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Farming Lands, Grasins Uands, Dairy Lands, Sheep Lands, Spruce Lands, Gold, Silver, iron, Oopper, Limestone and IMarble. a: e a. s e 35 THUNDER BAY, NIPIGON AND ST. JOE RAILWAY V Northward from Port Arthur extends a forest-clad, mineral-laden, lake-studded stretch of country of en- ormous latent resources. Dog Lake comes first, then Liake Nlpigon, with its great area and numiberless Islets. The height of land crossed, the valley of the Albany Is entered, and the lake ex- pansion of St. Joseph lying at the end of a hundred-mile journey. Iron, lig- nite, coal and marble are some of the minerals to be found in this region. White pine, spruce and other woods cover the large portions of the millions of acres in the district. Splendid farming land occurs here and there. Large areas are touched by the rami- fications of the Inland waterways of the three lakes. This belt, reaching 200 miles back from the shores of Thunder Bay and 100 mUes and more in width. Is the hinterland of Port Arthur and Fort Wllliajn, and these enter- prising towns, having moved to gain railway connection with the rich Rainy River district to their west, are now working earnestly to pierce the fast- ness of their back country with the all- subduing railway. The Thunder Bay, Nipigon & St. Joe Railway is the name of the projected route. It is designed to strike northward 80 miles to Dog Lake and Lape Nipigon and then to make a stretch of 110 miles to the coal beds of Lake Joseph. The map and views which are herewith published will give an Idea of this pro- ject. "We have west of us," says the pro- spectus of the line, "along the line of the Ontario & Rainy River Railway, fifty miles of iron ore, and to the north of us as much more. In the near future, as the west fills up, we win have on Thunder Bay the largest iron plant in Canada." The resources of the district through which the line is projected are agricul- tural, lumbering and mineral. As for the former, the section, iO miles long, between Thunder Bay and Lake Ni- pigon, is said to contain about a mil- lion and a half acres of arable land. much of which is similar to the lands of the famous Rainy River Valley. The railway company is making special ef- forts to attract settlers to the region. It proposes to give them a start by giv- ing to at least three settlers on every ten miles of its line a wood contract of one hundred dollars per annum for five years; that is, the company will buy from its first fifty actual bona-fide farm settlers wood, ties, building stone, fish, etc., to the value of $5,000 annually, so that these settlers may each receive this amount in cash each yeai- for five years from the company, to enable the settler to work steadily on his tarm for the first five years. The company Intends to build twenty miles of rail- way each year for four years, and on both the summer work of construction and the winter work on ties and tim- ber the preference will be given to the settler. Where other "ailway compan- ies bring in the nav/y, this company will try to bring in permanent settlers and endeavor to arrange so that all monies paid out for work on the line shall be spent in making homes for the earners on the line of railway; and tc all actual settlers who yearly, for the first five years, make three acres of improvements the company will give a passenger rate of two conts per mile. The company also proposes to di- vide up $100 per annum in prizes for the best farms, limiting the taking of the first prize to three occasions. Each farm must increase at least three acres per year in cleared ground to be eligible for competition. It Is also prepared to start a creamery as soon as the set- tlers in any one place will guarantee the milk of 500 cows; and as soon as the milk traffic warrants it a train will so run as to bring the milk into Port Arthur and Port William in time for morning delivery. This same train will also bring in fresh fish and farmers' produce. So far as lumbering goes, a large por- tion of the country is covered with spruce; pine is also found, and other woods growing in the district are aeh, LaliK St. Joe mid Tlninder lidi/ to the Sea. elm, balsam, tamarack, hemlock and red and white birch. A pulp company Is being formed to use Jenison's water power and spruce timber from along the railway line. Contracts have been entered into with companies and citizens of Fort William and Port Arthur for the haulage of E.OOO cords of wood per annum, and these parties have been bound down to pur- chase their wood as much us possible from settlers along the line, and the railway company has a voice in tftf price to be paid to the settlers for their wood. Other contracts have been made for the haulage of ties, timber and logs. After crossing the height of land the railway touches on numerous streams, which will afford facilities for getting out timber. The tale of the minerals is extensive. The first