateral c.reNtH very strong, nearly parallel with
the supraiH-eipital crest and extending farther forward
than the latter, joining the HUpraocnIar rrest above the
eye; Hcales Hinall, largely cycloid, thoMe of the lateral
line gimple; pyloric coeca few (12 to 20); dornal rayn \I,
10 to IH. MVCTBHI'I'KHCA, 506.
({(/. Maxillary without aupplenieutal bone; canine teeth, if proRcnt, usually duvelo|H-d on
the side of the lower jaw as well as in front; no deprcisibie teeth; scales mostly
ctenoid, including those of the lateral line; tubes of lateral line straight or with
un ascending tubule, covering most of the length of scale. Temporal crests on
cranium almost obsolete,
SERRANINiF. :
». Gill rakers comparatively short and wide apart; lateral Hue not running close
to the back (except in Stiroiiiiii); dorsal rays X, 11 to 16; anal rays usually
III, 7; supraoccipital crest not extending far forward on top of the skull,
a more or less distinct convex smooth area being left on thi; vertex between
the supraoccipital and the interorbital area; mouth uot very oblique; ver-
tebrte about 10 -f 14 =: 24. Chielly shore fishes of olivaceous colors.
1
«
]
1130
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
irr- I
(. Voiitrnl ttiii liiHitrtutl heli w nr more nr toM behind hxII of poctorul; lirniir h
lii«t«Kalii 7.
H. DuriNtl till with 4 or ai|ilii«i« prodiiroil la IniiK lllaniiMiU; ilomul \.i\-
X, 12, or X, l.'t; pn )|Mircle tivi'iily ittrrutis |iruorbitul riiiii|j,tii
tlvvly hroinl; tii|> of htiiiil, clieokR, aiiU pn^orlillul fliinlv mnl
rIoKily m'ulnd to the tl|) of mioiil; iiioilt loiit{ hihI low, tlii' linni
Jaw much priJectlMK; •■autUI timitti'; iH'ikl*>H ruthdrHmttll; rntiiiniii
with It lurife iinooth iiron, much itit In Stmmuii ami hiimwi. «,
Itoily clongittu, llttio uoni|)ruaM(l; rIII rukori few •n<l Mlxirt.
<.'llATIN|Ii, fillH.
Hii, Dunal without long flUnM^ntoui iplnoM, nut niurn thun one ni' itn
MlilndK upeclally produci'd.
V. Ikxly Hhort and df«|i, with ulevatotl liack, thu depth mon- tlmu ^
tint length, UBimlly nowrly hulT; pr<>up<-rcle with » fi'w
antrorae ««itiii on li* lower llinh; lop of HupmcH'cipltiil < i'>t
vory high, about um long iw the Hmooth uroii on vorlcx ol
cranium, which U well tlovclopod, iih In Serrauuii Hiid I'riimcile:
Top of head nukvd; dunal ruyii usually X, 14.
lIvi'oi'i.KUTUiirt, riii;.
I'll, Body romiMiratlvnly olongate, tho dtipth )/; to )4 thu longtli; tm
hooked (pinuleion lowitr llnih of pruo|H)rclo.
IP. Cranium with Iti smooth urua vory short and Kmall, much a^ in
OeittriiprHeii; caudal flu more or lotw dUtluctly lunutc (ir
concave, thu middlu rayH ihortoit; dorsal spines atrnii);,
very unequal, the third or fourth moro or lessclitviitcd;
(scales small; dorsal rays X, 14; top of head uitiially
more or luss sculy). Paralarhax, mw.
U, Ventral flns anterior, inserted more or less in advance of axil of portnnil,
well separated; upper half of |)octoral fin usually vertlcallyltruiu ati'.
X. Hmooth area on top of cranium very short and small*; tlie Ihiik
supraocclpltal crest encroaching on the posterior border nf c m-
nlum so that the latter in profile is not nearly vertical nluu;; tlu'
occipital region. Branchiostegals 7, Caudal fln nut liiimtc',
rounded, or ending in 3 imints, the middle rays produced like the
onter ones; dorsal spines slender, the third little elevated, Huiiie
of them with dermal appendages ur fliamcnts (tooth giiiall. In
broad bands; top of head naked; scales large, dorsal rnv'^ .\, 11).
Cbntropriktks, Ml,
seat. Smooth area on top of craniam* very largo, longer than tli>' luw
Bopraoccipital crest, which is low and short; {tosterior iKirdir uf
cranium at occipital region nearly vertical in profile. Caudal tin
lunate or tfuncate; dorsal rays X, 11 to X, 13; soft dorsal Malelei-ii
or nearly so. Canine tenth small.
y. Bntnchiostegals 7; caudal fln lorked or Innate; none of the durtuil
spines elongate.
a. Preopercle with numerous strong diverging spines at its niielo,
those spines diverging from one or two centers; preoiliital
broader than maxillary, which la widest near itx niidilU';
scales rather large. Diplectiii'm, '>l(i.
!z. Preopercle simply and rather finely serrate; preorbitui narmw.
PRioNonr>, Till.
y;/. Brauchioetegals 6; caudal fln truncate. Di'i.rs, .'il'.>.
H. OiU rakers (in American species) very long, slender, and close set; lati'ral
line running close to the back; supraocclpltal crest high; occiput with
a short convex smooth area; canines strong; nc depresslble teeth: iirc-
orbital narrow; maxillary without supplemental bone or with a rudiiufiit
only.
* Seen on removal of skin of vertex.
Jordan and /'.vfrmann. — Fishes of North America. 1131
^utural; lirani'li-
\NTiiriN«:
i', IiUtaritl lino i-(imtili>l« ami roDiiiiiiniii, axlendInK to I>«i4« of raud*!; vtntral rajri I, 0;
ilorvul ray* IX to XII, I) Id JO; itiml rityii III, 7 to lli; |H>clural rayM lintiicliml; mioul
Nliurt, iiKimty riiiivt'X In |iri>flli-; lliliox ol rHtlier ilnop wator*, chinfly liriKl't riil in lir«.
b' Diirnul iiilni-H D, all low, tlio Nolt rnyii about lu. Cainlal fln ili*<i|ily forknl, tli« lolxm
proiliKM'il; KculcN Ninall, ctunoid; voutraU Ioiik, lnii«rt«d liahlnd iixll of {icrtoral;
nittxillary xraly; frontal roglon flaltlih, the HU|iraoccipltal crmt vary pronilneut.
I'akantiiian, ni3.
/•/•' Domal DpIneH lu or muru; HcaU>i not very iniali proo|Hjrclo angular, with Milictit tnatli
at ilti unglo; oni< or niori< ilorNul iplni'M lonietlmci fllamontoiiH; vimtrat tinii long.
(•' Mitxillnry and Iroiitiil xt\%\u\\ nakttd; tongue niiiHtly tootliU'm; caudal fln lunatn;
|iari(!tulii wuak; p<mli>rior pruc(<iN ul' pnvmaxlllary ruucliing thn rmntalii.
<''. Vtiitralf) lURertud Ixiliiud axil of pectoral; ic«lo« 00 to 00.
IIkhianthuk, r>14.
ihV. VtintraU Iniertod btifure axil of pectoral; icale* 38 to 46.
PnoNOTOIIHAMMUM, b\t\.
r<''. Maxilliiry ocaly, top of hoad iicah^d to tliu Knout.
<•' . i'h'iygoidi tootliluiH), tuuguo with fi^w tenth or none; cuudal forked.
Antiiiar, sit),
fi'. I'terygoUk with u large |>atch of teeth; tongue toothe<l; parietal croiitHtrung,
extending to above eye, ponterlor proci'itHi-e of pn<niaxillary not reaching
the fruntaU; caudal truncate, with the outer rayi much produced.
OuYANTiiiAg, (>n,
<«i'. Lateral line interrupted, running close to the back, l)eKiiinlng again on caudal pi'duncl<>.
Qhammin;!':
/''. Ventral rayR 1. A;* proopcrclo aerrate; caudal convex; waloH rather largo, nomewhat
ctenoid; dorsal HpineB 12. Oramma, 618.
Ku'TlciN.*:
//. Anal Hpinos wantiUK; domal splnea 2 to 4 only; soft dorsal and anal long, the dorsal of 20
to 2ti soft rayH; the anal of 14 to 17; maxillary with a eupplemental bone; the pre-
operclc with 2 or :i vpiue-like hooks poHterlorly, the Hcalee Hmall and cmbi'dded, the
teeth all villiform; preorbltal narrow, no canine teeth; preoperclu without angle
or BorratureH, Its margin with 2 or 3 apinouH teeth above; caudal fln rounded; icalea
small, smooth, embedded; smooth area on top of head very large, transversely convex,
much longer than the low supraoccipital crest; intororbital urea very narrow;
temporal ridges Htrong; lateral lino normal; vertebra! 10 |- 14. KYi>i'iL't'(i, &1U.
II
491. ROCCUS, Mitobill.
(Striped Bass.)
none of the dursHl
llornm, MiTCHiM., FislieHof Now York, 25, 1814, (ulriattu — lineatm).
f.'liihetim, Rakinesqiif., Ichthyologia Ohionsis, 23, 1820, (chryiopi).
Hase of tongae with 1 or 2 patches of teeth ; anal spines graduated ; dorsal
liiiH entirely separate ; anal rays III, 11 or 12 ; supraoccipital crest scarcely
widened above; lower jaw projecting. Vertebra} 12-f 13 = 25. Other-
wine as in Morone, the body more elongate, the scales smoother, and the
tin spines more slender than in the latter genus. Anal fin with 11 or 12
.soft rays. Species all American, valued as food-fishes. In both lioccus
and Morone, the antrorse preopercular spines (characteristic of the Euro-
|ii'an genrs or subgenus Dicentrarchua) are wanting. (From the vernac-
ular, Rockfish.)
'' The related group of Pleaiopiuee {Ptaiiops, Parapletiopi) and Trachinopa) have the ventral rayti
I I only. It may be that they do not belong to the Serranidte, In which case Gramma ehould
l>i iibably be detached alio.
li
\ I
I 1^
i I
B
1132
Bulletin -//, United States National Museum.
Lt:i>iiiKMA(Aen'it, hciiIu; 0^/bia, ii Btaircaiio, from th« Rcalos at base (if dorsal) :
a. Teeth on Ihiho of tuiiKUu in a Biiigin luktch; body rather deeii and compreRsed, the di'|itli
murotliiiii 3':', thu length ; back arcliod.
h. Color wliitiHh with Hevoral narrow duHky lateral Htripeii following the rowgof Hcali-^;
second anal spiDo ubont 3 in bead. chhyhops, Vvi.'.\.
Boccis :
im. Teeth on bune of tongue in 2 parallel patches; body rather elongate, the depth Iush t:<;tii
yin the length; back not arched.
\>h. Color bratiHy or greenish, sides with 7 or 8 continuous dark sirijies; second anal K|iini'
5 in head. mneatus, irilin.
Subgenus LEPIBEMA, Rafine8(iue.
ir.2«/KO(;CII8 CHKTSOPS (Kaflnescjiio).
(WiiiTK Bass; Whitb Lake Bass.)
Head 3^ ; depth 2* ; eye 5 in head ; snout 4^. D. IX-1, 14 ; A. Ill, 11 or
12; scales 10-55 to (55-15, 53 to 61 pores. Body rather deep and com-
pi'ossed, tlie depth more than \ the length ; hack considerably arched :
head snhconical, slightly depressed at the nape; mouth moderate, nearly
horizontal, the lower Jaw little projecting; eye large, nearly as long an
snout ; maxillary reaching middle of pupil, 2\ in head ; teeth on base of
tongue in a single patch, a patcli also on each side of tongue ; margin of
subopercle with a deep notch ; head scaled to between nostrils; preoi)fi-
cular serne feeble, strongest at the angle ; gill rakers rather long ami
slender, x-{-14, as long as gill fringes; longest dorsal spine 2 in huad :
anal spines graduated ; second anal spine 3; middle caudal rays lii in
outer. Color silvery, tinged with golden below; sidee with narrow
dusky lines, about 5 above the lateral line, 1 along it, and a variable
number below it, these sometimes more or less intei'rupted or transposed.
Length 15 inciies. Great Lake region, upper Mississippi and Ohio valleys,
south to Washita River ; not founa -just of the Alleghanies nor in salt
water ; rare in the Ohio Valley : generally abundant in the Great Lakes.
It frequents deep or still waters, seldom ascending small streams, {xpvaiir,
gold; (1)1/;, eye.)
Pcna ihrifsops, Ka/'inesque, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 92, 1820, Fall3 of the Ohio.
lAibra.i:muUiliiie(ilm, Cuvieh it Valf.noiennkb, Hist. Nat. dcs Poissous, in, 488, 1830, Wabash
River; GCnther, Cat., i, 67, 1859.
Tydftni.c ji()/n<iis (Hamii.to.« Smith) Kichabdson, Kanna Boreali-Americaua, iii, 8, 183(>, Lower
St. Lawrence River; GCntheu, Cat., i 67, 1850.
lMhra.1- ulbidm, De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y.: Fishes, 13, pi. 51, fig. 165, 1842, Buffalo.
Lubrax osculatii, I'lLii'i'i, Bov. tt. Mag. de Zoologio, 2d serieii, v, 164, 1853, Canada; OCntiiku,
Cat., I, 65.
lioceus chi-yatrpn, GiLL, Ichth. Rep. Captain Simpson's Sm v. (ireat Basin Utah, 391, pi. I, figs. 1 7,
1876; Joni an A Eioenmann, /. c, 422, 1890.
Morone mullilineala, Boulrnueu, Cat., i, 128.
Subgenus ROCCUS.
1680^ilOCCCS LINEATUS (Bloch).
(Striped Bass; Uockfish , ItocK.)
Hoad 3J to 3J ; depth 3i to 4, varying considerably with age, the youiii;
being more slender. D. IX-1, 12; A. Ill, 11; scales 8-67-11. Bodyratliei
'L\
led, tho ilcpiii
pth lesn t'.'iiM
Jordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North America. 113t'J
(■longate, little compressed, the depth less than \ tho length ; hack litth^
arched ; head subconical ; month large, ol)li(|ue, tlie maxillary reaching to
nearly below middle of orbit, 2\ in head, its width at tip nearly ^ diameter
of eye ; teeth on l)a8e of tongue in two parallel patcheN ; intororbital space
wide; lower jaw projecting; eye A to J the length of tho rather sluirp
snout, 5 to 7 in head; preorbital entire; preoperclo rather weakly werrate,
t lie teeth strongest at the angle ; margin of snbopercle entire ; siipraHcap-
iila entire; gill rakers long and slender, about 4 + 15; dorsal fins
entirely separated ; spines slenderer than in allied species; longest dorsal
Hpine 1\ in head; anal spines graduated; second anal spine 5 to H in head;
Cauda,! forked, tho middle ru,ys ? length of outer. Color olivaceous, sil-
very, often brassy-tinged; sides paler, marked with 7 or S continuous or
interrupted blackish stripes, one of them along the lateral line ; fiiis jiale.
Atlantic coast of tho United States, from New Urnnswick to the Escambia
Kiver, Florida, ascending all rivers in spring for the purpose of spawn-
ing; rather rare in the Gulf of Mexico ; most common from Capo Cod lo
Cape May; occasionally in Lake Ontario. Introduced by the U. S. Fish
Commission into Sacramento River and elsewhere on the west coast,
where it has become an abundani, and valuable food-Hsh. This species is
one of the most important of the game aud food-fishes of America. It is
v<>ry abundant throughout its range and reaches a large size, often
weighing 30 to 90 pounds. The largest one ever reported, according to
(loode, was taken at Orleans, Massachusetts, and weighed 112 pounds.
Its flesh is firm, white, flaky, and of excellent flavor. {Uneatitu, striped.)
I\rca Hock-Jhh vol Striped litua, SciliiiT, Schrift. tier Gesells. Nut. Frouii<le, viii, KiO, 1788, New
York.
I'tren saxatilU, Walbaum, Artcdi Genera Pisciuni, 330, 1788, New York; after SciiiiPF.
.s'.wiia liimita, Bloch, Ichthyologia, ix, 53, pi. 30r), 1792, Mediterranean Sea; liijiirc incorrect,
but probably from an Anioricau siiocimon.
I'.rca teplenlrionalis, Bi.ocil & Sciineidf.r, Systeina Ichthyol., tlO, pi. 7(t, 1801, New York.
Itiiccim strialim, MiTCliiLL, Rep. Fislics N. Y., 25, 1814, spociinens from New York.; Ukan, Proc.
r. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 243, H|)ecimcn8 from Montgomery, Alabama.
Perca mitchilU, MiTCiiiLI., Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., i, 413, pi. 3, tig. 4, 181.'., New York.
I'erca milchilli attertiata, MiTCHlLL, I. c, 415, 1815, New York.
I'erea milchilU interrupta, MiTCiULL, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 4ir), IHlo, New York.
I.epihema Unealum, Steindachneb, Verb. /ool. Hot. Ges. Wion., xii, 1862, 5o4.
I.ipihema mitchilU, Rakinesque, Iclithyologia Ohiensis, 23, 1820.
I.nlii-ax lineatm, CuviEli & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. de« Poiwons, ii, 79, 1828.
Univm Uneatus, Gn.L, Ichth. Rep. Capt. Simpson's Kxpl. Great Basin Utah, 391, 1876; Goode,
Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim., 425, 1884.
Il'itviis scuralUin, Joriian & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 599.
Unrais Uneatun, Jordan & Eioenmann, /. c, 423, 1890.
Moronc Uiteala, Boulenuer, Cat., I, 129.
492. MORONE, Mitchill.
(White Perch.)
M'>rone, Mrrcil.lL, Fishes of New York, 18, 1814, (rii/a and flavesceiis : the genus properly a sy.io-
nym of Perca).
ihirone, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 111, (restriction to amerkaua - rn fa).
Body ratb :^ short and deep, compressed; maxillary broad, naked, with-
out supplemental bone; teeth subequal, lower jaw scarcely projecting ; no
'f:*f
;- <!■;'?: ,'t
'■M '!■:
ti', '■■ %
'I
U^
.'■I
^i-f
«!1
!<!>
1134
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
canines; no movable teeth ; base of tongue without teetli , odgeof tonj^iu'
with linear patches of teeth. Lower margin of jtreoperclo simply serrate
or entire, the serra* not greatly increased in size toward tiio angh;, and
none of them developed as antrorse hooks. Spines strong, 10 in the
dorsal An ; dorsal fins more or less connected by membrane: second aim!
spine much enlarf^d, not shorter than third ; anal rays III, 8 or 9- lowci
margin of preopercle iinely serrate, without antrorse spines. Lower
jaw slightly projecting ; vertebrae 12 + 13 ^= 2.5. Scales rather larjits.
ctenoid; top of head scaly; lateral line little arched. Ventrals inseitid
well behind pectorals. Two known species, both American (Nairn;
unexplained.)
a, LoDgc8t ilorsal splno considerably more than hull' head; color briissy yellow, with 7 very ilis.
tinct lougitudinul black lines, interrupted posteriorly; dorsal fins Hiightly couui'diil,
Bpiuesull very robust. inteiihui'Ta, I.pIU.
aa. Longest dorsal spino about half head; color green or olivaceous and silvery with tuint
atreuks; dorsal flns well connected; spines moderate. Americana, VMi.
1631. MORONK INTEBRUPTA, Gill.
(Yellow Bass.)
Head 3; depth 2J. D. IX-I, 12 ; A. Ill, 9 or 10; scales 7-50 to r.l-ll,
Body oblong, ovate, the back much arched; head depressed, the .snout
somewhat pointed, the anterior profile concave ; eye large, as long as siioiil ,
4i in head ; preorbital finely serrate ; suprascapula serrate ; mouth siikiII.
somewhat oblique, the maxillary reaching middle of orbit, about :> in
head ; maxillary somewhat scaly ; gill rakers moderate, x + 13 to Ki,
longer than gill fringes; dorsal and anal spines very robust, the lou},'cst
dorsal spine If to If in head, the longest anal spine 2 to 2^; dorsal tins
slightly connected. Color in life brassy yellow, with about 7 very dis
tinct longitudinal black lines, those below the lateral line interruptod
posteriorly, the posterior part alternating with the anterior. Length lo
inches. Lower Mississippi Valley, north to Cincinnati and St. Louis,
chiefly in the channels of the larger streams; rather common southward:
a good food-fish, {interruptua, interrupted, referring to the longitudinal
black lines. )
Morone inlenrvpta, GiLt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 118, St. Louis; New Orleans (iii.L,
Ichth. Rep. Capt. Simpson's Sur. Great Basin Utah, 398 pi. 2, figs. 1-8, 1876, Joki^an >v
Gilbert, Synopsis, 530, 1883; Jordan & Eioenmann, /. c. 420, 1890
Morone miagissippiensis, Jordan & Eiqenhann, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pnila., 1887 (substitute iiaiiM' lii
intemtpta, regarded as preoccupied, as it has been used for a species of Roccus, a gcuu^ at iliat
time merged iu Morone); Boulenoeb, Cat., i, 127.
y
1632. MOBONG AMERICANA (Gmelin).
(White Perch.)
Head 2f to 3 ; depth 2i to 3. D. IX-I, 12 ; A. Ill, 8 or 9 ; scales 8-50 to
55-12, 50 to 55 pores. Body oblong, ovate, the back moderately elevated;
head depressed above eyes ; the snout lather pointed; mouth small, some
what oblique, the maxillary not reaching middle of orbit, 24 in head, its
width at tip half eye ; preorbital entire ; eye moderate, scarcely as long
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America, 1135
as BDOiit, 4 iu bead ; base of tongae witbout teeth ; head scaled tu
l)etweeii tbe nostrils ; gill rakers 4 -{- 14 to 17, rather loug, as long as gill
tringes. Dorsal and anal spines moderate, tbe longest dorsal spine 2 in
lioad; tbe second anal spine 2^ to 3, as long as third spine; dorsal fins
considerably connected. Pectorals \\ to 1^ iu bead. Color olivaceous,
varying to dark green; sides silvery or olivaceous, usually with faint,
paler streaks. Length 8 to 14 inches. Atlantic Coast of the United
States, from Nova Scotia to South Carolina, ascending streams and fre-
quently landlocked in ponds, tbe pond specimens much darker in color;
(iiio of the most abundant and characteristic fishes of the brackish
waters and river mouths of our Atlantic Coast. A very excellent pan-
tlsh. Specimens from Woods Hole represent tbe variety called nigricans,
very dark green in color, scarcely paler below, the body deeper and the
spines lower and shorter than in the common White Perch (bead 3J^ in
length; depth 2i; fourth dorsal spine 2J in bead; second anal spine 3,1 ;
A. Ill, 9) ; this form occurs landlocked in fresh-water ponds, (ameri-
canua, American.)
The liiver Perch of New York, Schopf, Schrift. der Gesells., Nut. Freuude, viii, 159, HRS, New
York.
IWca amerkana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i. III, 1308, 1788, New York; ufti-r Sciiiirr.
I'crca immuatlala, Walbai'm, Artedi Gonera I'isciiini, 330, 1788, New York; iiftur Sciiiii-K
Jl'roie nifa, MiTCHll,!,, Rep. Fishes N. Y., 18, 1814, New York.
Mnnme 2MUUla, MiTCiiiLi., Hop. Fishes N. T., 18, 1814, New York.
CLiUnypomiiB albiif, Kafinesqi'k, I'rieis des Ducouvcrtes Somiolog., 1814, IU, Philadelphia.
I'emi mitcronata, Rafinksque, Am. Mouth. Hag. and Crit. Rev., ii, 204, 1818, Delaware,
Schuylkill, and Susque'i.anna rivers.
iMbrax nigricatu, De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y.: Fishes, 12, pi. 50, fig. ItiO, 1842, Long Island;
laudlouked form.
Ilihlianna rufus, MiTCiilLL, Traus. Lit. aud Phil. Soc. N. Y., i, 420, 1816.
Liihrax mucronatm, Gi'ViER & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 86, pi. 121, 1828.
LuUrax pallidus, De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y.; Fishes, ii, pi. i, fig. 2, 1842.
IMax rtifus, De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y.: Fishes, 9, pi. 3, fig. 7, 1842; GCntiier, Cut., i, 65, 185").
Liltiiix americatiHii, HOLBUooK, Ichth. 8. C, Ed. 1, 21, \)\. 3, fig. 2, 1856.
Uorotw americana. Gill, Ichth. Rep. Capt. Simpson Sur. Great Basin, Utah, 397, 1876; Jordan
& GiLBSBT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1878, 380; Jobdan & Ciqbn'IaMM, /. v., 421, 1890;
BouiiEKOEB, Cat., 1, 126.
493. LIOPROPOMA,* Gill.
Loipropovta, GiLl, Proc. Ac. Nat. Si. Phila., 1862, 236, (aberram).
fl'ikea, Steindachneb, Sitzgber. Ak. Wien, lxxi, 1874, 375, {lumilala).
flnbracopsis, Steindachner & Dodeblein, Donkschr. Ak. Wien, xlvii, 225, 1883, (japomcmf).
Body elouj. ite, tbe caudal peduncle robust ; mouth moderate, the lower
jiuv projectile 4 ; maxillaries scaly; teeth small, uniform; picopercle
entire; operclc with a spine; numerous pores on head. Scales large.
Lateral line wi.h a strong upward curve, as in Anthias, Dorsal spines
moderate, 9 in number, tbe third highest, tbe fin deeply notched. Soft
(lui'sal and anal short; caudal short, lunate; pectorals long, falcate.
Vertebne 10+14. One species known, from deep water. (Xelor, smooth ;
7rpo7rw/io, preopercle. )
* Dr. Boulengcr unites to Liopropoma the extraliniital genera — Pikea, Steindachner and Lahar-
(o\im, Steindachner & Diiderlein. In these genera there are but 8 dorsal spines, and in Lahar-
cojisis the preopercle is serrate. Pikea is certainly very close to Liopropotna.
''miv-ii
i
U
) .:
r 1
P
113(i
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
K>»it. lilOPKOrOMA AHGKUANS (I'ocy).
Head 2*; doptli 3-!; D. IX, 12; A. Ill, 8; scales 45; vertebrm 10+ il.
IJody rather cloiijfato, tlio back littlo elevated; the caiida^ peduncle v(>rv
thick. Head larjje, form as iu J'JpiiuphehiH. Maxillary exteudiii;,' to
below posterior part of eye. Lower jaw longest; teeth small, unHoiiii
on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Preopercle entire; opercle with a H|iinc.
Eye moderate, lA in snout, 4^ in head. Head with numerous conNpicn-
ous pores, especially above eye, on proorbital, suborbital, and lower Jaw.
Lateral line with a strong upward curve running close to spinous doisul.
Dorsal spines moderate, the third longest, 3 in head; the sixth shortest,
seventh, eighth, and ninth progressively longer, so that the spinous
dorsal is deeply notched; anal spines slender, graduated ; caudal slioit,
lunate; pectorals long, falcate, li} in head; ventrals shorter, 2k in luiul,
inserted farther forward. Head scaly, including the maxillaries; soft
parts of vertical fins with scales. Head rose-color, rest of body oranjfc;
the rose-color extending on back and throat, the orange forming a bioad
band to end of muzzle; cheeks with orange spots; an orange border on
the maxillary; vertical fins orange, jiaired fins rose-color; a yellow post-
ocular band. Pyloric cu'ca 4. Coast of Cuba ; known from one speciiueii,
5 inches long. (Poey.) (aherrans, wandering away, from the type of
Perca.)
Perca aberrans, Poey, Memoriiis, ii, 120, 1800, Cuba.
Lhpropoma abet -ana, I'oKY, Synopsis, 2;»1, 1808; Boulfnokr, Cat., i, 155.
494. CHORISTISTIUM, Gill.
Ghorittistinm, GiM,, I'rnc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1802, 23C, (riihrHm).
Body rather short and deep, covered with ctenoid scales. Lateral lino
running high, close to dorsal anteriorly. Mouth large, the lower Jaw
projecting, the teeth all villiform ; maxilluiy scaly ; preopercle entire;
gill rakers moderate, slender. Dorsal spines 6, the two fins well separiited,
the second spine longest ; soft dorsal and anal produced backward to a
point. Caudal truncate. One species known, from deep water, (vw/)""""?,
divided; lariov, sail, for dorsal fin.)
1534. CHORISTISTIUM RUBRIJM (Poey).
Head 3k in total length ; depth 4^ ; eye 4=: snout. D. V-I, 12; A. Ill,
8. Body rather stout, with deep caudal peduncle. Head long, narrow,
resembling that of Sphip'o-na. Lower jaw much longer than upper; chin
projecting; teeth very small; maxillary reaching posterior bonier of
orbit; Jaws with pores; preorbital very narrow, not sheathing the max-
illary, lioth jaws, vomer, and ])alatines with villiform teeth; preopercle
rounded, with two borders, both entire; opercle with two spines; gill
rakers moderate, slender. Scales covering the body, except the extreme
end of muzzle, ctenoid; small scales on second dorsal and anal; lateral
line running very high anteriorly, forming a high arch, as in Jnllii<i'<-
Dorsal fin very short, notched to the base ; first dorsal spine nearly as
I :: I
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1 137
Idiij? us Hecond, the others rapidly shortened ; secoiid dorsal opposite anal ;
lioth fins high and produced backward in a point ; hocoiuI anal spine
luiarly as long as third ; caudal squarely truncate. Color deep red, with
■"i reddish longitudinal stripes, the middle one from snout to base of cau-
dal, the others parallel, extending on the head ; another streak on the
middle line under the throat ; a narrow streak of pale orange in each
iiitorspaco; iins red; a black spot on the point of the dorsal, on that of
tliuanal, and on each angle of caudal ; these fins also fdged with white.
Length 4 inches. Coast of Cuba, in deep water ; very rare. Here described
tVom Poey's type in the Museum at Cambridge, {ruber, red.)
l.i"l»ii]iiimiir)ihra. I'dky, Moniorias, il, 418, 18G1, Havana.
(ii'irialietium rtibnwi, PoEV, Syuopsis, 291.
495. STEREOLEPIS, Ayres.
(Jkwfishks.)
Slfirolepit, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. 8ci. 1859, 28, (gigaii).
M'ljaperca, UiLOENDORF, Sitzgbor. Qes. Nnt. Freundo, Uerlin, 1878, l.'iS, {innhina'jt).
Body oblong, somewhat elevated, little compressed. Head robust, the
pi(»file steeply elevated, the forehead broad and flattish. Edges of pre-
oiitTcle and interopercle serrate, becoming nearly entire with age, the
interopercle with antrorse spines on its lower border ; oporcle with two
ohtuse spines. Crown, cheeks, and opercles scaly ; snout, preorbital,and
jaws naked. Scales small, not strongly ctenoid, their surface rugose,
with radiating stria*. Mouth large, wide, placed low ; lower jaw promi-
ucut. Maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone, extending to
below the eye. Preorbital wide, only the anterior edge of the maxillary
sliitping under it. Teeth all villiform, in broad bands on jaws, vomer,
and palatines. Branch iostegals 7. Pseudobranchiie very large. Gill
rakers very strong. Dorsal fin with 11 low, stout spines, and 10 soft rays,
the last spines very much shorter than the middle ones, and all depressible
iu !i deep groove. Anal fin short, similar to soft dorsal, with 3 low, stout
spines ; caudal fin broad, nearly truncate ; soft dorsal and anal scaly ;
pectorals moderate; ventrals long, inserted a little before pectorals ;
caudal truncate or rounded. Vertebne 26. Pyloric cccca about 7. Size
enormous, among the largest of Percoid fishes. This genus contains two
spooies, the gigantic Serranoids known as "Jewfishes," rivaling in size
Pohiprion ceniium, Garrupa nigrita, and Promicrops guttatus. {oTepeb^, firm ;
Xe-zf, scale).
1635. STEREOLEPIS UIGAS, Ayrea.
(Califohnia .Iewfish.)
Head 3 in length; depth 3. D. XI, 10; A. HI, 8; scales 115. Body
oblong, somewhat elevated, little compressed; head robust, the profile
steeply elevated, the forehead broad and flattish ; edges of preopercle and
intciopercle serrate, becoming nearly entire with age ; crown, cheeks, and
opeicles scaly ; snout, preorbital, and jaws naked ; scales small, not
F. N. A. 73
h 1 ■■" IS
•1
1138
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
strongly ctenoid, the surface rugose, with radiating strim ; mouth hiii^f,
lower jaw prominent; maxillary with a well-developed supplenienial
bone extending to below the eye ; preorbital wide ; teeth all villiforin. in
broad bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines ; dorsal spines stout, tlir lust
spines very much shorter than the middle ones, and all depressible in u
deep groove; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, with 3 low, stout spines;
caudal flu broad, nearly truncate; pectorals moderate; ventrals lonf;.
reaching vent. Color brownish, with large black blotches, becoming witli
age nearly uniform greenish black ; vertical fins in the young with a con-
spicuous pale edge; ventrals black. Coast of California from Coronados
Island (San Diego) north to the Farallones. A huge fish, rather coiiimon
about rocks, reaching a weight of 400 to 500 pounds and a length of 5 to
7 feet, {yiynq^ ffiffas, giaut.)
Blereolexiis (jigiu, Ayues, Pioc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1850, 28, Southern California; .I(i«i>an ,t Gii.i;ki:i,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 27, 1880; .Tobdan & Giliiekt, Synopsis, l.WX ; Jokdan k Eioenmaw,
/. c, 344, 1890.
Btereolepis cal{forniciu, Gii.i,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Philii.,3;iO, l80;i, California; substitute f(ir;/i.;.i»,
supi>oBed to be preoccupied, but tlio Cenlropristin ijujuh of Owkn in I'olypiiim oiiiijeneios.
ff Megaperca Uchiuagi,* Uiluenuoiu', Sitzgb. Gos. Nut. Vi: Uerliu, 1878, 15G, Yeddo and Yoko-
hama.
,• !
i I
496. POLYPRION, Cuvier.
(WkKCKI'ISHKS.)
Polyprion (Cuvier) Valenciennes, Mfinioiros du Mus6uiii, xi, 266, 1824, (cernium).
//ectona, Castelnau, Proc. Zoill. Soc. Vict., 11, 1873, 1851, {gi,ja»= oxijgenem).
Body robust, moderately elevated, not much compressed, covered witli
small, firm, ctenoid scales which extend on the bases of the vertical lins.
Lateral line complete, partly concealed under adjacent scales, the tubes
covering the whole length of the scale. Mouth large, the lower jaw i)io-
jecting; maxillary with supplemental bone. Teeth in broad, villiloiiii
bauds on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; no canine teeth. Heud
scaly. Preopercle serrate ; orbital region with spinous projections ; opercle
with a stroBg spine and with a strong, rough, bony longitudinal ridge.
Gill membranes separate; gill rakers long, few. Dorsal fin continuous,
low, with 11 strong spines and 11 or 12 rays, the spinous portion loi)j,a'8t :
caudal rounded ; anal short, with 3 spines, the third the longest ; voiitials
large, inserted below, little behind pectoral ; caudal rounded or truncate ;
pectorals short, uusymmetrical, of 18 or 19 rays, the upper longest. Spines
of anal and ventrals somewhat serrate on the anterior edge. >'ei telme
13 -f 14 = 27. Pyloric ccrca about 70. Branchiostegals 7. Posterior pro-
cesses of premaxillaries not reaching frontals ; parietal and supraocular
crests not extending between postfrontal processes ; supraoccipital < rest
strong, but not produced forward on cranium. Species inhabitinj.; ilecp
waters in the warm seas, reaching a very great size. The one is conliued
to the coasts of Southern Europe and neighboring waters; the other
* Dr. Doulenger is probably in error in placing tliis Japanese siKicies in the syuonvmy ot
Stereolepis gigas.
Jordan and Kvcrtnann. — Fishes of North America. 1139
irnljiprion oxygeneioH) \h recorded from Juan Fernaiide^ and about New
/.liiland. (toAiV, many; npiuv, saw, from the uumerouH serratious on
btad and iins.)
1686. POIiYPRKtN AHIERICANUS (Dhxh .<c Schneider).
(WuKi'KFisii; Stone Banh; Ckknier.)
H«ad 3; depth 2ir to 3*. D. XI, 12; A. Ill, 8. Kodyrobnst, moderately
elivated; month large, the maxillary reaching posterior border of eyes;
tt't'tli in vllliform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines and tongue ; supraocular
n'j;ion,8upraclavicle, post-temporal, preopercle, and aridgeon theopercle
H|iinigerou8; dorsal fin low, with II strong spines; caudal rounded ; anal
H)>iiies short, serrate anteriorly, the third much the longest; ventrals
liir;je; pectoral short. Color grayish brown, the caudal edged with white;
young clouded with light and dark. This large iisii is not uncommon oft'
tlio coast of Europe in deep waters of 300 fathoms or more, the young
only swimming near the surface, especially southward. It is said to live
inoHt abundantly about wrecks; hence the common name of wreckfish.
It reaches a length of 5 or 6 feet. A single young specimen has been
taken in the deep waters of the (iulf Stream by the United States Fish
Commission, but there is no other record from America. (Eu.)
f Aiiiphipriim amerituiimf, Bi.ocii & Schnkider, Syst. Icbth., 205, 1801, PI. xi.vii; (liusodmi a
drilling sent by Latliiini to .Sclmcidt'r rupresuntiug Bume fish culled la America "f/iVnm;"
(iilled Amphiprinn miKlrntiii (in pi. 47).
.'v',r//.Mm iiiamtien.iiM, Riggo, Iclith Nioo, 184, 1810, Marseilles.
I'liliiiiiimi ceniimn, CrviER, in Vai.enpiknnes, Mem. ihi MuHcuni, xi, 265, PI. xvii, 1824, France;
CiviEB & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Pois.s., in, 21, pi. 42, 1821); rtCNTiiER, Cat., i, 109.
llilui-antrus gulo, Rissr>, Europe Muridionalo, in, :!ri7, 1820, Nice.
SirriiMiM coiicAii, Yarrei.l, Dritish Fislios, Ed. 1, 12, 18^(i, Great Britain.
PiihiltrioH orygenivK, Jordan & Gilhert, Synopsis, fi32, 1881!, (not Kpinephelus oxijgeneim, Bi.orii &
SriiNEiDRR, which is the Now Zealand species).
I'ohjiirion americaum, .Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. A., 83, 188r>, (after Amphiprion americanuii, Blocii <&
Schneider); Boulenoeb, Cat., i, 148.
Vohipnuu cemium, Jordan ic Eiuenmann, /. c, 342, 1890.
1
i
1
inhabiting <l«'ep
in the syuonyray "'
497. GONIOPLECTRUS, Gill.
(Spanish J'lags.)
'.'<,H».;)/pWn/», GiM,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila , 1802, 230, 237, {hinpamim).
Body short, deep, with very short tail, covered with small scales, the
latpiiil line running high, bent posteriorly. Mouth large ; maxillary with
a supplemental bone; dentition essentially as in i?/«we/>/»(7H8; preopercle
will) a large antrorse hook ; opercle with sharp spines; posterior nostril
slit-like ; gill rakers long and slender. Dorsal spines 8 in number, low and
Htout; soft dorsal and anal short ; anal spines strong; pectoral rounded,
its upper rays longest. This well-marked genus contains a single species,
allii'd to Plectropoma and ..'//j)/ifs<e«, but with a stronger opercular armature
than is found in any other genus. According to Poey, the skull "shows
a great affinity with Hypoplectrus. Thus it is roundetl above, the supra-
occipital crest is below the level of the frontals ; the other crests are low."
()ur(a, angle; TT?.^KTpov, spur.)
I
I ; i
1140
JiulUtin 4J, United States National Museum.
nWi. OOMOFLK<'Titl H IIISIMNrS (Ciivinr .V Vali-nrioMiKn),
("8l'ANI»II Fl.Ad"; OuATII.ini EsPAONOI, ; lilA.fAIIIA KK 1.0 Al.Tll.)
Heart 2^ in length; rtoptli 2^ D. VIH, IM; A. Ill, 7; Hciiles 70. Ilndy
short and deep, with very Hhort, deep tail; interorliital region naiiou,
the bonea rugose ; Hnoiit 3{ in head; niaxilliiry reaching middle of oi i. it,
2 in head, nuked, itn Muppleinentiil hone well d«*voloped; preorl)ital ii;ir
row; lower jaw projecting, teeth verysnuill, in narrow, villiforin IihikIh,
the deprcHHible teeth very few; a Htoiit canine on each side, in frciiii ni
eacli Jaw, and 1 or 2 similar canines in middle of Hide of lower Jaw ; * yi'
4^ in head (exclusive of opercular spine) ; preopercle finely Herrate, wiili
a single very large antrorse hook at its angle; opercle ending in 4 Mplncs,
the second of which is h)ng, straight, compressed and knife-shapfd. as
long as eye; nostrils small, round, separated, the posterior the !ar;;cr:
suborbital serrate on its edge ; gill rakers rather long and slender, x -| 15 ;
scales small, firm, and rough; lateral line arched, running high, cIom' to
middle of spinous dorsal and then bent abruptly downward; dmsal
spines low and stout, the tin notched; soft dorsal short and rather iii<r|i;
longest dorsal spine 3 in head; second anal spine 2i, very strong, 1(iiil;(m
than third, the soft rays high and rather short, scaly ; pectorals modti .itc.
unsymmetrically rounded at tip, the upper rays longest, longer than veii-
trals, IJ- in head; caudal truncate, its peduncle as deep as long. (Oloi
rose-colored, with yellow stripes along head and back ; top of head witli
orange spots; a pale bar before vent; caudal fins sometimes with daik
spots ; fins otherwise plain. West Indies ; not common ; the specimens lien
described from Cuba, being sent by Poey to the Museum at Cambiiilfje.
(Aisj/anus, Spanish, its splendid colors resembling those of the Spanish
flag.)
Flectropoma hiiipaniim, CrviEli .k Vai.ENIiknnkr Hist Nnt. Poiks., ii, .190, 1S28, Martinique:
PoEY, Meinorias Cuba, i, 72 pi. 4, fij,'. 1, 1H51 ; GOntiikh, Cat., i, 105, 1859.
Gonioplectriis liu<i>anH/>, PoEY, Synopsis, 28!), ISUH; .Fokdan k Eiuknmann, /. c, .'i40, 18'J(»; llm-
LENOER, Cut., I, 15U.
498. PETROMETOPON, Gill.
(Enjamures.)
Petromelopon, Gill., Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 18fi5, 105, {" yultalvs,'" PoEV ^cnieiilnliis).
Frontal bones with an anterior giuove or excavation for the reception
of the posterior processes of the premaxillaries, without processes on the
upper surface ; a curved or angular ridge across the posterior portion dl'
the frontals in fiont of the supraoccipital, connecting the parietal cn^sts'
supraoccipital and parietal crests not produced forward. Dorsal spines
9; anal rays mostly III, H; scales ctenoid; otherwise essentially ms in
JCpinephelita. Species rather few, mostly of small size, distinguished t'miii
Bodianus chiefly by the peculiarities of the frontal bones, the aliove
account being taken from Bouleuger, Cat., i, 17.5. {niriwg, stone ; ftf-i.i-w.'
forehead.)
* "Distinguislieil by the petroiis-lilid convexity betwoon the Biipmorbital grooves mihI ii-
triangular sinus behind, into the angles on each side of which tlio lateral crests torniliiat''; tin'
crests are parallel and the surface between flat or slightly convex." — Gill.
.ul
Jordan and Kverniann. — Fishes of North America. 1 141
.1 I.owcrjnw Htripngly jiroJortliiK; oppmilnr fliip polnti'il; Jiody with !• nr lodiirk ctosh liiimln;
NidcNdf licml mid jawH V itii iniiliy rdiinil IiIiiInIi nr ycllnwiNh H|i<itN; ii litrgrji't-liliiik
flpot l)i'liiiicl eyo; vorflciil fliiH (ulncd witli Mini; iinxiptircli' very tliirly Hi'rrulul«>, iti
aiigin not Mklli'iit; kcuIch riiOii'i- liir^^u (iibuiit HO); kocoiiiI anal Hplm- IniiKt-Nt; ciiiutiil
Miiii'li roiiiulud; vi'iilralH not ri'iirliiiiK vi-nl. i'anamknsih, l/iiU*.
II. t. I.iiwi'rjiiw ncit Htninnly proJretiiiK; opmriijiir Hup vi-ry oIiIiimi'; litMly wltlnnit cicikh liuiidn;
Ixidy, lii'iid, unit nnit nioni iir \v*a covi'i-imI uitli Hrnrli't or oniiiKo HpotH; iiliniit 4 rmiiid,
iuky npdiH ahiiiK liimn nf dorHiil; lnwor Jiiw not Htroiiitly pro.ii'i-tiii);; iimdiil tin ininh
roiindud; hciiU'H nitlicr litrKc. t'ti'iioid (uliont HO); vcntrulH not ii'iii-liini; vent.
rHlKNTATIH, \'^\V^.
ISSH. l>KTU<»MKTOPO> IMNAMKNSIH (St(dnda< Iiimi).
Ileadl^; deptli 3; eycOiii hea<l. D. IX, 14; A. III,K; hcu1uh77, poruanS.
Hoily rather elou^atu, compreMHod. II«ad pointed, the lower jaw much
liKi.inctin^ ; luaxillury HcaleleHs ; eye broader than interorbital upaoe ;
two Miiiall caniiieH in each Juw ; angle of preopercle rounded, its edge
liiMt with very flue teeth; anterior profllo of head Hteep and rather
straight ; dorual upineH moderate, 8ube<iual, the longeHt Hcarcely i iiead ;
second and thinl anal ttpines about equal; soft dorsal and anal high,
miii'h rounded; caudal much rounded; pectoral rather long; scales
strongly ctenoid. Color, dark brownish violet; sides with 9 or 10 dark
cKisH bands; sides of head and jaws with many round bhiish-yellow
8|iotH, those on lips smaller and clear blue ; a large Jet-black spot behind
eye: vertical fins edged with blue; flns unspotted. Panama. (Stein-
iliicliner.) On rocky coral reefs; rare ; the characters of the skull not
(leHciibed by Steindachner, the only naturalist who has seen the species.
Sermiiuspanameiiiiiii, Steinkaohnkr, Icbtli. ' iltriino, iv, 1, 1H71, with pinto, Panama.
U'"h'hittM iKiiiaiiiciisis, JonitAN it KioBNMANN, /. c, 37s, 18!)0.
Kiiiiriri iiiiiiH jKindiiiriiniH, Jordan it Swain, /. c, ;i9S.
Ejiito jilielus panaiuentii!, IjOULGNtiKU, Cat., i, 177.
I'
1589. PKTROMKTOPON (lU'EXTATUS ( r,ac6iHMle).
(Enjamukk; CoNF.y ; Hed Hind.)
Head 2A; depth 2j; ; eye 5 in head. D. IX, 14 or 15; A. Ill, 8; scales
8-8') to 95-30, pores 50 to 55. Body oblong, rather deep and compressed,
its width 2i in greatest depth. Head moderate, a little acute anteriorly,
the profile nearly straight from snout to nape, where it is rather convex.
Moiitli rather large, the maxillary extending somewhat beyond eye, its
leiijith lii in head. Lower jaw not strongly projecting. Teeth in narrow
bands, the depressible teeth of the inner series very long and slender,
loiiijcr than in any other of our species, those of the lower jaw and front
of upper especially enlarged, longer than the small, subequal canines ;
interorbital space narrow, with a median depression, its width 7 in head.
Pre(i]iercle convex, very weakly serrate, its posterior angle obliquely sub-
truncate, without salient angle or distinct emargination. Opercle with 3
tlistiiict spines. Nostrils small, subequal. Gill rakers slender, x-|-9 to 11
liesidi's rudiments, the longest as long as gill fringes. Scales rather large,
mostly strongly ctenoid. Dorsal spines rather slender and pungent, the
fourtli and fifth spines highest, 3? in head, the outline of the fin gently
iircbt!(l ; caudal very convex, its middle rays Ij? in head, their length If
"''|i-i
.
114li
Hullt'tin ^7, United States National Mnnum.
titnoM thiit ut' tlio oiitur rityit ; nunl ruiiiithMl, ItH lonKOHt ray liiilf IumiI;
H«con«l anal Npino u littlo Htr<)ii);ur tliaii tliinl and Hli(;litly loii^ttr, J in
bottd ; puctoralH long, ruachiiig iiiiich pant tip of vuntralH, 1^ in luad ;
venttalH nhort, n(»t itmchinK vout. In tho typioal form (iruviitatiiii), troiii
riitlier (le«<p wator aii<l anioiif; rockH, tlio ground lin« in iifo In n livid
rnddiuh gray, a littlo jialor l>»low, und tliu HpotH aiu vorniiiiun, MNiiuJIy
darki^r poNtoriorly ; the HpotH arn lai'Knr «tNp«<;ially antfli'iorl,\ . In N|iiiitN
the vermilion npota become liglit gray, except puHteriorly, whore tlnv
are brown ; thone on the head remain very diHtinct, th<»Ne above invt'i
dinappearing. Lcngtii about a foot. Went Indian fauna; Mru/il to
Florida Keyu; a beautiful HhIi ; very common on the coast of Cnbii : a
food-tlNli of Houu) importance. {eriietiltttiiH, dyed with blood.)
Jiirviicitpebd or tiaiam, M&RCciUAVK, IIIhI. llraitil, 140, IlllH, Brazil (doiilitriil).
Percnynlldtii*, Ui.orii, Ichlliyol., 312, 17ii'2, Martinique (di-Nrrlption itml fl({iirfH ('rum a linwlnir
by Pi.hmif.k); not I'ercn yutlala o( IiInn.v.i'h, wlilili Ih l'ii>mierii]m ynlliihiH.
UliarvitiriieiilnliiH, lj.\i(:vitur., IIM. Nut. Poiiui., IV, Ui7, |il. 4, f\n. 1, 1hO:(, Martinique (<>ii i iiipy
uf I'Inniiur'a ilriiwIiiK).
Stirtuiun iiiiinriiiii, I'OEY, Meniorian, ii, 1411, IHliU, Havana,
HnraiiiiH torimulHii, (JI'NTIIKli, Cut., I, 1'24, iMf)!!.
PelriimtlojKiii ajiiiiriiiK, Poey, SynopBltt, 18iiH, 2H8.
KiineiuviiliiiHfiiillaliin,'* JoitiiAN & Swain, /. c, 3'.)9, 1884.
noilidHiiH iriiruUilHf, JoitnAN A Kiiiknmann, /. <■., H7«, 18iHI.
EjnneplieUimiuUaliu, Duulenoer, Cut., i, 17(i.
KepreHeiited in uhallow waters by the form or variety
IfiilHa. PKTIIUMKTOPUN CRUKNTATrH r<»ROXATrS (<'nvi. i .VViil.nclonncM).
(Bbown Hiwn; Petite NftoHE.)
In life, whitish or dusky olive, somewhat translucent, the head deoid-
edly greenish; spots everywhere, all bright orange red, darker in ttn'
center, those on the edges of the Aertical fliiH darker maroon or clienv
color; four larger spots along base of dorsal, inky black, irreguliii, tlif
third largest, the fourth smallest; a very small one on each side of shimi-
der. Eyes green above, with red specks, iris yellow; fins rather hiuisli;
tips of ventrals dasky, tips of vertical fins appearing so from the dm kei
color of the spots. In spirits, the bright sjiots become brown oi tado
into the ground color; those on the head mostly disappearing. In <>tlii'r
respects like the preceding, its colors duller. West Indies, north U> Key
West; generally common. (coron«/M8, crowned.)
HvrraniiH coronalim, CuviEB At Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. PoisH,, ii, 371, 1828, Martinique.
aemimig cornnaiiiK var. iH(jriciiltts, GCntiiek, Cut., i, 124, 1860.
Velrometojxm gnUaltis, Poey, SynopsiH, 288, 18(18.
Kpiiiepheliia tjultatim, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mub., 1884, 12.').
Knneacenlnm giUUittu corotiaUis, Jordan & Swain, {. c, 1884, 398.
* Ab this species is in no wise concerned in forming; the Perca ijiiUald of LinnaMiH, the ^pivifir
numo guttalHs should not bo used for it. Tlio lioiliimun gnUalus of Blocli (Sen-amif i'niri.i>hr
Cuvior & ValeucieuueB) i« an East Indian species, referable to Bodianiia ns here restricteil.
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of North .hufritn, 1 I4.'J
iiri'H rrmii it IiumIhi:
rtlnique (nn i ,ii|,y
Viilcnclcmii's).
Martinique.
499. BODIANUS, MIocli.
(Jacou Kvkut/.kns.")
.■iilUmut,\ niorit, (clitliyoloKlii, 17tlO, {iiHltithm, hiiiliuHUn, <<!(<., i)|mm'I(>n with Hiitlri> |iri'u|H'ri-li> itml
Hpitin nil ii|H<rolu;.
i.l>liiili>iihnliii, ni.orii Jlc HrilNriliKll, flynt. Iclitli., :ill, IHOl, (rin/ua lUxlitiiw iiiiIIhImh, Kmhii,
iS. milllM Vlllriimlr, CrviKK A VAI.KNiir.NNrH).
/;."/i.(»i»M,Ci'Vir.n, Hl^K^o Aiiiiniil, K<l 1, li, 27(1, 1817; Oii.i,, ri<". Ac. Nut. 8.1. riiilii., IHfl2, 'J:n
(rpNirlction to f/ii/'n/im, ctr.)
I ,illluil'nl,l HWAINMON, Nut Iliot. (JIlUtMtl. FUIm'H, II, Wi, IHUJI, (lillltliill).
/Jiiic(«vii<rii», (ill.?,, I'nx' Ai-. Nut. Si i. I'liilii., IHUr), liifi, (niiiiltililii /iWi'No, R<n/i<iHM<i lioiiiK IruiiN-
lorri'd to /im/miiin linilniuiin, lll.iiiii, lliirjif riij'n).
1/i'iiq>/ioiii«, PciKY, Ann. Lye. Nul. Hint. N. Y., x, 18119, Co, (.(iWnii.),
IjlllfinlllH, .InilDAN A KVKKMANN, HOW l<Ullt,t'IHlH, (il<(lll//li«/il(»).
TliiH )i;enii8 Ih close to I'^pinrphdnH, fioin wliirli it is Httpuratod niaiiily l»y
Mm |iroH«nc» of 9 NpiiicH in tlio dorsal (in inHtvad of 11. In (^liarac^tt^r of
(M'aniuMi tliu two Keiicia ditf'ur littln, tho Hknil altovo having; itH lionoH
lliin and sniootli, tlie angular rid^ro on tho ]ioNtorior part of tlin frontaln
lilting wanting, tho parietal and aupraoccipital croHts not oxtendingon
tlio frontalH. HpecioH rathor nninoroiiH in warm Hoaa, of Hinall si/e and
liright color. ( Bodinno or I'ndiano, PortugucHO name of tho larger Lahroid
lishes in Hra/.il, tho name UHod for Iforpr nij'a. whieh Illoch referred to
this gonuH. The word is from piitlor, modesty, and is cognate with Ihn-
zilla, St'Hiirita, and niniilar terms applied to the same tishes, in opjioBition
to Old Wife, Vieja, etc., given to the larger and jdainly-colorod species.)
ItnmANIH:
II. ScaleH ctonoid; nonu of the dnrml xpinog elovatctl.
/>. Caudal flu not lunate; )iea<l and Imdy with low or many Hinall, blu«, darlc-edp^od sputx.
('. Caudal tin ronndod, tlin iniildlo riiVH lon^cNt; Himutwitli 1 or 2 liliiit Ntrijics; tiiicic of
tail without ooi.spioiiouH hhu-k hlotcli; nchIi'm hiiuiII; lateral lino iiliDiit Il.'i.
T-v:nii)|'8, 1.54(1.
cc. Caudal flu truncate, tho middio and outer rayo about equal; Biioiit without ntripen;
I)ack of tail wltti 2 Mack BpotH; lower .jaw with u Idai-k npot at tip; Hcalog
niodcrato; lateral llnu about !I0.
(I. Ground color lemon-yellow; blue spots few. rutvus, 1641.
d(l. Ground color bri^lit Hcarlot. ui'Bkr, IfAlu.
Mil. Ground color lirown. i-cnctati's, l.'vJlb.
Mknf.imioiu'8 (urivij, moon; iftoptoy, to boar) :
III. Cnudal liii lunate, with proniiiient ant;lcH; body covered with blue Hpots,
e. Mody rather deep; proopcrclo evenly convex, without Biilient an^le; mouth small,
tho lower jaw much projecting, k'H rakers slender, long, about x '■■ 2(1; color
carinino red, tho head, back, an<l Kidos more or less covered with blue, dark-
edged ])oints; caudal tips black; somo dark spots on maxillary and about eye;
no black blotch on caudal peduncle or on tij) of lower jaw. nriiirs, 1542.
I'o. Hody more slender, the depth 4 in total length; eye ft'ij in head.
I'lNCTIFKBrS, 154U.
* According to Dloch, .Jacob Evortzen was a noted Dutch pilot in tho middle of tho last cen-
tury. From his pock-marked face, his fellow sailors gave to these dark-simtted and freckled fishes
('■.^liecially to Dodiamis gultdtns, tho type of the genus) the name of Jacob Evert/.en.
i /i(H/i(iHiM of Bloch is an artificial group, resting on characters valueless or erroneous. It was
limited by Cuvier, in 1817, to species allied to KpinephelnK; by Gill, 18()2, to 9-spined species of
this group; and by .Jordan & Gilbert, 188:5, to the limits hero assigned, Budiaiiiis giilUitiiii, Bloch
(= <!»■(/«»), an East Indian species, being recognized as the type.
