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 PRESENT STATE 
 
 
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 AN //^i^ 
 
 ACCOUNT ~~ 
 
 OF TRB 
 
 PRESENT STATE 
 
 or 
 
 h 
 
 NOVA sc or I A.^ V 
 
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 £ B I N B U R G H : 
 Printed for William Creech $ 
 
 AND 
 
 T. Longman London. 
 
 M,QCC,I.zy(XVZ. 
 
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THE RIGHT HONOUR ABLE 
 
 JOHN LORD SHEFFIELD, 
 
 The following Oxtets, contain- 
 ing an Account of the Prefent 
 State* of 
 
 NOVA SCO T I A, 
 
 are moft refpedfully infcribed 
 
 BY 
 
 His Lordfliip's 
 
 moft obedient 
 and moft humble fervant 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 171556 
 
.. ^'Xiikr^V *1»*ai« 
 
 Ajg'tic 
 
 W^^, 
 
 IMTI 
 
 The 
 
C O N T E N T * 
 
 1 > 
 
 iNTROOUCTiON ' f 
 
 The SiiuatioH, EttUnif and AfptaraiM « 7 
 Climate and Seafmt * is^V.^.- # fj 
 
 Natural produSitons . ' .: * •• 
 
 Animals^ Trees, and Plants, iHuajfOVi AwJI 
 
 imported . ^ ^'V- ; • H 
 Dangers upon tbeCedH^^eal lftandi$ t^4^^ 
 
 JJgHtt'boufes wanted . # ill 
 
 FisHiMis. Ahundame ofCedFi/h^Hirm 
 
 ring^MackareU^Anuriean FtJbermeM %§ 
 Indians. Their Fernity — I»temper am f « * 
 
 Di/ea/es — CuJioms^^Language^^IUUiion*' 
 
 Canoes^-Children 
 
 4§ 
 
 Beasts. Bears—Wild Cat — FoMes-^Motffi 
 Deer—'Pole Cat — Oppofunt^^Ermini'^ 
 Seals-'^Beaver — Caribou — Otter • 4o 
 
 Fur Trade. Mi/lakes of France in Cana* 
 tia~^Probable advantages to England 73 
 
 New Settlements, Towns, and Haiu 
 sours. Province of Maine-^rand Ma* 
 
 nan 
 
( viU ) 
 
 nan ffland^River St Crtix^^t Andrtw^s 
 — Btmitr Harhmr'^t JohiCt Rivers^ 
 Falls-^Parr Tew»^Harbour ofdiUo—hs 
 pofulMtim'^^ifako Settlemen^^Mines Ba- 
 /§n^ and Cbipuilo Bay-^Frencb Neutrals 
 i^^Annapolis Royal'^Bafin of ditt^-^Digby 
 —5/ Marfi Bi^-^Tarnuutlh^Barriag^j. 
 ton^Sbetkumi or Pm R^PokLy^^Pori 
 Matoon*'-'Liverpool^~--Lunen^u/^b-^'^ljt 
 Haw^^HALirAX'-OldFrencb Settlements 
 -.^^ Jobtes Iflaiid \\V < • ' 
 
 TaaDb and Navigation. A£i of Novi' 
 l a thn t\ Sap^biiiliUn^^Wbale Pifimy^ 
 Cod FiJherf-^Wbeai and Flour — Ltmber-^ 
 Fun-^Rvn^-^Salt-^-Wbite (hk-^Tart 
 Pitcbt and THrfentine^Pearl and Pat 
 AJbes^^h-on Ore • • • 
 
 GovBRNMiNT. Qonelufim . , 
 
 71 
 
 i 1 
 
 1X2 
 
 »53 
 
 '.< .? 
 
 . V, 
 
 i^' 
 
T H B 
 
 PRESENT STATE 
 
 o r 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A MOMENT*! refleaion, upon the 
 ▼aft loft of territory, as well as the 
 immenfe number of fubjeds, which Great 
 Britain has fuftained in America, in con- 
 fequence of the unfortunate iflue of the 
 late war, muft awaken in the mind of every 
 man, who feels himfelf interefted in his 
 country's welfare, not only the moft paiit- 
 fiil ideas, but muft leave him in fome degree 
 at a lofs to determine, whence the misfortune 
 
 A arofe; 
 
2 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 arofe ; whether from a miftaken and delufive 
 fy ftem, purfued by the governmenf at home ; 
 from the clamours of fa<flious and defign- 
 ing men, as well in England as America ; 
 from that enthufiafm, which fo often feizes 
 on whole nations as well as individuals, 
 * heighterfed arid inflaiAcd by the efavf of fo- 
 reign ftates, aiming to crufli for ever the 
 .power and the commerce of Great Britain, 
 by accomplifhing the dif-uiiion and repara- 
 tion of the parent ilate and her .colonies ; 
 the interference and attacks of thofe nati-« 
 ons, united in a confederacy, as numerous 
 as it was powerful j or whether, indeed, 
 it did not arife from all thefe caiifes, a^ing 
 to one unfortunate end. 
 
 Happily for England, that national fpi- 
 rit, which has fo often diftinguifhbd her a- 
 fAongft the nations, as well when cdnvulfed 
 by inteftine diforders, as when furrouiided 
 by fuperior forces, exerted itfelf with its 
 ufual effedt. The world faw with aftonifh- 
 ment the efforts that were made ; even her 
 
 dc- 
 
 # 
 
INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 deleatft added to her glory; Europe, .Afia, 
 and the Weft Indies, beheld the ftaadards of 
 Britain; crowned with vidlory, or repelling 
 with fuccefs their hoftile foes, who, awed 
 by that unbroken refolution which appear- 
 ed in the exertions of her fleets and armies, 
 frequently negleded to gather the fruits of 
 thofe advantages that had been gained at 
 the expence of their blood and treafure. 
 
 Ini America alone, as far as relates to fi- 
 nal fuccefs, the fad reverfe appears in al- 
 moft every thing i there, though poffefled 
 of an army, numerous, brave, and adlive y 
 and of a fleet well manned and appointed, 
 yet repeated victories led but to repeated 
 defeat»' ; and misfortune conllantly follow- 
 ed in the foot fteps of profperity. Thofe e- 
 vents- are too recent to (land in need of be- 
 ing enlarged upon ; and, were they ilill 
 more diftant, a repetition. of them muft a-*, 
 waken many painful fenfations : Fortu- 
 nately j for this country, though . (he loft 
 much, ihe was n0t C|i|irely ftripped of all 
 ^'i her 
 
 •*g 
 
iU»'.<a«Mtwii'. 
 
 4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 her ancient pofleflions in America; Canada, 
 and Nova Scotia, however miferably cuiy 
 tailed, by the terms of the provifional treaty, 
 are ftill left. 
 
 Great nations, as well as private fami- 
 lies, are fubje^t to revolutions, misfortunes, 
 and decay ; from which it is neceffary to 
 learn wifdo^, and, by a prudent conduct, 
 avoid falling again upon thofe rocks, on 
 which their hopes and happinefs have been 
 already wrecked ; and, by purfuing a con- 
 trary line of diiedion, prevent the renewal 
 of the like evils in future. 
 
 It mull awaken the attention, and call 
 forth every feeling of humanity, to confi- 
 der this Province, as the lad and only re- 
 fuge of a body of people, lefs refpedable 
 for their numbers, though great, than for 
 their loyalty and fufferings, in confequence 
 of a firm and unfhaken adherence to the 
 Britiih conftitution ; difdaining to live be- 
 neath the (hadow of thofe moteley and dif- 
 
 jointed 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 jointed fabrics of government, which have . 
 been raked out of the afhes of the Het-* < 
 then republics of Greece and Rome ; they 
 have quitted their native foil, where eafe 
 and affluence, the happy effeAs of their 
 own and their anceftors induftry, awaited 
 them ; and facrificing every thing to thofe. 
 principles, have fled to its defarts as a pro- 
 tedion from .the violence of their country- 
 men; and fought amidft its forefts th^ 
 means of procuring the bare neceflaries of 
 life, which can only be obtained by a hard 
 and laborious employment, conftantly ftrug- 
 gling with the rigours of an inclement iky, 
 and a rough and uncultivated foil ; in all 
 things, the reverfe of thofe mild climates 
 and fruitful fields, their former happy po£- 
 feifion. 
 
 
 But, in a national point of view, it is 
 of ftill greater confequence to England, to 
 be poiTefled of it, as entirely commanding 
 the fiiheries ; which, while properly encou- 
 raged, may not only be coniidered as an 
 
 inexhauilible 
 
6 INTRODUCTION.. 
 
 inexhauflible mia« of wealth to the empire 
 at large, and one of the chief (inews of its 
 power, but as having the moft evident 
 tendency to increafe the trade and popula- 
 tion of the Prbrince, and render it not on- 
 ly happy in itfelf, but alfo ufeful to Great 
 Britain, as well in pbint of commerce, aa 
 by affording protection to the fifheries upon 
 its own coafts; and thofe carried on upon 
 
 the banks of Newfoundland. 
 
 'i^ I. . . ' 
 
 In ihort, its fituation is . advantageous, 
 viewed in every light. Its fhipping and 
 fean^en are rapidly increafing, as well as its 
 produce, which affords the pleafing profpe£t 
 of being able to fupply itfelf with all the 
 neceffaries of life ; a thing that cannot be 
 expeded at prefent, from the immenfe 
 niimber of fettlers who have, before and 
 fince the late peace, abandoned their habi- 
 tations In the United States, 
 
 T HE 
 
THE 
 
 SITtlATION, EXTENT, AND 
 APPEARANCE. 
 
 'ip 
 
 "OVA SCOTIA is, without doubt,' the 
 : imoft convenient, in point of (ituati- 
 op, of any prbvince in America, for a ma- 
 ritime power id be pofrefle4 of ; froni Hie 
 excellent pppprtunities which it atfords' ^bf 
 watering;, wooding, ana re-yi£tualling thbir 
 fleets, that may be bound to or from the 
 Weft Indies, either in time of peace or war; 
 as is (apparent, from infpe^ing the ^nap 
 of the tyro Continents, of Europe and the 
 
 ■ ' V" ( i . • -J - ' .' . * :..,..*:.-.■ f ■ ... . ...;., ■. 
 
 New Wprld j in which its comparative vi- 
 cinity to iLurope is particularly ftriking; 
 lying confiderably to the northward and 
 eaftward oiF all the old colonies, and having 
 
 a 
 
J SITUATION, EXTENT, 
 
 a great part detached from the main land 
 of America, fo as to be almoft entirely fur- 
 rounded by the waters -pf the ocean, and 
 affording (heiter and protedlion on every 
 fide, by means of its numerous harbours, 
 of which it can boaft a greater number, 
 than almpft any other country of the fame 
 extent in the world* 
 
 This Province, when pofleflfed by France, 
 was called Acadia ; and fuppofed to com- 
 prehend only the great triangular peninfula 
 whl^ forms the fouthern part of the colo- 
 ny^ exclufive of that large trad of country, 
 feparated from it by the Bay of Fundy, and 
 extending north to the River St Laurence, 
 having for its boundary on the weft, Paf* 
 faihaquoddy Bay, and the River St Croix, 
 and on the eaft, the Gut of Canfo and Gulf 
 of St Laurence, the Atlantic Ocean being tHe 
 fouthern boundary of the whole Province; 
 whofe dimenfions extend from Gape Sable, 
 Lat. 44* lo' to the 47th degree of north 
 
 Lat. 
 
AND APPEARANCE, g 
 
 tan* being 130 leagues in breadth, from 
 tiorch to fouth, and about 100 in length 
 from eaft to weft, namely, from Cape Sa- 
 ble to Cape Canfo, which is its eaftermoft 
 extremity ; and having in the very center 
 the Bay of Fundy, a navigation that may 
 juftly be confidered as of the higheft im* 
 portance to its future wealth and profperity. 
 
 The face of the country,* when viewed 
 at a diilance, prefents a pleatingly Variega* 
 ted appearance of hills and valleys, with 
 fcarccly any thing like mountains to inter* 
 rupt th6 profped^, efpecially near the fea* 
 A nearer approach difcovers thofe fublime 
 and beautiful fcenes, which are fo far fu-^ 
 perior to the gaudy embellifhments of art. 
 Immenfe forefts, formed of the talleft trees, 
 the growth of ages, and reaching almofl to 
 the clouds, every where incumber and a* 
 dorn the land : Their leaves falling in au- 
 tumn add continually to that cruft of mofs, 
 vegetables, and decaying wood, that has 
 for many centuries been accumulating ; 
 
 B whilft 
 
lo SITUATION, EXTENT, 
 
 whilft the rays of the fun, unable to pierce 
 the thick (hade, which every where covers 
 the ground, leaves it in a perpetual (late of 
 damp and rottennefs ; a circumftance 
 which contributes, in no fmall degree, to 
 increafe the (harpnefs of the air in winter. 
 
 ih 
 
 The clouds, flying over the higher 
 grounds, which are covered in every directi- 
 on with one vaft foreft, and arretted by the at- 
 traction of the woods, fill the country with 
 water. Every rock has a fpring, and every 
 fpring caufes a fwamp, or morafs, of great- 
 er or lefs extent, in proportion to its caufe; 
 hence it is, that travelling becomes almoft 
 impracticable in fummer, and is feldom at- 
 tempted, but in the fall of the year, when 
 winter begins to fet in, and the ground is 
 already frozen. 
 
 The land, throughout the peninfula, is 
 in no part mountainous, but frequently ri- 
 fes into hills of gradual afcent, every where 
 clothed with wood. From thefe arife in- 
 numerable 
 
AND APPEARANCE, n 
 
 numerable fprings and rivulets, which not 
 only fertilize and adorn the country, but 
 have formed, in the midft of it, a large 
 lake, or piece of frefli water, which is of 
 various depths, and of which, however, 
 little more is known, than, that it has upon 
 its borders very large tradts of meadow-land, 
 highly improveable. That part of the Pro- 
 vince, which is beyond the Bay of Fundy, 
 and extends to the River St Laurence, rifes 
 alfo gradually, as we advance from the fea, 
 quite to Canada, but is, however, hardly 
 any where mountainous. Its lands are 
 moftly very good, particularly at a diftance 
 from the fea ; and its woods are generally 
 hard, lofty, and extremely ufeful. 
 
 It is remarkable that, in thefe favage de- 
 farts, all the animals fly with terror and 
 precipitation from every place marked with 
 the footfte'ps of man, who commonly car- 
 ries devaftalion with him, and imprefles 
 fear on every other creature. Happy, in- 
 deed, had it been for the human race, if 
 
 the 
 
12 SITUATION, EXTENT, 
 
 the malignant pailions, which diftinguifli 
 and difgrace the Lord of the creation, had 
 been employed in the purfuits of the chace, 
 and the deftrudlion of beads of prey, ra- 
 ther than in wars more criminal, and far 
 lefs ufeful. 
 
 CLIMATE 
 
CLIMATE AND SEASONS, 
 
 THOUGH this country, like CftOi4«| 
 is fubjed to long and fevere wintifif 
 fucceeded by fudden and violent hetUfOfUn 
 much greater than what are felt m tbf fkm$ 
 latitudes in Europe ; yet it cannot be u* 
 counted an unhealthy climate. The «lr{o 
 general in winter is very iharp, frofty, «fl4 
 dry; the iky ferene and unclouded^ by 
 which every kind of exercife ad§jpud to 
 the feafon is rendered pleafant and ifrcc- 
 able. 
 
 The fogs are frequent near the CcMf hut 
 feldom fpread themfelves to any difUnu in 
 
 Un4, 
 
14 CLIMATE AND SEASONS. 
 
 land. They are obferved to rife only 
 from thofe places that are contiguous to 
 the fiOiing banks which lie upon the coaft, 
 and are remarkable for not producing the 
 fame difagreeable tScCts upon the human bo- 
 dy, as is obfervable of frefii water fogs ; the in- 
 fluence of the latter often producing the 
 moft dangerous difeafes, even upon perfons 
 that are otherwife healthy, and, to the con- 
 fumptive or afthmatic, prefent death. The 
 reafon of this difference is, no doubt, to be 
 accounted for, from their different origin ; 
 and a particular inveftigation of the matter 
 is foreign tc our purpofe. 
 
 The winter commonly breaks up with 
 heavy rains, and the inhabitants experience 
 hardly any of the delights of the fpring, 
 which in England is accounted the moft a- 
 greeable feafon of the year. From a life- 
 lefs and dreary appearance, and the gloomy 
 fcenes of winter wrapped around the vege- 
 table world, the country throws off its dif- 
 guilful attire, and, in a few days, exhibits 
 
 Utife. 
 
CLIMATE AND SEASONS. 15 
 
 a grand and pleafing profped i the vegeta- 
 tion being inconceivably rapid, nature pafles 
 fuddenly frooi one extreme to another, in 
 a manner utterly unknown to €;ountrie8 i€« 
 cuftomed to a. gradual progreflion of Tea- 
 Tons. And, ftrange as it may appear, it it 
 an acknowledged fad, a fad which fur- 
 nishes a certain proof of the purity of the 
 air, that thefe fudden changes feldom, if 
 ever, affed the health of Grangers oCj 
 Europeans. 
 
 Many conjedures, fome of them impro- 
 bable enough, have been made by perfons 
 unacquainted with North America, but 
 from hearfay, to account for the length of 
 the winter, and the peculiar feverity of the 
 air. Its real caufes are, the great height of 
 the land, every where between the north 
 pole and the Britifh colonies lying upon 
 the Atlantic Ocean, confiding of unknown 
 and almoft boundlefs regions, formed of 
 vaft ranges of prodigious mountains cover- 
 ed with eternal fnow; the immenfe lakes, 
 
 or 
 
 *-*, 
 
i6 CLIMATE AND SEASONS. 
 
 ml 
 
 I 
 
 or rather Teas of frefiiwater, frozen up and 
 entirely covered with ice one half of the 
 year ; and what is equal, if not fuperior to 
 thefe, is, the e^ttreme humidity tf the folk 
 A« the north- weft winds preratif, and con- 
 tinue to blow near nine months in the 
 year, and muft, in their paflage, neceflari'* 
 Jy pafs over a great extent of cold and bar- 
 ren defarts, as well as of moumains cover- 
 ed with fnow, and large trafts of frefli wa- 
 ter: It may be eafily conceived from hence, 
 with what innumerable particles of cold 
 they muft be charged, by the time they ar- 
 rive near the fea coaft. To follow, there- 
 fore, the fubjcd further, would be only to 
 perplex what is fufBciently obvious; and 
 the caufes as above ftated are fully ade- 
 quate for determining the queftion, why, 
 in Nova Scotia, the winter is longer, and 
 the cold more fevere, than in European 
 countries which are fituated in much high- 
 er latitudes ? 
 
 th< 
 
etlMAtfe AND SEASOWSi i^ 
 
 The coldnefs, however, of this pfovince^ 
 ivith that of New £ngland, will fcarcely 
 bear a comparifoni the latter being gene- 
 rally much greater, which is plain from 
 this circumftance, that their harbours aire 
 frequently frozen, a thing which is feldoit 
 or ever knoWn td happeil ijl the fotmeu 
 
 Tiirf?-;r7 ,br>ow \ ct yh ^. . , 
 
 NATTJRAX 
 
 ■■- ■ ^is.[ ^ i;ijgaiigi:t;ii , 
 
 '•^ '•• ■■■■-c^ •■ 
 
 -tOlrilJ .T\3d:^QtV^ .'. 
 
 :..;. V/3/4 "i:: <: 
 
 lii'O •-• : .: ; ■.. i y vyi . 
 
 ..:.>i[ fVi^'iiiiJ!! 
 
 , - , ; - . . ^ , . , ' 
 
 .mnrn'iA^ ■ ■• 
 
 ■ ,yj;.(jK 
 
 
 J « :ifW-^*» « 
 
 
1^ 
 
 ^l^ijf^ttc/: 
 
 0- "; £tu^..u 
 
 u M^ixi i.,i'U- ,^ 
 
 
 NATO R A L Plio D U CT ION a ^ 
 
 ALL the difierent kinds of wood, which 
 grow 10 the neighbouting provin- 
 ces of New £nglaad» grow here. Unfor* 
 tunately, however, very little white oak 
 can be obtained, but what grows at fuch a 
 diftance from the Tea, as renders it incapable 
 of becoming an article of commerce, with 
 any profped^ of profit ; a cirqumftance the 
 more to be lamented, as no fpecies of wood 
 is more valuable to America, on account ^ 
 of the great demand there is for it in the 
 Weft India iflands. 
 
 t 
 
 The 
 
~ The pine forefts^ WHich may be fuppofed 
 to occupy four fifths of all the laAdiB Itf the 
 Provifide, are not only valuable for fumifli- 
 ing mails, (pars, himber for the fugar plan- 
 tations/ and timber for building, but for 
 yielding tar, pitch, and turpentine, commo- 
 dities which are alt protured from tlus ire- 
 ful tree, and with which the mother coun- 
 try may in a few years eadly be fupplied, 
 if fuch encouragements are held out, as a 
 wife adminiftration know how to beftow 
 upon aii * indiiftrious and ufeful colon^r. 
 The procefs for obtaining thefe valiistble 
 ardcles is fo fimple, that every man podTef- 
 ied of land has it in his power to make 
 more or lefs of them. 
 
 Tins matter merits the ferious attention of 
 the legiflature ; as the United States, whilft 
 they continued the fubjeds of £ngland, 
 furniflied our Shipping with tar, pitch, and 
 turpentine 5 but have lince become, in e- 
 very refpc£fc, a foreign nation. It is fure- 
 ly no Ibpger good policy to take from them 
 
 thofc 
 
^ laATURAL PIlODUGTK)^J5. 
 
 ■'4 
 
 thofc things which^ with proper encouriigef 
 mcEkC) pi;ir own colonies jire found to pror 
 jducf ; an^, although the quantity ix)a4e by 
 them v?}ll never, |)c,rh^ps, he eqi|i|l tp.thf 
 (dem^n^, yet }t ^ffpr^s. a pl^afipg prpfpfij 
 of greatly reducing the lofs that inu^ ptherr 
 wife accrue to us in this branch of trade, 
 which is acknowledged on all hands to b^ 
 f:pnfiderably agaiiiift Gr^at Britain, 
 
 AH the various /p^cies of birch, be(Bch, 
 and m^ple, ai^d feveral forts of fpruce^ are 
 found in all parts in great abundance ; as 
 alfo nuiperpi^s herbs and plants, either not 
 jcommon tp, or not known ip England^ 
 Amongft thefe none is more plentiful than 
 farfaparilla, and a plant whofe root lefem- 
 bles rhubarb in coloyr, iafte, and effc^s ; 
 likewife the Indian or mountain tea, and 
 maiden-hair, an her|) n\uc|i in repute for 
 the fame purpofc, with (hrubs producing 
 ftrawberries, rafpberries, and many other 
 pleafant fruits, with which the woods in 
 
 I 
 
 fiimraer are well ftored : Of thefe wild 
 
 - ■ >' ' ' , " ' ■ ■ ■ •" 
 
 produdlons. 
 
