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A. j/^ VOL. 1. Coronf : MACLEAR AND COMPANY. AH Rights resentd. / PC ) Entered acconlinK to the Act of the rarlian.ent of Canada, in the year one thousand tight hundred and eighty, by Macleah & Co., Toronto, in the othce of the Minister of Agriculture. TO ; I HIS EXCELLENCV THK HItiHT HOX 'M $okn Sou^las inthtthnh \iimphtll, AMERICA, MARQUIS OF LORNE, K.T., G.C.M.G., GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF BRITISH NORTH HEIB TO THE MoCALLUM MORE, AND TO THE HONOURS OP AN ILLUSTRIOUS LINE OF ANCESTORS, -X..O..SHK« KOH.K.KNT .XT.OHME.T TO T„K ..HOC. ... ,,,, KP ftis ^orh ^>*, «V I'KRMISSIDX, RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. f>-^ S^^^.:-^^' PPtEFACE. JIIE purpose of this work is so fully clovelopcd in tlie introductory cliaptor that any pnTiMiiuary rcfcronco to it would seem unnecessury. At the sauic tinio readers expect to have a pri'face to n hook, even if they do not read it. There are one or two remarks to ho made, l»y way of addenda, to the explanation <;iven in the liody of the volume. In the first place it seems well to disclaim emphat- ically any aHempt to exalt the Scot ahove his fellow-colo- nists of other nationalities. The puMishers have already ^dven Ireland a chance to sjieak, as she is fully capable of tloin^f, for herself and her sons ; and it is only fair that "auld Scotia " should also have her turn. It seems strange, and yet it is a fact, that there has been, amongst kindred peo- ples, an amount of [)rejudiee aj^'ainst the Scot, which seems perfectly inexplicahle. From the time when James VI. of Scotland l»e«vme James I. of England until now, not merely at home, hut in later veais in the colonies, nothing has been .so common as virulent criticism of the Scottish char- acter. The predominant religion of the country, the caution and the thrift of its people, and their so-called clainiishncss, have been made the unmerited butts for ridicule or sarcasm. VI PREFACE. In Eiiglaiul, duriiiji,' the oiglitoenth century, most of the lite- rary men tfjok delight in ahusing the North Briton. Horace Walpoln, Junius, John Wilkes and Dr. Johnson are only samples of the general herd. The virulent pen of Junius was especially active. He luid, or fancied he had, grounds of suspecting the backstairs influence of Ijord Bute, and afterwards fell foul of Lord Mansfield, whom he abused, wlien urgument failed, because ho was ])orn nortli of the Twetid. That most vindictive of political opponents, whilst he ad- mitted that " national reHeetions ' were not to be ju.stifiedj a.s a general rule, deemetl them (piite proper when they gave point to the stiletto he plied in the dark. Of the later use of prtijudice against the Scottish people, it is unnecessary to .speak, for every reader wnvl have met with instances of it even in the Dominion. The truth seems to be that, wldle " nothing succeeds like .sacces.s," tliere is nothing which so readily inspires jealousy. The very virtues which have given Scotsmen success have bei^n the causes of " env}', hatred and nudice, and all uncharitableness " in regard to them. In this work an endeavour is made to show whence the strong, honest and persevering cliaracter of the Scot .'ad its orisfin, and then to describe in detail what he has done for British North America. While doing this to the extent of the information at liis command, the writer has been careful to avoid invidious comparisons between the Scottish and other nationalities. The aim of the book is simply to show what the Scot ha.s done in the Dominion, without in any way undervaluing what it owes to the i rUEFACK. vu Engli.sliman, tlic Irislmiaii, tlie Fn'iulinmii, or the Cjt'iiiian. The (lirticulty of collecting local data or facts of any sort only to be found outside (»f books lias been an obstacle; and if the survey seems to lack completeness, the reader must be so kind as to lay it to this account. Without desiring to obtrude his personality unduly, it seems proper to state that, althougli, on one sidi; of the house a Scot — the son of a Scotsman — the writer has never had the advantage of visiting North Britni'i Perhaps tliat may not be so great a disadvantage as it miglit \\i Hrst sight a|>pear. This preface is necessarily written before the remain- ing volumes have taken final form and shape a id therefore, seeiii- \) be hai-dly so complete as it othervise would have been. It is to be hoped that, when tho entire work is in the hands of the public, the promise of its title page will be f(nmd to have been fully kept. ToKONTO, February lOlh, 1880. S^B'd %^^ The followiny works liave been consulted in tlio preptanviion of this volume : — Macaulay's History of England ; (Jreen's History of the English People, and Sh(jrt History ; Lccky's England in the Eighteenth Century ; Buckle's History of Civilization ; Barton's History of Scotland, and The Scot Abroad; Robertson's History of Scotland; Chambers' biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen ; Loj^an's Scottish (jiael ; Keltie's History of the Highlands ; 13rowne's History of the Highlands ; Stewart's Highlanders ; Flora IMacdc^nald, Her Life and Adventures ; Scott's Border Minstrelsy ; Percy's lleli(|ues ; Dr. Rogers' Scottish Minstrel ; Ballads, Scottish and English ; The Ballads and Songs of Scotland, by Professor Murray, of Mc(!ill College ; A'eitch's Border History and Poetry ; The Songstresses of Scotland, by Sarah Tytler and J. L. Watson ; Carlyle's Essay on Burns ; r.tirns' Poems ; Pi'incipal Sliairps Life of Burns ; Scott's Poetry and Proso ; Lockhart's Life of Scott ; R. H. Hutton's Life of Scott ; Chambers' Cyclopiedia of English Literature ; The Whistle Hinkio ; Dean Ramsay's Reminiscences ; Rogers' Century of Scottish Life ; Carlyle's Early Kings of Norway, and Portraits of Knox ; Fronde's Short Studies on Great Subjects ; McCrie s Piogi-aphies ; Wourow'a Church History ; Dean Stanley's Lectures on the History of the Church of Scotland ; Gibson's Banner of the Covenant : Anderson's Ladies of Lhe Covenant; Dodds' Fifty Years Struggle of the Cove- nanters ; The Clo\ul of Witnesses ; Howie's Scots Worthies ; The Clan Campbell ; The Clan ]\Iaelean ; \\ 11 son's Memorials of Edin- burgh in the Olden Time ; Brown's Hone Subsecivu' ; Smiles' Lives of the Engineers, and his Tjives of Thonins Edward and Robert Dick ; Percy Anecdotes ; Histories of Canada by Garneaii, Christie, X WOIiKS t'ON.SUl/rED. McMullon and Withrow ; ISIilcs' History of Canada under the French Regime ; Le Moine : Maple Leaves (four scries), Quebec, Past and Presont, and Chronicles of the St. Lawrence ; Parkman's Old Regime in Canada and Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV, ; Bou- chette's British Dominions in North America, and Topograjihical Dictionary of Lower Canada ; McTaggart's Three Years in Canada ; Alexander's L'Acadie ; Les Soire'es Canadiennes ; Jeffreys' French Dominions in America ; Wright's Life of Wolfe ; JNIontgomery Martin's British Colonies ; Murray's British America ; McGregor's British America ; Sabine's Loyalists of the American Revolution ; Sir William Alexander and American Colonization (Prince Society) ; Haliburton's Nova Scotia ; Murdoch's Nova Scotia ; Campbell's Nova Scotia ; Hannay's Acadia ; Brown's Cape Breton ; Genuine Letters and Memoirs relating to Cape Breton and St, John (P. E.I.), by an Imparti:d Frenchman ; Gesner's Nova Scotia ; Patterson's Pictou ; Munro'a New Brunswick ; Gesner's New Brunswick ; Stewart's Prince Edward Island ; Johnstone's Travels in Prince Edward Island ; Wilson's New- foundland ; Knox's Hist.)rical Journal of the Campaign in North America (1757-1700); Cavendish's Debates on the Act of 1774; Henry's Campaign of Arnold in 1775 ; Irving's Life of Washington, Vol, iii, ; Drake's Dictionary of American Biography ; Reports on the Scottish Missions in British North America ; Rintoul's Claims of Scotsmen Abroad ; Scadding's Toronto of Old ; Johnston's Notes on North America ; Morgan's Celebrated Canadians, and also the Biblio- theca Canadensis ; The Parliamentary Companion from 1802 to 1879 ; The Catholic Directory ; The Canadian Legal Directory ; The Clerical Directory ; besides other works of reference, pamphlets and MSS. The writer desires to acknowledge his obligations to those who have assisted by permitting the use of books, documents, or MSS, — Alphois Todd, Esq., Librarian of Parliament; S, J. Watson, Esq., Librarian of the Ontario Legislature ; the Rev, Dr. McCaul, of University A CKM) U'LEDGMEX 7Vs . XI College, for the use of books from tho library ; Professor Gregf,', of Knox College ; Dr. Hodgins, Deputy Minister of Education ; ami Mr. John Davy, the Librarian of the Mochaiiics' Institute, for similar courtesies. Thanks are duo also for their kindness to Chief Justice Moss, Hon. George and Mrs. Brown, Hon. Oliver Mowat, Hon. Isaac Buchanan, C. W. Hunting, Es(|., M.l. , Samuel Piatt, Esij., M.P., iSandford Fleming, Escj., Dr. Daniel Wilson, Ilev. Dr. Scadding, Pev. Dr. Feid, Rev. Dr. Barclay, Rev. Dr. Patterson (New Glasgow, N.S.), Rev. D. J. ]\Iacdonell, B.D., Pvev. Dr. McNish, Rev. Mr. Dobie, Dr. William Cannitl', Mrs. Win. Thomson, Mrs. (Dr.) Jen- nings, Major Ci. A. Shaw, Messrs. James Bethune, W. J. Macdonell (French Consul), Alan IMacdonell, A. AIcLean Howard, Charles Lind- sey, Thomas Henning, Kivas TuUy, C.E., John Macara, J. A. Mac- donell, R. H. Gates (Alderman), G. IVIaclean Rose, W. Strickland, John Mclntyre, James Hedley, and John C. Notman (Queen's Printer). Mr. G. R. Lancefield is entitled to special thanki for tho invaluable assistance he has given to the writer. THE SCOT lilUTlSlI NORTH AMERICA. INTllODUCTION. Love thou tliy land, with love f;vr-lii(m;,'ht Fri>in out the storieil Piist, ami m^t^d Within the Pn'scnt, but transfu-iod Thro" f iilure time by power of thought. < « * * « Make kn(fwle(1ge circle with the winds ; IJut let her herald, lleverenee, Hy Before her to whatever Hky Bear seed of men and i,'rowth of minda. — TUNXTSON. Our ain native land ! our ain native land ! There's a charm in the words that we a' understand, That flinij'S o'er the bosom the power of a spell. And makes tis love mair what we a' love so well. The heart may have feeliui;* it caiina eonceal, As the mind has the thou^dits that nae words can reveal, B'lt alike be the feelings and thoughts can command Who names ^>ut the name <>' our ain native land. —Henry Scott niunnit.. CLi ^ILN the gonoml ''.phoaval of traditional iiU-as on most sulijects of luniiau concei'n, it seems to have be- come at least dehateable, whether patriotism ouglit any longer to he reputed a virtue. It is many years since every other estimable disposition — even to love, benevo- lence, sympathy and self-sacrifice — was resolved into sel- lishnesss, "enlightened " or the reverse, and it would have been idle to expect that love of country should escape THE SCOT IN BKITISU NOliTIJ AMERICA. the same fate. But not even content with thoLr ultininte analysis of the source of all virtue, the moral chetuistfy in vogue seek? to deprive man's noblest thon«,'hts and atfjctions of their essential dignity and worth. In the hands of a perverse and spurious alchemy, the gold has become dim and the most fine gold changed — tiansmuted, in fact, into the basest dross. Whether there yet remains any residuum of the old-fashioned conceptions of right and wrong appeal's <|uestionable ; and to Falstatfs query, " Im there no virtue extant ?" we ought probal)!}- to reply, not only that there is none, but that it is very doubtful whether such a thing ever existed. It is selfishness, in this view, that prompts a mother to doat upon her child, a husband to love and cherish a wife — that is his own wife — or a friend to feel affection for his friend ; and, since the nation is merely a wid-Miing of the circle of kin and aciiuaiiitanct', patriotism is intensely selfish, because it extends the empire of selfishness over a larger area. It is the perfection of .self-denying vir- tue to be cosmopolitan ; and the truly good man nuist approve himself " the friend of cvci y country but his own" — a citizen of the world, or like Anacharsis Clootz, at the bar of the Convention, an "ambassador of the hnniau race." Certainly there are national projudicr-, and conceits, which vulgarly pa.ss under the name of patriotism, as most nn'U will readily admit when they are dealing with the faults and foibles of alien peoples. The jiride of country which fires an Englishman is oti'ensive to the Frank or the (lernuin; and the p(R>r Scot is proverbially sneered at by the Snutliron as exclusive and " clannish " — the last epithet being an effec THE SCOT IN nniTisn north amehica. tual extinguisher to Caletlonian assurance. That the virtue • for such we maintain that it is, may bo perverted and made offensive by jealous i>ritle and ignorant self-assertion miglit have been anticipated. All our best impulses and instincts seem liable to abuse in proportion as they are good, and noble in themselves ; and, as a matter of fact, they are constantly, and sometimes flagrantly, abused. But love of country — iw our forVjears used to praise and cherish it, and, nerved by it.s potent spirit, were ready to do and dare and die with cheer- fulness and alacrity — is something nobler and more precious, because it springs from the purest and most healthful part of man — his affections. Much that hist(My palms otf upon the world as patriotism is merely a showy veneering over lust of power and territory, by which kings have profiti^d at the expense of the people who became the sufferers and dupes ; yet all the false sentiments, all the causeless (piarrcls and unjust warfare ever occasioned in this way, are but a feather in the balance when weighed against that true devotion to country whlcli has fired men's zeal for liberty and indei)endence, made great and noljle states out of nought, raiseil the thoughts and ennobled the aspimtions of the honest and earnest all over the earth. Patriotisiii and liberty are twin brothers ; ami wherever in the world the heart of a country has beaten time to the pulses of the one, it has always, in the end, claimed and vindicated its kinsliij) with the other. The very name and reality of freeoast ourselves to be better than our father?;"; and wlu-n the despairing prophet of Isiael laid himself down in the wilderness, a day's journey from Beer-sheba, " and requested for himself that he might die," his plaintive wail found articulate form in the touch- e THE SCOT IN mUTISlI XOIiTJl AMKHICA. \x\\f wor i-ou.sed the cheerless, .spurred the llagging and sent out tlu' brave to conquer or to die. Sir Philip Sydney is reported to have said that the reading of " Chevy Chase" stirred his soul like the bia.st of a war trumpet, and with all ^ jic spirits the poetry of patriotism has appealed, with wondrous potency, to the burning love of country and its fame, kindled inextinguishably in every honest human biriist. If, as the prevailing scientilic philo.sophy insists, the bias of our nature^ and its main featin-es, moral and intellectual, as well as physical, are inherited — the result of influences working through an immeasurable past — .surely of all tin- powers moulding the character, one of e.s.sential moment anil surpassing value is that exerted b)- patriotism. Whatever ^ THE SCOT IX niilTISll NOUTU AMERICA. its origin, tl>o fuiindationH of love for one's native land are laid broad and deep in tlio universal heart of humanity. It Ijas flourished over since " the first sy liable of recorded time" was nrticulatc'ly sj)okt'n, anirations ; and the more vital and cogent these may be, the more violent and i-eckless are the crusades against them. The modern Uon Quixote does not tilt at windmills which he mistakes for mailed knights ; Ids opponents are a great deal too real for the weapons at his command and may safely dofy these puny efforts to unhumanize them. A system which ".sees men like trees walking" or as automata of some sort, and sees nothing more, is not of much practical account in the working human woiM of to-day. It is an instinct in man, therefore, to love his country; and because it is natural, it is also seemly, wholesome, laudable and useful to cherish that affection. Humanity is far too wide and abstract a conception to gain anj- firm grasp upon the sympathies or affections. " Man is dear to man," no doubt THE SCOT IN lililTlSll NOUTll AMHlilCA. an Wordsworth snys ; and the man of lur^o and wnrin heart will no doubt exehiini with Terence, in the Srff-lovnicntor, " I am a mun, and deem notlunj^ human heyond lu" concern ; " but it reiiuires some " touch of nature " to " make tlie whole world kin " — some story of hel|»less and liopeless suflrring to evoke pity, some Ha<^rant (»ppre.s.sion and brutality to arouse indignation in lands and climes far removed from om* own. The wrongs of Poland, liul^^aria, Italy, or Greece appeal vividly to the liumanity within man's breast, and a famine or an inundation in India, (Jhina or Japan inuiiediately com- mands earnest sympathy and generous self-sacrifi ;c. But ordinarily speaking, the impression made upon men by the ♦legradation and other misfortunes of peojdo separated from us by tlie barriers of distance, language, manners and habits, is feeble and transient. The visible hoi'izon is not more con- tract d than the circumference which encloses the field of jiowerful and effective sympathy. National vitality is strongest in small communities at Hrst, and for the most part, persistently. Greece,England, Scotland, Holland and Switzer- land are at once the countries which have struggled most for independence, enduring untold sufferings to secure and main- tain it, and the nations also whieh have proved themselves the champions of liberty, the refuge for the exile and wanderer, without regard to country. In Germany, patriot- ism, which seemed well nigh extinct, was revived and burnt into the national heart during the war of Liberation, and has iinally established itself definitively under the Emperor Wil- liam and Otto von Bismarck. France suffered for many centuries from the lack t cohcsiveness which kept its mem- I 10 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMEIIK'A. Iters asundiM", Tlio p(^oi)le of Normandy and Brittany de- spised tlie Poitevin ; the Burgundian looked askance at the native of Anvergne or Provence ; and the Parisian ridiculed and satirized all provincials without exception. One ot Hal/ac's fjreat points airainst ^lontaiirne was his Gascon birth: for what cfood could come of a writer born "in the Barbarv of Q\iercy and Pertjjjoid?" The lata! etlects of this looseness in the bond ol nationality have been felt in all the misfor- tunes of France, and are even now traceable in the centrali/- ini^system which consijrns all powerand distinction, pv)litieal. literaiy or social, to the custody of one groat city. Prof. Huxley has said, ''riivow a stone into the sea, and there is a sense in which it is true that the wavelets which spread around it have an eii'ei't through all space and ail time." It is so also with every individual man or woman cast upon the tide of time. Froin the thinking, willing and acting self, and forth into infinite space and into eternity, the energies of ])eisonal existence move in concentric circles until they are dissipated -lost to human view — (expanded into seeming nothingness and mere oblivion. It is so with our sympathies andart'ections. 'J'he " wreteh who concentred all in self " has been held up to reprobation by Sir Walter Seott; and yet it is doubtful whether any man, however seltish, could either live or di(> wholly tor himself. Stroni^ withii\ the sphere of relationship, love for our fellows originates in the atlections of the family — that piimal unit, out of which, in the opiidon of Mr. Gladstone and otlu'vs, s])rings the social stati', with all its virtues and amenities. Thither may be traced, in germ, the love of country, developed in the ever- HIE SCOT IN BRITISH NOIiTII AMERICA. 11 wiiiening range of attection, and speedily embracing in its ^,'enerou.s waimtli all who dwell in our own hind, speaks its ti)ngue, inherit its traditions, and share its eliaracteristic tendencies. The irrefragable bonds of a common language, similar modes of thouglit and action, kindred liopes and as- pirations, thus knit men together in the strongest and broadest union society' has yet provided. Even the historical clement alone, the sense of intercommiuiion through a com- mon ancestry, which struggled, sutlired and, in the issue, tiiumphed that they might be endowed with independence, freedom, strength and honesty of })iu-pose, tends to stimulate men, by fostering a healthful and honest pride in what is the I'dumion ajtpanage of the entire naticm. But beyion and all else that is human. Within rea- sonable boiHuls, our syiiipatliie.'- will not fail to assert their native powei; surpass those boundaries, and the inthience wanes and grows ianguijure his country, repudiate his nationality, and turn Km back upon the glori- ous scroll of its fame, forget wliat has been sutt'ered and achieved by his ancestry and "forfeit the fair renown," handed down to him, it will avail nothing. Nature has stamped the national characteristics upon his mind and heart, perhaps on his form and features, and not even self- destruction can remove the indelible traces of all he would fain cast behind him. It is this jx'rsistence of national eaergy, to borrow a scientific phrase, which makes the for- mation of any country's peculiar type of character a study so valuable, especially in a new land, like ours, whore much depends upon the moral, intellectual and physical fibre of the races contributing to the sum of its population. It has been urged by ilr. WiW, Sir Henry Maine and others that historical or ethical deductions from difi'erences of race, and especially of related branches of the same race, are vain and illusory. That is no doubt true if we rely upon ethnic distinctions alone, without taking into account, the physical character of the countiy, its position relatively to adjacent peoples, hostile or friendly, and the general course of its his- tory. At the same time, race and language are impor- tant factors in any estimate of a nation, provided only they do not assume undue predominanee and pass for more than they are worth. The peculiar traits of character which we note in various peoples, the ancient Greeks and Romans, the Jews, the Teuton, the Celt in Scotland and Ireland, or the Anglo-Saxon in both, and in the English, strictly so called, are the net results of a vast number of actinii:, reactinL;; and u THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. retroacting influences, almost always so complex and intri- cate as to defy unravelling. In modern times much has been done to clear the stage of cumbering theories, whoso only mei it was their ingenuity ; and, if the philosophy of history is only yet in embryo, it seems at least to have shape ana coherence as a branch of knowletlgc in the making. Scotland and the Scottish people, perhaps, afford as com- pact and insti".ictive a mass of material as the i)hilosophical historian can desire. The country has, of late years, occupied a larger figui-e in Englisli and foreign literature than it formerly did. No per^de concerning which we have abun- dant inforiiuition, presents the student with so well- defined a history ; no nation has produced a more salient and clear cut tyi)e of character than Scotland. Physically, considered in the rough, it is an eminently poor and sterile land; nature has been a stern and hard-tempered mother to her sons in "auld Scotia." She has given them nothing which they hav(? not drawn from her ruyged bosom, by constant painj'ul and often fruitless toil ; but her very parsimony has reared the Seottish nation up, as a hard-working, frugal, sturdy aiiij honest race, ean<'i- to dischari^e the duties set be- fore tlnMii liouest 1 y, f Varlivssly and well. Moreover, as if nature had net l>een gfud';ing enough, Scotland has been, from be- yond the dawn of authentic history, the prey of foes from all sides. From the rock-l)Ound coast whore Caithness bares its scarred and \seathreadth l)y fierce invaders. THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 15 At a far remote period in the past, Gothic rovei*s of soino sort, Scandinavian or Teutonic, must have made the entire north and north-west their i>rey ; tlien appeared the Irish Scots, and fresh Norse and Saxon visitors, and then over the whole scene the curtain of oblivion is thrown for four centuries. The Christianity of L'olundia and his isknd home had almost disappeared, when Kentigern or St. Mungo appeared in Strathclyde to raise anew the standararticularly audacious, in order to command his allegiance. Quoth Boyd, according' to the old ballad : " The Klui; J. Sc«>{lwi J »tiit mo horo. And, glide outlaw, I .Tm sent to thee ; I wad wot of whom ye hauUi your laudi-i. Or, man, \\ iia may thy master be." Murray's answer was fierce and deliant : *' The landia are mine ! " the outlaw said, ' ' I ken nae king in Christentie ; Frae Sondron I this forest wan, When the king nor his knights were not to sec." Neither those wild moss troopers, nor the llighlandei'S IG THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. who levied toll on the northern Lowlands considered their exploits as anything dishonest or dishonourahle. To them it was simply a natural light to make war and secure loot. Thus in Jolmnie Armstrong, whom the king charges with treason and robbery, the borderer replies : " Ye lieil, ye lied, now, kinj;," he sayn, " Althoui,'h a king an(' prince ye be ! Tor I've loved naetliing in my life, I wet'l dare say but lioiie.sty. " Save a fat horse, anibles may be for- given the peo>]>le of a nation who have v/on distinction all the world over and whose noble record may not unreason- ably inspire them with proud confidence and self-reliant perseverance and self-assertion. There are many, no doubt, who will admit Scotland's title B 18 THE SCOT IN BlUriSll NORTH Ay^EIilCA. to Jill the glory she has won, {ind who yet are ready with this objection, that old-country patriotism should be left at home. In Canada, it is urged, men should cease to be Englishmen, Scotchmen, Irishmen, and so forth, and be known only as Canadians. The motive which prompts this suggestion is laudable in itself. It seems in every way desirable that those who live in the Dominion, and especially the natives of this country, should cultivate and cherish a patriotic feel- ing of attachment to it — such an affection as may be fittingly termed national. No community composed ot diverse elements ever became great until these were fused toijether and the entire people, irrespective of origin, learned to have common hopes and aspirations, and united in a combined etTort to advance their country's progress and make it great and distinguished among the nations of the earth. But nationality is, after all, a growth, and not a spasm or a gush. It is certainly i\\\\ time that Canadians began to regard their noble heritage with the eye of national pride and predilec- tion, and that its life, political, intellectual and social, were taking a national tinge. If we cannot at once spring into the stature of complete manhood, it is at least possible, in- deed necessary if we desire Canada to be great, that the habit, so to speak, of nationality should be formed and cherished until it grows to be a familiar and settled feature in our country's life. But it is quite another thing to propose that the slate shall be cleaned off, and that if this noble Canada of ours cannot begin without patriotic capital of its own, it should wait patiently until it has made a history and a name for TUB SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. in itself. The sthmilus necessary in the initial stages oi colonial progress must Ik' drawn from older lands ; it cannot he improvised ott-hand at pleasure. Factitious patriotism is a sentimental gew-gaw which anybody may fahricate and adorn with .such tinsel rhetoric as he can connnand, but it bears no resemblance to the genuine article. As with the individual, so with the embrj^o nation ; the life it loads, the" pulse which leaps through its frame, is the life of the parent — the mother or the mother-land, .as the case may be. Traditions gather about tlie young nationality as it advances through adolescence to matmity. Vet even the sons and grandsons of Englishmen, Scots, Iiishmen, French or (}er- nuins must revere the memories of the country from which they sprang — glory in what is illustrious in its history, and strive to emulate the virtues transplanted in their persons to blossom on another soil and beneath another sky. The old maxim, " No one can put off his country," has lost its international value in a legal sense ; but it remains valid in regard to the character, tendencies and aptitude of the indi- vidual man. Such as his country has maut is a necessary condition of its birth, its growth and its fervour. The dutiful son, the affectionate husband and father, will usually be the best and most patriotic subject or citizen ; and he will love Canada best who draws his love of country in copious draughts from the old fountain-head across tho sea. We have an example of strong devotion to the Euro- pean stock, combined with unwavering attachment to Canada, in our French fellow-countrymen of Quebec. No people can be more tenacious of their language, their institu- tions and their religion than they are ; they still love France TUK SCOT ly hiiiTisn north ameuica. 21 nntl its past glories with all the passionate ardour of tlu'ir warm and constant natures. And yet no peojilo are mort' contented, more tenderly devoted to Canadian interests mere loyal to the Crown and the free institutions under which they live. Sir Etienne Tachd gave expression to the settled feeling of his compatriots when he predicted that the last shot for British rule in America would he tired from tln' citadel of Quebec by a French Ciinadinn. Tlie Norman and Breton root from wliich the Lower C'anaciians sprang was peculiarly ])atriotic, almost exclusively so, in a provincial or sectional sense in old Franco; and they, like the Scot, brought their proud, hardy and chivalrous nature with them to dignify an(] enrich the future of colonial life. The Fiench Canadian, moreover, can boiist a thrilling history in the Dominion itself, to which the English portion of the popula- tion can lay no claim. Quebec has a Walhalla of departed heroes distinctively its own ; yet still it does not turn its back upon the older France, but lives in the past, inspired by its spirit to work out the problem of a new nationality in its own way. There is no more patriotic Canadian than the Frenchman, and he is also the j)rouarately, so far as that may ho done, the history of its in- tluence, the extent to which it has contributed to the settle- liient, growth and progress in development of the British North American Provinces. There is an advantage in such a mode of treatment which cannot fail to suggest itself to the reader, after a moment's reflection. A subject complex and unwieldly in the mass, is much more readily dealt with, if it be taken up by instalments ; and no division promises so mucli interest and instruction as that which marks oft' the various factors as they were, originally and before combina- tion, and then to follow them down the stream of time where they will at last be lost in a homogeneous current of national life. Be it, therefore, distinctly understood, on the threshold, that it is not intended to assert that British North Ameriiva owes everything to Scotland and the Scots, and that its pre- sent and future greatness are entirely of Caledonian origin. St. Andrew forbi<.l I The privilege is asserted here of elimin- ating, for the nonce, the other nationalities, in order that we may deal more clearly and comprehensively with Scottish character and its influence upon the settlement and progress of this vast outlying arm of the British Empire. If, there- TUJi SCOT J^ Burns 1 1 so inn AMinin'.i. foro, proniiiicnoc is i^'ivon to the ^Ictiioiis liistory (»f Scotland, tlio Htcrling virtues uf the Scottish poopic uiul the iminonsc woiglit of obligation unr which tht-y imvc laid their fel- lows ot otlu'i", and even widely severed, nationalities and races, all tlie world over, it i.s simply because to do so is oui' immediate business. There arc two clearly marked ty[)cs (jf race in Scotland, and the distinction remains in the immigrant Scots ; in r(>- liiiion, there is also a di.sturbin;'' element, anlace, to examine the character of the people, What are the salient qualities which mark off the Scot fi'om his brothers of the English-speaking race ? How has he acquired them, and what are they inti'insically worth when brought to a new country, and contributrd to the common stock ? Obviously in order to answer these questions, even with proximate accuracy, it is necessar}' to take a hasty sur- vey of the countr}', the origin any tho rleai- head and the stalwart arm of the Scot, at home, abroad, and more espceially \\>v that vast and progressive rei,don in wliieh our lot is cast. It will be found that, althougli the people of that ancient land have served a hard apprenticeship in a land eonipara- tively rugged and sterile, they have gone forth to the ei>nflit't of life equipped with tlu- highest type of social energy and virtue. Though they have fought tlu'ir own battles and contended for freedom in many lands, no race has praeti^i'd. with sucli unM'earieil iivJnstry and assured success, the nobler arts of peace. I'he harrow of raid, invasion and unjust ag- gression, which tore the vitals of Scittland for centuries, has not left them exhausted or tlesponding; on the contrary, from the blood and sweat wliieh fertilized its soil have sprung the heroes of martial strife as well as of honest laliour in every land beneath the sun. "" Their sound luus gono out into all the earth," and the re(V)rd oi' their noble ijeeds is worked in broad characters u{)OP. the history, the eivili/.a- tion and the religion of the race. If we impiire whence those inestimable cpialities arise, which have been impressed upon the national character, tlu\v must be traced in the stern diseipline of the jnist. Tlu' independent selt'-assertinn, the sensitive ] ride, the delicate sense of honour, the indomitable perseverance, the untlinehing courage and tlu' rigid it\tegtity of the Sect, are an iidieriti'ii possi>ssion of which he may surely lK>aHt, and for which the world has substantial caii^e to be abundantly grateful. • Wha daur ne-ddle wi' me T' the motto encircling the thistle, gives the key-note to the THE SCOT IX lililTlSIl NOJiTlI AMElilCA. LT, Scottish chamctor. Say-^ Hamiltuu in his lines to the oKl omblenj : " llow oft bnifiitli Its mnrtitil iiiHin'iicc, liavc Si-otia'- soiiw Throuj;h every ai,''", with duuiitletis valmir fMi^ht, On every liostile i,'rouiul ? While t>'er their lireiwt, t'liiiHiamou to the silver star, lih-.st type Of fame liiisiillied »uil superior ileeil, llistiii^'uished ornanieiit I thi-i ii.itivc iilant Surrouiuls the siiinteil eross, with eostly row Of gems enibhi/ed, uiui thiiiie of railiant gold, A sncreil mark, tlieir ltIotv and their iwiiK'." So Allan Hanisay in "'riu- Vision,"' a jxHini in aiiti<|Uo dress; it is the Ljt'iiius of Seutland he descrilies : — " (irpat dariiii; ilarted frae his e'e, A hraid sword shoj,'h'il at liis thie, Oil his K'ft arm a taive ; A shi'.iiiiK spear tilh-d liis riijlit liau 1 (.>f stalwart make in bane and brawiul, (»f just propinlinns huge ; A viM'ious rainbow-eoloured plaid Oweriiis left spail he threw l>own liis braid baek, frav his white head '!'!'.;' silver wim|ilers grew. Ama/ed, I gazeil To see led at eonnnund, A stampant and a rampant I'ieree lion in his haiul. " It is in the martial [iiDwcssot' till' Scot, that one nmst -.e<>k toi' that inviiieit>li> aiiil plodJin^^ ('niMi:y which has suinluud tlu' wilderness and sluil aluoad Mimn many lands tlirUniirn li^ht of peace, plenty and cis ili/,ati(in. 'i'lir old wurld-wc irunnphs Cidehi'atr.l iiy many a Scottisji haid a!id enant minstrel in hall and eot wfii' the harhinj^Trs ol" those un- '.Ycaryin^^ wix'stlin^rs with the rude and untametl t"oicev; of natnre, and with the i^iioraiice and savat,^eiy i' man, in which the Scots have earned laurels more endurin;,' than those m THE SCOT IN BliiriSH NOUTR AMERICA. which encircle the brows of the doufjhtiest champions. For that later conflict, as will uc seen more clearly hereafter, the people of Scotland were trained and disciplined in the hard school of peuur}'^, adversity and oppression. The world may mock those salient angularities of character, which arc merely the accitlonts attaching- to it, not its precious sub- stance. They nuuk the fury of the furnace, the crushing weight of the pitiless hammer and the rough and inexorable strength of the grindstone ; but they iu'lioatealso, only more conspicuously, tlie true and bright steel in the Scottish nature, its fine and polished temper, and the .subtle keen- iicss of its trenchant blade. :-*• PAirr I. THE SCOT AT HOME AND ABROAD, iiiS CHAPTER I. THE LAND AND THK Pi;(JPI.E. O Caledonia ! etern and wild, Meet nurse for a poetic child ! Land of brown lioath and .shagfjy wooil, l>and of the mountain and the Hooij, Land of my sire.s ! what mortal li:ind ( 'an e'er untie the filial Ixind, That knits uie to thy rugged s-traiid ? - Si i_)TT. Caledonia I thou laud of the mountain and rock, Of the ocean, the mist, and the wind — Thou land of the torrent, the i)ine and the lak, Of the roebuck, the hart, and the hiiui ; Though bare are thy tliffs, and though barren thy :-:K'iis, Though bleak thy dun islands appear, Yet kind are the hearts and undaunted the clans, That roam in the m nintains so drear 1 — J.',Mi:s il()i;f;. ■£«"'^' ' 7V'!.7. two Tittlo i.-slaiKls wliicli stainl foith in liold re- v^ ,'cf from the Nortli Atlantic, as out} osts of Euro- pean civilization, have oxeited a beneficial iniluencc upon the entire world, exceedingly dispvnnoitionatcj to the Hgure they make upon t!ie map, or their numerical and tighting strength. The cradle of the English-speaking vace, they have reared and sent forth over the glohe a vast ,\v^eriy of sturdy sons and daughters to conquer nature 28 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. and to elevate the race of man. In the spirit of prophecy which the hard in Cowper mistakenly addressed to Boadinea, it may be vaunt<'d now with still more significance, after the event — " Regions Caesar ne"-er knew, Thy posteiuy r,aall sway, Where liis eagles never flew. None invincible a» they." It is with the northern part of Great Britain — the rugged and stern Caledonia — the least promising part of the mother- land — that we are immediately concerned. Scotlan<^ is the smallest of this u , ■ nations, contains a smaller agrirrooate of natural ad vantage.; . .n hersisters,and has improved thos? advantages under circumstances far less encouragincf anoetical in that " Ti.ind of proud hearts and mountains '^roy. Where Fingal fought and Ossian sung." Mr. Lecky, in his History,* insists upon a fact which the Lowland Scot is apt to forget in conten.pt for his Gaelic countrymen : " It would be a great mistake to suppose that the Highlands contributed nothing beneficial to the Scotch character. The distinctive beauty and the great philosophic! interest of that character sprang from the very singular combination it displays of a romantic and chivalrous with a practical and industrial spirit. In no other nation do we find the enthusiasm of loyalty blended so happily with the enthusiasm for liberty, and so strong a vein of poetic sensi- bility and romantic feeling qualifying a type that is essen- tially industrial. It is not difficult to trace the Highland source of this spirit.