I The generic name Vriphxton was given to a specimen, "Serrmiua phifloii'' Cuvier ,k Valen-
cii'imcs, of somo species of liodUimm, probably Bodiamis uitjripiimiK, according to Itouleuger, in
till' caudal tin of which the caudal fliament of Fislularia had l>ecu inserted.
1144 hullctin 4J, Vnitid States Natiopuil Museum.
KNNEIilTt'ii (•ff^d, ninii; iirrnt, iniiit):
cm. H<'iili-H mil I ii'iiiild; IliinI ilormil n|iltin oli'Vn(«<<l; innxlllaiy liiikiiil,
/. ColurrnI; It black Ktruitk unrliHokii; llliii all lilncklah iiii illxtiil lialf.
Al-ANTII|IITI|I«, \U\\
Ifi40. HODIAM'N T.KNIOfN (Ciivli-i A V.il»m(|..iiii.-,.).
Head 2| to :< ; d(«|itli :< to \\\. D. IX, in; A. Ill, » (rnruly 10) ; Hciihm In
tu 12, I'^o to 13(M2 to IK, poi«>H 7r> to ^'1, 'I'fflth t'oniiiiitf rutlim- hioinl
buiiilN, in 3 or 4 HorieH on tlio HideH of the niantliblo; caiiiiwH Htron;,'.
Kiioiit t^ to \\ (liunuttnr of «\v<'. wliicli In contiiinuil T) to tirii«>H in l<^ll^tll
of iiuad ; iiiturorhital width <! to 7 tiiiioH in It^n^th of huud ; lowi^r jiiu
)>roJ«)ctint{ ; niaxillaiy uxtt^ndiu^ to liolow |»oHterior l>ord«r of «y« m
h«yond, th«) width of itu distal oxtruinity o<|nal to or a littlu Ichh tlmn
dianiotur of oyo; prooiMsiclo very llntdy Horratod, tlio Horiw N(!un-il\
nnlar^vd at tlie anglu, which in ronnded; middle opttirular Hpinu iicani
lower than npper, lower not extundiiiK ho far back aH npper; opercular
(lap obtiiHely pointed, itH upper border Htronj^Iy enrved ; head eovexil
with cyehtid Hcalew ; Hnmit and maxillary entirely or partially Hcaiy.
(fill rukorH 10 or 11, and to H rndimentH on lower ])art of anterior arch,
the lon^eHt lon|;er than gill fVingeH. Dorsal originating above baHe <>t'
pectoral; spineH ineroaMing in length to the third, which is about >
length of head and Hlxirter than posterior soft rays; soft dorsal roundrd:
pectoral % to } length of head; ventral shorter, reaching annsor not i|uii('
so far; second and third anal spinea equal, as long as or a little shoriiM
than longest dorsal spine and much shorter than soft rays; cauii:il
rounded. Scales strongly ciliated. Dark brown (or red) all over, wilii
small, blue, black-edged Hpots; a blue horizontal streak below the eyo;
soft dorsal, anal, and caudal edged with blue. Length 1 foot. (Itoii-
lenger.) West coast of Africa, and adjacent islands; very common; snid
by Steindachner to stray to the coast of Florida and the liahamus ; imt
obtained by any American collector. (ruivUi, band; uij', face.)
Strrauim III iiinpii, C'uviKit A Vai kmiknnf.h, Hist. Nat. VoIbh., m, 370, 181!H, Cape Verde; GCNTiint,
Cut., I, 121, IK.IO; .STKlNl).\riiNKli, Fisclic AlrikiiH, 1H81, -J, i>l, 1 ("very coiniiiuii on tlu' i .a-l
of Sttne^^iiiiiliia to the ('iipc Vcrdo JnlamlH aiiU(iuinou; raru on tin- coantB or tlm liitliuiiiii
Islauds tu Florida.")
UiidiiiuiiH ItniiojiH, JoiiliAN A till.llRRT, SynoiitiiH, 1)10, 18S.1 ; JoKDAN & KlURNMANN, /. c, 379, \i>Mi.
EimiiiiniiniH tiiiiidjiH, Jordan Jt Swain, /. r., 402, 1881.
Epiiiephelua taiiiojiH, Buvi.kmogh, Cat., i, 18G.
1541. BODIAM'K FI'LVrN (Linniiug).
(QUATiVKUE; NiOtiER-FIHIl; Yf.I.LOW KISH; BrTTRR-FIBII; (iUATiVERE AHABILLA.)
Head 2« ; depth 3 ; eye largo, 5 in head. D. IX, 14 to 16 ; A. Ill, 8 oi !' :
scales 9-90 to 110-33, pores 53 to 65. Body oblong, moderately com-
pressed, its greatest width 2\ in depth. Head rather pointed anteriorly,
the proflle forming an even curve from snout to base of dorsal. Moutli
moderate, the maxillary extending somewhat beyond eye, its length '_' in
head. Lower jaw strongly projecting. Teeth in narrow bands, rat Iht
large, the depressible teeth smaller than in I'vlrometopon cruentatitn ; cunini»
«
• >
illlKTII'*, IMI
N, /. v., H7U, If '"■
Jordan and Kir r maun. — Fishes of North Atnerica. \\\T\
latlior Hiiiull, Hiiltni|iitil ; iiitororliitul Npnuit iiiirrow, lliittiHli, witli a iiu'iliati
il)'|ti-uNNioii, itN wiiUli 7 III h»ii«l. l'itM)|)«^rt;lo witli wtntk HtMiutiiiiiN, itHoiil-
liiio cdiivux, witli UHlif{lit tiiiil hIiuIIow <>iii»rKiiiiitii)ii, itHuii^'l« not Hiilifiit.
Optirclu with 3 tliHtiiict H|)iii«m. NoHtiilM miiull, hiiIk'<|iiu1. (iill iuUimh
hloiitlrr, X -f 17 or 18, tlit) lon^ttNt iih Ioii); uh ^ill tViii^t'M. SualfH lutlicr
liUKu, inoHtly Htroii){ly rtotiditl. DimhuI NpiiifH hU>ihI<-i, piin^fiit, tlio
loiirth uiid ilftli lii^huHt ; tlio oiitliiiu of tliu tin ul><»vu nuiiily Htnil^lit.
laiulHl truiicatM, itH aiiKlt'N Hli^iitly r(iiiii(l«Ml, itN loii^uHt (iniililltO niyH \'\
ill heiul, HouiToly loii^or tliau tlio oiiti-r itiyN; luiiil iii>;ii, roiintliMl, itH
Imi^uHt layH 2 in IiimkI ; him-oikI anal Hpiiu^ Ntroii^^rr and rtitlnr li>ii;{<<i' tlian
iliird, 2il in head; ptictoral loii^, riuicliinj^ iniieli paHt, tipn of vi'iitraln, \\
ill lifliid ; ventral Hliitrt, not ittacliin^ vitnt. Ciilor in tlii^ typical t'uiin
ifiilruH) : lu lift), loiiion y«;llow, Iti'iiiK Hoinuwliat oraii);o nil (in tint liack ;
two Mack HputH un back uf tail ; a f«t\v Hky-liliio HpotH on Itudy antoiiorly,
:iiid on liuad with darker niarKitiH ; a tVw violet HpotH about *-ye; linn
colored like body ; IioikI, pttctoralH and doiHiil a little redder than reHt of
tiHh. E<l){o of «pinoiiN doi'Hal blackiHh. Color in HpiritH, olivaceoiiH yel-
low; other color variatioiiB indicated below. Leiifrtli about a toot.
WcHt IndieH ; ran^in^r from Kerninda anil Florida KeyH toltaliia; «<very-
where very cointnon, the l)rown and the red foriiiH iiioHt mo, the ydiow or
typical variety Hcarce in the niarketH of Cnlia and not yet recorded from
Florida. ThiH is probably contined to water still deeper th n that
iiiliabitod by the red variety. (J'ltlntH, tawny in color.)
7'iiri^i* I'uiKia ciiii(r.r(i (till! Vcllow FIhIi), (.'atkhiiy, Nut. lllHt, Carol., |il. x, ll(?.'-i nilt, BahamaB.
/.ridrn* /idfui, LiNN.KUR, Syst. Nut., Kd. x, IT.^S, '.iH7, Bahamas; after Catemhv.
liihilifere (iiiiarillii, I'auka, lltwcr. I>if. PiczuM, IlUt. Niit.l'ulm, 17H7, lain, v, ll>r. '^, Cuba.
}liih>cenlni» auratnn, Ili.di'ii, Iclitliynl., VII, A7, (il. 'IWfi, I7'.)'J, East Indies.
liiiilianiis guiilin're, IJi.cicil it .Si'iineiiikii, Hyul. Iclitli., 1>^01, :i:}(i; liiiHeil on Pahba'h tlKiiriH.
^11 Ilium aiiratuH, Ci'ViKR A Vai.eni'ie.nn'er, IlJMt. Nut. roluH., ii, ;i(i-t, 1H28.
SemmilH j/HutilWe, I'l.'VIEIl A VALENCIENNES, Ulst. Nat. PuJBI., II, 38H, 182H, (Ml 1'AHIIA'h Wiiilld
flguro; I'uEY, lU'iHTtoridf i, 'J(KI.
EniiifacentniH fitlvitu, .FoiiiiAN & Swain, /. c, 402, 1884,
Bodiamu /u{vii«, Jordan & Eigenmann, (, r., 379.
Represented at moderate depths, esxtecially in the WoHt Indies, by tlio
HCiirlet form or variety
1641a. BOOIANI'S FULVIS KI'liKK (Hlodi ,t Sclinoiditr).
(Red OuatIveiie ; OrATii.iiii.)
Color in life, vivid scarlet ; spots on head nearly black ; others lijjfht
blue, with a purplish border; two black spots on lower jaw and two on
back of tail ; caudal paler than body, with a few scatteriiif; dark points ;
veiitrals and anal edged with dusky. Pectorals paler than doi.sal. In
spirits this fish becomes pale, almost cream color ; sjiots on head dark, the
others brown, with grayish margins. West Indies, etc.; very common.
{ruher, red.)
'^araiina, Maiicurave, Hist. Urnsil, 1G48, 147, Brazil.
QiMtirere, Pahra, Dcscr. Dif. Picziiw, Ilint. Nut., 1787, lam. v, Ar. 1, Cuba.
Perca punctata, Dlocu, Icbth., 314, 179J, Martinique; mi u figiiru liy Pi.umiek.
■:'Vt
:.'( ■ Li:
=• ' I
f
' )
1' .
y
:f
1146
Bulletin 4/, United States National Museum.
Oynmocephaliis rither, Itl.ocil A SciiJiKlDBB, Syst. I<-)ith., 340, pi. 67, 1801, on OiraiiMO of Maui-
tiUAVE; uot Kpiiieplielii* ruber, Bl.ocil.
Serrwim nuatalihi, CrviKn ■& Valencikxnbs, Hist. Nat. T'oiHH., ii, 381, 1828, Havana; QI'ntheh,
Cut. :, 1859, 12(1; PoEV, Il<'iii)i-tori<>, i, 2(12, 1S67.
ScrraMHS cnrauna, CuviER A Valenciennes., Hist. Nut. roiss., ii, 384, 1828, Brazil.
Eiineiireiilnit /iilfun imtahhi, Jdkiian >t SwAiN, I. i., 402.
Bodianm fnicm ruber, Jordan & Eksenmann, I. <., 379.
Riiprosented along the Bhores from Southern Florida to the West Indies
by the brown form or variety
ir.41b. BODIANUS FlILVUS PlINCT ATI'S (LinnauH).
(Nkioer-firii; Ne<iro-ki8h; Black GuATfvERE.)
Color in life, rtlackish olive ; spots everywhere on sides and head, dark
bine with light-bine centers ; dorsal fin dusky olive, edged with darker, ii
few spots on its ba?e ; the soft dorsal margined with whitish. Candal
dusky olive; anal and ventrals violaceous black; pectorals olivaceous;
the spots in spirits become brown, with gray centers. West Indies, etc.;
every v/here common, (punctatiis, dotted.)
Perai marina pwictii^-'"la (the Negro-fish), Catesby, Hist. Carolina, etr., pi. 7, 1S43, Bahamas.
Perec punctata, hins xvs, Syst. Nat., x, 1758, 291, Bahamas; bused on Catesby.
Pcrca pvnc'.ulata, Gmemn, Syst. Nat., 1315, 17S8, Bahamas; after Catesb"
Juniieacentnis punctr.tua, Poey, Synoi)sis, 288, 1868.
Bo(Uami8 punclatua, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 919, 1883.
Bodiamis fuhus pmirtatiis, Jordan & Ekienmann, I. e., 380.
Epinephelui pv.uclatut, Boxtlenoer, Cat., i, 184,
! ;: :
Subgenus MENEPHORUS, Poey.
16»2. BODIANUg DUBIUS (Poey).
Head 3.J, ; depth 2;^ ; eye moderate, 4^ in head, as long as snout. D. IX,
11+ (the fin having been injured in youth) ; A. Ill, 9; scales 96. Body
rather deep and compressed, formed much as in Bodianua fulvus', Iicad
anteriorly pointed, the profile forming a slight, even cnrve. Mouth
small ; maxillary extending to posterior edge of pupil, 2\ in head ; lower
jaw much projecting; teeth moderate, the anterior caninds in both jawa
rather strong. Interorbital space narrow. Preopercle finely serrate, its
outline evenly convex. Gill rakers slender and long, x+20. Scales
moderate, strongly ctenoid. Caudal fin lunate, its angles pointed, the
inner rays 2^ in head, the outer 1?. Dorsal 8i>ines low, stiff, the lonjjcst
3 in head ; outline of the fin not notched; anal fin high and rounded, its
longest rays 2^ in head; second aaal spine stronger than third, Imt
scarcely longer, 3J in head; pectoral long, reaching past tips of ventrals.
1^ in bead. Color much as in Bodianus fulrtis ruber, bright red ; head,
back, and sides covered with blue points, which are edged with black-
ish ; dorsal edged with dusky ; caudal tips black above and below; max-
illary with a low of dark spots; some dark spots about eye. Length 9
inches. Onoa, 3 specimens known; the one above described in the
Museum at Cambridge, probably sent by Poey. A well-marked spccips.
1
West Iiulii'H
tl below; niax-
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1147
possibly the type of a valid genus, (dubiux, doubtful ; the author being
ill doubt as to whether the species belongs to Scrranua.)
SerrnniiK diihiiis, I'oKY, Mctnoriufl, II, 142, 1800, Cuba.
^Tfitei>h<iniii duhiiiH, PoEV, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 180!t, 50.
Uoi inmill (/l(/>ll(jl, ,f()lt»AN & KlflENMANN, /. <■., 380.
1648. BODIANITH PIJN€TIFKBI!S (I'ooj).
Very similar to Bodianns duhius, differinjj in the more slender body ;
the depth 1 in total length; eye 5^ in head, H in snout. Red, the blue
spots not covering the whole body, those on the head blue and very
HHiall ; those on the body forming oblique series of dashes, rather linear
than rounded; fins l-spotted. (Poey.) Cuba. Known from one speci-
men, 10 inches long, probably a color variation of Bodianm dubUia. {piinc-
tiiDi, i)oint; fcro, F bear.)
Menejilioiiiit yiDwtiferiis, I'oky, Kniniioruti ^ ^1, IST.^, Havana.
Subgenus ENNEISTUS,* .rordaii .^ Everm.ann.
1544. ItOniANUS ACANXniSTH S (GilliLit).
Head 2iv ; deptii 2/ ; eye large, equaling length of snout, 5 in length of
iiead; interoibitiil space narrow, convex, 6i in head. D. IX, 17; A. Ill,
!t; scales 75, 56 pores. Mouth oblique, with mandible strongly projecting,
the mandibular canines shutting outside of premaxillarios in olosod
mouth; maxillary reaching vertical from behirid pupil, its length hi^jf
that of head. Teeth in sides of mandible in 2 perfectly defined series,
separated by a narrow groove-like interval ; outer teeth nearly erect and
rigid, the iiiiier series directed obliquely inward and very slightly mov-
able (not strictly depressible); a patch of smaller movable teeth at sym-
])hy8is, with the customary pair of canines in front of them ; prtMuaxillaries
with an outer series of strong teeth, terminating anteriorly in the double
pair of enlarged canines; behind this series a wide band of minute villi-
iorm teeth, only slightly movable; wide bands of similar villiform teeth
Du vomer and palatines, the vomerine patch without buiskwanl prolonga-
tion along median line; tongue smooth; nostrils close together, the
posterior round and much the larger, the anterior with a Hap. Preopercle
minutely serrubit« on hinder margin, which is convexly rounded; a shal-
low notch above the angle, which is provided with 2 or 3 irregular lobes,
coarsely toothed; lower margin smooth, entire. Uill rakers long and
strong, 17 below angle, the anterior short; opercle with 3 flat spinous
jioints. Scales with entire edges, those on opercles and on middle of sides
tlie largest, smaller above lateral line and along ventral outline, becom-
ing much reduced on breast and hesid (except opercles). Mandible with
1 tow embedded scales, maxillary and premaxillary wholly naked; top
and sides of head wholly scaled, including both limbs of preopercle and
''■This suogonus Koems closo to BDiliauux, from wliieli it differs in its .smoo'li scali's, naked
iiiax'lliiry, and elovati'd spinous dorsal, wliich is deeply notched as in I'aralnlirax. The charac-
Ifr of the craniuiu has not been indicated in the single known species, but Dr. Iloulenger ia
jirobably right in placing it with the group here called BodiaiiM.
' f
. I \
:J it
\
i :
: (
) f
11J8
Jiulli:li;i ./J, Uniteit States National Museum.
tlie oporciiJar /iioi/it/ranc. First donsal Hpinc very short, the tliird the
liigln'st, lialf Icngtliof h< ad, th<! fourth bm little shorter ; in the typespeci
iiioii tlio /iftli mid sixth rapidly shorcenod, while the seventh, eighth, and
ix\i:\\\ are again IcngthenecJ, thus forming a decided notcli in the course ol
the .spinous ^lorsai; spines all with pungent tip^i; doisal membranes from
third tosixtli spines very deeply incised, that between third and fourth
joining hiftcron the basal 'i of its length; soft dorsal and anal pointed,
not falcate, the outline behind angle straight; anal higher than the dor-
sal, but shorter than the spinous dorsal; caudal rounded, 1^ in the head:
pectorals long, reaching beyond the ventrals, and nearly to front of anal ;
lirst anal ne concealed in our single si)ecinien, probably mutilated, tin-
second stroi.gcr but much shorter than the third, which is contained 4^ in
the length of the head. Color of head and body uniform, probably red
in life; a black streak on cheeks, following hinder edge of maxillary
tins all blackish on distal half; basal part of tins scaly. A single speci-
men, l(i inches long, from Alhairom Station 11017, in 58 Aithoms, near Oapt
Lobos, on the eastern shore of the (lulf of California. This peculiar spe-
cies is characterized by its convex caudal, plain coloration (varied onl\
by a black streak behind maxillary), its comparatively large, smooth
scales, the naked maxillary, and the very higii spinous dorsal with ilH
deeply incised membranes, (iulf of California; one specimeri known.
{uKdvUii, siiiiio; Inriov, sail.) ((•il))ert.)
Uixlidiiits ,i,„iitli(slii('<, ItiMii'.iiT, I'ror. li, S. Nat. HIus., 1801, !t'i'l, Cape Labos, on the eastern
shore of Gulf of California. (Typi', N(i. 4091(1. Coll. AMjiitross.)
500. EPINEPHELUS, lUoch.
(GUOUI'KUS.)
Kpitiephchia, ULiicn, Iclitlivologiii, 17!);i, (after, iiinriiiimlis, lirniini'ui>,mena, riihei; otc, reHtrivti'd (.>
iiiimjiiKilix tiy iiiitliors).
Cermi, BoNAi'AUTK, Iiitrodiizinne alia Claase Pesci, Faiuia llalli a, tunic ill, \>t. 1, \h:\:\, (j/Z./kji
ijimm).
Q/m'(/(/////.v, .S\v.\lN^so^', Xat. Hist. (Uassn. PisIieB, 11, L'Ol, 18;)!t, (jUd-o-piirpiiialiis).
Ci-oiiiHeplfH, SwAlNSON, Xat. Hist, f las-.sii. Fislics, 11, iiCil, 18110, (;/i;/'(», etc.).
Ili/jxiiflindiis, Gii.l., I'loc. Ai . N'at. Sci. I'liila., \xt\\, 2:!7, (j]ai-Uan,hi uiviatm).
Srhislornn, Gii.F., Vvw. .\i-. Nat. St:i. I'hila., ]8(i2, 2;i7, (miiMwhi-M).
Lahrojwrca, GiLL, Tioc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., I8(i:i, 80, (latirifdimis).
Menm, Poky, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x. p. 3n, 1871, (</iyn»).
PriiHimtUiihth!ii>, Day, Proc. Zoill. Soc. London, 18t')8, 193, {ninilviii!.pale\ixiii, j-oung).
Ccriiii, DoDKUi.Kix, Ucvi.sta dclle Siiccio del guiicro Kiii'iephlim n CViiik, l,S7:i, (;//;/(Ui).
llomalogrjiiiUH, Ali.eyne & Maci.eay, Proc. Linn. Soc. Kew South Wales, i, 1870, 268, pi. vi, flj.'. ::
(gii)ilhcrij.
l[il}H)seiTiiniix, Ki.uN'/iNGKB, Fisclie do8 Rothon MeoreB, 3, 18H4, (moir/iim).
Hody stout, compressed, covered with small, ctenoid scales, which an
often somewhat embedded in the skin ; scales of the lateral lit triangu
lar, cycloid ; soft parts of the vertical lins generally more 01 less 8cal\
Cranium narrow above. Parietal crests not produced on fiontals v.hicli
are without transverse ridge jiosteriorly : frontals with a process or kuoh
on each side behind inteiorbital area ; premaxillary processes fitting into
r?!:
1^
1 the eastern
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America. 1149
a notch or cavitj' on the anterior end of tlie frontals. Preopercle moder-
ately serrate bebiml, its lower limb entire, without distinct antrorso
spine; opercle with two strong spines. Nostrils well separated. Mouth
large ; maxillary large, with a well-developed supplemental hone, its sur-
face usually with small scales. Canine teeth few, large in the front of
the jaws; enlarged teeth of the inner series of each jaw depressiide.
Gill rakers short and rather few. Dorsal spines usually 11, rarely 10, not
filamentous, the last ones somewhat shorter than the middle ones. Anal
spines 3, the second usually the larger; the numlier of soft rays 7 to 9.
Caudal fin rounded or liinate. I'ylorio co'ca few (usually 10-20). Pec-
torals rounded, shortish, nearly symmetrical, of 1") to 20 rays. Vontrals
moderate, inserted helow pectorals, close together, each with a strong
spine. Species very numerous, most of t' nn of large size, abound-
ing ill nil tlie (r(»pical seas, where they are valuable food-fishos. This is
the largest and most iniportani genus of the Scfraiiidn-, and its species
are most widely dJHtributed. (/TU't^eJ^or, clouded over, in allusion to the
inembraiio supposed to cover the eye In the typical species.)
I SoiUHToni'S (o-xnTTo?, split; opo?, fur pyloniii): Nustrils iuic<|niil, tli<> iiugtcriur iniirli thr
liirgtr, i) tliiii'H dlttliii'ti'I' of lilitoiiDr; priMijuTcIo witli 2 or .'( simill irrcirnliif tiMtli licluw
its iiuglo; pyloric citcaill iiicrciiscil iiiifiilior; iirad largi-.
(I. Scconil iinil tliird anal fpiries about ciiiiul in Icnutli; cidor lirownisli, with nliout s ilarkci-
c^(>^i.s biiiids; dark bandH radiating from nyc; a dark niiiataclic ^iliovc niuxillary; a
dark lilotrh on bai k of caudal peduncle. .Mvsr \o/ni's, 1545.
11. KpiNEI'liEi.fs: No!<tril8 Bubequal, the posterior Bcanrol.v larger tlian aiitrrior; pylori' mra
in luodorato number.
II. Second dorsal spine short, lower than tliird or fourth, the tin not much iiotrlnd; laiiilal
rounded more or les.s; lower oper<ular spine inserted farther back than upp^r.
Lateral teeth* of lower .jaw in more than 2 rows, at least in the adult. IntiidrliJtal
space of moderate width, its breadth more than half diameter of lye .I'ld 7 to 10
times in length of head.
h. Dorsal spines 10; body with faint, dark cross shades and many round, dark orangi^s^otin,
these extending on the fiu.-;; vertical fins not edged w itii black; preojieri le without
salient angle; maxillary naked; lower Jaw strontrly projecting (in all respects
except the number of spines almost identical with /.'. adfceitsiimiK).
ANAl.ooL's, 1546.
hh. Dorsal spine.s 11; preoporcltt without distinct spinules on its lower limb.
c. Maxillary naked.
d. Lower Jaw strongly projecting.
e. Body and head covered with red or orange spot.'i (dusky in spirits and always
darker than the ground color); vertical fins wilhoiit dark t-',ii; tlieir
bases spotted like the body; body with large pale sjiols besides the
orange spots; young with large black blotches at base of dorsal; ofiglo
of preopercle not salient; form robust. AnscENSio.srs, U)iT.
te, Hody and head reddish brown, the adult iii arly plain, the yoii"g ifvi<|i
darker spots; vertical fins broadly edged with dark brown, fiini]/
robust, the depth ;i in length. 1). XI, 15 or 10. Cauda! ti'i convex
behind; maxillary nakea; dorsal spines low, subequal; interorbital
moderate, G],^ in hea<l; preciierclo with strong tieth at its angle, the
lower limb entire. oi'aza, \!'AH.
■' Lateral teeth of lower jaw in two rows only in the grouji or subgenus /f;//"
dinger.
Kluu-
•I
'"'■■1
;'.\i
i:
!Ui
6
If
t 'H
1150
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
dd. Lower Jaw not prDiiiinviit. I'roopt'rclx wlthnut Hiiliuut uiikIi', the Mcrni' ;,t
tlui anKitt Hcarcely enliirgud; ciiiidul Dii ruuiid(i<l; ftcah'H of lioily snicirtli-
IhIi; lower jaw not iiruniinont; eye not siirroiindcd liy dark |iuiiitr<; l„„iv
without traces of longitudinal daikcr t<tri|)C8; caudal ]iodunclo with u
large, quadrate black blotch above (noinetimcH obsidoto in young nr ii,
very old examples); color (in splrits)dark brown, witli m-attrrcd rouipli.-l,
blotches of pale iilui^h, these must distinct on breast and lower jiarl- '1
head; flns pale, spotted like the body, their edges darker; young witli
large round, whitish spots, regularly arranged. i.aiikifoumis, | .|.i,
ct). Maxillary more or less scaly.
/. I'roopercle with a more or less distinct salient angle, which is armed witli liir-er
teeth (these teeth occasionally undevclo|ied in /'. slriahis, wliicli ^|H•( i, s
may be known by the presence of black jjoints around tlio eyis).
y. Ilody without orange or dark-brown sjiots, the spots (if any) brownish ur
pearly, diffuse or irregular; vertical fins without broad black niar-m.
/(. (Caudal peduncle without black, saddle-like blotch above, ('iiinl.ii
tin truncate or emargiuato when spread open, not convi'.xlxliiihi;
nutxillary usually more or less scaly; vertical Hns witliout li. ml
edging of black; dorsal fln, or a iiart of it, distinctly xlu..!
with bright yellow; color of body uniform reddish brown. ;i
clear blue streak from eye to angle of iir(M)rbilal; a faint lUil;
mustache; no black spots anywhere; whole dorsal with al'ii-lit
yellow edging; anal nnd caudal without pale edging; imihI.-iI
slightly lunate; maxillary scaly; dorsal rays XI, 14; lowir jinv
strongly projecting (as in Ephitiihrhis xindlus, with wliirli ilii~
species seems to agree very closely in all resin'cts ex(( |ii th.'
color). KI..\VOI,IMIIATrs, l.i'ill.
hli. Caudal jieduncle with a large ipiadratc saddle-lik« black blotdiiil.ipvc
(sometimes wanting in 7v. iiindluK, esjiecially in the ycjunyj,
i. Kyo not surrounded by dark points; sides brown, innrkeil witli l;irj;e
blotches of steel blue, these more or less reguliirly arnmu'iil
and not distinct on the breast; no dark crossbars; Iowitjmu
strongly projecting; caudal fin subtruncate, its angles lalli. r
acute; pyloric cieca rather numerous. mve.mi s, I'l'^l.
ii. Kye surrounded by conspicuous dark-brown points; body iiitli
irregular dark cross bars; angle of preojierclo little wilicni;
third dorsal Hj>ine highest, 2^.j in head; scales moderate, ;ili(iiit
100; caudal rounded; lower jaw little projecting; vertiml tin-
in life broadly edged with yellow. STiu.vTts, IV,'.',
gg. Body covered with small dark orange or brown spots; lower jii« imi
prominent; intororbital space very narrow, not half clianietcr (.Icve.
Vertical fins broadly edged with blue black, their oases uiis|iotti'(l:
bwly without pale spots, the orange spots rather small; body hiIht
slender; size small. MAcri.osis, ITii;'.,
//'. Preopi-rcle without salient angle; body, head, and (ins ilark reddish lnnwn,
profusely covered with st»;ail pearly-white stellate SI uts; body robust; iowii
jaw projecting; caudal subtruncate, with sharp angli^s.
nitlMMONll-IIAVI, 1 Vil
aa. Second dorsal spine elevated, not lower than third or fourth; caudal fin lunate; lui"]"!
cular angle little salient, without enlarged teeth; interorbltal width T'.j in li'inl:
c«dorbrowu, clouded with whitish: lower parts flushed with orange red; sMiiiil I;!'!
spots about eye; vertical tins broadly edged with blue black. mohio, 15'i'"
Jordan and FA>ertnann. — Fishes of North America. 1151
Subgenus SCHISTORUS, Qill.
ir>46. EP1NEPHELU8 II1TMTACINU8* (I'oey).
(CiiRRNA i)F, Lo Alto.)
Head 2^ ; depth 2ti ; eye large, 4A in head. D. XI, 15 ; A. Ill, J) ; scales
18-120-50, pores 75. Body oblong, rather deep, somewhat conipreNsed,
Its thickness 2\ in its depth. Head large, rather obtuse, the anterior
profile little convex and not steep. Mouth moderate, the broad maxillary
reaching posterior border of eye, 2i in head ; maxillary naked or nearly
HO. Teeth rather strong, those below mostly biserial, those above in a
narrow band; canines small, shorter than the depressiblo teeth of the
inner series, those of the lower jaw scarcely ditterentiated ; lower Jaw
little projecting. Posterior nostril larger than anterior, nearly round,
iiiterorbital space slightly convex, 6 in head. Preopercle rather sharply
Horrate, the posterior limb nearly vertical, not emarginate, the angle
nearly a right angle, its serrations considerably enlarged, coarse, variable
ill form, some of the lower ones usually hooked forward. Lower limb
straight, its edge otherwise entire. Skull essentially as in other species
of Epinephelus. Opeicle with 3 distinct spines, larger than in any other
of our species. Gill rakers short and thick, 15 below the angle. Scales
mostly ctenoid, those on head small ; none on the maxillary and few on
lower jaw- Lower jaw with 5 or (5 large mucous pores on each side, more
distinct than in our other species. Dorsal spines rather strong and high,
the first nearly half the second, which is considerably higher than the
'.enth; third spine longest, 2f in head; second, fourth, fifth, and sixth
but little shorter ; soft dorsal rather high; caudal rounded, its longest
ray 1$^ in head; anal rounded, its longest ray 2^ in head; second anal
H])ine stronger than third, which is of the same length, 3? in head ; pec-
torals reaching slightly beyond tips of ventrals, 1^ in head ; ventrals
rather long. Pyloric ctrca many, according to I'oey. Color in life, dull
olive brown, the body grayish brown crossed by 8 bands of dark olive
brown, the one on caudal peduncle broader than the others, darkest on
back of tail ; these bands, which are more conspicuous in life than those
of other species of this genus, become faint in spirits ; a dark mus-
tache along edge of maxillary ; three dark bands across cheek, almost
disappearing in spirits ; dorsal dull olive, the bands of sides extending
on the scaly parts; caudal and anal dull olive, the anal dusky in spirits;
ventrals blackish ; pectorals light olive brown ; mouth bluish within.
West Indies, south to Brazil ; not rare. It inhabit.^ deeper water than
luoat s^eciea of Ejyinephel II H. Si/e small; length about 2 feet ; the speci-
nion here described from Havana, 10 inches long, {n'varu^, mustache.)
6iirimw> myilacinm, Poev, Memurias, i, b'i., 1851, pi. 10, flg. 1, Cuba; GCntiieu, <:at., i 109,
1859.
SilhKtonismijslachiuii, Poey, Kepertorio, ii, 154, 1868.
Fpint'phelm mijsitwinm, Jordan & Swain, I. c, 383, 1884; Jordan & Kioenmann, '. o., 360, 1890.
'■ This species is referred l>y Dr. Boiilonger to the syn(inyni> of Kpinephelun sepleinj'asvialtig
Criiunberg). It is evidently closely Killed to this Japanese form, hut we hesitate to unite thorn
without material fur comparison.
7
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1152
Bulletin 4J, United States Natiomil Museum.
Subgenus EPINEPHELUS.
lAIA. KFIMKI'HKIilH AXALOUIIK Mil.
(CAIIIIILI.A I'INTA.)
Ilond 2* to 3; depth 3 to 3i ; eye rather large, 5J in head. D. X. 17:
A. Ill, 8; HculoH 14-110 to 120-40, porea 70 to 73. Hody oblonjj, latlici
robiiHt. Head moderately acute, the anterior profile Htraight from tip oi
Hnoiit to above eye, thence moderately convex; Hnoiit short, 43 in lu-iid
Month large, obli(|Uc, the maxillary reaching to beyond eye. its longth21 in
head. Maxillary naked. Lower Jaw strongly projecting. Canine tccili
short, thoseol'loworjaw small. Interorbital space gently convex, its width
H in head. Nostrils round, su>>eqnal. Preopercle well serrate, itsoutlino
strongly convex, without distinct emargination. Gill rakers modeiaic,
about as long as gill fringes, 17 or 18 below angle of arch. Scales modii-
ate, rather strongly ctenoid, mostly cycloid above. Dorsal spines ratlni
strong, the third and fourth subetjual, ^k iu head; caudal fin slightly
rounded, Iv'o i» head ; anal high, its longest ray 2? in head. Second anal
stronger than third, but rather shorter, 5 iu head; pectorals reacliiiii,'
beyond tii)s of vontrals, IJ in head ; ventrals shortish, not reaching viiit.
Color in sjiirits: Brown, clouded with darker and with faint dusky ciohs
bars ; body and fins everywhere covered with roundish dark-brown sjiots
larger and fewer below, smalleot and most numerous on the tins, and
everywhere very distinct ; soft dorsal with 3, spinous dorsal with about L'
rows of dark spots. In life, orange brown on an olivaceous ground, iis in
E, aducnixioinn, to which species, as the name indicates, this fish in
extremely analogous. No distinct dusky edgings to fins ; no evident dark
blotches along base of dorsal. Length 1 foot. Pacific Coast of trojiii al
America ; common on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. Here described lioni
No. 1944, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Panama. (aiialo(ju8, similar; its form and
coloration resembling tho.se of EplncphcluN (iihccnsioim.)
EpiiK'jihiliifi (iiiiiliiyuH, Gir.L, Proc. Ac. Nat. Si:i. Pliila., 18(;3, 1C.3, Panama, (Coll. Dow), .Iouiian
& Swain, /. «•., ;!93, 1884; Jokdan .^ Kioenmann, I. ,:, DM, 1890.
Seri((iw< roiiilaihi, Bocounx, Auu. Scl. Nat. I'aris, 222,1808, La Union, San Salvador. (<'i'll.
Bocuurt.)
1547. KPIXKPHELIS AIISCENSIOXIS (Osbeck).
(Rock Hind ; Cahua Mora.;)
Head 2i ; depth 3; eye moderate, 6 in head. D. XI, 17; A. Ill, 7, oi III,
8; scales 12-90 to 110-40, pores 5.5 or 60. Hody comparatively robust,
little compressed, the greatest thickness 2 in depth. Head Hubconic,
acute, its anterior profile straight from tip of snout to nape, thi nco
slightly gil)l»ous. Mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching rather
beyond the eye, 2^ in head. Lower jaw rather strongly projecting, indio
prominent than in any other of our species. Teeth iu rather bioad
bands, the canines short and stout, those of the lower jaw larger rliau
those of the upper. Interorbital sjiace fiattish, not very narrow, its
width 6 in head. Nostrils subeijual, roundish. Preopercle finely mi-
rate, its outline strongly convex, with a very slight emarginatiou. ('ill
I
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1 153
rakers rather short and thick, If) to 18 holow th« angle. Scales inoder-
nto, mostly strongly ctenoid. Dorsal spines rather strong, the tliird and
fourth longest, 3.^ in head, the outline of the tin little convex, tlio second
Hpine about as long as tenth ; caudal fin slightly rounded, 2 in head ;
longest anal ray 2i ; second anal spine stronger Ihan third, the length
f(|ual, 3g in head ; pectorals broad, reaching much l)eyond the tips of the
short ventrals, Ijf in head; ventrals not reaching vent. Pyloric c«L'ca 12
(I'oey). Color in life: Olivaceous gray, with darker clouds; a number of
irregular whitish blotches, roundish, mostly rather larger than pupil,
scattered over different parts of the body; 5 roundish, blackish blotches,
ill-defined along sides of back, the 4 under the dorsal fin extending up on
tlie fin, these disappearing with age; head and body everywhere covered
with round orange-brown spots of varying sizes, the centers more orange,
the borders rather brown; the ipots largest on breast, smallest on lips
luid upper parts, equally distinct everywhere. Mouth pale within, its
roof with red spots; dorsal light olive, with rather sparse spots, colored
like those of the body, but smaller; no dark edge to dorsal or anal;
numerous whitish spots on dorsal, especially on soft dorsal ; caudal pale
olive, with some paler spots. Anal reddish, marked like dorsal, its spots
larger; basal half of pectoral similar, outer part plain olive; ventrals
pale, with orange spots; the orange-brown spots of body and head
lu'conie brown in spirits. Length about 18 inches. West Indian fauna ;
Florida Keys to Brazil, Ascension and St. Helena islands; common in
rocky places; widely distributed through the Western Atlantic; recorded
by Bouleuger from the Cape of Good Hope. It is considered a liner food-
lish than any of the others, (adacemionia, from Ascension Island, where
tlio species was first taken.)
I'int-pixanga or Ont-visch, Makcobave, Hist. Brasil, 152, IG48, Brazil (doubtful).
IWra tola macnUii, Seba, Thesaurus, ni, tali. 27.
TiacliiiMnadscensiuHia, Osiir.CK, Iter Chin., etc., IT')!, and in Englitih edition, 96, 1771, Ascension
Island. (Coll. Osbeck.)
fnifhiuMpimctitluii, Honnaterre, Tableau Encycl. Method, 1788, 46; after Osiieck.
rniaslcUio, Walhaum, Artedi Pisciuni, 31;), 1792; after Seiia.
I'aai wacitlata, Blocii, Ichthyol., pi. HI:!, 1792, Martinique (on a fiKuro by Ph'mieii; not Ilnlo-
cciitrus viaciihiliiK, Blocu, taffl 242, an Kast ludian Kiiocioa of /■,^)ii(e/)/»/»« - Ittiliinilrii.i ulln'/iti.-
rns, LACtl'fiDE).
Trii Imms nsberk, LACfipfiDE, Hist. Nat. Poll's., li, 361, 1800; aftiT Osiieck.
Si. . ».s- atlaiilicHs, LAc£pfiDE, I. c, iv, 158, jil. 5, flg. I, 1803, Martinique (on a iiipy ul' u drawing
liy Plumieb).
.S'. ir.iiiHs m'jcit'K/iid, CuviER A VALENCirNNEs, Hisf. Nat. I'liiss., ii, '.^^r>, 1828, Martinique. (Coll.
VU-a.)
^'•rniiiits pixanga, Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I'oiss.. ii, 383, 1828, aftm- .'NlAitniKAVE ;
I'oey, Bepertorio, I, 203, 1866.
Smnins aspersun, Jenynh, Voy. Beagle, FislieB, 6, 1842, Porto Praya, St. Jago, of the Cape
Verde Islands. (Coll. Darwin.)
SfmiiiHs impelighiomH, Mfi.LER & Tboschel, .SiliomburgkV Hist. Barb., 6Gri, 1S48, Barbadoes,
GOntiieb, Cat., i, 142, 1859.
Hmmus rarms, BocouBT, Ann. 8ci. Nat. (5), x, 1868, 222, Gulf coast of Mexico. (Cull. SaliU'i
.t Boucard.)
H ' vii/nis ptmctalus, Bloch, Ii hthyol., viii, pi. 241, 1790.
VI, ,n,,.v mncit/ohw, Peters, Berliner MonatslnT., 1866, 109 (identification of iVrci tiinciilalu,
Kloch).
P. N. A. 74
.1
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I '11
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I
1154
Bulletin 4jy United States National Alusetim.
Epittephehm pmiclaliiii, Poky, Enmneratio, 16, 187n.
I^iiieiihelun allniilinii; Jordan & Oii.iikrt, SynopHis, !tl8, 0711, 18«:l.
Epiurphehin luu'vnuinn'ui, Jordan k Swain, Pror, U. S. Nut. Muh., 18H4, ;i!)l.
Epinephduii ntliuvnHionii, Jordan A, Eihenmann, I. i'.,354, 18'JU; Buulenijkh, Cut., i,2'if8,
Epinephelua <uipenrii, Jordan & Kiuenmann, I. c, ,168.
1548. EPINEPHKIil'H (UTAZA (Mniiieua).
(Mkiioc ; MAro ; Ouara.)
Head 2i; depth 21; eye 5| in head. D. XI, 15; A. Ill, 8; scales 11' to
17-100 to 120-42 to 55, pores 55 to (50. IJody rather deep; profile Htcdp;
snont short, rather pointed; lower jaw little prqjectiun ; canines small;
preopercle without salient angle, the teeth just altove the angle liujje
and strong; lower limh of preopercle entire. Scales of head cycldid,
Gill rakers very short, x^- 15. Interorhital space narrow, not as wide an
eye; maxillary naked, 2^ in head. Third dorsal spine highest, L',' in
head; anal high and rounded, its second spine 5 in head; caudal
rounded; pectoral IJ to 2 in head; ventral short, not reaching vini.
Color in spirits: Dark hrown, with rather faint, round, whitish spots
which are irregular, and arranged somewhat in vertical rows, and moNt
distinct on caudal peduncle; dorsal, anal, caudal, and pectorals broadl/^
edged with black. Coasts of southern Europe and western Africa. laiii,'-
ing north to England and westward to Cape of (»ood Hope and h'io
Janeiro, and to Guiana; reaching a length of 3 feet, and wcjirlit
of about 25 pounds. This description is taken from No. 4500, M. ('. /.,
15 inches long, collected at Rio de Janeiro by Professor Agassiz. Tiitn^ is
not much doubt that EinmphclnH hraclHjxoinits, Cope, and the Hra/ilian
specimens referred T)y Cuvier & Valenciennes to Eit'invphvluH dichraiilirns,
belong to this form, for which the earliest American specific name in
mcntzeli. We are, however, unable to see any difierence botwccn tla^
Bra/.ilian form and the common " M6rou " of the Mediterranean, (diiaw
or Guaza, Spanish name of the large fishes called Meroua or (iurmpd^.)
(Eu.)
Lahmsguaza, Linn;kub, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 285, " Habitat in Pelago.
I'l'via ijiijnn, BuCnnicii, Iclilhyol. MahrtilieiiKiH, 6.5, No. 81. ITiiH, Marseilles.
UnhiieiiliKKvierou, LACtrf.DE, HiHt. Nat. I'ojhh., iv, H77, 1803, Marseilles; after Ilnf'NNi' ii
Soranio vtenUeU, Cuvier & Vai,encikn.ne9, Hist. Nat. I'oisri., ii, 2'Jl, 1828, coast of B
GOnther, Cat., I, 140, 1859.
I'erca rohmta, Coucil, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1832, v, 21, flg. 7, Polperro, Cornwall.
Serranm tnurginalus, Lowe, Proc. Zoiil. Soo. Loml., 1833, 142, Madeira. (Coll. K. T. Lnw
Semmut fimbriatm, LowE, Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc, 1836, I'JD, pi. i, Madeira. (Cull.
Lowe.)
Svmmmonmi.i, GPntiibr, Cat., i, 142, 18.')9; not Epinephrliis iiiiijuh, Bi.ocii, a Jajmncse ll^ll
l^miepheUishnichymmm, Coi'E, Trans. Am. Phil. Sue. Pliilu., 1871, 4fiti, Rio Janeiro.
St'rrniiHs (/i(;(w, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 270, i)l. xxxii, 1828; (ii n
Cat., !, 132, 18.50, and of Kiiropeau authors generally.
Cerna gigai, Diideri.ein, KiviHta del Qenero Epinephdm <> Cenm, Is.SJ, 10, tal). 1, li^'. 1 (>i''
description and synonymy).
Epinephelm giV/ns, .Jordan & 3wain, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 388; Jordan .t Kim.s-
{. c, 859; BoULENQER, Cat., i, 232.
razil;
Ii T,
iI.mI
f
Jordan and F.vermann. — Fishes of North America. 1155
1A4». Kl'lMKI'HKIil'H liAIIKIFOKMIS (.lonyiiM).
Head 2i; depth 3. D. XI, 15; A. 111,8; scaloH IMtO to 100-40. poies
Tm to 57. Body oblong, inodorately coiiipntHHed, tho back Hoiimwhat tdc-
\iited. Head rather slender and Hharp, anteriorly pointed, tlie protilt^
marly straight from the tip of the lower juw to the base of the doiHal.
Snout sharp, 3^ in head. Lower jaw strongly projecting. Month niod-
eiate, the maxillary extending to slightly beyond eye, its length 2^ in
litiiil. Maxillary naked. Canines moderate, about eipial in tiie '1 jaws.
Nostrils suboqual, roundish. Eye large, 5^ in head. Interorbital space
niirrow, convex, its width 9 in head. Preopercle weakly and Itluntly ser-
rate, its angle evenly rounded, without evident notdi or salient angle.
Gill rakers rather short, about Iti on lower limb of arch. Scales moder-
ate, ctenoid. Dorsal spines strong, the fourth, fifth, and sixth longest, 3
ill head. Soft dorsal not very high. Caudal slightly convex, 2'. in head.
Lon^'est anal ray 2\ in head. Second anal spine about as long as third,
H in head. Pectorals short, reaching little past tips of ventrals. 1( in
iicad. Ventrals not tpiite reaching vent. Color in spirits: I'.uk brown
t'vi rywhere, on head, body, and tins much clouded with roundish pale
bidlches, these most distinct on breast and lower parts of head ; a con-
spicuous black blotch on back of ciiudal peduncle; fins rather pale,
(linker toward their edges, with narrow, pale margin, spotted like X\w
boily, the spots smaller and fainter. In life, the mouth is salmon color
within, the pectoral salmon yellow, with pale edge; caudal with a maroon
i)aiid above and below; dorsal edged with blackish red; spots on sides
and belly nearly white. Length2feet. Pacific Coast of tropical America;
Cape San Lucas to the Galapagos Islands, abundant in rocky places ; here
described from 28213, U. S. N. M., from Socorro Island. Specimens seen
from Cape San Lucas, Mazatlan, Mauzanillo, Acapulco, Panama ; .Socorro,
Alliemarle, Charles, and Indefatigable islands. (Ldbrus ; J'ormu, form. )
Striiniiis labrifnniiis, Jenyns, Zoiil. of Beagle, FisliCH, 8, pi. 3, 1840, Galapagos Islands, (Coll.
CliarlcH Darwin).
Kiiiwiihdiw selUemida, GiLL, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I'liila., 1802, 2Co, Cape San Lucas, (Coll.
.\antufi) ; Jordan & Swain, /. c, ;185.
Fiiiii'plii'Uin iirilinuiKH, (liiPK, Trans. Am. IMiil. Sor,, 1871, -ItiG, Panama.
K]iiii.j//(Wi(.s /(ibri/vrmi», Gi'NTllF.ii, Cat., i, l.')2, IS.W; dark lilotch on liack of tail not iioti((Hl;
.loRDAN & Swain, /. c, 1884, 387; Jordan & Kioenmann, ;. c, .'iStl, 1890; Boui.knuer, Cut.,
I, 230.
1550. EPINKPHELUK KLAVOLIMB.tTI'S, I'oey.
(Yellow-kinnkp Guoiri'KK.)
Head 2j^; depth 2!|. D. XI, 14; A. Ill, 9. Lower jaw strongly prqject-
ini;. Closely related to EpinephelHS ninatus, with which it seems to agree
in all respects except in color. Color in life: Brownish llesh color,
unspotted, a clear, blue streak from angle of eye to preopercle; no spots
or Iilotches anywhere, and no black on caudal pedunclt!; whole dorsal
with a narrow edge of bright yellow ; dorsal, pectorals, anal and caudal
without pale edging ; ventrals dusky ; a very faint mustache of dark
olive along the maxillary. Three specimens of this species have been
i
i<::\
I
•■Mr
i\m
Hulletin ^7, Unittd States National Museum,
obtaiiiud at the Snupitur KuukH ult' roOHiiuulu liy Mr. SiluN StiiiruN
TliuHe ditl'ur a littl«) tVoiii I'ouy'H iiccoiiiit, but tliuy tniduiitly iMtlon^r to
tho HiuiiM Hpuci(!H iiH tiiu J'J. Jiaroliiiihatiiii ol' I'ocy. In all «lutuilH of t'lmii
the HpecioH Ht!(4inH to a^i'ue fully with A', iiireiiluii, )>ut tlio coh>rati(iii is
({uito unlike that of thu latter HpecicH, and ho Hharply dttliiutd that wi< :iii<
obliged to admit it an a dlHtinct H[)ucivH. It may, uevtutheleHv, pri>\< to
l)e the adult <»f h'-innvphcluH iiircdliiH, uh HUppoued by Dr. Houhii;;! i.
Went IndieH, recorded from Havana and i'enHacola, in rather di-t>p waii 1 ;
uut common. Our HpecimenH from the PeuHucola Snapper liank^,
(Jhtnts, yellow ; Hmhitu, edge.)
t:jiiiniiliiliiiijhniiliiiibiilH», I'oKV, UfjKTtorlo, I, \M, 1W17, Cuba; I'lirv, Syrm|)MlH, '^«il, IsflN; .Ihuimn
* KlIlBNMANN, I C, :ifi7, 18!H).
KjiiiipjilivUiii iiiiruliiH, Jordan A Kvkkmann, rrm-. V. S. Nut. Mhh., iMHti, ■^^!l.
1S51. KFINKIMIKI.rS M VKATrH ((hivior .( Vuloiicifuneii).
Head 2j^; depth 2,"„. 1). XI (rarely X), 14 or 15; A. Ill, 9; Hcales |n-1|-,
to 12()-.')0, poreu (>7 to 75. Hody oldoug, compressed, tho back elevaiid;
the anterior profile Homewhat convex ; the Huout Hhort, rather Hliar|i, it.s
length 'Sa in head. Mouth large, tho maxillary extending to bcluw ]i(i8-
terior margin of eye, its length 2 in head. Caiiineu rather Htrong, vh]H'-
oially in upper Jaw. Lower jaw considerably projecting. Eye rather large.
Preoperclo with its angle decidedly salient, armed with stronger Iccth,
tho emargination above the angle slight. luterorbital space flattiisli, jtH
width 7i in head, (iill rakers moderate, the longest as long as gill fringeH,
about 15 on lower limb of arch. Scales moderate. Dorsal spines latlii-r
high, the fourth about 2j} in head ; soft dorsal of moderate height ; caiului
truncate, 2 in head ; anal moderate, its second anal spine about an low^ an
third, 2} in head; longest soft ray 2!^. Pectorals not reaching to II10 ti|ig
of the long ventrals, l{\f in head. Ventrals nearly reaching vent, alioiit
as long as x)ectoruls. Color of young specimen in alcohol : Brown, with
round whitish spots on the body, rather smaller than pupil, reKnluiiy
arranged in vertical and horiitontal series, about 5 in horizontal ami 1 in
vertical row ; these rows sometimes show irregularities; no distinct sjiots
on breast ; a very large black blotch on upper part of caudal peduncle.
much larger than in I'J. hihriformia and extending to below lateral liiif:
a dark niustacho above edge of maxillary; fins nearly plain, i)ii>lia))ly
yellowish in life, the dorsn'. with a median row of round dusky npol.s ou
the membranes, (Description from young specimen 6i inches long. ) West
Indies to Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); not very common; occaHionally
northward in the G'llf Stream as far as Newport, Rhode Island. Some
specimens lack the saddle-like blotch on the tail, but in all the jifaily
spots on the side are persistent, {niveatun, snowy.)
i!e»T<()i(M m're(i/i((i, CiiviEB & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 380, 1828, Brazil; (iivuiKii
Cat., I, lao, 185!).
SerrauuK miirii<irili/er, GCntiier, Cut., i, 1.31, IH!)9, South America.
Serrniiiis coiinpiTSHH, Poev, Meinorias, II, IIW, 18G0, Havana.
Ilypdilhiidiigiliiiicimilo, Oll.L, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1861, ".t8; yoiiug Hpocinieii, taki'ii iii New
port, Rhode Island. (Coll. Samiuil Powell.)
Kpinejihehm iiireatiin, PoEV, Synopsis, 280, 1868; Jordan & Gilbert, SynopBis, ,")41, 188:i; .I^kiian
& Swain, {. c, 386, 1884; Jordan & Eiuenhann, {. c, 357, 18UU; Boulenqeii, Cat., i, ::2U.
-TW
II 'P^
<tl, iHCKi .Imiiuan
Brazil; (ii'MiiKU
en, taken at New
Jordan and Ever man n. — Fishes 0/ North America, lir>7
ir.li1I. KIMNKPHKLIH STHIATIH (Uloch).
(NaHMAII OROI'I'KII i IfAMLET; ClIKRNA V\^\^\\^.K.)
n«a<l '1\ ; depth 27, ; eyo ratlior liii>j[«, Hi in Ii.mkI (younn). I). XI, 17;
A. Ill, 8; scales 13 to 18-110 to 125-15 to 55, pores 55 to (55. Hody nitlu'r
(Itiop, not strun^rly notiipresHod, its groiitoHt width 2'; in depth. Ilt-iid
honiewhat pointed; the unterior prolili> iieurly Htniif^lit to tii«t iVoiit of the
ilursivi. Mouth moderate, tiie iowoi jaw little proJectin)r ; tiio nuixiliiiry
icacbin}r posterior border of eye, 2^ in head. Teeth in moderate hands;
L' moderate canines in front of each Jaw, the lower smallest. Nostrils
close together, the posteri(»r a little the larger, ovate. Intt^'orhital space
iiiirrow, tiattish, or somewhat concave, H.^ in head. Angle of preopercle
hiightly salient, a shallow notch above it; the teeth at the angle some-
what larger. (>ill rakers slender, about 10 below the angle. .Scales mod-
rrate, strongly ctenoid. Dorsal spines of moderate strength, higher than
ill most species, the second much higher than tenth, the third highest, 2^
in head; soft dorsal ratlier high; caudal rounded, 1-7 in head; soft anal
KHinded, the largest ray 2i in head; second anal spine stronger than tliirtl
and about as long, \ in head; pectorals reaching tips of ventrals, IJ, in
liead. Ventrals short, barely reaching vent. Color in life: Rather pale
olivaceous gray, paler below, and with obscure whitish clouds along sides ;
Itody with about 4 vertical bars, very irregular and undulating, of an
olive brown color, darker on the back, and all extending on the dorsal
I'm ; a 8(|uare blotch of jet black on back of tail ; a band of tlark olive
tiirough eyo and on snout, meeting its fellow on shoulder just before
dorsal; another on median line of snout, forking opposite front of
eye, the 2 bands extending backward parallel and ceasing abruptly on
o(U!iput without reaching the other iiand; dark shades radiating from eye
ludow ; a ring of deep brown or blackish ]ioints around eye, the upper
ones on eye ; a deep orange-red strij»e on lower edge of preorbital ; mouth
within partly orange ; lower parts of head and breast tinged with orange
and with coppery cloudings ; vertical fins colored like the parts of the
body nearest them; edge of both dorsals yellow ; caudal and anal tipped
with orange yellow ; ventrals blackish, faintly yellowish at tips ; pectorals
chiefly light orange, dusky at base; bands and dark markings of body
liccoming fainter in old examples of this species, .and almost disappearing
in alcoholic specimens. West Indies, Key West to Hrazil ; very common ;
a well-marked species and a food-fish of importance. Length 3 feet ; those
usually found in the markets much smaller, {striatua, striped.)
(•//■nia, Parua, Dif. IMezRB Hist. Nat., 1787, .10, lam. 24, Havana.
Anlhins slriatun, Bi.ocH, Ichthyologia, IX, 100, pi. 3'.i4, 1792, Martinique; on a tlgurc by Tmimibb.
Aitlhinii fhenm, Block it Sciinkidf.r, Sysf. Ichtli., .'tlo, 1801, Cuba; after I'a it ha.
Simrtm fhriimmiHaminiH, LAoti'h^DK, Hist. Nat. PolsB., IV, 100,1803, Martinique; mi a copy of
I'I.UMIER'8 flgUI'O.
Srnamiit slrialita, CuviKR & Vai,i,nciknnf.8, Hist. Nat. PoInh., ii, 288, 1828; GCntiikii, Cut., i,18.'i0,
110.