part of the line runs over what Is described as an enormous deposit of slate iron shale, which is of value for ballast, street paving, bricks, paint, etc. A firm in Denver, Colorado, uses twenty carloads a day of this kind of mater- ial for paint works. -Vfter passing through the farming land of Mclntyre and Ware, it touches on a large blanket deposit of low grade spathic iron ere, which it is anticipated will be utilized when electricity can be used to smelt it. After crossing the height of land the line will pass within a few miles of a large deposit of iron ore of very high grade. An assay of a picked sample of this shows the following results: — Metallic iron, 67 20; silica, 2.80; phos- phorus, .067 ; titanium, .000. Oth- er mineral products of the valley are mineral and salt springs, sandstones, marls, clay, sand, kaolin, asbestos, limestone, plumbago, red paint ore, roofing mica, gold and sil- ver bearing rocks and an immense de- posit of marble. In layers of from 12 inches to 12 feet. This Is, It is believed, the largest de- posit of the kind in Canada, as it ex- tends from within fourteen miles of the C.P.R. at Black Bay to and across the Pash ko Kagan River, and Is believed to underlie an area of 10x30 vnlles, about 200,000 acres. An earthquake, or some natural disturbance, has here and ther6 thrown it up, and formed palisades, where the marble is seen, sometimes capped, other times not. All the colors of the rainbow can be obtained, but white predominates. The Ontario Gov- ernment took out dressed samples and sent them to the Cincinnati Exposition, which samples were on view at the Niagara Museum. It Is said that this will prove a very valuable flux for cer- tain ores. An assay of a surface speci- men of the white shows:— Carbonate of lime, 53.80; carbonate of magnesia, 44.77; ferric oxyde, .50; slUcIt and alum- ina, .93. This section has enormous layers or deposits of limestone, the only known ones In Algoma We.st. This of Itself should furnish In time a good low price tralllc to the railway, and is ne- cessary to the growth of the district and ihe prosperity of the coming iron in- dustry. At Lake St. Joseph are lignite coal beds. So far as scenery goes, the "St. Joe" will hold its own. After working its way through the ridge for about one mile, through the "Devil's Canyon," it passes close to "Look Down Mountain," from which can be seen Pie Island, and McKay's and Rabbit Mountains, the range running from McKay's Mountain to Rabbit Mountain. It is possible to see the whole panorama of Tliunder Bay, Kaministlquia Valley, Whitehsh Valley, mouth of Slate River, Neebing and Mclntyre Rivers from their start to finish, the Dawson and Oliver roads, Murillo and away into the Dog Lake height of land, a rolling panorama of grass and woodland. By taking the Dog Lake steamer it is possible to visit the Dog Lake Falls, which have twice the drop of Niagara. Looking the other way from the eastern Dog Lake height of land, the "Chinese wall" is visible, one of the curiosities of America— a wall of white quartz — sometimes 80 feet wide and 50 feet high; and then a gentle slope down to Nlplgon with 100 lakes In view, a gently undulating pastoral land, and when the marble is reached, it is possible to see a white cliff unbroken for a mile. Lake Nipl,^on Is a sheet of water 50x80 miles, witn over 500 Islands and islets, "the best rod fishing ground In the world." The company has petitioned the Ontario Government to set apart Lake Nipigon and its tributaries, fol- lowing out their Algonquin Park plan, as the Nipigon Provincial Fishing Park. Some proofs of these assertions may well be in place. As to the resources of the district in timber and minerals, the following extracts from oflaclal re- ports will be of Interest : — Dr. Bell of the Geological Survey De- partment says :— "The supply of spruce pulpwood around Lake Nlplgon and vicinity Is practically Inexhaustible." Mr. John Baxendale writes from Murillo:— "I am a farmer. I was on the C.P.R. survey with Mr. Carr's party around Nipigon and Black Sturgeon Lakes In 1873. Members of the survey found plumbago, asbestos and native silver. The timber, especially the spruce, was good. I think I am a judge of land, and I say that I saw land that for farming purposes Is as good as any man could wish for." Mr. Zeph Malhiot, C.E., writes from Port Arthur the following extended re- port of his inspection of the district :— "I have gone over the route of the 1 . ' "ur \ \. ■;^' f^' "i>TO "-"MA y?^^r' f] ft ^^ ^ -' ■ ■■.-■(.■;:.. !^/ ,'-\'^':V%>\;v': i:|i I' f/lf ' :Wi I I 'r'i.i •\\ ■?" \ . ^ ' < ' '^A ' i i^\ I ,•-< ^W%^ 1 H a >v A.