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 MDCCLXXVI» 
 
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 ui v.ajiaaa "** du Canada 
 
 Rose 
 
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T H 2 
 
 H I S T O R Y 
 
 o J 
 
 North America, 
 
 ,1 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 Ah ezadt Account of their firll SbttlbmIintsj 
 
 S1TUATI0K, 
 
 CLIMATCt 
 
 SOIL, 
 
 PRODU CE, 
 
 BEASTS, - 
 
 BIRDS, 
 
 riSHKS, 
 
 T H E , I R 
 
 COMMODITIES, 
 
 MANUFACTURES, 
 
 COMMERCE, 
 
 RCLIGIOM, 
 
 CHARTERS, 
 
 LAWS, 
 
 60YERNMENTS, 
 
 CITIES, 
 TOWNS, 
 
 PORTS, 
 
 RIVERS, 
 
 LAKES, 
 
 MOUNTArNI, iW%;' 
 rORTiriCATlOMs/ 
 
 WITH 
 
 The prefent State of the diBrerent COLONIES. 
 
 AND 
 
 A large INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Illuitraced with a MAP of North AMBaiCA. 
 
 II ' ■ ■■■> 
 
 L O N D O N: 
 
 Sold by Millar, Thomson, Jones, Davidsoh^ 
 Wilson, and Gardiner. 
 
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 MDCCLS^VI* 
 
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^«';^^3!r^3f «S53e«^53f SSI^IC? M 
 
 THE 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 C H A P. I. 
 
 The firfi fettlement of the Englijh in New England 
 
 Page 71 
 CHAP. II. 
 The climMte andjituation of Neiu^England, A defcrip* 
 tion of the Indian corn and cattle of New EngUnd 
 
 7S 
 
 CHAP. 111. 
 
 Account of the people in New England. Their numbers f 
 MolonieSj charters ^ code of law s^ dfc, 77 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Bojlm. Its trade. Shipbuilding. Difiillery, F^ 
 reign traffic. Harbour^ isc* A defcription rfCann* 
 bridge. gy 
 
 C H A P. V. 
 
 Defcription •f New 'Tor k^ Long I/land^ and Stat en 
 JJland. 93 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Defcription of New Jerfey^ Penfylvania^ and Philadel* 
 fhia* 116 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 1 
 
'.: The contents. 
 
 C H A P. VII, 
 
 Defcril^tion of Virginia, Jn account of the cultivation 
 of tcbaicOi oc. ', ' • '. 1^6 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Dcfcription of Maryland* ^ 
 
 I32 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Defcriptim of Carolina, ItsJirJlfcttUment^ trader drr, 
 Charles Town Raiftng and manufa^ory of pitcl>i 
 tary rice, and indigo .-, 187 
 
 CHAP. X. ^ ^ > * 
 
 Dcfcription of Georgia. • , r . .. ' - \\v ^ 2 00 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 Defcription of Canada, ^lebec 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 Dcfcription of Florida. ^.„ / ( 
 
 XII. 
 
 4 »• 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 An account of Nova Scotia -''^Halifax.. 
 
 2^7. 
 
 247 
 
 26i 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 ^ Defcription 9f Maffachufets^ Cofine^icut, Rhode Island^' 
 and HvdfoH*s Bay ajS 
 
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 pitclH 
 
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 i«7 
 
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 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 0&20 H E Englifli are maftcrs of all that fpace, 
 
 »*P )fk vhich extends from the river St. Lawrence 
 ^ to the Miflifippi ; fo that, without reckon- 
 02l%0 ing Hudfon's bay, Newfoundland, and the 
 other iflands of North- America, they are in pc^irefTion 
 of the larged empire that ever was formed upon the 
 face of the globe. This vaft territory is divided from 
 nortii to fouth by a chain of high mountains, which al- 
 ternately receding from, and approaching the coa(t, 
 leave between them and. the ocean a rich tra6t of land 
 of a hundred and fifty, two hundred, and fometimes^ 
 three hundred miles in breadth. Beyond thefe Apa- 
 lachian mountains is an immenfe defert, into which 
 fome travellers have ventured as far as eight hundred 
 leagues without finding an end to it. It is fuppofed 
 that the rivers at the extremity of thefe uncultivated 
 regions have a communication with the South Sea. If 
 this conje^ure, which is not deftitute of probability, 
 fliould be confirmed by experience, England would 
 unite in her colonies all the branches of communica- 
 tion and commerce of the new world. By her terri* 
 tories extending from one American fea to the other, 
 ihe may be faid to join the four quarters of the world, 
 IProm all her European ports, from all her African fet* 
 tlements, Hie freights and fends out (hips to the new 
 world. From her maritime feitlements in the eait, (he 
 would have a diredl channel to the Weft- Indies, by 
 
 A . the 
 
 '1 
 
 1 
 
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 ■'^ I 
 
 I 
 
 i INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the Pacific ocean. She would difcover thofe flips of 
 land or branches of the fea, the iflhmus or the ftreight, 
 which lies between the northern txtremities of Afraand 
 America. By the vaft extent of her colonics ihe would 
 have in her own power all the avenues of trade, and 
 would fecure all the advantages of it by her nunnerous 
 fleets. Perhaps, by having the empire of all the feas, 
 {he might afpire to the fupremacy of both worlds. But 
 it is not in the defliny of any (ingle nation to attain 
 fuch a pitch of greatnefs. Is then extent of dominion 
 fo flattering an obje£V, when conquefts are made only 
 to be loft again ? Let tht^ Romans fpeak ! Does it con* 
 ftitute power, to poflefs fuch a Ihare of the globe, that 
 fomc part (liall always be enlightened by the rays of 
 the fun, if, while we reign in one world, we are to 
 languid) in obfciirity in the other i Let the Spaniards 
 ^nfwerl ^ . ; 
 
 If the Englifh can, by the means of culture and na- 
 ■vigation, prcfervc ah empire, which muft ever be found 
 too extenuve, when it cannot be maintained without 
 bloodfhedi they will be very happy. But as this is the 
 price which ambition mufk always pay for the fuccefs 
 of its enterprizes, it is by commerce alone that con* 
 quefts can become valuable to a maritime power. Ne* 
 ver did war procure for any conqueror a territory more 
 improveable by human induftry than that of the north- 
 ern continent of America. Although the land in ge* 
 neral is fo low near the fea, that, in many parts, it is 
 ' fcarcely diftinguifhable from the top of the main maft, 
 even after mooring in fourteen fathom, yet the coaft is 
 very eafy of accefs, becaufe the depth diminiihes infen- 
 fiblyas'you advance. From this circumflance, it is 
 eafy to determine exa£bly by the line the diftance of the 
 main land. Befides thi?, the mariner has another (ign, 
 which is the appearance of trees, that, fe^ming to rife 
 
 out 
 
 AH 
 
 ' { 
 
INTRODUCTION. | 
 
 out of the fea, form an enchanting objctt to his view 
 upon a (hore, which prefents roads and harbours with-' 
 out number for the reception and prefervation of fliip- 
 ping. 
 
 When a foil is newly cleared, the produce is very 
 large \ but, in return, it is a long time in coming to 
 maturity. Many plants are even (o late in fiower, that 
 the winter prevents their ripening *, while, on our con- 
 tinent, both the fruit and the feed of them are gather- 
 ed in a more northern latitude. What (liould be the 
 caufe of this phaenomenon ? Before the arrival of tht 
 Europeans, the North Americans, livi^ig upon the 
 produce of their hunting and fifhery, left their lands 
 totally uncultivated. The whole country was covered 
 with woods and thickets. Under the fhade of thefe 
 foreils grew a multitude of plants. The leaves, which 
 fell every winter from the trees, formed a bed three 
 or four inches thick. Before the damps had quite rot- 
 ted this fpecies of manure, the fummer came on ; and 
 nature, left entirely to herfelf, continued heaping in- 
 ceiTantly upon each other thefe effects of her fertility. 
 The plants buried under wet leaves, through which 
 they with difficulty made their way in a long courfe 
 of time, became accuftomed to a flow vegetation. The 
 force of culture has not yet been ablcL to fubdue this 
 habit fixed and confirmed by ages, nor have the dif- 
 poHtions of nature given way to the influence of art. 
 But this climate, fo long unknown or negle£ked by 
 mankind, prefents them with advantages, which fup* 
 ply the detedks and ill confequences of that omiflion. 
 
 Almoit every tree that is a native of our climate, is 
 produced there. It has alfo others peculiar to itfelf j a- 
 mong thefe are the fugar maple, and the candleberry 
 myrtle. The candleberry myrtir is a (hrub which de« 
 lights in a moid foily and is, therefore, feldom found 
 
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 ^ 11 
 
 4^ I N T R O D U C T I O N. V- 
 
 at any diftance from the Tea. Its feeds are covered 
 with a white powder, which looks Jikc flour. When 
 they are gathered towards the end of autumn, and put 
 into boiling water, there rifes a vifcous body, which 
 -fwims at the top, and is ikimmed off. As foon as thii 
 is come to a confiftence, it is commonly of a dirty green 
 colour. To purify it, it is boiled a fecon'd time, 
 when it becomes tranfparent, and of an agreeable 
 green. 
 
 The firft Europeans who landed in this country made 
 life of this fubflance both as tallow and wax, it being 
 in condftence a medium between both. Thedearnefs 
 of it has occaHoned it to be lefs ufed, in proportion as 
 the number of domeftic animals hath increafed. Ne- 
 verthelefs, as it burns flower than tallow, is lefs fub- 
 je£l to melt, and has not that difagreeable fmell, it is 
 Aill preferred, where-ever it can be procured at a mo* 
 derate price. The property of giving light is, of all 
 :it& ufe«, the leaft valuable. It ferves to make excellent 
 foap and plaifters for wounds : It is even employed for 
 the purpofe of fealing letters. The fugar maple does 
 not merit lefs attention than the candleberry myrtle, as 
 may be conceived from its name. 
 
 This tree grows as high as an oak, and it is natural 
 ibr it £0 flourifh ir marfhy places or by the (ide of 
 dreams. In the month of March, an incifion of tlie 
 ^epth of three or four inches is made in the lower pare 
 of the trunk. A pipe is put into the orifice, through 
 which the juice that flows from it, is conveyed into a 
 vefll^l placed to receive it. The young trees are fo full 
 of this liquor^ that in half an hour, they will fill a 
 quart bottle. The old ones afford lefs, but of a much 
 better quality. No more than one incifion or two at 
 mod can be made, without draining and weakening 
 the tiee. If three or four pipes ar«: appliedi it foon dies. 
 
 The 
 
INTRODUCTION. $ 
 
 The fap of this tree has naturally the flavour of ho- 
 ney. To reduce it to fugar, they evaporate it by fire, 
 till it has acquired the conHflence of a thick fyrup. It 
 is then poured into moulds of earthen ware or bark of 
 the birch-tree. The fyrup hardens as it cools, and 
 becomes a red kind of fugar^ almoft tranfparent, and 
 pleafant enough to the tafte. To give it a whitenefs, 
 they fometimes mix up flour with it in the making ^ 
 but this ingredient always changes the flavour of ir> 
 This kind of fugar is ufed forthe f-^me purpofes as that 
 which is made from canes *, but eighteen or twenty;- 
 pounds of juice go to the making of one pound of fu- 
 gar, fo that it can be of no great ufe in trade. 
 
 The woods in North America ire crouded with 
 birds, one of which- is very remarkable in its kind j 
 this is the humming bird, a fpecies o^ which, on ac- 
 count of its fmallnefs, is called, by the French I'oi/eau 
 mouche^ or the fly-bird. Its beak is long and pointed 
 like a needle ; and its claws are not thicker than a com- 
 mon pin. Upon its bead it has a black; tuft of incom- 
 parable beauty. Its bread is of a. rofe- colour, and its 
 belly white as milk. The back, wings, and tail, are 
 grey, boidered with filver, and Areaked with the 
 brighteft gold. The down, which covers all the plu* 
 xnage of this little bird, gives it fo delicate a ca(l, that, 
 it refembles a velvet flower, whofe beauty fades on the 
 ilighteft touch. v , 
 
 This delightful bird appears in the fpring. Its neft,. 
 perched on the middle of a bough, is covered on the 
 outfide with a grey and greeniih mofs, and on the in* 
 fide lined with a very foft down gathered from yellow 
 flowers. This neft is half an inch in de[Mh, and about' 
 an inch, in diameter. There are never found more 
 than two eggs in it, about the fizc of the fmallcft 
 gea»* Many attempt^ have been made to rear the 
 
 A. 3 youBg 
 
I , 
 
 ti 
 
 11 ! 
 
 6 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 young ones; but they have never lived more than thre^ 
 weeks or a month at mod. 
 
 It lives entirely on the juice of flowers, buttering 
 from one to another, like the bees. Sometimes it bu» 
 ries itfelf in the calix of the largeft flowers. Its flight 
 produces a buzzing noife like that of a fpinning-wheel. 
 When it is tired, it lights upon the neareft tree or 
 ibke ; refts a few minutes, and flies again to the 
 flowers. Notwithftanding its weaknefs, it does not 
 appear timid ; but will fufi^er a man to approach within 
 eight or ten Icet of it. 
 
 Thefe little birds are extremely malicious, paflion- 
 ate, and quarjrelfome. They are often feen fighting to- 
 gether with great fury and obflinacy. The (Irokes 
 they give with their beak are fo fudden and fo quick, 
 that they are not diflinguiftiable by the eye. Their 
 wings move with fuch agility, that they feem not to 
 move at all. They are more heard than feen ; and 
 their noife refembles that of a fparrow. 
 
 They are fo very impatient, that, when they come 
 near a flower, if they find it faded and withered, they 
 tear all the leaves afunder. The precipitation, with 
 which they peck it, betrays, as it is faid, the rage 
 with which they are animated. Towards the end of 
 the fummer, thoufands of flowers may be feen ftript 
 of all their leaves by the fury of the fly>birds. It may 
 be doubted, however, whether this mark for refent* 
 ment is not rather an efl^e6k of hunger than of an un« 
 ncccflarily deftru£livc inftin£b. >'i 
 
 Infcdls formerly devoured every thing in North A- 
 merica. As the air was not yet purified, nor the 
 ground cleared, nor the woods cut down, nor the wa- 
 ters drained off, thefe little animals deftroyed, without 
 oppofition, all the produ£kions of nature. None o£ 
 them was ufeful to mankind. There is only one at 
 
 _Iv ^ prcfcnt, 
 
 forel 
 throl 
 
 I 
 
I NT R O D U C T I O N. f 
 
 prcfcnt, which is the bee : But this is fuppofcd to have 
 been carried from the old to the new world. The fa- 
 \ages call it the £ng]i{h fly ; and it is only found near 
 the coafts. Thefe circumftances announce it to be of 
 foreign original. The bees fly in numerous fwarms 
 through the forefts of the new world. They increafe 
 every day. Their honey is employed to feveral ufes. 
 Many perfons make it their food. The wax becomes 
 daily a more conHderable branch of trade. 
 
 America has not received the bee alone from Europe j 
 die has enriched her alfo with a breed of domeQic a« 
 nimals y for the fivages had none. America had not 
 yet aflfociated beafts with men in the labours of cultiva- 
 tion, when the Europeans carried over thither in their 
 (hips fevetal of our fpecies of domeftic animals. They 
 have multiplied there prodtgiouily ^ but all of them'» 
 excepting the bog, wbofe whole merit condds in fat- 
 tening himfelf, have loft much of that ftrength and 
 (ize which they enjoyed in thofe countries from 
 whence they were brought. The oxen, horfesi and 
 fheep, have degenerated in the northern Britifli colonies, 
 though the partkular kinds of each had been chofen 
 with great precaution. 
 
 That they have not been tranfplanted with more fuc- 
 cefS) ia undoubtedly owing to the climate, the nature 
 of the air, and the foil. Thefe animals, as well as 
 men, were at fir (I attacked by epidemical diforders. 
 If the contagion did not, as in men, atfe^t the prin- 
 ciples of generation, feveral fpecies of them at lealt 
 were with much difficulty reproduced. Each genera- 
 tion fell (hort of the laft i and, as it happens to Ame- 
 rican plants in Europe, European cattle continually de« 
 generated in America. Such is the kw of climates, 
 which wills every people, every fpecies of animal and 
 vegetable, to grow and flouriili in its native (oil. The 
 
 A 4 love 
 
li^ 
 
 i I N T R O D U C T I N. 
 
 love of Aeir own country feems an ordinance of na« 
 ture prefcribed to all beings, like the defire of prefer- 
 ving their exigence. 
 
 However, it muft be allowed, that there are certain 
 correfpondencies of climate, which form exceptions to 
 the general rule againft tranfporting animals and plants. 
 When the Engliih firft landed on the North Americaa 
 continent, the wandering inhabitants of thofe defolate 
 regions had fcarcely arrived at the cultivation of a fmall 
 quantity of maize. This fpeciesof corn, unknown at 
 (hat time in Europe, was the only one known in the 
 new world. The culture of it was by no means dif- 
 ficult. The ravages contented themfelves with taking 
 off the turf, making a few holes in the ground with a 
 flick, and throwing into each of them a fingle grain, 
 which produced two hundred and fifty, or three hun- 
 dred. The method, of preparing it for food was not 
 more complicated. They pounded it in a wooden or 
 flone mortar, and made it into a pafte, which they 
 baked under embers. They often ate it boiled or roaft«> 
 ed merely upon the caals. < sh 
 
 Numberlefs are the advantages of the maize. Its 
 leaves are ufeful in feeding cattle ; a circumflance of 
 great moment where there are very few meadows. A 
 hungry, light, fiindy foil, agrees bed with this plant* 
 The feed may be fro2en in the fpring two or three 
 times, without impairing the harveil. In fhort, it is 
 of all plants the one that is lead injured by the excefs 
 of drought or moifture. 
 
 Thefe caufes, which introduced the cultivation of 
 it into that part of the world, induced the Englifh to 
 prefer ve and even promote it in their fettlements. 
 They fold it to Portugal, to South America, and the 
 fugar iilands, and had fufficient for their own ufe* 
 They did not, howeveri^ negleCt to earich their plan* 
 
 taiion» 
 
I N T R O D U C T I ON* 9 
 
 tations with European grains, all of which fucceeded, 
 though not fo perfcftly as in their native foil. With 
 the fuperfluity of their harvcfts, the produce of their 
 herds, and the clearing of the forefts, the colon ids 
 formed a trade with all the wealthied and mod popu- 
 lous provinces of the new world. 
 
 It being now evident to the mother-country, that 
 her northern colonies had fupplanted her in her trade 
 with South America, and fearing that they wouM foon 
 become her rivals, even in Europe, at all the ir irketb 
 for fait and corn, endeavoured to divert their iuuudry 
 to obje£^s that might be more ufeful to her. Shd 
 wanted neither motives nor means to bring about this 
 purpofe, and had foon an opportunity of carrying it in- 
 fo execution. 
 
 Sweden ufed to furnifb the greateft part of tV.? p: h 
 and tar the Englilh wanted for their fleet. In 1703, 
 that (late was fo blind to its true intered, as to lay this 
 important branch of comiiierce under the reflri<^io.ns 
 of an excluHve patent. The firft effe£^ of this mono- 
 poly was a fudden and unnatural increafe of price. 
 Englandji taking advantage of this blunder of the 
 Swedes, encouraged, by coniiderable premiums, the 
 importation of all forts of naval (lores which North 
 America could furnifh. 
 
 The effe£l that was expc<Stcd from thefe rewards 
 ' did not immediately appear. A bloody war, raging 
 in esich of the four quarters of the world, prevented 
 both the mother-country and the colonies from giving, 
 to this infant revolution of commerce the attention 
 which it merited. The northern nations, whofe in- 
 terefts were united, taking this inaction, which was 
 inly occafioned by the hurry of a war, for an abfolute 
 / oof f of txiubility, thought they might, without dan-- 
 i't^^-) by ertry cOriftive claufe upon the exportation i 
 I ' ; A 5 of^ 
 
 
10 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I'ii 
 
 of marine (lores, that could contribute to enhance the 
 price of them. For this end, they entered into mu- 
 tual engagements, which were made public in 1718,2 
 time when all the maritime powers ftill felt the effedts 
 of a war that had continued fourteen years. - 
 
 So hateful a convention alarmed the EngliHi. They 
 difpatched to America men of fufHcient ability to con- 
 vince the inhabitants how neceifary it was for them to 
 aflifl the views of the mother- country, and of fuffi- 
 cient experience to dire£l their firft attempts towards 
 great objects, without making them pafs through thofe 
 minute details, which quickly extinguifh an ardour 
 that is excited with difHculty. In a very (hort time, 
 fuch quantities of pitch, tar, turpentine, yards, and 
 mafts, were brought into the harbours of Great Bri* 
 tain, that (he was enabled to fupply the nations a- 
 round her. t'v 
 
 The Britifh government were blinded by this fudden 
 fuccefs. The cheapnefs of the commodities furniflied 
 by the colonies, in comparifon of thofe which were 
 brought from the Baltic, gave them an advantage, 
 which feemed to infure a conftant preference. Upon 
 this the miniftry concluded that the bounties might 
 be withdrawn. But they had not taken into their 
 calculation the difference of freight, which was entire- 
 ly in favour of their rivals. A total ftop enfued in 
 this branch of trade, and made them fenfible of their 
 error. In 1729, they revived the bounties; which, 
 though they were not laid fo high as formerly, were 
 fuflicient to give to the vent of American ftores the 
 greateft fuperiority, at leaft in England, over thofe of 
 the northern nations. 
 
 The governors of the mother-country had hitherto 
 overlooked the woods, although they conftituted the 
 chief riches of the colonies. The produce of th<^|A 
 
 ••ii,^ fc 
 
T 
 
 enhance the 
 ed into mu* 
 cin I7i8,a 
 
 ft the effedls 
 
 • 
 
 glifli. They 
 iiity to con- 
 fer them to 
 nd of fuffi. 
 pts towards 
 •ough thofe 
 an ardour 
 hort time, 
 ysLrdSf and 
 Great Bri» 
 tiations a* 
 
 ns hdden 
 furniflied 
 hich were 
 d vantage, 
 • Upon 
 fes might 
 nto their 
 »s entire- 
 nfucd in 
 ' of their 
 ; which, 
 ly« were 
 ores the 
 thofe of 
 
 hitherto 
 ^cd the 
 >f th(||n . 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1 1 
 
 hzA long been exported by the Engliih to Spain, Por- 
 tugal* and the different markets in the Mediterranean, 
 \vhere it was bought up for building and other ufes. 
 As thefe traders did not take in return merchandife 
 fufficient to complete their cargoes* it had been a 
 practice with the Hamburghers, and even the Dutch, 
 to import on their bottoms the produce of the moit 
 fertile climates of Europe. The double trade of ex- 
 port and carrying* had confiderably augmented the Bri« 
 tifli navy. The parliament, being informed of this 
 advantage, in the year 1722, immediately exempted 
 the timber of the colonies from all thofe duties of im- 
 portation* which RuiTian, Swediih, and^Danilh tim- 
 ber are fubjedt to. This firll favour was followed by 
 a bounty, whieh, at the fame time that it compre* 
 bended every fpecies of wood in general, was princi- 
 pally calculated for thofe which are employed in {hip<« 
 building. An advantage, fo conHderable in itfelf, 
 would have been greatly improved} if the colonies had 
 built among themfel^es veflels proper for tranfporting 
 cargoes of fuch weight ; if they had made wood-yards,^ 
 from which they might have furniihed complete 
 freights ; and, finally, if they had aboliihed the cuf- 
 tom of burning in the fpring the leaves which had 
 fallen in the preceding autumn. This foolifh prac- 
 tice dedroys all the young trees that are beginning in 
 that feafon to (hoot outy and leaves only the old ones, 
 which are too rotten for ufe. It is notorious, that vef- 
 fels con(lru£ked in America, or with American ma*- 
 terials, lad but a very (hort time. This inconveni-^ 
 ence may arife from feveral caufes ; but that which 
 has juft been mentioned, merits the greater atten- 
 tion, as it may be eafily remedied. BeHdes timber 
 and ma^ for (hipsy America is capable of furn idling 
 
 A 6 likewife 
 
13 
 
 ^„"..! * ° 'X' c r , o K. 
 
 mi 
 
 J'k'»;fe fail, ,-d ,. . . *^ T 1 O N. 
 
 ana «„ "i^S-.. b, .,, ,„,,,.,,,^ ^ ^ 
 
 their ; ""^ Pwteftanfs, who „. 
 tneir country bv o -.n . °« "''en driven r.- 
 carrtV/l .L • ' ' ^'<3orious. bur . l- '"*" 'rota 
 Wried their national i„J„ft ' ' '>'gotted prince 
 countrie.ofhi.e„c.^V"J"ft;r every where ZZl 
 
 ^"e f f two commoditie! ;f?bl '"«'" ^"K'""'* the va! 
 »»".m,e power. B«h fla^ tdT" ''"P-^ance ,o , 
 »'th fome ftcceft i„ sLVi T '"'"P ''^e cultivated 
 »"anufaaure. of thL n ,^ ""'' ""'' ''«'and. yTlt 
 ^o"- from Ruffia" VrZ aT '''''' ^"PP«^ w h 
 
 ct' ? "" p«p°'^"-%t'„t': :'" '-'«»^- 
 
 ^^menca "f 135 livres, (6/)*f'"" ''<»"«r to North 
 »«.cl«. But habit. ;bLb^^, ["^/'"y ton of thef^ 
 t «, however ufefui, prevented 1 '"'' '" '^' """el- 
 /^b-ng allured b^fbHa" rt '^'"°"'«* « «'« 
 
 «c:crp at home a confix-. li *"" nemp fervM 
 
 f^'f .750 1.) which we«:' T' °^ ^i'Ooo.coc. 
 '-'» for the purchafe Jfo J"""'")' "« "' Grea fll* 
 
 wh.chcofts nothing, does no fta^V"'' ^«'«'y freft, 
 «"«, IS .nterfeaed by navi,.,^ • " "^^'^ ^f «»»- 
 cu'fvated by fl,,„ ^,ff' '«"'•'« ""««, and may bl 
 
 Pcaations. Tor\i^t 'a'd"" '°^ ''"-°" - 
 «"PP.ng, we have yet to ad. •""'"* "^"'^'^ for 
 P"". of America furn ft »h '""'■ ^''* ""rthern 
 
 'n the fouthern.. ^^'^'^ «> abundantiy floir 
 
 ^^e Americans w<»r^ • ' 
 
 •» MIC iron mines, 
 
 ; wiiich 
 
INTRODUCTION; 13 
 
 rhich nature had lavifhed on the continent, where 
 Ithey were fettled. That channel o( wealth had 
 been diverted from the mother country by being 
 clogged with enormous duties. The proprierora of 
 the national minesy aided by thofe of the coppice 
 woods, which are ufed in the working .of them, had 
 procured impofts to be laid on them that amounted to 
 a prohibition. By corruption, intrigue, and fophiftry,. 
 thefe enemies to the public good had (Rifled a compe- 
 tion, which would have been fatal to their interelts* 
 At length the government took the firft (lep towards 
 a right conduct. The importation of American iron 
 into the port of London was granted, duty-free i but} 
 at the fame time, it was forbid to be carried to any 
 other ports, or even more than ten miles in land. 
 This whimfical reftri^lion continued till 1757. At 
 that time, the general voice of the people called upon 
 the parliament to repeal an ordinance fo manifedly 
 contrary to every principle of public utility, and to- 
 extend to the whole kingdom a privilege which bad 
 been granted exclufively to the capital. 
 
 This demand, though very reafonable, met with 
 the ftrongefl oppoiition. Combinations of interefted 
 individuals were formed to reprefent, that the hundreds 
 and nine forges wrought in England, not reckoning, 
 thofe of Scotland, produced annually eighteen thou- 
 fand tons of iron, and employed a great number of 
 able workmen *,_ that the mines, which were inex* 
 hauitible, would have fupplied a much greater quan- 
 tity, had not a. perpetual apprehen (ion prevailed, that 
 the duties on Ameritran iron would be taken off; that 
 the iron works carried on in England confumed an« 
 nually one hundred and ninety^eight thoufand cords o£ 
 underwood, and that thofe woods furnifhed moreover 
 bark for the tanneries and materials for (hip-building ; 
 
 and 
 
 't ." 
 
14 « 
 
 I / 
 
 Ill ! 
 
 I " 
 
 ! K 
 
 14 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and that the American iron, not being proper for 
 fteel, for making (harp inftrument8, or many of the 
 utenfils of navigation, would contribute very little to 
 leflen the importation from abroad, and would have 
 no other effedt than that of putting a (lop to the forges 
 of Great Britain. 
 
 The parliament paid no attention to thefe ground- 
 lefs reprefentations, as they plainly faw, that, unlefs 
 the price of the original materials could be leflened, the 
 nation would foon lofe the numberlefs manufaflures 
 of iron and fteel, by which it had fo (ong been enriched; 
 and that there was no time to be lo(t in putting a Hop 
 to the progrefs other nations^ by ihelr indudry, had 
 made in it. It was therefore refolved, that the free 
 importation of iron from America (hould be permiued 
 in all the ports of England. This wife refolution was 
 accompanied with an a£l of judice. The proprietors 
 of coppices were, by a (btute of Henry the £ighth, 
 fprbidden to clear their lands : The parliament took 
 ofF this prohibition, and left them at liberty to make 
 fuch ufe of their edates as they (hould think proper. 
 
 Before thefe regulations took place, Great Britain 
 ufed to pay annually to Spain, Norway, Sweden, and 
 Ruflia, ten millions of livres (437,500 /.} for the iron 
 (he purchafed of them. This tribute is greatly leiien- 
 ed, and will decreafe. The ore is found in fuch 
 quantities in America, and is fo eafily feparated from 
 the ground, that tht £ngli(h do not defpair of having 
 it in their power to furnifh Portugal^ Turky> Africa^ 
 the £a(l Indies, and every country in the world with 
 which they have any commercial' connections. 
 
 Perhaps, the £ngli(h may be too fanguine in their 
 reprefentations of the advantages they expe6l from fo 
 many articles of importance to their navy« But it is 
 (uf&cient for themi. ifj by the afiidance of their colo- 
 
 ^ '' "" nies* 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 »S 
 
 nicS| they can free thcmfclvcs from that dependTicc in 
 which the northern powers of Europe have hitherto 
 kept them» with regard to the equipment uf their fleets. 
 Fornierly their operations might have been prevented^ 
 or at lead interrupted, by a refuTal of the neceifary ma- 
 terials. From this time nothing will be able to check 
 their natural ardour ftr the empire of the Tea, which 
 alone can infure to them the empire of the new 
 world. . '"-''ivi ' 
 
 After having paved the way to that grand ob}e£t» 
 by forming a free, independent navy, fuperior to that 
 of every other nation, £ngland has adopted every mea- 
 fare that can contribute to her enjoyment of this fpe- 
 cies of conqued (he has made in America, lefs by the 
 force of her arms than of her indudry. By bounties 
 judicioufly bedowed, (he has fuccceded fo far as to 
 draw annually from that country twenty million weight 
 of pot*afhes. The greated progrefs has been made in 
 the cultivation of rice, indigo, and tobacco. In prov 
 portion as the fentlements, from their natural tenden- 
 cy, dretched forth towards the fouth, frefti proje£l» 
 and cntcrprizes, fuitable to the nature of the foil, fug- 
 geded themfelves. In the temperate and in the hot 
 climates, the feveral produdllons were cxpedled which 
 nece(rarily reward the labours of the cultivator. Wine 
 was the only article that feemed to be wanting to the 
 new bciiiifphere ; and the EngHih, who have none in 
 Europe, were eager to produce fome in America. 
 
 That extenfive continent poffclTed by the Englifli, 
 produces large quantities of wild vines, which bear 
 grapes, differing in colour, fize, and quantity, but 
 all of a four and difagreeable flavour. It was fup- 
 pofcd that good management would give thefe plants 
 that perfe6lion, which unalfidcd nature had denied 
 them i and French vinedreflers were invited into a 
 
 country. 
 
#1 
 
 i6 I N T R O D U C T I ON. 
 
 country^ where neither public nor private impoHtiont 
 took away their inclination to labour, by depriving 
 them of the fruits of their induftry The repeated ex- 
 periments they made both with American and £uro« 
 pean plants, were all equally unfuccefsful. The juic^ 
 •f the grape was too watery, too weak, and almoft im« 
 poflible to be preferved in a hot climate. The country 
 was too full of woods, which attradl: and confine the 
 moift and hot vapours *, the feafons were too unfet- 
 tled, and the infedts too numerous near the foreflts to 
 fufFer a produ£lion to expand and profper, of which' 
 the Englifh and all other nations who have it not, are fo 
 ambitious. The time will come, perhaps, though it 
 will be long^ when their colonies will furnifh them 
 with a beverage, which they envy and purchafe from 
 France, repining inwardly that they are obliged to 
 contribute towards enriching a, rival, whom they are 
 anxious to ruin. This difpofition is cruel. England 
 has other more gentle and more honourable means of 
 attaining that profperity (he is ambitious of. Her e- 
 mulation may be better and more ufefully exerted on 
 an article now cultivated in each of the four quarters 
 of the globe i this is (ilk ! the work of that little worm 
 which clothes mankind with the leaves of trees digeft« 
 ed in its entrails i filk ! that double progeny of nature 
 and of art. 
 
 Immcnfe fums of money are every year exported 
 from Great Britain for the purchafe of this rich pro* 
 du£lion ; which gave rife, about thirty years ago, to a 
 plan for obtaining, (ilk from Carolina *, the mildnefs 
 of the climate, and the great abundance of mulberry- 
 trees, (ttmcd favourable to the projedl. Some attempts 
 made by government to attrr.£^ f'ome Switzers into 
 the colony, were more fuccefsful than could have been 
 cxpeQed, Yet the progrefs of this bianch of trade has 
 
 
 not 
 
INTRODUCTION. i7 
 
 lot been anfwerable to fo promKing a beginning. The 
 [blame has been laid on the inhabitants of the colony* 
 who buying only negroe men, from whom they re- 
 ceived an immediate and certain profit, negle£led to 
 'have women, who, with their children, might havq . 
 been employed in bringing up (ilk- worms, an occupa- 
 tion fuitable to the wcaknefs of that fex, and to the 
 tepdereft age. But it ought to have been confidered, 
 that men, coming from another hemifphere into a lude 
 uncultivated country, would apply their firft care to 
 the cultivation of efculent plants, breeding cattle, and 
 the toils of immediate neceflity. This is the natural 
 and conilant proceed! tg of well governed dates. Front 
 agriculture, which is the fource of population, thcf 
 rife to the arts of luxury ; and the aits of luxury nou- 
 ri(h commerce, which is the child of induftry, and 
 father of wealth. The time is, perhaps, come, whea 
 the Englifh may employ whole colonies in the culti* 
 vation of (ilk. This is^ at leaft, the national opinion. 
 On the iSth of April 1769, the parliament granted 
 a bounty of 25 per cent, for feven years, on all raw 
 filks imported from the colonies ', a bounty of ao per 
 cent, for feven years following, and, for feven years 
 after that, a bounty of 1 5 per cent. If this encou« 
 ragement produces fuch improvements as may reafon* 
 ably be expelled from it, the next (tep undoubtedly 
 will be the cultivation of cotton and olive trees, which 
 feem particularly adapted to the climate and foil of the 
 £ngli(h colonies. There are not, perhapr, any rich 
 produ£lions either in Europe or A(ia, but what may 
 be tranfplanted and cultivated with fuccefs on the vaft 
 continent of North America, as foon as population 
 ihall have provided hands in proportion to the extent 
 ind fertility of (o rich a territory. The great objedt 
 
 o£ 
 
tS 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 til 
 
 , ; 
 
 of the mother country at prefent is the peopling of het 
 colonies. 
 
 The firft perfons, who landed in this defert and 
 favage regioni were Englirnmen, who had been per* 
 fecuted at home for their civil and religious opinions. 
 '■ It was not to be expelled that this iirft emigration 
 would be attented with important confcquences. The 
 inhabitants of Great Britain are fo Urongly attached to 
 their native (oW, that nothing lefs than civil wars or 
 revolutions can induce thofe among them, who have 
 any property, charaf^er, or induftry, to a change of 
 climate and country : For which reafon, the re-efta- 
 blilhment of public tranquillity in Europe was likely 
 to put an infurmountable bar to the progrefs of Ame- 
 rican cultivation. 
 
 Moreover, the Eng1i(h, though naturally a£bive, 
 ambitious, and enterprifing, were ill-adapted to the 
 bufinefs of clearing the grounds. Accuflomed to a 
 quiet life, eafe, and many inconveniences, nothing 
 but the enthuiiafm of religion or politics could fup* 
 port them under the labours, miferies, wants, and ca- 
 lamities infeparable from new plantations. 
 
 We muft alfo obferve, that, though England might 
 have been able to overcome thefe difficulties, it was 
 not a deiireable obje£l: for her. Without doubt, the 
 founding of colonies, rendering them ilourifliing, and 
 enriching herfelf with their produdlions, was an ad» 
 vantageous profpeft to her ; but thofe advantages 
 would be dearly purchafed at the expence of her own 
 population. -^-v 
 
 Happily for her, the intolerant and defpotic fpirit^. 
 that fwayed mod countries of Europe, forced number- 
 lefs vi£kims to take refuge in an uncultivated tra6t» 
 which, in its (late of defolation, feemed to implore 
 that aifillance for itfelf which it offered to the unfor- 
 
 - , tunate. 
 
 IH 
 
INTRODUCTION. i^ 
 
 mate. Thefe meii) vrho had efcaped from the rod of 
 rranny9 in crofllng the feas, abandoned all hopes of 
 return, and attached themfelves for ever to a countryj 
 rhich at the lame time afforded them an afylum^ and 
 in eafy and a quiet fubfiftence. Their good fortune 
 :ouId not remain for ever unknown. Multitudes flock- 
 ed from different parts to partake of it. Nor has this 
 [eagernefs abated, particularly in Germany, where na- 
 ture produces men for the purpofes either of conquer* 
 ing or cultivating the earth: It will even increafe* 
 The advantage granted to emigrants, throughout the 
 DritilTi dominions, of being naturalized by a refidence 
 of feven years in the colonies, fufRciently warrants 
 this predi£lion. * 
 
 While population was deftroyed in Europe by pcr» 
 fecution and tyranny, Englifli America was beginning 
 to be peopled with three forts of inhabitants. The firft 
 clafs confids of freemen. It is the mod numerous % 
 but hitherto it has vifibly degenerated. The Creoles 
 in general, though habituated to the climate from their 
 cradle, are not fo robuft and fit for labour, nor fo 
 powerful in war as the Europeans ; whether it be that 
 they have not the improvements of education, or that 
 they are foftened by nature. In that foreign clime the 
 mind is enervated as well as the body : Endued with 
 a quicknefs and early penetration, it eaflly apprehends^ 
 but wants fteadinefs, and is not ufed to continued 
 thought. It mud be a matter of aflonifhment to find 
 that America has not yet produced a good poet, aa 
 able mathematician, or a man of genius in any (ingle 
 art or fcience. They pofTefs, in general, a readinefs 
 for acquiring the knowledge of every art or fcience $ 
 but not one of them (hews any decifive talent for one 
 in particular. More early advanced at firft| and ar« 
 
 riving 
 
 •^v 
 
' «» INTRODUCTION 
 
 '"y numerous. i^„ com^^H t ll? T'"""""" '« ""t 
 
 »«•«». emulation i„ .he art. t'n^ "'' """'*''' '""'"• 
 ^'O" wi.h them i, ,00 t^uTZtA'T'' "'" '=''''«- 
 P'°ved. But we may obferv"^ ift ' "' '"" ''"'' ''»- 
 «=<= more perfons in AmeriroV «o„Vi"''[''''°"''°"' *« 
 ^•"petent fortune, with agrea Lfft 'j'.'" '" "'"X. 
 •f other means of improvifrheif ^' °' «=''""". ^nd 
 than are found i„ EuroL lif, " """"' "•"litie,, 
 •f training up youth Keen "Vr ''' '"' "^^'^^ 
 and unfolding of reafon /^^"'""° "" P'ogrefs 
 '"«. although' the C i d"ucftrr-- . '' " '^^''^ 
 ty one „f ,hem good fenfe. or. a^L '"■ T '"" '^*=- 
 «f them yet not one ftou W bavl 7^f' ^" "'"" P"' 
 
 among fuch as have ftaid in £ 1^"''^"" ' "'"I 'hat. 
 
 feas difling„jft,rf ^, '"'^l"2" """'ty. no one 
 
 'n thofc talents which lead to fJ f'^'"^ fuperiority 
 
 Pum-fl,ed them for having erofl^r,^' ""' f 'ure then 
 
 a tace of people degenerated V """" • ^"^ 'h-X 
 
 , rowth. and bV mi«u e ; '^' .'•y '""ffanting, by^ 
 
 affimulate them'to the nat'ure o T-'"",' ^' =""' 'o 
 
 «. beware ofpronouncing on fl ''';■"'""=• ^« 
 the experience of feveral centur e" ^J ^ '' ^' '"'^« 
 more ample burft of light ha. Xl* "' """ "'1 » 
 
 mi/phere. Let us waft till eJJ """ ""^ "^'^ he. 
 refted the infurmountablltenl '"? ""^ '"'"= -^or, 
 *ards the enervating plcafu.e. of 7 °^ ""' '="'»«'' '<>■ 
 2;. Perhaps, we flfai? £ ^/J, "^7 and fe„f„^ 
 
 Pitious to genius, and the arts tbTl ^"^ '" Pto- 
 »nd foeiety. A new O ympVs L*"f """^ '» Peace 
 

 INTRODUCTION; ai 
 
 ntinent» or in the Archipelago that furrounds it, 
 other Homer, a Theocritus, and efpecially, an Ana* 
 on. Perhaps, another Newton is to arife in New 
 itain. From £ngli(h America, without doubt, will 
 ceed the firft rays of the fciences, if they are at 
 gth to break through a Iky fo long clouded. By a 
 ngular contrail with the old world, in which the 
 ts have travelled from the fouth towards the north » 
 the new one, the north will be found to enlighten 
 e fouthern parts. Let the Englifh clear the ground, 
 urify the air, alter the climate, improve nature, and 
 new univerfe will arife out of their hands, for the 
 lory and happinefs of humanity. But it is neceffary 
 hat they fhould take ileps conformable to this noble 
 efign, and aim, by juft and laudable means, to form 
 population fit for the creation of a new world. This 
 s what they have not yet done. 
 
 The fecond clafs of their coloniUs was formerly 
 compofed of malefactors, which the mother*country 
 tranfported, after condemnation, to America, and whp 
 ere bound to a fervitude of feven or fourteen years 
 o the planters, who had purchafed them out of the 
 ands of juftice. The difguft is grown univerfal a* 
 gaind thefe corrupt men, always difpofed to commie 
 frefli crimes. 
 
 Such indigent perfons have replaced thefe, whom 
 the impoifibility of fubfifting in Europe has driven in? 
 to the new world. Having embarked without bein^ 
 capable of paying for their pafTage, thefe wretches arc 
 at the difpofal of their captain, who fells them to whom 
 he pleafes. 
 
 This fort of flavery is for a longer or (borter time j 
 but it can never exceed eight years. If among thefe 
 emigrants there are any who are not of age, their fer* 
 vitude lads till they arrive at that period, which is fix- 
 
I 
 
 !i|.' 
 
 m^ 
 
 u 1 
 
 It INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ed at twenty-one for the boys> and eighteen for the 
 girls. 
 
 * Thofc who are contracted for cannot marry with- 
 out the approbation of their nnafter, who fets what 
 price he chufes on his confent. If any one of them 
 runs away, and is retaken^ he is to ferve a week for 
 tach day's ahfence» a month for every week, and (ix 
 months for one. The proprietor who does not think 
 proper to receive again one who has deferted from his 
 ferviee, may fell him to whom he pleafes ; but that is 
 only for the term of his firft contract. Beiides, neither 
 the fervice, nor the fale, carry any ignominy with it. 
 At the end of his fervitude, the contracted perfon en* 
 joys all the rights of a free denizen. With his free- 
 dom, he receives from the mafter whom he has ferved, 
 either implements for husbandry, or utenHls proper 
 for his work. 
 
 However juft this kind of trafHc may feem, the ge« 
 neraiity of the (Irangers who go over to America un- 
 der thePe conditions, would never fet their foot on 
 board a (liip, if they were not inveigled away. Some 
 artful kidnappers from the fens of Holland, fpread 
 themfelves over the Palatinate, Suabia, and the can- 
 tons of Germany, which are the beH: peopled or lead 
 happy. There they fet forth, with raptures, the de- 
 lights of the new world, and the fortunes eafily ac- 
 quired in that country. The (imple men, feduced by 
 thefe magnificent promifes, blindly follow thefe infa- 
 mous brokers engaged in this fcandalous commerce, 
 who deliver them over to factors at Amfterdam or 
 Rotterdam. Thefe, either in pay with >hc Britifh 
 government, or with companies who have undertaken 
 to ftock the colonies with people, give a gratuity to 
 the men employed in this fervice. Whole families 
 ate fold, without their knowledge, to mafters at a di- 
 ' ^ " (lance, 
 
INTRODUCTION. aj 
 
 ince» vrho impofe the harder conditions upon them, 
 hunger and neceflity do not permit the fufFerers to 
 live a refufal. The EngliOi form their fupplies of 
 len for hufbandry, as princes do for war ; for a pur« 
 lofe more ufeful and more humane, but by the fame 
 Irtifices. The deception is perpetually carried on in 
 Uirope, by the attention paid to the fuppreiTing of all 
 ;orrefpondence with America, which might unveil a 
 tydery of impofture and iniquity, tec ~»'ell difguifed 
 )y the interefted principles which gave rife to it. 
 
 But, in (liort, there would not be fo many dupes, if 
 there were fewer vidlims. It is the opprefTion of go* 
 rernment which makes thefe chimerical ideas of for* 
 [tune be adopted by the credulity of the people. Men, 
 [unfortunate in their private affairs, vagabonds or con*- 
 [temptible at home, having nothing worfe to fear in a 
 [foreign climate, eafily give themfelves up to the hope 
 lof a better lot. The means ufed to retain them in a 
 country where chance has given them birth, arc fit on- 
 ly to excite in them a defire to quit it. It is imagined 
 that they are to be under the condant reftraint of pro- 
 hibitions, menaces, and punifhments: Thefe do but ex* 
 afperate them, and drive them to defertion by the ve- 
 ry forbiddance of it. They (hould be attached by footh* 
 ing means ; by fair expectations ; whereas they are 
 imprifoned, and bound : Man, born free, is retrain- 
 ed from attempting to exift in regions, where heaven 
 and earth offer him an afylum. It has been thought 
 better to (lifle him in his cradle, than to let him feek 
 for his living in fome climate that is ready to give him 
 fuccsur. It is not judged proper even to leave him 
 the choice of his burial-place. — Tyrants in policy! 
 thefe are the effects of your laws ! People, where then 
 are your rights ? 
 
 Is it then become neceflary to lay open to the na- 
 
 tiont 
 
Ljl.f 
 
 
 I 
 
 ( I 
 
 24 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 tions the fchemes that are formed againft their liberty?! 
 Mud they be told, that, by a confpiracy of the mod! 
 odious nature^ certain powers have lately entered into I 
 an agreement) which muft deprive even defpair itfelf { 
 of every refource, i For thefe two centuries pad, all 
 the princes of £urope have been fabricating among 
 them, in the fecret rcceiTes o£ the cabinet, that long 
 and heavy chain with which the people are encompaffed 
 on every fide. At every negociation, frefh links were 
 added to the chain fo artificially contrived. Wars 
 tended not to make (lates more extenfive, but fubje^ts 
 more fubmiiTive, by gradually fubftituting military go- 
 vernment in lieu of the mild and gentle influence of 
 laws and morality. The feveral potentates have all 
 equally firengthened themfelves in their tyranny by 
 their conquefts, or by their lofles. When they were 
 vi£^oriou8, they reigned by their armies; when hum- 
 bled by defeat, they held the command by the mlfery 
 of their pufiUanimous fubjed^s; whether ambition 
 made them competitors or adverfaries, they entered 
 into league or alliance, only to aggravate the fervi- 
 tude of the people. If they chofe to kindle war, or 
 maintain peace, they were fure to turn to the advan- 
 tage of their authority, either the raifng or debafing 
 of their people. If they ceded a province, they ex- 
 haufted every other to recover it, in order to make a- 
 mends for their lofs. If they acquired a new one, the 
 haughtinefs they afFe£^ed out of it, was the occafion 
 of cruelty and extortion within. They borrowed one 
 of another, by turns, every art and invention, whe* 
 ther of peace or of war, that might concur fometimes 
 to foment natural antipathy and rivalihip, fometimes 
 to obliterate the character of the nations, as if there 
 had been a tacit agreement among the rulers to fub- 
 je^ the nations, one by means of another, to the de* 
 
INTRODUCTION. 25 
 
 )Otlfm iheyhad conftantly been preparing for them. Yr. 
 joplci who all groan more or lefs fecrctly, douht not 
 
 If your comlition ; thofe who never entertained any 
 iyc£iion for you, are come now not to hrvc any fear 
 
 (f you. In the extremity of wretchednefs, one fu.glo 
 fource remained for you ; that of efcape and cmi* 
 
 [ration. Even that has been (hut againft you. 
 It is a common agreement among princes to re« 
 
 lore to one another, not only deferters, who, for the 
 >oft part, inlilled by compulfion or by fraud, and 
 
 |avc a good right to efcape ; not only rogues, who in 
 ;ality ought not to find a refuge any where 5 but in- 
 
 [ifferently all their fubje£ks, whatever may be the mo* 
 ive that obliged them to quit their country. 
 
 Thus all you unhappy labourers, who find neither 
 ibfiftence nor work in your own countries, after they 
 
 lave been ravaged and rendered barren by the exactions 
 
 [f finance ; thus ye die, where ye had the misfortune 
 be born *, ye have no refuge but under ground. 
 .11 ye artiils and workmen of every fpecies, harraffed 
 
 |y monopolifis, who are refufed the right of working 
 your own free difpofal, without having purchafed 
 »e privileges of your calling : Ye who are kept for 
 
 |our whole life in the work-fhop, for the purpofe of 
 iriching a privileged factor : Ye whom a court 
 lourning leaves for months together without bread or 
 
 rages ; never expcft to live out of a country where 
 >ldiers and guards keep you imprifoned ; go wander 
 defpair, and die of regret. If ye venture to groan, 
 lur cries will be re-echoed, and loft in the depth of 
 dungeon ; if ye make your efcape, ye will be pur- 
 led even beyond mountains and rivers : Ye will be 
 
 ;nt back, or given up, bound hand and foot, to tor- 
 ire ; and to that eternal reftraint to tthieh you have 
 
 B been 
 

 ,til 
 
 
 :r 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 ■r\ 
 
 t6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 hetn condemned from your birth. Do you, likewifc' 
 whom nature has endowed with a free fpirit, indcpen! 
 dent of prejudice and error, who dare to think and) 
 talk like men, do you erafe from your mindt everyj 
 idea of truth, nature, and humanity. Applaud every| 
 attack made on your country and your fellow-citizens, 
 or elfe maintain a profound filence in the receiTcs o{] 
 obfcurity and concealment. All ye who were boml 
 in thofe barbarous (latesy where the condition for thej 
 •mutual relloration of deferters has been entered intoj 
 by the feveral princes, and fealed by a treaty j recol* 
 ]e£b the infcription Dante has engraved on the gate oi 
 his infernal region : Foi ch* entrate^ la/ciate omai ogni 
 fperanza : Ton "who enter hers^ may Leave behind yov^ 
 ^vjery hope* ' 
 
 What I is there then no afylum remaining bcyondj 
 the feas ? Will not England open her colonies to thofej 
 wretches, who voluntarily prefer her dominion to the^ 
 infupporta'ble yoke of their own country ? What need! 
 has die of that infamous band of contraded flaves,j 
 kidnapped and debauched by the fhameful means em- 
 ployed by every (late to incrcafe their armies ? WhatI 
 need has (he of thofe beings,- (lill more miferable, o(l 
 ivhom fhc compofes the third clafs of her American' 
 population i Yes, by an iniquity the more (hocking, 
 as it is apparently the lefs ncceil'ary ; her northern 
 •colonies have had recourfe to the traffic and flavery cf J 
 the negroes. It will not be difowned, that they mayf 
 be better fed, better clothed, better treated, and IcUj 
 overburdened with toil, than in the iflands. The' 
 laws prote6t them more efftdlually, and they feldomi 
 become the vidims of the barbarity or caprice of an | 
 4xiious tyrant. But (lill, what mud be the burthen 1 
 of a man's life '*'ho is condemned to langui(h in eter* -^ 
 nal ilayery } Some bumaneAfedluriesi Chiiftians, who 
 
 look 
 
 ^ ! ' 
 
INTRODUCTION. tj 
 
 look for virtues in the gofpcl, more than for opinion^ 
 have often been de(irou8 of refloring to their flaves 
 that liberty for which they cannot receive any adequate 
 compenfation •, but they have been a long time with- 
 held by a law of the date, which direded, that nn 
 affignment of a fufHcIency for fubfidcnce Ihould be 
 made to thofe were fet at liberty. 
 
 Let us rather fay, the convenient cudom of being 
 waited on by flaves } the fondnefs we have for power, 
 which we attempt to juftify by pretending to alleviate 
 their fervitude j the opinion fo readily entertained 
 that they do not complain of a ftate, which is by time 
 changed into nature : Thefe are the fophifms of felf- 
 love, calculated to appeafe the clamours of confcience. 
 The generality of mankind are not born with evil dif- 
 pofitionS} or prone to do ill by choice ^ but, even a> 
 mong thofe whom nature feems to have fornted j id 
 and good, there are but few who pofTefs a fourfuffi- 
 ciently dinnterefledy courageous, and great, to do a- 
 ny good adtion, if they muft facriiice fome advantage 
 for it. 
 
 But dill the quakers have'juA fet an example which 
 ought to make an epocha in the hiftory of religion 
 and humanity. In one of thefe aflemblies, where e* 
 very one of the faithful, who conceives himfelf mov- 
 ed by the impulfe of the Holy Spirit, has a right of 
 fpeaking ; one of the brethren, who was himfelf un- 
 doubtedly infpired on this occaGon, arofe, and faid : 
 ** How long then (hall we have two confciences, two 
 •* mcafures, two fcales 5 one in our own favour, one 
 " for the ruin of our neighbour, both equally falfc ? 
 '^ Is it for us, brethren, to complain at this moment^ 
 ** that the parliament of England wifhes to cnflave 
 ** us, and to impofe upon us the yoke of fubje£ls, 
 ** without leaving us the rights of citizens } while, 
 
 B z «« for 
 
1 
 
 m 
 
 ■ SI' .|l 
 
 :i )i 
 
 
 
 
 [ 
 
 . 1. 
 
 38 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ** for this century paft| wc have been calmljr a^ing 
 '* the part of tyrantSy by keeping in bonds of the 
 '* hardeU ilavery, men who are our cquafs and our 
 ** brethren ? What have thofe unhappy creatures done 
 ^* to us, Avhom nature had feparated from us by bar- 
 '* riers fo formidable, whom our avarice has fought 
 ** after throiigh florms and wrctkf, and brought a- 
 •* way from the midft of their burning fands, or 
 ** from their dark forefts, inhabited by lygers? What 
 ** crime have they been guilty of, that they (hould 
 ** be t-orn from a country which ied them without toil, 
 <* and that they fliould be tranrplanied by us to a land 
 •^ where they perifli under the labours of fervitude? 
 ** Father of Heaven, xvhr.t family haft Thou then 
 *' created, in which the elder born, afttr having A-iz- 
 ** ed on the property of their brcthrtn, arc flill re- 
 *^* folved to compel them, with flripes, to manure, 
 ** with the blood of their veins and the fwcat of their 
 '* brow, that very inhciltanci of vhich they have 
 '* been robbed ? Deplorable race, whom we render 
 •* brutes to tyrannize over ihcm ; in whom we extiu- 
 ♦^ guifh evcty power of the foul, to load their limbs 
 *« and their bodies with burdens; in whom we efface 
 "*< the image of God, and the ftamp of manhood! A 
 *^ race mutilated and diOionoured as to the faculties 
 ^* of mind and body, throughout its exil\ence, by us 
 ** who are Chriftians and Englifhmen ! Engl'ihmen, 
 ** ye people favoured by Heaven, and refpcQcd oil 
 ** the feas, would ye be free and tyrants at the fame 
 •* inftant ? No, brethren : It is time we (hould be 
 ** confident with ourfclves. Let us fet free thofe 
 ** miferable vi£\ims of our pride : Let us rcftore the 
 ** negroes to liberty, which man fliould never take 
 ** from man. May all Chriftian focieties be induced^ 
 *' by our example, to repair an injullice authorized 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 th 
 
 
 ec 
 
 
 ta 
 
 
 fp 
 
INTRODUCTION. sp 
 
 •* by the crimes and plunders of two centuries! Mxy 
 •• men, too long degraded, at length raife to Heaven 
 ** their arms freed from chains, and their eyes bath- 
 ** ed in tears o( gratitude ! Alas ! the unhappy mor- 
 ** tals have hitherto (hed no tears but thofe of de- 
 « fpair!" 
 
 This difcourfe awakened remorfe ; and the flavcs in 
 Penfylvania were (ct at liberty. A revolution fo a- 
 iiiiizing mud neceflarity have been thf .»ork of a peo* 
 pic inclined to toleration. But let us not expefl fimi- 
 lir indances of heroifm in thofe countries, which are 
 as deep funk in barbarifm by the vices attendant on 
 luxury, 88 they have formerly been by ignorance. 
 When a government, at once both prieflly and mili- 
 tary, has brought every thing, even the opinions of 
 men, under its yoke ; when man, become an impof- 
 tor, has perfuaded the armed multitude that he holds- 
 from Heaven the right of opprefTing the earth ; there 
 is no (hadow of liberty left for civilized nations. Why 
 fiiould they not take their revenge on the favage peo- 
 ple of the torrid zone ? 
 