F-liimplielm ilrUUug, JoVLVAH Ac Kioenmann, I. c, 356, 1890; Udulemier, Cat., l, 2:i6.
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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
1158 Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
1658. EPINEPHELV8 MACVLOSUS (Cuvier k Valenciennes).
(Caiibilla; Bed Hind.)
Head 2i ; depth 3i^ ; eye largo, 4J^ in bead, rather longer than snout. 1).
XI, 16; A. Ill, 8; scales 19-10()-x. Body rather slen('er, moderately com-
pressed, tlie back somewhat elevated, the greatest thickness of the body
21 in its greatest depth. Head rather long and pointed, its anterior pio-
file regularly and rather weakly archod. Mouth not very large, the max-
illary reaching to below posterior margin of eye, its length 2i in hciul ;
lower jaw rather weak, its tip little projecting; teeth rather stronj;;, m
moderate bands ; both jaws with two moderate, curved canines, those m
the upper jaw largest. Interorbital space very narrow, anteriorly con-
cave, its width 11 in head ; nostrils small, round, close together, the pos-
terior largest. Preopercle weakly serrate, with a salient angle, whicli is
armed with stronger teeth; a shallow emargination above the angle, (iill
rakers slender, longer than gill fringes, 15 to 17 de\ eloped below. Scales
of moderate size, rather strongly ctenoid. Dorsal spines rather slender
but pungent, the second spine considerably higher than the tenth, I lie
third and fourth longest, 2^ in head ; soft rays lower than the highest
spines ; caudal fin rounded, its length 2 in head ; anal rather high, pos-
teriorly rounded, its longest soft rays2| in head ; second anal spine soimo-
what stronger than third and rather longer, 3 in head; pectorals ratlier
narrow, reaching past tips of ventrals. If in head ; veutrals short, not
reaching vent. Color m life : Light yellowish olive above, whitish below :
three broad, cblHiue, obscure bauds of olive rnnuing upward and back-
ward on sides ; spots on body vivid scarlet red, those above a little darker,
the edges of the scales being brown ; inside of mouth mostly pale, paitly
scarlet ; belly spotted ; dorsal olive yellow, somewhat clouded, a few ved
spots on spinous dorsal ; soft dorsal broadly edged with black , caudal
yellowish, the posterior half black, its edge white ; anal like soft dorsal;
pectorals light yellow, with rows of small scarlet spots ; ventrals red,
blackish at tips; branchiostegal membrane spotted like body. The olive
bands on sides disappear in spirits, and the red spots above become brown,
those below gray. West Indies ; Carolina to Brazil. This is one of the
smaller species of the genus, rarely exceeding 18 inches in length ; very
abundant in the Havana market, West Indies ; occasionally north to
Charleston, the Florida Keys, and the Bermudas ; south to Brazil ; here
described from Havana specimens. (maculosuSf spotted.)
Ougiipiiguncii Brazil, tUe Hind, Catesiiy, Nat. Hist. Carolina, etc., pi. 14, 1743, Bahamas; imt
of Maucorave.
Cabrilla, Parra, Dif. Piezas, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, Havana.
Lutjanua lunulatuf, Blocii & Schneider, Syst. Ichthyol., 329, 1801; after Cabrilla of Paura; nut
Lnljanus lumilalm (Mungo Park).
Serranus apua* Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Polss., ii, 287, 1828; not BodianuK <ii>n",
Blocii; GOntiier, Cat.,i, 140, 7859.
* We reject the name apun formerly used by us for this species, the original liodian-M iqni'i of
Bloch being in our opinion based on the red variety of Mycternperca venettosa. Tlie name ijnll'ihis.
Linuanis, is based chiefly on the Onijupugiiacii of Marcgrave, with which Catesby had err mic-
ously identified his '* Hind," wliich is the present species. The oldest tenable name of thin v.ah,
so far as we can see, is Epinephelua viaculomi.
I*
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1169
Semmm maculomin, CuviER & VALENCIENNES, I. c, II, 332, 1828. (Type, No. 7300, Mus. Paris.
Examined bj Dr. Boiilengor.)
Ssrranus ratm:, CuviER & Valj.nciennes, /. c, II, 373, 1828, Martinique.
SerranKn nmra, Cdvier & Vai.encienneh, I. c, ii, 377, 182S, Havana; orronoously idontitled
with lionaci arard of Parra.
f Seirnimii angnntifronii,* STElNDAcnNEB, Verli. Ges. Wien, xiv. 1864, 230, i)l. vii, flg. 213, Cuba.
Epinephelus cuhanus, PozY, Reportorii,, i, 202, 18G7, Cuba.
Strraiius sludOionilen, Vaillant, MisH. Sci. Mox., Poiss., 60, 1877; based on Serrumin macidosun,
CuviER & Valenciennes, tlio name regarded as preoccupied by Serramis uMatlatus, wliicli is
a(lKCHScio)iiii.
Setrawm lumdalufi, CuviER & Valenciennes, I. c, ii, 379, 1828; after Parra.
Epinefhelm luniilatus, PoEY, Synopsis, 286, 1868.
Kpinephelm guUattig, Iokuan & GILBERT, Synopsis, 'J19, !»73, 1883; wrongly identified wltli Perca
giiit'Ua, LiNN.ta'S.
Epinejihelm «/)i((i, Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 380.
iJei-rr.iitolepU uuguslifroiiH, Jordan A Eioenmann, /. c, 375, 1890.
Epinephelm aUtu, Jordan & Eioenmann, I. c, 355, 1813; Boulenoer, Cat., i, 210.
15S4. EPINEPHELUS DRUMHOND-HAYI, Goodo & Dean.
il
(Speckled Hind; John Paw.)
Brazil ; liere
Bahamas: ii<>t
He.id2|; depth 2|; eye 6 to 8 in head. D. XI, 16; A. Ill, 9; Pcalee
32-12i -57. Body robust ; lower jaw strongly projecting ; preopercle evenly
serrate with' ut salient angle; caudal truncate or slightly emarginate, Lhe
angles acute. Dark umber brown, tlensely covered with small pearly
white spots, thoso below smaller and nearly round, all arranged in some-
what irregulaf snries; fins not dark -edged, all covered with similar spots,
those of the paired fins chiefly on the inner surface; lower side of head
flushed with red and unspotted; caudal fin more densely spotted than
body, the terminal spots of a fine lavender; pectoral with a subterminal
band of orange. Reaches a weight of 30 pounds. Gulf of Mexico, north
to the Bermudas, once recorded from Charleston; common on the Snapper
Banks off Pensacola, where it is a valued food-fish; the most beautiful in
color of all the groupers. (Named for "Col. H. M. Drummond-Hay, C. M.
Z. S., of Leggieden, Perth, Scotland, formerly of the British army, by
whom the species was first discovered at the Bermudas in 1854.")
Epiriepheliu dmrumond-liayi. Qoode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1878, 173, 174, Pensacola,
(Coll. Silas Stearns); Bermuda; (Coll. Lieut. Drummond-Hay); Jordan & Gilbert, Synoi)-
sis, 540, 1883; Jordan & Swain, I, c, 388; Jordan & Eioenmann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1887, 269; Jordan & Eioenmann, I. c, 356, 1890; Bou'-enoeu, Cat., i, 224.
* Epinephclus angustiffoiii (Steindachner): Head 3; deptli 4. 1). XI, 17; A. 111,8. Body very
strongly compressed; scales very small, ctenoid; interorbital space not half diameter of eye,
wliicli is 4^ in bead, l}/i in snout; maxillary reaching middleof eye; angle of preopercle salient,
with 5 to 7 strong teeth, the two lowermost being turned forward; lower limb of pn'opuicle
entire; tliird dorsal spine highest, twice diameter of eye; anul spines graduated; pectoral as
long as from snout to edg* of preopercle, a little longer than caudal, mucli longer than ventral;
caudal triangular; dorsal and anal rounded. Color brown, the scales edged witli darker; flna
brownish, blackish toward tips of first dorsal. Cuba; not seen by us; referred by Dr. Boulenger
to the synonymy of Epinephdm maadosm, a species to which it is evidently related. The very
narrow interorbital area is the chief basis of this ideutiflcation as the color markings of
Epinephehis maculosus are not indicated in the account of antjustifrom. We know nothing of
this species except what is contained iu the original description, {angustm, u&noy/ ; front,
forehead.)
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IICO Bulletin v/, United States National Museum.
1555. EPINKPHEliUS MOBIO (Ouviur k Valouclennes).
(Ked Guoupebj Chkrna Americana; Chebna de Vivero; Nkhre.)
Head 2i; depth 2*; eye large, 5 in head (young). D. XI, 16-17; A.
Ill, 9, rarely III, 8; scales 18 oi 20-130 to 140-00, pores 60 to 65. Uody
comparatively deep and compressed, highest under front of spinous dor-
sal, its greatest width 2i in greatest depth. Head large, moderately
pointed, the anterior profile rather steep and nearly straight. Moutli
rather large, the maxillary reaching slightly beyond eye, its length 2,'j in
head. Lower jaw not strongly projecting. Teeth moderate, in rather
narrow bands; 2 moderate canines in the front of each jaw, the lowei
smaller. Interorbital space narrow, its width 7^ in head, the outline of
the bone (uudei the llesh) transversely concave. Nostrils small, rounil,
subequal. Preopercle moderately serrate, its angle slightly salient; teeth
at the angle a little enlarged. Gi!l rakers rather slender, about 15 below
the angle. Scales small, mostly ctenoid. Dorsal spines high, slender but
pungent, the first less than hall the second, which is highest, 2\ in head:
the outline of the fin thence almost straight tj the tenth spine, which is
IS in the second; soft dorsal not elevated; caudal tin lunate, the outer
rays a little produced. If in the head ; caudal peduncle comparatively
lender; soft part of anal rounded, its longest ray 2\ in head; second
anal spine somewhat stronger but not longer than third, 4^ in head.
Pectorals reaching slightly beyond tips of ventrals, 1* in head; ventrals
short, not reaching vent. Pyloric ca'ca 25 (according to Poey). Color in
life: Olive gray or olive brown, clouded with paler olive, with no clear red
shades except on jaws and lower part of sides of head and breast, these
regions being usually a salmon color; besides these, very irregular
rounded blotches of grayish white over the body; preorbital, suborbital
region, and snout with numerous roiiud points of liark orange brown,
most numerous oa preorbital, these points brown in spirits; inside of
month posteriorly bright orange; iris gilt; vertical tins colored like the
body, the shades from the body extending on them; soft dorsal, anal, and
caudal with a broad ridge of blue black, with a narrow whitish edge:
spinous dorsal narrowly edged with blackish; ventrals slightly dusky;
pectorals light olive. With age this species becomes more and more of a
flesh red, especially below and on moutii ; the pale spots and blotches
are less distinct in old examples. Length 1 to 8 feet. Atlantic Coast of
America, from Virginia to Rio Janeiro ; the most abundant of the genus on
our coasts; ranging farther northward than any other; a food-tish of
importance ; handsome in coloration, (morio, Moor, translation of the
name nhjre used at San Domingo.)
Svrraiim viorin, CrviEU & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 28,5, 1828, New York and San
Domi.igo; GCntheu, Cat., i, 142,1859; I'oey, Eniimeratiu, 1').
Sen((iiH»et7///i)'0(/a«((T,DE Kay, New York Fauuu: Fishes, 21, pi. 10,1842, Florida; GCntheu,
Cat., I, 133, 1859.
Si'1-rmms reitiotiis, I'oey, ]*IemoriaB, ii, 140, 1860, Havana.
Ephiejihehis morio, .Iordan Si Gii.UEUT, Synopsis, 510, 1883; Joiidan k Swain, Proc. V. S. Nat.
Mus., 1884, :i81.
Einnephelue morU), Jordan & Eioenmann, /. c, 301, 1890; Boulenuer, C'at.,i, 237.
nniBRii
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■oc. r. S. Nut.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1161
501. GARRUPA, Jordan.
(Black Groupeks.)
ffarrnjja, Jobdan, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., viil, 1888 (1890), liS:!, (niyWhis).
This genus coutains ver^ large groupers, closely allied to Epinephelus,
but with the skull different in form so far as its upper surface is con-
cerned. In Garriqxi* the skull is very broad and flat, the interorbital
area is little concave, and the median ridge is scarcely evident ; the
occipital crest disappears before reaching the interorbital region ; the
outline of the skull above is everywljere more or loss flattened ; the top
of the temporal crest points outward; the stay of the occipital crest
meets the crest at right angles and does not form a groove between itself
aud the latter. A single species known, of very great size, its dorsal
spines indifferently 10 or 11. Atlantic Ocean. {GarnuM, the Portuguese
name of the large species of Ep\np,phelu», transferred also to species of
Sebaatodea, and corrupted by the Americans into Grouper or Grujtcr.)
1666. GABRVPA MIGKITA (Holbrook).
(Black Jewfish ; Black Gkoupeu ; Mkko de i,o Alto.)
Head 2i; depth 21 ; eye ve^y small, 6 to 8 in head. D. XI, 14 (nigrita),
or X, 14 (merua) ; A. Ill, 9; scales 90 to 110. Body very robust; teeth in
broad bands; canines strong, but growing smaller with age. Interor-
bital width ii in head; lower jaw projecting; maxillary scaly, about 2 in
head, extending beyond eye; preopercle rounded, without salient angle,
the young with enlarged teeth at the angle. Gill rakers short and thick,
X -f 12 to 14, the longest not twice as long as broad. Dorsal fin notched ;
second dorsal spine longest, its length 2 to 3 times in head, and half
longer than third spine ; caudal fin rounded ^ second anal spine shorter
than third, 6 in head. Scales ciliated, those of lateral line of the ordi-
nary type. Color plain chocolate brown, varying to blackish gray, with-
out markings, or with faint pale blotches, the lower parts scarcely paler,
the distal part of the vertical fins dar! .er ; a dark streak along edge of
maxillary. South Atlantic and Gulf coast of the United States (Charles-
ton to Pensacola) south to Cuba and Brazil, once straying to Sicily,
rather common off the coast of Florida. This species reaches a weight
of probably 500 pounds, about the same size as the largest known exam-
ples of Promicropa guttatus and Stereolejua gigaa', but one specimen of less
than 100 pounds weight examined by naturalists. None of the European
Serranul(v reaches so large a size, the extreme weight q{ Epinephelus guaza
being, according to Doderlein, about 50 kilograms ; that of E. caninua, 90
kilograms, {nigriius, blackened.) (Eu.)
Sen-anus nigriius, HoLBunoK, Iclitli. S. Carolina, Ed. 1, 173, pi. xxv, fig. 11, 185G, Charleston ;
Gl'NTHER, Cat., I, l:i4, 1859.
* lu Epinephelus ninrio tlie skull is narrow anJ tho ujipcr mirfaco rugose, tho interorbital area
iH deeply concave, and tho median crest, though low, is quite prominent; the occipital crest is
sharp, and drawn out so that it gradually merges into the interorl)ital ridgo; tho outline of the
skull immediately behind tlio orbit is I'onvex; the tip of tho temporal crest points inward to the
occipital crest; the stay of the occipital crest forms a groove betweou it aud the posterior part of
the crest.
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1162
Bulletin 47, United States National A f use it m.
CeiUropristU menu* I'oEY, SynopHis riHcitiin Cuhoiisium, 288, 1808, Cuba; Hpecinion with 10 doival
B|)inOH.
Cenin nininii, Dddgulkin, Rivista (loUu Specie do! Uonere Kpinephelun o Cernn, 1882, 81, Palermo
Hpcciiiieii witii to ilursal HpinoH.
Kpiiiephehis nigrilim, Jordan A Gimikht, SyiiopHiri, MO, 1883; Jordan A Swain, I. <•,, 1884, ;!ni:
Jordan, I'roc. V. S. Nut. Mils., 188'), 208; Jordan A Kkienmann, /. c, :iCl, 1890; Uoui.enukj;,
Cat., I, 238.
Epiiiephelut tiiertu, Jordan & Kiqknmann, /. c, 302, 1890.
502. PROMICROPS (Gill) Poey.
(GUASAS.)
Promicrnps (Gill MS.) Poev, SynopHls Pluclum Cubensiuni, 287, 1808; Ann. N. Y. Lye. N;it.
ni«t., X, 1871,42, ((/iwjKi).
Iluiiiyn, Vaiilant & Bocoubt, Miseion Soieutiflquu iiu Moxi(|iio, 1875, 90, (Uaiani).
Cranium sliort, extremely broad au<l depressed between the eyes, tlio
anterior profile of the head more or less concave. Dorsal spines all low.
Scales of the lateral line each with 4 to 6 radiating ridges. This genuH in
fairly well distinguished by the peculiarities of its cranium. One specits
is certainly known, a tropical fish of very large size, like the species of
Stercolep'iH and Garrupa. Dr. Boulenger does not separate either J'rinni-
cropH or Garrupa from EpimpheluH. The relationship of each to I'^jiim-
plielus is certainly very close. ( tt/w, before ; /tiKfiui, small; uxl', eye; in
allusion to the shortness of the anterior part of the cranium.)
166V. PKOMI€KOPf« OUTTATl'S (Liuujeus).
(Guasa; Spotted Jewfisii ; Mero.)
Head 2^ to 3; depth Si^,, ; eye very small, 7 in head (in young), about 12
in adult. D. XI, 16; A. 111,8; scales 16-95 to 135-40, pores 60 to 70.
Body more robust than in any species of Epinephelus, its greatest breiultli
If in the depth. Head very large, unusually broad, anteriorly obtuse,
*Tho following descriptiou of tlio nominal Bpucic", (iarnipa ineriia (PoeyJ, rharactcrizod by llii'
possession of 10 dorsal spines and by a more strongly armed preopercle, is taken fro!n i spcciiin^n
from Rio Janeiro, (Mo. 9737, Hus. Comp. Zool.; Coll. L. Agassiz) : Head 2S in length of b(><l.v;
depth 2g. D. X, 14 ; A. Ill, 9. Scales 86 (series). Second do;-8al spine 2f in head ; 8e;ond an.il
si)ine 0. Pectoral IJ; maxillary 2; eye 7; snout 3%; interorbital area 4}^; soft dorsal i;ijs
2% in head. Body very deep and short, deeper and more compressed than in Epinejilieliis. Iliinl
large and blunt, the anterior proflle regularly convex ; interorbital area broad, aH in Gurniint
«i</n7a, rather convex ; eye small; mouth very large, the lower jaw projecting; supplcmenliiiy
maxillary small. Three or four very small canines in front of each jaw ; no lateral canim'S.
Nostrils round, neartogether, tiie posterior largest. Preopercle without salientangle, but ratliiT
coarsely serrate ; two or three very coarse, irregular teeth just below angle, these turned dittii-
wurd much as in Epinephelus mysliicinm. Opercular spine moderate. Gill rakers very slimt . ■mil
thick, X + 12, the longest not twice as high as broad and all very coarsely toothed ; prcculiiial
moderate, nearly as broa' as the small eye. Scales moderate, not very rough ; dorsal tin ratlur
deeply notched, the second spine highest, nearly three times the heiglit of the first, but little
higlier than the third ; soft dorsal high; caudal rounded; anal fin high, rounded, the xpiiii's
moderate, graduated ; pectorals short. Color, in spirits, plain dark brown; fins all darkvi- ; a
dark ri-.istache along the edge of the maxillary, la a young specimen from Rio Grande du tjiil
the caudal fin is abruptly paler. West Indies, recorded from off Cuba, Sicily, and Ilin/il.
{Merus, from jiktok, the French name of Epinephdna yuiiza, derived from Latin morrhiui, codfit^li.)
Gamipa merus is probably identical with Gamipa nigrila. The five known specimens of (I'dii ";"i
merus (from Havana, Palermo, Rio Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul) differ from Garrupa uiyiiln in
having 10 dorsal spines instead of 11, no other distinction being evident. Often spvcimeiis cif
Gumtpa nigrila from Pensacola, Florida, examined by us, one has lu spiuee, the utbur^ II.
Probably all belong to one species, for which the oldest name is nigrila.
Y. I,yo. Nat.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1103
ito proiile t'epressed or slightly concave above the eye, convex at the nape.
Snout very short, \\ in head ; lower jaw projecting. Maxillary scaly.
Mouth largo, the maxillary, even in the young, reaching much beyond the
eye, 2 in head, its tip in the adult as wide as eye. Teeth in broad bands,
those of the outer scries somewhat enlarged, the canines very snuill,
scarcely differentiated, but present. Interorbital area ilattish, very
broad, its widlli f) in head. Nostrils subc(iiuil, roundish, close to the eye.
Freopercle convex, with a slight emargination, the angle a little luomi-
nent, Avith somewhat larger teeth. )percular flap obtusely pointed, its
ui)per edge curved. Opercular spines small and blunt. Gill rakers short
and thick, few (about 12} in number. Scales com])aratively large, mostly
ctenoid. Scales of the lateral lino each with 4 to 6 conspicuous radiating
ridges separated by furrows. Dorsal spines low and strong, the third,
fourth, and iifth subequal, 4 in head, the outline of the fin scarcely con-
vex ; second spine lower than tenth ; caudal fin rounded, its outer rays
very much shortened, little more than half the length of the middle rays,
which are 1^ ii. head. Anal rounded, its longest rays 2<^ in head ; second
anal spine rather shorter than third and a little stronger, 4? in head ; pec-
toral reaching a little beyond tips of vontrals, 1| in head; ventrals 2, not
reaching vent. Pyloric co'ca excessively numerous and finely divided.
Color of adult nearly uniform dull olive brown, the spots and bands faint
or obsolete. Young specimens in life pale olive green, slightly yellowish
on breast and lower jaw, the body with 5 cross bars of dark olive green,
with irregular but rather sharply defined edges, and extending on the
dorsal and anal fin ; 2 under spinous dorsal, 2 between soft dorsal and
anal, 1 on caudal peduncle; these bars partially or wholly disappear in
spirits ; a dark blotch at nape ; two shades down and backward from eye ;
a bar at base of caudal ; round blackish spots smaller than pupil, of differ-
ent sizes, scattered over the whole of head and nuchal region ; a few along
back; these smallest on upper part of head, largest on back and lower
parts of sides of head ; breast and belly plain ; dorsal fin olive, with dark
clouds like the body, a few spots on spines and tips of soft rays; caudal
much clouded with dark, which form series of spots on the hinder parts,
thece spots smallest and best defined posteriorly. Anal similar to caudal ;
pectorals light olive, profusely covered with large dark spots ; ventrals
similar to pectorals, with fewer spots. Tips of p^^torals and caudal
slightly reddish. In spirits the dark bands and blotches of body are more
or less faded. Length 2 to 6 feet. Both coasts of tropical America north
to Florida and Gulf of California, south to Brazil ; not uncommon about
rocks; here described chiefly from a young specimen, 1(5 inches long, from
Key West; specimens examined by us from Punta Arena, Mazatlan, Pan-
ama, Key West, Havana, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Pernambuco, and Ca'i-
narivieras. Dr. Boulenger records a specimen 5 feet 7 inches long from
Clarence River, New S^uth Wales. We are not able to separate the Pacific
Coast form, Promicrojts quinquefaaciatun, from the Atlantic guUatua. (gut-
tatas, spotted.)
Gugupugnacu, Mahcoiiave, HiHt. ISruxil, IG'J, 1G48, Brazil.
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1104
Bulletin 4j^ United States National Museum.
Peri'ii gnUiil'(, Lixnaium, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 292, Braxit; after Marciihave, Willuoiiby,
StOANE, Catkhiiy, etc.; tlio liccount of color liikon from CiiteHliy'H fluurn of tli« Bed Iliiul
{EpiiiijihiliiK eiilim); tlio vnriuiiB uiithorH qiiutrd cucli )iU|i|iOHiui; IiIh H|H-('iiiioi)H to liii idi'iitiriil
with that of Marcgravo.
SfirniiiiH ildiiirn, Liciitkn'stkin,* Acta ItnrolinonH. for 1821, 378, 1H22, Brazil; Ci'viku A Vai.fn-
ciRNNES, HlHt. Nat. I'oiss,, II, llTtl, 182S; not Iliiinni, Maiu'ukavk.
Si'miiniH iiiileim, MCli.kr and Tb08CIIEI,, in ScliululiiirKli'H Roinn in Brit. Onlana, •121, 1H4'J,
Guiana; (iCntiikii, Cat., i, 130, IHM.
SuniniinijuiiMi, INiKY, Ml nioiias Cuba, ii, 141, .'t.')4, tab. l.'l, flu. 8, 1H(i(), Cuba.
Sriiiiiiun iiiiiiiiiiii'fiiHci'iliis, IloiiiruT, Ann. .Sri. Nat., IHOH, 221), Nagualate, Pacific Coast of
Guatemala.
F.liinriiliehin iiiimii«rf(ii>vi(iluii, Jokdan A (ill.nEKT, Bull. U. S. FIhIi Conim., 1882, lot!, 110, 112.
I'riiiiiifiiiiiH {luiiHd, .ToitnAN .t tiiMiKIlT, SynopBJH, tA'i, 188U.
lyiiiephihin ijiiliiin, .loiinAN, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 188;j, 28.').
I^liiiiipliehm ilaidrii, JonnAN, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Muh,, 1884, 124; llniti.KNGKii, Cat., I, 262.
I'mmicritjiH ilnimii, .Iouhan k Swain, /. c, 1884, 877.
I'ruviUropn giUliiliiK, .Tordan & Kkienmann, I. <•., ;i(!;i, 181K).
503. ALPHESTES, Bloch & Schneider.
AllihesleH, Bi.ocif A SciiNuinER, Syst. Iclithyol., 2;jf!, 1801, (qfer).
I'loHpimin, (Poky MS.) Gii.i., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 2H7, {ihhropleriiK -- a/er).
The genus AlpheHteH containu two species of eniall fishes which diP'er from
JSintiephehia proper in the presence of a strong antrorse spine on the lower
limb of the preojjercle. Frontal bones with an anterior excavation for
the reception of the posterior processes of the i)remaxillaries, a process or
knob on each side of skull behind the interorbital area ; supraoccipital
and parietal crests produced on frontals, but not extending to betweoii
orbits. Dorsal rays XI, 17 to 20 ; anal III, 9. (uA^r/ffn/f, greedy or iliicoii-
tinent, a name applied to a kind of lish that swims in pairs, one behind
the other, possibly Symphodiia tit>ca.)
(I. Second anal Bpine as lout; as third; gill rakers short. Color olive, clouded with dusky, the
hody with rather few dark-orangu spots; breast with pearly spots; a dark uniBta(;lii'
above the maxillary; lower jaw little projecting; preorbital very uarrow. akkr, 1558.
aa. Second aral sjiino longer than third; gill rakers long, longer than gill fringes. Color
olivaceous, the jrround color nearly uniform, the body and fins closely covered with
small dark-browu spots; breast plain; snout sleuder, i)oiuted; lower jaw rather stronjilv
projectiug. mvltiouttatus, 155'.i.
1658. ALPHGSTK8 AFKU (Bloch).
(Guaskta.)
Head 24; depth 2| ; eye large, 4* in head. D. XI, 17 to 19; A. Ill, !»;
scales 10-75 to 80-35, pores 50 to 60. Body oblong, ovate, rather com-
pressed, the greatest width 2i times in depth ; head small, rather pointed,
the profile nearly straight from the tip of the snout to the nape, there
forming a considerable angle, being steeper and more gibbous to the
front of the dorsal fin; snout short, shorter than eye; mouth Email, the
maxillary extending a little beyond the eye, its length 2} in head ; max-
illary naked ; teeth comparatively small, in broad bands, the upper jaw
♦According to Professor Peters, the type of Serramu Uaiara is a very young fish, with the eye
as wide as the interorbital space, but iu other respects identical with the type of Serranus galeuii
Jordan and Evermann, — Fishes of North America, 11C5
■P.
with ahont four small canines, the canines of tlio lower Jaw scarcely dif-
ferentiated ; lower .jaw rather weak, little projecting ; interorhital wpace
moderate, convex, its width 6 in head ; preopurclo Htruugly and unc(inally
convex, its upper limb oblique, without notch above the angle; upner
limb of preopercle with slender teetli, wiiich regularly incroaNe in size
downward, those at the rounded angle strong; bulow tlio angle is a
strong flattish spine, directed forward and downward, its length 4 in eye;
nostrils small, round, close together; scales not very small, mostly
cycloid, those on opercles larger than those on body, those on cheeks huuiU ;
gill rakers short and stout, their length not more than half pupil, 14 to
16 below angle; dorsal spines rather short, robust, and pungent, the sec-
ond higher than the tenth, the fourth and fifth highest, 2^ in lioad, the
outline of the fin gently curved; soft rays about as high as third spine;
caudal convex behind, its angles rounded, its length 1;-! in licad ; anal
rather high, posteriorly rounded, its longest soft rays 2 in head; second
anal spine longer and stronger than third, 2J in head; pectorals broad,
rounded, extending beyond tips of ventral, 1;^' in head; ventrals nearly
or quite reaching vent. Color in life, dark brownish olive, mottled with
darker blotches ; body with some I'ark orange spots; vertical iins dark
olive, mottled with darker blotches ; lower parts of head yellow ; pec-
torals dill olive red, with bluish spots; ventrals dull olive, edged with
darker; some pearly spots on brsast and on anal; mustache dark red
brown ; the orange spots become brown in spirits. Length about a foot.
West Indies ; Cuba to Brazil ; generally common ; the specimen here
described from Havana; recorded by Dr. Boulenger from the Falkland
Islands; only the original type of Bloch recorded from Africa, (c/cr,
African.)
Epinephehis afer, Btocil,* Tchthyologia, pi. 327, 1793, Acard in Guinea; (Ooll. Dr. iHort);
BoULENOEB, Gat., I, 254.
Pkctropoma chloroptenim, CuviEn & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 3ii8, 1K28, San
Domingo; Martinique; Poev, Memorios Cuba, i, 73, tal>. U, fig. 3, 1861.
Plectropoma monacanthm, MOller & Trobchel, Scbomburgk's HiHt. UurbiulucH, (i65, Xti47, Bar-
badoes ; GUntiier, Cat., i, 164, 1859.
f Serranus armalm, OsORio, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 2, in, 1804, 74; tido Boclenoer.
Alphettet afer, Blooh & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 236; Peters, Borlinor MonatHlicr., Ifiti,'),
105 (deecription of Blucu's typu); Jordan & Swain, I. c, lb84, 3UU; Jordan ii Eiuenmann,
/. c, 350, 1890.
ProspiMiM chloro]^terxu, Poey, Synopsis, 289, 1868.
1669. ALFHESTE8 JHULTIGUTTATUS (GUntbcr).
Head 2J ; depth 2J ; eye large, 4^ in head. D. XI, 18 to 20 ; A. Ill, 9 ;
scales 10-75 to 80-36, pores 55 to 62. Body oblong ovate, compressed.
* According to Professor Peters, who has examined the type of Blocli in tlm Museum nt Berlin,
Epinepliehu a/er of Bloch is, in all respects, identical with "lectr<ipmiia Moroptermn, the types of
the two having been compared by him. This may be true, in which ease the American species
should stand as Alphesleit aftr. It is to be noticed, however, that few species are common to the
faunas of Guinea and the West Indies; no one has yet recorded the We.st Indian fipecies of
Alphenles from Africa. Bloch distinctly asserts that his specimen was from Arara on the coast of
Guinea, wbince it was sent by Dr. Isert. The flguro of Bloch represents a species dectper in
body and more uniformly colored than is our Rpecics. The American tipecles should perhaps
stand as Alphestea chloropienm until its identity with the African one is more clearly Fliown. On
the other hand, it must be admitted that Bloch was often careless as to his statement of locali-
ties, and in default of other knowledge, we may accept Peters 's identification as sufBcieut.
I
I
H
•>i;
'1
i -
1166
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
B
I »i'
! i--"i
Head Hinall, sleudor, and pointed, the prutUn nearly Htraight front the snout
to behind the oyo, wlioro ia formed a conHideralile an^lo; the outline
thence Hteeper, but still nearly Htrai^ht to the front of the dorsal tin.
Snout very short, rather pointed, 5^ in head. Mouth sniull, obli<|u«, tlir
maxillary not reaching to posterior margin of eye, its length 2j! in head.
Teeth small ; small canines present in upper, jaw only. Lower jaw ratlu-i
strongly projecting. Interorbital space very narrow, convex, its witltli
10 in head. Proopercle strongly convex ; the an^le not salient, but armed
with sharp radiating seme. A strong llattish spine directed downwaitl
and forward below the angle. Nostrils small, round, close together, suli
equal. Gill ruaiers moderate, the longest as long as gill fringes, ir> or It;.
14 on lower Kwib of arch. Scales not very small, mostly cycloid ; thoso
on opercles somewhat enlarged. Dorsal spines rather short and stitf, tli*>
fourth 3 in head; soft dorsal high ; caudal aiibtruncate, 2 in head ; anal
rather high, rounded, the longest rays 2 in head ; second spine longer aixl
stronger than third, 2/f in head ; pectorals broad, reaching a little beyond
tips of veutrals, 1^ to 1^ in head; ventrals shortish, scarcely reachiiti;
vent. Color dark olive brown, the body and head profusely covered
with round spots of a darker brown, their diameter about half that ol
the pupil ; spots on posterior part of body continent in horizontal streakH;
breast and front of bead with few spots; a very faint mustache a))ovo
maxillary ; dorsal and caudal dusky olive, nearly plain ; anal with two
cross bands of dusky; pectoral yellowish, with 5 dusky cross bands, its
edge pale; ventrals dusky. Very close to ^1. aj\r, ditfering chiefly in
color, the head more slender, the chin more prominent. Length 8 inches.
Pacific Coast of tropical America, Mazatlan to Panama ; rather common ;
here described from specimens from Panama, (inultum, many ; guttatun,
spotted).
Plectropoma tmilligiUtatuni, GCntiier, Proo. Zool. Soc. London, ISCfi, )i(K», Panama.
Plectropnma a/nini, GOntiieb, Fislies Contr. Amcr., 411, 18()9, with pliito.
AlphcuIeK mulliijiittahu, .lonDAN A Gilheut, Bull. U. S. Flsti Oomm., 1882, 107, 110 ; .TonoAN A
ElQENMANN, I. c, 349, 1890.
E^nuepheliin multiijutUitwi, JuuuAN ii GiLUEBT, Froc. U. S. Nat. 3Iub., 1882, U2j ; Juhdan & Sw.\i.n,
I. c, 18S4, 395.
504. DERMATOI^EPIS, Gill.
DermaMfpU, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1861, 64, {punclatiiii).
Lioperi-n, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 237, (iiiermw).
Body shorter and deeper than in Epinephelus, the head small, niucli com-
pressed, the interorbital area narrow ; supraoccipital crest low ; canines
very small or obsolete; lower opercular spine absent; frontal bones witli
the anterior concavity for the reception of the posterior processes of tlu'
premaxillaries, and with a process or knob on each side behind the intei
orbital area ; supraoccipital and parietal crests produced on the frontaKs to
between the orbits. Dorsal rays XI, 19; anal 111,9. Soft dorsal very
long; anal short; spines low; vertical fins all rounded; scales tiJ
cycloid, small, embedded ; squamation approaching that of liypticit'' :
canine teeth very small. Otherwise essentially as in Epinephelua. Species
three, in the warm seas, {dipiua, skin ; Tienlcj scale.)
;.h;K
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America, 1167
LilopElirA (Ac/of, Hninoth ; >r<piii|, iMjrch}:
(I. rrt'i)|i((r(lii uvliii'iitly Mcrruti', tlio Ht'rrm rntlior conroo ftml Mnnf ; iipp<>r jiiw with very
iiniill ranini-ft; pvcturni IIiih Ion;;, inoru lliitii twn-lliinlH loiiKtli uf IicikI, ri'iichiii^ vciil ;
niml ii|iiiu-N rnthur dtroiiK ; dnnky ullvc, with liirK" ruiiiiilcil whitlnh nimiIn ; iir> hhick
HpotH iiu head ; u wbitiili Htruuk from «ouut through uyo toward trout of dumil.
INKRMIN, 1600.
Dr.RMAToI.EPlI:
(M. Proo|Htr(-lo mitmntirn ; caniiii* tot-tli uliwdete ; poctoriil fliiHiiliort, not two-thin)N Imigth of
head and nut rmichinK vent ; nnnl itplueN Hhort ; duftky olive, with round whltlnli Hpotx ;
hoad with BHiullvr bluclc spota, ruNCTATi's, ISUl.
w
Subgenus LIOPERCA, Oill.
16«0. DERXATOI.EPIH INKKMIS (Cuvlcr tc VitlenriennuH).
Head 21 ; depth 2i D. XI, 19; A. Ill, 9; BcaleH 20-115 to 12r>-J5 to 50,
70 pores. Hody comparatively short and deep, stroiifjly conipreHHed, the
hack elevated, the anterior profile concave, forming a reentrant angle
hefore the eye, thence nearly straight to the nape. Head comprcHHtul,
the snout short, moderately pointed, 3^ in head. Kye Hinall, 5} in head.
Interorhital space narrow, anteriorly with a lnoad groove, whicii receives
the spines of the premaxillary bones, its width 8 in head. Posterior part
of head narrow, strongly convex transversely. Month sniall, oblifpie,
the jaws subequal, the broad maxillary extending to below the middle of
the eye, its length 1\ in head. Supplemental maxillary well developed.
Teeth in narrow bands, formed as in Ejunephehia, but small. Canines
scarcely differentiated, none in lower jaw, I on each side in upper jaw
ulightly larger tlian the other teeth. Preopercle with very weak and
irregular serrations, the angle not salient, its teeth little, if any,
enlarged. A very slight emargination above the angle. Opercle with a
single spine, above which is a Hat lobe. Opercular Hap unusually large,
extending beyond the spine for a distance nearly equal to the diameter
of the eye. Gill rakers rather slender, nearly as long as gill fringes,
about 14 on lower part of anterior arch. Nostrils round, very close
together, the posterior the larger. Scales small, all cycloid, somewhat
embedded in the skin ; lower jaw scaly ; maxillary, preorbital, and tip of
Huout naked. Dorsal spines strong, the third highest, 2>! in head, the
others gradually shorter to the ninth, whicli is 3^ in head; soft dorsal
I'levated, the twelfth ray highest, 2 in head ; caudal long, rounded in
outline, li in head ; anal very high, the middle soft rays 1* in head, the
other rays vapidly shortened each way ; anal spines short and strong,
fjraduated, the second spine 3J in head ; pectorals very long, nearly
reaching anal, 1^ in head ; ventrals moderate, 1§ in head, reaching vent
or a little farther. Color in alcohol, dusky brown, mottled with darker;
head, body, and fins covered with roundish, whitish blotches, which are
very irregular in form and size, some of them larger than the eye ; the
Npots most numerous and distinct on the tail and on the lower part of
the head; several spots behind the eye, confluent into a pale stripe from
eye toward spinous dorsal ; lins all blackish, the pale spots smaller and
f^enerally less distinct than on body ; pectorals olivaceous, with small,
rather distinct black spote. West Indies ; rare ; hero described from an
I 1
II
11 ()8
iUilietin 47, United States National Muuum.
Huvuiiu H|M-(;iiiu<n oeitt by Luoiiul riuMunciii. Ltmgtii 1 loot. (\mvmU^
iiiiaririotl.)
*icr/ -iiiim iiifniiin, CiviKii A VAi.r.NrrtNNf.H, IIUl. Niit. Piilim., ix, 4H8, 183:», Antillea; nCNTiiKii,
(.'ttt., I, ln/ilt, ir.:).
Ihlifriii liiiriiii; ToKy, Synii|MtlH, 'JH2, IKOH.
hmiiiiint, fiiit iwrmh, .Ioudan it Swain, /. <•., HVt, 1HH4; .Idrman M KlorNMANN, I (., !17tl. lH!Mt
l^imiihvlm iwrmu, Uoi'LENUKU, ('lit., i, 'i't\.
Subgenus DERMATOLEPIS.
16«l. HKIt.HATOM'.l'IH IMINCTATIN, riill.
IToad 2|''„; «lopth 2'!; oyo Hiiiall, <»A in head. 1). XI, 19; A. Ill, 9; Hcali>.
2l-lir>-x. IJody «;oiiiparativttly Hlioit aiul dct'p, Htroiigly compreNHtMl,
thu back ol«!vatt>d, the aiit(M'i(»r ])rotilo forming a Hiiglit ivuiit rant angle
bofoi'o t]i» eyo, ihencu nearly Btraiglit to thn nape. Head coinitroNHcd,
the Bnont Hhort, moderately jiointed, 4 in head. Interorbital Hpaco )|nitr
narrow, anteriorly witii a broad groove, which receives the NpinoH of tim
preniaxillarioa, its width Ih in head. Cranium ])OHteriori}' narrow,
Htrongly convex transverHely. Month rather Hmall, oblique, the jaws
Hube(|ual, the broad maxillary oxtendin<r to below the middle of the eye,
itH length 2,^ in head. Supplemental maxillary well developed. Teetli
Hunill, formed an in EplnvphduH, but with no canines in either Jaw, nut
even rudimentary ones. Preoper<;le not serrated anywhere, its upjx'i
part with a few irregular creuations, its angle not salient, its enuirgina
tion obsolete. Opercle with a rudimentary spine, above which is a llai
lobe. Opercular Hap extending beyond the spine for a distance nearly
equal to the diameter of the eye. Gill rakers shortish, about 13 on lower
part of anterior arcli. Nostrils small, round, close together, the posterior
cue the larger. Scales small, cycloid, somewhat embedded in the skin
Maxillary, preorbital, and tip of snout naked. Dorsal spines low, strong,
Bubequal, the longest 1 in head; soft dorsal elevated, the longest ray 2|',i
in head; caudal long, subtruncate, with rounded angles, IJ in head; anal
very high, rounded, its middle rays 2\ in head; anal spines short and
strong, graduated, the second spine 5 in head ; pectorals short, not nearly
reaching vent, 1| in head; ventrals short, 2^ in head. Color in spirits,
dusky brown, mottled with darker; head, body, and fins covered with
rounded whitish blotches, very irregular in form and size, none of them so
large as the eye, these spots most distinct on the body ; head, breast, and
branchiostegals thickly covered with smaller, round, dark spots, very
distinct on the jaws and on the membrane of the maxillary ; top of head
with some dark longitudinal streaks; pectoral with small black spots;
other fins blackish, with pale spots like those on the boc y, but smaller.
Rocky shores off the west coast of Mexico; known from Cape San Lucas,
the Venados, and the Revillagigedos. About the latter islands, Dr. Gilliei t
found it in abundance. Description from a specimen 14 inches lon^'
(U. S. N. M., No. 28223. Socorro Island. Coll. Captain Nichols), {pum-
tatua, spotted.)
wm
1
,. (InermiH,
lea; (ICntiiku,
Jordan and F.vermatw. — Fishes of North /Imerica. 1101)
t>trmiilnlet>i» ixinrtalHf, Oii.i,, rr<n' Ac. N»t Hi-I. I'hiln., IHOI, M, iin«l IHfl'J, y.lo, Cape San Lucaa,
(("i>ll. XhiiIiih): .loKiiAN * (liMiKRT, I'ror. V. H. Nut. Mim., Ti'.\ 1m|; .I.iui'an a M» ain, /. «.,
4(17, 1HS»; JcillDAN ,V KldKNM \NK, I. r, , llVt'i, 1H!K).
Hpiiniiliilii* liniiiil'ilrfiiH, liiii'LENiiKlt, Cut., I, 2&t'i, \HM; imiiiii ii milmtltillo lor imniliUiit, |>rriH'i:i)<
|iU>(l ill f'(iiH«f Ae^M.
505. MYCTEROPERCA, (Jill.
Miji'lrropfren, Gii.i,, Proc. Ac. Nut. Hcl. I'lilln., IWKI, HO, (..//(«•).
Tii'iilinpit, Oll.l,, I'roc-. Ar. Nat. Scl. I'lillii., IHO:., lot, {,'iill,iliii) r.iio.n.iM).
I'liiiliiiniihiliiM, Iti.KKKl'.ii, S.VHtt'iiiii I'ciiHriim Ui'viHiiiM, ~!'il, IH7fi, (iiciWi(<)»/n'«),
.(n/io/icnii, .loUDAN A KVKIIMANN, ni'W HuliK'''lilli«, {hiiiihmjni),
Xiislriiixrrii, .nmiiAN iV KVKIIMANN, luiw (illli({i'IIIIH, (ymii/<i/i«).
Craniiiiii hioiul uiid triiiiHvtMHuly coiicavo liotwocti tlio eyofl, its latnral
or«Ht8 very stroiiK, noaily |iar!illel with tlio suinaocicipital orcHt and
cxtuiidin^ iMiich fartlmr t'(»i\vaitl than tlio latter, Joining; t lio Niipriiociilnr
( i«Ht altovo tlio «y«, the Htiiuaocoipital (urHt iiotextoiMlin^oii tli »fn>ntalH;
fKintiil boneH without anterior concavity or notch for tho iccoption of
the promaxilhiiicH, without proroHHcs on tho upper Hiirtaco; lower jaw
htroiifjly projecting;; anal fin elouj^ato, witli 11 or 12 (in one Hpecie.s !) or
10) Hoft rayH; caudal luiuite; HpinoH of fiiiH slender, none of them much
I'lovatcd; scales snuill, nuiHtly cycloid, those on the lateral lino simple;
l)ylorio co'ca few; ;;ill rakers variouH; nostrils Hiiiall, and Huhciiual, or
with tho posterior enlarj?ed. Otherwise essentially as in I'.^nufitlulnx, from
which ^cnus Myrtn-oprrvit is well separated by tho structure of the
.skull,* and superficially by the lonnor anal, laij^er mouth, and more olon-
;;ate body. Largo food-lishes of the tropics, mostly American, (ui'kti/ii,
nostril ; •nPitKif, perch, iu allusion to the large divided posterior nostril of
M. olj'ax.)
(1. NostrilBfluhoqual, woll Bopfiratod; Boalos rni lioad cycloid.
h. (iill rakors coinpiirativi'ly few unil nliort, H to '.io below niiRlo of nrcli.
ARCiiopRRrA (ap^uf, anuH; ntpKti, inTch; from the IiIkIi, >ihi>i't anal liii):
c. Anal rayn Iir, 10 (III, ft to 111,11), tlm llii lii^li and f'alcatu; liody df'(>p, com-
prcssod; K'll rakoi'M fi | 15; Bcale« !).'>; uii(jlo of iiroupcrclL' slightly HalionI; color
(divo, with hlaukiHli niarkiiif^M; (Insilark. uoiii.knqkiu, 10(i2.
TRISOTBoriK (rpii?, tlirco; Icrd?, cqnal; rpoiri?, kcol):
cc. Anal rayH III, 11 or III, 12, tho flu Iodr.
tl. Aual fln not unKUlated, its oiitlim- inoro or loss ovonly roi-ndcd in ndnlt as
well as in young; H(pft parts of vertical tins rdni'd witli Mack in life.
e. Anglo of prcopurcUi nut Halicnt, its tuuth Hcai'coly enlarged; gill rakors
X 1- 8 to 10.
/. Oill rakora very few and short, x |- 8 developed (liosidos goirio nidi-
nientN); general color pale, bright red, or graylHh, with ruiiiidlsli
HpotB or blotchCM of black or red darker than tho gronnd color;
tho blacker blotches aloii^ the middle of sldeR much larger ami
ipiadrato iu tho young; red always present somewhoro in lifo
(fading in spirit.s); pccturaln blackish, iu the ailult broailly tipped
with orange yellow; scales rather Miiall (about 125); caudal lunate.
VEKKNO.fA, l.'lfiS.
*Thi8 character is thus expressed by Dr. Gill: " The skull differs from that of Fpiiiephiliis by
til' wider interorbital area; tho parallelism and contiiiuatinn of tho lateral crests forward to
till middle of the orbits, inclosing an elongated parallelogram, the surface of which, especially
Imiwcou tho orbits, is more uniform; the absence of a frontiil crest, the simple curvature or
Binightness of tho naso-vomerinu ridge, and absence of the angle ut the suture hutweuu the
iiii-ftlsand tho vomer."
F.N. A. 75
I 1-1
■ )
■ «. ..
1170
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
y. Gftncral color gray, with red and black markingii, (var. ventnom).
fiy. General color scarlet, wItL red and black iiiarkingB. aima, 151;:',,,.
y. Gill rakoni rather slender, about x |- 10 (besidoB several rudiments i;
caudal Bubtruncatc; nostrils Hinull.
g. Scales not very small (about 110); color dark olive gro-jn; liiden ■p|
head and body with rivulations of dark blui.h around roninl-
ish uark-bronze spots, largo or xniall (these markinKSKiilijirt
to considerable variation, fading in spirits); sides with datki r
qnodijkto areas.
2. Dark blotches on body rather largo, often iiuadrate.
DONACI, iriCI.
zz. Dark iipots on body very small, close-set, of a ilucp lnoii/i
orange. xanihosticta, l,^)t',4,i.
gg. Scales small (120 to 140); angle of preoperclo not salient, Imt tln'
teeth at tlio angle somewhat larger; r;r;iieral form, iippcar-
.'.nce, and color of M. honaci. Color olive green; lieiid uitli
numerous durk-green streaks radiittinK front eye; a ihirk
mustache along maxillary; body with small, irregular, durk,
quadrate blotches; flns, except pectorals, mostly dusky.
.lOBDANI, loW.
ee. Angle of preoperclo more or less salient, its teeth somewhat c'nlui":i'd;
gill rakers more numerous, x + i;j to 14.
h. Scales very small ( ibout 140); caudal peduncle without black i-pot;
interorbital area scarcely concave; cheeks without distinct Uiisky
stripes; commissure without yellow; caudal dibtiiictly lunutr; gill
rakers few, about 12 un lower part of anterior arch.
BIICBOI.EPIS, I.'iliO.
Ml. Scales rather small (about 120); interorbital area channeled; mifilf Mf
preoporcle little salient; body slender; caudal little concave; r-'iiiiv
with small, faint spots of darker; comniissure with yellow giccn.
INTERSTITIAI.IS, t.')fi7.
hhli. Scales not very small (about 110); upper part of body dark ludwn,
the lower half abruptly })aler; a pale ring aronnd the iiiiidal
peduncle, behind which is a squarish dark blotch, smaller tliitn
eye, at base of upper rays of caudal; raudal deeply liinale;
teeth strong. nuiiDiAn, 1.'>GS.
dd. Anal fln angulated, its middle rays much exscrted, its posterior niar);iji inn-
cave; body rather robust; scales moderate (about 110); caud:\l liii siilj-
truncate; gill rakers about x -\- 18; angle o" nreopercle slightly sili'iit,
with coarser teeth; seventh ray of anal nearly half head; tenth my of
dorsal somewhat produced; color nearly plain dark olivaceous, tlie iilgivs
of the fins scarcely darker. xenarciia. 16611.
pAREPlNEPllKI.rs {itapa, near; Epinephehis) :
bb. Gill rakers close-set, very long and slender, 25 to 35 below angle of arch.
i. Caudal fin lunate, its angles more or less produced in tlic adu'.t, the fln subtriiiicfttc
in the young; anal iin more or Icssangulato in the adult, rounded in theyuung;
soft dors ' Bomowbat angular; scales rather largo (lateral lino 95); body rallnr
deep, the snout sharp; preoperclo with a salient angle which is armed willi
larger teeth; dorsal spines low; gill rakers close-sot, x +;iO, tl;'j longest 7'., iii
bead; ventrals not reaching to vent; color olive gray, with darker roticulatiinif
around pale spots; fins not much darker on their edges; a dark niustaclie along
the maxillary; adult examples nearly uniform brown; not known to hr i' d.
BVliiiA. laTii.
a. Nostrils very close together, the posterior decidedly '.arger than the anterior, and witli a
more or less distinct horizontal cross septum within; scales on head cycloid.
Xystropebca (^varpov, a raker; iripKi), perch):
J. Gill rakers very numerous, long and slender, about 24 below angle of arch; fourtli dor-
sal spine bighoflt; soft dorsal and anal high, l>ut scarcely falcate. Color grc iMi,
with mauy round brown spots. pabdaljs, IftTl.
Jcrdan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1171
Mtcteropeboa :
j(/. QUI rakera moderate, fewer in number, to 18 below angle of arrli,
Jt. Second dorsal spine liigheRt, its length more than ^;, tluit of Iwad; third Hpinn
Bt'arcoly shorter; caudal slightly Annate; ranino teeth inwleriite; angle of pro-
opercle not salient; unal fln angulatod, its longest niys uliuut 2|;, in head, its
posterior margin concave; gill rakers coarnu uud lung, xl-l.'i; sculcs small
(13-20-x).
X. Color brown, with grayish reticulations around brown spots; fins dusky-edged.
OLFAX, 1572.
7x. Color chiefly red. iiuiierrima, 1572<i.
Ick. Second dorsLi spine low, shorter than third, the third and fourth highest.
{. Margin of anal An posteriorly concave, its middle rays much ex;.3rt<)d.
m. Gill I'akera rather numerous, 17 to 20 below angle of arch.
w. Outer rays of caudal scarcely produced, not ;V, length of head; canine
teeth moderate; angle of preoiterde little tialient; scales small
(about 130); color plain red; vertical tins without blnck edgings;
gill rakers long, x h 17. kosacka, 1573.
n«. Outer •ays of caudal much produced, more than "X^ length of head;
preoporcle with salient angle; canino teeth strong; scales small
(140); gill rakers about 4 f 20. Color brownish, with small
darker spots; vertical fins broadly edfr' J with blackisli,
X. Upper canines directed strongly forward, the lower backward;
.".oloration obscure. falcata, 1574.
XX. Upper canines nearly vertical; coloration paler and brighter.
riiENAX, 1574a.
mm. Gill rakers few, 8 below angle of arch; caudal well forked, the outer rays
1% in head; preoi)ercle without salient angle. Color uniform (live
brown, the vertical flns dark-edged. Size very large.
VEfJADORUM, 1575.
II. Margin of anal fln not concave posterio.'ly, the outline of the flu rounded or
slightly angular.
o. Gill rakers rather few, x -|- 12; body without dark cross bars, covered with
grayish reticulationu around small round spots, these not evident on
lieud; aual fin rounded; prcoperclo with a salient angle; caudal deeply
lunate; scales moderate (latera) lino 90 to 100); form rather robust;
anal fln not angulatc. calliura, 1570.
oo. Gill rak"r« very few, short, and thick, about x -|- G; body olive or(var.
canwfojjardnlwi) bright red, with light and dark cross bars, these often
becoming obsolete with age; head usually with distinct reticulations
around yellowish ipots; anal fin with angular margin, subtruncate
posteriorly; preopercle without salient angle; scales rather small
(lateral line 133); form rather robust.
X. Ground color dark olive. Tigris, 1577.
XX, Ground color bright red. cAHELorARUALis, 1577a.
Subgenus ARCHOPERCA, Jordan k Ev-rmann.
1562. MYCTEROPERCA BOl LENGKRI, Jonlan & Starks.
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(Cabrii.la de Raizero ; Manouovf Grouper.)
Head 2* to 2(1 in length ; depth 2-^ to 3, Dorsal XT, 15 (14 to 16); anal
III, 9 to III, 11 ; scales about 19-90 to 9o-38 ; snout 3i in head ; maxillary
2.^; eye 5i; pectoral If; ventral 1| ; anal ray 1|; caudal 1^. Longest
dorsal spine 2^. Gill rakers short, about 6 -{-17, the longest about \ in
eye. Longest dorsal ray 2. Body short and deep, compressed. Plead
IK
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1172 Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
moderate, compressed, its profile not steep, nearly straight, a depression
before eye. Upper caniuen moderate, scarcely differentiated, the lower
quite small. Teeth in 2 irregular rows laterally, a larger number m front .
Nostrils small, well separated, the anterior slightly larger. Lower juw
very strongly projecting. Maxillary reaching opposite posterior edge of
pupil, or a little farther. Preoperclo slightly notched, the angle slightly
salient, with somewhat enlarged teeth, the serrations all weak. Dorsal
scarcely notched, the fourth spine not elevated, the spines all subequal
except the first. Second dorsal high and long, its median rays forniin„'
a conspicuous angle, its posterior border somewhat concave, rounded.
Caudal scarcely lunate, the upper lobe slightlj- exserted, the lower trun-
cate. Anal very high, strongly faL^ute, its posterior border incised, tlu;
anterior rounded. Pectoral and ventral moderate, almost coterminous.
Anal spines graduated. Scales smoothish, not very small. Color: Olivo
gray, covered everywhere with oblong, irregular markings of black,
between which the ground color foruis rivulations; color of adult.s
fainter, with smaller spots ; gi-ay lines radiating from the eye; a black-
ish blotch behind maxillary ; pectoral olive yellow; other fins blackish,
clouded with pale; first dorsal with faint, small, black spots; caudal
with a very narrow, pale margin ; none on other fins. Length 15 inches.
A small species, rather common in the astillero or estuary at Mazatlan,
with Mifctcropcfca jordatii, which it nmch resembles in color, dift'ering in
form and in the short, high anal. This species has the coloration and
form of Myctcropcrca, with a short anal fin, scarcely longer than in
Epineph€ht8. The character of the skull is somewhat intermediate, but
on the whole nearest Mycteroperca. The supraoccipital and parietal crests
are high, the former extending forward to the posterior margin of the
orbit ; parietal crests parallel with each, and extending forward to pupil ;
interorbital space concave. (Named for Dr. George Albert Boulengei,
the accomplished ichthyologist of the British Museum, in recognition
of his admirable work on the Serranidce, in the Catalogue of Teleostean
Fishes.)