** There are in Scotland, as every one knows, two races, recognisable by certain broad characteristics, the Gaelic Celt and the Lowland Scot, the latter somewhat loosely termed Anglo-Saxon, whenever he speaks a language which is not Gaelic. But in the school days of most peoi)le not yet past middle age, there were two giants, who met them on the threshold of British history — the Pict and the Scot. These ogres were always doing something that had better have • A History of England in the Eighteenth Century, By E, II. Lecky. (Amcr. Kd.) Vol. II. p. life of ,Agric(jla, writing of a period long antecedtjut to the estab- lishment of the Dalriadic kingdom in Ari-vieshire, contrasts them with the old Britons of the Cymric stock. He traces • Burton; His. of Scot., vol i. 3!3 34 THE SCOT m BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. an affinity between them and the Germans, because, unlike the Britons of the south, the ('aletlonians were fair-haired and large-boned. Columba, it is said, made conversions to Christianity in Picthuid, but Ins intercourse with the people was through tlie mediuui of an interpreter. Bede, early in the eighth century, relates that the New Testament had been translated into four native languages, the English, the Brit- ish or Welsh, the Scots (or Irish), and the Plctish. Philology has tried its hand in vain ; the names of rivers and other forms of local nomenclature are made Celtic, Norse or Saxon, according to the bias of the philologist. On the whole, we may give up the matter in despair, unless we accept the rational view that the east and north of Scotland, like Eng- land, were subject to long and overpcTi'ring incursions of Scandinavians and Saxons, and that the people known as Picts was a conglomerate made up of the three races or sub- races rather, Celt, Norse and Teutonic. The Pictish con- troversy, says Mr. Burton, " leaves nothing but a melanclioly record of wasted labour and defeated ambition ; " and that being so, we may be content to let it alone. There was also the kingdom of Strathclyde. It formed part of that Cymric territory which, in GOO, extended down the entire "vvest coast of Britain from the Clyde to Land's End ; was bounded on the east by the Saxon kingdoms of Northumbria, North Anglia, Mercia and Wessex. The Saxon kingdom of North- umbria consisted of Bernicia, from the Forth to the Tees in England, and Deira which met North Anglia at the Hum ber. In process of time the Cymric Celts were cut in two and the Scottish portion became isolated by the Anglian con- THE SCOT IN JiRITISn NORTH AMERICA. 35 quest of Cumbria. But not only have we the Cyuirie Celt?* ami tlio Saxons in Scotland to deal with, but the Scandina- vian element, througli the entire Lowlands, up tlie entire east, iiuitli and nortli-west coasts. Through some of its numerous blanches, Norse, Icelandic or Danish, it has left too broad a stanip upon the language, especially in the names of places, to be accounted for by mere temporary inroads of the " sea- kings." Whatever the Picts may have been, their kingdom! never was, except nominally, and by the imposition of rt monarch from Dalriada, a Celtic country within the historic period. Mr. Burton makes this clear enouglx in his work.* it was no mere stampeda of Saxons under Edgar Athcling, at tlic concpiest, that made eastern Scotland Teutonic, modified by Scandinavian. Int;n Cdmmonully Kneelt all dmin, to (iod ti> pmy, And a shi>it prayer, tliere made tiiey, To tin, who obtained ao -strong a liold in the north-western Highlands, perished after their victory over the Gaels, instead oJ being absorbed, and lost siglit of, in the superior civilization, sucli as it was, of the ancient Celt. If there were four tongues, what were they ? Certainly Pictish was not one of them. In Maebetli or Malcolm's time it is possible that four languages may have been spoken ; if so, they must have been Norse in Ross and the Noith-west, Gaelic in the west and centre, Cymric in Strathclyde, and Saxon all over the east from the bordei', and all the way round to Inverness. The Scots' kings, in fact, ruled over but a small portion of the Lowlands, even after Bannockburn, and there were petty jarls or earls in Ross and C^iithness long after Kenneth or Duncan. These last were Norse rulers ; but concerning Scandinavian inroads more will be said in the next chapter. It is sufficient here to note that the Saxon character of the entire east and north was of much older date than most historians suppose, and tliat neither the conquest of the Lowlands, the transfer of the government to Edinburgh, nor the marriage of Malcolm C-anmore with St. Margaret, whatever these have done for the dynasty, effected any more tlian a .superficial change upon the people. CHAPTER II. EARLY HISTORY. [HE first delusion to bo encountered in surveyinj^ the early history of Scotland, is that Scotland, in its modern sense, can bo traced ])ack to Kenneth, or even to a date several centuries later. The name of the Celtic Hiijhlandors or Irish-Scots has l)een the cause of t>reat bewilderment, because that people have been confounded with the country to whic they gave their lame; just as the Angles were privilegeast, the invasions took another form in earlier times ; there, thouj^di raiding might be p)-otitable, it must soon liave appeared that it could not continue io he so, and the strangt.>rs gradually disappeai*ed. Long pi-'or lo the an-ival of the Saxons in England, droves of them had settled in all parts of northern and eastern Scotland, the rougherclasB in the north-west, che more civilized in the coun- ties bordered by the German Ocean. The former d()ul>tles» came from the fjords of Norway ami from Jutland or the Elbe ; the latter from the Baltic shores, and at that time, the people of Schleswig or Kolstein were scai'cely distinguishable in language or appeai-ance from the Frisian or Pomeranian, or the former from their Danish fellows of the North. So it came topa.ss in the North of Scotland tliat there were jarls ormaormors — earls as we call them — of Ross, Caithness and Orkney, and, with the Celts on the one haiul, and the Sax- on.s, so soon as they came in contact with them, they waged perpetual warfare. The battle of Nechtansmere took place in G85, near Dunnichen, and there Egfried, the Saxon df Northumbria, fell fighting with the Picts ; later the North- umbrians were contending,, in alliance with the Picts, against TIJE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 45 the CynP'ic Stiathclydc, and iti 75G the Britons submitted; in tlie west the Scots of the Dahiada fought with the Noise jails of the extreme nortli ; and in 703 the Danes and Norwegians descended on the Bernician coast at Lindis- farne and ravaged the country far over the border by the valleys of T\vee>linburgli, and altogether too late to change either the blood or language of the people in Scotland, east and south. In the north, they never possessed moiT than a fictitious sovereignty. On all sides then, there ap})ears the evidence of a nation in the making, and it is perhaps the more in- structive as a study, because the birth throes lasted h^ far down in the history, as compared with l^igland which ended its race ti'oubiee early, and with poor Erin where they are, as Mr. Froude remarks, not yet brought to a peaceful solution. The outlook was not over-promising under Malcolm Canmore, with whom, according to Tytlcr, Scottish history proper 46 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. commences. There was a people not homogeneous, as was once supposed, but composite. It was certainly not Celtic, nor yet unmixed with Saxon; yet evidently there was a hardy, determined and vigorous community in the process of forma- tion. If you ask why the Scot in British North America has approved himself the frugal, pushing, keen-witted and sternly straightforward man he appears in the main, the answer is because of those barren hills with heather-clad slopes and the wildness of nature around him — its grandeur and its penuriousness together — thathe has been madeat once thrifty and imaginative — a ploughman, a shepherd, a weaver,and j'et a poet or a philosopher. And if to the influences of nature we add the fiery discipline of unceasing conflict within, and from without, what wonder if the Scot, who is the inheritor of the stout virtues bequeathed him by his fathers, should be one of the first in the peaceful crusade of British civili- zation all the world over ? Malcolm Canmore's reign, as already remarked, is usually taken to be the opening of a new era in Scotland ; but neither nature nor man effects anything by abrupt leaps. The King of Scots was merely the ultimate link in a chain which had been drawing the Celtic dynasty to its Saxon subjects for many a long year. The monarch whom he de- throned had, perhaps, as good a title to the throne as he> and the mention of his name to most readers will excite a deeper feeling of interest than that of the husband of St. Margaret. Macbeth, or Macbeda, as Mr. Burton prefers to call him, was no mean man, apart from that lurid and sinis- ter glow which the transcendent jjenius of Shakspeai'e has THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 47 thrown about him. It is not certain that he was not a usurper to be sure ; but it would be exceedingly difficult to prove that he was one. Mr. Burton shrewdly hints that the Norman chroniclers, monkish or otherwi.se, not finding a proper genealogy for Macbeth, as king in hereditary suc- cession on Norman principles, boldly made him out " a fraud," when, for all that appears, ho was the rightful heir, if not in himself, in right of his wife Gfruach, whom we all know now as the Lady Macbeth of Shakspear*?. Indeed, it is not very hard to demonstrate that " the gracious Duncan," instead of being one who " Hath borne his faculties so rneek, hath been So clear in his great office that his virtues Will plead like angels trumpet-tongued, against The deep damnation of his taking off " — {Act I., sc. 7), as Macbeth is made to declare, would seem to have been an aggressive and troublesome ruler and a usurper to boot, according to the notions of succession prevalent in those days. From the time of Kenneth Macalpine, who conquered the Picts, the Scots were incessantly at war with the Danes, and no less that eight Scottish kings altogether are said to have fallen in fighting with them. Malcolm I., to whom, in 945, Edmund had made over Cumbria, was one of these. Kenneth III., however, defeated the Danes signally at the great battle of Luncarty (070) ; Ijut was killed at the castle of Fettercairns, in a row with the Earls or ^Maornior.s o^' Angus and Mearns. Constantine was killed by a rival, Kenneth IV. (the Grim), who was in turn slain in fight by Malcolm II. He reigned twenty years, 'l^'ing in 1033, and was a warlike king, consolidating and even enlarging his territory. 'I 43 TlfE SCOT ly HRITISIl NOHTll AMERICA. Ill the year 1018 ho invadeJ Northtimbria, and, iit Carham on the Tweed, gained a victory which niadl upon tlie hot eml)ers o.!" Nantes as ho rode -down the steei)street vowing vengeance on riiilii> of France* In the Church he disposed the Saxon Stigand and en- tluoned I^ianiVanc the Norman, wlu) sjieedily made the sec <)fYork subordinate to his own. William had shown his power in Northuml)ria,buthe lianlly touched Scotland. Under Rufus, Malcolm made war and made peace ; marched over the northern Englisli counties and, at last, met Rufus at (iloucester for conference ; when returning, he and his son and heir were slain ])y the. .Nort]nind)rian Earls. TJien fol- lowed, in short order, Donald I5ane and Malcolm's natural son Duncan ; Edgar fought his way to the throne, in turn, and unconsciouslv made the Kingdom of Scotland what it is by coding the country from the Lannnermoor Hills west 'Oreeti's Uistorv, Vul. i., r.rijk ii., chap, i., p. 133. 64 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NiHiTH AMEIilCA. through that portion of the country between the Solway and Clj'de to his younger brother David. In 1124 David l>e- came King and lield the Scottish kingdom ahnost intact. (Cumberland still remained a part ofScotland until 1153, when William the Lion relinquished it to Henry II. after he wa.s l»eaten at Alnwick. In 1237, the boundaries of the kingdoms were for the first time definitively settled. Edgar's reign of eight or nine vears was chieflv remarkable for the first mati'imonial union of England and Scotland in regnant families. In 1100 his sister Matilda married Henry I. and thus the heirs of the Saxon and Norman line were doubly united, and the bond was further cemented when Alexander I. married Sibylla, the daughter of Henry. David I. was, above all things, a Churchman, and he was also an hereditary enemy of the Norman line — a legacy of ill to him. In the usurpation of Stephen, when Matilda, the daughter of the first Henry was set aside, there was an illegitimate uncle named Robert, Earl of Gloucester, who tied to Scotland and was received by David. The end of that enterprise was the contest at Northallerton, known as the Battle of the Standard from the vehicle with crucifix and adornments which formed the rallying point of the P^nglish host. At this battle the Scots and the malcontents from the south were tenibly de- feated in the year 1138. Of David's army it Is somewhat difficult to form a conception, and almost beyond the art of tlifi literary scene-painter to describe. " A wild, diveisified horde such as we may suppose to have been connnanded by Attila or Genseric," not only of Scots or wild Picts, but strange men from Orkney over which David had no pretence TUE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 55 of authority. It is not a matter for surprise that this motley host, although they piled charge upon charge, were defeated ; yet, as the Scottish historian observes, David " acted more like a baffled than a beaten general, and collecting such of his forces as remained, laid siege to Wark Castle. Stephen had enough work on his hands elsewhere ; he therefore made peace with David in 1139 at Durham. St. David, for he has been canonized, was what is called '' a pious prince," that is, he endowed the Church liberally — rather too liberally in the opinion of James I. (of Scotland), for he used an expreasion at David's sepulchre at Dunfermline — " as he wald mene that that king left the Kirk ower rioho, and the crown ower puir." He endowed or adjusted nine bishoprics and a num- ber of religious houses, known in after song and story, among them Holyrood, Melrose, Jedburg, Kelso, Dryburg, Xewbattle and Kinloss (in Moray). Malcolm IV. lived on amicable terms with Ifcnry 11. of England ; but his brother, William the Lion, took part with Henry's undutiful sons and having fallen into that kings hands at Alnwii-k (1174), was taken prisoner to Northamp- ton and then to Normandy, where at Falaise, he made a treaty acknowledging " a complete feudal superiority of the King of England over Scotlatid" — a concession which proved of some moment in vears to cuiue. " Whatever its value, as * Mr. Burton ob«crvc8 ; " The mucli desired iiifeudatioii of Scotland was now conii>l6to — Kt Ji'nst on parcliinent. In the great hoiiiatre ilisimte, on one side iit least, a perverse (teilan- try has depended on ceremonies and writs, instead of broad liistoriciil facts ; ori if all that .1 hiifh-spiritcd people could gain by ages of endnranec and contest niij^lit bo lost by a clip "f parchment. But it is odd that these pedantic reasuners should have overlooked how strongly this transaction bears ajfainst them. If the Scottish people really were under feudal subjugatiun to the Norman kings of Kni(land, what need to create that conditiou by ^ 56 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. extorted from a prisoner, apart from other considerations, it is certain that Richard I. in 1189, in the stronjjest lanfjuajre absolved the Scottish king from the agreements which his " good father Henry had, through his capture, been able to wrest from William (per captionem suam extorsit)." For that act of justice the impulsive Coeur do Lion received the sum of ten thousand pounds and fluhg it away, with chival- rous recklessness, in the abyss of the Crusades. There was now a lull in the affairs of Scotland, although nmch of note was going on in Europe — the cause, doubtless, of tranquillity in North Britain. From tlie accession of William to the death of his succesfor Alexander II., eighty-four years elapsed — a period pregnant with momentous issues to Eu- roix) and the world. Becket had been murdered at Canter- bury, Ireland conquered, Jerusalem taken by Saladin, and re-taken by Richard after the battle of Ascalon ; Pope Inno- cent III. sat on the throne, the Albigenses were slaught- ered by Simon de Montford, and the Inquisition was set on foot ; John had signed the Magna Cliarta, and behavetl generally, like the crafty poltroon that he was ; and St. Louis, the tender, ascetic, yet almost pitiful impersonation of medittjval piety, had just embarked upon his Crusade, when Alexander III. mounted the Scottish tlirone in 1249. In accordance with the treaty of Newcastle mas" " mut<.'lv testifving to a battle there, alt tgctlicr clearly to tliis battle of King Ha- kon ; who, by the ^sorse records, too, was in these neigli- bourhoods about that same date, and evi the weather on those wild coasts; and altojfether credible, as Um 58 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. due chiefly to the winds or to the superior prowess of the Scots, Norman invasion henceforward ceases to be a factor in Scottish history. Magnus IV. of Norway ceiicd all the Western Isles, and the only Norse possessions thereafter wore Orkney and Shetland ; yet the Norse element remained in North-western Scotland and the Isles, and impregnated strongly the Celtic region in the south-west which had been the original realm of the Scots. This district, says Mi, Burton, along with a large strip on the east coast of Ireland, having Dublin as its capital, and the Isle of Man, constituted a sort of naval einpire of the Northmen.* In 1281, Eric of Norway married Margaret of Scotland, and with their daughter. " the Maid of Norway," who died at Orkney on her way to take possession of the Crown, the direct line failed, ai'.d then new and teri-ible Avoes to that sorely harassed country began.-f" Alexaui. .r III, fell over Scotch records bear, tli;it lie was so at I.iiryrs very siiPLhilly, The Xur-c records or Sa'jfas »«y merely that he lost many of hia ships by the tempests, and many of his men by laud- fij^hting in various parts, — tacitly including Larjr^, no doubt, wliicb was the last of thesi- niisfortunes to him. ' In the battle here he lost 15,000 men,' say the Scots, 'we ,^,000!' Divide these niunbers bj ten, and the excellently brief and lucid summary by Buchanan may be taktn as the approximately true and exact, Date of the battle is A. D. 1203." -Ibid. ♦ Uist. ii. 100. + The eoiivoy which attended Erie's bride to Norway met with a dire mishap comink; bome, which is celebrated in the ballad of " Sir Patricl; Speiis." Before reachinj? the catas- trophe, whieli is itroperly reserved for the last, there is a quaint de3crii)tion of the treat- ment the ):nc?ts received, when " they hadna been there a week." This is what the " lord* «' Norway " saiJ to Spens and bis comrades ; — " Ve Scotli^hnu'n spend a* our king's goud, .\nd a" our (pieenis fee." " Ye lie, ye lie, ye liars loud ! Fu' loud I hear ye lie ; " Fur I hac brou;:ht as much white iminie, As jrave (sutlU'cd) my men and nie. And 1 hue broii'.'bl a lia:f-fou nf mine red gvuil, Out o'er the sea wi' me," THE SCOT IN BUITISIT NORTH AMERICA. 59 the crags at Kingliorn, and the condition of Scotland, from the death of " The Maid," in 128G, until the battle of Ban- nockburn (1314), was deplorable in the extreme. An old verse, chiefly interesting for its ago, and as expressing the defipeir which soon settled on the people, may be inserted here ; — " When Alysandyr our Kyiige was dede, That Scotland led in luve and le, Away was sons of ale and brode, Of wyue and wax, of gainyn nnd gle, Our gold was changj'd into Itdu, Cryst born into viryynyte, Succour Scotland and reniede, That stad is in perplexyte." " This," says Prof. Murray, " wliich is probably the earliest extant specimen of Scottish verse, is of peculiar interest, as revealing the bitterness with which the people remembered the good old times of plenty preceding the War of Inde- ])endence, and enabling us to understand the intensity of national feeling which called the war forth, and which found utterance in the pojjular songs of the peiiod."* The " perplexyte," of which the unknown rhymer tells must have been appalling, because apparently without hope. The kingdom, although marked out by natural bouudaries, was The result is an iiniiiodiate order to embark issutJ hy Sir Patricia in anjior. TJiCv »''e cku^'ht InaBlurra, and tlic result is pathetically told in the last fire stanzaH. TliU is the luaoluding one : — " Half owre, half owro, to Atjerdour, Tis fifty fathoms deep, And there lies gude Sir 1'atrii.k Si>eii4 Wi' the Scuta lords at hid feet." TTiiH ballad was long thought to have been the oldest specimen of its kind ; but It woulil uppear that both it and " Hardjknute," which relates to the battle of Largs, were writlcn by Elizabeth Halkctt, La proud of the bond that unites them to it, that country is surely Scot- land ; yet it is exceedingly easy to feel a kimlred glow from the broadly human stand-point. In a letter to the Earl of Buchan, Robert Burnit points out this ftict distinctly : " In- erish with her." f.Jan 12, 17!)4). Now it is not diflicult to elimin- ate here what is due to the " entliusiasm " u[' the pati'iot, and when that is removed, For any generous-minded man to feel juecisely Avhat l^tirns felt. Mr. lliickle was an Vav^- lishnian. and, as [will he seen lua-eafter, gave Scotlan-, yet mark his lighteous indignation at th.e Kilwi'.rds and his exultation at theii- discomfiture: "The darling ohject of the English was to suhjugate the S(0(ch; ami if anything could ijici'ease the disgrace of so hase an enterpiise, it would he that, having undertaken it, ti.ey ignoiniiionsly faile1, Edward summoned his Noithundirian vassals t(j meet him at Norham Castlt; on the south liaiik of the Tweed. llavingcon(piered Wales with ruthless vinss,he now resolved to tui-n his attention to Scotland. Ilaliol, llnice the elder, and Hastings, I'cpivsented respectively the three < laughters aheady mentione(i — Margaret, isuliel and Ada. 'J'he ]>oint in dispute really lay hetween I'aliol and llriice-- the foi'mer claimiu''' as "rrandsoii of the iddest dau'^dit i' the latter as son of the second daughter, an 1 theiefcn'e tlm neai'cst male to the common ancestoi'. .Mr. Hurtoii gives a graphic accountof the meiitings on both sides (jf the TwiimI. The Parliament of Scotland, if sucli it may l)e termed, had m THE SCOT IN BmriSh -jUTH AMERICA. asked fMward's goo«l oftiees Modi -mv^** infunned that lir could only intervepve as suz^ram ;' ffflu^ demurred to any co>eHtiny," now t4ie^j*"aw; d4f lft« coro- nation cl*«ir in Westrriiiw^««' Abbey. It m ttiv ),»e ofawir i'ed. tltait both th* elainiant.s, JsJf*ik)l and the eldest ^ tfi*' fci»- fiiorieaii IMtceH were Norma»ns •jacfh of them (lu-ite iir #^ ijihjf as the other to take aii uji^h of t'eaJky to J'>l«rt>5^i<>i!>«? lx*iit.ween -fJa^Hi. Ifive Bruce luif*' not jnet i^»/>v«5J(i .ani(?r ji^»^ai#whi'le the srtia^ j^,* clearing fr>r tfl*e »4lA-ent «»f tl>«* )iei>^-'! by 7A^»r(\ at Newca»«S« 10^ #^X'r siuipleto«fi; >* lanib aK*'/»u;if>!t w<>*lv..si«>r"ians eoiwit^wiiiffly hanip ie<:l jwy^ erossc<< at .«!9cery point. )f^\vf/.'^^'\tc eiklor l)**-^ shown soBi<^ imA ponHi^Atf, pf/^^M^ *V rebel. But a wnv with Philip T\'. of France was iO ^v>»|,ieet • Sec tlic wlmlc of (.'liaiiter xix in Mr. U.irt ui's .s.'i'i ml volunii;.' •uu...-.-- . ;....., ^,..^..,. THE SCOT IN BRTTISU NORTH AMERICA. m and therefore, wlien Edwanl found that Baliol had begun to intrigue with liis enemy, he resolved to occupy the interval of preparation in once for all ([uieting Scotland. He marched nortli, besieged and took licrwick, and, finding IJaliol in arms, attacked and defeated him at Dunbar. The royal j)uppet surrendered, and the English monarch devas- tated, with merciless cruelty, the Avhole countiy as far as Aberdeen and Elgin. Baliol remained a prisoner in the Tower foi" two 3'ears ; released at the request of the Pope lie retired to France, where he died in the Bannockburn year, LSI 4. His name, or rather his father's, survives him in rhe Oxford collegiate foundation. All was darkness in the land after the deposition of Ba- liol, until a deliverer, fittiii'dv arose iVdUi the ranks of the people, to emancipate the country'. ^lany inciedible mar- vels have gathcreil about the name of William Wallace, and yet the main facts of his Idstory are beyond (piestion. He was a typical Lowland Scot, of great personal .strength and power of endurance, of c(jnsummate tact, unimpeachable [irobity and great military skill.* How he came by the .-inguhu' ability he possesse- !!iu'tlyii lid grandly when stripped of thf ttunliii al |iri>)xitics." (Itiirton : Tlir>Scot .Miri.a.l, II. " He wa.s a skilf\il and lintve (jiMural, an arroniiilinhcd |Hilit;Lian, and a |inlplii man t4 #iM»tlm.d faith and und.vuiij zeal," {Ihid.) 70 THE SCOT IN BlilTISH NORTH AMEBIC A. wife. Driven to clespemticn, like a lion at ])ay, ho prepared to turn upon his foes. Capal»le of enduring any amount of hardship, he slowly collected the strength of the oppressed Anglo-Saxons of tlie Lowlands, wandering al)Out and, at need, lurking in caves and thickets, until he had collected a force sufficient from the first to harass Edward's outposts. He acknowledged Baliol, and even assumed to act in his name ; nevertheless he represented the Saxon element, at deadly feud with Norman feudalism.* One of his most audacious acts at the outset was a Lold daylight raid upon Scone where Justiciar Ormsby was hohling EdwanVs Couit and this was only one of the many daring ex|)l()its ]iy whieh the champion of the Scots effected the double purjiose of training and increasing his forces, and oi" keeping the foe in a constant state of alarm. He had an arduous task liefure him ; yet he fuHilled it with all the confidence of genius. "As a soldier" savs Burton, " he was one of those uuirvel- lously gifted men, ai'ising at long intervals, who can see through the military superstitions of the day, and oiganize ' Prof. Vcitch, in liis ailinirulilc Ili>i(<}fj/ anil I'lictrii i>/ the Scnttii-h //o/v/cr, (ilisevves: " Kiiwarii liiul iio ddiiljt wluit Miiiie iiiiiy renaiit as ouliglituiicd viuws cf t^oMi iiiiR'lit. TIh> weru, linwevor, of a sutiicwliat imperial aiul ail)itniry suit, ami llio Liiliylitfiii'd eleiiu'iit in views pressed upon ii iienplo at the point uf tlic s\\c>rd, is apt nut l eoiuUrymeirs chaiaetor. See also Kurtou llltftoty of Scvtland, li. 278. THE SCOT IX BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 71 power out of tlioso t'loments wliicli the petlantic soMiei- rejects as riibldsli."* Apart fi'oin the disparity of numbers, En;^land liad b'^en trained by almost constant wnrfaie at home and abroad, whilst Scotland had enjoyed . 'Mt. (Ainer. V.i].). liiirtoii ; UUtorii, VmI. li. tliap. XX. 72 THE SCOT IX mUTISII NOIlTn AMERICA. but for tlie discovoiy, by treachery, of liis whereabouts. He was compelled t<» fi,:,'ht at hopeless disadvantage. Ncvei- theless, he selected his oround with even i^reater skill than before, and awaited the onset of Edward's host. Here at Falkirk, in his la.st heroic fight, the Scottish hero showee no more}'. He was captured at Glasgow ])y a i)aity, under Alexander de Menteith, who had recently ieccivL-(l the royal clemency. The Scottish historian is careful to urge that " iause " is an unjust ejiithet, coupled "with the name of 3Ienteith, since he was in no sense a traitoi-, being one of Edward's officers and Governor of Duiubarton Castle. Wal- lace was carried through London and died as a subject of the king's for treason, border-raiding, and conspiring with the king of France. He was executed Avith all tlie bai'bai-i- ties of thafe time, and unhappily of times much moie recent. His head was iixetl on London Bridge, and his piarters 74 THE SCOT IN BRITISJI NORTH AMERICA. wore put up at Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling ami Perth.* The liero's work was done, however, and eouUl not l)e un- done. He had breatlied the quickenin<,f breath of national vitality into the Scottisli people; sealed the cause of their independence with his patriotic blood; and, of all the un- canonized martyrs of history, whose memories are embalmed in its Walhalla, none stands out in purer and brij^hter sheen than William Wallace, the simple knij^ht of Kllerslie. The organizing schemes of Etivvard were now complete and he was about to hohl a joint Parliament, of bt)th nations,, at Carlisle, when the irrepressible Scot again broke out in the illustrious person of Robert Bruce, grandson of the claimant to the crown in 1290. The house of Bruce was Norman, and belonged properly to Yorkshire ; but, by mar- riage it had obtained the Earldom of Carrick and the Lordship of Annandalc. The iirst Bruce and his son had, on the \\hole, though somewhat fitfully, adhered to the English side, and for obvious reasons. However attractive the crown or the independence of Scotland may have been, they were not much to blame if they secured the main chance — their English patrimony. It was no light matter to provoke the wrath of Edward, and defeat meant absolute and irretrievable ruin. The gi-andson proved himself a man of sounder fibre, but his education gave small promise of * "Siicli Jcods," as o>ir liistdiinii remarks, "hcloii}; to a por.cy wliit'h outwits itself; but tlio retribution luis seldnui cmiie su (|uiely care," the a<,^'d Edwai'd once more nerved himself to liis ajipointed task. He fiist secure*! the Pope's excommunica- tion of Bruce for .sacrile^'e ; threatened death to all concern- -ed in Comyn's murder; and, in his raj^^e, caused he poor Countess of Buchan to be suspended IVom one of the towers of Berwick, in a cage of spar.s. All who took up arms were menaced Avith death ; and Kdwai'd nuide formidable jire- ]tarations for venn-oance aijainst Bruce, vowiny,, as if enterinix upon a solemn crusade or holy war, to devote the remainder of his days to that work. From hi.s son, who bad been made a knight in Westminster Abbey, after a night's vigil, he ex- acted a vow, that should he die before the accomplishment of his purpose, his body should be borne about Avith the army, and never buried till Scotland Avas subdued. The atlvance army, under Pembroke, Clifford and Percy, arrived in Scotland early in 13U(J. The king only reached Carlisle in March, 1.S07, although he had set out the summer before, borne in a litter; meanwhile Bruce, the king's brother, liis sister's luisband, the Earl of Athole, Sir Simon Frasra-* and * See an intcrcstiiij,' iiccouiit of tliis remarkable reiver, ami of the Fra.sor family in Twcul ~urgh-on-the-Sands, within siglitof Scotland, Edward I., "the Jlanuner of the Scots," breathed Ids last, aftei' bi'- le, Alexander if tlie Isles, and Donald of the I>le-). wlio, as they were In -jnic uieiwure rivals, did not always co-operate.'' liurton : Uiitun/, ii, 30:'. ^ ^j^^< ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // 1.0 :fi I.I 1.25 M 112.5 |iO 1^ 20 U 11.6 6" V3 v5 r /. '/ /A Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAiri SHREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4503 N5 iV ,v .^^ 6^ % u.. ~ 78 THE SCOT IN liltlTlSU NORTH AMERICA. some reason, to pass throuj^h the Higlilands, Bruce reached tlt»lm of Lorn's country ; and as tliat hauglity potentate was a rehition of Coiuyn's, Bruce soon found himself ]»es«'t hy a swarm of Higli landers ; yet his mailed force outwitted the half-nnked liorde. He was attacked also hy Pembroke "s force; but from 130() to 1310 his movements cannot be clearly traced. We fiud his foice gradually melting before Pembroke and Lorn, who hunted him with blood-hounds. He and a companion broke the scent by swimming streams, catching the boughs of trees, and swinging from tree to tree. Their wives followed them and were tended with chivalrous care, until at last they reucheeen taken, and it was besieged by Edward Bruce, in 1313. The commander promised to sur- render if not relieved before St. John Baptist's Day — an arrangement, which if it meant anything, betokened an invasion, and such an enterjtrise was actually on foot. Edward had collected a mighty host of 100,000 English, Welsh, Irish, also (Jaseons and other foreigners ; tiie Scots arc stated at 40,000, but Mr. Burton .says that this is certairdy an exaggeration. The l»attle was of necessity to be fought under tlie walls of Stirling Castle, and thciv a little to the THE SCOT IN lililTISH NORTH AMERICA. V.) south of it, there was a risinj^ ground, flanked l>y a little hronk or bum, destined to he famous in the world's liistory ; for its name was Bannockhurn. Hruce selected his ground at leisure, and Edward had no choice but to fi<;ht or lose the stronghold, which his father had felt more pride in seizing than in mall hackney and his opponent made an Jis.sault with the ^j»ear: this was dexterously warded off by the king, who, wheeling round, cleft Bohuu's skull with so fearful a blow fliat the handle of the axe was shattered in his grasp. At ■ lavbreak on the twenty-fourth of June, LSI 4- the English adv.nnced to the charge. Then, again, as at Falkirk, the two methods of warfare, the old and the new, came iiito < ompeti- tiun. Following in the footstej»s of Wallace, Bruce had ■^ 00 Tut: SCOT ly hhitisu north America. drawn uj) his forces in hollow H(iuares, or circlets, and Ed- ward attempted, as his father lunl successfully done in 121)8» to rake them with the arrows of his archers. The move- ment was sufficiently promising, and nii<;^ht have been suc- cessful if, as at Falkirk, the bowmen liad been well supported ; as it was, Bruce's reserve of horse easily scattered them, anJ Siul- lanil, ami other liaUiuls. This stanza i» from Anld MuitUiml : " It's ne'er be said in Franee, nor e'er In Scothiud, when I'm hame, That Englishman lay nmler me, And e'er gat up a^'ain." THE SCOT IN lililTISlI NORTH AMERICA. 8\i By this instrument Edward recognized the independent sovereignty of Scotland, renouncing all claim to feudal superiority. He agreed " that the kingdom should remain for ever to the great prince Lord Robert, by the grace of God, illustrious king of Scotland, and liis heir-s and suc- cessors ; and that Scotland, by its old marches in the uc]i nucleus of development and stored-up power will ap- pear in the next chapter. Meanwhile it .seems advisable to 1 un over the intervening and connecting period, so as to be able, without missing a link, to trace the chain of events down to the time when the Scottish type of character, may, vojnparatively speaking, be looked upon as fixed. David II., Robert's son, was a boy of eiglit years old when Ills father died, in 1329, and Randolph, Eail of Murray had been appointed Regent. Both the Regent and Douglas, liowever, were early removed, an«l disputes arose concerning the restitution of estates owned by Englishmen, which was ordained by the treaty of Northampton. Edward Baliol, taking advantage of the confusion, and contrary to the wish, real or aft'ectcd, of Edward, made a bold attempt to ^ccure the throne. He landed in Fife in 1332, was crowned at Scone, and at once acknowledged Edward as his feudal superior. This last step ruined him utterly, and he and his retainers were driven across the Border. In 1333, Berwick was besit'ged and, on a relieving force making its appearance, a battle was fought at Halidon Hill in which the Scots Wore defeated. Baliol then ceded all south of the Firth of Forth and did homage for the rest — a step which, when dis- covered, sent Baliol back to Berwick. The Scottish League with France now proved of service, and Edward inaugurated the Hundred Years' War between England and France by ^r THE SCOT IN BHITJSU NOHTII AMERICA. making liis preposterous claim to tlio Frencli throne. Dftvises, and fixed itself fiiinly upon the soil. * A well ktuiwn pngsatrc from nucklc's WiVfon/ of Civilization, may lie (Hiottil hiTo. ''There liavt- been iiiore reI)elliitliiiiil tluiii in any other country, nml tlie rehelltons liiivc been very winKuinary, on well ax very niinierouH. The Scotch have nmile war with their kin^ti, and i>iit to ileath many. To mention their treatment o( a »\uk\v il\ na.sty, the.\ ipnnlcred JameN I. and .lanieH Ul. They rebelled against James U. and .Jamen Nil. The> kiid hold of .lames V. and placed him in ecmflnement. M ary they uiinnired in a castle and afterwards deposed. Her successor, James VI., they imprisoned ; they 'j only Itanicr ^i^aiinst (icNpntisni ; fur thoiv wuM nnotlicr I'Icinent always in alliance witli thf Clown. 111. The clergy who flouii.slied tipon the ('onHict!^ of tlio ( 'rown and the noltility. Tlu'y had the eeelesiu.stical aim and, by their snperior training, tact and experience, could always command the royal authority. The chief ad- vl.sei- of Jame.s II, the violator of liospitality and his plighted word in the murder of the Dougla-ses, wa.s Kennedy, IJinhop of St. Andrews. This must be lM)rne in mind when one comes to read the lessons of the Reformation period. More- over, although the excessive power anvhs not an unmixed evil. There were two Roses to contend for in ^ England ; in Scotland there was but one Thistle, and it bristled up at its spiny points and drew blood in all ijuar- tcrs. The contest between the kings and the nobles con- tinued the work of devastation, far on, up to and l>eyond the close of the middle ages. When i>eople speak of Scot- land having been a centuiy behind its sister kingdom at the beginning of the seventeenth or eighteentli cc;ituiy, let them consider what that poor, long-suflering, brave and dauntless people achieved and endured during those long, dark centuries from the end of the tliirtecnth to the Ixjgin- ning of the eighteenth. They suffered and were strong ; TiiK sc(>T IX iiiirrisii xnurii ameuwa. H!) anl tlu'iici' wft.H (IniNvn tlir tiicijxy stoii'd \\\\ in tlu- natioiml ilmractcr. Sinviviiij^ nil tlic rude sIhmIvh of time aiitill more unfortunate Mary (^ueen of Soots (1370-l.ji2j- It was a perioil of dire tribulation for that atHict«'u iand ; and yet no perio 1 in British annals was so fiuitfid in])oet'y, hallad an ' romance. I)urin<^ that dead time in Kn;;lihh literature, wliich extended from the death of Chaueer to the Tudor times, Scotland produced many an illustrious i)oet, ^iiid many a stirrin;j; Bordei ballad of fame enonj^h, thou;j:li of authorship unknown.* Foremost in the ranks stood the names of John Jiaiboui', Archdeacon of Aberdeen, the Ilotner of the War of Independence, lUind Harry, the Minstrel, who ecame his Queen ; sadder than all that he perished by the assassin's hand in his forty-fourth year. To him have been attributed also PehUn at the Play and two other kindred ])oems, partly satirical and partly descriptive of society, of lural manners and the ( -hurch.* This most accomplished of the Stuarts " who strove to civilize the country he was called upon to govern, by curbing the power of the nobles, appears as .1 gracious figure in Scottish annals." He attempted too much, and fell a victiui to his unselfish and patiiotic ambi- tion. To James V. is attributed a reHection of himself in the Gaherlanzie Man, and James VI. was also a poet in a • Vi'itch ; Harder History arul Poetry, y>. 311. my TJIE SCOT IN JililTISH NOIITII AMERICA. 91 smal! way. Whatever maybe sniil of tlie paucity of philo- sopliical thinking in Scotland before Buchanan — ami that is a mistake in the main — there can be no doubt of tlie splen- did galaxy of poetic spirits which adorned the centuries from Robert II. to Mary, Queen of Scots.* On Flodden Field, in fight with his brother-in-law, Henry VIII., and as a conse([uence of the ancient Scottish league with France, James IV. with the flower of his chivalry perished, and Scotland received a sta{j;rerinf e: Eiiiiburj,'!), though nut formally establislHMl till l.')82, wns cliit'riy emlowod hy a sum bt'(|Uoathe(l many ycais hoforc, liy Rt'id, the Catholic Bishop of Orkney.