N^i:URAL PRODUGTIONS. 21 
 
 pfTCKki^ons, the 'Cherries are beft, though 
 jOfnallec than our^, and growing in bunches 
 fomewhat refcmbling grapes. The lafla- • 
 ffiLS tree grows plentifully in comnion with 
 Pth/ers ; but amongft them none is m^ re 
 ufefuU to th.e inhabitants, than a fpecies of 
 ii^ap)^*; 4iftingui(hed by the name of the 
 fugar tree, as affording a confiderable quan^ 
 tity of that valuable ingredient ; to obtain 
 which, it 48 ncceflary, early in the fpring, 
 when the faa.jn vegetables is obferved to 
 begin to rife* to n^ake an incifion at fome 
 diftance from the ground, about two inches 
 deep in the trunk of the tree, and a fpout 
 being 6xed therein, the juice flows fad in^ 
 to a veflel placed below to receive it, and 
 decreafes in quantity as the fun declines to- 
 ward evening. This liquor, which, in its 
 natural ftate, is of a fweetilh watery tafte, 
 and requires no other preparation than to 
 be evaporated over a flow fire, whereby its 
 aqueous parts are difunited from the fu- 
 gar, and the latter Is cooled in moulds made 
 pf earth, or bark of trees. Sixteen pounds 
 
 of 
 
 « r v-'twaj^^Mij-t-^U' 
 
ill 
 
 i! 
 
 ^ NATURAL PRODUCnONa. 
 
 offap are requifite for miking oneof fiigaf, 
 tnd care is taken not to drain the trees to6 
 ^' much ; twenty gallont is deemed fufficitnt 
 from the largeft ; nor can the operation be 
 repeated twice in the fame year, without 
 endangering the life of the tree, a precau* 
 tion not always attended to in thii touO'^ 
 
 The fugar, when cold, is of a reddifli 
 brown colour, fomewhat tranfparent, and 
 very pleafant to the tafte. It can only, 
 however, be conHdered as of ufe to the in- 
 habitants within the province, and they 
 have not failed to afcribe to it feveral vir- 
 tues, either real or imaginary, as a medicine. 
 
 Amongft the natural produdions of No- 
 va Scotia, it is neceflary to enumerate their 
 iron ore, which is i'uppofed equally good 
 with that found in any part of America ; 
 the wants and neceilities of the refugees 
 will not permit fuch trials to be made, at 
 lead for forxie time to come, as arc nccef- 
 
 fary 
 
 ai«*»i,..>eaas».<f: 
 
NATURAL PRODUCTIONS. ^$ 
 
 (uTjf for nfceitaining its goodnefs : The at- 
 IfUlion which is requiCite \n promoting the 
 arU of huibandry, and extending the fiih* 
 cries, fo as to enfure a prefent fubfiftence, 
 muft occupy fo much of their thoughts, as 
 to leave them no room for fpeculation on 
 ftitdre impro^ments, or s^dvantlgei th^c 
 are at any confiderable diftance. There 
 can, however, remain but iittle doubt, that 
 the iron made here may become a ufeful 
 article of trade in the courfe of a few years. 
 
 i 
 
 .■.■ '1 
 
 .Lime-ftone is found in many places 9 
 itris extremely gpod, and is now much u- 
 fed, for buiMingJi independent of whlcli, 
 ^t gives the farmers and landholders a 
 great advantage for improving the ground, 
 as it is found by experience to be one of 
 the moft approved things in the world for 
 that jpurpofe. 
 
 •^^t'scpm-w 
 
 •v .--' -,t >•*'■■■ 
 
 . V»i Jl4."-«.,! ,. fl^ 
 
 ANIMALS^ 
 

 u 
 
 i /'..' Til A/t • 
 
 THAT HAVE BEEN IMPORTED. 
 
 ••...i 
 
 • .r.:^i m: r 
 
 -•! vbftUI :■ •! ■.:.: 
 
 ^sd'i'ij 
 
 The animals that have been imported do 
 hot degenerate. The black ciatile are in 
 general very large, an'4 the ifheep greatlj^ 
 preferable to thofe of i^evr England ; the 
 flefh both of them and of their hbgs is ex- 
 cellent ; and fome very good horfes'^fe 
 now bred in the country. Their dogs arc 
 exceeded by hone in the world for ftrength 
 or utility, being conftaufly put to every 
 kind of drudgery, fuch as fetching home 
 the provifions that are neceflary for the fa- 
 mily, the wood for their firing, &c. 
 
 Several 
 
 ^^ 
 
ANIMALS, TREES^ dtc. ^ 
 
 Several of the ufeful and mod commoa 
 European fruits have been planted in many 
 places ; To that the Province now produces^ 
 particularly at Annapolis Royal^ and in the 
 country between Halifax and the Balbn of 
 Mines, great quantities of applcsi fomt 
 pears, and a few plumbs, which are all 
 good of their kind, efpecially the former. 
 
 The fmaller fruits, fuch as currants, 
 goofeberries, &c. grow to as great perfect 
 lion as in Europe, and the iame may be 
 faid of all the common and ufeful kinds of 
 garden plants. Among tbefe their poutoed 
 have the preference, as being the moft fer- 
 viceable in a country abounding with fi(h ; 
 and indeed they are not to be exceeded in 
 goodnefs by any in the world* 
 
 The maize, or Indian corn, is a native of 
 much warmer climates, and though plant- 
 ed here, never arrives at more than two 
 thirds of its natural bignefs ; a defed which 
 arifes as well from the fhortnefs of the 
 
 D fiimmer 
 
26 ANIMALS, TREES, &d. 
 
 fummer as the gravelly nature of the (bll. 
 Its vaft utility both to man and bead will 
 always, howev^r^ render it an obje£t ojf 
 cultivation^ as no kind of griiin is moTe 
 eafily raifed, after the lands are 6nce clear* 
 edj'or is' capable of yielding a greater pro- 
 duce, which is generally from feveh hun- 
 dred to a thoufand grains, and fometimes 
 twelve hundred, for one that has been fow- 
 ed;'and belides this large increafe, it is re- 
 markable for the excellent food which its 
 flems and leaves 'afford to every kind of 
 cattle in' virinter, who will eat it in prefer- 
 ence to any other vegetable. 
 
 As the remaining branches of the kings 
 dominions in America will be better known 
 hereafter, and, it is hoped, fo governed as 
 to render them flouriihing and happy in 
 themfelves, and ufeful to the parent ftate ; 
 the attention* of the legiflatiire will, no 
 doubt, be di reded to adopt fuch mcafures 
 as may encourage the growth of hemp atnd 
 flax ; articles which are perfedtly fitted to 
 » the 
 
ANIMALS^TREES, ke. ij 
 
 the foil and climate of the countr^r ^ »n4t 
 if confidered as forming an eflcnfial p»ft 
 of the (lores confumed, not onlf by th« 
 royal navy, but by all the mercantile VfiKrli 
 of Great Britain, muft alwayi be tn ob» 
 je£tof aational iinporti|nce, and^ if popwif 
 fupported, will keep at home a great pi^ft^ 
 if not all, of thofe immenfe fum* whUh 
 have hitherto been fent abroad and expcfl* 
 ded with foreign nations, for purcbA/iffg 
 hemp, canvas, and linens. 
 
 Tobacco, a plant of which the uCe§ Ami 
 effects are well known, may be cuU\¥§Ud 
 with eafe in Nova Scotia, as it if itr^idy 
 every where in Canada from Lake Cbiffi* 
 plain to the Ifle of Orleans* for the purpofe 
 of internal confumption.^ Confidered in 
 no other light than as keeping a Aim of 
 money in the Province, the culcure of ihk 
 article is an obje£t of fome concern ) but, 
 whether its quality will ever render H a 
 commodity fit for exportation, time »ime 
 can difcover. 
 
 DANGERS 
 
«S DANGE&S UPON 
 
 yyi 
 
 ii^MSnUtifi 
 
 iltl 
 
 ^\ 
 
 BANGERS UPON THE COAST, 
 
 THIS country, a9 has been already ob« 
 ferved, may be juftly efteemed tlie 
 fitft in the American world, with refpe^t 
 to that (ituation, whether in peace or war, 
 which a great maritime power, poiTefTed alfo 
 of fettlements {n the Weft Indies, would, 
 wifh to retain and improve* 
 
 All the fouthern coaft of the Peninfula is 
 one continued chain of inlets, bays, roads, 
 and (heltering places for fhipping ; the ap- 
 proaches to which are rendered eafy, by 
 the regularity of the foundings ; fo that the 
 goodnefs of its harbours add to its impor<* 
 tance, and increafe the local advantages 
 
 for 
 
i;the coast. 
 
 ft9 
 
 for which, in ttfytd to fituition, it fttnda 
 iodebced to future. 
 
 The principal dangers to which thofe 
 who intend to make the land are expofed, 
 are» iirft, from Brown's bank, or George*! 
 bank, a very large flioal lying a great way 
 off at fea, fouth-weft of Cape Sable ; it is 
 aflerted to have been feen dry in fome 
 places, which is not improbable, as there 
 are credible perfons who have founded ii|h 
 on it in three fathoms water *. It is one 
 of the worft places in the world to fall in 
 with at night, efpecially iu bad weather, 
 though fortunately the foundings are gra* 
 dual. 
 
 The fecood danger upon the coaft, arifes 
 from the Seal iflands, which lie off Cape 
 Sable, the fouth weftermoR extremity of 
 the pr6vince ; they are dill more hurtful 
 
 from 
 
 * This (hoal part, is nearer to Cape Cod, at the 
 entrance to Bofton bay, than to any other place ; it 
 hears from it caft about 50 miles. 
 
3© DANGERS UPON 
 
 from the conftant fogs and currents that 
 prevail thereabout, and many veiTels 'are 
 every year wrecked upon them. 
 
 A third, and that equal to either of the 
 former, is the Ifle of Sable, l^^ing about 
 thirty leagues S. E. of Hilifak . It is a grtat 
 bank of fand, very low, beinig almoft even 
 with the water, and fcarcely difcernible^ e- 
 ven in clear weather, at any confiderable 
 diftance ; narrow, but of confiderable length, . 
 and lurrounded, particularly at the N. £. 
 and N. W. ends, with terrible ihoals, bars, 
 and hills of fand. In the middle of it there 
 is a large 'pond of fait water, communica- 
 ting with the Tea, abounding with oyfterd 
 and other fhetl filh, which afford a fcanty 
 fubfiftence to the. wretches who are fo un- 
 happy as to be wrecked upon this defolate 
 ifland. A near approach to, it ^ifcovers 
 only naked fartd hills, producing a i'ew 
 low ihrubs, and inhabited by horfes and 
 fome few black, cattle, that have long fince 
 run wild. 
 
 Very 
 
 ..«?fi 
 
THE C O A S T. 
 
 31 
 
 Very little danger is to be apprehended 
 when well in^with the main land, except frorn^ 
 what is vifible and above water, and even 
 thefe dangers are daily leiTened by experi^; 
 ence, and by the great improven^ents mad;e. 
 in the nautic art, amongft whiqh, that of 
 determining the longitude of places by 
 coeleftiai obfervation deferyedly holds the 
 firft rank, ;ind has greatly ;^iqilitated thf^; 
 conflrudion ,of the heft fea charts that any 
 age or nation can boaft of halving pofTelTed. 
 The tides in the bay of Fundy, though rerri 
 gular, yet, as. running very ftrong in many 
 places, and caufmg a great rife and fall of 
 water, haveimpreifed tl|e minds of many 
 perfons, unacquainted with the coaft, with 
 an unjuft idea of the peril and difficulty of 
 the navigation, efpecially during the wirx:* 
 ter, \^ich has not been a, little heightened 
 by the fogs that are prevalent at this fea- 
 fon of the year. It will, therefore, be ne- 
 ceffary to have light houfcs ereded in feve^ 
 ral places for enfuring, not only the fafety 
 of the commercial interefts of the province, 
 
 but; 
 
dm:., 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 'il 111 
 
 HP 
 Ml 
 
 'III 
 
 l!|ii 
 
 „ I i 
 ! i 
 
 3* 
 
 DANGERS UPON 
 
 but likewife the King's ihips, which are e* 
 qually expofed, in performing the duties of 
 their ftation, with the merchant vefTels em* 
 ployed in thefe Teas. Happily the fitua- 
 tions fit for fuch eredions are fo placed by 
 nature, as to be obvious to the moft inexpe- 
 rienced obfervcr. One of them muft be built 
 upon a confpicuous part of Grand Manan, 
 the S. W. point of Long Ifland, which 
 forms the entrance of the bay of Fundy ; 
 and this, not only for the guidance of ihips 
 bound in from lea, but likewife for thofe 
 that come down from the fettlements at the 
 head of the bay, from St John's River, 
 Annapolis Royal, and other places. 
 
 The fecond fhould be upon Partridge 
 Ifland, at the entrance into St John's River, 
 a fituation not lefs adapted for fuch a pur- 
 pofe than for that of raifing works to fe- 
 cure the navigation of the river, proteft 
 the harbour, and prevent the landing of an 
 enemy. 
 
 Another 
 
 
N 
 
 THE COAST. 
 
 33 
 
 iich are e* 
 duties of 
 
 eifels ettii 
 the fitua- 
 
 placed b)^ 
 
 \ inexpe- 
 ift be built 
 id Manan, 
 d, which 
 f Fundy; 
 «offhip8 
 
 for thofe 
 nts at the 
 1*8 River, 
 es. 
 
 Partridge 
 n's River, 
 ch a par- 
 ks to fe- 
 , protcdt 
 ingofan 
 
 Another 
 
 Another is wanted upon the Seal Iflands, 
 and is that which will be the mod ufeful ; 
 the advantages naturally arifing from it be- 
 ing of the moft extenfive kind, and equally 
 diffufed to (hips of all nations, whom ei- 
 ther choice, misfortune, or ignorance has 
 brought into the American Teas. 
 
 Annapolis Royal, and Port Rofeway *, 
 harbours upon which fuch confiderable 
 fettlements are formed, as bid fair to rival 
 the commercial glory of fome cities in the 
 old colonies, would be much benefited by 
 iUnilar erections, which, though unable to 
 complete themfelves at prefent, might be 
 kept, if already built, without any kind of 
 expence to government. 
 
 As a confiderable fettlement is forming 
 at Cheilabufiko Bay, in the eafternmoft ex- 
 tremity of the province ; it is abfolutely 
 neceffary that a light-houle (hould be built 
 upon, or near to Cape Canfo ; not merely 
 
 E becaufe 
 
 • There is one now building at this place. 
 
 s\ 
 

 1 . ' 
 
 34 DANGERS UPON, &c. 
 
 
 1>ecaufe there is a town forming in its neigh- 
 
 1 
 
 bourhood, but becaufe it is furrounded by 
 
 
 many (hoals and • rocks, which are little 
 
 
 known, and above all, becaufe it will tend 
 
 11 
 
 to facilitate the navigation from Nova Sco- 
 
 1 1 
 
 tia to St John's Ifland, the gulph and rivtr 
 
 1 
 
 of St Laurence, and Canada, by means of 
 
 1 
 
 the ftreights or gut of Canfo, a narrow 
 
 1] 
 
 channel or arm of the fea, which divides 
 
 II H 
 
 the ifland of Cape Breton, from the country 
 
 1 iiii 
 
 1 !■ '' 
 
 of which we arc fpeaking. , 
 
 1 ! 
 i 
 
 :, 
 
 ■ f ■ • 
 
 ',■■■. . ■ * 
 
 • 
 
 FISHERIES. 
 
u 
 
 € 
 
 FISHERIES* 
 
 UP0>1 every part of the coaft, and at 
 difierent diftances from the land^ 
 there are fifliing banks, of greater or fmal* 
 ler extent, and in various depths of wa- 
 ter, generally from thirty to fixty fathoms; 
 upon all of thefe, the cod fi(h is found in 
 all feafons, and in every month of the year^ 
 notwithftanding what has been fometimes 
 advanced to the contrary. There is, indeed, 
 fome variation as to the quantity taken, 
 and the depth of water to which the fiflL 
 retire, at certain feafons ; they^ however^ 
 never entirely forfake the ^oaft. The 
 common, and, indeed, the almoft only me* 
 
 thod 
 
 M 
 
 . fc 
 

 iiiii 
 
 36 
 
 FISHERIES. 
 
 thod pradifed here, is that which is called 
 the ftationary fiihery, carried on by the 
 inhabitants in fmall craft. In thefe they 
 go off to Tea in Summer, and remain out 
 from one or two days to feven or eight, 
 falting the fifh whilft out, and on their re- 
 turn drying it upon hurdles, placed hori- 
 zontally, at fome diflancc from the ground, 
 and taking care, whenever it rains» to turn 
 the (kin or back of the fiih to the weather, 
 to prevent is being fpoiled. When dried 
 fufficiently, it is piled up in flacks, and af- 
 terward either exported as an article of 
 trade, or referved as food in winter. That 
 which is only failed, and thrown imme- 
 diately into the holds of the veiTels employ- 
 ed in iiihing, without any farther prepara- 
 tion, is called green cod ; very little of this 
 is preferved for fale, and none exported. 
 
 The frefli fi(h was never confidered as 
 an article of commerce, but is extremely 
 ufeful to the inhabitants as food, of which 
 it conilitutes a principal part, and like- 
 wife 
 
FISHERIES. 
 
 37 
 
 wife to the perfons concerned in the fi(h- 
 ery. 
 
 The atmoft infinite number of cod that 
 is taken every year in thefe Teas, though 
 it may excite aftonifhment at firft, will 
 ceafe to ao fo, when we confider the im- 
 menfe multitudes which mod of the a- 
 quatic tribes are formed to bring forth. In 
 this refpe^t, the creative wifdotn of divine 
 providence is not a little magnified, by a 
 comparative view of the beneficial and 
 harmlefs fiih we are fpeaking of ; and that 
 enemy to man and every other living crea- 
 ture, the voracious and devouring (hark, 
 who, though fo large, brings forth her 
 young ones alive, which are fometimes 
 not above five or fix in number, and feldom 
 exceed twenty j on the contrary, the rdfe or 
 fpawn of the cod, having been actually 
 counted by an * able natural ift, was found 
 to contain mors than nine millions of eggs, 
 
 each 
 
 * M. Leweenhoeck. 
 
 #• 
 
 ll 
 
38 
 
 \ 
 
 FISHERIES. 
 
 each one capable of reproducing the fpe^' 
 cies, in the fame extent and perfection; . - 
 
 *. 
 
 'II 
 '^iii' 
 
 iihiilii 
 
 This vaft profufion of nature, fo obfer* 
 vable in the feas of North America, might 
 teach us to confider the ocean, ai^ its va- 
 rious productions, as a property common 
 to the \7h0Ie earth ; and. Upon this 
 principle, the obvious and natural rights 
 of mankind would incline us to think, that 
 the fiiheries in particular fhould be open 
 to all nations. But maritime dates (by 
 which is to be underftood, thofe not only 
 poflcffed of naval power, but alfo of co- 
 lonies fettled at their expence, and nou- 
 riflied by their care and protection) know- 
 ing their importance, have, from motives 
 of found policy, prohibited, and almoft to- 
 tally excluded foreigners from a fhare of 
 the benefits : Thus Spain, Portugal, and 
 Italy, which, from the great number o£ 
 monks, and the general fuperftition of their 
 people, might at leaft claim the neceflity, 
 if not the right of fifhing, arc among the 
 / reft 
 
FISHERIES. 
 
 39 
 
 refl: entirely debarred from it. The Brl- 
 tifh government wifely avails itfelf of fu« 
 pertor power and fituation, in order tO: 
 realize to its fubje^s the profits and ad-, 
 vantages arifing from a branch of com- 
 merce, which, whilft it. gives bread to 
 thoufands, jenri^hes the ftate, and * contrU 
 botes iri a very great degree to render the 
 kingdom flouriihing at home, and abroad 
 both power^l and refpedable. .r 
 
 From the middle of Aprilt when the 
 rains which break up the froft commonly 
 prevail, and pu.t an end to the winter fea- 
 fon, a conftant focceflion of all kinds of 
 fi(h common to the country takes place in 
 the harbours and inlets. Of thefi| the 
 herrings are generally the firft, and in a 
 little time becoming gradually intermixed 
 with the (had, are fucceeded by them ; thefe 
 are accounted aim oft equally good with 
 falmon for drying and faking ; both the 
 one and the other run in prodigious (hoals 
 towards the heads of the creeks and rivers, 
 
 in 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
40 
 
 FISHERIES. 
 
 ill order to depofit their fpawn at the falls 
 or rapids, which ftop them from proceed- 
 ing farther, and where they may be taken 
 with bafkets in any quantity. Salmon foon 
 fucceed, and continue a confiderable time 
 in feafon, and are generally taken in a fet 
 net, which muft be watched in order to ob- 
 ferve when they entangle themfelveo. Their 
 number is fo great, that many fifheries may 
 be eftablifhed for curing and exporting 
 them ; one of thefe is already begun on the 
 Bafon of Mines. 
 
 Mackarel, and another kind of fifh, ei- 
 ther not known in England, or not common 
 there, which grows very large, come into 
 the hifbours during the fall of the year, 
 in fuch numbers as is inconceivable, for the 
 purpofe of preying upon the young fiflj, 
 
 t 
 
 that are the offspring of other kinds which 
 take to the fhoal water, until their (ize and 
 ftrength may enable them to go further off 
 in que ft of fubfiftence. 
 