^ I / ' i M^^^- ft M^^• i New Ontario Colonization Line :. Thunder Bay, Nlplgon & St. Joe Rail- way, after gathering such facta and statistics as I could at the Qeologlcal Department, Ottawa. (To Dr. Dawson, Dr. Bell and the staff I hereby return thanks for their kindness, courtesy and valuable Information.) My Inutruc- tlons were to see what I could, and gather all the Information possible as to the feasibility of the construction of a railway line, and the natural products available along the line, which would make business for the railway. "I went to Niplgon Lake, via Port Ar- thur, Current River, Dog Lake, Burk River and Black Sturgeon Lake to Black Sturgeon Bay. I returned by Gull Bay, Pashkokogan River, the Height of Land, Iron Lake, Dog Lake, Red River Road and Township Mcln- tyre. The Current River route Is rough. From Dog Lake to Black Sturgeon Lake the country is well covered with spruce, tamarac, birch, white pine and some jack-pine. Spruce predominates, and there is ten miles of white pine In one place. The white pine, spruce and tamarac grow two and three feet in diameter. "1 saw two or three miles of marble, red, white, blue, green and mottled. In layers, easy to work. I believe there are miles of it In length, and that very many square miles of that part of dis- trict Is underlaid with it. The white predominates. I enclose an analysis of it, by Professor Hille. "There are numbers of brine springs around Lake Niplgon, as well as any quantity of limestone and valuable building and quarry Stone. The marls are numerous. Silver, gold, lead and copper ore are found, as well as asbestos, mica and a schistose mica rock, suit- able for making mica roofing. "The red oxide of Iron, or Indian red point, is abundant, as well as iron ore. One of my Indians got a sample north of Dog I uke. I enclose copy of its an- alysis by Professor Hille. "There are several curious streams, called milk rivers by the Indians, where the waters run white, and In the beds of which a pole can be easily shoved down many feet. "There are two or three miles of a slate Iron shale, very valuable for bal- last paint, street-making and bricks. There are large surface deposits of spathic Iron stone, of the usual low grade, so useful to local furnaces, as well as olay, red sandstone and sand. But the crowning beauty oiC this section Is its farming lands, most all of which are covered with valuable timber, which will pay for the clearing and make a living for the settler as he makes a farm. North, west and south of Lake Niplgon there are three million acres, two million of which are suitable fur agriculture. The only land I know of which equals parts of it is that of the famuua Rainy Rlvtr valley, whicii I examined ten years ago." Lake Niplgon Is 244 feet over Lake Superior. There is on it a Hudson Bay post, wulx a farm and garden, of which Count De Laronde. wiio was a factor for years, says:— "For thirty-one yeais the farm and garden was never injured by frost, and corn and tomatoes always ripened when planted by us. Tlie In- dians used to make salt from the brine springs, which they used with their food and to salt fish for winter use." The English Church has a ml.^iiion, school and farm garden on the lake. The Indians have rtserves and many gardens. I got potatoes, moat and fish from them, all home products. Niplgon Lalce and ail the surrounding lakes and rivers are full of fish. The big lake, eighty by fifty miles, is teem- ing with lake trout, whitefish, and speckled trout, and has in it over W<) islands. I know of no place in th<^ world that equals It for a Provincial fishing park. The supplying of the summer tO'Urists, fishing campers, club- bers and cottagers should be worth In a few years a million dollars per annum to Ontario, and it should be the Pvst duty of the railway company to urge upon the Ontario Government enact- ment of suitable laws and regulations^, while the settlers should have free fish for their own househhold use. This district could easily furnish a trainioad of spruce pulpwood per day to the pulp company on Thunder Bay, that will use the cheap water po\ver that Jenison Is offering. The marble with five per cent, of iron in it might be equally valuable with the pure limestone for making flux for the iron furnaces. This Is the only known section of this part of Algoma that produces limestone. A colonization railway can be built with easy curves and good grades from Lake Niplgon to Thunder Bay, with sufficient rolling stock for about $13,000 per mile. Through the balance of the country to the height of land and down to Lake St. Joseph, near Albany River, I am Informed that the country Is fairly level, well-wooded with spruce, and the Government reports show that lignite coal is found. Speaking of the Niplgon and Northern section. Dr. Bell says the spruce pulp- wood supply is practically inexhaustible. "I have been a railway engineer for over twenty years, and have seen no section of Canada that promises so *) i I r Tlnnit(tn" and »>'/a/»((V. 11 tween Lake Nipigon, Dog Lake and Ignace. South and west of Lake Nipi- gon there is much good land and splen- did spruce. Farther west we found v.hat we called 'the Chinese wall,' a great white vein from 50 to 100 feet wide, standing up in places like a