* In 14!)r), the Scottish Parliament — in which the cler^^fy were the leaders, not less on account of th(.'ir cultured intel- ligence than their sacerdotal claims — enacted a law, cum- pelling all banms and freeholders to send their eldest sons to the Grammar Schools, un«ler pain of a heavy tine. It is not an excess of charity to believe that the Scottish bisliops saw in religious e«lucation the one great agent in civilizing the untutored race around them, and of reducing to sojiu - thing like order the frightful chaos in which Scotland was involved. The wealthy endowments, no less than the patronage, bestowed upon the Church by kings from Malcolm and St. David onwards, no doubt caur:ed. it to gravitate to the side of royalty; yet it is not unreasonable to suppose that the clergy were also influenced by the patriotic conviction that, in the strengthening and consolidation of the monarch v, lay the only prospect of permanent relief from so wretched a condition of affairs. On the other hand tile nobles saw with dismay the gradual absorption of the nation's slender re- sources by religious foundations, and they knew well how hopeless it was by any ordinary effort, to undinch the rigid " dead hand " of the Church, when it had once closed' upon * Lccky ; Eiujlnnd in the tUjhteenlh Centuni. Amer. Ed. Vol. M. y> 47. It " iiiii^t In- Bi.-kiiQ\vled)(cil that a iHrge part of the credit of tlie tiiovenientin favour of ccliii'atioii bcloDys to the Church which preceded the Reforiiintion ; iior is uiiy fact in Scotcli liistory iii.f remarkable than the noble cnthu&iasm for knowledjfc which animated that Church drriiir the fifteenth ce.itury." Ibid. a ^T 96 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. the possessions within its reach. Religion " waxed fat, and kicked ;" hecaiiie of the world, worldly; filled with avarice and carnal ambitions, weak in faith and corrupt in morals.* To the degenerate hierarchy had gone forth the solemn warning lieard h" the Apocalyptic seer and addressed to the Church at Sardis, — " I know thy works, that thou ha.st a name that thou livest, and art dead." During the minority of James V. the struggle between the nobles and the CMiurch assumed deunite shape. Albany, the Regent, had retired in disgust, and for a time tlie Douglases reigned sui)reme. They had turned James Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrews, out of the Chancellorship ; but their triumph was short-lived. In l.')28, the clergy had again as.serted theii- su])remac'y and maintained it for the next thirty-two years, until the first General Assembly met to garner in the fruits of the Pro- testant victory. Meanwhile, the ecclesiastical influence was ailvaneing, by sure but rajtid strides, to the supremacy. The clergy gradually got possession of all offices of trust and emolument ; the chiefs of the nobles were exiled or imi)ri- .soned ; the burning of heretics became a sacerdotal business and a royal pastime. To make bad worse, James took as his second wife — Mary, a daughter of the bigoted and ruth- less family of Guise, or as Kirkton terms her, " ane egge of the bloody nest of Guise." In 1539, David Beaton, who had b<>en raised to the cardinalate, succeeded his uncle as Arch- bishop of St. Andrews, and from that time till his assassina- ' " From the see of St. I'ctcr to the far inonaiiteriea in the Hchrides or the Isle of Arran, the laity were shoclved and Hcaiuialized at the outrai,reuus doiiij;!* of hijfh cardinal!*, prclutcf, |iricNt8 and monks. It was cltar enoujfh tliat these great prrsunagus themselves did not bclievc.wliat they taut;)it ; so why should the people believe it 1 " Froude (as above), p. 106, |Hl.,,) i -t i iL I I»U-U i , THE SCOT IX BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 09 tion was the king's sole aclvisi-r. James had received from (he Pope the title Henry VIII. had forfeited, of " Defender "f the Faith," and the outlook for Scotland became alto- jfother dark, lowering and hopeless. But the d<)(»m of the ancient Church wa.s pronounced at the very moment, when (hished with their triumph, the clergy were enacting new and more .sanguinary penal laws again.st lieresy. They had even registered for death no less than six hundred of the aristocracy in what Watson has called " the bluidy scroll." Step by stej), as the l)reach widened between the clergy anorn l)iil»o, wliieh had better have yiehled up its little life mid been laid beside its father in the ecam(! re^'cnt in Arran's place — a step thus com- mented upon I»y Knox in a characteristic sentence— '• ti. croune was patt upone hir head, als seimlye a sight (y tf men had eis) as to putt a sadill upone the hack of ane unrewly kow." Mr. Buckle suggests that Mary wouUl not have ruled badly if her bigoted and ambitious relations, the Duke of Gui.se and the Cardinal of Lorraine ha more clearly its purity and worth. During the five years of struggle yet remaining his was the tiory and indomitable spirit which coiwiuered all opposition, re- newed the youth of Scotland, and placed her at once and forever on that higher plane up to which she was toiling at Stirling and Ijannockburn.* Even the brief pericjd referred to was broken by another visit to the Continent ; but aftei" 1559, Knox put all his energies to the task of comi)leting the work of Reformation. In 15')(S, Mary of Guise married her daughter to Francis the Dauphin, eldest son of Henry 11. of France, and brother of Charles IX., whoso name has come * "This indepenilenco \. lU. (Wl. 'Lecky: Uintori/ of Knglaml, &c.. Vol, H, p. 48. '*~ 108 THE SCOT IN BlilTISII NORTH AMERICA. order the escape from her island prison, the battle of Lang- side (15G8), the flight over Solway Firth, imprisonment and idtiinately death by the lieadsman at Fotheringay. Mean- while all was danger and apprehension. The Queen had '.ibdica '.ed and fled to England ; her friends were in arms, and the Spaniards under Alva threatened to land in Eng- land. In 1570, Murray, the only honest man amongst the lay leaciers — " the one supremely noble man," was re- moved by the dagger of the assassin, and no trustworthy ineiiiber of the nobilit}' was left.* Knox alone, v/eak, broken in Vjody and scarcely able to stagger up the pulpit stairs, still thundered in the parish church ; and his voice, it was said, was like ten thousand trumpets, peal- ing in the ear of Scottish Protestantism During three ycai's of civil war, it was the genius of Knox, unaided by the vacillating and parsimonious Elizabeth, or by the nobles, split up as they were into factions, which saved Scotland. At last all was over, and the knell of Mary's cause sounded in the tocsin, which awakened the perpetrators of St. Bar- tholomew's massacre. In the same year, John Knox died quietly in his bed, the deliverer of his country, the bold, devout, stern old preacher of righteousness, " who, in his life, • "The only iiowcrful noblemen who remained im tlie Protestant side were Lennox, Mor- ton «nd Mar. Lord Lcnntix was n pocr creature, and was soon drspatihcd ; Mar was old i\nd weak ; and Morton was an unprinciided f-counilrcl who used the Hiforniation only as a Ktaikin^ horse, to win the nioils which he had clutched in the confusion, and was ready to ilesert th',' cause at any moment, if the 1 alanee of ndvantaj,'e shifted. Even the minis- ters of llie Kirk were fooled and flattered over. Mailland told Mary Stuart, that he had fpiiiR-tl them ail except one. John Knox alone defied both his threats aiid his persuasions. tJood reason 1ms Scotland to be proud of Knox. Uc only, in this wild crisis, saved the Kirk which he had founded, and favcd with it Scottish and English frecdoni. But for Knox and what he was still able to do, it is almost certain that the Duke of Alva's army would liavn landed on the eastern coast." Fronde, p. lit. w^^ ifjy ii.ji ' THE SCOT ly BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. lO^- never feared the face of man," as Morton said at his grave, " who hath been often throateniMl with (laj, B. V.). Before the escape from Lochloven, Murray had been ai)pointed Regent^ and began the work of evolving order from confusion. Maiy had resigned the Crown to her son ; but she entertained hopes of aid from Elizabeth as a sister-c^ueen, who hud no sympathy with rebellious subjects an^^where, still l(;ss at her ifo Mor- is old an n :ailj- iini.>- llIKl ioiiK. tlic for irmy " Ciirljle, in The Pvrtraitu of John Knox (p. 180), speaks of the {jreat Reformer a» one who "kiniileil all Scotlaiul williiii a few years, almost witliiii a few mmitlis, into |>erlia(iti the noblest flame of sacred liuman zeal, and brave determination to believe only what it fuuiid completely believable, and to defy the whole world and the devil at its back, in un- 8ub(iuable defiance of the saire." This is the master's view of his eliariwter ; "Knox, yon can well perceive, in all his writinifs,,and in all his ways of life, was emphatically of Scottish build ; eminently a national specimen; in fact what we nnK'ht denominate the most Sccttisli of Scots, and to this day typical of all the qualities which belong natiui.* ally to the very choicest Scotsmen we have known, or had clear record of— utmost Kh»r| - ness of discernment and discrimination, couraye enough and what is still Ijetter, no par- ticular consciousness of courage, but in all simpli'ity to do and dare whatsoever is com- manded by the inward voice of native uuinlHu>d ; on the whole a beautiful and simple, but complete incompatibility with whatever is false in word or conduct; inex(»nihlt' con tempt and detestation of what in modern speech is called htiuihvn. Nothinj,' hjpocri- tical, foolish or untrue can tind harbour in this man ; a pure, and mainly silent tciKler- iiess of affection is in him, touches of ),'cnial humour are not wantiiii; under hi.s severe austerity ; an occasional growl of sarca-itie indi^'nation ayainst malfeasance, falsity ami Dtupidity ; indeed secretly, an extensive fund of that dispo^it!on, kept mainly silent^ though inwardly in daily exercise ; a most clear-cut, hardy, distinct and elTeclive man ; fearing Gcd, and witliout any other fear." C'arlyle ; I'ortrbit o/ Knox, p. lei. 110 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. own doors. Unhappily for Mary, the English Queen was in one of her ever-recurring fits of perplexity. She had no deliberate intention to be cruel ; but her natuial, overpower- ing desire was to be safe. Therefore, she simulated and dis- simulated, both at once, or each in turn, as it suited her. The embarrassment of the situaticm was, doubtless, trying ; but the aflfeetation of regard and sympathy for Maiy, the iinderplotting by which she kept the contending i)arties em- broiled in fScotland, from CarlLslo and Bolton to the last sick- ening scene at Fothcringay in 1587, all is intrigue, daikness, conspiracy, faithlessness, and perfidy. Murray's purjiose as Regent once more, honest as it no doubt wa.s, had hardly un- folded itself, when he was cut off by the hand of an assassin. Amongst the prisoners tnkcn at Langside, were six men, dis- tinguished by birth or position, who had been condenmed to death, but pardoned by Muri'ay at the intercession of Knox. One of these, Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, it was, who fired at Murray, from a house at Linlithgow, and caused his death in 1570. Henceforward there was a dreary time of plot, counterplot, dissension and civil war. Lennox, tlie father of the wretched Darnley, fell in fighting the nsalcontents, it is believed by the order of Lord Claud Hamilton. Mar, who succeeded him by the voice of the nobles, an ardent lover of peace and order, sank under the troubles of that chaotic period, and died of a broken heart. It was during Mar's rule, in 1570, that Morton, at heart a traitor and a hypocrite, throughout, made a simoniacal compact with the bishops, by which the nobles obtained the bulk of the church tem- poralities anii episcopacy was re-established. Morton him- ■i^^~~?'!W THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. Ill self had secured from the Crown the property of the nrchi- (■|ii.sc'opal see of St. Andrew's. According to Robertfson, he obtained the ajinointnient ol" Robert Douglas, rector of the University, as archbishop, giving him a small annuity, but retaining the bulk of the wealth for liis own use. Other nol)les were anxious to have a share in the church lands, and the result was an arrangement in l.')70, for the re-esta- blishment of episcopacy, ten years after the first General Assembly by which the Reformation had been accomplished. Knox, upon whom the liand of death was already laid, pro- tested vehemently against the compact ; but he was unable to attend the meeting, and died in 1.57-,in his sixty-seventli year, the bold, courageous and vehement apo.stle to the Re- formation he had been from first to last. The resolution refer- red to ran in these terms : " That the house and office of tlie archbishop and bishop shall be continued during the King's minority, and these dignities should be conferred upon the best qualified among the Protestant ministers ; but that, with regard to their spiritual juri-sdictions, they .should be subject to the General Assemltly of the Church." At Mar'.s death, Morton secured the prize of his ambition, the Regency, which he retained for eleven troublous years, from 1570 until he mounted the scaffold in 1581. During that period the histoiy of Scotland is a mass of confused negotiations with England, intrigues on Ijchalf of Mar, and struggles for supremacy amongst the nobles, upon which we need not enter. Morton was not without administrative genius ; but such efforts as he matle to settle public affairs were marred by his unscrupulous ambition, his lack of prin- T 112 TIJK SCOT IX BliiriSH NOHTH AMERICA. ciple, his avarice and extortion. His strong-handed rule became intolerublo, and he gradually arrayed against him tlio nobles and the people under Argyle and Athole. James was young, but.during his whole life, he was swayed by favourites. Lennoxseenied,in l')iS(),the rising star: and, in orderto remove so dangerous a rival, Morton declaimed against him as a foe to the reformed rehgion. Therefore, Lennox, with an accom- modating conscience, not at all singular amongst the nobles of the time, listened to some divines sent to him by the Kir>g, " renounced the errors of Popery, in the church of St. Giles, ami declared himself a member of the Church of Scotland by signing her Gmfession of Faith." All was .soon over with Morton ; the King was restive, and Lennox accused the Re- gent of intending to seize the royal person and fly to Eng- land. He was taken piisoner, confined in Edinburgh Castle, and, under the sinistei- management of Arran, tried, and found guilty of complicity in Darnley's death at Kirk o' Field, fourteen years before. He v/as beheaded, and his head athxed to the public jail at Edinburgh. During Morton's Regency, the .second great name on the roll of the Scotti.sh Church became prominent. If John Knox was the father of tlie Reformation in that country, it was Andrew Melville who stamped upon it its Presbyterian character with indelible distinctness. Knox had no peculiar views of his own on Church government ; and, although he declined the archbi.shopric of St. Andrews, it does not appear that it was on any ground of Scripture or conscience. He was anxious to draw as close as might be to the Church of England, and almost his last signature, "with a dead THE SCOT IN niilTLSH NORTH AMERICA. 11.-) liaiitl, 1iut a glad heart," was suUserilied aftor that of the Archbishop of St. Andrews.* But wht-i; Melville reached Scotland from CJencva in loT^, he saw, with adinirahK- sagncity and prescience, the drift of civil and ecclesiastical aflfairs, and took his measures with characteristic boldness .iiid vigour. If Melville bearded James VI. as Knox had confronted Mary, it was because he could detect, in the Kintr, that twin-headed form of absolutism in Church and State which the Stuarts strove to impose upon both England and Scotland. James preached and endeavoured to establish the divine right of bishops, because he saw in it the main- stay of the corresponding dogma, so dear to his heart — the divine right of kings. In 1.572 Knox was "taken away from the evil to come," without, perhaps, having detected the signs of the storm in that heated atmosphere and lowering sky which were gathering their forces in cloud and tempest. Andrew Melville arrived to be his successor, an Elisha more trenchant and uncompromising than the Elijah whose mantle descended upon him. And it was no common struggle which ho undertook. It meant the battle of freedom, civil and religious, against absolutism; of moral and spiritual force, against tyrannical })ower, which Melville and his colleagues fought with desperate and stubborn perseverance. It may suit the canons of modern taste, philosophical or other, to call that indomitable heroism in faith and fight, bigoted ; but men cannot afford to weigh the proprieties, or be mealy- mouthed in defining their beliefs or in expressing them, when * Dean Stanley, Lectures, p. 49. H 114 THE SCOT IN BlilTlSU NORTH AMERICA. the flames of cruelty and persecution, having ahvady singed their garments, threaten to enwrap their bodies in a fiery embrace. There is much in the religious literature of those days to repel, and perhaps oft'end ; but it was not intended to tickle fastidious palates, or to provoke digestion in jaded and dyspeptic stomachs. The people of to-day enjoy the fruits of what such men as Knox and Melville sowed for them amitl storm antl mist ; and, therefore, so far from (|uarrelling with the uncouth husk, we ought to be eternally thankful to those who, as sturdy husbandmen, connnitted the seed to the earth, and invoked upon it the blessing of Heaven. Mr. Buckle, although he had but little appreciation for the honest and earnest eonscicntiousness of Melville, is ready to bear testimony to his " gTcat ability, boldness of character, and fertility of resource." McCrie,in his biography, pourtrays the great leader of the second Scottish Reforma- tion in nobler and more attractive colours : " Under (iod, save Knox," he says, " 1 know of no individual from whom Scotland has received such important services, or to whom she continues to owe so deep a debt of gratitude as Andrew Melville." His Avork, which extended over a quarter of a century, until his imprisonment in the Tower of Lomlon and subsequent exile to Sedan, must be rapidly surveyed. In 1.575 the question of Chui'ch government was raised by John Dury, it is said at Melville's instance ; but, although the latter spoke unfavourably of episcopacy, he acted cau- tiously as one feeling his way. In 1578, the General Assembly resolved that no new bishop should be made, and ill THJi SCOT IN BlUTIHll yoUTU AMERICA. ii:» tliat those at present in possession should he caUeil hy theii names and not hy tlieir sees. In tlie same year, the secoml Book of Discipline marked the important ehan<^e which had come over Scotland since loGO when the First Book was ('(mipiled, under Knox. That these works are essentially difi'erent adndts of in» (piestion ; yet, as Buckle urr^es, tin- charges of inconsistency in the Presbyterian leaders i> untenable and unjust. "They were perfectly consistent, and they merely chantfed their maxims that they might preserve their principles." In truth, the positions of the parties had undergone a serious modification. In loGO, the nobles, with more or less sincerity, fought the battles of the Reformation against the Crown and clergy ; in 157H their intrigues and personal ambitions had alienated the hearts of theministers and of the commonalt}' which preaching, devout- ness, zeal and fervour, had summoned into existence. The natural leaders of the people had, in fact, deserted them, and were involved in plots of infinite variety — plots for their own aggrandizement, for the destruction of rivals, for the possession of the royal ear or person, for the restoration of Mary, and aid from France or Spain, or for the intervention of Elizabeth. When Scotland was not embroiled in civil war, it was a hot-bed of conspiracy. All this time the people had been suffering from a rigorous opjiression which was only too real, and from fears which were hardly less so. The Duke of Alva had been perpetrating his wholesale slaughter in the Netherlands, and, in 157-, the Massacre of St. Bartholomew sent a th)'ill of horror through Christendom, which aroused even the torpid heart of Elizabeth. The Duke Tf IKi TUE SCOT IN BRITISH NOliTU AM Eli IC A. of Alva was preparing for a dcscfnt on Scotland ;ini's hifi- nf W'illiaiiis, p. '4, ouoted In Dean SUiidey : Lectureit, p. HO. Perhaps .huues had received tliii story from the preacher* ill UtH'A, when they " hade him take heed what he was ahout, and remiiidod him that no 3' tlie words, gestures, or actions of some woman or women. Episcopacy had been nominally restored in 1010, and the free General Assemblies prevented from meeting ; aggression after aggression had been commit*^"d upon the established faith of Scotland, and the people wt're determined to sub- mit to these encroachments no longer. " General causes," ' " The person wlmse frrvciit zi'nl was must I'oiisiiiciums on that occusiun was a humblu female who kept a ealibago stall at the Town Kirk, and who wa-s sittiiii; near tlie readinL'' ilesk. Greatly pxcitiil at the Dean's presiiniption, this female, whose name <\a» Jantt Geddes— a name familiar in '"eotland as a household word, cxolaiiiied, at the top of her voiee, ' Villain, dost tlion say mass at my luj,',' and suiting the in'tiun to the word, launched the eutty -stool on which she had h';e;\ sitting at his head, ' Intending,' as a c(mtemi>orary remarks, 'to have given him a ticki;t )f remembrance,' 'out jouking hcciime his safeguard at that time." Hev. .lames Anderson : The Lailies of the CoiKiiant, Introd. p. xix. It Ihi added in a note that .lanet long survived this incident and kept her labuage stall so late a* Ititil. Kn'crenec is made to Wilson's Mciii(jiial» of Kdinbui'jh in thr OliUii Timv, \\>\. f. 1>. 1(2, i'.nd Vol. H. p. 30. THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 121 says Buckle, " had made the people love the cleryy, and made the clergy love liberty. As long as these two facts co-existed, the destiny of the nation was safe. Jt might be injured, insulted, trampled upon ; but the greater the harm the surer the remedy. All that was needed was a little more time, and a little more provocation." The time had been spent in patient preparation ; the provocation came in the attempt to force the English liturgy — "the black service book," the peculiar appanage of " foul Prelacy " — upon the people. Riots began in Edinburgh, and the contagioi. soon spread over the country until in the autunm tlie entire nation had risen ut i.idy resistance. In IGUM, " in a paroxysm of enthusiasm," says Robert Chambers, " unexampled in our history," tlu; National Covenant was signed by all classes throughout the country.* It wa.s a national defiance, a religious Declara- tion of Independence, a solemn protest against absolutism in Church and State, destined to make its potent influence felt, not only there in Scotland, but in England, and, in later ages^ over every quarter of the globe. In November. 1(138, Ch-^irlfti T. was prevailed upon to allow a free Ceneral * " '; m . ■ I'.v ' r -yfriars' Church at Edinhursh, that it was first receivcil, on Fibriuiry IH, 1038. Til I ':■■' ■:.. I of SutheHnnd was tlie first to nikh his name. Tlii'ii thi' wliole con- ^'rci?ation folluwi. . TIvmi it was \M on the flat ^iravestone still prcscrveil in the church- yard. Men and wo., ou iTowdcd to add their raines. 'jonic wept aloud others v. 'ote their names in their own blood ;' others added after their 'iani>H tilldeatl.' I'or lours they si;i'ned, till every corner of the parchment was (ille<', and oi.ly r.iom left for f-eir initials, and the shades of ninht alone cheeked the continual How. From GiPyfriar's e) urch-yard it spread to the whole of Scotland. Gentlemen and nolilemen carried cople.-. of it in Iheir portmanteaus and poeli, |>|>. 84. 8"i. Cin.'cii'-i ^hurt Uixtory. p. 534. .xmMMMRII a^iH ii i iii w^^w^wf^w rltltitl THE SCOT IX JUilTISU NORTH AMERICA. 125 af'reement was the renowned Solemn Ijea;]fue and Covenant. Of the effort to impose its terms by force it is only neces- sary to remark that it was in consonance with the arbitrary spirit of the a;^e. Finally in IG+S, the celebrated West- minster Assembly, which had mot in the Jerusalem Chamber since 1G43, presented the Confession of Faith, the Larger and Shorter Catechism and the Directory of Public Worship which still constitute " the standards " of the Kirk of Scot- land and the wide-spreading branches which have sprung from that common root. From the Restoration in 1660, almost without pause, to the Revolution, Scotland passed through the fiery furnace of one of the most ruthless persecutions that ever disgraced one nation and tried the heroic faith anroa(l, lilaek mark in history ; but what is more to the [)resunt pur- pose, it has left unniistakahle traecss indelihly stamped upon the Scottish character. Kn^jflishmen look hack with horror tv thf t'xproHs coiinniiiul of .laiiies, whether as vicu-rrj,'ent m Klni;. and of Sharp an«l ( 'lavcrliouse. Many i)otentatos have hi'vu pcrtnittcd to livf and iiilc, as scourt^cs of mankind ; Itut .hiinc's II. was one of the few cnu'l and hloodthirsty )iKn, hi^di in phice, to whom the spectacle of torture was a deli^dit for its own sake. Many otlier monsters have jdied tin- rack, the hoots, the tliumh.sciew, and other diaholical eontri- \ancrs of the sort; hut the last Stuart attained tlie frightful eminence of })ositively gloatitig with delight over the feast of Iiuman suffering he had prepared. Buckle, no friend to the Kiik,in an elotpu'ut passage,-f- declaims with power and generous indignation against this royal miscreant Speak- ing (jf ids odious pleasure in witnessing torture, he says " Tins is an aby.ss of wickedness into which even the most corrupt natures rarely fall." Men have often hei'U indif- ferent to human suffering, and ready to inflict pain ; " but t<> take delight in the spectacle is a peculiar and hideous abomination." When one contemplates James" feasting his eyes, and revelling with tiendi.sh jo}', " over the agonies, the tears and groans of his vietim.s, it makes one's tie.sli cree]> to think that such a man should have been the ruler of mil- lions." Burnet relates that, although almost all the membeis of the Council offered to run away, when " the boots " were produced, James " looked on all the while with an unmoved indifference, and with an attention as if he had been to look on some curious experiment. This gave a terrible idea of 'The Banner of tlic Ciivenant, p 17. t V .1. ni. p. 117.. 132 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. hira to all who o'jservcLl it, as of a man who had no bowek nor humanity in him." Nor was the liead of the hierarchy^ Sharp, Archbishop of St. Andrew^, " a cruel, rapacious man " and an apostate to boot, far behind the Duke of York and l.auderdale in cruelty. Cardinal Beaton, alone of ecclesi- astics in Scotland, can be compared with him for the intense^ hatred he excited in the breasts of an oppres.sed people; but (tf the two. Sharp was uncpiestionably the moaner and the worse. In 1068, James Mitchell attempted to put him out of the v-ay, and in 1679 he was murdered by John Balfour,, of Burley, and others, at ^lagus Muir, in Fifoshirc, with a cruelty only to be palliated in consideration of the despair- ing rage and madness of the tiu >.!S. In IGGO, the p yor Cove- nanters made a hopeless eftbrt at resistance, but were easily crushed at the Pentland Hills. Aft r Sharp's assassination, the chief actors collected a small fo.ce which defeated the cavalry of Claverhouse, and nmde tiiem tempoicarilly masters of Glastjow. But this sliijlit success at Drumclou was i.j vain ; they had mustered 8,000 men, but were finally routed, by Monmouth at Bothwell Brig, on the Clyde, at midsum- mer, 1079. Reference has already been made to John CJraham, tlio " bluidy Claverhouse," as he is still called in every peasant home in the South of Scotland. JSo historic figure come.'* out with greater clearness of outline in the annals of Scot- land , he finds panegyrists in the poetry of Aytoun,and the prose of Scott ; yet neither the author of Tlie Lays of the Cavaliers, nor the matchless p. cist who drew Dundee's por- trait at full length in Old MortalUy, can reverse the sober nvmrnm^/mrmmimm TlfE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTIT AMERICA. 1:33 jnit Ih'S lie and deliberate verdict of history or efflici; the dark and fetarful image of tlie man which fills a skeleton clo.set of its own in every Lowland heart. Those who dioose may dwell upon the chivalrous devotion and nncjuestioned courage of ('lavcrhou.se, or the glorious death which became him liettei' than almost anything else in his life ; yet the influence of his (jareer from first to last was undouljtedl}' pernicious ind ma- lign. After both uprisings in IGGO and 1079 his dragoons were set to their bloody work. Defoe relates that these men, forming themselves into a great army, spread tiiemselves from one side of the whole country to another, having their men plfi( xd marching singly at a great distance, but always one in sight of the other; so marching forward everyone straight before him, the}' by this means searched the rocks, rivers, woods wastes, mountains, mosses, and even the most private iiiid retired places of the eountr}', where they thought we were hidden ; so that it was impossible any- thing could escape tliom. And yet so true were the moun- tain men, as their persecutors called them, to one another, tfiat in that famous nuvrch they found not one man, thougli many a good man, perhaps with trembling heart and hands '.ift<} Lord remein'"n- me, &i"." — the chapter and the prayer which was ended by a bt-ne- iliction from no earthly priest, but came to that pure dovotit heart from Heaven itself, all the circumstances seemed to shed a halo of celer:tial light upon the maiden martyrs brow as she sinks beneath the wave to realize the beatific vi->ioii of which she fancied she had caught a glimpse on earth* An attempt has thus been made to indicate, r. i than trace in detail, the rise and progress of the Presbyterian faitli in Scotland. It has not been possible, even were it relevant, to refer particularly to the many noble confessors, j)reachers or sufferers of that faith. Many names will occur to the reader of Scottish histoiy, which ought to find a place in a systematic account of its religion, such as those of Richard (.'ameron, Samuel Rutherford, Alexander Henderson, Alexan- der Peden, Patrick Simps(jn, James Guthrie and James Rein- Avick. But the present purpose being to examine the infiu- ences which have made the Scot at home or abroad what he Is, it seems sufficient to indicate these influences as they liave ' See AnJersoei : Ladiex af the Cvenant, p. 427. Simpson": Bantier nf Ihr C'»'i\ant., V. 468, ic. 13C THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. moulded national character. Upon the merits of the creed or form of church government no opinion must be advanced, still as the (question has often been raised, notaldy by Mr. Buckle, it seems well, in concluding this chapter, to inquire whether, on the whole, the Church has been a benefit to the Scottish people and throufjh them to the world. With purely jcsthetical pkas, it is not necessary to deal; but charges of violence and intolerance have been made against tlie Reformers and of narrowness, bigotry, acerbity and over-bearing interference with freedom of opinion and with social life iw its amenities and amusements. Dean Stanhy in his Lectures has made some reference to the rather savage onslaught of Buckle ; and the (,'hurch has been well defended from most of those charges by its authorized ex- ponents. The writer of the unfinished Hisfov)/ of ClvUiza- i'toii laboured tmder the capital defect of not being able, from want of knowledge and want of sympathy, to under- stand and appreciate the religi(»us character of the Scottish people. He can defend Knox and even Melville, execrate the Stuarts, Sharp, Lauderdale and the other agents of oppression ; but, strangely enough, appeal's to suppose that after the Revolution, the sternness of the discipline, the con- tracted views ot human life and destiny whicli he attributes to the clergy, and the robust piety of Covenanting times should have been mellowed all of a sudden and that the fiery rays which illumined the centuries of struggle and suffering .should have been toned down as though it had entered " the studious cloisters pale"' through V Stf rled windows sickly ilij,'ht, Casting; a dim religious light." MIM THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. r.i: National cliaractor is not moaified by legislative unions; it may pass tlivougli vicissitudes which rub oil' its angles and divert the forces which together constitute its energy ; ])ut at bottoin the race, and esiiecially the religion of the race, where it has bet.i forced into proniinenee, as in Scot- land, is seldom altered radically. The characteristics of tne people may take eccentric turns to all appearance ; but they are obedient to law, and that most certain and unerring of all laws, heredity. The first instinct of the Scottish natun-, wherever found, is the love of freedom, of action, of thrift, linked closelv with a strong and earnest moral sense, and a deep reverence for the Maker and Giver of all that is good. Sydney Smith's celebrated mot about the obtusity of the Scot's head to pleasantry, is plainly absurd, if, by a jf>ke he rcieo'-it anything but that sort of sharp, verbal sleight-of-hand tiiat passes for what is called wit. The Scot is a l)orn humorist, full of 'piiet, paukie, go(xl-naturetl fun, not often i''HivA so universally diffused amongst all classes of any people. Dean Ramsay s entertaining Reminiscences .show, and it was necessary, to .all appearance, tliat it should be shown, that so far from the Scot being the slave of his minister, as Buckle seems to think, the minister was his slave, his Initt occasifjnally, and always merely his representative in sacred things. DeTnocracy in Scotland was the fruit of long centuries of painful effort. It involv(Ml acres of strutrsle, endurance, sjrrow and sufferinq; ; and to suj't'est that Scotland is " prjest-ridtlen, ' in oven a greater degree than Spain, is a para<]ox which disconcerted Mr. Buckle, but never suggested m j.._.. 138 TIIK SCOT J2V HlilTISU NORTH AMERICA. to him the jtossibility that his solocted data ami the conclu- sions he had determined to infer in advance, were altogtitl-.T fallacious. Mi-. Fronde lias well remarkcil that the Scottish people are not so gloomy as the philosophical historian would liave u., l)ellevo ; indeey the alleged gloom of Oalvinis; ic doctrine or pulpit denunciation. That the clergy " thought more of duty than of pleasurr;," one might e.xpeet ; hut that simply shows that their over- exuberance of animal spirits appeared to religious mimi^ t<.< i-e^uire reltuke.* Calvinism, whate\er y honest and free action, through many generations, as wt 11 as an inexorable sense of duty which forms a feature in the national typ^^ and is inseparable from it. The Turk leaves all to destiny; the Scot, according to the injunction of the great Apostle, "makes his calling and election sure." * "Among other good qualities, the Scots have heen ilistinKui>lioil (or humour— not fi)r venomous wit, hut for kiiiill>, ffeiiial humour which half loves wlmt it laujy lieople. Intelligent industry, the honest doins of daily work, with :i scnn' that it it 'r.iist be done well, under penaltits ; the necessaries of life modtrately provided for ; and a Hensiblc content with the situation of life in which men are honi tliis throusfh the week, and at the end of it the ' Cotter's Saturday NiKlif the homely family, gathered rcverwutly and peacefully together, anil irradiated with a sacred presence. Happiness '. such happiness iis we are likely to know upon this world, will he found there, if any where." FroJilr; ; Short Studies, p. 120. mm THE SCOT IN niUTISU NORTH AMERICA. VM The illiberality of " the Kivk " Is often insisted upon ; Imt what would have become of tlie liberties of Scotland and Englan It is a subject of complaint that Scottish religion is Judaic, and reverts unduly to the Old Testament ; what <.'Ould you expect of those who have expeiienced, undei' a new dispensation, the trials, reverses, and triumphs of Moses,^ David, Elijah, Josiah and all the sacred seers or leaders of" the olden time ? What it concerns us here to note is that their ancestral faith has made honest and God-fearini> men of the Scots. There are bad men of Scottish birth, and a bad Scot, like an ur. worthy woman, is sure to appear in an aggravated form of wiekednes.s — a result partly Howirig from the exalted pattern set before him, and partly *Vom a comparison we are apt to make between the pure and good and those who, through despair or reckless indifference, have drifted from their moorings, out upon the dark sea of vice and impiety. * "Suppose the Kirk had been the bronil, liberal, philosnphicixl, iiitclleotuiil tliiiis; wbicli SI line people thinlv it ou^ht to have been, bow would it have fnrcd in that cnisnde : how liltogv'ther would it have encountered those surplices of Archbishop Laud or those drnijooiis of Claverhouse i It is bard to lose out's life for ii ' perhaps,' and philiisopbical belief at tlio bottom means a 'perhaps,' and notbinjf more. For more than half of the seventeenth century, the battle bad to be fought out in Scotland, which, in reality, was the battle between liberty ajid despotism ; and where, except in an intense, burninj^ conviction that they were maintainiiiif Ood's cau«e ai:ninli ailviiiicoM I Hniiour'd ivnil hlessM In- tilt- uvt'rj,'reeii I'ilit' I Lonn iiiiiy the tret- in liin litiiiiu-r tluit v,'liiiuv« Flfiiiri^ih, tlie slu'lter mid Ki'i't't? "f •"!'■ Iiii«' '■ Heaven send it happy dew, Earth lend it sap anew, (thily to hiir^eon, and Itmadly to K''"^^'. While every Hij,ddand k'*-'". Sends our uliDUt hack a^eii, Kdderiijh Vich Ali)iue dim 1 hi' 1 ieroe. SciiTr. When hath the tartan jilaiil mantled a coward? When did the lilue Imnnet crest the disloyal '.' Uji, then, and crowd to the standard of Stuart, I'dlliiwyonr leader— the rightful the royal 1 ( 'hief of Clanronalil, Donald .Macdonuld I Lovat I Lochiel I with the Grant and the (Jordun, Kmise every kilted clan, House every loyal man, ■ whole of Hur Maji.'sty's possessions in North Anieriea— it isessent'al to take this element intoileliix-ratc aoeount. Whe- ther the IJritish North Ameriea colonist lu; a farnicr, a me- chanic, an artisan, a mannt'acturei', a merchant, a ship-owner, a ])rofessi(jnal man, a statesman oic»therwise, he is associate") in private and puMic intercourse witli memhersor descenilants of almost all the clans. Everybody here ruhs elbows with fellow toilers in the hive, or knows public men of distinction, who trace their descent to the land of mountain and Hood, glen and tarn, moor and heather. The names of Maclean, Maeleod, Mackenzie, Macpherson, Macf'arlane, Maekinnon, Macdonald, Macdougall, iMaekintosh, MacNab, Mackay, MacLachlan, .MacGregor, MacNeill, Maclntyie, Campbell, Fraser, Robert- son, Cameron, Sutherland, Chisholm, Stewart, Munro, Ross, (Jrant, rar(pdiar.M)n, (Junn, Forbes, ^[en/ie.s, and many others are as familiar to all Canadians, as if they were indi- I'enous to the soil in this new land of ours. Unfortunately it would be obviously imi)Ossible within the limits of a brief chapter to do more than attempt to seize the salient points in Hi- as it relates to Scotland, anil esin'oially the Highlands is valuable 'or the amount of research displayed by the anther, as well u^ for the generally ini;"rtirtl deductions from the facts at. bis command. THE SCOT IiV BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. Wi It is not by lomanco or poetiy, however, though these liavc been the fruit, in abundance, of Hi-^hland life and adventure, that one may gauge fairly the latent power which was pent up ir. those glens. The Celt is always a being of the brooding and reflective sort, as the C*haldeans, the Arabians, and all piistoral nations have been since re- corded history committed its fii.u syllable to the keeping of wood, clay, stone or metal. Unfortunate as it is in one regard, the imaginative and thoughtful side of thj Scottish Celt have lost their philosophic aspect in the pictuiesijue scenery upon which he played his miniature drama, and the bold, Itrave, reckless daring which broke its Ijounds and poured down upon the fci'tile South in raid and romantic adventure. iJorder h.'story .icems to have been forgotten in the modern conception of the Highlander. Men have lost sight, except in I'allad, of Robin Hood or of Jack Cade, not to speak of even ignoble heroes like Dick Turpin, Cartouche, or Robert Macaire. The Highlander was never an outlaw in his own country; on the contrary, he was a law unto him- self, and hi« code, on the wliole, considering the times, seems to have been a strict one. He has been accused of " reiving," of stealing black cattle, and so on; and yet no man was ever more strongly Imbued with the spirit of integrity than lie was in the conventional code of his age. No man ever surpassed him inhonour, bravery, and fidelity, becaus*^ to no man would he yield in Ijattle, and never did Ids fealty or loyalty fail. There may be ditterences of o]»inion concerning the clan system which was not confined to the Scottish Highlands. It was prevalent in Ireland under the name of ^ 148 THE SCOT 11/ BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. septs, and in the Lowlands it was fully e,stabli.sl)ed in the jTi-eat ballad era of the Border.