 To take no notice of the population of the negroes,. 
 which may amount to 300,000 flhves, in 1750, a 
 million of inhabitants were reckoned in the Britifh 
 provinces of North America. There muft be now 
 upwards of two millions ; as it is proved by undenia- 
 ble calculations, that the number of people doubles 
 every fifteen or fixrppn years in fome of thofe piovin- 
 ces, and every 18 v ', 20 in others. So rapid an in- 
 creafe muft have two fources 5 the fit ft is, that num* 
 bers of Irilhmen, Jews, Frenchmen, Switzers, Pala- 
 tines, Moravians, and Sahzburghers, who, after ha- 
 ving been worn out with the political and religious 
 troubles they had experienced in Europe, have gone in 
 fearch of peace and quietnefs in diftant climates. The 
 
 fi. 3 fecond 
 
m 
 
 :!^^: 
 
 ! P 
 
 ■I 
 
 30 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 fecond fource of that amazing increafcy is from ttie 
 climate rtfclf of the colonics, where experience has 
 iliewn, that the people naturally doubled their num* 
 bers every five and twenty years. Mr. Franklin's re- 
 marks will make thefe truths evident. 
 
 The numbers of the people, fays that philofopber, 
 increafe every where in proportion to the number of 
 marriages; and that number increafes as the means of 
 fubfiding a family are rendered more eafy. In a 
 country where the means of fubfi(lence. abound, more 
 people marry early. In a fociety, whofe profperity is 
 a mark of. its antiquity, the rich, alarmed at tht ex- 
 pences which female luxury brings along with it, are 
 as late as poilible in forming an eftabliihment, which 
 it is diflicult to fix, and whofe maintenance is coHly ; 
 and the perfons, who have no fortunes, pafs their 
 days in a celibacy de(lru£tive to the married (late. 
 The maflers have but few children, the fervants have 
 none at all $ the artificers are afraid of having any. 
 This irregularity is fo perceptible, efpecially in great 
 towns, that families are not kept up fufficiently to 
 maintain population in an even flare, and thai we 
 condantly find there more deaths than births. Hap- 
 pily for us that decay has not yet penetrated into the 
 country, where the condant pra£tige of making up the 
 deficiency of the towns gives a little more fcope for 
 population. But the lands being every where occupied^ 
 and let at the highefl rate, thofe who cannot arrive at 
 property of therr own, are hired by thofe who have 
 property. Rivalfhip, owing to th« multitude of 
 workmen, lowers the price ot labour *, and the fmalU 
 nefs of their profits takes away the defire and the hope, 
 as well as the abilities requifite for increafe by mar- 
 riage. Such li the prefent (late of Europe. 
 
 Quite 
 
I N T R O D U C T I a R s r 
 
 Qiiitc the rcvcrfe is the appearance which that of 
 lAmerica prefents. Trails of land, wade in d uncul- 
 Itivatcd, are to be had either for nothing, oi fo cheap; 
 [that a man of the lead turn for labour, is furnithed 
 in ^ fbort tiaie with an extent, which, while it is 
 Sufficient to rear a numerous family, will maintain hU 
 pofterity for a confulerable time. The inhabitancy 
 therefore, of the new world, induced likewifc by the 
 climate, marry in greater numbers, and at an earlier 
 time of life, than the inhabitants of Europe. Where 
 one hundred enter into the married ftate in Europe^ 
 there are two hundred in America *, and, if we rec- 
 kon four children to each marriage in our climates^ 
 we (hould allow, at lead, eight in the new hemifphcre. 
 If we multiply thefe families by their produce, it will 
 appear that, in lefs than two centuries, the Britiilr 
 northern colonies will arrive at an immenfe degree of 
 population, unlefs the mother country contrive fome 
 obdacles to impede its natural progrefs. 
 
 Their prefent inhabitants are healthy and robud, of 
 a dature above the common fize Thefe Creoles are 
 more quick, and come to their full growth fooner 
 than the Europeans : &ut they are not fo long-lived. 
 The low price of meats fiOi, grain, game, fruits^, 
 cyder, vegetables, keeps the inhabitants in great plen- 
 ty of things ncceflary for nouridiment. They mud 
 be more careful with refpefl to cloathing, which i& 
 dill very dear, whether brought from Europe, or made 
 in the country. Manners are in the date they (hould 
 be among young colonies, and people given to culti- 
 vation, not yet poliflied nor corrupted by the reforc 
 of great ciiies. Throughout the families in general, 
 there reigns oeconomy, neatnefs, and regularity. Gal- 
 lantry and gaming, the paffions of eafy wealth, fel- 
 dom break in upon that happy tranquillity. The fa>ir 
 
 B 4 ' iex 
 
3* 
 
 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 
 ■» 
 
 fex are dill what they (hould be, gentle, modefl, com< 
 pafTionate, and ufeful ; they are in poiTeflion of thofe 
 virtues which continue the empire of their charms. 
 The men are employed in their original duties, the 
 care and improvement of their plantations, which will 
 be the fupport of their poftcrity. One general fenti* 
 ment of benevolence unites every family. Nothing 
 contributes to this union fo much as a certain equality 
 of ftation, a fecurity that arifes from property, a ge- 
 neral hope which every man has of incre;iling it, and 
 the facility of fucceeding in this ezpe£lation ; in a 
 word, nothing contributes to it fo much as the reci- 
 procal independence in which all men live, with re- 
 ipcQ. to their wants, joined to the neceffity of fecial 
 conne<Si:ions for the purpafes of their pleafures. In- 
 ilead of luxury, which brings mifery in its train, in- 
 Aead of that affli£ting and (hocking contrail, an uni* 
 verfal. welfare, wifely dealt out in the original diitri- 
 bution of the lands, has, by the influence of induf* 
 try, given rife in every bread to the delire of pleaiing 
 one another ; a dedre, without doubt, more fatisfa^- 
 tory than the feciet difpofition to injure our brethren, 
 which is infeparable from an extreme inequality df 
 fortune afid condition. Men never meet without fa- 
 tisfadkion, when they are neither in that date of mu- 
 tual didance which leads to indifference, nor in that 
 way of rivalfliip which borders on hatred. They 
 come nearer together, and collect in focieties ; in 
 ihort, it is in the colonies that men lead fuch a coun- 
 try life as was the original dedination of mankind, 
 and is bed fuited to the health and increafe of the 
 fpecies : Probably, they enjoy all the happinefs con- 
 fident with the frailty of human nature. We do not, 
 indeed, find there thofe graces, thofe talents, thofe 
 refined enjoy mentSj the means and expence of which 
 
 . - wear 
 
r N T R o D u c T r o n; 33 
 
 'ear out and fatigue the fprings of the foul, anU 
 n'wg on the vapours of melancholy, which fo natu- 
 rally follow an indulgence in ardent pleafure : But 
 ^hcre are the pleafures of domeftl.. life, the mutual 
 ittachments of parent and children, and conjugal love, 
 [that paflion fo pure and fo delicious to the foul that 
 lean tafle it, and defpife all other gratifications. This 
 is the enchanting pcofpe^t exhibited throughout North 
 America. It is in the wilds of Florida and Virginia, 
 [even in the forefts of Canada, that men are enabled 
 to continue to love during the!/ whole life, what was 
 'the obje£t of their fird affection, innocence and vir- 
 tue, which never entirely lofe their beauty. 
 
 If Britiih America be wanting in any thing, it Is 
 m its not forming precifely one people. Families are 
 there found fiiunetimes united, fometimes dlfperfed, 
 and originating from all the different countries of Cu* 
 rope. Thefe colonifts, in whatever fpot chance or 
 difcernment may have placed them, all preferve, with* 
 a prejudice not to be worn out, their mother tongue, 
 the partialities and cudoms of their own country. Se- 
 parate fchools and churches hinder them from mixing 
 with the hofpitable peop^, who hold out to them a 
 place of refuge. Still eftranged from this people by 
 worfhip, by manners, and probably by their feelings,. 
 they harbour feeds of difTention that may one day prove 
 the ruin and total overthrow of the colonies. The 
 only prcfervative againft this difaller, depends entirely 
 on the maoagement of the ruling powers. 
 
 By ruling powers, muft not be underftood thofc 
 ftrange conftitutions of Europe, which are a rude 
 mixture of facred and profane laws. Englifh Ame- 
 fica was wife or happy enough not to admit any ec- 
 clefiaftical power : Being from the beginning inhabit- 
 ed by preibyterians, flie rejected with horror every 
 
 B 5 thing' 
 
34 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 thing that might revive the idea of it. All affairs 
 that in the other parts of the globe depend on the tri- 
 bunal of prieds, are here brought before the civil 
 magidrate) or the national aiTemblies. The attempts 
 made by thofe of the EngUOi church to eftablifli their 
 . hierarchy in that country, have ever been abortivci 
 notwithilanding the fupport given by the mother coun- 
 try: But dill they have their Hiare in the adminidra- 
 tion of buiinefs, as well as thofe of other fe6ks. 
 None but catholics have been excluded, on account 
 of their refufmg thofe oaths which the public tranquil- 
 lity feemed to require. In this view, American go- 
 vernment has deferved great commendation *, but) in 
 ether refpe^ls, it is not fo well digefted. 
 
 The aim and principal object of policy is (imilar 
 to the education of children. They both tend to form 
 men, and (hould be (imilar to each other in many re* 
 fpe£ts. Savage people, firft united in fociety, require 
 as much as children to be fometimes led on by gentle 
 means, and fometimes retrained by compuIHon. For 
 want of experience, which alone forms our reafon, as 
 they are incapable of governing themfelves through* 
 out the changes of things, and the various concerns 
 that belong to a rlHng fociety, government fhould be 
 enlightened with regard to them, and guide them by 
 authority to years of maturity. Barbarous nations are 
 under the rod, and as it were in the leading firings of 
 defpotifm, till> in the advance of fociety, their inte- 
 refts teach them to condu£l themfelves. 
 
 Civilized nations, like young men, more or lefs 
 advanced, not in proportion to their abilities, but from 
 the condudl of their early education, as foon as they 
 know their own ftrength, and their own privilegeSy 
 require to be managed, and even refpe£led by their 
 governors. A fon well educated (liould engage in 
 
 . ^ no 
 
INTRODUCTION. js 
 
 no undertaking without confulting his father : A 
 prince» on the contrary, (houJd make no regulations 
 without confulting his people : Farther, the fon, in 
 refolutions where he follows the advice of his father, 
 frequently hazards nothing but his own happinefs -, m 
 all that a prince ordains, the happinefs of his people 
 is concerned. The opinion of the public, in a nati- 
 on that thinks and fpeaks, is the rule of the govern* 
 ment : And the prince (Hould never fliock that opini- 
 on without public reafons, nor drive againft it wich* 
 out convi£lion. Government is to nnodel all its forms 
 according to that opinion : Opinion, it is well known ^ 
 varies with manners, habits, ahd information. So 
 that one prince msiy, without finding the leaft refifr- 
 ance, do an a£i of authority not to be revived by hi.t 
 iucceflbr, without exciting the public indignation; 
 From whence does this indifference arife ? The pre- 
 decelTor cannot have (hocked an opinion that exifted 
 not in his time, while a fucceeding prince may have 
 openly countera£led it a century later. The firft, if 
 I may be allowed the expreflion, without the know- 
 ledge of the public, may have taken a> ftep, whofe 
 violence he may have foftened or made amends for by 
 the happy fuccefs of his government j the other Hiall, 
 perhaps, have increafed the public calamities by fuch 
 unjuft a£b of wilful authority, as may perpetuate its 
 firft abufes. Public remonftrance is generally the 
 cry of opinion ^ and the general opinion is the rule of 
 government : And, becaufe public opinion governs 
 mankind, kings, for this reafon, become rulers of 
 men. Governments then, as well as opinions, ought 
 to improve and advance to perfedlion. But what is 
 the rule for opinions among an enlightened people ? 
 It is the permanent intered of fociety, the fafety and 
 advantage oi the nation. -i^ This intercft is modified 
 
 B 6 , b/ 
 
ffilit! 
 
 36 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 by the turn of events and fituations ; public opinion, 
 and the form of the government, follow thefe feveral 
 modiHcatlons. This is the fource of all the forms of 
 government, eftablirhed by the Englifh, who are ra* 
 tional and free, throughout North America. 
 
 The government of Nova Scotia, of one of the 
 provinces in New England, New York, New Jerfey, 
 Virginia, the two Carolinas, and Georgia, is (liled 
 royal ; becaufe the king of England is there veiled 
 "with the fupreme authority. Reprefentatives of the 
 people form a lower houfe, as in the mother country. 
 A fele£i council, approved by the king, intended to 
 fupport the prerogatives of the crown, reprefents the 
 houfe of peers, and maintains that reprefentation by 
 the fortune and rank of the moil diilinguiihed perfons 
 in the country, who are members of it. A governor 
 convenes, prorogues, and diifolves their aflcmbliesy 
 and gives or refufes afTent to their deliberations, which 
 receive from his approbation the force of law, till 
 the king, to whom they are tranfmitted, has rejected 
 them. 
 
 The fecond kind of government which takes 
 place in the colonies, is called proprietary go- 
 vernment. When the Englifh firil fettled in thofe 
 didant regionsj a greedy, a^ive court favourite, ea(i- 
 ]y obtained in thofe wailes, which were as large as 
 kingdoms, a property and authority without bounds. 
 A bow and a few (kins, the only homage 6xa£led by 
 the crown, purchafed for a man in power th^ right of 
 ^ fovereignty, or governing as he pleafed in an unknown 
 country : Such was the origin of government in the 
 greater part of the colonies. At prcfent, Maryland 
 and Penfylvania are the only provinces under this (in* 
 gular form of government, or rather this irregular 
 foundation of fovereignty. Maryland, indeed, dif^ 
 
 ' fcrs 
 
 -^a. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 37 
 
 fcrs from the reft of the provinces only by receiving 
 its governor from the family of Baltimore, whofe no- 
 mination is to be approved by the king. In PenfyJ- 
 vania, the governor named by the proprietary family, 
 and confirmed by the crown, is not fupported by a 
 council which gives him an afcendency ; but he is ob* 
 liged to agree with the commons, in whom is natu- 
 rally veded all authority* 
 
 A third form, (liled by :he Englifh Chafter-govern- 
 ment, feems more calculated to [produce harmony in 
 the conilitution. After having been that of all the 
 provinces of New £ngland, it now fubfifts only in 
 Connecticut, and in Rhode iiland. It may be confi- 
 dered as a mere democracy. The inhabitants of them* 
 felves eledt and depofe all their officers, and make all 
 laws they think proper, without being obliged to have 
 the aflent of the king, or his having any right to an- 
 nul them. 
 
 At length the conqued of Canada, joined to the 
 acquifition of Florida, has given rife to a form of le- 
 giflation hitherto unknown throughout the realm of 
 Great Britain. Thofe provinces have been left under 
 the yoke of military, and confequently of abfolute 
 authority. Without any right to affemble in a na- 
 tional body, they receive immediately from the court 
 of London every motion of government. 
 
 The mother country was not the author of fuch a 
 variety of governments. We do not find the traces 
 of a reafonable, uniform, and regular legiilation. It 
 is chance, climate, the prejudices of the times and 
 of the founders of the colonies, that have produced 
 this motley variety of conflitutions. It is not for 
 men, v/ho are caft by chance upon a defert coafl, to 
 conftitute a legiflation. rf^ #>* 
 
 The 
 
 rt-*.' 
 
 »■%• 
 
h< 
 
 ill 
 
 '. .;t' 
 
 m 
 
 38 I N T R O D U C T I O N. 
 
 The happinefs of fociety ought to be the principal 
 aim of all legidation. The mearrs by which it is to 
 attain that (ingular ekvated point, depend entirely on 
 its natural qualities. Ciimare, that is to fay, the (ley 
 and the foil, are the firft rule for the legiflntor. Hh 
 refources di£kate to him his duties. In the firft in- 
 Aance, the local pofition (hould be confulted. A num« 
 ber of people thrown on a maritime coafl, will have 
 laws more pjr lefs relative to agriculture or navigation^ 
 in proportion to the influence the f^z or laad may 
 have on the fubdftence of the inhab!. ^s v/nc' are to 
 people that defert coaft. If the new colony is led, 
 by the courfe of fome large river, far within land, a 
 legiflator ought to have regard to their race, and the 
 degree of their fecundity, and the connections the co» 
 lony will have, either within or without,, by the traf* 
 fie of commodities mod advantageous to its profpe- 
 rity. 
 
 The wifdom of legiflation will appear mofl in the 
 diftribution of property. In general, and throughout 
 all the countries in the world, when a colony is found- 
 ed, Jand is'to be given to every perfon, that is to fay, 
 to everyone an extent fufficieiit for the maintenance of 
 a family : More fhould be given to thofe who have a» 
 bilities to make the necefiary advances for improve- 
 ment : Some (hould be kept vacant for poderity, or 
 for additional fettlers, with which th? colony may in 
 time be augmented. , 
 
 Population and fubfiftence is the fird obje£l: of a 
 rifing colony : The next is the profperity likely to 
 fiow irom thefe two fources. To avoid occafions of 
 'War, whether ofFcnfive or defenfive •, to turn- indudry 
 towards thofe objefls whi-ch produce mod ;. not to 
 form connections around them, except fuch as are UtU* 
 avoidablei and may be proportioned to the dability 
 
 which 
 
I N T R O D 1/ T i ON. 39 
 
 rh\ch the colony acquires by the number of its inha- 
 Ibitants, and the nature of its reiources ; to introduce, 
 above all thingSi a partial an<l local fpirit in a nation 
 which is going to be edabiiihed, a fpirit of union 
 within* and of peace without ; 10 refer every inftitu- 
 tion to a diftant but lafting point ; and to make every 
 occafional law fubfervient to the fettle d regulation » 
 which alone is to efFe£fc an increafe of numbers, and 
 to give ftability to the fettlement : Thefe circumftan^ 
 ces make no nnore than a fkctch of a legiflation. 
 
 ' The moral fyftem is to be formed on the nature of 
 the climate *, a large field for population is at firft to 
 be laid open by facilitating marriage, which depends 
 upon the facility of procuring fubfiftence. Sanftity 
 of manners (hould b« eftablilhed by opinion, tn a 
 barbarous ifland, which is to be ftocked with children, 
 no more would be neceffary than to leave the firft 
 dawnings of truth to enlarge themfelves, as reafon 
 unfolds. With proper precautions againft idle fears, 
 proceeding from ignorance, the errors of fuperftition 
 Ihould be removed, till that period when the warmth 
 of the natural paffions, fortunately uniting with the 
 rational powers, diflipates every phantom. But when 
 people, already advanced in life, are to be eftablilhed 
 in a ntvr country, the ability of legiflation confifts in 
 not leaving behind any injurious opinions or habits* 
 whicb may be cured or correiSled. If wc wifti tKat 
 they (bould not be tfanfmitted to pofterity, we fhould 
 watch over the fecoi/& generation by a general and 
 pilblic education of the children. A prince or legif* 
 latdr (hould never found a colony, withoui previoufly 
 fending thither fome proper perfons for the education 
 of youth ; that is, fome governors rather than teach- 
 ers : For it is of lefs moment to teach them what is 
 good| than to guard them from evil. Good educati- 
 
 ■ .-on 
 
 «: , 
 
40 
 
 'NTRODirCTlON. 
 
 on arrives too late. when ,u "- ' ^ ^ ^^ 
 
 -P-"- The .eJ, T.ol'j.'rJ: "' '"'-'^ -^- 
 
 the infancy of a ^ce =.1, ,j ^ "'""'» fovrn in 
 
 Jated in /c early ftage, tfi ?"?"'' "^ '^'^'^ 
 
 »"d the contagion ffful v ^ ''ebauchery, 
 
 come habitual il, focie y ^h 1' a 'T' "'"''^ >>- 
 
 men cannot come into [ e wo. /."'""'='' y°''"S 
 
 ff'gemen.s .nd contraft „/rc„ ""^°"'' '"=^'"« "• 
 
 the remainder of their S/^rr'-r' °" "^ich 
 
 follow any profcffion, or ourf '^! l* ^^ ""^ ""Try. 
 
 of evil and corruption oo'tfi"' "'^ '"" '"= '""^ 
 condua enti.ely oppofite to tbel nr?"^'°'"'"'»'' ' =• 
 »nd dtfcourfe which difconcertTn l *"•" ' '"-"P'^ 
 refolutioBs. 'concert and combat their beft 
 
 But, in a rifing colonv .>,-•« 
 generation may be'correSd b, ''l"""" "' "«« ^^ft 
 fucceed.„g. The mind, of J'^' """'»«« of the 
 *'y labour. The „ecefl3ti„ if " P^^P^^''* ^^ virtue 
 proceeding from Icifure. The „ % ''"""'' "" »'«» 
 population have ^ natural tenden?' °"'"^' "^ f"=h 
 ther country, where luxu v /^^ """'"''' "^e mo. 
 [edoce, the rich and .0 uptTous r*! '' '"^"" ""* 
 «e open to the precautionsof ? ;•- '^" «>"»» 
 ends to refine .he conftitut on ,nd ^^'"''''^' *'"' '"^ 
 lony. Let them but have T" "*""<=" "^ 'he co- 
 
 and the people he has Z\,':^ZZ,:''T' '"»'-''• 
 ""'nd a plan of focie.y. ,",^71 *'" '^^S''* to his 
 out .„ a ,ague manner liaL ,„ "f T" °"'y "'"k 
 of hypothefes. which re var!« i ""* """rtainty 
 
 an 'nfinity of circumftanceJlfH-ffi ■'°"'P''""='' by 
 or colleaed. ""' '"» '''fficult to be forefecn 
 
 Property is the firft fonndarinn c . 
 t'vation and commerce. St ° th r "f""'"' '""^ -^-I- 
 evl. natural or moral, conLll ' ^"'i °^ e"*"* and 
 Every nation feema ti be dS/" ''''^ '■°^''^' «=''"'• 
 
 c d,v,ded imo two irrecon. 
 
 eileabic 
 
INTUODUCTION. 41 
 
 :!Icable parties. The rich and the poor, the men of 
 )roperty> and the h!reling«, that is to favt madert 
 land Haves, form two clailcs of citizens, unfortunate- 
 Ijy in oppofition to one another. 
 
 Several modern authors have in vain endeavoured 
 by fophiftry to edabliih a treaty of peace between 
 thefc twoftatef. The rich, on all occafions, are dif- 
 pofed to get a great deal from the poor at little ex« 
 pence ; and the poor arc ever inclined to fet a high 
 value on their labour ; while the lich always give the 
 law in that too unequal bargain. Hence arifes the 
 fyitcm of counterpoife cftabliflied in fo many coun- 
 tries. The people have not defired to attack property 
 which they confidered as facred ; but they have made 
 attempts to fettei it, and to check its natural tendency 
 to abforb the whole. Thefe counterpoifes have almoft 
 always been ill applied, as they were but a feeble re- 
 medy againft the original evil of fociety. It is then 
 to the partition of lands that a legiilator will turn His 
 principal attention. The more wifely that diftribution 
 ihall be managed, the more fimple, uniform, and 
 precife, will be thofe laws of the country which prin- 
 cipally conduce to the prefervation of ^iroperty. 
 
 The Engjiili colonies partake, in that refpefb, of 
 the radical vice inherent in the ancient conditution of 
 the mother country. As its prefent government is 
 but a reformation of that feudal fydem which had op- 
 preflTed all £urope, it flill retains many ufages, which, 
 being originally but abufes of fervitude, are dill more 
 fenfible by their contrad with the liberty which the 
 people have recovered. It has, therefore, been found 
 neccfl'ary to join the laws which left many rights to 
 the nobility to thofe which modify, leflcn, abrogate, 
 or foftcn the feudal rights. Hence fo many laws of 
 exception for one of principle j fo many of interpre- 
 tation 
 

 
 1 
 
 
 ifi 
 
 in 
 
 1 mi 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 1! 
 
 ii 
 
 1 
 
 W* 1 '^E 
 
 in 
 
 ■-;!« 
 
 J 
 
 '2 1 
 
 i 
 
 n '« 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 H a '. 
 
 ^■' 
 
 "» ' ^^ T R o D u C T I r, vr 
 
 •«'o„ fo, one fundamental . fo „ ''• 
 
 are at variance ,vi,h ,he o J • s?"/ "'"' '"*' "'=" 
 '''"c is no. in ,he whole Joll.,, f J' " "R"^''. 
 • .J perplexed a, .hae of ,L c v V:t /''''''' ""^ 
 i^he wifeft men of ,haf mi k '^ ^''" B'>f=>m. 
 
 "Oa-cd again/ .^ d Sr '"t":"'". ""^ °^- 
 not been heard, or the chan, .•"''' ^"' '«h" 
 """d by .heir'remonftr :f 'k:""" ,""= ''"••' P-- 
 "eafe ,he confuilon. ' ^""^ ""'^ ^"'^<i 'o in- 
 
 "1 he coJonies, bv thm,^ • ' 
 ha'e WindJy adopted Vh « dff"''"? ""' ''^r""''"ce. 
 "•aft. whofc burSen o^p red r '"' "'''•S^'^^^ 
 ••a'e ,dded ,o that obfcSre hi 7 ""'*°" ' ^bey 
 'y new Jaft ,hat the eime, „? •"""""•' ''X "- 
 '"''oduce. From tb . mixrorrr' "" P'«' *=<""<' 
 
 'Jiftion, that requir muS'L" ""'^"" "^ '°''"" 
 •nediatciy there Van, „p, „T* '° '"""'"e. Im. 
 •o devour the Jand, ldil"uT'"'' ^"'^f "^ ''*y«'» 
 
 acquired in a ftort tim. hi u '"""="^6 'hey have 
 «o their "paciournerrt'be vTiuar^'V?" '"'"^^^-" 
 employed i„ agriculture. 0!™!, ''"'' "^ ^'"«« 
 »«« and toil, moft indlL„Th7 ' l""^ '" "" ">« 
 
 To the fevere evil of cbic-JJ ! "^ community. 
 
 fl to the branches, if'o"";? t! ^^ "^^ """=''='' '' 
 bas fucceeded the fcouL of fi '"* "" ""« ^'^'t. 
 the heart and root of tie tree ''' "^'"^ P^'^" °" 
 
 ftm'e\;L^ :;rthe'mothert""'"' ''' -'" ^ore the 
 « foon occafioned a rTfrt/oneT. ^'"^ ''"'■"'r °f 
 
 -Obliged to tra'ln^-^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 :-=^ ■■■;.-"■-,■" - '"■ f -^" '■ - ' ^/\ 
 
INTRODUCTION. . 43 
 
 to pay for ihe mcrchanflire ihev wmtci from thence. 
 Irhis was a gulph that fucked up rhc r»ri.'iilation in the 
 [colonics. The confufion occailonrd by this continual 
 'export, furnilhcd a pretence for the employing of pa- 
 per-money. 
 
 There are two forts of paper-oioney. The firft haf 
 in view the encouragement of agriculture, triide, and 
 indulUy. Every colonill who has more ambition thaa 
 means, obtains from the province a paper credit, pro- 
 vided he confents to pay an interefl of five per cent, 
 furniflies a fuilicieiit mortgage, and agrees to repay 
 every year a tenth of the capital borrowed. By means 
 of this reprefentation of fp^cie, which is received 
 without doubt into the public treaty, and which their 
 fellow citizens cannot refufc, the bufinefs of private 
 perfons becomes more brilk and eafy. The govern- 
 ment itfelf draws confidcrable advantages from this 
 circulation ; becaufe, as ir receives interefl, and pays 
 none, it can, without the aid of taxes, apply this 
 , fund to the important objects of public utility. 
 
 But there is another fort of paper, whofe exidence 
 is lolely owing to the neccflTities of government, fhe 
 feveral provinces of America had formed projects and 
 contradied engagements beyond their abilities. The/ 
 thought to make good the deficiency of their money 
 by credit. Taxes were impofed to liquidate thofe bills 
 that preifed for payment; but, before the taxes had 
 produced that falutary effeiSl, new wants aVofc that re- 
 quired frefh loans. The debts, therefore, accumu- 
 lated, and the taxes were not fufficient to anfwer them. 
 At length, the amount of the government bills ex- 
 ceeded all bounds after the late hoftilities, during 
 which the colonies had raifed and provided for 25,000 
 men, and contributed to all the expences of fo long, 
 and obllinate 9 war. The paper thus faak into the 
 
 ^ utmoft 
 
I ' 
 
 '"e quantity 0/ paper-circuhfinn J^'^ ^«g«latej 
 -a;efo. the future, andt'^:. ri"'-/ '"-'^^ 
 
 "•er. and bearing on each r!r\^ ""* °"* °" 'he o- 
 ««"he,them. There ',, '^' '*'""? ">.( difti„. 
 P-v,We ba, a pub, rbuiM.S: "V'"^ '"'"=• ^-^ 
 »"'• private boufe. from L "Lr. '"="""» "^ "'-». 
 ^''« piece,, ^hich a™ iT '' "" '"*"'""«'' 
 "med to there houfes and frer'" ""' '"''"'' -« 
 f'"ge. There never has beent i ''""='' '" "■ 
 fif " e,„ployed in thefe ex h .'"^'""" °^ ">* °f- 
 
 °f 'he /eaft fraud ^'''"^^^ ''^^''"g been guilr^ 
 
 ^"mption ba« increafed Lrr""'' ^''•" "'"^ -°''- 
 P-'P^'ation, fro™ .he, ce ° i I "' """'^ =" '^eir 
 
 '"" of each fubjea are fo ; , '''"Tl '^'' "'* "hi'^ 
 y!J°ne may foretel. thaV tSef f "'''' ""'^ «'"«. 
 '-" "ever rife to that dl e cf ^'T f"^'''^'"'"' 
 
 ;h.ch confine both heTr in J T "^ ''^''''*» 
 
 fweign trade. ""'="°^ ">duftry and their 
 
 ture. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 4| 
 
 ire. It was not long before they perceived that 
 Icir exports did not enable them to buy what they 
 
 lilted ; and they, therefore, found thcmfelvcs in a 
 lanncr compelled to fft up fome rude manufad^ures* 
 [he intererts of the mother country fecmed hurt at 
 lis innovation. The circumftance was brought into 
 irliamcnt, and thrre difcufTcd with all the attention 
 
 deferved. Iherc were men bold enough to defend 
 le caufe of the colonifls. They urged, that, as the 
 ifincfs of tillage did not emphoy men -all the year 
 »und, it was tyranny to oblige them to wafte in idlc- 
 |cfs the time which the land did not require : That, 
 
 the produce of agriculture and hunting did not fur- 
 
 (h. them to the extent of their wants, it was redu- 
 
 ing them to mifcry to hinder the people from provi- 
 
 [ing againft them by a new fpecrcs of induftry ; In 
 
 lort, that the prohibition of manufadurcs only tend* 
 
 to occafion the price of all provifjons, in a rifing 
 [ate, to be enhanced, to leflcn, or, perhaps, (lop the 
 lie of them, and keep off fuch pcr*bn$ as might in* 
 :nd to fettle there. 
 
 The evidence of thefe principles was net to be con- 
 Iroverted : They were complied with, after great de- 
 bates. The Americans were permitted to manufac- 
 lure their own cloths themfelves ; but with fuch re- 
 tridions, as betrayed how much avarice regretted, 
 hat an appearance of juftice could not but allow. 
 
 11 communication from one province to another on 
 [his account was feverely prohibited. They were for- 
 >iddtn, under the heavieft penalties, to traffic from 
 Mie to the other for wool of any fort, raw, or manti* 
 fa£lured. However, fome manufaQurers of hats vcn** 
 tured to break through thefe reflridicns. To put a 
 top to what was termed a heinous diforderly pradice, 
 [he parliament had recourfe to the mean and cruel 
 
 fpirir 
 
' 
 
 :• 
 
 , 
 
 46 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 fpirit of rcftri£^ion. A workman was not empower] 
 ed to fet up for himfelf till after feven years apprenj 
 ticefhip ; a mader was not allowed to have more than! 
 two appi entices at a time, nor to employ any (lave inl 
 his workihop. 
 
 Iron mines, which feem to put into men's handji 
 the marks of their own independence, were laid uH' 
 der re(lri£lions ftill more fevere. It was not allowedl 
 to carry iron in bars, or rough lumps, any whcic but] 
 to the mother country. Without crucibles to melt it, 
 er machines to bend it, without hammers or anvils tol 
 fafhion it, they had ftill lefs the liberty of converting 
 it into (led. 
 
 Importation received ft ill further reftraints. All! 
 foreign veflels, unlefs in evident diftrefs or danger of 
 wreckj or freighted with gold or giver, were not to 
 come into any of the ports of North America. Even 
 Englifh veffcls are not admitted there, unlefs they 
 come immediately from fome port of that country. 
 The fliipping of the colonies going to Europe, are to 
 bring back no merchandife but from the mother coui: 
 try, except wine from the Madeiras, and the Azores,' 
 and fait neceifary for their fifhcries. 
 
 All exportations were originally to terminate inl 
 England : But weighty reafons have determined the 
 government to relax and abate this extreme feverity, 
 It is at prefcnt allowed to the colonifts to carry di- 
 re£lly fouth of Finifterre, grain, meal, rice, vegeta- 
 bles, fruit, fait, fifti, planks, and timber. AH other j 
 productions belong cxclufively to the mother country.! 
 Even Ireland, that furniQied an advantageous vent for' 
 corn, flax, and pipe ftaves, has been fliut againft 
 them by an a^ of parliament of 1766. 
 
 As the -irliameiit is the reprefentative of the nati- 
 on, it affumes the right of directing commerce in its 
 
 whole 
 
INTRODUCTION. 47 
 
 [whole extent throughout the Britifli dominions. It is 
 by that authority they pretend to regulate the connec- 
 tions between the mother country and the colonies^ 
 [to maintain a communication, an advantageous reci- 
 procal re-a£lion betwecii the fcattered parts of the im- 
 menfc empire. There fliould, in fa£l, be one power 
 to appeal to, in order to determine finally upon the 
 relations that may be ufeful or prejudicial to the gene- 
 ral good af the whole fociety. The parliament is the 
 only body that can aflume fuch an important power. 
 But they ought to employ it to the advantage of eveiy 
 member of that confederated fociety. This is an in- 
 violable maxim, efpecially in a Qate where all the 
 powers are formed and dirccled for the prefervation of 
 natural liberty. - ; . Lj* i:-t 
 
 They departed from that principle of impartiality, 
 which alone can maintain the equal (late of indepen- 
 dence among the fcveral members of a free govern- 
 <nent, when the colonies were obliged to vent in the 
 mother country all their produ£lions, even thofe which 
 were not for its own confumption, and when they 
 were obliged to take from the mother country all 
 kinds of merchaiidife, even thofe which came from 
 foreign nations. This imperious and ufclefs reftraint, 
 loading the (ales and purchafes of the Ameiicans with 
 unneceflary and ruinous charges, has of courfe leffen^ 
 ed their activity, and confequcntly diminilhed their 
 profits ; and it has been only for the purpofc of en- 
 riching a few merchants, or fome fa£lors at home, 
 thdt the rights and intcreUs of the colonies have thus 
 been faciificed. All they owed to England for the 
 protexStion they received from her, was but a prefe- 
 rence in the fale and importation of all fuch of their 
 commodities as fhe could confume; and a preference 
 iu the purchafe and in the exportation of all fuch 
 
 merchandife 
 
'48 INTRODUCTION. > 
 
 merchandife as came from her bands : So far all Tub* 
 miflion was a return of gratitude ; beyond it all obli- 
 gation was violence. 
 
 In this manner has tyranny given birth to contra- 
 band trade, 'l^anfgrcfiion is the firft efFe<Sl produced 
 by unreafonable laws. In vain has it frequently been 
 repeated to the colonics, that fmuggling was contrary 
 to the fundamental intereft of their fertlements, to 
 political reafons, and to the exprefs intentions of law. 
 In vain has it been continually laid down in public 
 writings, that the fubjt6fc who pays duty is oppiefled 
 by him who does not pay it ; and that the fraudulent 
 merchant robs the fair trader, by difappointing him of 
 his lawful profit. In vain have precautions been mul- 
 tiplied for preventing fuch frauds, and frefh penalties 
 inflicted for the punifliment of them. The voice of 
 intereft, reafon, and equity, has prevailed over all the 
 clamours and attempts of finance. Foreign importa- 
 tions fmuggled into Norths America, amount to one 
 third of thofc which pay duty. 
 
 An indefinite liberty, or merely a refliaint within 
 due bounds, will flop the prohibited engagements of 
 which fo much complaint has been made. Then the 
 colonies will arrive at a (late of affluence, which will 
 enable them to difcharge a weight of debt due to the 
 mother country, amounting, perhaps, to 15a milli- 
 ons (L. 6,562,500), and to draw yearly from thence 
 goods to the amount of 108 millions (L. 4,7 2 5,occ), 
 agreeable to the calculation of American confumption 
 Aated by the parliament of Great Britain in 1766. 
 But, indead of this pleafing profpedb, which one 
 fliould im;»gine muft of courfe arife from the confti- 
 tuiion of the Englilh government, was there any ne- 
 ccffity, by a pretenfion not to be fupportcd among a 
 free people, to introduce into the colonics, with the 
 
 ^ hardfliips 
 
INTRODUCTION; 40 
 
 Idfliips of taxition, the feeds of diforder and dif- 
 d, and perhaps to kindle a flame which is not fo 
 to extinguifli as to light up ? 
 England had jufl emerged from a war almoll uni- 
 ifal, during which her fleets had planted the ftand- 
 of vidory over all the feas, and her conqucfls 
 enlarged her dominion with an immenCe territory 
 both the Indies. Such a fuddcn increafe gave her, 
 the eyes of all the world, a fplendour that muH: 
 Ife envy and admiration ; but, within herfelf, (he 
 continually reduced to grieve at her triumphs, 
 ilhed with a load of debt to the amount of 
 30,000,000 livres, (1455687,^00/) that coft her 
 intcreftof 111,577,490 Hvres (4,88 1,5 15/. 31. gd ) 
 (lie was with dilHculty able to fupport the 
 
 rear, 
 
 rrent expcnces of the ftate, with a revenue of 
 io,ooo,coo livres (io>5oo,ooo/.) ; and the conti* 
 lance of that revenue was even uncertain. 
 jA heavier land- tax was levied than had ever been 
 jown in time of peace. New duties on houfes and 
 jndows injured that fpecics of property ; and an in* 
 lafe of ftock, on a review of the finances, deprcf- 
 the value of the whole funds. A terror had been 
 ick, even into luxury itfclf, by taxes heaped on plate, 
 rds, dice, wines, and brandy. No farther expec- 
 lion was left for commerce^ which paid in every 
 jrt, at every iflue, for the merchandife of Ada, for 
 produce of America, for fpices, (ilks, for every 
 ticlr of export or import, whether manufa£tured or 
 [wrought. Heavy duties had fortunately retrained 
 abufes of fpirituous liquors y but that was partly 
 jthc expcnce of the public revenue. It was thought^ 
 lends would be made by one of thofe expedients 
 lich it is genenlly eafy to find, but hazardous to 
 >k out for among the objeds of general confumption 
 
 e and 
 
 •. *»^ 
 
) . 
 
 ( * 
 
 I 
 
 •! .11 
 
 h 
 
 hi 
 
 S'O 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and abfolute necefllty. Duties were laid on the ordj 
 nary drink of the common people, on malt, cyde] 
 and beer. Every fpring was ftrained : Every poweri 
 the body politic had been extended to its uiinoj 
 ihetch. Materials and workmanfhip had fo prodi^ 
 oufly rifen in price, that foreigners, whether rivals 
 conquered, which before had not been able to fuppoJ 
 a contcft with the Englifh, were enabled to fupplaii 
 them in every market, even in their own ports. 1\ 
 coinmercial advantages of Britain with every part 
 the world, could not be valued at more than fifty-li| 
 -millions (2)450,000/.) ; and that (ituation obligti 
 her to draw from the balance 35,100,000 livrtl 
 (')53$»^2 5 /.)) to pay the arrears of i,I70,oco,ogJ 
 livres (51)187)500 /.} which foreigners had placed i| 
 her public funds. 
 
 The crifis was a violent one. It was time to g\4 
 the people fome relief. They could not be eafed bi 
 a diminution of expencesy thefe being inevitable, eij 
 ther for the purpofe of improving the conquers pur] 
 chafed by fuch a lofs of blood and treafure, or to mil 
 tigate the feelings of the Houfe of fiourbon, foure( 
 by the humiliations of the late war, and the facritice 
 of the late peace. In default of other means, to maj 
 nage with a ileady hand, as well the prefent fecuritjl 
 as future profperity, the expedient occurred of callini 
 in the colonies to the aid of the mother country, bi 
 making them bear a parr, of her burthen. This del 
 termination feemed to be founded on reafons not tt| 
 be controverted. 
 
 It is a duty impofed by the avowed maxims of alj 
 focieties, and of every age, on the different member! 
 which compofe a (late, to contribute towards all ex| 
 pences in proportion to their refpe£live abilities. Tbj 
 i'ecurity of the American provinces requires fuch 
 '•• ' ' '!"> ' . ' ' ' - tol 
 
O N. 
 
 aid on the om 
 on malt, cydej 
 Every power i 
 i to its utmoj 
 I had fo prodi^ 
 vhcther rivals 
 I able to fuppoil 
 led to fupplan 
 wn ports. Tl 
 th every part 
 )rc than fifty-lij 
 ituation oblige 
 ,ico,oco livrq 
 1,170,000,0^ 
 rs had placed i 
 
 v'-j 
 
 ras time to givj 
 not be eafed b| 
 I inevitable, eij 
 conquefls pur] 
 ifure, or to mil 
 bourbon, foureJ 
 d the facriHcei 
 meanS) to roaj 
 prcfent fecuritJ 
 rred of calling 
 er country, b| 
 en. This dtj 
 reafons not t(| 
 
 maxims of 
 Ferent memben 
 towards all exj 
 
 abilities. Thj 
 iquires fuch 
 - > lliail 
 
 INTRODUCTION. yr 
 
 Ire of aiTiftane* from them, as may enable the mo* 
 [r country to prote£l them upon all occafions. It 
 
 to deliver them from the uneafinefs which molell- 
 jthem, that England had engaged in a war which 
 
 multiplied her debts : They ought then to aid her 
 Ibearing or lefTening the weight of that overcharge. 
 
 prefent, when they are freed of all apprehenfioii 
 Im the attempts of a formidable adverfary, which 
 |y have fortunately removed, can they, without in- 
 tice, refufe their deliverer, when her neceflities are 
 jfiing, that money which purchafed their preferva» 
 |n ? Has not that generous protedor, for a confide- 
 ^le time, granted encouragement to the improve- 
 ;nt of their rice productions ? Has ftie not lavilhed 
 ituitous advances of money, and does (he not ftill 
 rifli them on lands not yet cleared ? Do not fuch 
 lefits deferve to meet a return of gratitude, and e- 
 
 of fervices ? ♦ ..,,-. 
 
 I The firitifh government were perfuaded by thefc 
 )tive8, that they had a right to edablidi taxation in 
 
 colonies. They availed themfelves of the event 
 
 the late war to aflfert this claim fo dangerous to 11- 
 |rty. For, if we attend to it, we (hall find that 
 ir, whether fuccefsful or not, ferves always as a 
 itext for every ufurpation of government ; as if the 
 ids of warring nations rather intended to reduce 
 :ir fubjedls to more confirmed fubmifTiony than to 
 ike a conqueft of their enemies. The American 
 )vinces were accordingly ordered to furnifli the 
 )ops, fent by the mother country for their fecu- 
 
 'f with a part of the necefTaries required by an ar- 
 The apprehenfion of difturbing that agreement 
 lich is fo necefTary among ourfeives, when furround- 
 
 by adverfaries without, induced them to comply 
 |th the injunctions of the parliament i but, with 
 
 C a fuch 
 
I h 
 
 ,i ij 
 
 52 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 fuch pru()ence, as not to fpeak of an aA they could] 
 neither reje£t without occalioning civil diflVntion, nor' 
 recognize without expoHng rights too precious to be 
 forfeited. New- York alone ventured to difapprove' 
 the orders fent from Europe. Though the tranfgref. 
 (ion was flight, it was punidied as a difobedience, bji 
 a fufpendon of her privileges. 
 
 It was moil probablCi that this attack made on the] 
 liberty of the colony, would produce remonflranceil 
 from all the reft. Either through want of attentioii| 
 or forefight, neither of th«m complained. This fi> 
 lence was interpreted to proceed from fear, or fronl 
 voluntary fubmifTion. Peace, that fhould lelTen tax((| 
 everywhere, gave birth, in the year 1764, to tha 
 famous namp-a£i, which, by laying a duty on all 
 iiamped paper, at the fame time forbad the ufe of a| 
 i)y other in public writings, whether judicial) or ex] 
 tra judicial. 
 
 '1 his innovation caufed all the Engliili colonies 
 the new continent to revolt i and their difcontent mi\ 
 nifefled itfelf by lignal adls. They entered into li 
 agreement or confpiracy, the only one that fuited mc 
 •derate and civilized peopk, not to ufe any of the m 
 nufadltires of the hiother country, till the bill the 
 complained of was repealed. The women, wholj 
 weaknefs was moft to be fearedi were the firft to giv 
 up whatever Europfe had before furnilQied them with 
 either for parade or convenience. Animated by theil 
 example, the men rejected the commodities for whicj 
 they were indebted to the old world. In the nortb 
 em countries^ they were found paying as much fij 
 the coarfe (ttifis, made under their own infpe6\ion, 
 for fine cloths which were brought over the fca 
 They engaged not to eat iamb^ that their flocks miglj 
 tncreafc) and in time be fufficient for tht clothing 
 
INTRODUCTION, ^ 
 
 \\ the colonics. In the fouthern provinces, where 
 
 fool is fcarce, and of an inferior quality, they were 
 drefs themfelves with cotton and flax furniihed by 
 
 leir own climate. Agriculture was every where ne« 
 
 |lc(Slcd, in order that the people might qualify them- 
 
 lives for the induftry of the workfhop. 
 The defircd effedi was produced by this kind'of in- 
 
 |ire£^'and paiTive oppoHtion, which deferves to be 
 litated by all nations who may hereafter be aggriev* 
 |d by the undue exercife of authority. The Engllfh 
 
 ianufa£kurers, who had fcarce any other vent for their 
 bods than their own colonies, fell into that flate of 
 
 efpondency, which is the natural confequence of 
 
 rant of employment : And their complaints, which 
 [ould neither be (lifled nor concealed by adminiftrati- 
 \n, made an imprefiion which proved favourable tO' 
 |he colonies. The ilamp-a£t was repealed, after a 
 riolent druggie that lafted two yeat'S, and which, in 
 ^n age of fanaticifmi would^ doubtlefs have occafion* 
 \d a civil war, • - v r 
 
 The colonies enjoyed the triumph but a very (hort 
 lime. The parliament had given up the point with 
 
 le greateft relu£^ance : And it clearly appeared they 
 lad not laid aHde their pretenHons, when, in 1767, 
 |hey threw the duties which the (lamp -afl would have 
 produced, upon all glafs, lead, tea, colours, pafte- 
 ^oard, and ftained paper exported from England to 
 
 imerica. Even the patriots themfelves, who feemed 
 
 left inclined to enlarge the authority of the mother 
 ^ountry over the colonies, could not help condemning 
 tax, which,' in its confequences, mud affedt the 
 
 rhole nation, by difpofing numbers to apply them- 
 fives to manufactures, who ought to have been folely 
 levoted to the improvement of lands. The colonics 
 lavc not been the dupes of this^ 9fiy> more than of 
 
S4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the fird innovation. It has in vain been urged) tha 
 government had the power to impofe what duties it. 
 thought proper upon exported goods, fo long as it| 
 did not deprive the colonies of the liberty of manu. 
 fa£luring the articles fubje£l to this new tax. Thiij 
 fubterfuge has been confidered a? a derifion with re* 
 gard to a people, who, being devoted entirely to a«| 
 griculture, and confined to trade only with the mo* 
 ther country, could not procure, either by their ownl 
 labour, or by their connections abroad, the neceflary 
 articles that were fold them at fo high a price. They 
 thought, when a tax was to be impofed, it was noJ 
 thing more than a nominal di(lin6):ion, whether itl 
 vere levied in Europe or America ; and that theirj 
 liberty was equally infringed by a duty laid upon com- 
 inodities they really wanted, as by a tax upon ftampt! 
 paper, which they had been made to confider as a ne* 
 ceflary article. Thefe intelligent people faw, that go» 
 vernment was inclined to deceive them, and thought] 
 it an indignity to fufFcr themfelves to be the dupes ei« 
 ther of force or of fraud. It appeared to them the' 
 fureft mark of weaknefs and degeneracy in the fub*' 
 jedls of any nation, to wink at all the artful and vio* 
 lent meafures adopted by government to corrupt and! 
 enilave them. 
 
 The diflike they have (hewn to thefe new impofts,! 
 was not founded on the idea of their being exorbitant, 
 as they did not amount to more than one livre, 8 fcls' 
 (about I s, 3 rf.) for each perfon : Which could give| 
 no alarm to a verypopulous community, whofe pub' 
 lie expence never exceeded the annual fum oil 
 3,600,000 livres (i57>50c). -"'* ^'^ 
 
 It was not from any apprehenfion that the eafe ofj 
 their circumilances would be afFe£led ; (ince the fe- 
 curity they derived from the provinces ceded by France { 
 
 in I 
 
INTRODUCTION. :ff 
 
 the Lift war, the increafe of their trade with the (d* 
 igso, the enlarj^ement of their whale and cod filhe- 
 tes, tOL'<*thcr with thofe of the Ihark and the feal, the 
 ight of cutting wood in the bay of Campeachy, the 
 Icqiiiluion of feveral fugar illands, the opportunities 
 Ifcatrying on a contraband trade with the neighbour- 
 ig Spaniili fettlemcnts ; all thcfe circumftances of ad- 
 kintag? were abundantly fufHcient to compcnfate th« 
 I'mall proportion of revenue which government feenied 
 b anxious to raife. * 
 
 L They were not concerned left the colonics fliould 
 )e drained of the fmall quantity of fpecie which con*- . 
 tinued in circulation. The pay of eight thoufand four 
 lundred regular troops, maintained by the mother- 
 :ountry in North America, muft bring much more 
 ;oin into the country than the tax could carry out of 
 
 It was not an indifference towards the mother-coun» 
 Itry. The colonies, far from being ungrateful, have 
 lemonilrated fo zealous an attachment to her intereHs 
 luring the laft war, that parliament had the equity to 
 )rder confiderable fums to be remitted to them, by , 
 Iway of reftitution or indemnification. 
 
 Nor, lafUy,. was it ignorance of the obligations that 
 Ifubjedts owe to government. Had not even the cok 
 Ionics acknowledged themfelves bound to contribute 
 towards the payment of the national debt, though they 
 had, perhaps, been the occafion of contracting the 
 greatefl part of it, they knew very well, that they 
 were liable to contribute towards the expences of the 
 'navy, the maintenance of the African and American 
 fettlements, and to all the common expenditures rela- 
 tive to their own ptefervation and profperity, as well 
 as to that of the capital. 
 
 If the Amexicans are unwilling to aid Europe, it is, 
 
 C 4, becaufe: 
 
^ ni 
 
 S6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 bccaufe what need only have been afked, was exadled^ 
 from them, and becaufe what wai required of them ar 
 a matter of obedience) ought to have been raifed byl 
 voluntary contrtbution. Their refufal was not the cf.l 
 fed of caprice, but of jealoufy of their rights, which | 
 have been confirmed in fome judicious writings, and 
 more particularly in fome eloquent letters, from which 
 we (hall borrow the principal fa6ls we are going to 
 ilate on a fubje£b which mud be intereAing to every 
 nation on the globe. 
 
 The Englifli have been near 200 years eftabli(hed| 
 in North America, during which time their country 
 has been harraifed by expenfive and bloody wars; 
 thrown into confuHon by enterprizing and turbulent{ 
 parliaments ; and governed by a bold and corrupt mi« 
 niftry, ever ready to raife the power of the crown up-| 
 on the ruin of all the privileges and rights of the peo- 
 ple. But, notwithftanding the influence of ambition, 
 avarice, fadion, and tyranny, the liberty of the co- 
 lonies to raife their own taxes for the fupport of the 
 public revenue hath, on all hands, been acknowledged 
 and regarded. 
 
 This privilege, fo natural and confonant to the fun- 
 damental principles of all rational fociety, was confirm- 
 ed by a folemn compadb. The colonies might appeal 
 to their original charters, which authorize them to{ 
 tax ihemfelvcs freely and voluntarily. Thefe a£ls' 
 were, in truth, nothing more than agreements made 
 with the crown ; but, even fuppofing that the prince 
 had exceeded his authority, by making concefTions 
 which certainly did not turn to his advantage, long 
 poiTefTion, tacitly owned and acknowledged by the fi- 
 lence of parliament) muft conflitute a legal prefcrip- 
 lion. 
 
 ^ The American provinces have dill more authentic 
 ^ / . - >- -^ .. ' „ claims 
 
rN T R O D U C T I O N. 57 
 
 \zitM to urge in their favour. They aflfert, that a 
 ibje£l of England, in whatever hemifphere he re* 
 |(les» is not obliged to contribute to the expences of 
 )e (late without hie own confent, given either by him> 
 t\(, or his reprefentatives. It is in the defence of 
 lis facred right that the nation has fo often fpilt 
 ;r blood, dethroned her kings, and either excited 
 ^r oppofed numberlefs commotions. Will (he chufe 
 ko difpute with two m llions of her children, an ad- 
 vantage which has cofi her fo dear, and is, pei haps* 
 le fole foundation of her own independence ? 
 It is urged againd the colonies, that the Roman ca* 
 ^holies re(iding in England are excluded from the right 
 )f voting, and that their eftates are fubje£led to a 
 louble tax. The colonics a(k in reply, why the pa- 
 )i(ls refufe to take the oath of allegiance required by 
 the (late? This condu6l makes them fufpeded bygo- 
 [irernment ; and thejealoufy it excites, authorifes that' 
 rovernment to treat them with rigour. Why not ab- 
 [jure a religion fo coi-trary to the fr«e conftitution of 
 their country, fo favourable to the inhuman claims of 
 jdefpotifm, and to the attempts of the crown againft 
 [the rights of the people ? Why that blind prepoflTcffion 
 pn favour of a church which is an enemy to all others ? 
 They deferve the penalties which the (late that tole- 
 rates them impofes upon fubjedis of intolerant princi- 
 ples. But the inhabitants of the new world would be 
 puni(hed,. without having offended, if they were not 
 [able to become fubjetis, without ceafing to be Ameri- 
 ms. 
 It has alfo been told to thefe faithful colonies, that 
 I there are multitudes of fubje^ls in England who are 
 not reprefentcd •, becaufe they have not the property 
 required to intitle them to vote at an cle£tion for 
 members of parliament. What ground have they to 
 
 C 5 - expc^ 
 
58 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 expert any greater privileges than thofe enjoyed by tiij 
 fubjedls of the mother-country ? The colonies, in ai 
 fwer to this, deny that they wi(h for fuperior indulJ 
 gences ; they only want to (hare them in commoii| 
 with their brethren. In Great Bsitain, a perfon wb 
 enjoys a freehold of forty {hilline;s a-year, is confultedl 
 in the framing of a tax-bill ; and, (hall not the miA 
 who poffeiTes an immenfe tradt of land in AmericJ 
 have the fame privilege ? No. That which is an exJ 
 ception to a law, a deviation from the general ruleo!] 
 the mother-country, ought not to become a fundamer 
 tal point of conilitution for the colonies^ Let thcl 
 Engliih who wi(h to deprive the provinces in Ameri» 
 ca of the right of taxing themfelves, fuppofe, foral 
 moment, that the houfe of commons, inftead of being! 
 chofen by them, is an hereditary and eflablifhed tri- 
 bunal, or even arbitrarily appointed by the crown ; i(| 
 this body could levy taxes upon the whole nation, 
 without confulting the public opinion, and the general] 
 inclinations of the people, would not the Englifh look 
 upon themfelves to be as much ilaves as any other na* 
 tion ? However, even in this cafe, five hundred men,! 
 furrounded by feven millions of their fellow-fubje^dsJ 
 might be kept within the bounds of moderation, i{| 
 not by a principle of equity, at leaft, by a well{ 
 grounded apprchcnfion of the public refentment,] 
 which purfucs the oppreflbrs of their country even be- 
 yond the grave. But the cafe of Americans taxed by 
 the great council of the mother-country would be if 
 remediable. At too great a diflance to be heard,l 
 they would be oppreffed with taxes, without regard to 
 their complaints. Even the tyranny txercifcd towards 
 them, would be varnifhed over with the glorious ap- 
 pellaition of patriotifm. Under pretence of relieving I 
 
 the 
 
r N T R O D U G T I O N. S9' 
 
 |e mother country, the colonies would be over-bur- 
 rncd with impunity. ^ ♦..i r .,,,,- » ••, v * -^ . 
 While they have this alarming profpe£l in view,, 
 ley will never fubmit to give up the right of taxing * 
 lemfclves. So long as they debate freely on the 
 ibjedl of public revenue, their intereds will be at- 
 :nded to; or, if their rights fhould fometimes be 
 fiolated, they will foon obtain a redrefs of their grie- 
 vances. But their remonflrances will no longer have 
 ny weight with government, when they are not fup- 
 >rted by the right of granting or refufing money to- 
 rards the exigencies of the (late. The fame power 
 rhich will have ufurped the right of levying taxes, 
 rill eafily ufurp the diftribution of them. As it dic- 
 |ates what proportion th:y (hall raife, it will likewife 
 lidate how that (hall be laid out ; and the fums ap- 
 )arently deiigned for their fervice, will be employed 
 to enflave them. Such has been the progreiTion cf^ 
 empires in all ages. No fociety ever preferved its li* 
 )erty, after it had lod the privilege of voting in the 1 
 Iconfirmation, or edablifliment of laws relative to the 
 Irevenue. A nation muft for ever be enflaved, in - 
 which no aifembly or body of men remains, who have : 
 [the power ta defend its rights againd the encroach*. • 
 [ments of the ftate by which it is governed. 
 