 The 
 
F t S H £ H 1 £ S. 4% 
 
 The havock committed upon them if tru« 
 ly aftonifhing. From a dilfe^ion of om 
 of their purfuers, the ftomach wm found 
 to contain more than five hundred oi* 
 the fmall fiih. A proof of one of the m»' 
 ny means ufed by providence to prevent 
 the feas from becoming overftocked with 
 inhabitants ! Mackarel are exported in )»rgd 
 quantities to the Weft Indies { but ib« yQ* 
 racious kind of fi(h above mentioned dftf 
 unfit for food, unlefs eaten fre(h, 
 
 Lobflers are found on all pirt« of ihi 
 fea-ihore in great abundance, and the eM4ih* 
 ing them is chiefly confined to the I»duiff»« 
 who carry them to market in their fmtll 
 canoes. Plaice, flounders, ibaU, (ksiCf «nd 
 halltbut, are to be met with every where in 
 the greatefl profufion, and are only ufi^d by 
 the fiihermea and inhabiuos for iood. 
 
 ^^T' 
 
 at 
 
 f 
 
 ;o %ht Americans took care to reserve i9 
 themfelves, at the late treaty of \)eue^ nn* 
 der the powerful mediation of Fritne^^ A 
 
 F , %\^ht 
 
 m 
 
41 FISHERIES. 
 
 right to fi(h upon the coafts and banks of 
 the colony, and to dry their fifh on fliore 
 in its uninhabited bays and ^harbours. Of 
 the firft of thefc advantages they have a- 
 valled themfelves ; many of their veiTels 
 compleated their cargoes there during the 
 lad feafon. It is probable, however, that 
 they will preferve tlieir cod greeUy not 
 only becaufe the bed harbours are already 
 occupied by the loyalids and refugees, who 
 have fettled there from other places, but be- 
 caufe in the others they might frequently 
 cxpeft to meet with the ftationary filher- 
 men, in which cafes difputes would poilibly 
 arife ; though it is but juftice to obferve of 
 the Tea- faring people, who are the fubjedls 
 of the Vnited States, that their behaviour 
 in thofe parts has, on ail occaficns, (hewn 
 a defire to avoid giving offence, or doing 
 any thing that might awaken the remem- 
 brance of paft injuries. Thefe, upon the 
 contrary, they feem (ludious of burying in 
 oblivion ; and if is, perhaps, for this reafon 
 ihat they have feldom, if at all, prefumed to 
 
 wear 
 
FISHERIES. 
 
 43 
 
 anks of 
 n fliore 
 rs. Of 
 have a- 
 vcflels 
 ing the 
 cr, that 
 f^n, not 
 already 
 fcs, who 
 , but be- 
 Jquently 
 Y fiflicr- 
 poffibly 
 )ferve of 
 fubjedts 
 :haviour 
 ftewn 
 ►r doing 
 remem- 
 pon the 
 ying in 
 } reafon 
 imed to 
 wear 
 
 wear their national colours in any of the 
 harbours. t 
 
 The cod fiftiery begins in the Bay of 
 Fundy in the month of May, and continues 
 there only fix weeks or two months. The 
 fi(h caught here are neither fo good nor in 
 fuch plenty as thofe which are caught out 
 at fea, or even near the mouth ji the Bay 
 about the iflands at Paflamaquoddy ; but 
 they are extremely ufeful to the numer- 
 ous inhabitants who are fettled or fettling 
 in the different hai hours. 
 
 No fatigues or hardfhips can exceed 
 thofe of the fifhermen during the feafon, 
 their labours leaving them hardly any time 
 to reft either by night or day. Fortunate- 
 ly, however, from the healthinefs of the 
 climate, from the wholefomenefs of their 
 food, which confifts chiefly of fifh, but a- 
 bove all from their conftant exercife, they 
 enjoy, in general, an uninterrupted ftate of 
 health. 
 
 In 
 
44 F I S H E R I E S. 
 
 In coficlufiooy It may with truth be af* 
 ferted, that the fifliery, in the lad fummer, 
 employed about ten thoufand men, and was 
 the means of feeding at leaft thirty thou- 
 fand. The whole quantity caught was up- 
 wards of an hundred and twenty thoufand 
 quintals, abdut forty thoufand of wliich 
 were exported ; thefe, at the loweft price, 
 viz. thirteen (hillings and fixpence each, 
 mufl have amounted to L. 26,000 Sterling, 
 which fum may be eilimated as fo much 
 money really gained to the colony, whe- 
 ther the fifh were fold abroad for caihi or 
 exchanged for commodities of which the in- 
 habitants flood in need. The calculation here 
 given, which is very low, and defignedly 
 kept within bounds, that no charge of ex- 
 aggeration may be brought agalnft it, is 
 only intended to fhew what the colony is 
 now able to do, when in a weak and im- 
 perfect (late, and furnifhes an inconteftible 
 proof that the 6(heries are an inexhauflible 
 mine of wealth, and do, with the woods, 
 conftitute the natural riches of the country. 
 
 INDIANS, 
 
 
■ :ii*. 
 
 I N D I A N S. 
 
 0(1 1 .. ! 
 
 THAT we may go on regularly in- 
 viewing the produce of the country, 
 and from thence form a judgment of its 
 value, it will be neceifary to fay fomething 
 of the natives themfelves, before we men* 
 tion the grand objed of their purfuit, the 
 fur trade. 
 
 Ignorant of the arts of agriculture, as 
 well as of commerce, except in the moft 
 confined fenfe, it is in the fatigues and 
 pleafures of the chace that they have cloth- 
 ing as well as food for their objed ; and, 
 whilft we thus reprefent their manners as 
 
 ' concifely 
 
46 
 
 INDIANS. 
 
 concifely as poifible, abftrufe fpeculation, 
 improbable conjedure, and hearfay infor- 
 mation, will be equally avoided. 
 
 The large territory which prefents itfelf 
 to our view, exhibits, at firft fight, a dark, 
 thick, and almoft impenetrable foreft, in- 
 dented on all fides, with the waters of the 
 fea, interfe£ted with innumerable fprings, as 
 well as many extenfive fwamps and mo- 
 raffes, whieh, never yet cultivated, afford 
 fhelter to many favage animals,, and large 
 herds of ufefuJ ones. On a clofer examina- 
 tion, we difcover many fmall tribes or fingle 
 families of the human fpecies fcattered a- 
 bout upon the coaft, perpetually wandering 
 from place to place, living in a ftate of war - 
 with the beafts of the field, depending up- 
 on their deftrudion for fubfiftence, and 
 pradifing no fort of cultivation, or any of 
 thofe other arts, which are fo neceffary to 
 the eafe of man in an improved ftate, if not 
 to his very exiftence. 
 
 Thcfc 
 
INDIANS. 
 
 47 
 
 Thefe are the remains of the ancient na- 
 tions ; the inhabitants whp once filled this 
 part of the coaft North America, and who, 
 by their paffiibn for war, and their attachment 
 to the French neutrals that were fettled a- 
 mong them, rendered themfelves dreadful to 
 all who approached them. That paflion, fo 
 unworthy of a rational creature, and which 
 conftantly degenerates inco barbarity, when 
 exercifed amongft men in a (late of nature, 
 was renderea >.iil more fierce by the enthufi- 
 afm inftilled » hem by their priefts, whofe 
 tenets, too often correfpondent with the 
 fentiments of the favages, irritated their na- 
 tural ferocity to a continual third for the 
 blood of men, whp, to the obvious crime 
 of being enemies, were branded as heretics 
 alfb. 
 
 Happily thofe fcenes have difappeared ; 
 fanaticifm and blood-fhed vanifhed toge- 
 ther; the rage of the Indians has diminifhed 
 with their numbers, and nothing now en- 
 gages their attention but hunting and fifh- 
 
 ing. 
 
 y 
 
48 
 
 INDIANS. 
 
 ing, which, from their peaceable behavi- 
 our, are both rendered ferviceable to the 
 colony. Some few, indeed, have been obr 
 ferved to be difpleafed at the great number 
 of white perfons, who, fince their migra* 
 tion, have, of necefiity, deftroyed fome of 
 the beft hunting lands that were in the 
 ne^hbourhood of the harbours they occu*- 
 py ; but their weaknefs, added to their pru^ 
 dence, will certainly prevent them from 
 making any difturbance. 
 
 Their numbers, once £b formidable, are 
 now reduced to I'uch a degree as to forebode 
 the entire annihilation of the race ; and it 
 has often beeti obferved, with ilridt truth, 
 that they are continually degenerating and 
 decreafing in all countries peopled by Eu<- 
 ropeans. This is not, however, owing to 
 wars among themfelves, or with others, no-' 
 thing of that kind having happened fot 
 many years. It is chiefly to be afcribed 
 either to the immoderate ufe of fpiritous li-^ 
 quors of the very worft kind, purchafed of 
 
 the 
 
INDIANS. 
 
 49 
 
 the white' people, or to the imrodudion of 
 the fmali pox into North America, which, 
 at different periods, has committed dreadful 
 ravages amongft ;.:em. A fmall dofe of li- 
 quor never fatisfies them. They drink it 
 unmixed, until they can drink no more,, 
 and then become literally mad. This^ from 
 a frequent repetition,' enfeebles and befots 
 them, deadens and benumbs the nervous 
 fyftem, and, whilft it irritates, weakens and 
 deftroys the organs of generation, as well 
 as thofe fentiments of \ affedion and regard 
 which mutually attra<A and unite the lexes, 
 and of which the Indians are by no meains 
 deftitute, when free from a habit of intoxi-^ 
 cation. It is not, however, uncommon to 
 fee a whole fa:mily carrying in their facesr 
 the marks of this brutal vice, and every 
 mufcle fixed in th^^alm ftupidity of ine- 
 briation. 
 
 
 Their features, when young, are general- 
 ly very good, efpectaily the girls, who have 
 fine eyes, teeth, and hair. After marriage^ 
 
 G and 
 
 
50 
 
 / 
 
 INDIANS. 
 
 and bearing children, they fuddenly lofe 
 their youthful look, and aifume an aged 
 and emaciated appearance. This remark is 
 not, indeed, without exceptions, as many 
 of them arrive to a very advanced age, con- 
 trary to what might be generally expeded, 
 from the wandering and expofed life th*y 
 continually lead, and the hardfhips ^hac 
 muft be endured as a neceiTary confe- 
 quence* 
 
 The fmall-pox, that difeafe, which in our 
 hemifphere, has fo often proved a fatal 
 fcourge to mankind, could find but little re- 
 fi{\J6tice from a people who, before their 
 intercourfe with Europe, knew no diftem- 
 pers, but fuch as proceed from exceflive 
 heats or tolds, and unacquainted with a 
 medicine capable of diverting or flopping 
 its progrefs ; confequently the devaflation 
 committed by it has been fo great, as to 
 imprefs their minds with an idea of its being 
 the worfl and moH: confummate of evils that 
 can befall mankind. Thus, of all the tribes 
 
 known 
 
INDIANS. 
 
 5« 
 
 known by the general name of Abenakies, 
 once fo numerous, and even efteemed 
 as powerful, nb more remain at prefent than 
 eleven or twelve hundred of all ages and 
 defcriptions, which feem to be ftill decrea- 
 fing in the fame manner as in every other 
 part of America. 
 
 The men are ftout made, and have ftrong 
 bones ; but their mufcles are apparently 
 fmaller than thofe of the Europeans, and 
 are fuited to their manner of life, which 
 requires more agility than ftrength. Their 
 height is well proportioned; for it never 
 exceeds (ix feet, and is feldom lefs than the 
 talleft of the middle fize. Their complexion, 
 by nature of a copper colour, is rendered 
 flill darker by going conftantly expofed to 
 the air, and negleding to wafli. The red 
 paint, with which they formerly befmeared 
 their faces, is now almod totally difufed, 
 except in Canada-, where it is often made to 
 exprefs war, either begun or intended, and 
 ftill oftener as an ornament to heighten the 
 
 natural 
 
 I- 
 ^^1 
 
 m 
 
I ' 
 
 5a 
 
 INDIANS. 
 
 natural beauty ; the paint moft edeemed for 
 this purpofe, is vermilion, as being the 
 brighteft and mod durable. 
 
 • 
 
 The hair of the beard and eye-brows, 
 that on the fore part of the head, and eve- 
 ry other part of the body, is carefully 
 plucked out by the roots when they are 
 young. The reafon affigned for this cuf- 
 tom is, to ufe their own expreflion, that 
 the hair left upon the back of the head 
 may not be Jlarved by the fupcrnumerary 
 hair which grows upon other parts of the 
 body, though it perhaps originated amongft 
 their anceftors, from obferving the propri- 
 ety of fliutting up the glandular palTages, 
 and thereby rendering themfelves lefs liable 
 to be hurt by the colds and damps of the 
 furrounding atmofphere, to which, as a na- 
 tural confequence of their wandering and 
 unfettled life, they are more expofed than 
 the people of any other qation. The hair 
 upon their heads is always long and black ; 
 
 ag 
 
 as u 
 trim 
 
INDIANS. 
 
 SS 
 
 as 18 alfo the hair and eyes of every Indian 
 tribe in North America. 
 
 as 
 
 Their laiiguage founds ftrong to the ear, 
 but is attended with a foft breathing, or' 
 kind of refpiration, which degenerates at 
 times into a guttural noife for a moment, 
 and then goes on fmoothly as before, h 
 is exceedingly expreffive, and ccntains few 
 words, as arifing from a quick and lively 
 fenfation of vifible objeds, which prompts 
 them to exprefs, as it were in a moment, 
 ideas that would take time and reflexion' 
 in us to paint to the life ; whilft their fur- 
 prife, ignorance, or indignation, give birth 
 tb thoughts and expreflions, warm, afto- 
 niihing, and fublime ; of which a thoufand 
 examples might be given, by perfons con- 
 verfant with their dialed^. 
 ■#. 
 
 Born and bred up in a ftate purely natu- 
 ral, they are extremely jealous of their in- 
 dependence. As they believe all men equal, 
 their principal abhorrence to a civilized way 
 
 of 
 
54 
 
 I N D I AN S. 
 
 of life feems to arife from what they Ob- 
 ferve among the nations that (tile them bar- 
 barians, whofe corruptions, and falfe ideas 
 of things, th^y, affed to defpife j .and none 
 more than the refpeft that is paid to riches, 
 which, as they juftly remark, are frequent- 
 ly ppflefled by the moft worthlefs of man- 
 kind. 
 
 m 
 
 No form of government can be faid to 
 fubfiQ: among them. Each little hard or 
 tribe pays Tome deference to an old man, 
 who is regfu'ded for his wifdom and expe- 
 rience. Hp fpeaks upon all public occa- 
 lions that concern the community, the reft 
 meanwhile obferving a profound filence ; 
 and his language is generally decent, fome- 
 times bombaftic and fwelling, but always 
 fenfible, and delivered with gravity. 
 
 The Roman Catholick religion is uni- 
 verfally profjcfTed, and they wear a fmall cru- 
 cifix, as an emblem of their faith. This 
 fenfe of religioq has fo far an influence up- 
 on 
 
I N D* I A N S. 
 
 55 
 
 on them, a« to bring grett liumberi from 
 t)»e moft diftant parts of the provinct to 
 St John's river, where a Pried of ih$ Ro* 
 mifli communion comes annually fromC^ 
 nada, to baptize, confefs, and MoU§ tbefll) 
 for which ht is generally Hcomptntid hf 
 a fmall pareel of furs from the hftd of 
 each family* i^^^' '*' "> 
 
 '^rit 
 
 fir n%n* '<i t **Mh'| 
 
 Their fubfiftence depends entirely ttpmi' 
 huntin^nd fifhing; employment* thft oe* 
 cupy al^ft the whole of their liyeif to 
 which their canoes are a necelTflry tppetl- 
 d$gej and inthe conftruftion of It, the \n^ 
 genuity of an Indian is chiefly dtfpliycd« 
 The bark of a vei*y large birch tree, fmodth, 
 and fi'ee from IcnotSy is cut With a Uitehitf 
 pcrpendiciiiarly through on one fidf, «ti(t 
 then taken gradually^ and whh grtut ift| 
 off the tree. Being laid upon the gfOttild, 
 the two ends are neatly ieived up,' 19 »re 
 the cracks or fiiTures caufed by taking the 
 l^ark off, with f#aU withs made of (pruee 
 or pine ; the wife is employed m euit\n^ 
 
 fm»n 
 
 
 i'. 
 
 fi 
 
 >■':• 
 
56 
 
 INDIANS. 
 
 fmaH hoopt, half an inch thick, and three 
 broad, to . ferve as ribs or timbers to 
 ftrengthen it; th^e are placed crofswife, at 
 fome diftance, the whole length ; a gun- 
 wate, about an inch thick, is now ftrongly 
 fewcd to the canoe with the fame materials, 
 a nail ferving as a needle, and the Teams 
 covered with melted rofin. The canoe, on 
 being put into the water, is deftined to car- 
 ry the whole family, coniiAing fometimes 
 of five or fix perfons, and likewHe the 
 guns, ammunition, and baggage r hut the 
 laft of thefe is feldom very cumberfome* 
 This beautiful little work, which is onlyii 
 eighteen feet long, two broad, and one> 
 deep, which is deftituteof keel, fail, or 
 rudder, and . weighs only eighty or ninety 
 pounds^ is ufed in tranfponing them acrofs 
 the mouth pfjthe Bay of Fundy, a greater 
 diftance, and more dangerous navigation, 
 than the Chanel of England. 
 
 The cauQc, with the gunj tomahawk/ 
 and fome few implements for fifhing, con- 
 
 ftitute 
 
INDIANS. 
 
 ;*7 
 
 ^(litute the whole riches of an Indian fami- 
 Jy ; the furs taken in the chace being; but 
 too often exchanged for rum, the deftroyer 
 of their race, and the bane of their nation. 
 
 The children, as foon as born, are plun^ 
 ged into cold water, to harden them, and 
 increafe their (Irength. Afterwards, they 
 are faftened to a board about two feet 
 long, with their back againd ir, the arms, 
 head, and legs, being left at liberty ; and in 
 this pofition they continue until able to go 
 alone. The reafon given for this ftrange 
 cuftom, which prevails univerfally among 
 the Indians, is, that it makes them grow 
 flreight and handfome ; but a more obvi- 
 ous caufe feems to be, that it is convenient 
 for the mother to carry her offspring thus 
 through the woods, where the eyes of an 
 infant would be in continual danger from 
 the boughs of trees, if born about in a?./ 
 other waj', or the canoe might be over- 
 turned, if a child was left at liberty to move 
 about in it. The infenfibility of cold, and 
 
 H other 
 
 III 
 
 •m 
 
 m 
 
-^ 
 
 58 
 
 INDIANS. 
 
 other hardfliips, obfervablc even in chil- 
 dren of the tendered age, arifes from that 
 bluntnefs of the nervous fyftem which cuf- 
 tom and necefllty, through fucceflive gene- 
 rations, have at length naturalifed, and 
 rendered perfectly familiar. 
 
 f 
 
 In conclufion.— Let not men, born un-? 
 der happier climates, and in the bofom of 
 civilized nations, where learning and fci- 
 ences have long been cultivated, and gra^ 
 dually brought to maturity, draw rafli in-? 
 ferences from what has been faid of their 
 manners and cuiloms, as if they were a 
 people wholly immerfed in barbarifm, ene- 
 mies to improvement, and incapable of in- 
 ftrudion : On the contrarv, let it be con- 
 fidcred, that the leading charafteriftics, 
 which diftinguifh man from the beafts of 
 the fieid in fo eminent a degree, even in 
 his natural (late, are in a peculiar manner 
 ftamped upon them. The moft perfe^ no- 
 tions of right and wrong, of fubordination 
 to God, as jgovernour of the univerfe, and 
 
 fubmiflioa 
 
INDIANS. 
 
 59 
 
 fubmiffion to his will, are but a fmall part 
 of that knowledge which they pofTefs from 
 Nature; and, whilft we deplore the dark- 
 tiefs in which they are ftill buried, let us 
 not forget, that very few ages have elapfed 
 iince the greater part of Europe was in a 
 fimilar (late; and that the fame meana 
 which have beien ufed by DiviaeProvidence 
 to refcue fo many nations from the chains 
 of ignorance, is perfedly adequate to the 
 fame purpofe again, and may one day break 
 forth, like the meridian fun, to difpel the 
 clouds with which this wefterq^ world is, 
 benighted, iince neither good natural aM- 
 lities, nor yet a defire to be inftruded, are 
 wanting, for bringing to perfedion fuch a 
 defirable event. 
 
 BEASTS. 
 
Q 
 
 B E A ST S. 
 
 np'HE beafts of this province are com- 
 JL mon to Canada, the wolf excepted, 
 which is Teldom found in Nova Scotia. Of 
 the wild, or nurtJFui: animals, the firft is the 
 bear. The chace of this beaft, which is 
 far from being dangerous, is a great favou- 
 rite with the Indians, as generally affording 
 bot» pirofif and diverfion. He is common- 
 ly black, and in winter fomewhat fhy, but 
 not fierce. During this feafon, being very 
 fat, his lodging is ufually the trunk of an 
 old tree, where, regardlefs of every thing, 
 
 he 
 
BE A S T S. 
 
 et^ 
 
 he fleepd jperpenially, until forced from his 
 retreat by a (hot, 6r a fire which is made 
 under him.' The moment he falls he is 
 defpatched, in order to prevent rtiifchief; 
 but, if undifturbed, is. a perfectly hartoleft 
 animal. 
 
 The wild ciat, though much fmaller, is 
 more dreaded both by man and beaft. This 
 animal very much refembles the fmall do-* 
 medic creature whofe name it bears, and is 
 of the fize of a middling dog. It was cal- 
 led Lynx by the ancients, and is welt 
 known in Siberia. It is larger than the 
 wild cat of Canada, is very ftrong and 
 fierce, and endowed with great fagacity, 
 acutenefs of fight, fmell, and hearing, pur- 
 fuing its prey to the tops of the tailed trees, 
 and, has the courage to attack even the hu- 
 man fpecies, if fpurred on by hunger. The 
 flefii is accounted good food, the fkin va- 
 Itia ..; as being fcarce, and the hair long, 
 of a fine grey colour, fomewhat flriped, 
 and inclining to yellow upon the belly. 
 