* The clan system was in fact an extension of the family, and those who rejoice in its practical disappearance under the Act for the abolition of hereditary jurisdictions by the Pelhara Government in 1740, oUjirht to pause before condenming it, durinj^ the centuries when it was the only possible bond of cohesion between men, in a society like the Highlands, competent to secure even a measure of order and authority. The two prime virtues attributed, and justly attributed, to the Highland clans are fidelity and courage. Now conscious dishonesty is incompatible with honour or fealty in any shape, whatever the somewhat hackrcyed saw about thieves may say. The Celtic Highlanders in their hereditary divisions, formed so many petty nationalities, which were in continual warfaro either in leagues, or separate tribes. They had no king but the chief; and, in the wild country they inhabited, there was no law but the strong arm. Modern statesmen seize territories, appropriate revenues, and parcel out empires under the ostensible pretext of preserving their integrity and inde])endencc. In old times the chiefs simply ordered the lifting of black cattle, an indiscriminate slaughter where it was necessary, and that was the end of it. It was thus with most of the Highland raids in early times ; and in the beginning of last century, Rob Roy was always under the protection of a chief of his own or another clan.t The • See Keltic : History of the Scottuh Ilighlandit, Vol. ii. p. 11(5. Also Scott and Vcitcli in their works on the Border and Border Minstrelsy. f " Of the estraordinary impotence of the law in the early years of the eighteenth eentury, even in the southern extremity of the Uighlai\ds, we have a strikinn' instance in THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 149 tlifcentli ktaiice in Highland robbery, so-called, was in the first instance simply a belligerent operation — one with which all great conquerors have been familiar. In fact it was a sort of via media between robbing a hen-roost, and ravaging a kingdom. The evidence that the Highland raid was regarded, not merely as not a crime, but even as praiseworthy and laudable, is clear both from history and from romance, which is occasionally quite as trustAvorthy. There was a distinction between the "lifting" of sheep and cattle, which was not without its mean- ing ; there was a feeling of utter abhorrence for robbery, pure and simple. Captain Burt, who travelled from England with only one servant, was well-known to have a very large sum in gold about him, and yet had perfect confidence in Celtic integrity. Finally the Highlander never took any- thing, on pain of death, from a friendly clan, and never made a business of cattle-rpiding save upon the Lowlands against which it would have been easy for him to frame an hereditary bill of complaint. When he engaged in a descent upon the Lowlands, he was able to pray for success in good round pious phrases, compared with which Plantagenet, Hapsburg, Napoleonic, Hohenzollern or Romanoft"s earning invocations appear like the mincing petitions of a May-fair vicar on behalf of a rose-water bridal party. Although the Celt was clearly culpable, according to our conceptions of tlie career ot Robert .Macjfrcsfiir, the well-known Rob Roy. For more than twenty years ho carried on a private war with the Duke of Montrose, (Irivinjr away his cattle, iiiteroeptini; his rents, levying contributions on his tcu'ints, anil sometimes, in broad diiylii{ht, carrying away his servants. He did thia— often under the protection of the Duke of Arffyll— In a country that was within thirty miles ot the garrison towns of Htlrlinjf and Dumbarton, and of till! important city of Glasgow, and this although a small ;{arrison had been planted at Inversnaid for the express pur|M)3e of checking his depredations. He at last died peace- fully on his bed in 1730 at the patriarchal age uf eighty." Lecky : UUtory, Vol. ii, p. 28. 150 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. morality, he was conscious of no wrong ; and in his back- ward state of culture and the poverty and hardness of his life might have pleaded, had he known it, the example •of the ancient Spartans and of all the vigorous races of Europe at a similar stage of development. Had it not been for their free mountains, their barren moors and their inaccessible glens and caves, they would have been crushed or exterminated like their Celtic brethren in Ensj- land, or across the Irish Sea. If they were guilty of bar- barous excesses in the Stuart persecutions, more atrocious, perhaps, than those connived at, and rewarded, by a Euro- pean power in Bulgaria, the sin must not be laid to their charge, but at the door of those who let them loose upon a peaceful people, with deliberate instructions to torture and to slay. Let us look at their fidelity. In James the Fifth's reign when Murray suppressed an insurrection of the Clan Chattan, two hundred of the rebels were sentenced to death. "Each one as he was led to the gallows was offered a pardon if he would reveal the hiding-place of his chief; but they all answered, that were they acquainted with it, no sort of pun- ishment could induce them to be guilty of treachery to their leader. Innumerable cases of this unwavering steadfastness of faith occurred during and after the '15 and '45, amongst the Erasers, the Macleans, the Macdonalds and the Macpher- sons. One must suffice. In 1745, the home of Macpherson, of (?luny, was burnt to the ground by Royal troops, and a reward of £1,000 offered for his arrest. The country was scoured by soldiers ; and " yet for nine years the chief jmipui «iiiiii>UMi< vjiutjwjpi TEE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 151 was able to live concealed on his property in a cave which his clansmen dug for him during the night, and, though upwards of one hundred persons knew of his place of retreat, no biibe or menace could extort the secret ; till, at last, wearied of the long and dreary solitude, and despairing of pardon, he took refuge in France."* It is hardly necessaiy to refer to the wanderings of Charles P]dward through the High- lands and Islands for five months with a reward of £30,000 upon his head, known, as in South Uist, by hundreds at a time, helpless and at the mercy of any one whom lucre could tempt ; and yet far safer than some of his ancestors had been at Holyrood or St. James's. The names of Malcolm Macleod, Macdonald of Kingsburgh, and the heroic Flora Macdonald who " built herself an everlasting name " wher- ever the romantic story of the '45 is told.*|" James Hogg the Ettrick shepherd, embalmed her memory in "Flora Macdonald'.s Lament," from wliich the temptation is strong to quote one verse : " The target is torn from tl e arm of the just. The helmet is cleft on tie lirow of the brave. The claymore for ever in darkness must rust, But red is the sword of the stranger and slave ; The hoof of the horse, and the foot of the i)roud, Have trod o'er the plumes on the bonnet of blue ; Why slept the red bolt in the breast of the cloud, When tyranny revell'd in blood of the true ? Farewell, my young hero, the gallant and good, The crown of thy fathers is torn from thy brow ! "§ * Lccky : Ilutory of the Eighteenth Centura, vol. ii. \ip. 32, 33. t Keltie: UUtory of the Scottish UighlamU, vol. i. cliai>s. 30 anil 37, where a very full ami interesting account of Culloden and Hubseiiuent events will be founu. § Flora Macdonald was the daughter of Ronald Macdonald, of Miltown, In South Uist, one of the most distant of the Western Isles. She was born about 1722, and died in Skye in 17'.)0, beinjf buried with the sheet used hy Prince Charlie, as her shroud. See a very inter- «stinK bio.irv^jhi of her by a granddaughter imblished at Edinburgh (new edition), l&7o. J 52 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. ' Of Highland bravery, what need to expatiate when addressing an English-speaking race ? What part of the world does not bear testimony to Celtic valour on a hundred battle-fields ? The hardy life of the Highlander, the free bracing air of mountain and loch had marked him out as a soldier, reared, though not disciplined, by Nature herself. The people of the Lowlands, from their peculiar history and surroundings no doubt, as Mr. Lecky says, shared their high military qualities to the full extent. " Great courage, great power of enduring both privation and pain, great fire and impetuosity in attack, were abundantly shown; but the discipline of a regular army was required to add to these, that more than English tenacity which has placed the Scotchman in the first rank of European soldiers."* The clan system had of course inured the Highlanders to the toils of war, and in the seventeenth century, the great leaders could brin^ large numbers into the field. Thus we find that some of the chiefs could muster men by thousands. In 1764, a muster was made of about 10,000, and General From the earliest period she was a Jacobite, and remained so to the last. Her earliest recollections were songs breatliiujj hatred to the Sassenach. Two lines are preserved : "Geordie sits in Charlie's chair ; The de'il tali him for sittintf there." ' Years after, when " the lost cause " was bc.vond recovery, she would never so much as name George III., and when her sou spolie of him as His Miijesty, she slapped him soundly, saying she would hear nothing of "soft Geordio" (p. SS.")). As Dr. Johnson said, she left "a name that will be mentioned in history, and if couruj,'e and fidelity be virtues, men- tioned with honour." In the work referred to, there is an admirable portrait of the High- land heroine; and, as Jjhnson doscrilics her, we can readily believe that she had "soft features, gentle manners and elegant presence." * Lecky, Vol. ii. p. 34. Mr. Lecky has heard one of the n\ost eminent English surgeons state as the result of his exiierience, that he found a wide difference in the power of enduring pain shown by patients from different parts of the British Kmitirc, and that he has usually found his Scotch patients, in this resjiect, greatly superior to his English and to his Iri.'ih ones. Ibid, note. THE SCOT IN BRITISH NOItTH AMERICA. 153 state mlly Irish Wade states the rebel Highlanders at 14,000, and the loyal at 8,000 in 174r>. A song called " The Chevalier's Muster Roll," enumerates the chiefs and their clans ; these lines may seive as a sample : — " The Laird o' Macintosh is comin', MacGregor and Macdp. 77-78. m 154 THE SCOT IN BIUTISU NORTH AMERICA. need not be rehearsed here.* Were all the histories swept out of existence the story of " The Forty-Five " could never die, wliile the songs of the Jacobites and the poems of many a Scottish bard linger in the memories of the people. One of tlie satirical pieces, " Cumberland's and Murray's descent into Hell," is not so generally read, and it certainly exhibits * The battle of SlierrifTmuir was not a victory cither for Mar or Argyll, yet its effect was to cxtintfulsh the Chevalier's hopes. Tliu following verse from Hogg's " Jacobite Jielicn ' u •iiuotud in The Scuttiuh highlandern, vol. i. p. 401 ;— "There's some say that we wan, and some say that they wan. And some say that nane wan at a', man ; But one thing Tm sure, that at Sherriffmuir, A battle there was that I saw, wan ; And we ran, and they ran, and they ran, and we ran. But Florence ran fastest of a', man." liy "Florence" is meant the Marquis of Huntly's steed. Amontrst the individual heroes on the Highland side, Golice or Oillies Macbane Is conspi- cuous. He was six feet four inches and a quarter in height, and of prodigious strength. At Cullodcn, being beset by a party of dragoons, he placed his back against a wall, and though covered with wounds, defended himself with target and claymore. Thirteen of the foe were struck dead at his feet before he succumbed. 1 he Saitfii^h lliijhlanderx. Vol. i. p. <)6(i. In The Scottish Gael, p. 96, his memory is preserved in a poem attributed to Lord Byron, and .is it is not often met with, the reader will be pleased to see it here. " The clouds may pour down on Culloden's red plain, But the waters shall flow o'er its crimson in vain ; For their drops shall seem few to the tears for the slain, But mine are for thee, my brave Uilltcs Macbane. " Though thy cause was the cause of the injured and brave. Though thy death was the hero's, and glorious thy grave ; With thy dead foes around thee, piled high on the plain, My sad heart bleeds o'er thee, my Gillies Macban' " " How the hor«j and the horseman thy single hand „.ew. But what could the mightiest single arm do ? A hundred likn thee might the battle regain ; But cold are thy hand and thy heart, Oillies Macbane ! " With thy back to the wall and thy breast to the targe. Full flashed thy claymore in the face of their charge ; The blood of their tallest that barren turf stain ; But alas ! thine is reddest there. Gillies Macbane ** Hewn down, but still bRttling, thou sunk'st to the ground, The |)laid was one gore, and thy breast was one wound ; Thirteen of thy foes by thy right hand lay slain ; Oh ! would they were thousands for Gillies Macbane I THE SCOT IN JililTISlI NOltTII AMERICA. 155 ii wealth of diabolical fancy, hate and luimour condjincd, which make it iircsij^tihle. These aire the conchuling AX'i'scs : — " Ae floevil satHi)litting brumstaiie matflies, Aiie roastiii!,' thu W'liigs like bakt-r's luitclu's ; Atic wi' frtt IV Wliij,' was Uiistin^,', Spent wi" frcinunit jaaycr ami fasting, A' ceased \v\wn thae twin hutcliers roar'd, And hell's grim hangman stnjiM and glowrVl. ' Fy, gar take a pie in haste, Knead it df infernal i)aste,' (^U(i' Satan ; and in his niitten'd hand. He hyert up bluidy Cumberland, And whittled him down like tow-kail uastock, And iu his liettest furna(!e roasted. Now hell's black table-claith was s])read, Th' infernal grace was reverend said ; Yap stood the hungry fiends a' owre it, Their grim jaws gajiing to devour it, When Satan cried out, ' tit to scunner, Owre rank a judgment's sic a dinner I ' " The brutality of a royal general whose deeds could call forth so terrible a stroke of concentrated detestation, must have itself been fearful, and such it certainly was. Maddened by the defeat of Hawley at Falkirk, in January, l74(j, the Duke of Cumberland, who miglit have been content with an inglorious victory, in which he fought a starving and dispirited enemy with more than twice its numbers, began a course of vindictive re[)risals which have earned for him the " Oh ! loud, and long heard shall thy uoronaoh be. And hijfh o'er the heuthor thy cairn we shall see, And deep in all busonis thy niimu shall ruiuuiii. But deepest in mine, dearest Gillies Maclianu '. " And daily the eyes of thy brave boy before. Shall thy plaid be unfolded, unsheathed thy claymore ; And the white rose .^hall bloom on his bonnet, ajja'n Shall he prove the true eon of my Gillies Macbane." 150 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. name of " the Butolicr." All that Lnudordalo an(i his crew had wronglit, on belialf of the Stuarts, was now perpotiattid upon the romantic spirits who championed the lost cause, and the courageous men who desired in their own way to answer tlie question " Wha'll be kin<| but Charlie ? " Thus Scotland suffered at Glencoe under William IIT., as well as at and after Culloden, on behalf of the Stuarts. With 174G the agony was over, and, although there were riots occasionally over unpopular imposts, there has l)et'U no Avarfare in Scotland since. The intrepid Celt has fought the battles of Britain in every clime wherever the Union Jack has been unfurled ; and the courage of the Highlander, was, by a happy inspiration, turned into a noble channel. Those gallant regiments, whose numbers of tlu uiselves arouse the British heart with memories of distinguished prowess, were formed only a year or two after the Rebellion. C-ul- loden was fought on April IGth, 1740, and onl}' twelve years after the 79th Highlanders took part in the siege of Loui.sbourg, and on the ] 2th of September in the folluwhig year, the Fraser Highlanders mounted the heights of Abra- ham and played the foremost ])art in the taking of Quebec* The merit of forming tlie Highland regiments is usually given to the elder Pitt ; but he can only be credited with realizing a splendid idea. Tt was Duncan Forbes, of Culloden, a }nan of splendid powers, imfortunate in not being favoured with a wider stage upon which to display and develop them, * The hci^lita themselves took their name from Abralmm Martin, d'd VEcoxsaiis (sur- immed tlie Scot), a pilot on the St. Lawrence in the time of Chani)ilain, a century ami a (|uarter before the cor luest of Quebec. See Lemoine : Quebec, Past and Present. A'oie. j>. 21 ; also Murdoch's Nova Scotia, vol. i. p. !)'>. .^Miai THE SCOT IN liltlTISn NORTH AMERICA. 157 \vl»o first propjsod to Robert Walpole the sclieiuo wliicli Pitt afterwards carried out in practice with such glorious results. It is impossible here to suuiinaiize the gallant achievements of the Hi,i,'hlan«l regiments in the British army or the fanu»tis names associated with them. The 42nd or " Black Watch" arose apparently out of a tentative effort of the Government in 17-9 ; their first action Avas Ibuglit at Fontenov, 174'), and their latest condtat in Ashantce, 1873. As the original Highland regiment, the words of the " Garb of Old Gaul" have an appropriate connection with the subject of this volume, a few verses therefore are selected : — " In the garb of old Gaul, with the fir« of old Rnini', From the heath-covered inountainH of Scotia we come ; Where the Romans endeavoured our country to^ain, But our ancestors fought and they fought not in vain. " Quebec and Cape Breton, the pride of old France, In their troops fondly boasteil till we did advance, B\it when our claymores they saw ns produce, Their courage did fail, and they sued for a truce. *' Then we'll defend (mr liberty, our country and our laws, And teach our late ])0sterity to tight in freedom's cause, That they like our ancestors bold, for honour and applause, May defy the French, with all their arts, to alter our laws. ' It was in the 42nd that Sir Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde, was Colonel. The London Highlanders were another old Highland Regiment, but they were reduced after the loss of Bergen op Zoom and the peace of 1748. The Moatgomcry Highlanders, the Frasers, who were prominent a: Quebec, forming the old 78th and 71st, the Keith and Campbells or old 87th and 88th, Johnstons, Keiths and a number of others have passed across the stage and played their gallant 158 THE SCOT I\ BlilTISir NOHril AMKIIUA. ])artH, only to disappear by reduction or amaljraiiiation. Of the existing regiments best known to fame arc the 71st formerly the 7.*ird or Macleod's Highlanders, the 72nd or Duke of Albany's, the 78th or Uoss-shire Buffs, the 79th or Cameron Highlanders, the !Hst now called the Princess Louise Argylesliire Highlanders, the 02nd Gordons and the D.Srd Suthcrlands. Burn's "son of Mars," rather a rovsterinrf specimen, however, like most of the first Scottish soldiers in the British army began their service in America in th& life and death struggle with France .* From the Seven Ycai's' War until now, the Scots, and largely the Highlanders, have constituted the flower of the British fighting stock. Their valour has been displayed alike in Egypt, the Crimea, India, the Peninsula, Canada or America, Abysinnia, Ashantec or wherever else the voice of duty called them. Much of the poetry and chivalry of Highland History is liound up with the Stuart cause, and gathers about such distinguished names as those of Dundee and Montrose. But it may be well to remind the reader here that the cause of the Whig and the Covenanter was by no means a dull and unhcroic one. The illustrious house which has .stood for * 111 tlie same sinjiular medley the rciuicr of Burns is !\.\fn treated to a view of tlie Iliglilander of tlie old time in the song of the " raucle carlin " ;— "A Highland lad my love was born, The Lowlan' laws he held In scorn ; But he still was faithful to his clan, My (jfallant braw John Highlandinau. With liis jihilibefr an' tartan plaid, And ),'ude claymore down by his side, The ladies' hearts he did trepan, My gallant braw John Hitjhlandnian. Sing hey, my braw John ni(;hlandman_4c. ..J*KJBUJ,l'fl!ji'i) JJJ. ^!.M»«.i',f!WJlJLW!iW.'L»^ TUE SCOT IN JJliiriSll XOJiTll AMERICA. J5D ages at the head of the chin CniiiplH'U should be held iu ovt'ilastin^' esteem and renienibmnce for its unfaltering and steadfast adheranco to the sacred cause of liberty, civil and rt'ligious. There are weak and dark spots in tlie history of all noble families, and yet, taken altogether, there is none Avhich -will bear closer scrutiny, than the house of Campbell of Argyll, "The MacCallum More," Lord of Lornc, Loehow, and Inverary. Now that our gracious Sovi;reign is rcpri-- sented in her fairest colony by thu heir of this ancient and noble family, who brings with hini; as an additional claim upon Canadian loyalty, a Princess, in whose veins Hows the Mood of Scotland's royal race, it may not be amiss to glance episodically at a few members oftlu.' line from wiuoh His Excellency sprang. With genealogical or heraldic considera- tions it is unnecessary to meddle here, and, therefoie, the first name of note to be mentioned is that of Sir Nei) Camp- bell, son of Colin-More, who fought by the side of Robert the Bruce, and obtained the hand of his sister Mary. Sir Colin Campbell, a name since illustrious, in our day, in far distant fields, was his son, brave and impetuous to rashness. In I^-IS the head of the family became a Scottish peer, and sat as Lord Campbell, and in ll-^T, Colin Campbell became Earl of Argyll. The ArgylLs always figured conspicuously upon the stage of public aft'airs in Scotland, and invariably on what posterity has adjudged to be the right, if not the picturesque side. Three who bore the Gaelic title of Mac Callum More obtained special distinction, Archibald, eighth Earl, and first Marquis of Argyll, the rival of ]\[ontrose, stands out in bold relief, both for his firm adherence to 160 THE SCOT IX BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. principle, and liis traffic death, as a French w')i tor has ob- served, Hke one of " the heroes of Pkitarch." He was as chivalrous as his great opponent ; and, altliough no bigot, he opposed the Episcopal system and tlie licurgy, and ad- ored to the Covenant. H(r was no foe to the monarchy, how- ever, and his most strenuous efforts were put forth to keep iiie wayward Stuarts in the right path. Against Montrose, .dded by a savage band of Irish raiders, he fought and hjst the battle of Inverlochy in 1G45, which was followed by the complete rout of the Covenanters near Kilsyth. At Philip- haugh, in the same year, the gallant Leslie defeated Mont- rose, but i^ r^yll, who deserved some amends from fortune, had no sh.'Arc in the victory. The Marijuis did ail that was possible, even up \/0 the time of the King's surrender, to save the Royal fortnnes, and he had nothing to do with the sur- render of Charles to the English Parliament. It was he who crowned Charles 11 at Scone, and no one could ha\t' l)cen more iavish in his promises to him than the merry, unstable ano faithless King. " Whenevev," said he, " it shal' please God to resto e me to my just rights, i shall see him paid £40,000 sterlin . svhich is HfMr land ; ati the strongest bul\rai«k (^ the House f/ ffs«»j*t»r' ; m y ' td his clain* u^wi Govery»n«iii*- was, of courtse, iiMl^pN^ ableiipom the first. He was a soidiwr ^loreovov, and \tAc{^tk^ tinguiK!f[iie.d hdinseif in Flanders (>«d<^.v >!lMrlboroiigh. In the first RebtyJilion of J71.'). Ar^ll fought Mar at iShe?*i*finU'i'r, with t'a/ti.i»>f '.jnestionabic .■*«i»ecess. Wlur all was owe**': Piowever, i)# jattWiediafe^^?^ tfpuntiyin«n ; aiftd if. has been well-ott^ft^a^ved tkat if th<' .)->»inse]s (4 Ia*i Roy—* John th<» Rc^^ om iv> was called i-; elan— had been followed, Cfee ^ KT'^wkl ioever havf fH^ ty^'ylaitfl into a cowardly j^nic At tlic Porteous iiiotK Ik> lii;«fd some ditiicidty in tnsatatj^g i-mM^y in Londor* ^tlfi^ <3tve i^M^fa which Sir Walter Jfeott !*«« na^pMnly trans knew him : ' F am n- ister, J ir-t*'^ !»;*>-• a Hiinis*(«/ 4l»>'' I never will be one. 1 tiv*ft*k G^xl I lirfi^ able, and almost great, Queen Caroline, ttjen Regi^iii Am^$I% one of the second George's absences on the (.'ontinent, sK^//' clearly the commanding attitude Argyll felt himself en- ' Heart of MUi-Lothian, cli. xxiv. THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 163 titled to hold as the representative of the Scottish people. When the Queen, in a moment of not unnatural indignation, after the Riots, declared that " she would turn Scotland into a hunting-seat," the Duke coolly replied, " if that be the case, madam, I must go down and prepare my hounds." In his later years, the Duke broke with Sir Robert Walpole and formed a member of tlic coalition which caused the downfall of " The Great Commoner" in 1742. In the October of the following year John, Duke of Argyll and (Jreenwich died and was interred in Westminster Abbey. That he must have been a great, as well as a good man, we have the testimony of those who were of his friends as well as ours — Pope and Thomson; we know him best through Scott b'lt his real character is more indubitably fixed by the place hi !■ Sjii, fighting the French in the war of the Conquest The Major's great nephew, another Major Campbell, seignior TT 164 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. of St. Hilaire, in the Province of Quebec, was also a gallant soldier, and for some years M. P. for the County of Rouvillc. The Highland aptitude for peaceful and industrious labours was not discovered until long after the Union, But so soon as tranquillity was definitively assured, hereditary jurisdictions were abolished, education disseminated, roads constructed, and new avenues for the restrained energies of the Celts opened up; then a new era dawned upon them. They had always possessed many kindly traits of character, love of kindred, hospitality, tenderness to the helpless and unfortunate ; but their real power as honest toilers was never fully proved until they went forth, some of them driven out that a lord might make a sheep-walk or a game preserve, to the Dominion in which, still cherishing the Gaelic of their fathers, they have made a name for themselves and their race, far from the hoary mountain, the rushing torrent, and the awesome moor. The lito'ature of the Highland people is far too extensive a subject to be touched on here. The pensive imagination which breathes through the poems handed down in the Celtic tongue is the outcome of nature attuned to loneli- ness, upon dark mountains, under a chilly star-lit heaven. " The seat of the Celtic Muse," tays Sir Walter Scott, in Waverley (ch. xxii.), "is in the mist of the secret and soli- tary hill, and her voice in the murmur of the mouiitiiiu stream. He that woos her must love the barren rock more than the fertile valley, and the solitude of the desert better than the festivity of the hall." The music of the Highlands has, in its brightest moods, an undertone of sadness ; even the 1 t I i t c 1 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 165 pibroch has borrowed some of its basic power from the wail of tlie coronach. It is this imaginative and meditative spirit which has passed over the philosophy of all Scot\tn(l, percolating through the husk of all the creedf, and saturat- ing the national mind with a seriousness which evolves energy, not despair, and a dignity of self-respect and a stern feeling of responsibility which makes men at once devout, affectionate, thoughtful, loyal and true in whatever station, or in the dischai'ge of whatsoever duty Providence may assign them. IVIr. Lecky, in the work often quoted, has pointed out the essentially beneticial contribution made by the Highlanders to the national character in a few sentences with which this chapter may not unfitly conclude : — " The distinctive beauty and the great philosophic interest of that (the Scottish) character, spring from the very singular com- bination it displays of a romantic and chivalrous with a practical and industrial spirit. In no other nation do wc find the entluisiasm of loyalty blending so happily with the enthusiasm for liberty, and so strong a vein of poetic sensi- hility and romantic feeling qualifying a type that is essen- tially industrial. It is not difficult to trace the Highland soui'ce of this spirit. The habits of the clan life, the romantic loyalty of the clansman to his chief, the almost legendary charm that has grown up around Mary Queen of Scots, and round the Pretender, liave all had their deep and lasting iutiueuce on the character of the people. Slowly, tlirough the course of years, a mass of traditional feeling was formed, clustering around, but usually transfiguring facts. . . The clan legends, and a very idealized conception of clan 166 THE SCOT IN niUTISH NORTH AMERWA. virtues, suivived the destruction of feudal poM'er ; and tlie pathos and the fiie of the Jacobite ballads were felt by multitudes long after the star of the Stuarts had sunk for ever at Culloden. Ti-aditions and sentiments that were once the badges of a party, became the romance of a nation ; and a great writer arose who clothed them with the hues of a transcendent genius, and made them the eternal heritage CD ' O of his Country and of the world." {Hhtovy ii., p. 99). CHAPTER VI. IHE WOMKX AND THE HOMES OF SCOTLAND. All hail, ye teixler ft'elinsa dear '. The smile of love, the f; leiidly tear, The sympathetic tjlow ! Loni,' since this world's thorny ways Had numbered out my weary days, Had it not been for yon. Fate still has blest me with a friend. In every care and ill ; And oft a more endearing band, A tie more tender still. - Burns EpUUe to Dame. O, I hae seen great anes, and sat in great ha's, 'Mang lords and 'mang ladies a' covered wi' braws ; But a sight sae delightful I trow I ne'er spied, As the bonnie blythe blink o' my ain fireside. My ain fireside, my ain fireside, sweet iS the blink o' my ain fireside. Nae falsehood to dread, nae malice to fear. But truth to delight me, and kindness to cheer ; O' a' roads to i)leasure that ever were tried. There's nane half sae sure as one's ain fireside. My ain fireside, &c. —Elizabeth Hamilton. Glens may be gilt wi' gowans rare, The birds may fill the tree. And hnughs hae a' the scented ware That simmer growth may gie ; But the cantie hearth where cronies n»eet. An' tlie darling o' our e'e That makes to us a warl' complete, O, the ingle side's for me. — HiHJH Al.N'Sl.lE. PHE whole.some form of the domestic affections is co-ex- tensive with humanity, and their influence is hap- pily the property of no single race or nation. Still, as in 168 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. other c&sea, the peculiar form they take, as well as the purity and fervour of their manifestations, varies consider- ably, according to the genius, the temperament, the history, and the general social habits of different peoples. Napoleon declared that the need of France was mothers, and a dis- tinguished French writer states that nothing in England struck him so forcibly as its homes. Now any attempt at comparing the capacities for the highest forms of domestic life exhibited in different countries would 1)e futile, even if it were successful. Still it may be well to note that the value of any people as colonists and civilizers will always depend upon the character and social position of its women. Female influence is so intertwined with man's every-day life, and is so much an ordinary blessing, that it is too much the habit to take it as a matter of course ; its value, like the value of light, air, or any other mercy which comes down from the Father of Lights, is never gauged and prized as it should be, until its loss is felt in absence or bereavement. At other times woman and her works and ways are too often treated with the flippant or contemptuous qiiip, or, what is still more offensive to the refined and sensitive, with the high-strained and fulsome compliment, not yet out of fashion. In Scotland, many circumstances have combined to give the female element large opportunities for home develop- ment, and not a few for conspicuous public action. All those historic influences which have moulded the national character — the invasions, the prolonged wars, foreign and intestine, persecutions and raids from the mountains or the Border — whilst they tended to keep everything else in Jf THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 169- a state of solution, strengthened wonderfully the bonds of domestic affection. The love which welled up in the strong find passionate heart of the Scot could only find solace and satisfaction at the trysting place or the home fire-side. Hence the fervour oi' the poetry of Scotland, especially that branch of it which deals with the affections. Deprived of peace elsewhere, with stunted ambitions, and a life made up of toil, suffering, poverty, and apprehension, the people naturally sought and found their happiness within the household. Burns expresses the general feeling when he says :— " To make a happy fireside chime, To weans and wife — That's the true patlios, and sublime Of human life." The picture of the Scottish household caught from the poets and romance writers — from Burns, Scott, Hogg, Ram- say, Tannahill, Gait and innumerable others, is eminently vivid and realistic. In the absence of any wider sphere of action, home assumed a prominent [ lace in the thoughts of Scotsmen, not often traceable in coi atries where the heart lias so many claimants upon its notice and regard. In the poems of Burns, the whole gamut of love is mastered and employed in weaving the most exquisite melody. Is it simple admiration for women, what can be finer than the well-worn song " Green grow the rashes, " ? " Auld nature swears, the lovely dears Her noblest work she classes, O ;' Her 'prentice hand she tried on man, And then she made the lasses, O." From that light vein of generous appreciation, all the m 170 THE SCOT IN JililTISn NORTH AMLliK'A. notes in the weird sympliony of huuian nH'ection arc tried in turn, witli marvellous power until we reach to the height of the poem " To Mary in Heaven," or the concentrated volume of pathos of the verse in the lyric " Ae fond kiss before Wf part : " — *' Had wo never loved sac kindly, Had we never loved nae blindly, Never met and never parted. We had ne'er been broken-hearted." Of conjugal affection, the song, " Of a' the airts tlie wind can blaw," short as it is, it gives full expression. He is speaking of Jean Armour, his wife : — " I .see her in the dewy flowers, Sae lovely, Bweet and fair ; I hear her in the tnnefu' birds, I hear her charm the air ; There's not a bonnie flower that sprinjfs liy fountain, shaw, or f,'reen ; There's not a bonnie bird that springs But 'miuds me o' my Jean."' Throughout the songs of Burns, the same intense wealth of affection shines with sterling lustre. There is another side to the picture, alas ! but there the living man, and not the poet, was at fault. For the most part his songs are full of healthy, strong human affection, embracing all mankind, but garnering itself up peculiarly in the closer attachments of the heai-t. " The Cotter's Saturday Night," and " The Epistle to a Young Friend " reveal the inner self of the way- ward Viard. As it was from life, and lovingly, he depicted the pious home and simple Presbyterian family worship in the one, so fj'om a sad experience, which had taught, but not enforced, wisdom, he wrote : — THE SCOT ly niiJTisii xoirrii .i3//;/:/<'.i. 171 " Till' sacit'il lowt' o' Wei'l-pliicM liivi>, Luxiiriuiitly iiutulu'"' it ; lint iii'Vcr ti'injit tlic illicit I'ni'r, Tliii" iifuthiii;,' may ilivii!;,'L' it ; I wavi- the ((iiaiittitn of tlie .»iii, The liaxard o' cuiicealiii},', ' But, och ! it hanletiH a' within, And petritifw tiie fcelin!,' I" Others may l)etter " ivc-k tlio reed, tluin ever ilid tli' ad- viser," yet une feels a yearniny syniputhy foi' tliat true- heai'tcd man, ^vllose spirit was so willing, and his Hesh so very weak. Penitent, cautious self-control, which, in "The Eard's Epitapli," he calls " wis(h)m's root," was not given to him. The words of that self-indited coronach are keen and worth the reading more than once. " Is there a man whose jnilf,'inent dear, Can othei'H teach the course to steer, Yet runs himself, life's mad career Wild as the wave ; Here pause and throu),di the startin;,' tear, Survey this grave. The poor inhabitant lielov/ Was nuick to learn, and wise to know, And keenly felt the friendly i^low, And softer flame ; But thoutfhtle.ss follies laid him low. And staiu'd his name !" Dean Stanley has said that the struggle in Scotland during this century has been a conflict of the spirit of Knox with the spirit of Burns. Is it (piite certain that such an antagonism really exists ? If it were possible — and perliaps for an outsider it is not— to analyze dispassionately the phenomena of the two centuries, during the latter part of which these ■ repre- sentative" Scots left t 'e scene, it would be found that both of them were divers, 4 o'^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.V. MSIO (716) S72-4S03 ^^V^ V %0 O '^ 172 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. ter— bold, self-reliant, proud, disdainful where there was any- thing despicable, fiery, impetuous, independent. Knox was recrdcitrant, so was Burns ; but the energetic enthusiasm of the latter, his fine poetic temper, and the strong predominance of social feeling and passion in his nature made him a rebel against the restraints of Church or public opinion, even when at heart he approved of them. The war in his members never ceased, and if any one really supposes him to have determinedly posed as an enemy to the Presbyterian spirit of Knox or Melville, he has only to study his letters, and then compare his poems, as a whole, gross or refined, with the conscienceless sensuality of Byron. Burns has naturally claimed a foremost place in the poetry of the afTections ; but there are others who have struck the celestial lyre in strains not less exalted, in their inspired moments. In the Border Minstrelsy there are so many touching ballads of hapless love, that it would be hard to select any without extending this chapter unduly. Professor Mun-ay cites specially "The Lass of Lochroyan," " Willie and May Margaret," "The Dowie Dons of Yarrow"; but one cannot but agree with him that " Fair Helen of Kir- connell " is unrivalled in impassioned anguish of expression. It is Adam Fleming the, favoured lover — at whom his rival aimed the shot which poor Helen, in shielding her lover, received in her Iweast — who sings " I wish I were where Helen lies," in the plaintive strains of the ballad. The rage, the revenge, the love stronger than death, and even longing for it, succeed one another to an admirable and toucliing THE SCOT TN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 173 climax. The broken-hearted wail of the concluding stanzas is deeply pathetic : " I wish my grave were growing green ; A winding-Bheet drawn o'er my een, And I in Helen's annH lying On fair Kirconnell lee, I wish I were where Helen lies ! Night and day on me she cries. And I am weary uf the skies, Fur her sake who died for me !" On the brighter side of youthful love, there is, says Pro- fessor Murray, a remarkable susceptibility to the emotional influences in nature. The loves celebrated in these songs are commonly associated with beautiful scenes; and thus Maxwelton Craes and Kelvin Grove, Gala Water and the Yarrow, The Bonnie Woods of Craigilea, and the Birks of Aberfeldy, as well as a hundred other spots, have attained something like a classical fame.