Mycteroperca hmlewjeii, .Torban & Stauks, Fishes of Sinatoa, in rrc^. Cnl. Ac. Sci., 189.5, 445, pi.
38, Mazatlan. (Type, No. 47481. Coll. Hopkins Kxjiedition to Mazatlan.)
H
I 1
Subgenus TRISOTROPIS, Oill.
16«8. MYCTEKOPERCA VENENOSA (Linnw. .).
(BocKFiBii ; Yeli.(i\v-finnbd CiROUPKn; BoNAd i>e Pikihia.)
Head2f (3}); depth 3 (3,f); eye small, 7 in head (adult). D. XI, Hi;
A. Ill, 11 ; scales 24-125-x. T3ody rather robust, not strongly com-
pressed; head rather bluntish, its anterior ^/lofile a little uneven.
Mouth large, the maxillary reaching much beyond eye, 2 in head ; teeth
in rather narrow bands, each jaw with 2 .strong canines, which are not
directed forward ; nostrils moderate, close together, the posterior largest,
Interorbital space flat, broad, 5 in head. Preopercle without salient
angle, its emargination slight. Scales rather small, chiefly cycloid.
Dorsal spines not very weak, the outline of the fin gently convex, the
Sci., 1895, 44ri, jil.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of Norih America. 1173
second spine about as long as tenth, the highest 3 in head; caudal lin
lunate, che inner rays 1^ in outer, which are \\ in hoa«l ; anal rounded,
rather low, the longest rays 24 in head; pectorals reaching well beyond
tips of ventrals, 2 in head. Pyloric c<nca 15 to 20 (,Poey.) Color in life
(adult): Clear olive green, livid bluish or pearly below (grayish below
in spirits) ; upper parts marked everywhere with broad reticulations,
and curved blotches of bright, clear light green ; these reticulations
most distinct on the upper part of the head ; a greenish blotch on
shoulder before dorsal; entire body and head covered with round
orange-brown spots (becoming brown in spirits) about as large as the
nostrils, the centers darkest ; these spots largest and least nuTuerous
above ; angle of mouth orange within ; iris orange ; breast slightly rosy,
grayish in spiri+s ; dorsal olive brown, with whitish blotches and a very
few dark spots; soft dorsal, anal, caudal, and ventrals broadly edged
with blackish, the caudal with more spots, these fins otherwise colored
like the dorsal fin ; pectoral olivaceous, its tip yellow, its base spotted.
Length 3 feet. Bahamas, Florida Keys, and southward ; generally com-
mon in rocky places ; hero described from a specimen from Key West.
(ffiHeH08u«, venemous, the flesii being sometimes poisonous.)
Verca manna vei'.eHOna, tho Rockflsh, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Fishes Carolina, etc., n, tab. 5, 1743,
Bahamas.
Perca rencnosa, LiNNiF.us, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 292, Bahamas; iiftur Catespv.
Seiraitm iielrimis, PoEY, Memorias, ii, 130, 18(10. Havana.
Mijderoperca vcncnoHa, .'ordan & Swain, /. c, 373, 1884; Jordan & Kioknmann, /. c, 3(19, 189().
Tiisolropis pelrosus, Jordan & Giliieut, Synopsis, 918, 1883.
Epiwphelua veiieiwsus, Boulenoeu, Cut., i, 259.
Represented in deep water by the red form or subspecies
1563a. MYCTEROPEltCA YENENOSA APIIA (Blu' h).
(Bonaci Cardenai,.)
Head 2J ; depth 3; eye small, 5^ in head (young). D. XI, 16 ; A. Ill, 11 ;
scales 24-121-x. Body rather short and deep, rather strongly compressed.
Head rather bluntish, the anterior profile rather strongly jid regularly
arched ; mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching past the eye, 2i in
head (in young). Lower jaw projecting, but rather less prominent than
usual in Mycteroperca. Teeth moderate, in rather narrow bands ; both
jaws with 2 moderate canines in front, the upper larger and not directed
forward. Nostrils 3lose together, subequal Interorbital space llattish
or slightly concave, its width 6 in head. Preopercle withoi;"; salient
iiugle, its emarginstion very slight, the teeth below the notch slightly
enlarged. Scales rather small, chiefly cycloid. Dorsal spines not very
slender, the second spine as long as tenth ; the third and fourth highest,
3/; in head ; caudal fin slightly lunate, the outer rays a little longer than
inner, 1^ in head; anal rather high, somewhat rounded, the longest rays
If, in head ; pectorals about reaching tips of ventrals. If in head. The
color varies much with age and probably also with the depth of water :
(a) Color in life of an adult example about 2i feet in length ; Very dark
everywhere, sparsely covered with round spots, which are black on the
♦ J.
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1174 Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
body and red on the belly ; month red within ; pectoral broadly edged
with orange red, otherwise ]»lain ; no other bright colors anywhere; sofi
parts of vertical fins largely black.
(/') Color in life of an example about 2 feet in length : Intense scarlet red
above, grayer below ; above, small black spots ; below, larger red ones ;
base of dorsal and caudal deep red; edge of dorsal, caudal, and anal black;
pectoral spotted at base, then blackish, thence broadly yellow.
(c) Color in life of specimens 8 inches in length : Scarlet brown above,
the color varying from vermilion to gray, becoming grayish in spirits ;
sides light gray ; the ground color forming rivulations around quadrate
blotches of black ; belly and lower part of head scarlet ; blotches above
and on sides black ; the upper ocellated with red ; those on sides, below
lateral lino, presenting the appearance of interrupted horizontal bands;
the blotches below all vermilion, separated V»y rivulations of ground color;
lower jaw yellowish, with red blotches; pectorals yellow ; the tins other-
wise all marbled with red and black ; the vertical fins with grayish rivu-
lations, edged Avith black and tipped with white. In spirits the scarlet
and red above become gray, the vermilion below, whitish. With age the
large quadrate blotches on the sides and below gradually break up into
smaller s)>ots, and in time the coloration of a and h is reached. West
Indies, Florida Keyb, and southward to Brazil, in deeper water than the
true vcneiiosHs, from which only the color separates it. Whether this and
similar color forms should be regarded as subspecies, as distinct species,
or should be totally ignored in systematic literature is a question not
easily settled. For the present we let them stand as subspecies, but do
not regard this view of the case as satisfactory. We have never seen a
specimen intermediate between apua and venenoaa, nor can any doubt
exist in the determination of specimens. {Apua or Jpia, a Brazilian name ;
Pirati apia, according to Marcgrave.)
Pirali apia, Marcoravg, Hist. Qrasil, 1048, 158, Brazil.
Bodiaimii apua, Bi.ocii, Ichth., vii, 37, taf. 229, 1790, Brazil (after a drawing by Princo Mauriio
of Nassau— the Hamo used by Marcgrave).
Bonacl cnnUnal, Paiira, Piezas de Hist. Nat. Cuba, 29, pi. xvi, 1787, Havana,
Juhuim giillatiif, Bloch & SciiMEiUER, Syst. Itbthyol., 77, 1801 (after Parba).
Bodianus iiiarginaltin, Bi.ocii & Scuneider, /. c, 3IJ1 (after Marcgrave).
Serramis vardinnlin, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ii, 378, 1828 (after Parra).
Setratim rnpenlrui, OuviKR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 437, 1833, San Domingo;
Gl'.NTHER, Cat., 1, 145, 1859.
TrUotro^iis cardinalis, PoEY, Eiiumeratio, 13, 1875.
Mijcleroperca venenosa yiUtata, Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 375,
Mycteroperca venenosa apua, Jordan & Eiqknmann, {. c, :{70, 1890.
1664. MTCTEBOPEBCA BUNACI (Posy).
(BoNAcl Abara ; Black Grouper ; Aouaji.)
Head2f ; depth 3J; eye moderate, 6 in head (young). D. XI, 16 to 18;
A. lil, 11 or 12; scales 18-120 to 125-50, pores 70 to 85. Body conipaia-
tively slender, a little more robust than in M. mia'olepia, its breadth 2* in
its depth ; head moderate, rather pointed, its anterior profile little curved ;
rincc Miuirii !•
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1175
mouth rather largo, the maxillary reaching ulightly beyond eye, 1); in
head (in young), proportionately lunger in adult; maxillary with cycloid
HcaleH. Teeth in rather narrow bandH ; two rather strong canines directed
little forward in front of each jaw. Interorbital space slightly convex,
its width (i in head. Preopercle forming a regular curve without salient
angle, the emargination near the angle very slight. Nostrils small,
roundish, subeiiual ; not very close together. Gill rakers few and long,
10 to 12 besides rudiments on lower part of anterior arch. Scales rather
small, chiefly cycloid; dorsal spines comparatively slender and weak, the
outline of the tin gently convex ; the tenth spine about as long as second;
third and fourth spines longest, 3^^ in head ; caudal fin truncate when
spread open, its outer rays a very little produced, 1.^ in head ; anal rather
high and rounded, its longest rays 2i in head ; pectoral reaching slightly
beyond tips of ventrals, li^,r in head. Ventrals short, not reaching vent.
Pyloric ca3ca 15. Color in life, deep orange brown, more olive on the back,
clouded above by paler or grayish ; sides and belly marked everywhere
by reticulations of pearly gray, which surround roundish or oblong spots
of the ground color, the pale streaks being largely horizontal on the sides ;
sides of the head similarly marked, the spots smaller, bronze brown, the
reticulations decidedly bluish ; 6 or 7 spots in a straight line between eye
and preopercle, the spots having nearly the diameter of the pupil; spots
on the body mostly covering 4 to 6 scales, all of them larger than a scale ;
dorsal olive brown, somewhat mottled ; caudal similar to dorsal, narrowly
edged with whitish ; anal similar, with 2 or 3 rows of bluish spots, its
tips blackish, with a narrow whitish edge ; pectorals olive brown, plain ;
ventrals blackish, the rays bluish. Mouth not green, the lips olive,
barred witli bluish ; iris reddish. Here described from a specimen 11^
inches long, from Key West, k large specimen, about 2i feet in length,
seen at Key West, retained the same general coloration, the bronze spots
and rivulations being distinct and not smaller than in the young. In
spirits the orange brown of the body is replaced by dark brown, and the
blue reticulations of the head, by gray ; all the markings become more
faint. Length 2 to 3 feet; maximum weight 50 pounds. West Indies,
Pensacola to Brazil ; abundant about Key West, where it is known aa
Black Grouper, being the only species to which that name is applied.
The young are taken along the shore in the seine. The species is equally
common at Havana. {Bonaci, the Cuban name for the species.)
Serranns bonaci, PoEY, Meniorias, ir, 129, 1860, Cuba.
Serraitut brwiueus, Poey, Momorias, ii, 131, 1860, Havana.
Serrauiu arard, Poey, Memorias, ii, 132, 1860; not of Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Sierranus decimalis, Poey, Memorias, ii, 138, 1860, Cuba; spvciiucn with lOdorsal spines.
Triaulropis (ujitaJi,VoEY, Kepertorio, ii, 2-9, 1868, Havana.
Serramu cychpomatiia, PoEY, Memori:v8, ii. 353, 1861, Cuba.
Serramu lalejiktus, PoEY, Memorias, ii, 353, 1861, Cuba.
'Vrisotropis bmitci, Poey, Synopsis, 283, 1868.
Epinephelm bonaci, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 124; Boulenqer, Cat., i, 266.
^Tycteroperca bmiaci, Jordan & Swain, I. c, 1884, 370; Jordan & Eioenmann, I. c, 370, 1890.
Truotropit bntnnetw, PoKY, Synopsis, 1868, 284; Jordan & Qilbert, Syuopsis, 1883, 638.
'ii
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1176
Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum,
Reiiteauutc'l in deeper water oil" Flori»la by
ir.Hla. MlCTEltOI'KUCA HONACI XANTIIOSTUTA, Jordan A Swain
Head 3 ; depth 3 ; eye % in head (adult). D. XI, 17 ; A. Ill, 12 ; scaUjs
22-ll()-x. Body comparatively robust, formed much aH in M. vvnvnom.
Head large, its auterior profile little curved, the snout not very acute.
3i in head. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching to beyond eye, l,', in
head (in adult). Teeth in moderate bands; 2 strong, nearly vertical
canines in front of each Jaw. luterorbital space strongly convex, its
breadth 4i in head. Preoperclo forming a regular curve, without salient
angle, the emarginatiou near its angle very slight. Nostrils roundisli,
close together, subequal. Scales rather small, chiefly cycloid. Dorsal
spines rather slender and low, the third spine '6'i, in head ; caudal fin sub-
truncate when spread open, its outer rays very slightly produced, IJ in
head ; the rays of the fin projecting slightly beyond the membranes ; anal
high and lounded, its longest rays 2* in lieud ; pectoral reaching slightly
beyond tips of veutrals 2f in head. Color of fresh specimen, rather bright
dark purplish gray, scarcely paler below , rather darkest along top of
head and sides of back; chin dark; a few obscure paler rivulations on
belly, sides, and especially on breast ; head and body everywhere covered
very evenly with round, close-set spots of a bright bronze orange ; these
spots mostly broader than the interspaces, and with an average diameter
about equal to that of a nostril, obscure on lower part of head and body,
but traces of such spots almost everywhere; spots most distinct on head,
and covering the dark part of the eye; on the lower jaw the spots arc
oblong and more closely set ; about 23 spots in a straight line from eye to
angle of preopercle ; spots on the body usually arranged one to each
scale, the average diameter being considerably less than that of a scale.
none on body as large as the scale ; bases of pectoral, anal, and caudal simi-
larly spotted; dorsal dark olive brown, the distal half of the soft dorsal
black; caudal and anal colored like the soft dorsal, the black on the cau-
dal paler, the latter without the narrow pale edge of the dorsal and anal ;
pectorals and ventrals brownish, blackish toward the tips, the pectoral
with a grayish edge and no yellow; a dusky mustache on preorbital.
along edge of maxillary ; membrane of region concealed by maxilluiv
covered with very bright orange spots; angle of mouth on lower jaw
largely yellowish green, with some dull orange Length 1 feet. Snapper
Banks off Pensacola ; scarce. {^av66^, yellow; aTiKT6(j, spotted.)
Mycleroperca botiaci ximthosticla, Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 371, PensacoUi,
(Cull. Jordan & Stearns); Jobdan & Eioenmann, I. c, 370, 18'J0.
1565. aiYCTUKOPERCA JOBDANI (Jenkins & Evermanu).
(Cabrilla dk Astilleko; Baya.)
Head2f to2i; depth 3Ho3f; eye 6i to 7J in head; snout 3i to 3'.
D. XI, 16 or 17; A. Ill, 11; scales 20-120 to 135-43; maxillary 2J ;
pectoral If to If ; ventral 2 to 2^^ ; fourth dorsal spine 2 J to 3 ; soft dorsal
rays 2^ to 2i; longest anal ray 2^; caudal lobes If to 1| in head; gill
'I
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1177
rakerH3-}-10 or 11, ubort, tlio longest baruly longer than pnpil. Body
niodui'utoly elongate, conipreuHed. Heiid low, large, profile anteriorly a
little convex, depressed before eye. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw very
prominent; canines in both jaws ratlier strong. Nostrils well separated,
siibetiual. i'reopercle scarcely notched, the angle not salient ; the teeth
at angle scarcely enlarged. First dorsal low, scarcely notched, the fourth
spine not elongate. Soft dorsal moderate, rounded: caudal truncate or
very slightly rounded, becoming concave with age; anal high, anteriorly
rounded, not falcate but with a sharp angle, its posterior border not
incised ; second anal spine shorter than third, ti in head. Pectorals mod-
erate; ventrals shortish. Color olive gray, blackish above, with obscuro
clouds of darker olive in the form of diliuse dark blotches, these oblong,
quadrate, and arranged in 4 series; lower parts pale olive; sides of head
with wavy blackish streaks; a black mustache behind maxillary; lower
side of head clouded ; lower lip greenish , inside of month pale; pectorals
reddish green, without pale edge ; other tins blackish, the soft dorsal and
caudal narrowly edged with whitish; a little dull red on lower edge of
anal and caudal.* Length 2 to 3 feet, (julf of California; common in
bays and sheltered waters; not seen about rocks; here described from
specimens from Mazatlau ; a food-lish of importance at Uuaymas and
Mazatlan. (Named for David Starr Jordan.)
V.\nne\thrXm jorAunx, Jenkins & Eveiimann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. 18«8, 140, Guaymas, (Type,
No. ;!9G'.!8. Coll. .roiikiiis & Evormanii); Jt()i'i,KN(iKii,t Cat., i, '2C;i.
Myeleropena jonlani, Jordan & Eioenmann, I. c, 371, 1890; Eveumann A .Ik.skinh, I'loc. U. 8.
Nat. Mijs., 1891, 1415, j)!. i, lig. 2.
15««. MYCTKKOPKKCA MICROLEPIS (Kuodo & liouu).
(Gau ; AorAji.)
Head 2i ; depth 3i ; eye moderate, 6^ in head (young). D. XI, 16 to 19 ;
A. Ill, 11; scales 24-140 to 145-50 to GO, pores 88 to 95. Body compara-
tively elongate, compressed, its greatest width 2i in greatest depth.
* The following Ih tlio original description of this BpecieH, slightly condonscd: Head 2.0 in
body to baxe of caudal (3.1 in total); depth 3.6 in body; depth of caudal peduncle 8.8; dornal
XI, 17; anal 111,11; scales very small, ciowded, about 20-160-40. Body comparatively elongate,
compresHed. Ilead long, lower jaw protruding, maxillary extending but slightly beyond the eye
in the smaller 8i)ecimeu8 and not at all in tlii! larger ones; eye 7.2 in head, the iuterorbitul
Kpaco in head. Preopercle slightly emarginate above the angle and on lower limb below the
angle; the serrni above the angle very line, at the angle stronger, the lower limb entire. Nos-
trils not very near together. iJistanco between them 8 in longer diameter t)f eye; the anterior
circular, with a flap; posterior elliptical and not more than twice tho diameter of the anterior.
Gill rakers of anterior arch rather short, the longest about 2 in c/e; about 9 developed and 2
rudimentary ones on lower branch, one in the angle, 2 well dcvelo] ed on ujiper branch, with a
few others rudimentary. Teeth on lower jaw in about 2 scries, l;tterally strong; on upper jaw
Keveral strong teeth intermingled with many small ones; two prominent canines in each jaw.
Caudal fin very slightly lunate, the outer rays scarcely longer than inner, 2 in head; pectorals
reaching beyond the tip of ventrals, .5 in body and 1.9 in head; ventral flu shorter than the
pectoral, 6.25 in the body, its spine 4 in head; the first 3 spines of the dorsal graduated, the first
8.8, the second 4.26, the third 3.3, in head; the tenth spine 4, and the eleventh ;!.8, in bead.
The longest soft ray, the sixth, 2.3 in head; origin of dorsal a littlo less than length of head
from tip of snout; anal spines graduated, the first 14.4, the second 6 4, the third 5.2, in head,
the fin evenly rounded, the longest soft ray 2.3, and the last 4.8, in head. Color inalcoliol, much
as in JC. honaci, I'oey, brown, with irregular darker mottlingaof considerable size, but varying
much; bslly paler; dorsal and anal fins of the general color of the body, ttio anal having the
lower edge pale, the outer margin not evidently darker; ventrals black with the tip white; pec-
t-^.ttls paler.
t By error credited by Dr. Bouleuger to Jordan & Bvermaun, instead of to Jenkins & Evermann.
. '! i
' N
:il.:
1178
Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
Head l<>ng, rather pointed, compreHHed, its anterior profile comparatively
evenly curved and not niiicli arched; mouth comparatively liirj^t^
the maxillary extending (in the young a foot long) slightly beyond the
eye, ita length 12^ in head. In the adult the maxillary iu proportionately
longer, about half head; teeth in rather narrow bandu; each juw \vitli
two canineH, the upper rather large and directed little forward, the lower
rather Hmall, Interorbital space slightly convex, 7 in head. Uill rukeis
few, about 12 on lower part of anterior arch. Preopercle with a shallow
emargiuation above the angle, which is somewhat salient and armed witli
radiating serrte considerably larger than those on the upper limb, whicli
are very fine. Nostrils small, rounded, subeiiual, not very close tcgether.
Scales very small, chiefly cycloid. Dorsal spines comparatively slendri
and weak, the outline of the tin gently convex ; the tenth spine about as
long as second; third and fourth spines longest, 3^ in head ; caudal dis-
tinctly lunate, the outer rays ^ longer than the inner, 1} in head ; anal
rather high, its posterior margin convex, the longest ray 2Jt in head, tlio
spines small, graduated ; pectoral reaching slightly beyond tips of ven
trals, 2 in head. Shade of color variable, those found in shallow wutur
being lighter and nmre variegated. Specimens from deep water are plain
brownish gray, paler below, with no distinct spots or rivulattons, but
faint traces of darker spotting, which disappear in spirits , a faint mus-
tache ; lips not green ; dorsal dark olive, the tip of soft part blue black,
its edge narrowly white; caudal black, with bright-blue shadings, its
edge white; anal deep indigo blue, olive at base, its edge white ; pec-
torals olive, dusky toward the tip; veutrals blackish, the first ray tipped
with white. Specimens taken in shallow water among grass are gret-n
olive, mottled with darker green, and variously clouded, but without
spots or rivulations ; mustache black ; fins colored as above, distinctly
bluish ; radiating streaks of bluish from eye ; all the blue markings ut'
life fade more or less into dusky or grayish in spirits. Length 2 to ;{
feet. South Atlantic and Gulf Coast of United States, north to Beaufort,
North Carolina, and Pensacola; not known from the West Indies. Tliis
species ranges farther north on our coasts than any other of the Epinepht-
Ihiw except Epinephelus morio. It reaches a weight of about 50 pounds.
Along the coast of Florida it is generally abundant on the banks ami
reefs, and is an important food-fish. (/iiKpog, small; ?.emc, scale.)
IVimtrdpu microlepi», GoouE &, Bkan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, 141, West Florida, (Tyin,
Nor. 5137((; 6137b. Coll. Kaiser & Martiu); Jordan & Gimieut, Synopsis, 538, 1883.
Trisolropis sloiiiias, Goode & Bean, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 427, Pensacola; Key West,
(Typo, Nob. 21330, 26561, 26587. Coll. Stearns); Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 918, 971.
Kpi)iej)helii8 viiorolepity JoRUAN, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 124; Boulgnoer, Cat., i, 260.
Mycteroperca microlepis, Jordan & Swain, I. c, 367, 1884; Jordan & Eioenmann, /. c, 371, ls!"i.
lfi«7. HYCTEROPERCA INTERSTITIALI8 (Poey).
Head 2f ; depth H ; eye large, H in head. D. XI, 16 or 17 ; A. Ill, 12 ,
scales 20-120-x. Body more slender than in any other of the specit's
here described ; its greatest width half its greatest depth ; head not very
acute, the anterior profile rather strongly curved, somewhat gibbous
:!Hi
Jordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North America. 1179
:* ft
• 1
above the eyes; mouth inoilerato, the maxillary roachiiif; Hlightly Iteyoml
eye, 2i in Iiuiul ; teeth in narrow ItandH ; 2 strong oanint>H in tlie front of
each jaw, tliose of the npper Jaw nearly vertical ; nostrils rather small,
snbequal, nearly roiintl ; interorhittil space slightly concave, its width 5^
in head ; the orbital ridges elevated. I'reopercle with a moderate cmar-
gination, its angle a little salient, with slightly coarser teeth ; gill rakers
rather few, abunt 17 on lower part of anterior arch. Scales rather small,
chiefly cycloid. Dorsal spines rather slender and weak, the outline of
the tin gently convex; the second spine slightly longer than the tenth,
the third and fourth longest, 3^ in head ; unal rather high, jmsteriorly
ronnded, 2 in head ; caudal tin a little concave, the inner rays \\ in outer,
which are 1| in head; pectorals reaching tips of ventrals, 2 in head.
Pyloric co'ca 12 (Poey.) Color o<^ body in spirits, dark brown, in life
with small darker spots, surrounded by reticulations of the ground
color ; dorsal and caudal tins dusky, their margins blackish ; anal dusky,
edged with bluish black; ventrals dusky, edged with bluish black, the
rays lighti^r ; pectorals dusky, a well-detined mustache above the maxil-
lary ; tins edged with dull orange in life, this color disappearing in
spirits. Length about a foot. Coasts of Cuba ; rather common in the
markets of Havana, tvhere the specimens hero described were taken by
Dr. Jordan. (hitvrHiitial'm, having interstices.)
SirrniiiiH hiternlilialiH, PoEV, Memoriiu, ii, 127, 1800, Cuba.
Trimtr<nti« rhhmi»lit})in», PoEV, Hepertorio, ii, 2^1, 18()8, Cuba.
7Vi»«/»i)j)('« MeiHlitidlis, I'oKY, SyiiopsiB, 285, 18(18.
Mijclernpci^a ii,tcrnliH(iliK, .TuiiDAN & .SwAiN, /. c, 'MH, 18H4: .Iouiian .fe Riiibnmann, I. c, ;i71, 189(1.
Eiiineiihehui inlenlMlU, Uoui.knukk, (^it., i, 2*><).
1568. MYCTKROPKiU'A DINIDIATA (Pooy).
I 1
Head 3 ; depth 3. D. XI, 1(5; A. Ill, 11 ; scales 110. Body rather deep
and compressed ; mouth small, lower jaw projecting; canines strong, as
in Mjjeteropcrca falvata ; snout rather sharp, 4 in head; maxillary 2; eye
.5; nostrils small, not far apart, the anterior rather the larger; angle of
preopercle salient, armed with stronger teeth; gill rakers rather slender,
x-|-14. Scales rather small; caudal fin rather deeply lunate; anal fin
rounded. Color in spirits, «iuite dark above, the lower half abruptly
paler ; a narrow, pale ring around caudal peduncle, behind which is a
squarish dark blotch, smaller than eye, at base of upper rays of caudal ;
a dark area from tip of lower jaw through eye to the boundary between
the dark and pale on the sides ; caudal, soft dorsal, ventrals, and anal
edged with black. Here described from a small specimen (26953, M. C.
Z., 8 inches long) in the Museum at Cambridge, sent from Havana by
Professor Poey, and probably one of his types. Coasts of Cuba ; appar-
ently very rare. (dimidiatu8, halved, upper half of body differing in
coloration from lower. )
Serrnnus dimidMiis, Poby, MemnrioH, ll, 129, IStiO, Cuba.
Trisolropis dimidialun, PoEV, Synopsis, 285, 1868.
Mycteroperca (Uiuidiata, Jordan & Swain, /. c, 1(67, 1884; .Iordan u. Eiuknmann, /. c, 372, 1890.
Kpin^heltu dimidiaiut, Boclenoeb, Cat., i, 264.
, !
13
.Ml
Ms:
I i
1180 Jiutletin ^7, United States National Afuseum.
lAAII. MYCTEROPRRfA XKNAKCIIA, .TonUn.
Ho.'iil 2n ; drpth :< ; <iyu hiiiuII, 7 in Inmd. I). XI, 1(>; A. TIT, 11; HcaloH
2r>-n(> to lliVaO. Mody ratluM' drep and roniprcHmul ; linid coinpntHMMl,
with rather Hhort, Hhurp wnont, whicli Ih 4 in iioa«l ; prolilo Hteup and
nearly straight; month lurgo, tho nuixIMmy roaohing Nrarcoly Itoyond
oyc, 2 in lioad ; lowtM' canintmHniall ; npptMcanint'H (2 in nnnilior) Mtrnng,
Hcarooly dir«M;t<Ml lorward ; prt'orltital narrow, J widtli of «y«i ; int«ror-
liitul arua convox, its widtli 4^ in head; nontrilH Hnuill, th«) poHturior
Hcarcoly tho largor, Htiparattid from ttio anterior )>y one diameter ; angle
of preopercle Hcareely Halient, hnt provided with coarser teeth ; a rather
Hharp notch above it ; operenlar npine flat and divided into about (> teeth
attheend; gill rakers nioderai.e,H-f'l^! BcaleH moderate, Ncarnely ctenoid ;
<lorHal Hpimvs low, the outline of the HpinotiH dorsal gently convex, the
fourth Hpine longcHt, !( in head; Hoft dorsal high, itH outline angular, the
tenth ray jtnxluced. If, in head ; anal (in formed as in Mucteroixrcujalcata,
its seventh ray )>roduc«^d and falcate, 1;^ in head, its ]ioBtorior outline
concave; caiKlal subtruncate, the outer slightly produced ; pectoral 1} in
head. Color in spirits pliiin dark olivaceous, the edges of the fins scarcely
tlarker. Hocky Islands of the eastern Pacific from Ma/atlan to the coast
of Peru; known from numerous s])ccimen8 in tiio Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology at Camltridge, from the Galapagos Islands, and from Payta,
Peru. The above description is from a specimen 22 inches long, taken by
us at the Venados Islands, near Mazathin. This is larger than the original
types of the species, {iti'oi', strange; "/j^iif, anus.)
Miirtiriiprmi :n'n(ii<lm,.1itiiT>\s, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1887, ;i87, James Island, Galapagos
(Typn, No. iJ41!)8, MuH. Ooiiip. /ool.); .Tohuan & Ei.iknma.nn, /. <•., 372, IHWI.
EpineplieluK fenaixlms, Uoulenuku, Out., i, 20C.
Subgenus PAREPINEPHELUS, nicoker.
1570. NYCTKllOPKIU'A KUIIKIt (lllocli).
(SCIUENdA.)
Head 2 J iu length ; depth 2>. D. XI, 16 ; A. Ill, 11 or 12 ; scales 15-95 to
115— iO to 46, pores 75 to 85. liody rather deep, compressed, the snout
sharp, the anterior i)rofilo straight ; interorbital space flat or convex, 4 to
oi in head ; mouth moderate, the maxillary extending Just beyond eye,
21 in head ; eye 4^ to 7 in head ; canine teeth small; preopercle with a
salient angle ; gill rakers very long and slender, x + 31 (22 to 35 accord-
ing to Boulenger), the longest .;* diameter of eye and 7^ in head; dorsal
spines small ; soft dorsal slightly angulated, the longest ray 2}, in head ;
anal fin (in most specimens, especially in adults) sharply angulated as in
M. falcata, the longest ray 1| in head, in young specimens rounded ;
caudal lunate, the angles well produced in the adult, the fin subtruncate
in yonng ; pectoral Ijj in head ; ventrals short, not reaching vent, (2| to
3J, Boulenger). Coloration grayish olive, with reticulations of dark
around irregular roundish pale spots ; a black mustache along edge of
maxillary ; fins not much darker than uody, usually dusky at tip ; young
^'p
Jordan and ETermann. — Fis/irs of North America. 1 181
Loop aiul
) Htroiij?,
; iiiteror-
l»oHtorior
a rather
lit T) toeth
r ctenoid ;
nvox, the
u;nlar, the
[)r outline
toral 11 in
iH scarcely
) the coast
Coinpara-
oin Payta,
;, taken l»y
hoori>;iual
with the niarkinnH more diHtiiiot than they are fn the adults ; younR
HometiniOH witli a dark blotch on hai-k of caudal ixMliincle, aciiordin^
to HouleuKor. This dcHcription Ih chielly from No. IW)*!, M. C. Z., from
Kio do Janeiro, i:< inchcH long. TIuh HperieH is very \vo1l diMtiii^uiHiied
from all other ^lonperH l»y tiie greatly increaMed number of gill rakern, it
character first pointed ont by Dr. Hean. Perhaps more tliitn one species
of this type exists, dlHtingniMhed by thennmbor of gill rakers. 'I'1h« typo
of vxihvr has but 21. Those examined by ns from Hra/.il and from Athens
have 30 «»r more. West Indies, Urazil, Mediterranean Sea, and islan«ls of
the eastein Atlantic;; common in tlie Meiliterranean and otf the coast of
Rraxil. (ruhir, red ; from the supposed coloration of t lie original blea<-lied
specimen, which may possibly have been a «leep-wat('r form.) ' (l-n.)
F/iiHiiihtiUif rii/i.r, Hlocm, IctitliyoloKiii, VI I, '.'2, 17!i;t, pi. :i;tO, "Japan "; lloii.t.MjKii, Cat., i, 2118.
Mtlilirtiperrn urirnifiii, Jokdan A SwAIN, /. c, 'M[), 1N84 (not Siiiinm miniiiju, lUl'INKNgrK, which
Ih an Hjihifplnlnn).
SerrwiiiK nrulirimlriii, Cvwr.RSi Vai.ENCIKNNKH, Hint. Nut. I'oiit., li, 2«(i, 1H2N, Brazil; (iC.NTIIKIt,
Cut., I, l.l.l, 1869.
Serrnimiiiiii(/i(/««ii«, <;t'MKii id Valkn(;iknnkh, Hint. Nat. Poiw., ii, 29/i, 1828, Brazil; OCnthkb,
Cut., I, HI), IBM.
ScmtiiiM fiiicd, Cantrainr, "Ndiiv. MOiii. Ac. Itnix., i8:il, xi," Naples.
ScrrdHH* /i(»d(», Lowe, TrunB. C'umt)r. I'lilliiH. 8oc., vi, l!Mi, IHltti, Madeira; (irNTiiKii, Cat., i,
1;M, 185!).
CiTiKi vuliuliisd, Cocco, "Indiro PoRt'l MoshIiiu, (icii. 'iri, Hp. 2," 1844, Messina.
(VnidiimiToi/CHiK, .Sahsi, "DcstT. (iuiiova c il (JoiKivafiuti), i, l;ill," I84li, Genoa.
Serranim eiiiiir(jiiiiiliiii, Vai.knciknnks, IcIiIIi. Huh Caiiarii'H, 111, IH.'iO, Canary Islands.
I'lpiiiijilulim clKiliiiiiin, Coi'K, TraiiH. Am. I'IiIIoh. .'^oi'., IsVl, 4iir), St. Martini.
Cenin iicnliroatrh, var. hila, Dudkiii.rin, /. <■., 74, Palermo; iiioiiHtruiiH i'oriii.
SerrmiM nih^r, PKTEns, Iturliiior MuniitHb., 1(I7, iHft'), (rcdoHcriiitioii of urigiliul typ<').
iludtropercu rubra, Jouuan & jd)iuE.NMANN, {, c, 'Si'i, 1800.
.Galapagos
Subgenus XY3TROPERCA, .Tunliiii \ Bvcinmiiii.
les l.>-95 to
the snout
on vex, 4 to
eyond eye,
■cle with a
35 accord-
)ad; dorsal
',}, in head;
lated as in
rounded ;
ubtruncate
out, (2f to
IS of dark
mg edge of
tip; young
1671. MYCTEKOPKKCA PAI{|>ALIS,t (Jilb. it.
(CaIIRII.LA PlHlTITA.)
Head2;! in length; depth3; 8nout3i; eye6. D.XI,17; A. 111,11; scales
90. Lower jaw strongly projecting. Teeth small, the outer row in mandible
*In case a rod form of this spocieg should bo found, the ordinary brown form or variety may
1)0 calleil var. ac.nlirtmtriii. It is poHsihlo, also, as ulmve indicated, tliat Miiilerojwrra unilinislris, to
which form tho abovo doscription bulongri, is really a diHtiiict npccies. Tlic I'dlJuwin^' c<iMi|iari-
Hon of nioch's typo of Hpinophehm ruber, .ICJ motors in longth, from "Japan," with Miirlnuju-rrn
(iciir/nin/i'iii, is niado by Dr. IIllKendorf, who writes: "Tlio gill rakers are Indeed miiiienitis. I
count 24 on thecerutobrunchial of tho first arch. Tlio longest of theso ineasureM (i>,_, inillinie-
ters. The points in which niher dilTers from acntinintrin (compared witli a larger ('xample —
12581, .283 millimeters long, from Athens) arn the following: The pale eolorat ion, which is hardly
to bo explained by bleaching, as the dark-brown pigment HUlVers little, n<ir is it to be iiciunuti^d
for by ditToronce in age. Thu caudal is in ntber apparently Htrongly niuiidod, ami the pecturals
as well as ventrals are longer in ruber. The vontrals reach at least to the vi'iit. Tlie point of
the pectoral is 78 millimeterH from the snout, 86 millimeters from the c'nd nf the (iiiuial (as 7
to 8). In (iciiliroHtrii these numbers are respectively 123 and lUO millimeters (as 8 to 4i. This
difference may be expressed by saying that in aciilirnslria (or in (dd examples?) the hinder parts
of the body are more stretched. The strea' n the sides shown in Hloch's ligunMin! merely
the boundaries of the groups of muscles." I'he difference in the form of the caudal abovo
noticed may, we know, bo due to ago, as in specimens of 6 inches it is very randy lunate. The
diff(!rence in form is not unlikely also a matter of ago. The pale color of tlic type at I'liitiepheltu
mher may lie due to exposure of tho typo to sunlight. .\ few weeks of sucji exposure will
destroy all pigment cells. As tho siiecimen has now been more than a century in alcohol, such
an exposure may have some time taken i)lace.
t The following description is taken from a specimen from the Venados Islands, near Ma/.atlan :
Mijcleroperca pardalix.—WeaA 'A in length; depth :!^'„. D. XI, IG; A. Ill, 11; scales '.»" to 1(X),
small, smooth, embedded, difficult to count. Eye &% in head; maxillary '2,%; pectoral 1^^;
,§,
'■ii
i'l:
l':l
1182
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
rittitli Hinall«tr tliuii thoHo of tli« iiiiutr HwrieH, wliicli urn <le|it'«fNHihl<>. Tin
iuuor HurlcH widuiiH into u piitcli ut HyiiiphyNiN, in front of wiii«;h HtantU
tlH« pair of voiy Huuill iiiconHpiciioiiH caiiini^H. ()!it«M' Ncrit'H of t«M>||i in
upper JaNv t^nlar^^nii, cuiiino-likt<, ^rowint; iaruiM' lowanl in«>«lian line,
whuro they t«M-ininato in 2 HlronK(!anin«>Hon uaoli Hi(l«^ A pat«!liof dt^iroH-
Hihlu troth holiind lh«'Ho caninoH in front of Jaw, rapidly liiininiNhinK in
Hi/o and h«u;uiiiiiiK lintdy villiforni on niidiih^ of prcniaxiliaritN. A U-Hhapcil
patch of villiforni titoth on vonior, tlioNo lulcrally tho iar^imt, and a vor,\
narrow lian<l «»n palutinoH; tunt^iiu covcrttd with niiniito tct^tli. Ma\illar\
rua(;hin){ vertical Itchind middle of «^yo, 'J^ in head. Intcrorliital Npiiir
Htrongly convex tranHvorsely, li in head. ^'(Mirth dorsal Npiiio tlio lon>;»«Hi ,
3Jl in head, the Hocond H its hoi);ht; lon^cHt ray o*' Noft dornal '2}^ in head,
the outline of fin overywhcru convcxly round«Ml ; anal HpineN Htron^ and
low, the Hucond half the height of tho third, whi( h f(|ualH length of eye
and Huout ; Hoft rayu hi^h) tho an)(lo rounded, the posterior portion of
flu straight, not concave; longent anal ray half head; caudal lunate,
the longest ray Vi in head. Scales hiiuiII, not arranged in regular series,
partially cniheddod, those on head and hiiuler part of liody smooth ; head
wholly scaled, except preuuixillaries and anterior part of nuixillaries;
flns naked, except basal half of caudal; sides covered with nuinerouH
very minute accessory scales; scales apparently in about !K) transverse
series above the lateral line, but extremely ditlicult to determine; scales
on cheeks, top of head, and above the latt^ral line anteriorly much reduced
in size. Color in spirits: Sides of head and body everywhere profuHel^
covered with round brown spots, those on caudal peduncle largest, hull
the diameter of the pupil, those anteriorly and above becoming much
smaller, those on top of head about the si/,e of a pin head; on Hi<lcs these
spots are surrounded with reticulations of grayish silvery, this ground
cohir darker and brownish on upper parts ; a dark brown streak behind
the maxillary, and one on membrane of premaxillary ; vertical lins light,
soft dorsal and anal with brown streaks on n mbranes between tho rays
on basal half, and a few indistinct browu spots on middle of fin ; caiitlal
brown spotted, with a narrow white margin ; pectorals light at base, the
distal half blackish, with a wide i>alo border posteriorly ; ventrals witii
browu streaks along membranes ou inner face. (Gilbert.) Length 2 feet.
lonfrt'Ht anal ray 1^4; longest dorsal ray 2; lunKeHt dorsal spino V^-f^ Caudal, iipporlobi' 1';,;
ventrals 'i. Body uccp, robust; anterior pruAIe ratliur Htecp and straiKlit; Iowi.t Jitw iiKidcrati'ly
projecting. Small canines in botli Jaws; proop<-rclu witli notch anil a salient anr;lo. (iill ntl<oi.-i
about 15 + 25, rather stout, tlie bmgest about V'-rJ in liead; snout lt'(,. Posterior noHtiil nbloiiL',
4 times as long as anterior. Dorsal spines low, the third and t'ourtli but littlu longer than tli''
last. Dorsal tin pointed; anal very high, triangular in t'orin. anteiioi iiiurgiu convex, ponteiioi
concave. Sixth soft ray very high, reaching far beyond tip of last, wliicli is short; spines gra<l-
uated. Caudal fin broad, on a broad peduncle, unequally lunate. Upi'er lobe longer and brnader
than lower. Pectorals rounded. Color: Olive gray ground, paler below, clouded with clark alxivr;
overywhoro covered with small, roundish, dark olive or bronzed spots, so thick as to obscure tin
ground color; very close-set on head and back, small a»i' distinct, not larger than anterior nos-
tril, growing larger and less thick, dense below; posteriorly still larger, oil en half iliarneti'r c!
pupil, and tending to run together, forming elongate blotclies and veriniciiliitions. Dorsel snni-
larly spotted with spots which grow faint in soft rays; pectoral, anal, and caudal lik<^ sol'r dorsii I.
All soft fins growing dusky toward margin. Soft dorsal, anal, and caudal very narroWiy odgeil
with pale. Pectoral with l)roader pale margin; ventral like pectoral, pale edge narrower Wle>ii
seen from back an appeftrancQ of abimt 10 very faint dunky ctma shades, i)rububly more conspii:ii-
0U8 iu youDg.
''»^
Jordan anU Evermant^ — Fishes o/ North America, 1 IH^J
' ttM'Mi ill
litiii liiii',
if <1<>|)ICN-
iNliiii(( ill
U-hIiiiixmI
ihI a v<iry
Maxillury
ital H|»iu'f
1*1 l()M>i;«'Hi ,
i in Ik-uiI,
rong ami
;tli of (\\«'
•ortioii of
al litiiatu,
lar HMi'ii'N,
i»th ; liuud
iixillarioH;
nuiiierous
trairnvtMHf
no; srah's
bIi re<liicc(l
piofiiMel\
r^oNt, liult
ling niucli
4i*luH those
iu groiiiiil
ak bohiiiil
iiuH liglil.
1 the rays
caiulal
t base, tlio
trals with
gth 2 feet.
ppor lob" 1';,;
w iii(i(U'i°iiti'ly
(ill I ritkoi'-i
ostril iiMoml',
ii(;i-r tliikii til''
ex, jiu.-'ti'iiiir
; HpiiicH urail-
ruiiil hMuili'i
h (lurk aliDVc;
<i (il)Hciire til''
iintciior nii>-
f (liiuiiftor I ;
DdrHn'i Himi-
ic HoO ilorwil
iiTowi.v oUnk''l
•ower. AVIi"ii
loro conspicu-
(Jiilf of (California; lathorconinion altoiit tlio i-onl<y iHhitnlH about Ma/.»tlan;
a liantlHoino H|Mt(;iuH, valu«'<l iih footl. (/r</^)il(i>/i , liMtpurtl.)
Af(/i7>ri7i<Tiii ;)iim/ii/i<, (iii.iiriir, l'r<M' U. H. Nitl. Mum., IHtil, Tiril, La Pax Bay, Lower Cali-
fornia. (<'i)ll. .MlHtlrima.)
Kliiiiipheliiii jiiirjuh; Uoi'I.knokh, <'nt., I, 'iAM.
SubRcnuH MYCTEROPERCA.
167lt. MVCTKUOfKHCA OLI-'AX (Joiiyiw).
(TcLLow (JRoi'pcn.)
Hinul 2,"„ to 3; depth 3i ; exonniall, 7 in houd. I). XI, 17; A. III. 11 ;
BoaleH 2()-ll() to 120-50, pores I't, Hody robust, not strongly .'Hiuipr'^ssed ;
head deep, the snout rutlier sharp, the anterior protilo steep; mouth
large, the maxillary reaching somewhat beyond eyi*, 21 in hea<l, its sur-
face snaly ; teeth moderate ; lower jaw prominent ; canines normal ; nos-
trils large, very close together, separated by a narrow, vertical septum,
the posterior about 3 times the diameter of the anterior, which is broader
than the septum; preorbital as broad as eye; interorbital area llattish
and biiuid, 4ii in head; gill rakers c«iarse and long, x + !•'>; preopercle
without salient angle, its not(!h moderate; scales small, chielly cycloid.
Dorsal spine strong, the second and third elevated so that the posterior
outline of the tin is concave, tirst spine Just half the second, second and
third equal, 2ii in head, fourth U in third ; soft doiHul scarcely angular;
pectorals lit in head; ventrals short, scarcely reaching vent ; caudal tin
shallow-lunate; soft anal falcate, its posterior margin concave, tint long-
est rays 2^ in head. Color brown, with some traces t>f grayish vermirula-
tion^ around small round brown spots; fins all dusky, especially distally ;
young covered all over with round brown spots, much smaller than the
pupil; a black mustache; pectoral with a narrow pale edge. (Descrip-
tion from No. 24198, M. C. Z., 2 feet long, from James Island, (ialapagos.)
Galapagos Islands; I'auama. Length 2 or 3 feet. (c//<(c/u, to smell, from
the large size of the nostrils.)
Berrauua olfax, Jf.nvns, Zoiil. DeiiRlo, FinhuH, 9, pi. 4, 1840, Galapagos Islands (Coll. Uiirwiu);
GCntiieh, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. London, 1H77, ti7.
Mycleropercn olfax, Jokdan A Swain, /. e., 18H-t, 376; Jordan A Kioknmann, /. r;., ;)tl7, 1890.
EiiinephduD ol/uz, BouLENOER, Cat., I, 203.
Represented iu deep water about the (ialapagos Islands by
1672a. NTCTEUOPKRCA OLFAX RUBEKRLIIA, Jorduii A Dollmitn.
A large specimen taken by the Albatro»<s at Abingdon Island, in the
Galapagos, seems to have been bright red in life. It probably represents
a deep-water variety analagous to the red varieties of WcHt Indian
species. The anal is a little lower than in an equally largo specimen of
the typical olfax taken in the same locality. No other ditl'eronco is
apparent. Abingdon Island, (jialapagos Group, (ruberrimua, very red.)
Mycleropercn olfax ruherrima, .Iorhan A lioi.LMAN MS. In JoitDAN & Eiuenmann, lleview Sorra-
uidir, 3C7, 1890, Abingdon Island.
Mi/cteroperca olfax, Jordan &, Vulijuan, Proc. U. S. Kat. Mus., 1889, 181; in part.
,"■(
,!ii
5|!^(IM!^lii''''- 1 •'7t" "f f,'^iifJ.'<!"u«»»^?VRiTrw.i'»w,|iHJ
■ PI. I
i| t :
hm
1184
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
1579. NYCTEROPERCA ROSACEA (StreotH).
(Cabrilla Cai.aharia.)
Head 2^ ; depth 2J ; eye 7 in head (adult). D. XI, 18; A. Ill, 11;
scales 25-130-10. Body rather elongate, compressed ; head large, com-
proHsed, pointed anteiiorly, the anterior profile nearly straight or slightly
convex; snout rather long and oharp, 3i in head. Mouth large, the
maxillary reaching tc opposite posterior margin of eye, its length 2 in
head. Teeth in moderate bands; canines of moderate size, neaily verti-
cal, the lower turned somewhat hackwaid. Interorbital space strongly
convex, its breadth about 4 in head. Preopercle with the angle a little
salient, the emargination above it rather distinct, the teeth small, those
near the angle being somewhat enlarged. Nostrils rounded, very close
together, the posterior much the larger. Gill rakers rather few and long,
about 17 on lower part of anterior arch. Scales small, chiefly cycloid.
Dorsal spines rather slender and low, the third 3^ in head ; soft dorsal
moderate ; caudal fin distinctly lunate, the upper lobe the longer. If in
head ; anal very high and falcate, the middle rays produced in a point,
their length l/'o in head, the posterior rays rapidly shortened, so that the
outline of the fin is much concave ; anal spines small, graduated ;
pectorals reaching beyond tips of ventrals, 2 in head. Color in life : Body
and fins nearly uniform brick red ; cip of pectorals dusky ; vertical fins
without distinct dusky edgings. In spirits, fading first to lemon color,
then to dull gray. Gulf of California. But three specimens, all adult,
of this beautifully colored species are known. The first was secured by
Dr. Streets at Angel Island ; the second, described above (28131, U. S. N.M.),
obtained at Mazatlan by Dr. Gilbert, where it is very rare; and the thiid
obtained by Dr. Jordan in December, 1894, from Venados Islands, near
Mazatlan. Length of specimen described, 38 inches. The brown form,
if existing, is unknown, {roaaceua, rosy.)
Einmphelus rosacem, STREETS, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii. 51, 1877, Angel Island, Gulf of
California ; BouLENaER, Cat., i, 262.
Trisotrnpig rusaceiis, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comni., II, 1882, 107.
Mycteroperca rosacea, Jordan & Swain, I. c, 302, 1884; Jordan & Eiuenmann, {. c, 308, 1890.
1674. MYCTEROPERCA FALCATA (Poey).
(Scamp ; Baoalao ; Abadejo.)
Head 2} to 3; depth 3k to 3^; eye large, 5 in head (in adult). D. XI,
16 to 18 ; A. Ill, 11 ; scales 22-130 to 140-47 to 55, pores 72 to 85. Body
moderately elongate, compressed, its greatest width 2^ in its depth; head
compressed, rather pointed anteriorly, the anterior profile nearly straight.
Mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching posterior bolder of eye, 2^ in
head ; teeth in rather narrow bands ; each jaw with two strong can ues,
rather larger than in any related species, those of the upper jaw directed
very strongly forward and slightly downward; those of the lower jaw
a little smaller, and directed similarly upward and backward. Interor-
bital space slightly convex, 5 in head. Nostrils close together, the
J $
. Ill, 11;
ki'ge, coiu-
ir slightly
large, the
[)gth 2 in
uly verti-
5 strongly
tIo a little
[iall, those
very close
and long,
ly cy«loid.
loft dorsal
nger, li in
in a point,
HO that the
graduated ;
life: Body
jrtical iins
inion color,
, all adult,
I secured by
U.S.N.M.),
d the thiul
lands, near
rown form,
ind, Gulf of
c, 368, 1890.
ft). D. XI,
85. Body
lepth; head
lly straight.
|f eye, 2^ in
ig car. ics,
iw directed
lower jaw
Interor-
rether, the
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of NorOi Ame*-icit. 1 185
posterior the larger. Upper liinli of preopercle slightly convex, very
finely serrate ; u rather sharp notch above the angle, which is salient, and
boars a few coarse teeth. Gill rakers rather elongate, 15 or 16 besides
rudiments, 19 or 20 in .all, on lower part of anterior arch. Scales small,
mostly cycloid. Dorsal apiues rather slender and woak, the outline of
the tin gently curved, tlie second spine about equal to tne eiglith and
liighcr than the tenth ; the third and fourth spines longest, 2.| in head;
caudal with falcate lobes ; anal with its middle rays exserted ; longest
ray of anal 2i in head ; upper lobe of caudal 1^. Pectoral reacliing tips
of vontrals, \% in head. Ventrals short, not reaching vent. Pyloric
ccL'ca 15. Color in life, brown above ; sides grayish brown, faintly covcreu
with darker spots which disappear in spirits ; eyes and angle of mouth
yellowish ; vertical fins dusky, the outer portions bluish bhick ; ventrals
and pectorals bluish black, the pectorals with a whitish edge. Length
2to3feet. West Indies, north to Bermuda; aconiii?on food-fish at Havana.
{faloatuo, scythe-sliaped.)
tSerrnntisfakiUiiii, PoKV, MeniuriaH, ii, 138, l»fiO, Havana.
Trimtriqna f<ilattm, I'oEY, Synopsis, 285, 18C8.
Mijcteroperva fulaitr. Jordan &, Swain, /. <•., 18H4, 302 ; Jorvan & Kicenmann, /. c, :«!H, 1«9().
t'liiueiihelm fitlcMus, Boulenoeu, Cut., t,261.
Kepresented on the Florida Coast by
1574a. HYCTEBOPEBCA FALCATA PHENAX, Jordan & Swaiu.
(Scamp; Bacai-ao.)
Specimens from the Florida Coast differ somewhat from all those observed
at Havana. The chief difiference is in the direction of the canine teeth,
which are rather weaker than in var. falcata, those of the upper jaw
scarcely directed forward, those of the lower scarcely backward. The
serra3 on the preopercle are rather weaker than in var. falcata, and there
is some difference in color, as is shown in the following notes on a speci-
men from Key West: Head 3; depth 3*. D. XI, 18; A. Ill, 11; scales
24-135-10. Color in life: Pinkish gray above, paler purplish gray below ;
upper parts and opercle thickly covered with email, rounded, irregular
spots of dark brown ; sides with larger and fainter brown blotches, more
or leH3 horizontally oblong, and somewhat reticulate; spinous dorsal
brownish ; soft dorsal darker, faintly spotted, edged with dusky and
with a narrow rim of whitish anteriorly; caudal brownish, spotted with
darker, its outer rays blackish posteriorly ; anal dusky, blackish ante-
riorly, and edged with wLitish ; pectorals plain, dusky toward the tips,
edged with whitish ; ventrals pale, tipped with dusky ; mouth pale,
scarcely greenish. Length about 2 feet. Coasts of southern Florida ;
abundant about the Keys. {(j)ivai, deceptive, equivalent to " scamp.")
'l\imlrojih fiilcaliis, Gooi)E & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Bins., 1879, 14(i; Joiu>an & Gilbert, Synop-
sis, 538, 1883.
I'lHiHphehisfalcatus, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 124.
Jrycteioperca fak-atii pltcmix, Joudan & SwAiN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, 36:t, Key West;
Jordan & Eiqenmann, I. c, 368, 1890.
F. N. A. 76
i
jijf
ji
.)'.<•:•., «.
,: -. fii
m ^
i^^vi-^^-^y.;.;
:
S .1
i
:i
1180
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
1675. MYCTKROPKRCA VENADORrN, Jordrtii ,% StarkB.
(Cahi.opa.)
Head 3,^ in length; depth 3J. D. XI, 16; A. Ill, 11; scales small,
Biiioothish, about 130. Snout 3 in head; maxillary 2 ; eye 8. Gill rakers
3 + 8; pectorals 1-i^u-; fourth dorsal spine 3:'J ; longest dorsal rays 3; longest
anal ray 1\ ; caudal lobe If. Yentrals 2J, measured to bony opercle.
Body robust, not strongly compressed, the head large. Lower jaw much
projecting. Posterior nostril 3 times diameter of anterior. Preopercle
scarcely notcl ed, its angle scarcely salient, its teeth a little enlarged.
Qill rakers short, thick, few in number. Dorsal deep-notched, second
spine a little lower than the fourth ; soft dorsal high, slightly angulated ;
anal very high, with exserted rays; caudal well forked, lobes unequal.
Color: Olive brown, almost uniform, no spots or bands; dorsal, anal,
and caudal with broad black margin narrowly edged with whitish ; pec-
toral and ventral darker behind ; pectoral with pale edge. Gulf of Cali-
fornia; not rare about rocky islands. The type, a specimen from the
Venados Islands, Aveighing in life 75 pounds, has been sent as a skin to
the British Museum. Its length was 40 inches to base of caudal fin. The
species reaches a weight of 150 pounds, and is a food-lish of importance.
(Name from the Venados Islands near Mazatlan ; J'cnadn, hunted, the
Spanish name of the deer, Mazatlan being the Indian equivalent of the
same word.)
Mijderoperra renadonim, Jordan & Starks, Fishos of Sinaloa, in I'roc. Ciil. Ac. Sci., ISOr), 41ii,
Venados Islands. (Coll. Hopkins Kxp. Type in IJritish Miiscnm.)
167«. MYCTEROPERCA TALLIURA, Poey.
Head 3; depth 3. D. XI, 16; A. Ill, 11; scales 90 to 100; eye 5 in
head; snout 4f. Body rather deep and compressed; preopercle witli
salient angle; gill rakers x-fl2; nostrils as in M. tUjris, the posterior
considerably the larger, the two close together, the larger with an intorioi
horizontal cross partition at base; anal scarcely angulate. Pyloric
co'ca 12, large and firm. Color in spirits, brownish everywhere, with
grayish reticulations around small brown spots, these not larger than
pupil and not evident on head ; fins all edged with dusky. Accordinjr
to Poey the color is dark brownish olive, Avitb rounded spots of yellow-
ish, obscure in some specimens; lips yellowish; iris olive; fins dai]<
brown, darker on the edges of the vertical fins, with a pale edge along
the soft dorsal and anal; 8 narrow dusky cross bands, which disappear
after death. Caudal with a beautiful green cross band, preceding tin'
denticulations of its extremity. The pectoral toward the center isyellow
ish, followed by a dark color coming from the coloration of the rays ; all
the posterior margin is green. Length 1^ feet. Coast of Cuba; very
rare; here described from No. 10011, M. C. Z., 14 inches long, apparently
one of Poey's types. {KuXlog, beauty ; ohpa, tail.)