 Foxes 
 
6a 
 
 BE A S T Si^ 
 
 Foxes of two forts are here, and they rc?^. 
 tain the fame mifchievous and wily difpo- 
 fitions remarked of the race in the other 
 countries. The moft efteemed fort is that 
 whofe fur *s of a heautiful filver gray, long 
 and full. The other is nearly the fame as 
 the Engliih Fox ; it preys upon birds, fquir- 
 rels, and in fhort any animal it can mafter, 
 as thefe frozen climates fel^om leave the 
 carnivorous tribes any choice in winter, but 
 that of deftroying others Weaker than them- 
 felv^s. The black fox^ the moil valuable' 
 of the fpecies, is feldom if ever feen here* 
 
 The moufe is a fpecies of deer, and per- 
 haps the largeft animal of the kind in the! 
 world, it being from fourteen to' Seventeen 
 hands in height, and from tight hundred 
 to a thousand pound weight. Its legd are 
 very long, and fomething fmaller than thofe 
 of a horfe. The male is furniflied with 
 horns proportioned to its fize, being ten dr 
 twelve feet from tip to tip. When chafed 
 by the Indians, its horns are laid back upon 
 
 its 
 
BEASTS. 
 
 63 
 
 its flioulders, and in this pofture, its ftrength 
 and velocity are fo great as to break dowii 
 and deftroy fmall trees and branches of a 
 confiderable fize. The only time for hunt- 
 ing them is in winter, when the fnow lies 
 deep, and fo frozen on the top as to bear 
 the weight of men and dogs ; for then the 
 beaft, from its great weight, and by reafon 
 of its fmall feet fmking in at every ftep, is 
 foon overtaken and deftroyed. The (kin, 
 as well as the flefh of thefe animals, is very 
 good ; and of their amazing numbers we 
 may in fome degree form an eftimate, from 
 thofe killed laft winter, in only one fettle- 
 ment, they amounting to at leail four 
 thoufand. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 The pole-cat, whofe (linking properties 
 have- become proverbial, is of two or three 
 kinds ; all of which, however, afford a 
 beautiful, foft, and glofly fur. The difa-' 
 gr^eable fmell obfervable in this creature, 
 proceeds entirely from its urine, which its 
 fears,- on being clofe purfued, frequently 
 
 force 
 
 ii 
 
64 
 
 B ¥ A S T 9. 
 
 force it to emit ; and on fuch occafions 
 neither man nor beaft can approach it ; na- 
 ture, in with-holding from it other weapons, 
 having, as a recompenfe, thus furniihed it 
 with the means of providing for its fafety. 
 
 The opoiTum is an animal fhaped like our 
 rats, but larger, and its hair is grey or filver 
 coloured. It is furniihed with a falfe belly 
 or (kin that hangs beneath the true one, 
 and can be opened^ or fhut at pleafure. 
 When flie is purfued, the young ones go 
 into this bag and efcape with the parent. 
 The animals of this clafs are not fo numer- 
 rous as the rats, which abound in the mar- 
 fhes, and are remarkable for the fmell of 
 mufk obferved in them. Thefe creatures 
 are larger than the rats with us, and have 
 a ilrong refemblance to the beaver. The 
 tail is flat and marked, but without hair ; 
 their mufcles are large, the feet behind web- 
 bed, and colour the fame as that animal of 
 which it feems a feems a fpecies, and par*?. 
 
 takes 
 
BEASTS. 
 
 65 
 
 takes of feveral of its qualities. Tlie fur 
 though fhort is accounted very good. 
 
 The ermine is very fmall, but beautiful 
 to an extreme. Its eyes are keen, and its 
 motions quick and lively. Its fkin is very 
 valuable, being as white as fnow in winter, 
 except the tail which is black. This crea- 
 ture is feldom feen, and very rarely taken ; 
 and its fcarcity makes it therefore lefs 
 fought after than the martin or fable, whofe 
 fur is very beautiful, commonly of a dark 
 brown, and fometimes (but rarely) quite 
 black. Thefe animals being very ihy, are 
 always found in the inmoft recefles of the 
 woods ; the north fide of the Province, be- 
 yond the bay of Fundy, is heft ilocked with 
 them, and their fur is one of the moft e- 
 ileemed of any in the world. 
 
 The porcupine is found in the fame part 
 of the colony, but is too well known, and 
 of fo ufelefs a nature, as not to need any 
 defcription. Squirrels of feveral kinds a- 
 
 I bound 
 
 m , 
 
66 
 
 BEASTS. 
 
 i'l 
 
 bound every where, and affbrd excellent 
 fport to thofe who are fond of (hooting. 
 
 The feal, though of an amphibious na- 
 ture, claims our notice as a land animal ; 
 for it is upon land he is bred, and where 
 he lives more than upon the water. Thefe 
 creatures follow the flioals of herrings thro* 
 their various emigrations, devouring them 
 in great nunibers, and then retire to the 
 fhore to fleep. If cut off from their re- 
 treat to the water (which is not very often 
 the cafe, as one who is left to watch is con- 
 ftantly upon the look out) they will fight 
 and throw ftones with great force to avoid 
 being taken ; and the confequence is they 
 are commonly killed in the fray. 
 
 The Bay of Fundy abounds with them 
 in the fpring, and a fifliery of fome extent 
 might be eftablifhed there for the purpofc 
 of procuring their oil, which is preferable 
 to that of the whale ; their fkin alfo is very 
 highly and very juftly efteemed for its 
 
 many 
 
BEASTS. 
 
 67 
 
 xcellent 
 ting. 
 
 0U8 na- 
 mimal ; 
 I where 
 
 Thefe 
 gs thro* 
 g them 
 
 to the 
 leir re- 
 y often 
 
 is con- 
 1 fight 
 avoid 
 is they 
 
 I them 
 
 extent 
 )urpofe 
 ferable 
 8 very 
 or its 
 many 
 
 many good qualities, and the ufes to which 
 it is applied in feveral manufactures. 
 
 The beaver, whofe fur is fo ufeful for a 
 thoufand purpofes, is a timid animal, but of 
 a focial nature, and poireiTes a degree of 
 infti^A that is amazing. His colour is of 
 a dark brown, the hair very thick, fine, and 
 glolTy. Of all our animals, he is neareft in 
 fhape to the fmall quadruped, called a gui- 
 ney-pig. His hind feet are webbed like thofe 
 of a water fowl ; the fore feet are ftrong 
 and armed with (harp claws, for digging and 
 building ; and his tail, which is flat and 
 without hair, is about nine inches in length 
 and five in breadth. He is of great ftrength, 
 as is apparent from the conftrudion of his 
 bones and mufcles ; nor ought he to pafs 
 unnoticed, in refpedt to the ftrange life he 
 leads in his natural i^ate; 
 
 Before the approach of winter, thefe ani- 
 mals aflemble in large troops, in. order to 
 build their houfes, which are always fitua- 
 
 ted 
 
 .j;-»*iQi-Oi*l«. ■*•-.■ 
 
69 
 
 BEASTS. 
 
 ted by the water, for the double advantage 
 oi fafety and fubfiftence. If a ftill water 
 or lake does not prefent itfelf, they find out 
 the (hallo weft part of a river, over which 
 a large tree projects ; this they quickly fell, 
 fo as to lie acrofs the ftream ; to efifedt it, 
 * their only inftrumentd • are the four large 
 teeth, obfervable in feveral other animals ; 
 and a number of ftakes of various fizes, 
 being procured by the fame means, and 
 placed floping to the current againft the 
 trunk of the fallen tree, they twift them to- 
 gether with boughs, and, laftly, fill up with 
 earth, drawn from the fhore upon their 
 tails, and worked in amongft the ftakes 
 with great labour by the help of their fore 
 feet. 
 
 The wholf work, which is a public con- 
 cern, when finiihed, leaves the mind loft in 
 aftonifhment at viewing an immenfe caufe* 
 way, perhaps thirty yards long, and four 
 or five thick, raifed without hands, in the 
 midft of a river : Few people would think 
 
 but 
 
 
 -,. ... '-.••wit, „^'*J. «iv 
 
BEASTS. 
 
 ^ 
 
 but that it was a work of man for ibmc 
 ufeful pufpofe ; but what follow! d\(eo^er§ 
 the artizans. Their houfe ii built upon 
 this pile : It is formed of mud ftrongty ce« 
 mented together, and perfedly round| con* 
 taining feveral apartments, and i« OM, two« 
 or three ftories in height, in proportion to 
 the number of inhabitants that are to 0C« 
 cupy it. The houfe is impenetrible to 
 wind or rain, bat has two doori, one to* 
 wards the land, through which the provi* 
 fions are brought, commonly confifting of 
 poplar and alder twig»^ and the Other tO« 
 ward the water, in order to effcCt an efeipf, 
 if found neceflary. The floor of the foottft 
 is covered with grafs or bougbi, ftn4 kept 
 very clean. The (lore- room, or oui'houitf 
 belonging to each family, is kept conftftflt^ 
 ly full of twigs, placed regularly, a» a te* 
 ferve of food againft bad or (lormy wettheTi 
 when they feldom venture abroad. 
 
 No creature U fonder of its young, or 
 receives from them a more grat^ul r£iuro/ 
 
 The 
 
70 
 
 BEASTS. 
 
 The beaver, when grown up, will not for- 
 fake his parents ; and the old and infirm, 
 when taken, ihew evident marks of having 
 been fed, either by their own immediat|s 
 defcendents, or the community at large. 
 
 This animal, whofe life is To much fought 
 after, like his deftroyer, the Indian, is con- 
 flantly retiring from the white fettlers, and 
 growing every day fcarcer. A few ages 
 hence he will only be known, like the fo- 
 litary creature that bears his name in Eu- 
 rope : His love of fociety will center in a 
 regard to his own prefervation ; and luxu- 
 ry muft dired its endeavours to difcover a 
 new object wherewith to fatiate its appe- 
 tite for novelty, 
 
 ^^he caribou, an animal fmaller by one. 
 half than the mpufe, has been, however, 
 generally confounded with it. Its fleih 
 and {kin are more highly prized by the na- 
 tives than thofe of the latter, being efteem- 
 ed the beft of the deer kind in America ; 
 
 they 
 
BEASTS. 
 
 7« 
 
 they arc very (hy, and feldom fccn even by 
 the natives. A large and extenfive plain, 
 lying north-eaft of St John's river, is the 
 only place where the taking of them is ac- 
 counted certain ; for very few are to be 
 found in the peninfula, or near any fettle- 
 ment. 
 
 The otter, a creature tolerably well 
 known in Europe, is a voracious animal, 
 fubfifting chiefly on fi(h, and inhabiting the 
 banks of rivers, or pools of freih water. 
 He is larger than the Engliih otter, can 
 dive very well, and continue a long time 
 under water. His hair is a very good fur, 
 long and fine, and inclining to a dark 
 brown. Its goodnefs makes thefe animals 
 very much an objedl to the Indians in hunt- 
 ing, and they are often found in confide* 
 rable numbers. 
 
 FUR 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 >f 
 
 il 
 
7*^ 
 
 i 
 
 fi.f'i 
 
 i 
 
 IHli| 
 
 ?|il 
 
 FUR TRADE. 
 
 IT ^<td the misfortune of a neighbour- 
 ing kingdom, when polTeiTed of colo- 
 nies in North America, to have minifters, 
 who, blind from ignorance, prejudice, or 
 avarice, to the true interefts both of their 
 country and its colonies, facrificed the fafe- 
 ty of the one, and the profperity of the 
 other, to a temporary branch of commerce, 
 which yielded, indeed, a temporary flow of 
 wealth and revenue, but was utterly defli** 
 tute of that foundation, for its continuance, 
 which can alone conftitute the real worth 
 
 of 
 
tUR TRAPEi 
 
 73 
 
 of utiy kind of trade, or make it ufeful to 
 a colony. 
 
 This was the fur trade, which, unhappi- , 
 ly, engrofEng all their attention, diverted . 
 them from giving due encouragement to a- 
 gricuhure, which, in a neiv country, is the 
 only fure defence againft either prefent or 
 future evils. 
 
 Uti^i 
 
 jy.u ^ 
 
 J I -> 
 
 The people, dreading to become the 
 
 flaves of a proud and lazy noblefle, already 
 
 pofle fled of exorbitant grants of land, and 
 
 having before them, alfo, the fear of reli" 
 
 gious^ added to civil oppreffions, were but 
 
 too ready to fecond the views of the Mini* 
 
 fter, and to follow the chace with eager- 
 
 nelSjinthe purluit of furs, when they fliould 
 
 have been employed in the cukivation of 
 
 , ' their lands : Thus was a colony, which, 
 
 from its fituation and local advantages, 
 
 . might have ferved as a buhvark to tlie 
 
 French Weft India iilands, rendered a mere 
 
 :^ r ■ %_ K. burthen 
 
74 F IJ R TRADE. 
 
 il 
 
 r-.JV 
 
 i.«n»j, 
 
 burthen to the mother country, long before 
 it was attacked and taken. 
 
 From the refult of fuch miftaken policy, 
 let other Hates learn wifdom. It is not 
 the immediate profit arifmg from a fa* 
 vourite branch of commerce, th*t is to be 
 coniidered, efpecially in a national point of 
 view, but the probable and future confe- 
 quences attending it. To place this matter 
 in a dill flronger point of light, let it be 
 fuppofed, that all the inhabitants of Nova 
 Scotia, inftead of cutting down the woods, 
 clearing their lands, and extending the 
 fifheries, were to be altogether employed 
 in hunting, in order to procure furs : It is 
 afked, what the confequence would be ? 
 the anfwer is obvious ; they might, for a 
 fhorttime, raife a confiderable revenue, and 
 the Province would probably, during that 
 time, maintain itfelf ; but, in the end, the 
 nation would be impoveriflied, in providing 
 a fupport for fo many idle perfons, and 
 the colony itfelf be entirely ruined. 
 
 This 
 
FUR TRADE. 
 
 75 
 
 This 
 
 , This trade muft therefore be left entire- 
 ly; to itfelf, as every attempt to increafe the 
 quantity (if fuch attempts are not confined 
 to the Indians) will be attended with a pro- 
 portional decreafe of more ufeful labour. It 
 is juft, however, to confider it as the third, 
 though lead important fource of commerce, 
 which nature has beflowed upon Nova 
 Scotia; but, even as fuch, the fur trade 
 muft never be fuffered to come in compe- 
 tition with the fifheries, or thofe advanta- 
 ges they may expert to reap from their 
 woods, much lefs to interfere with the im- 
 provements of agriculture, which, with the 
 two laft, are fully fufficient to make this 
 one of the mod ufeful and flourifhing fet- 
 tlements Great Britain has ever poflefled. 
 
 By means of St John's river, and the 
 livers which difcharge themfelves into the 
 Bay of Fundy at its head, the Indians will 
 be able to bring their furs from all parts of 
 the country that lie betv^een the peninfu- 
 ia and the river St Laurence. There the 
 f-A. . game 
 
 ll 
 
 ■M'i' 
 
 Mm 
 
 
i 
 
 iit 
 
 ii 
 
 76 FUR T R A D fi, 
 
 game abounds ; and, as the natives arfc tliQ 
 propereft perfons to be employed in this 
 way, the advantages might be much e»- 
 tended, if a road was cut from the head of 
 St John's River towards Quebec ; and if 
 intelligent perfons were alfo fent to view 
 that part of the country, (as being little 
 frequented even by the Indians), in order 
 to find out a fituation fit for a fettlement, 
 and to prevent the trade from paffing to the 
 weftward, which it poffibly might do, if 
 any navigable water extended that way. 
 
 Monopolies have been at all times hurt^ 
 ful to induftry, and flill more fo to com- 
 merce. Every kind of reflraint that is laid 
 upon thir^ trade niuft therefore hurt it, in- 
 ftead of anfwering the intended purpofe of 
 doing it good ; and, like a plant left to its 
 own native foil, if left to itfelf, it will be 
 found to thrive the better. In fine, it is 
 impoffible the extent of the advantages can 
 be afcertained which the province may re- 
 ceive from it. Thus far it may be affirm- 
 
are tb^ 
 in this 
 ich c»- 
 head of 
 and if 
 to view 
 cig little 
 n order 
 lement, 
 g to the 
 t do, if 
 way. 
 
 es hurt- 
 :o com- 
 t is laid 
 it, in- 
 rpofe of 
 ft to its 
 will be 
 le, it is 
 ges can 
 may re- 
 affirm- 
 ed, 
 
 FUR TRADE. 77 
 
 ed, that it is a thing which, though capable 
 of great improvement^ has this farther to 
 recommend it, that the perfeverance of the 
 inhabitants in giving encouragement to it, 
 by trading upon reafonable terms with the 
 Indians, is fully adequate to the purpofe of 
 rendering it; as much as pollible, advanta- 
 geous either to Great Britsun ot themfelves. 
 
 I . 
 
 
 
 NEW 
 
 
 !10;I1- 
 
 ■tM ■ jVi 
 
 :v ^ 
 
 
 
 •-S>^ T^^^i^-;^, 
 
 0' 
 
 ';iii?%fr-i' hf^^- ' X 
 
 kf^Tn 
 
 ^«f¥#*^«^^^i. ii5f^:f5,i 
 
 • iv 
 
 ;Arr 
 
 •or 
 
 lU 
 
 I fli^l 
 
 ■ -!* . 
 
 
 ■'^!!;HI 
 
j8 
 
 "f 
 
 rr 
 
 
 .0, . 
 
 NEW SETLLEMENTS, TOWNS, 
 
 ^9> >.*4 AND H ARROURS* 
 
 efe-< 
 
 
 TH £ tituation of this country, confi- 
 dered in every point of view, is far 
 more advantageous for Great Britain to be 
 poiTefled of than any other on the whole 
 Continent of North America, whether in 
 refpeft to its conne£tion with Canada, 
 Newfoundland, Cape Breton, St John's If- 
 land, and the fiflieries, or to its being much 
 nearer to the mother country than any o- 
 ther Province \ and, above all, for the fu«» 
 perior excellence and number of its har-* 
 hours, creeks, and inlets j to which we 
 may add the facility wherewith it can fup- 
 
NEW SETTLEMENTS, &c, 7^ 
 
 ply our Weft India xflands, in conjundion 
 with Canada, with all the various kinds of 
 lumber, Htc ftock, fifh, fait prorifions, and 
 flour, which they formerly purchafed from 
 the revolted colonies, and that at a cheap- 
 er rate than the latter can afford them, whilft 
 the navigation laws of this kingdom are 
 wifely permitted to ad as they have hither- 
 to done. 
 
 Many perfons unacquainted with the 
 nature of this country, and of thofe above 
 mentioned, which ftill belong to us, and 
 others equally blinded by prejudice, have 
 formed to themfelves a very difadvanta- 
 geous idea, and reprefented the whole as 
 unworthy the attention of government, and 
 afferted, that very little of it is capable of 
 cultivation or any kind of improvement. 
 To fuch it may be fufficient to obferve, that 
 although the provifional treaty formed un- 
 der the powerful intervention of France, 
 has fecured to the States of America large 
 tradts of country, on which they never be- 
 fore 
 
 m 
 
 111- 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 m 
 
8o NEW SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 fore pretended to have the leaft claim ; yet 
 that what remains is of fuch value as to be 
 capable, v^ith judicious management, of 
 rendering more eflential benefit to Great 
 Britain than was ever yet derived by her 
 from any of the ancient colonies. Amongft 
 other things it ought to be rems:mbered, that 
 the colonies fouth of Nova Scotia have very 
 few harbours that can be compared with 
 many poffefTed by the latter, if any at all, 
 excepting that of Rhode Ifland, which is 
 certainly the bed in the territories of the 
 United States : All the others have fome 
 material defedt, either in point of fitua- 
 tion, the towns upon them being commonly 
 at too great a diflance from the Tea, or in 
 being barred harbours, and incumbered with 
 various dangers. 
 
 a 
 
 The province of Maine *, as that part of 
 the coaft has generally been called, which 
 
 lies 
 
 1 Sh-flitU 
 
 * Perhaps no country in the world produces better 
 timber of all kinds, for fliip-buikiing, as well as for 
 mafts and yards, which makes its lofs the more regret- 
 ted. 
 
n; y^t 
 i8 to be 
 ;nt, of 
 
 Great 
 by her 
 mongft 
 ed, that 
 ve very 
 id with 
 r at all, 
 rhich is 
 of the 
 e fome 
 
 fitua- 
 imonly 
 
 or in 
 ;d with 
 
 part of 
 
 which 
 
 lies 
 
 es better 
 I as for 
 
 rcprct- 
 
 ,TOWNS AND HARBOURS. 8 r 
 
 lies to the eaftward of the State of New 
 Hamplhire, and joins to Nova Scotia, was 
 given up to the Americans at the late peace, 
 thovigh commonly fuppofed to be within 
 the Hitiits of the latter Province. It is thin- 
 ly inhabited, but has fome tolerably good 
 harbours, where there are fettlements, from 
 which moft of the lumber, formerly fent by 
 the New Englanders to the Weft Indies, 
 was. procured, being cut by the faw mills at 
 Mechios, and other places, forming a prin- 
 cipal part of the commerce of the eai^ern 
 colonies. 
 
 lln making obfervations upon, and defcri-. 
 bing the different harbours and fettlements,* 
 it will be moft proper to begin at the place 
 where the boundary line commences, and 
 proceding from thence to the head of the 
 Bay of Fundy, return again to the weft ward 
 in a contrary diredion ; and, after viewing' 
 the places moft confpicuous, along the 
 fouth (hore.of the peninfula, extend our: 
 
 remarks 
 
 t'iHtlitf-'i K.ft 
 
 "•"li. 
 US 
 
 m 
 
 :t'«; 
 
 jit 
 
 ill 'III 
 
 "I !l| 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 li 
 
 ^ I 
 
 '^ 
 
 is 
 
82 NEW SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 remarks to the eafttnoft extremity of the 
 Province. 
 
 The Irne is fuppofed to commence upon 
 the fea coaft, in latitude 43^ 10' N. longi- 
 tude 66^ 50' weft of London, at the ifland 
 of Grand Manan, which lies two leagues 
 from the main land, on the north fide, at 
 the entrance into the Bay of Fundy, and 
 has feveral fmall rocks, or iflands, near it, 
 on the fotith frde, which form a harbour. 
 Inhere, ar certain feafons of the year, the 
 cod and feal iifheries may be profecuted to 
 advantage. The ifland is every where 
 covered with good timber, but is entirely 
 deflitme of inhabitants, except fome Indians 
 who land upon it occafionallyr It is about 
 fourteen miles in length, and nine in breadth, 
 very ftcep and craggy on all fidest but co-» 
 vered with an excellent foil, capable of am- 
 [^y rewarding the labours that are neceiTary 
 for its cultivation ; however, it is not yet 
 known whether it is to belong to Great 
 Britain or to America. 
 