* Still it will generally be found that the human interest, as might be expected, over- shadows delight in the beauty of external nature ; and, in all the poetry worthy of note, that of Bu;ns and Scott in- cluded, there is hardly a trace of lonely communion with the world around. One of the best specimens of amatory poetry in this vein, is Hogg's " When the Kyc comes hame." He had, undoubtedly, a keen eye for nature, and hore each verse hints some aspect of the rural scene with the delight of wooing a bonnio lassie. "Twei-n tlie ^'loaniiti aiul the wick, Whifii the kye coined haiiie." Hector Macneill's " Mary of Castlecary " is a gem in its way, Prof. Murray: The Dalladi and Hongt q/ .Scotland, p. 7U. 174 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. far superior to the " Edwin and Euium " of the ballad and of Goldsmith. Then there are Tunnahill's "Jessie, the Flower of Duinblane," Motherwell's " Jeanie Mor^-ison, " Lyle's "Kelvin Grove," and innumerable others that will readily oc- cur to the reader. In the pathetic view of social and domestic life, Smibort's " Scottish Widow's Lament, " Thom's "Mitherless Bairn,' Ballantine's "Naebody's Bairn," with that simple little childhood lyric " Castles in the Air," also Ballantine's, are noteworthy. Scotland's poetic roll, however, has been made illustrious above measure by the names of an unpiecedented numV»er of female lyricists.* At the head of these stands unques- tionably Caroline, Baroness Nairne, whether the veixatility of her genius or the marked individuality of her style, be taken into account. But to enumerate the female poets chronologically we must begin with Lady Grisell Baillie, *' the bravest of all Scottish heroines," whose romantic life extended from ICC") to 174(». Her poetic fame rests on one song, a pathetic wail over a wasted " might have been." The refrain gives its name to the poem and is repeated in the last line of this, the concluding verse : — " Oh ! were we young as we ance hae been, We nhonld hae been gallopin' down yon green, And linkin' it ower the lily-white lea ; And werena my heai-t licht I wad dee." Allan Cunningham remarked that this song is * very original, very characteristic and very irregular ; but Lady Grisell's life ^vas rather out of the common. She had the • AuthoritleR : The Sotigttresteii of Scotland, by Sarah Tytler and J. L. WaUon ; and the bloin«()hical nutices in The HeultUh Miniilrel, by the Uev. Chas, Rogers, LL. D. THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. ITS' cares of a household laid upon her, when a child. The mother was a confirmed invalid and Griscll was the eldest of the eighteen children of Sir Patrick Home, afterwards Earl of Marchmont, who was always in a stew of political trouble in those early days. The heroine of the house waa sent upon errands, not usually considered domestic. Her father and her future husband's father were in trouble with the Stuart rulera. The former escaped to bo enobled ; the latter suffered for treason when George Baillie was nineteen and Grisell only eighteen. It would be curious to know something of the love-passages between these companions in adversity, when slie went to the Tolbooth to see his father, or he stole forth to cany food to Sir Patrick, in the family tomb of Polwarth, lying on a mattress, "among the moulder- ing bones of his fathei-s, with his good Kilmarnock cowl drawn well over his brow, defying the cold, as he whiled away the time in repeating George Buchanan's Latin Psalms," * the grand text-book by the use of which the Dominies of those days combined classical Latinity, with a due regard for religious training. Sir Patrick went over to Holland, and, as luck would have it, was on the side that turned up right at the Revolution. But there was a terrible time, meanwhile. Poor Grisell had " the heavy end of the string to bear," and bore it, as only such a brave little woman could. The story of her trials and triumphs has been written by her daughter, and no one can read without rejoicing that the noble heroine, who sacrificed so nmch for kith and kin, lived, through many troubles, a life of peaceful * Songittenut of Scotland, Vol. i. p. 3. ' II 176 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. equanimity and died only eight years after the lad who was destined to be her husband and the father of her children. At her death she said that " she could die in peace, that all she desired was to be with George Baillie" — and so she died* When Lady Baillie had about reached middle age, the wiitor of the most powerful expression of conjugal love in any language, was born at Greenock. Jean Adam's long life was a sore struggle with poverty. She early ate the bread of dependence, tried to keep a school for little girls, ma(?e a pilgrimage on foot to London, like Jeanio Deans, though upon a different errand, and at last died in the workhouse, the day after her name had been entered on the books as " a poor woman in distress, a stranger who had been wandering about." Jean Adam was the author of " There's nae luck about the house" ; yet she died without even knowing the rapturous attuction she described, or tast- ing aught of a mother's joys. " The last verse," say the au- thors of the "Songstresses" (Vol. i. p. 48) is the climax of the whole — the ineffable melting of the tremulous laughter into a sudden storm of tears, all glistening as they temper the sunshine of the heart, — " Ami will T me liis face asain ? And will 1 hear liiin sjieak ? I'll! (li)Wiiii,i;lit dizzy with tlie thoclit. In troth I'm like to greet," followed up quickly by tlie recovered bell-like ring, " For there's nae luck about the house, 'I'here'.M nae luck at a', There's little pleasure in the house, When our f,'ood nian'H awa'." • Ibid, p. U. THE SCOT IX BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 177 Two years after Jean Adam " was born in the sea-CJiptain's liouse at Crawfordsdyke," Alison Rutherford, better known as Mrs. Cockburn, first saw the lijjht in the mansion-house of Fairnalee near Gala water and the Tweed. She lived during the greater part of the eighteenth century — from 1712 to 1794 — and was long the centre of the cultured society of Edinburgh. The biography given by the authors of the " Songstresses" extends over more than one hundred and forty pages; it should be read by all who desire ;i 'uore intimate ac([uaintance with one of the most lively, versatile, humorous and thoroughly happy women that ever adoined the capital of any country. Her letters are full of shrewd and pungent remarks upon society, literature, politics, re- ligion and almost every other topic of interest in her eventful time from the '4.") to the French Revolution. Written in a pleasant, chatty style, the}' disclose considerable critical power, keen discernment of character, and an accurate insight into the men anetween the Grampians and Octils, with Ben Voirlich for its landmark. Singularly- beautiful in youth, she was known as " The Flower of Snathearn." The work .she performed for Scotti.sh poetry was partly original and partly in the way of refining the coarse .songs in vogue amongst the people. As many of her songs serve to show, Lady Nairne was strongly Jacobite in lier feelings, and the " Charlie " poetry owes much to her pen. Her most pathetic piece — one which can never die while human liereavements point the way to an " eternal hope" — is " The Land o' the Leal," " I'm wearin' awa', Julin, Like snaw-wri'atliM in thaw, John, Tin wearin" awa' To the hind «' the le.al. There's nae sorrow tliere, John, There's neither caulil nor care, .Tohn. The day is aj-e fair in the land o' the leaL" and so to the last hopeful glance towards the " warM ayout " — • 180 THE aCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. " Oh ! haud ye leal nnd tnie, John, Your tlay it's wearin' thro', John, And I'll wtilcnnie you To the land o' the leal. Now fare ye weel, my ain John, ThiH warlil'H cares are vain, John, We'll meet and we'll be fain. In the land o' the leal." Lady Xairno's versatile talents cinbraccd a wide range, foi- we may pa.s.s from the paths of this gliinp.se " behind the veil " to the serio-humorous " Caller Herrin', " and thence to the broaf these times — the ahiding fmnness of its men, and the un- Hinehing faith, love and tenderness of its long-sufteriugand noble-hearted women.* The desperate ettbrts mad(; by Lady Argyll to secm'e her husband's pardon ; the supj)lications of her daughter to Middleton — one of the gang of oppressors — for her fathers life, and the Earl's temporary escape in disguise fiom Kdin- burgh Castle, by a wife's stratagem, are something of a piece with much tiiat was done in Jacobite times by Lady Tsiths- dale and others on behalf of the Stuart partisans near and dear to them. In every rank of society, during the troubled history of Scotland, fiom Marjory Bruce downwards, the intelligence, the faith, the ardent and un([uenchable aHoction- of its women have stamped their impress not only upon the history, but upon the character, of the Scottish people. There, if anywhere, the woman, whether acknowledged as man's equal or not, has established her claim to be so bound up in his life as to render any (piestion of superiority or precedence an idle cpiibble. In warand peace, in the strong- holdj HI the cottage, in the cave or the prison, in the hall or * Anderson's f.adicn of (he Covrnaiil, lins already been often citi'il ; ami it rniiit l»o Af^ain riferreil tn here, as an adniirublo enlli'ftii.n of facts In proof of the noblo eoiirai;i' and strong relixiuus and duiucstic afTuctiunK of Seotgnotuen. 18G THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. at the modest ingle, she has been his better self, heroic and undaunted in danger, patient during sorrow or suffering, " a ininisterinrj anfjel" in the lonjj-drawn hours of darkness and distress. That the eminently noble type of women which history, romance and poetry concur in finding north of the Tweed should have failed to exercise its normal in- riucnce upon the national character can hardly be conceived. Like produces like ; and even variations in developn^ent, though they may tend to deterioration, never alter spiritu- ally the main features of the plan wrought out in broad out- line durinfj centuries of ^station. The domestic life of Scotland is the fountain from whence all that is good and great in its sons — their religious temper, and those virtues of industry, frugality, integrity and high-mindedness which distinguish the Scot — took their origin. To the home may be traced the ujirightness, and much of the strong persist- ence in honourable eff'ort which have made Scotsmen pros- perous and successful in lands " near the setting sun" or upon the dearly prized soil of tliat auld home across the sea. m CHAPTER VII. GKXKRAL SUMMAIIV. Still on thy banks so f,'aily j,'reen, May numerous hercU and flocks he seen. And lasses chantini,' o'er the pail, Ami shepherds piiiin;,' in the dale ; An ancient faith that knows no guile, An industry enihrowned with toil. And hearts resolved, and hands prepared. The blessings they enjoy to (juard. - Smollett. Hale hearts we hae yet to bleed in Its cause ; Bold hearts we hae yet to sound its applausej; How then can it fade, when sic chiels an' sic cheer. And sae niony brave sprouts of the thistle are here. Hurrah for the thistle, &c. - Alkxander Maclaoax. fold though our seasonH, and dull thouj^h our skies, There's a might in our anus and a fire in our eyes ; Dauntless and patient to dare and to do — Our watchword is " Duty," our maxim is " Throujj'h ;" Winter and storm only nerve us the more. And chill not the heart if they cree[) through the door : Strong shall we be, III our isle of the sea. The home of the brave and the boast of the free ! Firm as the rocks when the storm flashes forth, We'll stand in our courage— the Men of the North ! Sunbeams that ripen the olive and vine, In the face of the slave and the coward may shine ; Roses may blossom where Freedom decays. And crime be a growth of the sun's highest rays. Scant though the harvest we reap from the soil. Yet Virtiie and Health are the children of Toil, Proud let us be, Of our isle of the sea. The home of the brave and tlu lK)ast of the free ! Men with true hearts— let our fame echo forth — Oh, these are the fruit that we grow in the North ! - Chaiileh Mack ay. 188 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. Cbi JLN the foregoing chapters an attempt has been uiiido to =» glance as briefly as the nature and extent of the sub- ject admitted, at those peculiar features, physical as well as historical, which have concurred in moulding the Scottish character. Without some acquaintance vith the antece- dents of a people, their surroundings and the discipline tiioy have undergone through the ages, it is not only difficult to undei"stand the national bent and idiosyncrasies, but also to calculate the nptitude for colonization they are likely to dis- play when transferred to " fresh scenes and pastures new." This consideration applies with peculiar force in the case of the Scot ; because, in the absence of information touchini,' its past history, people are sure to misunderstand the Scot- tish nature,and assign to any butits true causes the wonderful successes Scotsmen have achieved wherever they have set foot. National pride is no doubt blind; but national jealousy is not less so ; and so it has happened that when men are asked how Scotsmen havecome to get onso well in the world, commanding * respect and confidence, and securing social positions of trust, power and wealth, the peevish answer is given that they owe it to their craft, their parsimony, thei " clanni.shness," their ir- repressible assurance, their narrow pride or what not. Peo- l»le are asked to believe that, in a free country, where all men start on an ec^ual footing, the Scot has thrown some spell upon the rest of the community and elbowed every- body else out of his path by some glamour or witchery hanging about him. That the virtues which have given this little nationality so prominent a place in the social and in- omM wmm THE SCOT IX BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 18f> dustrial world, have at times degenerated into something akin to fault and failing, no one can deny. All the noble qualities which have elevated society may be perverted readily from their normal purpose. Thrift may sink into niggardliness; patriotism may become narrow, prejudiced and exclusive ; astuteness may grow rank and blossom into cunning ; self-respect and self-reliance may beget selfish- ness and malevolence ; and the religious temper itself lose its celestial charity 'amUuimility in bigotry and intolerance. But that does not make the good qualities less salutary in their influence on the individual, the nation or the race ; and it is quite certain that neither the Scots, nor any other people ever rose to any exalted position among the nations, by a per- version of the virtues but solely by the virtues themselves. Let it be once understood that the sterling characteristics of the Scottisli people have come down to them as an inheri- tance — the outcome of hardship, penury, conflict, toil and suffering during many centuries — and there is at once a rational explanation of their success at home and abroad. These characteristics, in fact, are so much mental and moral capital stoied up in the race by the accumulated efforts of their forbears in times gone by. In the chapters preceding, it was seen that the country itself is for the most part, barren, demanding unflincliing industry from man and making but scanty returns. Toil has always been in Scot- land the inexorable condition of existence. Hence the de- velopment of laborious habits, frugality, thrift, and a hardy, self-reliant nature. The invasions from Ireland, from the Norse Kingdoms, from the South under Saxon WT ii 190 THE SCOT IN BIIITISH NOllTn AMERICA. and Norman made tlic possession of wealth and life itself, precarious. The ambition of the Plantagenet Kings of England compelled the Scots to enter upon a bitter anc hitelleetual activity it has aroused, is .sure, in the long run, to find a .spliere of action in science, invention, exploration, or whatever other beneticcnt outlet may be open to it. One of the most remarkable features in the biography of distinguished Scots is the large number of them who rose from the humblest positions in life, to honoiu' and distinction. In most countries the middle class, and especially the leariicd professions, snpj)ly the men from whom the ranks of the il- lustrious thinkers and workers are recruited ; but in Scot- land, if not themselves peasants, weavers or mechanics, their fathers have been something of the sort, before them ; and they, themselves, brought up in lowly life, have struggled to prospeiity and fame out oi' an atmosphere of poverty. That many noted Scots have descended from great families is, of course, true; but taking the eminent men produced North of the Tweed, there can be no question that a large majority sprang from the ranks of the connuon people. The absence of large urban populations in early times, the comparatively narrow range of commerce, and the general poverty of the country, no doubt stimulated the jjoorer classes to enterprising efforts. There was no super- incumbent middle class, pressing, with its solid, inert weight, upon them ; they were free to rise as high as their energy and ability could elevate them, and thus we find them con- tinually aspiring to eminence in the Church, at the Bar, in medicine, science, arts, and literature. It speaks volumes for the native genius of the Scottish people, that they were M«n THE SntT /AT niilTISIl XOliTU AMEIiWA. 197 alilo to iiiin lngl«, iimko good their footing, step l»y stop, and in tlw end fuHil nieasuniMy tlieir lofty aspirations. It must not lie forgotten that th»' men who niaiUs the masses what they were— tlio Reformers and tlie Covenanters— whilst tliey spurred the national intelleet, and w'th it the strong feeling of independence and self-relianee, also, with won- drous prescience, provided foi- their education. No matter liow poor a Scot may have heen at the outset, lie had at least so much valuahle capital to hegin life withal, as a sound plain education could Ijestow upon him ; and it is this obvi- ous advantajxe over his nei'ddiours that 1ms fdven the stim- ih dent d lifted them fi ])ovorty to fame. In the army, for instance, il ring the old time, when, in addition to the purcliase system, promotion for \ alour and good conduct was so slow in the British service, the Scot always liad the best chance ; because he was de- cently educated, an0,171 ; Siuitlaml, l,C7S,4ri!2; Ireland, r\310,807. In 1841 the pmi'iirtioii hml ehaiijfed much to the ilisadvantajje of Seotland, the eeiisus eminieratiii); for Kiiglaiul, 10,0;!.'i,10,s ; for Seotlaiul. '2,(i:i2,;i3'.» ; for Ireland, S,'J22,(iti4. At the hist eensns ( 1S71) the account stood ; Knjfland 'J'2,704,UIS ; Scotland, ;i,3.')8,(U;t; Ireland, ;'>, 402 ,7r>!). Durio); tic several decades of the eentiiry Scotland lost ground as regards England especiall.v, inilil fie census of 18r>7. lloughly the iK>puIatiou relatively to the entire United Kinijrdoin, the Islands included, wius in \H)l nearly oi\e-ninth ; in Ibol, less than a tenth ; and thence- forward between a ninth and a tenth. .(KviNMniinpiiiim THE SCOT IN BRITISU NORTH AMERICA. 190 it is npiKrniost, mention may bo made here first of John Napier, lairtl of Merchiston, the inventor of Logarithms, to whom, in Hume's opinion, "the title of a i^reat man was more justly duo than to any other whom his country ever produced." A descendant of his house h.as filled high otRco in England and in Ireland, where he was born, and Wcas crojited a baronet by Mr. Disraeli in ISG7 — Sir Joseph Napier. Robert Napier, though certainly descended from Adam, can boast no noble genealogy ; his fsither was a black- smith and the son has made "anew departure' for th(^ illustrious name, foi he was the head of the great Clyde firm of ship-builders. He was concerned in the early at- tempt at trans-atlantic steam navigation on the British Queen and the Sirinf}. The steam ironclads constructed of late, beginning with the Black Prince, are his latest work. As our notice of the Napiers has brought us to the sea, the other branch of the service may be noticed. Neither Scotland nor Ireland has contributed so large a proportioi^ of er.iincnt men to the navy as to the army. They have no Drakes, Ifavvkinses, Frobishers or Raleighs on the roll of their ancestry and the sea-fighting instinct was not a salient feature with them. Nevertheless Sir Charles Douglas, a linguist also, and mechanic, the victor over the French in the West Indies; Lord Keith, th(> hero of AbouUir Ba}', and Viscount Duncan, of Camperdown, are names not un- worthy to be placed by that of Nelson. l*aul Jones, the Captain Sennnes of the American Revolution, was also a Scot. In peaceful exploration to the frozen north there ai-e the two Rosses, Sir Alexander Mackenzie and a larj^e num- V 'JOO THE SCOT IN BRITISH NOIITH AMERICA. ber of others. The number of Scottish travellers generally is extremely large. Africa has been especially their chosen groimcl. James Bruce, Mungo Park, Hugh Clapperton, Alex- ander Gordon Lang, David Livingstone and Commander Cameron are the best known ; and of the missionaries, pui'e and simple, Alexander Duff, Robert Moffat and Charles Fraser Mackenzie. In the last century two travellers de- serve pre-eminence as pioneers — James Baillie Fraser, who traversed Persia and the Himalayas, and John Eell, who crossed over from the Baltic, through European Russia and Siberia, to China and explored the Caucasus. In India, the Scotsman has played almost as prominent a part as in Africa, It is only necessary to mention Sir David Baird, during Hyder All's time, Elphinstone, Malcolm, Munro, Dal- housie, Minto, and Elgin. Passing to locomotion and the inventive arts, it may be noted that to James Watt, the world o' as the practical ap- plication of sceam as a motor ; to Henry Bell, Britain is in- debted for steam navigation ; to John Loudon Macadam, for the roads which pass by his name, and to William Murdoch the use of coal gas as an illuminator.* In natural philosophy, which along with mathematics is a condition precedent of inventive skill, Scotland has been peculiarly rich. Of the many names which will occur to the reader, those of Black, Biyce, Craig, Keith, Leslie, Mac- lannin, Playfair," Robison. Sinclair, and Simson, will suggest themselves. In other bi-anches of science the names of emi- ' He was alsci the inventor of a locomotive which was improved bj- others, and perfected by Geo. Stephenson . THE SCOT IN lilllTISlI NORTH AMERICA. 201 nont Scots have grown so numerous during tlie recent re- vival, that it is hardly possible to attempt an enumeration. Of the elJers, Hutton, Pringlo, Smellie, the naturalist ; Alex- ander Wilson, the ornithologist ; MacGillivray, also a student of birds ; and others have vindicated the claim of Scotland to a place in the Pantheon of science. Some of the great names in medicine have already been mentioned, but they are inexhaustible. Most of them have not mei'ely been practitioners, but discoverers also. There are the Bells, the Hunters, the Gregorys, William Cullen, George Fca-dyco, Alexander Monro, Erasmus Wilson, Sir John Forbes, Brodie, Christison, Simpson and many others. In the department of Technology, the name of Dr. Geoi-ge Wilson ought not to be passed over as an instance of Scottish tenacity in the pursuit of learning, and the faithful discharge of duty under terrible bodily suffering.* It was intended to pursue the Scot in the departments of Literature and Art, but want of space compels us to pass them over with a cursory reference. The lives of Robert Burns, Walter Scott, and a host of other great names hardly need additional eulogy.-f- To theirs might be appenM»«r(aest Hweejis The (Ifsert waves ; Some when' the myrtle weoi)s On ll(>iu;in },'nvve8. And i>ale youii;,' facew gleam With Kdlfinn eyiw ; Jiike aremeiiiber'd dream The dead arise ; In the red track of war, The restless Hweeji ; In sunlit graves afar The loved ones sleep. -UoitF.UT MlLLEH. 'W^HE extraordinary activity of the emigrant or travellin •and adventurous Scot all over the world is an anomaly not readily explicable without understanding fully the ante- cedents of the country and the people, as we have attempted to set them forth in the preceding part. Other nations, English-speaking and foreign, have either been impelled to migrate fitfully, or strayed far afield, in slender detach- ments ; but the Scots have been wanderers for the last seven or eight centuries systematically, and with little or no in- terruption. The extraordinaiy statements of Thomas Dempster, a Scot at the University of Paris, that there were learned Scots at all the learned institutions in Europe as early as the eighth century. From the nature of things that was an impossibility, and only a perverted patriotism could have made, or would persist in, the assertion. Mr. Burton in his work, The Scot Abroad* lays down the more reasonable rule, that all men called Scots on the Continent before the eleventh century, were Irish Scots. This includes • Vol. ii, pp 9, 10. A3 Sir. J. U. Burton's work is not readily acccssible.it may be as well to acknowledge our obligation to it here once for all, as well as to Chambers' Biojraphical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. The former is largely founded on Michel ; Lea Econmin en France. m 208 THE SCOT IN niilTISH NOIiTII AMERICA. 'f: • nt lioino and alnoad, such distinguished names as those of St. Columba, St. Adiunnan, Marianus Scotus, the historian Sedulius, autlior of the first hymn-book, St. Gall, the Apostle of Germany, and John Seotus Erij^ena. On the other hand, Duns Scotus, the great founder of a school of medijevnl philosophy, specially known as Scottists, was unquestionably a Scot in the modern sense of the word. His full name was Johannes de Dunse, Scotus — John of Dunse, a Scot — and he left Oxford for France in 1307, alarmed at the persistent assaults of Edward upon the in- dependence of his country.* A few only of the scholars who established the credit of Scottish intellect and erudi- tion abroad need be mentioned — John Mair or Major, tutor at the Sorbonno, Hector Pxece, James (the Admirable) Crichton, satirised in Rabelais, George Buchanan, tutor of Montaigne and James VI., Ur(|uhart, translator of Rabelais, and Dempster. It was the War of Independence, and the intimate alliance of Scotland with France, in the face of a common enemy, which gave the gi'eat impetus to Scottish emigration to the continent and laid the foundation for their influence for ages to come, especially in France. There can be no doubt that whether Wallace visited France between his defeat at Falkirk and his capture, or not, the foundations of what is kno-\vn as " The Ancient League " were laid early in the reign of Philip IV., if not earlier. -f" It was not, however, until 1326, twelve years after Bannockburn, that a treaty, *See irrefragable proof of this in Chamber's Biographical Dictionary, Vol. il., pp. 198-9. I Michel, quoted by Mr. Burton, distinctly affirms that Wallace did take rvfuge and that his agent at home was the, patriotic Lamberton, Archbishop of St. Andrews. It was one of the complaints made by Edward against the prelate that he was carrying on intrigues with France. .,,.wiLlilLill!II.PI THE SCOT IN r.niTISII XfUiTIl AMEllICA. 209 18-9. that ■une tues oftl'iisive and dofensivo, was eoncliKled betwci'ii the two poweiH. This compact, wliich was renewed from time to time, had important consecinences in the progres.s and results of "The One Humhed Years' War." Tlie Scots, nnlike the foreign mercenaries serving under the House of Valois, .stood upon the footing of allies. They fought for the Scottish national cause on the soil of France, and were no mere ad- venturers. More than that, as Sismondi says the}- were soon destined to prove " the nerve of the French army, at a time when the people were sunk in \vretche(hie.ss, dispirited by defeats of no ordinary character, and had lost all hope or self-helpfulness." England had been in possession of the P'rench capital for more than ten yeai's when, in 1424<, John Stewart, Earl of Buehan, landed with a small force, which succeeded, by the valley of the Loire, in reaching the heart of Anjou. A few French had joined him and the result was a battle in which the English chivalry were defeated with terrible slaugliter. Honours unusually magnificent were heaped upon Buclian. He ^vas made High Constable of France, ranking next to the princes of the blood and received large estates extending between Avranches and Chartres. Archibald, T^arl of Douglas, Buchan's father-in-law, joined with several thous- and Scots and was created Duke of Tuuraine. ]\Ieanwhile the English had collected tlieir strength, allied themselves with the powerful Duke of Burgundy and proved too much for the Scots. They were defeated at Crevant with great slaughter, and at the disastrous battle of Verneuil, the Scots force was all but annihilated, their brave leaders, N 210 THE SCOT IN imiTISn NORTH AMERICA. Buchau Hn«l Dou^^las, l»oing left dead on tlie tidd. "Ver- neuil," says Mr. Riuton, " was no rivry, Poitiers or A;^'iM- court, and Bedford and Salisbury were so nearly defeatiil as to be alarmed. Scotland independent and hostile tu En<,danil bad saved Franee. Had Henry V. lieen Kin;, of Great Britain, with France at Ins feet, be ntigbt luux re-e>- tablished a Western Empire. The enjo3'ers of Fn^dish liberty owe a debt of gratitude to the victors of Jijinnoek- burn."* More than that, France was rehabilitated, and became again a warlike nation. Henry V. was no more, and tbere was a minority ; Burgundy forsook the English alliance, and (yharles VIT. stood on his feet again. Out of tlie survivois of Verneuil was formed the Scots Guard. This consisted of one hundred genf< cVarmcs and two hundred archevs, and its captain was to be named by the Scots king ; when that became absurd, the first French captain, the Count of Mont- gomery, was ap[)ointed solely to preserve the name. The first captain was John Stewart, Lord of AuLignd, the founder of an illustrious Scots house in France. "Louis XL" says Mr. Burton, "perhaps of all monarclis whose character is well known to the world, the most un- confiding and most skeptical of anything like simple faith and honesty — was content, amid all his sliifting, slippery policy and his suspicions and precautions, to rely implicitly on the faith of his Scots Guard." (Vol L, p. 35). Indeed, more than once, Louis, when his liabitual suspicions yielded to the tempting allurements of his craft, had good reason to '' Scot Abroad, Vol. i, p. 47. tmsmm THE SCOT IN niilTlSir yoUTII AMERICA. 211 l)elievo, if lu' liclicvi'il notliiii;^ vW\ that " .simple fiiitli " is more thiui " Norman Itlood." ThrouLjliotit liis wily careei-, lie was ever loarniii;^' lessons of the futility of tnistiiijjj in promises, hard and lotid mouthed ; and, on (»ne occasion, at Li(>;^e,in the celehrated Peronne expedition, he was saved from Bur;j;undian treacliery l»y the faithful Scots. The ( luard were not only faithful beyond tlie breath of sus])ieion ; ))Ut their bravery Iteeame proverbial. " Firr conwie un JuvKsdis" — proud as a Scot — says the Chronicler was long a Frencli proverb, " because " he adds " they pref(,M-red rather to die in preserving their honour than to live in disgrace." In 1503, it was tha* i-heir banner-bearer, William Turnbull, lighting the Spaniards in Calabria, was found dead, with the staft' in his rigid arms, and the flag gripped in his clenched teeth, with the little cluster of his countrymen around him, killed at their posts. Ml'. Bin-ton's account of illustrious Scots in France is very full, but it will be obviously impossible to note more than a few (jf them here.* In the early centuries they were a wild ot in the North of Scotland, one of the wildest was Alex ander, brother of llobert III, known, in hi.story, as " The Wolf of Badenoch." A natural son of Alexander, named after his father, in the early ]iai't of his career, followed the paternal example. He not only " wanted a wife, his braw bouse to keep," like the Laird o' Cockpen, but he wanted the braw house to boot. He was not long in securing both ; • Midicl, a8 already iiieiitiniicd, is Mr. liurtoii's chief authority ; but Hnjlo, in hia I)ii'- tiiiiiarif, liail previously provided much raw uii^teriiil— the result, it is said, of tlie fad, either that he had y;ot hold of a Scottish bookseller iu I'ari", or that the latter had got Jiold of hi>n. IT 212 THE SCOT JN BlilTISU NORTH AMERICA. thinking, with the Laird, that "favour \vi' wooing is fasli ions to seek," so Alexander wooed the widowed Countess of Mar, "as the lion wooes his bride." He took both the lady and her castle of Kildrummy by storm, married the one, and quietly installed himself as Earl cf Mar, in the other. But there was evidently a want of elbow-room for him in his new domains; so he naturally went over to France w ith his retainers, and cut a splendid figure at court. Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, was a brother of James III., but his conduct to that monarch was hardly fraternal. That both the King's brothers, Albany and Mar, had some cause for complaint is true; at any rate both were imprisoned in Edinburgh, where the latter was murdered, and from which the former es- caped to France. Albany, says Robertson, was inspired by what had happened, " with more ambitious and criminal thoughts. He concluded a treaty with Edward IV. of Eng- land, in which he assumed the title of Alexander, King of Scots," and thus brought northward an invading English army, under a more celebrated character in history and drama, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. In France, Albany was in the court sunshine. A favourite of Louis XI. he ac- quired immense estates, and married Anne, daughter of the l)roud family of Auvergne and Boulogne, a scion of which was Marshal Turonne. Of the Darnley Stewarts, there were Sir John, founder oi the D'Aubign}s, and Sir Alexander, who figures as "Vice- roy of Naples, Constable of Sicily and Jerusalem, Duke of Terra Nova," kc. Also Matthew, Earl of Lennox, who sought the hand of Mary of Guise, widow of James V. and wmm'wmmmmmmm THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTE AMERICA. 213 inci r (Jl lice- Ivlio md mother of Maiy Stuart. His rival, oddly enough., was the father of that Both well "who settled all matters of sniall family differences, by blowing his son into the aii'."* Of the nobility closely allied to royalty, there were the Earls of Douglas, Lords of Touraine, and the Dukes of Hamilton and Chatelherault. The Dukes of Hichmond, Lennox and Gordon, are, of course, entitled to the ]^'Aubigny dignity. Michel and the chroniclers give a host of Scottish names, most of them long since sunk in territorial titles ; some of these may be noted as proof of the vast influence of the Scot upon the destinies of Franco. There are Guillaume Hay, Jacques Scrimgour, Hclis de Guevremout(Kinrinmond), Andrien Stievart, Guillebert, Sidrelant (Sutherland), Alex- andre de Jervin (Girvin), Jehande Miiiiez (Menzies), Nicho- las ( 'hambres, Sieur de Guerche, Coninglant (Cunningham), Jean de Hume, George de Ramesay, Gohoi'y (Gowrie or Govric), De Glais (Douglas), D'Hendresson, Mauriqon, Dro- mont (Drummond), Crafort (Crawforvl), Leviston (Living- stone), Bercy, Locart, Tournebulle, Monerif, DeviUeneon or D'Aillen(;on (Williamson), Maxuel, Herrison (Henry- -son), Doddes, De Lisle ( Leslie ), De Lauzun ( Lawson ), ])'Espenee (S[)ence), Sinson (Simpson), kc, &c. The Blackwoods play a distinguished |)art, and there are also, Thomas de Houston, seigneur, and Robert Pittcloch, a Dun- rlee man, and many others. These exiles from their native land, in fact, regenerated France. At a time when the national pulse beat so feebly as to fc -bode dissolution, the hardy sons of the north impn'gnated the veins of France with * Scot Abroad. Vol. I, page 75. 214 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. their own vigorous Scottish blood. Like the Normans of En/'- land centuries before, the Scots colony "was received as a sort of aristocracy by race or caste ; and hence it became to be a common practice for those who were at a loss for a pedi- gree to iind their way to some adventurous Scot, and stop there, just as, both in France and England, it was sufficient to say that one's ancestor's came in with the Normans."* In all biograpliies of the gi'eat Colbert, he is said to be of Scottish descent. Moreri says that his ancestor's tomb is at Rheims. Sully, whose famil}^ name was Bethune, Scottish, enough of itself, thought to trace relationship with +hc Beatons. Moli^re, to disguise the vulgarity of hia pat. ,- nymic which was Po(iuelin, suggested ncble des ent from a Scot. Mi\ Burton mentions that some Scots who were petty landed proprietors, in later times, found it to their advan- tage to use the prefix "de " before the name of their petty holding. John Law, of Lauriston, is a case in point; but the most ludicrous was an invented title palmetl off upon llichelieu. Monteith's father was a fisherman on the Forth, and when the Cai ^inal asked him to what branch of the Monteiths he belonged, the candidate for patronage boldly replied, " Monteith de Salmonet." With the Reformation struggle the Scottish influence- abroad took, for a time at any rate, another direction. Din- ing the struggle for independence in the Netherlands the Scots were divided : part of them adhering to the " old " cause of Mary Stuart and Sijuiti, and part attach';d to the Protestant resistance of the United Provinces. In Hv I'and m * Siiot Ahvoad, Vol. i, imge 03, THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 21i they appeared as champions of libei'ty, in the Scottish bri- gade, and it is said that, on the eve of the English Revoki- tion, John Graham of Claverhouse, and Mackay, of Scourie, afterwards William's general at Killiecrankie wore rivals for promotion in that corps. At that time, of course, the Scots contingent in Holland had ceased to subserve its ori- ginal puqjose, although there was still plenty of work to accomplish in the struggle with Louis XIV. It was the cause of the Elector Palatine which had hold upon the hearts of patriotic Scuts, and the glorious struggle made by Gustavus Adulphus of Sweden. Frederick V. had married Elizabeth, the third child and eldest daughter of .lames I., from whom is descended in a direct line. Her Majesty the Queen. In the service of Gustavus Adolphus, there were thirteen Scottish regiments, which kept t.jgether in w'hatever parti- cular part of the field they might be temporarily in the fight. Under Mansfeldt, the king of Denmark, or " the lion of the North," they fought for principle and achieved undying renown. Of the illustrious names which came to the surface in this desperate struggle are those of Sir Andrew Gray, Robeit Monro, Sir John Hepburn, Hamil- ton, Turner, Lumsdon, Forbes, Ruthv3n, Grant, Ramsay, the Leslies, the Lindsays, Ruth'rford, Spence, Kei-, Drunimond, Douglas, Baillie, Cunningham, liluldrum, Innes, Ballantine, Sandilands ant] Leckie — most of them in the rank of general officers The Thirty Years' War was the school of discip- line from which the Scot eni»\-ged a trained soldier. It pro- duced especially a l)ody of the l)ravest, and most skilful * i 216 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. officers of the time, as Mr. Burton remarks, men of the calibre of Alexander Leslie, who led the Covenanting furcesi and David Leslie, "who divides with Oliver Cromwell, tlie fume of Marston Moor." Before referring to the most ilhistrious of the Jacobite Scots who performed service abroad, it may be well to note one or two distinguished otherwhere. It has been related that a Scot named Thomas Game or Garden was once elected " King of Bukheria " ; but as tliat appears to have been cu isocount of the height and grossness of his physical frame woi omas may be passed over. During that sin- gular period when the Muscovite power was emerging from barbarism under Peter the Great, there were a number of Gordons who, by their fidelity, courage and native intelli- gence performed essoitial service. The chief of them was General Patrick Gordon, who wrote a biography of the great, though somewhat erratic. Czar. It is not recorded that Patrick was " the seventh son of a seventh son," but only a " younger son of a younger brother," which brings no luck with it. As he inherited the sound, practical sense of his country, and therefore did not expect his fortune to come down from the stars, he determined to seek it somewhere or other on the surface of the earth. Touching at Elsinore, a classic spot where he may, or may not, have taken Shakes- pearian observations, he found of course a " brither Scot," one John Donaldson, who sped him on his way. " As he began, so he went on, finding fellow-countrymen dotted liere and there, at convenient posting distances, on through Aus- IPiililllll Till': SCOT IX BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 217 tria and Russia to tlie very extremities of civilization.