 The provinces in EngliQi America have every reafon ; 
 [imaginable to dread the lofs of their independence. 
 Even their confidence may betray them, and make 
 them fall a prey to the defigns of the mother-country. .^ - 
 They are inha\)ited by an infinite number of honelt " 
 and upright people, who have no fufpicion that thofe • 
 who hold the reins of en:pire can be hurried away by " 
 unjuft and tyrannical paflions. They take it for grant- 
 ed, thai; their country cherifiies thofe fenti ments of - 
 maternal tendernefs which are fo confonant to her 
 
 . C 6 truA. 
 

 II 
 
 I * 
 
 m 
 
 60 . INTRODUCTION. 
 
 true interefts, and to the love and veneration whichl 
 they entertain for her. To the unfufpecking credulityj 
 of thefe honed fubje£ls, who cherifli io agreeable al 
 deluHon, may be added, the acquiefcence of thofe who] 
 think it not worth while to trouble their repofe on ac« 
 count of inconiiderable taxes. Thefe indolent people] 
 do not perceive that the plan was, at firft, to lull theirl 
 vigilance aileep by impoiing a moderate duty ; thatj 
 England only wanted to eilablifh an example of fub* 
 miiCon, upon which it might ground future preten*! 
 iions ; that, if the parliament has been able to raifel 
 one guinea, it can raife ten thoufand ; and that there 
 will be no more reafon to limit this right, than therei 
 would be juftice in acknowledging it at prefent. But! 
 the greated injury to liberty arifes from a fet of ambi* 
 tious men, who, purfuing an intereft diftin£^ from 
 that of the public and of pofterity, are wholly bent on 
 increafing their credit, their rank, and their eflates. 
 The Britifli miniftry, from whom they have procured 
 employments, or expe£^ to receive them, finds them 
 always ready to favour their odious projects, by th« 
 contagion of theif luxury and their vices, by their art* 
 ful inGnuations, and the flexibility of their condud. 
 
 Let all true patriots then firmly oppofe the fnaresi 
 of prejudice, indolence, and fedu6lion ; nor let them 
 defpair of being vidlorious in a contefl in which their 
 virtue has engaged them. Attempts will, perhaps,] 
 be made to (hake their fidelity, by the plaufiblepropo* 
 fal of allowing their reprefentatives a feat in parliament,! 
 in order to regulate, in conjundlion with thofe of the 
 mother-country, the taxes to be raifed by the nationj 
 at Urge. Such, indeed, is the extent, populoufnefs,' 
 wealth, and importance of the colonies, that the le« 
 giflarure cannot govern them with wifdom and fafetjr,! 
 without availing^icfclf of the advice and information 
 
 h ^ ' of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 6i 
 
 of their reprefentatives. But care fliould be taken not 
 to authorize thefe deputies to decide in matters con« 
 cerning the fortune and the contributions of their 
 conftituents. The expodulations of a few men would 
 be eafily overborn by the numerous reprefentatives of 
 the mother-country ; and the provinces, whofe in- 
 struments they would be, would, in this confufed 
 jumble of interefts and opinions, be laden with too 
 heavy and too unequal a part of the common burden. 
 Let then the right of appointing, proportioning, and 
 raifing the taxes, continue to be ezclufively veiled in 
 the provincial aifemblies ; who ought to be the more 
 jealous of it at the prefent juncture, as the power of 
 depriving them of u ^eems to have gained (Irength by 
 the conqueds made in the laft war. 
 
 From its late acquidtions, the mother-country ha0 
 derived the advantage of extending her fiOieries, and 
 ilrengthening her alliance with the favages. But^ as 
 it thisfuccefs palled for nothing in her ellimation, (he 
 perllds in declaring, that this increafe of territory has 
 anfwered no end, and produced no eflfe^l, but to fe- 
 cure the tranquillity of the colonies. The colonies, 
 on the contrary, maintain, that their lands, on which 
 their whole welfare depended, have dccreafcd conii- 
 derably in their value by this immcnfe extent of terri- 
 tory s that their population being diminidied, or, at 
 Icaft, not increafed, the country is the more expofed 
 to invafions ; and that the mod irorthern provinces 
 are rivalled by Canada, and the moil fouthern by Flo- 
 rida. The colonifts, who judge of future events by 
 the hiftory of the paft, even go fo far as to fay, that 
 the military government cltablifhed in the conquered 
 provinces, the numerous troops maintained, and the 
 forts ereded therci may one day contribute to enHave 
 ^' ^ . ' countries! 
 
 4 
 
I 
 
 Sa r N T R O D U C T I O NT. - 
 
 countries, which have hitherto .flouriibed only upon 
 the principles of liberty. • -i.v^>;.^ ^a.i^-s.^j^. 
 
 Great Britain poffefles all the authority over her 
 colonies that (he ought to wifh for. She has a right 
 to difannul any laws they (hall make Thf executive 
 power is entirely loilged in the hands of her delegates ; 
 and, in all determinations of a civil nature, an rippeal 
 lies to her tribunal. She regulates, at difcretion, all 
 commercial conne£lions, which are allowed to be 
 .formed and purfued by the colonifts. To (train an 
 authority fo wifely tempered, would be to plunge a 
 rifing continent afrefli into that ftate of confufion from 
 which it had with difficulty emerged in the courfe o£ 
 two centuries of incefTant labour ; and to reduce the 
 men, who had laboured to clear the ground, to the 
 neceffity of taking up arms in the defence of thofe fa- 
 crcd rights to which they are equally intitled by na^ 
 ture, and the laws of fociety. Shall the £ngli(li, 
 who are fo pafljonately fond of liberty, that they have 
 fometimes protected it in regions widely remote in 
 xjlimate and intertft, forget thofe fentiments, which 
 their glory, their virtue, their natural feelings, and 
 their fecjrity confpire to render a perpetual obligation ? 
 Shall they fo far betray the rights they held fo dear, 
 as to with to euflave their brethren and their children? 
 If, however, it faouid happen, that the fpirit of fac- 
 tion (hould devife fo fatal a dcfign, and {hould> in an 
 hour of madnefs and intoxication, get it patronized by 
 the mother country ; what fteps ought the colonies to 
 take to fave themlelves from a ftate of the moft odious 
 dependence? l^ ..!,,*^.,^^ -, .^ ^.^ w^ 
 
 Before they turn their eyes on thi> political com- 
 buftion, they will recal to memory all the advantages 
 they owe to their country. England has always been 
 their baifier agaiuft the poweitul nations of Europe, 
 
 and 
 
INTRODUCTION. 6^ 
 
 and ferved as a guide and moderator to watch over 
 their prefervation, and to heal thole civil tliiT nfions, 
 which jealoufy and rivalfhip too frequently excite be- 
 tween neighbouring plantations in their rifini^ (late. 
 It is to the influence of its exctllent conflitution that 
 they owe the peace and profperity they enjoy. While 
 the colonies live under fo falutary and n^ild an admi- 
 niftration, they will continue to make a rapid progrefs 
 in the vaft field of improvement that opens itft-lf to 
 their view, and which their induilry will extend to 
 the remoteft defarts. ^ 
 
 They muft however accompany the love of their 
 country with a certain jealoufy of their liberties ; and 
 let their rights be conftantly examined into, cleared 
 up, and difcuflcd. Let them never fail to confider 
 thofc as the beft citizens, who are perpetually calling 
 their attention to thefe poinrs. This fpirit of jealoufy 
 is proper in all free dates -, but it isj)articularly ne« 
 ceflary in complicated governments, where liberty is 
 blended with a certain degree of dependence, fuch as 
 is required in a connection between countries fepara- 
 ted by animmenfe ocean. This vigilance will be the 
 fured guardian of the union which ought ftrongly to 
 cement the mother-country and her colonies. 
 
 If the miniftry, which is always compofed of ambi* 
 tious men, even in a free ftate, ihould attempt to in- 
 creafe the power of the crown, or the opulence of the 
 mother- country, at the expencc of the colonies, the 
 colonies ought to refiit fuch an ufurping power with 
 unremitted fpirit. When any meafure of government 
 meets with a warm oppofition, it fcldom fails to be 
 rtcSlifieJ ; while grievances, which are fufFered for 
 want ot couiage lo redrefs them, are conftantly fuc- 
 ceedcd by iitili inltances of oppreflion. Nations, in 
 generali are more apt to feel than to refle£l| and have 
 . no 
 
 f 
 
I 'n) 
 
 64 INTRODUCTION 
 
 no other ideas of the legality of a power than the vcrf 
 exercife of that power. Accuftomed to obey without 
 examination, they, in general, become familiarized 
 to the hardOiips of government ; and, bemg ignorant 
 of the origin and deHgn of fociety, do not conceive 
 the idea of fetting bounds to authority. In thofe flates^ 
 efpecially where the principles of legidation are con- 
 founded with thofe of religion, as one extravagant o* 
 pinion opens a door for the reception of a thoufand, 
 among thofe who have been once deceived ^ fo the 
 firft encroachments of government pave the way for all 
 the telt. He who believes the mod, believes the 
 lead ; and he who can perform the mod, performs the 
 lead: And to this double miflake, in regard either to 
 belief or power, it is owing that ail the abfurdities 
 and ill praflices in religion and polities have been in- 
 troduced into the world, in order to opprefs the hu* 
 man fpecies. The fpirit of toleration and of liberty, 
 vrhich has hitherto prevailed in the Englifh colonies, 
 has happily preferved them from falling into this ex- 
 tremeof folly and mifery. They have too high a fenfe 
 of the dignity of human nature not to ref^il oppref* 
 fion, though at the hazard of their lives. 
 
 It is unnecciTary to inform fo intelligent a people, 
 that defperate refolutions and violent meafures cannot 
 be juftifiable, till they have in vain tried every pofTible 
 method of reconciliation. But, at the fame time, 
 they know, that, if they are reduced to the neceflity 
 of chufing flavery or war, and taking arms in defence 
 of their liberty, they ought not to tarnifh fo glorious a 
 caufe with all the horrors and cruelties attendant on 
 fcdition ; and, though refolved not to (heath the 
 fword till they have recovered their rights, that they 
 (hould make no other ufe of their viQory, than to 
 - V -' . . procure 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 <5S 
 
 procure the re-e(labli(hment of their original (late of 
 legal independence. .- 
 
 We mud be cautious, however, of not confound- 
 ing the refinance which the Englifh colonies ought to 
 make to their mother country, with the fury of a 
 people excited to revolt againfl their fovereign by a 
 long feries of exceffive oppreflion. When the flaves 
 of an arbitrary monarch have once broken their 
 chain, and fubmitted their fate to the decidon of the 
 fword, they are obliged to maflacre the tyrant, to ex- 
 terminate his whole race, and to change the form of 
 that government under which they have fuffered for 
 niany ages. If they venture not thus far, they will 
 fooner or later be puniihed for having been courageous 
 only by halves. The blow will be retorted upon 
 them with greater force than ever ; and the affedled 
 clemency of their tyrants will only prove a new fnarc, 
 in which they will be caught and entangled, without 
 hope of deliverance. It is the misfortune of fadlions 
 in an abfolute government, that neither prince nor 
 people fet any bounds to their refentment, becaufe 
 they know none in the exercife of their power. But 
 a conflitution qualified like that of the Englifh colo- 
 nies, carries, in its principles and in the limitation 
 of its power, a remedy and prefervative againft the 
 evils of anarchy. When the mother country has re- 
 moved their complaints, by leinllating them in their 
 former (ituation, they ought to proceed no further ; 
 becaufe fuch a (ituation is the happied that a wife 
 people have a right to ?fpire to. 
 
 If they embrace a plan of abfolute independence^ 
 they mult break through the ties of religion, oaths» 
 laws, language, relation, intered, trade, and habitf 
 which unite them together under the mild authority 
 of the mother country. Is it to be imagined^ that 
 * '** " fuch 
 

 till 
 
 I ; 
 
 
 H 
 
 u : 
 
 €<S I N T R O D U C T I O N. 
 
 T 
 
 fuch an avulfion wouM not affect the heart, the vitals, 
 and even the life of the colonies ? If they (houid (lop 
 fliort of the violence of civil wars, would they eaiily 
 be brought to agrre upon a new form of government? 
 If each f^ttlement compofed a diftin£b ftate, whut di- 
 vifions would enlue ! We may judge of the animofitics 
 that would arife from their fepatation, by the fate of 
 all communities which nature has made to border on 
 each other. But, could it be fuppofed that fo many 
 fettlements, where a diverfity of laws, diiFcrcnt de- 
 grees of opulence, and variety of poflllTious, would 
 fow the latent feeds of an oppofition of intcrells, were 
 defirous of forming a confederacy -, how would they 
 adjuft the rank which each would afpire to hold, and 
 the influence it ought to have in proportion to the 
 rifque it incurred, and the forces it fupplied ? Would 
 not the fame fpirit of jealoufy, and a thoufand other 
 paflions, which in a fliort time divided the wife ftates 
 of Greece, raife difcord between a muItituJe of colo- 
 nies aflociated rather by the tranlient and brittle ties of 
 palTion and refentment, than by the fober principles of 
 a natural and lading combination ? All thefe confi- 
 derations feem to demondrate, that an eternal fepara- 
 tion from the mother country, would prove a very 
 great misfortune to the Englilh colonies. 
 
 We mriy even venture to affirm, that, were it in 
 the power of the European nations who have poiTef- 
 fions in the new world to efFe£l: this great revolutijn, 
 it is not their intereft to wi(h it. This will, perhaps, 
 be thought a paradox by thofc powers, who fee their 
 colonies perpetually threatened with an invafion from 
 their neighbours. Shey, doubtlefs, imagine, that if 
 the power of the Englifti in America were leflened, 
 they (hould peaceably enjoy their acquifitions, which 
 frequently excite their en vy, and invite tbem to hoftilir 
 
 ties* 
 
ons, would 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 6y 
 
 ties. It cannot be denied, that their influence in 
 th<;re diflant regions arifes from the extent or popu- 
 loufnefs of their northern provinces^ which enable 
 them always to attack, with advantage, the iflandt 
 and continental pofTenfions of other nations, to conquer 
 their territories, or ruin their trade. But, after all, 
 this crown has intereds in ither parts of the globe 
 which may counter-a£l their progrefs in America, re- 
 train or retard their enterprizes, and fruftrate their 
 conquefts by the rellitutions they will be obliged to 
 make. 
 
 When old and new Britain are divided, the nor- 
 thern colonies will have more power when finglc, than 
 when united with the mother country This great 
 continent, freed from all connections with Europe, 
 will have the full command of all its motions. It will 
 then become an important, as well as an eafy under, 
 taking to them, to invade thofe territories whofe richea 
 will nuke amends for the fcantinefs of their produc« 
 tions. By the independent nature of its fituation, it 
 will be enabled to get every thing in readinefs for an 
 invafion, before any account arrives in Europe. This 
 nation will carry on their military operations with the 
 fpirit peculiar to new focieties. They may make 
 choice of their enemies, and "conquer where and when 
 they pleafe. Their attacks will always be made upon 
 fuch coafls as are liable to be taken by furprife, and 
 upon thofe feas that are lead guarded by foreign powers, 
 who will find the countries they wifhed to defend con- 
 quered before any fuccours can arrive. It will be im- 
 poflible to recover them by treaty, without making 
 great conceffions, or, when recovered for a time, to 
 prevent their falling again under the fame yoke. The 
 colonies belonging to our abfolute monarchies will, 
 perhaps^ be inclined to meet a mailer with open arms, 
 
 who 
 
68 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 vrho cannot propofe harder terms than their own go« 
 vernment impofes ; or, after the example of the £ng. 
 liOi colonies, will break the chain that rivets them To 
 ignominioufly to Europe. 
 
 Let no motive, by any meanf, prevail upon the na- 
 tions who are rivals to England, either by infinuations, 
 or by clandeftine helps, to ha(^en a revolution, which 
 would only dtliver them from a neighbouring enemy, 
 by giving them a much more formidable one at a di- 
 ftance. Why accelerate an event which muft one day 
 naturally take place from the unavoidable concurrence 
 of fo many others ? For it would be contrary to the 
 nature of things, if the province, fubje£t to a prefiding 
 nation, (hould continue under its dominion, when e« 
 qual to it in riches, and the number of inhabitants. 
 Or, indeed, who can tell whether this difunion may 
 not happen fooner ? Is it not likely that the diflruit 
 and hatred which has of late taken place of that regard 
 and attachment which the provinces formerly felt for 
 the parent country, may bring on a feparation ? Thus, 
 every thing confpires to produce this great difruption, 
 the aera of which it is impofllble to know. Every 
 thing tends to this point ; the progrefs of good in the 
 new hemifphere, and the progrefs of evil in the old. 
 . The fudden and rapid decline of our manners and 
 our powers, together with the crimes of princes and 
 the fufferings of the people, will, I am afraid, make 
 this fatal cataflrophe, which is to divide one part of 
 the globe from the other, univerfaK The foundations 
 of our tottering empires are fapped ; materials are 
 hourly colle£^ing and preparing for their deftrudlion, 
 eompofed of the ruins of our laws, the ferment of con- 
 tending opinions, and the fubverfion of our rights^ 
 which were the foundation of our courage ; the luxury 
 pf our courtSi and the miferies of the country •, ihe 
 
 lading 
 
INTRODUCTION. 6g 
 
 lading animofity between ,indolcnt men who cngrofs 
 all the wealth, and vigorous, and even virtuous men^ 
 who have nothing to lofe but their lives. In propor- 
 tion as our people are weakened, and refign themfelves 
 to each other's dominion, population and agriculture 
 will flouriOi in America } the arts, tranfplanted by our 
 means, will make a rapid progrefs ; and that country 
 rifing out of nothing, will ^be fired with the ambition 
 of appearing with glory in its turn on the face of the 
 globe, and in the hiftory of the world. O pofterity ! 
 it is my warmeft wifli, that ye may be more happy 
 than your wretched and defpicable anceftors. 
 
 
 ■ '..% 
 
 THE 
 
 > I, 
 
riH 
 
 ) n 
 
 ' A 
 
 -,:j-.»* 
 
 »' r 
 
 • fi 
 
THE 
 
 .1 • 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ^'♦^►♦♦♦♦♦♦^♦^♦^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦'^♦♦^'♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^'♦♦♦^ 
 
 ■• ,.-i 
 
 7? 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 The Jirft fett lenient of the EngHJb in New- England, 
 
 ^S:^S^ E derive our poflcflions in America from 
 W rfl the difcovery of. Sebadian Cabot, in 1497. 
 '^ At that time the country was in general 
 called Newfoundlands though now appro- 
 priated only to an ifland on its coa(t. Sir Walter 
 Raleigh planted a colony on the fouthern part, which 
 he called Virginia. In King Charles the Firft's timcy 
 Bifhop Laud, a man of no abilitieSi who was fcarcely 
 capable of governing a college, yet was raifed to the 
 firfl ecclefiallical dignity, and had a great fway in all 
 
 the 
 
am 
 
 E'tt:M 
 
 'i!:!! 
 
 1) : 
 
 72 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 the temporal affairs of the kingdom, deprived great 
 numbers of the miniQers of their benefices for non- 
 60nformity) and made new regulations in religion, in* 
 troducing ceremonies of a mod ufelefs and ridiculous 
 nature, by which fcveral great men were difgufted at 
 the proceedings of the court, and joined thofe who 
 were Puritans by principle. The feverities with which 
 they were treated determined them to feek for an a- 
 fylum in New-England, where they might carry on a 
 profitable trade of furs and ikins, as well as the fifhery. 
 They folicited grants in New England, and were at 
 great expence in fettling them. It was faid, that (c- 
 veral of the great men that appeared with eclat on the 
 great llage, even Oliver Cromwell himfelf, were ac- 
 tually upon the point of embarking for New England, 
 ivhen Archbiihop Laud obtained an order from court 
 to put a (lop to their tranfportation. However, he was 
 not able to prevent great numbers of the miniilers, 
 who. had been deprived of their I'vings, and the 
 laity who adhered to their opiniono, from tranfporting 
 themfelves there. 
 
 They purchafed from the company of the Plymouth 
 country, which by their charter had not only all the 
 coafl of North America, from Nova Scotia to the 
 foutbern parts of South Carolina, (the whole country 
 being diftinguiOied by the names of South and North 
 Virginia) as a fcene of their exclufive trade, but they 
 bad the property of the foil befides. This colony efta- 
 blifhed itfelf in a place which they called New Ply- 
 mouth. Their beginnings were but few in number. 
 "When they landed, they were fupported entirely by 
 their own private fuads, without say other alTiftance. 
 The firft winter was terribly cold, the country all 
 covered with wood, and affording very little refrefli- 
 mcnt for pcrfons who were but fickly from their voy- 
 
N R T H A Ty! E R I C a; 73 
 
 Near half of them periOied by the fcurvy, by 
 [ant, and the feverity of the climate •, yet thofe wh;) 
 irvived were not difplrlted by their lofles ; but fiip- 
 )rtcd by the vigour which was then the character of 
 Inglillimen, and by the fatisfadlion of finding them- 
 []ves out of the reach of the fpiritual arm. They 
 :duced this favagc country by degrees to ailbrd 
 lem a comfortable fubfiftance. « • 
 This fettlemcnt was firft made in the year 1621. 
 1629, the colony began to flourifh in fuch a man- 
 rr, that they became a confiderable people ; and by 
 ic clofe of the following year, they had built four 
 >wn8, Salem, Dorchcfter, Charleilown, and Bofton, 
 [hich has fince become the capital of New England, 
 The patentees fettled on the river Conne£l:icut, an^ 
 lablidied a feparate and independent government 
 |ere. They had fettlements very thick all along the 
 )aft. Thcfe, and fome in the province of Main and 
 |ew Hamplhire, had nothing that deferved the name 
 a regular form of government. The court took ve- 
 little care of them. By their charter they were 
 ipowered to edablifh fuch an order, and fuch laws 
 they plcafed, providing they were not contrary to 
 |e laws of England. They imitated the Jewifli poli- 
 in all refpe£ls, and adopted the books of Mofes as 
 |e laws of the land ; the firft laws they made being 
 >unded upon them. In their ecclefiaftical affairs, 
 |ey maintained that every parilh was fovereign with- 
 itfelf : They had fynods, but thofe only ferved to 
 ;pareand digeft matters, which were to receive their 
 i6lion from the approbation of their fevcral churches. 
 le fynods could exercife no jurifdiclion either as to 
 trine or difcipline. The magiftrates afiifted in 
 )fc fynods, to hear, deliberate, and determine. 
 
 D One 
 
1 1;; 
 
 ;fi! 
 
 74 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 One would imagine that uch a form as this would 
 
 have been prooudlive of great religious freedoms ; bajl' 
 
 it had not this efre£l. A fmall number maintained, l| 
 
 that no magiftrattr had any power to one compuH.itcrj 
 
 meafurc in affairs of religion. This they contradict. 
 
 cd, and ufed thofe people in fuch a manner, that thei 
 
 were zt laft obliged to move fouthward near Capj 
 
 Code, where they built a town, to which they gav; 
 
 the name of Providence. Here they formed a govern. 
 
 n>ei't upon ihcir own pnnciples. This is now called 
 
 Kl;cde Ifland, from an iiland of that name uhicli 
 
 forms a part of it. As it was perfccution that firil 
 
 drove thofe people from England!, fo different perfccu- 
 
 lions gave rife to new colonies, and were greatly fr;r. 
 
 viceablc in fprcading the people over the whole coun. 
 
 try. They made fevcral laws with regard to religion, 
 
 v/hich they executed with great rigour, even to fines, 
 
 briuifhrnent, and death, till an order from the king 
 
 and (ounciiin England, about the year 1661, inter* 
 
 poled to reftrain ihem. 
 
 Som« time after this, they fell into a woful dclu» 
 fion with regard to witchcraft. Several fuffered deatii 
 oh this account, and it fpread with fuch fiercenefs, 
 that at Ja(l they wanted obje£ls to vei^t their fury on,, 
 lodging informations againft the moft rcfpedlable per«| 
 fon.s, tven the judges themfelves i fo that the accu. 
 fers were at laft difcouraged by authority. The an 
 guifli, the honor and conilernaticn of the people were 
 beyond imagination, when their relatives, their frienJi 
 and neighbours were accufed, and imprifoned : Marj 
 of ihera were put on folemn trial for life, and dlvtri 
 condemned and executed. No one could look upoB| 
 himfelf as fafe : Many fled their country for fear, ani 
 before the impolfure was difcovercd, fuch a fhockini 
 tragedy was adled^ as is enough to make the ears 
 
 evfi 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 75 
 
 ;cry one that hearcth to tingle. Nineteen pcrfons 
 /ere condemned and executed for witchcraft. One 
 [as prcfl'ed to death for refufing to plead. Eight 
 iore lay under the fentence of death. Fifty crnlef- 
 (l and were pardoned. One hundred and fifty were 
 iprifoned, ana two hundred, being accufed, fled for 
 
 leir lives. 
 
 A general fafl was Appointed to pray to God to ^or- 
 ive all their errors in a late tragedy raifed by Satan 
 id his cmilTaries. However, the people now have 
 luch abated of their perfecuting fpirit. 
 
 ' CHAP.. 1 
 
 -I' ' 
 
 ■ V- . 
 
 \e climate and fttuation of New- England. A de* 
 
 fcription of the Indian corn and cattle of New* 
 
 England, • » - ,, ^ , ,.-/♦. 
 
 ' ■ " ' ' ' ' "' ' "\ 
 
 EW-ENGLAND is in length 300 miles, and 
 
 the broadefl part about 200. It lies between 
 
 Se 41(1 and 45th degrees of north latitude: and 
 
 )twithftanding it is fituated near ten degrees nearer 
 
 |e fun than we are in England, yet their winter be* 
 
 IS earlier, lafts longer, and is much more fcvere 
 
 in with us. The fummer ii much hotter than in 
 
 n\ places which lie under the fame parallels in Eu- 
 
 )e. But the clearing away of the woods, by which 
 
 air has a more free circulation than formerly^ 
 
 ikcs it much more healthy. The llcy both in fum- 
 
 :r and winter is very ferene, fo that fometimcs, for 
 
 reral months, there is not fo much as the appear* 
 
 :e of a cloud. Their rains are generally foon over, 
 
 'Ugh while they lad they arc very heavy. 
 
 D 2 The 
 
 
W' 
 
 ^« THE HISTORY OF 
 
 The foil is beft in the fouthern parts, and in tlie 
 low grounds arc excellent meadows for paflurage ; c, 
 very acre producing from one to two tons of hay. 
 They allow two acres for the maintenance of a cow, 
 European grain does not thrive here, but the Indian 
 corn, which is the food of the lowed clafs of people, 
 fiouriflies prodigioufly, and afFsrds a very great in. 
 creafe. It is called Maize: The ear is about a fpan 
 in length, confiding of eight rows of the corn, o[ 
 more, according to the goodnefs of the ground, witl 
 about thirty grains in each row. It has a moft beau- 
 tiful appearance. On the top of the flalk. hangs jj 
 flower of various colours, white, bliic, black, fpec 
 kled, Hriped ; and the grain confifls of all the dii:c.j 
 rent colours of the £ower ; but the generality is yeW 
 low or white. 
 
 The ftalk is fix ot eight feet high, and of a conll'j 
 derable thickncfs, though they are not fo high as the| 
 are in Virginia, and the other fouthern places. 
 his feveral joints, out of which fpring leaves, whici 
 ferve for food for the cattle; and ihere is a forti 
 juice, which produces a fpirit as fweet as fugar. 
 flouiiflies mod in light fandy ground with an internii^ 
 ture of loam. A peck of feed is fufficien: for an 
 <:re, which produces 25 bufhels. They not 01 
 make bread of this corn, but frequently malt it, aii 
 the beer made of it is not to be dcfpifed. But tli^ 
 generally make their beer of molaiTes well hop'd, aii 
 the fpruce fir boiled in it. Befidcs the different kicj 
 of grain, they raife a great quantity of flax and hciwj 
 An acre of their cow-pen land produces a ton of 
 commodity. 
 
 Their horned cattle are very numerous and larj 
 their oxen frequently eighteen hundred weight. T!i 
 hogs arc very numerous, and excellent, fome of thii 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 77 
 
 large as to weigh twenty-five fcore. Their horfes 
 [e fmall, but extremely hardy, and their fwiftnefs is 
 
 mod incredible,. Their ftieep is alfo numerous, and 
 a good kind. Their wool is long, but not near To 
 
 le as that in England. They are very fucccfsful in 
 )c manura£l©ry of it, making cloth of as good a 
 )ntcy.turc as the bed drabs, though not fo fine; but 
 ipcrior, if any thing, to that kind miide in England 
 ^r rhe country people's wear. , .. . ' /; ■" 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 iir. 
 
 fccount of the people in New 'England* Their nunv 
 bers^ cehnieSi charter s^ code of laws^ &c. ■> -^ 
 
 >HE yeomanry here arc in general freeholders, 
 
 who cultivate their own lands, without a dc- 
 
 jndence on anv but Providence and their own in- 
 
 iftry ; and, by the nature of their government, have 
 
 |frce, bold, and republican fpirit. There is no part 
 
 the globe where the common people are fo inde- 
 
 mdent, and enjoy {q many of the cc venienc^.s of 
 
 fe. They are bred to arms from their infancy, and 
 
 cir militia is far from being contemptible. If they 
 
 ;re regularly trained and brought under a little better 
 
 [bordination, there is no kingdom under the canopy 
 
 heaven, nor ever exiftcd in former times, who ever 
 ^d a bettci' army than what New-England can fur« 
 [Hi. This is much better peopled than any other of 
 tr colonies on the continent •, it is fuppofed to con- 
 in upwards of four hundred and feventy thoufand 
 lis, with a very fmall number of blacks and Indi« 
 [s ; The proportion as follows^ 
 
 D J 'MaOachufcts 
 
 r p 
 
7« 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 t ■ ! 
 
 n 
 
 ( 3 
 
 \ !■ 
 
 t^'* 
 
 Manachufets bay» 
 Conne£ticut, 
 Rhode Ifland, 
 New Hampfhire, 
 
 250,000 
 
 1 5O1OCO 
 
 45,oco 
 
 30,000 
 
 475, 0«O 
 
 All tbefe four governments confederate together for 
 their common fafety. The richeil of them is that of 
 Maflachulets bay. This province, as well as the o< 
 thers, originally had a power of chuHng all their own 
 magidrates, and making fuch laws as they thought 
 proper, without fending them home to be approved of 
 by the crown : But being accufed of abufing this free. 
 tlom, Charles II. deprived them of it, and they re- 
 mained without a charter till the revolution. Soonj 
 after this period they received a new one, though not! 
 ib favourable as the former. The governor, lieute- 
 nant governor, the chief places in the law, and thej 
 revenue, are in the difpofal of the crown, and alfo 
 the militia i and though the council is chofen by the 
 leprefentatives of the people, yet the governor has a 
 negative, by which he prefervcs the prerogative entire. 
 They arc allowed to appeal to the crown for any fumjl 
 above three hundred pounds. All the laws they paf)|| 
 nruft be remitted to Englind, where if they do noif 
 receive a negative from the crown in three years, they 
 are to have the force of laws; which they alfo have 
 till the time the king's refolution is known. It has 
 been long a matter of debate the granting a falary to| 
 ihe governor and the judges. They think a depend- 
 ence on the people for their falaries the mod efFe£):uall 
 means of rcilraining them from doing any thing thacl 
 is unpopular. To the government of the Maflachu- 
 
 fetJ 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 79 
 
 Its is united the colony of Plymouth, and the terri- 
 
 >rv called Main. 
 
 The colony of Connecticut, which lies .ipon a li- 
 \cr of the fame name, as it had never offended at the 
 [cvclution, their old privileges, which were the fame 
 (s rhofe of the MalTachufets were formerly, are pre- 
 
 ;rviid to them entire. , .•' . - . 
 
 The third and fmailefl of the provinces which com- *^ 
 iofc New-England, is that of Rhode Ifland, which 
 (onfirb of an ifland of the fame name, and the oM 
 plantation of Providence. Thofe united plantations 
 lave a charter the fame with that of Conne£licur,^, 
 'hich they have alfo preferved entire. In this pro- 
 fince they give an unlimited freedom to all religions, 
 
 hich was its original conditution, and by this means 
 
 is become very populous. 
 
 New HampHvire, which is the largeft of them all, 
 ies more northerly than any of the reft. It is a royal 
 government ; the king having the nomination of all 
 [flicers of juflice, the militia, and the appointment 
 If the council. 
 
 The inhabitants of New England lived peaceably 
 )r a long time, without any regular form of policy. 
 
 was not that their charter had not ai^thorifed them 
 
 eltablifli any mode of government they might chufe, 
 
 |ut thefe enthufiafts were not agreed amongft them- 
 
 jlves upon the plan of their republic ; and govern- 
 
 lent was not fufficiently concerned about them to 
 
 Irge them to fecure their own tranquillity. At length 
 
 ley grew fenfible of tbc neccfTity oT a regular legif- 
 
 ition ; and this great work, which virtue and genius 
 
 |nited have never attempted but with diffidence, was 
 
 )ldly undertaken by blind fanaticifm. It bore the 
 
 imp of the rude prejudices on which it had bcea 
 
 )rmed. 
 
 D 4 There 
 
 V' 
 
to 
 
 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 I <fl 
 
 1^^' iP" 
 
 f '4 
 
 i il 
 
 There was in this new code a fingular mixture of 
 good and evil, of wifdom and folly. No man wn 
 allowed to have any (hare in the governmenti except 
 he was a member of the eftablifhed church. ^itch> 
 CI aft, perjury, blafphemy, and adultery, were mad: 
 capital oiFences ; and children were alfo puniOied with 
 (ieath, either for curfing or (Iriking their parents. On 
 the other hand| marriages were to be folemnized by 
 the magiAraie. The price of corn was fixed at j 
 llvres, 7 fols, 6 deniers (2/. i i d. halfpenny) pe; 
 biifhel. The favages who negledled to cultivate their 
 lamls were to be deprived of them by law. EuropMni 
 were forbidden, under a heavy penalty, to fell them 
 any ftrong liquors, or warlike ftores. All thofe who 
 were deiedled cither in lying, or drunkennefs, ot 
 dancing, were ordered to be publicly whipped. But,, 
 at the fame time that amufements were forbidden t> 
 <]ually with vices and crimes, one might fwear b|j 
 paying a penalty of i livre, 2 fols, 6 deniers (iii[ 
 3 farthings), and break the Sabbath for 67 livres, 10 
 fols (2 /. 19 J. 3 farthings). It was efleemed an in* 
 dulgenc6 to be able to atone by money for a ncgled 
 of prayer, or for uttering a rafh oath. But it is (iiii 
 more extraordinary, that the worihip of images w; 
 forbidden to the puritans on pain of death, whici 
 .was alfo inflidted on Roman Catholic priefts, win 
 fhould return to the colony after they had been bani 
 ed ; and on Quakers who fhould appear again afti 
 having been whipped. Such was the abhorrence f( 
 thefe fe£laries, who had themfelves an averOon froi 
 every kind of cruelty, that whoever either brougi 
 one of them into the country, or harboured him bi 
 for one hour, was expofed to pay a condderable fine. 
 
 Thofc unfortunate members of the colony, wbi 
 Icfs violent than their brethrcDi ventured to deny t 
 
 coerci 
 
NORTH AMERICA. Sf 
 
 Icoercivc power of the magirtratc in matters of religi- 
 on, were perfecuted with ftill greater vigour. 'J'his 
 lappcared a blafphemy to thofc divines which had ra- 
 ther chofen to quit their country than to fhew any de- 
 ference to epifcopal authority. By that natural ten- 
 dency of the human heart from the love of indepen- 
 dence to that of tyranny, they changed their opinions 
 as they changed the climate ; and only feemed to ar- 
 rogate freedom of thought to ihemfelves, in order to 
 deny it to others. This fyftem was fupported by the 
 fcverities of the law, which attempted to put a flop 
 to every difference in opinion, by impofing capital 
 puniftiment on all who diffented. Whoever wao ei* 
 ther convi£led or even fufpc^ed of entertaining fenti- 
 ments of toleration, was cxpofed to fuch cruel op- 
 preflions, that they were forced to fly from their firrt: 
 afylum, and feek refuge in another. They found one 
 on the fame continent ; and, as New England had 
 been firft founded by perfccution, its limits were ex- 
 tended by it. This feverity, which a man turns a- 
 gainfl himfelF, or again (I his fellow creatures, and 
 makes him either the vi£lim or the opprcflbr, foon 
 exerted itfclf againll the Quakers. They were whip- 
 ped, bani(hed, and iniprifoned. The proud Hmpli* 
 city of thefc new enthufiafts, who, in the midd of 
 torture and ignominy, praifed God, and called for 
 blcflings upon men, infpired a reverence for their per- 
 fons and opinions, and gained them a number of pro* 
 felytes. This circumftancc exafperated their perfecu- 
 tors, and hurried them on to the mod attrocious a£ls 
 of violence ; and they caufed five of them, who had ; 
 returned clandeiiinjly from banifhment, to be hang- 
 ed. It feemed as if the Engliih had come to Ame- 
 rica to excrcifc upon their own countrymen the fame 
 crueltioi the Spaniards had ufed againft the Indians. 
 
 D 5 The. 
 
J' . 
 
 ^! 1 
 
 tt THE HISTORY OF 
 
 The fpirit of pcrfecution was at lad fupprcflcd by the 
 interpofition of the mother countryi from whence it 
 had been brought. ' ' ' 
 
 But} though the colony has renounced the pcrfe* 
 cuting fpirit which hath (lained all religious fe£ls with 
 bloody it has prcfcrved fome remains, if not of tole- 
 ration, at lea(l» of feverity, which reminds us of 
 thofc melancholy days in which it took its rife. Some 
 of its laws arc (HU too fevere. 
 
 Some idea may be formed of this rigid fcverity, 
 from a fpee'^h delivered not many years ago, before 
 the magiflrates, by a young woman who had been 
 convidted of producing her fifth baftard child. 
 
 * I prefume,' faid (he, * that this honourable court 
 will nor refufe me permiiTion to fpeak a few wordti 
 in my own defence. " 
 
 ' I am a young woman, both poor and unfortu- 
 nate. It is not without difBculty that I earn a de- 
 cent fubfidence *, and I am unable to fee lawyers to 
 plead my caufe in a proper manner. Lilten, there- 
 fore, to the fimple voice of reafon. As reafon a- 
 lone ought to dictate laws, (lie k certainly intitled 
 to examine whether they be founded on juftice and 
 humanity. That law, by which I am now dragged 
 before your tribunal, has condemned me on former 
 occafiuns. I a(k not that you (hould depart from it 
 on my account. I only intreat your benevolent in- 
 terceffions with the governor, for a remilTion of that 
 fine in which you are about to condemn me. 
 
 * This is the fifth time that I have appeared before 
 you for the fame offence. I twice paid heavy fines; 
 and twice, did my indigence prevent me from expi- 
 ating a flight fault for the fame pecuniary chaltiie- 
 ment : For this caufc alone did I fuffer a difgraceful 
 and a painful punifhment. Thefe punifhments, I 
 
 * know, 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 83 
 
 know, are ordained by the laws. Bur, if Ia\v5» 
 when unreafonablc, ought to be abrogated, or mi« 
 tigatcd when too fcvere, i will venture to proiiouiicc 
 that by which I am perfccuted lo be, in my parti- 
 cular circumltances, both cruel and unjufl. If this 
 (ingle fault, for which I am again accufed at your 
 tribunal, and for which heaven and nature pro- 
 nounce my pardon, be accepted, my life has been 
 uniformly irreproachable. If it be my misfortune 
 to have what I never merited, I openly defy my e- 
 nemies to charge me with the fmaliell aiTts of iiv 
 judice. I have cxjimined both my heart and my 
 condu£l ; and, I fay it with truth and with confi- 
 dence, they both appear to be pure as the light 
 which fhines upon me : After fearching for my 
 crime, I can find It no where but in thofc laws 
 which torment mc. ,• , \ 
 
 * At the rilk of my life have I given five children 
 to the world. I have nourilhed them with my milk^ 
 and with the fruits of my induflry : They have 
 been a burden neither to the public nor to indivi- 
 duals. With all the refolution and the tendernefs 
 of a mother, I have devoted myfelf to thofe pain- 
 ful anxieties which thei; age and their wcaknefs re- 
 quire : I have trained them to virtue, which is no- 
 thing but reafon. They already glow, as I do, with 
 love to their country. They, in time^ will be ci- 
 tizens like yourfelves, if you wrell not from them, 
 by new and inhuman fines, the funds deftined for 
 their fubfiftence, and if you force them not to fly a^ 
 country which has endeavoured to ftifle them in tlvc 
 very birth. 
 
 • Is it a crime to be fruitful and to multiply our 
 fpecies, like the earth our common parent ? Is it a 
 crime to augment the number of cploniils in a coun- 
 
 D 6 « trv 
 
 'ii. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
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 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
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 'V^^ ".A.^ 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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.-'■*. 
 
 «4 T H S H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 try which ftands in need of nothing but inhabi- 
 tants ? I never debauched any woman's hufband ; I 
 never infnared any young man. No perfon. has 
 reafon to complain of me, excepting, perhaps, the 
 clergyman, who Teems to be chagrined for loHng 
 the dues of his office, and becaufe I have had 
 children without confulting him. But is this 
 a fault of mine ? I appeal to youy my judges. 
 Tou know that I am not deditute of underdanding. 
 But, would it not be the extreme of folly and ftu* 
 pidity, to fubmit to the painful duties of matrimo- 
 ny, and to abandon its honours ? I always was, and 
 ftill am folicitous of being married : And, I flatter 
 myfelf, that the fruitfulnefs, the induftry, and the 
 , frugality with which nature has endowed mc, will 
 render me not unworthy of a ftate fo refpeftable ; 
 [he has defined me to be an honed and a virtuous 
 wife. I dill hope to be fo : While a virgin, 1 lif* 
 tened not to the preiling intreaties of love, till I 
 had received the vows of fidelity, arnl the mod fo- 
 lemn promifes of marriage. But my unexperienced 
 confidence in the Sincerity of the flrd man I loved, 
 made me lofe my own honour by relying on his. 
 To him I bore a child ; and then he abandoned me. 
 This man is well known to you all ; he is one of 
 your owr number. I hoped this xlay to have feen 
 him in court, with a view to moderate the rigour of 
 your fentence. If he had appeared, I would have 
 been filent. But how can I refrain from complain- 
 ing of injuftice, when I behold t^e man, who fedu- 
 ced and ruined me, loaded with honou&s and with 
 power ; when I behold him feated on that very tri- 
 bunal which punidied me with dripes and with in- 
 famy ? "What barbarous legiflaturc firft beftowdd 
 privileges on the dronger fexj and treated the weak- 
 
 • er 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 85 
 
 er with rigour and ferocity ? Unhappy females! 
 For a poor, but natural gratification, you are con- 
 demned to encounter a thoufand dapgers^ and to 
 fuffer a thoufand infirmities : Natuie has fold to you 
 pleafureSy which the men inhumanly monopolize to 
 themfelves, at a price fufficient to extinguiQi the 
 mod ungovernable paifions. 
 
 * Rather than commit treafon againft nature, I 
 fcrupte not to expofe myfelf tounjuft difhonour, and 
 to difgraceful chaftifement : No fuflrrings or hard- 
 fhips fhall ever deter me from obeying the laws of 
 propagation, or oblige me to prevent the birth of 
 my children, or to fufFocate them after they fee the 
 light. After lofing my virginity, I cbnfefs, that I 
 difddined to aflume the hypocritical appearances of 
 chaftity, by indulging in a fee ret and a barren pro- 
 Aitution : And 1 rather wifh for the continuance of 
 my prefent pains and anxieties, than to conceal the 
 oiispring of that fruitfulnefs originally conferred by 
 heaven upon man and woman. 
 
 * I (hall, doubtlefs, be told, that, independent of 
 the laws of fociety, I have violated thofe of religi- 
 on. If I have finned againft religion, let religion 
 punifh me. Alas ! Is it not enough, that ihe has 
 banifhed me from the happinefs of communion with 
 my brethren ? But, you urge, I have offended Hea- 
 ven, and have nothing to exped\ but the tortures of 
 eternal flames. If this be your creed, why do you 
 load me with punifliments in this world I No, gen* 
 tlemen, Heaven is not, like ydu, both unjuil ?n(f 
 inexorable. If I had believed what you call a fin 
 to be a real crime, I never would have had the au^ 
 dacity or the wickednefs to commit ic But 1 dare 
 not prefuOne to think, that I have offended the Su- 
 preme Being by procreating children^ on whom he 
 
 « ha> 
 
 '^}l 
 
 ^^ 
 
$6 
 
 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 
 has been pleafed to confer (Irong, and healthy ho* 
 dies, and to endow them with immortal fouls. Ju(l 
 God ! Thou art the avenger of crimes and of im- 
 moralities ; to you I appeal againft the iniquitous 
 fentence of my judges I I crave not vengeance ; 
 punifh them not ; but foften their hearts, and en- 
 lighten their underflandings ! If you have given 
 woman to man for a companion in this world of 
 pain and misfortune, fuffer him not to load with 
 opprobrium that fex which he himfelf has corrupt- 
 ed ! Let him not infufe tnifery and Oiame into that 
 pleafure which was dedined for a confolation to his 
 diftrefTes ! Let him not be fo barbaroully ungrateful^ 
 as to punifh the victims of his own voluptuoufnefs« 
 While under the influence of paflion, let hin re- 
 tain a fenfe of honour and of the value of chadity; 
 or, aft^r having violated both, let hTm at lead la- 
 ment, in place of infufting, the unfprtunate maid 
 whom he has robbed of her brighteft jewel : Per- 
 mit him not to pervert into crimes, adlions which 
 thou thyfelf commanded to be performed} when 
 you proclaimed} Let man incrcaje and multiply upon. 
 the earth, ^ 
 
 This fpeech, however, produced an affe6iing change 
 in tbt minds of all the audience. She was not only 
 acquitted of either penalty or corporal puniihment, 
 but her triumph was fo complete, that one of her 
 judges married her ; fo fuperior is the voice of reafon 
 to all the powers of (ludied eloquence. *' 
 
 Notwithdanding this, the 'popular prejudice foon 
 regained its ground ; whether it be that pojiucal and 
 •focial good often filences the voice of nature, when 
 left to heifclf, or tliat, unvier the CngliOi govcrnir.§ht, 
 where celibacy is not ciijoined by religion, th^m is 
 lefs excufe for an illicit commerce betwt;,en the ic: n 
 . * . thuu 
 
IJ O R T H AMERICA. ty 
 
 than in thofe countries, where the nobility and the 
 clergy, luxury on the one fi<ie, mifcry on the other, 
 and above all, the fcandalous example given by the 
 cautt and the church, all unite in degrading the mar* 
 ried ftate, and confequently in preventing miiny per- 
 fons from entering into it. 
 
 New England has fome refources again fl bad laws, 
 in the conftitution of its mother country, when the 
 people who have the legiflative power in their own 
 hands are at liberty to correal abufes ; and it has o- 
 thers derived from its iituation^ which open a vaft 
 field to induflry and population. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Bofton. Its trade. Ship^building, Difiillery. Foreign 
 traffic. Harbour^ &c.— y^ defcription of Cambridge* 
 
 BOSTON is a very noted and opulent trading 
 town, the metropolis of New England, in North 
 Auierica, in the county of Suffolk. It'is the largeft 
 city of all the BritiOi empire in America ; and was 
 built the latter end of the year 163c, by a part of the 
 colony which removed hither from CharleS'Town, and 
 ilands upon a peninfula of tibout four miles circum^ 
 ference, ^ the very bottom of Mafiachufet's-bay, a- 
 hout cigh*miles from the fouth of it. It is the moft 
 ^ Nr.::»igtowfty-.fituatcd"for trade of any place in North 
 Amet.^ j ^ the north fide are a dozen fmall iflandsy 
 called tht: i^reiy^ers, one of which is called Nettle's- 
 iiland. .Tbe^my ftife way for entrance into the har- 
 ^^^ i.s bf" a cUa inel fo narrow, as well as full of 
 ^i^sad^ th»t lilies iliips can fcarce pafs in a breaft ; 
 
 :^. . but 
 
 
 ¥> 
 
 ^M 
 

 9t THE HISTORY OF 
 
 but there are proper marks to guide them into the 
 fair way ; and within the harbour there is room e* 
 nough for five hundred {hips to lie at anchor in a 
 good depth of water, where they are covered by the 
 cannon of a regular and very (Irong fortrefs. At the 
 bottom of the bay is a very noble pier, near two thou. 
 fand feet in length, along which on the north fide ex* 
 tends a row of ware-houfes. The head of this pier 
 joins the principal ftreet in the town, which is, like 
 mod of the others, fpacious and well built : the town 
 has a very (Iriking appearance at entering, as it lies 
 at the very bottom of the bay, like an amphitheatre. 
 It has a town houfe, where the courts meet, and the 
 exchange is kept, large, and of a tolerable tade of ar- 
 chitecture. Round the exchange arc a^reat number 
 of well-furnifhed bookfellers (liops, which find em- 
 ployment for five printing-preflcs. There are here 
 ten churches, and it contains about five thoufand hou- 
 ies, and at lead thirty thoufand inhabitants. That 
 we may be enabled to form fome judgment of the 
 wealth of this city, we mud obferve that from Chrid- 
 mas 17479 to Chridmas 1748, five hundred vefiels 
 cleared out from this port only for a foreign trade, and 
 four hundred and thirty were entered inwards ; to 
 fay nothing of coading and fidiing vefiels, both of 
 vhich are numerous to an uncommon degree, and 
 not lefs than a thoufand. Indeed the trade of New 
 England is great, as it fupplies a vad quantity of 
 goods from within itfelf ; but is yet greater, as the 
 people in th^s country are in a manner the carriers for 
 all the colonies in North America and the Weft'^a- 
 dies ; and even for fome parts of Europe. Thejr mafy 
 be in thi© refpcft confidered the Hollanders of 
 rica. The home commodities are piincipally 
 and yards, ior which they contrad largely wiili <he 
 
 ■!■■ 
 
 it?' 
 
NORTH AMERICA. t^ 
 
 royal navy ; alfo pitch, tar, and turpentine ; ftaves^ 
 lumber, and boards ; all forts of pro?i(ion8, beef, 
 pork, butter, and cheefe, in vad quantities ; horfeSf 
 and live cattle ; Indian corn and peafe ; cyder, ap« 
 pies, hemp, and flax. Their peltry or fur-trade is 
 not Co confiderable. They have a noble cod fiiliery 
 upon their coa(l> which finds employment for a va(l 
 number of their people : they arc enabled by this 
 branch to export annually above thirty thoufand quin* 
 tals of choice codBih to Spain, Italy, the Britifh 
 iflands, Great Britain, the Mediterranean, &c. and 
 about twerl^ thoufand quintala of the refufe fort to 
 the Wed Inoies, for the negroes. 
 
 The great quantity of fpirits which they diftil in 
 Bofton from the molafTes, received in return from the 
 Well Indies, is as furpriHng as the cheap rate they 
 vend it at, which is under two (hillings a gallon. With 
 this they fupply almoft all the eonfumption of our co- 
 lonies in North America, the Indian trade there, thcf 
 vaft demands of their own, and the Newfoundland 
 fiOiery, and in a great meafure thoPe of the African 
 trade. But they are more famous for the quantify and 
 cheapnefs than the excellency of their rum. They 
 are almoft the only one of our colonies, which near* 
 ly fupply themfelves with woollen and linen manu* 
 fadures. Their v/oollen cloths are ftrong, clofe, but 
 coarfe and ftubborn. As to their linens, that manu? 
 faclure was brought from the north of Ireland by fome 
 prefbyterian artificers, driven thence by the feverity of 
 their landlords, or rather the mafter workmen and 
 employers ; and from an affinity of religious fenti* 
 ments they chofe ^ew England for their retreat. As 
 they brought with them a fund of riches in their (kill 
 of the linen manufa£lure8, they met with very large 
 eneouragementy and exercife their trade to the great 
 
 advama^^e 
 
i'> 
 
 po THE HISTORY OF 
 
 advantage of the colony. At prefent they make very 
 great quantities, and of a very good kind ; their prin- 
 cipal fettlement is in a towni which, in .compliment 
 to them, is called Londonderry. Thus does the ri- 
 gour and avarice of a few employers very often lay 
 the foundation of the ruin of a flaple commodity, by 
 driving the mine of wealth to (eek refuge in a foreign 
 country ; and hence it is from the fame feverity that 
 Naples, and other ftates of Italy, the Swifs Cantons, 
 See. are flocked with looms and Irifh artificers, to the 
 great lofs of the mother- country, Great Britain. 
 
 Hats are made in New England, and jphich, in a 
 ckndefline way, find vent in all the other colonies. 
 The fetting up thefc manufactures has been in a great 
 matter necelTary to them ; for as they have not been 
 properly encouraged in fome ftaple commodity by 
 which they might communicate with Great Britain j 
 bei«g cut off from all other reiburces, they muft have 
 cither abandoned the country, or have found means of 
 employing their own (kill and induftry to draw out of 
 it the neceffaries of life. The fame neceflity,. toge- 
 ther with their being polTefled of rnaterials for build- 
 ing and mending (hips, has made them the carriers 
 for the other colonies. 
 
 This laft article is one of the mod confiderable 
 which Boflon, or the other fea port towns in New 
 l£ngland carry on. Ships are fometimes built here 
 on commiflion, and frequently the merchants of the 
 country have them conllru£ted upon their own ac- 
 count ; then loading them with the produce of their 
 country, naval ftores, fifh, and fiihoil principally^ 
 they fend them out upon a trading voyage to Spain, 
 Portugal, or the Mediterranean; where, having dif- 
 pofed of their cargo, they make what advantage they 
 can by freight^ until fuch time as they can fell the 
 
 ■ Teffcl 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 91 
 
 wttCcl herfelf to advantage ; which they feldom fail to 
 do, receiving the value of the veflel, as well as the 
 freight of the goods, which from time to* time they 
 carried, and of the fird home*cargo in bills of 
 exchange upon London ; for as they have no commo- 
 dity to return for the value of above ioo,ooj/. which 
 they take in various forts of goods from England, (ex- 
 cept what naval (lores they' have) they are obliged to 
 keep the balance fpmewhat even by this circuitous 
 commerce ; which, though not carried on with Great 
 Britain, nor with Britifh vefTels, yet centers in its 
 profits, where all the money made by all the colonies 
 muft center at laft, namely in London. There was 
 a report made by way of complaint to the legiflaturc 
 of this circuitous, though to them neceiTary, com- 
 merce. It was defired that the exportation of lumber^ 
 &c. to the French colonies, and the importation of 
 fugars, molafles, &c. from thence might be ftopt. 
 On the other hand, the northern colonies complained 
 that they were not poflefled of any manufadlures, or 
 flaple commodity ; and being cut off from their cir- 
 cuitous commerce, they could not purchafe fo many 
 articles of luxury from Great Britain. The legiila- 
 ture took a middle courfe : they did not prohibit their 
 exporting lumber, &c. to the French colonies, but 
 laid the imports from thence, as fugars, molaffes, &c. 
 under a conliderable duty ; for they wifely forefaw 
 that the French would have refource to their own co« 
 lonies for lumber, by whi<;h the Botlon^ihen would be 
 cut off from fo valuable a branch of traoe and navi* 
 gation ; s^nd that the latter being driven to fuch 
 ftreightSy might have been alfo driven to fome ex* 
 tremes, which are not to be avoided when neceffity 
 over- rules ; and in fad the trade of Bofton is clearly 
 QQ a 4€cline* This circumftance ought to interell us 
 
 <iccply; 
 
99 THE HISTORY OR 
 
 deeply; for this colony of New England is very va- 
 luable to our common interefls, even fuppofe it fent 
 118 nothing, nor took any thing from us, as it is the 
 grand barrier of all the red ; and as it is the princi- 
 pal magHzine which fupplies our Wed Indies. 
 
 By confidering the ftate of fhip-building, the prin- 
 cipal branch of Bofton, we fhall vifibly perceive a 
 great decline in that article, which mud a(Fc£l her in- 
 timately in all others. In the year 1733, they built 
 at Bodon forty- one topfail veifels, burthen in all (ix 
 thoufand three hundred and twenty- four tons. In 
 I743 they built thirty i in 1746, but twenty; and 
 in 1749, but fifteen ; making in the whole only two 
 thoufand four hundred and fifty tons; — an aflonifhing 
 decline in about ten years. How it has been Yince 
 we are not informed ; but Aire fome enquiry fhould 
 be fet on foot to fee if by any ill*judged fchemes, 
 or by any mifgovernment, this great mifchief has hap- 
 pened. 
 
 There is a light-houfc ere£ted on a rock for the 
 {hipping, and four companies of militia, with five 
 hundred foldiersi and good fortifications on any ap- 
 proach, which, in fuch cafe, may be provided with 
 ten thoufand effe£live men in Boflon. The go- 
 vernment is dire61;ed by a governor, a general court, 
 and affembly, to which this city fends four members. 
 The- independent religion is the moft numerous, as 
 the profeifors are faid to be fourteen thoufand ; and 
 out of ten places of worfhip, fix are for this profef- 
 fion. 
 
 Cambridge is the chief town of the county of Mid - 
 dlefex in New England, in North America ; Aands on 
 the north branch of Charles-River, near Cbarle8-Town» 
 feven miles north-well of Boflon* It has feveral fine 
 houfes and good ilreets. It changed its old name of 
 
 Newton 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 93 
 
 Newton for that of Cambridge, on account of the uni- 
 vcifiiy called Harvard College, which confifts of two 
 fpacious crlleges built of brick, one called Harvard 
 College, and the other Stoughton Hall, the chief pro* 
 jedors and endowers thereof. It was proje£led in 
 16^0, and was at fird no more than a fchola iliuftrisy 
 or academical free-fchool, till May 165c, when it 
 was incorporated by a charter from the government of 
 MaHachufet's colony ; fo that by donations from feve- 
 ral learned patrons, namely, Archbiihop UQier, Sir 
 John Maynard, Sir Kenelm Digby, Mr. Baxter, and 
 Mr. Theophilus Gale, fellow of Magdalen College^ 
 there were before the accedion of Queen Anne above 
 4000 books of the mod valuable authors. The col- 
 lege confiih of a preHdent, five fellows, and a trea- 
 furer. There was an additional college eredied for 
 the Indians, but being found impracticable in its in- 
 tention, has been turned into a printing-houfe. 
 