Mycleroperca caUiura, PoEy, Reportorio, r, 181, 309, 1867, Cuba; Jordan & Ekiknmann, /. <■.,;!(;^,
1890.
Trisolrojiin cattiunw, Poey, Synopsis, 284, 1868; Jordan * Swain, I. c, .300, 1884.
Epinephelus caUiuriif, Bovlenger, Cat., i, 264.
...^i.-.i.'.-n.^u.iii^ -^.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1187
1677. MYCTKltOPKKCA TUIRIS (C'uvier A VuhmrimncM).
(BoNAOl Gato.)
Head 2-< ; depth 3J. D. XI, 16 or 17 ; A. Ill, 10 or 11 : scales 18-125 to
135-r)0 to 55, pores 80 to 85. Body moderately elongate, rather strongly
conipresHed. Head large, the anterior pn file rather more strongly curved
than in most species, somewhat gihhons ahove the eyes ; snout not very
acute, 3;| in head. Mouth very large, oblique, the maxillary extending
to beyond the eyes, its length 2i in head. Canines moderate, nearly
vertical. Lower jaw strongly projecting ; eye 6g in head. Posterior
nostril much larger than anterior, the two close together and close to
eye. Interorbital space strongly convex, its breadth 5a in head. Pre-
opercle forming a regular curve, without salient angle or conspicuous
emargination. Gill rakers very short and broad; about G developed on
lower half of arch, besides about 3 rudiments. Scales rather small,
chiefly cycloid. Dorsal spines rather slender, the second, third, and
fourth e""^oqual, 3i in head; soft dorsal slightly angulated, the tenth
ray slightly longer than the others, 3 in head ; caudal truncate or some-
what lunate, the outer rays li'n in head; anal high, slightly angulated,
the largest rays 2J in head; anal spines short, graduated; pectorals
reaching somewhat beyond tips of ventrals, 2 in head ; centrals short,
not reurching vent. Color in spirits, olivaceous; the head covered wilh
very distinct honeycomb-like reticulations of darker olive, surrounding
pale spots, from the size of the nostril to that of the- pupil ; body show-
ing traces of such spots ; fins plain, the soft dorsal and anal edged with
blackish. Color in life, olive brown, with about 5 pale, grayish cross
bands, narrower than the interspaces; these bands about obsolete in
spirits ; all the fins bluish black, the vertical fins edged with whitish,
the pectorals tipped with orange ; top of head reddish, becoming dusky
in spirits. Length of specimen described ((5708, U. S. N. M.) from Har-
badoes, 19 inches. West Indies ; not very common ; north to Bermuda.
(<ijfm, tiger.)
Stfif <(iiH« /ij/rto, CuviEn & Vaiencienneb, Hist. Nat. Poiss., ix, 440, 18U3, San Domingo; QOn-
TiiEK, Cat., I, 112.
Serranw fel\nvt», POBY, Memorias, ii, 11)4, 1860, Havana.
8('iTam(8 rejjmKfiis, PoEY, Memorias, ii, 13;'), 18C0, Havana.
Tritolropia retintlatuii. Gill, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci., ISC'), 105, Ba.-bacloes; culuration fudud.
Trisotropis tiijris, Pdey, Ann. Lji:. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 18G!), 307.
Mijcleropcrca reticulula, Jokdan & Swain, I.e., 373, 1884.
Sen-unm rii-ulatM, PoEv, Memorias, ii, 135, 1800.
Miideroperca tigrii, Jordan & Swain, /. e., 304, 1884; Jordan X Kiuknmann, I. r , :«i'.i, IKOO.
Kjimephelua ligrin, Boulenoer, Cat., i, 25'J.
Represented in deep waters by a red form or subspecies,
1677a. MYCTEROPERCA TIGRIS CAMELOPARDALIS (('oey).
Ground color bright red, otherwise as in Myctcroperca litjrix. West
Indies, {camelopardalw, like a giraffe or camelopard in color.)
S.rrimm camelojmrdnUi), Poev, Munioriap, ii, 132, 1860, Havana.
Tiitutropis camelopardalig, PoEY, SynopsiH, 283, 1808; Enuineratio, 14, 1875.
'1
s
I
■.^M
i-T::-
-i.
1188 Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
sot. CRATINUS, Steindacliner.
Oratimm, STBiNDAciiNEn, lohtliyol. Hi>Hriigi', vii, !!•, 187H, (mjumUii).
IJody siihfusifonn, moderately conipresHod ; tlie bead lon/4 and low;
craiiiiiiu esHentially as in Sermnux, the Huiooth area above very larjje,
longer tban tbe lo,v and short supraoccipital croMt. Lower jaw much
projecting. Canines Hniall. Scales small and rough. (Jill rakers mod-
erate. Dorsal spines very unequal, most of +bem attenuated into long
filaments without dermal appendage. Caudal slightly lunate. East
Pacific. This genus is r<ilated to I'araluhrax,* differing in the form of
tbe bead and in the prolongation of most of its dorsal spines,' which
are attenuated into filaments without dermal appendage. One species
known, a fish with a very peculiar physiognomy. (Name unexplained;
perhaps from crates, a bundle of rods.)
157H. OBATINUS AOASSIZII, Stpindachnor.
Head to end of the opercular flap 2^ in length; depth 4. L, X,12;
A. 111,7; eye 9 in head; snout 2^; maxillary 2i; pectoral 2; ventrals
slightly shorter; longest ray of soft dorsal 3; second anal spine 5;\ ;
scales 9-68-22. Body elongate, not much compressed; profile gently
curved from tip of snout to dorsal; snout longanc^ pointed; mouth largo,
not very oblique ; maxillary extending to posterior margin of eye; lower
jaw strongly projecting; teetli moderate, in several irregular series;
nostrils equal, nearly round, tfie space between them as great as their
diameter, tbe anterior one with a flap on its posterior margin ; eye small,
set high in the head ; interorbital shallowly and evenly concave ; supra-
occipital ridge extending nearly to upper angle of opercle ; rounded pos-
terior limb of preopercle finely serrate, lower limb entire; opercle with a
broad, flat spine, behind wiiich is i« large flap. Gill rakers moderate,
rather slender, 3 -f 9, with 3 or 4 rudimentary ones. Snout, preorbital^
interorbital, and upper edge of maxillary with a few scattered, partially
embedded scales, with much naked skin between ; lower part of maxil
lary and lower jaw naked; cheeks closely set with small scales, opercles
with much larger ones ; many accessory scales on head. Scales on body
large, without accessory scales ; a few snuill scales running up on base of
soft dorsal ; all scales on body and head ctenoid. First dorsal spino
short, not much longer than eye, the second slightly longer : third, fourth,
fifth, and sixth extremely long, longer than head, and reaching to tlui
middle of soft dorsal, the rest not elongate ; soft dorsal moderately higli,
the first rays the longest; second anal spino about twice as long and
much stouter than first, third slender, a Httlo longer than second, and
closely united to first anal ray, the middle rays the longfist, twice as long
as second spine, fin rounded behind ; pectorals broad, tbe middle rays
longest, the iin bluntly rounded behind, reaching a little past ventrals;
caudal fin shallow-lunate. Color in spirits : Snout and upper parts dark
* Dr. Buulciiger is cortaiuly lu error in referring tbis species to liis BubgeuuB Seiranus.
.••■7^.»in.7 ^'T^" t '■'■ ?^-f y^^'rrT;*!7»^'y'"*^THT»» 'i'i|jM.A ji ->,?■/'
'»:pt^^PJ51tii ^,|«
Jordan and B>ennann. — Fishes of North America. 1189
brown, light below; dorsal, anal, ami vontrals dark. Galapagos Archi-
pelago ; scarce; the spe Iniens here described from Charles Island, one of
the (jalapagos, the largest about 18 inches long. The posterior half
of the body resembles tl t of the species of l'ar(tlahrax ; the long, low
head suggests I'hihjpHua. (Named for Professor Louis Agassiz.)
CralimiH iiijnssr.U, Stkindaciinku, Ichtli. Beitr., vii, lit, 1H7H, Gal'-nagos Islands (Coll. Ariw
Hi/, & SteiiKlai'liiii'r); Jhuiian i: Kiurnmann, ' c,, :i<J4, 18W.
Serraiiim wjaiukii, Bui'LKNUEB, Out., i, 282.
507. HYPOPLECTRUS, (iiM.
(Vacas.)
Uijimi>Uclrw, O11.L, Pre. Kc. Nut. Sri. I'liila., 1802, 23«, {pntlla).
Body more deep and conipressiMl than in the other groups allied to Ser-
ruHUH. The skull dithM's from that of Serrnuun chiefly in the development
of the supraoccipital crest, which, in accordance with the form of the
body, is much elevated. The smooth area on top of cranium is large
extending backward to border of preopercle, the supraoccipital and pari-
etal crests being short; the ventrals, as in Sci'vuhuh, a.10 behind the axil
of the pectoral. All the species have several antrorse serra; on the lower
limb of the preopercle, but smaller than in Gomophxlrun. The species of
Ilypopleclius are all American, and a study of their relations oft'ers many
difficulties. We have examined typical examples of a large number of
the nominal species. While each of these shows certain striking peculi-
arities in color, most of them are absolutely identical, one with another,
in all other respects. Moreover, even among those in which the coloration
»:;tiems most sharjly deflned, there are many variations. After an exami-
nation of the iarge series of typical forms sent by Professor Poey to the
Museum at Cambridge, we find ourselves driven to the conclusion that all
the common forms of llypopUctru:: probably constitute but a single species,
subject to almost endless variations in color. This view we here adopt,
leaving for convenience sake the various nominal species to stand as color
varieties or subspecies, produced by the action of some agencies as yet
unknown, (iitto, below ; 7rA//Kr/)(>»', spur.)
a. Scales large, about 46 pores iu lateral line; l)ody short and deep, tlio depth 2J/j in length;
head 2J; profile from dorsal to ocoiiiut convex, concave above eye; preorbital narrow;
maxillary reaching to below middle of eye; lower jaw slightly included; teeth strong,
largo teeth in front J; fourth dorsal spine highest, 2J in head; middle caudal rays little
shorter thau the outer ones; pectoral reaching anal; teeth of preopercle growing larger
downward; angle and lower limb with about 9 strong radiating sernv, those nearest
the angle largest, the others directed more and more forward. Color (of the single
specimen known) black with violet luster; faint, pale streaks along the rows of scales
on lower parts of body; caudal fm aiiruptly translucent yellowish; pectorals colorless;
tips of dorsal and anal spines and edge of soft rays abruptly whitish.
lAMI'Ill-RVS, ].'")79.
a<t. .Scales moderate, GO to Of) pores in the lateral line; dorsal rays X, l."); depth 2 to 2]^ in
length, the head about \i; maxillary 2 iu head; caudal flu slightly lunate; fourth dor-
sal spine highest, 22 in head; i)ectorals narrow, about reaching second anal spine;
gill rakers short and slender, x -|- 12. Coloration extremely Yarious, characterizing
many nominal species or varieties described below. unicolob, 1580.
■; m.
.siia
W%
1190 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
aaa. Scalt'H hiiiiiH, 70 to 80 in tlie lateral lino.
h. Caudal rotkod. Color piirplu with lightorrluudingH; flus colorlciH, tho oxternni niudal
ray duiker; caudal deeply lunat", tlio cxturnal royH nuitli prolongod, eH|K)<:lally
tlio8o of tliu upper lolie, which uri.' twice an lon^ u» the niiddio rayH. I)(']ith 2'/, in
loMBth. Scales 9-70-32. okmma, 15N1.
ir>70. HYPOPLECTItrN LAJIPRURIIN (Jordan and Gilbert).
Heart 21 ; rtopth2i. D.X, 15; A. 111,8; Hcales fi-GO-x , pores 46; snout
aliotit as lung as eyo, which is 3i in heart, greater than intororbital wirttli ;
Borty short aurt rteep; profile from rtorsal to occiput convex, concave
above eye; preorbital narrow; maxillary reaching to below mirtrtle of
eyo ; lower jaw slightly inclurtert ; teeth strong ; large teeth in front }, ;
snout and top of head naked ; cheeks aurt opercles scaly ; fourth dorsal
spine highest, 2,V in head ; middle caudal rays little shorter than the outer
ones ; pectoral reaching anal, a little shorter than head or than ventral ;
anal spines strong, the second longer and stronger than thirrt ; teeth of
preopercle growing larger rtownward; angle and lower limb with about
9 strong radiating sernii, those nearest the angle largest, the others
directed more and more forward; opercle with 2 flat spines. Color (of
tho single specimen known) black with violet luster; faint, pale streaks
along the rows uf scales on lower parts of body ; caudal flu abrui)tly
translucent yellowish; pectorals colorless ; ventrals black ; tips of dorsal
and anal spines and edge of soft rays abruptly whitish. Panama ; known
from a single specimen ; well distinguished from the Atlantic species by
the much larger scales ; the single type has almost exactly tho coloration
of the form called Uypoplectrua chlorurua. We can only guess as to the
color variations which it may undergo, {^afinpug, bright; ovpu, tail.)
Serranus limprunm, Jordan & Giuikrt, Bull, U. S. Fish Comm., i, 1881, 322, Panama. (Typo,
No. 29051. Coll. Gilbert.)
llypoiilechiis himpriinii, JouDAN, Free. U. 8. Nut. Mils., 1885, 370; Jordan & Euienma.vn, I. c,
384, 1890.
1680. HIPOPLECTBUS UNICOLOR* (Walbaum).
(Vaca; 1'etit-n£ore.)
Head 2^0 3 ; depth 2 to 2h D. X, 14 or 15; A. Ill, 8 ; scales 8 to 10-80
to 92-30 to 35, pores 52 to 60. Snout longer than eye, whicli is 3J to 4 in
head ; lower jaw slightly projecting, with small canines ; maxillary 2 in
head, reaching nearly to middle of eye ; snout and top of head smooth ;
cheeks and opercles scaly ; caudal fin slightly lunate ; fourth dorsal
spine highest, 2if in head; pectorals narrow, about reaching second anal
* We have examined large numbers of specimens of this typo in the Museum at Cambridge
and elsewhere. The best series seen is that sent from Havana by Toey to tho Museum at Cambridgo.
So far as we can discover, tho various nominal species of this type are absolutely identical in all
respects except in color. Many of them — e. g.,pueUa, indigo, cMoninu — seem at flmt sig-lit to be
certainly different. Nevertheless, each of these forms is suliject to wide variations, and from th*'
material which we have seeu, we can draw no other conclusion than this: All belong to a single
8|)ecies, which varies excessively in its coloration. Blue, yellow, and black are arranged in great
variety of patterns, in different specimens, and the cause of such variation is still unknown.
The following localities are represented in the specimens examined by us: puella, Havana,
St. Thomas, St. Croix; vHalinus, Havana,jpmiiit)urtu8, Havana; macuHferus, Havana; guUavarius,
Havana; chlorunu, Havana; nigricans, Flufida Keys, Havana, St. Thomas; indigo, Havana.
The other nominal epeciee vre have not seen.
INMANN, 2. C,
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1191
spine, nearly as long uh head, uhoiit o<iiiul to ventrala; third anul Hpiue
longest, US long as longest of dorsal ; gill rakers short and slender, x -f- 12.
Length to 12 inches. West Indies, north to the Florida Keys on rouky
shores; not recorded fioin lira/.il; locally common antl excessively vari-
able as indicated above. Only the tbrni called tiiyrieunx thus far recorded
from tho United States. Length about a foot, {unicolor, uniformly col-
ored ; a most inappropriate name even for the typical form ) Coloration
extremely various, the following being the nominal species or varieties
thus far described :
n. Soft ilorfial cliockerod or gpottod witli palo liliio or croAHed liy liliie liueo (thoHo occiuiioimlly
oIlNoll'to),
b. Body diiHky, tlio head uiid bolly orungo, tlin lop of thi^ ticttil olivacooii*; ii black spot
oil fiu'h Hid<i of cuiidiil iic'duncli' clodu lirliiiiil iormil; Murk hiind or Npot ia rioiit
of o,vo nut 1iord»rod by blmv, cliuukH, opiTclu and liruiitit witli verticiil liiicH of
metallic bluu; dorMut yellowisb; pectoral and candul orangu; a black xpot in tho
axil; upper margin of pectoral bluu; uual orango with bluu bordur; vontral
grcuniHli, its biiso orange. unicoi.ou ( -- macui.ikkiii;«), I.IHO
lih. Ito<ly all violet with 5 or (> more or leHs distinct black croxa bunds, the niiddlu one broad-
est, covering the N])a<'o from the fourth to the tenth dorHul Npiiie and meeting itH
fellow under the belly; the band at the nape broad and saddlu-like, bounded by 2
pale croHB Btreaka on nape, opercle, and cheukH; Hiuiut pale, a |Hile Hhade acrosH it;
vontralH pale cr dark; other fins, exeopt spinouri ilurHal, mostly pale. I'ores (10;
8 BericB above lateral line.
c. Cheek with a bluu bau<l befo e eye and Korao blue BputB before it. i'UEM.a, 1.'>8ilu.
o: Cheek without bluu band; no bluuHpolN on snout; colorHduller. viti'LInub, 1.''iS0/i.
bbb. Body and head yellow anteriorly; body abruptly black posteriorly, the back extending
forward to a wavy line reaching from first dorsal spine to vent; a broad dark-blue
l>und in front of eye, bordered by sky blue; flna chiefiy orange; ventral and anal
bordered by sky blue. I'INNAVaiiiiis, l.WOc.
aa. Soft dorsal plain, without distinct blue lines or spots,
tl, Preorbital region with 1 or more dark-blue stripes, bordered by bright sky blue (not
fading in Bpirits).
e. Body yellov; anteriorly, black posteriorly, tho blaclc extending forward to a lino
joining the nape and last anul ruy; fins orange; a single blue-black stripe or
spot in front of eye, ocellatcd witli sky blue; caudul pedunclu very durli aliove.
(iUTTAVAllll'S, ir)80(f.
ee. Body all orange yellow, fins orange; snout and lower jaw blue; 2 blue stripes, each
bordered with sky blue, before the eye. oi'mmkictta, l')SOe.
eee. Body safTron yellow, orange posteiiorly; snout with blue streaks and some blue
dots. ciiocoTUS, 1580/.
dd. Preorbital tegion without blue stripes; scales usually (?) smaller; pores (>."), 11 series
aliove lateral line.
/. Preorbital region with violet Bpots;_a round black spot on side of caudal peduncle;
dorsal light greenish; body light olive green above, reddish below; pectorals
pale yellow, the first ray blue; veutrals, anal, and caudal light orange.
ABERKANS, 1580(/.
jr. I'reo.uiir.l region without distinct violet spots.
</. fJeneral color blackish, brown, or yellowish — not indigo blue.
//. Color brownish, the middle of the front of body yellowish; fins all yellow
except tho vontrals, which are black. ACCKNSrs, 1580/i.
)ih. Color yellowish pink; caudal and pectorals imlo; vontnils and anal bright
light blue. AFFINIB, 15801.
gg. Color of body black with violet shades.
J. Pectoral and caudal fins abrujitly bright yellow, cHLonirnus, 1580;.
ii. Pectoral and caudal fins violet black like the rest of the body.
NIURICANB, 1580ik.
' '
i
m
.'»F
1192
Bulletin 4J, United States National Museum.
j, GeniTal color (lup|> indigo l)liio ovurywlioru uii IxHly unti fliii; lio<ly witli
■t to liroail cro-H l>arii of iliirkcr l)1iio.
k. OliuolCH ])litiii, willioiit (liHtilirt Niript'M. INliliio, VMU.
kk. ChovliRwitli a diirli-liluuMUtMirliitnl liaiul lu<twni>ti 2 IuiiiiIm nrrlntr
bliio. iioviM'H, VMhn.
ISNO. HYPOPIiKCTRirH I'NIfOLOIt (typical).
Perra nnkohr, Wai.uaiim, Artoill PlHciutn, ill, 30'.', 171I2, locality unknown; after Permii
tiiuVo/ur, 8RIIA, TlicmtiiniH, in, 71!, tali. 27, tig. lo.
llnloreiilnu unirnlnr, Ill.ni'il A ScilNKIIir.H, Hygt. Irlitli., 322, 18()1.
I'leclrojiimin cphiini'mm, CfviMi * Vai.km'Iknnem, III»t. Nut. I'oIhh., ii, 4(W, 1H2H, locality
unknown; loiiinl among fishci* fnun Jiiva bought in AiuHtrnliiui.
Uijimjili'ilrm imu-uliferiiK, I'oKV, Aun, Lye. Nat. liigt. N. Y., x, 78, pi. 1, x, 2, 1«71, Havana.
SermwiK nnieiihir, lioi'i.RNdKit, Cat., I, 299.
ISSOa. IIYPOPLKCTRIIH ITNICOLOR PITKLLA (Cuvier .tc Valonricniios).
Plcctrnpnmii imrlla, Ci'viKit Si Valrncirnnrh, If Int. Nat. Poind., ii, 405, pi. 37, 1H2K, Martinique;
GOntiikr, Cut., I, lf;r., 18.-.9.
Illipoiilecliiis pnella, PoKV, 8ynopHiH, 290, 18CH, JoiinAN A Ekiknmann, /. <:, 383.
1580b. liYPOPLIX'TKHS HMrOLOU VITIILINVK (Poey).
Plectroiinma I'ltHliHum, PoRV, Memorios, i, 08, 1851, Havana.
llypoi>hclru» vituUnm, PoBV, Enuniuratio, 23, 1875.
1580c. HYPOPLKCTKIIS irNICOLOR PINNIVARIHK (Pwiy).
Hjipojileclnit pinniranm, PoEV, Synopsin, 291, 1808, Havana.
1680d. HYPOPLKdRIJS irNICOLOR MUTTATARIVS (Pooy).
l^ectmjmvia gullavnrimn, PoEV, Mi-morluo, i, 70, 1851, Havana; GCntiikb, Cat., i, ICC, IHfiO.
PkclroponiavielaiKiihimi, GiiifllKNOT, Poissoiis, in Itamun do laSugra, Hist. Cuba, 18, pi. I, flg. 1,
1855, Havana.
JllUmjihctntu ijutlaniriuti, Poky, SyiioiMif), 291, 18G8.
1680e. IIYPOPIiKCTRUS IINICOLOR (JlINHIUrTTA (Pony).
Plectrojmma ijmnmiijnlla, PoKV, Moniorias, I, 70, \Wt\, Havana; GI'ntiit;!!, Cat., i, ICC, IS-W.
H>ipti}ilectnis ymniitiijulla, Poky, Synopsis, 290, 18G8.
1680f. IIYPOPLECTRUS UNICOLOR CROCOTIJS (Cope).
Pkclrnpnma troeotu* Coi'E, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., xiv, 1871, 4fiC, St. Martins, West
Indies. (Coll. Dr. K. K. Van Rijgersina.)
lliipnphdrua cnwotun, Jordan & Kkif.nmann, I. c, 380, 1890.
*Tli(' following is the description of Ilijpnplectrus cromtm (Cope): " Form gibhons; depth 2.2 in
lougtli without caudal; length of bead 3 times in same. Eye 3</^ in houil (including spine).
Anterior rays of solt dorsal little more elevated than last ray of spinous tin. Radii D. X, 15;
A. Ill, 7. Veutrals to anal; pectoral to first soft ray of anal; caudal moderately emarginate.
Front concave in profile; muzzle a little longer than an orbit's diameter. Eight equal teeth on
tho lower limb of tho preoi)erculum; end of maxillary to lino of ]iosterior margin of pupil.
Scales 12-81-,32. Length 4 5 inches. Color saffron yellow, becoming orange on tho caudal,
anal, and vertical fins; dorsal region becoming brownish anteriorly ; a narrow band from front
of orbit posteriorly ou check, and some small blue spots on side of muzzle; a narrow blue line
along upper edge of preoperculum; two faiut vertical lines on operculum; dorsal and pectoral
fins and Jaws satTron yellow. This brilliant specieB was found at St. Martins, W. I., by Dr.
U. E. van Btjgersma." (Cope.) The type Bpecimeu is uo longer to be found iu tho collection of
tlio Academy at Philadelphia.
Jordan and Evtrmann. — Fishes of North America. 1103
IftNUg. IIYPOFLKt'TBVM VNIOULOK AIIKBKANH (I'.M.y).
Illljiojilectnii alurratit, I'oKV, Synoiwln, 2!tl, 1868, Havana.
I,
»
IJlHOh. IIYPOPLKCTKI'S ITMCOMMt ACCKXHI'M (l><>«y).
ntrlrojtitma m-cewum, PoKV, MviiioriaN, i, 72, 1H51, Havana.
llyiinphclniH (icci-imiik, 1'okv, 8ynii|wii, 2!MI, IHtiN.
IV
IftNOI. IIVPUlMiKCTUIH INICOMHt AKFIMH (l>(>.<>).
Vltrlroiumnmlllni: PoKv, MomorlBH, ii, 427, lH(il, Havana.
IlUltopUctrKK nfini», I'oKV, Kiiutneratiu, 24, 1876.
I680J. IIYI'OPLKCTKl'K IINICOLOK ('IILOItlltrS (Cnvlc i A Viiloncl.niicH).
I'lectroiwiiiu ehhrurtim, (!iiviEH A Vai.eni'IKNNks, UIhI Nut. I'oIhh., ii, 4(Mi, 1H2H, Martinique;
OCnthkh Cut., I, 1(>7.
Hyiioiilninm thiinuniit, Vin:\, S.> iiupNig, 200, 18C8.
SemmiiB chlumritii, Jukiian ik <iiMiBUT, SyiiopHiK, fi:i7, ISSIt.
1680k. HVPOPLKCTRL'S HNIt'OLOIt MOHK^AXS (I'ooy).
Pleelropoma nigrifwm, Vi\y;\, MunioriuR, I, 71, 1H51, Havana.
Ilypopleitnui uijirkmin, loKV, Syiiopoiii, 20(1, 1868; JoBDAN & (Jll.liEUT, SyiiopHis, 018, 188;».
16801. IIYPOPLECTRITS UNICOLOK IXDMJO (IVu-y).
(AS.t.)
Pleclroj>omii iniUijo, Poky, Meniorian, I, 09, IS.M, tub 3, ft;;. 1, Havana, (iCNTllKit, Cut., i, 1(10.
Ilyiiuplectriia intliyu Poky Sybopsis, 200, 1808.
1680m IIYP0PLECTRU8 rNKOLOK HOVINI'S (Pi)oy).
Pleetrnpnina honHiim, I'liEV, Mciiioriua, I, CO, 1851, Havana; OCntiieb, ("ut., i, 100.
UyiioplfdruftbovinuH, PoKV, Syiioiwis, 20O, 1808.
1681. HYPOPLKCTRUS nKNniA, G00.I0 & Bcun.
Head2i; depth 2^; eye 4 in bead. IJ. VII; D. X,15; A. 111,7; C. 9 + 8;
P. 14 ; V. I, 5 ; scales 9-70-32. Least height of the tail contained 3 times
in the length of the head. The scales small, weakly ctenoid, about 70 in
the lateral line, 9 above it, and 29 below (elsewhere stated as 9-70-32);
lateral line following very closely the contour of the dorsal profile
throughout its entire extent. Greatest length of head 3 in distance from
the tip of snout to end uf middle caudal rays. Snout 3 in liead ; oper-
culum to end of flap equal to snout ; upper jaw extending to vertical
from anterior margin of orbit, its length equal to half that of head ; lower
jaw about the same length ; armature and squamation of the opercular
bones and dentition normal. Distance of dorsal fln from snout very
slightly less than greatest height of body ; length of dorsal base equal to
distance between its origin and base of the posterior ray of anal fin, the
foarth spine longest, its length equaling that of base of anal ; anal fin
ti
i'l
.v'lL
id
I'll I
Si
I
i 'm
i sjtl
1194
JiulUtin -/7, United States National Afuseum,
iuHurttMl hulow origin of huvoikI dorHuI ruy, tlio ItUHu of itH iuHt ruy Ikmiik
luiiiuiitli timt of ninth doiHul ray, itH third Hpiiiu vury HJitflitiy hinder
than liin Huoond, tlitiir tliuniutorH t)i|iial ; anal liiglii;r tlian dorHal, itH
);roat«Mt luMglit uqnal to diHlaiuio liutwoun Imihu of tint vcntrals andorif^iii
of anal; cauclal croHcunt-Hhapod, tho oxtcrnal rayn niiich prolon){«Ml,
uHpocially thoNo of tho iipiHtr lohu, which arc twicu uh lon^ an thu middle
cainlal rayu; dintanco of poctoralu from Hnoiit u(|ual to huiglit of body at
vcntralH, tlndr len);th equal to that of thu Hapvri«>r candal lolio ; whtii
uxtundud liorixontally thuHu liiiH roach to vortical from iiiNurtion of DrNi
anal ray ; diHtanco of ventralH from unont uqnal to half Htundard body
length; vtMitralH extending to inMcrtion of anal, and equal in length In
the rayH of tho lower caudal lobo. Color in alcohol, dull purple; in lilf,
probably deep purple, with cloudingH uf lighter color; finn in alcohi»l
colorlesH, in life probably puai!^ ; external rayH of the caudal corrcNponti
iug in hue with the deeper portiono of the body c<dor. Florida Keys ;
known from one Hpecimon from Garden Key ; whether variable in color i.s
of course, not known, (ijemina, u jewel.)
lliiliitjilivlvm ijimmii, (iiiiiDR ,k Ukan, I'rcic. L'. S. Niif. MiiH., IH82, 428, Qarden Key, Florida,
(T.viKi, Nu. 'M22) ; Juuvan & Kiuunmann, t. •'., am, IHIH).
508. PARALABRAX, (Jirard.
(Caukii.kas Vkudks.)
Paralahrax, niRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phlla., 18r>«, 131, (nehuli/er).
Alriiflnpimi, Oii.i,, I'r.ic. Ac. Nut. Sci. Pliilu., 18(il, lOr., (ilaOinilim).
(Iniiuiperiit, Gn.l., Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Pliila., lHtl3, 80, {iilhnmwiiliiliiii).
Body robuHt, covered with Hmall ctenoid scales. Mouth large, with
HUiall lateral canines and no depreasible teeth. The Huiooth area on tix'
top of the cranium is very short and small, not extending much bcliiiiil
the orbits. The long and low supraoccipital crest extending well forward
to a line connecting the postfrontal processes. Ventral tins, as in Serrann^
and EpiiicphcluH, inserted behind the axil of the pectoral. Caudal tin
always lunate; some of the anterior dorsal spines considerably elevatcii.
Dorsal rays usually X, 14; anal III, 7. The known species of PuruluUrux
are confined to the coasts of tropical America, where they are important
food-fishes, (napii, near; Lnbrax, l&jipa^, the sea bass or liohalo of Europe,
DiceH tra rch tin la brax. )
(I. Iiiterorbitnl area muro or Iom scaly, the Rcales extending forward at lca8t to thu midilli' <■(
pupil ; third dorsal Bpino lungur than fourth ; gill rakura x + 14 to 17 ; jiroorliilal
broud, 118 broad us eye lu adult ; Home of the aurrtu ou lowur limb of preorbitui hoolicd
forward.
b. ScalcH ou top of head extending forward aa fui- aa front of cyea ; no round darl( himM-
anywhere except on cheeks and preorbital region ; lower jaw projecting ; eye niml-
crute, BhorturthanKuout, about 5% in head ; mouth large, the maxillary 2J in lioail,
rather narrower than the preorbital; first two doraul apinea abort, the third very lont,',
throe times second and nearly 2 in head ; cundal alightly lunate ; second anal spin''
OS long as third and much atoutor ; color greenish, with irregular pule und durU
mottling and tracca of dark obli<iuu crosa burs ; |)reorbital, auborbitul, and chcrUs
profusely marked with round orange apots ; a dark streak downward and buckwiuu
from eye. nebulifeb 1o82.
Mi
Jordan and F.vrrmann. — Fishes of North America, 1195
/>'>. Hauli'H nil lii|> iif lii'kil I'xh'iidliiK rnrwunl (iiily tn tiilddin of nyni ; In .i| nml )i|i|pi nf Ixxly
I'ViT.vttliciiii.vi'icil Hlthdiirk i>niiiKi>ii|MitH \ uSW nikiTii Hlicirt iiml lliirk, \ f- I J, lliit
lillinidt 'Jl.j III I'.vo; ImhIv iiKiilcTlltily lOiiliKiltr ; lower Jiiw |ir<>Ji'Clilit(, litit li'HM mi
tliiiii ill /'. Ill /iii/i/cr ; iiiuxlllniy IuikIiIiik iiiIiIiIIi' (if i>y<', 'l\ l:i lii'Uil , ni uli>s i|iilt<<
ruiiKli. hicniiil (liirHiil Hjiliiu Hhorl, not lialt llii< tlilril, wlilrh lit t{ In linul, tli»
rmirtli Ncurci'ly nIiui'Iit ; hi'cihkI uiiuI h|i|iiu Hlinrlrr lliiiii tlilnl ; t-uinliil nIIkIiIIv <'iiii.
niVd ; rtilnr iillvn lirowil, tlllrkly rnvcrril rViTywIicri' nlinvc u Itli iliirk lic\iiuip||iil
111' I'iiiiihIIkIi h|iiiIn, kii rliiw tn)(i>tll<>r w* In Iclivi- tlir kI'ciIIIkI i nli.r ii|i|m initio i,h iiliiii-
liilliiiiM ai'iiiiiiil llii'lii ; tlii'in hiioIn arx iiiorc nr Ii'KN rniitliiciil mi llic Imi k, iiml iiii'
IIIiinI ilinllllrl, mill ||ii;(|'i| Willi liril!IK<' iili nIiIi'H nl' lli'inl, nil llllllli'llinHti'^iilN, mill nil
linHi' nf |ii'i:t(>rulii ; iiliniit Ni'xni diinky iiiwh ImrH uIoiik IIki hIiIi'h, In wlilili IIih HpnlK
liri> ilri>|i<'r III ciilnr uiid nini'u cuiifliH'iit ; a MiiIhIi Nti'liir rrmii (iyi< iirroxH rliiM'kx;
nnrt ilnrHiil mill rmiilul witli lirnti/ii H|iiitH. MAi TI.A rni.\Hri.\ri'H, I'lKfl.
oil. liiliTiii'liitiil Ki'i'ii I'lilrlly linked, tlin hi iiIi'h uii tnp of head IiikIiiiiIhk iikii'ii nr Iixh lirliliid
llii' |iii|i|| ; k'II rakiTH X -f 17 tu 'I'i. ; tliird ilnrwil n|>Iii(i Hiiirnly Imiuer tlimi tmirtli.
r, I'renrliitiil riitlier lirmul, iiinre tliuii tbroe-rmirlliH wldtli nl' eyn ; HiileN of liiuk with liirK<'
whitu NiHilM I ruiirlli dnrwil Npllio innially lilKher lliaii third, no that thu iiiwlerhir
lliart^lll nf thu dnl'Mill flii Ih deeply I'oiii'iive ; Hllniit \\\ III heitd ; the Hi'lileH liPKiimiHK
iippii>ile luxt part nl' pupil; k'" ''" ''*)■''* NhnrtiHh, II 4 111; flrHt ilnrniil Npiiie Hlinrt ;
Nenilid (ilii'-tliiril Inll^fer ; third more thllll three tlineH Keniliil ; rtiiirth almiit the
xmiie ; iiiiiil Kpiiu'H Nlmrt ; eiiiidul liiiiiite ; color diirk iilmve, uliniplly pule helow ;
11 liirKK, dark, nliliiiiio iIiimIi hiduw oyo, covurliift iiuiMt uf cheek ; a row of tlvii
nlilnllK, hnrl/.nlltui white lilntcheH JllHt helnw lateral line ; caildlll dllhky, ItH central
and poNterior part juile ; anal and ventral black ; pectural palu ; Nplnnim dorxal
diiKky at Iiumu ; Moft ilnrHiil inottled. iiitmkiialih, 1.'>84.
If. l>reoil>ilal iiarrnw, nnt twn-thirdN width of oye ; hoily widl oiimprcHHed ; hi, nut polntc.l;
prenrliitui narrow, liot ho hroiid as maxillary, Icnh than half width of uye ; k'"
rakei'H rather IniiK, x + ''!*>; third, fourth, and llfth dornal xpiiieR aliniit eipial,
the thiiil twice theHeconil, 2 In head; goooiid anal Hpine Ioniser than third ; caiidal
On KllKhtly lunate ; color Kfaylxh green, with nhncuro Iiroad diiBky HireakH and
liarx;Nld>s oftiui Hhaded and innttlrd with IiIuIhIi and KreenlHli, but imually with-
niit dixliiict HpotH ; a broad, dark, lungltudluul Hliado aluug uxIh of Imdy ; belly
plain Bilvcry gray. clatukatis, iriH.'i,
:i
1'
S3
I i
1582. PAKALAHUAX KDRIILIFKR ((ilrard).
(Johnny Vkude.)
Head 2^ in length ; depth 3i to 3}. D. X, It ; A. Ill, 7 ; scales ir>-110 to
120-33, pores 72 to 8(»; about 32 scales from dorsal to occiput. Hody rather
elongate; lower jaw projecting; eye moderate, shorter than snout, ulioiit
Ti.V in head ; gill rakers half orbit, 8-fl4 to 17; preorbital broad, as broad
as eye in adult ; some of the serriu on lower limb of pn^orbital hooked
forward ; scales on top of head extending forward as far as front of eyes :
no round dark spots anywhere except on cheeks and preorbital region ;
interorbital nearly flat; mouth large, the maxillary extending to below
piil)il, 2^ in head, rather narrower than the preorbital; first two dorsal
spines short, the third very long, three times second and nearly 2 in head;
soft dorsal rather low; caudal slightly lunate; second anal spine as long
aa third and much stouter; pectorals moderate, 1^ to If in head; ventrals
2 to 2A. Color greenish, with irregular pale and dark mottling and traces
of dark oblique cross bars; the colors faint as if faded; tins dusky, mot-
tled; preorbital, suborbital, and cheeks profusely marked with round
orange spots ; a dark streak downward and backward from eye ; lower
side of head salmon color ; lower side of tail with -wavy whitish streaks.
I1
1: If
WW
:! I
i ■
'
^^li
mm
liulhfin 47, United Studs IV,Uioual Sfusfum
Htiutlu'in ( 'ill i turn ill from Mttnteicy to MiiK»liil»'iia lliiy ; k"I"''''i1I.V «!OMimoii
ill nIiuIIow vviitoi ; ii t'ooil IIhIi of t'XcolUtiit i|iiiility. Loii^^tli ulioiil |x
iiiclit'H. Ilt<iit (IcHci'ilM-tl fruiii Sun l^iugo H[it'uiuiunH, {mbuUt, clond; /ira,
I Ituui.)
t,iiliifi.f iifliiilliw, (Jiii*iiii, I'rix'. Ar. Nut. Scl. riiilik., In.'iI, MJ, Monterey.
/'.iniW./iM )(.(.i(/;/(/, IJlliAUli, I'mr. A>-. Nut. Krj. I'lillii., iH.'dl, I;iJ; (illlAlin, 11.8. \'ar. II, Ii.
.xiii'v., :i.'l, |il. Ml, tlu. 1, InAM; tll'NiiiKli, Cat., I, I'i'i, InM; .Imiihan .t Kiuknmann, /. r.,
:iHH, IKOO.
N'ri'lllllM Il.'.ll/l/.l', StKISHAI IINIII, Ii lllll. Ilrillll((i', III, 1, |H7.'>; .liillllAN A (!il.li»:iir, I'lnc . I . S.
Nut. .MUH., I>'WI, |-,ll; Hill I.KMIKII, Cut., I, WD.
l.'iSii. IMItAI.Aint.iX MAt ri„iTOI .iS( IATrS(.SI.Iii.|>i<liiiui).
(S|M)1TK.1> CMIUII.H.I
\Uhu\ L'.J to :«; (h'pth M. D. X, i:{ or 11; A. Ill, 7; hciiI.'h 17 it'J t..
IliO-K't, |ioi(>H illi to 80; iiiioiil ll'i Niiiiill Hcalt'H fioiii doi.sal to occipui.
Hotly niotUnattily »'lon;;iitt'; lowtir Jiiw |iroJc(!tinj{, but Iomh ho tlian in 7'.
Ill hilt i/rr', cyi^ Nina II, '> to(i in liniil, Nlioi'lcitliaii Niioiit ; intfroiliital <;»ntly
convex; iiia.\illary nanow. its width aixnit, half tjyts luiiorliital svidi",
\vi(hT than nyt). Top of hi'iid wcaliMl on nicdiun lint^ t<» front of jnipil,
nakfdon widcH. SitalcMiinitf roiij^h ; HcalfHon toji of head t'xttsndinj; foi wind
only to iiiiddlo of eyes. (Jill lakt'iH -I in orliit, <> -f- I'.i, tlio lonKt)Ht'_'i in ivc
S*>(M)nd ilorsal upint^ Hhort, not half tht> tliinl, which \h 1 i in Iicad, tlukloni t li
scarcely shorttu'; second anal spiiio shorter than third; poctoial niodeiatc
\S in head; veiitrals l'(; caiitlal sliyhtly concavts Color olive hrown,
thickly covered everywhere ahove with thirk hexa^'onal or romulish sikiIs,
so <!lose tojiother as to leav*^ the j^rountl color appearinj; as reticiiliitidiiH
around them; these spots arc more or Iohs continent on the iiack, and au'
most tlistiniU, and tiiigtMl with oriin<rt>()n sith'S of hoail, on Itranehiostu^'iiU.
ami on hase of pectorals; ahont 7 dusky cross liars alonj^ the sides, m
w'liich the spots arc tleoper in color and more continent; a hinish stiipr
from eye across cheeks; lover parts yellow ; soft dorsal and caudal wiili
l>ron/.e spots. liCiij^th ahont IK inches. Lower Californian fauna, San
I'edro toMazatlaii; every where common in sanily hays; a jjood foo(l-li>li.
Here de.scrilied from specimens from San Diego. {luuciiIiitHn, spoitdl;
faHcidliis. lianiUul..)
Sirriniii'i iKuriiliil'i/td^riid'' STr.iNI>A('IINKli, Iclitli. Noli/x'ii, \ii, .I, IsiiS, Mazatlan; .liiin)\v .\
CilMlK.IM, I'lnc. r. .'''. > ilt. Mils., l.S,Sl, -Ki; .luUllAN ,V fil I.IIKII I, S.VIlllIisis, ."i:!i;. l.Sh:!; lOviaOMNV
\ Jknkins, IMdi . 1 . J. Nut. HIiin., IMDI, l-1'.i; llnriKviaai, Cut., i, -ZHl.
Si'iTdiiiis iiiautlii'jilioriis, '..iicontT, .Villi. Sci. Nat., x, 187(1, U'j:!, west coast of Mexico, (inll.
llocourt.)
I'llldhlhlilJ- lllilclllillii/il.iflilllls, JlUtllAN .t KkiK.NMANN, I. ('., ll^S, IS'.MI.
KiHI. I'AKALAHUAX III'MKltAlilS (CiiviiT A Viilrnrlciinrs).
Head 2^ to 3i in length ; depth H,'; to A. D. X, 11 ; A. Ill, 7; scales i:i
to 1K-S5 to lOO-oli, pores (it to 70; about 32 scales befjre dorsal. Hmlv
robust; canines small; snout 3^ in head; eyoS^; least width of pivoi
bital 6 in head; iuterorbital gently convex; the scales usually begiuuing
) MJ>
Joti/iiH iiri/ /''.vrrtnaiin — Fishes of Norlli .hnrnKi. I I1>7
oppoHltii luNt purt of pupil; iiiiixilliiry '2\ in head; nuNtriU Niimll. Hiilt.
t)i|iiiil ; \!,\\\ rakiti'H 1* 4- 1!': tli'Ht tlorHtil Npimt Hliort, hccoihI I. Iiiii^cr, tliirti
iiiuitt tliiiii :< tiiiH'N Nt'Cdiid, i'linrlli Ntill Intiucr ( in Mpcciriii'iiN i'\atiiiiii-il liy
UN 'J to 'J! ill liciid, not loii^^i'i tliaii tliinl in otiicr Hpct'iniciiN, acniiilin^
to uiitlioiN), tlio (ill tliiiH very il<'<*ply iiotclii'il ; anal NpinfH Nlmrt, tlio
Hi'<-oiiil alioiit «'i|iial to tliinl, \\ in IummI ; CHiiilal liinatf : pectoral 11 to lH
in Ik'UiI, till- niiilillit ia,\H lon^t'Kt, Color in alcolnil : |)ai l< almx r, a))i iiptl>
pain Inflow; a liir^o, dark, oidi(|iio daNJi lirliiw t\vi< covering iiiohI of
cln-fk ; a row ol' 5 olilont;, hoii/ontul, wliitc lilotclicK JiinI Im-Iow lateral
liiir. liiHt and Hccorid lar>j;t'Mt, alioiit aw lonn as cyf, a nIiihIc I'lm as laryo
aH tliird liiotcli aliov'^ tliin row Indow tlic second tolnnilli laysofNol't
doifial; caudal tliinky, itM«!<>ntral and ])ONtcrior part pale; anal and ven-
tral l)la(;k ; piMtoral |»al»' ; HpinoiiH dorsal dnsky at l>aH«; Hoft dorsal mot-
tled witiidark. Voiinj; (/(«/»< )(///•<) with rallnr Caint, d.irk itiiisaiid ronnil,
pa In spotH on head and ventral liiiN. li«^n;r||, -j to :< t'eit . racille ('<ia>tt of
tSoiitli AnuMica from ranania to .hian Furnande/. AeiuirdiiiK to Dr. Stuin-
dacliiM^' this h'lndNoine speeieH is quite (miiimiioii in the deep clianneis sep-
lira! in;; tiit) (<alapaKoH Islands from each otlit^r. Here deseiilied from No.
lOL'L'L', M. C. Z., 2 feet lon^j, from IndefatiKiiMe Island, ie|ireHeiit in;; the
form called iilhomaiiilalits, of which hiinnritlis is reKaidtsd Ity Dr. I'><iiilcnf{er
HH tilt) yoiiii);. (liitmrntliK, ]iertaiiiin;; to tlm Hhoiildur.)
.SiT/Kiiim hiiiiiDiiln, ("rviKii A Vai K.MirsNFs, Ill^t. Nut, I'liiks., II, 'jlc, !>.;«, Chili; (iCMiiiii,
Cut., I, lot, is'.l); Iliii iBNiiKit, (,'ul., i,'J7s.
.Scmi/iiiN (i.)i(//i(«ri(i/ii« (Uiiii liiuol), (Jav, Hint, riiilc, II, I'll, |il. 1, l)j-. t'iK. '-, I"" IT, Juan Fer-
nandez.
I'erni-UiliiifijiiileiTmiji, (JCntiikii, .loiirn. Muh, (ii)ilcrir(iy, i, n, 2, lnV.'l, !I7, Iquiqiic, Peru.
Seriiiiiiii alliitmiiniliiiiii', Jknvnh, /nol Hcayji', KIhIics, M, |i1. •^, ls|(), Galapa(.;os Archipelago;
(iCNTiiF.n, Tilt , I, lor., ^xr>'.>; Sir,iNi).\(iiM-;n, Iclitli Ui'ltrii^'f, i\, I, 1n7".. |iI. 1, li_'. J.
Parohiliiii.r iilhimiK iiliiliis, .JoliliAN A Itol.l.MAN, I'rin . U. .S. Nut. .'Muh., l^,^;l, l^l; .Ihui.a.v A I.IUK.N-
MANN, /. <■., ;i8U, IN'.III.
Vamlabrux Iminerutin, Jihidan Sc Kiuknman.n, t. >'., It.s'l.
15N6. I>AltAL.4BltAX ('LATIIKATI'S ((iinir.l)
(CAIIUIM A , liiMK liASS.)
Head 3; depth .'J. D. .\, 14; A III, 7; scales ll-iK) to lOO-.'lO. (58 to 7.")
pores. Caudal slifjlitly Innate, not forked ; liodv eloiii^ate, more com-
pressed tlian in related species; snout pointed: eye l;i in snout. H in
head. Toj) of head mostly naked : a few scales on median line liehind
pupil; preorliital narrow, not so hroad as niaxiliary, less than hall' w idl li
of eye; maxillai-j' 2: in head, hroad at toji; gill rakers rather Ion;;, \ -|- L'O
to 21 ; third, fourth, and fifth dmsal spines about e(|iial, tlie third twice
the second, 2 in head; Hecond anal spine lon;;er than third: pectoral
long, \\ in head; ventrals I'i ', caudal tin slightly lunate. Color grayish
green, with oltsciire. hroad, dusky streaks and hars, which form reticiilii-
tiouH on the Hides; sides often shaded and mottled with Miiish .ind green-
ish, Imt usually without distinct spots; a Inoad, dark, longitiidiniil sliade
near axis of hody; belly plain silvery <rray. Coast of southern California,
from Sau Frauciaco to the Ceiios lalauds ; the most coinniou species of
1198
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,
Paralahrax on the California Coast; an excellent food-fish, reachinfj 11
weight of nearly five pounds and length of 18 inches. Here doscribed
from San Diego specimens, {clathratus, latticed, from the lattico-liku
markings, from KTiff^pov, a bar.)
Liihnijr clathratm, GlRARD, Proc. Ar. Nat. gel. Phila., 18.'i4, 143, San Diego.
I'arulahrax chilhraliit, UiKABi), Proc. Ac. Nut. Sci Pliilft., 131, IBrjC; QiiiAUD, I'ac. B. U. Siirvc.v,
34, 1858, pi. XII, flg. 5; GCntiieb, Cat., i, C,-}, \(\r,0.
Alrnctnpercu clathrata, OiLl,, Proc. Ac. Nat. Scl. Plilla., ISfil, 164.
Bcrrat.uH chithratm, Stiiniiachnrk, Ichth. DcitriiKo, in, 1, 1876; .Jordan & (iii.iiKnT, Proc. I'. S.
Niit. Mu8., 45G, 1880; .Jordan & Giliikrt, Synopsis, 5.35, 1883; Buiji.knmek, Cat., i,2i''J.
Paralubrax clatfiratuii, Jordan ic Eioenmann, I. c, 390, 1890.
509. CENTROPRISTES, Cuvier.
(Black Sea Bass.)
Cfnlropristes, Cuvifr & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Polss., iii, 36, 1821), (iiij/ricaiM).
Cviilntpristiii, Cvvier, Ilvgno Animal, Ed. 11, 2, 145, 18'29 {niijricims).
Triloburus, Gill, Cat. Fiuli. East. Coast U. S., 30, 1861, (uanie only; Irifnrca).
Body robust, somewhat compressed, covered with rather large ctenoid
scales. Mouth large, formed as in Serranun and Paralahrax, the canines
small. Tongue smooth, Preopercle serrate, the lower teeth somewhat
autrorse. Gill rakers rather long and slender. Supraoccipital and parie-
tals with strong crests extending forward to between postfrontal pro-
cesses; frontals posteriorly with un angular transverse ridge in front of
supraoccipital connecting the parietal crests; posterior processes of pro-
niaxillaries not reaching frontals. The characteristic smooth area on top
of cranium very short and small. Dorsal short, its rays X, 11 ; anal rays
III, 7; caudal usually 3-lobed or double concave; the f'aniiws very weak
and the top of the head naked. The ventrals as in Prionodcx, close
together and inserted in advance of axil of pectoral ; pectoral with 19
rays, its upper half truncate behind. The three species of Centropristcs
are closely related. {Kivrpov, e^ine; ■n-piarii^, saw.)
Centuopbibtes:
a. Dorsal spines with dermal flaps, which scarcely project l>oyonJ tlio tip of the spine; longest
dorsal spine less than half length of head.
b. Caudal fin more or less rounded; coloration in alcohol uniform; scales 5-50-13.
RUcUS, 1580.
bb. Caudal fin with its angles little produced, the longest ray not exsbrted for a aistano-
equal to the length of the fin; gill rakers x -f 18; scales on cheek in more tlwin
7 rows; dorsal spines rather strung, the middle ones rather higher than the po.-^-
terior, which are lower than the soft rays; highest dorsal spine 2 in head; none
of (he spines filamentous, color dusky hrown or black, with paler longitudinal
str< akd; dorsal with oblique light and dark stripes; young with a black longi-
tudinal band, many dark cross shadef>, and a large black spot on last dorsal spineK.
Sexes notably different, the fin rays longer in the male. striatus, 1587.
bbb. Caudal fin with its upper and lower lobes filamentous, much produced, the middle
rays still longer, length of longest ray in the adult 2 in body; gill rakers about
X -|-12; scales on cheek in 7 rows; color grayish, each side with 3 longitudinal
rows of quadrate black blotchos, the upper series obscure, the secoud from eye
below the lateral line to caudal quite distinct, the third serieu composed of
shorter spots on a level with the lower half of the pectorals; some jet-black
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1 199
T'-'TR^B
U. Survey,
f<!X)t8 alxiiit operclo and above axil; cinrmi with a porica of jet-black (ipotg alonn
itH buw; raiidal with tlio niiddie raya blaclt at their tips, tlio uiitur |iiil(>; Jot-
blacl{ Hpots on miildle rays. ocvuRiig, 1688.
Tnu.omm'H (rptis, I'lroe; Ao/Sov, lobo; oupo, tail):
nn, Dorwil Bpinw, or Bonio of tliom, tippt'd witli floshy fltamnntH, which project cnnBideraldy
l)oyond tlio tip ot tlio spine; longcHt dorsal spino about half length of head; caiiuul
lolieu more or lesH produced.
0. U(Hly rather clongutc, little compressed, theantt cior jifofile nearly straiKht; eye large,
as long as snout, about 4 in head; mouth large, the lower jaw projecting: 1" rows
of senlcs on ehcck; dorsal spines slender, gradur id rajiidly to the third or fourth,
thenee decreasing to the last; fourth dorsal spine ii in head; color olive gray;
sides witli about? broad, diffuse, brown bars extending from back obliquely for-
ward to level of pectorals; a largo lilack spot on menibrano of last dorsal spines;
dorval fllami^its scarlet; caudal with irregular cross rows of round bmwnish sjiots;
other flns simil .. ly marked. Soxes little different. i>iiiLADR!,riiicrB, 1589.
Subgenus CENTROPRISTES.
1688. CENTBOPKISTES Rr* I's, Cuvlor & Valenciennes.
This Bpecies resemblpe very closely Centropristca str'mtus in all respects, the
only difference tliat wo can detect being that the caudal fin is quite regu-
larly ro-.uded instead of trilobate. Fourth dorsal spine longest, 2 in
head. Scales 5-50-13. Eye 4^ in head. Pectorals extending beyond
ventrals, \\ in head. Color uniform dark — in alcohol. Known only
from the original types, two specimens in fair condition, from Martin-
ique, in the museum at Paris. The species is a doubtful one and its
characters need verification, {rufus, reddish.)
Cetilropriite* rufm, Ctjvieb & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., in, 47, 1829, Martinique. (Coll.
P166.)
'i
:'ii
f;-:.;
IN
m
pine; longest
1687. CENTROPRISTES STBIATUS* (Linnreus). ;
(Black Sea Babs; Blackfish; Tally-Wao ; IIannahii.l; Black Will; Black IIakry.)
Head 21 ; depth 2J to 3. D. X, 11 ; A. Ill, 7 ; scales 5-55 to 60-16 to 20,
po"e8 50 to 55. Body robust, the back somewhat elevated anteriorly ;
head large, thick, little compressed ; top of head naked ; eye large, nearly
5 in head ; mouth oblique, low, rather large ; lower jaw projecting ; max-
illary broad, 2i in head; teeth in broad bands, the canines small, none
of the teeth movable; gill rakers long, about x-j-18 developed ; scales on
cheek in about 11 rows ; posterior border of preopercle finely serrate, the
angle and lower border with larger teeth, some of them turned forward ;
maxillary slipping anteriorly under the edge of the preorbital, which is
as broad as the ey<^ ; dorsal spines rather strong, the middle ones rather
higher than the posterior, which are lower than the soft rays ; highest
dorsal spine 2 in head ; none of the spines filamentous, but provided
with short, lateral dermal flaps ; pectorals very long, li in head ; ven-
trals scarcely shorter; anal spines graduated; caudal slightly double
♦Dr. Holbrook has maintained that the northern form of this flsh (s^-t(i/Ms=/MrrHs — tiit/ricoiw)
is distiact fiom the soutliern atrariitii. The northern form (>'. i ; is said to have the air blwlder
simple and the pectoral fin as long as the ventrals. In the southern fish (atrarius), the air
liladder is sacculated and the pectoral longer than th.) ventral. Wo do not find that these
UlScreuces exist.
- !ir
'
!>;
;B!
1.,
Li.^e.-.''j--:.j.'a>-lfc^^ :■
viii
■
I 'idi
m
1200
Bulletin ^7, UniUU S^u*i.\i A^af tonal Museum.
concave, with ita angles little produced, the longest ray not exserted for
a dJHtance eqnal to the length of the fin. Color duHky brown or black,
more or leas mottled, and with paler longitudinal streaks along the rowN
of scales; dorsal with several series of elongate whitish spots formirg
oblique light stripes; other fins dusky, mottled; young with a black
longitudinal band, which later breaks up, forming dark cross shades ; a
large black spot on last dorsal spines. Sexes notably different, the fin
rays longer in the male, which approaches the male of Centi ipristes oci/u-
rua. Pyloric coica 4 io 7. Length 18 inches. Atlantic Coast of United
States, Cape Ann to northern Florida; common northward; one of the
counnon food-fishes of our Atlantic Coast, reaching a weight of about 3
pounds ; its flosh excellent. {ntriatu8, striped.)