 Id 
 
TOWNS, AND HARBOURS, »i 
 
 4 In fight of the above ifland, and lo mitfi 
 diftant from it, is a large and deep bfy^ 
 which dill retains its Indian name of Paila« 
 maquoddy, having a great number of Hi'dn6§ 
 at its entrance, ot various dimenrionf^ tb« 
 principal of which, called Cathpo UeWo, h«# 
 feveral loyaliih fettled upon it, and foffl« 
 tilled land. 
 
 In 
 
 The harbours that He within tfc« bty 
 are equal in goodnefs to any in the world| 
 and alike fitted for carrying on tb« \amh(it 
 trade to the Weil Indies, the fiQierie*^ ifld 
 (hip-building. The facility of conftfuAiflg 
 docks and fhips, for the latter purpofe, h 
 perfectly obvious, having great (lore 0f%o§d 
 timber every where in the ncigbbourboed 
 of the bay, as well as a very eonCider»Me 
 rife and fall of the tide, which, though net 
 fo great as at St John's Uivcr, and othat 
 places farther up the Bay of Fundy, con- 
 tributes to render the fituation fuperlof fO 
 them in a comparative view, when <hip« 
 building is confidered as the principal thing 
 
 r'- 
 
 1 f-a 
 
^, 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 ^t^^- 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 A* 
 
 ISr 
 
 
 ^.^ 
 
 ^J^ 
 ^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 i5o ^^^^ H^^B 
 
 S liS 120 
 
 11.25 i 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Coiporation 
 
 23 V^EST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. MSM 
 
 (716)872-4503 
 
 

 t 
 
 5^ 
 
H"'- 
 
 r«#Aiil^ate^ in a nv^^lr cMfetf'SlCmiNv^icb 
 br4kuiH^« bott mtoi ftliree (iiHih^ thM^oeb 3 
 ftti4 thfefe oMikiog .con^eriahlb anglei wii^ 
 each other, have cauiTed a mifupdeFftan^iiig 
 between the pcrfons appointed to fettle the 
 Hinits^^of both couQtHe£S) i» the line between 
 thein wii to be drawii^ flxmr the head of 
 fhir rWer, and i^ temainsuilniJeckled "tvhidi 
 bf (he thfee 4irancheS' ift td be called, the 
 head. The lanc|8 in general that liie #ound 
 about thein are not bnly .very good, but the 
 fuperior excellence of the Uinb^r inak^s tc 
 kn obje^ to.thitt country tO contend fcri- 
 ^ufly for every foot of tci:ritory to wh^ 
 {he is entitled. 
 
 St Andrews is a h^ndfome town bqilf )^ 
 the loyalifts upon the river abovf mentioi^ 
 ed, confiftlng of 6oq houfes, the fituittian 
 bf which^ though in fome refpeds well 
 
 chofen, 
 
T0o:mmima3fmAKiK)vm.' h 
 
 .-.xi 
 
 from the fcay s^^^^bcfidestlkis^iilldinuliiakgeit 
 h«Si«dly'£z fi^Iwatir HiM haibonr ilipbn 
 
 r^rved before, in the whole Province hhf^ 
 ier ikuated for ihip-building. They have 
 t^ ,€0id li^i^^vidi (Wt dsdq: ^iibon^ ihd 
 pmfifefi^ > tlic! fingul^r: j^dvantagfr '■ bt> bdiig 
 fcki^ely dvier inobmmbdcd : ^tdi tihe fogs * 
 vdiiobvpr^viiil.idn imaftyiodierfHutSjpf idid 
 coaitfeverial months in the yeir^ .IThe tii«^ 
 habitabtft at SCf AiHii?^t».aiidm iti vkinityt 
 atoaunt tjsi upwakdtiof three thtfiilaiid of 
 all forta $ and na p^o^e 3oii the conthiefit 
 ate loaqpable xif heif^/ more ' oiefidly Induf^ 
 tcroQff io proiportibQtothsiiir nmnbers, 
 
 iBeaver hsrbbiir it a fmdl port, ^'leagues 
 eaft of Pafiamai{uoddy^ fettled % the: reH> 
 fi^tt, about €00 Iki number^ Who have 
 bMlt ai towtn^om it, the fituatibn of which 
 
 * The great number of iflandi lying in % bay 
 tM«ak and diTperie the fegs, caofing them to rife m 
 fofin of vapour. 
 
\ 
 
 x: 
 
 ieemi to be^ well chofen foe carrying>*pfl 
 the fiikcrjr, if their harbour was not,tzr 
 pofed to the foutherly winds that fom&f 
 times prevail and |)lowtvery hard upoo the 
 
 COaft. . . • i : ;.;. 
 
 From this place to St John's River, £• 
 N. £. diftant 12 leagues, the land appears 
 moderately high and rocky, with a bold 
 ihore, entirely free from danger, but de- 
 fUtute of any other than one fmall harbour, 
 only capable of iheltcring fiihing veflels a- 
 gaipft all winds. Off the mouth of St 
 John's river, lies a fmall ifland, high, 
 rocky, and covered with wood, near to 
 which fhips muft pafs, in going in or out 
 of the river ; and as it lies at a fmall di- 
 ftance from the main land, is equally fitted 
 to afford pibtedion to the river againft an e* 
 nemy, and for the eredion of a light^houfe, 
 Ck^Iguide (hips in pafling up and down : the 
 bay, being very confpicuous for feveral 
 ;^eague8. ' • • . u:.^:u....u 
 
 /':^Thl 
 
 the ha 
 ifland, 
 entran 
 and pc 
 
 The 
 
 ingcoi 
 
 cit>ach 
 
 grfeat d 
 
 ticular] 
 
 flood ih 
 
 IbWf th 
 
 bepaflc 
 
 river is 
 
 70 mile 
 
 thm|;' 
 
 rains fa 
 
 ^ry, wl 
 
 of Afiri 
 
 up tl^e i 
 
 ,,!l v R?^ _'). 
 
 'vu- 
 
 The 
 
 Atth 
 
TOWNS, ANDi HARBOXIM* tf 
 
 '5!Fltt ^own b btttie upbn the c^ fid^ of 
 the harbouf, wkbin two miles of Partridge 
 iflaiid, which, lying directly opFtofite to^the 
 entrance of the river^ • breaks off : the fea^ 
 and perfedly (heltera it froai jdl winds. : 
 
 
 The river, a mile above the^town, by^be- 
 ing confined between ibme rock^ ithat taV 
 chuuth upon it cdnfiderably, though of a 
 grtet depth, has a lafge fall or rftpid, pari 
 ticularly upon the febb tidcv ; When thd 
 flood (has r^eil i ^ feet in the harbour bet- 
 lOwj the'faUsiare fmOoth, and continue to 
 be paflable for About to minuses, and jtho^ 
 river is navigable from) henCe "Upwfards of 
 76 miles, for vi^fiels of; 80 to i^ tops biir« 
 thbl^r^'In times of great frelhe^, when, the 
 rains fall, and^he fnows melt in the coun- 
 Ifry, which' is eommonly from the middle-r 
 of A^ril to the beginning of June, the falia 
 are'ab(blutdy imjpafiable to veilHs bound' 
 
 tide does not rife to 
 their. 
 
 up the ritet 
 
 ■.ip» as 
 
 f At the diftance of fizty miles from the Tea, the 
 
 river 
 
fixiSs t<d^tifii^llyr'dd«»h^ viyofigh tie hatw 
 
 Ytffth thk> are bound in ^oih enieriiigv 
 unlefs tfififted fafy a fairivind* (i...rr^;j ui/, 
 
 •rd. 
 
 ' Th^ town confiftsr of* Qpwanrds of ' tWo 
 ihbufiiid hbufcs^ maby of which are large 
 andip^eiwaili;' and being built upoft' a neck 
 of land j l^lftiOft efftU^^I^ forrouoded by tb^ 
 kk'^ is tliereby reAdet«d ek^eeditfg pleafatic* 
 This ftreeti' bate 1»een Wgularly laidiouty 
 ai^ frotti >j*o to (So- feet in bi^eadtliy ftnd 
 afoTs tadh dther ar right angles; eorrisi^omd*' 
 ing with the four oardihar points, cTiery- 
 hottfe pofMing 60 fbet ii^ front by i 'ao in 
 
 ■■•■.> ^6rffh-;iftidc|lAi; 
 
 -nun) t-Jj ri 1 
 
 oi?ft. »'r 
 
 ;( 
 
 !.r:l>fti^i 
 
 ifvar'ieooiintintcates with a Isurge piece of watsT) fitufitedt 
 
 vprUj^g 4eptbs, is. navjg9bl«,i|itQ.t))e, river, ]^^^.tj^ 
 rifes four feet perpcindiqular in it, has good hui^ <^ 
 its borders, and is welfftored with'fiih ; pit coal, of 'a 
 qni^ftf fuperior to that at Cape Breton, has lately been 
 difcovered, and brought to Parrtown from thence. 
 
 •r. V.I 
 
 ^5i 
 
 
TOWNS, AND HARBOURS. 89 
 
 depth, makes it capable of becoming one 
 o£ the beft cities in the New World, as th« 
 ground whereon it is built is of a moderate 
 height, and rifes gradually from the water. 
 
 ■ d I . 
 
 No place on the north fide of the Bay 
 of Fundy poiTeiTes equal advantages with 
 this, for becoming a place of general trader 
 the river extending not only much further 
 into the country, than any, other in the 
 Province, but likewife has upon its banks 
 liMTge trads of land, equal in goodnefs to 
 any in America, for railing both corn and 
 live-ftock ; while its woods, abounding 
 with the beft of timber, will enable it.tQ 
 carry on a trade for lumber with the Weft 
 Indies, and to vie with New Kngland in 
 the fhip- building bufiners, which Was one 
 of its principal branches of commerce be- 
 fore the rebellion. When the woods on 
 the lands near the river are cut down, and 
 a fufficient quantity cleared, a bufinefs, 
 which in the hands of the loyalifts, Is ma- 
 king rapid advances, the quantity of cattle 
 
 M raifed 
 
 .> 
 
 «> 
 
 
 :f 
 
 \9- 
 
 
$ 
 
 I 
 
 ffiifed in tliit pan of Npiia Sootli will iti* 
 uinlj be very great, both for hoAe eo^ 
 fumption and exportttion *» 
 
 Amongft other advanttgei pofleflcd by 
 thia fettlement, it tiighc n6c to beoonfiikr- 
 ed a« the leaft, that a yttij eonfidemble 
 property was imported, together with a 
 number of relpedlable fierchantai from 
 New York, at the evacuation of that eity« 
 whofe unremitting induftry and perfisve- 
 rance has emhelliihed the town with a 
 great many fine honfes, the harbour with 
 &veral fine quays and wharfs, and they al* 
 teady pofiefs 60 fail of vefiels, fome of 
 which are employed in carrying on trade 
 with the Weft Indie^i and the reft in the 
 whale and <xid fifheriest Moft of the fur trade 
 
 that 
 
 * Thii a^ertion ftandi upon • veiy foUd foundacioa. 
 The gres4 improvements in agriculturei wbteJn the 
 Ganadlilt^colonf, fettled at Maugervillci 50 milei t^ t^e 
 river, have made in a few year'i confirm! it in the moil 
 ample manner. 1 
 
 that 
 
TOWNS, AND HARBCXJIta 91 
 
 tbtt eaa ever take place oa thii fide of the 
 Ffovncei rnuft naturallj eeoter here, at no 
 oiher navigable water extendi ^ inland, 
 befides St John*t river. Very good jnails 
 .ibr the royal navy are cut at the diftance 
 of 50, 60, and 70 miles from the fea, as 
 large as to ja* inches diameter, which 
 arc coUedled by perfont appointed by go- 
 vernmeill, below the falls, from whence^ 
 they are (hipped off for the King's dock- 
 yards in England. 
 
 The harbour has from feven to ten fa- 
 thoms water, with good holding ground, 
 and an excellent beach for landing goods, 
 and graving or repairing veflels of the lar- 
 
 geft 
 
 * It is furelf bad policy to mark all the large &r*- 
 trttft fortilie ufe of govetnoieiit, without idlowing any 
 lHaaog m ccuiiidcfation of damages to the proprietor of 
 ^liiQjaiid% where fuch trees grow; asy in this caTe, they 
 wUl not be- over Iblicitous for the prefenution of the 
 large timber* i 
 
ga NEW SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 ;^eft ilze *. Oppofite to the town, on the 
 other fide of the harbour, is a fmall fettle^ 
 ment, c^tied Carleton, built and inhabited 
 by the lojalifts, amongft whom are a coa- 
 .fiderable number of ihip carpenters, whofe 
 talents have already exerted themfelves in 
 •building many veiTels; whilft the large 
 qnantity of fine timber on every part of 
 the river, equal in goodnefs to that of New 
 England, and almoft ^ny other province in 
 America, is not only a proof of their fitu- 
 ation being very properly chofen, but a 
 fure prOgnoflic of the advantages which 
 
 this place derives from (hip-building. 
 
 . ■ ■ ■, ' ■ . . • * ' ■ 
 
 - To all the above recited advantages may be 
 adided the extent of population, which ex- 
 ceeds 
 
 * Like almoft a]i the other harbours of Nova Scotia, 
 this place never freezes up; and, when the river is bro- 
 ken up above the falls, ai(ter being frozen during the 
 "winter^ the great fdrc6.of the tides.daihes the i(;e i^ 
 entirely in pieces, that it is never known to dp 9pj. 
 damage to the ihipping below. 
 
 1 
 
 eeedt 
 tiniMi 
 
 bande 
 
 highlj 
 
 their 
 
 from 
 
 the CO 
 
 nited 
 
 Fort-I 
 
 indonf 
 
 being 
 
 Out-w( 
 
 ofiflai 
 
 paflun 
 
 when 
 
 portioi 
 
 the inl 
 
 genera 
 
 improi 
 
 Tw« 
 
 Fundy 
 fmatl 1 
 tailed ' 
 
1 
 
 TOWNS, AND HARBOURS. 93 
 
 eeedt Cen thoufand perfons of at! denomina* 
 UDM^ among whom are feTeral regiments dif^ 
 banded at the late peace, that »rc*rnot only 
 highly refpedable for their numbers, and 
 their induftry, but ftill more fo, if poilible* 
 from their forming a very ftrong barrier to 
 the colony againft the fubje^^ of the U- 
 
 
 
 nited States. A fmall fortification, called 
 Fort- Howe, defends the town, but is too \ 
 indonfiderable to.withftand a regular attack^ 
 being very fmall, and entirely deftitute of 
 put-works. The river has jn it a number 
 of iflands, which, even at this time, afford 
 pafture for a great number of cattle; fo that;, 
 when more land is cleared, a far greater 
 portion of live-ftock will be raifed, than 
 the inhabitants can confume, the foil being 
 generally very good, and capable of great 
 improvement. 
 
 Twelve leagues further up the Bay of 
 Fundy E. N. E. from St John's River, is a 
 fmall fettlement belonging to the loyalifts, 
 cfalled Quako. About fix hundred perfons 
 
 are 
 
 ^».- 
 
 I) 
 
 i! 
 
 1 \ 
 
 
H NEWSETTLIMEHTS, 
 
 ( ^ 
 
 ate here, wl^ have Toy wiftfj diratei 
 tlieir tttention to ftgricuharei tMr kinii 
 being geiienilly acooiihted goo4, whM, M 
 the contrary, they have no place fit to UmI* 
 terveiTeliini efpeeially when foutberly winds 
 prevail. The timber of aU kinds It very 
 good, and the country abounda with game. 
 ■ , ■ f ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Eleven leagoea eaft from the laft mcntloO' 
 ed place, the Bay of Fundy, after carrying 
 every where in its courfe a great depth of 
 water, and continuing from fifteen to fix 
 leagues wide, is Aiddenly divided by the 
 hind into two dillind arms, the largeA of 
 which, called the Bafon of Mines, takes its 
 courfe nearly due eaft for almoft eighty 
 miles, but having the rife and fall of the 
 tide continually cncreafing as it advances, to 
 as to be equal to 70 feet perpendicular ^ at 
 
 its 
 
 * Thu great rifo of the tide renden fevent rif e^ 
 both in this, and the north eaft branch of the baf, ttt- 
 ▼igpibk a loof war into the coantrjr. What tatf bf 
 
 thought 
 
TOlHrNB, AND UARBdORS. 95 
 
 M 
 
 RIV* 
 • •ft 
 
 ifidt 
 
 lOM* 
 
 ihof 
 
 fko£ 
 «tits 
 ghty 
 the 
 let, fo 
 lr»»t 
 
 let 
 
 Stvlieafl, tti4 receiving die WAfei% otfewemA 
 ijhvri, which ftom thence pcnetral>e conft* 
 derabiy into the eountiy. All thefe rit«M 
 hate iettkmentt upon them, the Inhabitama 
 of which amount to upwards of 4000. 
 The lands in the environs of Mines BalbA 
 att «rery goodi and have Aore of timhd', 
 particttlatly on the fonth fide, and continue 
 lb atmoll all the way to Halifax, from 
 which it is 'diftant upwards of 40 miles. 
 The T)ther head is called Chignc£ko Bay •, 
 taking its courfe N. E. from where the fc- 
 paration commences* for about 50 miles, 
 receiving the waters of feveral rivers which 
 difcharge themrelves into it, one of them 
 heing pretty conliderable, called Pe(udiac, 
 
 where 
 
 •►ii 
 
 thought remarkaUe» is this, that the tides from tiw 
 Gulf of St ]Uurence in Vert Baj, rife only eight feet, 
 and yet it u but twenty miles diftant, being divided from 
 each other by a narrow neck of land. 
 
 '1 
 
 n ^ r T 
 
 i 
 
 * QyAers have been difcovered here, and are notr 
 become an article of export to feveral places. 
 
 ' ■ -i 
 
St^ NRW!S1T^*#MEN/TIS, 
 
 wli«re aibpiH 30OO I07alift8;are fetil^c)^ .fii^ 
 ha^e the app^ftrtnce ofrbdUg « ithiivirgr 
 colony. ' M^njL adTanlages tare 'held .ou|; *^ 
 peribtift that are obliged tO' fettle- io ^hia 
 Frovincei, tel^^^ views are>not folely eofi»> 
 fined to txade^ but wlio wiifli to attend |o 
 agricu]ture> itnjd the ratfing cattle, a^ moft 
 of the^ lands round the :head of the Bay arc| 
 very gopd« having beeu formerly poifefled 
 ^nd cultivated ;t»y the ancient French color 
 nifts, diftinguiihed by- the name, of Neu«- 
 trals*, vrhofe induftry had been crowned 
 , . with 
 
 * This people, defc^ended from the ancient French 
 fetuers, had increafed gradually to feveral thoufands, 
 clearing large tra£b of land, and railing num^ous herds 
 of cattle, living many years in the moft perfeA friend- 
 ihip with the native Indians, amongft whom they fre- 
 ^aently intermarried, and became in a manner one peo- 
 fie. Unfortunately for themfelves, by engaging in all 
 the quarrels that were agitated from time to time be- 
 tween Great Britain and France, they became an ob- 
 ject .of refentment to the former, who, having caufed 
 them to be aflenibled together under various pretences, 
 
 caufed 
 
 m 
 
tdWN8; AND HARBOURS. ^7 
 
 ^9^ i degree of fuccefs not always equal:* 
 li^, ind but feldom exceeded by tbe inha^ 
 BitantH of the fouthem colonies; nor can it 
 be doubted, but that the perfons in whofe 
 hands they now are^wtll very fpeedily ren- 
 der them an objed of jealoufy to their New 
 England neighbours. There is a fmall fort, 
 
 N 
 
 formerly 
 
 I 
 
 ctufed fevenl thoufands to be (hipped eff, and tnua- 
 ported to the other colonies, n^ere moft of them died 
 of grief and vexation. This «£Uon, fufficiently cniel 
 in itfelf, was rendered ftill more fo, from having been 
 perpetrated in confequence of pofitive orders from a 
 nation commonly regarded, even l^ its enemies, as 
 magnanimous* Let us attend to the event. Theljmds 
 from which the Neutrals Wen thus violently torn, be- 
 came a defart, and every attempt to re-people them was 
 conftantly rendered abortive, until a Urge body of men 
 inhabiting thofe very colonies to which the Neutrals had 
 been baniQied, were driven in like manner from their 
 own country for a fimilar attachment to Great Britain, 
 and compelled to cultivate the lands left by the former^ 
 )a if' it was tlie exprefs intention of providence, lit this 
 particular ifaftance, to mark in ftrong coloiurs the in- 
 juftice of a great nation, as well as to teach mankind 
 a leflbn of moderation and humanity. 
 
 I «i 
 
9t N$WSyTT|^^>IEN/rS; 
 
 formerly called St Laurence ♦, and. iJO^ 
 port-Cumberland, fe^lli; upon t)^ Ifthtiijif 
 Which joinf the pcoinfulato th|5,n^ai9Ut?dt 
 ind, though of no great accoi^nt at ftt^ix^ 
 ^^Yt >n ^ more improved Q-^^it^ be^Iool^ed 
 vpon as the key of Nova 3cotia agaiofft the 
 invafion of a land army, Returning from 
 hence down the bay of Fundy to the we(t- 
 itard, there is no harbour until nearly op- 
 pofite to St John's river, when we 6nd An* 
 napoHs Royal f, which has one o( the no- 
 hleft harbours in the world, perfedly iheU 
 
 tered from all winds, the entrance into it be* 
 
 ing 
 
 * It was attacked at the begianixig of the late 
 troubles in America } but the p^irty CQnceraed in thaf 
 affidrmetwitha deferyed xepulfe, and were entirely 
 defeated. 
 
 t This place, when in the han4s of the French, 
 was fortified, and called Port Royal, being intended 
 for t^ f:apital of the province. At the peace of Ur 
 trecht, it was ceded to Grrit Britain, and was called by 
 its preient name, in honour of Queen Anne. Its forti« 
 j^cations at prefent are but indifierent. 
 
iigig bcitiwo jtwo! capes or bead lands,. witll 
 
 ^cifi|.to to 30 fathoms waiier. ThU entranct 
 
 1$ near ajhile wideyii^d }ia« a (Irbiig curirea| 
 
 both lupon th^ eb& aiid flood«>tidei ; tht 
 
 ihore at the £line;tim« bciin^ To iltdp^ tfail 
 
 a ihi^. may nm ber bdwtf^iprk agaiiiift tile 
 
 rocks, and yet be: in 10 fathiQtais wateh 
 
 Iihmediatelj witHia. t^is ftraiigbt i&a brgce 
 
 ptOQCQf '.water,, called Annapolis Baibn^oir' 
 
 patble of K9l<|ing..i jqonOderable ntnnber o£ 
 
 il»ip9t :Pi(b a fu^ici^iiifdi^pth of water fot 
 
 v^ffieifiof a©y fifj^ iiodfat Icaft a0 ;mjle« in 
 
 cHrj8U9>Ceft«ai?et cntijreljr, iheUercd Icom aU 
 
 mtk4»* On thi§:Mbf>i;na very hiandloin^ 
 
 tp"vrp, called 0!ig^y^.:bM been bUalt b^ th<! 
 
 ilpyalifts.) tb< fuiiaiion of it is exceedingly 
 
 ^jsll cbt^fen, boi^ ^<^ ^^ ^^eries and every 
 
 other kind of trade adapted to tbe l^^ovince. 
 