 ■- i 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Defcription of NewTorkf Long IJland, and St aim 
 
 IJland, 
 
 NEW. YORK was formerly called Nova Belgia, 
 Yrom its being planted by the Dutch. 
 The province of New York, at prefent, contains 
 Long Ifland, Staten Ifland, and the lands of the ead 
 fide of Hudfon's river, to the bounds of Connefti<- 
 cut. On the weft fide of Hudfon's river from the fea 
 to lat. 41. lies New Jerfey. 
 
 The city of New York, at firft, included only the 
 iiland^ called by the Indians, Manhatans, Manning's 
 
 ifland j 
 
1 
 
 94 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 ifland ; the two Barn iflands, and the three Oyfler 
 iflande, wrre in the county But the limits of the 
 city have fince been augmented by charter. The ifland 
 is very narrow, not a mile wide at a medium, and 
 about fourteen miles in length. The fouth-wed point 
 proje£ls into a fine fpacious bay, nine miles long, and 
 about four in breadth ; at the confluence of the wa* 
 ters of Hudfon's river, and the flreight between Long 
 Ifland and the northern (bore. The Narrows, at the 
 fouth end of the bay, is fcarce two miles wide, and 
 opens the ocean to full view. The paflage up to New* 
 York from Sandy Hook, a point that extends farthefl 
 into the fea* is fafe, and not above five and twenty 
 miles in length. The common navigation is between 
 the eafl and well banks, in two or three and twenty 
 feet water. But it is faid that an eighty gun (hip may 
 be brought up, through a narrow, winding, unfre- 
 quented channel, between the north-end of the ea(t 
 bank and Coney Ifland. 
 
 The city has, in reality, no natural bafon or har« 
 bour. The (hips lie off in the road, on the ead-fide 
 of the town, which is docked out, and better built 
 than the fide, becaufe the freihes in Hudfbn's river fill 
 it in fome winters with ice. 
 
 The city of New- York confifts of about two thou- 
 fand five hundred buildings. It is a mile in length, 
 and not above half that in breadth. Such is its figure, 
 its center of bufinefs, and the fituation of the houfes, 
 that the mean cartage from one part to another, does 
 not exceed above one quarter of a mile ; than which 
 nothing can be more advantageous to a trading city. 
 
 It is thought to be as healthy a fpot as any in the 
 world. The eaft and fouth parts, in general, are low, 
 but the reft is fituated on a dry, elevated foil. The 
 ftrccis are irregular, but being paved with round peb- 
 
 ' bles, 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 9$ 
 
 bles, aie clean, and lined with well built brick houfeSi 
 manv of which arc covered with tiled roofs. 
 
 No part of America is fupplied with markets a- 
 bouniling with greater plenty and variety. They have 
 beef, pork, mutton, poultry, butter, wild fowl, vcni- 
 fon, fiOi, roots and herbs of all kinds, in their fea- 
 fons. Their oyftcrs arc a confidcrable article in the 
 fupport of the poor. Their beds are within view of 
 the town ; a fleet of two hundred fmall craft are often 
 feen there, at a time when the weather is mild in 
 winter4 and this Hngle article is computed to be worth 
 annually 10 or 1 2,000 1. 
 
 This city is the metropolis and grand mart of the 
 provincey and, by its commodious (ituation, com- 
 mands alfo all the trade of the weflern part of Gon- 
 nc£licut and that of Eaft Jerfey. No feafon pieventg 
 their fliips from launching out into the ocean. Du- 
 ring the grcateft fcverity of winter, an equal, unre- 
 llrained a£^ivity runs through all ranks, orders, and 
 employments. 
 
 Upon the fouth-weft point of the city (lands the 
 fort, which is a fquare with four baftions. Within 
 the walls is the houfe in which the Governors ufually 
 reHde ; and oppodte to it brick barracks, built for- 
 merly for the independent companies. The Gover- 
 nor's houfe is in heighth three ftories, and fronts to 
 the weft 5 having, from ^the fecond ftory, a fine pro- 
 fpe£l to the bay and the Jerfey Ihore. At the fouth- 
 end there was formerly a chapel, but this was burnt 
 down in the negroe confpiracy of the fpring 1741. 
 According to Governor Burnet's obfervations, this fort 
 (lands in the latitude of /}0. 42. N. 
 
 Below the walls of the garrifon, near the water, 
 they have lately raifed a line of fortification, which 
 commands the entrance into the eadern road and the 
 
 mouih 
 
p6 THE HIST OR Y O F 
 
 mouth of Hudfon's river. This battery is built of 
 (lone, and the merlons confift of cedar-joiftSf filled 
 yvhh earth. It mounts gz cannon, and thefe are all 
 the works they have to defend the place. About (ix 
 furlongs, fouth-eafl: of the fort, lies Notten Ifland, 
 containing about lOo or i lo acres, referved by an 
 a£l of aiTenibly as a fort of demefne for the Gover- 
 nors, upon which it is propofed to ere£b a flrong 
 cal^le, becaufe an enemy might from thence eafily 
 bombard the city, without being annoyed either by 
 our battery or the fort. During the lad a line of pa* 
 lifadoes was rra from Hudfon's to the eaft river, at 
 the other end of the city, with block-houfes at fmall 
 diilances. The greater part of thefe ftill remain as 
 a monument of folly, for it coil the province about 
 8coo 1. 
 
 The inhabitants of New-York are z mixed people, 
 but moftly defcended from the original Dutch plant- 
 ers. There are ftill two churches, in which religi- 
 ous worfliip is performed in that language. The old 
 building is of ftone and ill built, ornamented within 
 by a fmall organ-loft and brafs branches. The new 
 church is a high, heavy edifice, has a very extenHve 
 area, and was completed in 1729. It has no galle- 
 ries, and yet will perhaps contain a thoufand or twelve 
 (lundred auditors. . The fteeple of this church affords 
 a moft beautiful profpedl, both of the city beneath and 
 the furrounding country. The Dutch congregation 
 is more numerous than any other; but as the lan- 
 guage becomes difufed, it is much diminiHied ; and un- 
 lefs they change their worfliip into the Englifti tongue, 
 muft foon fuffer a total diflipation. Their church was 
 incorporated on the i ith of May 1696, by the name 
 of the minifter, ciders, and deacons, of the reformed 
 protertant Dutch church of the city of New- York ; 
 
 and 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 97 
 
 and its edate, afc^r the expiration of fundry leng 
 leafes, will be worth a very great income. 
 
 All the Low Dutch congregations, in this and che 
 province of New-Jerfey, wor(hip after the manner of 
 the reformed churches in the United Provinces, With 
 . refpedl to government, they are in principle presby- 
 terians i but yet hold themfelves in fubordination to 
 the Claflis of Amderdam, who fometimes permit, and 
 at other times refufe them the powers of ordination. 
 Some of their miniflers conGder fuch a fubjedlion as 
 anti-conflitutional ; and hence, in feveral of their late 
 annual conventions, at New- York, called the Caetus, 
 fome debates have arifen amongft them ; the majority 
 being inclined to ere£^ a ciaflis, or ecclefiaUical judi* 
 catory, here, for the government of their churches. 
 Thofe of their miniders, who are natives of Europe, 
 are, in general, averfe to the proje£l. The expence 
 attending the ordination of their candidates, in HoI-l 
 land, and the reference of their difputes to the claffis 
 of Amilerdam, is very confiderable ; and with what 
 confequences the interruption of their correfpondence 
 with the European Dutch would be attended, in cafe 
 of war, well defer ves their confideration. 
 
 Ther&are, belides the Dutch, two epifcopal churches 
 in this city, upon the plan of the eftablifhed church 
 in South Britain. Trinity church was built in 1696^, 
 and afterwards enlarged in 1737. It (lands very plea- 
 fantly upon the banks of Hudfon^s river, and has a 
 large cemetery, on each fide, inclofed in the front by a 
 painted paled fence. Before it a long walk is railed ofF 
 from the broad- way, the plcafanteft ftreet of any in the 
 whole town« rhis.buiiding is about 148 feet long, in- 
 cluding the tower and chancel, and 72 feet in breadth. 
 The ftecple is 175 feet in height, and over the door 
 hcing the river is a Latin infcription* 
 
 E The 
 
 m 
 
. 
 
 I 
 
 Qt THE HISTORY OF 
 
 The church is, 1irithin» ornamented heyond any o. 
 ther place of public worfhip in New- York. The head 
 of the chancel is adorned with an altar-piecei and op« 
 pofite to it, at the other end of the building, is the 
 organ. The tops of the pillars, which fupport the 
 galleries, are decked with the gilt bafts of angels 
 winged. From the cieling are fufpended two glafs 
 branches, and on the walls hang the arms of fome of 
 its principal bencfa£tors. The ailes are paved with 
 •flat ftones. 
 
 This congregation, partly by the arrival of fl rangers 
 from Europe, but principally by profclytes fronn the 
 Dutch churches, is become fo numerous, that though 
 the old bailding will contain 20ca hearers, yet a new 
 •one was e reeled in -17^2, This, called St. George's 
 -chapel, is a very neat edifice, faced with hewn ftone 
 and tiled. The fleeple is lofty, but irregular ; and 
 its (ituation in a new, crowded, and ill- built part of 
 the town. 
 
 The re^or, churchwardens, and veftrymen of Tri- 
 nity church, are incorporated by an a£t of afTembly, 
 which grants the two laft the advowfon or right of 
 ^rcfentation ; but enadts, that the redor (liall be in- 
 llituted and indu£led in a manner mofl agreeable to 
 the King's inftru£^ions to the Governor, and the ca- 
 nonical right of the biftiop of London. Their wcr- 
 ihip is condu6led after the mode of the church of Eng- 
 land 5 and with refpeft to government, rhey are em- 
 powered to make rules and orders for themfclves, be- 
 ing, if we may ufe the exprefllon, an independent ec- 
 clefiaftical corporation. 
 
 The revenue of this church is refunded, by an aft 
 of aflembly, to 500 1. per annum j but it is poflelTifd 
 of a rca- eflate, at the north-end-of the town, which 
 
 having 
 
KORTH AMERICA. 99 
 
 having been lately divided into fots and let to farm, 
 will, in a few years, produce a much greater income. 
 The Presbyterians increaling after Lord Cornbury'i 
 return to England, called Mr. Anderfon, a Scotch 
 minidcr, to the palloral charge of their congregation ; 
 and Dr. John Nichol, Patrick MacNight, Gilbert Li- 
 vingfton and Thomas Smith, purchafed a piece of 
 groundj and founded a church in 1719. Two yearJ 
 afterwards they petit'oncd Colonel Schiiyler, who had 
 then the chief command, for a charter of incorpora- 
 tion, to fccurc their e(kte for religious worftiip, upon 
 the plan of the church in North-Britain ; but were 
 dtfappointed in their expe£lations, through the oppo- 
 fition of the epifcopal party. They, fliortly after, re- 
 newed their requeft to Governor Burnet, who referred 
 the petition to his council. The Epifcopalians again 
 violently oppofed the gra::t, and the Governor^ in 
 1724, wrote upon the fubjedl to the Lords of trade 
 for their direction. Counfellor Weft, who was then 
 confulied, gave his opinion in thefc words : • Upon 
 
 * confideration of the fcvcral a6ts of unformity, that 
 
 * have pafled in Great Britain, I am of opinion that 
 they do not extend to New- York, and confequently 
 an a£b of toleration is of no ufe in that province 5 
 and therefore, as there is no provincial a£l for uni- 
 formity, according to the church of England, I am 
 of opinion, that by law fuch patent of incorporation 
 may be granted, as by the petition is defired.' 
 
 After feveral years folicitation for a charter in vain, 
 and fearful that thofe who obftrudled fuch a reafonable 
 requeft^ would watch an opportunity to give them a 
 more efFeftual wound ; thofej among the Presbyte* 
 rians, who were invefted with the fee fimple of the 
 church and ground, ' cotlveyed it, on the i6th of 
 
 * March 1730, to ihc^ moderator of ttie general aflem- 
 
 £ a « b\f 
 
100 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 
 y^ 
 
 * biy of the church of Scotland and the commifTion 
 
 * thereof, the moderator of the presbytery of Edin- 
 
 * burgh, the principal of the college of Edinburgh, 
 
 * the profeffor of divinity therein, and the procurator 
 
 * and agent of the church of Scotland, for the time 
 
 * bring, and their fuccefibrs in office, as a committee 
 
 * of the general aflembly. On the f5th of Augufl 
 
 * 1732.1 the <:hurch of Scotland, by an inftrument 
 
 * under the feal of the general aflembiy \* and Ggned 
 by Mr. Niel Campbell, principal of the univeiHty of 
 •Glafgow^ and moderator of the general aflembly and 
 conimiiTion thereof; Mr. James Nesbit, one of, the 
 miniders of the gofpel at Edinburgh, moderator of the 
 presbytery of Edinburgh ; Mr. William Hamilton, 
 principal of the univerfity of Edinburgh ; Mr. James 
 Smith, profefibr of divinity therein j and Mr« Wil- 
 liam Grant, advocate^ procurator for the church of 
 Scotland,, for the time being $ purfuant to an a£^ of 
 the general ailembly, dated the 8th of May ly^i, did 
 <ieclare, ^ that notwithdanding the aforefaid right made 
 
 * to them and their fuccefTors in ofHce, they were 
 
 * defirous, that the aforefaid building and edifice, and 
 ^ appurtenances thereof, be preferved for the pious 
 
 < and religious purpofes for which the fame were de* 
 
 * figned ; and that it (hould be free and lawful to the 
 
 < Presbyterians then refiding^ or that (hould at any 
 ^ time thereafter be refident in or near the aforefaid 
 
 * city of New York, -in America, or others joining 
 
 * with them, to convene, in the aforefaid church, for 
 
 < the worfhip of God in all the parts thereof, and for 
 
 * the Hifpcnfation of all gofpel ordinances ; and ge- 
 ^ nerally to ufe and occupy the faid church and itsap- 
 
 * purtenances, fully and freely in all times coming, 
 
 * they fupporting and maintaining the edifice and ap* 
 
 * puftcnacees at theif own charge.* 
 
 . * ' Mr, 
 
NORTH AMERICA. ici 
 
 Mr. Anderfon was fucceeded, in April 1727, by 
 the Rev. Mr. Ebenczer Pemberton> tuider whofe in- 
 cefiant labours the congregation greatly increafed, and 
 was enabled to ereSi the prefent edifice in 1 7^1 8. It 
 is built of doncy railed off from the flreet, is 80 iczt 
 long, and in breadth 60. The fteeple, raifed on the 
 fouth-wed ead,^ is in height 145 feet. In the front 
 to the (Ireet, between two long windows, is a Latin 
 infcription gilt, and cut in a black flate fix feet in 
 length. 
 
 The French church, by the contentions in 1724, 
 and the difufe of the language, is now reduced to an 
 inconfiderable handful. The building is of Aone, 
 nearly a fquare, plain both within and without. It 
 is fenced from rhe ftreet, has a fteepie and a bell, the 
 latter of which was the gift of Sir Henry Af&huril 0^ 
 London. 
 
 The German Lutheran <:hur€h€S are two. Both 
 tbeir places of worfhip are fmall : one of them has » 
 cupola and bell. 
 
 The Quakers have a mecting-Houfc, and the Mora- 
 fians a church, coniilling principally of female profe- 
 lytes from other focieties^ Their fervice id in the 
 Englifli tongue. 
 
 The Anabaptifts aflemble at a fmall- meeting- houfr, 
 but have as yet no regular fettled congregation. The 
 Jews, who are not inconfiderable for their numbers, 
 worlhip in a fynagogue erected in a very private part 
 of the town, plain without, but very neat within. 
 
 The city*hfill is a ftrong brick building, two florics 
 in heighthj in the fhape of an oblong, winged with 
 one at each end, at right angles with the firfi. The 
 floor below is an open walk, except two jails and the 
 jailor's apartments. The cellar underneath is a dun- 
 geon^ and the garret above a common prifon. This 
 
 E 3 edifice 
 
k 
 
 102 T H E H 1 S T O R Y O F 
 
 edifice is ere£lecl in a place where four (Ireets meet, 
 and fronts, to the fouth-weft, one of the mod fpaci- 
 OU8 flreets in town. The eaftern wing, in the fecond 
 doryp confids of the aflembly-chamber, a lobby, and 
 a frr.all room for the fpeakcr of the houfe. The weft 
 wing, on the fame floor, forms the council- room and 
 a library *, and in the fpace between the ends, the Su- 
 preme Court is ordinarily held. 
 
 The library confids of a thoufand volumes, which 
 were bequeathed to the Society for the propagation of 
 the gcfptl in foreign parts, by Dr. Millington, re£lor 
 of Newjngton. Mr. Humphreys, the fociety's fccre- 
 tary, in a letter of the 23d of September i72 8> in- 
 formed Governor Montgomerie, that the fociety in- 
 tended to place thefe books in New York, intending 
 to edablidi a library, for the ufe of the clergy and 
 gentlemen of this and the neighbouring governments 
 of Connedlicut^ New Jerfey, and Pcnfylvania, upon 
 giving fecurity to return them ; and defired the Go- 
 vernor to recommend it to the aflembly, to provide a 
 place to repofit the books, and to concur in an a£t for 
 the prefervation of them and others that might be ad- 
 ded. Governor Montgomerie fent the letter to the 
 alTembly, who ordered it to be laid before the city- 
 corporation ; and the latter, in June 17 2 (^, agreed to 
 provide a proper repoHtory for the books, which were 
 accordingly foon after fent over. The greated part of 
 them are upon theological fubjedts, and through the 
 carelefTnefs of the keepers many are miding. 
 
 In 1754* a fct of gentlemen undertook to carry a- 
 bout a fubfcription towards raifing^a public library, and 
 in a few days collected near (5co I. which were laid 
 out in purchaiing about 700 volumes of newi ^ell 
 chofen books. Every fubfcriber, upon payment of 
 ^ h principal^ and tbe annual fum of 10 8. is entitled 
 
 / to 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 103, 
 
 to the ufe of thefe books. His right by the articles is 
 aflignable) and for non-compliance with them may be 
 forfeited. The care of this library is committed to 
 twelve trufteesi annually eleded by the fubfcribers, on 
 the hH Tuefday of April, who aie reftridted from ma^ 
 king any rules repugnant to the fundamental fubfcrip- 
 tion. This is the beginning of a library, which iii 
 procefs of time will probably become vaflly rich and 
 voluminous ; and it would be very proper for the com* 
 pany to have a charter fur itt> fecurity and encourage- 
 ment. The books are depoEted in the fame room with 
 thofe given by the fociety.- 
 
 Bcfides the city-hall, there belong to the corppra*- 
 tlon,. a large alms-houfe or place of correction, and 
 the exchange, in the latter of which there is a large, 
 room raifcd upon brick-arches, generally ufed for pub* 
 lie entertainments^ concerts of mufic, balls,, and af- 
 femblies. 
 
 Though the city was put under the government of 
 a may Of, &c. in 1665, ^^ was not regularly inagrpo* 
 raced till 16S6. Since that time feveral chatters have 
 been paiTed : the lafi was granted by Governor ^Xoui* 
 gomeric on the 15th of January 1730* 
 
 It is divided into feven wards, and is under the 
 govecnmept of a mayor, recorder, feven aldermen, and 
 as many afliHants or common councilmen. The may^ 
 or, a flierif}, and coponer, are annually appointed by 
 the Governor. The recorder has a patent during pl^a- 
 fure. The aldermen, aiMants, aifeiTors, and col- 
 ledors^ are annually eledled by the freemen and free- 
 holders of the refpe^ive wards. The mayor has the 
 fole appointment of a deputy, and, together with four. 
 aldermen, iliay appoint a chamberlain. The mayor, 
 or recorder^ four aldermen, and as many aflidantfit 
 form "The common council of the. city of New.. 
 
 E 4 . York ,*' 
 
ie4 tHE HISTORY OF 
 
 York *," and this body, by a majority of voices, hzih 
 power to make by* laws for the government of the cky, 
 which are binding only for a year, iinlefs confirmed 
 by the governor and council. They have many other 
 privileges relating to ferriages, markets, fairs, the af* 
 fizc of bread, wine, &c. and tbe licen Hng and regu- 
 lation of tavern*keepers, cartage, and the Kke« The 
 mayor, his deputy, the recorder, and aldermen, are 
 condituted juftices of the peace ; and may hold not 
 only a court of record once a week, to take cogni- 
 zance of all civil caufes, but alfo a court of general 
 quarter- feflions of the peace. They have a common 
 clerk, commifRoned by the governor, who enjoys an 
 appointment worth about four or five hundred pounds 
 per annum. The annual revenue of the corporation 
 18 near two thoufand pounds. The ftanding militia 
 of the ifland confifls of about 2300 men, and th€ city 
 has in referve, a thoufand (land of arms for feamen, 
 the poor and othersy in cafe of an invafion. 
 
 The north eaftern part of Kew York ifland is inha- 
 bited, principally by Dutch farmers, who have a fmall 
 village there called Harlem, pleafantly fituated on a 
 fiat cultivated for the city-markets. 
 
 The province of New York is not fo populous as 
 fome have imagined. Scarce a third part of it is under 
 cultivation. The colony of Connedkicur, which is 
 yailly inferior to this in its extent, contains, accord- 
 ing to a late authentic enquiry, above 133,000 inha- 
 bitants, and has a militia of 279O00 men; but the 
 militia of New York, according to the general efli- 
 mate, does not exceed 18,000. The whole number 
 of fouls is computed at 100,006. 
 
 Many have been the difcouragements to the fettle- 
 ment of this colony. The French and Indtan irrup- 
 tionsj to which we have always been expofed^ have 
 
 drivcp 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 105 
 
 ifnfen many families into New Jerfey. At home, the 
 Britiih lAs for the tranfportation of felons have brought 
 all the American colonies into difcredit with the iadu* 
 ftrious and honed poor, both in the kingdoms of Great 
 Britain and Ireland. The mifchievous tendency of 
 thofe laws was (hewn in a late paper^ publiflied in A** 
 merica, which it may not be improper to lay before 
 the reader. 
 
 *< It is too well known that in purfuance of divers 
 a£ts of parliament, great numbers of fellows who have 
 forfeited their lives to the public, for the mofl atro- 
 cious crimes, are annually tranfported from home to 
 thefe plantations. Very furprifing one would think, 
 that thieves, burglars, pickpockets, and cut-purfes, 
 and a herd of the moft flagitious banditti upon earth». 
 (hould be fent as agreeable companions to us ! That 
 the fupreme legiflature did intend a tranfportation to 
 America, for a punifhment of thefe villains, I verily 
 believe : but fo great is the midake, that, confident i 
 am, they are thereby, on the contrary, higlUy re- 
 warded. For what, in God's name, can be more a- 
 greeable to a penurious wretch, driven through ne« 
 ceflity, to feek a livelihood by breaking of houfes, and 
 robbing upon the king's highway, than to be faved 
 from the halter, redeemed from the flench of a goal^ 
 and tranfported, paiiage free, into a country, where, 
 being unknown, no man can reproach him wfth his 
 crimes ; where labour is high, a little of which will 
 maintain him, and where all his expences will be mo* 
 derate and low. There is fcarce a thief in fnghnd,, 
 that would not rather be tranfported than hanged. 
 Life in any condition, but that of extreme mifery, 
 ^ill be preferred to death. As long, therefore, as 
 there remains this wide door of eicape, the number 
 
 . E5- of? 
 
io6 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 of thieves and robbers at home will perpetually mul* 
 
 tiply, and their depredations be inceflfantly reiterated. 
 
 But the a6ls were intended, ^ for the better peo* 
 
 pling the colonies.' And will thieves and murderers 
 
 be conducive to that end ? What advantage can we 
 
 reap from a colony of unreflrainable renegadoes ? will 
 
 they cxikh the glory of the crown ? or rath»r, will not 
 
 the dignity of the molt illuftrious monarch in the world 
 
 be fullied by a province of fubjedts fo lawlefs, dcted- 
 
 able^ and igr^ominious ? C-^in agriculture be promoted, 
 
 when the * wild boar of the fored breaks down our 
 
 * hedges, and pulls up our vines ?' Will trade Aon- 
 
 rifh, or manufactures be encouraged, where property 
 
 is made the fpoil of fuch who are too idle to work, 
 
 and wicked enough to murder and Qeal ? 
 
 Befides, arc we not fubje<S>.s of the fame king with 
 the people of England j members of the fame body 
 politiC) and therefore entitled to equal privileges with 
 them ? If fo, how injurious does it fecm to free one 
 part of the dominions, from the plagues of mankind, 
 and caft them upon another ? Should a law be pro- 
 pofed to take the poor of one paiiih, and billet them 
 upon another, would not all the world, but the pariih 
 to be relieved, exclaim againft luch a project, as ini- 
 quitous and abfurd ? Should the numbcrlefs villains 
 of London and Weftminfter be fufFered to cfcape from 
 their prifons, to range at large and depredate any other 
 part of the kingdom, would not every man join with 
 the fufferers, and condemn the meafure as hard and 
 unreafonable ? And though the hardihips upon us are 
 indeed not equal to thofe, yet the miferies that flow 
 from laws, by no mtians intended to prejudice us, are 
 too heavy not to be felt. But the colonies muft be 
 ptoplcd. Agreed: and will the tranlportation-adls 
 ever have that tendency ? No, they work the contra- 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 107 
 
 ly way, and counteract their own dcfign. Wc want 
 people 'tifr true* but not villains, ready at anytime, 
 encouraged by impunity, and habituated upon the 
 flighted occaHons, to cut a man's throat for a finali 
 part of his property. The delights of fuch company 
 is a noble inducement, indeed, to the honefl poor, to 
 convey themfelves into a Arange country ! Amidd all 
 our plenty, they will have enough to excrcife their 
 firtues, and (land in no need of the aiTociation of fuch 
 as will prey upon their property, and gorge themfelve? 
 with the blood of the adventurers. They came over 
 in fearch of happinefs ; rather than Oarvc will live any. 
 where, and would be glad to be excufed from {o afllitl* 
 ing an antepart of the torments of helL In reality. 
 Sir, thefe very laws, though otherwife defigned, h;ive 
 turned out in the end, the mod effectual expedients,, 
 that the art of man could have contrived, to prevent 
 the fettlement of thefe remote parts of the King's do- 
 minions. They have actually taken away almod eve- 
 ry: encouragement to fo laudable a defjgn. I appeal 
 to facts. The body of the LngliOi are flruclc \v'n\i* 
 terror at the thought of coming over to us, not be* 
 caufe they have a va(t ocean to crofs, or leave bshincU 
 them their friends, or that the country is new and 
 uncultivated ; but from the (hocking ideas, the mind 
 mud necefTarily form, of the company of inhuman fa-» 
 vages, and the more terrible herd of exiled malefac- 
 tors* There are thoufands of hone(t men, labouring* 
 in Europe, at four pence a day, (larving in fpite o^ 
 all their efforts, a dead weigjit to the refpective pa* 
 rilhes to which they belong ; who, without any other 
 qualifications than common fenfe, health, and ftrcngth, 
 might accumulate e(tates among us, as many have done 
 already. Thefe, and not the others, are the men. 
 jthat (hould be fent over, for the better peopling the 
 
 E 6 p.lauiatioiis.^ 
 
. 11 
 
 io8 T H £ H I S TO R Y O F ' 
 
 plantations. Great Britain and Ireland, in their pre* 
 fent circumdancesy are oyerftocked with them ; ahd 
 lie who would immortalize himfclfi for a lover of 
 mankind, ihould concert a fcheme for the tranfporta* 
 tion of the induftrioufly honed abroad, and the imme- 
 diate punifhment of rogues and plunderers at home. 
 The pale-faced, Kjalf-clad, meagre, and ftarvcd (kele* 
 tons, that are feen in every village of thofe kingdoms, 
 call loudly for the patriot's generous aid. The plan* 
 tations too would thank him for his afiiftance, in ob- 
 taining the repeal of thofe laws which, though other- 
 wife intended by the legiflature, have fo unhappily 
 j>roved injurious to his own country, and ruinous to 
 us. It is not long Hnce a bill paifcd the commons, 
 for the employment of fuch criminals in his Majefty's 
 docks, as (hould merit the gallows. The defign was 
 good. It is confident with found policy, that all thofe 
 who have forfeited their liberty and lives to their coun- 
 try, fhould be compelled to labour the reHdue of their 
 days in its fervice. But the fcheme was bad, and 
 wifely was the bill rejected by the Lords, for this on- 
 ly reafon, that it had a natural tendency ^o difcredit 
 the King's Yards ; the confequences of which m*i(l 
 have been prejudicial to the whole nation. Juft fo 
 ought we to reafon in the prefent cafe, and we (hould 
 then foon be brought to conclude, that though peopling 
 the colonies, which was the laudable motives of the 
 legiflature, be expedient to the publiC| abrogating the 
 tranfportation-laws mud be equally neceflary. 
 
 The bigotry and tyranny of fome of the governors, 
 together with the great extent of their grants, may 
 alio be conlidered among the difcouragements againft 
 the full fetilement of the province. Moft of thefc 
 gentlemen coming over with iro other view than to 
 raifc their own fortunesi ifiued extravagant patents, 
 
 charged 
 
)^ O R T H AMERICA. 109 
 
 charged with fmall qiMt*rcnti» to fuch ai were able to 
 ferre them in the aflembly 1 and thefe patenceea being 
 generally meii of ciUtety iMive rated their lands fo ex* 
 orbiuotly high, that very few poor persons could ei- 
 ther purchafe or leafe them. Add to all thefe, the 
 )4ew England planters h»ve always been difaffc^led to 
 the Dutch* nor was there, after the fur render, any 
 foreign accelDoa from the Netherlands. The province 
 being thus poorly inhabited, the price of labour be* 
 came fo cnormouily enhanced^ that they have been 
 conftrained to import negroes from Africa, who arc 
 employed tn all kinds of fervitude and trades." 
 
 Engliih is the mod prevailing language in New 
 Tork, but not a little corrupted by the Dutch dialedt» 
 which is dill fo much uled in fome counties, that the 
 iheriffs find it difRcult to obtain perfons fuificiently 
 acquainted with the Englifh tongue, to fervc as jurors 
 in the courts of law. 
 
 The manners of the people differ as well as their 
 language. In Suffolk and Queen's county, the firfl 
 feeders of which were either natives of England^ or 
 the imme(!tace defcendants of fuch as begun the plan* 
 tations in ti.? eaflern colonies, their cuHoms are fimi* 
 lar to thofe prevailing in the Englifh counties, from 
 whence they originally fprang. In the city of New 
 York, through their intercourfe with the Europeans^ 
 they follow the London fafbions y though by the time 
 they adopt them, they become difufed in England. 
 Their affluence, during.the late war, introduced a de- 
 gree of luxury in tables, drefs, and furniture, with 
 which they were before unacquainted. But dill they 
 are not fo gay a people, as their neighbours in Bo(toxi 
 and feveral oH the fouthern colonies. The Dutch coun* 
 ties, in fome meafure, fellow the example of New 
 
 York, 
 
I to T H E H r S T O R t OF 
 
 York, but dill retain many modes peculiar to the Hol» 
 landers. 
 
 The city of New York confiils principally of mer* 
 chants, fliopkeepers, and tradeCmen, who fudain the 
 Fcpuration of punctual and fair dealers. With refpecb 
 to riches, there is not fo great an ineijuality amongd 
 them, as is common in BoUon and fom^ other places. 
 Every man of induftry and integrity- has it< in his power 
 to live well^ ^nd many are the indances of perfons^ 
 who came here diftrefiqd by their poverty, who* now 
 enjoy eafy and plentiful foi tunes. ^ 
 
 New-York is one of the moll focial places on the 
 continent. The men collect themfelves into weekly 
 evening-clubs* The ladies, in winter, are frequent* 
 ly entertained either at concerts of muGck or ailem- 
 blies, and make a very good appearance. They are 
 comely and drefs well, and fcarce any of them have 
 dillorted fhapes. Tindlur'd with a- Dutch education, 
 they manage their famiiies with becoming parfimony, 
 good providence, and /ingular neatnefs. The prac-^ 
 tice of extravagant gaming, common to the faibionable 
 part of the fair fex, in fome places, is a vice with 
 which they cannot juftly be charged. There is no- 
 nothing fhey fo generally negle£l as reading, and in- 
 deed ail the arts for the improvement of the mind, in 
 which the men have fct them the example. They are 
 raodell, temperate, and charitable ; naturally fpright- 
 ly, fenfible, and good-humoured ; and, by the helps- 
 of a more elevated education^ would poll efs all the ac- 
 complilliments defirable in the fex. Their fchools are 
 in the lowcft orders ; the inftruiElors want inftrudion,. 
 and ihrough a long (hameful negle6l of all the arts and 
 fciences, the common fpecch is ej&tremely corrupt*, 
 and the evidences of a bad tafle, both as to thought and 
 
 ■ * language. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 1 1 1 
 
 language, are irifible tn their proceedings, public and 
 
 private. 
 
 The people, both in town and count/t arc fober^ 
 induftrious, and hofpitable, though intent upon gain; 
 The richer fort keep very plentitul tables, abounding. 
 with great variety of flefli, fiOi, fowl, and all kinds of 
 vegetables. The common dfinks are beer, cyder, 
 weak punch, and Madeira wine. For deflcrt they have 
 fruits in vaft plenty, of different kinds and various 
 fpccies. - - 
 
 Gentlemen of eftates rarely refide in the country,, 
 hence few or no experiments have yet been made in. 
 agriculture. The farms being large, the hulband- 
 men, for that reafon, have little rccourfe to art for 
 manuring and improving their lands ^ but it is faid, 
 that nature has furnifhed them with fuflicient helps, 
 whenever ncccffity calls for their ufe. It is much 
 owing to the difproportion between the number of the 
 inhabitants, and the vad trades remaining (till to be 
 fettled, that they have not, as yet, entered upon fcarce 
 any other manufa£tures, than fuch as are indifpenlibly 
 neceflary for their home convenience. Felt-making, 
 which is perhaps the mod natural of any they could 
 fall upon, was begun fome years ago, and hats were 
 exported to the Weil Indies with great fuccefs, till 
 lately prohibited by an act of parliament. 
 
 The inhabitants of this colony are in general heal- 
 thy and robuil, taller but Iborter lived than i£uro« 
 peans, and, both with refpt6t lo their minds and bo*' 
 dies, arrive fooner to an age of maturity. Breathing 
 a ftrenc, dry air, they are more fprightly in their na- 
 tural tempers than the people of England, and hence 
 instances of fuicide are here very uncommon. Few 
 phyficians fettled in New York are eminent for their 
 Ikill. Quacks abound like loculU in £gypt, and too 
 
 many 
 
Ill T H E -H r & T O R Y OF 
 
 many have recommended themfelves to a full pra£\iee 
 and profitable fubfidence. This is the lefs to be won* 
 dered at» as the profeffion is under no kind of regula«» 
 tion. Loud as the call is, they have no law to pro« 
 te£fc the lives of the King^fr fubje£^s from the maiprac* 
 tice of pretenders. ' Any man at his pleafure fets up 
 for phyftctan, apothecary, and chirurgeon. No can« 
 didates are either examined or licenfed, or even fworn 
 to fair pradiice. 
 
 The (ituation of New York, with refpedk to foreign 
 markets, is to be preferred to any of our colonies^ It 
 Hes in the center of the Britiih plantations on the con* 
 tinent, has at all times a ihort eafy accefs to the ocean, 
 and commands almoft the whole trade of Connecticut 
 and New Jerfey, two fertile and well cultivated colo- 
 nies. The projection of cape Code into the Atlan- 
 tick renders the navigation from the former to BoHon,. 
 at fome feafons, extremely perilous -, and fometimes the 
 coaflers are driven off, and compelled to winter in the 
 Weft Indies. But the conyeyance to New York^ 
 from the eaft-ward through the Sound, is (hort, and 
 unexpofed to fuch dangers. Philadelphia receives as 
 little advantage* from New Jerfey, as Bofton from Con* 
 nedlicut, becaufe the only rivers which roll through 
 that province, difembogue not many miles from the 
 very city of New York. Several attempts have been 
 made to raife Perth Amboy into a trading port, but 
 hitherto it has proved to be an unfeafible projedi. New 
 York^ all things confidered, has a much better fitua* 
 tion, and were it otherwife, the city is become too 
 rich and considerable to be eclipfed by any other town 
 in its neighbourhood. 
 
 The merchants are compared to a^hive of bees,. who 
 tndttftrioufly gather honey for others. The profits of 
 their trade center chiefly in Great Britain j and for 
 
 that 
 
 that re 
 ceive t 
 
»ra£lice 
 )C won- 
 reguhi* 
 to pro* 
 nalprac* 
 fets up 
 4o can* 
 in fwor» 
 
 > foreign 
 
 ^\C$i It 
 
 the con* 
 le ocean, 
 ine£ticut 
 ted colo- 
 e Atlan- 
 3 Boflon, 
 times the 
 er in the 
 w York^ 
 hort, and 
 iceives as 
 rom Con* 
 I through 
 from the 
 ave been 
 port, but 
 ca. New 
 tter fitua- 
 comc too 
 thcr town 
 
 bees,, who 
 profits of 
 . and for 
 that 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. J13 
 
 that reafon, among others, they ought always to re* 
 ceive the generous aid and prote£tion of their mother- 
 country. In the traffick with other places, the ba« 
 lance is almoft conftantly in their favour. Their ex* 
 ports to the Wed Indies are breads peafe, rye-meal> 
 Indian corn, apples, onions, boards, (laves, horfes> 
 (heep, butter, cheefe, pickled oyftcrs, beef, and pork. 
 Flour is alfo a main article, of .which there is (hipped 
 about 8o,oeo barrels per annum. To prefcrve the 
 credit of this important branch of their ftaple, they 
 have a good law, appointing officers to infpea and 
 brand every cafk before its exportation. The returns 
 arc chiefly rum, fugar, and molafles, except caih from 
 Curacoa, and when mules, from the Spanidi main» 
 are ordered to Jamaica, and the Windward iflandst 
 which are generally exchanged for their natural pro- 
 duce, .'or they receive but little cafli from the Englifh 
 iflands. The balance againd them would be much 
 more in their favour, if the indulgence to thdir fugar- 
 colonies did not enable them to fell their produce at 
 a higher rate than either the Dutch or French iflands. 
 
 The Spaniards commonly contra^ for proviiionv 
 with merchants in this and the colony Of Penfilvania^ 
 very much to the advantage both of the contractors 
 and the public, becaiife the returns are wholly in caflu 
 Their wheat, flour, Indian corn, and lumber (hipped 
 tc Lisbon and Madeira, balance the Madeira wine im« 
 ported here. 
 
 The logwood trade to the bay of Honduras is very 
 confiderabl^, and was pufhed by the merchants with 
 great boldnefs in the moft dangerous times. The ex- 
 portation of flax-feed to Ireland is of late very much 
 increafed. Between the 9th of December 17 SS> and 
 the 23d of February following, were (hipped off 
 X 2^528 hogfheads. In return for this article^ linens 
 
 art 
 
'■ i 
 
 .114 T H E -H I s T O R Y OF 
 
 are imported and bills of exchange drawn, in favour 
 of England, to pay for the dry goods they purchafe 
 there. Logwood is remitted to the Engliih. merchants 
 for the fame purpofe. 
 
 The fur-trade ought not to be paiTed over in filence. 
 The building of Ofwego has conduced more than any 
 thing clCe, to the prefervation of this trade. Peltry 
 of all kinds is purchafed with rum, ammunition,, 
 ^lanketr, Hrouds, and wampum, or conque-lhell 
 btigles. 
 
 Their importation of dry goods from England is fo 
 
 Tadly great, that they are obliged to betake themfelves 
 
 tp all poHible arts, to make remittances to the £ng- 
 
 ]i(h merchants. It is for this purpofe they impoit 
 
 cotton from St. Thomas's and Surinam ; lime-juice 
 
 and Nicaragua wood from Curacoa ; and logwood 
 
 ffom the. bay, &c. and yet it drains them of all the 
 
 f^lver and gold they can collect. It is computed, that 
 
 the annual amount of the goods purchafed by this co- 
 
 lony in Great Britain is in value not lefs than ico,oc o U 
 
 ftcriing ; and the fum would be much greater if a 
 
 Hop was put to all clandedine trade. England is, 
 
 doubtiefs, entitled to all their fuperfluities ; becaufe 
 
 their general intereHs. are clofcly conne£led, and her 
 
 x^avy is their principal defence. On thissaccount, the 
 
 trade with Hamburgh and Holland for duck, chequer- 
 
 led linen, Oznabrugs, cordage, and rea> is certainly 
 
 upon the whole, impolitic and unreafonable ; how 
 
 much foever it may conduce to advance the intereds 
 
 cf a (cw merchants, or this particular colony. 
 
 Long-Ifland, fomeiimes called NaiTauMfland, is a 
 large ifland in the province of New* York. It has 
 Staaten-ifland, and that in which New-York lies, on 
 the N. and N. W. the colony of Conne6bicut on the 
 N. and the Atlantic ocean on the £. and S. It is not 
 
 above 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 115 
 
 above 18 miles in breadth, but no in len|;thf (Iretch* 
 ing itfelf along Fairfield-coumy in New-England, near 
 the mouth of Hudfon's river, being furnilhed every 
 where with convenient harbours. A channel of 100 
 miles long, and 12 broad, divides it from the conti« 
 nent. It contains the counties of Sufiolk, Richmond^ 
 and Queen's county. The trade which the Englifh 
 drive here is in furs and (kins ; tobacco, as good as 
 that of Maryland ; horfes, beef, pork, peas, wheat» 
 anil all forts of Englifli grain, which here yield a very 
 great increafe. Thefe they fend to the fugar-colonies, 
 and have fugar, rum, cotton,, and indigo in return. 
 The foil is likewife fo good, that all other fruits and 
 vegetables thrive here, together with flax, hemp, pum- 
 kins, melons, &c. In the middle of it is Salisbury 
 plain, (ixteen miles long and four broad, without a 
 Hick or a ftonc on it. 
 
 There being an excellent breed of horfes in this 
 iiland, the militia-regiment is cavalry : and there are 
 racts on the plain twice a-year for a, filver cup, ta 
 which the gentry of New-England and Ncw-'Xork re- 
 fort. There are alfo two or three other plains, eacb 
 ^about a mile fquare, which are very convenient to the 
 neighbouring towns. ' > '. 
 
 Several iflands lie ofFthe coaft, particularly the caft* 
 ern ; but none of them are inhabited. 
 
 They have alfo here a whale- filhery, fending the 
 oil and bone to England, in exchange for cloaths and 
 furniture. The other fiiheries here are very confide- 
 rable. - --..^ •, . . :=:rr - 
 
 Staten Iiland is an ifland forming the county o£ 
 Richmond, in the province of New York, about nine 
 miles north-\7eft of New- York city. It is about i3 
 miles long, and, at a medium, fix or feven in breadth« 
 Qo the fouth fide ia a con fider able trai^ of good level 
 
 land } 
 
 ii&. 
 
U6 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 land ; but the ifland is, in general, rough, and the 
 hills high. The inhabitants are principaitly Dutch and 
 French. Tiie former have a church, but the latter 
 having been long without a minider, refort to an e- 
 pifcopal church in Richmond town, a poor mean place, 
 and the only one in the ifland* The mioi(ler receives 
 40 1. per annum, raifed by a tax upon the county. 
 
 C H A K VI. 
 
 I 1 
 
 ' ta 
 
 Btfcription of New Jerfey^ Penfylvnnia^ and PhUw 
 
 delphia* 
 
 ♦ 
 
 NEW Jerfey, by the perpetual difputes which 
 fubtifted between the people and the proprieta* 
 ries, whilft it continued a proprietary government, 
 Dvas kept for a long time in a very feeble (late ; but 
 iRrithin a few years it has begun to reap fome of the 
 advantages which it might have had eai Her from the 
 proper management of fo fine a (ituation. They raife 
 ▼ery great quantities of grain at prefent, and are in-^ 
 creafed to near (ixty thoufand fouls; but they have yet 
 no towa of confequence. Perth Aniboy, which ia 
 their capital, has not upwards of two hundred houfes; 
 and though this town has a very fine harbour, capable 
 of receiving and fecuring (hips of great burden, yet 
 as the people of New Jerfey have been ufed to fend 
 their produce to the markets of New York and Phila- 
 delphia, to which they are contiguous, they find it 
 hard, as it always is in fuch cafes, to draw the trade 
 out of the old channel ;^ for there the correfponden- 
 cies are tixed, the method of dealing e^UbUfhed, cre- 
 dits, giveni and a ready market forneedy dealers, wha 
 
 ia 
 
r 
 
 and the 
 utch and 
 he latter 
 to an c- 
 an place, 
 ■ receives 
 lunty. 
 
 jr 
 
 nd Phila^ 
 
 tes which 
 
 propiicta* 
 
 ^vcrnment, 
 
 ftate; but 
 )me ofthfr 
 fiotn the 
 They raifc 
 and are in* 
 ey have yet 
 which i» 
 red houfes ; 
 ur, capable 
 mrdcn, yet 
 fed to fend 
 and Phila- 
 hey find it 
 the trade 
 rrefpondcn- 
 Uttied, crc- 
 
 w 
 
 Icalcrs, wha 
 
 ia 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. n? 
 
 in all countries are fufficiently numerous; (o that the 
 trade of this (own» which is the only town of any trade 
 worth notice in New Jerfey, is dill inconfiderable. 
 In the year I7S'» only forty-one veflels have entered 
 inwards^ and only thirty-eight cleared our, in which 
 were exported C\x thoufand four hundred and twenty* 
 four barrels of flour; one hundred and Tixty-eight 
 thoufand weight of bread ; three hundred and fifteen 
 barrels of beef and pork ; feventeen thoufand nine 
 hundred and forty-one bufhels of grain -, fourteen thou- 
 fand weight oi hemp ; with fonie butter, hams, beer, 
 flax-feed, bar-iron, and lumber. 
 
 Peniylvania is defended to the ea(l by the ocean, 
 to the north by New York and New Jerfey, to the 
 fouih by Virginia and Maryland, to the weft by the 
 Indians ; on all fides by friends, and withm itfelf by 
 the virtue of its inhabitants. Its coafts, which are at 
 firft very narrow, extend gradually to 120 miles, and 
 the breadth of it, which has no other limits than its 
 population and culture, already comprehends 14$ 
 miles. The iky of the colony is pure and ferene; the 
 climate, very wholefome of itfelf, has been ftill ren- 
 dered more fo by cultivation ; the waters, equally fa« 
 lubrious and clear, always flow upon a bed of rock or 
 fand ; the year is tempered by the regular return of 
 the feafons. Winter, which begins in the month of 
 January, lafts till the end of March. As it is feldom 
 accompanied with clouds or fog?, the cold is, gene- 
 rally fpeaking, moderate; fometimes, however, (harp 
 enough to freeze the largeft rivers in one night. This 
 {revolution, which is as (hort, as it is fudden, is oc« 
 :afioncd by the north»weft winds, which blow from 
 the mountains and lakes of Canada. The fpring is 
 flicred in by foft rains and by a gentle heat, which 
 increafcs gradually tilJ the end of June. The heats 
 
 of 
 
ii8 T H E ft[ I S T O R Y O F 
 
 of the dog-days would be infupportabley were it not 
 for the refrefliiog breezes of the fourh-wcft winds ; 
 but this fuccour, though pretty con(taiit, fometimcs 
 expofes them to hurricanes that blow down whole fo- 
 refts, and tear up trees by the roots, efpecialiy in the 
 Tieiglibourhood of the fea, where they are moil violent. 
 The three autumnal months are commonly attended 
 with no other inconvenience but that of heing too 
 rainy. 
 
 Though the country is unequal, it is ftot lefs fer- 
 tile. The foil in <bme places conHds of a yellow 
 black fand, in others it is gravelly, and fomeiimes it 
 is a greyifh aOi upon a flony bottom ; generally fpeak* 
 ing, it is a rich earth, particularly between the rivu" 
 lets, which, interfedling it in all directions, contri* 
 bute more to the fertility of the country than navigable 
 rivers would. 
 
 When the Europeans firft came into the country, 
 they found nothing in it but wood for building, and 
 iron mines. In procefs of time, by cutting^own the 
 trees, and clearing the ground, they covered it with 
 innumerable herds, with a great variety of fruits, 
 with plantations of flax and hemp, with many kinds 
 of vegetables, with every fort of grain, and efpecially 
 with rye and maize; which a happy experience hadl 
 fliewn to be particularly proper to the climate. Cul- 
 tivation was carried on in all paits with fuch vigourj 
 and fuccefs as excited the aftoniOiment of all na- 
 tions. 
 
 From whence could arife this extraordinary profpc* 
 rity ? From that civil and religious liberty which have! 
 attracltd the Swedes, Dutch, French, and particu- 
 larly fome laborious Germans, into that country. Itl 
 has been the joint work of Quakers, Anabaptills 
 
 ChurcH 
 
 Churc 
 Moral 
 Art 
 countr 
 pleis. 
 with th 
 fifty m 
 berry v 
 
 brough 
 and, b' 
 
 manner 
 
 all forr 
 
 phrates^ 
 
 pfalms c 
 
 This 
 
 which a 
 
 planted 
 
 is a very 
 
 thefe rar 
 
 flories 
 
 pleafure 
 Thefe 
 
 hundred 
 extent, t 
 a piece 
 with tre( 
 
 The 
 tbe cityj 
 
 worfbrp 
 
 fiJrpubl 
 
 prayer, 
 
 are call 
 
 vice, 
 
 vidua! a| 
 
 C( 
 
NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 119 
 
 irc it not 
 
 (i winds; 
 bmetimcs 
 whole fo- 
 lly in the 
 (I violent. 
 f attended 
 being too 
 
 It lefs fer- 
 • a yellow 
 metimes it 
 rally fpeak- 
 n the rivu- 
 >n8, contri- 
 ,n navigable 
 
 the country, 
 
 lilding, and 
 
 ng-downthc 
 
 ercd it with 
 
 y of fruits, 
 
 many kinds 
 
 nd efpecially 
 
 perience had| 
 
 mate. Cul- 
 
 fuch vigoutl 
 
 t of aU m 
 
 linary profpc- 
 ty which have 
 and particu- 
 
 ; country. 
 
 it 
 
 Anabaptifts 
 eUurcH 
 
 Church-of EiTgland-mcn, Mcthodifts, Prefbyteriansy 
 Moravians, Lutherans, and Catholics. 
 
 Among the nnmerons {e£Xs which abound in thi? 
 country, a very diftinguifhed one is that of the Dum* 
 pleis. It was founded by a German, who, difguded 
 with the world, retired to an agreeable folitude within 
 fifty miles of Philadelphia, in order to be more at li- 
 berty to give himfelf up to contemplation. Curiofity 
 brought feveral of his countrymen to vifit his retreat, 
 and, by degrees, his pious, Hmple, and peaceable 
 manners induced them to fettle near him, and they 
 all formed a little colony which they called Eu* 
 phrateSi in allufion to the H«br«ws, who u fed to iing 
 pfaltns on the borders of that river. 
 
 This little city forms a triangle, the outfidcs of 
 which arc bordered with mulberry and apple-trees, 
 planted with regularity. In the middle of the town 
 is a very large orchard, and between the orchard and 
 thefe ranges of trees are houfes, built of wood, three 
 ftories high, where every Dumpier is left to enjoy the 
 pleafures of his meditations without diftufbance. 
 Thefe contemphtivd men do not amount to above five 
 hundred in all ; their territory is about 250 acres in 
 extent, the boundsiries of which are marked by a river, 
 a piece of (lagnated water, and a mountain covered 
 with trees. 
 
 The men and wonacn live in feparatc quarters of 
 the city. They never fee each other but at places of 
 Tvorfhip; nor are there any aflemblies of any kind but 
 for public bufinefs. Their life is taken up in labour, 
 prayer, and fleep. Twice every day and night they 
 are called forth from their cells to attend divine fer- 
 vlce. Like the Methodills and Quakers, every indi- 
 vidual among them poflefTes th*; right of preaching 
 wheti he thinks himfeif ml'pired. The favourite fub* 
 
lao THE HISTORY OF 
 
 je£^s on nvhich they love to difcourfe in their afTem* 
 blies, are humility, temperance^ chaAity, and the o- 
 ther Chridian virtues. They never violate the reft of 
 the Sabbath, which is (o much the delight of labori- 
 ous as well as of idle men. They admit a hell and a pa* 
 radife ; but reje£i the eternity of future punifhments. 
 The dod^rine of original fin is with them an impious 
 blafphemy which they abhor, and, in general, every 
 tenet cruel to man appears to them injurious to the 
 divinity. As they do not allow merit to any but vo- 
 luntary works, they only adminifler baptifm to the 
 adult. At the fame time, they think baptifm fo ef« 
 fetitially necelTary to falvation, that they imagine the 
 fouls of Chriftians in another world are employed in 
 converting thofe who have not died under the law of 
 the gofpel. 
 
 Still more difintereded than the Quakers, they ne- 
 ver allow any law-fuiis. One may cheat, tob, and 
 abufe them, without ever being expofed to any reta- 
 liation, or even any complaint from them. Religion 
 has the fame efFe6 on them that philofophy had upon 
 the Stoics } it makes them infenfible to every kind of 
 infulc. 
 
 Nothing tan be plainer than their drefs. Irt winter, 
 it is made of a long white gown, from whence there 
 hangs a hood, to ferve indead of a hari a coarfe (liirt, 
 thick ilioes, and very wide breeches. There is no 
 great difference in fummer, only that linen is ufed 
 in (lead of woollen. The women are drefled much 
 like the men, except the breeches. 
 
 Their Common food is vegetables; not becaufe it is 
 unlawful to make ufe of any other* but becaufe th«t 
 kind of abdinence is looked upon as more conformable 
 to the fpirit of Chriftianity, which has an aveifion 
 from blood. Each individual follows with chearfuN 
 
 nefs 
 
 nefs tt 
 duce 
 flock, 
 BcHdes 
 ncccfTai 
 ced by i 
 excban^ 
 Thoii 
 the Dur 
 nounce 
 difpofed 
 njent in 
 biic expei 
 labours, 
 and their 
 tiier-coun 
 piers wou] 
 ccfi of til 
 titie^. 
 
 What 11 
 extraordini 
 the (c^s 
 ' the differej 
 I they arc n( 
 Jcherifh on^ 
 p/iey have 
 [«ufc thcyl 
 |« to this 
 pore partic 
 
 In the 
 fion amouni 
 W mufl hi 
 kriod, finl 
 Prding to 
 N thirty tl 
 
affcm- 
 
 the 0- 
 
 reft of 
 
 labori- 
 [id a pa* 
 nments. 
 impious 
 1, every 
 [S to the 
 ' but vo» 
 n to the 
 fm fo cf- 
 jghie the 
 ployed in 
 le law of 
 
 they ne- 
 iob, and 
 any reta- 
 
 Religion 
 had upon 
 ry kind of 
 
 1ft winter, 
 rncc there 
 oarfc ftiirtj 
 :heTC is no 
 en is ufed 
 jffed much 
 
 jecaufc it »8 
 jccaufc thit 
 lonformable 
 an aveifion 
 h chearful- 
 nefs 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. iic 
 
 nefs the branch of bunnefc allotted to him. The pro- 
 duce of all their labours is depofited into a commoti 
 (lock, in order ro fupply the neceflities of every one. 
 Bcfides the cultivation, manufa£kures, and all the arts 
 ncccfTary to the little fociety, which are thvs prodv 
 ced by united induftry, it affords a fuperfluous part for 
 exchanges proportioned to the population. 
 
 Though the two (exes live feparate at Euphrates, 
 the Dunnplers do not on that account fooIiOily re- 
 nounce matrimony. But thofe- who find themfelves 
 (lifpofed to it leave the city, and form an edablifh- 
 ment in the country, which is fupported at the pu* 
 hlic expence. They repay this by the produce of their 
 labours, which is all thrown into the public treafury, 
 and their children are fent to be educated in the mo- 
 ther-country. Without this wife privilege, the Dum- 
 piers would be nothing more than monks, and in pro- 
 cefs of time would become either fa-.ages or liber- 
 tihe^. 
 
 What is mod edifying, and at the fame time mod 
 extraordinary, is the harmony that fubfilts between all 
 the fe£ts eftabliflied in Penfylvania, notwithftanding 
 the difference of their religious opinions. Though 
 they are not all of the fame church, they all love and 
 cherifh one another as children of the fame father. 
 They have always continued to live like brothers, be- 
 caufe they had the liberty of thinking as men. It 
 is to this delightful harmony that it mud attribute 
 |more particularly the rapid progrefs of the colony. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 17661 its popula- 
 tion amounted to 150,000 white people. The num- 
 )er mud have been conOderably incrtafed from that . 
 period, (ince it is doubled every fifteen years, ac- 
 cording to Mr. Franklin's calculations. There were 
 |ill thirty thoufand blacks in the province^ wbo met 
 
 F with 
 
Ill THE HISTORY OF 
 
 "^ith better ufage in this province than in the otIierSi 
 but who were dill eiiceedingly unhappy. A circum- 
 ilance, however, not eafily to be believed is, that the 
 fubje£lion of the negroes has not corrupted the morals 
 of their ma Hers ; their manners are dill pure, and e- 
 ven audere in Penfylvania. Is this Cngular advantage 
 to be afcribed to the climate, the laws, the religion, 
 the emulation conilantly fubGAing between the diffe- 
 rent fe^ls, or to fome other particular caufe ? Let the 
 reader determine this queflion. 
 