Lahriin utriiUun, LiNN.T-;us, Syst. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 285, " America," (description very brief, but
not to 1)0 rofciTod to any othor lish).
Piri'u iilr<nia, LiNN.»;u8, .Syst. Nut., Ed. xii, 48.'i, 17C6, Carolina. (Coll. Dr. Oarilon.)
lilarkjii'h, Sciioi-f, Scliriftou diT Natnrforsoh. Freundo, Borliu, viii, 164, 1788, New York.
Peiritfiirvii, Walbavm, Art(^di Piscium, ;i3ii, 1792, New York (after Bliickli.sh of SciiiiPF).
OiinjihiriKi jdV/i-C' "MS, Bhorn & SciisrcDEit, Syst. Iclith., 297, 1801, New York.
I.iiljitwis trilohuK, L.\cf;ri:nK, Hist. Nat. PoisK., iv, 240, 1802, locality unknown.
I'cirt raiiii, MiTciiiLl-, Report Flslios N. Y., 415, pi. 3, flg. G, 1815, New York.
Ciiiliii])ii!.tf>i nigrUam, Ouvikr & Vaivxciknnks, lliBt. Nat. Poisa., ill, 37, j)l. 44, 1829, New York.
Hirnmm uiijretcenn, .Tokdan & GiLiiKUT, Syr.opfis, 917, 1883.
Ciiitrojiriittis airuiins, OCntiieii, Cat., I, 86, 1859; Hoi.BROOK, Ichth. S. Cnro'ii'. ^' ' 1860; Boulen-
OEK, Cat., I, 303.
Sen-imuH alruriiis, Jokdan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 533, 1883; Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mub.,
231, 1884.
Set ramisf units, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua., C46, 1884.
CvntroprMis striattu, Jorda.s ji 1. ienmann, I. v., 391, plato 64, 1890,
1688. CENTB0PRI8TKS OCTURUS (Joidan <& Evermann).
Head 2f ; depth 3. D. X, 11 ; A. ITT, 7 ; scales 5 or 6-50-14. Dorsal
spines not iilameutous, the longest 2^ in head ; pectorals 1? in head,
reaching a little past tips of ventrals. Scales on cheeks little larger
than in C. atriatua, in about 7 rows, Serrte of preopercle smaller than in
C. atriatua. Gill rakers shorter and farther apart than in Centropriatea
atriatua, only 11 or 12 developed. Color pale olive, somewhat darker on
the back ; each side with 3 longitudinal rows of quadrate black bio' ches ;
the uppermost series obscure, along base of dorsal fin; the sec .1 'lifi-
tinct_, and placed just below lateral line, the three anterior blc' :;; of
this series somewhat confluent; the lower series very distinct jet 'u'l'iv''
and not confluent, placed along side of belly, on the level of the axil
of the pectoral. The blotches in each series correspond in position to
those in the other series, so that, with dusky shades extending from
one to another, they form about 7 dusky cross bands ; some dark inky
spots on opercle and above base of pectoral; opercle and preopercle
with dusky shades. Chin with some dusky ; spinous dorsal plain ; soft
dorsal with fine oblique bars on a pale ground, 2 of the dark blotches
on body extending on its base ; last ray with 2 or 3 dark spotp Caudal
flu with the middle rays black, the outer pale, all of them with darker
spots which become black on the median rays; anal fin pal«), slightly
Jordan ami Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1201
mottled, the tips of its rays dusky; ventrals dusky; pectorals entirely
pale ; caudal fin with its upper and lower lobes filamentous, much pro-
duced, the middle rays still longer, exserted for a distance nearly equal
to \ length of head, the total length of the longest ray being half the
length of the body. Gulf of Mexico, iii rather deep water ; known from
the Snapper Banks off Pensaoola. In spite of the striking diRnreuces
in color, in which this species considerably resembles the very young of
CentrGpriates utriatus, the details of form and structure arc almost identi-
cal in the two species, the most notable difference being in the gill rakers.
Here described from the type, lOJ inches in length. ((.'j«iV, swift ; oi>im,
tail.)
Serranua Irifiircim, Jordan & Gttttnnr, Synopsis, r)34, 1883; not I'ercu (ri/nrea, LiNN/i;rH.
SermiiiiH (iri/imm, Jordan & Evkrmann, Proc. II. S. Nat. Mus., iGS, 1880, Snapper Banks off
Pensacola. (Tjih', No. 370!t7. Coll. Silas Steams.)
< 'eiiiropristin ocyui-iin, .Iordan Ic Eiqenmann, I. c, 392, 18(K).
Subgenus TRILOBURUS, GUI.
15M0. CKNTROPRISTES PHILADKLPIIICUS (Liunwus).
(Rock Sea Bass.)
Head 2f to 2* ; depth 3J^ to 3J. D. X, 11 ; A. Ill, 7 ; P. 17; C. 18 ; scales
5-52 to 55, 15 pores. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of pupil, 2i
in head ; mandibular band of teeth becoming a single series laterally ; a
few inner teeth in the front of each jaw enlarged; lower Jaw with the
inner series laterally and the outei' series anteriorly of enlarged conical
teeth, the lateral teeth but little larger than those in front ; outer series
of upper jaw much enLirged, becoming smaller laterally, those in front
larger than any in lower jaw ; patch on vomer crescent-shaped ; on pala-
tines long and na'Tow. Head naked forward from occiput, including
suborbital ring, snout, preorbital, top of head, maxillary, and lower jaw;
scales on cheeks small, in 9 to 11 very regular oblique series ; scales on
opercles as large as those on body, in 8 or 9 oblique series, tlioae on the flap
again smaller; least interorbital width about f diameter of eye, which is
4} in head ; serrao on and below preopercular angle slightly enlarged and
more distant than those above ; subopercle and interopercle finely, evenly
serrate. Gill rakers i length of eye, 3 -f- 10 in number. First 2 dorsal
spines short, the third and fourth nearly equal, the fourth i or nearly J
head; the last spines are then much shortened, forming a notch, the last
spine 3} in head, J the ray following; membrane deeply incised between
the spines, the upper angles produced beyond the spines in long, narrow
filaments, very variable in length, usually less than diameter of orbit ;
the spines themselves are acute ; * the structure of the dorsal thus does
not differ from that of Centropristea atriatus, which has also a trifurcato
tail. Caudal with the upper and middle rays much produced and nearly
equal, the lower lobe but little lengthened ; median rays nearly as long
as head (i to ji), the lower rays about i head. A young specimen, 5
♦Not at all filamentous, as figured by Holbrook (Iclitb. S. C, pi. 7, fig. 1).
F. N, A. 77
*,•'
ill
II!
"i
%
!l
i-
h
■ii
M ¥.
m
m t
m '^
1202
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum,
inches long, has caudal nearly evenly convex behind, with the upper
raya only slightly projecting. Anal spines short, graduated, the second
the strongest, the third slightly longer, about i head ; longest rays
nearly \ head ; middle ventral rays longest, not nearly reaching vent,
f head; pectoral bubtruncate, reaching "ent. Ij^ in head. Scales very
strongly ctenoid, running well up on ca:ul)il fin and on membranuH
of soft dorsal, anal, and ventrals. Color iu life : Olivaceous above,
whitish below; 7 broad brown bars fron, back obliquely forward to
level of middle of pectorals, these almost obsolete along lateral line;
the color of the bars is not intense and is formed by shadings along
the base and margins of the scales; the anterior bar crosses the nape
and is very indistinct; snout and upper part of head with numeroun
brownish-red spots and lines, 3 or 4 of these parallel and running from
eye to snout, the interspace usually light blue; upper lip reddish brown ;
tip of lower jaw broadlj' purplish ; a dark blotch on opercle anteriorly
and sometimes a small, dark spot behind eye; lining of opercle and
throat lemon yellow; a large jet-black blotch behind pscudobrauchia';
spinous dorsal translucent, with indistinct whitish and dusky longitu-
dinal streaks; a large blackish blotch on membrane of last spines imme-
diately above fourth vertical bar of sides; some dark spots on the spines
form 2 irregular lengthwise series ; dorsal filaments bright scarlet, the
fin usually with light-bluish shading; soft dorsal with a series of bluish-
white spots near margin (1 between each 2 rays), 1 or more incompleto
series above and below this; the fin is margined with reddish brown,
and has usually several series of reddish-brown spots, these most numer-
ous posteriorly; some irregular olive-brown spots toward base; a small
black spot on base of membrane between eighth and ninth and 1 between
tenth and eleventh rays, the former frequently absent ; caudal translu-
cent, with irregular cross series of round brownish-red spots, the space
between them often with bluish-white spots; the fin margined above
with brownish red; lower lobe whitish, unspotted; anal white, with n
median sulphur-yellow streak and a terminal dark bar; ventrals whit-
ish, with dusky areas, often uniform blackish ; pectorals translucent ;
peritoneum silvery. Sexes similar. Kocky shores of South Carolina, in
rather deep water; not yet seen elsewhere, but not rare at Charleston,
where the specimen, 9i inches long, above described, was taken by Dr.
Gilbert, {rhiladelphicua, from the city of Philadelphia, where the species
is not found.)
I'erca ])liilmMpMca, Linn.t.i's, Sj-st. Nat., Ed. x, 1758, 291, America.
I'erca trifnrca, LiNN^us, Syst. Nat., Ed. xii, 489, 176C, Carolina. (Coll. Dr. Garden.)
Luljaum tridens, LAcf:pi!i)E, Hist. Nnt. Polss., iv, 24C, 1802, Carolina.
Centroprislu trident, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. PoiBS., iii, 43, 1829.
CtnlroitriMU trifurcm, Hoi.BROOK, Ichth. S. Carolina, 49, pi. 7, fig. 1, 1860.
Anthias trifurcus, GCnther, Cat., i, 91, 1859.
Berranus pliiladelphictm, JoRnAN & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, COO.
Berranus trifurctu, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 5;i4, 1883.
Centroprislu philadelphicus, Jordan & Eioenmann, /. c, 393, 1890.
CeiUroprisles Iri/urca, BouLBNOEB, Cat., I, 304.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1-J03
510. DIPLECTRUM, Holbrook.
(S({UIRRKL-FISIIR8.)
l>il)lrclnim, Hcii.nitonx, I(tlitliy<)I(igy of Soiitli Ciinillua, Kd. 1, U2, ISSti, {/<wiailiirin ■ /urmoniif).
lliiliiMiiii, (ill,!,, I'roc. Ac. Not. Hfi. I'hilii., IHC'2, 2311, (hU'iUnlnit radiiilin, iiiiil utluT hiiccIch;
ri'Ktiirl' (I to liivillatiis ]>y Jordan & (iii.iiKiiT, SjuopMiH, ri;i5).
/•(iniviiKKiiit, Dlkekkk, Vorli. Akatl. Amst., xiv, 1873, (1, (/hiwcW).
This genuH is very close to rr'umodvs, from which it (litters chietly in
thu arinuturo of the preoperclo, which ia provided in the udiilt witli 1
or :^ clusters of strong, straight, divergent spines. »Sniootli area on tup
of head, as in Serranum, large, extending backward to a lino connecting
borders of preopercle; the supraoccipital and parietal crests very short;
preorbital broad ; maxillary widest before its tip ; protile of snout rounded ;
pectoral unsymmetrically rounded, its upper rays longest; veutrals
inserted* somewhat before axil of pectoral; dorsal spines slender, none
of them much elevated ; soft dorsal short, the rays X, 12 ; anal rays Ilf, 7 ;
caudal lunate. Species all American, of small size and bright colors.
((5(V, two; 7rA//«Tpov, spur.)
IIai.ii'Krca (oAs, bou; 7rep<c>(, porch):
It. Pruui>orclo witli it siiiglu center of divorgciicu of the spinuk-ii about it8 uiiglo (in tlio udult
aH well aii in the young).
b. Ciill I'ukcrH very long, Hlundcr, nnd numerous, uliout 2r> below unglo of iii'ch; HcalcM on
check in 7 or >* rows; prcoiicrcuhir proccBH narrow and truncate, its widtli about \f^
licad; no black witiiiu gill cover; a paI<'-l)Iuo streak below orbit; nbont 18 BcaleH
before donml; head with opercular flap about 3 in body. scil'Ri's, WM).
bb. (lill rakers moderate, about 10 Inilow angle of arch; Bpineri on protluccnl portion of pre-
opercle numerou.-*, 8 to 20 in nun\bcr; outline of the HpinouB dorxal tin Homewhat <'on-
vex, BO that the flu ig more deeply notched than in hiplectrHiii /ormuiiutti; jaws equal;
vertex naked; operclo black within,
c. Scales on chocks Bmall and regularly placed, in about 10 rows; 22 Bcales before dorsal;
head short, with opercular flap about 3 in body; width of preoiwrcular proceBU 4)^
to 6 in head, its posterior edge rounded; gill rakers x -|- 10, gliort and tslender,
well separated; region above the large eye prominent; snout short, blnntiHh;
cheeks with 10 rows of scalcH; these regularly placed; serric on preiii)en'le much
produced in the adult, short in tho young; upper lobe of caudal little produced.
Color light brown above, dull yellowish below; tho scales on sides each with a
silvery center; irregular, vague, dark cross bari>, broader than the interspaces; a
black bar at ba.^e of caudal; usually no blue lines or white areas on head; soft
dorsal with bright-bluo spots, each surrounded by a dark-blue ring; caudal with
bars of similar spots; young with 2 black longitudinal stripes, the lower forming
a spot at base of caudal. iiadialk, 1501.
cc. Scales on cheek large, irregular, in 5 or C rows; head larger; soft dorsal pale below,
mottled above, without distinct blue spots; 1"> to 17 scales before dorsal.
d. Head moderate, 2% in total length, with opercular flap; width of preopercular jiro-
cess J4 head, its posterior edge truncated; upper edge of preopercle nearer tip of
opercular flap than snout; brownish, with numerous traces of vague, dark cross
bars; a very distinct black caudal spot; snout with 4 or 5 pale blotches; a pale
streak from below eye across i)i'eoi)ercular 'tuglo; no black at base of soft dorsal,
the fln with v.ry faint traces of blue spots. macropoma, IJ.02.
M. Head very largv , 2% to 2}<2 m total length (witli opercular flap); upper angle of
preopercle midway between ti|> of snout and tip of opercular flap; preopercu-
lar process very broad; soft dorsal dark at liase. kurvpi.ectrim, 1593.
11
! '
\u liir
Pi .1
li:! i
i:f '
^'Essentially as in CeHlroprigtes, not as in Serranus, in which these species are placed by Dr.
Bouloiiger.
'11 .1
1204
Bulletin 47, United States A'ational Museum.
Pin.KCTiii'M:
Kii, k'rc<i|M-rcl)i with 2 cliiHtxrii of ilivrrgnit H|iinoii, tlio oiut nt llio uiikIo, tliu ntlior Iiigbor
(llio two t'liHficlrH woM HfiNiriktoil ill tlioiiiliill, but Hiimllcr mill r iilcHcciit in tli«yoiiiiK).
I'. Iloail mill liiiil^' iiiarltcil witli iniiiiy iiitrrni|iluil liliin liiii'H; iiri'orliitiil lirmiil, iiioru tlimi
twin- tliK wliltli or iiiiixilliiry; lowur liiilf of iinto|ii!rrlu wllli Hlrong, Htr»i)j;lit
HpiiirH ilivorKiiiK friim two rcntorii; f^WX rulirrs itliiirt auil Hiiinll, x i 14; 11 rnwH of
Hi'ulvH III) c'lii-okH; cmiilikl ilcojily lunate, tint u]i|iRr lulm t)iii IiiiiKi'r, Kimiotimt'it ciiil-
iiig ill a long lllaniiMit. Color lirowiiiNli, Hilvcry ItiOow; niiIoh with 7 or N longi-
tiiiliiuil (l«i-|)-liluo liiii'H mill alioiit iih many dark croHH liarN, tlii< last liar rnriiiing a
largi' Mark Motcli at uppur Imihi' or rmnlitl; young with 2 liriiail, ilimky Imigltuili-
nnl Htri|ii<H, wlilrli lii'roniii iiitrrrn|iti'il witli agr; 11 or 4 ilistinrt Miin Htripi'H iin
Biik'H of top of licad; 2 acnmH proorbitui, tlio lower forkwl; fliiH with iiarmw,
wavy liarH of tiluu ami (lalu yullow. tuumoHUM, 15!>'l,
Subgenus HALIPERCA, Gill.
1500. IMPIiKnitlun Kl'IVRI S, nilbirt.
Iload 2*^ to 3 in length; depth 3;| Tin Bpociineus 5 incIiOH long). D. X,
12; A. Ill, 8. Scalen on cheuka Bmall, in 7 or 8 rather regular rows. Lat-
eral line with about 52 pores, about 75 vertical rows of scales above it ;
about i8 scales before dorsal. A single rather wide cluster of si>ines at
angle of preopercle, much as in lUpUctrum macropoma, the width of the
cluster 4^ to 5 in head, in specimens 5 inches long. Upper angle of pre-
opercle nearer to end of opercular flap than tip of snout. Vertical fins
low, the height of soft dorsal i length of head. Gill rakers long and
slender, about 14 -f 25. In color this species difters from its near relatives
in having no black on the inside of gill cover, and in having a very light
blue line below the orbit; the snout is without spots or streaks; the
upper part of body is crossed with irregular dusky bars, and the soft
dorsal and caudal are marked with round yellow spots half as large as
the pupil, ocellated with blue or dusky. Known from small specimens
taken in considerable numbers, at stations 3014, 3015, 3021, 3026, and 3033,
all in shallow water in the (iulf of California. This species most resem-
bles Diph'ctrum macrojwvut , differing strongly from this and all other spe-
cies of the genus in the very numerous long and slender gill rakers,
which are t the diameter of the eye, even in young specimens ; they are
about 25 in number on the horizontal limb of the outer arch, instead of
12 as -in rarftrt/t and «iflCJ'oj>o»««, or 9 as in/o?'morfM«». (Gilbert.) (Sciurus,
squirrel ; the name squirrel-fish has been long applied to JJiplectrum for-
mo8um, perhaps from a croaking noise it makes.)
Dipleclrum mlimi/i, Oii.beut, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mns., ISDl, 550, Gulf of California, AlbatroHH
Stations, Nos. 3014, 3021, :!02n, and 3033. (Coll. Albatross.)
Serramu aciunu, BouLENOEn, Cat., i, 298.
i-
i .'■■
1691. DlPLECTRUn RADIALE (Qiioy & Gaimard).
(AOUAVINA.)
Head 3; depth 3i. D. X, 12; A. Ill, 7; scales 8-^ to 70-20, 48 to 55
pores. Scales on cheeks small and regularly placed in about 10 rows;
width of preopercular process 4| to 5 in head, its posterior edge rounded ;
ijiiiinjjj,*i^i»»i,i"iiv''.""F»'"-Vw.infP".ij,f;iiH;!i|i.i,ip^|ii
Jordan and Evennann. — Fishes of North America. 12U5
gill rakoi'H U-f- 13 or 14 with i or 5 riuliiaeutury ouch on iippur angle, iilen<
dor, wvll Hupuratud ; rugion ubovu tlio litigo t^yu proniintMit ; Hnout shorty
bluntish, uh long aH ey«, 4 in head ; chueku with about lU rowH of HcalcH,
regularly placed, about 22 BualeH before dorual ; Herrit^ on preopercle
much produced in the adult, uhort in the young, itu upper angle nearer
to end of opercular llap than tip of unout ; upper lobe of ca.idal little
produced; longest dorual Hpine 2\ in head ; anal npineH feeble, gra<luated.
Coloration of body light brown above, yellowitih iielow ; Hideu Halnion
color, much uhading of cherry red on head and fiuH in life ; head with
greenish Htroaku; the scales on sides each with a silvery center; irregular,
vague, dark cross bars broader than the interspaces ; a black bar at base
of caudal; usually no blue lines or white areas on head; soft dorsal with
bright-blue spots, each surrounded by a dark-blue ring ; caudal with bars
of similar s^mts ; young with 2 black longitudinal stripes, the lower form-
ing; a spot at base of caudal. Both coasts of tropical America, north to
Havana and Guaymas ; very common on the coast of lirazil and in the
Gulf of California; found in shallow bays; our specimens from Guaymas,
Mazatlan, Panama, Sambaia^ liio Janeiro, and Havana. (ru({i'u{t», radiaut,
from the radiating preoporcular spines.)
StTraiiiia ra<It(({ui, QroY k Gaimaud, Voyiigo Uraiiic, 31C, 1824, Rio Janeiro; Cuvier k Vai,kn-
ciKNNEH, IliHt. Nut. ruiiiH.,11, 213, 1828; Ddui.knukr, Out., l, 2!)7.
Semmm hMlliitiif, Ci'viEii & V'alencignnrb, IliHt. Nut. PhIkh., ii, 241, 1H2K, Martinique.
Ceutrtnirintet ayreai* Stkimuaciiner, Ichtli. Nutl/.uri, vii, 1, 18i!8, {il. i, 11);. 1, Santos, Brazil.
ParaiurrmiUH hanwlU, Dlekkf.r, Vcili. Aliud. AiiiHt., xiv, 187U, No. 2, 7.
CeiUropriHliit rdtlmlU, GI'ntiieii, I'ut., i, SI!, 1x5!); Sti'.i.miaciinkh, Iclitli. Hoitriit;c, iv, 0, 1875.
IlnUperca hirUUilu, I'liEV, SynopBiH, 282, I8fi8; I'oEV, KiniriKTUtio, 22, 187').
Dipleclriiiu radialin, Stueet.'*, Hull. U. S. Nat. Miis., vii, .'i2, 1877; .Iukdan & Kuienmann, I. r.,
398, 1890; Kveumann A .Tk.nkixs, I'ioc. U. S. Nut. Mub., 1891, 142.
CentropristitlivUtatus, UUntheb, Out., i, 82, 1809.
I 'i
a, AlbutroHH
1692. DIPLECTItUM MACItOPO.WA (UUnthor).
Heada.V; depth 3i. D. X, 12; A. Ill, 7; scales 5-48-14. Snout 4 in
head; eye 4. General form of body and head essentially as in I), radiale.
Produced portion of preopercle not very broad ; its (vertical) breadth not
more than i length of head. Scales on cheeks large and irregular, in 5
or 6 rows ; about 15 scales before dorsal ; width of preopercnlar process
about i head, its posterior edge truncated; gill rakers x-f 10; longest
dorsal spine 2} in head. Coloration brownish, with numerous traces of
vague, dark cross bars; a very distinct black caudal spot ; snout with 4
or 5 pale blotches ; a pale streak from below eye across preopercnlar angle ;
no black at base of soft dorsal, the fin with very faint traces of blue spots;
caudal plain, darker toward tip ; vontrals pale. Pacific Coast of tropical
America, in rather deep water, from Panama southward ; abundant ; here
described from specimens dredged by the Jlbatrotss. {fxaKpoi, large ; Trw^tn,
opercle.)
♦ Dr. Stclndaclincr lias alruuiJy noted tlie iili^ntity of liis < 'eiilroprUles ivjreti from Santos, Brazil,
with Diplectntiii tadiale. Witli Dr. Stoinduchucr, wo find no vMfTercnce between Atlantic and
Paciflc oxainpleii of tills typo. SeiraiiiiK bifUtalns is merely the young of this species. Specimens
sent to us from Cuba by Poey conftrm this supposition, as they differ from radiale precisely as the
young differs from the adult in formosum.
:.! %
■mi:
1200 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
CeHlnjirUlu iniorfijiiiiiiii, OCntiikh, Pnic. Zuiil. Soc, London, 1804, 14S, Panama; QOnhikk,
FUhc8 Centriil Amoricii, 40U, iil. i.xv, itJOO.
bipUrtriim miurojinnia, Jordan & IIollman, Pruc. U. S. Nat. Muh., 1881), 157; Johdan A, Kiokn-
MANN,{. c, 31)8, 1800.
1608. niPIiECTRlISI EITRTPLECTRIMI, Jordan A Dollnmn.
Head (to end of opercular Hpine) 2i to 2}; depth 3;^ to H*. I). X, 12;
A. Ill, 8 ; HcaleH 8-50 to ri5-18. Itody moderately elongate, houvy through
shoulderH; tlie back not much elevated; anterior profile convex, nearly
straight above eyes ; mouth large, maxillary reaching posterior border of
eye, 2 in head; snout blunt, 3| in head ; eye largo, slightly shorter than
snout, 4 in head. Interorbital space appearing slightly concave, IJ in eye.
Tooth as in />. radiale. Preopercular process very wide, its width li times
diameter of eye ; spines long and slender, 15 to 20 developed ; the lower
angle r.ot so strongly projecting as in D. macropoma. Opercular spine
rather sharp, embedded. Opercular ilap long and well rounded at the end ;
upper end of prooporcle midway between tip of snout and opercular ilap.
Gill rakers rather long, stout as in other species, x -{- 12. Scales small,
rather firm, smaller than in other species, 8 or 9 rows on cheeks ; scales
on oi)crcle smaller than in D. radiale or D, macropoma, about 12 scales
before dorsal. Dorsal spines weak, pungent, second 1^ in third, fourth
and fifth almost equal, Sjr in head; first soft ray 3 in head, shorter than next
the last ; upper lobe of caudal longest, 1?, to \l in head, lower lobe 1? to 1*
iH head ; first anal spine 1^ in second, which is strongest and 1^ in third,
latter 5 in head; soft rays showing a convex margin, the longest 3^ in head ;
pectorals broad, their posterior margin trancate-concave, their length 1(;
in head; ventrals 1^ inhead. Color brownish above, as in D. radiale, become
ingmore yellowish and silvery below; sides with about 5pairs of interrupted
black bars ; a largo black blotch at base of caudal ; markings on pruorbi-
tal and cheeks rather indistinct ; a large black spot above preopercular
angle ou opercle ; lips bluish; spinous dorsal dusky above ; a small pale
spot under tip of spines ; soft dorsal plain olive, dark at base; inner rays
of caudal tipped with dusky, a few lower rays pale ; pectoral and anal
pale; ventrals dusky. This species is known from numerout^ specimens
dredged by the Albatross at stations 2795 and 2797, southwest of Panama,
at a depth of 33 fathoms, and at station 2805 at a depth of 51^ fathoms.
The largest of these is about 7 inches long. This species and the preced-
ing, of which we have examined many specimens, are well distinguished
from Diplcctrum radiale, with which Dr. Boulenger has united them. Di-
2)lectrum macropoma is in appearance, coloration, and in habit intermediate
between the other two, but the characters of all are well marked, {cvpvqi
wide; Tr/^r/zcrfiov, spur.)
Dipleclrtim ennipleclruvi, Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 1889, 157, Pacific Ocean,
off coast of Colombia, from 8° o6' 30" N., 78°5i' W., and 7° 57' N., 78°55'\V., 7°
56' N., 79° 41' 30" W., stations 2797, 3795, 3805. (Type, No. 41141. Coll. Albatroes.)
•"i
Jordan and Ei'ermann. — Fishes of North America. 1207
Subgenus DIPLECTRUM.
1&U4. niPLKCTitryi KouMosrn (tiitiuiiuH).
(Sg(iiRiiKl.-Fl8li; HElinANo; HANli-riHll.)
IIoiul 3; depth 3?. D. X, 12; A. Ill, 7; hcuIoh 9-H() to 00-22, pores 51
to (JO. Itody elongate, the prolile Htroiigly arched al»ove oyen ; month
hiri^e, lower jaw Hliglitly projecting; niiixiUury narrow, reaching middle
of eye, 2\ in head; canine tcetli small; eyu placed high, Hhorter than
snout, ahoiit 5 in head; preorbital broad, more than twice the width of
maxillary ; upper part of nuirgiu of preopercle finely Herrat«! ; preopercle
with two cIuHters of divergent spineu, the one at the angle, the other
higher (the two fascicles well separated in the adult, but smaller and
coalescent in the young) ; distance from opercular (lap to upper end of
preopercle IJ in rest of head ; opercular flap short and sharp ; gill rakers
moderate, x + 11 "i" l-'^J top of head and preorbital region naked ; smooth
area on top of crnniiim very convex; 11 rows of scales oncht^eks; tins,
except caudal, Hcaleless; 15 scales before dorsal; dorsal spines low an<l
slender, the first three graduated, the rest subequal ; caudal deo]>1y
lunate, the upper lobu the longer, sometimes ending in a long tilament;
anal spines very weak, the third longest, li in eye; pectoral \% \\\ head.
Color brownish, silvery below ; sides with 7 or 8 longitudinal blue lines,
bright blue above, pearly whitish below, and about ns many dark cross
bars, the last bar forming a large black blotch at upper base of caudal ;
6 of these present, with another at base of dorsal ; a broken median
stripe before dorsal ; stripes on hesid bright blue; spinous dorsal with 2
stripes of light blue, bordered with darker, and 3 of light orange yellow ;
3 blue stripes and 4 yellow ones on soft dorsal: caudal with light-blue
reticulations around light-orange spots ; veutrals and anal bluish white,
shaded with light yellowish; pectoral transparent; posterior part of
mouth tinged with yellow ;* young with 2 broad, dusky longitudinal
stripes, which become interrupted with age ; 3 or 4 distiuct blue stripes
on sides and top of head ; 2 across preorbital, the lower forked ; fins with
narrow, wavy bars of blue and pale yellow. West Indies ; common from
Charleston south to Montevideo. t A handsome fish, common on the
* A spocimon oMiuulmI by Dr. HiikIi M. Sniitli in Iliscaytio Hay, Floriila, in Fcbrnary, Imd tlic
folluwin); life colois; Uudy dull light brownisli nbovf, wbiti- below, niurkcci by 8 rut her broiul
dark cross buudH, W or 4 lungitmlinul dark BtripPH, uiid 8 narrow bliii' l(>u)j;itiidiual tttripcH most
dititinct above wliero they contrast with the dark back. Head yellow, 5 or narrow wavy bine
Htript'Hou liido of lieiul below eye; bead between eyes marked by 5 narrow blue cross burs run-
ning out on this nose; a dark spot at base of caudal; dorsal uniformly yellowish preen, marked
by '2 median cross lines of blue, same color as the back; the blue lines [posteriorly forming small
yellow ocelli; caudal same as dorsal as to color and markings; other tins white.
fWe have examined si)eciniens from ("harlestou, Pensacolu, Ivey West, Captita Key, Havana,
Pernambuco, and Kio Janeiro. These siiecimens show no evident spocitic ditfcri'nces, but the
difl- -'(nces due to age are so:;iewhat considerable. The smnlUst specimens before ns (2 inches
\w\\L,) have a very distinct dark lateral band rnnning from the tip of the snout and ending in a
dark spot at the upjior base of caudal fin; another (paler) band runs from the upper part of eye
to base of last dorsal rays; another from above eye along base of dorsal. These bauds are
sharply defined in the young, and traces of them are usually found in all examples. In the
smallest spccinu'ns the preopercle is simply but coarsely serrate with » salient angle; in larger
ones a |M)rtion of the preopercle is prolonged backward anil its spines begin to radiate. In
exanii)les of 4 inches the spiles are not yet divided into 2 fasciie, but later they begin to show
radiation from 2 distiuct centers. In specimens of lYf inches the 2 fascicles of spines are dis-
tinct. In the largest, the upper lobe of the caudal is fllamcntous.
il
I .
( I
il '
.
i 1
! i
ff
rjo«
JiuUetin ^7, United Staki National Mmeum.
South Atluntio luul (Jiilf couHtH of tho IJuittMl StutcH on rocky or hiukI.v
HlioroH. Loii^th ulioiit, 11 foot. {formoHUH, liiindHomu.)
firm fiinniiM, I,inn*i'n, S^hI. Nnt., M. xii, 4hs, ITtid, Carolina (t'ull, Dr. (iunlt'n ; (i>iKi,i\,
HjHt. NhI,, VA'i'i, 17HH icupli'cl), mill of llm I'DpylxlH; (Hirtly conriiitiMl with lln miihiti iiliiiiiini,
to wlilcli Hpcrii'M hiinit' of till' fiirly ri'fi'ii'iii'i'H Im'Iiiiik.
Kliiuephtlui tlriiilim, Dliioii, lihthyiilugiii, pi. ICIo, 170;i, Jamaica (nut Anlhint i-triilii.i, lil.iii II,
whli'li In rt-iilly till /'/loii'/i/ifVifn. )
ftirnmiiH rai{iiiii*, (^'itv A (Jaimahu, Voy. ilc ITraMlo, 1'oIh*., .llll, pi. TiH, 11k. 'J, 1H'J4, Monte-
video (?); IliU'i.KNdKii, Out., 1, 'IM.
^'lTr(lm(.1 iniii/iiiMx, CiviKU tc Vai.kncik.nnkh, IlJHt. Niit. 1'iiIhm., ii, !il4, IH'JM, Montevideo.
AffTidiiiM /iHi.icii/iiri/i, (IrviKii A Valknciknnkm, IliNt. Nat. I'oiHH., ir, ■Jl.'), pl. ;io, iH^iM, Brazil;
iiIho i.\, 4:tl, 1h:!:|; Jokhan a Uii.iirht, SyiiuiitiH, S:tl, 1883.
CiittinjiiiiiliiiriiiliiiiiM, (iCNTllKli, ('at., I, 8:), iH.'tO.
Cciilri'iiiiiiliii/iiHiii iiliiiiH, QCntiikii, Cat., I, 83, IS.IO.
hipUilriim/aiii-ii-iiluri; Hol.liriiMiK, Iclitli. S. Curuliim, :t8, 18»K); ror.Y, SynuiMlii, 282, 1808.
JUliliilruiii riiiliiins, 1'oky, Kiiilliioratio, 'Z\, \Hir>.
S>nii>i>" fi'iiiiDKiin, .loitDAN, I'roc. l'. S. Nat. Miw., IHHl, X).
Viiikclrumfurmutum, JonuAN A Eioenmann, /. >■., :t!i7, pl. (i."), lH!Mt.
SI I. PRIONODES, Jenyns.
(SEltUANOS.)
I'rimiotkf, Jenvnb, .Voyago of thn IUmirIi' • Fi!<lirM, H',, 1840, (/iwinltu).
Mt'iilijieiTii, Oli.l., I'roc. Ar. Nat. Scl. I'lilla., isi'j, -j '.(',, {Iiirii)i>rrcaiiuii).
Uody oblong, inodoratoly coiiiprcHsed, covered with modorate-Hi/ed,
ctenoid HculeH. Lateral line normal in direction, not running chme to tiio
back. Cranium above with a very large convex Hinooth area, which in
longer than tiio low Hupraorbitai crest; Bupraoccipital and parietal crestH
short, extending to a line connecting borders of tho preoperclo ; posterior
outline of cranium nearly vertical in profile; mouth large, the maxillary
not scaly and without supplemental bone; canines small, lateral; no
depressible teeth in jaws ; teeth always present on vomer and palatines."
Gill lakers usually few. Branch iostegals 7. Dorsal with 10 rather slen-
der spines, either subequal or one of them much produced; tho fin not
deeply notched, the soft portion short, of 11 to 13 rays and nearly or (juite
destitute of scales ; anal short, with slender spines ; caudal lunate or
truncate. Ventrals not very close together, inserted somewhat in advance
of pectorals, as in CentroprMcs and Diplectrum. Vertebrie 10 -f 14 =^24.
Species of small size, probably all American, closely allied to the Old
World genus Serranua, from which they are distinguished by tho short,
naked, soft dorsal, the anterior insertion of the ventrals, and the smaller
teeth. The type of Serranua (Serranua cabrilla) has the lateral line running
very high, following the outline of the back. The subgenus tStrramlhis
(ScrramiH •••/&«) is intermediate, having the long soft dorsal and stroii<;
dentition of Svrranna, with tho lateral lino and general appearance of
PrioHodeH, the ventral fins longer and closer together, and inserted much
farther back ; the skull is esseutially similar in rrioiiudin, Duh>t, and
Sciranus. (n-^j/(ji',baw; ttdof, resemblance, from the resemblance to Serranua —
serra, saw.)
* Not wautiug, ua BtutuJ by Jeuy iib, who perliaps liud au iujured or iuiperfuct specimen.
Jordan <///</ Evermann. — Fishes of North Amtrica. 1209
' i ^
I'iiioniiiikh:
II. Hciili'H liirK'', Vi lo '>•'> ill tliK latrral lin*'.
fi. !<oulfii (III rliui'k vtT.v liirKv, in uliuiil tt wriui*; (lurxul )i|iiiirtt not ijuilc i'i|iiul, tlm fnurtli
loliKVHt, illiuilt twico luiiKtll tif tkr liililli.
I'. Tuvth or JiiWH iinilHiiall.v Miiiiill, tin' riiiilncH Hiiincly illlTuri'iitijiti'il; Ihuit trctli in
UIIK Hi'I'ioH; IdUi'r jiiW llltli' |>l'iijrc'tlll|;.
'. Ilc'inl liiiiK, '.^';, in liMiKtli; |>iri>rliital iiiirniw, ' , ■'}(". iin^'liMil' |ii'i'(i|M'r>'li'Hll){liil,v
lii'iiJcrtliiK; vi'itt'x Hciily, III!' Hcrri)' ininiitii Jinil •'(|intl: Kill rukciH Iihik ainl
NJiiiiilcr, X -f li'i llio loiiKvHt liuir uy(i; ilnrwil HjiincM ui'iilt, lli'xilili', low;
ritniliil c|c'i-|i|y liiiiiiti", |ii'('|()|'iiIh liin^ iiiiil iiiii'i'ou, ('i>li>r ilnHl<y brow ninli,
IHilcr lii'liiw, II M'i'li'ri of uliiiiit 7 ill-ili'llni-il iluxlt)' MoIcIivh iiloii^ lati rul
lini'; liniiiK "I niKiirli' lur);i'ly liluiU, tlUN ii|i|ii'iirin;; iixti'iiHilly iifi ii ilu>U>
lildlrli; vertical tliiN tninN|>uruiit, witli iiiiniito ilaik n|ii'cI\n; iki hIiiiI'|i nutrk-
iliKM on liody or IIiih. .v.i<I'I|iknn, I'lll.'i.
rr. Tcrtii uniiNiiully 8troliK, 'A or 4 on cucli Hiilc in iipIxT jiiw iih liir(;i' »* llo' liii'Ki'iit
lull' ml tcctli; JilwM i'i|ni(1; |>ri'urliitHl cxtriMncly niirniw, not '., widlli nl' |mi|>II;
|iri'o|;i'i'i'lii very Hhiirply Herriite; ^iH rnkerN Kliort, Hlcnili'i-, x Id; (uihIhI
forked, Oilor plain oliviiceoiiK; tinr* ull pule; NidiH witli ulmnt r> taint ilaik
croHH liands, more or Ii'hm conllni'iit itluii); lateral line. ti scilik, \'t'M\.
lih, Hi'uleH on rlieek moderate, in aliuul H nerien; lioily olilonK, lieiivy anteriorly; dontiil
oiltlinu a litllu ulevatucl, tlie ]irotlle uluiu.Ht Htnti^lit; eyen very lar^e, as lon^ aH
Hiiout; lower jaw not projoetinj.'; canincH Hinall; nioutli lar^e; preorliital narioH ;
Kill ruker." Hliort, abont x i Id; cIdrNtI xpineH HtroiiK, the t'unrtli liitrlosl, 'J' , in
head, a little lonj^i'r tlian lon^ext Noft ray; dorriul till not iiotclied; ^ol't dorsjil a
little Hculy; eamlal deeply hinale; peitoralK lonj;. <'idor HkIiI lirowniNli, with
lighter liloteheM and faint diiaUy liarn; a vuiy eoiiHpieiioilN, Hliarply detined, veiti-
cal wliitu liar extunding niiward on each Hide rmni jUHt herore vent; fins pale.
I'liiniK, l">'.t7.
lihh. ScaU'H on the cheek very Hinall, la Kl to VJ HeriuH; necond anal npiiie ahont as lonj; uh
fonrtli ilornal Hpliie. Ilody ohlon^, not idevated; snout nliarp; lower jjiw inncli
])rujectint;, its tip unteriiiK the prolile; tuctli rather Htront;; gill rakei-H short and
few, x -f 8, Dorsal continiionN, the spines low, the tiniest 'I In head; caudal
Hoinowhat lunate, ('olor light <dlvace<>us, with 1- irruKUlar, broad, daiU-hrown
band.i extending to hidow the lateral liii<>, appearing again at levi 1 of base of
pectorals as a series of rounded blotihes; two pale streaks or rows of blotches
extending from snout through eye ami backwanl; a liroad brown streak from eye
to upperungle of opercle; u dark spot at base .,!' vontrals. one or more bolow base
of pectorals, and om^ in front of the latter; caudal dark browii at base, ri'ticu-
lated with irrogular, narrow, light-blm^ lines, these marks most disliiK t on outer
rays; u large double blotch at base of caudal; anal anil vditrals niarkeil with
brownii)li-yellows|iots; tipper part (d'soft diU'sal sharply spotted with dark brown,
twsciATL's, 16'.i8; mi.i.Kiti, l.V.Mi.
Mentipeiica (iiienlnm, chin; jiprcti, porch):
aa. Scales small, the lateral line with (id to 7.^ in its course.
('. liower jaw not vi^ry strongly iirojecting.
/. Ilody covered with irregular, inky-black spots anil bands. Hody long and low, theliead
lowend sharp, the lower jaw projecting; scales o'v cheek in Idorl- lows; teeth
8mall; gill rakers very short, x-f 7; ilorsal low, not notclu'd; caudal forked.
(Jolor brownish above, the sides yellowish, everywhere above, below, and on tins
covered with irregular, iuky-blacksiiots, blotches, and bands, the latlei- mceling
around the belly; pectorals and anal plain; abroad ring around base ofcaudal,
and many irregular spots around bases of vent rals and pectorals; numerous black
spots on dorsals and caudal, one of thoso ou front of spinous dorsiil very conspic-
uous. TliiKlNlS, 1()(MJ.
Jf. Uody not covered with conspiououR, inky-black spots and bands.
(/. llacU with o or more large, co.i8]picuous blotches of yellowish white. Ilody more
elongate than in related species; lower jaw slightly projecting; scales on
clieeksin 11 series; dorsal spines low, fifth the longest, 2'.^ in head; caudal
strongly lunate; pectorals and vontrals short. Color brownish red above.
' (
l\
ILMO Hullftin .fj, Ihiitftl States .Witiotuil .\fitsfum.
Mith nrt'iiHiif IlKlit yi-lluw ciiiKldimiif huck;i>tii> liururvilornal, n, Iiu'ki' iiiu'iiihI
umiUtll mil' liiliiw |i|lilliillit iliilnlll: u lill)(i>iilli' lieloVV lllxt I'uy" uf Nult ilnraul;
mil' nil liiii'k III' tuil; tuji i<r l|i ail Willi 1 |ii(|i' ( roiui xliaili'N, oim lii'lmr, nnx
lHi|iliii|i>yf!ii; InwiT DllH \\\i\\i iii'itiiK)': I'lklliliil I'i'il, ultli '.: rii||ii|i|ri|iiiiH IchikI.
llUllllul ■<lrl|>l'D i)f lilui UIkIi nil; ilnrnill ll'il >>llllilri|, Ik IIIIIMiill llliiti'll nil I'lli li
|iiirl III' II, lAli'iidiiiK ii|iMiii'il t'riiiii a HitiilJHi' lilolrli mi IIh' Ikh k.
TAIIAiMlll H, I'llI]
"I/. lliuU williiillt roiii4|<l('iimiH liliitrliin iif ,vi>IIiikIhIi white.
/>. I'olm'ulinii ncurly imiruriii; Imily I'lmigittit; Niioiit Rlmrt ami iliirk; iiiinl.ii
Hll^lilly liiimttv diiliit' liriiH iiinli yi'lliiw mi Inn k, m'liii^i' mi sIiIch, ,iii.|
liriKliti'i'iir nil mi ImIIv; tiii.'<|hitHiiiir ImiihU; iipiicr |iuiI of IhmiI liliii«li,
till' IliiH tiriky; cuuilul liurilt'ii'il ulmvi' anil lu'lnu with limwn.
n AVKHi KNH, ll.llj
l.iiwcrjaw vrry Hlroiigly iirojoctiiigiliody i'li>nKi>t<', inniliTutHly rmii|iri'i<MiMl;Hriili'>ii«Miiill,
iilioill 711; Hiimil hIiiii'|i, iiiiirli ImiKir lliiin tln' liii'ui' rye; |>r<'i>|irn !i' lliii'ly ilmilli ii
lilt I'll; tii|> III' lit'iiil w nil \ri t('\ liiiki'il; I'll mill I ill I' ply t'mki il; hkllllilr|>lr>N('i|, \\\\\\ i
hIiihIo rlrsi; iIoihiiI h|i|iii« lilmliTiil", III" tlilnl lilnlirst.
i. Ciiliir rli'iir liiiiuii Willi liii't;!'!' ilitrkcr N|i(il:4 m- liiirri nil till' nIiIi'h; IImh puli', himii' i,i
ll'HH Iilioill Witll i'l'ltllK«. M I'lnl'K.Iti AM'-l, iMi:',
II. Ciiliii' nil, Willi iiiiiiii'ii'iir' nuitnliNli Inky Miirk h|h>Ih Ih'IiIikI, it liiii:i' i|imilriili' ilm I,
liliiti'li mi limit ulNiit'l ilniMil; IhWii' IiiiII hT i iimliil Mm K; a litiK<'. oMmi'.; >i'\i'i
wliili' liliilrli trmn liilnn' vnit, t'.xlumliii^ iipwaril iiml liacUwanl.
srii.iiii.xriiiMA, li'iiil
I
I!: ■
■m
I
r ■)
Ml
I
Subgenus PRIONODES.
VMU. I'KIONIMtKS KtfllllKXS ((iillurt).
Iload 2^ ; doptli ',\\\ oyo l!ii;j;(>, iih long iih niuiiiI, I\ w IiouiI. I). IX, I,
l!'; A. 111,7; hcuIom U-l8-i;{, 5 Nt-iieN on rliet'k.s jiiii! with pimlt'iini
miiifiiii of oiliit. Hody Nli'iidrr. tlio la-ad very long, idii! iicdiiiiclr
iiiiirow. 'rij) of iowiT jiiw Itut little pi'ojtMtiiig ; iiioiith laig*!, tlic mas
illaiy rcacliiiig voi'tleul from poHterlor margin of pupil, -\ in lunid. rppn
Jaw witii tiM'tli lati'iully in a NingJo HtuifM, lu'coniing doiililo ant(«iioil> ;
tlio oiiti-r ti'ctli aro larger and spaced 1)iit not eaninc-liki' : the inner air
<rloMe-Het, small, directed inwaid ; the iiu-dian ]iair of tt'efliof inneris»'rif^
uru larger than the others and directed backward. Teeth of lower Jaw
in a .single series forming a very narrow jiateh at symphysis. I'eelli in :i
narrow patch on vomer, the posteiiorenlarged, almost canine-like, diiecteil
backward; on palatines in an irregular double series. Interorbital span
flat, its w idth j! orbit. Preorbital narrow, i orbit. Angle of preopereli
slightly i)roJeeting, the vertical margin gently concave; teeth miniilr
anil e(|ual on both limlis and at angle. Ojtercle greatly produced bads
ward, reaching much beyond inner edge of shoulder girdle, tlui margin
of preopercle t^ciuidistant between front of eye and end of opercular Hap
Opercle with a singlospine, t he lower not developed. No spine on shouldci
(Jill rakers long and slender, .\ 4- !•>) tl'« longest \ tiie diameter of tin
large eye. Dorsal with weak, flexible, low spines, which increase ii:
length to the fourth (f length of head), then decrease to the ninth, whicli
is less than } the fourth, the tenth again longer ; dorsal rays slender, litllr
forked, the longest less than highest spine. Caudal d»;ei)ly Innate; aiuii
short, with slender rays, the margin not nmnded, the anterior rays Ion;;
est, the jioaterior but little shortened ; anal spiues slender, graduated, the
1 1,1 1 1
Jortian tin,/ /•'.jrttniinn. — Fis/ics vf Xorth Amfriia. 1211
tliiiil nciirci'ly i Iri^lit of iliNr moIi ia.\ ; M>iitiiilN iiiNntiil well in ailvunct'
of liuHo nf |ti'. tiiials, lint iiraily ii>ai'liiiiK vciit, \ licad : |M-«-li>ialM Inn;; ami
nari'dw, n-acMiiu trout of anal, witli niiriow Hcaly liaNc, tiit* |ioNtt>rioi
niai^iii ol)lii|iif)y tnincati' or sonuwliat ./' Nlia|i<-il inlln' spiraii (In. the
lower ia,\ H Nli;;lil ly ion^tr tlian n|i|irr, tli(< iniilditt rayn HliortrNt. SciiU-h
laru;i>, iti-noitl, a witio t'oii);li area witliiii tln^ .ipiiioiiK niarKin; i;lit>«>kH ant!
()|i ri'lt'H HcalrW, tin* Ncalf'4 on o|m<i<'I<>m lar^^cr tliaii cIncw hcic; top ot° lirail
Ni-a It'll an far forwanlaM poNtciior inar;;in of )iiipj| ; cainlul tin Ncalcil at
Itani' of lolirH ; I'iiih ot liii w Imo without Kcaics; latt>ral line innnin^ liiuli
and ilfsccniliti;; ^radnaliy to iiiiddli< of tandal pt>dnncli>. Cidor in N]tiritH:
DnNky !iro\\ niNli alio\ c, Ii;;lit<'i Im-Iow ; a k< i Ikn of alioiil 7 iil-dt'HiH'd diisk.\
Idolcliis alon;; lateral liiif, finhi wliirliNtill fainter liars mn downward,
Noon diMappi-arin;; : lining of opoiulu lar^tdy Miifk : tliix appaiont as a
duNk) liloti'li rslciiially ; \ritical I'iiih t ranspatcnt , ininntidy pMin'talr
with idack ; median rays of ventrals idaik, the onler ami inniM whitish ;
pcriionenm isilvery wiiiti': no \ery conspicnonH marks on Itody or lins.
iinlf ot' Califoi'iiia A sini^le Hpt^uiinrn known, ahoni 7 inches lon^, from
Station 'JIMM), in 1 1'J fathoms, {hi/iiks, eipuil; ilnix, tooth.)
.SiiiiiMiii ;i./iiiWmi>, fill I'.i Hi. I'rui . 1. S. N;ii, Mil"., iMilii, ill, Gulf o*' California, AII)atrosH
Station No. 3g<)6 ('I'mic, No. 'II'JTT); .Iiiiiii\n ,v l':iiir.\M.\NN, /. «., 'liHi; llui i ►si.iii,
('ill., I, 'JIM.
i:.l»«. IMtKtNODKK Kl'Sn IJSfl'ooy).
Head 2' : deptli ;t'. 1). \, !'_' : A. Ill, 7: sciiles IH. I'.ody ratlier
eion;;at»', litt h' (•oiiiincsscd ; >rales on ehooks very lur^^e, in ahont ;"> .serie.s :
teeth nniisMally Htron^, three or four on tMich side in upper jaw as lar^'e
as the lar;iest lateial tei^tii; eye very lar^e, 'J,'; in head; iiiaxiliaiy '_" in
head: Jaws ei|nai: preorliilai extremely narrow, not f; width of pnpil ;
|ireoper»'ie \ el y sharply st'iiate; ^^ill rakers hIioiI, slender, x -|- HI; scales
\ciy lar^e, eo\ t-rin;;' head forward to Lack of pupil ; first, dorsal spine
Hludt, second a little lousier: foiiith l(»n;;esl, 'J\ in head; the rest
j^radiiiilly shortened, lower than the Hoft rays, which are scaleless ; secMind
jinal spine 1 in head, as loni;- as third and stouter ; caudal forked. Color
plain olivaceous ; tins all Jialc, no opercular hlotch ; Hides with aiioiit (1
faint dark cross hands, more or less (umtliu'nt alon^j l.'iteijil line, and dis-
appearinii lielow. t'liha : known only from the ori;,'inal type, sent l»y
I'oey to the iiiMseiim at ( 'amliri<l;^e. Krom this specimen ( lOdl."), M. ('. /.,
7 inches in len;ftli) our description is taken. [/Kunilns, somewhat
tawny.)
i\ iitn^i'ii-im/ds, ithi>, \'<'V.\, >Ii'rMnii,i~, ii.l'.rj, l.'^iil, Havana. (('"11. Tci'V.)
Il.iliiw,,;, fr.,„l.l l',.r.v, S\ii..p-^is, '.isl, l.xf.s.
Sill, mill t'lli-rlllli^, .IilllilW ,V Kli.r.N.M \NN, /. r., tUT, l,"*!!'! ; lt(ill.|-,Ni;l;it, "'ill., I, '^'Xl.
I.'itt;. I>KI(»\(»I>KS IMKKItKfl' i\).
(I'llil.DK).
llc'id 2! : depth :;i. D. .\,12: A. 111,7; scales r.-,'.3-l."., poros ,')(> to r)2.
Mody oldon^, heavy anteriorly ; dorsal outline a little elevated, the prolile
almost strai;;ht ; eyes very lar^e, as lonj; as suoiit, '.ih in head, twice the
wH^^.^^/ih'ii^ 9fi> "."-.'w^ ' J >-' '^ ^*t ■•flfljs^^MW' wBP^wssn^ wiiy - '•
121U Jiulletin ^7, Vrited States National Museum.
concave iutetorbital Bpacv ; Hcales 011 cheek moderate, in about eigiit
Hories; top of head naked: lower jaw not projecting; canin'eH small;
mouth large, the maxillary reaching middle of eye ; preorbital narrow ;
gill rakeru short, x -f 13 ; 12 rows of scales before doraal ; dorsal Hpines
strong, the fourth highest, 2\ in head, a little longer than longest soft
ray ; dorsal fiu not notched ; soft dorsal a little scaly ; caudal dc«;ply
Innate ; second anal bpine 3^ in head, stronger but scarcely longer tluin
third spine; pectorals long, reaching anal, as long as vcntra'N, 1^ in
head. Color light brownish, with lighter blotches and faint diHky bars ;
a very conspicuous, sbarply deiined, vertical white bar extending upwanl
on each side from Just before vent ; fins pale. Length 8 inches. West
Indies, north to Pensacohi ; rather common ; our specimens of this species
are from Havana and from the Snapper Banks off Florida, {phwbe, the
moon, from the white lateral bar.)
St'n-amis }ih(jebe, PoEY, Mnmorias, i, 55, pi, 2, flg. 3, 1851, Havana; Joudan, Proc. U. S. Niit. Mub.,
1884, ;J5; JoiiiiAN A Kioenmann, /. <•., 407, 1890.
Ceiilrojiriiitis plufhi; GC:;iilFit, Cut., i, 85, 1850. •
llalipeicaphixbe, PoBY, SyuoptiiB, 281, 18G8.
1598. PiClONODES FASCIATUS, JonynH.
Head 2{; to 3 ; depth 3^ to 3J. D. X, '2 ; A. Ill, 7 ; scales 5-50-15, pores
49. Body elliptical, little elevated, the dorsal outline gently arched.
Snout sharp; lower jaw distinctly longest; maxillary reaching vertical
from middle of pupil, or beyond ; interorbital space somewhat concave
and ridged. Teeth small, cardiform; 2 small canines in front of lower
jaw, 4 in front of upper jaw ; the inner series of teeth somewhat enlarged,
containing 2 or 3 large fixed canines in the middle of sides of lower jaw,
these larger than the canines in front; strong teeth on vomer and pala-
tines ; no supplemental maxillary bone ; gill rakers short, few in number,
about 10 below angle; preopercle nearly evenly rounded, the posterior
margin nearly vertical and, as well as the angle, very finely, evenly, and
sharply serrated, the serne on angle scarcely larger, the lower limb
nearly entire ; opercle ending in three compressed spines, the middle the
largest, the membrane extending much beyond them. Scales well ctenoid,
on cheeks small, in 9 to 11 ro^- .i ; opercles with about 4 series of large
scales; jaws and top of head naked. Spinous dorsal low, not notched,
the first two spines shorter than the others, which are of equal length
and shorter than the soft rays ; length of spines about equaling distance
from snout to middle of eye, Z in head ; soft dorsal elevated, the anterior
rays somewhat shorter than the posterior, the tips of which reach rudi-
mentary caudal rays, 21 in head ; anal spines short and stronj^, the middle
one stronger and slightly longer than the third; the second about equal
to dorsal spines ; anal rays more elevated than those of dorsal, the last
ray the longest and about equal to f length of head ; ventrals reaching
vent ; pectorals slightly beyond it, f k iigth of head ; ventrals inserted in
front of axil of pectorals; caudal short, somewhat lunate, with the outer
rays produced, the fiu Ig in head ; dorsal and anal scaleless. Branchi-
ostegals 7. Color light olivaceous, the dorsal region with about 12 broad
Jordan and Evertnann. — Fishes of North America. 1213
■^■7
dark-brown cross bands extending from back to below lateral line, wburo
they are interrupted, to reappear on tlio level of base of pectorals as a
series of roundish blotches; those in front pinkish, behind brown; a
light etreak from nape to front of dorsal, with 2 parallel ones (usually
indistinct) on each side of it; the brown bar inmiediately behind soft
dorsal replaced by the ground color, but the correspondin<j; brown
spot ou sides present; a brownish streak from snout through eye to
upper angle of opercle, clear l>rown anteriorly ; suborbital light blue,
with a narrow median streak of clear brown ; numerous clear brown
blotches on top of head ; base and axil of pcctorajs largely pink, the fin
very finely vei-miculated with pink and light blue; dorsals reddish, with
a median light streak, which disappears posteriorly ou soft dorsal ; distal
part of soft dorsal with numerous small dark-brown spots, becoming
light pink posteriorly and alternating with similar spots of whitish or
liglit blue ; a dark-brown spot at base of ventrals ; one below base of
pectorals, and one in front of the latter at margin of gill opening ; caudal
brown at base and on outer rays, pink on inner rays, vermiculated with
irregular narrow light-blue lines; anal and ventrals light glaucous blue,
thickly marked with brownish-yellow spots. In older specimens the mark-
ings fainter, but the general pattern remains. A specimen 9 inches long,
from Indefatigable Island, has the upper black bands coalesceut into a
continuous beaded streak from eye to last ray of dorsal, whore it is inter-
rupted to form again a black blotch at base of caudal above ; a blotch i)t
the base of pectoral and several black spots on breast, irregularly arranged.