 A fmall fettlement is: alfo* forming at the 
 
 aiQUtb>pf Bear River, hear Dlgby, by fome 
 
 Xf ^rmans, formerly belonging to the auxi- 
 
 .Ibry troops during the war in America. 
 
 ••'•,''■•■' 
 .From the Bafon to Annapolis Uopl, it 
 
 is about 12 miles, upon a deep and narrow 
 
 riveri 
 
100 NSWSETTlEMENTSi 
 
 river, in which there is, a great rifer And ftH 
 of the tide. Both fides of it are well pee^ 
 pled, and in many pls^ces are highl^^ ifl^ 
 proved. A imall ifland, half way betwpia 
 the Baibn and thd town, may be eaiily 
 ittjide to> command the navigation of theiri* 
 "^er entirely) as nothing can pa& either up 
 dr down without going clofe in with it^ 
 Since the arrival of the loyalifts, amount-* 
 Ing to 2500, the town has increafed to fix 
 times its former dimenfions, the country a** 
 bout it clearing faAof the woodsy hiiving 
 received an increaffs of population, un^ 
 known in any former period. The raHing 
 blac^ cattle will probably be oneof thlsir 
 principal employments j as the inhabitants 
 who ciadie here prior to the War, not only 
 ratfe the largeft and beft cattle of any in 
 the Province, but equal, to any in America, 
 except Rhode Ifland ^nd Connedicut*; ^ 
 
 that 
 
 * The people who have lived many years on Anna^ 
 polls River are confident, that, when they havt Better 
 
 opportunities 
 
rtmm, ani> HARdotrits. i6i 
 
 llll^ tUtfy will be able in a little time, to* 
 gechtr^ with the people of St John's riyep, 
 to taite all the liYe-ftock, or nearly fo, that 
 Win be wanted fbr the Wi^ft India marker, 
 The anchorage <^ the town is very good» 
 and ^ the rtdetkext the divers the fort 
 which defends the harbour is of fome cIMii- 
 fideration, b^t tptally inadequate to a de- 
 fence toward the land. 
 
 ^ 
 
 . 1 ^tffing fouth-weft from Annapolis Royal, 
 we come to St Mary*s bay, which is of con- 
 iiderable depth, and beginning to afliime 
 the form of a fettlement. The lands every 
 where about it are covered with excellent 
 timber of various kinds ; and, as the loyal- 
 ifts fettled here have fome vcflfels, they have 
 . N already 
 
 opportuaidet of nuxipg the breed of their cattle with 
 that of other countries, thej ih^be able to equal thofe, 
 of the two flates here mentioned ; the time, indeed, 
 ieems to he at no great diftance, when the New Eng- 
 landers will have fufficient caufe to repent their having 
 driven mto exile fome of their beft farmers. 
 
 ^ii 
 
m Kiw »i/3PTt£M;i:.Knp& 
 
 jJreadjT iliipgfd of .i^^nmbfif ttf jcai||fie8 fc^ 
 dij9<$reiit porta^ altboogk nc^itoktoy? bad at;^ 
 te/pi>t«d CO iettl^ htrc» nmW jafidr/tbe «y«f . 
 .qygtipoofJ^vf,Y0rfc. ¥imDiSAMmj*^hiy^ 
 ^,^0^ Jie$ ««arl7 Aoi^ »i^;£buth]. ItiB 
 
 ^niry. auich Jbvoken. and : Eaiggedj while the 
 feal iflands, whofe dingcroiBsiiitiHitiDQihaa 
 been already mentioned, lie within fight of 
 ,lbe Undt ^^ affocd al dilagrtfeab^prbfj^dt, 
 ^ven in roftddratp weathorV ftona; tht (many 
 :Qiirfentft t^al aTJ^kaowa i^lpfeHiatllaroiind 
 
 -''■p 
 
 Ui^in-j>z-^ a:i'f,f 03p • ■■ 
 
 ^1 B K» f^ 
 
 
 -l>^ cotifiderible nurob^er of' perfons w«re 
 i^ttled befoi*e the late War ai this ^nd df 
 the- peninfula, on a fmall river f, where 
 there is a town called Yarmouth. They 
 4*ve employed' themfelves^ fitecefsfulff th 
 "fifhiiiHg, atid had even made Tome prbgirefe 
 
 -giiH V '• r"d^ ,■■•■■, ) ;;-j-!g on bJ^-rMta. *ssjiv 
 
 ;ja;v*:Thc n^ceffi^y of having a Bgbt-hpufc cre^ed^Hp- 
 
 on them canofBy^ be too often ri^pQat^d., , -. .' .1 
 
 f Tufchet River, lat. 43° 44' N. long. 65* 50' W. 
 
 in<(he 
 vehit( 
 ailop 
 have ( 
 dition 
 trade 
 
 in the 
 firft , hi 
 th^fe i 
 fo that 
 tiers, fi 
 for pre 
 
 Frot 
 ninfuja 
 W.S. 
 Cape C 
 i^ ^ear 
 cbntair 
 numbe 
 fmall 
 the coi 
 ip^ntlo 
 

 TOWNS, AND flARBOURS. 1 03 
 
 in j^he cdd fifljiery, when the captare of fe^ 
 yeiral of their veilels by the Americans put 
 a Bop to their exertions in that line, I'He^r 
 have (ince renewed them, and, with the ad^ 
 dition of fome loyalifts, are carrying on a 
 trade with lia^ax in fiih, lumber, corn, 
 an^ cattle, pafticvlarly (beep. The lands 
 in tht neighbourhood, which appeared at 
 6r{l.bi|t indifierem:^ being found, within 
 th?fc few yearsy to impxove v^ry rapidly, 
 fo that, in proportion to the number of fet- 
 tlers, few places in the province bid fairer 
 for profperity.; 
 
 From the fouthern extreihity of the pe- 
 ninfula the coaft ranges nearly E. N. £. and 
 W. S. W. with very Httle variation, quite to 
 Cape Canfp, its eaftermoft extremity, which 
 19 near to the ifland of Cape Breton, and 
 containing, in a fpace of about 300 miles, a 
 number of very excellent harbours at a 
 fmall diftance from each other all along 
 the coaft. It will, however, be proper to 
 ip^ntloii only (uch among them as are moft 
 
 diftin^uiOied, 
 
 f^ 
 
 ji 
 
 :i vl 
 
 m 
 
 I Hi 
 
 £1 
 
 m 
 II 
 
 11 
 
II 
 
 > 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 164 NffiW SETTLEMENT*, 
 
 diftitigiiiflied, either f6r their (upBt^ot gb6d« 
 nefs, the extent of their poj^iiMtioni of th(B^ 
 advaAces the^hm already m4db in agri^ 
 ctilture or commerce. 
 
 The firft place, eaft of the teal Iflands^ 
 which deferTes notice ii the tbwn of BSlf-^ 
 rington, (Boniifting of about 4000 iiih4bi«^ 
 unts, mbftlf fettled there before the war,- 
 lAd chiefly engaged in the fiiherietand 
 cbafting trade, for whi^h theit fituktion 
 feems well adapted, being the fouthermoft 
 fettlement in the Province. Their harbour, 
 however, is but fmall, and at certain times 
 fomewhat difficult of accefi ; and the lands 
 round the harbour being efteemed indif- 
 ferent, has induced the loyalifti that have 
 come here not to confine their attention to 
 farming alone ; but as yet their number || 
 inconiiderable. 
 
 \-\ 
 
 Y 
 
 i.# 
 
 Six leagues north*eaft of Harrington Bay 
 is the town of Shelburn, built upon the 
 harbour of Port Rofeway, Utttude 43* 47' N. 
 
 longitude 
 
 j \ 
 
"X. 
 
 TOWNS, AND HARBOURS. 105 
 
 i^pgitudf; 65* 16" Weft from London^ in*- 
 llfibited by a numerous colony, perhaps th« 
 ^pft fo that any nation can boaft of in 
 modern times ^. The harbour is not ex- 
 ceeded by any one in America for good- 
 nefs, haviu|^ every where fjx or feven fa- 
 thoms water from the fea to the town, the 
 diftance not being more than eight miles, 
 with fcarcely any current either in or out ; 
 whil(| a large ifland lying in the entrance 
 i^uts It in fo entirely from danger, that no 
 wind whatever can do the leaft prejudice 
 to fhips riding at anchor. . 
 
 The town is, perhaps, one of the largeft 
 ii^ the new world, containing almoft 3000 
 hjbufes regularly built, having 15 flreets in 
 i^ight lines from north to fouth, and 30 
 from eaft to weft, croffing the former at 
 .right angles ; the number of inhabitants a- 
 mounting fo 13,000. Oppofite to Shel- 
 
 O burn 
 
 * The population of Shelburn, and its neighbour- 
 hood, is nearly equal to 30,000 i before the war it did 
 npt exceed j;o perfons. - 
 
 • t 
 
 - 
 
 £ii 
 
 ,i i: 
 
 
io6 NEW SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 » 
 
 burn, is Birch-town, peopled by the negroes 
 from New York, about 1400 in number, 
 whofe labours have been found extremely 
 ufeful to the white inhabitants, chiefly in 
 reducing very confiderably the price of 
 work and various materials the produce, of 
 the country. The lands are greatly im- 
 proved, a;nd have, in feveral places, produ- 
 ced fine crops of wheat, barley, and oats, as 
 Well as of garden herbs, and dwarf fruits, ' 
 as currants, &c. The good effeds of their 
 being poflefTed of a large capital (hews it- 
 felf very plainly in the great number of 
 ihipping belonging to the merchants, near- 
 ly equalling that of Halifax itfelf, beibg at 
 leaft 300 fail of all forts, feveral of which 
 are employed in the whale fifhery, a flill 
 greater number to the Weft Indies, and the 
 reft in the cod fiftiery upon the banks that 
 are upon the coaft of the Province. The 
 pilots, who are employed by the Britifh 
 fleets in North America, during the war, 
 are fettled upon the harbour half way be- 
 tween the fea and the town. Govern- 
 ment. 
 
; I 
 
 im- 
 
 TOWNS, AND HARBOURS. 107 
 
 ment, wifely confidering how obnoxious 
 thefe men had rendered themfelves to the 
 rebeU, have allotted them half pay during 
 the reft of their lives ; a meafure equally 
 juft and neceifary, moft of them being for- 
 merly pofleiTed of property in the United 
 States. No people amongft the loyalifts 
 have exerted themfelves more Aiccefsfully 
 than they, in rendering their prefent (itua- 
 tion comfortable. All the country, for fe- 
 veral miles about, is exceedingly populous, 
 particularly upon Indian River, 5 miles eaft 
 of Port Rofeway, noted for an extraordi- 
 nary falmon fifhery, where large tracts of 
 land are cleared, and produce very good 
 wheat and barley. 
 
 The river itfelf is only fit for yeflels of 
 1 2 feet draft of water to enter, but has three 
 faw mills ere^ed upon it by the new Go- 
 lonifts, that are kept going night and day 
 for the merchants at Port Rofeway, who 
 are conftafitly (hipping off lumber to the 
 
 Weft 
 
 n 
 
 ill 
 
 « 
 
 II 
 
 .«» 
 
 ii 
 
.,^/'' 
 
 ioS NEW SETttEMENtS, 
 
 Weft IndiM, both from thefe milli, tnd 
 two others, lately erected above Shdburil. 
 From this place, a creek cf mmunicatei 
 with a large frefh water lake feveral milef 
 diftant, the borders of which "are capablt 
 of feeding numerous herds of cattlei andi 
 are clothed with fine woods, confifting of 
 birch, maple, fpruce^ pine, and red oak) 
 a great many loyalifts, convinced of th0 
 gpodnefs of the lands, are employed clear- 
 ing the woods, and converting them into 
 lumber. Two churches are built at Port 
 Rofeway, one for the people of the Pref- 
 byterian perfuafion, and the other for thofe 
 of the church of England. All kinds of 
 frefh proviHons are tolerably cheap ; butch- 
 er meat being upon an average at fcurpence 
 per lb. and flour and bread in proportion* 
 
 Many large wharfs, and convenient ftore* 
 
 ■ ■ . ' ■ ' ' '■ 
 
 houfes, are erected for landing and fecurine 
 goods ; their trade, particularly to the Bri- 
 tifh Weft-Indies, having increafed very ra* 
 pidly within the laft eighteen months. Be-* 
 
 low 
 
TOVWd Al^ HAkBOtJRS, 109 
 
 low the td#D, and upon ilie ftme fide of 
 the hiarhotir, the lands quite down to the 
 fea, hayebdn divided into 50 acre lots; 
 fo that a vaft liumher of vefTele have heea 
 built by thd proprietors, chiefly for the 
 fiihing bufinefs, and ibme of (hem as large 
 as to 150 tons burthen ; 70 (ail were upon 
 the ftodcs in Odober laft ; aiid it is conjee- 
 tured that near 400 fait will have been fi- 
 niflied by this time, (ince the evaduation 
 of New York, at this one fettlement alone. 
 
 Port Matopn, or Gambier harbour, is 7 
 leagues eaft of Jordan Riyer, and nine di- 
 ftai^t from She^bum. It affords but very 
 indifferent (belter to fome fi(hing veflels 
 ' belonging to other places, having only two 
 or three of its own; and very few inhabi- 
 tants. The foil for feveral miles round is 
 full of rocks and flones ; and the moft bar- 
 ren of any in the province, producing a 
 fcanty vegetation, and appearing incapable 
 of ever being cultivated. One of the rc- 
 
 • giments 
 
 I' I 
 
 'I 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 i* 
 
 w I'ik. J 
 
 
 ,k 
 
no NEW SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 e 4 
 
 giments*, which had ferved with diftin^ 
 gui(hed reputation dnring the war in Ar 
 merica, began a fettlement here, and built 
 a town in the autumn of the year 1783^ 
 which^ unfortunately for them^ being fome- 
 what too late, and the ground confequent- 
 ly covered with fnow^ prevented their ob- 
 ferving the nature of the foil until the fol- 
 lowing fpring. Their town at this time con*" 
 (ifted of upwards of 300 houfes^ and the 
 number of people was fomething more 
 than eight hundred ; they, feeing the fte- 
 rile appearance of their lands, and all their 
 hopes, of courfe, fruftrated, were medita^^ 
 ting on the beft means of getting away to 
 other places, when an accidental fire f ^ 
 
 which 
 
 * The BHtifh legion, Gommanded by Lieutenant 
 Colonel Tarleton. 
 
 whic 
 nflies 
 and ^ 
 ofth 
 feai) 
 
 f The fummer of 1784 had been uncommonly dry, 
 and many large fires werefeen burning in the woods in 
 various places, devouring confiderable trails, in almoft 
 every dire^on, occafioned either by the careleilhefs 
 
 of 
 
^»,. ^1 
 
 TOWNS AND HARBOURS. 1 1 1 
 
 which entirely confutned their town to 
 aOies, with all their live ftock, furniture, 
 and wearing apparel, filled up the meafute 
 of their calamities, and rendered them per- 
 fedly miferable. Since that time. Port 
 
 Matbon 
 
 of the Indians, or that of the White people at their 
 work in the woods, by neglefUng to extinguifh their 
 fires } the ground at the fame time being quite dry and 
 covered witji mofs and decaying vegetables. A poor 
 woman at Guyiburgh (the name the Loyalifts had gi- 
 ven the place) was undefignedly the caufe of the misfor- 
 tune } the fire after it was once kindled, fpreading (b 
 rapidly, and burning with fuch fury, as rendered all 
 attempts to divert or flop its progrefs quite inefieAual ; 
 deftroying in a few minutes almofl: every houfe, and 
 driving the inhabitants before it into the water, whilft 
 one man, more unfortunate than the reft, perifhed in 
 the flames. Scarcely any, even of their domeftic ani- 
 mals, efcaped out of it. In fhort, a more complete de- 
 ftru£lion fr^m that mercilefs element, never befell any 
 fet of men^ and if a king's fhip had not been difpatch- 
 ed immediately from Halifax, with provifions to their 
 relief, a famine muft have enfued, from which very 
 few could have efcaped. On her arrival, fhe found 
 them without houies, witliout money, and without e- 
 ven bread. 
 
 !! 
 
 f.'.: 
 
 m% 
 
 m 
 
 
 U 
 
 % 
 
 I ■ 
 
Ill NEW SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 Racoon has had very few inhabitants, a^ 
 ney^r cao becoti^e a fettlemeiit of aof at* 
 tjBE^t I thofc; perfojis who fuffere4 lyf the 
 conflagration have moftly removed to CKe^ 
 dabn^o bay, in the eaftermoft extremity 
 of ihc province ; a fituation much better 
 fuited to their deferts, and promifing fome 
 C0|:iro]ationin the midft of their fufferings.' 
 
 Liverpool is a fmall, but fafe and conve- 
 nient harbour, capable- of receiving veiTels 
 from 250 to 3pQ tons burthen, and is not ^ 
 more than three leagues eafl: of Port Ma- 
 roon. It has been feveral years fettledj 
 and undergone confiderable improvements, 
 and has a fmall river above the tov^n, which 
 runs a good way into the country. The' 
 vefl*els that belong to it, are moftly employ- 
 ed in fifliing, and carrying on a trade to 
 Halifax, Shelburn, and fome other places, 
 in cattle and proviiions. The inhabitants, 
 whofe fettlements extend far above the 
 town, have had their numbers confiderably 
 augmented, by fbme of the Loyalifts from 
 
 Port 
 
 "^r 
 
. TOWNS, AND HARBOURS. 113 
 
 Pott Matoon and other places, fo that their 
 population is veiy little ihort of 1200 of 
 ail forts, who are in every refpe^ an in- 
 duftrious and thriving colony* 
 
 Lunenburgh is a fine town, and refpetf- 
 table colony, founded by fome Germans in 
 the year 1^63. It is 70 miles N. E. from 
 ^Shelburn, and 36 S. W. from Halifax, 
 which place it fupplies with cord woo J for 
 feuel, having a great nuinber ot fmall vef- 
 fels, employed in that and the cod fiihcries: 
 It alfo fends Ib.m lumber to the Weil In- 
 dies; and no place in the peninfula, not- 
 withftanding the unp'omifing arpearancot 
 of the lands, at th> ir firft feti ement, is in 
 fo profperous a way, excepting the two 
 places above mentioned. Induflryand per* 
 fevcrance have rendered it highy fiourifh- 
 ing ; while the primitive fmiplicity of their 
 manners, which remain uncorrupted to the 
 prefent time, have very much endeared 
 them all to their neighbours. 
 
 P ^ The 
 
 
 8 
 
 "'U 
 
 iiiiii 
 
 ill 
 
 ii 
 
 •fit 
 
 -'V , 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 ^^: 
 
It4 NEW SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 The landd at>out Lunenburgh are gtvat- 
 I7 improved ; and their population, which 
 waiB, at firR, about 3000 perfons, may be 
 eftim&ted at nearly three times that num- 
 ber at prefent. 
 
 Le Have is a fettlement that ought to 
 have been mentioned before Lunenburgh. 
 It had a number of inhabitants upon its 
 river, in detached Htuations, fome time be- 
 fore the war, who have been greatly in- 
 creafed, and whofe fettlements appear to 
 be well adapted for carrying on a trade 
 with the Britiih Weft Indies, for fiih and 
 lumber. 
 
 Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia, and 
 feat of the legiflature, is in lat. 44^ 40' N. 
 long. 6^1^ 30' W. from London, nearly in 
 the center of the fouth fide of the penin- 
 fula, 36 leagues N. E. of Shelburn ; built 
 upon the weft fide of a fafe and fpacious 
 harbour, which is perfectly fheltered from 
 all wind% at the diftance of 12 miles from 
 
 the 
 
TOWNS AND HARBOURS, i 15 
 
 the Tea, and where a thoufand fail of ihip», 
 may ride without the lead danger. Upon 
 it there are built a great number of com- 
 modious wharfs, which have from 1 2 to 
 18 feet water it all times of the tide, for 
 the convenience of loading and unloading 
 Ihips. The (Ireets of the town are regu- 
 larly laid out, and crofs each other at right 
 singles, the whole rifing gradually from 
 the water upon the fide of s^ hill, whofe 
 top is regularly fortified, but not fo as to 
 be able to wiihftand a regular attack. Ma- 
 ny confiderable merchants refide at thii 
 place, and are pofTefled of (hipping to the 
 amount of feveral thoufand tons, employ-* 
 ed in a flourifliing trade both with Europe 
 and the Weft Indies. It was founded by 
 the Englifh in 1 754, and, notwithftanding 
 the poverty of the foil, has at length at- 
 tained a degree of fplendor that bids fair 
 to rival the firft cities in the revolted colo^ 
 for which it has been equally in- 
 
 nies 
 
 debted to the late war, to the great in- 
 creafe of population from the exiled Loy- 
 
 alifts, 
 
 Sii 
 
 "''Hi I 
 
 :lii'ii 
 
 ""■If ' 
 
 'ml 
 
 llli'lk 
 
 IJ 
 
 ■i'lil 
 
Ii6 NEW SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 alifts, and the foftering care of Great BrU 
 tajn ; infomuch, that the number of the 
 inhabitants has been more than doubled 
 during the lad ten years. 
 