 The Penfylvanians are in general well made, and 
 their women of an agreeable figure. A& they become 
 mothers fooner than in Europe, they fooner ceafe to 
 breed. If the heat of the climate feems, on the one 
 band, to haden the operations of nature, its incon- 
 (lancy weakens them on thf other. There is no place 
 where the temperature of the fky is more uncertain, 
 for it fometi-mes changes five or fix times in the fame 
 day. As, however, thefe varieties neither have any 
 dangerous influence upon the vegetables, nor dcQro/ 
 the harvefts, there is a conQaet plenty, and an uni« 
 verfal appearance of eafe. The oeconomy which is 
 fo particularly attended to in Penfylvania does not 
 prevent both fexes from being well clothed ; and their 
 iood is ilill preferable in its kind to their clothing. 
 The families, whofe circumdances are the lead eafyi 
 .have all of them bread, meat, cyder, beer, and rum. 
 A very great number can afford to drink French and 
 Spanidi wines, punch, and even liquors of a higher 
 price. The abufe of thefe liquors is lefs frequent than 
 in other places, but is not without example. 
 
 The pleafiny: view of this abundance is never dif'H, 
 
 turbed by the melancholy fight of poverty. There arei 'nea 
 
 no poor in Penfylvania. All thofe whofe birth orl . . ®"^| 
 
 fortune have left them without refources, are fuitablyi J' *® "\ 
 
 provide! '"'^'ftf^tej 
 
 provid 
 
 nevole 
 
 to the 
 
 come I 
 
 of givii 
 
 grct for 
 
 The 
 
 oppreflii 
 
 mount t 
 
 Mod of 
 
 pair the 
 
 the pcop 
 
 period, j 
 
 which' ha 
 trifling n 
 
 to, if Pi 
 
 to contril 
 the reveni 
 ftance re^ 
 9uity, th 
 The P^ 
 tenants of 
 or thirty 
 no redrair 
 tfacir fpeci 
 to be met r 
 ^ancc ren 
 it more rc| 
 of itf a^j 
 
 ^^^^^ ,.lel 
 than as mi 
 
: otherti 
 circum- 
 
 that the 
 e morals 
 ;, anii c- 
 advantage 
 
 religion! 
 the diffc- 
 ? Let the 
 
 nadci and 
 
 sy become 
 
 f ceafe to 
 
 )n the one 
 
 its incon- 
 
 18 no place 
 
 uncertain, 
 
 n the fame 
 
 er have any 
 
 nor dcttroy 
 
 md an uni- 
 
 w which 13 
 
 ia does not 
 
 I . and ihcit 
 
 ir clothing. 
 
 e leaft eafy, 
 
 ;r, and rum. 
 
 French and 
 
 o£ a higher 
 
 requent ihaa 
 
 )le. 
 
 is never dif- 
 
 ^ ^ There are' 
 
 hofe birth ot| 
 
 are fuitaVi] 
 
 provide! 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. lo 
 
 provided out of the public treafury. The fpirit of be- 
 nevolence is carried (lill farther, and Is extended even 
 to the mod amiable hofpitality. A traveller is wel* 
 come to ilop in any place, without the apprehcnfions 
 of giving the lead uneafy fcnfation, except that of re* 
 gret for his departure. 
 
 The happinefs of the colony is not didurbed by<he 
 opprefTive burden of taxes. In 1766, they did not a- 
 mount to more than 280,140 livres (1 2,256/. is 6J) 
 Mod of them, even ihofe that were dcfigncd to re- 
 pair the damages of war, were to ceafe in 1772. If 
 the people did not experience this alleviation at that 
 period, it was owing to the irruptions of the favages, 
 which' had occafioned extraordinary expences. This 
 trifling inconvenience would not have been attended 
 to, if Penn's family could have been prevailed upon 
 to contribute to the public expences, in proportion to 
 the revenue they obtain from the province: A circum- 
 (lance required by the inhabitants, and which, in e- 
 quity, they ought to have complied with. 
 
 The Penfylvanian«, happy pofT^dbrs, and peaceable 
 tenants of a country that ufually renders them twenty 
 or thirty fold for whatever they lay out upon it, have 
 no redraints upon matrimony and the propagation of 
 their fpecies. There Is hardly an unmarried perfon 
 to be met with in the whole country. This circum- 
 ftance renders marriage more happy, and procures to 
 it more refpe£l: ; the freedom, as well as the fandity 
 of it, depends upon the choice of th& parties : They 
 chufe je lawyer and the pried rather as witncflcs,. 
 than as miniders of the engagement. Whenever two 
 lovers, meet with any oppofition, they go off together 
 on hprfeback ; the man gets behind his midrcfs, and, 
 iiV this Htuation, they prefent themfelves before the 
 magidrate, where the gijl declares die has run away 
 
 F 2 with 
 
124 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 with her lover, and that they are come to be married. 
 So folcmn an avowal cannot be reje£led j nor has any 
 perfon a right to give them molcftation. In all other 
 cafes, paternal authority is exceflivj?. The head of a 
 family, whofe affairs are involved, is allowed to en- 
 gage his children to his creditors, a punifhment, one 
 ihould imagine, very fufficient to induce a fond father 
 to attend to his aiFairs. A man grown up acquits in 
 one year's fervice a debt of 112 livres, 10 fols (4/. 
 iSs. iid. farthing) : Children under twelve years of 
 age are obliged to ferve till they are one and twenty 
 for a debt of 135 livres, (5/. 18/. id, halfpenny.) 
 This is an imag^ of the old patriarchal mariners of the 
 caft. P 
 
 Though there are feveral vilJages, and even fomc 
 cities in the colony, mod of the inhabitants may be 
 faid to live feparately, as it were^ within their fami* 
 lies. Every proprietor of land has his houfe in the 
 midft of a large plantation entirely furrounded with 
 quickfet hedges. Of courfe, each pari (h is near twelve 
 or fifteen leagues in circumference. This diftance of 
 the churches makes the ceremonies of religion have 
 little influence. Children arc not baptized till a few 
 months^ and fometimes not till a year or two, after 
 their birth. Without wrangling about modes of wor- 
 ihip, in a country where every man has his own, they 
 honour the Supreme Being more by their virtues than 
 their prayers. Morals ar€ more fecurely guarded by 
 innocence and Ignorance^ than by controverfics and 
 precepts. 
 
 All the pomp of religion Teems referved for the laft 
 jionours man receives before he is for ever (hut up in 
 the grave. As foon as any one dies in the country, 
 the neareft neighbours have notice given them of the 
 ,day of burial. Tbefc fprcad it in the habitations next 
 
 s to 
 
 to th 
 
 convi 
 
 perCoi 
 
 arc pi 
 
 hly is 
 
 grouni 
 
 toogr« 
 
 the far 
 
 hundrc 
 
 filence, 
 
 to tke 1 
 
 Ifuiar c 
 
 arc thf 
 
 feem to 
 
 They ar 
 
 iliort lii 
 
 fuited to 
 U i« a 
 nations, 
 attached 
 reafon 
 tiuiies of j 
 many dj] 
 is very 
 ^te i^car 
 wan himi 
 ^i« wife, 
 ^hc afhesf 
 
 numerous 
 enesj be 
 arc more 
 »inion, hae, 
 
 ^V« PVCfl 
 
larried. 
 has any 
 11 other 
 :ad of a 
 I to en- 
 int, one 
 id father 
 quits in 
 
 fols (4/. 
 years of 
 d twenty 
 Ifpenny.) 
 ;rs of the 
 
 ven fomc 
 8 may be 
 ^cir fatni- 
 jfe in the 
 nded with 
 car twelve 
 diftance o{ 
 igion have 
 
 till a few 
 two, after 
 dcs of wor- 
 
 own, they 
 irtues than 
 guarded by 
 )veifKS and 
 
 fx)r the laft 
 
 (hut up in 
 
 he country» 
 
 hem of the 
 
 tations next 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 125 
 
 to theirs, and within a few hours the news is thus 
 conveyed to a diftance. Every family fends at leaft one 
 perfon to attend the funeral. As they come in, they 
 are prefentcd with punch and cake. When the aflcm- 
 bly is complete, the corpfe is carried to the burying- 
 ground belonging to his fe£l, or> if that fliould be at 
 too great a diftance, into one of the fields belonging to 
 the family. There is generally a train of four or -five 
 hundred perfons on horfeback, who obferve a continual 
 filence, and hav€ all the external appearance Suited 
 to the melancholy nature of th« ceremony. One (in- 
 gular circumftance is, that the Penfylvanians, who 
 are the grearcft enemies to parade during their lives^^ 
 feem to forget thischara^er of modefty at their deaths. 
 They are all defirous that the poor remains of their 
 fliort lives (hould be attended with a funeral pomp* 
 fuited to their rank or fortune. 
 
 It i€ a geuetal obfervationy that plain and virtuous 
 nations, even favage and poor ones, are remarkably 
 attached to the circumftances of their burial. The 
 reafon is, that they look upon tbefe laft honours a^ 
 fluties of the furvivors^ and the duties themfelves as fo 
 Biany diftmi^ proofs of that principle of love, which 
 is very firong iu private families whilft they are in a 
 date neareft to th^t of nature. It is not the dying 
 man himfelf who exa6ls thefe honours ; it is his parents, 
 his wife^ his children^ who voluntarily pay them to 
 the afhes of a hufband and father who has defer ved to 
 be lan)ented. Thefe ceremonies have always more 
 numerous attendants in frnaU focieties than in larger 
 ones; becaufe, though there are fewer families, they 
 are more ftrongly conne^ked. Thie 4cind of intimate 
 union, has been the reafon why fo many fmall nations 
 luve overcome larger ones ; it drove Xerxes and the. 
 
 F 3 Fer(ian3^ 
 
126 T H E H I S T O R Y O F , 
 
 PerHans out of Greece, and it will fometime or other 
 expel the French out of Corfica. 
 
 But from whence docs Penfylvania draw the nnate- 
 rials for her own confumption, and in what manner 
 does (\\€ contrive to be Co copioufly furnifiied with 
 them ? With the flax and hemp, that is produced at 
 home, and the cotton (he procures from South Ame- 
 rica, file fabricates a great quantity of ordinary linens j 
 and with the wool that comes from Europe (he manu* 
 failures many coarfe cloths. Whatever her own in- 
 duflry is not able to furniih, (he purchafes with the 
 •produce of her territory. Her (hips carry over to the 
 Engliih, French, Dutch and Danifh ifiands, bifcuit, 
 flour, butter, cheefe, tallow, vegetables, fruits, fait 
 meat, cyder, beer, and all forts of wood for building. 
 The cotton, fugar, coffee, brandy, and money they 
 receive in exchange, are fo many materials ior a frefh 
 commerce with the mother* country^ and with other 
 European nations, as wcM as with other colonies. The 
 Azores, Madeira,, the Canaries, Spain, and Portugal, 
 open an advantageous market to the corn and wood of 
 Penfylvania, which they purchafe with wine and pi^ 
 aftres. The mother*country receives from Penfylvania 
 iron, flax, leather, furs, lintfeed-oil, mads, and yards, 
 for which it returns thread, woo), fine cloths, tea, 
 Irifii and India linens, hard- ware, and other articles 
 of luxury or neceflTity. As thefe, however, amount 
 to a much greater fum than what it buys, England 
 may be confidered as a gulph in which all the metals 
 Penfylvania has drawn from the other parts of the world 
 are funk. In 17239 England fent over goods to 
 Penfylvania only to the value of 250,000 livres, 
 (i<>>937 ^' 10 '•)» sit prefent (he furni(he8 to the a^ 
 xnount of 10,000,000 (437150c /.) This fum is 
 too confiderable for the ^olopifls to be able to pay, e- 
 
 vca 
 
NORTH AMERICA; 
 
 12> 
 
 veil by depriving thcmfelves of all the gold they draw 
 from other markets; and this inability mud continue 
 «s long as the improvement of their cultures (ball re- 
 quire more confiderablc advances than their produce 
 yields. Other colcijics, which enjoy, altnoft exclu- 
 fivelyi fome branches of trade, fuch as rice, tobacco, 
 and indigo, mud have grown rich very rapidly. 
 Penfylvania, whofe riches are foumJed on agriculture 
 and the increafe of her flocks, will acquire them more 
 gradually; but her profperity will be fixed upon a 
 more finn and permanent bads. 
 
 If any circunjftance can retard the progrcfs of the 
 colony, it mud be the irregular manner in which the 
 plantations are formed. Penn's family, who are the 
 proprietors of all the lands, grant them indifcriminate- 
 ly in all parts, and in as large a proportion a^ they 
 are required, provided tbcy are paid fifty crowns {6 L 
 lis. 3 J.) for each hundred acres, and that the pur- 
 chafers agree to give an annual rent of aboutone fot, 
 (about one halfpenny.) • Tbc conlequence of this is, 
 that the province wants that fort of connection whicb 
 is neceifary in all things, and that the fcatter^d iaha* 
 bitants eafily become the prey of the mod inHgnificant 
 enemy who (ball venture to attack them. 
 
 The habitations are cleaied in different ways. 
 Sometimes a buntfman will fettle in the miidof a fo- 
 refti or quite clofe to it. His neared nrighbours af- 
 fid him in cutting down trees, and in heaping them 
 up one over another; and this conditutes a houfe. A- 
 rou'nd this fpot he cultivates, without any afTi dance, a 
 garden or a field, fufficient to fublid himfclf an<i his 
 family. 
 
 A few years after the fird labours were (iniilicd^ 
 fome more adlivc and. richer men arrived from the 
 moch«r-country. They paid the huntfman for his pains, 
 
 F 4 and 
 
! II 
 
 J28 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 and agreed with the proprietors of the provinces for 
 fome lands that have not yet been paid for. They 
 huih more commodious habitationSi and cleared a 
 greater extent of territory. 
 
 At length fome Germans^ who came into the nevr 
 world from inclination, or were driven into it by per- 
 fecution, completed tbefe fettiements that were as yet 
 un6aiQied. The firft and fecond order of planters re- 
 moved their induflry into other partS) with a more 
 confiderable flock for carrying on their cultures than 
 they had at firft. 
 
 The annual exports of Penfylvania may be valued at 
 3 5,ocoton8, It receives four hundred (hips, and 
 £ts out about an equal number. They almoft all come 
 into Philadelphia, which is the capital, from whence 
 they are alfo difpatched, 
 
 Philadelphia is a province which makes part of what 
 formerly was called New Sweden : is one of the prin- 
 cipal towns in North* America, and next to Bodon the 
 greateft. It is fituated almod in the center of the 
 Englifh colonies, and its latitude is thirty-nine degrees 
 and Bfty minutes, but its wed longitude from London 
 near feventy-five degrees. 
 
 This town was built in the year i683» ^ ^^ others 
 fay in 1682, by the well-known Quaker William 
 Fenn^ who got this whole province by a grant from 
 Charles the Second, king of £ngland ; after Sweden 
 had given up its claims to it. According to Penn*s 
 plan the town was to have been built upon a piece of 
 land which is formed by the union of the rivers Delao 
 ware and Skulkill, in a quadrangular form, two Eng* 
 )iQi miles long and one broad. The eaftern fide would 
 therefore have been bounded by the Delaware^ and 
 the weftern by the Skulkill. They had adiually begun 
 t^ build hottfcfr on both thefe rivers % for eight capital 
 
 ftreets> 
 
K O R T H AMERICA- 129 
 
 fbeecs, each two EngIKh miles long^ and Hxteen lef- 
 icT fireets (or lanes) acrofs them> each one mile in 
 kngth, were marked out» with a confiderable breadth, 
 and in ilrait lines. The place was at that time a!mo(l 
 an entire wildemefs covered with thick foreds, and 
 belonged to three Swedifli brothers called Sven's- Saner 
 (fons of Sven) who had fettled in it. They with dif- 
 ficulty left the place, the Htuation of which was very 
 advantageous. But at lad they were perfuaded to it 
 by Petin, who gave them a few £ng]t(h miles from 
 that place twice the fpace of country they inhabited. 
 However Penn himfelf and his defcendants after him, 
 have confiderably leiTened the ground belonging to 
 them, by repeated menfurations, undo^ pretence that 
 they had takea- more than they ought. 
 
 Bat the inhabitants could not be got in fufHcient 
 number to fill a place of fuch extent. The plan there- 
 fore about the river Skulkill was laid afide till more fa- 
 vourable circumftances ihould occur, and the houfes 
 were only built along the Delaware. This river flows 
 along the eaftern fide of the town, is of great advan* 
 tflge to its trade, and gives a fine profpedb. The hou- 
 fes which had already been built upon the Skulkill 
 were tranfplanted hitherto by degrees. This town ac- 
 cordingly lief in a very pleafant country, from north 
 to fouth along the river. It meafures fomewhat more 
 than an Englifh mile in length ; and its breadth in 
 feme places is half a mile or more. The ground is 
 fiat and confifts of fand mixed with a little clay. £x« 
 ^rience has (hewn that the air of this place is very 
 healthy. 
 
 The (Ireiefts are regular, fine, and moft of them arc 
 fifty foot, Enghfti meafure, broad 5 Arch-ftrcet mea- 
 fures fixty-fix feet in breadth, and Market-ftreet or the 
 principal flrcet, where the market is kept, near a 
 
 F 5 hundred,- 
 
130 T H E HISTORY OF 
 
 hundred. Thofe which run longitudinally, or from 
 north to fouth» are feven, excluiive of a little one, 
 vftiich runs along the river, to the fouth of the mar- 
 ker, and 18 called fVater^flreet, The lanes which go 
 acrofs, and were intended to reach from the Dela* 
 ware to the Skulhill^ are eight in number^ They do 
 not go quite from ead to weft, but deviate a little 
 from that dire£lion. All the ft;;^ets except two which 
 are neareft to the river, run in a ftraight line^ and 
 make right angles at the interfec^ions. Some are pa- 
 Ted, others are not ; and it feems lefs neceflary fince 
 the ground is fandy, and therefore foon abforbs the 
 wet. But in mod of the (Ireets is a pavement of flags, 
 a fathom or more broad, laid before the houfes, and 
 pods put on the «ut(ide three or four fathom afunder. 
 Under the roofs are gutters which are carefully con- 
 ne6led with pipes, and by this means, thofe who walk 
 under them, when it rains, or when the fnow melts, 
 need not fear being wetted by the dropping from the 
 roofs. ' '. r 
 
 Tht; houfes make a good appearance, are frequent- 
 ly feveral (lories high, and built either of bricks or of 
 ftone; but the fornper are more commonly ufed, fince 
 bricks are made before the town, and are well burnt. 
 The (lone which has been employed in the building of 
 other houfes, is a mixture o(^ black or grey .glimmer, 
 running in undulated veins, and of a loofe, and quite 
 fmall grained limcilone, which run fcattered between 
 the bendings of the other v,eins, and are of a grey co- 
 lour, excepting here and there fome (ingle grains of 
 fand, of a paler hue. The glimmer makes the great- 
 ell part of the (lone *, but the mixture is Ibmetimes of 
 another kind. This (lone is now got in great quanti- 
 ties in the country, is eaHly cut, and. has the goodl 
 quality of aot attrading th^ moiiture in ai wet feafon. 
 
 Verj 
 
 Vcrj 
 
 mafc 
 
 . T 
 
 for t! 
 
 Linn 
 
 jmip 
 
 and r 
 
 fent 1 
 
 and 1 
 
 ones. 
 
 tber i 
 
 good 
 
 and V 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 131 
 
 Very good lime is burnt every where hereabouts, for 
 mafonry. 
 
 . The houfes are covered with fliingles. The wood 
 for this purpofe is taken from the Cuprejfus thyoides^ 
 Linn, or a tree which the Swedes here call the white ^ 
 juniper tree^ and the Englifti, the white cedar, bwamps 
 and moraiTes formerly were full of them, but at pre* 
 fent thefe trees are for the greatefl part' cut down, 
 and no attempt has as yet been made to plant new 
 ones. The wood is very light, rots lefs than any o« 
 ther in thia country, and for that reafon is exceeding 
 l^ood for roofs. For it is not too heavy for the walls, 
 and will fervc for forty or fifty years together. But 
 many people already Begin to fear, that thefe roofs 
 will in time be looked upon as having been very de- 
 trimental to the city. For being (o very Rght, mod 
 people who have built their houfes of ilone, or bricks^ 
 have been led to make their walls extremely thin. But 
 at prefent this kind of wood is almoft entirely deftroy- 
 ed. Whenever therefore in procefs of time thefe 
 roofs decay, the people will be obliged to have re* 
 courfe to the heavier materials of tiles, or the like». 
 which the walls will not be (Irong enough to bear.^ 
 The roof will therefore require fupportt, or the people 
 be obliged to pull down the walls, and to build new^ 
 enes, or to take other Heps for fecuring them. Se* 
 veral people have already in late years begun to make 
 roofs of tiles. 
 
 Among the publick buildings I will firft mentioni 
 churches, of which there are fe veral, for God is fer* 
 ved in various ways in this country. 
 
 I . The £ngli(h eftablifhed church^ ftands in the 
 northern part of the town, at fome diflance from the 
 market, and is the fineft of all. It has a little, incon- 
 iiderable (leeplC) in which is a bell to be rung when 
 
 F 6 it 
 
r32 T H E H I S T O R T O F 
 
 it 18 (ime to go to church, and on burials. It haf 
 likcwife a clock which flrikes the hours. This builds 
 ing which is called Chrift-church, was founded to- 
 wards the end of the laft century, but has lately been 
 rebuilt and more adorned. It has two minifters who 
 get the greateft part of their falary from England. In 
 the beginning of this century, the Swediih minifter 
 the Rev. Mr. Rudmann, performed the fanilions of 
 a clergyman to the Englifh congregation for near two 
 jCATSf during the abfenr^ of their own clergyman. 
 
 2. The Swedifli churcu^ which is otherwife called 
 the church of Weekacko, is on the fouthern part of 
 the town, andalmoft without it, on the river's fide, 
 and its fituation it therefore more agreeable than that 
 ef any other* 
 
 3. The German Lutheran church, is on the north- 
 weft fide of the town. On my arrival in America it 
 bad a little i^eeplc, bat that being put up by an igno- 
 rant archite^, before the walls of the church were 
 quite dry, they leaned forwards by its weight, and 
 therefore tiiey were forced to pull it down again in the 
 aotumn of the year 1750^ About that time the con- 
 gregation received a fine organ from Germany. They 
 have only one minifter, who likewife preaches at an- 
 other Lutheran church in Germantown. He preaches 
 alternately one Sunday in that church, and another 
 in thi9« The firft clergyman which the Lutherans 
 had in this town, was the Rev. Mr. Muhlenberg, who 
 laid the foundations of this church in i743> and being 
 called to another place afterwards, the Rev. Mr. 
 Brunholz from Slefwick was his fucceflor. Both 
 thefe gentlemen were fent to this place from Hall 
 in Saxony, and have been a great advantage to it by 
 their peculiai^ talent of preachirrg in an edifying man* 
 
 ncr. 
 
It haf 
 build<« 
 ied to- 
 y been 
 rs who 
 i. In 
 linifter 
 ions of 
 Ear two 
 lan. 
 - called 
 part of 
 r'8 fide, 
 lan that 
 
 e north- 
 nerica it 
 in igno- 
 ch were 
 ^ht, and 
 in in the 
 the con- 
 ^. They 
 C8 at an- 
 preaches 
 another 
 lUtherana 
 >crg, who 
 ,nd being 
 cv. Mr. 
 Both 
 rom Hall 
 e to it by 
 ing man. 
 ncr. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 133 
 
 ner. A little while before this chtirch was built, the 
 Lutheran Germans had no clergyman for themfelves, 
 fo that the every-where belovFcd Swedifh minifter at 
 Weekacko, Mr. Dylander, preached likewifc to them. 
 He therefore preached three fermons every Sunday ; 
 the fird early in the morning to the Germans; the fe« 
 cond to the Swedes, and the third in the afternoon 
 to the £ngli(h, and befides this he went all the week 
 into the country^ and in(bu£ied the Germans who li* 
 red feparately there. He therefore frequently preach- 
 ed fidcteen fermons a week. And after his deaths 
 which happened in November 17^1, the Germans 
 firft wrote to Germany for a clergyman for themfelves* 
 This congregation is at prefent very numerous, fothar 
 every Sunday the church is very much crowded^ It 
 has two galleries, but no vedry. They do not fing 
 the colle£t8, but read them before the altar. 
 
 4. The old Presbyterian church, is not far from' 
 the marker, and on the fouth-fide of Market-flreet. It 
 is of a middling fize, and built in the year 1704, as 
 the infcriptton on the northern pediment (hews. The 
 roof is built almoft hemifpherical, or at lead forms a^ 
 hexagon. The whole building (lands from north to' 
 fouth; for the preibyterians do not regard, as other 
 people dO| whether their churches look towards a cer- 
 tain point of the heavens or not. 
 
 5. The new Presbyterian church was built in the 
 year i7so» W ^he New-lights in the north-wedern 
 part of the town. By the name of New-Iights, arc 
 underdood the people who have, from different reli* 
 gions, become profelyijts to the well-known White- 
 field, who in the years I73*>, 1/40, and likewife 
 in 1744 and 1745 travelled thrcugh ahnoft all the 
 
 Englidi colonies. His deliveryi hrs extraordinary 
 
 I : . , .. ,: .Jr^a ;:■ ^ dux,: zca!^ 
 
134 T H E H I S T OH Y O F 
 
 zeal, and other talents fo well adapted to the I'nreN 
 le£t8 of his hearers, made him (o popular that he fre* 
 quently, cfpccially in the two firft years, got from 
 eight thoufand to twenty thoufand hearers in the fields. 
 His intention in thefe travels, was to coUedl money 
 for an orphan's bofpital which had been ere£led in 
 Georgia. He here frequently coUe^ed fevcnty pounds 
 Aerling at one fermon ; nay, at two fermons which 
 he preached in the yea^ 174O9 both on one Sunday, at 
 Philadelphia, he got an hundred and fifty pounds. 
 The profelytes of this man, or the above-mentioned 
 New-lights, are at prefent merely a fe£t of prefbyteri* 
 ans. For though Whitefield was originally a clergy- 
 man of the Engliih church, yet he deviated by little 
 and little from her do£lrincs ; and on arriving rn the 
 year 1744 at Bofton in New England, he difputed 
 with the Presbyterians about their dodtrines, fo mucli 
 that he almoii entirely embraced them. For White* 
 field was no great dirputant, and could therefore eafily 
 be led by thefe cunning people, whitherfoever they 
 would have him. This likewife during his latter ftay^ 
 \n America caufed his audience to be lefs numerous 
 than during the firft. The New lights built fir(t in 
 the year 174 1, a great houfe in the weftern part of 
 the town, to hold divine fervice in. But a divifioa 
 arifing amongft them after the departure of Whitefield, 
 and befides, on. other accounts, the building was fold 
 to the town in the beginning of the year 1750, and 
 deftined for ..a fchool. The New-lights then built a 
 church which I call the new Presbyterian one. On 
 its eaflern pediment is the following infcription, in 
 golden letters : Templum Pre/byterianunti annuente 
 numinef ere^untj Anno JOom. MDCCL. \ 
 
 ,6* rhe old German reformed church is built in 
 the weik norih-weil pare of the town^ and looks like 
 
 the 
 
NOR T H A M E R I C A. 135 
 
 the church in the LadugoordBeld near Stockholm. It 
 is not yet finifliedy though for feveral years together^ 
 the congregation has kept up divine fervice in it^ 
 Thefe Germans attended the German fervice at the 
 Swedifh church, whilft the Swediih minifter Mr. Dy- 
 lander lived. — Que as the Lutherans got a clergyman for 
 themfelves on the death of the Ia(t» thofe of the reform- 
 ed church made likewife preparations to get one from 
 Dordrecht; and the fird who was feot to them» was the 
 Rev. Mr. Slaughter. But in the yean 750, another cler- 
 gyman of the reformed church arrived from Holland,and 
 by his artful behaviour, fo indnuated himfelf into the 
 favour of ihe Rev. Mr. Slaughter's congregation^ that 
 the latter loil almofl half his audience. The two cler- 
 gymen then difputed for feveral Sundays together^ a- 
 bout the pulpit, nay, people relate, that the new-co- 
 mer mounted the pulpit/- on a Saturday, and (layed in 
 it all night. The other being thus excluded, the two 
 parties in the ^ audience, made themfelves the fubje£); 
 both of the laughter and of the fcorn of the whole 
 townt by beating and bruidng each other, and com* 
 mitting other exceflfes. The affair was inquired into 
 by the magiilrates, and decided in favour of the Rev* 
 Mr. Slaughter, the perfon whai,had been abufed. > 
 
 7. The new reformed church, was built at a little 
 diilance from the old one by the party of the clergyman^ 
 who had loft his caufe. This man however had in- 
 fluence enough to bring over to his party almolt the; 
 whole audience of his ancagonift, at the end of the 
 year 17^0, and therefore this new-church will foon 
 beufelefs. 
 
 8. 9. The Quakers have two meetings^, one in the 
 market, and the other in the northern part of the 
 town. In them are according to the cuftom of this 
 
 ! people, 
 
>3<5 T H E H I S T O R T O F 
 
 people, neither altariy nor pulpits^ nor any other or* 
 namentf ufual in churches ; but only feats and fomc 
 fconces. Tb«y meet thrice every Sunday in them, ami 
 beiides that at certain times every week or every 
 month. I (hall mention more about them hereafter. 
 
 10. The Baptkfl», have their fervice, in the north* 
 em part of the town^ 
 
 11. Tbe Roman Catholics, have in the fonth-wefl 
 part of the town a great houfei which i$ well adorn- 
 ed within, and has an organ. 
 
 1^. The Moravian Brethren, have hired a great 
 honfe, in the northern part of the town, in which 
 they performed the fervice both in German and Eng- 
 li(h ; not only twice or three times every Sunday, but 
 likewife every night after it was grown dar'k. But in 
 the winter of the year 1750, they were obliged to 
 drop their evening meetings ; fome wanton young 
 fellows having feveral times difturbed the congregati- 
 on, by an inOrument fotindirrg like tbe note of a 
 cuckoo, .for this noife they made in a dark corner, 
 not only at tbe end of every ftanza, but likevife at 
 that of every line, whilft they were Hnging a hynjn. 
 •'^•Thofe of the Englifh church, the New-lights, the 
 Quakers, and the Germans of the reformed religion, 
 have each of them their Wrying placed <m one fide 
 out of town, and not near their churches, though 
 the firft of thefe ibmetimes make an exception. All 
 the others bury their dead in their church-yards, 
 and Moravian brethren bury where they can. The 
 negroes are buried in a particular place out cPf town. 
 
 I now proceed to mention the other public build* 
 ings in Philadelphia. ^ 
 
 The Town-hall, or the place where the aflemhlics 
 ire held, Xo (ituated in the wcllern part ©{ the. town, 
 it n a fine large building, having a tower with a bell 
 
 in 
 
 In the 
 town. 
 monlf 
 cumdai 
 fare of 
 diets in 
 and ma 
 On ( 
 which V 
 fpirited 
 learned 
 fubftanti 
 outfet, 
 Penfylvfl 
 ufeful fa 
 ufe of tl 
 ty to bor 
 a pledge 
 Jumc, Si 
 others of 
 ed a peri 
 it muft i 
 rifi ng in 
 librarian, 
 already j 
 them £n 
 any othc 
 me, as t 
 to lend 
 out requ 
 open eve 
 afternoon 
 and phyii 
 tunl cur 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 137 
 
 In the middle, and is the greatefl ornament to the 
 town. The deputies of each province meet in it com* 
 nionly every Odlober, or even more frequently if cir- 
 cumQances require it, in order to confuior ol the wel- 
 fare of the country, and to hol^i their parliaments or 
 diets in miniature. There they revife^ the old laurs^ 
 and make new onc^. 
 
 On one fide of this bijilding flanda the library, 
 which was Brd begun in the year 1742, on a publick 
 fpirited plan, formed and put in execution by the 
 learned Mr. Franklin. For he pcrfuaJed firft the raoft 
 fubftantial people in town to pay forty (hillings at the 
 outfet, and afterwards annually ten (hillings, all in 
 Penfylvania currency, towards purchafing all kinds of 
 ufeful books. The fubfcribers are entitled to make 
 ufe of th.c books. Other people are likewife at liber- 
 ty to borrow them for a certain tinse, but mud leave 
 a pledge and pay eight- pence a week for a folio vo^ 
 lume, Xix-pence for a quarto, and four-pence for all 
 others of a fmaller Aze.* As foon as the time allow- 
 ed a perfon for the peru(al of the volume, is elapfedi^ 
 it mud be returned, or he is fined. The money a- 
 rifing in this manner is employed for the falary of the 
 librarian, and for purcha(>ng new books. There was 
 already a fine colledion of excellent works, mod o£ 
 them £nglidi ; many French and Latin, luiC few in 
 any other language. The fubfcribers were fo kind to 
 me, as to order the librarian, during my day herein 
 to lend me ev^ry book, which I fhould want, with« 
 out requiring any payment of me. The library was 
 open every Saturday from four to eight o'clock in the. 
 afternoon. Be(ides the books, feveral mathematical 
 and phyilcal indruments, and a large colie£iion of na- 
 tural curjofitiet; were to be feen ia it* Se? eral little 
 
 Ubrariea 
 
13« THE HISTORY OF 
 
 librarirs were founded in the town on the fame fooc« 
 ing or nearly with this. - . ' 
 
 The court-houfe (lands in the middle of Markct- 
 . ftreet, to the wed of the market, it is a fine build- 
 ing, with a little tower in which there is a bell. He. 
 Jow and roundabout this building the market is pro* 
 pcrly kept every week. 
 
 The building of the academy, is in the wedern 
 part of the town. It was formerly as I have before 
 mentioned, a meeting-houfe of the followers of Mr. 
 Whitcfield, but they fold it in the year 1750, and it , 
 was deftined to be the feat of an univerfity, or to ex- 
 prefs myfelf in more eza6l terms, to be a college, it 
 was therefore fitted up to this purpofe. The youths 
 are here only taught thofe things which they learn in 
 our common fchools ; but in time, fuch lectures are 
 intended to be read here, as are ufual in real univer* 
 fities. 
 
 At theclofe of the lad war, a redoubt was ere£led 
 (here, on the fouth fide of tiffe town, near the river, 
 to prevent the French and Spanifh privateers from 
 landing. But this was done lifter a (Irong debate. 
 For the quakers oppofed all fortifications, as contrary 
 to the tenets of theif religion, which allow not Chrilli- 
 ans to make war either offenfive or defenfive, but di* 
 re£l them to place their trufl: in the Almighty alone. 
 Several papers were then handed about for and again (l 
 the opinion. But the enemy's privateers having taken 
 feveral vefifcls belonging to the town, in the river, 
 many of the quakers, if not all of them, found it 
 reafonable to forward the building of the fortification 
 as rhuch as poffible, at leaOf by a fupply of money. 
 'iOi all the natural advantages of the town, its tem- 
 perate climate is the moil confiderable, the winter not 
 being o?er feverei and its duration but (hott, and the 
 
 fummer 
 
NORTH AM ERICA. 139 
 
 Aimmer not too hot ', the country roand about bring- 
 ing forth thofe fruits in the grcatcfl plentyi which arc 
 raifeii by hufbandfy. Their September and October 
 are like the beginning of the Swedifh Augud. And 
 the firft days in their February are frequently as plea- 
 fant, as the end of April and the beginning of May 
 in Sweden. Even their coldefl days in fome winters 
 have been no feverer, than the days at the end of au- 
 tumn are in the middlemoll parts of Sweden, and the 
 fouthern ones of Finland. 
 
 The good and clear water in Philadelphia, is like- 
 wife one of its advantages. For through there are no 
 fountains in the town, yet there is a well in every 
 houfe, and feveral in tne ftreets, alf which afford ex- 
 cellent water for boiling, drinking, wafhing, and o^ 
 ther ufes. The water is commonly met with at the 
 depth of forty feet. The water of the river Delaware 
 js likewife goodt But in making the wells, a fault is 
 frequently committed, which in feveral places of the 
 town fpoils the waier which is naturally good ; I (hall 
 in the fequel take an opportunity of fpeaking further 
 about it. 
 
 The Delaware is eitceeding convenient for traded 
 It is one of the greatefl rivers in the world : is three 
 EngliOi miles broad at its mouth, two miles at the 
 town of Wilmington, and three quarters of a mile 
 at Philstdelphia. This city 'lies within ninety or an 
 hundred Englifh miles from thefea, or from the place 
 where the river Delaware difcharges irfelf into the 
 bay of that name. Yet its depth is hardly ever left 
 than five or fix fathom. The greateft fhips therefore 
 can fail quite up to the town and anchor in good 
 ground in five fathoms of water, on the Hde of the 
 bridge. The water here has no longer a faltiih tafte, 
 and therefore all deftrudive woroiS) which have faf* 
 
 tencd 
 
140 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 tened themfelves to the (hips in the Tea, and have 
 pierced holes into them, either die, or drop ofl^, after 
 the fhip has been here for a while* 
 
 The only difadvantage which trade labours under 
 here, is the freezing of the river almoft every winter 
 for a n)onth or more. For during that time the na- 
 ▼igation is entirely (lopped. But this does not hap- 
 pen at Boflon, New- York, and other towns which 
 are nearer the fea. 
 
 The tide comes up to Philadelphia, and even goes 
 thirty miles higher, to Trenton. The difference be- 
 tc^«:en high and low water U eight £cet at Philadel* 
 phia. ' 
 
 The catara£b of the Delaware near Trenton, and 
 of the SkulhUl at fome diftance from Philadelphia, 
 make thefe rivers ufelefs further up the country, in 
 regard to the conveyance of goods either from or to 
 Philadelphia. Both mud therefore be carried on wag- 
 gons or carts^ It has therefore already been thought 
 0f to make thefe two rivers navigable in time, at leail 
 for large boats and fmall veffcls. 
 
 Several (hips are annually built of American oak, 
 in the docks which are made in feverai parts of the 
 town a^d about it^ yet they can by no means be put 
 in comparifon with thofe built of European oak, in 
 point pf goodnefs and duration. 
 
 The town carries on a great trade, both with the 
 inhabitants of the country, and to other parts of the 
 w^ld, efpecially to the Wed Indies, South America, 
 tnd the Antilles } to England> Ireland^ Portugal, and 
 to feverai £ngli(h colonies in North Amcrtcft. Yet 
 aone but; £ngli(h (hips are allowed to come into this 
 port. ^ : . L 
 
 . Philadelphia reaps the greateft profits frbm its trade 
 cp the Weftlodiea. . Fox thitker the inhabitants (hip 
 
 almod 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 141 
 
 alffloft every day a quantity of flour, butter, flcfli, and 
 other vifluals i timber, plank and the like. In re* 
 turn they receive either fugar, molafles, rum, indigo^ 
 mahogony, and other goods, or ready money. The 
 true mahogony, which grows in Jamaica, is at pre* 
 fcnt a!moft all cut down. 
 
 They fend both Weft India goods, and their own 
 productions to England ; the latter are all forts of 
 woods, efpecially black walnut, and oak planks for 
 (hips J (hips ready built, iron, hides, and tar. Yet 
 this latter is properly bought in New Jcrfey, the fo- 
 refts of which province are confequcntly more ruined 
 than any others. Ready money is likewife fent over 
 to England, from whence in return they get all forts 
 of goods there munufa^lured, viz. fine and coarfe 
 cloth, linen, iron ware, and other wrought metals^ 
 and £aft India goods. For it is to be obferved that 
 England fuppIi^S Philadelphia with almofl all ftuffft 
 and manufattured goods which are wanted here. 
 
 A great quantity of lintfeed goes annually to Ire- 
 land, together with many of the (hips which are built 
 here. Portugal gets -wheat, corn, flour and maize 
 which is not ground. Spain fometimes takes fome 
 corn. But all the money, which is got in thefe feve- 
 ral counties, mu ft immediately be fent to England, 
 in payment for the goods which are got from thence, 
 and yet thofe fums are not fufEcient to pay all the 
 debts. 
 
 To fitisfy the curiofity of thofe, who are willing 
 to know, how the woods look in this country, and 
 whether or no the trees in them arc the fame witli 
 thofe found in our foreils, I here infert a fmall cata- 
 logue of thofe which grow fpontaneoufly in the woods 
 which are neareft to Philadelphia. But I exclude fuch 
 (biubs as do not attain any confiderable height. I 
 
 (hall 
 
t 
 
 I4t tHEHISTORY OF 
 
 (liall put that tree firfl iu orders which is the mod 
 plentiful, and fo on with the reft, and therefore trees 
 which I have found but Hngle, though near the town, 
 will be.laft. 
 
 1. ^ercus albdy the white oak in good ground. 
 
 2. ^uercus rubra^ or the black oak. 
 
 3. ^ercus Hif^qnica^ the Spanifti oak, a vaFiety 
 of the preceding. 
 
 4. Jiigtans albay hiccory, a kind of walnut tree, 
 of which three or four varieties are to be met with. 
 
 5. Rubus occidentalism or American black-berry 
 {}irub. 
 
 6. Jeer ruhrum^ ihe maple tree with red flowers, 
 In fwamps. 
 
 7. Rhus glabra^ the fmooth leaved Sumach, in the 
 woods, on high glades, and old corn-Helds. 
 
 8« Vitis labrufca and Vulpina^ vines of feverai 
 kinds. 
 
 9. Sambucus canadenjist American Elder tree, a- 
 long the hedges and on glades. 
 
 10. ^ercus phe/loSi the fwamp oak, in moraifes. 
 
 11. jizalea lutea^ the American upright honey- 
 fuckle, in the woods in dry places. 
 
 11, Cratagus Crus galJi^ the Virginian Azarole, 
 in woods* 
 
 13. Vaccinium • — , a fpecies of whortleberry 
 (hrub. 
 
 14. ^ercus prinus, the chefnut oak in good 
 ground. 
 
 15. Corntis Florida, the cornelian cherry, in all 
 kinds of g;round. 
 
 1 6. Liriodendron TuUpifera^ the tulip tree, in e« 
 very kind of foil. 
 
 17. Prunits virgininana^ the wild cherry tree. 
 
 ^ i8. Vac- 
 
F 
 
 the mod 
 fore trees 
 be town, 
 
 ;round. 
 
 a vaFiety 
 
 Inut tree, 
 :t with, 
 tlack-berry 
 
 ;d flowers, 
 
 ich, in the 
 
 of Xeverai 
 
 > 
 
 er tree, a- 
 
 morafles. 
 jht honcy- 
 
 4/ ■ 
 
 1 Azarole, 
 
 hortleberry 
 
 k in good 
 
 ry, in all 
 
 tree, in e» 
 
 ry tree. 
 i8. Tifc- 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 14s 
 
 18. Vaccinium — > a frutex whortleberry, ia 
 
 good ground. 
 
 1 9. Prinos verticillatuSf the wiuterberry tree in 
 fwamps. 
 
 20. P/atanus occidentalism the water-beech. 
 
 21. JVyJa aquaticdy the t^ipelo-tree ; on fields and 
 mountnins. 
 
 ,"'22. Liquidambar Jlyr^cifiua^ fweet gum tree, near 
 fprings. 
 
 23. Betula Jlnus, alder, a variety of the Swedilh i 
 it was here but a ihrub. 
 
 74. Fagtis cajianea^ the chefnut tree, on corn* 
 fields, pa(lure», and in little woods. 
 
 25. Juglans nigra, the black walnut tree, in the 
 fame place with the preceding tree. 
 
 26. Rhus radicans, the twining fumach, climbing 
 along the trees. 
 
 27. ^cer Negundoy the a(h-Ieaved maple, in mo- 
 raffes and fwampy places. 
 
 23. Primus Domejlica^ the wild plumb tree. 
 
 29. Ulmus Americanay the white elm. 
 
 30. Prunus Jpinoja, floe fhrub, in low places. 
 
 3 I . Laurus Jajfufras, the faffafras tree, in a loofc 
 foil mixed with fatid. 
 
 3 a. Ribes nigrum, the currant tree, grew in low 
 places and marfhcs. 
 
 33. Fraxinus excelfior, the afli tree in low places. 
 
 34. Smilax laurijo/iu, th; rough bind weed with 
 the bay leaf, in woods and on pales or enclofurcs. 
 
 35. Kdlmia iaii/olia, the American dwarf laurel, 
 on the- northern fide of mountcilns. 
 
 3$. Morus rubra, the nulberry tree on fields^ 
 hills, and near the houfes. 
 
 i^T , Jihus vernix^ the poiionous Sumach, in wet 
 places. 
 
 38. ^ler- 
 
144 T H E H I S T a R Y O r 
 
 38. ^ercus rubra f the red oak, but a peculiar 
 variety. 
 
 39. Hdmamelis virginicat the witch hazel. 
 
 40. Diofpyros virginiana, the perfimon. 
 
 4 I. Pyrus coronarijf the anchor tree. 
 
 4^. Juniperus virginiatM, the red juniper, in a 
 dry poor foil. 
 
 43. Laurus aftvalU^ fpice-wood in a wet foil. 
 
 44. Carpinui ojirya^ a fpecies of horn beam in a 
 good foil. 
 
 45* Carpinus 6etulus, a horn beam, in the fame 
 kind of foil with the former. ' 
 
 46. Fagus fyivaticdf the beech, likewife in good 
 foil. 
 
 47. Jugluns — , a fpecies of walnut tree 
 
 on hills near rivers, called by the Swedes ButUrnu^ 
 
 Jira. 
 
 48. Pinus Americana^ Penfylvanian fir tree } on 
 the north fide of mountains, and in vallies. 
 
 49. Betula lentdy a fpecies of birch, on the banks 
 of rivers. 
 
 56. Cephalantus accidentalism button wood, in wet 
 places. 
 
 51. Pinus tada^ the New Jerfey fir tree, on dry 
 fandy heaths. 
 
 52* Cercis canadenfis^ the fallad tree, in a good 
 foil. 
 
 5 3 . Robinia pfiudacia^ the locuft tree, on the corn- 
 fields. 
 
 54. Magnolia glauca^ the laureMeaved tulip tree, 
 in marfliy foil. 
 
 ^ 55* Tilia Americana^ the lime tree, in a good 
 foil. 
 
 56* CUditfta triacanthoSf the honey locuft Cree^ or 
 three thorned acacia, in the fame foil. 
 
 .57. C^A 
 
peculiar 
 
 ier> m a 
 
 foil, 
 earn in a 
 
 the fa«ic 
 
 5 in good 
 
 ilnut tree 
 Butternut 
 
 tree \ on 
 
 the banks 
 
 d, in wet 
 
 c, on dry 
 
 n a good 
 
 1 the corn- 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. us 
 
 57. CV///V occidentalism the nettle tree, in the fields. 
 
 58. /fnnona muricata, the cadard apple, in a fruit* 
 ful Toil. . 
 
 The American evergreens are 
 
 1. JUx AquifoHum^ holly. 
 
 2. Kalmia /ati/olia, the fpoon tree. 
 
 3. Kaimia angvfiifoUa, another fpeciesof it. 
 
 4. Magnolia glaucay the beaver tree. The yotin^ 
 I trees of this kind only keep their leaves, the otheri 
 
 drop them. 
 5« Vifcum albuniy or mifletoe ; this conamonl^ 
 
 [grows between the NyJ/h, aquatica^ or tupelo tree, up- 
 on the Liquidambar Jiyraciflua^ or fweet gum tree, 
 
 Ithe oak and lime tree, fo that their whole fummtts 
 
 |vere frequently quite green in winter. 
 
 6. Myrica ceri/era, or the candleberry tree ; of 
 [this however only fome of the youngeft (hrubs pre* 
 ^erve fome leaves, but moft of them had already )o(t 
 (hem. 
 
 7. Pinus MieSf the pine. 
 
 8. Pinus fylveftris^ the fir. . 
 
 9. Cyprejfus tbyoides^ the white cedar. 
 
 10. Juniperus f^irginianu, |he red cedar. 
 Several oaks and other trees drop their leaves here 
 winter^ which however keep them ever greeni a 
 
 ittle more to the fouth, and ii^ Carolina. 
 
 tulip tree, 
 in a good 
 ifttrcc, or 
 
 Q 
 
 CHAP. 
 
14^ 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 C H A P. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Defcription of Virginia, An account of the cultivati- 
 on of tobacco, &c. 
 
 IN isB6y and under the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 
 Sir Walter Raleigh procured feveral Merchants and 
 gentlemen to advance large fums of money towards 
 carrying on the dcfign he had formed of making fur- 
 ther difcoveri«s in the Weft-Indies : and in the year 
 following he obtained letter! patent from the Queen, 
 •^To poflcfs, plant, and enjoy for himfelf, and fuch 
 *' perfons as he ihould nominate) themfelves, and 
 << their fucceiTorS) all fuch lands, territories, &c. as 
 ^* they (hould difcover, not in the poffeffion of any 
 << Chriftian nation/' In April following, the mer- 
 chants smd gentlemen, by Sir Walter's directions, fit- 
 ted out two fmall vcflcls, under the command of Cap- 1 
 •tain Philip Amidas, and Captain Arthur Barlow, two 
 of Sir Walter's fervants, who knowing no better courfe,| 
 failed away to the Canaries ; from thence to the Ca- 
 ribbee iflands, and eroding the gulph of Mexico, made] 
 the coaftof Florida. They were fo ignorant of navi< 
 gation, that by the computation of able feamcn, thcH 
 went about one thoufand leagues out of their way. 
 Their voyage however was profperous, and they an- 
 chored in an inlet by Roanoke, at prefent under tbel 
 government of North Carolina. They landed upon| 
 certain iflands on the coaft between Cape Fear and 
 the bay of Chefapcake ; and-concluded, that the place 
 of their landing was on the main continent of Amej 
 rica i but ^oing up to the top of a fmall eminence 
 
cultivati- 
 
 Elizabeth, 
 xhants and 
 ey towards 
 uking fur- 
 in the year 
 :hc Queen, 
 f, and fuch 
 fclves, and 
 leSi Sec, as 
 ffion of any 
 ", the mer- 
 rc6lions, fit- 
 and of Cap- 
 5arlow, two 
 cttcr courfc, 
 : to the Ca- 
 [exicoi madcj 
 rant of navi 
 feamen, they] 
 )f their way 
 nd they an 
 It under \w 
 landed upon 
 ape Fear andl 
 
 hat the pbo 
 int of Ame 
 
 eminence 
 
 NORTH A M E R I C A. 07 
 
 a Me diftance from the fliore, they perceived it to be 
 a little iflandjof about twenty, or as Mr. Harriot jud«. 
 ged, of fifteen miles in length, and fix in breadth.^ 
 This ifland was called Wococon, and Jay" between 
 Gape Hatteras and Cape Fear \ and muft therefore be 
 the ifland of Ocacock, or at leaft fome of the other, 
 fmall iflands along that coaft. It was covered with 
 tall and (lately trees, cedars, pines, ^cyprefs, faflafras, 
 and many others of excellent fmell and quality ; and, 
 abounded in deer, rabbits, and wild fowl, in incredi* 
 ble numbers. 
 
 They faw none of the natives, till the third day af- 
 ter their landing, when they fpied three in a canoe^. 
 One of them went afhore, and waited without any^ 
 6gns of fear till the Englifh rowed to him. He 
 fpoke much to th«m in his own language, and then' 
 boldly came aboard their Tcfiels. They gave him a 
 ihirt, a has wine, and meat, with which he was: 
 much pleafed. Having attentively viewed everything,: 
 he went away ; and within half an hour he had load-t 
 ed his canoe with fifli, which he brought and divided 
 between the (hip and ths bark. 
 
 The next day feveral canoes came^ and in one of 
 them the king's brother. His name was Gr;»uganar 
 meo ; the king Was called Wingina, and the country 
 Wingandacoa. The king himfelf at that time lay, ac 
 his chief town, ill of the wounds which he had late* 
 ly received in a battle. Granganameo, leaving his 
 canoes at fome diftance, went to the point of land 
 where the £ngli(h had gone to the Indian the day be« 
 fore. Having fpread a mat| he fat down upon it ; 
 and when the £ngli(h came to him well armed, he 
 ewed no fear ^ but made figns to them to fit down, 
 roaking his own beid and breaft, and then theirs, to 
 xprefs liis love. The natives were a proper, well- 
 
 G 2 proper. 
 
r4» THE HISTORY OF 
 
 proportioned people, very civil in their behaviour, and 
 highly refpcftful to Oranganameo. For none of ihcm 
 fat down, or fpokc a word in his prcfcnce, except four ; 
 an U'hom the Englifli alfo beftowed prefents. But 
 Grangurnameo took them all from them, and made 
 (igns, that every ihing belonged to him. After feme 
 fm;)il traffic, he went away *, but returning in two 
 days, he eat and ilrank very merrily with them. Not 
 long after, he brought bis wife and children on board. 
 They were of mean (lature, but well* favoured, and 
 very bafhful and modefl. His wife had a band of 
 white coral about her forehead, and bracelets of pearl 
 in her ears, hatiging ^owii to her middle, of the big- 
 nefs of large peafe. As to the reft, they were deck- 
 ed with red copper^ andfuch ornaments as are at pre- 
 fent in fa(hion and eflecnci among our Indians. 
 
 After thif, there came down, from all parts, great 
 numbers of people with leather, coral, and divert] 
 forts of dyes. Bttt when Granganameo was prefent,! 
 none durft trade but himfelf, and thofe who wore red 
 copper on their heads, as he did. He woiild have 
 given a bag of pearls for a fuit of armoar ; but the 
 Englifh refufedi as not regarding them, that they 
 mightrfbereby the better learn where they grew. . He 
 was very juft to his promife ; for they often trufted 
 him, and he never failed to come within his day tol 
 where they found his word. He commonly lent the! 
 Englifh every day a brace of bucks, conies, bares and! 
 iifl) ; a)id fometimes melons, walnuts, cucumbersJ 
 peafe, and divers kinds of roots. And tlie Lngiifh,] 
 to try the ftrength and goodncfs of the fotl, put fomcl 
 K)( their peafe into the ground, which grew wonder*! 
 fully, and were found it] ten days time fourteen incbetl 
 •iiigli. • . 
 
 At 
 
 ] 
 
 An a( 
 returns c 
 Mtith fev( 
 they call 
 uexr ever 
 mouth of 
 they fay, 
 
 ^ . ■£' 
 
iviour, and 
 ne of ihcm 
 [ccpt four ; 
 ents. But 
 and made 
 After fomc 
 ing in two 
 them. Not 
 n on board, 
 roured, and 
 i a band of 
 lets of pearl 
 of the big- 
 r were deck* 
 » are at pre* 
 lans. 
 
 parts, great 
 and dUeri 
 was prefent, 
 ho wore red 
 voiild haTC 
 ur ; but the 
 that they I 
 grew. ' He 
 ften truftcd 
 n his day to 
 >nly tent the 
 IS, hares, and 
 cucumbers^ 
 the bngiiih, 
 ,tl, put fomc 
 |rew wondep 
 uitcen inchcil 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 140 
 
 ' An acquaintance being thus conrra£^eck by mutual 
 
 returns of kindnefs and beneficence, Captain Amidas, 
 
 with feven more, ventured up the river Occam, ae 
 
 they call it, which mud be Pamptico found. The 
 
 Dexr evening they came to the ifle of Raonoke, at the 
 
 mouth of Albemarle found, about feven leagues, a& 
 
 they fay, from the harbour, where they Ard entered. 
 
 but this is a grofs miiUke, a.nd muft be an error in 
 
 the copy ; for by the fcale in With's map, it cannot 
 
 be lefs than thirty leagues, from Wocoeon to Roanoke. 
 
 On this ifland they found a fmall town, confiding of 
 
 nine houfet ; in one of which Granganameo lived. 
 
 He ^va« abfcDt ; but his wife entertained them with 
 
 wonderful courtefy and kindnefs. She made fome qf 
 
 ber people draw the boat up, to prevent its being ini- 
 
 jured by the beating of the (\^tf^e ; fome fhe ordered 
 
 [to bring them aihore on their backs ; and others, to 
 
 jcarry their oart to the houfc, for fear of being Hole. 
 
 hen they came into the houfe, fhe took off their 
 
 oaths and dockings, an«l wafhed them, as likewife their 
 
 :et in warm water. When the dinner was ready, they 
 
 ere condu£ked into an inner room, where they got 
 
 oiled venifon, and roaded 6di ; and as a defert, melone, 
 
 iled roots, and fruits of various forts.' While they 
 
 ere at meat, two or three of her men came in with 
 
 [heir bows and arrows, which made the Englidi take 
 
 their arma. But die, perceiving their diftrud, or- 
 
 lired their bows and arrows to be broken, and them- 
 
 Ives to be beaten out of the gate. In the evening 
 
 the £ng)idi returned to their boat;, and putting a lit- 
 
 \t off from flfore, lay at anchor. At which fhe was 
 
 oncerned, and brought their fupper, half boiled, pots 
 
 nd all to the ftiore fide; and feeing their jealoiify, 
 
 t ordered feveral men, and thirty women, to fit ail 
 
 light upon the diore, as a guard ; and fent five mats 
 
150 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 to cover them from the weather. In fliort, (he omit- 
 ted nothing, that the moft generous hofpitality and 
 hearty defire of pleafing could do» to entertain them. 
 iVnd this was the farthed difcovery made upon thU 
 iird voyage, except fomc confufed and uncertain ac« 
 counts of the country, which they gathered from the] 
 Indians. They returned to England ahout the middle 
 of September, carrying with them two of the nativesJ 
 Mantto and Wanchefe ; and their difcovery was fo 
 welcome there, that the Queen herfelf was pleafed to 
 name the country Virginia, in memory of its ha- 
 ying been firil found out in the reign of a virgin 
 Queen. Or as fome have been pleaf-^d to glofs and! 
 interpret it, becaufe it dill feemed to retain the virj 
 gin purity and plenty of the fird creation, and tl 
 people their innocency of life and manners. And 
 foon after their returns Mr. Raleigh was elecled, to 
 gether with Sir William Courtenay, knight of tl 
 Ihire for the county of Devon. On the 14th of Dej 
 .member, be caufed a bill to be brought into the houfel 
 ,to confirm his patent for difcovcring foreign countriesj 
 which being committed to Mr. Vice-Chamberlaiil 
 Hatton, Secretary Waldrigham, Sir Philip Sidnen 
 Sir Francis Drake, Sir Richard Greenvil^ Sir Williai 
 Gourtenay, and others, it was in a few days paflei 
 ^fter many arguments, and a provifo added. And 
 ^long after the Queen was pleafed to knight him, ui 
 . occafion, it is faid, of this grateful difcovery. B^ 
 Mff.^ Ofborne, an ingenious obferver on her reign, fa^ 
 . with refpe^l to Sir Francis Vere^ a man nobly defcenil 
 ^^,^and Sir Walter Raleigh, exaflly qualified, th 
 .they, with fuch others, were fet apart in her jud 
 ^ ment for military fervices. Neither did (he ever ri)i| 
 them above knighthood ; faying, when folic* ted 
 - ■. « - nji 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 151 
 
 make Vere a Baron, that in his proper fphere, and 
 her edimatibn, he was above it already. 
 