wall, so much so that the party could not climb over it, but had to go round. To- wards Ignace the country was not so good." Mr. George Brotherton writes from Port Arthur : — "I have examined the district southwest of Lake Nipigon around Black Sturgeon Lake. There is scattered white pine on the east and west side of it. It is well timbered with spruce, birch, tamarac and poplar ; there is a large amount of level land, mostly loamy clay, well suited for farm- ing. In places the mineral indications are good, but I had no time to examine into them." Mr. Peter McKellar writes from Fort William : — "I know the Black Sturgeon, Nipigon Lake country fairly well. I surveyed the former. In this vicinity there is a considerable amount of good farming land, well wooded with spruce, pine, poplar, birch and tamarac. From Dog Lake to Nipigon there are iron ore, copper, gold, asbestos, plumbago, lime- stone, sandstone and beautiful building stc ne, to my own knowledge. Everyone knows of Nipigon's great fishing capa- bilities." Mr. James Whalen writes from Port Arthur : — "I am fairly well acquainted with the Nipigon Black Sturgeon dis- trict. I have taken out many thousand cords of good spruce pulp up there. As a spruce pulp territory it is good. It is better still as a farming section and very promising as a mineral region in . certain sections." Mr. J. P. Donnelly writes :— ""When I was Indian Agent, the English Church Mission reserve on Lake Nipigon had a school, a farm and a garden. The pro- ducts of the fa.'m and garden were brought to the fair at Port Arthur. They were equally as good as the best exhibited. Wheat ripened well there." Mr. John Penassle writes from Fort William:— "I have been hunting, trapping and exploring in this country for forty years. I am well acquainted with the tract of land between Dog Lake and Lake Nipigon. Most of it is well suited for agriculture; It lies to the morning sun. Much of the farming land is level this side of Black Sturgeon, more Is hlllocky and undulating. There are large areas covered with spruce, much white pine in clumps, with other tim- ber in abundance; here and there rock ridgei show up. Iron ore Is ^?e^^n at several points. I have found native copper and copper ore.and have brought in specimens of many other ores. Cari- boo plentiful on account of the many salt licks. Limestone, building stone and granite are here in plenty; marble" predominates; it is of many colors. But good farming lands, well timbered with spruce are the chief factor of that particular section." Count Henry De Laronde writes from Nipigon: — "I was for many years an officer for the Hudson Bay Company. I lived for 31 years at the Hudson Bay Company's post on Lake Nipigon. We had a farm garden there in which we raised suc- cessfully many kinds of produce. Corn and tomatoes always ripened with us. The frost never did us any harm. I have heard of the salt springs. The Tnilians have made salt from them, but the company never did, as It was easier to get salt from the company's post at Nipigon Bay. There are large tracts of farming land, big aieas of timber and many promising mineral veins around Lak-^ Nipigon. An Indian once brought me some good- sized chunks of coal which he claimed came from the height of land north of the lake. I have seen samples of what appeared to be good Iron ore, and have been told that there was plen- ty of it in the neighborhood of Lake Nipigon. T need say nothing about the fish; every one knows that Lake Nipi- gon and its waters teem with fish." Mr. Robert Bell writes from Ottr. • wa : — "Tn reply to your request to give you a short general statement as to the general character and the possible re- sources of the country lying to the west and southwest of Lake Nipigon. I would say that in the course of my explorations in the region referred to I found much good land along the var- ious livers I ascended in this district, and also to the west of Black Sturgeon T aici;^ and of the upper part of Black Sturgeon River. , Although in some parts the surface is broken by rocks, in others there are considerable tracts of good loamy soil suitable for crops of all kinds, besides much land which could be used for stock-raising. The decay of the trappeau rocks, so large- ly developed all around Lake Nipigon, and of the red marls to the southwest of it to form those soils, helps to ac- count for their fertility as compared with that of the ordinary Laurentian country north of Lake Superior. The timber of the district in general con- sists principally of spruce, tamarac, bankslan pine, white birch, poplar, bal- sam, cedar, etc., but there is also some white and red pine. Much of the spruce is large enough to be sawn into good lumber, and there is here an enormous y; '^ o ■a 8 IVIiat the Dominion and Provincial Reports t^ay. i;i supply for the manufacture of paper pulp. The tamarac will afford the best of railway ties, which might be ex-» ported in large quantities, and