 There is a fmall, but excellent careen* 
 ing yard for fhips of the Royal Navy, that 
 are upon this ftation, or that may have oc- 
 ca(ion to come in to refit, and rake water, 
 feuel, or frefli provifions on board, in their 
 paflage to and from the Weft Indies. It 
 is always kept well provided with naval 
 ftores, and (hips of the line are hove down, 
 and repaired with the greateft eafe and fafe- 
 ty. Several batteries of heavy cannon 
 command the harbour, particularly rhofe 
 that are placed upon George's iland, which 
 being very iteep and high, and fituated in 
 mid-channel, a liftle wa- be ow the town, 
 is well calculated to annoy veifels in any 
 diredion ; as they muft ofneceliity pal'Si 
 very near it, belore they are capable of do-' 
 ing any mifchief, i^ 
 
 Above 
 
TOWNS, AND HARBOURS, n; 
 
 Above the careening yard, which is at 
 the upper eqd of the town, there is a large 
 bafon, or piece of water, communicating 
 with the harbour below, near 20 miles io 
 circumference, and capable of containing 
 the whole Navy of England, entirely (hel- 
 tered from all winds, and having only one 
 nairow entrance, which, as we obferved be- 
 fore, leads into the harbour There are 
 a number of detached fettlements lately 
 formed by the Loyal ids upon the bafon ; 
 the lands at a fmall diftance from the wa- 
 ter being generally thought better than 
 thofe near to Halifax ; but what fucceft 
 may attend their labours, will require fomo 
 time to determine. An elegant and con- 
 venient building has been eredted near the 
 town, for the convalefcents of the navy ; 
 but the healthinefs of the climate has as 
 yet prevented many perfons from becoming 
 patients, fcarcely any (hips in the world 
 being fo free from complaints of every 
 kind, in regard to health, as thofe that are 
 employed upon this ftation. There is a 
 
 very 
 
 :( 
 
 1 
 
 f! 
 
 !( 
 
 H 
 
 Hi 
 
 II 
 
 A. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 I 
 
 'li 
 
 pi 
 
# 
 
 fiW NEW SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 iety fine light- houfe, ftanding upon a 
 trnaW iiland, juit off the entrance of the 
 harbour, which is vifible, either by night 
 
 6r day, 6 or 7 leagues off at Tea. 
 
 I. ■ ■ • . . 
 
 Eaft from Halifax, the ccaft lies much 
 the fame as before, and, in the extent of 
 50 leagues from thence to Cape Canfo, con* 
 tains as many harbours, mod of which are 
 very good, and at a fmall diftance from 
 each other; hardly any one, amidft fo great 
 a number, is to be found wholly uninha- 
 bited ; but there are few of the fettlements 
 -upon them as yet formed into towns, or 
 tliat poffefs much (hipping: The population 
 is generally from 50 to 100 families, moft 
 of whom are fuccefsfully employed in the 
 cultivation of their lands } hence a parti- 
 cular defcription or enumeration of them 
 becomes unneceflary, except our obfcrva- 
 tions were extended to matters in which 
 navigators alone are concerned. 
 
 Cape Canfo is the eaftermoft extremity 
 
 of 
 
 
TOWNS^ AND HARBOURS, ii^ 
 
 of tlk^ l^rovince. The ground about it U 
 much broken, and greatly in want of a 
 light-houfe, as there is a fmali, but navi^ 
 gable ftraight of fbtne length, which fepa* 
 rates Nova Scotia from the ifland of Cape 
 Breton, communicating immediately with 
 the gulph and ritfcr of St Laurence, thers* 
 by tending to facilitate the tommerct be- 
 tween all parts of the remaining colonies* 
 It is near this place that the Loyaiifts have 
 built a town, and formed a confideraMe 
 fettlement, at the bottom of Chedabudto 
 bay, and at a fmall diftance from Cape 
 CaniTo, which is feemingly weil chofen t« 
 become a place of fome confequence, be- 
 ing equally adapted for carrying on the 
 cod and falmon fifheries upon an enlarged 
 fcale, as the misfortune which happened 
 to the refugees at Port Matoon has added 
 confiderably to their population, ' 
 
 The woods thereabouts are equally good, 
 and as well fitted for carrying on a trade 
 in lumber as any part of America. The 
 
 lands 
 
 I liPi 
 
 ,.ji 
 
 lil'l 
 
 I III!:! 
 
 
 ' ; ill 
 
 : '(!!" 
 
120 NEW SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 lands having been formerly poflefled, at 
 leaft fome diftridis, by the unhappy French 
 Neutrals, were in a high (late of cultivationi 
 of which very few tokens remain at pre- 
 fent. From Chedabudo bay, the coaft 
 runs away to the north-weft nearly, to- 
 wards the mouth of the river St Laurence, 
 where the land becomes very high and 
 mountainous, but it is not entirely defti- 
 tute of harbours, that were formerly Inha* 
 bited by the French, though almoft entire-* 
 ly deferted prior to the late war, are now 
 partaking of that increafing population, 
 which is obfervable in all other parts. Fine 
 tracts of land, equal in goodnefs to moft 
 parts in the northern ftates, extend almoft 
 the whole way, from the gut of Canfo, 
 to the entrance of the river St Lawrence, 
 and their woods are ftill entire, and feem 
 almoft inexhauftible. Soon after pafling 
 the ftraights of Canfo, the ifland of 8t John 
 becomes vifibte, and may be feen from 
 Nova Scotia. It has two or three good 
 iMiboars, and one large town, befides fe- 
 
 veral 
 
tbWNS AND H ARBOtJRSl. i i i 
 
 Veral fmaller ones. Its population amounts 
 to near 5000 perfons of all forts, mod of 
 whom have fettled there fince the com- 
 mencement of the war. Large trails of 
 woods have been cut down, and a part of 
 them ah-eady exported to the Hritifh Weft 
 Indies. The lands in general are not fo 
 high above the level of the fea, as thofe of 
 the neighbouring provinces, but are ac-* 
 counted fertile in grain, and afford verf 
 good pafture for horfes and horned cattle. 
 
 llllii;;,,,. 
 
 ill! 
 
 ':tG-",'^^..-h 
 
 II 
 
 pi'ii 
 III- If 
 
 q. 
 
 TRADfi 
 
 ■';!', Ijl 
 
 f 
 
 il'.'ffl 
 
 m 
 
laa 
 
 "i» 
 
 TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 
 
 AT a time when all th« nations of the 
 earth feem to vie with each other in 
 extending their commerce, increafmg the 
 manufadures carried on by their refpe^ive 
 inhabitants, or inventing new ones ; when 
 the monarchs of Europe, attempting to 
 difguife their ambitious and ianguinary 
 views upon each other's dominions, afTedt 
 the fame purfuits, and pretending to for- 
 get the animoHties which have agitated 
 their kingdoms againft each other for ma- 
 ny ages, appear only defirous of contribu- 
 ting to the eafe and happinefs of the peo- 
 ple, over whom Providence has permitted 
 
 them 
 
Ill 
 
 TRADE AND NAVIGATION, i aj 
 
 them to become the fovereigns ; when a 
 portion of the Britifh Empire upon the con- 
 tinent of thf New World, has been vio- 
 lently rent afunder from the crown of ihefe 
 kindgoms, the inhabitants of which, for- 
 getting, in the triumph of independence, 
 and amidft the exultation natural to people 
 in the infancy of empire, the hand that 
 protected and raifed them to maturity, 
 have ftudioufly endeavoured to throw 
 whatever can be confidercd as of weight or 
 importance, in refpcd to themfelves, into 
 the hands of a powerful and rival neigh- 
 bour, and, not fatisfied with this, are dif- 
 contented at being denied the privilege of 
 becoming the carriers of the produce of 
 her remaining iflands and colonies: It will 
 furely be for her intereft, to avoid entering 
 into any meafures, that can tend to lefTen 
 her manufadiures, commerce, or marine, 
 as it is upon the prefervation of thefe alone 
 that the Britifh kingdoms can depend for 
 happinefs and fecurity at home, and peace 
 and refpe^t from abroad. 
 
 . To 
 
 i:Ai: 
 
 
 |I'«|JH|(| 
 I'M'. 
 
 
 m 
 
 \\\ 
 
 m 
 
>24 TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 
 
 To trace the firft rife, and the fubfequent 
 progrefs of the manufactures,, commerce, 
 and revenues of England to any diftant 
 period, would be foreign to our purpofe ; 
 it win be fufficient to obfeive, that in pro- 
 portion as thefe have flouriihed, fro n the 
 time of Queen Elizabeth to the prefent 
 day, the naval power of the kirs^dom has 
 increafed with it, fo as at length ib pr? fent 
 to the world a fpedacle of opulf ■< ^nd 
 grandeur, which unfortunarely, v. ic 
 
 gave umbrage to the pride, e: cirtd ' . e- 
 fentment of all the powers > i hui< ; , d 
 frequently hurried iliem on to affei p he 
 deftrudion of a marine, whicli appealed 
 from time to time upon the ocean, alnioil:, 
 too forinidabie to be icliiicd; Baflied in ihi* 
 favourite plan, apK/r.ilhed at the inex'iauf- 
 tible refources with which her ahnoft 
 boundl fr. comi) erce fiipp-ued the exipcn- ' 
 ciesofwar, and awed by thai unbroken 
 fpirit fo vird)le in the rcfiftance, and tlie 
 vid.ories of her fleers and armies, the world*^' 
 beheld a fmguiar phaciiomciKni, unequalled 
 
 in 
 
TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 125 
 
 in the page of hiftorv ! a nation diftra^ed 
 with inteftine fadions, and opprefled with 
 a load of debt, which threatened the an* 
 nihilation of her exiftence; oppofing in e- 
 very quarter of the globe the hoftile attacks 
 of more than half of Europe, and, amidfl: 
 the unequal conteft, fecurely protecting 
 her trade, convoying in fafety the immenfe 
 property of her merchants to the moft di- 
 ftant regions, and increafing her manufac- 
 tures, commerce, and revenues, while that 
 of her enemies was languifhing and de- 
 creafing daily. 
 
 m 
 
 "ml 
 
 The' advantages poflefled by Great Bri- 
 tain, both as to her local fituation, climate, 
 and genius of the inhabitants, were better 
 imderftood and fooncr profiled by, than 
 perhaps any other nation ; and, while the 
 events alluded to above are ftill recent, let 
 it not be forgotten to what they were 
 chiefly owing ; and, if the recolledion of 
 Aich excites plcanng reflexions, it can ne- 
 ver be too often repeated, that ihofe laws, 
 
 and 
 
 lii 
 
 m 
 
1 26 TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 
 
 and the principles of them, which have 
 raifed thefe iflands to their prefent great- 
 nefs, will without doubt, if once relaxed, 
 have a contrary effedt, and plunge us into 
 the very depth of wretchednefs and mifery; 
 iince a decreafe of fliipping muft of necef- 
 (ity be attended with a proportional lofs of 
 revenue, of feamen, and of national con- 
 fidence, which in the prefent ftate of things 
 is the chief bulwark of the kingdom. 
 
 «• 
 
 That memorable law, the adt of naviga- 
 tion, was probably framed at fiift, with a 
 mixture of juft difcernment, as well as of 
 invidious partiality, the latter of which, 
 far from making againft it, is a ftrong ar- 
 gument in its favour. The Dutch were 
 no doubt kept in fight when it was enact- 
 ed ; they were become, in a manner, the 
 carriers of all the trade of Europe ; fince 
 that time their navy has been conftantly 
 upon the decline, for want of a fimilar 
 law, though its excefllve weaknefs was not 
 apparent until the late war difcovered it. 
 
 That 
 
TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 1 2 7 
 
 That of Britain has rifen in proportion, 
 and h^s not yet, perhaps, attained its me- 
 ridian' glory. 
 
 If then the fimplc requifitions of that 
 law, enjoining all our national (hipping to 
 be Britifh built, and to be manned with at 
 lead two thirds of feamen born in the do- 
 minions of England, have produced fuch 
 mighty efFeds, what could equal the folly 
 of giving them up ? Confidered in this 
 view, the propriety and juftnefs of which 
 is inconteftible, it is not feamen only, nor 
 yet the revenue in addition to it, that 
 would be the only lofs fuftained. If fhip- 
 building is, indeed, a manfadure, it Ihould 
 receive every encouragement from a com- 
 mercial ftate J but, if the fale of American 
 veflels be permitted, and they are allowed- 
 to become Britilh bottoms, upon being 
 transferred into the hands of Britifh mer- 
 chants, is it not plain, that the building of 
 ihips in America muft be greatly extend- 
 ed, and, confequently, by drawing many 
 
 of 
 
 mi 
 
 : III 
 
 ll'ai!-l'!ii j 
 
 if 
 
 ■Itii 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
1 28 TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 
 
 of our fliipwrights thither, deprive this 
 country of a moll ufeful body of men, in 
 the hour of public exigence. Without, 
 therefore, entering into a comparative view 
 of the fuperior goodnefs of fhips built in 
 Europe, to thofe of America, as it is obr 
 vious to all the woild, and particularly no- 
 ticed by feamen, it will fuffice to obferve, 
 that the colonies remaining to Great Bri- 
 tain are fully adequate to the building a 
 far greater number of vefTcls, than can e-^ 
 ver be wanted for the carrying trade, be- 
 tween the Continent of America and the 
 Weft Indies ; that they have within them- 
 felves the means of fupplying every article 
 wanted by the Britllh iflands from thence, 
 as well lumber and fifli, as corn, flour, live 
 ftock, and othtr provifions j and, coiife-' 
 quently, that inftead of throwing any part 
 of our carrying tiade into the haiic's of fo- 
 reigners, the advantages of it may be made 
 to center in the King's dominions, to thf 
 benefit of individuals, and the general good 
 of the ftate. 
 
 The 
 
tRADfi AND NAVIGATION, i 2^ 
 
 The view that has been exhibited already 
 bf only a part of the territories remaining 
 to us upon that continent^ coniidered under 
 their feveral heads, may ferve, as they 
 really are intended^ to illuftrate and con- 
 firm the truth of thefe affertions. Long 
 unknown^ and generally difedeeitied, the 
 whole was regarded as a defart almoin un- 
 fit for habitationi or the refidence of thd 
 human fpecies. We affeded to defpife a 
 country, with whofe worth we Wtre tmac- 
 quainted, and refted fatisfied in aU tinpar- 
 donable degree of ignorance. Canada was 
 equally negledled, though pofleffed of a 
 luxuriant foil, a territory almoft unbound- 
 ed, the nobleft woods, rivers without num- 
 ber, and lakes equal to the Teas of Europe 
 in extent, and probably in ufefulnefs ; it 
 Was confidered with a gloomy fatisfadioa 
 that bordered on malevolence. The folly 
 and the misfortunes of the French nation 
 loft them the pofleffion of a Province, to 
 the importance of which they had been, 
 until that moment, (irangers* 
 
 '* ' > R . . .' The 
 
 "i 
 
 '"ii 
 >i>ili 
 
 . r 
 
 Nil. 
 "jiWijji 
 
 
 ml 
 
 i; ill 
 
 III 
 
 ' 'ill' 
 
 ' ' ' ' i. 
 
 '■'ill 
 
 vfr. . . 
 
I30 TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 
 
 The iflands of Cape Breton and New- 
 foundland, though in conjunction with 
 Nova Scotia, arc the key of the fifti- 
 cries, were as much difregarded as Canada 
 itfelf. The firft was entirely deferted im- 
 mediately after the deftru£kion of Louif- 
 burgh, the capital, and no attempts were 
 made to people the latter ; fo that both re- 
 mained a prey to the firft invader. If then 
 fuch ample poiTeflions are left to Britain, it 
 will be true wifdom to improve and en- 
 courage them, efpecially as the war itfelf, 
 however deftrudive in other refpedts, has 
 added fo greatly to their population ; many 
 citizens, independent of thofe upon whom 
 fentence of banifhment has been pafied by 
 their couniryniien, having come voluntarily 
 to refide upon the lands guaranteed to them 
 by a conftitution, that 4s equally free from 
 the defpotifm of kings, and the abufes of a 
 democracy. d*f> 
 
 m« 
 
 In the produce of the Province it will 
 be feen how far flie is able, as well as Ga- 
 
 ^ . nada, 
 
 / 
 
TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 131 
 
 nada, to carry on a trade with Great Britain 
 and the Weft Indies. 
 
 The great quantities of whale oil con- 
 fumed by many manufadures, in every 
 part of Europe as well as in England, 
 make it of the higheft importance to this 
 nation to beftow upon it every encourage- 
 ment, both in her European dominions and 
 in the remaining colonies, the inhabitants 
 of which are pofTefred of fufficient capital, 
 and of that enterprifing fpirit neceflary for 
 arduous undertakings. They have, among 
 other advantages, a larger proportion of 
 ieamen than any one of the States, except 
 Mafrachulets Bay, over whom their (hip- 
 ping muft foon become fuperior, if the pre- 
 fent laws relative to this article and the aGL 
 of navigation arc continued in force. They 
 ^ operate as a prohibition upon foreign train 
 oil, and have this further to recommend 
 them, that no branch of our trade breeds 
 !i hardier or better feamen than the (hips 
 -employed in the whale fi(hery. Several 
 
 ?m 
 
 "M(...i,,, 
 
 iiiilii 
 
 iill' 
 
 \\\m 
 
 Ik 
 
 'III:! 
 
 ! ^1 
 
 , ^-Jli^^ij 
 
 towns 
 
 \m 
 
I3« TRADE ANP NAV^<?ATIO». 
 
 tOwod are already engaged in thi« bufiner*! 
 particularly Halifax, Port Rofewayi and al 
 St John's River ; \vhich, with thofe of 
 Canada^ will foon put an end to that of 
 Nantucket, as no market can be fonnd e** 
 qual to that of Great Britain, cither as to 
 the price of the commodity, or the great 
 bounties given by the £ngli(h Parliament^ 
 
 The Dutch take a great quantity off out 
 handS) a large part of which goes to France ; 
 und, when the mod of this trade was in the 
 hands of the New Englanders and Nantuc- 
 ket men^ their annual returns iVere little 
 fliort of L. 150,000 for fevcral years be- 
 fore the war. Canada, particularly the 
 lower parts, or thpfe neareA the fea, afford 
 confiderable quantities of pil, that may be 
 greatly increafed from their enlarged popu- 
 lation, as the gulph and river of St Lau- 
 rence, and the adjacent Teas, abound with 
 feals and white porpoifes ; their oil is al- 
 ready obtained in large quantities, and is 
 
 generally 
 
TRADE ANP NAVIGATION, i^f 
 
 gjsntnWyoi a lUttUfc quality' than that of 
 fekewiialci ' ra 
 
 r G6t) FistifiRY^. The remaining coionm 
 aikd ifland^ have an evidient advantage bVer 
 CY^ry other people in this brandh, being 
 mitch neater by' federal days fail - to the 
 bankd, than the fiihcrmen of N<ew England, 
 and can at all trntes dry their fifh on fhbre, 
 a'priTJlege which, though granted to thb 
 Amerieans, by the 3d article of the provi'^ 
 fional treaty ; y^t, as that article mentions 
 only Uhinhabitbd bays and harbours, and 
 very few can be found in that ftate, they 
 (lave not attempted to avail themfelves o^ ^ 
 this advantage, ^^ 
 
 mi 
 
 iliill 
 
 I'M 
 
 Too much encouragement can never bfe 
 bedowed upon the cod fifhery by Great 
 Britain, as, next to the coal and coafting 
 trade, (he receives from it the bed and 
 mod ufeful body of her feamen, and who 
 are fcarcely to be equalled, and cannot be 
 exceeded, by any in the world. It may, in 
 
 ■--V" ; ■'. ■ ;-'.. every 
 
 HI 
 
134 TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 
 
 every fenfe, be copHdered a8 a fpecies of 
 manufadure, which, independent of the 
 feamen it raifes for our marine, employs a 
 great number of perfons in (hip- building, 
 and in curing the fi(h on (hore, thereby ad- 
 ding to the population, and, confequently, 
 to the real riches of the ftate. Before the 
 late war, fcarcely 500 men were employed 
 in the fifhery of this Province; but, fince. 
 the emigration from the other provinces, 
 their number is encreafed in the various 
 ftages of it to little fhort of 10,000, a Aire 
 proof of the height to which the cod fiOiery 
 may be carried, and the fair profped there 
 is of their increafing population becoming 
 the means of their fuccefsfully rivalling, 
 and even underielling, other nations in fo- 
 reign markets. Whiift the colonies that are 
 now the United States were confidered as 
 Britilh, it was common for them to pur- 
 chafe from Newfoundland and Nova Sco- 
 tia large quantities of fiih, caught and cu- 
 red by thofe provinces, for which they ge- 
 nerally gave in exchange rum that had 
 
 been 
 
 w 
 
TRADE AND NAVIGATION, ijj 
 
 •been manufadured in Bollon, and other 
 places upon the Continent, from melafles 
 the growth of the French Weft India 
 iflands. This fpirit was of the very worft 
 quality, either from its wanting age, or 
 from the unfkilfulnefs of the diftiliers; fo 
 that a double advantage accrued to the car- 
 ' riers of this traffick, which has now entirely 
 ^iallen to the ground ; for the fifh thus pro- 
 cured afforded them a full cargo there, and 
 was again exchanged with the French for 
 melafles, very little of it being made into 
 rum by that people, that it might not in- 
 terfere with their brandies in Europe. 
 
 11!!;^ 
 
 illliiE,; 
 
 As the fi(hery can now be carried on 
 with evident advantage, it will commonly 
 be in dried cod, the annual confumption of 
 which in our Weft India iflands is not lefs 
 than 140,000 quintals; fo that, in propor- 
 tion as the ad of navigation is enforced in 
 that quarter, will our filheries become ex- 
 tended or diminilh. Ships can put to fea 
 from hence at all feafons of the year, as the 
 
 harbours 
 
 :l! {i 
 
 111' i I 
 
136 TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 
 
 harbours 9re never ffozen ; fo that, in M 
 few days getting into the tride windfi 
 ibey are free from every kind of dangef^ 
 except in the hurricane montbi* Thtif, if 
 by means of the fiiheriei ar d lumber trad#« 
 'thejr veflfels are conftantly employed, the 
 •<)uick return of fo large a capital, as that 
 ait prefent employed in the trade of the 
 Province, muft, of necefTity, bring a con(i- 
 derable profit to the kingdom, which can 
 never happen if the ftri^eft attention is 
 not conllantly paid hy every officer, whofe 
 duty it is to prevent any abufes of the Ad^ 
 mirable laws, that have laid the foundation 
 of our wealth and power. 
 