In this specimen the vomerine and palatine teeth are few, and covered with
slime so as to be scarcely appreciable. Length, one foot.
Pacific Coast of Mexico, Cape San Lucas to (ialapagos Islands ; common
about rocky places ; a very handsome little fish. We have examined
specimens of this species from Mazatlan, Pearl Islands (Panama), La Pa/,
from Charles, Hood, Albemarle, and Indefatigable islands, of the Gala-
pagos, and from the Revillagigedos. (fasciatus, banded.)
Prhnoden fatciatim,* .Ienyns, Voy. Beagle, FishoB, 4f>, 1840, Chatham Island, Galapagos (Coll.
CharleH Darwin); GCnther, Cat. Fish., i, 90, 1859 (not IMucentrm /asciatim, IIlocii, which is
ScrmiuBscriha); Jordan, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mub., 1889, 81.
Serranm psittacinus, Valenciennes, A'^oyago A'enus, Poiss., 290, pi. i, fig. 1, 18r>5, Galapagos
Islands.
SerranvK cnhplenj.r, JoitnAti & Giliieut, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ."ISO, 1881, Mazatlan. (Type,
No. 28123. Coll. Cilbert.)
CeHtroprixtiii puittucinits, GOnther, I, Cat., 186, 1859.
Sftraum lyKiltacinns, Jordan & Eioenmann, I. c, 407, 1890; Bori.ENGER, Cat., i,295.
?i
HI
i i
lfi09. PRIONODES BULLERI (Boulcnger).
Head 3; depth 3. D. X, 12; A. Ill, 7 ; scales 5 to 6-52-15, pores 50; snout
as long as diameter of eye, which is 4 times in length of head ; interor-
bital width 5 times in length of head ; lower jaw slightly projecting, with
feeble canine teeth on the sides ; maxillary extending to below center of
eye, the width of its distal extremity i diameter of eye ; snout and vertex
naked, cheeks and opercles scaly, the scales on the opercles large, larger
fl
i
,1
■li
i,
1214 liulUtin 4j, United States National Museum.
than any on the body, in 5 vertical series; preopercnlum finely serrated,
the Berra; coarser at the angle, obsolete on the lower border ; middle ujier-
cular spine strong, nearer lower than upper. Gill rakers moderate, 12 on
lower part of tlie anterior arch. Dorsal originating above base of pec-
toral, the spines increasing in size to the fourth, which e<|uals '( len<,rth
of head and is a little shorter than the longest soft rays ; no notcli
between the spinous and soft portions; pectoral obtusely pointt'd,
slightly longer than ventrals, f length of head; second and third anal
spines c(iual, stouter and slightly shorter than longest dorsal ; ciindal
slightly emarginate. Brown, with ill-defined darker vertical bars; Nol't
dorsal, anal, and caudal with small dark and light spots; pectorals and
ventrals yellowish. Length 6 inches. Coast of Jalisco, western Mexico.
Sirmmia bnlleri, BouLENOEn, Cut., i, 288, 1895, Las Peflas, Jalisco. (Coll. A. C. Bulkr.)
Subgenus MENTIPERCA, Gill.
1600. PBIONODES TIGRINUS (Ulocli).
Head 2|; ; depth 3? ; eye 4 in head. D. X, 11 ; A. Ill, 7 ; scales 8-()8-24,
60 pores. Body long and low, the head low and sharp, the lower jaw
projecting ; scales small ; top of head naked, the smooth area on frontal
region large ; scales on cheek small, in 10 or 12 rows ; preopercle rounded,
with regular seme ; teeth small ; gill rakers very short, x -f 6 to 8 ; max-
illary 2^, reaching to center of eye ; soft dorsal and anal naked ; dorsal
low, not notched; caudal forked; second and third anal spines equal,
the second the strongest, 2i in head ; pectoral li in head. Color brown-
ish above, the sides yellowish, everywhere, above, below, and on fins
covered with irregular, inky-black spots, blotches, and bands, the latter
meeting around the belly ; pectorals and anal plain ; a broad ring around
base of caudal, and many irregular spots around bases of ventrals and
pectorals; numerous black spots on dorsals and caudal, one of those on
front of spinous dorsal very conspicuous. West Indies ; scarce ; an
exceedingly handsome little fish, here described from the original type of
Serranus prwstigiator, sent by Poey to the Museum of Comparative Zoiil-
ogy* {tigrinu8, spotted like a tiger.)
Unlocentnm tigrinm, Bloch, pi. 237, 1790, aftcrBEBA, TliosawruB, iii, pi. xxvii, fig. 5, East Indies,
Serruiim prwstigiutor, Toey, Mopiorias, i, ."iS, pi. 2, flg. 2, 1851, Havana. (Coll. Pooy. Type
iu M. C. Z.)
f Ocntrojiristes amiuUvis, GOnther, Shore Fishes, Clialleugor, t>, pi. 1, flg. B, 1880, Pernambuco
young specimen 2 inches long.
C<nlropri)itis jmesligialor, GCntheii, Cat., i, 85, 1859.
Ilalipercti prnsligintor, Poey, Synopsis, 282, 1808.
Scnanm tigriiiiiK, JonnAN, Proc. II. S. Nat. Mus., 188C, 579; Jordan & Giqenmann, /. c, 4()S,
1890; Boulenoer, Cat., l, 293.
f Serramis annularis, Jordan & Eioenmann, I. c, 406,
•The earliest spcuifiu name of this species, /(i««ia/i(s, can not Ik; used if tli<? species bo referred
to SeiraiiHs, as already more than one Serrnnns has heon culled /cw/o/iis. The name is, howoViiT,
not preoccupied in Prionodet. The genus I^hnodeK was supposed by Jenyns to ditter from Serramis
by the absence of vomerine and palatine tenth. These teeth are, us a matter of fact, well devel-
oped in the young, but in some old specimens they are small, partly covered by the skin, and
possibly even decrdnous. Renewed comiiariBou shows that 1598a, Prionoden hulleri (Bouleugcr). is
a distinct species, though close to i'. fasciatus; the jaws shorter, the color dull.
1 ...'i
7*^^..*«7*T*"?.J'.*)rF-':,7!S[r.4;v''^;M,,T7'TJV'n';»;
Jordan and Rvermann. — Fishes of North America. 1215
1801. PRIOMODES TABACARIUH (Cuvier A ValpiuiciincB).
(Jacome; Bovt he Taiiac.)
Head 3; depth 3|. D. X, 12; A. Ill, 7; scales 11-90 to !t8-25, 50 to 65
pores. Body more elongate tliau in related species ; profile Hlightly con-
vex ; interorbitul space concave ; >.yes large, longer than snout, 3i in head ;
maxillary reaching middle of eye; lower jaw slightly projecting; scales
on cheeks small, in 11 series; scales in front of dorsal small, crowded, in
25 series ; top of head naked ; gill rakers long, x -\- 15 ; dorsal spines low,
fifth the longest, 2\ in head ; caudal strongly lunate ; anal spines gradu-
ated, the third Z\ in head; pectorals and ventrals short, not reaching
vent. Branchiostegals 7. Color brownish red above, with areas of light
yellow on sides of back ; 1 before dorsal, a largo one and a small one
below spinous dorsal ; a large one below last rays of soft dorsal ; 1 on
back of tail; yellow before eye ; belly and lower parts light red ; top of
head with 2 pale cross shades, 1 before and 1 behind eyes ; lower fins light
orange; caudal red, with 2 conspicuous longitudinal stripes of blackish
red ; dorsal red-shaded, a maroon blotch on each part of it, extending
upward from a similar blotch on the back. Length 10 inches. West
Indies; our specimens from Havana, where it is rather common, (tahaca-
riu8, pertaining to tabaciim, tobacco, the fish being called bout de tabac
(cigar stump) by the negroes at Martinique.)
Cfulrojiriifleit labacarinn, Cvvir.n & Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. PoIbs., hi, 44, 1829, Martinique.
Semmus jnmiiti; PoEY, Memorial, i, 57, pi. 2, fig. 1, 1851, Havana.
Hiiliperca tahavariii, PoEY, Synoiisis, 282, 18C8.
IlaUperva jai-ome, Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1871, 34.
Serranm tabacarim, .Iordan, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus., 1880, 39; Jordan & Kioenmann, /. c, 108,
1890; BovLGNOEB, Cat., i, 291.
'i i
•'n
1«02. PRIONODES FLAYESCENS* (Cuvior & Valuncionnes).
Dorsal IXt, 12 ; anal III, 7 ; scales 7-90-27, 60 pores. Depta of body
3f times in total length, length of head 3 times. Snout as long as diame-
ter of eye, which is 3^ times in length of head ; interorbital width 5
times in length of head ; lower jaw projecting, with feeble canine teeth
on the sides; maxillary extending to below center of eye, the width of
the distal extremity i diameter of eye ; upper surface of head naked ;
cheeks and opercles scaly ; preoperculum finely serrated, the serrie
coarser at the angle, obsolete on the lower border ; opercular spine
strong, equidistant. Gill rakers a little shorter than gill fringes, 14 on
lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal originating above base of pectoral,
spines subequal, not quite i length of head, } length of longest soft
rays; no notch between the spinous and soft portions of the fin. Pec-
toral rounded, a little longer than ventral, f length of head. Third anal
spine longest, as long as dorsals. Caudal emarginate. Brown above,
lighter (orange or red) on the belly ; head bluish above ; fins dark gray
♦Descrlbeil from the typo speclmou (Paris Mus., No. 7028).
t Tho npinous dorsal is malformed iu front; the normal nui' ' or of spineB is no doubt X.
/^•^
■ v*(/i,j«!jS»;i^!IV»;,'«WS!s^
i V:
121C
Bulletin ■//, United States National Museum.
brown; caudal whitish in the middlo. Total length 6J inchos.
Martinique; known only from the typo, the above deHcription of wliicli
wo copy from Boulonger. {JlavenvviiH, yellowish.)
Si-rrauimjtiireiicnui, Cvvir.v, .fe Vai.kncikknks, Hint. Nat. PoIsh., vi, TiOd, 1830, Martinique; .luii-
DAM & FlUKNMANN, I. c, 408, 1890; Uoi'i.KNaeR, Cat., I, 202.
1«0:). PRIONODES LUCIOPKRCANUS* (Pooy).
Head 3 in length; depth 3i. D. X, 12; A. Ill, 7; scales 7-70-20.
Body elongate, moderately compressed ; cranium depressed, with a singjo
crest; snout sharp ; lower jaw very strongly projecting; eye large, much
shorter than snout ; top of head naked ; caudal deeply forked ; dorsal
spines moderate, the third highest. Color clear brown with larger, darker
spots or bars on the sides; fins pale, more or less tinged with orange.
Coast of Cuba, apparently very rare, only the original type known (at
Cambridge) examined by us. {lncioj}crcanu8, resembling LuciojKrcu, tlio
Pike Perch, a European genus of I'ercidw.)
SerrauuB Inciopercatmii, Poey, Memoriaa, i, ."iC, pi. 0, fif;. 1, 1851, Havana; Johdan * Kioknmann,
I. c, 410, 18!>0; Boiilonger, Cat., i, 204.
rv-w/roj/nVw ImiiipernmiiH, GCntiier, Cat., I, 84, 18()U; Vaiilant A Bocounr, Misd. Sii. .m
Moxiquo, 1874, j)!. v, fig. 1.
Mrntiperca luciopercaiia, PoEY, SynupsiH, 281, 18C8.
1604. PRIONODES STILBOSTIOXA, Jurdau & Bollmun.
Head 3; depth 3J. D. X, 12; A. HI, 7 ; scales 8-58-18. Body elongate
elliptical, less slender than in Prionodea luciopervanm', back not much ele-
vated; anterior profile straight from tip of snout to front of dorsal.
Snout sharp, 3J in head, lower jaw considerably projecting, mandible 3^
in head. Mouth rather large; maxillary reaching nearly to middle of
pupil, 2? in head. Eye large, a little shorter than snout, 4 in heatl.
Interorbital space very slightly concave, ridged. Teeth small, anterior
teeth of front row in both jaws slightly enlarged ; posterior teeth of
lower jaw also enlarged ; vomerine teeth in a V-shaped patch. Preopercle
finely serrate, the lower teeth a little coarser, the margin evenly rounded.
Opercle ending in three spines, of which the middle one is considerably
the largest ; membrane extending beyond spines. Gill rakers moderately
long and slender, about 9 developed. Scales small, firm, ctenoid ; 11 rows
* Three sppcimnns from Martiniqno in tito Paris Museum have the folluwing characters: Dor-
s.il X, 12; itiiiil III, 7; scales 8 to 10-85 to 00-25 to 29, pores 56 to 50. Depth of body :»J4 to 3%
times ill total length; length of head 3 times. Snout longer than diameter of eye, which is 3*^
times in the length of head; interorbital widtli C to 7 times iu length of head; lower jaw
strongly iirojecting, with feeble canine teeth on the sides; maxillarj' extending to below anterior
third or center of eye, the width of its di.stal extremity jf diameter of eye; snout and vertex
naked, cheeks and opercio scaly; preopercle finely Berrate<l, the serrre coarser at the angle and
obsolete on the lower border; opercular spinea strong. Gill rakers longer than gill fringes, 15
or 16 on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal originating above base of pectoral; the spines
increasing in size to the fourth or fifth, which equals about J to j^ length of bead, and exceeds
longest soft raya; no well-marked notc'n between the spinous and soft portions of the tin. Pec-
toral obtusely pointed, as long as ventral, % length of head. Third anal spine longest, about as
long as third dorsal. Caudal deeply emargihate, upper lobo the longer. Purplish, with reddish-
brown irregular spots or marblings; fins yellow, spinous dorsal partly purple; upper and lower
CAudal lobes bordered with purple. Total length, 8 inches, Caribbean Sea.
i»f
Jordan and Ei^ermann. — Fishes of North America. 1217
on cheeks; 11 vertical rows on operole to base of spines; 2 rows on inter-
opercle. Spinous dorsal rather low, not notched; iirst spine about 1^ in
second, fourth very slightly longer than third, as long as from tip of snout
to middle of eye, 1\ in head ; soft dorsal not elevated, first ray 2| in
head ; upper lobe of caudal the longer, 1.^ in head ; lower lobe If in head ;
8»';ond anal spine strongest, hardly as long as third, which is 3f in head ;
first 19 in second ; first anal ray 3 in head ; penultimate longest, 2^^^ in head ;
last somewhat shorter ; pectorals pointed, 1.^ in head, reaching beyond
tips of ventrals to vent ; ventrals 1§^ in head ; soft dorsal and anal with u
few scales. Scales on breast and belly small. Color reddish (probably
crimson in life), becoming paler beneath, breast somewhat orange ; a few
small, round, pale spots on cheeks and opercles; occiput rather dark;
lower jaw dusky ; a slight bluish shade on preorbital ; anterior part of
back with small indistinct light and dark specks ; large, quadrate, inky-
black spot larger than eye at base of soft dorsal, which involves the basal
half of several rays, and extends downward almost to lateral line; in
this blotch are traces of three darker spots ; behind this, three much
smaller, roundish, black spots, which extend on fin ; below these a row of
about 10 round black spots smaller than pup*l, on median line of side
extending from opposite front of large dorsal spot to base of caudal ;
below this series some fainter irregular spots of black ; extending
obliquely upward and backward from above tip of ventral fin to lateral
line a large, elliptical creamy or silvery blotch which is about as wide as
interorbital and as long as snout and eye ; this spot does not reach middle
line of belly ; spinous dorsal with 3 rows of diffuse, confluent, black
spots separated by pale streaks ; soft dorsal marked with several black
spots, which extend upward from body ; above these a pale median longi-
tudinal streak ; upper half of caudal red, with a few small black spots,
lower lobe inky black, with some pale edgings; outer half of ventrals
and anal dusky ; pectorals pale. Length of type 7^ inches. In form it
agrees very closely with PrxonoAei luciopercanu8, but the coloration is quite
different. Coast of Ecuador ; known from a single example, dredged in
45 fathoms, at the equator. (ariTifioQ, shining; artyua, spot.)
Prionodet tlUbotlifftna, Jordan & Bollhan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub., 1889, 158, Pacific Ocean, off
the coast of Ecuador, 0° 50' S., 89° 36' W.; depth 45 fathoms; Station 2809.
(Coll. Albatroea.)
Serranui ttUbotligma, Jobdan & Eiobnmann, I, c, 409, 1890; Bovlenqeb, Cat., I, 294.
512. DULES, Cuvier,
Dule$, CuviEB, R^gne Animal, Ed. 11, Vol. 11, 147, 1829, (auriga).
This genus is close to Prionodes, from which it differs in the possession
of but 6 branchiostegals, and in the truncate form of the caudal fin. In
one species the third dorsal spine is prolonged in a whip-like spine.*
* " Par CO nom do doules {ei>clave) noiis avoiis voulu iiidiquor la resBcmblanco de cos poissonR
avoc ceux quo depuis longtemps nous avons apiwlees th'rapom, nom qui, hii-mCme assez arbi-
tniire, n'ost que la traduction de I'epithote donnfie k Tespeco de Xherapon dSctite le plus ancieune-
uiont {V Holocenirus seroui de Blocb)." (Cuvier & YalencieuoeB.)
F N. A.
-78
I K>?>><wr^~''ri^'^""**^^5^~'^^
»':jKBT«flBT;V5i'»^'5r''J<!5»»?»-7^3^^^rT^''!BJ!^
i
111
I
1
141
1218
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
American. ((toiXoc, a alave, the fish being under the laah of the lung dor-
sal spine, t)
a. Tbird dorsal Hpinn not longer than fourth, 3 in head; second anal Bpino ooniidorably longer
than third, about 2V4 in head; lowur Jaw littlo projecting; gill rakern short and few,
or 8 in nnmbi-r; jaws scaloIvgH; soft dorsal with sinull scoIuh; pxctoral long, ruuching
anal. Color brown, with darker cross shades; soft domal, aual, and caudal tins check-
ered with blackish on a white ground; a broiid white area or bar before anal flu.
6. Dorsal rays x, l;t; head small, acuminate; pectoral fln finely barred with black and
whitish, precisely like the caudal flu; a very conspicucms inky-black blotch ou
front of soft dorsal (at least in young specimens), this being a continuation of one
of the bars on the body; a black ring about tail at base of caudal, before which are
6 or 7 dark barH, becoming progressively broader and fainter forward; lower parts
of head with a conspicuous network of dark streaks. suiiLlOARirs, 1005.
66. Dorsal rays x, 12; head V't» slender; (wctorals red; Inky blotch on soft dorsal small
or obsolete; dusky bars on body distinct. visi'iLuitus, 1606.
aa. Third dorsal spine in the adult male greatly elevated, reaching past middle of soft dorsal,
its length quite variable ; Kec<md anal spine as long as third, 2JJ in head; lower jaw
prominent; gill rakers 10 to 12 below arch; pectoral shorter than head; brownish,
lower parts with light and dark shades; fins clouded. Ai;KiaA, 16U7.
1«05. J)ULKS SUBLIOARIUS (Cope).
Head 2^; depth 2f ; eye rather large, 4 in head. D. X, 13; A. Ill, 7;
scales about 6-42-17. Body rather deep, compressed, the back elevated,
the anterior profile nearly straight. Head long and low, slender, acumi-
nate, its depth at middle of eye but half its length in the smaller speci-
men, in the larger proportionately deeper. Mouth rather small, lower
jaw scarcely projecting; maxillary reaching to posterior margin of pupil,
its length 2\ in head ; teeth small, the canines little developed, those ou
sidesof lower jaw largest. Preorbital and interorbital space very narrow.
Edge of preopercle subequally and rather sharply serrate ; none of the
teeth directed forward. Gill rakers short, rather few. Scales on cheek
small, in about 10 series. Dorsal fin scarcely emarginate, the fourth spine
not elevated, about 2i in head, a little lower than the soft rays ; caudal
subtruncate, a little more than half head ; second anal spine longer and
stronger than third, 1\ in head; ventrals If in head; i)ectoral8 1> ; neither
reaching front of anal ; dorsal and anal fins, jaws, preorbital, and front
of head scaleless. Olivaceous, tinged with reddish above, paler below
but not silvery ; each scale on the sides with a blackish margin, these
forming rather faint, continuous, dusky streaks ; posterior part of sides
with faint traces of about 5 irregular cross shades of darker along the
sides ; a large blotch of cream color in front of the vent, extending upward
as an irregular cross bar to near the middle of the side, its posterior edge
sharply defined, its anterior fading into the color of the belly ; a lack
ring around tail behind dorsal and anal ; a large black blotch on front of
soft dorsal, extending downward on the body, where it is less distinct
than on the fin ; cheeks yellowish ; opercles darker ; lower parts of head
brown, the preopercle, (below), interopercle, lower jaw, and branchioste-
gals covered by a network of wavy bluish streaks ; spinous dorsal dark
t According to Dr. Bonlenger this prolonged spine is a character of the male. We do not kuow
the foundation of this statement, and in other SerranidK no such sexual differences exist.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1219
groy, mottled ; soft dorsal aimilarly and more distinctly marked ; pec-
torals, anal, and candal grayish, with sharply defined narrow blackish
bars, somewhat undulating; ventrals faintly barred, mostly black.
South Atlantic coasts of the United States, in rather deep water ; not
common ; recorded from Beaufort, Charleston, Pensacola Snapper Banks,
and Big Uasparilla; a small and very pretty species. (Here described
from a specimen, No. 30859, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3 inches long, taken by Jor-
dan & Stearns from the Snapper Banks, oft' Pensacola. {iVLblujarxm., wear-
ing a truss, in allusion to the white cross band.)
Oenlroprtfiiii nihliynriuB, Cope, Pnic. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philn., 1870, 120, Pensacola.
Berranuii mbliijarinn, Ooodk A Dban, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mub., 1882, 2;i8; .Iorpan &. Oll.nEliT, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mub., 274, 1882; .Iorpan & Oii.nERT, Synopsi«, MS, 1883: Jobdan, Proc. U. 6.
Nat. Mub., 1884, 39; Jobdan & Eioenmann, {. c, 400, 1890.
I!
I
I
i
1«0«. DULES DISPILURUS (GUnthcr).
Head 21; depth 2i. D. X,12; A. Ill, 7; scales 5-45-14. Preoperciilnm
rounded, finely serrated behind, entire below, without projecting angle.
Eye of moderate size, I length of head. Diameter of eye much more than
width of the interorbital space, but somewhat less than the extent of
the snout, contained 4^ times in the length of the head. Opercles scaly ;
the scales on the preoperculum in 7 or 8 series, much smaller than those on
the operculum and rest of the body. Cleft of the mouth oblique, the
upper maxillary reaching to the vertical from the center of the eye ;
preorbital somewhat wider than the maxillary. Preoperculum rounded,
finely serrated behind, entire below; suboperculum and interoperculum
entire. Operculum with 3 flat short points, the upper and lower of which
are concealed by the scales, the middle one being the longest and sharp-
est. Dorsal fin commencing just above the extremity of the operculum ;
its spinous portion scarcely lower, but longer than the soft ; the fourth,
fifth, and sixth spines are the longest, more than i the length of the head ;
the first spine is very short, half as long as the diameter of the eye ; soft
dorsal rounded ; the anterior and middle rays the longest, the sixth being
not quite twice as long as the last spine ; caudal fin truncated, slightly
rounded at the angles, about ^ of the total length ; anal with the soft
portion rtarrjw and deeper than the dorsal fin; second anal spine strong
and loL.^, ^ the length of the head; third anal spine much longer than
the first; pectoral long, rounded, reaching to above vent, i! of the length
of the head ; ventrals not reaching to vent. Teeth villiform ; several
larger teeth in the outer series of each jaw ; vomerine and palatine
teeth in narrow bands ; tongue toothless. Brownish olive, with indistinct
darker cross bands extending on the dorsal tin ; a broad white cross band
on the belly, before the vent, extending upward to the level of the pec-
toral fin ; a small deep-black spot behind the top of the last dorsal spine,
on the middle of the first two dorsal rays; several other irregular more or
less distinct spots on the dorsal fin corresponding to the cross bands on
the body ; the soft vertical fins with transverse series of small brown
spots ; a small black round spot above and below on the r'-.ot of the caudal
\m
I'll
m
s
I:.
I i
!: I
;i !
i
M
1220
Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
fin; pectoral red ; ventral blackiHli. (Ounther); rtescriptiOii of types, 2
specimens, 4 iucbes long, from Trinidad. (rUf, twice; amloq, spot; nvp&,
tail.)
CentrafrMU tlupilwun* GPNTiiEn, Proc. ^oJll, 8i)C. LonJ., 18fi7, Ott, Trinidad.
1007. DIliES AURIGA, Ciivler & ValciiciennuH.
Head 2f ; depth 21^-, eye 3^ ; snout 4. D. X, 13; A. 111,7; scales 6-48-15,
pores 45 to 50. liraucliiostegals 6, the first being ubsoleto. Body rather
deep and compressed ; anterior profile utocp and nearly straight ; mouth
rather small, the lower jaw protruding; preorbital rather narrow, an
broad as pupil ; top of head naked ; the frontal area largo and well defined,
broader than long ; occipital crest low and short, shorter than the frontal
area; teeth small, with no marked canines; gill rakers ratlier short and
slender, x-f-9, besides rudiments (12 to 14 in all); maxillary 2f in head;
scales large, those above in series parallel with the lateral line ; scales on
breast small; third dorsal spine extremely long, reaching beyond middle
of soft dorsal ; other spines all short and even; soft dorsal moderate, a
little scaly at base; do''<<"l iiol notched; caudal truncate; second anal
spine 2^ in head, as long a^: third, and a little stouter; pectoral l^^o iu
head. Coloration in spirits, brownish ; a dark area from front of anal up
to soft dorsal ; before this a whitish p.rea, upper parts with dark streaks
along the rows of scales, these faint and not continuous ; a dark band
upward from middle of base of ventrals; fins clouded. Length 10 inches.
Coasts of Brazil and Uruguay; said to range occasionally northward;
once reported by De Kay from New York, probably by error. Our descrip-
tion from several specimens (4581, M. C. Z.), the longest about 5} inches
long, collected by Professor Agassiz at Rio de Janeiro, (auriga, a coach-
man, from the whip-like dorsal spine.)
Dule» auriga, CuviEB & VALF^CIE^NE8, Illst. Nat. Poiss., ill, 112, pi. 51, 1829, Braxil; De Kat,
New York Fauna: Fishep J4, pi. 10, fig. 34, 1842; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, 16, 1840;
Oastelnac, Anim. N-- v. ou rares Am^r. Suil, 6, 1855; GCntiier, Cat., i, 260; Jordan & Gil-
bert, Synopsis, 542, i883 (description from the original type); Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1884, 98; Jordan & Eioenhann, {. c, 395; Bebo, Enum. Posccs Argentina y Uru-
guaya, 4,5, 1896.
* CenlropfUlis rfiojiitxitix, from Trinidad, is said to have the dorsal x, 12, the dorsal spot sniall,
and the pectorals red; otherwise the description agrees entirely with Dulea tubligariits. With the
account of (iipilitms the short description given by Cuvier and Vulencieunes of Dnleg JJavivetitru
is in perfect agreement. One of the types of Rrisout de Barueville's Ccnirnprinlui hrnsilieimsiB
preserved in the museum at Paris, where it has been examined tiy U4. It is .095 millimeters in
length, and was sent from the museum at Geneva. This specimen has the dorsal rays x, 12,
the dorsal spot obscure and dlfTuso, but is ot herwise similar to 8Nb{/(/aritifi. A II specimens have the
second anal spine long, the caudal barred, a white bar before anal, tlie caudal truncate, with other
characters, which rendily distinguish this species from all others related to it. It Isnot unlikely,
therefore, thttt«H''.'rf/(iriMs, hrasilieHsis,jUivifeutrii, and dispilitrtisiiTe synonyms of auriga. If 2 species
exist, mhtiijiirius, tlie northern form, would be separated from the niirign by the presence of
13 dorsal rays, by having the pectoral fin barred like the caudal, and the black spot on the dor-
sal very large. It may be, however, that aunV/u or braailiensit represents the adult of the s|iecies,
aiirija or </«i)j»Jmiim younger specimens, and mthlujnrim those still younger. In the typeof hniKilitn-
lis the head is consiaerably less slender than in 8M&{if;artN8. This is probably a matter of age. This
species reaches but a sniall size, none of the known specimens being G inches in length, the
largest of «iib^'!;nt-iii4 but 4. Dr. Boulcngcr places all these nominal species in the synonymy of Diiles
auritjit, regarding Jlaviventriit as the female and auriga as the male. Dr. (^arlos Uerg (P^nimi.
Peces Argentina y Uruguaya, p. 45, 1895), reaches the same conclusion. lie remarks: "Most
male examples have the white ventral spot which Cuvier it Valencien.js indicate only in the
fumaXc, Duletfluvivertria." l>uk»mbligarius is certainly different from i>ui««uuni/abotkiu formaud
color.
T
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1221
i)u{Myfiivii'«n/ri«, CcviRii lie Vai.bncicnnkh, IliHt. Nat. I'iiIhh., hi, 11:), isjii, Brazil; OCntiier,
Cut., I, 2(17, IHftu.
C«ltfrii;)riWiii hriiDi/iViiiiM, nniBOI'T life nARNKVIM.R, n«Vllo /unlo|{li]iin, 1H47, Ml, Bahia; lout to
I'lirlH fnim tliu Miiafiirii of (jIoiiovh; Or.NriiKH, Cut., i, H.'i, IS.'iO.
Ser-nRiK fii'>i«i7i>N(iM, Jiinii.\N, Proc. T. H. Nut. MiiH., lt*S(1, AXi (fruni typo).
Berrunim Jtiirieritlriii, JuSDAN A KliiKNMANN, /. c.,40G, 1890.
Serrumii aurifi'i, Ouulenuku, Cut., i, 287.
513. PARANTHIAS, Onichenot.
Braehiirhhmii, Gii.l, I'roc. Ac. Nut. Sci. Phllu. , 1H(12, 2:iti, (crci/iin fiin-ifir) (proocciiiilcd In onto-
mol(i);,v I.
ParnnOiiiiH, (iricilENOT, Ann. Hoc. Linn. Haino-ot-Loiro, x, 18(18, (fm-ci/ir ireohiH).
Body strongly coniprosHed ; Hiioiit uhort ; maxillary broad, scaly, its
supplemental bone reduced to a rudiment ; teeth HUiall, recurved, in nar-
row bands, 2 to 4 canines in front; preorbital very narrow; preopercle
serrate, with a salient angle; gill rakers slender and numerous; scales
small, ctenoid; lateral line complete, running high, the tube with an
ascending tubule on each scale; dorsal fin low, of i> short spines, the
third longest; soft dorsal low, long, like the soft anal, closely scaled at
base; anal short and small, its spines graduated, its rays III, 9 or 10;
pectorals long, obtusely lanceolate, symmetrical, with 20 or 21 roys;
ventrals long, close together, inserted behind pectoral; a tleshy ridge
extending backward from axilla; caudal deeply forked ; branchiostegals
7; frontal bones* with an anterior concavity for the reception of pos-
terior processes of premaxillaries and with a knob-like i)rocc88 on each
side behind interorbital area; supraoccipital bone extending forward to
between postfrontal processes; supraoccipital and parietal crests pro-
duced on the frontals to between orbits ; vertebrie 10 -j- 14 = 24 ; pyloric
C(£ca 6 to 8. One of the most strongly marked genera. But one species
is known, a beautifully colored fish, inhabiting deep waters, {napa, near;
Anthias, a related genus.)
1608. PARANTHIAS FURCIFER (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
(ItAlilRVBiA DE 10 Alto ; Creolf. Fiaii.)
Head 3jj^ ; depth 3 ; snout about 4 in head ; eye about 4. D. TX, 18 to 20;
A. Ill, 9 or 10; scales 12-120 to 135-35, pores 77 to 85. Body moderately
elongate, strongly compreased; the profile convex and the snout short, as
in Jnihiaa; maxillary reaching to below middle of eye, 2'k in head; max-
illary broadened posteriorly, its surface scaled, as in Anthias, its distal
extremity i to ^ eye; teeth small, recurved, in a narrow band in each
jaw, 2 to 4 straight caaines near the front of each jaw ; preori>ital very
narrow ; preopercle finely serrate, with salient angle or enlarged teeth ;
gill rakers long, slender, and close-set, 12 + 20 in niiB.ber, the longest f
eye; scales small, closely and regularly imbricated, mcst of them strongly
ctenoid ; dorsal fin low, the spines strong, the third longest, 2^ in head ;
soft rays of dorsal low, scarcely higher than longest spine; anal short,
*For an account of the skeleton Bee QUnther, Cat, i, 101.
Ill
1 ■ ■%
!| I
1222
JiuUetin ^7, IhtiieJ States iVational Afitseiim.
its longoHt (nocoikI) Hoft ray 2 in liead, itM tliini Hpiiio loiigoHt, 2li in liuad;
vuntrulH niirrow, li in lioad, not ruiichinff vont : pectoralH lancuolufu, uh
long iiH ]i«)u«l; Iniinoral hciiIo lon^;. ('olor Itrif^lit rod, or Hulnion color,
with .') Hmnll violut HpotH, 1 on sido of hack antl 1 or 2 on tlui tail ; a har of
Hiinilar color oxtunding from upprr corner of pectoral uctomm tho linnicral
proceHH; HidcH with faint ohliijuc NtroakH alon^ the rowHof Hcah>H; dorHal
fin with a longitudinal hluckiNh Htrcak. Moth comhIh of tropical AintM'ica,
Cnl»a to Iha/il, Cape Han LiicaH to the (lalapa^oH, common altout the oiit-
Iyin|r iHlandH; thu HpccinionH herodcHcrilted from Havana. We arc not aide
to He)mrate the Pacific form (coIoiihh) from tho Atlantic (J'liiriftr). A moHt
hoaiitifiil fiMh. (fiirvii, fork; /«■»•», I hear; from tho form of the caudal.)
ftVmiHin ./'lie. (/()•, (U'viKii U Vai.knciknnks, IllHt. Niif. INiiss., II, 'ZC,\, 18'JH, Brazil.
SiriaiiiiH neiilim, Ci'viEii .<£ Vai.kncikn.nkh, IIIh». Nat. I'ijImh., II, 'iFil>, IS'JS, Martinique, San
Domingo; GCntiikii, Cut., i, !0(>, IH.W; Stkinhaiiinkii, Irlitli. lliltriiKi', iv, fi, 1H7'>.
Corfhiii oxiiiilirii, Vr. Kav, New Yorlt Kiuina: KIhIk'h, 77, |il. xxx, fl){. (Ill, 1HI2, locality unknown.
Sirnmu) cntimuii, Valkncirnnkk, Viiya);)' Vuduh, Zciiil., 3U0, pi. 2, Ug. 1, 184U, Galapagos Islands.
Aiilhiiii/nrritW, (il'NTllKii, Cat, I, 111, 1859.
nriiiliiirhiiiiis rmiliiH, Oil.l,, I'rof. Ac. Nat. Sri. Plilla., lHt;2, 249.
PitniiilliiiiH ni'iiliis, (Utii'iiKNOT, Aim. Minia'uii .Soc, x, 18ti8.
PiiriiiithUiH/iiriiffi; Oti|i'iiF.Ni>T, Aiili. Ijilinii'nii Soc, x, 1868.
Itrarhiirhiiwn fiinij'ir, .loluiAN Si (ill.iiKn'r, S)ii(i|ihIh, UM, 1H8.1.
I'aranthUu /uni/er, .luuuAN & EitiKNMANN, {. c, 'Ml, 18'J0; Oui'LENaiR, Cat., i, 273.
:lif
I I
1 'I
514. HEMIANTHIAS, Steindachner.
Ilemianthiaf, STElNnACliHEn, Ichth. HeitriiRC, i, 4, 1874, (pertmmt).
This genus is very close to rronotof/rammus, from which it differs chiefly
in the more posterior insertion of tho ventrals, which are not before tlui
axil of pectoral. Scales smaller than in I'ronotoijrammus, Vertebra; 25
or 26. Species American. (/>/, half; Jn//uV/«.)
(I. Scnl*>8 ri-50-20; pccturul short, 15<i in licod; color rose red, with (HITuhr goMpn-brown spots.
I'F.ItlANfS, 1(;(I9.
aa. Scales 3-48-16; pectoral 1';^ in heac ; color carm!':.:, much mottled with golden .vellow.
VJVAMU, 1(510.
1609. HEMIANTHIAS PEKl'ANrS, Steiiiduchm r.
Head 3^; depth 3; eye very large, 4i in adult. D. X, 14 ; A. Ill, 8:
scales 4 or 5-56-20. Pectoral tin short, Ij in head ; middle rays of caudal
as long as head ; body compressed, rather deep, deepest behind the head ;
head compressed, almost as deep as long ; anterior profile nearly straight,
moderately steep; month moderate, very oblicjue, the lower jaw project-
ing, its tip entering the profile ; preorbital narrow, as broad as pupil, its
edge roughened with mucous tubes; maxillary 2 in head, naked, very
broad at tip, its width ^ eye; snout 4^ in head; snout, forehead, and
top of head naked ; teeth verj' small, in very narrow bands ; 2 canines each
directed outward, in front of lower jaw, a smaller one turned backward
before middle of side of jaw ; upper jaw with a single short canine directed
forward on each side in front ; iuterorbital region flatfish, with two bony
ridges and a median depression ; smooth area of frontal region of skull
short and small, broader than long; occipital crest high and long: pre-
opercle sharply serrate, its angle a right angle ; gill rakers very long.
Jordan ./«</ Evertnann. — Fishts of Xorth .\infrica. I'JL'.'J
Mlundor, atiil cloHf Not, x -f- I'H, tlio lonncst ' \\w i\vt" : luiiiicliioHtunulH 7;
(lot'Hiil NpiiifH rather low, Hlt'iiilcr, only tlit< third |iroil(i('cil in a ioiiK '^t'l-
IImIi tliaiiM;iit, wliich riMirlirs tiio third Nott ruv : Hot't dorsal iiaUid, the last
raye very hi){h, 1{ in hoad ; raiidal very loii^, with a narrow fork, the
tiiiddlo ravH \\h loii^ as head, and 1- in tho lniiircHt : anal hi^li, its spinrs
moderate, );rudnat«-d ; ventrals elon;;ate, the third ray loii;;er liian head ;
vontralH insurted Nc;arc»ly liet'oru axil of poctoral, uh in \\vi\uHx\ pectorals
sliortish, pointed, lij in head; Hcales moderate: lateral line complete,
rnnnin^ alirnptly iipwaid and backward to Ixdow Hivth dorsal spine,
then uMiidnally cnrvinj^ d«»wnward. Color rose-red, with small dilVnse
^oldun-iirown spots on body and on softdorHal, candal, and anal. Coasts
of I'urn iiixl Chile occasionally iiortliwaid; one specimtMi taken by tho
AllitdrDHM at station .'lill7(oir the coast of Lower Caliloiiiia) ; the piesent
doHcription fr(»m two of Dr. Steindaehner's types, 15 iu(dies lon^, from
I'ayttt, I'ern. {ptruiiiiuH, from I'eru.)
Aiilliinxi lie iiiiinlhiitH) jii iiiiniiiii, Sti-imliic liiiiT, Iililli. Ili'ilr,, I, -1, ISTl, Hayt.i; Trujillo. (full.
IIunhIi'I' Kxp.)
I'lfnii'liiijlilillllills lidllimm, ,lilR|i.\N ti IlliJKNM ANN, /. r,, •111).
Aulliiiit jienutiiiiit, Iliil'I.KMiKli, t'at., I, ll'JJ,
IHIO. IIKMIAM'IIIAS VIVAMS (.r..nliiii .\ .Swiiin i.
Hoad 3i ; tlepth :». I). X. 1 1 or 1"); A. Ill, 7 or 8 : scales :$ to .--r.:]-20,
])ores IM to .')(). Hody rather eIoii<jate, coinitressed : jirotile convex to the
occiput, straight anteriorly; month very oblii|ne, the maxillary extend-
infr to bidow pnpil, '2\ in hca<l ; lower jaw with a canine in front on each
side directed forward and outward ; a canine hooked backward in front
of middle of side of Jaw ; upper Jaw with a <'anino directed forward on
each Hide in front ; eye longer than snout, li in head; vertical marj^in of
preopeicle serrate, the serra' larger below; a short, strong. Hat spine
at the .'ingle ; lower limb entire or serrate ; ton of head naked fiom the
o(!ciput forwaid : ."> series of scales on cheek ; dorsal spines rai)idly
graduated to the fourth, which is nearly half head ; several of the spines
ending in long, fragile dermal lilaments ; the lilanient of tlu^ fourth spine
longest, sonnet inies reaching caudal; (caudal very dt-epiy forked, some of
tho outer rays produced sonu'tinies half length of body ; jinal spines grad-
uated, the second 3J in head, a little shorter than third ; pectorals short,
IJ in head; ventrals jiroduced, longer than pectorals, extending Iteyond
origin of anal, their insertion scarcely before axil of jx-ctoral ; lateral
lino on third row of scales ; gill rakers very nuintnous, x + •^^) l'>i'g 'H'd
slender. Color carmine, deepest on the back, lieconiing a clear violet on
sides; back and sides e\-erywher»i freckled with golden olive, this on the
sides becoming reticulations around the violet; a bright golden stripe from
eyoto base of pectoral above; another from tip of snout along lower border
of eye to middle of pectoral ; dorsal carmine, tho rays tinged with golden ;
caudal similar ; anal goMen ; pectoral carmine; ventrals red and yellow.
(lulf of Mexico, in deep water: one of our most beautifully colored tishes.
Length 8 inches. All the known specimens of this brilliantly colored
species have been taken oil" the Snapper IJanks between I'ensacola and
i|i|'
I I'll I Jiiiililin 77, I'niteii SUiles Aatioiuii Mumuih.
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'I'liiiipii, ii«ail,\ all III tlifiii iMtiii^ iKitii tlii< Npowiii^N of thti N|H>(;kl«-il lliti«l,
lllihiiphiliit ilnimminnlliiiifi, (Fiuin ilic I{»'«1 .Siiii|i|n'i or I irinnl, tlicii
ciillftl /.iiliiiiiiiH rininnx, riniii tlio sliiiiiacli «i' ^^lli('ll tliJH H)M'i'ii'H wiin
liihl takuii.)
.iiiilii.li liniiiiin, .liiHDAN ,V Sw Mv, I'riM'. I , s. Nut. .Mil-.. 1^H^, ,'.H, Snoppcr HnnkK of H«n«a-
cola, CI'M"'> N"' 'K''*)-. <'i>II. HiIiin ,>^|c iiiiini; lim i k.><ik.ii, I'nl,, i, ;i'j:i.
/'i. i(i.(.ii/riiiM(riM» I ((■i)i(i», JiiiinAN .V Kna.MiANN, /, • ., 11:1, iK'.m.
515. PRONOTOGRAMMUS, (iiil.
/'/..„,,/,,,/,, I, „//(M. , <iii, I,. rr,H Ar. Nut S( I riillii., IT,;!, >l (niiilti/.i'. i„liiKi.
Hdily «'li»ii;^atr, ('iiiii)iit'HM'il, riiM'i'cd witli lallicr laiKf, rtciioifl HcalcH;
Iiitt'ial liiD' niiiMitifX Nt'iy lii;;li, clnsc t<> the (luinal tin: t(i|i of licail ami
iiiaxiliary iiaktMl ; inont li nIhu'I, olilii|Ur, t Im' lowti' jaw |ii'i>|i-('tiii}{ ; maxil-
lary very liiouil. willioiit Nii|i|iU'iiu'iital lioiir; «'aiilim ti'clii iisualiy present
Itotli ill I'loiit ami nil Hiilt's III' Jaw s : no inos aMc liM>tli ; toii^ii*> lootlih'ss ;
lioslciior jtroccsscs of j)H'iiia\illai its cxlriKliiin t<> iM'tWfcii tlii' ridiilalM,
wliiili ha^i' a ilt't'p I'oMsa in Iniiit ; Miipniuccipital cifst si'iy lii^^li, no!
t'licroarliin!;; on llir nIioiI, con vex, niiiooiIi ai'<'a on top of licail, u liicli is
nioii' or li'Ms (Icpifsscil : paiu-tal (McmI iVflilc; a liansvciHc ii(l;;f lirliinil
iVontalN ImIsvi'i'Ii poNtrrior lioiilcrs of oihitM and la'foii- siipiaocripital
crest, (iill laktiN very loiij;, HliMidcr, and (lose-.set. I'lfopeicUwiiijiiilar,
with proniiiMnt tcrtli. Uoisal with 1() spincH, noiiu) of tlii'iii lilanifiitons ;
anal tin slioii. with 7 or H soft rays; caudal deeply forked, iis lidx-s jno
(Inced ; pectorals ohi use. nearly HyiiinuM 1 teal, of 17 or IS rays: veiiti.ils
h>n^, inserled liefoio axil of |)ectoial. Ccdor n-ii. Ileaiit ifnll\' colored
American li.shes, clo.sely allied to the Kuropean jieiiiis .IrlhiKs. Imt dili'ei-
iii^ ill the naked top of head and maxillary, and in the, form of the l>ody.
(r:()o, bofore; ii,iTti<,\tin:k: i^ja///;//, line ; 111 allusion to liie upward curve
of the lateral line. )
'/. S III! iiiMil N]iiiii> >lioilcr tliiili lliiiil; liuily clniitrnti', llir lii'iul tliiiU, Ih'' Iuwit initlirn'
liiMilv MiMijilit; lip c.r jiiHcr jiiw rutin;,' into :i iiuti li dl' npinT. rn't ciilclinj; iimIiI. ;
iiri^h' ipI' |iicii|.ii<-1c' >li(;lilly |irii|cr|int;, ili< mTI'ii' c'l'iir.srr; d.iisiil I'niaruirmlc, It]' liii' -
N li'i II lir 1111(1 I'lini^riit, (III' ~ixtli loll iri'.'t, :'<',, ill luail, 1) .j tiimv^ liiitli; lacli hpiiir n ilh a
HJiiiit liliiiiiiiit iiiiir ilH tip, iiM iisiiiil ill tlii'< yi'iiiis; ciiiiiliil I'niUi'il, till' iiiiiMli' rii\ - ■■ ; 11m'
olitci', wliirli ;ii(> iii>t piiiilini(|; scali< lii|-;;c', rti'iioi.j, cxti'inliiii: rcirwiud t'i'lii iriipiil
I'M li.p III' 111 •11 1 |.i llli<|illc III nlliil: M'illc- (111 rllicU 111 r. luWS. Ill 111' ml, silVrrv In ji'.v.
Iliii lili> liL;lit vi'lliiw ; ii il:nU ipi.t iilmvo tlic liiiililli' nl' I'iU li I'Vi- ami '.i V-''i'l" '' "Ii*"
liiuikrt liiliiml lii'.nl, llir iipi'N III' llii'iiiii' at lln- liapi', Un' ullni' al I'lulit nl il.Tsil.
Siali's2'o-:;s. i.iK, I'll.
iiri, Si'fiPiiil iiiial hpiiic loliKi r tliaii tliiril; i!ii|>al ,~|.iiii-^ rapiillv iiHTrasinu In lln' fumtli. "liii li
Ik iiIkiiiI 7 in li'li;;lli ul' liiiii.\, lliiiiri' ili-iiiiasilli: to liii' la~t. I'lilni ic iMi-li, lln' jniiiii.-
witli iiiiini'i iiii-< ilaiU iiirmis liamln, l|l'-^l•nllill^; iH'ai'l\ In tlir iiiiililli-. Si .ili s 'J- l;'i- IJ
(Adult iilikiiiiwii. ) Ml i.lli .\Si I.Mi s, liitJ.
Hill. ntoNOTiMiUAinu's kos. i:iiii<it
Head L'.l lo L'i : tleplli 2' to ii: eye very larjie. H, much lon'j;er I han snuiii.
1). X. l.'i; A. III,S; scales L'i-iJS-x. I'.ody eion.nate, tapering leunlailv
bacdvward from Hhonlder. the low er oiilline nearly straif^ht: head tliicK:
nionlb terminal, (ddi(|iie, the mandible laterally included, its tip lilfiiii:
into au emargination of premuxillarieH, not entering }irofile. Maxillary
i>
I
Jotilan (///</ I'.iernuiun. — Fishts oj Xorlh .t»ieri,tt. TJlT*
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witlidiit Nii|i|i|i'iiiciiliil lutiH', liiuiul, rt'iicliiiit; viTlinil rmin niiiltllt< ut'
|iii|iil,'J^ tii'Ji, ill l('ti;;lli. 'I'ci-tli ill ii|i|ii't jiiw in n iiiiriiiw \ iliirni in l>iiiiii,
I lie Diitci N*-i ii'H .slightly i'iilai;;r<i. iiinl \n il li I oi L' nI inn;; ciuiiiMN ili ii-i'li'<l
for \v II III II ml out VMM il. IVrlli in inanilililr snuill, in n sil|^|(• HiTicN, ii piiii
of iintri ioi I'iinini-s ilincti'il I'liivNanl iiimI oiilw mil, :inil u mi-cihhI pair mi
Hitli'H oljaw iliii-ctiMlliarkwaiil and inwaiil. IVftli in lal lirr liiitaillianiU
on voiiirr anil ]>aliitiiirN; iiiin«< on ti)n;;ii<>. Iiitt>i'iirl>ilal M|iai'r ^I'lit Iv con-
ottvo, till* Hii|)niocular i'iil;;i> NJi^lilly olc\ ati'il. ilH wiiltli lull lilllt< iikik'
til a II halt' iliaiiK'ttT of orliit. I'ri'ni liita! narrow. itN wiiltii alioM- niiililli'
of iiiaxiliaiy * |iii|iil. Nriliral limit of |>iro|ici('it' iisiiaily witli a Hli;,'lil
I'liiar^inalioii aliovctlii- ati;;li' (in atliills). tlx-an^li- ilsclt' ami a ii'^^ion
iilioM' I liiM'iiiaryinatioii Hli;;litiy itiojcctiny. 'IVfihot' Vfiticai iiiiili linr,
ci|iiiil ; tlioNi- of an^^lc coaist'i, tliost* liclow fl^^ain lliw, liiiit'tfiliiacisw aid :
iiotcli aliovt' aii^ilc usually Ninootli when piCHi'iil. Two ilat Mpim-s on
oporoli-; otluT ItoiicN of head t'litiro. (iill rakiTH Ions,', mIoimUt, closr-.sct ,
a lioii t ;!(> on anterior liiiili of ardi, the loii^^t'st \ orldt. Dorsal t'iiiai;;iiiatc ;
tlir Npini's hlcmlri . |iiini;i-iit. not llcviltic, noni' of tiicm pnidiicnl ui- liia-
im-ntoiiN, cacli with a Nlioit inrmlnaiionx llap lu'liind its tip: Mpincs
gradually incn-asin;; in lici^^ht to I lii^ si\t li. wliirli iscniitaini'd '.\\ tinii's
ill head : tliiiti'iilh is slioi tcr tliaii any otloT t-xccpt llir llist and second,
and is ii tlioHixtli; soft dorsal liitfli, sonir of t lif iiosterior rays liiylicst,
n<d reaidiin;; liasr of (aiidal, L' to 2\ in head : anal similai to sot't dorsal,
its posterior rays in ad\ a nee of end of dorsal : seecuid anal sjiine st roiiyei
lint sliorter t iian tliird, I he leiii^tli (d wliieli is .'>' in head ; \ eiit lals iiisei ted
sli^^litly ill ad\aiiee id' liase of pectorals, the oilier rays soniewhat jiro-
(lueed, reachiiiif iieyond vent and iisiially to or slightly lieyond front of
anal ; caudal forked, the middle rays ;i the leiinl h of the outer, uhicdi are
not produced. I'ectoralH short, reachiii;; sli^ihlly lieyond front «d' anal.
Scales iarije, ctenoid, on hot h iicad ami Itody : on toji id" head the scales
cover occiput and send a V '^liajied patch to ahnsc midilie ot" orhits : ihe
rest ot' interoihital space, the smnit , max ilia ry, pieopeicle, hramliioste^ral
me III lira lies, .ind anterior half <d' mandihles naked. Scahs on cheeks in *!
rows; those on opendes larmier: ail luit the central rays of caudal tin well
Healed; dorsals and anal naked; pectoral and vcnirals scaly on hasal por-
tion; lateral lim> running; very hi^ili. umlci end id" spinous dorsal sepa-
rated t'roiii dorsal outline hy less than .'i full scries id' scales : under end of
soft dorsal it ie!.;aiiis somewhat aliruidl\iiiid(lie of side ami runs stiai;;lit
thence to hase of tail. Cidor rosy red, ovcilyiii;; sihery on sides, ami
Ixdow the tins li^ht yellow : ii dusky sjiot alioN e t lii^ miihlle of each orliit,
and 2 V-'^haped oliveludwn marks lichiml the head, one t'roiu iiiijie down-
ward anil l)a(d<wai(l on each side to iipjicr an<j;le of j^ill opciiin<;s, the sec;-
oiid iiarallel with it. starting from oii^iin of doisal ; linin;; of luiccal and
jjill ca\ities, and peritoneum siiveiy white, ((iilhcit.) I'acilic Coast of
tropical Americ.i ; known from several examples, the largest 7 in (dies Ion u,
dred;;ed hy the .1 //»<//*•().« at Station L'l'iM!. ol)' the west coast of Mexico, in
112 fatlioniH. (.'i.i'.. sunrise, from the coloration.)
l'roii(,l<i'jiiUiiiiii(s .oj, (Iii.iir.KT. I'roc. r. .s, Niit. Miis., IS'ni, r,j. Albatross Station igg6, west
coast of Mexico; .Ihhdan a i;i(jf.nmann, /. r., 4i;i, ls'.»u; Uoi'lenokr, Cat., i, ;i.il.
1226
Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
Iff 12. PBONOTOGRAMIHVS* MCLTIFA8CIATCH, Oill.
This species is thus described by Dr. Gill: "D. X, 15; A. Ill, 7; P. I,
14 ; V. I, 5 ; C. 10, 1, 8, 7, 1, 9 ; scales 3-31 + 2 + 12 = J5-17. The great-
est height equals or slightly exceeds a quarter of the length from the
snout to the end of the median caudal rays. The head equals a third of
that length and contains the diameter of the eye — which is oval — 3 times.
The snout is less than half the diameter of the eye. The spines of the
dorsal rapidly increase to the fourth, which nearly equals a seventh of the
length, and thence decrease to the last, which equals about an eleventh
of the same. The longest ray about equals the longest spine. The second
anal spine is more than twice as long as the first, et^uals the fourth
dorsal one, and is considerably longer than the third a!<al one. The
median caudal rays enter 6| times in tlie total length, while the longest
exceed the greatest height. The pectoral fin commences a little before
the end of the first third of the length (32) and equals a quarter of that
length. The ventral is inserted considerably in advance of the pectoral
(28) and is rather shorter than it. The lateral line is deflected on 2 scales.
The color is tawny yellow, with numerous (20) rufous bands descending
nearly to the middle and rather wider than the tawny intervals. Only
one specimeu, whose extreme length was little more than 2 inches, was
obtained." (Gill.) Cape San Lucas, {multiia, many ; fasdatm, banded.)
Vroiwtogrammm mtiliifiiscialus, GiLL, Pruc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18f>a, 81, Cape San Lucas, (Coll.
John Xautusdb Vasey); Jordan & Eioenmann, /. c, 413, 1890.
Anthiai multifascialus, Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 30O; Jordan Proc. U. S.
Nat. MuB., 1885, 377; Boulenqeb, Cat., i, 324.
516. ANTHIAS, Uloch.
(Barbiers.)
Anthicu, Bloch, AuBlSndischo Fische, vi, 97, 1792, (tnUhiaa).
Aylopon, Kafinesqvk, Carattcro di Alcuai Nuovi Generi, 52, 1610, (avihias); tho generic name
AtiOnati said to be preoccupied.