* Of his great services in Sweden and Poland under John Sobieski, ^nd during his later years in Russia, where he was the riglit arm of Peter the Great, there is no need to speak in detail. One fact, with the closi.ig scene must suffice. When the Czar went on his celebrated wanderings to Western Europe, he left General Gordon in charge of the Kremlin at Moscow, with four thousand men, and but for the Scot's valour, address and skilful management, Peter mifdit have worked in the dockyard in England to the day of his deatli. Another celel)rated character connected with Russia was Samuel Greig, the founder of the Russian navy, and the projector of the fortifications of Cronstailt.f He was a Fife- shire skipper's son, born at Inverkeithing in 173.'), and •entered the Royal navy at an early age. He was a lieuten- .ant when the British Government, having been solicited by Russia to send out some naval officers of skill, amongst the I'est dispatched Greig. Apart from his organizing abilities, this Scot had all the dash of his race, as shown in the war with the Turks in the Mediterranean, especially l)y his daring exploits at Scio. He was loaded with h'^nours by the Empress Elizabeth ; but whilst he triumphantly swept the Baltic, after blocking up the Swedish fleet in harbour, he caught a violent fever of which he died, in spite of tiie •efforts of Dr. Rogerson, the chief jjhysician, whom the e spoeially mentioned Alexander Erskine, who- represented Sweden in the conferences which terminated in the Treaty of Westphalia ; Sir William Lockhart, of Lee, the Commons' aml)assador to France at the Restoration ; Sir Robert Keith, who renderad invaluable services to the C^ueen of Denmark, and Sir Alexander MitcheM's important woi'k at the Court of Pi'ussia. It would be impossible to give any satisfactory account of the great amount of ability which the Jacobitf m.ovement si)read over Europe after the Revolution, but more especi- ally at the accession of George I. It took various shapes from the militaiy skill of the Duke of Berwick to the controversial skill of Father Innes or the plottings of a thousand intriguers. Andrew Michael Ramsay, usually called " The Chevalier," was none of these, but a scholarly man, v;'ho became i> Catholic by accident, and not perhaps a Jacobite at all. He was the son of a baker at Avr, was educated at Edinburgh, and then at Ley den, where he met Poiret the mystic, who subsequent!}'' intioduced him to tln' sainted Fenelon. Under his influence he ceased to be a sceptic, as he had been, and joined the Churc'.i of Rome. After this he educated the duke do Chateau-Thiciry and Prince Turenne, and at Rome, the children of the Pretender. He visited England, and was made a doctor of laws at Oxford. He was altogether an exceedingly remarkable Scot, even at a time when the star of Voltaire was rapidly ncar- intr its zenith. ChainbcM : Dion. Diet. Vol. ii. pp. 532-3. ^MtmmnKfm am THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 210 We may now give a brief notice of the Keith brothers — one of whom has a brilliant historical reputation. The Earls Marischal are princi[)ally associiited with the college at Aberdeen, establisheil by the fifth earl, and called by his title. The two of whom we speak are known by the more familiar family name of Fveith. Attainted, and the hercditar}' estates confiscated for the part taken l)y the brothers in 171"), they went abroad. Of the elder, little need be said, except that he rose in the light of his brother's genius, and became Frederick the (treat's ambassador to France. He was a man of consiihn-able ability and fore*- of character; but it is James, ^[arshal Keith, who fills the eye of the historic student. He was only nineteen when the Earl of Mar set up the standard of the Pretender, anerliaps that could be wiittuii of a great iiiilitary genius, tossed between commissions in Sweilen, •descents on Scotland under Ormond's auspices, service in the Irislibrigiide in Spain, and so on, until he found liimself "as the French liave it, y the blast of a war trumpet.* There is no noecT to enter in detail upon the proof of the admitted fact that the enterprising Scot lias set foot on every land, and ti-a- versed every sea, almost invariably leaving beneficent traces of liis presence and his energy. There used to be an old saying that there is no part of the world where a Scotsman and a Newcfistle grind-stone cannot bo found, and the same notion is conveyed in a less complimentary form in an old verse preservetl by Michel. -f" The unsavoury connection in which the universal spread of the Scot is introduced, wa.s no doubt the fruit of a national jealousy, similar to that traceable in England after the Union in Swift, Horace Walpole, Johnson and others, as well as in the letters of Junius. In these last, which are still read and a saw the illustrious Ciiatham supplanted by the Earl of JJute, as a minister, and that the * " A story re^'anliiiK Keith, \\lii(]i illii.-lnitus tlio universality of Scottisli iiitliieiice, is worth repeatinif, although it is fouml in llio t'crcy Anfctlutcn. At the CDiielusioii of a peace between the Russians ami Turli^, an interview took place between Field Marshal Keith, and the Grand Vizier. Unsiiies-i over, and the i)artin;,'- bow and salaam, the Turkish minister suddeiily approached the Marslial, took him by the band, and in the broadest Scots dialect, assured him, witli warmth, that he was " inii'o bajijiy, now he was sae far frae hanio, to meet a countryman in his exalted station." Keith was itstounded, but the Vizier replied, "my father was bellman o' KirUaldy, in Fife, 1 rememlier to Ikivc seen you, sir, and your brother occasionally passinyf." The Kmpress Catherine, by the way, had a famou.'. physician who was the son of a miller at the head of Peeblesbire. t The original may be given without venturing on a translation :— "Que d'Escos.sois, de rat.s, de poux, Ceux driven from otHce. Still when he assailed William Murray, Loril Mansfield, the most olo(|uent lawyer, and the ablest j\id<,'e who ever presided in the King's Bcneh, even Junius ftilt that ]\e was M-rong. " National reflections." he remarks in his Preface,* " I confess are not to be justified upon theory, nor upon any general principles." His ploa was that the Scots formed an exception to any general rule. Their " (;haracteristic prudence, selfish nationality, persevering assi- duity," the qualities for the most part, which were the cause of their success annoyed bin), and the " assiduous smile" with which they refused to take offence touched him to the quick. Sir Philip Francis was not the first nor the last, to envy the Scotsman, his intelligence, or success in life. It is the fashion in quarters nearer home i\\imVLv.Vfooi\^a\Xi>,PiihricAdvertUor office to assign the uniform prosperity and elevation of the Scot in ewrv walk of life to all possible causes but the true ones. He has been accused of "clannishness;" and yet in most European countries, he has eithev toiled up the ladder of success, round after round, unaided and alone by his own sln-ewd intelligence, force of character and innate probity, or he has triumphed in spite of national prejudices instead of by their aid in connnunities where anything like asso- ciated efibrt on the part of Scotsmen would have been at once fatal to him. An attempt having been made to give a general concep- tion of what the Scot has done on the continent of Europe Lettcrt of Junius (Eohn's Edition), Vol i. p. 99. .^ ^mMtm THE SCOT IN niilTISII NOHTH AMERICA. 2-23 oufj:ht now to lio supploiiicntecl l»y a .skotcli of liis woik in th».' Unitecaking then* was not systematic movement to pai-ticular localities, such as we .shall have to describe hereafter in Nova Scotia, Prince Ed- ward Island, Glengarry and othei- parts of Ontario. Still in the old Colonial times the Highland movements, particu- iarb- of a .lacobite character, had contributed a large luuu- ber of settlers. At the Revolution there was a considerable Jimount of proscription if not of terroi'ism em})loyed by the " Sons of Liberty," and tlie new nationality lost as many of its best inhabitants as France did by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.* The Scots were scattered along the Atlantic seaboard fiom New York to (jcorgia and even Florida, and they bore more tluui their share of loss and suffering. Even the clergy were not exenspt. The Rev. Dr. Auchnuity, Rector of Trinity Church, New York, was brut- ally treated by the " \Vhigs." The Rev. Alexander ?rlacrae, also an Episcopalian, from Edinburgh, boldly defied the pat- riots in Yirginia, and was waylaid and beaten. Ihit for the intervention of Patrick Henry he would either hrve been banished or murdered. A similarly bold loyalist was also a ■• Sec the historical essay jn-efixeU to Sahiiie's "Loyalists of tl.c .American Uovolution." 2L'4 THE SCOT IN liRITISir NOTITII AMERH^A. Scot belonging to the Methodist Eijiscopnl Chinch, the Rev. Thonins Rankin. lie was to have been seized by a militia party; but managed to ati'ect the otticers by his Hoiiaon. The K»yalty of Rev. ])r. William Smitli of Aberdeen Uiuversity, enraged John Adams, imd Col. Enos, who proposed to seize him, was betrayed into the declaration that the Doctor was " The njost consummate villain that walked uii the face of God's earth." Piitriek Henry, the most brilliant of the Revolutionary orators, was the son of Col. John Henry, a native of Aber deen. Alexander Campbell, father of " the Poet of Hope" was a Scottish loyalist living at Falmouth, Va., \\ho returned homo about 177G ; Thomas was his vounjfest son ; another son married Patrick Henry's daughter. On the mother's side, th" eloquent American was allied to Robertson, the histori "and in that way to Lord Brougham." On the loyalist side, we may note Sir Robert Abercrombic, brother of the more celebrated Sir Ralph. Ho fought in the French war, and through the Revolution. AVilliam, fust Earl of Cathcart, raised the Caledonian Volunteers, afterwards known as Tar- leton's British Legion. During the same period wo note Admiral Marriott Arbuthnot, a nephew of the poet, Pope and Swift's coadjutor in Martinus Scriblerus. Col. Mon- crieff planned the works at the siege of Charleston. Besides we have George Keith, son of Lord Elphin- stone, the noted Admiral who, after the Revolution, distin- guished himself at Aboukir Bay. Finally we may note on the King's side, Lord William Campbell, youngest son of the fourth Duke of Argyll, and Lieutenant Governor of Nova miM TIIH SCifT IX l:lilT[SI[ Xoirrif AMEIIIi'A. ')•>", Scotia ill I7il<) Jiml 177-. In 177i-'> Ih' was GovtM-nor of South (-ai'oiina iiml met the l.nmt of this Revolutionary storm thert'. Al'tci' liavinj^' ^'allantly rior to the Kevolntion and since, were Scots. The most distinguished, judged hy his success, is James Gordon Bennett, the founder of the New York Hendil. He was a salient example of Scottis^^ shrewdness, industry, and enterprise. Born at New Mill Keith, in Bantlshire, he was educated at the Roman Catholic Seminary at Aberdeen, with a view to holy orders. On a sudden im]iulse, however, he started otl" for Nova Scotia, in LSlf), where he taught school. Removing thence to Boston, he read prooi's, jvnd, strange to say, he wrote poetry. In 1822, lie betook him- self to Nev. York, and became coimecte. 27. t See an admirable nionogi am with portrait, published for the Triiice Society, Boston, entitled Sir William Alexander and American Colonization, which is not only bioiiniphi- cal, but contains the charters in full w ith s|iecimcn8 of Alexander's literary style. This handsome volume rcHicts grcixt credit upon the historical body which issued it. The rea- y any one who knew the gallant Frenchman, with a haughty detiance. Kirkt was making'" way home to refit, when Roquenu^nt, connnanding the s(puiilron con- veying the emigrant and provision vessels of the year, rashly and directly, contrary to orders, went out uf his way to fight Kirkt, and was utterly defeatetl. Samuel Cbaiuplain possessed indomitable courage, and great fertility of resource- but his heart must have sunk within him when he anti.ci- 234 THE SCOT IX BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. ''iilli pated a terrible winter, with the certain knowledge that his supplies had been cut off, and that the enemy would appear Ix'fore the capital early in spring* In the following year, an earnest appeal was being made to Franco, when the en- xoy dispatched with it met a vessel conveying the news that peace had l>een concluded between France and Eng- land, Eustache Boull^ rejoiced to be able to carry the in- telligence to Quebec, was on his way back, when his barque was seized by Kirkt, bent on completing the work he had begun in the previous season. The Admiral had no fighting to do ; the defences were not strong, and both the garrison and the little settlement were on the verge of starvation. Oham[)lain could onl}- insist that peace had been proclaimed and Kirkt stoutly refused to credit the storv^ . In the end there was a capitulation, on honourable terms for the gallant Frenchman, and the tlag of England was thrown to the breeze, for the first time, over the Gibraltar of America. Louis Kirkt became Governor, by his brother's appoint- ment,' and it is conceded by all authorities that he displayed the greatest courtesy and humanity to the suffering peoi)le. Probably, had it not been for the vehement and persever- ing Importunity of the brave Champlain, the French gov- ernment would never have taken the trouble of insisting upon the restoration of Canada ; Sir W. Phipps would never have suffered defeat in one attack on Quebec, and Wolfe would never have triumphed gloriously in another. As it ' The reader who desires to iniderstand the greatness of ChaiDpIain's charai'ter, and the sufferings lie and his peojile endured, are referred to the worlou arc prominent. Tho first sfrvicc of the KniscrH •was under the ;^allant Wolt'i- at the takiii;^' uf Louisl>onr<:f, tlie French stron^jhold on Cape l>retoti. With the Frasers at the *irst appi-oaeh to Louisbourg, were the gallant 42n * Tlje Black Watch had no reason to ho a.nhanii'il nf Fontenoy, whatever may have been the case with other corps. Their Colonel, Sir Robert Miinro, of Fowlis, whoso personal valour was ilarinff even to nishiioss, was worthy of his men. A French writer, spcaklnij of the battle, siiys " The British liehaved well, ami could be exceeded in ardour by none of onr olflcers, who animated the tronjis by tlieir example, whfn the Ul'jhland furies rushed in ■upon tw with more violence tiian ever did a sea driven by a tempest. I cannot say much of the other auxiliaries, some of whom looked as if they had no ifreat comiern in the mat- ter, which w.ay it went. In .short, wepai.ied a victory; hut may I never see such another !" Keltie's Scottish Highlands, Vol. iii, p. [i'H. At this time (1745) there was not a soldier in the 42nd born South of the Grampians. 238 THE sn^T IX DRITISU XOliTH AMERICA. intrepidity was rather animatei! than (hniiped hy socin"- th<'ii comrades fall on every side. ' On tliat occasion the loss of this j,'anant re<^diiient was H oHIccrH, !> seigeants and 297 men kiMeil, and 17 otHcers, 10 sergeants, and 30(1 sohlii'rs wounded. In the assault and taking of Fort du Quesne, anotliiT Highland regiment took the foremost part — the 77th, or Montgomery's. This regiment, formed in 17'>7, l>y the elder Pitt,* like the Frasers, received its name from the Colonel, Archibald Montgomcrie, son of the Earl of Kglintoun. They sailed to America with the Frasers, and were sent by Abercromby, under the command of General Forbes, with other forces, to reduce Fort du Quesne, on the Ohio. The journey was a long and wearisome one from Philadelphia, over mountain and swamp, or through the pathless wilderness. The Fort was taken without much dirticulty, and its name changed to Fort Pitt, there where Pittsburg stands to day — recording, in its name, tlie genius of the gi-eat statesman who was the soul of the war. The fatal blow to French rule in America, the other expe- ditions being subsidiary, was dealt at the heart of New France, by Louisbourg and the St. Lawrence. It was at the beginning of June, i 7o8, that the British fleet made its ap- pearance in Gabarus Bay, to the south-westward of Louis- bourg. The weather was fearfully rough and the shore It may not be amiss to (luote Pitt's words in reference to these Hi^'hland Ret^iments ; " 1 souRlit for merit wherever it could be found. It is my limust that I was the first minister who looked for it, and found it, in the mountains of tlie >iorth. I called it forth, and drew into your service a hardy and intrepid race of men ; men wlio, when left by your jealousy, became a prey to tlie artifices of your enemies, and had gone nigh to have overturned tho State, in the war before last. Tliese men, in the last war, were brought to combat on your side ; they served with fidelity, as they fought with valour, and contiuered for you in every quarter of the world." .' MmBB l THE SCor IN niilTISIl XnliTIt A.MHlilCA. 2;J!» rocky, nigged and precipitous; to ndd to tin- dnngor and perplexity, there was a heavy fog. It was m>t until the Sth that a successful atN 'iipt to land was made under tire from the hatteries. On the l:ith (Jeneral Wolfe with his Highlanders and flankers soi/ed Lighthouse Point across the harbour to the north-east, and this made the investment complete. The lines were then gradually eontracted until there was nothing for tlie liesiegcd Init to Itreak out or sur- renth'i'. On the Dth July, a sortie, in meeting which Captain, the Earl of Dundonald, was killed, completely faileil. Tlu' tiring and explosion of French war-ships burnt nearly all the vessels in the Imrbour, the batteries weie silenced (jne after another •.irA the fortifications terribly shattered. On the 2Gth, the town surrendered and was taken possession of next day by Colonel Lord Rollo. The inhabitants were transported to France, the soldiers and sailors, .'),(3.S7 in lunu- ber were sent home as prisoners of war, the fortifications of Louisbourg were razed to the ground, and Acadia passi-d away from beneath the sway of France forever. In the following year tlu' grand attack was made upon the ancient capital. According to the plan of cainpaign previously arrangeil, Andierst was to have advanced by Lake Champlain, upon Montreal ; Prideaux and Johnson, after taking Niagara, were to have proeeoded eastward and their forces having formed a junction with Andieist's we!" to have hurried to the assistance of Wolfe at Quebec. These arrangements completely failed. Amherst, bafHed by Bour- lamaque and by the stormy weather on the lake, at last went into winter quarters at Crown Point. Prideaux and 240 THE SCOT IN h^tlTISH NORTtl AMERICA. Johnson liiiff»»y»fPHW^/*».0,H THE SCOT IX BRITISU NORTH AMERICA. 241 'omt .-licit Irt'ds \Ynv- •ans. t(. flV-T the of Ithe Icon made, and the 1500 barges ready, a heavy cannonade was coinnieneed from Point Levi and the batteries east of the Montmorenci, under cover of which tlie crossing was efl'ect- ed. Montcahn, after being for a time perplexed, soon dis- coveved the purpose of the British and rapidly moved his forces towards Beauport Plains. Some of Vrolfe's boats were struck 'tefore tlioy touched shore ; and some of them grounded but a landing was effected, and il>c devoted band moved up the rough declivity. The Louisbourg Grenadieis and the Royal Americans first landed, and their orders were to form in four distinct bodies, and not to begin oper.itions until the first brigade shoidd have arrived to support them. Without waiting for their comrades, however, they began a confised, lihough impetuous, attack upon the entrenchments. The eiieui^ 's fire, steady and well-aimed, at once disconcert- ed and threw tisem into disorder. By this time the first brigade had landed and wore ready to commence the assault; but the rashness of the advance had completely defeated the enterprise, and Wolfe re-passed the river, chagrined and disheartened. In this unhappy attempt the British loss was five hundred and forty-three, killed, wounded and missinsj, of whom about one hundred were Higun ,so early to sa)> his vitality. It was necessary, now, to 'evise a new plan of operations, and the one eventually adopted wiis, according to some, After the battle the Indians, aeconlin^ to Hawkins in his Pictiirf nf Qiiebei; were sent to scalp anil tDinahawk the wounded. A toiiehinsj story is told of the fidelity of a Scots serjicivnt whofiiinul Lieuteuiint Peyton, desperately woundi I and only saved hini from the tomahawk by killing; the Indians who a|iproached him. Serjfcant Allan Cameron had no means of earryinif Uie officer away except on his back. Beinjf a stout fellow this was not a dittieidt task. " He sluntr the Licntenant's fusil over his shoulder along with his own, and took him on his hack, tellinf; him to hold fast round his neck. As he had a long way to carry him, ho was obliged every no>v and then to lay him down in order to take breath, and (five the Lieutenant some ease, as his wound was exceedingly painful. In this way he got him at last to one of the bor.ts, and layiujjr him down said, ' Now, sir, I have done na much fur you as lay in my power, and I wish you may recover.'" „>>>MMM *WW WH W M W WM H W THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 243 suggested by General Townslieiid. The at'empt to attack from Beauport was at once abandoned, as well from its diffi- culty as because the enemy was fully on tlu' alert. Wolfe, therefore, withdrew all his forces across the river, and con- centrated them at Point Levi. Meanwhile General Murray had been sent up the rivei- with twelve hundred men, partly to destroy .some French vessels which had escaped, and to draw into combat any stray detachments of the enemy that might be met, but chiefly, to open connnunication with Amherst. It was soon a.scertained that no present aid need be expected from him, as he had vet to dislod<'e Bouijainville, who was strongly entrencherl on the Isle-aux-Xoix. Nothing re- mained, therefore, but to attempt the dashing attack from the neighboui'hood of Sillery, a few miles west of Cape Dia- ]uond. The task was lieset by danger and dilHculties, but it was necessary to make the attempt, or abandon the as- .sault for that season. Accordingly, having dispatched the fleet, under Saunders, so as to cover the landing force, "Wolfe conveyed his troops in boats, in the darkness of night, to the landing-place.* The landing was etfected without opposi- tion, and tlie arduous ascent of thoste.ep heights commenced. The Erasers were in the front, and scrambled up as noise- les.sly as might be, aided by bushes and jagged points of rocks, to the sunnnit. The i^niard were secured, and befoie ' It is saM that the first boat w.is challeii^'od by the sentries on the rivcr-sido. Luckily tlioro was 11 captain (if thi! I'ra^ur Uiu'lilaiiilors in it, who liail scrvcil Iti Hulland, and was wollai;i|uainteil with tlio l'"ro;ii:li lan;,'Ui'.;o and military system I To tlie cliallen^e Q\ii five .' he answered La Fraa<:e. ; and to the qmMtion ^4 qwl rcijxdinuit I \\\i response was l)e In, reine, because lie, by accident, knew that U )u;{ainvilleh!id are,'iment called " The l^iiecn's'' under Ilia coinmmd. So other sentries wore decoiveil, an 1 when one of them more cautious than the rest asked " Wliy d >n't y )u sp'ji'i np (or bu 1)" .' his rejily was " Tai toi, nous terona entendun "—" Uix^h ! we shall be heard." 244 THE SCOT IX BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. the sun rOse on the morning of the 13th, nearly five thous- and men had encamped upon the plains of Abraham, to conquer or die, for retreat was now out of the question. Meanwhile the gallant jMontcalm was entirely deceived by a feint at Beauport, and naturally supposed that all was safe in the west. Daylight undeceived him, and with that rapid decision which distinguished him, he faced alioTit to meet this new and more serious danger. His i-esolntion was taken at once to leave his lines at Beauport and give the English battle on the Plains.* Some difference of o[)inion exists in reference to the numbers engaged in this famous action. Gurneaii says that the English were two to one ; Knox, and others who were present, state the Fi-ench at 7,000 or 7,500, and the British at 4,800, There is no need to describe a conflict which has been so often sketched before. It was sharp, short and decisive. The steady and unerring fire of the British musketiv, stagu'ered the ad- vancing French line at the outset ; Murray's iroops soon broke the centre, " when," says a contem^/v^rary account, " the Highlanders, taking to their broadswords, fell in among them with irresistible impetuosity, and drove them back with great slaughter." On the French right, the contest was more vigorously carried on, the Canadians having the advantage of shelter from some houses ; but their left and centre were destroyed. At this juncture Bougainvilleappeared on the scene, with two thousand fresh troops, but Townshend ■ Montcalm has been much blamed by some French writers for what they regard as ,1 serious strategical error. English military authorities arc of a different opinion; certainly no one can refuse to admire the gallant and chi^ alrous spirit of liis decision. See Miles : History 0/ Camilla undei' the I'rcitch Jii'ijime, pp. 400, 407, and notes. ^^mmmmmm mmm THE SCOT IX BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 245 compelled him to retiiv, witlu»ut much ditiicult)''. Moan- while both the rrallant commanders had fuusht their last battle. Wolfe had been wounded early in the fight ; but even a second shot failed to drive him from his post. At last, struck in the l)reast, lying on the ground in the arms of a lieutenant, he heard the crv " Thov run ! thev run ! " " Who run ?" he earnestly en(|uired and, when told that it was the French, his words, the last which came from that noble breast, were, "What! do they run already ^ Pray one of you go to Colonel Burton, and tell him to march Webb's regiment with all speed to St. Charles River, to cut off the retreat of the fugitives fi'om the bridge. Now, God be praised, I die happ3' ! " Montcalm, the victor of Carillon, otdy the year before, had also been twice wounded, and, at last, when his surgeons were asked to declare at once whether his wounds were mortal, and they had pronounced them to be so, he said, " I am glad of it ; then I shall not live to .see the sur- render of Quebec." The flight of the French forces was pre- cipitate, jvnd " such was the ardour with which the High- landers, siipported by the oSth regiment, pressed the rear of the fuiritives — havinu' thrown awav their muskets and taken to their In-oadswords — that, had the distance been greatei- from the field of battle to the walls, the whole French army would have l)een iuevitaldy destroyed. As it was, the troojis of the line had been almo.st cut to pieces when their pursu- ers were forced to retire by the fire fVoiu the ramparts.' This maj' account fin' the large nundKM- of killed and wounded, considerino- the .short duration of the conflict. The Bi-itish loss was about five hundred killed and wounded, 24G THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. and the French at least twice as many, and probably more. The Highlanders lost, altogether: killed eighteen, and about one hundred and fifty wounded. Montcalm's views of tlu' fighting (|ualities of his enemy were expressed, in a few words, as he lay dying : " If I could survive this wound, [ would en:ra (1758), where the French, witli immetise odds in their favour, were victorious, " The B. ■ sli Grenadier.-s and the Hi^'lilanders," we are told, "persevered in the attack for three hours, without Hiiichinif or brealviuH: rank ; the High- landers above all, under Lord John Murray, covered themselves with ylory. They formed the head of the troops confrontins; the Canadians, their lijfht and jneturesque costume, distinguishing tlieni from all other soldiers amid the flame and smoke. This corjjs lost the half of its men, and twenty-five of its officers killed or severely wounded." After the battle some Highland prisoners were huddled together on the field, expecting cruel treatment if not from the French from their Indian allies, when a gigantic French ofllicer n ilked u]), and after sternly rebuking some of his men in French, suddenly addressed the prisoners in Gaelic. Surprise soon turned to horror, " Firmly believing that no Frenchman could ever speak Gaelic, tliey concluded that his Satanic Majesty in person was before them— it was a Jacobite serving in the French army. Le Moine ; Maple Leaves, 2nd Series, \i. 102. t Le Moine : Maple Keavea, 2nd Series, p. 2S. § Keltic ; Scotlisk Uiijhlamh, Vol. i., p. 5;!5 ; Lnndnn Qiiartrdi/ Rt'vieir, No. Ixxi. p. 211. THE SCOT ly HRITISU NOUTH AMEIW\{. 24!) uml Colonel Malcolm Fraser, thou a lieutenant, li)tli Seot-^, have left full and t^Taphic accounts of the conijuest of Canada. In the Battle of the Plains, General Moncton had hccn severely wounded and left in Octohi'r, with the Heet, for \e\v Vork. General Townshend returned to Ent;'land ahout tin; fsame time, and General James Murray, son of Loi'd Elibank, was left in command. It was thus reserved for a Seot to ci;)mplete the work of Wolfe and to oceupy the position of first Governor of Canada under En^^Tish rule — the earliest in that illustrious roll of viceroys ujton which the latest name inscribed is that of '' a ])rither Scot," his Excellency, the Marcjuis of Lome. It was not to be expected that so aV)le and high-spirited a ojencral as De Ldvis would give up New France without another struggle. The British ranks had been sorely thinned by cold, disease ami privation during the trj'ing winter of 17')0-t)0, in spite of the strenuous and intelligent ettorts of the general to relieve them, as well as the Canadians whose ruler he had now become. Murray hail ap])ealed for aid to New York, and had appeided in vain. His troops had dwindled down from 7,313 in October to 4,.S00 in February; and this number was further reduced to '\,U)0 by April. Thei'e was a scarcitv both of food and fuel, and the snrteriuijs of the troops became intense. Murrjiy has been charged with severity and heartlessne^s ; but, as Dr. Miles remarks, in the work already (pioted, he was not an unfeeling man l)y any means, although severely tried by the circumstances in which he found himself, and his first duty as an ofHcer, civil anreparation niinle and precaution taken, to enable the little band to withstand the blow De Levis was preparing for them. The French commander landed at Pointe-aux-Trembles on the 20th of April 17(i0, nud at once marchci] to Lorette and thence to Ste. Fo^-c cluirch, threatening the advance posts of the British. Murray Avas compelled to sally forth to Ste. Foyc on Sunday, and he postetl some of hi.s foices between it and SiUery. On the 28th he marched out of Quebec with the rest of his army — a step the judiciousness of which has been nuich debated. The General had, in fact, a choice between standing siege and risking a battle. The attack made on the French advance was too impetuous and the pursuit carried too far, the consequence was that they met a warm reception and were driven back. A series of disorderly movements followed, and an attempt was made by Levis to turn the British right. " Meanwhile the left was struggling witli the enemy, who succeeded so far, from their suj^erior numbers, in their attem[)t to turn this flank, that they ob- tained possession of two redoubts, but were driven out from "Miles' llhtvru di-., ]>. 430. mmmmmmmm. wmmmmmmmm THE SCOT IN KIlITISlf NORTH AMERICA. 251 Iioth by the Highlanders, sword in hand. At length, how- ever, Levis having brought up fresh troops, Murray was com- pelled to retire ; the French did not attempt to pursue and the British .irniy witlidrcw into the city. A lai'ge part of tlie tight centred about Dumont's mill, the La Haye Sainto of the day and a singular story — " a tlnilling episode," Air. Le Moinesays — is associated with tiiisold wind-mill. ''Some of the French (Jrenadiers and some of Fras(!r'.s Highlanders took, lost and re-took the mill three times, their respective officers looking on in mute astonishment and admiration ; while a Scotch piper, who had been under arrest for bad conduct ever since the l.Sth of Sei)tember, 17")!), was piping away within hearing, — .so says an old chronicle."* In thi.s second battle the fighting was nuich nu)re ol)stinato and the loss proportionably greater. The British had between two hundred and three hundred killed, and nearly eight hun- dred wounded, and the French about twice as manv. It nmst be remembered that Murray had fearful odds against him, the enemy numbering ten thousand whereas he had at most not more than three thousand. De Ldvis now laid siege to Quebec in. form; but, after an interval of only eighteen days. General Mui-ray awoke on the morning of May 17th to fin Ldvis was much mortified at the British refiisal to allow the garri- son to march out with the honours of war. He was a l)ravo .soldier, the last distinguished representative in Canaihi of the highest type of French chivalry and military honour and feeling deei>ly wounded in his most sensitive point, lie took the uuiisual step of appealing personally to the Brit'sh General ; Lut Amherst was firm and the articles of capitu- lation were signed by both parties on the Nth of September, 17(i0.* The con(|uest of Canada was now completed.and the royal standard of England floated on the breeze from Newfound- land to the far West, and from the Hudson's Bay to Florida and Louisiana. The distinguished pait taken by three of the Highland Ilegiments in this gloi'ious achievement, has been briefly indicated; and, whilst desirous oi" acknowledg- ing cheerfully, the gallant bravery of the other troops, regu- lar and provincial, it is surely not too much to claim that the lion's share of the glory was reaped by the hard}' sons of the mountain and heather. They wen-, in fact, the flower of the army, the boldest in attack, the fiercest at close quar- • The articles, with Sir Jeffrey Amherst's notes of assent, refusal or (lualification, as well !is those articles of the Treaty of Paris (Keb. 10th, 1703) which relate to Canada, will bo found in full in the Appendix to Miles' Hiatonj of Canada during the French Rijhnf, pp. 502-9; aUu in \\wi\'iJournals, Vol. ii. 234 THE SCOT IN BIUTISII NORTH A MEMO A. tovs, tin- last t(t retivat at Cdiuuiand — rJwa}'^ i\\v lnuvcst (.f the lirav'.'. (_)f tlic tlircn reginu'iits oiiunieratcd, tlic illusti-ions 42n(l )'ciiiaiiis witli us to day, ainl iias i'(.'a])ed farmoiv i^-lori- ous laurels tliaii their Hrst maiden lidiiours, gathered under a Canadian sky. Only tlie otlier day, wlien the war cloud, lia])}iily ilissipated, tliough yet oidy as large as a inaiit'sliand. ai'iise u]»(in the Eastern lioi'izon, the Highlandeis were at once )>laced to tiie tore; "ready, aye ready," as they have ever )ieep, to tight tlie \iattles of p]ngland in every clime.* The other tvd Highland Regiments «»'a-MHi'Ww>^wwr<,»imM.a»»«i>wi THE SCOT IX r.niTISH XORTII AMERICA and the Maritime PioviiK-es. Thereat returned to Seotlaiid. The Frasers, or old TStli, Avt-re disposed of in tlio same manner. Tlicy seem ])eculiarly Canadian, IVom the intimate eonnec- tion thi'y had with oui' early liistory.* In 177'), a ]»ortion l)oth of the I rasers and Moiitgomerie.s formed a corps, aloni;' Avith the Royal Hii^'hland lMni,u:rants, and in the same year the Frasers were revived, formini;- two hattalions ui.der ('ol- onel Fraser, whose services l' the ci'own were rewaided li\' iX m'ixnt of the Lovat estates, forfeited in I74(i. 'J'liis ivi- ment Avas the old 71st. + The conquest of Cana la Nvas the erowniny; woi'k of Pitt's illustrious career, and it seemed as if the Peace of I'aiis harl secured to Britain tlie permanent ]X)ssession of the major part of North America. Floriila, Louisiana, tlie nari'owin;;- stretcliof land, including- the south coast as well as the north coast of tlie Pacitic, with Ijoth (Adit'oniias were in foreign hands ; yet for .dl present pnrpcjses, the whole vast con- tinent was an appanage of the I>ritish Crown. The con- solidation of British Nortli America had hardly been effected, liowever, when symptoms of disinti'gratiou l.iegan to mani- fest themselves. The taxati(jn of the colonies was the occa- sion, not the cause, of the dismem!)ei'ment of the Empire, twenty year.s after the cession of < anada. So long as the flcuv dc lis was end)lazoned in stone and brass at Quel)ec, and the white flag of the Bourbons Maved over its citadel, the force of sympathy was sutliciently exigent to bind the ' Durinif llie ve;irs IT.^ij-dO, the Kru.xirs lust in killod, li'i, Wdiiiulod, 4lll ; totiil, .OliO. t For full infoniiatioii rL';,',ii(liiij,'all tlie ninliiaiul cliiiis iiiid rei,'iineiits, cuii.siilt Kelliu's Bcntti>:h Hijhlaml", ;uid lirowiie'.s Uijlitanders and Uijhland Clant, ii|>i)n whicli tho writer has largely drawn. 2fi<; THE M ( >'r IJ yoIlTIJ AMERICA. AinericaTi culumiKs to th«; CVo'^^n <«rf Knglanil. Tlic strcirs withdrawn, tlie frntritt'ugal p<)WMi»f vraM .-^ure, sooner or later, to make itself eiiectively and de&Milti'V-»ij^' felt, Thf Anieiii-aiis wen- t'lvnis^'lves l*y i4<> luc^iru^ uiiauiniuiis, 411(1 it is IKK. t<» tilK' eiecti»t of xh^ f^lmm^'^fm *A' liberty in thoiw clays, that tAtu^/ .souglit. hy criHilitivf 'm\<[Mmnm*'nt. vio- lence ;m«4 l<)ixnltlf l»«(«j*HhiUfiit, to sikne^ ^l^ '>|>j<^)neiits ut' the I't-'AwJutionary jnopRr^jsaivla.* li' they w««»' rjniljwiJJt; in i^k'iii ii*wpeet. Chej' cf t;fe*')n. 'Bie c'oiielu.sioii seems kifyfite^Af, oitV'r (fl^a-t ti*- [va- les'* .^ the iKiev'Olui'i^ were blin-' ■' l>y thciir owm ew(Mi- >*iiia»ai, 04' tlijSW th<';\^,' -tJlli'i^ <«^'«»iWit.j;V m^\ were in 6i+»>' dmmpiofl* of Clie M<)!i(i/»'o«'' y M^QUr^fC. AxM 't^mt^' they did i(l*!v^il(t«s' C^ftiawk in I'T^o. J^iwJ^ }m>« be^ siflW ^ t>ho arbiti"a;f>' ^^*>^liiieiit of Cfe<" >Fi"^Vfi<5«? ;g|; (Ih« i^w, ««►#' *iw>:»yiy Oi>4«4';||»^ ilw- />W#II^/ #fi' iiiany sterling <|,n'ilitk'/, WJSss a? s^^>€>vH(jjj|^<^ " - " i'.. • j,i as a ruler. At the inoinciMi wWi 6fm'^f Wm a- /^mfMtf and when the Fi-eneli wei'e r«>«4y to .show fii/^V 4Mfti^\kM ^ tlie Crown, he chose to cast doubts upon their k>yalty Q,n4, "Sec Siiliiii 's I'liiuiirt'liciisivo uurU on 7/ic LnMtiUxtx of the American lie vol tit ton, and e«]in.i;i11y tlii' Miliiiililc " rriliiniiinry Ilisti.rical Kssav " witli \vliii)> it nptiis. THE SCOT IN BlilTlSlI NORTH AMERICA. -'0( so far as his efforts went, to drive them into rebellion. Still the malcontents pi'oved to be few and insignificant, and the emissaries of Congress found a cool reception awaiting them on all hands, and especially from the Catholic clergy, to whose powerful influence the failure to seduce any portion of the hahitans was mainly due. Whatever just grounds of complaint either the French or English may have had, they were lost sight of when the enemy approached their gates. Congress liad tried the arts of the demagogue, and now it appealed to the sword. In \ova Scotia, an appeal had been made in seductive language but without any tangible result. As was to be expected from the close iiroximitv of the Province to Now Ku'dand and the social and commercial tics which miited botli to- gether, there was a certain amount of disati'ection in .some counties, but neithei' the malcontents nor the Anjeiieans rea[)ed any benefit from it. In Canada, the Americans re- solved to try invasion, and the plan they adopted was an immediate attack upon Montreal and Quebec. This was not so (juixotie an attempt as might, at first sight, appear. Governor Carleton had oidy 1,S()() men at liis command, regulars, militia, seamen, maiiiies and (Canadians — "a motley garrison,'' as Mr. Le Moine remarks.