all the other Icinds of wood will have their uses if the district should be opened up by a railway. As for minerals, there is a prospect for iron, copper and sil- ver ores; magnesian limestone, belong- ing to the Nipigon formation, occurs there. The flat-lying red marls of the Cambrian system are largely developed in that tract drained by the upper part of the Black Sturgeon River, and they are also found to the west of Lake Nip- igon. The salt spring which I found on one of the branches of the Black Sturgeon is supposed to have its origin in these marls. If the beautiful brown sandstone of the Nipigon House should be found in situ, it might pay to ex- port it as a high-class building stone." Dr. Selwyn says, in the report of the Ontario Royal Commission, page 68 : — "There is iron on the north shore of Lake Nipigon. I think it is very rich, but as far as I know it has not yet been analyzed. I have seen specimens of it ; it is a slaty hematite." Page 69, E. B. Barron, Governlment exploration work, says :— "I attach spe- cial importance to the deposits of iron ore, kaolin, lignite and peat." Mr. Peter McKellar says, on page 22, that he found a deposit of hematite ore on Lake Nipigon near Sturgeon River. Page 38, aalme report, says: — "Com- pact limestones and grey sandstones are found under these traps in ?> -ral places (around Lake Nipigon) A massive rock, but of a similar ..iho- logical character, occupies the lake shore from Nipigon House to English Bay, a distance of three miles. Re- sembles the formation of the famous Hecla and Calumet, the biggest copper mine in the world." "This rock resembles the red quart- ziferous porphyry.which forms so many of the pebbles in the native copper- bearing conglomerates of the Calumet mine." Report on the geology of the Nipigon ■ district, by Robert Bell, C. E., F. G. S., page 335 :— "At the head of this little rapid a little brine spring is form- ed on the north of the river bank." Page 339— "The coast line of Lake Nipigon is 580 miles. Nipigon means deep, clear water lakf." Page 315 — "There are over 560 islands in the lake." Page 342 — "The limestone runs along the shorp at Cook's Point for one mile; it rises fifteen or twenty feet above the water." Page 343 — "The quartz layers carry copper pyrites." Page 344— "The Ombabika flows through a level country." "The soil is excellent, being a dark colored, crumbling loam, free from boulders." Page 346 — "The sandstones are light- colored and soft. The trap is overlaid be compact argillaceous magnesian limestone. The same olive green lime- stone occurs again on Chief's Bay. ' Page 347 — "Grey, red, darker and lighter green and mottled sandstone, and a soft white marly limestone and more up the river thirteen miles." Page 348 — "Hudson Bay Co.'s farm." Page 349 — "More grey limestone." Page 350 — "Red marls, shales, sand- stones, brick red quartziferous por- phyry." Page 357 — "Upper bearing copper rocks." Page 353 — "Limestnose, very pure, soft and porous. More olive green lime- stone." Page 355— "Black Sturgeon. Go )d sandy soil underlaid with clay. For fifty miles land is level and soil gen- erally fertile. "The Indians represent the good land as continuing nearly to Winnipeg River (one liundred miles). "Hills — soil generally good, brownii«h loam. "Considerable area good land around South and Mclntyre Bays. "On Pash ko Kagan, the loamy banks a.re twenty feet high." Page 356 — "Kabitotiquia River. Five miles wide, open margin each side, cov- ered with grass, free from stones, near- ly ready for plow." Page 356 — "Level tract extends north- ward unknown distance, light-coloi-ed clay. Clay is free from pebbles or grit, light blue in color, calcareous, sticky and plastic. The soil is dark-colored, crumbling loam. Particles of garnet are abundant. The climate of the Nipi- gon country appears to be as well suited for agriculture as the greater portion of the Province of Quebec. Farming has been carried on success- fully for a long time by the Hudson Bay Company at Nipigon House. The timber is white spruce, birch, aspen, poplar, balsam, fir, tamarac, white ce- dar, black ash, grey elm, red and white pine." Page 357 — "Economic minerals, cop- per, lead, zinc, silver, nickel, cobalt, ar- senic, uranium, malybdenum." Sir William Logan says: — "Many parts will sooner or later be important mining regions." Page 358— "Abundance of red hema- tite, hard-grained red hematite, and more behind Nipigon House, also specu- lar ore; also at Poplar Lodge and Candy River." Page 359— "8.10 and 11.62 per cent, of copper and 47.50 of lead." a. •' 0) C • - f- "M Or^^ v. Hi O t< *j C 3 C o -^ i C ti "y b S ^ tcJ fl S '^ O o ■^ ft o ^ .- ^ rt § a; c S .5 ^• a [oM ft c di3 c4 . ft A 0.' ft o O C S 0)5 0) og 5+^ S .- ^ ft ft ^ « m X 2>. .5 M -a c bo a "E a bo .s 3 0) O) 03 01 ■u H -, "bo "i o 'C 2 M O 4) = 0) CO O) "E & 4) M ft eo M ,J . ft "" tiJ OJ g" 0) 0) ►^ bo cj 00 op a," • rt _^ CO c? c £ 0) n • 1 s S ^ . : '6»