 The acivantageoiM accounts, which thefe firfl ad- 
 venturers gave of the fertility, pleafantnefs, and wholes 
 fomencfs of the coMntry, induced Sir Richard Green* 
 vil himfelf to make a voyage thither the next year* 
 And he accordingly fet out from Plymouth the 9th of 
 April, with fevcn (liips. Having made the ufual cir- 
 cuit of ihe Canaries and Well-Indies, where they 
 took tw > rich Spanifh prizes, and forced a profitable 
 trade, they fell in with the continent of America 
 near Cape Fear, ai>d were in great danger of being 
 jod upon it. But having happily efcaped, they came 
 to an anchor off the ifland of Wococon the 26th of 
 May. They immediately fent to the ifle of Roanoke^ 
 to Wingina the King ; and Mr. Arundel went to tb^ 
 main, with Manteo, who proved throughout their 
 whole /lay very faithful and ufeful to them. Soon af- 
 ter, the General^ Sir Richard Greenvil, went him- 
 Ifelf to the main, with a feledl body of men ; ands 
 MDging about, difco-vered feveral Indian towns. At 
 one of them the Indians dole a Hives cup ; for which* 
 they burnt their town, and dedroyed their corn, and 
 \io returned to their (hips at Wococon. At Hatteras»« 
 Ivbiiher they went foon after, Granganameo^ the. 
 iKing'^ brother, carne aboard the Admiral with Man- 
 Iteo. This is the lad viHc he made to the Knglifli ;, 
 [for fome time this year he died, and in him th^ lofi 
 fincere and hearty friend. 
 
 Sir Richard Greenvil, having only made that fmall 
 ExcurGon on the continent, returned to England this 
 fummer. In his way home, he took another 3panilh 
 ^rize, of three hundred tons, richly laden, and with 
 ker arrived at Plymouth the 18 th of September. But 
 jtelefc behind him an hundred and eight perfons, as. 
 
 G 4 '* 
 
II il 
 
 li i 
 
 151 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 a colony, to keep poiTcilion of, and inhabit tKe coun- 
 try. Of thefe he condituted Mr. Ralph Lane gover- 
 nor, a milirary man of note, who was afterwards 
 knighted, and applying himfelf to the fea-fervice, was 
 of enninent command in the Engli(h navy. With him 
 remained Captain Philip Amidas, at admiral, one of the 
 commanders in chief of the firft adventure, Mr. I ho* 
 tnas Harriot, Captain Stafford, Mr. Kendal ; with fc> 
 veral others of name in the expedition. 
 
 This colony chofe Roanoke, an ifland at the mouth 
 of Albermarle, found, for the place of their habitati- 
 on *, and their chief empfoyment was to reconnoitre 
 and view the country. Their fartheft difcovery to the 
 fouthward was Serotan, an Indian town, by their rec* 
 koning, eighty leagues from Roanoke, lying up be- 
 tween the rivers Pampticoe and Neus, in North Caro- 
 lina. To the northward they went an hundred and 
 thirty miles to the Chefapeakes, a nation of Indi^nS) 
 feated on a fmall river, to the fouth of our bay, now I 
 called Elizabeth river, from whom, as thefe (irft dif. 
 coverers tell us, the bay itfelf took its name. To 
 the noith.weft, thefe difcoverers went up Albemarle 
 found and Chowan river, an hundred and thirty miles,! 
 to a nation of Indiana called the Chawonocks, inhabit- 
 ing above the fork of that river, where one branch 
 takes the name of Meherrin^ and the other of Notto-| 
 way. 
 
 The King of the Chawonocks, whofe name vrail 
 Menatonon, was lame, but the mcCi fenfible^under^j 
 itanding Indian they had met wi^h. He amufed Mr. 
 Lane and his company with a ftory of a copper mine,! 
 and of a pearl fifhery, which by the defcription wail 
 fomewhere upon the coad, and witli a (Irange relation oil 
 the head of the river Moratuc, now called Roanoke.| 
 This river was defcribed| as fpringing out of a rocU 
 
 fo neai 
 ver ini 
 ly con( 
 or the 
 to it. 
 ciil fan I 
 took a 
 river. 
 
 Jived, b] 
 
 of £nfer 
 
 and mali 
 
 the death 
 
 Wingina 
 
 ter enem 
 
 ly were c 
 
 had enco 
 
 Chowan. 
 
 Indians 
 
 tiiy in fin I 
 
 liHi, and 
 
 Qiour beir 
 
 were all c 
 
 gan to aa 
 
 the Englif 
 
 cottid, to 
 
NORTH AMERICA. in 
 
 h near the feat that in high winds the fur^e heat o- 
 yer into the fpring. And the Engliih very fanguine- 
 ]y concluded this Tea to be either the bay of Mexico« 
 or the South Tea, or at lead fome arm that opened iitt- 
 to it. Having their heads Blied with thefe chimeri- 
 ciil fancies, they formed many fchemef, and under- 
 took a very fatiguing and hazardous voyage up that 
 river. And fo eager were they, and refolutely bene 
 upon this golden difcovery, that they could not* he 
 perfuaded to return, as long as they had one pint of 
 corn a man left, and two maftifF dogs, whieh, being 
 boiled with faflafras leaves, might afford them fooie 
 fuflenance in their wa^ back. But after fome 
 days fpent in vain, and having undergone mttch mi* 
 fery and danger, they at lad returned, and joyfully 
 arrived at their old habitation on Roanoke ifland. 
 
 The death of Granganameo had caufed a great al- 
 teration in the affairs of the colony. For whilft he 
 lived, bis credit with the king, joined to the interest 
 of £nfenore, their father, had retrained his perfidy 
 and malice, and kept him within bounds. But upon^ 
 the death of Granganameo, he changed his name from 
 Wingina to Pemiflapan> and became a fecret but bit- 
 ter enemy to the itngliih. To his machinations chief- 
 ly were owing the many hardihips and dangers, they 
 had encountered in their lad journey up the river 
 Chowan. For he had given fecret intelligence to thofe 
 Indians of the coming of the Engliih ; and had craf- 
 tily infinuated jealoufies into the Indians of the Engp 
 lifh, and into the EngliOi of the Indians. But a ru- 
 mour being fpread, that Mr. Lane and his company 
 were all either flain or Aarved in this journey, he be- 
 gan to a6k more openly. He blafphemed the God of 
 the Englifh, and endeavoured, by all the devices he 
 could| to hurt and annoy them. And Enfenore, his 
 
 G 5 aged 
 
154 T H E H I S T O A Y O F 
 
 -aged father, the befl friend the Englifli had left after 
 - the death of Granganameo, lofl all his credit to aflid 
 »*r ferve them. But their return foon after, and their 
 bringing the fon of Menatonon, their greateft king, 
 -prifoner, joined to the teftimonies of Manteo, and 
 threcother Indians, that went with them, how little they 
 -vilued any people they met, or feared hunger, death, 
 offany thing elfe,reftrained hib devices for theprefent, 
 and brought Enfenore again into credit and edeem. 
 : Soon after, Menatonon, King of the Chawonocks, 
 *fent a prefent of pearl to Mr. Lane : and Okifco, 
 King of Weopomeokc (another powerful nation, pof- 
 ^feffing' all that country from Albemarle found and 
 'Chowan river, quite to the Chefapeakes und our bay) 
 came himfelf, with twenty four of- his principal men, 
 to own fubjeftion to the Queen of England. All 
 -wMch fo- wrought on the heart of Wingiho, that, by 
 vEnfenore's perfuafions, they came and made weirs for 
 the Englilh, when they w«re ready to famifli, and 
 planted their fields of corn, which they intended to 
 abandon. But this good intelligence was foon broke 
 ofF by the death of Enfenore, which happened on the 
 2oth of April. For Wingina, under pretence of fo« 
 lemnizing his father's funeral, had laid a fcheme of 
 drawing together fixtecn or eighteen hundred Indians, 
 and. of cutting off* all the Englifli at once. But hisl 
 tlclign took wind, and at laft was fully difcovercd to 
 ■Mr. Lane by his prifoner Skico, King Menatonon's 
 fon. Then the Englifli, in their turn, endeavoured 
 to f^ize all the canoes upon Roanoke, and thereby to 
 have all the Indians in the ifland at their mercy. But 
 they took the alarm, and after a fmall flvirmifli, in 
 which five or fix Indians were ilain, the refl efcapedj 
 and fled into the woods. After this, neither fide car* 
 cd much for trufling the other •, and at lafl, after niudil 
 '■ ' ^ • trie kind 
 
 frickir 
 entrap 
 chief 
 is deli 
 Harrio 
 violem 
 thatth 
 better 
 In t 
 Indian: 
 of proi 
 more, 
 out, to 
 fpy ar« 
 tached 
 the fam 
 the mai 
 after th 
 through 
 triousi 
 any feri 
 fent Ml 
 fail of i 
 a letter 
 then ret 
 niards ii 
 thagena, 
 burnt Si 
 Florida, 
 He had 
 Virginia 
 ance anc 
 fore ofl'e 
 cife, in 
 therance 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 155 
 
 tricking and diflimulation on both partSj Winglna was 
 entrapped by the Englifh, and flain, wiih eight of his 
 chief men. This is the account of that adlion, as it 
 is delivered by the perfons concerned in it. 13ut Mc. 
 Harriot, who was likewife upon the fpot, blames the 
 violence and forwardnefs of the Englifii ; and thinks, 
 that the caufes of fufpicion and refentment had been 
 better diiTembled and pailed over. 
 
 In the time of thefe confufions and broils wixb the 
 Indians, Mr. Lane had been obliged, through want 
 of provifions, to fend Captain Stafford, with twenty 
 more, to Croatan, on the fouth part of Cape Look- 
 out, to fliift for themfelves, and to fee if they could 
 fpy ar* fail pafs by the coafl. In like manner he de- 
 tached Mr. Prideaux, with ten, to Uatteras, upon 
 the fame defign i and other fmall parties he Tent to 
 the mainj to live upon roots and oyfters. Seven days 
 after the death of Wingina, Captain StafFord (who 
 through, the whole voyage was very vigilant and induf- 
 triousy and fpared no labour or danger, to perform 
 any ferious and important fervice, committed to him) 
 fent Mr. Lane word, that he dcfcried twenty three 
 fail of (liips i and the next day he came himfelf with 
 a letter from Sir Francis Drake. Sir Francis was 
 then returning from an expedition again fl the Spa* 
 niards in the Weft-Indies, where he had taken Car- 
 thagena, and the capital city of Hifpauiola ; and had 
 burnt St. Anthony, and St; Helena, on the coaft of 
 flox'id^i and done much other damage to the enemy. 
 He had orders from the Queen to vifit the colony of 
 Virginia in his return, and to afford them fuch aflift- 
 ance and encouragement as was proper. He there- 
 fore offered to fupply their wants, and to do any thing 
 clfe, in his power, towards their relief and the fur- 
 therance of the undertaking •, and after mature delibe- 
 
 G 6 ration, 
 
■ ■ r, iH'." 
 1'' ■'-''■ 
 
 
 
 'mHPII 
 
 
 156 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 ration, he appointed them a (hip of feventy tons, ivith 
 an hundred men, and four monihs provifions, bcfides 
 two barlcs and four fmaH boats, with able maflers and 
 fufficient gangs. But jufl as all wa^ ready, there a- 
 rofe fuch a ftorm, as hnd like to have driven the whole 
 fleet afliore. Many fliips were forced out to fca, a- 
 nrionp which was that lately given to the colony, with 
 all their provifions and compary aboard. 
 
 This accident did not xiifcourage the admiral, but 
 he allotted them another Hiip of, an hundred and fe- 
 venty ton^, with all provifions as before^ to carry them 
 to Englancf the next Auguft,' or when they diould have 
 maHe fuch difcoverJes as they thought fufiicient. But 
 their harbour, which was very indifferent, would not 
 receive a fhip' of her burthen ; and to lie in the open 
 road, expofed to the winds and f**a, was very danger* 
 ous : and therefore, after confultation, it was unani- 
 moudy agreed, to defire the admiral to take them 
 home with him in his fleet *, for they had already un- 
 dergone much mifery and danger, and there appeared 
 but little hopes of Sir Richard GreenviTs return. 
 And fo this fird attempt towards a fettlement became 
 abortive, and they all arrived fafe at Portfmouth the 
 latter end of July » ;8<^. But in hh way home. Sir 
 Francis Drake touched on the coaft of New-England ; 
 •where he landed, and ipent two or three days in trad- 
 ing with the natives, and one of the Indian kings 
 came and fubmittcd himftlf to Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Uprn this voyage, Sir Walter Raleigh, by the 
 Qiiccn's advice and direftions, fent, at no fmall ex* 
 pence, Mr. John With, a flcilful and ingenious paint- 
 er, to take the Cruation of the country, and to paint, 
 from the life, the figures and habits of the natives, 
 their way 0/ living, and ch^ir feveral fafhions, modes, 
 and fuperflitions -, which he did with great btauty 
 
 and 
 
 and e> 
 fent i] 
 Thoms 
 patron' 
 learnin 
 fon ; a 
 tuation 
 plan. 
 
 But 
 bove m< 
 Walter 
 a fliip oi 
 ty of al] 
 being Ei 
 company 
 Francis J 
 Having I 
 the couni 
 to Englar 
 Aboui 
 Sir Rich 
 well prov 
 ding to h 
 the colon 
 before. 
 <lown to 
 cd, and 
 country, 
 plentiful!] 
 and fo ret 
 The ne 
 command 
 Governor 
 coujicil, 
 ^cr, and in 
 
DSt tivith 
 be fide 8 
 lers and 
 there a- 
 le whole 
 fca, a- 
 
 ly, MTlth 
 
 NORTH AMERICA, 157 
 
 and exaf^nefs. And befides this painter, Sir Walter 
 fent upon this voyage, a domeftic of his, one Mr. 
 Thomas Hariot, a mathematician, and highly in his 
 patron's intimacy and friendihip. He was a man of 
 learning, and a very obfervin^ and underdanding per-* 
 fon ; and went chiefly to make obfervations on the (i- 
 tuation of the country, and to aiTiil Mr. With in the 
 plan. 
 
 But whilft Mr. Lane and the colony were in the a<* 
 bove mentioned (Iraits and difficulties in America, Sir 
 Waiter Raleigh was not idle at home. He provided 
 a (hip of an hundred tons, and loaded her with plen* 
 ty of all things necefTary for the fettlement *, but it 
 being Ealler before (he departed, Mr. Lane and his 
 company had fhipped themfelves for England in Sir 
 Francis Drake'b fleet, a few days before her arrival. 
 Having therefore fpent fome time in feeking them up 
 the country without effe^V, they returned that fummer 
 to England, with all their provi(ion. 
 
 About a fortnight after the departure of this (hip^ 
 Sir Richard Greenvil arrived with three (hips more, 
 well provided ; but be neither found that (hip, accor- 
 ding to his expe£^ation, nor could hear any news of 
 the colony, which he himfelfhad left there the year 
 before. Therefore, after travelling in vain up aad 
 down to feek them, finding their habitation abandon- 
 ed, and being unwilling to lofe the poflTeifion of the 
 country, he landed fifty men on the iiland of Roanoke, 
 plentifully furniO*ed with all piovifions for two years, 
 and fo returned to England. 
 
 The next year, three (hips were fent, under th€ 
 command of Mr. John White, who was appointed 
 Governor of the colony, with twelve affittants, as a 
 council. To thefe Sir Walter Kuleigh gave a char- 
 ter, and incorporated them by«he name of the Go* 
 
 vernor 
 
 ^J. ■' 
 
158 THE HISTORYOF 
 
 vcrnor ami afllftants of the city of Raleigh in Virgi- 
 nia, with cxprefs diredliciii to feat at Cliefapcake ; 
 which, however ufeful and important, they ncvcrthe- 
 Icfs difobeyed and ncgle£ted. Having taken the old 
 route by the Weft-Indies, they had like to have been 
 caft away upon Cape Fear, through the error or de* 
 fign of Simon Ferdiiiando. He had been with Cap« 
 tain Amidas in the firft expedition ; and being madii 
 pilot in this, was fufpe£led of a defign to ruin the 
 whole voyage. But being prevented by the vigilance 
 of Captain Stafford, they arrived all I'afe at Hatteras 
 the 2 id of July. 
 
 - Thry went immediately to Roanoke, to look for 
 the fifty men, left there by Sir Richard Greenvil, but 
 they found nothing but the ibones of a man ; and 
 vhere the plantation had been, the houfes were un- 
 deftroycd, but overgrown with weeds, and the fort 
 defaced. They refitted the houfes ; and Mr. George 
 How, one of the council, ftraggling abroad, was 
 ^ain by the Indians. Soon after. Captain Stafibrd, 
 with twenty men, and Manteo, who, 1 believe, had 
 been again in England this voyage, went to Croatan, 
 to enquire if they could hear any news of the colo- 
 ny. There they underftood, that Mr. How had been 
 flain by feme of Wingiiia's men of Daflamonpeake ; 
 that the fifty, left the year before^ had been fudden- 
 ly fet upon by three hundred Indians, of Secotan, A- 
 quafcogoc, and D30amonpeake *, that after a fmail 
 ^irmin),in which one lingliOiman was flain^ they re- 
 tired to the water rule, and having got their boat, and 
 t^ken up four of their fellows gathering crabs, and 
 oyfters, they went to a fmali ifland by Hatteras } that 
 they ftaid there fume time, but after departed they 
 knew not whither; and with this account Captaia] 
 Stafloid returned to.t^ tleet at Hattj^ras. . .. x,,.. . 
 It'll.. ^ However, I 
 
 keep 
 
n VIrgi- 
 fapeake •, 
 iicvcrthe- 
 n the old 
 lave been 
 ror or de* 
 with Cap- 
 :iiig madii 
 ruin the 
 : vigilance 
 it Hatteias 
 
 o look for 
 ccnvil, but 
 man *, aiu\ 
 ;8 were un- 
 id the fort 
 Vir. George 
 Inroad, was 
 n StafForii, 
 lelievc, had 
 to Croatan, 
 f the colo- 
 vj had been 
 monpcake , 
 eeo fudden- 
 ISecotan, A- 
 fter a fmall 
 in, they re- 
 ir boat, and 
 crabs, and 
 ^tteras *, that 
 eparted they 
 unt Captaia| 
 
 However,! 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 159 
 
 However, Mr. White endeavoured to renew and 
 keep up a good underHanding vrith the feveral nations 
 of Indians on the fea-coa(l. But finding his ofFers of 
 friendfliip not much regarded, he refolvcd no longer 
 to defer his revenge on thofe of Deiramonpeake. This 
 nation was feated right oppofite to Roanoke ifland, on 
 the main, in the neck of land, between the river now 
 called Allegator, and the Narrows. About midnight, 
 Mr. White fet forward, with Captain btafTord, and 
 twenty-four men, whereof Manteo was one, who was 
 their guide, and behaved himfelf like a mod faithful 
 Lngliihman. They landed by break of day, and ha- 
 ving got beyond the town, they ailaulted fome Indians 
 that were fitting by a fire. One was ihot through, 
 and they hoped to have been fully revenged, but were 
 foon undeceived, and found that they were their 
 friends of Croatan, come to gather their corn, becaufe 
 they underflood, that the DeiTamonpeake Indians had 
 fled after the death of Mr. How. Manteo, their 
 countryman, was grieved at the miflake ; but howe- 
 ver imputed it all to their own folly. And fo having 
 gathered what was ripe, and left the reft unfpoiied, 
 they returned to Roanoke. i 
 
 On the 1 3 th of Augufl:, Manteo, according to 
 command from Sir Walter Raleigh, was baptized, and 
 filled Lord of Roanoke and Deffamonpeake, in reward 
 for his fidelity. And on the i8th, the governor's 
 daughter, wife to Ananias Dare, one of the council, 
 was delivered of a daughter, which, being the firfi 
 child born there, was called Virginia* And foon af- 
 ter there arofe a difpute between the governor and his 
 aiTillants or council, concerning a perfon to be fcnt to 
 England to folicit fupplies. All refufcd, except one, 
 who was thought very unequal to the bufincfs. At 
 lad they unaaimoufly pitched upon the governor as the 
 
 . fitteft 
 
i6o THE HISTORY OF 
 
 fitted perfon ; and having figncd a paper, tcftiTylng 
 his unwillinj^nefs to leave the colony, they ac length 
 prevailed upon him, vrith much importunity, to un- 
 dertake it. Leaving therefore above an hundred pcr- 
 font on one of the iflands of Hacteras, to form a 
 plantation, he departed, and after many croHl.) and 
 difficulties got fird to Ireland, and from thence went 
 to England. 
 
 At this time the nation was in great commotion 
 and apprehenfion of the 8pani(h invafion and invinci- 
 ble Armada, as it was vainly called, and the Q^een 
 caufed frequent councils to be held, by the olde(t and 
 moft experienced commanders at Tea ; and alfo ap- 
 pointed a council of war, of fuch perfons as were in 
 higheft repute for military (kill and knowledge, in or- 
 der to put the land-forces of the kingdom in the bed 
 poilure of defence. For this purpofe were chofen the 
 Lord Grey« Sir Francis Knolles, Sir Thomas Leigh- 
 ton, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir John Norris, Sir Richard 
 Oreenvil, Sir Richard Bingham, Sir Roger Williams, 
 pnd Ralph Lane, Efq; late governor of Virginia, who 
 ivere therefore all entirely taken up with thofe impor* 
 tant confultations. 
 
 However, having hid a plan of operations, and 
 made proper difpofitions for the defence of the nation, 
 Sir Waiter found leifute to fit out a fmall fleet for the 
 relief of the colony, at Biddeford, early the next 
 year, which was put under the command of Sir Ri- 
 chard Greenvil, and only waited for a fair wind. But 
 the alarm of the vail and formidable armament, made 
 by the King of Spain, increafmg, all (hips of force, 
 then in any readinefs, received orders from the Aate 
 (o iiay in their harb#ur8, for the defence of their own 
 country ; and Sir Richard Greenvil was perfonally 
 commanded not to depart out of Cornwall, where Sir 
 
 Waller 
 
 Wal 
 
 ingt 
 
 fice, 
 
 nor 
 
 obtai 
 
 the J 
 
 of lit 
 
 than 
 
 til] at 
 
 i»ar, 
 
 and r 
 
 condii 
 
 and ir 
 
 barinj 
 
 perfon 
 
 as it 
 
 Virgin 
 
 at honr 
 
 The 
 
 Waltei 
 
 thole h 
 arts an 
 charge 
 Queen 
 him, th 
 he was 
 that tin 
 and pn 
 and ind 
 
WORTH AMERICA. i«i 
 
 Walter Raleigh then was himfclf mul^ering and train* 
 ing the forces, and performing other duties of his of* 
 ficc, as lieutenant of that counry. f lowever, Gover- 
 tior White laboured fo (henuoufly tvith them, that he 
 obtained two fmall barks, and put to Tea from Biddeford, 
 the 2 ad of April, 1588. But thefc velfels, though 
 of liirle i ice, heinf: more intent on a painful vtvyagc, 
 than the rc!ief of the colony, ran in chace of prizes; 
 till at hUf one of them, meeting with two (Itips of 
 war, was, after a bloody fight, overcome, boarded, 
 and rifled. In this maimed, ranfacked, and ragged 
 condition, (he returned to England in a month's time; 
 and in about three -weeks after the other alfo returned} 
 hating perhips tafied of the fame fare, at lead without 
 performing her intended voyage, to the diftrefs, and, 
 as it proved, the utter dcftru^tion of the colony in 
 Virginia, and to the great difpleafr^e of their patron 
 at home. 
 
 Thefe difappointments gave much vexation to Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, who had by this time eipemied, as 
 we are authentically afl'ured, not l«fs than forty thou- 
 (and pour ds upon the enterprife. He had alfo, not 
 long before, received, as a reward for his great fervi* 
 ces in the Irifh wars, a very large grant, out of the 
 Earl of Defmond's lands there ; the terms of which he 
 fairly and honeftly endeavoured to fulfil, by planting 
 thofe lands with Engli(h, and made ufe of none of the 
 arts aild frauds, which others of thofe grantees were 
 charged withal. So that this great bounty of the 
 Queen was at prefent rather a burthen and charge to 
 him, than any real profit or advantage. Befides which, 
 be was among the foremofl of the military geniufeso£ 
 that time, who were fired with the Spanifh invafion* 
 and profecuted the war againft them with great coft 
 and induflry, and with an incredible courage and fuc* 
 
 cefs* 
 
i62 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 ccfs. For all thefe reafons, Sir Walter Raleigh made 
 an afTignmenti by indenture, bearing date the 7th of 
 March i{88-p, to Thomas Smith» with other mer- 
 chants and adventurers, of London, and to Governor 
 White, and other gentlemen, for continuing the plan- 
 tation of Virginia. By this indenture, he grants to 
 the faid Thomas Shwih, John White, and the reft, 
 according to a charter, formerly granted for the city 
 of Raleigh, free liberty to carry to Virginia, and there 
 inhabit, fuch of her Majcfty's fubjeds, as would wil- 
 lingly accompany them : as alfo to them, their heirs, 
 or aiTigns, free trade and traiTic to and from Virginia, 
 or any other part of America, where the faid Sir 
 Walter, his heirs, or afligns, did, or might claim a* 
 ny intereft, title, or privilege. And tie did farther, 
 for their encouragement, and for the common utility, 
 freely and liberally give them one hundred pounds, to 
 be employed for planting the Chriftian religion in thofs 
 barbarous and heathen countries* 
 
 But the new alTignees were not fo diligent and care- 
 ful of the bufinefs, as they ought to have been j for 
 It was a year after, March i s^'> 9°> before any thing 
 was undertaken by them for the relief of the colony. 
 Then Mr. White, with three fliips, fet fail from Ply- 
 mouth ; and pafllng by the Wcrt-Indies, they, ftaid 
 fome time there, to perform fome exploits, as they 
 called them, which was to attack and ^plunder the 
 Spaniards, among whom they got a confiderable boo* 
 ty. On the 3d of Auguft, they fell in with fome 
 low fandy iflands, to the weftward of Wacocon. From 
 thence they went to Croatan, and (o to Hatteras. 
 There they defcried a fmoke, at the place where the 
 colony had been left three years before. The next 
 morning, they difcharged fome cannon, to give notice 
 of their arrival ; and having fitted out two boats, Cap- 
 tain 
 
NORTH AMERICA. nSz 
 
 tain Cooke and Captain Spicer went afliore, but found 
 no man, nor the iign of any> that had been lately. 
 The next day, they prepared to go to Roanoke; but 
 the wind being hard at north-ealt, one of the boat8» 
 in paOing a bar, was half filled with water, and the 
 other overfet. Captain Spicer, with fix more, were 
 drowned ; but four who could fwim a little, and did 
 not truft themfelves to their legs on the flioaKs bu,t 
 kept in deep water, were faved by the care and dexte- 
 rity of Captain Cooke in the other boat. This acci- 
 dent fo difcomfited the failora, that they could hardly 
 be prevailed upon to make any farther learch for the 
 colony. But indeed, confidering the (hoals and dan- 
 gers, with their ignorance and inexperience of the 
 coaft, which they unfortunately happened upon in this 
 their firft attempt towards a fcttlemenf, it is rather to 
 be wondered they met not with more accidents and 
 misfortunes than they really did. 
 
 The failors being at length encouraged by the for- 
 wardnefs and readinefs of their captains, two boats 
 more were fitted out for Hatteras, with nineteen men. 
 Wher Mr. "White left the colony three years before, 
 they talked of going fifty miles up into the main; 
 and it had been agreed between them, that if they 
 left the place, where they then were, they iliould 
 write the name of the place, to which they went, op. 
 fome tree, door, or poft ; and if they had been in a- 
 ny diftrefs, they (hould fignify it, by making a crofs 
 over it. When they landed therefore, they founded 
 a trumpet, but received no anfwer ; and going up to 
 the fire, they found it was nothing but the grafs and 
 fome rotten trees burning. Then fearching up and 
 down the illand, they at laft found three fair Roman 
 letters carved, C. R. O. but without any fign of di- 
 ftrefs; and looking farther, they faw CROAT AN, 
 
 carved 
 
i64 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 carved in fuir capital letters on one of the chief pofl9» 
 but flill without the crofK, as a fign of diOrefs. 1 heir 
 kotfes were taken down, and a high palifado built, af^ 
 ter the manner of a fort. They likewife found where 
 the goods had been buried ; but many of them had 
 been du^ up, and fcattered about, and all were fpoil- 
 ed : yet Mr. White knew and diftinguiftied fcvcral of 
 ■his own among them. With this joyful difcovery, 
 as they hope<i, of where they were, they returned to 
 thtir (hips -, but had like to have been cad away by a 
 'violent Aorfn, that continued all that night. 
 
 The next morning, weighing anchor for Croatan, 
 "vhich was an Indian town on the fouth-part of Cape 
 Lo( k-out, one of their cables broke, and carried ofF 
 another anchor with it. But letting go their third, 
 the (hip went fo fail ad riff, that (he was near (Irand- 
 'tng. Difcouraged with thefe misfortunes* and hav- 
 ing but one anchor left, and their proviHons near 
 fpent, they gave over all thoughts of farther fearch 
 ■for the prefent, and determined to go to tne Weft In- 
 dies, to winter and refreih themfelves, chiefly perhaps 
 with more SpaniOi plunder, and to return in the 
 fpring, to feck their countrymen. But the Vice- Ad- 
 miral was obOinately bent upon going dire£ily for 
 England ; and the wind being contrary, the reft were 
 obliged, within two days, to make the Wedern* 
 iflands, where they arrived the 23d of September 
 I 590, and met with many of the Queen's ftiips, their 
 own Gopfort, and divers others. 
 
 The following year, i59i» Sir Richard Greenvil 
 was fent, by the Queen, Vice- Admiral to the Lord 
 Thomas Howard, with feven fhips of war, and a few 
 other fmall veifels, to intercept the Spanifli plate-fleet. 
 At the Azores, this fmall fquadron was furprifed by 
 fifty-three capital (hips> purpofiely fent from Spain : 
 
 and 
 
 and £ 
 agres 
 other 
 the ii 
 he wa 
 iiland 
 fcorne 
 ty to fi 
 my, ai 
 attemp 
 with tl 
 gcthcr. 
 a (hip 
 pieces 
 /hips if 
 hundre 
 hundre< 
 led tha 
 time to 
 ammun 
 commoi 
 funk oti 
 did he 
 beginnii 
 gerous 1 
 he went 
 ftot in I 
 fide, 
 flain, hi 
 dead anr 
 dcr fpeu 
 tion he c 
 vented b 
 the crew 
 he had m 
 
:( ports, 
 I. Their 
 uilt, af- 
 i\ where 
 cm Kail 
 re fpoil- 
 evcral of 
 ifcovcry, 
 irned lo 
 •ray by a 
 
 Croatan, 
 : of Cape 
 arried oiF 
 icir third, 
 (ar ftrand- 
 and hav- 
 lons near 
 11 CI fcarch 
 
 Green vil 
 
 the Lord 
 
 and a few 
 
 Iplaic-fleet. 
 
 irprifed by 
 
 |si Spain : 
 
 and 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. i6j 
 
 and Sir Richard O^envil, who was unwilling to leafe 
 a great part of his men, then on Ihore for water and 
 other neccflaries, to the infolcnce and barbarity of 
 the idanders, diid (o long in getting them ofF, that 
 he was hemmed in between the enemy's fleet and the 
 idand of Flores. In this dangerous (ituation, he 
 fcorned to (hew any figns of fear, or to owe his fafc- 
 ty to ilight ; but he bravely bore down upon the ene* 
 my) and endeavoured to break through them, in which 
 attempt he maintained a gallant and obflinate fight* 
 with the belt of the Spanilh iliips, (or fifteen hours to^ 
 gether. He was at once laid aboard by the St. Philip, 
 a (hip of fifteen hundred tons and fevcnty-eight largff 
 pieces of ordinance, and four other of the (touted 
 Ihipt in the Spaniih fleet, full of men, in fome two 
 hundred, in fome five hundred, and in others eight 
 hundred foldiers, befides mariners ; and he never had 
 lefs than two large galleons by his fide, which, from 
 time to time, were relieved by frefh (hips, men, and 
 ammunition. Yet he behaved himfelf with fuch un- 
 common bravery and conduct, that he difablcd feme, 
 funk others, and obliged them ail to retire. Neither 
 did he ever leave the deck, though wounded in the 
 beginning of the ciofe fight, till he received a dan* 
 gerous wound in the body by a mufket-bullet. When 
 he went down to have it dicfied, he received another 
 (hot in the head, and his furgeon was killed by his 
 (ide. By this time alfo moft of his braved men were 
 (lain, his (hip much diiabled, his deck covered with 
 dead and wounded, and fcattercd limbs, and his pow- 
 der fpent to the very laft barrel. Yet in this condi« 
 tion he ordered the veiTcl to be funk, but it was pre- 
 vented by the rell of the oificers ; though many of 
 the crew joined with him, and the mader-gunner, if 
 he had not been rclirained, would have killed him- 
 felf, 
 
11^5 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 felf, fooncr tlian fall into the hands of the Spaniards. 
 When the fhip, or rather wreck, was furrendcred, 
 Sir Richard was carried on board the Spanifli Admi- 
 ral, where he died within two days, highly admired 
 by the very enemy, for his extraordinary couiage and 
 refolution. And when he found the pangs of death 
 approach, he faid to the officers, that ftood round 
 himy in the Spanifh tongue. Here die I, Richard 
 Greenvil, with a joyful and quiet mind, having end- 
 ed my life like a true foldier, that fought for his coun- 
 try, Queen, religion, and honour : thus fumming up, 
 in (hort, all the generous motives, that fire the breails 
 of the truly brave and great, to exert themfelves be- 
 yond the common pitch of humanity. 
 
 And fuch was the gallant end of this noble gentle- 
 Alan, who, next to Sir Walter Raleigh, was the prin- 
 cipal perfon concerned in this firft adventure of Vir- 
 ginia. He was a ma '^. eminently fitted to ferve his 
 country in peace or war, by land or fea, and was fo 
 deeply rooted in the afFcftion and efteem of his iilu* 
 ilrious kinfman. Sir Walter Raleigh, that he honour^ 
 ed his death with a particular relation of the adlion by 
 his own excellent pen, which he caufed to be imme- 
 diately printed the latter end of the fame year 1591* 
 to obviate fome afperfions caft upon him by fcrr.^ of 
 the Spaniards. The reft of the Englifh (hips having 
 fea-room, fought bravely, and did every thing that 
 could be expcded from valiant men, whilft they had 
 the advantage of the wind. The Lord Howard was 
 for even hazarding the whole fleet in the refcue of 
 Sir Richard Grr<;nvil, and for charging up to the place 
 where he was engaged. But he was over«rulcd by 
 the officers, whofe prudence is commended even by 
 Sir Walter Raleigh ; although no perfon can certainly 
 fay, I think, what might have been the event, had 
 
 lixl 
 
 on a 
 time 
 parte 
 and J 
 Rich: 
 and a 
 few d 
 bundi 
 her t€ 
 Bu 
 fioned 
 dertak 
 and er 
 veries. 
 covery 
 the Jik 
 favour, 
 v/hom 
 in the 
 a rich 
 rica. 
 difcour 
 was to 
 tlon of 
 But all 
 fome gr 
 he was 
 never g 
 ji'dicioi 
 .^'f, bu 
 ther diA 
 of the n 
 ^■^^h am 
 to conti 
 
paniards. 
 endcred, 
 li Admi- 
 
 admired 
 iiagc and 
 
 of death 
 od round 
 , Richard 
 ving end- | 
 • bis coun« 
 nming up, 
 the brealls 
 nfelves bc- 
 
 ,blc gentle- 
 IS the prin- 
 are of Vir- 
 
 ferve his 
 and vas fo 
 of his illu- 
 he honour* 
 je a£lion by 
 ;o be imme- 
 
 year 159*» 
 
 1 by forr.^ oi 
 |(hip9 havmg 
 
 thing that 
 .ft they had 
 Howard was 
 ; refcue ot 
 to the place 
 fver'Tulcd by 
 laed even by 
 can certainly 
 event, bad I 
 
 NORTH AMERICA; i^y 
 
 fije (hips of war more befides the privateers fallen up- 
 on an enemy, whom one (hip alone had for fo long a 
 time kept in fuch wa'-m a£tion. When the night 
 parted them from the enemy, they all went off fafe, 
 and in their way home took feveral rich prizes. Sir 
 Richard's (hip too, the Revenge, of 500 tons burthen* 
 and about 20 iron guns, made good her name ; for a 
 few days after (he foundered at fea, and drowned two 
 hundred Spaniards, who had been put aboard to carry 
 her to Spain. 
 
 But Sir Walter Raleigh b?ing, by the above-men- 
 tioned affignment, cafed in fome meafure of the un- 
 dertaking of Virginia, was foon engage^d by his a£live 
 and enterpriffiig genius in other adventures and difco* 
 veries. He contributed generoully towards the dif- 
 covery of the North-Weft pafTage, and other things of 
 the like nature. But having loft his Royal Miftrefs's 
 favour, by debauching one of her maids of honour, 
 v/hom he afterwards married, he undertook in perfon, 
 in the year 159^, the voyage and difcovery of Guiana^ 
 a rich country up the river Oronoque, in South Ame- 
 rica. After his return, he wrote a moft excellent 
 difcourfe upon his expedition, in which his chief aim 
 was to engage the Queen and nation in the profecu- 
 tion of the enterprife, and fettlement of the country. 
 But all hi« reafons were orerpowered by the envy of 
 fome great men to his perfon and merit ; and altho* 
 he was reftored to the Queen's favour, yet he could 
 never get any thing done to cffedl this important and 
 judicious defign. However he never quitted it him- 
 kHi but fent twice immediately after, to make far- 
 ther (lifcovcries, and to keep up the good difp ofitions 
 of the natives towards the Englifl-i. Even after his 
 fall, and when he was in the Tower, he found means 
 to continue this defign ; and his laft voyage thither, 
 
 afcer 
 
 I 
 
Fy?8 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 af*cf hi£ releafc, whh the fatal confequences of itt is 
 too well known, to need a particular relation here. 
 Neither was he, notwithttanding the afTignmenr, ne- 
 gligent or forgetful of the colony, which Jiad been 
 feated in Virginia upon his account. For he fent fwt 
 fp^reial ti/T»es, toJfcarch after, and relieve them ^ and 
 lad he difpatched Samuel Mace of Weymouth, in 
 March jftoi. Uut he, like all the reft, performed 
 nothing, returning with idle and frivolous allegations. 
 
 However, thefe efforts of Sir Walter were only in- 
 lUcndcd to bring off thofe poor people, and no ways in 
 profccution of his firll deilgn of fettling a colony. So 
 thv\t all thoughts of Virginia were abandoned, and the 
 proje£b lay dead for near twelve years, when it was 
 revived by Captain Bartholomew Gofnold, who un- 
 dertook a voyage thither, and fet fail from Dartmouth, 
 on the twenty fixth of March 1602, in a fmall bark, 
 with thirty two men. He kept as far north as the 
 winds would permit, and was the fir(l that came in a 
 dxre£l courfe to America. 
 
 On the 1 1 th of May, being about the latitude of 
 forty-three, they made land on the coaft of New Eng- 
 land, as It haih been Once called. But :is all this 
 continent bore the name of Florida, till the difcovery 
 of the Lnglidi in 15^4, fo afterwards all that tra£l of 
 country, from 34 to 4^ degrees of northern latitude, 
 was called Virginia, till /rom different fettlements ic 
 got different names. The land was low ; the fliore 
 white fand, and rocky, yet over-grown with fair and 
 (lattly trees. Coming to an anchor, eight Indians, in 
 a fliallop, with mait and fail, came boldly on board 
 them By their figns, and by the (hallop and other 
 things, which they had, they judged that fomc Bif- 
 ca\iiec;s had been fifliing ther€ Dut finding no good 
 harbour, they weighed, «n<i Hood to the fouihward 
 
 ' into 
 
 1 
 
 '^'^g, hcall 
 |cir loys u 
 
of It, U 
 m here. 
 ?nt, nc- 
 ad been 
 fcnt fiv6 
 
 :m V *"^ 
 )uth, in 
 crformed 
 legations. 
 
 only in- 
 o ways in 
 lony. So 
 , and the 
 icn it was 
 
 who un- 
 lartmouth, 
 mall bark, 
 rth as the 
 
 came ii» a 
 
 latitude of 
 New Eng- 
 LS all this 
 e difcovery 
 at traft of 
 n latitude, 
 tlcmcnts it 
 the (bore 
 h fair and 
 Indians, in 
 on board 
 and other 
 fomc Bif- 
 ng no good 
 foulhward 
 into 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. \6^ 
 
 into the fea. The next morning, they found them- 
 felves embayed with a mighty head-land ; and going 
 to the neighbouring hills they perceived it to be part 
 of the continent, almofl cnvironec* with lllands. Merc, 
 in a few hours, they caught more cod than they knew 
 ffhat to do with •, from whence the place obtained the 
 ntme of Cape Cod. And they thence alio concluded, 
 that a good filhery might be found there in the months 
 of March, April, and May. 
 
 Soon after they went to the iflands, and anchored' 
 near one of them. They found it four miles in corn* 
 pafs, without houfe or inhabitant. In it was a lake, 
 near a mile in circuit *, and the red (o overgrown with 
 vines, which covered all the trees and bufhes, that 
 they could fcarce pafs through them. They likewifc 
 jfound plenty of ftrawberrics, ralberries, goufbcrrie?, 
 land divers other fruits in bloom, and therefore called 
 the ifland Martha's Vineyard. They then vifited the 
 [reft of the iflcs, arid found them replenifhed with the 
 like produ£lf . One they named Elizabeth's Ifland, in. 
 lonour to their ancient fovereign, in which they 
 itanred wheat, barley, oats, and peafe, which fprung 
 ip nine inches in fourteen days. From hence they 
 cnt to the main, where they ftood for fome time, 
 [avifhed at the beauty and delicacy of the country. 
 ut foon after returning to Elizabeth's Ifland, they 
 lent three weeks in buihing a houfr, in a fmall 
 land of about an acre of ground, which (lood in the 
 idfl of a large lake of fielh waterj about three mikt 
 circumference. 
 
 They faw feveral of the natives, with whom they 
 lade mutual prcfents, and had fome f-nall traf&ck. 
 hey were of an excellent conftitution of body, a6kive, 
 oiig, healthful, and very ingenious, as divers o£ 
 leir toys teilided. The bafer fort would flea), b'uc 
 
 H thoie 
 
'1 ! !:' 
 
 
 170 T H E H I S T O R T O F ^ 
 
 tbofc of better rank were very civil and jufl. Not one 
 of the LngliHi was afFeded with any ficknefs ; but 
 they rather grew more healthy and ftrong, notwith- 
 flaniiing their bad diet and lodging. Twelve had re- 
 folvcd to ftay ; bwt, confidering how meanly ihcy 
 were provided, they wcic at hl\ all obliged to leave 
 this illand, not^without much forrow and reludancy, 
 and arrived at £-xmouth the i^d of July. 
 
 In the beginning of next year died Queen Eliza- 
 beth, who was fucceeded by King James VI. of Scot- 
 land. He was fcarce warm in his throne, before, as 
 a prefage of hif future weak and inglorious reign, he 
 confined Sir Walter Raleigh in the Tower, for a in oft 
 myflerious and lnextTlca!)le plot. This great man, as 
 he was the firft undertaker and mover of thcfe difco* 
 veries, is ufually looked upon as the founder and fa- 
 ther of our country. And iitdeed we are proud to 
 own for fuch) a perfon of his diflinguilhed merit and 
 parts, who was one of the brightcH ornaments of hit 
 ;age and countcy, highly in the favour and efteem of 
 Queen Elizabctti, and afterwards the facrifice of her 
 •mean and puHllanimous fuccefTor. But yet it mud be 
 confciTed, that his adventurers touched but once, and 
 then flightly, on that country i but dill kept on ia 
 the fame unfortunate tra^l, on the ilioaly and impor 
 tuous cotft of North-Carolina. Although his judg- 
 -ment foon diflinguifhed from the accounts he rccci 
 ved, the advantages of Chefapeake for featin^ his ca' 
 pital city of Baieigh ; and had his orders been f&l 
 lowed, it might perhaps have given a quite' difFcicnt 
 turn to the affairs of the colony Por it would noi 
 only have freed them from the hazards and diincultiei 
 they encountered on that dangerous coaft, and ever 
 where have fupplied them with fafe and convcnieni 
 harbfturs> but would have naturally led them to tb 
 
 ieari 
 
 fearch s 
 ous ecu 
 vcflels, , 
 
 The 
 Richard 
 man, an 
 publiHiec 
 the mayc 
 of Briftol 
 fitted on 
 leave anc 
 prietor oi 
 nia. Mn 
 Jng gentli 
 who had I 
 was appoi] 
 moft part] 
 Ithcir difco 
 |rcnt from 
 But anc 
 lender the 
 ho had Ji 
 Come fmall 
 be coafl o 
 latitude j 
 'hcfapeak( 
 illed with 
 nd difcour 
 iteJy weigh 
 lit any fur 
 Two yc 
 »t by the 
 H of Ware 
 'rginia. 
 «fi forced 1 
 
Not one 
 nefs i but 
 , notwith- 
 iVC bad tc- 
 canly tbcy 
 cd to leave 
 rcludancy, 
 
 ucen Eliza- 
 ifl. of Scot- 
 , before, as 
 IS reign, he 
 r, for a Jmoft 
 rcat man, as 
 thcfe difco. 
 indcr and fa- 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 171 
 
 fcarcb and difcovcry of one of the mod commodi- 
 ous countries perhaps in the world, for fljipping ^nd 
 veflTels. 
 
 The fame year 1^103, by the perfuafions of Mr. 
 Richard Hackluyt, a curious and inquifitivc gentle* 
 man, and foon after a prebend of Weftminfter, who 
 publiflied the noted colledlion of voyages and travels, 
 the mayor and aldermen, with mod of the merchants 
 of Briftol, raifed a flock of a thoufand pounds, and 
 fitted out two veflcls. But fir(t they obtained the 
 leave and permiflTion of Sir Walter Raleigh, as pro- 
 prietor of the country, to make difcoverics in Virgi- 
 nia. Martin Pring was made captain, an underftand- 
 ing gentleman and able mariner ; and Robert Saltcriv, 
 who had been with Captain Gofnold the year before, ^ 
 was appointed his afliftant and pilot. But as, for the 
 are proud toBmoft part, they followed Captain Gofnold's courfe, 
 ed merit andHijjgjj. (Jjfcoveries were nothing extraordinary or diffc-^ 
 ments of biiB^g^f f^^j^ his. 
 
 d cfteem oti g^ another bark was this year fent from London, 
 crificc of "SfBunder the command of Captain Bartholomew Gi^'^K-rt, 
 yet it muftbcl^hQ haj ijkewife been with Captain Gofnold. After 
 ut once, anilfome fmall trade in the Weft. Indies, they fell in with 
 1 kept on laKhe coaft of America in aoout 37 degrees of northern 
 ly and impor-Bjjijudc ; and fome authors fay, they run up into 
 gh his j^^*^S'BChcfapcake bay, where the captain, going afljore, was 
 nts he rcccimiiigjj ^j^j, Cqu^ of his men. This ftruck fuch a damp 
 eating bis cmjjjj difcouragemcnt into the rcfl, that they immedi- 
 dcrs been f^'mdy weighed anchor, and returned to England) with« 
 uite' difteicntmyf ^j^y further attempt or difcovery. 
 it would noffl ry^^ years after, Captain George Weymouth was 
 ud diiricultie«B.„f \yy ^^^ g^^l q£ Southampton and the Lord Arun- 
 f\, and cverlBji ^jjT YVarder, to make difcoverics on the coaft of 
 nd convenienwifginia. He intended to the fouthward of jy ; but 
 then\ to idJjj forced b^ the winds farther northward, and fell 
 ^^'^'"" Hi among 
 
 
Whci 
 that the 
 his crew 
 ihdr; an 
 neH) and 
 tfndcd t( 
 (ielign of 
 to propag 
 pie, they 
 hoftages, 
 they fomc 
 were very 
 to trade m 
 cordingly 
 
 172 T H E H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 amon^ Tome ihoals in 41 dcg. 20 miii. Dut having 
 happily difengaged themfelves, on the itth of May 
 they trade land. Jt appeared to be a main high land, 
 but they found it an iiland of fix miles in compaft. 
 From thence they could difcern the continent and very 
 high mountains ( and coaftitig among the iflands, ad- 
 joining to the main, they found an excellent harbour. 
 They^dug a garden the twenty-fecond of May; and 
 among their feeds, they fowed barley and peafc, which 
 grew up eight inches in Hxteen days ; although they 
 judged the mould much inltrjor to what they found 
 afterwards on the main. On the ,oth of May, the 
 captain, with thirteen more, went to view and difco* 
 Ter the continent ; and having found a fair river, run* 
 ning up into the country, they returned back to bnnjB ^^^^^^cd t 
 in the fhip. What river this was, and what part ofB ^""^^^^^ry, 
 the American coaft they fell upon, is difficult to de-B^"' ^^ ^ei 
 tcimine exadlly. for their neglefling to tell us whaiB*''^^ greaJ 
 courfci they fleered, after they were difengaged fromB"^^" ^^^er 
 the ll^03!s, renders it duubrful, whether they f«l] inB^*'"f'^t>utI] 
 •with Icme part of the MafTachufei's bay ; or rather! Captain 
 farther fouihward, on the coafl of Rhodc-Illand, Na-l^" ^^^ nort 
 faganfct, or Connecticut ; although { am mod inJ^' "^'^ he( 
 clincd to believe this river was either : jat of Naragan-BP'^'^cd wit 
 {et or ConncttJcut ; and the iHand, whit is now calkdB"^ ^^> thi 
 Block-Ifljnd. However ir is certain, that Oidn)ixioJ|"" bufinc/i 
 (the author of the book entitled The Britifh Ir mpi**^ join wit 
 in A iTicrica) according to his ufual cufiom, is htm^^^^^^fj* 
 noft egregioully bewildered and lofl ; for aftCi havinjMP'^^^'^'ied ii 
 jnjudicioufly enough, determined the fmail ifland thc«"'ngfield, 
 r}ii\ made, of fix miles in conipafs, to be Long-luai»^^^^s» to 
 on the coad of New-York, he imn'cdiiiTely after, wi'jP^^^^S" is an 
 ft)] Ig rehire r abfurdity and ^>ri flnefs, caiU this the riw^^ ^ few p 
 ver of Powhatan, now James river, to the fouthwaw**" P'ojfifl 
 «s he fays, oi the bay of Chcfapeakc, Jiobiijty, g< 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 175 
 
 When Captain Weymouth returned aboard, he found 
 that the Indians had contracted an acquaintance with 
 his crew ; that they had had fome fmall trade toge- 
 ther; and that there was much outward iliew of kind- 
 nefs and civility between them. For as the Englifli in- 
 tended to inhabit their country, and at it was the chief 
 (ielign of the noble adventurers, who had fent them, 
 to propagate Chriftlanity among thofe barbarous peo- 
 ple, they ufed them very kindly ; and exchanging 
 hoftages, would fometimes lie alhore with them, and 
 they fometimes aboard with the Englilb. At lad they 
 were very prefTing with the captain, to go to the main^ 
 to trade with their Baihabes, or chief Lord. He ac- 
 corilingly manned his boat with fourteen hands, and 
 attended them. But having plainly difcovered their 
 treachery, and that it was only a flratagem to cut them 
 off, he feized five, and ever afterwards treated them 
 with great civility, but never more trufted them. 
 Soon after, he returned for England, and arrived Tit 
 iDartmouth the i8th of July. 
 
 Captain Bartholomew Gofnold had made a royagc 
 Ito the northern parts of Virginia, in the year 1602,. 
 as hath been before related. He was fo wonderfully 
 pleafed with the pleafantnefs and fertility of the places 
 he iiw, that, after his return to England, he made ic 
 bis bufinefs to folicit all his friends and acquaintance,^ 
 to join with him in an attempt to fettle fo delightful 
 la country. After fomc years fpent in vain, he at Ia(b 
 [prevailed with Captain John Smith, Mr Edward Maria 
 
 'ingfield, the Rev, Mr. Robert Hunt, and divers 
 nhers^ to join in the undertaking. But fettling co- 
 ^onicy is an enterprife of too great burthcfi and expciicc 
 )r a few private perfons ; and therefore, after many 
 win proj<t6i3, they applied themfelves to many of the 
 Lobllity, gcntryi and merchantSi and, by their great 
 
 H J charge 
 
 "f' 
 
 m 
 
 
 i 
 
 
174 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 charge and induftry, recommended their fcheme (o 
 efTefiually to theni; that they came into it very heartily. 
 
 From thie time the colony of Virginia continued 
 to improve, till it arrived to its prefent flouriiliing 
 condition. ~, , 
 
 Virginia is remarkably pleafant and commodious*, 
 having the river Patowmack on the N. £. which fe. 
 parates it from Maryland ; the Atlantic on the £. 
 Carolma on the S. and the Apalachian mountains on 
 the W. which divide it from a vail tra£t of land in 
 Canada, and then LouiHana. The extent of Virginia, 
 is from lat 36. 30. to 39. 30. N. on the W. fide o{ 
 Cbefapeake bay, but on the £. fide only from Cape 
 Charles, in lat. 37. 13. to 38. N. The breadth, as 
 far as planted, is about 100 miles, but to the weft. 
 vard it has no bounds, which by our late conqueft of 
 Canada are pretty fecure now from the invafion of the 
 French, and their Indian allies. 
 
 The iir of Virginia depending very much on thclfliipping; 
 winds, is of various temperaments. For thofe fromj Thcv h 
 the N. oi N. W. are extremely (harp and piercing,! j^d Midc 
 or tempeftuoufi, while the S. and S. £. are hazy orlj,{^f q^ ^ 
 fultry. The winter in this country, is dry and clear^lf^c ^f ^^^ 
 fnuw falls in great quantities, but feldom lies aboveltjie Virgin 
 a day or two ; and the frofl, though keen, is feldomlmod of w\ 
 of any long duration. The fpring is fomething earlierlfjjjs j^^ ^ 
 than in England; May and June are pleafant, Juflup almofl 
 and Auguil fultry, while September is noted for profltobacco. 
 digious Ihowers of rain. Towards the coaft the lam 
 is low, and for an hundred miles inland, with hardlj 
 a hill or (lone to be feen all that way. Here are tro 
 of various fpecies, and of ur incredible iize, with 
 bundance of pafture*groupdi. The foil produces ric 
 hemp, Indian corn, flax, (Ilk, cotton, and wild grap 
 But tobaccOi the ftaple commodity of Virginia 
 
 Btttch CI 
 
 thinf el 
 
 lerabfe 1 
 
 pcrfc6lic 
 
 on Janie 
 
 world, a 
 
 fonfump 
 
 The oth( 
 
 account, 
 
 lien, and 
 
 Thou| 
 
 ter'iiig of 
 
 for their 
 
 among tf 
 
 /landing! 
 
 (lores in 
 
 one contii 
 
 between ( 
 
 i grapeiiifal 
 
 kia, is ffer'g 
 
 mucin 
 
 it is bu 
 
 uild forts 
 
 uizers. fe 
 
 fence. 
 
 When a 
 
 ifabled fro 
 
 houfej 
 
fcheme fo 
 
 :ry heartily, 
 
 i continued 
 
 flouriOilng 
 
 >inmo(liou8 *, 
 ?. which fc. 
 on the £. 
 ountains on 
 of land in 
 of Virginia, 
 e W. fide of 
 y from Cape 
 ; breadth, as 
 to the weft. 
 tc conqueft of 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. tj; 
 
 miich ctHtivated, that the wihabitants hardly mind any 
 thinp clfc, fo that this plant may be brought to a to- 
 lerable market. And this trade is brought to fuch 
 pcrfe£lion, that the fwcet fcented tobacco which grow* 
 on Jamei and York rivers is reckoned the bed in the 
 world, and generally vended in Great Britain for home 
 fonfumption, in various forts of fnuifs and fmoaking* 
 The other fort called Aranoacke turns to as good an 
 account, being exported to Holland, Denmark, Swc~ 
 ia\t and Germany. 
 
 Though the common way of traffic here, is by bar* 
 teriiig of one commodity for another, or of any one 
 for their ftaple tobacco ; they have fome filver coin^ 
 among them, both Lnglifh and Spaniih. Notwith- 
 Aanding the great plenty of excellent timber and naval- 
 (lores in Virginia, and. the whole country being but/ 
 nvafion of tluBone continued harbour, after entering Chcfapeakc bay, 
 between Capes Charles and Henry, yet they build no^ 
 nnuch on thelfliipping; 
 
 r thofe fromB They have few towns j the principal are James town: 
 and piercingtiand Middle plantation, now Williamsburg, in the 
 are hazy orBljttcr of which thereis a college. This is the capitaV 
 ry and clear }Bfpat of the governorj. affcmbly, and courts: (o that 
 m lies aboveBthc Virginia planters reiiding on their eftates or fwrms, 
 en, is feldomlinoft of which lies contiguous to fome great river that 
 cthing carlieilfills into the bay above mentioned, fliips can come 
 leafant, Julflup almofl to their doors, and take in their cargoes of 
 tiotcd for pro-ltobacco. 
 
 coaft the landj it {$ but very lately that in Virginia they begun to 
 luild forts, a well-regulated militia by land, and the 
 uizers fent from Britain by fea, being their main 
 fence. 
 