* Among these were the Royal Highland Emigrants alicady referred to as em- bodied in the Skh llegimeiit. They consisted of suldiers of the concpiest, from the Erasers and Montgomeries who had settled in the country, and now sprang loyr.Uy to arms to repel the invader. They were connnanded by Colonel Allan 3fap!e /.'■nir.s', -.'iid Seriex, p. 133. ■2T,H Tin: SCOT IN nniTisii noutii ameiijca. j\lju;lt'iin and foi'iiieil tlic IdicklioiH' of tln' Ijritisli (IctV'iidin;^'- t'oi'cc Tiiu seaiiion wcri- under tlit; conuniind ul' (a[t(,aiiis ^Hamilton and i\racken/ie, and ilio dcilViiccs coinniittofl to tlic cai-e of .Jani(;.s Tliompson, Actinv; I'jiifinccr, foriiiiM !\ of I^'i'jisit's Highlanders, witli one liundi'ed and twenty a/'ti- ticers. T]i()ni])soii [)nt !lii' fortifications of tlic citiidel in !e])!iii', and idl was made irady for tlic inipcndiiiuf assault. Oltvionsly Scotsmen mainly provideil liotU \\ni stroiii;- arm and tlic din!ctinj>; liead in I77"i. Meanwhile tlie Amern.ins liad had it all their own wav. Deiieijict Arnold, ol \ lOll! liistory K[)caks in somewhat nneomjilimentary terms, and Ethan Allen had securi-d 'i'ieondeioLra and < 'rown Point. ^ooll aftt er a carefnlly [)lamnM| attack was ma( le f rom seve ral ij'iarters, Sclmyler ajipriaehed from Lake ('liamplain, .'tnd ArnoM reacdiiMl the St. lijiwreiiee liy th ■ Kiinieliic and the ( 'havidiore. The form' r fell ill at Allianx', and was .mic- a iira\'e oiiicei Hi (•ceded by ('olonel Jlichaid .MontMomrry onei' a, lieutenant in the I7tli l*"ooi. an I li-hnian of lira\ e '(■mions, and e.\eiiii)la,rv chai aetrr, li( had left 1 he a.rms' owiii''', it is said, to some ''Ti'V anrr ;'onneet"(l with in oniol imi in 177:^, and st-ttled, a.- We married, in the j' ro\iiiee ot New V'ork. Allen, of "(irei'n Mountain 1 .)0\- aiile tire.l no doiiht, of attempting t> ivilnee (Jhamlily and St. John's, made a rash attack upon Montreal with a handriil of men, Avas taken prisoner and sent to l''ngland in imns. ('arletnn here made fi I errilile slip ; haxiii'^' only ei;^ht hundred m.n, ill! hurriitd oil' to relieve St. John >. Chiiinlily lieiu'^ alreadx' ill Mout;^()m(!vy's hands, tum'ile(l into ;in amhiisc'ide rnid hastened tlxt eajiitulation of the garrison he in'cndid to ^■ Tllf W iJI^W I W i . l D I MlW BWl THE SCOT /AT lUlETISir NOimi A ME ni('A. -'.■)!» ^-iicfoiir. N osoonciaiiiv...! at Mo.if iv,il n-aiii, tliaii I II' re ivi'!)) ill <^iicl.cc. \V| irli 'iitL-diiKTv a])))i(,ac]ic(I, th ;arns, ii,u ov ordcici t <• I'MI- ''"'''■"•"'• '" Httcinptin- t., .r, so, (;,,„.r.,| I' "' f '""■ I'lindic.! and fiflv ti-..(,|,s— , ri'scott ami 'I'l' til" circiiiiist; i serious nuinlicr lui mcr s — wciv iiit(.iccj)tcii l,v tl '<■ "•ncinv. 'I'll -•"vnior hnusclf stol. |,,st Sn,v| ujd, ,„„m..,| •'ills, and <'tl tcr sonic s( "•'•Mi-a.lvrntnivs. succcdr.l in -ctfin- !.a.-k tl"' cita.hd (.f (^nrl.ce. On tlir li>t), of N tival IK'I 1),^- totally dcfcnr-cl '»^■'•ln^<•|•, Afoti- • 'ss, sui'iciidci'i \vas cjcaivd lor tlio final act: of (I,,. ,|,-;in,a. ] ;uid tlic st |MV a)h I lii> auxiliary foicr liad hv this ( "■■".iict Arnold (■III ii ink of the St. (, "■'"' i'''aclicd til.' soiitli- Ipd'orc tlinn. 'j'l iwivncc, uitli (.)i„.| i'liciM'c uncoii(|iirn.,| !•• loiiiantic stoi y of tliat i ii\- ihf K niMiioiaiilc iiiai-cli • •niH'hcc is fi Hit (■!VSt ha\i' iiicii known l.ctti • infoitiinat !• ni'ccssit \' of J>' ii''dict Aiiiold. After til and would |rol.ali|' ""■'•'•■ans, I, lit for tin "'""■'■'■"■^- ^\i'li i' tile name of !• at least t(; A (•"Id and 1 "in<_;( r, ijnrin il'ty-t Wm .|;|\ liiel SOI s iili'iriiiM' tV,,|i ''-; uliieli Ills uiifoitiiiiat •' nieii w-,.|-, '■'•'""•'"''"""'l^i^f -xtreniity, Arnold arrived at I "I llio Mil (»f X oinl i,e\ i,v o\ ( '"'"■'•■ A f'W da\ slater I Wolfe's ( II' ascended f|-,,|| 'o\e and t ook 111) a ^"tliin^' fiirtlier r,,iild now I. I' a position on tI.eSte. Kove |J,,.„|. "If until .Mont lived from .Mont <'"lldii)led forces I U"mer\- ar real '" 'I'" l-t of Deeenilier, u| icii tl i|iieK;ii|i(| (.) lleiiee "'a,\ I- railed, lasled diiriii-- ti -"'.'-;'<'. it' siieh it, II' 1 will 11 the eallaiit .Mont "til" li!"tltll of Dcceiill »er f" tlle des])elat .^■onieiy. Wearied with iiiact K'li, came '• l-csoilltioll r,f atteliiplillM ;i( tlle. .SIst of h,-e,nl,rr ill tlle Mlid^ I assault. 0/ a ''"\iii,-snou.st,,rn 2G0 THE SCOT IN llRITTSn NORTH AMERICA. the Americans atlvanced to the attack. Thoy were (lisposfd in foui- cohunns ; the first detailed to make a t'ei>^ncd assault on St. Jolin's gate; the si'cond, under Majo!* Brown, was t<> uienace the citadel ; the other two, led by Arnold and Mont- gomery respectively, were to atteuipt the actual Avoi'k of the assault. Tlie American leahip-earpentei', with .srventc Ay. and Mr. Fi'aser, liead en A\()unded. Exclu tl sive of lose who fell l,y the shot of Hugh McOuart ers. th( Anmricans lo,st ahout one huudre.l killed and Avounded. The force whieh surrendered e.,i,sisted of 4i'(i, of all ranks • of these, 4t w ere woun ,led. Arnold continued tin- block ado. his troops being ^losted at a d istaiice of about tin eo Seo Lf Moine'8 Qm'b,;; ,,,,. -jot-s. A1,s„, l,i, M„.pi, i, lioll's (ianiciu ; // ixt'ji-ij of Canada , vol •Jiul Series, p, 131 ; and liringof this fatal i;un, Mr, l.e M. «ii>tc)m tur a .'.tcadv ii< with every liifaiitiy -iiard where there are 'I- "., PI', i;i»-lti4. f5..me dispute has ariceii as to the ii.vs (Wrher p, m>) '■ It «a.s then, as it is still, fho nidnnt iininu,s.si(iMed (■fliecr or j;i liner nf the U.i.val .■Vrtillerv t honest Ser-eant Ihi-h .Me(,)iiarter.s, of the Ko.val Anilh his powder dry, '-that he (ircd the fatal gallant |,'iiard had ,steadily watehed tl /'idmav i^U)' iiicnn't^/cra'. guns, ! have no don!;t in my own mind that ' feared Cud onl .V, and kept rnn j^.int Idank .iuwn the rnad whieh he and the n-ow^h the Ion-, dark li.mrs of tiiat entfiil ninht. 262 THE S('(tT IN nillTISH NiUlTJI AMEllK ,. miles ffoin the city. 'I'lii; lasted iiii'lfi' Arip-ld anJ Wooster M'llO sliceoeded liilil, until tlie otii of M;iy — y,L(»iit six inontlis altogotlier — when, fearing' the an'i\al nf Kiiylish ships ami veinforcenients, the Ann rieaii> hastily )ink(' ii]i their camp and retii'ed tu Muntifal. ft was at this juncture that ( 'onyress despatclic-.>i(.)n lo Monti'eal, consisting' (>\' IJenjnniin Franklin and two others, accompanied liy a ( 'atholie el'Tuyiiian named ('airoll, who liad lieen educated in France, and was therefore expected to liave no small influence with the Ficncli cleiey. They xn.n discoveii'il fi'oni Arnold that the case was hopeless, and, after remainine in Montreal ahout a fortnie-ht, de])ai'te(l to report, not progress, l>ut retrogression. So ench-ii the Ivevolutionary chapter in the liistory of Canada. It has been already stated that a large mnulier of the High- landers who fought in the French and lievolutionai\' wars se ttled in old Canada and the Maritime Provinces. Jndeeil the number was so large, comparatively s[)eaking, ane hardly possilile to enter into de- tail. It is only ])y cursoiy notices scattered in works, writ- ten on tlie genei'al history or topography of the Pro\ iiices, that any facts regarding these setth'rs can lie gleaned. In all till' Provinces, instructions were sent from the Im]ierial Government, to set apart grants of laml hoth foi' the ottieeis antl soldiers iftired fi'om service and ;dso for the Loyalist refugees in the Pev(»lutionary ])eriod.* After the ('oni[P,est. * See an.v of tlio general liistories of Catiaila, Haliburtmi's or Caiiiiilicirs >'<■)•« Sr<,f!,i, Gesncr's Xi-ii' IjfiniKiricli; and tlu' Itev. Mr. Toi-iinc's .Vcf/'oii/i'/'fTiii/ ; also Suliiiic-'s fonnl- ift.i of till' AiKi'iicdH lit fdliiliiiii. MH!^*"!"P«^»^WI»mi»*s» THE SCOT fx nniTTsii xonrir ameiuca. i\;\\ Ok- I'nistT Hiohlau l-v.. as wrll as tJi.. Muntn-oincrios wm- spriiikir,! lil.crally ,>v,.r tl,.. riMvi„(v ,.f Caih-nla. Major Xairn aii.I Captain Fiasrr wnv ma.Ic sriuniors in tlu' nciyh- ''oiinioo.l of Muiiay Lny. In J7S2 nunilxMs .,f tl.c Royal Hi^L,r],lan.l Enn.irrants ,.(■,•„, ,i,.,l hmd in tin- same Jocalitv. These, says Le :\[oiii.', '-Mvictlie inini.Mliatc |.i-o-cnitors of ,-vnuinc Jean P.aiitistcs- -sneii as tin- Wai-rms, AK-Lt-ans, Hai-vcys, tlie lihieklninis ami s,v<.ral .ithor fainilirs_u],o. • )f their Seotcli ancestry, have ntaincd notliino- saw tlie naiae* In many eases not iiK-nlv the I patvonyniie itself has lu-cn lost. anli: I,c(toc>s, 1st Serii!s, p. 71. t Mr. I.oMoine .state, that Hmmv is u «..rt!n iw.tary puMir „>, tlu. I.lan.l „f On..a>,v eiihcMM.f 1;„;;1M, .,r Scottish aiu-f.stn. wIms. a>KT'..l.,r wa. iKu.ie.l " Ri.har.l scmR'tmlv hut his l,eir has ii-vm- heen ahlo tr, Hear „,, tho p„i„t ; a.ul still a fatnilv na.no hu .n>,st h ne hv l.o.,i< orhy .r.,„k ; so tho lii.h.nl va. ,„:„1.. ,„to 1,1.1,, ,„„1 Munsl.ur I,: S„tn!r,' Jean liir^ IS now Known all ovr the l,la,»l and oxeentos .kvls nn.kr that an,l no othor natne I ,lo not lH.Ia.ve h,. nn.iors.a-.ls or speaks Kn^iish." (Ihkl. p. ;n.) Our Canadian frienj ap- pears to nave heen ean^ht napping h.ro. Noho.ly ^^ anting: a snrnan,e wonl,l eha.e.e a „1 Nornutnnamo like iiiehar.l into In-k ; th. laMer. however, i. a Seott.s!, patr..nyn.l,',.„| prohihly «a> the iiotarr.s hy le'ji'.iuuite inheritaii-e. 9BA THE SCOT IN liliiTISIl NORTH AMERICA. Councillor for tlif Rou^^'tMiiont Division.* At the Quolu»c ni('(^tinjjf it wns reported that there were 12,000 persons in British North America hearing the nanu' of Fiaser, all of them in positions above that of tlie (hi}^ labourer. Of these, many are descendants of the Frasei- Highlanders ; and others, such as .lohn Fias(M', who died in IMK), a;4-ed eighty-ei,nht, at Shelburne, N.S., were U.K. Loyalists. The Hon. Mr. Frasei remarks that they are all stronjL,', well-buUt men, hardy, in- dustrious, sober, having comfoi'tablc homos, where (juietness reigns and plenty abomids. At tlie gathering alluded to it was re.solve .■xamine.l in .letail. Earlv setti em.-nt so faras British col (mizersare concei'ued, was .)f no '-ivat con- «e(pience. Still, as si lOM or tw dat in.U- the .'uterprise of the Scot, om important efforts mav 1 'e mentioned. At an earl\- runswiek, Avhen that Provii date, i'l New B ■.nnhr.^keii forest, in 17G4, Mr. W ic.' was almost an illiam Davidson l.d't the IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 ^^A 1.0 I.I t li£ liilO 25 iiiiii 1.25 ■ 1.4 1.6 V] v^ "^. /^ '^ '/ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation v ^ ,v ^\ V <«^>'. 6^ -<^. ^^ '«k 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) S7'i-4503 % 6^ 2(;g THE SCOT fN liniTlSII yoilTIl AMERICA. north of Scotland niid settled at Miiaiiiidii. He was tin- pion(;er in that ini|iortant district. Tlie French liad in the aiiiiw and twcdve hun- THE SCOT IN nniTISlI yollTlI AMElilVA. '2r,7 •Ired followed in the uutumn.* Mr. Mcdivnor ([uotrs tVoni ft ])auii>lilt>t an account of the suHci-inj^s iin(I»'rj,'ono by these hard y pioneers. The difficnlties," says the writer, " which the first settlers weri! expo.sed to continued for a loni,' time almost insurniountahle. On their ariival, they found a few hovels where St. John is now huilt, the adjacent country e.\- hihitinn- a most desolate as[)eet, which Mas peculiailv ft their homes in the heautiful and cultivated parts of the United States I'p the River St. John the country a|)peared hetter, and a few attractive spots weri- found »jnoccupie(l hy old settlei-s. At St. Ann's whei-(' Fivde-ricton is now huilt, a few scatteretl French huts were found; the country all around lieinj,^ a continued wilderness, uninhabited and untrodden, except l»y tlu; savaj^es and wild animals; and scarcely liad these firm friiMvlsof tlieir cf)untry (American Loyalists) heyini to construct their cahins, when they were surprised hy the liufours of an untried climate; their hahitations l)ein^ eu- veloptvl in snow lu;fore they were tenantuhle. "On the Bay of Fundy, the frontier town is distinctively Scottish, Itoth hy name and early settlement. On a point of low land at the mouth of the St. ( 'roix, and in front of a hilly lid^e stands the town of St. .\n(lri'Ws.""|' Before it is spread tlie sjincjoiis r»ay of PassamaipKiddy, with the islauils anil the co.isL of Maine in the distance, and a ;.frand and pic^turesipie laml \ i'W to llu- east. .\t varimis •John M.lJrcjror : /J/vViVi /Imrricrt, vnl. II., p. 'Ji.'l. To tills w rk pMlili-livcl In twn. \'l1llllle^ll.v Kill 'liWiMxl, iif HMiiiliur^'h, in li'M, tlio writer is iiulubtuil (or I'nicli uf what fil. lows rtxartliiiy larly sottliiiicnt in the .Maritiiiu^ l'rs on the St. John. To the first immigration on the Miramichi n- ftu'ence has already been made. There the <,'reat lumbering interest first established itself amidst many ditficulties, cul- minating in the terrible fire of 182o, when "a hundred and forty miles in extent, and a vast breadth of countiy on the north, and from sixty to .seventy miles on the south of tlif Miramichi River, became a scene of perhaps the most dread- ful conttagration that occurs in the history of the world."* The settlements of Douglastown and Newcastle were swept away in a few moments, many of the inhabitants perishing in the fiames. Saw-mills, vessels and buildings, pul)lic and private were doomed by the fury of a fire " borne upon the wings of a hurricane " with a rapidity almost inconceivable. About the Bay des Chiileurs, which separates theGaspd district of Quebec from New Brunswick there are many settlers of Scottish origin.f Miscou Island, which is about ton miles round, was once under the French regime, a great fi.shing * n>id: Vol. ii.,i>. 20.'.. t Tlic Comity of Itcstigoiichc, iioivr the coast, is peculiarly Scottish. The naiiiCM of Dun- lue, GleMl>l^^ Qlonlivat. Cainiihflltown aiul I>a!hou8ie suftlcieiitly niarit the national char- acter of tlie setllenient. In hisi Sotcn on Xnrth A merica. Vol, i., p. .•J04, Prof. Johnstone s:iys ; " Tliese first aettlenicnts wo coinc to are about ciifht miles nortli, in a Mtrai^ht line from the hanks of the Hcstihrouchc river, and l.S.IO feet above the level of the sea. . . One thinK a traveller through a reirion like this is surprise d at, when ho stumbles on a settled antl cultivated tract of lai.d, such as I was now passing through ; he wonders how the people came to find it out. Who indu<-ed these men and women to leave remote cor- ners of Scotland, and settle in this remote corner of South-eastern Canada. The whole line of country is a terra incoijiiitn at (Quebec and Frederlcton. At the seat of jfoveriunent of both Provinees, when they complain of how little we know of their geography at home, the B|>ot I s|H!ak of was absolutely unknown, and yet humble Scotchmen and their familiis had made choice ui it, und already fi.\ej upon It their future home".*' In Soirt'en Cana- ■ dieniieg ((Quebec, 1801) there is an acctumt of a visit to the entire rej^ion in both Provinces, under the caption of " Leg cotes dc la Oaspf-sie." li THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 260 station; l)ut early in this centiny, it only afforded a salient proof of the facility with which a Scot can find a home and earn a livelihood anywhere, " In 1819, " says Mr. McCJrc«;or * when I was ashore on this island, there was livinj; on it but one family, consistinj^ of a disbanded Highland soldier, of the name of Cainbell, his wife, son-in-law and two daughtei-s. He settled on this spot, from a truly Highland attachment to flocks and heral firms owning vessels and saw-mills on the Restigouche, the Miramichi, and other rivers of New Bruns- wick, clearly show. Still the north-country folk were never so numerous an element there as in the neighbouring Province of Nova Scotia, except in the distinctively Scots (]!olonies, as they were termed, to which reference has been made. Sir Howard Douglas, who was Governor at the time of Mr. McGregor's visit, appears to have been an en- ergetic promoter of the material, educational and religious interesis of New Brunswick. He constructed military • Bntiiih America ; Vol. li., p. 276. t Mr. McQreitor tells ft inelniichi>l}' stor}' of this Scots Family Kubinsun in a note. "Tlirue indiviilualH of this f.imily were, I have learned sinee, drowned; tlie lioat in «liif re^rret that she should wear out life on an island thirty miles from any one hut her own family. A black servant that I had with me, told me after we left, that she was annious to escaiie from her prison, as slie named it, and would glaily do so then. If she could. Two months after the unfortunate tfirl was drowned, "-another Hero lost in a rouiciicr Hel- lespont, longed for a Leander, not drowned, but out of reach, and |ierhaps never seen or known— only longed for. See Montgomery Martin's BrUith Volunivn, Book iii., chap. i> and Ocsner's AVie Untimvick, chap, iii. // I .(: 370 TUE SCOT IN liHITISU NOJITH AMEllWA. ill- 'f i< ; ■ ■ i ■'■ i ■ \ ■■•i H.^ roads, cstaldislifd scIkhiIs, and di>'|»lj(y«'d a (If.'op iiiteicyt in the ProsViyterian Chuicli and collcgiato instruction. Ip to 17H3, thr Conrts \\v\v liold at Sun]>ury. Jn that year Fredi-ricton was nuuk; the seat of law, and in 17 hands of the govonnnental Philistines. In 17So, no less than twelve thousand Loyal- ists .settled there ; the site of a town was chosen, and named Shelburne by Governor Parr, in l.onoui", no doubt, of the statesman whose title was nierged in that of Lan.sdowne. Alexander's Scottish names — the Clyde River and Argyle Bay — remain as monuments of his unsuccessful enterprise ; but lond into Fort Wallace. It may be remarked, in passing, that there are colonies of Germans at Lunenburg and I..c Have, of old Aeadians on St. ]\lary's IJay, ami of Swiss Pj'otest- ants (til the Kiver John. I'ietoii and the mining distiict aic peculiarly Scottish, 'riieic isa large Highland eolony there, retaining, in primitive purity, the language, the musie, the sports, the habits ami the .^iinplieity of tlie old land. The first settlement at I'ictoii was in 17(i'), by a handful of wandei'ers from ]\laryland. Thirty lamilies of lliglilanders, "who joined them afterwards, miderwent almost incredible (litHcultics, in conse(juence of arriving late in the season, ha\ ing no houses to shelter them, wanting provisions, the general wilderness stati\ at that time, of this part of the province, and its great distaiict; fifim the nearest settlement." i* Tenacious with sterling Scottish tenacity. * liillieh America, vol. ii. p. I'JO, ) Jbitl. p. 130. Tlie writer uilils, in n imtc that "The llmt sollltTs hiul often, Uiiiin;,' winter, to cross the country, u distance of neiirlv llfty miles throuijh the wood.-', for what little food they could drag buck on » ImndalcU, to bU-)tain tlic li\cs of their wives iiinl ihildrui." U 272 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. >ii Til ' ' 'i i U m i\ r lis, I tliese hardy pioneers perseveretl, and in a few ycjirsi tliey were enabled to live in comfort. From that period Pictou has progiessed with measured rcj^ularity, to an extent which would have surprised the enterprisint^ tour- ist of fifty yeara bygone. 3|r. McGregor, who was an honest and intelligent observer, notes what had already been effected around Pictou in these words : " The port has continued to be a great point iTuppiti for emi- grant ships leaving the Highlands and Isles ot Scotland. Settlements consequently extended up the rivers, and along the shores to the north and south-east ; and Pictou therefore derives its importance from being the centre of all the inter- course and trade, as well as the port of entry for that part of Nova Scotia lying betwen the Out of Canseau and the the Bay de Vert.* It is quite possible that the author of British America was carried away by his Highland sy»n- pathies, for a singular want of sympathy is shown in his work with Lowland energy and enterprise. In 1832, how- ever, the balance may have been on the other side, and tlie picture of this Nova Scotian colony of Scots Highlanders has an air of unmistakeable truth about it.^f An admirable work on the distinctively Scottish County of Pictou has recently been written by a resident clergy- man, and from it the following facts are mainly extracted.^ • Ihid, p. 181. t Tlie town, and the whole district of Pietou, are decidedly Scottish. In the streets, within the hoiisoii, in the shops, on board the vessels, and alnng the roails, we hear little hut Uaeliu and broad Scotch. The IIi|;hland dress, the bat(plt)e, and Scottish niusic are also more general in this part of the cjuntry, while the red gowns of the students which we see waving here and there like streamers, bring the colleges of Aberdeen and Qlasgow with their associations into recollection." ytiirf, p. 132. i A H\»tor\t of the County oj Pictou in Mnca Scotia, with maps, by the Rev. George Patterson, D.D., Montreal : Dawson Oros., 1877, p. 471. II THE SCOT /y niiiTfsii mutTif amerwa. 27.'» >clij i)no of tho early iinii)igmnts (le.seivin«» .special notice whs tTames Davidson, a native of Edinburgh, who came out with his wife and first-born in the same vessel with the Rev. Mr. <>ock, and Ins family. He was the first school-master at Pictou and established the first Sabbath-school in the county, at Lyon's Brook. He was an eminently pious man and effected much jl,'oo(1 amongst the early .settlei-s roughing it in the wilderness, Robert Pattei-sori, made a magistrate in 1774, and thenceforth known as Scpiire Patterson, was a Renfrew nuin, but had previously resided in Maryland. ^ He was one of the pioneers in the settlement already mentioned. Long the chief man in the town he earned the name of " The father of Pictou." All the fir«t lots were laid out by him ; he surveyed all the early grants and also took an active pari in public aftairs. His family was numerous and one of his sons who W5US an elder in the Church, died in 1857, aged l)(). The Harrises who figure largely in the early annals were a sample of the Scoto-Irish, their ancestors having left and lost a fine estate in Ayr.shir»> previous to the Revolution of 1C88, " for their attachment to Presbyterian worship. ' They had settled near Raphoe in the County of Donegal. This family spread out into many branches. John Rogers again was from Glasgow, and he also has left numerous descendants. In 1773 arrived the .ship Hector with a load of immi- grants chiefly from the Highlands. The vessel had been previously employed under Dr. Witherspoon, in taking Scottish emigrants to the New England colonies. John Pagan, a merchant of Greenock, was the moving spirit in the It 974 THE SCOT IN lilUTlSII NORTH AMHlilCA. i]i^ !,|. m Pictou settlement. Ho eniploye riv or, Muojfre({or, doMpite them, nhall rtouri»h forever ■"' One Highland Scot, James (yhisholm, the son of a parish minister in the far awa' North, had been at first on Wash- ington's KtaH', but when he found himself deserted by his kinsfolk, he left ,se(|uently in the district — Wil- liam Fraser, the surveyor. His description of the country seems worth quoting: — "In 1787, there Avero only four or tivo houses from Salmon River to Antigonish. " To the eastward of the Elast River there was not even a Sir W. Scott's Lyrical and Mueellaneouii Poemn. ^M^- Tin: SCOT IN BJtiTJsn nortu America. blaze on a tieiv There wn.s not one inhabitant on the C^ape Breton side of tlio (Jut of Canso, and but one on tlie Nova Scotia side. In 1788, there was one house at Ship Harl>our. I may add that from Pictou to (vOcaij,'no there were biit four or five families at lliver John, a few more at Tutama- ^ouchc ; some refugees at Wallace, and but one at Bay Verte. At Miramielii there were but five families." When Dr. McOre^'or arrived, to use his own words, " as for popula- tion, Pictou did not contain five hundred souls, if Merigomish be inclu High! tnd settlements is, in gi'eat part, a history of those settlements, and forms no less a chronicle thanahiography.* Ilis autobiography, aceording to Dr. Patterson, gives the )nost graphic picture now to be had of the hardships and privations of thos(> early Scottish settlers, and of the indo- mitable courage and perseverance with which they encoun- tered and overcame them. It may be noted here that Dr. McGregor was a native of Perthshire, born at what is now the village of St. Fillans, at the foot of the romantic Loch Erne, in December 1759. Ili.s father had been a di.sciple of Ebenezer Erskine, and the son, early devoted to the minis- try, studied under William Moncrieft", Professor of the Anti- burghcr bianch of the Secession at Alloa. Believing that he was called on to preach the Go.spel to his Highland country- men, he studied Gaelic, and became a thorough Celtic scholar. Early in his career he was induced to emigrate to the new field of labour in Nova Scotia, Avhere he became not only the pastor, but the counsellor and friend of the Pictou settlers. Of his first ciders at Pictou, three, Thomas Eraser, Simon Eraser, and Alexander Eraser had been ordained in Scotland, and Donald McKa}', Peter Grant, Robert Marshall, Kenneth Eraser, John McLean, Hugh Eraser, and John Pat- terson were set apart for the work in the second year of his ministry. In the worthy pastor's narrative, he says, " There was not a single house (in Pictou) for years after I came here. The 'Patterson: Piclott : «'hap. vili.,anda Life of James McGrenor. D.D., hy the same author. THE SCOT ly lililTISn NOllTll AMERICA 27» town WHS foi- soint' voars witliout a siiiLjle inhaliitant ; then tlioro was ,1 slit'il ■svitli one family ; tlirn anotluT witli i(, and so on, till it lu'came what wo soc it now." Writing ol" J7})0, lie remarks, " I think it was in tliis yt'ai'that the first house in I'ictou was Imilt." The first teaeher was Peter (iraiit, whose fatlier, Alpin. settled in 1784, and had left him at Halifax to be educated. Additions were made to the settlement from time to time. Amonj^'st the arrivals were the two brotliers, Alexander and Thomas Oopeland, of ( Jastlc Doufi^las in Dumfries-shire, witli their two cousins Samuel and Nathaniel. They were men of means, and there was a vulii;ar story that they ma tln-ir appearance. The two great dignitaries of the place, however, appeared Ut have been the two Pattersons, the Governor who had Pictom, |). t,',8. 280 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. ■,; 1 been a Judge in Maryland, and the Deacon, wlio was appa- lently the grandfather of the author of " Pictoii." Early in the century immigration received a new impetus. The Frnsers opened up a settlement at Millbrook in Pictou CJounty; thence the Rosses, Macdonalds and Gordon;* worked their way to the Middle River ; and in 1801, larg»r numbers of Highlanders, chiefly Catholics, arrived, most of whom finally settled down in Antigonish and to the east. The Mount Thorn settlement appears to have been chiefly Pro- testant, with the average Scottish nomenclature — Stewart. McLean, McLeod, Urquhart, Macdonald, Chisholm, Frascr, (Jameron, Thomsoir, Grant, Brown, &c., &;c. During the early years of the century large numbers of Highland stt- tiements were formed in this district of Nova Scotia, and these continued fitfully until the war of 1812, when a new era opened throughout the British Provinces. The settlers came fiom Sutherland notalily, a large number from th«t jtaiish of Lairg, from Stornoway in Lewis, and the north- west Highlands and Islands of Scotland generally. With the mention of one notable Scoi., it will be neci^ssar}' to close these desultory gleanings. Edward Mortimer, " The King of Pictou," as he was proudly called, came from Keith in Banfi- shire, and was originally employed by the Liddells of Hali- fax in the shij^ping trade. Settling at Pictou, he marriiMl u daughter of Squire Patterson and at once entereour, again, there was early a Scots colony, chiefly agricul- tural. On the Straits of Canso, where the ])opulation was densest, towards Port Hood, all the fiist residents, says Mr. McGregor, " with the exteption of a fe\." families, the de- scendants of Loyalists, were Scotch Highlanders, or rather Islanders, of the poorer sort, who have secured the means of <>xistenc» , but who seem indifierent to greater comfort <»!' etv.'cen St. Anne's and Sydney, forming the two entrances to the Bias d'Or was originally Highland, with the exception of a few Irish fisher- men. The Scots settled al.^^o on the shores of Bedequo Inlet, and upon the straits of Barra, which kept fresh in patriotic 3 1 - i ' Vol I. p. 387. 2)4 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA, p" to m memories tlie name of one of the Hebrides. Tlie shores of St. Andrew's Channel, St. George's, and indeed of all the numerous inlets from the Bras d'Or, were originally peopled by Scottish settlers, for the most part of the Highlands, or Islands of Western Scotland. Ainslie Lake, the largest Iresh-water .sheet in the Island, is bordered by lands of great fertility, and thither the Scots made thvir wa^'.* St. Paul's and Sable Islands are chioHy known to the out- side world by the melancholy records of marine disaster. Cape Preton has a dangerous coast, and almost every port in the gulf has its volume of shipwreck history. In attempting to avoid its rocks many vessels perished, in fi)rmer years, upon St. Paul's Island.-f* Sable Island, since the opening of Trans-Atlantic steam navigation, has borne a still more sinister reputation. Early in the century, the Legislature of Nova Scotia made ])rovision for the establishment of some families there to aid shipwrecked mariners or passen- ger, and, in 1830, at the urgent instance of Sir James Kempt, the Imperial Government undertook to provide for what in these days we effect by such beneficent associations as the National Life Boat Association. In the attempts ■ Some iiitereiit \\vj( infornmtinn, in man v respects curious, imy be founil in iin old work on the Frcncli Dominions in North and Soiitli America, by Tlionn.i Jeffreys, published in 1700. 'I"hc lyost conipleto work on Cape Breton is that of Mr. llichard Brown, dated 1869. With regard to Nova Scotia generally, the writer is indebted to .Judge Haliburton's Statisticai Accotiiit o/ Xova Si'otia, Mr. Beamish Murdoch's Uistnni of Sova Scotia or Acadia, ami Mr. Uannay's Hintoiy of Acadia. So far us New Brunswick is concerned, the best authority is tlio work of Mr. Monro (Halifax, IS.'i.^). f A sad account of some of these disa.sters is given in liiitixh Amoriea, Vol. ii. pp. 413-17. That wiiich befell the ship Jffnie, in 1S2.S, during a snow-storm, in which Donald Mackuy, the owner, master, passengers and crew perished on the w.".y from Three Rivers, I'. E. I., was a melancholy one. The vessel sailed in December, and the wreck and gome of the bodies were found in the May following. Mackay, the owner, who was buried at Charlottctown, was a brave and enterprising Scot, who had served under the British flu,% for a I'lUg period, and been conQued for ten \ears, as a prisoner of war, in France. THE SCOT IN RRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 285 Tiiade to provide eithor secuiity or rcscuo for the soaimin, tlic names of such men as Wallace, of Halifjix, who lias given his* name to a higoon in the sand island, stand conspiciU)Us. Sable Island is not so dangerous of itself, but it stands in the way, and ships exposed to the jieriodical winds are al- ways in danger from it. , Prince Edward Island is interesting on inauy accounts ; but it seems necessary here, in a preliminary statenient of a few facts regarding its early settlement, to be brief. So far as its history is concerned, it may shortly be stated that, like Louisburg, it was disgracefully suriendercd, in 1748, l»y the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1758, Colonel Lord Rollo, a Scottish peer, and one of Wolfe's most trusted otticers, took possession of it, and in 1703, at the peace, with the rest of the Fiench possessions, it was finally' ceded to Great Britaiti. Prince Edward Island is pre-eminently an agricultural pro- vince, differing in this respect widely in aspect and geologi- cal configuration from Capo Breton, which it nevertheless i-esembles in the number of sea-inlets which traverse it to such an extent that " no part of the Island is at a greater distance than eight miles from the ebbingiand flowing of the tide," On the northern side of Prince PJdward Island lies Richmond Bay, which early attracted the Acadian and New England fishermen, the neighbourhood abounding in cod and herring. In 1771, a number of Scottish settlers, accompanied Judge Stewart and his family from Cantyre in Argyleshire, and formed the nucleus of a vigorous Highland colony. The majority of these people were Presbyterians ; but acme of them, as well as the few Acadian French, worship 280 THE SCOT Lv niirnsu north amkhwa. 1 isii. I in the Catholic Church, an do the few Indians on the Island At Harrington or Riistico to the eastward, and on th« Wh<>,tely and Flunter Rivers a hir,»e number of industrious far..iers settled early in the century from dilTtnent parts of Scotland. Hunter River falls into Rustico Bay, and there, in 1815), ^[r. Cormack, of whom furtlier mention will be mado by-and-by, planted a settlement to which he gave the namo of New Glasgow. Another tract of land in Stanhope Cove, or little Rustico, was in McGregor's time the property of Sir James Montgomery and his brothers — if his uationality.how- ever, nothing is said. Five miles further cast is Bedford or Tracadie Bay, the shores of whicli were chiefly peopled by Highlanders. " On the west side of the b ly, and from that to Stanhope Cove, there was, when the Islaml surrendered, in 1759, a dense population. The late Captain Sbicdonald, of Glenalladale removed to this place in 1772, with a Highland following. Savage Harbour also owed its early settlement to the same source. On the Hillsborough River above C'harlotto town again there was an early Scottish settlement in an ex- ceedingly picturesque locality. The laird of the district, as ho may be called, io Mr. McGregor's time, was John Stewart, of INTount Stewart, sometiuie paymaster of the forces in New • foundland, and then Speaker of tlie Prince Edwanl Assembly. At St. Andrew's on the same stream was " the largo Catho- lic Chapel, the seat of the Catholic bishop," who bore the unmistakebly Highland name of the Right Reverend yEneas M'Eachern, titular Bishop of Rouen, a venerable prelate, highly esteemed by people of all creeds.* In Prince Ed- * McGregor ; vol. i. p. 300. Ry the way ig the name of .ICncas in Highland families, oii assertion of the ol>.l legend of Trojan ancestry .' \l'l li' THE SCOT IN liJUTJSH iVOA77/ AMKlih'A. '.'^7 waiil IsIuikI as elscwlu'io, in tlic early days of coloiiization. iigricultiin' was in a null" conilition ; y^'t I'y the end of tlu? Hist quarter of tliis century a vast improvement had taken place. 'I'lio cstaMislunent of a<,ni cultural societies effectotl much, and more v.'as attrihutablc " principally to the force of example, sot l»y a few of the old settlers, chiefly the Loy- alists and Lowland Scots, and by an actpiisition of industri- r- ouH and frugal settlers fiom Yorkshire, in p]n<.,dand, and from Dumfries-shire and Perthshire, in Scotland.* Charlottetown, like all the urljan colonial centri's, boasted a nnxed popula- tion of all the three Briti.sh nationalities in those days ; but through the settlements, though there were repvL'sentatives from almost every county in England, and considerable num- l)ersfrom Krin,thc Scots foi-nied more than half of the popula- tion, from the Highlands, llebiides, and the southern coun- ties. "The Lowland Scotch,"' wrote Mr. McGregor, "make • probably the best settlers, at least tho.se who during late years removed to the island may be considered so ; and the Perthshire Highlanders, as well as those sent to the colony Ity the late Earl of Selkirk, may also be cl^issed among the most thriving part of the poijulation."-!- The Island of Newfoundland has never contained a laror number of Scotti.sh settlers — the Englisli and the Irish having always preponderated. Mr. Cormack, already men- tioned, was an exploring Scot of note, who, in 182G, with a party of Indians, traversed the Island from Trinity Bay to St. George's Bay — no light undertaking. The rugged, broken • Ihid. vol. i. p. S25. t Ibid, p. 343. Sec also Walter Jdhnstonc : Tiavcln in Prince Edward hlanO, dc, Edinburgh, 182f I t 288 THE SCOT IX BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. i contour of- the Hurfaci', the numerous lakes, which caused tlio traveller even greater labour than they caused Livingstone and Stanley in Africa, had to be walked round, with a Micinac and a pocket-compass as his only guides. His obser- vations were of much weight in determining the value of the country, geologically and otherwise. The notes ho took of ^ the fauna and Hora of the island at its broadest part were, also, intelligent and serviceable. In the general history of the Island, some Scots, by birth or descent, occur, wlio de- serve passing mention. The redoubtable Kirk was there in IG54, and formed a settlement; and it was constantl}' visited, from time to time, by naval otticers of various ranks, fjp to a comparatively recent period Newfoundland was governed liy the connnander of the fleet cruising in the neighbouring waters, In 1740, (.'aptain Lord J. Graham was Governor; in 177'), Commodore Duff; in 1782, Vice- Admiral Campbell ; in 179+, Admiral Sir John Wallace ; but having ascended to the dignity of Admiral, it seems un- necessary to mount higher. Having thus taken a hasty siuvey of early settlement in the Eastern Provinces, it seems well now to direct attention to the character and effect of the British conquest of Quebec and the Maritime Provinces. Hereafter, an attempt will be made to e.Kaniine, at greater length, the work performed by the Scots in each Province, the service they rendered to the moral, intellectual and social progress of those various communities; the share they took in building up each of the interests which together make up the sum of Canadian wealth, prosperity and vigour. ■■\ I (IIAITER III. HIIITISII IMIJ. AFTKK 'INK ' ON(^>l'KST. 3L1 'I' .sct'iiis convoniont, us n coiiiifctin',' link bctworii tlic ^ <»U1 I'ct/'niic and .suli,s("«|m'iit st'ttU'iiioiits in the west, i' tlu' Aineiiain llt'V(jliitit>n, to glanci- briefly at early British rule in ('jinada and the Eastern Piovinees. Nova Scotia or Acadia, includin<,f New lirunswick, was conquered l>y the force under (General Nicholson and itileHM Labrador, Where under tlie moon, npon mounts of frost. Full many a mariner's bones are tossed."* Shortly after the capture of Nova Scotia, Colonel Vetch was appointed first Governor of the Province, to be suc- ceeded in 1714 by his comrade in arms, General Nicholson, During these early years, the colony was kept in a constant state of dis(piietudo by the hostility of the French popula- tion, and the constant assaults, excited by the Acadians, of the Micinac Indians. Tlien follows a chapter in the record, around which poetry and partizan history have thrown a do- '- Poems relating to America. Dcatlman's Island is one of the Magdalene group. It appears that Vetch had given a caution to Wallver regarding liis French piiot as one whi> could not be depended upon ; ' ' not only au ignorant, pretending, idle fellow, but I fear he is come on no good design." See an admirable account of this terrible dis&iiter ii'. \m Hoine's Chronicles of the St. Lawrence, chap, ix, THE SroT /.V niilTTSH NORTH A.VRniCA. 