Body strongly compressed; scales moderate or rather large, ciliate,
smooth ; lateral line complete, angulatod below last rays of dorsal, the
tubes straight or with an ascending tubule, and extending along nearly
the entire scale ; javfs and front scaly; mouth large, protractile; maxil-
lary exposed, its surface scaly ; jaws with villiform teeth intermixed with
curved canines ; a small group of teeth on the vomer and a narrow series
on each palatine ; tongue smooth or with a few teeth ; head entirely
scaled ; proopercle serrated, without antrorse teeth on the lower border;
* The followiiig is the originel account of the gi-nuB Prounlogranimnn, Gill, liased on the present
ppecies: "This genus has the fom of Brachyrhlnus. The hody is covered by moderate, ctenoid
scales. The lateral line runs higli on the sides for tlio greater part < f its length, but is abruptly
deflected behind, and ilieucc continued along tlie middle of the caudal peduncle. Tlie head
most resembles thut of Byavhin hiniis. The preoperculum is serrated on its posterior margin and
has a strong compressed spine at its an^le. The operculum has '.) acute angles, the middle con-
tinued from an internal i'ib. The teeth are like those of SerraiivK, etc.; 2 large ones exist on
each side of the front, lu the margin of the upper jaw, and 1 on each side, near the gyniphysis
iu the lower, while there are also 2 uu the sides. Tho vomer and palatiuo bones have villiform
tee'U. There are, apparently, only 6 branchiostegat rays. The dorsal is undulated and has 10
spint . The anal has 3 strong spines, tho second of whfch is largest. The lobes of the caudal
are acui ~, the puctorals acutely rounded, and the ventrals angulated." — Oill.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1227
op«rcle with 2 or 3 spines ; gill membranes separate ; 7 brancbiostegala ;
pBeudobrancbiii) present ; gill rakers very long and slender ; a single dor-
sal tin, with X, 12 to 18 rays, the spinous portion a little longer or a little
shorter than the soft ; anal short, III, 6 to 8 ; caudal emargiuate ; pectoral
obtuse-pointed, subsymmetrical rays 17 or 18; ventrals long, below pec-
torals, close together, each with a strong spine; posterior processes of
preniaxillaries extending to between the frontals, which embrace a deep
fossa in front; frontals very convex, with a transverse ridge behind,
between the posterior borders of the orbits and in front of the very strong
snpraoccipital crest ; parietal crests feeble ; vertebra) 10 -f- 15 or 16 =: 25
or 26. Tropical seas; the typical species {Anihxas anthitiH, L.) a well-
known inhabitant of the Mediterranean. {avOia^, Anthiaa, ancient name
of some large fish, perhaps the Albacore, apparently from uvOog, a flower.)
1613. ANTHIAN A8PERILINGUI8, OUnther.
Head 3; depth 2i. D. X, 15; A. Ill, 7; scales 2 to 4, 40-16, pores 37.
A few teeth in the middle of the tongue. Snout scaly, half as long as
eye, with straight profile; diameter of eye 2^ times in length of head, 1^
interorbital width ; lower jaw projecting, partly scaly ; maxillary scaly,
extending to below center of eye, the width of its distal extremity ? diam-
eter of eye ; serra) at angle of preoperculum enlarged, but feeble ; 3 oper-
cular spines; 28 gill rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal origi-
nating above opercular cleft ; first and second spines shortest; rest sub-
equal and much shorter than the soft rays ; no notch between spinous and
soft portions; j)ectoral as long as head; ventral much produced, the
longest ray filamentous and nearly reaching caudal ; anal spines strong,
first short, second slightly shorter than third and as long as longest dor-
sal spines; soft portion rounded, third and fourth rays longest; caudal
cresceutic, with the outer rays much produced and ending in filaments.
Lateral line forming an angle below last dorsal rays. Red, with golden
stripes along the series of scales. Total length 165 millimeters. !ltlantic
Coast of South America. (Boulenger.) Only the type known, (aaper,
rough; lingua, tongue.)
AttlhUu asperiUnijiiiit, GOntiikr, Cat., I, 89, 1859, South America, probably Guia.'ia, (Coll. Sir
Robert Scliomburgk); BoiiKNOEn, Cat., i, 320.
Odontanthias a/^ieriliiKjuis, Jordan & Ciqenmann, I c, 416.
517. OCYANTHIAS, Jordan & Evermann.
Oq/anthias, Joedan A Evermann, new genus, (martinicensis).
This genus is close to Anthiaa, from which it differs mainly in the pres-
ence of large patches of teeth on the entoptery golds and tou^ue. Soft
dorsal nearly naked. Posterior processes of premaxillaries not reaching
frontals, which are very convex behind ; parietal and snpraoccipital bones
e-^ter-^ing to between orbits ; snpraoccipital crest strong, not produced on
the irontals. Vertebrae 10 -f 16 = 26. From Holanthiaa, Giiuther, with
"" :.i7*r^'?««vrT'«^inr ^i^m^fiKi'-^. '
>;-->7,*7« -sfT .; ^~t^^yr.'
1228 Bulletin 47^ United States National Museum.
which it agrees Ip other respects, Ooyanthiaa difTers in the form of the
eaiidal, which is truncate, with prolonged angles. In Holanthiaa fronti-
cinctua the caudal is convex. (uKvg, swift ; Anthiag.)
A,]
l\
'1 ;!i
i' '
If
i;
MM
1«14. 0CTANTIIIA8 NARTINICENSIS (Gulchenot).
Head 3 ; depth 2i to 3. D. X, 15 ; A. Ill, 7 ; scales 2 to 4, 38 to 41-15 to
17, pores .35 to 40. Snout f, diameter of eye, which is 3^^ times in length
of head and a little exceeds interorbital Avidth ; lower jaw projecting ;
maxillary extending to below posterior third of eye, the width of its
distal extremity j| to | diameter of eye; posterior border of preoperculum
finely serrated, the serra) enlarged at the angle; middle opercular spine
strong; 25 to 27 gill rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal origi-
nating above opercular cleft ; first and second spines shortest, third long-
est, IV as long as the following ones, which are equal ; soft dorsal rounded,
deepest posteriorly ; no notch between spinous and soft portions ; pec-
toral as long as head, a little longer than ventrals; latter reaching origin
of anal ; anal spines strong, first short, second and third equal and as
long as last dorsal spine: fourth and fifth soft rays longest; caudal trun-
cate, with the outer rays much produced. Lateral line forming an angle
below last dorsal rays. Reddish golden,* with lighter spots; sr "ut and
vertex whitish (red?), this color extending as a stripe on the nape to the
first dorsal spine, where it terminates in a point. Total length 160 milli-
meters. Caribbean Sea; known from Martinique and Barbadoes; the
present description taken by Dr. Boulenger from the original type.
(mai'timcenaia, living in Martinique.)
Aylopon Mmiimcemif, Guiciif.N'ot, Anthiani, Ann. Linn. Soc, Vol. x, 18G8, Martinique. (Coll.
Boulenger.)
Odonlanthias marlhiicensis, .Tokdan & Eioenmann, I. c, 41C, 1890.
Uolaitthias marliHtcetuu, Boulenoeb, Cat., i, 317.
518. GRAMMA, Poey.
Cramma, Poey, Synopsis Piscium Cubcnsium, 290, 18C8, {loreto).
Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with rather large, smooth-
ish scales. Lateral lire interrupted, concurrent with the back, begin-
ning again on caudal peduncle. Head scaled above, its profile not
acute; preopercle serrate; opercle with weak armature. Mouth large,
with rather strong canines, especially in front of lower jaw ; strong
teeth on vomer and palatines ; preorbital very narrow, the maxillary not
slipping under it; maxillary not scaly; dorsals connected, the spinous
part twice as long as the soft part, spines '2 in number ; anal spines 3,
the soft rays not elevated; pectoral narrow, without thickened rays;
caudal somewhat rounded ; gill membranes somewhat connected. Gill
structures not described (having been cut away in the only specimen
known). A singular little fish, apparently allied to the Old-World genera
Phseops and Tmchiiiops, differing from these and agreeing with Anthiaa
* Color golden red, little palur below, many luBtrouB green spots on the back; fins all unspotted
and more or K'^ss yellow; upper part of head red. (Gulchenot.)
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1220
in having the ventral rays I, 5 instead of I, 4. Dr. Gill has referred
Oramma to Bleeker's family of Pseudochromididw, with which it agrees
in the form of the lateral line. The Pseudochromididw soem to be, how-
ever, an unnatnral assemblage, and Dr. tioulonger has separated the
percoid elements of this group, referring them to the Serranida: Gramma
loreto seems not far removed from Anthias, though Poey places it among
the Lutianinai. (ypafififi, a line, from the peouliarities of the lateral line.)
1«16. GRAMMA LOBETO, Pooy.
D. XII, 9 ; A. Ill, 9 ; P. 11 ; V. I, 5 ; C. 17 ; scales 31 + 11 = 42. The fol-
lowing is a translation of Poey's description : Length 5() millimeters.
Body oblong, as in Meaoprion (Lutjanua), the depth equal to length of
head, 4i in total; eye large, 3 in head, situated half its diameter from
tip of snout ; jaws equal ; interorbital width | eye. Mouth large, the
maxillaries reaching posterior border of eye. Upper teeth very fine ;
lower larger, acute, curved ; teeth on the palatine urch. Preopercle den-
ticulate ; opercle entire. Nostrils near together, near upper anterior bor-
der of eye. Pores below eye and along lower jaw. Fins scaleless; soft
part of dorsal not i length of spinous part. Anal spines weak ; veutrals
sabthoracic; first soft rays reaching beyond anal spines; caudal acute.
Lateral line almost touching outline of back, falling interrupted below
last dorsal spine, the posterior part ending at middle of caudal.
Scales moderate, ctenoid, 45 on a horizontal line ; scales on opercles and
cheeks; above the head they cease at the nape. Color of body, bluish
anteriorly, paler on the sides, passing insensibly into red posteriorly ;
fins yellowish, the ventral blue anteriorly ; membrane of first 4 dorsal
spines with a spot of intense blue; 2 short black lines mark region
behind eyes, turned obliquely upward, the upper broader. (Poey.)
This species is known from a single specimen 2 inches long, sent by Poey
to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where it was examined by us.
It is in bad condition, the gills being destroyca. (Named for its col-
lector, la Setiora Da. Loreto Martfnez, "que la pesco n la bahia de
Matanzas, y que aprovecha la localidad que habita, playa de Judius, para
enriquecer los museos de bus amigos aficionados a ia historia natural."
Poey.)
Gramma loreto, PoEY, bjnopsis, 29G, 18G8, Matanzas, Cuba; Gill, Froc. U. S. Nut. Mu8.,
:887, (il5.
519. RYPTICUS, Cuvier.
(S0APFI8HE8.)
Ryptiau, trviER, Rfegne Animal, Ed. 11, Vol. 11, 144,1829, {napoHaceun).
Smectictm, Valenciennes, Voyage de la V6nn8, 305, 1855, (bicolor).
lihyptims, GCntheb, Cat., i, 171, 1859, (corrected ortbography).
fVomicrop/enw, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 53, {maKidatu»).
EletUheractis, Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1870, 467, (cnriacenn).
Body oblong, compressed, covered with very small, smooth, embedded
scales. Lateral line normal; head scaly. Month rather large, oblnjue,
the lower jaw the longer ; maxillary with a supplemental bone, as in
:ww.*i\'i..'?'^w." ''
y ^ j »w s^
1230 Bulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
(i
Epiuephelus, with which genus this family agrees in general osteology ;
smooth area on top of cranium very large, transversely convex, umch
longer than the supraoccipital crest ; iuterorbital area very narrow ;
parietal and supraoccipital bones short, with feeble creuts which do not
extend on the frontals ; premaxillaries reaching frontals, which have a
fossa in front ; teeth all villiform, in bands on jaws, vomer, and pala-
tines ; preopercle crescent-shaped, without angle or serratures, but pro-
vided with 2 or 3 spinous hooks on the posterior margin ; opercle with 2
or 3 spines ; gill rakers short. Branchiostegals 7. Dorsal fins separate,
the first of 2 or 3 (rarely 4) small spines, the second of many (about 25) Huft
rays ; anal long, rounded, of soft rays only ; caudal rounded ; pectorals
rounded, nearly symmetrical, of 17 rays; ventrals small, I, 5, inserted
slightly before pectorals, the spine short and strong. Vertebra) 10 -f
14 = 24. Skeleton generally similar to that of Epincphelus. Species about
8, all from the seas of tropical America. KypticuH is apparently related
to the Epinephelinw, from \vhich it is perhaps descended, having suffered
degradation in the loss of the anal spines and most of the dorsal spines,
in the less roughness of the scales, and in the increase in numbers of the
soft rays. The resemblance of liypticus to Dermatolepin is especially
marked. The Old World genus Grammiates, commonly referred to the
Serranidw, has much in common with Kypticus, but in Gramnmtea the lin
formula is D. VII-I, 13 ; A. 8. {pvnriKo^, washing, from the soapy feeling
of the skin.)
I. Rtiticos :
a. Doreul Hpiiiea 2 or 3 (rarely 4).
b. Prcopurclo with 3 spines, the uppermost blunt, and sometimes obsolete, the lower the
largest; opercle with three strong spines, the middle one largest; body rather deep,
the depth about equal to length of head and 3^ in length to base of caudal; dor-
sals slightly connected; ventral fins moderate, nearly twice as long us eye; gill
rakers short and thick. Color very dark olive brown, the flus all blackish; sides
with vague blotches of light brown. xanti, lUlti.
bb. Preopercle with two spines only, the lower scarcely the longer,
c. Opercular spines 3, all well developed.
d. Color red, with darker cross shades on sides of back; fins all dusky; dorsal flus
well separated; body rather elongate. uk'olok, 1617.
M. Color not red, chierty olivaceous; dorsal (ins distinctly connected by mem-
brane.
c. Eye not longer than snout; pores in lateral line 85 to 90. Body compara-
tively deep, the depth in the adult about equal to length of head and
3 to 3^, in length to base of caudal ; young nioroslendcr; back elevated;
first and second dorsal spines subequal, the third smallest; dorsals
slightly connected; ventrals very small; pill rakers very small and
short, about 8 developed. Color dusky brown, fins marked with
blackish and usually with a narrow pale edge; tides generally with
irregular pule spots; back and head usually immaculate.
SAi'ONACKUS, 1618.
ee. Eye longer than snout; pores in lateral line 67; brownish, with blackish
spots aad dots. aiienatus, 161!).
cc. U|)ercular spines 2, small, the uppermost the smaller (the lowermost being obso-
lete); dorsal flus separated; lK)dy moderately elongate; preopercular spines
short, bluntish, close together, the uppermost the smaller; flrst dorsal B])iue
longest, the two fins well separated. Color nearly plain brown, the edges of
the scales darker with dark points; sides with some faint paler spots; edges
of vertical fins dusky. coriaueus, 1620.
•■%^-^
•^mr'\W' .1*^:99 '/'X •^PW.I,,t^^,U
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North America. 1231
r.
II. i'ROMlCRuiTF.RUS (vpa, liffut'c; /ixiKpof, Hiiiall; irTcpoi>, flu) :
/. Butly coiniNirntively deep, \\w depth iiioro than loiiKth of hetul iiiid nioro thnii ' ;, tlio loiigth
ill thn udult(lciia in the young); liitck conHidcrably olovated; proop^Tcln with 2 devi-l-
oped Hpini'H nnly, tlio iippornioRt nHiinlly obNoloto; upprr (median) Rpinu on prooporclii
often divided, tho luwvrniost larger, directed partly downward; a deproMion horore
eye, the Hlinrp Hhont abruptly prujcctiuK; o|)«r niar HpiiioH Nniall; flrnt dontal spine a
little lunger than Hucond, which is nearly or (|uite free from tho soft rays. Color dusky
olive brown, Nrimowhat clouded; sides with a few smal lirrcgular whitish B|K>ts; young
with brownish spots, iiistuini'im's, 1021.
ff. Body more slender, the depth about equal to length of head and less than 3 ,i the length
even iu the adult; back little elevated; depression before eye slight, tho proflle not
very nnoven, slightly convex above eye; preopercle with ;i distinct spines, tho upper
one small, tho middle one largest, rarely divided; oiicrcular spines 3, rather strong,
the middle one largest; first dorsal spino slightly longer than second, which is nearly
or qiiito freo from the soft rays. Color brownish, irregularly mottlo<l with whitish
spots as large as tho pupil, some of them with a darker center, these spots extuniling
on all the vertical flns, sometimeB wantiug in the young; vertical fins and pectorals
edged with dusky. niouii'imnis, 1622.
K16. BTPTICUS XANTI, Gill.
Head 3J; depth 3i; eye 5i in head. D. Ill, 24; A. 16. Preopercle with
3 spines, the uppermost blunt and sometimeB obsolete, the lower the
largest; opercle with 3 strong spines, the middle one largest; body rather
deep, the depth about equal to length of head and ^\ in length to base of
caudal; back moderately elevated ; snout 8hort,,not very acute, the lower
jaw much projecting; anterior profile steep and almost straight; maxil-
lary reaching beyond pupil, 3i in head; first dorsal spine longest; dorsals
slightly connected ; ventral fins moderate, nearly twice as long as eye ;
pectorals rounded ; gill rakers short and thick. Color very dark olive
brown, the fins all blackish; sides with vague blotches of light brown.
Pacific Coast of Mexico ; rather rare ; known from Cape San Lucas, Coli-
ma and Mazatlan. This species differs from U. mponacem of the Atlantic
chiefly in the armature of the head. We have examined the original type
and also specimens from Colima and Mazatlan. Our description is drawn
from No. 7740, U. S. Nat. Mus., collected by Mr. John Xantcs at Colima.
(Named for John Xantus de Yasey, the discoverer of the species, once tidal
observer at Cape San Lucas, now Director of the Museum at Budapest.)
Bhypticus xanti, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 250, Cape San Lucas, (Coll. Xantus);
Jordan & Eiqenmann, /. c, 339, 1890.
'J
1617. RTPTICUS BICOLOB (Valenciennes).
Head 3f ; depth 3*. Body rather elongate ; preopercle with 2 spines ;
opercular spines 3, well developed; dorsal fins well separated. Color red,
with darker cross shades on sides of back ; fins dusky. (Valenciennes.)
Galapagos Archipelago. This species is known from the description and
figure given by Valenciennes. The description speaks of 10 dorsal and 2
anal spines, but it is evident from the figure that this is an ordinary
Itypticua, the short or rudimentary rays of the dorsal and anal having
been taken by Valenciennes for spines. The red coloration, as shown on
the figure, is exceptional in this genus, and its correctness may be
i
1232 Bulletin 47, United States National Museum.
doubted. It is not unlikely that the species is identical with Rypticua
xanli. Possibly it is a deeper-water form, analogous to the red forms of
certain species of Myclvroperva. The plate of this species (issued in 1846)
is named '^llhypticuH bicolor," the name Smecticua bicolor appearing in the
later text (1855). (bicolor, two-colored.)
Bimclicm hirnhir, Valknciknmes, Vuyiige do la V£>nuB, PoiMODB, 307, pi. ii, flg. 2, 1866, Qalapa-
g08 Archipelago.
Rhjpliviit hknlor, OOnther, Cat., i, \TA.
Sijptiem bicolor, Jokdan & Kioenmann, /. c, 3.19, 1890.
M
«:
!! 'i;
( ,-.
i!-rj
•J
1«18. RTPTICim HAPONACEHK (Bloch A Hchneider).
(HoAi>FiBii ; .Jabon; Jaiioncillo.)
Head 3 to 3^ in length ; depth 2,^ to 3i. D. Ill, 23 to 25 ; A. 16 or 17;
scales 85 to 90 (pores). Body comparatively deep ; young more slender ;
back elevated ; snout rather pointed ; lower jaw much projecting; ante-
rior profile before eye a little concave ; eye 4^ to 5 in head ; maxillary
reaching posterior edge of eye, 21 in head ; preopercle with 2 straight
spines behind ; opercle with 3 spines, the middle one largest and nearer
the upper than the lower ; first and second dorsal spines subequal, the
third smallest ; dorsals slightly connected ; ventrals very small, not half
longer than eye ; pectorals rounded ; gill rakers very small and short,
about 8 developed. Color dusky brown, fins marked with blackish and
usually with a narrow pale edge; sides generally with irregular pale
spots; back and head usually immaculate. West Indies, Pensacola to
West Africa and Brazil ; generally common. The best-known and most
widely distributed of the soapfishes. Our specimens are from Havana,
Pensacola, and Bahia. The young specimens are much slenderer in form
and more uniform in color than the adult, (aaponaceua, soapy.)
JaboncUlo, Parra, Difer. Piezas do Hist. Nat., 51, lam. 24, flg. 2, 1787, Havana.
Aulhias sapoiiaceiis, B1.OC11 & Schneider, Syet. Iclith., 310, 1801, Havana (after Parra).
RhuiMau mia-ops, Castelsau, Anim. Nouv. ou Barea de l'Am6r. du Sud, C, 1855, Bahia (after
Perca mkropa, Broussonet, a MS. name).
lihjptiais gapouaceim, CuviER & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., in, 63, 1820; GOntiier, Cat., I,
172, 1859; Poey, SynopsiB, 297, 1868; Boulenoer, Cat., i, 348.
Bypticua aaponaccus, Jordan & Eioenmann, I. c, 340, 1890.
1619. BTPTICUS ARENATUS,* Cuvier & Valencionnes.
" This fish, which is known only from young specimens, differs from the
young B. saponaceua in the larger eye, which exceeds the length of the
snout and is less than i the length of the head, and the smaller number
of tubes in the lateral line (67 instead of 85 to 90). Gray or pale brown,
with blackish dots or small round spots; fins pale. Total length 65 milli-
meters." (Boulenger ; from Bahia examples.) West Indies and coast of
'■'The scanty description of a young example published by Gill, under the name of Ithypticui
mibbifreualiis, seems to approach very closely to R. arenatim. The following is the substance of
Dr. Gill's uccount of R. siibhifrenatiis : Color dusky, with remote dark spots; head with 2 series
of spots; one series of 4 between orbit and opercular spine; the other of 3 smaller spots between
eye and suprascapula; head 2f in length (3)^ with caudal); depth 3^ (4>^ with caudal). D. Ill,
23; A, 16.
Jordan and Evermann. — Fishes of North Atnerica. 1233
Iha/.il ; recorded from Jamaica, Trinidad, Haliia, and St. Thomaa; not
Heun by ub. {arenatun, sanded, from tlie Hpockled coloration.)
WitipUcHt arenalim, CuviKn & Vaiknciennkh, IIIhI. Nat. PoIhh., hi, Or>, j)!. 4:>, 1829, Brazil; GC.n-
TIlEii, Cut., I, 17:t, ISftO; Bnui.KN(iKli, Cut., 349.
t Hhirpluii* HiihhifrviKitiit, (iii.i,, I'roc. Ac. Nut Sri. I'liila., lH(il, fill, St. Thomas.
IllililiciiH (iiviKiUm, JoiiDAN tV: EiiiKNMANN, /.<'., I! 10, I81H), ill part; pui'tly tulieii tromSTKlNDAUUNBii,
Icli. Noti/., VI, •!!, wliicli limy ln' tlio yimng i>( It. M/jiiomicHn.
f W/(.//y)/iVin M/</r(i»irtcii/(i<nii,* Stkinhachnkh, Iclith. Nuti/.., vi, 'IJ, 18(17, Barbadoes,
Uyjiticiis nigrumaailatuf, Joudan & Kkik.nmanx, /. c, !I41, 18110.
1620. im'TIClIS COItlACKIK (<;ope).
IleadSi; depth 3ii. D. 111-2;'); A. 15. Opercular spincH 2, amall, the
uppermost the smaller (the lowermost being obsolete); dorsal fins sepa-
rated ; body moderately elon<?ate, the back elevated, the head low, slender,
and pointed, the anterior profile almost straight; lower jaw much pro-
jecting; eye small, smaller than in />'. saponacenn, 5 to 5} in liead ; about
equal to the short snout; maxillary reaching posterior edge of eye, 2j in
head; preopercuhir spines short, bluutish, dose together, the uppermost
the smaller; lirst dorsal spine longest, the 2 fins well separated; ventrals
moderate, nearly twice as long as eye; gill rakers small and short. Color
(in our specimen) nearly plain brown, the edges of the .scales darkerwith
dark points; sides with some faint paler spots; edges of vertical fins
dusky. West Indies; recorded from St. Martins and Jamaica; our
description from No. 30130, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Kingston, Jamaica.
This species seems to be distinguished from li. Hitpoiiaceitu by the weak
armature of the head, and by the greater distance between the dorsal fins.
Dr. Boulenger places it in the synonymy of E. nupunacens. {vuriaceua,
leathery.)
EhuiheractiK coriacem, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc ,.1870, 4(;7, St. Martins. (Col!. Dr. J. Van
Ilijgorsma.)
Ryyticm coriaceus, Jokdan Hi. EiuenmaNN, /. c, IHl, 1890.
Subgenus PROMICROPTERUS, (iill.
1«21. KYPTK IS BISTKISPIM'S (Slitdiill).
Head 3 ; depth 2^ to 2|. D. 11-25 ; A. 14 or IJ. Body comparatively
deep, the deT)th greater than length of head, especially in the adult, in
which the back is considerably elevated. A depression before eye, the
sharp snout abruptly projecting ; eye in adult nearly as long as snout, 5^
in head; maxillary 2i^ in head, reaching to below posterior margin of
* BypticriK nigromandaiiiii (StoindaclinBr): Head 3^/J (with caudal); depth \\<,. D. TV, 22 or i{;
A. aV)out 12. Dorsal spines 4 ; colorbiown : hody and Ijase of dorsal covered with romul, jet-black
spots, each surrounded by a clear ring; these spots lie in .'> longitudinal rows, tlmsc of the middle
row much larger than the otlierp; a sixtli row on base oi' dorsal and 2 or .'5 spots on base ,)f anal;
fins dusky, without paler margin. (Steindachiier.) West Indies; known from a singb.' spe<inien
V^^ inches long taken at rtarbadoes. Except that it is said to have4doisal spines, the description
agrees witli that of It. areaatm, and It. iiiijromaciilatus is probably simply an accidental variation
of the latter.
F.N. A.
-79
i
. ;
!;
i
<i !
It
i I
1234
fiulletin ^7, United States National Museum.
eye; preopercle witli only 2 developed Hpiiics, tlie iipperinoHt being
usually wholly wanting; the median Hpino often divided, the lower one
largeut and directed partly downward ; o])ereiilar Hpinen Hmall ; lirHt dor-
sal spine a little lower thiui second, which iH nearly or quite free from
the soft rays ; gill rakers short and thick, close-set, 8 to 10 in number.
Color dusky olive brown, somewhat clouded; sides with a few irregular
whitish spots; young spotted with brownish. South Atlantic Coast of
United States, in rather deep water, frequent oft' Charleston, I'ensacola,
and Key West, occasional us fur north as Newport, Khode Island ; here
described from specimens fromPeusacoIu. (/x'ff/m^rinHM, twice threespincs.)
IloiUaiiiiH liiHlrisiiiiiiiii, MiT(;iiii.i,, Am. Moiitlily MaRazliio iiiid Orit. lU'view, Kcli., 1H18, 247,
Straits of Bahama.
UhuiitUiin inanitiilm, IldMiiKioK, Ichtli. S. (.'iir., Kd. 1, ;tO, 18.'')tl, iiikI Kd. 2, 42, 18(K), Cape
Romain, South Carolina; (iONTiiEn, <?at. FIhIich, i, 17;I; .Ioiidan x (iiMiKUT, SynopHiN,
r.4;i, 1883.
Ilhyptiaw pUnilomn, GoonF. A Ukan, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1879, :t41. Key West; Jordan A
GiMiERT, SyiiopgiM, .'>43, 188:).
llhiiiiliciiH deroratm, .JoiinAN A (ilLiiKliT, SynopulH, 54IJ, IHSII (not of (JiM.).
liyplkm hMrinpinm, .Idiidan A Kiuknmann, I. <;, ;i:i8, 18!tO; lloi'i.KNiiK.tt, Cat., i,;i5().
1«22. KYPTICUS MGRIPINNIS,* Gill.
Head 3 to 3i; depth 3 to 4. D. 11-24 to 26; A. 16; pores 80 to 85.
Body more slender than in K. InntriHpinua, the depth about equal to length
of head and less than \ the length, even in the adult ; back little ele-
vated ; preopercle with 3 distinct spines ; maxillary 2? in head, not quite
reaching posterior border of eye; depression before eye slight, the pro-
file not very uneven, slightly convex above eye ; eye as long as snout, b\
in head ; lower jaw much projecting ; preopercle with 3 distinct spines,
the upper one small, the middle one largest, rarely divided ; opercular
spines 3, rather strong, the middle one largest; first dorsal spine slightly
longer than second, which is nearly or quite free from the soft rays ; gill
rakers short and thick, about 8 developed. Color brownish, irregularly
mottled with whitish spots as large as the pupil, some of them with a
darker center, these spots extending on all the vertical fins, sometimes
wanting in the young; vertical fins and pectorals edged with dusky
Pacific Coast of tropical America, Cape San Lucas to Panama; not
uncommon, (niger, black; pinna, fin.)
Bhypticut nigripinuin, GiLi., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1861, 53, Panama, (Coll. Dow); Buulen-
OER, Cat., I, ;»49.
Shypticiis maculatiis, Gill, Free. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 251, Cape San Lucas, (Coll. Xantuit);
not of HOLIIROOK.
Promicroi)tenis (hcornlnf, GiLL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 16-1, Panama, (Coll. Dow).
Bhypticut decoratiiK, GtlNTiiEB, Fislios Cen. Am., 412, 1869.
Bypticua nigripiniiiii, Jordan A Kioenmann, I. c, 339, 1890.
* We have examined numerous specimens of this species, including the original types of nigri-
pinnif, maciilaluH, and deconUva. There is no doubt whatever of the identity of those three.
11. mnciildlns. Gill, is said to have 3 dorsal spines, but this is an error, the lirst (broken) soft
ray on the type having V)eeu counted as a spine. SVe have compared B. nigripinnis with B. bis-
tritijnnm, and find the two apparently diflerent, although very nearly related. In nigripinnis the
body is lesa deep, and there are 3 opercular spines, while the Atlantic species has usually but 2.
Jonian and Ever maun. — Fishes of North America. Ili35
Family CXLVII. LOHOTID^E.
(TlIK Tun'LK-TAILH.^
This family is thuH defined by Dr. Gill : *
" Vvno'uUa with nii ubloii^, compruH8i;d lio(ly,^oqually developed above
and below ; a Hhort Hnout and anterior eyes; u<luntulouH palate; dorHal
and anal with the soft portions ecpial and opposite, the former preceded
by u much larger Hpiuous portion, the latter with 3 spines; vortebrie 21,
VI abdominal and 1*2 caudal, the fifth to eleventh with short but gradu-
ally lengthening parapophyses projecting sideways and behind downward,
and the twelfth with the parapophyses elongated, converging at their
extremities, and fitting into a groove of the first hii^mal spine, the costif-
erous pits excavated obli([ueiy in the developed parapophyses, and
gradually ascending forward on the vertebra', and finally on the neura-
pophyses; the skull with its frontal portion broad, expanded forward
and outward, and entering into the posterior borders of the orbits, which
are advanced far forward ; the postfroutals elongated forward and under-
lying the frontals; ethmoid short, decurved, and expanded sideways."
This family contains a single species, a large fish closely allied to the
Serranid(V, but lacking vomerine and palatine teeth, and with the fore
part of the head very short. Its relations are decidedly with the Sarra-
nidw and not with the Uamulida', with which group it agrees in the
absence of teeth on the palate. {Pristipomatidw, genus Lohotes, Giiuther,
Cat., 1,338.)
520. LOBOTES, Cuvier.
Lobotes, Cuvier, K^gne Animal, I'M. 2, 11, 177, 1829, {crate -= siiriiiamensis).
Body oblong, compressed, and elevated, covered with moderate-sized,
weakly ctenoid scales; profile of head concave, the snout prominent;
mouth moderate, oblique, with thick lips; upper jaw very protractile,
the lower thfi longer; maxillary without supplemental bone; Jaws, with
narrow bands of villiform teeth, in front of which is a row of larger conical
teeth directed backward ; no teeth on vomer or palatines ; preorbital nar-
rower than eye; preopercle strongly serrate. Branchiostegals 0. Dorsal
fin continuous, with 12 spines which may be depressed in a shallow
groove; soft rays of dorsal and anal fins elevated; anal spines gradu-
ated; bases of soft dorsal and anal thickened and scaly ; caiiuul rounded.
Air bladder present. Pyloric ca'ca 3 (TinfioTlx;, lobed ; the soft parts of
dorsal, anal, and caudal thought to resemble one 3-lobed tin.)
1«23. LOBOTES SCRIXAMEXSIS (Blocli).
(Flasheu; TniPLE-TAii, ; Roumei'r.)
Head 3 ; depth 1 J to 2i. D. XII, 15 ; A, III, 11 ; scales 47. Head small.
Profile from dorsal to occiput strongly convex, from occiput to snout con-
cave ; maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit. Scales around eye very
♦I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mu.s., 1882, 500.
VSMt
liiillelin ./7, I'nittJ Stnlfs Xiitioiml Museum.
Hiiiall, tlioHo oil ii|ii'H'l<> liir^^r, K\r hiiiiiII, iiiiicIi hIiui Irr tliiin Niiinit . I'li'-
upoi'culiir Nli'tiii^ly ilinlalc : t<'«Mli ciilar^ril on iiii;;li-, lionki'il ii|)\\!ii(l im
IMiNtfiior I i III 1 1. I'rt-iniiil.s hliiii Icr I liiiii \ riil Tills, w liicli (III II I it iciii'li \ I'lit ;
NdCt tidl'siil lii;;licl (liaii till' spilKiilM |Mirti<i||. S|ii:i!l scillt'S iillililh}; ll|i iih
' lio liiiN*' of Hot't (loi'Niil, .'iMJil, and caiKlal. lUaiKiHli alioM', li('i'iiniiii<; nII
v«)iy yia V oil tImMiilcs; ot'tt-ii Molclnd ami I iii^tcd witli yi-llow ; (iiiM dusky
Ijiiiy, hoiiifliiih'K with yi-ilow. A lar^i- I'isli ot' latlii'i' .siiijL;^nNli lialiitN.
K-atdiiiii; a li'ii;;tli ol' ){ Irit , and I'oiiriil in all warm mms : nortli on out
coiiHtH to Cupt' Cod and ranaiiia : not \fiy coinnioii ; stiayini; occa«ioii-
ally to tlio Mcditcnaiican : iiiird us t'ood, N'arialdr, t lie yoiiii;^ looking
iliiit(> iiiiliUi' till' adult. ( Kn. )
lliiliiciiilnis Hiiiiiiitiiiiii^i>, lli,.i( II, li litli., |pl. -Ill, tT'.Mi, Surinam.
lldilidiiiiK IriiiniM, Sin. Mill., Tniii- Lit .V t'lill. Su. ., i, |s|."i, ll^, Powlcs Hook, New Jersey.
I,iili„l,
» I'l-iili , ('r\ uit .V
M
r.M IINMS, lli-l. Sill, i'l
:i'j
t.^llii, Poiidiclierry.
l.lilinliH'fitllJin
I'lviiit A \ .M.KNCiKNNKs, Ili-t Niil. I'oiiiN., V, ;ij|, tKlo Malacca; on u ilriiv
iiiK i>r Mii.jiir r.MiKii .1;.
l,til,i,ii>iH,,iiiiinliiilits^rt\ir.n\ \ .M.iMii.vM ~, Iti.tl. Nat. I'cii-ih., i.li'JI, l>':iii, San IJomin^;o.
I,tilinh'tt iliriir
IticM MiiiNii\, I'lilii. riiiiiii, 'J:i7, l>lu, Cluna.
Hiiiirinniiii, lirNTiii.it, t'al , 1, ili's. Is.'i!!, Ciiba: Calcutta, China ; Iihiik.iii ki\, I'liu S|ii
i\>-\ ;;cliciv Iv..uti( n Lulioti- II I'liliTI
1>
1.
I,„l,.,l,
I n stintiitttivnfti
,s ILiiitiiDMii, liliili. .S. ('., 111!!, I.sr,ii.
Kaniilv (;XI-\ III. I'IMACAXTlIID.i:
L
11
(CaTAM'I'AH.)
Hody oldoiifx <•'' ovato, i. .ipicssid, covcit'il with small, tinii. fon;ili
Hcalt's ; all iiarts of tlii' Imdy and lii'ad,r\rii the snout and maxillaiii'H,
lii'injX driiscly sral.w carh ^?(•al^ with a iiioic or less dcvi'lopi'd plati' on its
posti'iiof linidi'i, most di'vi'lopril in tliryouii;;. Ilrad dirp. Moiiili laii;(\
\('iy oldiiiiii', the lower Jaw jimiiiinriit . \'illil'orm tiTlli on .jaus, \ omtir,
and palatines, iioiH' on liir ton^iu'. I'reiiiaNillarii's piotiaetile. .Ma.xillaiy
broad, willioni siipplemeiital l>one, not .-dippinjf iindi'i- the Ncry nai
pieorliital. w hieli is usually sei
rate; no siiliorhital stav. Vj\
e \ ei V
low
ii'te,
ioiiniiiir alioiit one half the leiij^th of the side of the head. I'osteiioi
nostril loiiy, slil-like, close to t he eye. l'i(o|ieii'Ie more oi less .si'llated,
one or more stroiiji spines at its aii;;le: opereiiiiim vtsry ishoit, ending in
twooi three points hehind ; no liarliels. (Jill memhraiies Nejiarate, free
from the ist limns, rseiidol>iaii('lii:i' wry laij^e, exreiidinn alonn; whole
length of operele. Post orlii I a I part ol head s ery short , t he operele small.
(iills 1. a slit liehind the fourth. Uill rakers ioni
Lateral line eont inuoiis, not extendiiiii on the e
iiid:
Millions.
\, !• to i;
the spines depressihle in a jfioose
iiaiiehioste^als (1.
Porsal tin eon
; anal ravs ill, !l
to ITi, the sott part ioii.i;, Mimilar to the soft dorsal, the spines stionji;;
v»!ntials very lartje, thoracie. I. Ti, elose toj;etlior. in advance of base of
l»(!eloral, Joined to belly by a membrane which incloses a fjroov e ; no
axillary jirocess; spine stroii;^: i>ee,torals small, jiointed, not synimel i ieal,
of !!• or L'O rays, the upper loni^est ; caudal tin truncate or liinale. S|)iiieH
illl lU'ciiUllt (if tlR' AuKTiruH sjU'rii'S of I'l
nlhi'l:!
JInRIilS.jS, l'l(
Ai . NmI.
riiilii., 1»8!», 100.
I
/(•ri/iin iinJ /■'.; ir»hr>i)i. - /-'is/i. > ,■/ X,>r//i .hnifiHi ll'.'lT
ol' liliH ^I'lH'lallv liill;;|| \\llli im;lll M'll.f. All Ulaililrl lin>(r. I'\|ttljr
rii'ca It'ss . \ I'l Iclii;!' Ill irdiiiiil iiiiiiilici , It (ir 1(1 I i;; "J'J or '2V>, tin- lii>i
\frl<'t»iii liriii;^ \i'iy Hiiiall m al>><fiii ; t iaii.i\t'i.Hc> |iritfc,-is lit"4iiiiiiii;; on
llio M'Nfiilli (Hislh) viiti'liia, lilt' Ia>l '2 |iriTaiiilal luiiljfrd acnes; lilts
at lac licit Id I lie I laii.sN CISC piKccsscs; c|>i |i|ciii a Is alisciit, uii t he iasi I luce
|)i'cciiiitlal \ci'trl>i,c. Sii|iiai i|iilal cicsl \ciy lins , com iiiiii'il I'mwaKl
to iiv cr fin II I of ol'ltil , \\ licl'C il is ji 1 1 net I liy I lie pal icial cicsls ; pioces.scs
III' pi'ciiiax illarics inoilcralc. ( 'ai iii s oroiis lislics of llic liopical nciis,
cliicll\ ill (jeep waters; mostly rose colored in lile. Ihe I'aiiiily is ti
Nliaipls defuicd ^I'oiip, not close to any ol licr, Init the ariiiiitiis on llio
wliole hceiii to he lieaiesi In | lie Si vniii'iilii and their tropical allies.
(lOiicra U, species ahoiil In, /'()(((/(/, ;rronp /'//(avni^/nKx, (.uiither, < 'at..
i,L'ir.-L"ji.) '
.1. Si mIi'-^ vit\ filial!, .-ill Im 1'"I ill lal.Tiil liiii> ; iM.ily ulildiij:, iln .1. |i|ii iimI ii.ill' II- liii^rlii ; |.|io-
I ■I'll li' with II lliit f<|'iiii' ; iJMf -;il 111 II I II II a I I'lirli « iili I J I.I |,"i Mill i.n 1, I'm M \>. I Ml ~, ."ijl .
ir.i. Si-ali'h l.ii HI' ami M'I v toii.:li, ;'i"i tu 'I'l in I iti'i.i I liiii' ; Ihi.l v .i\ alu, iu i|i'|>ni iiiiii< lliaii liaif
ilH li'li-lli ; |iirii|iiTi-li' « I III. lilt ^|lil|l•s ; ilm sal ami aii.il imi Ii \\ ilji 'i I . 11 r<A\ \ \\-.
I'>l I liiillllAi \N I Ml ■<, ij-.
521. PRIACANTHUS, ( nvior.
l'ii,i,,iiithii-, I'lviKii. Ili'u'iir Animal, u, J^l, 1-17, (ni.i. i.^./if/.w/i/m-i.
S(!alcs very Miiall, sn to lno in the lateral line; hody ohloiitf. inoio than
I \\ ice ;is loiii? as deep ; jMcopcrele with a spine at aiij.',lc ; inlerorhital are:i
externally t raiis\ cisely con\ i\ , the ei.iniiiiii itself t ransserNcly concaM',
tlm ele\ at ion hciii^f fornied of ilesh ; a coiispiciioiis foranicii in tlm intur-
orhilal .'Ilea; lateial line eMeiidiii;^ iipw.ird and hackward from iiitpcr
aii;:;le nl' 1.^1 1 1 oiu'iiin^' low aid second dorsal sjniie, he low w liicli it c| .■iii;.;ert
its course, following; out line of hack to end of dorsal lin, t hence diiect to
middle of caudal ; .iiial lin rather Ion;;, lis rays ahoiii ill. II; dorsal rays
ahoiil X, ]'.>. Species rather niinuroiis. in the tropii'ul seas. (r:/-(i./r, saw ;
uK'irlfd, spine ; .some oft he lin spines iM'in;; seri atcd. )
II. I'l I I'lii i, iil,,r .-|iiiii' iili-uii I • iii'iulv mi; il-'plli almiil lijual t" li'iijlli .if liiail; ilursal
iili-|iii||i il; ilni-.il lav X, II; aiiil III. I'l, A lu;N \TI .-•, liiJt.
•in. I'lTiipi-r. iilar fjiiiii' \\.'ll ili vi'luju'il; ili'jilli ..flMi.i ^■nalir than liii^lli of In ail; ilm-al
hliiitti.l; iliir-al ra.\ - \, Ij nr .\, i:!; ,iiial 1 1 1 , l:i m- I I. ciiirNTx ns, li'.j."..
in-.'l. IMM.VCAM III S AIJKWTIS, i mm. i .v \ alni. Ii ihhh.
(!' \ I M.rr
Head '_'',' to :!.', : depth 2,' to :!', : eye very hiri;t>, '_'
ad. 1). .\,
It; A. HI, l."i: scales ii-liS to ll,".-l:\ pores (IS to T.'l. l^idy ohloii;;, less
<l(!(*p than in /'. n-in nlnliix. Snout V to '•, dmmetcr of e\e. rosleiior nos-
trils in a sin^^le oliloiii; openiniT, within which is a septiini coii-ideialily
helow the surface ; ii;ill rakers L'Ot > 21), ricopcrcle with its unijle leinii-
nat in^j; in an ol)lii|iie jiiiint . smaller t li;iii I he spine ill I', i mi iihihts ; operclo
with a tlat-iiointcd spine, which docs not project: In.ih siiincs aliiioHt.
obsolete; shoulder nirdle aho\(' with a promiiieiit e(l;;e ; dorsal .spines
more or less jriauiilate, on the odges ; hist dorsal spine l;i to 2 in heatl.
lli.'JS /'iiiothi 77, I'liitiu S/'it,-s Xatii'ihi/ .1/
liSiUin.
('imkI.iI Hli^lilly liiniUi', till' ii|i|ii'i litlir t Id' luiiKi'i' ; x flit I a In iiiiiili-iati', not
••\t<M(liii>,' ImvoihI si'coikI jiiKil H|iiin', alioiit as loiii,' as lirail ; inctnralM li
ill licail ; tliiitl titial H|iiMr w> lon^ as si\tli dnisal ; hialrs sniiillrr mi'.ii' IIio
hack. ItaHf ot' hlsiill ihiiiimI \\\\\\ a lar^jf I'liiaiiii'ii Im'Iwciii iIik ^rcat
\viiii,'ainl I lie liasc (if t lir Hiipti liii N|i|ii'iiiiiil. (I'lit'v.) Sil\riy iril ; anal,
Hull iiiir,sal, ami caintal I'll^id witli Mack; no N|i(its mi liursal ; |timtriiiir
liair lit' M'litial liiacU. rmpiral Aliantic, nihiIIi In |!ia/il, orcaNiiuially
niiitliwaiil in tlio (iiilf Stiraiii lu \is\|i(iil :inil WihmIi Hnii; ; n-niiilfil
uIno tViiiii Maili'iia. tun ikiIh', sainlril.i
(',,/,,/i,/.|, i'Mill*. till. I'l. /I|, |||-( \;,| , |.|. .:<\ f,>7, Uli
l'lff:lllll,IIH ,1,, Willi', 1 I Mill \ \mIN<II,VM-, lll-t, N.ll. I'ciiH:"., Ill, '■'' , iM.'M, H rB/ il , (< '• 'II .
bi'hiliinil .) Atlantic,i'''ll I'. roiii;.Jiiiii'\v A 'in in iii, S.\ ii..|,.i., '171 ; llm 1 iMii;u,('iil ,1, :i.'.ii.
Vriiir„„il,ii» fiil.jiu^, Xmwv, Trans. /,„,!. S... . t I , 11, Is.'i, 171, IVI.iilcira. (I'.iii. It. T. t.i.wi..)
I'liniiiiithiii, , .,l,ilii/,i, I'll \, I'iMi. \. . N'.il. Si i I'liil.i., !.>•';.'.. I'-'J, Maviitiu, M.iiiuim'V, I'i.h-. .\c.
N.ll. Si. I'liilii.. I>- 1. \i I.
IhliillllhlH lll'ii
|i/i///.i/,.iii., I l\Ili;A \ \|,l Ni irVMS, lll>l N.ll. I'oHH., Ill 'l7, l>'j:i. llnl .|||^;,|.I1
Mini T,-l-lllllill, nil", 111..). M, will. Il i-. ill! ,\-i;ltli "Y
Cut., I, Jl.'i; .liililuN \ Oliiiiiii, SviLipniH, .'.ll
III I, II. h.
. l''i'i>Uiill: iIliiitlM'r,
ifl'i.'i, ritiK AMiii s t iHKNTvrrs (iiir,|„.i,)
I[i>a<i ;: ti
({••pill •_" I.
I lli.i 1:1 k; I'm All r».)
.',. n. \, iL'niX. 1:;: A. Ill, II: scales lll-lOO
to rjO-no, pores (i'J to Tii: eye L" lo '_" in lieail : huoiii 1 in L' in «\vc.
I'ody ilee]); inlerofliilai uiiltli 1![ to '^\ in head: nionlh iai;.;e, olilii|iie,
iiia.xillaiy iea<'liiii;^ nearly to niiildle nl'e\ e. L' in head, (iill 1 a Ice is Iti to 18
hidow an vile. I )oi s;il ;ind anal .spines' all liiii ly hcii.-ite in lion I ; preopende
with a rat her St loim, llai . I naiiLiiilaispine : opercuhuspine \'eiy small : last
dorsal Hjiim* \\ times leiiLjth of scond, li to L' in head: peeloials Niiiall.
little loimei' than eye, li to '_' in head ; third anal .spine nearly as lon^j as
h-iHt of dorsal ; caudal slight 1\ noiihed : rmd' of nniiith with longitudinal
ridLTcs ; upper liiii'i of preopendealniost vertical: skull without Hphenoid
foramen ludow. Ixose ctdor, the haidv lirnsvnish. the dark color ot" hack
Noini-t imes torminL;' iminded hlnlches; dorsal :ind eaiid.il fins wii h small
dark spots. West Indies to .*st . Helena and t In- Canaries ; a common food-
lisli in Havana: not vet recorded I'lom the I'liited Stales. Also ahundanl
throiiL;hniit the western I'acilic, if I'riiirinillnis nirnlii
Nlliiiiosed )iy |)l. r>ollleIi;;er. ( r/'id /(.'((/(rv, hloody. )
s the saine, as
/.,,/..
hI.iIii-, I.
M , lll-l. N.lt. I'.
I^IKI ill. .111,1 I'l.J.y l.y Ariiiill.T ..f :i |iliil.
iii;i.|i' l.\ I'l I 111 M! lit .VI. lit inii nil", IVIartinique; < '1 \ 1 1 1; A V m im iknm s, llinl. Nat. 1'
III, liiJ, IsJfl.
/V,
('. I" <lninii< y
I'i;sMMir-i. rniii. Di'.'. I.lilli
|il. I, \H1A, Havana; I'mv,
Iti'p.'iti.ri.., I,
IM.I
nil, I
iihilii-, .Miii:in.-^'iN, r
.\c. Nut. .•^. i. I'lula.. lss!i, |r,j; .r.iiinN, I'l-... , I'. S. .Sill.
Mil-., Is'iii, :'il7; llm i.i;Ni;rii, I'al.
{ fe
I,..>-c,II. V.
.\ a;.'.. I '...[ll
ill'., I'iii>s.. 'jnl, isji.. Caroline Islands; I'l
rlih j.li, llil^'..ii.|..ii, .s|i/.i;l,i.r. (;>>. Naliii-r. Kr., IsT'.i, 7:i, Japa
t i'.ii'.v r...j;anl-< /'.
.ihiliis ami /',
//,/
lUl itutttiis I
tiuguislii-il l.y Hi.- iircfi'iHC in i rm ii(ii/((« i.t riniiiili.-ili ii.>y ;-i.iilrt
a.s ililli'l'i'lll >|ii ril'S, Sdlrly ilis-
Ji>i,i\tH .//;</ /'.; irniiihii. — /•i\/'ii\ of XoK/i .hufrini. VIWW
52^. PSEUDOPRI ACANTHUS, IsLtUk-
I'reil.l. I II !• ,11,11, n._ lll.llhlll. \,\-\. \l, \' .t Slil-I' I'l, CJ'. Ill, II I ■<i 1, i.ii; ',.11,111. .
Scali'M liiij^r. si'iv iniiii li, ;i,", (d ;,(| \\\ ilir hill Till liiif: ImmI\ ii\ ali'. imi
twill' iiH luiin ,1^ ili'r|i ; iMi'.i|Miilc Willi '2 Hiiiall ^|lllll•s ill aiii,'lr; iiili'i
mliiliil spair liiiiail and llal.lhi'H' Im'Iii;^ liltlr llrsli ln'iwii'ii >kiii ami
mKiiII; III) t'lii aiMi'h in iiitrim hilal aira: lalriai line rliaiiu'in^ iln ruinsr
lii-luw llii' ruiirlii ilinsal >|iiii< ; anil nIihii, its lavslll, !* Ii> II: ili>Mal
X, 11. ntiuMwisi' fNM'iiliails as in I'l im millnit, llii- N|iirifs luiiij; iii
(li't'IKT \\ atrr. 11/ I'''/', lalsf : rriiiiuiillni'^.)
• '. I iiini !• ■ 111 ii'i i> ■ Mol .Ml 1,1 1 ►;'>!; h ..iy » ilh T 111 i|,irl. i r.i>.i l.iif"; iv iii."l' i.ii' , -" ,. in li'Mij
ill N.iiiiij, ^Kiiiii I \. n '.'I.
i.(. (Iir,. f l'''lli ;il..i\r m.iri' ..l Ir^' ■■nl.it,'' 'I: l""l> li"t ImipI'.I; .y rx. I .-ivi.|\ l.ii^i', U',, ill
lii'uil ill iiilnll. ALU'S, lii'i"!.
i«j«. rsKiiMU'iji v( AMin s siituri.v HHii.iti
llcail L''! ; ili'plii 1 >. D. .\, II: A. III. 11: lalnal iiiii' vtiiIi :ti; piiirs.
I\\i> ■_" in iioail : iiiti rni liital wnllli :!• : linL;iii nT mmhiI .'». Mniilli vny
ol(lii|iii', iiiaxiliai \ scaicrlv iracliin;.; vnliral I'luin iniililji' iiicyi', lialf
Icli^^l li ol' lirail : ti'i'i li in a \ i i v iiaimw ha in! in Imi h Jaw -.i ami on \ (imtT,
lioiH" (if llii'iii (Mil.iruril ; palaliiirs w iili a Nin^lt' Kriii's. I'ostci mi iiostiil
till! pt iral. not t w ice as imiiras w iili'. rii'iiprniilaraml pnni 'lilai iiiari;iiiH
Hcrralc. a ^iioiip nl" m| riiiP4('i' spincH at aiij^lr ot" piiMipni'lr. (lill raUiT.s
sliiiit . aliuiil lial I' iliainrli'i' III' pupil, III ili'\ t-lnpi'il on lim i/oiila I limhot'
oiiti'i' a I I'll. Spinous dorsal lii;4li. tin- li»nj.'r.sl spi:io ,'; lrii;;t li nl" lirad : t lio
liisi niul last spi:irs iiiiich siinitrr. alioiit fi|iialin;;' tlii' soft lays: anal
HpiiM's similar lull slioiti'i , t ill- tirst L' fijiial and lon^ir than I liii d. t licii'
l('ii;;ili half that of hrad : pcctoiiils short , lianly irachiii;; M'ltifal from
VI' II I ; \ I'll till Is I'lMnj^alf, t ho spim- ri'acliiii;; ha so of si'ioiid anal spim-, t Im
loiij^cst soft ray H'ai'hin'4 liasi^ of liist, soft lay of anal, .^rali's on iippiT
and lowiTjiails of liod\ \i'iy small, tliosi> on innlillr of nidcs cnnspii'ii-
ously (Milari^i'd. i-lntirr head, iiicliidini; ma.\illaiy, niandildi\ ^iilai.and
liraiudiiosli'tial mt'iiihrain's wholly conitciI with spiny srali-s: doi.sal and
anal tins in a sjica I li. .Ml spinrs rjiiiLjli-si'iiatr. ( 'olor in sjiii its : Li^ht
i)li\r, with 1 dark cross liars on sidrs w idcr than tin' intiispai'cs, tlir last
uiio on liasc of raiidal pi'diiiii'lr: vrllical liiis dusky, tin' soft poitions
nioro or li'ss sprckli'd: vcnirals Idack : prcloials palf. I'arilic, Co.isi of
Colombia; know n from one yoiin^ spi'cimi'ii, 1 1 imiii'S ioni^. (liillKMt.)
(,•«;•/■/(/((, a lilt li' saw . )
/'iiii,.ii,r^iN« ~, .)ii/'i, i;ii 111 III. I'l'"-. I . S. N;il. MuH., I'-'jii, l.'jii, Albatross station 2797, west
coast of Colomljia. (''nil, Allia!iu.''s.)
l»!-.'7. PsKiriOl'ltl Vr^NTIII S AMIS Mlill)
Hoad 'J,: dojilh ■_",. D. .\. 11: A. Ill.M: ]ioiis m latci.il I'lU' liT: in a
scries lit'l wi'i'ii opi'ii'ii' and caudal, 1 1 . I'lody o\ ate : piolilc straight and
little ()lili(|Uc: nioiilh siitiv cri ic-il : tccili in iijipfi \;i\\ \illit'orni. in a
narrow hand \\ it li an outer scries of cnlar;icd leii h : teeth of lower J;r>v
\^-
1240
HitUetin 4j, United States Aationa/ Museum.-
siinilar, Imt tlio innor ones larger than iu nitper Jaw ; eye very large, its
diameter little lesH than half length of head ; preorbital narrow, strongly
serrate; preopercle serrate, the serrii' of the lower margin largest; no
spines at its angle; subopcrcle and opercle serrate on their lower nuir-
gins; higlie^st dorsal spines lifinhead, anal spines gradnated, the third
spine 2' in head; ventrals scarcely reaching anal ; pecitorals IJ in head ;
scales all extremely rough, very strongly ctenoid ; lateral lino ascending
to below fifth dorsal spine, then descending to caudal peduncle, then
median to tail. Reddish, overlaid with plumbeous above; bright red
or crimson in life ; all the fins except the pectorals edged with black ;
otherwise entirely plain (in spirits). West Indies, in rather deej)
water, north to Pensacola and Charleston; rare; the very young stray-
ing in the C»ulf Stream to Rhode Island. Here described from a speci-
men 11 inches long, the largest yet seen, taken at Charleston by Charles
C. Leslie. Very close to the Japanese species, f'nciKJoprhicanihiin niphuniu8,
(Cuvier & Valenciennes), the scales a little larger. ((tItiiH, high.)
PrincHiilkun nlliis, Gil. I., I'ror. Ac. Nat, Sci. I'liila., 1H0-, Ili'J (very .vDiiiip; Kpociincn), Narragan-
sett Bay; .Iohdan &. (iii.iiKiiT, S.viiojwis, 51.5.
r»ci((/<ii)n'(ir((H///H.H (i?(h.v, .ToiiTiAN & KiciF.N.M.VNN, I'loc. U. S. Nut. BIuB., 1887, 'JCi'J; MonmsoN,
I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Diila., 1889, lf!;i; ISoulenqkr, Cat., i, li^X
iU
^
Museum.
w ; eye very large, its
)it!il narrow, Htrougly
r luargiu largest; uo
on their lower mar-
\ graduated, the third
pectorals Ijr in head ;
lateral lino ascending
iaudal peduncle, then
us ahovo; bright red
lis edged with black ;
dies, in rather deej)
the very young stray-
scribed from a speci-
;;;harleston by Charles
opfiamnihuH nij)honiuii,
(itltiis, high.)
>iiiin Kpt'cinion), Narragan-
iIuB., 1K87, 'J(i'J; MdumsoN,
,.>.»