 It is not to the fouth fide of the penin^ 
 fula alone, which abounds with fo many 
 excellent harbours, that the cod fi(hery is 
 confined. The feas on every fide equally 
 afford opportunities for the exertions pf in* 
 duflry, and the means of Aibfidence to the 
 inhabitants. Oafpec Bay was once a fa^ 
 mous fettjement of the French Neutrals, 
 
 v-,*.W.„^ 
 
 and 
 
TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 137 
 
 ind isi together with Chalem Bay^ the 
 principal places reforted to by the Canadian 
 fi(hermen. The fi(h caught here, though 
 generally inferior in (ize to thofe of New- 
 foundland, 18, however, coniiderable in 
 quantity, not much (hort of 40,000 quin- 
 tal!, fome fiAall portion of which is con- 
 fumed within the Province of Canada, and 
 the reft exported; 
 
 Whbat and Ftdt^R. in the prefent fi- 
 tuation of the Province) it cannot be fuppofedi 
 that, (inee her population has increafed to 
 fix or feven times more than it was beiore 
 the rebellion, there is any to fpare eittter of 
 the one or the other, fo as to become arti- 
 cles for exportation, at leaft for fome time 
 to come. The lands are, however, in mo(^ 
 places, well adapted for the cultivation of 
 wheat, barley, rye, oats, peafe, and beans 5 
 they are already growing in large quaati- 
 ties in many places, particularly upon ihe 
 banks of St John's River, north of the 
 bay of Fuhdy, among the fcnch colonifta 
 
 ■ from 
 
 Mitt 
 
 lMi«i 
 
tjB TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 
 
 Ifotn Canada, equal to any in the moM 
 fpr goodnefe, and likewife at Port Rofeway* 
 and many other places in the peninfula^' 
 It will certainly be for the intereft of go»^ 
 Ternment to encourage agriculture to a ccr*^ 
 tain degree in the remaining provinces, for 
 they are already able to export from Cana*^ 
 da alone nearly all the com that is ufed in 
 the Britilh Weft India iflands; but it may 
 be juftly doubted, whether flour and wheat, ' 
 as well as oats and beans, may not be fent 
 out cheaper from Great Britain and Ire- 
 land, than they can be had from America; 
 fmce freight is much lower from the for- 
 mer, owing to many fhips going out erery^ 
 year with fcarcely half a cargo, and a 
 great number in ballaft only, for want of 
 cargoes, which makes them always glad to 
 take in goods upon alnioft any terms/ 
 Both the lower and upper Canada grow 
 vaft quantities of corn : The former is e- 
 qual in the goodnefs of its foil to many 
 parts of.Americai whilft the upper is great- 
 ly fuperior, both in that and its climate ;' 
 
 * . added 
 
 '^ 
 
 
JRAPE AND NAVIGATION, j ^9 
 
 «<Uied to this, it is the only channel through 
 ^hicfa the (late of Vermont can have any 
 communication with the fea, and eventual 
 jly with £urope; confequently the fubje^ 
 of Great Britain muft always remain the 
 carriers of its produce j and it is certain, 
 that even Penfylvania does not exceed it 
 in the goodnefs of thofeafticles of 'which 
 we are fpeaking. The fbuthern dates fif 
 Europe take already to a large amouti^ of 
 £our from our remaining colonies ; and, if 
 the prefcnt high price of freight and infu^- 
 rance continues up6n American vefTels nat 
 vigating in the Mediterranean, by being fo 
 much expofed to infult from the piratical 
 dates of Barbary, it will enable them to 
 underfeil the reft of America, in the only 
 market where their flour can find a vent* 
 
 liii'i; 
 1, 
 
 ' Lumber. So much has been already faid 
 6f the goodnefs of the woods, their plenty, 
 and vail variety, as may make it lefs necef-^ 
 fary to enlarge upon particulars in this 
 place; and, as it is plain to a demonftration, 
 
 that, 
 
140 TRAM AND NAVIGATKMf, 
 
 that, whatever part of our ca|Tying^i!]|ad# 
 falls into the hands of foreigners, mpfti pf 
 courfe, be attended with a proportional di^ 
 fliinution of feamen and (hipping to Great 
 Britain, it would be highly proper for gor 
 ^ernment to allow a fmall bounty iipon all 
 lumber that is the growth of our remain-^ 
 ing colonies, exported from thence to the 
 Weft Indies, though it were but for a limit- 
 ed time; efpecially if it appears, that the 
 complaints of the Weft India planters- are 
 well founded, who have long urged, that 
 the fupply at prefent i& too fcanty, often 
 precarious, and commonly very dear, owing 
 to a want of competition in the market, 
 which would be imYnedi ^tely removed, were 
 they allowed to receive lumber from the 
 Continent in American bottoms. As tiiefe 
 perfons form a v6ry refpedable part of th^* 
 fommynity, their grievances, where r hey; 
 have a real foundation, (houjd be c.treiii]i)f 
 attended to, and ilridly redreiTed ; but, i£f 
 ^ny meafure tending to a relaxation of th%| 
 |iavigation laws, is the objed of their wiftiv; 
 
 nn 
 
*RADE AJ4D NAVtOATidM. ^ 
 
 iti'thfly oaght to remember, that fuch met^ 
 jfbres are Tapping the very exiftence of the 
 Sritiih naval power, and, by confequence^ 
 defttoying that which can alone protect' 
 the pofleffioos, firom whence their wealth 
 aitid importance is derived ; and not Only To,' 
 but doing the fame by all our other fo- 
 reign dominions. ''^ 
 
 - The lumber (ent from hence is already 
 very coniiderable ; five faw-mills are going* 
 cent T-ally at Port Rofeway, and in its 
 nei j >urhodd, and a far greater number' 
 at other places. 8t Andrews fent off feve-' 
 ral cargoes very lately to our iflands, not-' 
 withftanding the attempts of the Americans 
 to ingrofs the trade in Paflkmaquoddy Bay 
 to themfelves, by endeavouring to form a 
 fettlement upon the weft fide of the river 
 St Croix ; nor is it to be doubted, but that 
 the woods, population, and (hipping of 
 this Province, even independent of the fo- 
 lefts of Canada, are fully adequate to fup- 
 ply the confumption of all the Briti(h 
 • ^?^' iPand| 
 
 •ill I 
 
 'I; 
 
 ' i!l 
 ''.I'll 
 
 lljiil 
 
 .1 
 
f^9 mfLE^^JUPiNdyieMiw. 
 
 ijQands for fpine <fige6 to cpoije^j; fince,^ froin^ 
 its local fitwion, and mil4er climate^, ^it 
 poffeiTes many advantages oyer , that pro^ 
 vince, and the woods of New ^nglan^ Iwiiw? 
 ^ready failed in many plaQe^f efpeciajlj 
 near the iea* Noihing, .thjecffore. feeoif 
 wanting, at preleDtj but a^^imall bouncyi 
 rather as the means of enabUag;our %bje^ 
 to bring a fufficient quantity into the mar- 
 ketrthan^from aiiy fcarcityl though. With- 
 out bountiet, its exportation will be great? 
 ]y extended, as loon jas the people are 4iC'> 
 engaged from the more neceifary purfuita 
 that at pcefcn; may aat^rall^ be fuppofed 
 to ingrofs their attention^! yj^y 8:--'tjuji !it 
 
 ,.. FuRSi It may be decoded s^ fortunate^ 
 cir^umftance, that) feeing ' fu(^ immen^ 
 territories! Wer< abandoned 'to America i^' 
 the proyifionaljreaty, by a perfon who^ 
 pTipbably, fe^ving never croffqd the Allan-t 
 tip,' Wis, therefore, in fome rcipeds^ linii-t 
 dequate to the taik, the Apntricans ha^rf 
 flailed in the fulhliing feveralof its eflen^^ 
 
 tial 
 
 
 t 
 
TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 143' 
 
 tial articles. Until thefe are in fome de« 
 gree performtd, it will be both juft and . 
 wife to withhold the pofts upon the lakes 
 as a fecur ^y to carry on the fur trade, which - 
 can be done more advantageoufly through 
 Canada, unlefii thefe forts are given up, 
 than through any of the ftates, except New 
 York, where Hudfon's river, penetrating 
 a long way into the country, communi- 
 cates with the lakes of Canada, and thereby 
 enables Albany to become the ftaple for 
 this traffick with the different Indian na- 
 tionSi The furs hitherto fent from Nova 
 Scotia have been but inconfiderable ; they 
 would have appeared much greater in the 
 two laft years, had proper cuftom-houfes 
 been e(labii(hed in the refpedive ports of 
 the province, as has been lately done, for 
 their entry ; fmce moft of thofe fent to 
 Britain were fmuggled home in merchant 
 ihips or tranfports. i 
 
 As the Americans, in fpite of all our en- 
 deavours, will attradl: a part of this trade 
 
 to 
 
 % 
 
 m 
 
i44 TRADE AND NAVIGATlbjii 
 
 to themfelves from Canada, our own fub-^ 
 je£t8 ihould receive every poffible encour^^ 
 ragement, either by taking off the prefent 
 duties, which are intolerably heavy, and a^ 
 lowing not only a drawback upon expor-^ 
 tation, but even a bounty, fhould it be 
 found neceflary, in order to enable the in-, 
 habitants of the colonies to undermine the 
 trade of their neighbours, by giving a lar- 
 ger price for furs, than the Americans can 
 affotd* 
 
 Mads, yards, and (pars, abounding in fy^: 
 great a number of places, and haying beea 
 fo often mentioned, need not to be enlar-, 
 ged upon ; no other part of the Continent 
 afibrds thern in Co great a variety, nor (ail 
 eafy for trafportation to the iea. i^ 
 
 . Jliri- 
 
 Rum is a fpirit much ufed in America^ 
 particularly in thofe places that lie contigii-.^j 
 ous to, or are emoloyed upon the fifheriesi ^i 
 It was formerly manufactured to an im-^ 
 menfe extent in Boilon, and other places. 
 
 -fe'j 
 
 now 
 
 ., / 
 
 r 
 
TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 145 
 
 ndW under the dominion of the United 
 States, chiefly from the melafles, which 
 they procured from the French iflands ; and 
 the rum thus made, though of a very bad 
 qualify, was moftly confumed by the fifli- 
 eries, carried on from Newfoundland, No- 
 va Scotia, and Canada, to the amount of 
 600,000 gallons annually ; a fure proof of 
 the immenfe profit derived from it to the 
 carriers and manufadurers, efpecially when 
 it is confidered, that the melaiTes was com- 
 monly received in exchange for fiih, lum- 
 ber, and provifions of various kinds ; To 
 that, with thefe encouragements, a certain- 
 ty of freight, both out and homeward 
 bound, and the conftant evafion of duties 
 on their arrival, it is not to be wondered at, 
 that thbfe people became fo fuddenly ca- 
 pable of making a figure as a commercial 
 ilate. As the Britifh iflands generally 
 make their melaffes into rum, which the 
 French dc not, it may admit of fome doubt, 
 whether the diflilleries of Nova Scotia 
 fhould be extended, or tht fiflieries and 
 
 T remaining 
 
 'III 
 
 I'll 
 
 ill 
 
146 TRADE AND NAVIGATION, 
 
 remAtaing colonka receive their fupply of 
 fpirits immediately from our iflaiuls. As 
 the quantity is certainly very great that is 
 confumcd by the former, and the fale pf 
 foreiga liquors being ftri^ly prohibited 
 under very heavy penalties, this regulation* 
 if (lri£tly enforced, will, in a ihort time, 
 amply compenfate the planters and Weft 
 India merchants for any partial injury 
 they may have received from the wife and 
 falutary reftridions laid upon their com* 
 merce with the fubje^s of the United 
 States, as they will hereby enjoy the mo« 
 nopoly, in its moft exteoiive fenfe, of aU 
 our remaining pofleiTioas, and the differ 
 rent filheries* 
 
 Salt* An advaiuage^ and that not a 
 fmall one, which our fisheries will have 
 over thofe of fqreign nations, is, the being 
 pofTefied of the (alt keys in the WeiV Indies, 
 where ialt is made from fea water,, evapQ*^ 
 rated to drynefs by th^ heat of the fun. 
 A garrifoQ ought to be placed in them to 
 
 fecure 
 
of 
 As 
 
 II 
 pf 
 lited 
 
 (ion, 
 ime, 
 
 TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 147 
 
 fecure the monopoly of it to our own Tub* 
 je£t8, both in peace and war ; and thus, by 
 prohibiting other nations from loading fait 
 for their fifheries, except under certain re* 
 llridlions, would caufe it to operate as a 
 bounty upon the fi(h taken by the Britifh 
 Americans, and give them the fuperiority 
 in foreign markets, an advantage much 
 t^ifhed for, and of which we fhorld never 
 lofe fight. 
 
 Ill 
 
 White oak cannot be faid to bt vcy 
 plentiful in Nova ScOtia. As it is an ar- 
 ticle indifpenfibly neceffary for ftaves for 
 rum puncheons, and hogfheads, m the 
 Weft Indies, it may admit of fome doubt 
 whether the quantity brought to Britain, 
 by the tobacco Ihips from the fouthern 
 States of America, each of which takes in 
 a great number of ftaves, as dunnage for 
 her cargo, will be fufficient for the con- 
 iumption of the iflands. If they are not, 
 this kingdom cannot be injured in its trade 
 the fupply that will be afforded them 
 
 from 
 
148 TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 
 
 from the fouthern States, who, having no 
 ihipping of their own, are very little inter* 
 efted in the queftion, either how, or by 
 what nation their produce is exported ; and, 
 as they will not be prevailed upon to lofe 
 the trade of this country, by adopting the 
 iir judged refentment of their northern 
 neighbours, moft, if not all, of their traffic 
 with the iflands will be carried on in 3rl- 
 tifli bottoms. 
 
 Tar, pitch, and turpentine. A great de- 
 mand for thefe articles will always continue 
 in the Britifh dominions, whilft they re- 
 main a commercial empire, large quantities 
 of which may be made in the remaining 
 colonies, where nearly four fifths of all the 
 lands are covered ^ith pines, efpecially if 
 a fmall bounty was given for a few years 
 upon each of them. Moft of the tar for- 
 merly ufed in Britain was manufadured in 
 the Carolina's, and though much cheaper, 
 even with the extra charge of freight, than 
 Swedi()i tar, was held fo much inferior to 
 
 it. 
 
no 
 er- 
 
 ;.f 
 
 TRADE AND NAVIGATION. 149 
 
 it, that, in many wprks and manufactures, 
 the latter was conftantly preferred. Since, 
 however, the difcovery of exira^ing the 
 bitumen and eiTential oil of pit coal, a thing 
 long fought for, and at length brought to 
 perfection, this nation bids fair, after fup- 
 plying herfelf, to become the ftaple for the 
 reft of Europe, as it has been found to re* 
 fift the bite of that deftruCtive infed the 
 fea worm *, with which the waters of our 
 feas abound ^^Imoft as much as thofe of A* 
 (Aerica, 
 
 As 
 
 :1| 
 
 * It would not, perhaps, be altogether an ufelefit 
 inquiry whether this infeA, fo well known by its ter- 
 rible effedts upon the bottoms of vefTels, and all kinds 
 of wood, that are conflantly eat into and entirely de- 
 ftroyed by it, is originally a native of this hemifphere, 
 or has been imported fince our difcovery of, and com- 
 merce with, the new world, as their numt>ers and rava- 
 ges feem continually to increafe. In Holland, for in- 
 ilance, the wood that compofed a part of one of their 
 dikes, upon which the fafety of the country in a great 
 meafure depends, was . fo entirely deftroyed a few 
 months ago that the damages were eftimated at 
 L. 40,000, in one place only. 
 
I56 TRAM AND NAVIGATION. 
 
 As a qutmity of Tcgetable tar will al« 
 ways be wanted for rigging, cablei, faili, 
 &c. and the Britilh colonies are capable of 
 affording a fupply to fome extent, it will 
 be proper to bellow upon it fome encou* 
 ragement, which muft tend greatly to 
 clearing the lands, in the fame manner as 
 confining the tranfportation of lumber to 
 the Weft Indies to Britifh veifels alone ^ for 
 as the new fettled countries upon the con- 
 tinent, are one entire foreft, the greater the 
 demand is, and the furer vent they find for 
 their produce, the fooner will the lands be 
 cleared, their improvement effe^ed, and the 
 nation thereby freed from the expence of 
 feeding and cloathing the loyalifts. 
 
 Pearl afhes, and Pot afhes, are made at 
 this time byalmoft every inhabitant, but 
 not in fufficiirnt quantities for exportation. 
 The reafon is obvious. The cultivation of 
 their lands, as the only means of fecuring 
 a permanent fubfiftence, mufl naturally 
 preclude almoft every other purfuit, except 
 
 thofe 
 
TJIADE AND NAVIGATION. 15 * 
 
 thofe branches of commercca tht means of 
 extending wbM^h are eafy in the acquiiiti- 
 on, and immediately open to their view. 
 
 Iron ore abounds in many places. The 
 fpil in general is well adapted to the cul* 
 tare of hemp and flax. Their pit coal i$ 
 of an inferior quality, abounding with ail- 
 phur, but may hereafter become ufefuL to 
 the Province, as an article of export. It 
 has been lately diCcovered near the Grand 
 lake* upon St John*8 River, and is account- 
 ed better than that of Spani(h River, in 
 the ifland of Cape Breton. Moft of the 
 garrifons are fupplled from the latter, and 
 \t is probable that the United States muft 
 purchafe it from them a few years hence, 
 as wood is muclii dearer and fcarcer in the 
 fea- port towns of the Eaftern P evinces, 
 than is generally imagined. 
 
 ill 
 
 It may be unneceflary to e^l'Tge upon the 
 imports from Great Britain to the colonies 
 
 ftill 
 
tS2 TttAt)E AND NAVIGATI0J4. 
 
 ftill pofleflTed by her. Their nature is too 
 well known, to need either a defcription or 
 enumeration, and their increafing con- 
 fumption muft always be in proportion 
 to the population of the colonies. The 
 fuperior goodnefs of the manufad3:ure8 of 
 Grieat Britain, even where attempts have 
 been made to rival them, has conftantjy^ 
 opened to themfelves a market, extended 
 their (ale, and increafed their reputation. 
 Not only the province, whofe produce and 
 defcription have been more particularly 
 attended to, but Canada, and the extenfive 
 territories upon the lake, the population 
 of Which* is very great, and is hourly 
 ehlci^a^j^, miift receive all their fupplies 
 of cloathing, &c. from England : To 
 which may be added, a large and valu- 
 able trade ^with all the nations of the 
 North. 
 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
ijj 
 
 GOVERNMENT; 
 
 THE form of the govcrriment In NoVd 
 Scotia approaches as nearly to that 
 of the parent ftate as poilible. The gover- 
 nor is named in England, and reprefents 
 the Sovereign, as no laws are deemed valid 
 v^ithout his afTent. A council is named b^ 
 him, whofe office is analogous to that of 
 the Houfe of Peers, as holding a middle 
 rank in their legiflative capacity, between 
 the governor and the reprefentatives of 
 the people. Thefe laft are chofen by rhd 
 freeholders and burgeffes for each of the 
 counties and large towns, and refemble the 
 Houfd of Commons in England. 
 
 \J 
 
 Thid 
 
154 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 This kind of government, though appa^^ 
 rently complicated, is, on a clofer analyfis, 
 equally juft and Hmple. The liberties of 
 the people can only be endangered by the 
 pufillanimity or treachery of their repre- 
 fentatives ; and, whilft their freedom is 
 guarded againft the encroachments of weak, 
 arbitrary, or profligate minifters, by the 
 power and authority of a Britifh parlia- 
 ment, an entire, full, and complete ex- 
 emption from taxation for ever, but by 
 their own'confent, is fecured to them by 
 the fame facred compad. 
 
 The contrail between new fangled ftates^ 
 where a rude and imperfed fabric is fud- 
 denly raifed upon the fandy foundations 
 of a turbulent democracy, and a govern- 
 ment formed upon the model of a luper- 
 ftrudure which has been the work of ages, 
 and is the admiration of the world, is too 
 (Iriking, noc to aflford to the prefent age a 
 leffbn equally interefting and inftrudive. 
 The probable conlequences of fuch a form 
 
 fubfifting 
 
GOVERNMENT. 
 
 iJJ 
 
 fubftfting in the latter, m]\ be, an increafe 
 of population by emigrations from other 
 countries, an increafe of trade and fhip- 
 ping, a great improvement in their lands, 
 and an addition to the value of them. 
 
 Where freedom does not exift, in the 
 fulleft and moft unconfined fenfe, very 
 little good is to be expeded from the 
 richeft foil, or moft unbounded territories, 
 even in thofe countries where fcience has 
 long fmce reared its head, and the arts have 
 enjoyed the patronage of the great ; but, 
 in countries newly planted, whofe inha- 
 bitants know how to prize their liberties, and 
 efteem them as natural and inherent rights, 
 every innovation that can poffibly affedt 
 them, mull be a ftep toward the ruin of 
 the colonies, and the means of fowing e- 
 ternai difcprd with the mother country. 
 
 Great Britain ftill poflefleth a large ex- 
 tent of territory in the new world, inha- 
 bited by a people virtuous and loyal ; their 
 
 morals 
 
 
156 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 morals are as yet untainted, by that iui'^ 
 poifoned fpring, which, flowing fiom the 
 jails of Europe, and the moft corrupt of 
 mankind, contributed to fpread peftilen'- 
 tial Influence over many parts of America, 
 and whofe efFeds are too well known to 
 need a comment, or to point it out as a 
 mode of colonization, equally abfurd and 
 impolitic. Ext^nfive dominions, if defti- 
 tute of people of induftry, and of com- 
 inerce in proportion to its fize, is fuch a 
 pofTeiiion as is only fitted to gratify the 
 pride of conqueft, or the licentioufnefs of 
 ancient heroifm. Their great extent is but 
 a proof of their extreme weaknefs, and 
 renders them either an eafy prey to fo- 
 reign invafions, or the more liable to fuf- 
 fer or to perifh by their own difTenfions. 
 The remaining colonies are compadt and 
 united. Long may this ifland continue* by 
 the wifdom of her councils, and the jultice 
 of her meafures, to unite all the diftani 
 parts of fo great an empire in one ftrid and 
 jndiflbluble bond of fraternal union; and, 
 
 while 
 
I 
 
 GOVERNMENT, 157 
 
 vrhile the freedom of her facred conftitu- 
 tion beftows bleflings upon the unbora 
 millions, who may hereafter become inha- 
 bitants of her remaining colonies, may it 
 be the fecond wifh of every fubjed, " that 
 the King may long continue the fovereiga 
 of a free people, the firft ihould be, that 
 the people may be free.** 
 
 FINIS,