 When any perfon is, through age or ficknefs, &c. is 
 ifabled from working, he is placed out at fome plan*'.* 
 houfci aad fupported at the public czpence.. 
 
 H4 And 
 
 [, with hardl; 
 
 Here arc trc 
 
 fize, with 
 
 produces r'»c 
 
 [d wild grap 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 muc 
 
 T 
 
 UCQ 
 
17^ THE HISTORY OP 
 
 And fuch is the hofpltality of the Virginia planferi^^ 
 that a Granger travelling in this country may be en- 
 tertained at their houfes gratis ; fo that public inns 
 in fuch a country are unneccfTary. 
 
 Virginia is divided into 25 counties: and in thefe 
 arc 54 parifhes ^o or 4c of which are fupplied with 
 miniflcrs, and to each parifh bcflongs a church, with 
 chapeli of cafe in fuch of them as are of large extent. 
 The niiniflei'(i maintenance is commonly fettled at 
 I (),eco pounds of tobacco ^annuftlly, bcfides perqui* 
 fitei. 
 
 In this colony are faid to be only' two prcsbyterian, 
 and three quaker meeting houfes. 
 
 The counties are as follows, namelyi Norfolk, Prin« 
 cefs Ann, Nanfemund, Iflc of Wight, Surry, Hcn« 
 rico, Piince George, Prince Charles, James county, 
 York, Warwick, Elizabeth, New-Kent, King and 
 Quifen's county, Middlefex, Efl'ex, or Rappahanock, 
 Kichmond, btafFord, Weftmoreland, Lancafter, Nor* 
 thumberland, Accomack, and Northampton. 
 
 Tobacco is a ''harp, cauflic, and even poifonous plant, 
 which was formerly of gr( at repute, ^nd is flill ufed 
 in medicine. Every body is acquainted with the g^ 
 neral confumption made of it, by chewing, fmoaking, 
 or taking fnufF. It was difcovered in the year 1520 
 by the Spaniards, who found it firfl in the Jucatan, a 
 large pcninfula in the gulph of Mexico, from whence 
 it waft carried into the neighbouring iflands. Soon af* 
 ter, the ufe of it became a matter of difpute among thej 
 learned, which the ignorant alfo took a part in ; and 
 thus tobacco acquired fome reputation. By degreeij 
 fafhion and cuttom have greatly extended its confump- 
 tion in all parts of the known world. It is at prefentl 
 cultivated with more or lefs fuccefs in fiuropei Ant>| 
 Africai and fevcral parts of Amexica, 
 
 T^ 
 
 and i 
 
 lour. 
 
 mit o 
 
 ence, 
 
 pofed 
 
 this v( 
 
 Th. 
 
 it has 
 
 at .!ea(i 
 
 damp 
 
 well pi 
 
 didanc 
 arc pui 
 
 leaves 
 
 gour is 
 The 
 
 tion. 
 
 ed up; 
 
 feet an( 
 
 long; 
 
 leaves 
 
 that are 
 
 the infe 
 
 their ni 
 
 fingle ii 
 
 fand frv 
 
 thoufan< 
 
 months 
 
 the plea 
 
 changed 
 
 and the 
 
 to a grc! 
 
 l^cut. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 177 
 
 The ftem of this plant is (Iraighti hairy, 2nd x'ifcous; 
 and its leafcs are thick, flabby, and of a pale green co- 
 lour. They are larger at the bottom than at the fuin- 
 mit of the plant. It requires a foil of a good confifl- 
 ence, but rich, even> and deep, and not too mach ex- 
 pofed to inundations. A virgin foil is very fit for 
 this vegetable, which requires a great deal of Tap. 
 
 The feeds of the tobacco are fown in layers. When 
 it has grown to the height of two inches, and has got, 
 at lead, half a dozen leaves, it is gently pulled up in 
 damp weather, and tranfplanted with great care into a 
 well prepared foil, where the plants are placed at the 
 didance of three feet from each other. When they 
 are put into the ground with thefe precautions, their 
 leaves do not fufFer the lead injury ; and all their vi- 
 gour is renewed in four and twenty hours. 
 
 The cultivation of tobacco requires continual atten- 
 tion. The weeds which gather about it mud be pluck* 
 ed up ; the head of it mu(l be cut ofF when it is two 
 feet and a half high, to prevent it from growing too 
 long ; it mud be dripped of all fprouting fuckers *, the 
 leaves which grow too low down upon the dem, thofe 
 that are in the lead inclined to decay, and thofe which 
 the infe£l8 have touched, mud all be removed, and 
 their number reduced to eight or ten at mod. A 
 (ingle indudrious man is able to take care of twothou- 
 fand five hundred plants, which ought to yield one 
 thoufand weight oi tobacco. It is left about four 
 months in the ground. As it advances to maturity, 
 the pleafant and lively green colour of its leaves is 
 changed into a darker hue ; the leaves are alfo curved, 
 and the fmell they exhale is increale'd, and extends 
 to a great uidance. The plant is then ripe, and mu(t: 
 l^cut. 
 
 H s TU: 
 
 % 
 
 'i ' 
 It ' 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 ^c 
 
 
 <. <i.° 
 
 / 
 
 l/u 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 Ui»23. |2.5 
 
 Hluu. 
 
 1.4 mil 1.6 
 
 7 
 
 m 
 
 f 
 
 
 >> 
 
 
 o 
 
 / 
 
 .<^ 
 
 >^ 
 
 PhotDgraphic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN.STRECT 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (71«) 872-45U3 
 
 ^ 
 
 ;i7 
 
 l\ 
 
 (V 
 
 \ 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^'' 
 
MP ^ 
 
 i/j 
 
 C\ 
 
 \ 
 
 6^ 
 
I7t THE HISTORY 6F 
 
 The plants, when colle£ledy are laid in heaps upon 
 the fame ground that produced them, where they are 
 left to exfude only for one night* The next day they 
 are laid up in warehoufes, con(lru£led in fuch a man- 
 ner, that the air may have a free accefs to them on all 
 (ides. Here they are left feparately fufpended as long 
 as is neceffary to dry them well. They are then fpread 
 upon hurdles, and well covered over, where * they 
 ferment for a week or two. At laft they are dripped 
 of their leaves, which are either put into barrels, or 
 made up into rolls. The other methods of preparing 
 the plant, which vary according to the different taftes 
 of the feveral nations that uCe it, have nothing to do 
 with its cultivation. 
 
 Of all the countries in which tobacco has been 
 planted there is none where it has anfwered fo well 
 as in Maryland and Virginia. As it was the only oc* 
 cupacion of the firlt planters, they often cultivated 
 much more than they could find fale for. They were 
 then obliged to ftop the growth of the plantations in 
 Virginia, and to burn a certain number of plants in 
 every habitation throughout Maryland. But» in pro* 
 cefs of time, the ufes of this herb became fo general, 
 that they have been obliged to increafe the number 
 both of the whites and blacks who are employed in 
 preparing it. At prefent, each of the provinces fur« 
 nifhes nearly an equal quantity. That from Virginia, 
 which is the mildefl,' the mofl perfumed, and the 
 deared, is confumed in England and in the fouthern 
 parts of £urcpe. That of Maryland is fitter for the 
 northern climates, from its cheaptiefs, and even from 
 its coarfencfs, which makes it better adapted to lefs 
 delicate organs. 
 
 As navigation has not yet made the fame progrefsin 
 thefe provinces, as in the reft of North America, the 
 
 tobacco 
 
K a R T H AMERICA. 17^ 
 
 tbbacco is commonly tranfported in the (hips of the 
 mother country. They arc very often three, four, 
 and even fix months in compleating their cargo. This 
 delay arifes from fe?eral very evident caufes. Firify 
 as there are no magazines or general receptacles for 
 the tobacco, it is neceifary to go and fetch it from 
 the feveral plantations. Secondly, few planters are 
 able«to load a whole (hip ; and, if they were^ they 
 would not chufe to venture their whole upon one bot«- 
 tom. In (hort, as the price of the freight is fixed, 
 and is always the fame, whether the articles are ready 
 for embarkation or not, the planters wait till they arc 
 preflTed by the captains themfelves to haften the ex- 
 portation. All thefe feveral reafona ar« the caufe why. 
 veiTels only of a moderate fize are generally employed 
 upon this fervice. The larger they were, the longer 
 time they would be detained in America. 
 
 Virginia always pays forty-five livies (i A 19 x. 4 d. 
 halfpenny) freight for every barrel of tobacco, and 
 Maryland only 39 livres^ 5 fols, 6 deniers (i /. 14 r. 
 5 d. farthing). This difference is owing to the lefs 
 Talue of th« merchandife, and to the greater expedi- 
 tion made in loading it. The Englifh merchant lofes 
 by the carriage ; but it is made up to him by the com- 
 midions. As he is always employed in all the fales 
 and purchafes made for the colonifls, he is amply: 
 compenfated for his lofles. and his trouble, by an al- 
 lowance of five per cent, upon thefe commidions. 
 
 This navigation employs two hundred and fifty ihipSy- 
 which make up in all 30,000 tons. They take in a 
 hundred thoufand barrels of tobacco from the two co« 
 lonies, which, at the rate of eight hundred pounds %» 
 barrel, make eighty millions of pounds weight. That* 
 part of the commodity wbieh grows between Yoikand 
 Xime»vrWerS| and in fome other . plaoesy if extremely. 
 
 H.6 dears 
 
 / j 
 
ilo T H E H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 dear ; but the whole, taken upon an average, fellg onljT 
 for four folf, three deniers (not 2 d. farthing) a pound 
 in England, which makes in all 169875,0^0 livres 
 (73S1281 I. 5 /.) BeHdes the advantage to England 
 of exchanging its manufactures to the amount of this 
 fum, it gains another by the re- exportation of four 
 fifths of the tobacco. This alone is an obje£l of 
 10,125,000 livres (442,968 /. 15 /.) befides what b 
 to be reckoned for freight and commiflion. . ^^^.j ^ 
 The cuftom houfe duties are a ilill more confider^ 
 able obje£fc to government. There is a ta^c of 1 1 fols, 
 10 deniers and a half (about 6 d, farthing) upon every 
 pound of tobacco that enters the kingdom ; thisj^ fup- 
 poiing the whole eighty millions of pounds imported 
 to remain in it, would bring the ilate 47,499,997 
 ]ivres» 10 fols (2,078,124 /• 17 <r* 9 ^* 3 farthings) ^ 
 but as four fifths are re'cxported, and all th^ duties ar&. 
 remitted upon that portion, the public revenue gains 
 only 19,000,000 livres, 2 fols, 7 deniers (^3^^250/. 
 o J. id* farthing.) Experience teaches, that a thlr^ 
 of this muft be deducted for prompt payrnent of \ih^% 
 the merchant has a right to be eighteen mpi;iths. ia 
 paying, and to allow for the fmuggling that is carried) 
 on in the fmall ports, as well as in the large oiies. 
 This dedu^ion will amount to 6,333,351 livres, 18 
 fols, 6 deniers (277,084 /. 2 j. i % d. farthing) and 
 there will confequently remain for government no more, 
 than 12,666,715 livres, 17 fols, 6 deniers (554416^4 
 16/. 4^ halfpenny.) 
 
 We (hall here obfcrve, that there were ncithei; 
 tiorfes, cows, flieep, nor hogs in Ainerica, before 
 they were carried thither by the Europeans ; but now 
 they aie multiplied fo extiemely that many of themji 
 particularly in Virginia, and the fouthf^rii cplpnieiSy 
 run wild« fieef and porik is (old h^fc, (f9n^:.oji.4 peuof 
 
felli only 
 
 a pound 
 
 »o livres 
 
 £iigUnd 
 
 t of this 
 
 of four 
 
 obje£k o£ 
 
 i what b 
 
 confidcr^ 
 f 1 1 folsy 
 )on every 
 this, fup- 
 imported 
 
 499>907 
 irthings) ;, 
 
 duties are. 
 
 nuc g^ins 
 
 3^250/. 
 
 a thli4 
 
 of yfh?i% 
 
 pi?ths. in, 
 
 is carried, 
 
 ge ones* 
 
 iyrest iS 
 
 ing) and 
 
 no more, 
 
 neither; 
 
 , before 
 
 but now 
 
 Ipf themj»: 
 
 |c9lop>eSf 
 
 14 penny 
 .0 
 
 NORTH A M^E RICA. 181 
 
 to twopence a pound : their fattell pullets at (ixpence 
 a-piece i chickens, at three or four Ihillings a dozen ; 
 gcefe, at ten pence ; and turkeys, at eighteen pence 
 a-piece. But ii(h, and wild fowl, are ftill cheaper in 
 the feafon, and deer are fold from fire to ten (hillingt 
 a-piece. This eilimace may ferve for the other Ame- 
 rican colonies, where proviHons are equally plentiful 
 and che p, and in fome dill lower. Bcfides the ani- 
 mals tranfportcd from Europe, thofe natural to the 
 country are deer, of which there are great numbers* 
 a fort of panther or tyger, bears, wolves, foxes, and 
 racoons. Here is likewife that fingular animal called 
 the Opoflum* which feems to be the wood- rat men^ 
 tioned by Charlevoix, in his hiftory of Canada. It 
 is about the fize of a cat, and befides the belly com- 
 mon to it with other animals, it has another peculiar 
 to itfelf, which hangs beneath the former. This belly 
 has a large aperture, towards the hinder legs, Vhich 
 difcovers » large number of teats on the ufual part of 
 the common belly. Upon thefe, when the female 
 of this creature conceives, the young are formed, and 
 there they hang like fruit upon the ftalk, until they 
 grow in bulk and weight to their appointed fize; then 
 they drop off, and are received into the falfe belly^ 
 from which they go out at pleafure, and in which 
 they take refuge when any danger threatens them* 
 In Virginia there are all forts of tame and wild fowl. 
 They have the nightingale^ called from the country^ 
 whofe plumage is crimfon and blue ; the mucking 
 bird, thought to excel all others in his own note, an(i 
 including that of every one ; tlwtjb^mming bird, the 
 Ifmalleft of all the winged , creation, and by far thq 
 jmoft beatit^ful, all arrayed m fcarlet, green and gold, 
 fips the dew fronii the fio,\yers, whic^ is aii its uou« 
 
iti THE HISTORY O F 
 
 lifbment, and is too delicate to be brought alive into 
 England. 
 
 C H A *?. vin. 
 
 DefiriptUn of Maryland, 
 
 IT was in the reign of Charles the Firfl, that the 
 Lord Baltimore applied - for a patent for t part of 
 Virginia,. and obtained in 1632, a grant of a tra£^ of 
 land upon Chefapeake bay, of about an hundred and 
 forty mil^s long, and an hundred and thirty broad, 
 having Penfylvania, then in the hands of the Dutch, 
 upon the North, the Atlantic ocean upon the £a(l,. 
 and the river Potowmack upon the South. \xk honour 
 of the queen he called this province Maryland. 
 
 Lord Baltimore was a Roman catholic, artd was in- 
 duced to attempt this fettlement in America, in hopes 
 of enjoying liberty of confcienee for himfelf, and for 
 fuch of his frifnds, to whom tbe feverity of the lawi 
 might loofen their ties to their country, and make them 
 prefer an eafy banifbment with freedom, to the con* 
 veniencies of England, embittered as they were by 
 the (harpnefs of the laws, and the popular odium which 
 bung over them. The court at that time was certain* 
 ]y very little inclined to treat the Roman catholics ini 
 % harfh manner, neither had they in reality the lead 
 appearance of reafon to do fo*, but the laws were of 
 1 rigorous conftitudol» ; and however the court might 
 be inclined to relax them, they could not in policy do] 
 it, but with a great refcrve. The puritan party per- 
 |>etually accufed the court, and indeed the epifcopall 
 churchy of a defire of returning to popery ; and thi$| 
 
 accurationl 
 
 accu 
 ofth 
 they 
 little 
 mucl 
 
alive into 
 
 ft, tliat tKc 
 
 or a part of 
 
 of a traft of 
 
 lundrcd and 
 
 ;hirty broad, 
 
 ' the Dutch, 
 
 on the Eaft,. 
 
 . In honour 
 
 land, 
 ahd was in- 
 
 rica, in hopes 
 fclf, andfor 
 
 ly of the lawi 
 id make them 
 to the con* 
 
 |they were by 
 odium which 
 was certain* 
 pn catholics in 
 :ality the lead 
 laws were of 
 |e court miglit 
 >t in policy do| 
 |itan party perH 
 the cpifcPVall 
 icry 5 and thiJ 
 accufatiott 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. ifj 
 
 accufation was fo popular, that it was not in the power 
 of the court to (hew the papids that indulgence which 
 they defired. The laws were dill executed with very 
 little mitigation ; and they were in themfelves of a 
 much keener temper, than thofe who had driven the 
 puritans about the fame time to feck a refuge in the 
 fame patt of the world. Thefe reafons made Lord 
 Baltimore defirous to havei and the court willing to 
 give him, a place of retreat in America. 
 
 The fettlement of the colony co(l the lord Balti* 
 more a large fum. It was made under his aufpices by 
 his brother, and about two hundred perfons, Roman 
 Catholics, and mod of them of good families. The 
 fettlement at the beginning did not meet with the fame 
 difficulties,, which embarra^ed and retarded moft of the 
 others we had made. The people were generally of 
 the better fort, a proper fubordination was obferved a* 
 mongft them, and the Indians gave and took fo little 
 offence, that they ceded one half of their principal 
 town) and fome time after the whole of it, to thefe 
 (Irangers. The Indian women taught ours how to 
 make bread of their corn ; their men went out to hunt 
 and fi(h with the £ngli(h ; they aflifted them m the 
 chace,^ and fold them the game they took themfelves 
 for a trifling conQderation ; fo that the new fettlcrs 
 had a fort of town ready built, ground ready cleared 
 foe their fubfiftence, and no enemy to harrafs them. 
 
 They lived thus, without much trouble or fear, . 
 until fome ill difpofed perfons in Virginia inHnuated 
 to the Indians, that the Baltimore colony had dedgns 
 upon them ; that they were Spaniards and not Englilh- 
 men, and fuch other (lories as they judged proper to 
 fow the feeds of fufpicion and enmity in the minds of 
 thefe people. Upon the fir (I appearance, that the 
 malice of the Virginians had taken effe£i| the ne^ 
 
 planters 
 
it4 THE HISTORY O F 
 
 planteri were not wanting to themfelves* They built 
 a good fort with ali expedition, and took every other 
 neceflary meafure for their defence ; but they conti* 
 nued dill to treat the Indians with (o much kindnefs, 
 that partly bythat, and partly by the awe of their arms, 
 the ill deHgns of their enemies were defeated. ..^.- . • 
 
 As the colony met with fo few obfti u£lions, and 
 ^la^ the Roman catholics in England were .yet more fe- 
 ▼erely treated in proportion as the court-party decli- 
 ned, numbers conftantly arrived to replenifh the fettle- 
 ment ; which the lord proprietor omitted no care, and 
 with*held no expence to fupport and encourage ; un- 
 til the ufurpation overturned the governmtnt at home, 
 and deprived him of his rights abro;^l« Maryland re- 
 mained under the governors appointed by the parlia* 
 ment and by Croir^well until the reftoration, when 
 Lord Baltimore was reinftated in his former pofleifions, 
 which he cultivated with his former wifdom, care, and 
 moderation. No people could live in greats eafe and 
 Security ; and his lordfbip, willing, that a* many as 
 polTible fhould enjoy the benefits of his mild and e« 
 quitable adminidration, gave his confent to an a£t of 
 aflembly, which he had befoie promoted in his pro- 
 tince» for. allowing a free and unlimited toleratipa 
 for all who profefTed the Chriilian religion of whatever 
 denomination. This liberty, which was never in the 
 lead inilance violated, encouraged a great number, 
 i)pt only of the church of England, but of ptesbyte- 
 rians, quakers, and all kinds of difienters^ to fettle in 
 Maryland, -which before that was almpd wholly in the 
 hands of Roman catholics. 
 
 This Lord, though guilty of no maI>admini(lration 
 in his government, though a zealous Roman, catho- 
 lic, apd firmly attached to the caufe of king James 
 the fecondi could not prevent his charter from being 
 
 qucftioncd 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 185 
 
 queflionecl in that arbitrary reign, and a Tuit from 
 being commenced to deprive him of the prope< ty and 
 jurifdi£bion of a province granted by the royal tavour, 
 and peopled at fuch a vaft expence of his own. Bat 
 it was the error of that vreak and unfortunate reign^ 
 neither to know its friends, nor its enemies; but by 
 a blind precipitate condu£b to hurry on every thing of 
 whatever confequence with almofb equal heat, and to 
 imagine that the found of the royal authority was fuf- 
 ficient to juftify every fort of condu*^^ to every fort of 
 people. But thcfe injuries could not (hake the ho- 
 nour and conftancy of Lord Battimoi^e, nor tempt him 
 to defert the caufe of his mader. Upon the rcvolu^ 
 tion he had no reafon to expedi any favour ; yet he 
 met with more than king James had intended him* 
 He was deprived indeed of all his jurifdidtion, but he 
 was left the profits of his province, which were by no 
 means iiK:onriderab]e ( and when his defcendents had 
 conformed to the church of England, they, were re* 
 ftored to all their rights as fully as the legiilature haa 
 thought fit that any proprietor (hould enjoy them. 
 
 When upon the revolution, power changed hands 
 in that province, the new men made but an indiffe- 
 rent requital for the liberties and indulgencies the/ 
 had enjoyed under the old adminiftration. They not 
 only depri^ved the Roman catholics of all (hare in the 
 governmenti but of all the rights of freemen; they 
 have even adopted the whole body of the penal laws of 
 England againd them ; they are at this day medita* 
 ting new laws in the fame fpirit^ and they would un- 
 doubtedly go to the greate(t lengths in this refpedl, if 
 the moderation, and good fenfe of the government in 
 England did not fet fome bounds to their bigotry | 
 thinking very prudently that it were highly unjuCt, 
 and equally impolitiC| to allow aa afyluca abroad to 
 ' . ' any 
 
i$6 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 9ny religious perfuaHons which they judged it impro* 
 per to tolerate at hornet and then to deprive them of 
 its prote£lion, recollecting at the fame tinne in the 
 various changes which our religion and government 
 bas undergone, which have in their turns rendered 
 every fort of party and religion obnoxious to the 
 reigning powers, that this American afylum, which 
 has been admitted in the hotted times of perfecution 
 at home, has proved of infinite fervice, not only to 
 the prefent peace of England, but to the profpcrity of 
 its commerce, and the eilablidiment of its powcri 
 There are a fort of men» who will not fee fo plain a 
 truth ; and they are the perfons who ^ould appear toi 
 contend mod warmly for liberty ; but it is only a par* 
 ty liberty for which they contend ; a liberty which they 
 vrould Aretch out one way to narrow it in another ; 
 they are not afhamed of uHng the very fame pretences 
 for perfecuting others, that their enemies ufe for per* 
 fccuting them. ^ 
 
 This colony, as for a long time it had with Pen- 
 fylvania the honour of being unftained with any reli- 
 Hgious perfecution, fo neither they nor the Penfylva* 
 nians have ever until lately been harraiTed by the ctla* 
 nity of any war, offenfive or defenfive, with their 
 Indian neighbours, with whom they always lived in 
 the mofl exemplary harmony. Indeed, in a war 
 which the Indians made upon the colony of Virginiat 
 by mi (lake they made an incurfion into the bounds of. 
 Maryland ; but they were foon fenfiblc of their mif-^ 
 take, and atoned for it. 
 
 Maryland, like Virginia, has no confiderable tovftiy 
 and for the fame reafon ; the number of navigable 
 creeks and rivers. Anapolis is the feat of government. 
 It is a fmali but beautifully fituated town upon thcr 
 tivcr Scvcro* 
 
it impro» 
 ; them oC 
 ne in the 
 vcrnmcnt 
 
 tendered 
 B to ths 
 m, which 
 crfecution 
 Dt oi^ly to 
 )rpcrity of 
 t8 power* 
 fo plain a 
 
 appear toi 
 mly a par- 
 jvhichthey 
 
 another ; 
 I pretences 
 fc for per* 
 
 vfiih Pen- 
 
 1 any rell- 
 
 Pcnfylva* 
 
 y the cila» 
 
 with their 
 
 8 lived in 
 
 in a war 
 
 Virginiat 
 
 bounds o£. 
 
 their rnif* 
 
 ible town^ 
 navigable 
 
 iverument, 
 upon thcr 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 187 
 
 Here Is the feat of the governor^ and the principal 
 cu(iom houfe colle£lion. The people of Maryland 
 have the fame e ^.ahliihed religion with thofe of Vir* 
 ginia, that of tiie church of England ; but here the 
 clergy are provided for in a much more liberal man- 
 ner, and they are the mod decent, and the bell of the 
 clergy in North America. They export from Mary- 
 land the fame things in all refpe£ts that they do from 
 Virginia. Their tobacco is about forty thoufand hogs- 
 heads. The white inhabitants are about forty thou« 
 iand *» the negroes upwards of fixty thoufand. 
 
 <©>0<0>0<0>0(0>0<0>0<0>0<0> 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Dejcription of Carolina. Its Jirfi feitlementy tradf, 
 &c. Charhs'Town. Jiaifing and manufa^ory of 
 pitchy tar, rice^ and indigo. 
 
 THERE is not, perhaps, throughout the new 
 world, a climate to be compared with that o£ 
 Carolina. The two feafons of the year, which, for 
 the mod part, only moderate the exceifes of the two 
 others, are here delightful. The heats of the fummer 
 are not cxceflive ; and the cold of the winter is only 
 felt in the mornings and evenings. The fogs, which 
 are always common upon a coatt of any length', are 
 difperfed before the middle of the day. But, on the 
 other handy here, as well as in every othei^ part al* 
 mod of America, the inhabitants are fubje£l to fucb 
 fudden and violent changes of weather, as oblige them 
 Co obferve a regimen in their diet and cloathing, which 
 would be unneceilary in a more, fettled climate. An- 
 other 
 
118 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 other inconvenience, peculiar to this tra£l of the north- 
 cm continent, is that of being torme<^ted with hurri- 
 canes ; but thefe are lefs frequent ar.d leOs violeut 
 than in the iilands. 
 
 A vafly melancholy, uniform, unvaried plain ex** 
 .tends from the fea-ftiore fourfcore or a hundred miles 
 ^vithin land, where the country, beginning to rife, af- 
 fords a more pleafing profpe£l, ana a purer and drier 
 air. This place, before the arrival of the £ngli(h, 
 jwas covered with one immenfe foreft, reaching as far 
 as the Apalachian mountains. I^ confifled of large 
 trees growing, as nature had call them, without or* 
 dtr or defign^ at unequal diftances, and not encum* 
 bered with underwood ; by which means, more land 
 could be cleared here in a week, than in feveral 
 months, in other climates. 
 
 The foil of Carolina is very various. On the coafl, 
 and about the mouths of the rivers, it is either cover- 
 ed with ufelefs and unhealthful moraifcs, or made up 
 of a pale, light, fandy earth, which produces nothing. 
 In one part it i« barren to an extreme; in another, 
 among the numberlefs Hreams that divide the coun- 
 try, it is excedively fruitful. At a diftance from the 
 coaft^, there are fometimes found targe waftes of whit6 
 fandf which produce nothing but pines ; there are o^ 
 ther lands, where the oak and the walnut tree an- 
 nounce fertility. Thefe alternate variations ceafe's 
 frhen you get into the inland parts ; and the country 
 every where is agreeable and rich. 
 ' Admirably a lapted as thefe fpots are for the pur- 
 pofes of cultivation, the province does not want others 
 equally favourable for the breeding of cattle. Thou** 
 fands of horned cattle are bred here, which go. out in 
 the morning without a ))erdfman to feed in the 
 iroodi> and return home a; night of their own ac- 
 cord., 
 
 '6' 
 
he north- 
 ih hurri- 
 
 ^ violeut 
 
 plain ex- 
 red miles 
 ) life, af- 
 and drier 
 
 Englifh, 
 ing as far 
 
 of large 
 ithout or* 
 )t cntum- 
 nnore land 
 in feveral 
 
 I the coafl, 
 :her coter- 
 r made up 
 s nothing, 
 n another, 
 
 th€ coun- 
 e from the 
 es of whit6 
 ere arc o^ 
 It tree an- 
 )n8 ceafe^ 
 
 e country 
 
 [r tK« pur- 
 rant others 
 Thou- 
 go. out in 
 ;d in the 
 it Qwn ac« 
 cord^ 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. ig^ 
 
 cord. Their hogs, which are fuflPered to fatten them- 
 fclves in the fame manner, are dill more numerous 
 and much better in their kind. But mutton degene- 
 rates there both in fleih and wool. For this reafoii^ 
 it is left common. 
 
 In 1723, the whole colony con fi fled only of four 
 thouf^nd white people, and thirty two thoufand blicks. 
 Its exportation to other parts of America, and to £u« 
 rope, did not exceed 4,9:0,000 livres (216,561 /. 
 10 J.) Since that time, it has acquired a degree of 
 fplendor, v/hich it owes entirely to the enjoyment of 
 liberty. 
 
 The trade of Carolina, befides the lumber, provi^ 
 Con, and the like, which it yields in common with 
 the reft of America, has three great ftaple commodi- 
 ties, indigo, rice, and the produce of the pine, tur* 
 pentine, tar, and pitch. The two former commodi- 
 ties South Carolina has entirely to itfelf ; and taking 
 in North Carolina, this part of America yields more 
 pitch aiui tar than all the red of our colonies. 
 
 Rice anciently formed by itfelf the (laple of this 
 province J this wholefome grain makes a great part of 
 the food of all ranks of people in the Southern pares 
 of the world ; in the Northern it is not lb much in 
 requed. Whiifl the rigour of the sL^k of navigation 
 obliged them to fend all their rice directly to England^ 
 to be re-fhippcd for the markets of .Spain and Portu- 
 gal ; the charges incident to this regulation layfo hea« 
 vy upon the trade, that the cultivation of rice, efpe- 
 cially in time of war, when thtfe charges were greatly 
 aggravated by the rife of the freight and infurance, 
 hardly anfwcred the charges of the planter { but now 
 the legiilature has relaxed the law in this rcfpe£l, and 
 permits the Carolinians to fend their rice dire^lly to 
 any place to the Southward of Cape Fmiilerre. This 
 
 - prudent 
 
lOO THE HISTORY OF 
 
 prudent indulgence has again revired the rice trade ; 
 and though they have gone largely, and wkh great 
 ipirjt, into the profitable article of indigo, it has not 
 diverted their attention from the cultivation of rice ; 
 they raife now above double the quantity of ti^hat ihey 
 raifed fome years ago; and this branch alone of their 
 commerce is, at the lowed eflimation, worth onehun* 
 dred and fifty thoufand pounds (lerling annually. 
 
 Indigo is a dye made from a plant of the i^me 
 name, which probably was fo called from India, wherb 
 it was fir ft cultivated, and from whence we had for a 
 confiderable time the whole of what we confumed in 
 Europe. This plant is very like the fern when grown, 
 and when young, hardly diflinguifhable from lucem* 
 grafs ; its leaves in general are pennated, and termi^ 
 Dated by a (ingle lobe ; the flowers con fid of five leaves, 
 and are of the papilonaceous kind, the uppermoft pe* 
 tal being larger and rounder than the red, and lightly 
 furrowed on the (ide ; the lower ones are (hort and 
 end in a point ; in the middle of the flower is (itua* 
 ted the dile, which afterwards becomes a pod, con* 
 taining the feeds. 
 
 They cultivate thr^ee forts of indigo in Carolina, 
 which demond the fame variety of foils. Firft, the 
 French or Hifpaniola indigo, which, driking a long 
 tap-root, will only flouridi in a deep rich foil ; and 
 therefore, though an excellent fort, it is not fo much 
 cultivated in the maritime parts of Carolina, which 
 are generally fandy ; but no pait of the world is more 
 fit to produce it in perfection than the fame country, 
 an hundred miles backwards; it is neglected too on 
 another account, for it hardly bears a winter fo (harp 
 as that of Carolina. 
 
 The fecond fort, which is the falfe guatemala, or 
 true babamay bears tb4^ winier better^ is a more tall 
 
 and 
 
:e trade; 
 r'nh great 
 t bas not 
 of rice 5 
 <»bat ihey 
 ic of their 
 I one bun- 
 ally. 
 
 f the feme 
 dia, wli<rfe 
 ; had for a 
 nfumcd in 
 icn grown, 
 am luccm* 
 and tcrmi- 
 fivc leaves, 
 pcrmoft pc- 
 and ligbtly 
 e (bort and 
 \fCT is fitua- 
 pod, con* 
 
 1 
 
 Carolina, 
 Firft, the 
 ng a long 
 foil 5 and 
 lOt fo much 
 ina, which 
 rid is more 
 c country, 
 :€d too on 
 :cr fo (harp 
 
 latemala, or 
 more tall 
 and 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. ipi 
 
 ftnd vigorous plant, is raifed in greater quantities from 
 the fame compafs of the ground ; is content with tho 
 •worfl foils in the country, and is therefore more culti- 
 vated than the fird fort, though inferior in the qualitf 
 of its dye. 
 
 ,: The third fort is the wild indigo, which is iusM» 
 genous here ; this, as it is a native of the country, 
 anfwers the purpofcs of the planter the befl of al!» 
 with regatd to the hstrdinefs of the plant, the eafinefs 
 of the culture, and the quantity of the produce; of 
 the quality jhcre is fome difputc, not yet fettled »• 
 mongft the planters themfelves ; nor can they as yet 
 di(lin£lly tell when they are to attii-oute the faults of 
 their indigo to the nature of the plant, to the feafons, 
 which have much influence upon it, or to fomedefe£): 
 in the manufacture. 
 
 The time of planting the indigo, is generally after 
 the Srft rains fucceeding the vernalequinox ; the feed 
 is fowed in fmall (Iraight trenches, about eighteen 
 or twenty inches afunder ; when it is at its height, it 
 is generally eighteen inches tall- Ic is fit for cutting, 
 if all things anfwer well, in the beginning of July. 
 Towards the end of Auguft a fecond cutting is ob- 
 tained ; and if they have a mild autumn, there is a 
 third cutting at Michaelmas. The .indigo>land muft 
 be weeded every day, and the plants cleanfed from 
 worms, and the plantations atten led with the greated 
 care and diligence ; about twenty rive negroes may 
 manage a plantation of Bfty acres, and compleat the 
 manufaQure of the drug, befmks providing their own 
 neceffiry fubfiftence, and that of the planter's family. 
 Each acre yields, if the land be very good, Hi^ty or 
 feventy pounds weight of indigo; at a medium, the 
 produce is fifty pounds. When the plant is beginning 
 to bloflbmi it is fit for cutting ; ^ud when cut, great 
 
 care 
 
WP' THE H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 etre ought to be ts^ken to bring it to the Aeeper, with* 
 out preifing^ or (baking it, as a great part of the beau- 
 ty of the indigo depends upon the fine farina which 
 •dheres to the leaves of this plant. 
 
 The apparatus for making indigo' is pretty con Hder- 
 «ble, though not very exper^ve ; for befides a large 
 pump, the whole conGfts only of vats and tuba of cyprefs 
 wood, common and cbcdp in this country. The in- 
 digo when cut is firft laid in a vat about twelve or 
 fourteen foot long, and four deep, to the height of 
 about fourteen inches, to macerate and digeft. Then 
 this veifel, which is called the deeper, is filled with 
 water $ the whole having lain from about twelve or 
 fixteen hours, according to the weather, begins to 
 ferment, fwell, rife, and grow fcnfibly warm ; at this 
 time fpars of wood are run acrofs to mark the higheil: 
 point of its afcent ; when it falls below this mark they 
 judge that the fermentation has attained its due pitch| 
 and begins to abate ; this directs the manager to o- 
 pen a cock, and let off the water iirto another vat, 
 which is called the beater ; the grofs matter, that re- 
 tnains in the firft vat, is carried oW to manure the 
 ground, for which purpofe it is excellent, and new 
 cuttings are put in as long as the harveft of this weed 
 continues. 
 
 When the water, ftrongly impregnated with the 
 particles of indigo, has run into the fecond vat or 
 beater, they atteiid with a fort of bottomlefs buckets, 
 with long handles, to work and agitate it ; "which 
 they do inceffantly until it heats, froths, ferments, 
 and rifes above the rim of the veiTcl which contains it; 
 to allay this violent fermentation, oil is thrown m as 
 the froth rifes, which inrtantly fmks it. When this 
 beating has continued for twenty, thirty, or thirty- 
 ifive minutes, accoidin|; to the iiate of the weather, 
 
 ifor 
 
 (fori 
 beati] 
 falts ; 
 folvci 
 begin 
 To 
 when 
 feme I 
 when 
 loofe I 
 flirrin^ 
 operati 
 quor ai 
 bled a 
 the clej 
 of ve^e 
 faft as i 
 a thick> 
 'Thefe 
 the mo 
 drying, 
 ed upor 
 fpatula ; 
 evening 
 is put ij 
 fingi ex 
 manner, 
 pcration 
 digo, fitt 
 care is n 
 J may beg 
 [muft^ot 
 ka timcj 
 jitfelf muf 
 hli Qion i 
 
f 
 
 •r, with* 
 he bcau- 
 a which 
 
 confider- 
 I m larg« 
 of cyprefs 
 
 Th€ in- 
 twelve or 
 
 height of 
 :fk. Then 
 filled with 
 
 twelve or 
 
 begins to 
 m i at thi« 
 the highell 
 i mark they 
 
 due pitch, 
 nager to o- 
 
 other vat, 
 
 r, that rc- 
 lanure the 
 It, and new 
 
 I this weed 
 
 with the 
 |:ond vat or 
 rfs buckets, 
 it i ^wbvch 
 L ferments, 
 Icontains it^ 
 irown i*n as 
 When this 
 or thirty- 
 [q weather, 
 (for 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 193 
 
 (for in cool weather it requires the longed continued 
 beating) a f mall muddy grain begins to be formed, th^ 
 falts and othet particles of the plant, united and dif- 
 folved before with the water, are now reunited, an I 
 begin to granulate. 
 
 To difcovcr thefe particles the better, and to find 
 when the liquor is fuiBciently beaten, they take up 
 fome of it from time to time on a plate, or in a glafs ; 
 when it appears in an hopeful condition, they let 
 loofe fome lime water from an adjacent veflcl, gently 
 flirting the whole, which wonderfully facilitafts the 
 operation ; the indigo granulates more fully, the H* 
 quof afTumes a purplilh colour, and the whole is trou* 
 bled and muddy ; it is no\7 fuffered to fettle ; then 
 the clearer part is let to run off imo another fucceflion 
 of veflcls, from whence the water is conveyed away as ^ 
 faft as it clears at the top, until nothing remains but 
 a thick mud, which is put into bags of coarfe linen, 
 'ihefe are hung up and left for fome time until 
 the moifture is entirely drained off. To finifii the 
 drying, this mud is turned out of the bags, and work* 
 ed upon boards of fome porous timber with a wooden 
 fpatula ; it is fiequently expofed to the morning an^ 
 evening fun, but for a Oibrt time only ; and then it 
 is put into boxes or frames, which is called the cu» 
 ring, expofed again to the fun in the fame cautious 
 manner, until with great labour and attention the o* 
 peration is iinilhed, and that valuable drug called In- 
 digo, fitted for the market. The greatell ikill and 
 care is required in every part of the procefs, or there 
 may be great danger of ruining the whole; the water 
 nmft^ot be fuffered to remain too (hort or too long "^ 
 at a time, either in the deeper or beater ; the beater 
 litfelf muft be nicely managed fo as not to exceed or 
 |fill fiiort i and in the curing, the exa£t medium be* 
 
 I tween 
 
 ■wV] 
 
194 T H E H I S T O R Y O P^ 
 
 twren too much or too little drying is ndt eafily at* 
 tained Nothing but experience can make the over* 
 fcer fkilful in ihefe matter*. 
 
 There are two methods of trying ihc goodnefs o£ 
 Indigo ; by fire and by water ; if it fwims, it is good, 
 if it Hnks it is naught, the heavier the worfe ; fo if 
 it wholly difTolvcs into water it is good. Another way 
 . of proving is by the fire ordeal ; if it entirHy burns 
 away ir is good, the adulterations remain untouched. 
 - There is perhaps no branch of manufa£ture, in 
 which fo large profits irny be made upon fo mode- 
 rate a fund, as that of indigo ; and there is no coun- 
 try fn which this manufa^ure can be carried on to 
 fuch an advantage as Carolina, where the climate is 
 healthy, provi^on plentiful and cheap, and every 
 thing, ncceffary for that purpofe, had with the greateft 
 eafe. To do juftice to the Carolinians, they have 
 not negle£bcd thefe advantages ^ and if they continue 
 to improve them with the fame fpirit in which they 
 have <begun, and attend diligently to the quality of 
 their goods, they mutt naturally and neceiTarily come 
 to fupply the whole confumption of the world with 
 this commodity ; and confequently make their coun- 
 try the richeft, as it is the pleafanteft and mofl fertile 
 -part of the Britifh dominions. 
 
 In all parts of Carolina, but efpeclally in North I does not 
 Carolina, they make great quantities of turpentine, tarl ever the 
 and pitch. They are all the produce of the pine.l is health 
 The turpentine is drawn fin>ply from incifions madelAich qui 
 in the tree ; they are made from as great an height asltbe inha 
 a man can reach with an hatchet ; thefe incifions meetland diet 
 at the bottom of the tree in a point, where they pourlThunder 
 their contents into a veiTel placed to receive theni.lonly one 
 There is nothing further in this procefs. But tar re*lfubje£l 
 
 iquires a more ^onfiderableapparfttus and great trouble.! not fo vi 
 
 , ,Thef 
 
 They 
 
 towar 
 the u 
 reach( 
 end t 
 receiv 
 a larg 
 round( 
 pertun 
 When 
 like wif 
 leave c 
 to the i 
 running 
 air. p 
 tics fet 
 fiiade i] 
 and tar 
 The 
 confider; 
 they difl 
 which o 
 neft cli 
 very ht\ 
 ire mil 
 
 t( 
 
t cafily at- 
 c the over- 
 
 poodnefs of 
 it is good, 
 7orfc *, fo if 
 Lnotbcr way 
 tirply burns 
 intouchcd. 
 ifaaurc, in 
 on (b mode- 
 ls no coun- 
 ;aTricd on to 
 he climate is 
 >, and every 
 h the greateft 
 18, they have 
 they continue 
 |n which they 
 :hc quality of 
 ccffarily come 
 le world with 
 e their coun- 
 id moft fertile 
 
 lally in North 
 turpentine, tar 
 of the pine, 
 ncifions made 
 It an height aa 
 incifions meed 
 lerc they pout' 
 I receive them. 
 But tar rc«| 
 great trouble, 
 
 ^ ,They| 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 19- 
 
 Thcy prepare a circular floor of day, declining a liiile 
 towards the center; from this is laid a pipe of wooW, 
 the upper part of which is even with the floor, an^^^; I 
 reaches ten feet without the circumference ; under the 
 end the earth is dug away, and barrels placed to 
 receive the tar as it runs. Upon the floor is built up 
 a large pile of pine* wood, fplit in pieces, and fur- 
 rounded with a wall of earth, leaving only a fmall a- 
 perture at the top where the fire is firfl kindled. 
 When the fire begins to burn, they cover this opening 
 likewife to confine the fire from flaming out, and to 
 leave only fufficient heat to force the tar downwards 
 to the floor. They temper the heat as they pleafc, by 
 running a (lick into the wall of clay, and giving it 
 air. Pitch is made by boiling tar in large iron ket- . 
 ties fet in furnaces, or burning it in round clay holes 
 made in the earth. The greateCl quantity of pitch 
 and tar is made in North Carolina.' 
 
 The climate and foil, in thefe countries, do not 
 tonfiderably differ from f.hofe of Virginia ; but where 
 they diflxr, it is much to the advantage of Carolina, 
 which on the whole may be confidered one of the fi- 
 ned climates in the world. The heat in fummer is 
 very little greater than in Virginia ; but the winters 
 ire milder and fhorter, and the year in all refpe£ts 
 does not come to the fame violent extremities. How* 
 ever the weather, though in general ferene, as the air 
 is healthyi yet like all American weather, it makes 
 fuch quick changes, and thofe fo (harp, as to oblige 
 the inhabitants to rather more caution in their drefs 
 and diet, than we are obliged to ufe in turope. 
 IThunder and lightning are frequent ; and it is the 
 only one of our colonies upon the continent which is 
 |fubje£b to hurricanes ; but they^ are very rare, and 
 not fo violent as thofe of the Weft Indies. Part of 
 
 I 2 the 
 
1^6 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 the month of March, and all April, May, and the 
 grcateft part of June, arc here inexpreflibly temperate 
 and agreeable ; but in July, Augud, and almofl the 
 whole of September, the heat is very intcnfe; and 
 though the winters are (harp, efpecially when the 
 North-Weft wind prevails, yet they are feldom fcvcrc 
 enough to freeze any confiderable water j effeding 
 only the mornings and -evenings, the fiofts have ne- 
 ver fufficient ftrength to refift the noon-day fun •, (o 
 that many tender plants which do not (land the win« 
 tcr of Virginia, ilourifh in Carolina ; for they have 
 oranges in great plenty near Charles-town, and ex- 
 cellent in their kinds, both fweet and four. Olives 
 are rather negle£lcd by the planter, than denied by 
 the climat€. The vegetation of every kind of plant 
 is here almod incredibly quick ; for there is fome* 
 thing fo kindly in the air and foil, that where the lat- 
 ter has the cnoft barren and unpromiHng appearance, 
 if negledbed for a while, of itfelf, it (hoots out an 
 immenfe quantity of thofe various plants and beautiful 
 iloweritig (hrubs and flowers, for which this country 
 is fo famous, arid of which Mr. Cate(by in his Natu- 
 fal Hiftory of Carolina has made fuch fine drawings. 
 
 The whole country is in a manner one foreft, 
 where our planters have not cleared it. The trees 
 are almoft the fame in every refpedt with thofe pro- 
 duced in Virginia ; and by the different fpecies ofj 
 thefe, the quality of the foil is eafily known ; for thofc[ 
 grounds which bear the oak, the walnut, and the hic- 
 kory, are extremely fertile ; they are of a dark fand,| 
 intermixed with loam, and as all their land abouniis 
 with nitre, it is a long time before it is cxhaufted|| 
 for here they never ufe any manure. The pine bar- 
 ren is the word of all; this is an almoft p^rfedll] 
 white fandy yet it Eears the pine-tree, and fome ol 
 
 fhcfl 
 
 ther I 
 pitch, 
 is da 
 
F 
 
 ^, and the 
 r temperate 
 I almoft the 
 ii'cnfc i and 
 when the 
 Idom fcvcrc 
 r 5 eflre£ting 
 >fts have ne- 
 day fun •, fo 
 nd the win- 
 }r they have 
 wn, and ex- 
 our. Olives 
 m denied by 
 kind of plant 
 lere is fome- 
 where the lat- 
 ig appearance, 
 hoots out an 
 and beautiful 
 this country 
 in his Natu- 
 c drawings- 
 one foreft, 
 The trees 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 197 
 
 ther ufeful plants naturally, yielding good prolit in 
 pitch, tar, and turpentine ; when this fpecies of land 
 is cleared, for two or three years together it produces 
 very tolerable crops of Indian corn and peafe ; and 
 when it lies low, and is flooded, it even anfwers weli 
 for rice. But what is the bed of all for this province,, 
 this word fpecies of its land is favourable to a fpecies- 
 of the moQ valuable of all its products, to- one of the 
 kinds of Indigo. There is another fort of ground 
 which lies low and wet upon fome of their rivers ;. 
 this is called fwamp, which in fome places is in a 
 manner ufelefs, in others it is far the richeft of all their 
 grounds ; it is a black fat earth, and bears their great 
 ftaple rice, which mull have in general a rich moift 
 foil, in the greatell plenty and perfection. The coun- 
 try near the fea and at the mouths of the navigable, 
 rivers, is much the word ^ for the mofl of the land 
 there is of the fpecies of the pale, lig^<ar, fandy colour- 
 ed ground; and what k otherwife in thofe parts, i^ 
 little better than an unhealthy and unprofitable fait- 
 marfh ; but tbe country, as you advance in it, im^ 
 proves continually ; and at an hundred miles dillance 
 from Charles-towh, where it .begirds to grow Ifilly, 
 the foilisof a prodigious fertility, fitted for every pur- 
 pofe of human life. The air is pure and wholefome, 
 ith tno e p ijnd the fummerheats much more temperate than in 
 ent ipec m^^^ ^^^ country; for Carolina is all an even plain (or 
 ^^ ' i,^ KV.I^S^^y miles from the fea 5 no hill, no rock, fcarce 
 , and me k m^^^^^ ^ pebble to be met with ;* fo that the bed of the 
 If a oat 'Imaritime country* from this famenefs, muft want 
 
 I land a °|J^\ ■(omcthing of the fine efFe£t which its beautiful pro- 
 is ex au |l(iu^jj inrould have by a more variegated and advanta- 
 iThe pin . Igeous difpofition ; but nothing can be imagined more 
 molt p^r 'fcieafanc to the eye than the black country, and its 
 L and ^^""^ lruitfuinci'« is almoft incredible. Wheat grows ex- 
 
 i 3 tremely 
 
 it. 
 
 
198 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 tremely well there, and yields a prodigious incre^re. 
 In the other parts of Carolina they raife but little, 
 ¥^here it is apt to mildew and fpend itfelf in ftraw ^ 
 and thefe evils the planters take very little care to re- 
 drefs, as they turn their whole attention to the cuU 
 ture of rice, which is more profitable^ and in which 
 they are unrivalled ; being fupplied with what wheat 
 they want in exchange for this grain, from New- York 
 and Penfylvania. 
 
 The land in Carolina is very eafily cleared every 
 where, as there is little or no underwood. Their fc* 
 reds con fid moflly of great trees at a confiderable di- 
 ilance afunder; fo that they can clear in Carolina 
 more land in a week, than in the foreds of Europe 
 they can do in a month. Their method is to cut I 
 them at about a foot from the ground, and then faw 
 the trees into boardS| or convert them into davesJ 
 heading, or other fpecies of lumber, according to the 
 nature of the wood, or the demands at the market. 
 If they are too far from navigation^ they hdip themj 
 together, and leave them to rot. The roots foon de- 
 cay ; and before that they find no inconvenience from] 
 them, where land is fo plenty. 
 
 The aboriginal animals of this country are in gene 
 ral the fame with thofe of Virginia, but there is yeti 
 greater number and variety of beautiful fowls* All 
 the animals of Europe are here in plenty ; black cattl^ 
 are multiplied prodigioufly. About fifty years ago 
 11 was a thing extraordinary to have above three 
 four cows, now fome have a tboufand ; fome iij 
 North Carolina a great many more i but to have twij 
 or three hundred is very common. Thefe ramble 
 <iay at pleafure in the fbrefts ; but their calves belt 
 feparated, and kept in fenced padures* the cows r« 
 tura every eventog to them ; they are then milkeij 
 
 dctaine 
 
 neither 
 dinary. 
 Char 
 Cooper 
 fui plan 
 and the 
 veral ag 
 bly reg! 
 ^ih thifr 
 f trade, J 
 'the mar 
 iAmeric 
 'luxury a 
 • its road 
 •ftips of 
 -prcfent 
 4 which 
 . to its hi 
 'C;d thei 
 
t the market. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. u^ 
 
 ^etaint-l all night, milked in the morning, and then 
 let looie again. The hogs range in the fame manner^ 
 and return like the cows, by having (helter and fome 
 victuals provided for them at the plantation *, thefe are 
 vallly numerous, and m»ny quite wild; many horned 
 caitleand horfes too run wild in their woods; though 
 at their Hrlt fettlement there was not one of thofe a^ 
 nimals in the country. They drive a great many cat- 
 tle from North Carolina every year into Virginia, to 
 be flaughtered there ; and they kill and fait fome beef, 
 and a good deal of pork, for the Well Indies^, within 
 themfelves ; but the beef is neither fo good, nor does 
 it keep near fo long as what is fent to the fame mar^ 
 ket from Ireland; They export a conliderable number 
 of live cattle to Penfylvania and the Weil* Indies. 
 Sheep are not fo plenty as the black cattle or hogs, 
 neither is their fleOi fo good i their wool is very or« 
 dinary. 
 
 Charles- town is between the two navigable rivers^^ 
 Cooper and Afhley, furrounded by the mod beauti^ 
 ful plantations of tbjc colony, of which it is the center 
 and the capital. It is well built, interfe£ted with fe- 
 veral agreeable (Ireets, and its fortifications are tolera^- 
 bly regular. The large fortunes that have been made 
 ?ih thifr town, from the accellion and circulation of its 
 (trade, mull necefTarily have had fome influence upon 
 ithe manners of the people : Of all the towns in North 
 i America, it is the one in which the conveniencies of 
 'luxury axe mod to be met with, fiut the difadvantage^ 
 .its road labours under, of not being able to admit of 
 •fhips of above two hundred tons, will make it lofe its 
 -prefent fplendor. It will be deferted for Port Royal, 
 j which admits great numbers of vefTels of all kinds in- 
 , to its harbour. A fettlement has already been form- 
 ed there, which is continually increa^gi and will 
 :,' 1. 4 probably; 
 
 ir^ 
 
a6#, THE HISTORY OF 
 
 probably meet with the greateft fuccefs. Befidet the 
 productions of North and South Carolina, which will 
 naturally come to its market, it will alfo receive thofe 
 of Georgia, a colony that hae been lately eftablifhed 
 in its neighbourhood* 
 
 V fi A P* !X* 
 
 ■' ' . ■ •■• 
 
 Defcription of Georgia and Savannah, 
 
 GEORGIA is a large trad J)i land in Carolina, 
 on the borders, of SpaniOi Florida, in North 
 America. ' It is feparated from South Carolina by the 
 river Savannah on the N. has the* Atlantic ocean on 
 the £. is bounded by Indian Florida on the W. and 
 parted from Spanifli Florida on the S. by the river 
 Alatamacha. Its extent is 170 miles from N« to S. 
 near the fea, but widens in the more remote parts to 
 abofe J {O, and is 300 from the middle part of the 
 fea-coaft to the Apalachian mountains, or not much 
 lliort of it, and ftretches out on the N. W. even .u 
 far as the river Mifliflippi. 
 
 In 1732, fome perfons diftinguifhed not only by 
 * their families and fortunes, but by their public fpirit; 
 and univerfal benevolence, pitying the diftrefles of 
 great numbers of people in thefe kingdoms, who had 
 no means of fubfiflence, bent their thoughts to con? 
 fider how they might be employed, both for their own 
 good, and that of the public ; and being fully con- 
 vinced, that this country, inferior to qone of our pof- 
 feflions on the continent of America for climate and I 
 fituation, was the mod capable of becoming a fruitful, | 
 populous^ and ufcful tra^, though then lying entire- 
 
NORTH AMERICA. aai 
 
 Vf wade, and over*run with Taft woods, which (hcN 
 tcrrd a few Indiansi runaway negroes, and other ban- 
 ditti : being moreover convinced, that ^hen thefe 
 woods were in a great meafure cleared, there could 
 not be a more pleafant or fruitful country in the 
 world ; that a colony planted here would alfo be of 
 unfpeakable advantage to our fettlements in Carolina, 
 by becoming an effectual frontier againft the Spaniards 
 and* French, or the incurfions of the Indians infti- 
 gated by either ; the want of which fecurity they had 
 greatly complained of. The government had it like* 
 wife in their view to raife wine, oily and filk, and 
 turn the i^duftry of this new people for the timber 
 and provifion trade, which the other colonies had car* 
 ried on too largely, into channels more advantageous 
 to the public. Friln thefe,. and many other impor* 
 tant reafons, thefe gentlemen were induced to appl/ 
 to his majefty George IL who- was pleafed to grant 
 them a charter, dated the 9th of June 173^1 con(li« 
 tuting them a corporation under the name of TiuAees 
 for eftablilhing a colony^in Georgia; which included 
 all that country fituated in South Carolina, which lies 
 from the mod northern ftream of the river Savannah, 
 along the coaft; to the moft fouthern ftream of the 
 Alatamacha, and W. from the fources of the faid ri* 
 vers, refpe£tively in direct lines, as far as the South,, 
 or Pacific fea. The charter granted the corporation 
 the term of twenty-one years from its date, during 
 which they were impowered to appoint all fuch go- 
 vernors and other officers, both by fea and land, as- 
 they thought fir, (the cuAom-houfe officers excepted) - 
 provided that every fuch governor be approved of by \ 
 his majefty : and that the militia of the country ht 
 fubje^ in the mean time to the governor of South 
 Carolina : but that after the expiration of the twenty. 
 
 Is 
 
 oae. 
 
soa THE HISTORY OF 
 
 one years, the |;oyernor and all other officers (houM 
 be nominated and appointed by the crown, and the 
 property in chief reyert to it. The faid charter 
 having impowered them alfo to have a common fealy 
 the truftees had one with the following devices, name* 
 ]y, on one fide two figures of rivers refting upon urns, 
 and reprefenting the Alatamacha and Savannah, the 
 N. and S. boundaries of Georgia ; and between thefe 
 the genius of the colony, fitting with the cap of liber- 
 ty on her head, a fpear in one hand, and a cornuco* 
 pia in the other, with this motto, ' Colonia Georgia 
 * Augufta i* on the reverfe are fiik worms at work, 
 ivith this motto, * non fibi fed aliis.' The truftees 
 being impowered alfo by their charter to colle£l bene* 
 falcons, and lay them out in cloathing, arming, fend* 
 ing Out, and fupporting colonies (fi poor people, whe- 
 ther fubje£l8 or foreigners, till they could build houfes, 
 and clear lands } they not only fubfcribed liberally 
 themfelves, but obtained confiderable fums from other ' 
 iivell difpofed people, and had a grant of io,coo/. 
 from the parliament. All this the truilees employed 
 in the proper nece^Taries for tranfporting a colony into 
 a country^ of which they had previoufly publiihed a 
 moft exaggerated and flattering defcription. In reali- 
 ty thenrountry differs little from South Carolina, on- 
 ly that the fummers are hotter, and the foil in gene- 
 ral of a poorer kind. The colony was fent over under 
 the care of Mr. Oglethorpe, who very generouily be- 
 llowed his own time and pains without any reward, 
 for the advancement of the fettlement i and in No- 
 vember following went over with 1 1 6 poor people, 
 moftly husbandmen, carpenters, bricklayers, and o- 
 ther workmen ; who were not only furniflied with 
 their working tools, but inftru£ted in military difcip- 
 line^ well fitted out with iicall ajrms and iloies i be- 
 
 fidcs 
 
N O IT T H AMERICA. 203 
 
 '(de* tools for erc£king forcrefleiyiiand 74 pieces of 
 cannon for defending them. They were befides fur- 
 niflied with 1 1 tons of Parfons's bed beer, and were 
 alfo to (lop at the Madeiras to take in wine. Large 
 funis were afterwards coUe^led) and 25,000 1* at 
 one time granted by parliament for the fupport of the 
 planters. TheSwifst Saltzburghers, and other foreign 
 proteftantSi as well as the Britifh planters, were fur- 
 niflied by the truftees with neceffaries, till by their 
 labour^ and the produce of the country, they were 
 able to fubfift themfelves. 
 