201 ceptivo glamour. Lon^'fi'Ilow, in JCrani/t'linc, lias simply adoptcil tho story of the Fn-ncli chroniclei-s without incpiirv; and tho result is a heautiful and touching poem, appealing to human sympathy, however, upon a I'alse l»asis of historic nanative. That the Acadians should cling to Frencli rule and French institutions was natural ; hut, hy the capitula- tion of Port Royal, it was distinctly aigreed that they should remain in possession of tlieir property and tluj free exercise of their religion for two years without molestation. At the expiration of that period tliey were to he reipiired "to take the oath of allegiance; to Her Sacred Majesty of (Jreat Britain," or leave the country. As the tinu; approached for making a choice, the Governoi- of Cape Breton was apptalcil to for lands on wliich to settle tl recalcitrant Acadians ; but tlie reply of M. Costabelle was that he ha hew down the images found inthechurches,"-f' Louisbourg fell for the first time in 1745, partly from the great superiority of the invading force, and partly l)ecause of disatfection in the gairison, caused by the infamous peculations of Intendant Bigot. Then followed the abortive French expedition against Boston, and the tak- ing of Annapolis by the Scoto-French De Ramsay, alreatly referred to. In 1748 i\w Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle termi- minated the war, and Cape Breton was again restored to Fiance. The last French war had tended to destroy any hope that mii-ht have been entertained of conciliating the Acadians. Petitions and remonstrances were followed by overt acts of rapine and insurrection. The time had come when forcible measures nnist b(( taken against them, if Britain were to retain the colony. They had enjoye\\ for forty-two years, peifect civil and religious liberty; they were free from direct taxation on their property ; they were not asked Sco Drake's Dictttmnni <>f Aiiirrican fSidtfiaphij. Patiiiio, in his L. H!». 294 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. : ;1 ';■' 11 il ll'U- ii . to fight. " And what return," says Mr. Campbell, " did the Acadian.s make for the kindness and consideration shown them ? In violation of law, they traded systematically with the enemies of Britain, withheld supplies from the garrison of Annapolis ; when distressed for want of provisions, allowed a British ship to be plundered at their very door by a party of eleven savages, without rendering any aid to the owner, not to speak of the charges of furnishing information to the enemy, and of paying rent for their lands to Lords of Manors in Cape Breton; and when the fort of Beau-s^jour was taken, three hundred of their number were found with arms in their hands, in open rebellion against the British Crown."* And not merely were they spitefully hostile to an indulgent Government, but, in the words of poor Governor Armstrong, " not only was there little prospect of their being brought to obedience to the government, but even to any manner of good order and decency among themselves ; for they are a litigious people, and so ill-natured tc one another, as daily to encroach on their neighbour's properties," »S:c. Whatever Campbell : Nova Scotia, p 110 (quoting N. A. A ixhiwx, p. 277). In chap. iv. of Camp- bell's work will be found a complete refutation of the Acadian fancy-picture of Long- fellow. The poet, in fact, slavishly followed the Abl)6 Kaynal. Witness the followintf from Kaynal, and compare with the poet. " Who will not be affected with the innocent man- ners and the tranquillity of this fortunate colony ' "—the key-note to Evangeline; the sixty-thousand cattle piid the immun»c meadows are Raynal's ; and when he wrote that their habitations were extremely convenient and furnished neatly as a substantial farmer's house in Europe, he hardly could have anticipated that;it n'ould appear in i.ongfellow thus:— "Stronaly built were the houses, with f-anies of oak and of chestnut, Such as the peasants of Normandy built in t'le days of the Henries. Thatched were the roofs, with dormer windows ; and gables |)rojccting Over the basement below, protected and shaded the doorway." In 1745, Messrs. Beauharnois and noc(|uart, who were neither ixicts nor historical romancers, wrote that the houses of the Acadians are " wretched wooden boxes, without convenience and without ornament, and scarcely containing the necessary furniture," THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 295 Tdaiiio, therefore, may be attached to tlie Governor for tln' manner of their removal, the Acadians themsel/es are not ■ontitkMl to the exuberant tears and sympathy which 'ia\ e been so mistakenly lavished upon their story, no less than upon many another fiction. It is much to be wished, at the same time, that the cool Scottish head and thoroughly humane heart of Samuel Vetch had not been wanting, when the crisis arrived. The final capture of Louisbourg, under Andiei-st, Wolfe and Boscawen has already been alluded to, as well as the dis- tinguished part taken in the exploit by tie Highland regimtnts. Reverting to the civil government, which was invariably in military hands, with a small council, largely military also, a reniarkable feature to be noticed is the frequent change of Governors, Between 1700 and 180JS there were no less than twenty of them, and of these tw^o — Michael Franklin and Loid William Campbell — served two terms. In 1770, Prince Edward Island was separated from Nova Scotia, and, in 1784, New Brunswick became a sepa- rate Province. Meanwhile, Nova Scotia, since 17')8, had been in the enjoyment of representative government. Governor Lawrence being the first ruler under the new system. In 1788, Major Barclay took part in an attack ujion the irresponsible system of the time, in a del)ate on the im- peachment of two Supreme Court judges for maladminis- tration of the law — men whom the Governor, in ans^^ er to an address, had personally' acquitted without trial. The struggle for responsible government, however, belongs to a later time, and will be more fully detailed in a future 200 TfTE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 1111 m m U\\] pi chapter.* A constitution was granted to Prince Edward Island in 1773, and New Brunswick was favoured with one ill 1784, at its separation from Nova Scotia, in wliich it had jireviously formed the county of Sunbury. Newfoundland was governed by a succession of naval officers, some of whom wei'e Scots, down into the pi-escnt century ; but the civil history of the island requires no further notice here. After the taking of Quebec and Montreal, Canada re- mained under the rule of the Generals in command until the peace of 1703, when CJeneral James Murray was appointed (lovernor, as well as Commander-in-Chief Garneau, who seems to have taken a particular dislike to Murray, insists upon it that Sir Jeffery (afterwards Lord) Amherst was the first Governor-General. The facts are against him ; since Amherst left in the very year of the Treaty of Paris, and General Murray was appointed under the constitution es- tablished by proclamation, the former having been only commander of the forces. James Murray was a distin- guislied officer, and saw a good deal of active service, both in Europe and America, He was a son of the fourth Lord Elibank and a native of Scotland. The history of his ser- vices in Can.ada, up to his appointment as Governor-General, has been already given. Before referring to the record of his civil government, it may be brieHy noted that he after- ' In 1704, His Royal Hi(jfhnesa Edward, Duke of Kent, Her Majesty's father, visited the country, and was peculiarly beloved by the people both in Nova Scotia and in Canada wlieri\ by the Queen's munificence, a jiencanent memorial to an exceptionally kind, liberal and in- tcUlfjfent Prince is to be erected— tlie Kent Uate in the fortifications of Quebec. His Royal- Highness particularly endeared himself to the Nova Scotiansby his benevwlent care of the survivors from the wreck of La Tribune, at which Dunlop and Munroe distinguished thcm- ! elves, and the Quarter- Master McCircjfor perished, in a courageous effort to rescue a not les.- heroic wife.— CiunpbcU, pp. 181-2. m THE SCOT IN BRITISH SOUTII AMElilCA. 291 wards served in tlie unsuccessful dsfence of Minorca, where " De Crillon, despairing of success, endeavoured to corrupt the gallant Scot, and offered him the sum of one million stei'ling for the surrender of the fortress."* Murray's in- dignant reply, in which he refused any further communica- tion with the French general, but in arms, and to " admit of no contact for the future but such as is hostile to the most inveterate degree," is as spirited as the Duke's was astute and politic. The latter ran in these words, " Your letter restores each of us to our places ; it confirms in me the high opinion which I have always had of you." Morgan says, " In June, 1794, he ended a long, honourable career in the service of hi-^ country, in which he had risen to nuuh distinction ; but^ perhaps, not more than his services, high talents and abilities- deserved. As a soldier he stood foremost in the army, and had won his way by his own merit and by his own good sword, owing nothing to influence. As a genuine Christian officer, he was esteemed by all good men, and ever distinguished for his humanity and readiness to relieve the oppressed. "•!* At his death, according to Haydn, numbers of bullets were ex- tracted from his body prior to embalment — bidlets received in Germany and America. The task laid upon (fcneral Murray when he became com- mandant at Quebec, and sul)sequently Governor-tJeneraL was an exceedingly delicate and arduous one. Placed in tin midst of a high-spirited and patriotic people, recently con- • luered and brought to subjection by force of arm^., he had ai MovKikw's Cftcbi-ated Cttnadlaim, ]t. (i7. t Ibiil. ^^ ■M: > 298 rif£ iiVOT IN BRiriSB NORTH AMERICA. command but a handful of British subjects, soldiers and traders, who assumed all the airs, and expected an ample sliare of the rewards, of conquerors. The French rulei*s had left the country in a fearful state of confusion and povert}', and it fell to Murray's lot to evolve somethin*;^ like order out of the chaos in which it had been plunged. When the nature of the French regime which prevailed during the preceding century and a half is considered, it is marvellous that historians can be found to complain of the provisional system of military rule which followed the conquest. Under the Bourbon kings Canada was a military colony, governed on the most approved Parisian system of despotic centraliza- tion. In Louis the Fourteenth's reign, and especially whilst the genius of Colbert directed the destinies of France, Que- bec suffered under the most unyielding tyranny, the absurd- est of trade restrictions, and generally — though that was not the faidt of the Minister at home — under the most corrupt, wasteful and rapacious set of adventurers that ever cursed a new country with their malign presence. In the reign of Louis XV. the abuses of th^vJi system culminated in the dis graceful career of Intendant Bigot* and the satellites moving ■ See, respectinif Bifcot, Lo Moiiio ; Maple Leaves Ist iJcr., The Chilfeau-Bigot, p. 8, The (rdUleii Dug (Le Chien D'Or), p. 21). For a geiitral account of feudalism in New France and Frencli colonial jfovernment of Canada, see Parknian's " Old Jieijime " and " Fronteiiac," as well as Miles's Cauada uiuler French Regime. Garnuau, who writes in- dii;nantly at wliat he calls the " military desjiotism " under Murray, speaks thus of the sys- tem which preceded it when at its purest and best. " In the exercise and apportionment of tlie power of the colonial jfovernmeut, the people ooun'-ed for nothing. It was consi- dered a high favour done the inhabitants of Quebec, when they were permitted to elect a deacon to represent and support their interests in the sovereign council, but the offlce, as a popular institution was null ; and as the election of that functionary was but a mere act of routine, the custom of attending on such occasions was gradually waarin^r out. . . . It will be understood that all real power resided collectively in the Governor, the Intcn- 'dant, and the members of the sovereign council being directly or indirectly of royal noiui- ;j| l!;- H^i }i' I , 1 THE SCOT 12i' mtlTISH NOliTli AMERICA. 21)'.) arounJ him and basking in his sinister light. That theiv were patriotic and energetic Governors, as well as honest Intendants, such as Talon, need not be denied or concealed ; but the system which obtained was essentially rotten ani to frovcru." How inilikelv it wouM lie that a nmii of Mm- ray's opinions sliould provu a liarsli lultT of tlu- Franco- Canadians, may bo juiii;i>(l by a senti-nce or two more from tlie >amt> (Ifspatcli : " On tlu' other band tlic CcHiadians. accns- tomtMl to arbitrary, and a sort of military ^'ovcnimcnt, are a fruLj'al, in(Uistrious, and moral race of men, who from the just and mild treatment they met with from Ids Majesty's ndli- tary ofHcers that ruled the coinitry for four years, had ^icatly ,uot the better of the natural antijnithy tliey had to theii- concpierors."* It will be found tliat all the reasonable com- plaints made a«^ainst the administration of General Murray may be traced to the incompetent, and sometimes woithless, instruments at his disposal. He complains bitterly of " the improper choice and numbers of tlie civil officers sent out I'rom Enghmd," as increasing " the infpiietude of the colony." 'Instead of men of genius and untainted nionds, the very reverse were appointed to the most imj^ortant offices." * * Whilst it was the desire, as well as the duty, of the Gov- ernor to be conciliat(ny to the suljject inhabitants of Canada, he had obviously a duty to perform to liis king and countj-y. In the years innncdiately succeeding the cession, anything in the form of representative government was out of the ver? Alas ! my (food friends, with a life ehbing out slowly to its period under the pressure of disease acquired iu the f-'.-vico of my country, I look only to pasf what it may please God to suffer to remain of it, in the comfort of retirement among my friends. I remain among you only in obedience to the comnmnds of my king. What power can I wish .oi'? Is it then for wealth that I would oppress you? Enquire of those who know mo whether 1 reaiard wealth ; I never did when I could enjoy it ; it is now of no use to me ; to the value of your country laid nt my feet, 1 would prefer the consciousness of having. In a single instance, contributed to your happiness and prosperity." Quoted in Morgan ; .Celebrated Canadians, p. I(i0. MammBBSSas THE SCOT IN PRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 309 not the least of his virtues, a friend to the poor and destitute, none of whom applying at his threshold ever went away unrelieved." When Sir George Prevost assumed the duties of the vicc-royalt}', the people of Canada had something better to think of than the miserable bickerings which had worried Sir James Craig into the giave ; the enemy was at the gate, and, as will be seen hereafter, what sternness or conciliation had hitherto failed to effect, was accomplished by necessary union in the presence of danger from without. Before leaving the Province of Quebec, a singular charac- tei', who should have been noticed in the proper place, ought not to be passed over. Major Robert Stobo was not a very fastidious man, or over scrupulous on points of honour. Ills connection with Canada commences at a period anterior to the Conquest. His history is chiefly interesting for its adventurous character, and might wel! form the subject of an entertaining romance. Born at Glasgow in 1727, the son of a prominent merchant, he was early trained to ar^is. He served in the war between the English and French colonies, and, after a visit to England •went back to take part in the sieges of Louisbourg and Quebec. In 1754 he, and Captain Jacob Van Braun, a Dutchman, were surrend'^red as hostages for the fulfilment of the articles of surrender at Fort Necessity. Being allov ed to wander about the country on parole, he amused himself by taking plans of the French fortresses One of Fort Du Quesne he sent to Colonel George Washington. Being a handsome man he became a great favourite with the Quebec ladies, who undertook to instnict 810 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. !'5 i r him in French. Unfortunately some of his plans and papers were discovered, and the dashing officer soon found himself in a dungeon. Orders came Irom France to Vaudreuil to try Stobo for his life ; but he escaped in 175G, and a reward of six thousand livres wny offered for his recapture. Having been caught, he was tried by court-martial and sentenced to death. The sentence, however, must be sent to France for confirmation, and Stobo again escaped but was rearrested at Montmorenci (1757). His lady friends interceded for him with the Governor ; but, to make matters sure, he planned .; po with Lieutenant Stevenson, of the Kangers, and Clark, i hhip-carpenter. For the third time, and now finally, he regained his liberty and at length reached Louis- bourg in time to offer his services to Wolfe. But his misfor- tunes were not yet over. Being sent with despatches to General Amherst, he was made prisoner by a French frigate, and threw his papers overboard. The vessel being short of provisions, put into Halifax and Stobo was once more at liberty. He then served in the Champlain expedition and afterwards at Will!amsburgh, at that time the capital of Virginia. In 1700 he went to England, but ill-luck still attended him, for the vessjel was overhauled by a Frencli privateer. However, having burned all liis letters, save one to Pitt which he concealed under his arm-pit, he paid a ransom and reached home. Pitt remunerated him for his losses and sent him back with a letter to Amherst, in his favour, and there we lose sight of him. It is said that Smollett, who, we learn from a letter of Hume's, knew Stobo, ,i!00. HH ipn THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 311 celebrated him in Humphrey Clinker as Captain Lismahago, the favoured suitor of Miss Tabitlia Bramble.* There is not much to record regarding the Upper Province between 1791 and 1812, in special connection with the ob- ject of this volume. Colonel Simcoe, the son of a Northamp- tonshire naval captain, an officer of the Queen's Rangers, was its first Governor. The first Legislature met at Newark, now Niagara, on the 17th September, 1792. The Legislative Council consisted of seven members, and the Assembly of sixteen, so that there was no danger of a tumultuous or tur- bulent meeting in either House, there were so few of them. In 1796 the seat of government was removed to York, now Toronto, and the scantily-peopled Province went on in a humdrum way for some years. General Simcoe left the Province almost immediately after, and the Government was left in the hands of the Hon. Peter, commonly called President, Russell, who administered, until the arrival, in 1799, of thef Genera], Peter Hunter. Russell's nationality was English, but H.uiter was a Scot, being the brother of the celebrated physicians, John and William Hunter. He was born in 174G, and died at a comparative early age, in 1805, at Quebec. He had been a man of eminence in the military profession, and, in his new sphere of action— which in the Upper Canada of those days was a limited one— he managed all the afl^airs of the nascent colony, numicipal as well as provincial, in a paternal sort of way. In 1799, according to the Niagara Constellation, he arrived at York, " LeMoine : Maple Leaves. New Scries, p. 55. t Soo the Rev. Dr. ScudUh,^', Toronto of Old, where a number of curious facts touching Itussell are detailed. * V 1 t^^^^^^B ! i I i ■III I I |il,; 318 rire 'cor jjv British north America. and was received, in orthodox Vice-regal style, by a party of the Queen's Rangtis. On the 5th of September, he was starring it at Niagara, amid the smoke of a salute of twenty- one guns. On these occasions His Excellency crossed the lake in the Speedy* one of the clippers, doubtless, of those days. In 1800, a paper with the grandiloquent titles of the Upper Canada Gazette or American Oracle, was issued at York, and from it something is learned of the flittings to and fro between Quebec or Niagara and York, of Peter Hunter, languishing, perhaps, of ennui. In 1803, in a lengthy pro- clamation. Governor Hunter set apart the market-square of York, from Market Place to Church Street. In less than two years afterwards he died at Quebec, and a month later no less, the Oracle opened its mouth with the fol- lowing tribute to his memory : — " As an officer his charactei' was high and unsullied ; and at the present moment his death may be considered a gi'eat public loss. As Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada his loss will be severely felt ; for by his unremitting attention and exertions he has, in the course of a few years, brought that infant colony to an unparalleled state of prosperity ."•!• He appears to have been a man of ability, probity and amiable temp.^r, a worthy member of a distinguished Scots family, and one well suited to guide and organize the young settlement in the early * This vessel was lost in ISOl, on the passage hutween York and Kingston, with Judge Grey and ail on board ; she was an armed vessel of ten (iruns. t These particulars are extracted from Toronto of Old, whence much additional informa- tion of a curious character may be (gleaned. The followiiip is extracted from a writ of election directed to the Hon. William Allan:— The Returning Otticer was "to cause one Knight, girt with sword, the most fit and discreet, to be freely and indifferently chosen to represent the aforesaid County (Durham) Riding (East York) and County (Simcoe), in Assembly, by those who shall be present on the day of election." (Scadding, p. 249). THE SCOT IN milTISH NORTH AMEllICA. 3U» stages of its existence. The remains of tlie Governor were interred in tlie Cathedral, at Quebec, and his virtues and abilities are recorded on a monument "erected by Jolin Hunter, M.D, of London." In 1800, Francis Gore arrived from England, and retained tho Govcrnorsliip until 1811, when General Brock administered the government, and took the command at the outbreak of war with the United States. Of the Scots connected with Canada during the period from the conquest to the war of 1812, there are some who seem to require special notice. One of these was Sir William Chant, the third Attorney- General of Quebec, born in 1754, at Elchies on the Spray, in the north of Scotland. His dis- tinguished judicial career has no connection with Canada, and he was only temporarily a resident in this country, dur- ing a brief period from 1776. When he returned home Lord Thurlow once said of him, " Be not surprised if that young man should one day occupy this seat,"— and it is .stated that he might have occupied the woolsack but refused it. He filled high judicial ottices in England, being succes- sively Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and Master of the Rolls. Francis Butler wrote in his "Reminiscences " — 'The most perfect model of judicial eloquence which has come under the observation of the reminiscent is that of Sir William Grant," and, it may be added, that he was an effec- tive parliamentary debater. The Hon. James McGill is a name to be had in perpetual remembrance as that of the founder of the University at Montreal, which bears l:lo name. Born at Glasgow in 174*, he came to Canada at an early age and became a successful merchant. He was a member 314 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. of Parliament and subsequently of the Legislative Council and, at one period, an Executive Councillor. During the war of 1812, he Lecanie a Brigadier-General. He was a thoroughly good man, charitahle without ostentation, kindly to men of every creed and both nationalities and, in the interests of superior education, he laid the foundation cf one of the noblest academic institutions in America. Con- nected with his fellow-subjects of PVench origin by mar- riage, he was popular amongst all classes of the people, and died in 1813, on the verge of three score and ten, sincerely respected and regretted by the entire community. The name of Irving is, as Dr. Scadding observes, " historical in Canada, the earliest being Colonel Paulus iEmilius Irving, who was born so far back as 1714, at Bonshaw, Dumfries, of which his father, William, was laird. At the siege of Que- bec, he served under Wolfe as a Major of the loth Foot, and received a wound in the battle of the Plains. At the depar- ture of General ^Murray, he was commander of the foi'ces, and Administrator of the Government for a time. He died in 179G, leaving a son of the same name, who became a general in the British army. The Hon. Jacob iEmilius Irv- ing, M. L. C, was a grand nephew of Paulus ^milius, born at Charleston, S. C, in 1797. He served in the 13th Light Dragoons and was wounded at Waterloo. So notable were his services during that campaign that, on his return, he was presented with the freedom of Liverpool, where his father was a merchant. He did not take up his residence in Cana_ da till 1836, and in 1837 aided in the suppression of the Rebellion. He was first warden of the district of Simcoe, THE SCOT IN DlilTISII NORTH AMERICA. 315 and in 1843 became a Legislative Councillor, and remained one until his death in 185G. His house on Yonge street was called Bonslmw after the ancestral domain in Scotland. It may be added that, in politics ho was a Liberal, and a strong opponent of Lord Metcalfe. His son, /Ernilius Irving, Q. C.,. Avas M. P. for Hamilton during the last Parliament.* liotli these last fall within a period posterior to 1812, and are noted here merely in family connection, and for convenience sake. In the Maritime Provinces, the number of lovalists who founded families, at once or afterwards, prominent in civil affairs was considerable. A large proportion of these were Scots, if one may judge by their names — Burns, Camp- bell, Gordon, Galbraith, Graham, Henderson, Humo^ Johnstone, Macaulay, Macdonald, Macdougall, McGregor, Mcintosh, Mackenzie, Maclean, Macleod, Macpherson, Munro, Stuart, &c. The Scottish origin of the patronymic, however,, is not always evidence of Scottish birth or parentage, al- though it is of descent and national origin. Many of those bearing purely Scottish names were born in Ulster, and are, thei'efore, nomiiuilly Irish — Scoto-Irish as they are occa- sionally called. So far as this is the case, mistakes may, and no doubt will occur, in claiming individuals, although there is no mistake at all in tracing well-settled national characteristics to the Scottish colony across the Irish Sea — a community which has always been, and still remains sub- stantially the same as its progenitors had been in the auld * See Morgan : Celebrated Canadians, d:c., pp. 80 & 27fi ; and Scadiling ; TurctUo of Old, p. 41)0. 310 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. land. Tlie loyalists were either born in the mother coun- try or the sons of immigrants — the Americans born of the third generation, and so on back, having lost their hcieditary attachment to British soil.and their loyalty to British connec- tion. Somewhere about twenty thousand of the loyalist refu- gees.many of whom had lost ample fortunes in the cause, settled in British North Amei'ica. Receiving grants of land from the Crown, and being almost all of them men of probity and intelligence, they naturally became leaders of the people in the new colonies they had made their home. As advisers of the Crown, as Judges or as Legislators, their names are fre- quently recorded in Sabine and elsewhere ; and not a few of the prominent men of a later time have been proud to trace their descent from those steadfast, long-suffering and enter- prising loyalists of the Revolution. Amongst the more notable men of mark may be mentioned the Cunninghams, of whom one, Archibald, of Boston, was banished in 1778, and afterwards held a responsible office at Shelburne, N. S. The Grants were chiefly represented by Daniel, a native of Gillespie in Satherlandshire, who settled in what was a purely Scottish colony at St. Andrews, N.B., where he died, in 1834, at the age of eighty-two. Joseph Gray, a United Empire Loyalist, settled at Halifax, estab- lished the mercantile firm of Proctor & Gray, and died in 1803, aged seventy-four. He seems to have established a colony on his own account, for he had thirteen children. His brother John went to India ; and there were other Grays in the loyal ranks, one of whom, William, from the Province of New York, became a magistrate in King's THE SCOT IN lililTISH KORTIt AMEltlCA. 31 : County, N. B., and livi'd to be ninety-six, tlylnjj^ in 1S24. The Macdonalds and the Macchmells ajtpear in <,'ieat force in the annals of tlie United Empire Loyalists, over twenty-four being mentioned in Sabine, a nunilier of whom settled in the Lower Provinces, and one, named Donald, who had .served under Sir William Johnson, died at Wolfe Island, Ontario, in 1839, at the age of ninety-six. Two of the McKay.s are specially noted — Hugh, who belonged to the Queen's Rangers during the entire Revolution, and settled in New Brunswick at the peace. Sabine says that he was the " only full Colonel " in the Province, member of the Assem- bly for thirty years, and long the father of that body ; and also Senior Justice of Common Pleas for the (.'ounty of Charlotte. He died at St, George, in 1848, aged ninety- seven, "distinguished for his urbanity and gentlemanly bearing." John McKay had been a Captain in the Queen's Rangers under Simcoe, and settled, in 1783, in York County, N. B. He held public stations of honour and trust, and died in 1822. His wife was a sister of Chief Justice Saunders, of New Brunswick. Mr. Duncan McKenna was another United Empire Loyalist, who, having originally emigrated from Scotland to New York, settled at Shelburne, N. S., and became the father of the Hon. Gilbert McKenna, mem- ber of the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia, so far back as 1840, and called to the Legislative Coun; i' 'a 18(»8. An- other old legislator was Mr. Morrison, grandfather of the Hon. Thomas Morrison, M.L.C. of Nova Scotia. He was not a United Empire Loyalist, but the son of a Scot who had settled in New Hampshire. He left that Province for 318 TflE SCOT IN URITIfiJl NORTH AMERICA, \ liii I a Nova Scotia in 1700, and was for many years a Member of Parliament. John McKinnon (of the Isles) emigrated from InverneHS-.sliire early in the century and .settled in the County of Sydney. Of his two sons, one was made a Lcgislativo Councillor in 18(17, and served as Ajjricultural Conuni.ssioner, and the otlier, the Rev. Dr. C. F. McKinnon, became Bishop of Arichat. Colin Campbell, of Argyleshiro, emigrated to America in 1770, and occupied many ])ositions under the Nova Scotian Government. In 1793, he was elected Mem- ber of the Provincial Parliament for Shelburne, and sat for it over twenty years, dying in 1822. His grandson was, or is, Mi^mber of the Provincial Parliament for Digby. Amongst the Pictou Scottish settlers was Mr. Mackay, who came from Sutherland.shire — father of Mr. Alexander Mackay, M.P.P. for Pictou. William Robertson was a United J pire Loyalist, living in New York, who settled at Shelb N. S., as a mcrcliant, and, afterwards, at Barrington. Ac- cording to Sabine, he was remarkable for possessing "a wonderful memory, and was consulted by all the country round." His son, the Hon. Robert Robertson, has been a member of the Assembly for manj^ years, and also a Com- missioner of Public Works. Of the New Brunswick pioneers, Archibald McLean was Captain in the New York Volunteers and fought bravely at Eutaw Springs. In 1783 he went to St. Johns, N. B., and was one of the original grantees there. In 1812 he \va.s again in active service. He resided in York County and was a member of the Assembly and magistrate for that county for many years. He died at Nashwaak, N. B., in TJfE SCOT IN lUilTISU NOUTU AMEIilCA. 319 ISnO, at i\\v. a<^o of sovontv-six. Joliii Frnscr, of Invcrr.csa- Hhirt', Scotland, .settled in Nova Scotia first in KSO.S, ntid in 1812 at MirnniichI, N. B. His son is the Hon. Joliii James Frasor, Q. C, M. P. P., as well as Provincial Secretary and Receiver-General of the Province. Mr. LeMoine mentions a number of Gallicized Scots in tlic Province of Quebec; tlio family of Urbain Johnston, M. P. P. for Kent, is an illustra- tive case in New Brunswick. About a century a^^), the family came from Scotland and settled witli tlie Acatliaiis on tlie ChTileurs Bay and were, so to speak, naturalized, and became French amongst them. Alexander Wedderburn, who may not 'mprobably have been related to Lord Loughborough, was an Aberdonian, and for many jears emigration oHIcer for New Brunswick, and the uithor also of several woiks on the Province. His son is the Hon. William Wedderburn, Q.C.M.P.P., who has been Speaker of the Assendily. In Prince Edward Island, there is a large sprinkling of Scots, " Macs " and others, many of these however, such as the Lairds, McGills, Mclsaacs, Munrocs, Walkers, Wightmans, Camp- bells, Macdonalds, &c., may be more properly referred to at a later period. Hon. Arthur IMcEwen, formerly M .L.C., liad as his gi-eat-grandfather one of the earliest .settlers on tlie Island, for he came from Perthshire to settle at St. Peters somewhere about 17G0. Charles McLean left the Higlilands at the com- mencement of the century, began life in the New World at Charlottetown and finally made his home at East Point, where his grandson, the Hon. James R. McLean, M.P.P. for Kings (1st District), was born. The clan Maclean or Mc- Lean ha.s made such a conspicuous figure in the world, ' il' ■ 1 m •lii i^^HH 320 THE SCOT ly BRlTrSH NORTH AMERICA. that it seems well to mention something further about them here. David Maclean, of Dochgarroch, belonged to the 7ard or McLeod Highlanders and settled in Pictou, N, S. James Maclean, of Ardgour, was a lieutenant in Montgomery's Highlanders, wlio ser\'ed in Nova Scotia and in the expedition to Dominique. Archibald Maclean of the same ilk also went to America, and his third son, Neil, was commissary at Niagara. Lachlan, of another branch, served in the West Indies, ros'3 to the position of Major- General, and died Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia. Another fighting Maclean was Francis of the Blaich stock, captain of the 4;2nd ; he served at Bergen-op-Zoom, was a prisoner of war in France, and afterwards served under Wolfe. Aftei fighting in Portugal, we read of General Francis Maclean at the defence of Penobscot in 1779, with a force of 700 agairist 2,000 Americans. He died r.t Halifax in 1781.* Hector Maclean, of Torren^ again was a settler also in the colonies, and, we believe, the progenitor of Mr. Allan Mcljcan Howard, who lives in Toronto. General Allan Maclean, of the Macleans of Torloisk, was a notable tigure in Canadian struggles. He had served in Holland, and began his career in America as a lieutenant in the GOth or Royal American Regiment, and afterwards in the Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment. Not only did he serve under Wolfe, but also took part in resisting the invasion of Montgomery and Arnold in 1775. He retired, went home, and died in 1791. There are also Counts Maclean in Sweden; indeed wherever fighting or hard, honest work was to be done,'thero See Irviiiit: L jt of Washington, Vol. iii., p. 511. imi i iMiujjuiii THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 321 was always a Maclean to perform the task.* John McNeill came to the Island from Argyleshire in 1773. His son, William, sat in tiio Assembly for twenty-five years, much of the time i.s Speaker. A grandson, William Simpson McNeill, was M. P. P. for Queen's (2nd District). Daniel Montgomery also left Argyleshire about the same time, and possibly in company with Jol::i McNeill. He sat lor Prince County for over thirty-five years, and is now represented by a grandson in the Senate of the Dominion, the Hon. Donald Montgomery, Avho has passed the term of three score and ten. In only a few cases, does a single span of human life bridge over the interval between last century and the present, now waning through its last quarter. The Hon. John Holmes, until recently a member of the Senate, was born in 1789, in Ross-shire, Scotland, went to Nova Scotia in 1803 ; sat in the Assembly of the Province during the periods from 183G to 1847, and from 1851 to 1858; was then a Legislative Councillor up to the Confe- deration year, and from 1807 a Senator of the Dominion. Dr. Forbes, ex-M. P. for Queen's, N. S., represents an old family connected with the barons of that name. William settled at St. Kitts, in the West Indies, and the Doctor's father was born there and served ii. his early years in the 64th. The honourable member hir self was born at Gibraltar, and finally fcund a home at Yarmouth, N. S., where his father was Collector of Customs. If in Mi. Holmes' case, we har-e U ;nh |ri:i 322 THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. !! 1 the extraordinary persistency of the Scot as a sturdy long- lived toiler for himself and others ; in the case of the Forbeses there is an equally characteristic love of roaming and adventure. The grandfather of Colonel Kirk, ex-M.P. for Guysborough, was an old settler — William Kirk, of Dumferm- line, who served through the Kevolutionaiy War in the regular army. An old Highland famil}' is represented by Mr. William McDonald, M. P. for Cape Breton. He claims descent from the Clan Ranalds, and his grandfather left the Island of Uist to settle in Inverness county, N. S. The member for Kings, P. E. I., also comes of an old settled family, his grandfather having left Inverness-shire in i78o, and settled in Prince Edward Island ; on the mother's side he is descended from an officer who fought under Wolfe. His uncle is the Right Rev. Dr. Mclntyre, R, C. Bishop of Charlottetown. Hon. Henry Starnes, so well known as a financier and an energetic and enterprising worker in Mon- treal, is of U. E. Loyalif-:t stock, of Scottish origin. Lieut.- Colonel Ogilvie, ex-M. P. P., Quebec, came of a sturdy old Scottish stock in Banffshire. His parents emigrated at the beginning of the century, and hii father served in 1812 and 1837, on behalf of the Crown. The Hon. Joseph G. Robert- son, of Sherbrooke, M. P. P., and a Minister of the Crown, it may .be remarked, in passing, is also a Scot, the son of the Rev. Joseph Robertson, from Aberdeenshire, where the honourable gentleman was himself born. Having thus selected, though by no means exhaustively, the names of some of the early settlers in the Eastern Pro- vinces to whose energy and intelligence so much is due, not THE SCOT IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 323 y> only for the settlement, but also for the orderly social life and good government of the country'", it seems unnecessary to pursue the subject farther in this direction. It will not be denied that in the whole of the Maritime Provinces and, to a large extent, in the Province of Quebec, whether they appeared as loyal refugees from the revolted colonies, as re- tired officers and soldiers, or as immigrants simply, the Scots supplied a fresh, vigorous, honest, and sterling element to the population which would have been sorely missed in those early days. The energy which overcomes all difficulties, the fi ugality which spares and accumulates, and the power of Pclf-denial, are in themselves helf the battle of life; the rugged earnestness, the unswerving probity, the thoughtful and educated intelligence have always been the hereditary possessions of the Scot, when, as mostly happened, he had no other estate to boast of. He possesses qualities which, as tlie first part of tins volume was designed to show, came to him through the disciplinary iferings, hardships and struggles undergone by his forbears thiougli long am! painful piiiods of national education. It will be necessary now, I'rfore en- tering more into detail upon the modern period, to trace a» bi'iefly as may be, the operation of the samt iiidonniable national character in Ontario and in the vast >o 3 great al and Saxon de the :cle to \. pecu- settler.