 The truftees having refolded upon the laying out 
 of towns, afligned to every inhabitant a lot of 25 
 acrerof land, as near as poffible to his town* But 
 having very well obferved that many of our colonies, 
 efpecially that of South Carolina, had been very much 
 endangered, both internally and externally, by fuffer- 
 ing the negroes to grow fo much' more numerous than 
 the whites, an error of this kind they judged, in a 
 colony which was not only to defend itfelf, but to be 
 in fome fort a protedlion to others, would have been 
 inexcu fable : they for that reafon forbid the importa« 
 tion of negroes into Georgia. In the next place they 
 obferved that great mifchiefs happened in the other 
 fettlements from making vad grants of land, which 
 the grantees jobbed out again, to the difcouragement 
 of ihe fettlers ; or what was worfe, fufFered to lie idle * 
 and unci: I'll vated. To avoid this mifcbief, and pre- 
 vent the people from becoming wealthy and luxurious, . 
 which they thought incontinent with the military plan 
 upon which this colony wai» founded, they allowed in ^ 
 the common courfe to each family but 2 5 acres, as 
 has bee . (aid: and none could, according to the ori* 
 ginal fcheme, by any me^ns come to pofTcfs more 
 than ^00 ; neither did they give an inheritance in 
 
 16 fee. 
 
ao4 T H E HISTORY OF 
 
 fee fimple, or to the heirs general of the fettlers ^ bat 
 granted them the lands heritable only by their male 
 ilTue. They likewife forbid the importation of rum 
 into the proTincCy to prevent the great diforders which 
 they obferv.d to arife in the other parts of North A* 
 merica. Thcfe regulations, though well intended, 
 and meant to bring about very excellent purpofes *, 
 yet might at firft, as it afterwards plainly appeared, 
 that they were made withoui fufficiently confulting 
 the nature of this country, or the difpofition of the 
 people which they regarded. For in the firft place, 
 39 the climate is exce/Tively hot, and field-work yery 
 laborious in a new colony, zs the ground mud be 
 cleared, tilled, and fown, all with great and inceffant 
 toil, for their bare fubfiflence, the load was too heavy 
 for the white men, cfpecially men who had not been 
 feafoned to the country : the confequcnce of which 
 was^ that the greateft part of their time, namely, all 
 the heat of the day, was fpent in idlenefs, which 
 brought certain want with it. It is true that all our 
 colonies on the continent, even Virginia and Caroli- 
 na, were originally fettled without the help of ne- 
 groes. The white men were obliged to the labour, 
 and they underwent it, becaufe they then faw no other 
 way : but it is the nature of man not to fubmit to ex- 
 traordinary hardfhips in one fpor, when they fee their 
 neighbours on another, without any difference in the 
 circumflances of things, in a much more eafy condi- 
 tion. Befides, no methods were taken to animate 
 them under the hardfhips they endured. Ail things 
 contributed to difpirit them. 
 
 A levelling fchcmc in a new colony is a thing ex* 
 tremt-Iy unadvifeable. Men are feldom induced to 
 leave their country, but upon fome extraordinary pro- 
 fpeds. The majority of mankind mud always be in-* 
 
 digent} 
 
 i*Vi. 
 
:r8 ; bat 
 
 leir male 
 
 m of rum 
 
 ers which 
 
 ^lorth A- 
 
 idtended, 
 
 purpofes *, 
 
 appeared, 
 
 confuhing 
 
 )n of the 
 
 fir ft place, 
 
 work ycry 
 
 I mod be 
 
 d inceflant 
 too heavy 
 
 d not been 
 of which 
 
 lamely, all 
 
 ;fs, which 
 
 ■hat all our 
 nd Caroli* 
 
 :lp of ne- 
 hc labour, 
 w no other 
 mit to cx- 
 y fee their 
 nee in the 
 leafy condi- 
 ;o animate 
 |A11 things 
 
 thing ex* 
 linduccd to 
 dinary pro- 
 jways be in-' 
 
 digent; 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. so; 
 
 digetit ; but in a new fettlement they muft be all fot* 
 unlefs feme perfons are on fuch a comfortable and fub* 
 flantial footing as to give diredlion and vigour to the 
 induftry of the reft. Perfons of fubftance found 
 themfelvcs difcouraged from attempting a fettlement, 
 by the narrow bounds which no induftry could enable 
 them to pafs ; and the defign of confirming the in* 
 heritance to the male line was an additional difcou- 
 ragement. The fettlers found tbemfelves not upon a 
 par with the other colonies. There was an obvious 
 inconvenience in leaving no provifion at all for fe- 
 males, as in a new colony thei liand muft be, for fome 
 time at leaft, the only wealth of the family. The 
 quantity of 2 $ acres was undoubtedly too fmall a por- 
 tion, as it was given without any confideration of the 
 quality of the land ; and was therefore in many places 
 of very little value : add to this, that it was clogged, 
 after a (hort free tenure, with a much greater quit- 
 rent than is paid in our beft and longeft fettled colo- 
 nies. Indeed, . through the whole manner of granting 
 land, there appeared I. know not vvbat low attention to 
 the trifling profits that might be derived to the truftees 
 or the crown by rents and efcheats, which clogged 
 the liberal fcheme that was firft laid down, and was 
 in itfelf extremely injudicious. 
 
 The entailed male grants were fo grievous, that 
 ' the truftees themfelves corre^'ied that error in a ftiorC 
 time. The prohibition of rum, though fpecious in 
 appearance, had a very bad efFc:£b. The waters in this 
 unfettled country running through fuch an exceiit of 
 foreft, were not wholefome drinking, and wanted the 
 corredkive of a little fpirirs, as the fettlers themfelves 
 wanted fomething to iupporl their ftrength in the ex- 
 traordinary and unufual heat of the climate, and its 
 dampnefs in feveral places difpofiiig their bodies to 
 ■ . ■ ^ • , • t agues 
 
9Lo6 THE H I* ST OR TOP 
 
 agues and fevers. But what was worfe, this prollibl* 
 tion in a manner deprived them of the only vent they 
 Kad for fucfa few commodities as they could fend to 
 market) namely^ lumber and corn,- which they could 
 fell no where but in the fugar iilands ; and under this 
 ledridion of negroes and rum, they could take very 
 'little from them in return. 
 
 Thefe and feveral other inconveniencies in the plan 
 
 of this fettlement, raifed a general difcontent in the 
 
 inhabitants ; they quarreled with one another» and 
 
 with their magiftrates ; they complained; they re- 
 
 mon ft rated ; and finding no redrefs, many of them 
 
 fied out of Georgia, and difperfed thcmfelves, where 
 
 they deemed the encouragement better^ to all the o* 
 
 ' ther colonies : fo that of above 2000 people who had 
 
 tranrported themfelves from Europe, in a little time 
 
 not above- 6 or 700 were to be found in Georgia. 
 
 The mifchief grew worfe and worfe every day, till 
 
 the government revoked the grant to the truftees, took 
 
 :the province into their own hands, and annulled all 
 
 the particular regulations that had been made. It was 
 
 then left on the fame footing with Carolina. 
 
 Though this (lep has probably faved the colony 
 from entire ruin, yet it was not perhaps fo well done 
 to negle£l entirely the §:(\ views* upon which it was 
 fettled : thefe were undoubtedly judicious ; and if the 
 methods taken to compafs them were not fo well di^ 
 reeled, this was an argument not againft the dcfigns 
 themfelves, but a reafon for fome change in the in* 
 ilruments defigned to put them in execution. Cer- 
 tainly nothing wants a regulation more than the dan- 
 gerous inequality in the number of negroes and whites, 
 in fuch ot our provinces where the former are ufed. 
 South Carolina, in fpite of its great wealth, is really 
 in a more deiencelefs condition than a knot of poor 
 
 townfliips 
 
 towr 
 
 to an: 
 where 
 affair, 
 Geor( 
 a£bual 
 fend 1 
 Wi 
 were e 
 and ve 
 fign w 
 feated 
 for the 
 ing of 
 of any 
 to fpar 
 employ 
 degree 
 now lit 
 the pre 
 pulous. 
 At { 
 ilowly, 
 eftablill 
 though 
 fettlemc 
 a growt 
 of the £ 
 
probibi- 
 vcnt they 
 1 fend to 
 icy could 
 under this 
 take very 
 
 n the plan 
 nt in the 
 ither» and 
 ; they re- 
 I of them 
 pes, where 
 all the 0- 
 le who bad 
 little time 
 n Georgia, 
 day, till 
 ftccs, took 
 nulled all 
 4e. It was 
 
 I the colony 
 well done 
 lich it was 
 and if the 
 lo well di* 
 the defigns 
 in the in- 
 lion. Cer- 
 in the dan- 
 land whites, 
 are ufed. 
 , is really 
 fot of poor 
 townihips 
 
 N O R T H A M E R I C A. 107 
 
 town (hips on the frontiers of New England. In Geor- 
 gia, the (irft error odablolutely prohibiting the ufe 
 of negroes might be turned to very good account ; for 
 they would have received the permiffian for employ- 
 ing them under what qualifications foever, not as a 
 reflriftion, but as a favour and indulgence : and by 
 flri£lly executing whatever regulations v/e Cbould make 
 in this point, by degrees we might tee a province fit 
 to anfwer all the ends of defence and traffic too : 
 whereas we have let them ufe luch a latitude in that 
 affair, which we weie fo earnefl; to prevent, that 
 Georgia, inflead of being any defence to Carolina^ 
 actually flands in need of a confiderable force to de- 
 fend itfelf. 
 
 With regard to the fcheme of vines and (ilk, we 
 were extremely eager in this refpe£t in the beginning ; 
 and very fupine ever (ii.ce. At that ■ time fuch a de- 
 (ign was clearly impra^icable, becaufe a few people 
 feated in a wild country muit firft provide every thine 
 for the fupport of life, by raifing of corn, and breed- 
 ing of cattle, before they can think of manufactures 
 of any kind : and they mud grow numerous enough 
 to fpare a number of hands from that mod neceflary 
 emj)Ioyment, before they can lend fuch things in any 
 degree of cheapnefs or plenty to a good market : but 
 now little is faid of either of thefe articles, though 
 the province is longer fettled^ and grown more po* 
 pulous. 
 
 At prefent Georgia is beginning to emerge, tho* 
 (lowly, out of the difficulties that attended its firft 
 eftablifhment. It is ftill but indifferently peopled, 
 though it is now upwards of 4 * years (jnce its firft 
 fettlement. Not one of our colonies was of fo How 
 a growth, though none had fo much of the attention 
 of the government, or of the people in general, or 
 
 raife4 
 
9o8 T H t H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 mifed fo great expectations in the beginning. They 
 export feme corn and lumbeij.to the Weft Indies; 
 they raife Tome riCe* and of late have gone with fuc- 
 cefs into indigo. It is not to be doubted but in time, 
 when their internal diviHons are a little better corn* 
 pofed, the remaining errors in the government cor- 
 rected, and the people begin to multiply, that they 
 will become an ufeful province. But in order to fee 
 the juQnefs of fome part of the above refle£bions, it 
 will be neceifary to refume the thread of hiftory, with 
 regard to the fettle ment of Georgia. Before Mr.. 
 Oglethorpe's arrival in this country with the firfl co- 
 lony, in January 1732-3 (having in February follow- 
 ing fixed at a town on the banks of the river Savannah, 
 and given it that name) it was by the natives called 
 Yammacraw, from an Indian nation, whofe chief, 
 Tomo-chichi, who had been banifhed with others 
 Irom his own country, readily admitted and entered 
 into a clofe friendihip with him : which was the more 
 agreeable to both parties, as th(:re was no other Indian 
 nation within co miles. About this time alfo the 
 chief men of the Lower Creek nation, confiding of 
 eight tribes, who are allied together, and fpeak the 
 fame language, though each under a difliniSt govern- 
 ment, came to the number of fifty perfons with their 
 attendants, (fome of them after a journey of five days} 
 to make an alliance with this colony. Thefe Indians 
 laid claim from the Savannah river as far as St. Au« 
 gudine, and up Flint river, which falls into the bay 
 of Mexico. They addreffed Mr. Oglethorpe by one 
 of their monarchs, whom the Englifh called Long 
 King, as being tall ; in which place he firll claimed 
 all the lands to the S* of the river Savannah ; an<i 
 concluded with faying that they freely gave the Eng- 
 lifh up their right to all the land they did not ufe 
 
 themfelves. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. atjp 
 
 thcmfcl¥€«. Then the chief men laid before Mr. Ogle- 
 thorpe a bundit? of buck-fkins, being one from each 
 of their eight tribes, which they faid was the beft pre* 
 fent they had to make, and which they gave with a 
 good heart. The long king did not forget to thank 
 him for his kindnefs to his coufin Tomo-chichi and 
 his Indians ; faying, that though he was baniihed from 
 his nation, he was a good man, and had been a great 
 warrior, and that the baniihed men had chofe him 
 their king for his wifdom and juflice. • 
 
 Next Tomochichi advanced with the Yammacraw 
 Indians, vho were of the Creek nation and language^ 
 as did other chiefs, when articles of alliance and com- 
 merce were agreed on ; and they were difmifled with 
 prefents, befides eight cags of rum for their refpec^ 
 tive towns. By this treaty the rates of goods were 
 fettled; reparation to be made for injuries on both 
 (ides ; criminals to be tried and puniftied by the £ng» 
 li(h law I the trade was to be withdrawn from anf 
 Indian town offending againd the treaty. Finally, the 
 Indians promifed, with true hearty and love to the 
 fnglifh brethreni to encourage no other white people 
 to fettle in their country : and to all this they fet the 
 marks of their refpe^tive families. 
 
 Next year alfo an alliance was made with another 
 Indian nation in this country, called the Natcbees ; 
 which tended very much to the fecurity of the colo- 
 ny. And the fame year the planters reaped their firft 
 crop of Indian corn, which yielded them looo bu« 
 ihels. 
 
 Mr. Oglethorpe, in a letter to a perfon of honour 
 in London, gives the following chira6fcer of the Creek 
 indianS) with whom, efpecially their chiefsi he had 
 fome time converfed* 
 
 ■II 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 
aio T H E H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Their morals, fays he, were To good, that I thought 
 nothing was wanting to convert them* to chriftianity, 
 but a divine who underftood their language. They 
 abhor murder and adultery ; they difapprove of poly^ 
 gamy, and know nothing of theft ; though it is fre- 
 quent, and even reckoned honourable by their neigh- 
 bours the Natchees. Revenge and drunkennefs feem 
 to be their moft favourite vices : though they do not 
 think that any injury, except murder or adultery, de- 
 ferves the former. As to adultery, they think the 
 injured husband has a right to revenge by cutting off 
 4be adulterer's ears : and if he cannot do this, to kill 
 him the firft time he can do it with fafety. As to 
 ^murder, the next in blood h obliged to kill the mur* 
 •derer, clfe he is treated by his nation as infamous. 
 And fo weak ii the executive power among them, that 
 :there 16 no other way to revenge the (bedding of 
 'blood. For their kings can do no more than perfuade, 
 all the power they have being to aflbmble their old 
 
 * 'ttien and captains for their advice, in which they ge- 
 
 :nerally come to font^ unanimous refolution, or elfe 
 
 .break up the conferences without determining any 
 
 thing. They feem, both, in expreflHon and adtion to 
 
 be thorough mafters of the oratory which we fo much 
 
 admire in the Gieeks and Romans : their fpeeches are 
 
 .generally adorned with fimilies and metaphors : but 
 
 in the csnferences among the chief men^ they are 
 
 : more Jaconic. In fine, they genetally addrefs them* 
 felves to the pafTions of the youth, and the reafon of 
 the old men. For inftance, fays Mr. Oglethorpe, 
 Toino»>chichi in his firft fpecQh faid to me among other 
 things, * here is a fmalj ptefent :' and then I:; gave 
 me a bufFalo's fl(in» pointed on the inHde with the 
 head and feathers of an eagle, y^hich he defired me 
 to accept} becaufe the eagle denoted fpeedj and the 
 
 buffalo 
 
 - r- 
 
 ...:» 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 211 
 
 buffalo ftrength : that the Eiiglifh were as fwift as the 
 bird, and as (Irong as the beaft : fince, like the fir(l» 
 they flew from the utmoft parts of the earth over the 
 feas } and, like the fecond, nothing could withiland 
 them. That the feathers of the eagle were fofr, and 
 figniBed love : the buffalo's (kin warm, and fignified 
 prote£lion *, and therefore he hoped, that we would 
 love and proted^ their little families. 
 
 Mr. Oglethorpe returning to England, in I734» 
 with Tomo-chichi, his wife queen Senauki, their fon 
 Tooana-kowki, one of their war-captains, and five o- 
 ther Indian chiefs, fomo-chichi had an audience of 
 his majefly at Kenfington on the firit day of Auguft^ 
 when he made a fpeech, in which he told the king^ 
 
 * that he was come for the good of the whole natioa 
 
 * called the Creeks, to renew the peace which fub^ 
 ^ (ifled long ago witH the £ngli(h. I am come over) 
 ^ continued he, in fuch old days^ that I cannot liy^ 
 
 * to fee ^ny advantage of it to myfelf : I am com? for 
 
 * the good of the children of all the nations of .the 
 
 * Upper and Lower Creeks. Thefe are the feathers 
 
 * of the eagle, which is the fwifted of birds, and 
 ' flieth all round our nations : thefe feathers are aa 
 
 * emblem of peace in our land, where they have beea 
 ^ carried from town to town : and we have brought 
 
 * them over to leave with ypu, O Great King, as a 
 
 * fign of everlalting peace. O Gre^t King, what* 
 ^ foever words you fhall fay unto me^ I will tell tbem 
 
 * faithfully to all the kings of the Creek nations*' 
 His majefly returned a mofl gracious anfwer, as did 
 likewife the queen, whom he addrefTed as follows*! 
 
 * 1 am glad to fee this day, to have the opportiini" 
 
 * ty of beheading the mother of this great peoplt* 
 I As our people are joined with your majefty's^ we 
 
 *d<* 
 
11 a THE HISTORY OF 
 
 • do humbly hope to find you the common mother 
 ' and protc^lrefs of us, and all ouP'Children.' 
 
 The attendants of Tomo chichi ivould willingly 
 have appeared at court, as they commonly go in their 
 country, which is quite naked, except a covering 
 rolind their waift ; but were diiTuaded from it by M-. 
 Oglethorpe. However, their faces were varioufly 
 painted, after their country fafhion ; fome half black, 
 others with triangular figures, and others with beard- 
 ed arrows inftead of whiilcers. Tomo-chichi and his 
 wife were dreffed in fcarlet trimmed with gold. They 
 dined foon after with the lady Dutry at PuUney, and 
 then waited on the archbifhop of Canterbury ; but his 
 grace being very weak, Tomo-chichi only defired his 
 blcfling ; and in a conference with his fon-inlaw Dr. 
 Lynch, he exprefled great joy to him, as believihg 
 that fome good peribns would be fent among them, 
 fh order to inftru£l their youth. 
 ' *Thefc Indians, particularly Tomo»chichi, fliewcd, 
 fluring their ftay here, that they were men of good 
 fenfe, and beHdes hearty well-wiHiers to a friendly 
 correfpondence betwixt this nation and theirs ; and 
 defired of the truftees, that the weights, meafures, 
 prices, and qualities of goods to be purchafed by them 
 viith their deer and other (kins might be fettled ; and 
 that no body might be allowed to trade with the In« 
 dians in Georgia without a licence from the truftees ; 
 {hat the Indians^ in cafe o£ injury or fraud, might 
 know where to complain. They further defired, that 
 there might be but one fiorehotife in each Indian 
 town, from which the traders might fupply them 
 with goods at the fixed rates, becaufe they faid the 
 traders had often arbitrarily r&ifed the prices of their 
 goods, and given them (hort weight and meafures ; 
 and, by their impofitions of this kind, created fre« 
 
 (ment 
 
I mother 
 
 willingly 
 > in their 
 
 covering 
 it by M-. 
 
 ■varioufly 
 alf black, 
 ith beard- 
 i and his 
 Id. They 
 Lney, and 
 
 J but his 
 ieGred his 
 n-law Dr. 
 
 believihg 
 mg theni) 
 
 , (hewctf, 
 of good 
 a friendly 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. aij 
 
 quent animofities between the Englifh and Indians ; 
 which had often ended in wars prejudicial to both of 
 them« • Upon thcfe remonflrances the trufteci prepa- 
 red the following a£ts, which being laid before the 
 king and council in January 17 ^;» were, after a re- 
 port from the board of trade, ratitied by his majefty« 
 I. An a£^ for maintaining the peace with the Indians 
 in the province of Georgia. 2. An a£^ to prevent 
 the importation and ufe of rum and brandy in that pro« 
 vince, or any kind of fpirits, or flrong waters. 3. An 
 a£t for rendering the colony more defenfible, by pro- 
 hibiting the importation of negroes. 
 
 0£kober ^o, I734> Tomo«chichi, 5pc. being con- 
 ducted in .the king's coaches to Gravefend, embarked 
 for their own country, after four months ftay in Eng- 
 land ; during which time they were allmved by his 
 maje(ty icl. a week for their fubfiilence, and were 
 very magnificently entertained, not only by the courts 
 but by fcveral perfons of diftin^^ion : and every thing 
 remarkable in London and WeftminOer (lievvn them, 
 in order to give them a juft idea of Englifti politenefs, 
 add of our nation's regard for the Creeks ; in return 
 for which they promitcd ihvioiable attachment and 
 fidelity to the Britifli nation. They carried prefehts 
 frohfi hence to the value of 40c 1. and the duke of 
 Cumberland, then but 13 years of age, prefenting 
 the young prince Tooana-kowki with a gold watch, 
 told him at the fame time to call upon Jcfus Chrift 
 every morning when he looked upon it; which he* 
 promifed to dp. In the fame (hip went with them 
 fifty- fix Saltzburghers* who, with another body o( them 
 that followed^oc long after, fettled in a town by theni 
 called Ebcnezer, upon the river Savannah: and by 
 their fobriety and induflry have become a thriving 
 fcttlement. 
 
 In 
 
314 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 In I7H«^ ^*P ^^^^ Georgia brought over to Eng» 
 land a fpeech made there by one of the Indian kings 
 of Cherrikaw, &c. It was curioufly written in red 
 and black characters on the (kin of a young buiFalo, 
 and tranflated into EngliOi as foon as delivered in the 
 Indian language, in prefence of above fifty of their 
 chiefs, and of the principal inhabitants of Savannah. 
 The faid (kin was fet in a frame, and hung up in the 
 Georgia office in Weftminfter. It contained the In- 
 dians grateful acknowledgments for the honours and 
 civilities ^aid to Tomo-chichi, 8cc. their admiration 
 of the grandeur of the Britiih court and kingdom ( 
 and expreifed their great happinefs in Mr. Oglethorpe's 
 coming among them. 
 
 The truftees of Georgia being encouraged by an 
 extraordinary fupply of 20,000 1. granted by parlia* 
 ment, and confiderable benefa^ions, as well in Ca- 
 rolina as in England, began to think of making very 
 confiderable embarkations to (Irengthen the S. part of 
 Georgia.; and refolved that thefe fhould moftly be of 
 people from the N. of Scotland, and perfecuted Ger* 
 man proteftants, in order to obviart.' any obje£bion 
 that might be made againd fending our own poor a* 
 way. In purfuance of which, not only the above** 
 mentioned Saltzburghers, but 160 Scots highlanders, 
 were fent over in 17^5* the latter of which arrived 
 in Georgia the January of the year following, and 
 fettled on the Alatamha river, 16 miles by water 
 from the itland of St. Simoji, in a diftriCb which, at 
 their defire, is to this day called Darien, where they 
 foon after built a town, to which they gave the name 
 of New Invernefs. 
 
 Next month, Mr. Ogletborpc arrived again in 
 Georgia from England with forty fcven perfons, who 
 were fettled on the iiland of St. Simon ; and hands 
 
 were 
 
 influx o 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 215 
 
 were fet to work on building the town of Frederi* 
 ca He was welcomed by romo-chichi, &c. and the 
 Creek Indians, who came down upon this occaOon $ 
 and in confequence of their claim of right to this 
 country, were treated with ; and accordingly agreed 
 that the hnglifh fhould poflefs not only St. Simon'8» 
 but all the adjacent iflands. 
 
 In the f^ime month of February the Saltzburghers 
 were, at their own requeil, removed by Mr. Ogle« 
 thorpe from Ebenezer to a place they liked better, at 
 the mouth of the river, where he marked out another 
 town for them called by the fame name. 
 
 In September following a treaty was concluded be* 
 tween Mi*. Oglethorpe and the governor of St. Au* 
 guflin, by which it was particularly flipulated, that 
 the English garrifon and artillery (hould be withdrawn 
 from the ifland of St. George, (which lies near the 
 influx of St John's river and the Atlantic ocean, forty 
 miles N. of Augudin) provided that none of the king 
 of Spain's fubjedls, or other perfons, (hould inhabit 
 pr fortify the faid ifland : and that it (hould not pre-> 
 judice the right of the king of Great Britain to the 
 (aid ifland, or any other of his {lominionsy or the claims 
 of his majefty to the continent. 
 
 In the fpring of the year 1737 > upon advice from 
 Carolina, that notwithftanding the late treaty, which 
 it feems was not reli(hed at the court of Madrid, the 
 Spaniards were preparing at St. Augudin and the Ha* 
 ?annah to make an attack on the colony of Georgia* 
 his niajefty ordered a regiment of 600 men to be fent 
 to Georgia : and, for their encouragement, the tru* 
 (lees of the colony made a grant for an allotment of 
 five acres in land to each of thefe foldiers, to culti* 
 vate for his own ufe and benefit, during their conti- 
 nuance in this fcfvke : and refolved that if any one 
 
 wag 
 
xi6 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 waf inclined to quit it at the end of fcvtn years, and 
 fettle in the colony, he Hiould not only have a regu- 
 lar difcharge, but, on a proper certiBcr.te of his good 
 behaviour, be entitled to a grant of twenty acres of 
 land. This year alfo the parliament granted the co« 
 lony another fupply of 20,000 I. and the nuftees fent 
 oflf another enrbarkation of perfecuted German prote* 
 ftants : in conftquence of which, among other mea- 
 fiires taken for defence of the colony, a confiderable 
 ^rt was begun at Savannah. 
 
 The truftees, who had by letters and inftru£iions 
 to the magiftrates of Georgia) conftantly exhorted and 
 encouraged the people to a cultivation of their land, 
 as that on which they were folely to depend for their 
 fupport, ftruck off from the (lore all fuch as had ne- 
 glected it i which carried off many of the colony, who 
 had gone thither from the mother- country, or had 
 joined it from other parts of our American colonies, 
 purely to gain a year or two's fubHdence ; and alfo 
 ieveral others^ who, for want of confidcring the hard- 
 fhips that attended the firft fettlement of si country, 
 were weary of their labour, * 
 
 In March 1738, the tru (lees of Georgia, upon find- 
 ing that the people of the colony were uneafy at the 
 tenure of their lots being con6ned to heirs male, re- 
 folved, that in default of fuch iflue, the legal poflcflbr 
 cf any land might by his laft will, or other written 
 decd^ appoint his daughter, or any other female re- 
 latioHj his fucceflbr, provided that the lot fo granted 
 and devifed {hould.be perfonally claimed in the proper 
 court in Georgia, within 18 months after the death 
 of the grantor or Jevjfor, And foon after this, every 
 legal poiTeflbr was impowered to appoint any other 
 perfon as his fucceflbr. 
 
 In September 1739, they alfo caufed it to be pub* 
 
 liihed 
 
 * 
 
ears, and 
 re a rcgu- 
 his good 
 r teres of 
 \ the CO* 
 uftees fent 
 >an protc- 
 nhcr mea- 
 onfiderable 
 
 nftrufiions 
 horted and 
 their land, 
 id for their 
 as had ne- 
 :olony, who 
 try, or had 
 in colonies, 
 ; and alfo 
 ig the hard- 
 si country, 
 
 , upon find- 
 neafy at the 
 male, re- 
 gal poffeffor 
 fthcr vvrittcn 
 female re- 
 fo granted 
 the proper 
 ;r the death 
 this, every 
 any other 
 
 to be pub* 
 liihed 
 
 NORTH A M E R t C A. ity 
 
 lifhed in the London Gatette, as they dul afterwards 
 m that of Carolina, * That the lands already, or here* 
 
 * after to be granted, (hould not onIy> on failure of 
 < male iffuc, defcend to the daughters of Alch grantees; 
 
 * but if there were no itfue, either male or female, the 
 
 * grantees might devife fuch lands: and that, for want 
 
 * of fuch devife, fach lands (hould defcend to the heirs 
 
 * at law ; provided that the poflTeflion of the perfon 
 
 * who enjoyed fuch devife Aould not be increafed to 
 
 * more than 500 acres: and that the widows of the 
 
 * grantees (hould hold and enjoy the dwelling-houfe, 
 
 * garden» and one moiety of the lands their huibandt 
 ' fhould die pofleiTed oi> for the term of their lives.*' 
 And moreover, to (hew how very defirous the trulbees 
 were of giving the people of this colony all the fatis- 
 fiction imaginable, they caufed it to be added, that no 
 fee or reward (hould be taken direiflly or indire&ly for 
 tntering futh claim by any per(bns wbatfbever. 
 
 In the mean time the Inhabitants of F^ederica had 
 in three days, cut a road of fix miles through thick 
 woods from the town to the foldiers fort. In O^ober 
 Tomo-chichi, together with four other Indian kings of 
 the Creeks, 3 o of their warriors, and 5 2 attendants, 
 waited on general Oglethorpe at Savannah ; and ac • 
 ^uainted him, that though the Spaniards had decoyed 
 them to St. Auguftin, on pretence that he was there, 
 and offered them great prefents to fall out with the 
 Englilh, they adhered inviolably in their fidelity to his 
 Britannic majefty 1 and that .the Creek nation would 
 come with icoo warric^^ wherever he would com^ 
 mand them. As the Indiaa traders who eame amongft 
 them from Carolina nfed bad weights, they defired that 
 general Oglethorpe would order them'brafs weights 
 and fealed meafures, which (hould be lodged with 
 |each of ^e refpe€tive kings : and at the fame time in- 
 
 K - vitcd 
 
 m 
 
5ti8 T H E H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 Tited him to come up the enfuing fummer to fee their 
 towns; which he accordingly promifed to do. After 
 the general had made them handfome prefents, they 
 danced all night, and fet out next day for the towns 
 which lie 400 miles to the W. of Savannah. 
 
 Next year the general, in compliance with their in- 
 vitation, travelled through a country very little known, 
 and very difficult for Europeans, to the town of Coneta, 
 though not lefif than 500 miles from Fredcrica. Here 
 he conferred njbt only with the chiefs of all the tribes of 
 this nation, but alfo with the deputies of the Checiaws 
 and Chickefaws, who lie between the Englifh and 
 French fettlements: and on the 21ft of Augull he made 
 a new treaty with the nations of the Lower Creeks, more 
 ample than the former ; which we (hall the rather in- 
 sert, as it (liews the lituation and limits of the Creek 
 nations, as fet out by themfelves. 
 
 The whole eftates, after unanimoufly declaring that 
 they adhered in theif ancient love to the king of Great 
 Britain, and to the. agreements made in 173:4 with the 
 truftees, farther declared, that all the dominions, terri- 
 toriesy and lands, from the Savannah river to St. John's 
 river, and all the Intermediate iflands, and from St. 
 John's river to tbc bay of Apalache, and from thence 
 to the mountains, do by ancient right belong to the 
 Creek nations, who have maintained poiTefTion of it a- 
 gainft all oppofers by war, and can (hew heaps of the 
 bones of their enemies by them (lain in defence of their 
 land. And they further declared, that neither the Spa- 
 niards, nor any other nation, have any right to the faid 
 land 5 and that they will not fufFer them, or any other 
 perfon» except the truftees of Georgia, to fettle on the 
 iaid laiids. , And they acknowledge the grant which 
 they have already made to the faid truftees of all the 
 /and upon the Savannah river as far as the river Ogee 
 
 che,| 
 
 ver, and 
 fine as a| 
 a pound. 
 
 This 
 far, that] 
 perfon, 
 heritancel 
 A licenc) 
 Georgia, [ 
 term not 
 then rcfi^ 
 fcfide th( 
 
 I. '^M 
 '^y which 
 
NORTH AMERICA. trp 
 
 die ; and all the lands along the fea-'Coafts as far as St. 
 John's river, and as high as the tide flows, and all the 
 iflands as far as the faid river, particularly the iHands of 
 Frederica, Cumberland, and Amelia, to which they 
 have given the names of his Britannia majefty's family, 
 out of gratitude to -him : but they declare, that th«y did, 
 and do rcfervc to the Creek nation all the land from 
 Pipe-makers-BlutT to Savannah^ and the i^ands of St. 
 Catherine, Offebow, and Sappalo. And they further 
 c'eclare, that the faid lands are held by the Creeic nation 
 as tenants in common : and Mr. Oglethorpe doth de- 
 clare, that the Englilb (ball not enlarge or take up 
 any lands, except thofe granted as above to the trufteea 
 by the Creek nation, and will punilh any perfon that 
 (hall intrude upon the lands fo refcrved. 
 
 This fame. year, namely, 1739s Mr. Augfpourger, 
 a Swifs, brought over from Georgia a parcel of raw 
 filk, and depofed before a mafter in chancery, that he 
 received it from Thomas Jones the truftees ftore- keeper 
 at Savannah, who told him it was nhe produca of 
 Georgia i which being (hewn to an eminent filk-wea- 
 ver, and a raw filk merchant, they declared it was as 
 fine as any Italian filk, and worth at lead 20 (hillkigs 
 a pound. 
 
 This year alfo the truftees extended the tenures fo 
 far, that the daughter of any grantee, or any other 
 perfon, was made capable of cnjoyiog, by dcvife or in- 
 heritance, any number of acres not exceeding acoo. 
 A licence was alfo granted to all the land- owners in 
 Georgia, to leafe out any part of their lots, for any 
 term not exceeding three years-, and that to any perfon 
 then refiding in Georgia, and who ihould hereafter 
 rcfide there during the term of fuch leafe. 
 
 A general rcleafe was likewife pafled afterward?, 
 |by which no advantage was to be taken againft any of 
 
 K, z the 
 
 i 
 
 
tio THE HISTORY OP 
 
 ttie prefent land- owners in Georgia, for any forfeiture 
 incurred ac any time before Chridmas 1740, on ac« 
 count of the tenure or cultivation of land : and the 
 poflenbrs of 500 acres were not obliged to cultivate 
 more than lao acres thereof in 20 years from their 
 grants : and thofe who had under 509 acres, and about 
 50, to cultivate in proportion, in order to prevent 
 any forfeiture for want of cultivating the quantities 
 required. Thus the freeholders in Georgia are really 
 become tenants in tail general ; and have more power 
 than is commonly given in marriage-fettlements^becaufe 
 they may, with the licence of the common council of 
 the truOees, mortgage or alienate ; and, without any 
 application, have it abfolutely in their power, on failure 
 of iifue in tail, to difpofe thereof by their laft will. 
 
 Thus have we traced the hiflory of this new colony 
 of Georgia from its firft fettlement to the prefent timet 
 whence it will appear, among other things, how much 
 the public is interefted in the fupport of fuch a barrierf 
 as Georgia is, by its natural fituation, to other north* 
 cm colonies on the continent. And the importance 
 of this fettlement to Great Britain will be further evi> 
 dent, when it is confidered, that it has proved the moll 
 effedtual expedient poflible for fecuring the Indian na« 
 tions in its intereft, which inhabit the vaft countries 
 to the W. of Georgia ; efpecially considering the views j 
 which the French had of the fame kind, who thought, 
 in a little time, to have compleated that chain of cor* I 
 refpondence, and indeed of contiguity between their | 
 colonies of Canada and Louifiana, on which their be* 
 ing formidable to us in North America abfolutely de«| 
 pended : fince, if they had brought their fcheme to 
 bear, they would have furrounded all our colonies onl 
 the continent from Nova- Scotia to Georgia. Cut byl 
 
 thill 
 
NORTH AMERICA. ati 
 
 this fettlement v^ feein to have broke the links of their 
 intended chain, by engaging in our interefl thofe very 
 Indian nations that are moil capable of doing them 
 fervice, and hurting us ; particularly the faithful and 
 brare nations of the Upper and Lower CteekSi a coun- 
 try fo called from its being interfe£led with rivers* 
 and extending from that of the Savannah to the Inkei. 
 of Florida) the Cherokees mountains, and the river 
 CouiTa. ■ ' ' 
 
 The weftern boundary of Georgia is all that terri^- 
 tory claimed by the French in Louifiana, and by the* 
 Spaniards in Florida. The land of this province, ly- 
 ing low near the Tea, is covered witb woods $ but be*- 
 gins to rife into h»lls at the diftance of 25 miles fronr 
 the iliore, which at length* terminate in mountains^ 
 running in a line from N. to S. on the back of Vir* 
 iginia and Carolina, and ending in Georgia^ about 200 
 miles from the Apalachee bay, in the gulph of Mexi« 
 CO. The country being level from the foot of thofe- 
 Inountains to the fea^ made it ncceflUry to fortify the- 
 binks of the Savan^nah' and Alatamha, in order ta^ 
 prevent the incurfions of the French and Spaniards by/ 
 iand. Canoes may fail on the former river for 600 
 mileS} and boats for 300. The coad of Georgia is 
 [defended from the fury of the ocean by a range of if*- 
 knds running along it ; and the iflandt and continent' 
 being well furniihed with wood, the intermediate 
 Ichanncl is very delightfuk Upwards of 70 miles from^ 
 pe coaft of Georgia are fand- banks, and the water 
 loaling gradually, till within (ix< miles of land, the 
 inks are fo (hallow as to be further impracticable, 
 jttcept in the channels between thefe bars; which were 
 iought a fufficient defence againfl an enemy's flect:- 
 et, in July 17 41, the Spaniards, to the number of ^ 
 |r 6000 meni befides Indians, in about 50 veflcla- 
 
 K 3 from 
 
 '^' ^%. 
 
 ! 
 
 } 
 
 I 
 
 il 
 
212 T H E H I S T O R Y O P 
 
 from St. Auguftine, after pafling thefe channels, mad« 
 a defcent upon Georgia *, particularly they attacked the 
 ifland of St Simon, which, with the town of Frederica, 
 would have been lofl, had it not been for the bravery 
 of the Englifi) and good conduffc of general Oglethorpe, 
 who, aiHfled by a fmall body of Indians, under the 
 conrjmand of Tomo-chichi*s foii, foon repulfed them, 
 and utterly f.'uQrated their ficheme : and though one 
 of the foits of St. Simon was abandoned upon this in« 
 vafion of the Spanhrds, yei upon the general's ap- 
 proach they abandoned it with fome precipitation. 
 
 Georgia has not a very fertile foil ; but is a goed 
 barrier, as has been faid, .^gaind the French and Spa* 
 fiiards, with their Indian allies ;. for which reafon the 
 parHament of Great Britain have at different times, as 
 has , been already (hewn, granted confiderable fums for 
 planting and fortifying it : but mifundtrdandings arif*] 
 ing between the general and the government of South 
 Carolina, (of which private aiiimpfity we had but tool 
 many fatal inftances in the late war with Spain) this 
 colony is not in fuch a defenfible (late as to refift the 
 attacks of the French and Spaniards ; and befides, the 
 general, was not fupplied wiih the neceilary ftores, norJ 
 properly feconded by thofe mod nearly concerned in| 
 the event of hifi entcrprifes« 
 
 After pafling the above*mentioned bars, fhips meet 
 with a fecure and comn^odious harbour in the moutt 
 of the Savannah river : and to the S. of it is a 
 more capacious road, called Tekyfound, where a large 
 fleet may anchor in between lO and 14 fathoms waterJ 
 being landlocked, and#aving a fafe enfrance over tl 
 bar. The tide of flood generally rifes on this coafttG 
 fevcn feet. - 
 
 In Georgia are feveral towns already built by th^ 
 trudees of that colony j particiilsily two already kaovn 
 
NORTH AMERICA. aij 
 
 In trade, namely, Savannah and AugufVa, befides 
 Ebenezcr, all three (ituated on the river of the 
 former name. Savannah is the capital of the 
 colon y : and in the S. divifjon of Georgia isFredericar 
 on the iiland of St. Simon, in the mouth of th.e river 
 Alatamha, with feveral forts to defend the ifland and 
 neighbouring country. 
 
 The reverend Mr. John Weftley, who a few yeara^ 
 ago was minifter of Savannah, to which he went over 
 with Mr. Oglethorpe, and had a particular conference^ 
 there with fome of the chiefs of the Chickefaw Indians, 
 gives us an account of their fenfe of a divine providence 
 in the following particulars ; and how well they were 
 thereby prepared for receiving the- gofpe?. They fa id' 
 that they believed that there are four beloved things* 
 above ; namely the clouds, th« fun, the clear iky, and' 
 he who lives in it ;. that he made all men at firil out 
 of the' ground ; that if he will, he can fave men from ' 
 their enemies, be they ever fo numerous, and deflroy 
 them ilk They^ acknowledged that when bullets fievv- 
 thick on each fide of them, and though they had even* 
 entered the bodies of fome of them, he (the good-be- 
 ing) did not fufTer them to hurt the one, or kill the o- 
 ther : that when their enemies came againft them, the' 
 beloved clouds came in their behalf : fo that much raiiv 
 had often fallen upon them, and fomecimes hail, and 
 that m a very hot day : that when many> French andi 
 In^avis came againft one of their towns, the beloved 
 ground made a noife under them, and the beloved ones- 
 in the air behind them, like that- of drums, guns, anc^ 
 ihouting ; whereupor» their enemies were afraid, and 
 all went away, leaving their provifions and guns 
 behind them. The Indians added, that they always 
 think of thefe beloved ones wherever they are : that 
 they talk of themi and to them, abroad and at home,- in 
 
 K 4 peace,. 
 
ai4 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 peace, in war, before and after battle ; and indeed 
 whenever, or wherever, they meet. They believed, 
 that the fouls of bad men walked up and down the 
 place where they died» or where their bodies lie : and 
 that there are onl^y a few whom the beloved one chufea 
 for children, axid is in them, takes care of them, and 
 teaches, them. ,, , . , 
 
 We (hall next proceed to the naturalhiflory of Geor* 
 gia. This country ' produces Indian corn, as alfo 
 wheat, oats, and barley, of which the two laft grains 
 grow heft. . Very good wheat is likewife reaped in 
 May ', and they mow the grafs in June. Here are 
 potatoes, pumkins, water and mufk melons, cucumbers, 
 all forts of i.nglifh green peafe (which, with proper 
 carQ and culture^ may be had almoft the whole year 
 found) and garden beans, but the Windfor fort will 
 not flourifli here ; Indian peafe, all forts of fallading 
 the year round, and all forts of fwcet herbs, and pot- 
 herbs: rice too, were it proper, might be cultivated 
 here with fuccefs. Here are nc^larinei, plums, and 
 peaches ; which three, efpecially the laft^ are almoft 
 k^3 common as appletrees are in Herefordihire^ The 
 plums are ripe the beginning of May ^ peaches and nec- 
 tarines the latter end of June. Here are no hazle* 
 nuts, but chincapins very fweet and good ; wild grapes 
 in abundance, which are ripe in June i as alfo four or 
 five forts of good windberries ; prefimmins, much like 
 our medlars ; wild chenies, that grow in fprays like 
 currants, and are not much larger, but tafte lie a fmall 
 black cherry, and are ripe in May. Here are a few 
 Engliih cherries in the gardens and orchards ; alfo 
 apple, pear, and a few apricot-trees: many of the 
 apple-trees bear twice a year ; but the latter crop is 
 fmall. Here are great quantities of white mulberry 
 crcesi the fruit of which is not to compare with thofe 
 
NORTH AMERICA.- 14T 
 
 ef England, though the leaves arethebefl food for the 
 filk worms. Olives flourifii here in the greateft per- 
 fection; and fo do oranges, efpecially in the S. pait 
 ef the province, where an orange-tree has been known» 
 in feven years, to rife 15 feet from the root to the 
 branches. The chief timbeftreet, are pines in a* 
 bundance, fix or feven fpecies of oafas^ hiccory, black 
 walnut, cedar, white and black cyprefs, white and red 
 horels, bays, myrtle^ of whofe berries they make can- 
 dles; failifras, an infufion of which makes good drink ;- 
 beecb*tree6| and many others which have no parti* 
 cular name. In fome places here the land is as^ 
 good as any in England, were there but hands e^ 
 BOugh to cultivate it. 
 
 This country siffbrds a great deal of wild game, par-^ 
 (iculariy in winter, that is, from the beginning of No-- 
 vember to the month of March; fuch as wild geefe,'^ 
 ducks, teals, and widgeons, wild turkeys from 20 to^ 
 3P pounds weight, turt!e*doves in abundance, curlews^, 
 fand-birds, woodcocks,. and partridges, but much fmall« 
 er than in Englfind; deer, a creature between a rab-^ 
 bit and a bare, which is very good eating: and when 
 it is very cold weather in the northern parts of Ame« 
 rica, here are vail flights of wild pigeons, which arc 
 very eafy to (hoot. The chief game here in the fum* 
 mer feHon is deer and ducks, which latter are called 
 fummer»ducks ; and the poorer fort of people kill 
 great numbers of pofibms and racoons: the pofToms, 
 if young and fat, eat very much like a fucking pig ; 
 and the tafte of the racoons, which are commonly fat, 
 refembles that of lamb. ThepofToms have a falfe bel- 
 ly, or natural pouch, into which the young ones run if 
 they are frighted ; and then it immediately clofes up 
 like a bag or purfe. Here are many tygers, but 
 fmalliand bearsi the fiefh of whofe cubs eats like that 
 
 K 5 of 
 
 1:11 
 
 ii 
 
 m 
 
 ft*-" f »• 
 
 }i 
 
226 THE HISTORY O t 
 
 of young pigs. Here arc wild cattlctand wolves, that 
 often run away with the calves of the tame ones. In 
 the woods are abundance of fnakes, but none veno- 
 mous, except the Mtile fnake; for the bite of which, 
 however, the Indians have a fccret and fure remedy, 
 if applied in a little time after it. In the rivers arc 
 abundance of (harks and alligators. Here is plenty of 
 iiih, which, in fummer efpecially, arc very cheap, 
 fuch as trouts, mullet, whitings, black-iifh, rock-fi(h, 
 (heeps-heads, drum-fifli, bafs, fturgeon, w!t ch are h?rd 
 to catch, and fundry other very good krnas. With re- 
 gard to fhell-fifh, here are oyfters innumeiable, but 
 not fo good as the Engliih, crabs, clams, muflels, 
 coucks, and prawns, {o large that Haifa fcore of them 
 will ferve a moderate flomach. 
 
 Frovifions here are all at a reafonable rate; .as is 
 the beer of Old England, the rum of our plantations, 
 Lifbon and Madeira wines, (which la(t is the principal 
 wine drank here) likewife brandy. Here are oranges 
 and limes very cheap, and ere long will be much 
 cheaper, great quantities having been lately planted. 
 In the mean time they have oranges from Charles- 
 town, in Carolina. Soap is made here very cheap, as 
 in Georgia is plenty of pot a(hes. 
 
 But of all manufactures, none feems fo pra£ltcable, 
 and withal To beneficial here, as the raifingof filk, the 
 foil of Georgia being extremely proper for the culture of 
 mulberry- trees, and the climate no lefs agreeable to filk* 
 worms. There are great hopes too of raifingwineherein 
 time, though hitherto this has met with fome difficul- 
 ties. The external coat of the natural grape produ- 
 ced here is not (Irong enough to contain the juice : fo 
 that, when ripe, it burfis. The frofts about the ver- 
 nal equinox often kill the vines alfo, when (hooting : 
 and with regard to European grapes^ many of them 
 
 are 
 
NORTH AM 5 R I C A. 227. 
 
 are deflroyed by the inftds of this country. Yet ex- 
 perience has ihetvn, that by grafting the European on- 
 the wild vine, all thefe inconveniencies are in a good 
 meafure prevented : for then it (hoots later, and -thus 
 efcapes the frofl better, the (kin of the grapes becomes 
 thicker and ftronger, and the infefls do the lefs barm. 
 Some vines brought hither from Portugal and Madeira 
 have thriven very well, even in the moil bar: <rn parts 
 of the province. In fine, nothing is wanting in this 
 country but a fufficient number of inhabitants, to 
 render our fettlement as fruitful and beneficial as- 
 it is pleafant. 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 Defcription of Canada. ^ehec, 
 
 ,. > ' . • 
 
 CANADA is 800 miles in length, and 200 
 in breadth, being between 61 and 81 degrees 
 wed longitude, and 45 and 52 degrees north latitude. 
 The French comprehended under the.r^ame of Canada,, 
 a very large territory, taking into their claim part of 
 New Scotland, New England $ind New York, on the 
 eaft; and to the weft, extending it as far asthe Paci- 
 fic Ocean. That part, however, which they have 
 been able to cultivate, and which bore the face of a 
 colony, lay -chiefly upon the banksof the river St. Law- 
 rence, and the numerous fmall. rivers falling into that 
 ftream. This being reduced by the Briti(b arms in the 
 late war, is now formed into a Britifh colony, called 
 the Province of Quebec. 
 
 The climate of this exten five province is not very 
 different from the northern colonies, but as it is much 
 further from the fea, and more northerly than a great 
 part of thefe provinces, it has a much feyerer winter, 
 
 K 6 though 
 
 mm: 
 
[V 
 
 2a8 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 chough the air U gentraily clear ;» but like mod of thoTe 
 Americaa tracts, that do not He too far to the north* 
 wardi the fummera are very hot and exceeding ples^ 
 fant. 
 
 Though the climate be coId» and the winter long 
 and tediottSt the foil is in general very good, and in 
 many parts extremely fertile^ in whear, barley, rye, 
 with other forts of grains, fruits, and vegetables ; to- 
 l^acco, in particular, thrives well, and is much culti- 
 vated. The ifle of Orleans, near Quebec, and the 
 lands upon the river St. Lawrence, and other rivers, 
 are remarkable for the rit^hnefs of their foil. The 
 meadow grounds io Canaditi^^bich are well watered 
 yield excellent grafs, and breed vad numbers of great 
 and fmall cattle* 
 
 The uncultivated parts of North America, contain 
 the grcateft foreftt in the world. They are a con- 
 tinued wood, not planted by the hands of men, and 
 in all appearance as old as the world itfelf. Nothing 
 is more magnificent to the fight j th^ trees loie chem- 
 ielves in the clouds, and there i« HSlch a prodigious 
 variety of fpecies, that even among thofe perfons who 
 have taken moft pains to know them, there is not one 
 perhaps that knows half the number. The province 
 we are defcribing, produces, amongft others, two forts 
 of pines, the white and the red \ four (brts of firsi 
 two forts of cedar oak, the white and the red \ the 
 male and female maple \ three forks of a(h-trees, the 
 free, the mungrel, and the baftard; three ibrts of 
 wallnut-trees, the hard, the foft, and the fmooth ; vaft 
 numbers of beech-trees, and white wood ; white and 
 red elms, poplars. The Indians hollow the red elms 
 into canoes, fome of which, tnade out of one piece, 
 will contain ao perfons; others are made of the bark, 
 che di^'erent pieces they few together with the inner 
 
 rind, 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 229 
 
 rind, and daub over the feams with pitch, or rather a 
 bituminous matter refembling pitch, to prerent their 
 leaking; and the ribs of thefe canoes are made of 
 boughs of trees. About November, the bears and 
 wild cats take up their habitation in the holloir elms, 
 and remain there till April. Here are alfo found 
 cherry-trees, plum-trees, the vinegar-tree, the fruit of 
 which, infufed in water, produces vinegar; an aquatic 
 pknt, called alaco, the fruit of which may be made 
 into a confefiion; the white thorn; the cotton tree, 
 on the top of which giow feveral tufts of flowers, 
 which, when ihaken in the morning, before the dew 
 falls ofF, produces honey, that may be boiled up into 
 fugar, the feed being a pod, containing a very fine 
 kind of cotton ; the fun-plant, which refemble« a ma* 
 ligold, and grows to the height of feven or eight feet; 
 Turky corn, French beans, gourds, melons, capillair^i 
 and the hop-plant. 
 
 Near Quebec is a fine lead-mind, and in fome of 
 the mountains, we are told, filver has been found, 
 though we have not heard that any great advantage 
 has been made of it as yet. Tliis country alfo aboundi 
 with coals. 
 
 The rivets branching through this country are very 
 numerous, and many of them large, bold, and deep. 
 The principal are, the Outtauais, St. John's Segutnay» 
 Defprairies, and Trois Rivieres; but they are all fwal- 
 lowed up by the river St. Lawrence. This river 
 iflues from the lake Ontario, and takes its courfe norch- 
 ezRf wafhes Montreal, where it receives the Out- 
 tauais, and forms many fertile iflands. It continues 
 the fame courfe, and meets the tide upwards of 400 
 miles from the fca, where it is navigable for large 
 veiTels; and helovr Quebec, 3 <o miles from the Tea, 
 it becomes broad, and fo deep that (hips of the line 
 
 contributed^ 
 
 
 I 
 
X 
 
 130 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 contributed, in the lad war, to reduce that capital.* 
 After reeciving in its progrefs innumerable Oreams, 
 this great river fall into the ocean at Cape RoGeres, 
 vhere it is 90 miles broad, and where the cold is in- 
 tenfcy and the Tea boiilerous. In its progrefs it forms 
 a varie.ty of bays, harbours, and iflands, many of them 
 fruitful and extremely pleafant. 
 
 The great river St. Lawrence, is that only upon 
 vbich the French (now fubje^s of Great Britain) have 
 fettlements of any note ; but if we look forward into 
 futurity, it is nothing improbable that Canada, and 
 thofe vaft regions to the weO, will be enabled of 
 tbemfelves to carry on a confiderable trade upon the 
 great lakes of frefli water, which thefe countries 
 environ. Here are five lakes, the- fmallefl of which 
 IS a piece of fweet water, greater than any in the other 
 parts of the world} thefe are, the lake Ontario, which 
 is not lefs than 200 leagues in circumference; £rie^ 
 or Ofwego, longer, but not fo broad, is about the fame 
 extent. That of the Huron fpreads greatly in width, 
 and is in circumference not lefs than 300, as is that 
 of Michigan, though like lake Erie, it is rather long 
 and comparatively narrow. But the lake Superior^ 
 which contains feveral large iflands, is ^00 leagues in 
 the circuit. AH of thefe are navigable by any vefTelsf 
 and they all communicate with one another, except 
 that the pafTage between Erie and Ontario, is inter- 
 rupted by a (lupendous fall or catara£V, which is called 
 the fall of Niagara. The water here is near a mile 
 wide, where the rock crclTes it, not in a diredl line, 
 but in the form of a half- moon. When it comes to 
 the perpendicular fall, which is 170 feet, no words 
 can exprefs the confternation of travellers at feeing fo 
 great ;i body of water fallin^^ or rather violently 
 thrown, from (b great an height, upon the rocks be- 
 
 lowj 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 231 
 
 low i from whence it again rebounds to a very great 
 height, appearing white as fnow, being all converted 
 into foam through thofe violent agitations. The noifc 
 of this fall is often heard at the diflance of fifceea 
 miles, and fomc times much farther. The vapour 
 arifing from the fall may fometimes be feen at a great 
 diflance, appearing like a cloud* or pillar of fmoakf 
 and in the appearance of a rainbow, whenever the fun 
 and the pofition of the traveller favours. Many bealU 
 and fowls here lofe their lives, by attempting tofwim, 
 or crofs the dream in the current above the fail, and 
 are found daflied in pieces below, and fometimes the 
 Indians, through carelefTnefs or drunkennefs, have 
 met with the fame fate ; and perhaps no place in the 
 world is fre<]uented by fuch a number of eagles as are 
 invited hither by the carnage of deer, elks, bears, &c, 
 GO which they feed. The tiver St. Lawrence, as we 
 have already obferved, is the outlet of thefe lakes*, by 
 which they difcharge thetnfelves into the ocean. The 
 French have built forts at the feveral ftraits, by which 
 thefe ?akes communicate with each other, as well as 
 where the laft of them communicates with the river. 
 Dy thefe they effedualiy fecured to themfelves the trade 
 of the lakes, and an influence upon all the nations of 
 America which lay near them. 
 
 Thefe make the mod curious, and hitherto the moft 
 interefting part of the natural hiftory of Canada. It 
 is to the fpoils of thefe that we owe the materials of 
 many of our manufactures, and mod of the commerce 
 as yet carried on between us and the country we have 
 been defcribing. The animals that find iheher and 
 nourishment in the immenfe fofeft;* of Canada, and 
 which indeed traverfe the uncultivated parts of all this 
 continent, are (lags, elks, deer, bears, foxes, martins^ 
 wild cats, fenctS; wcfels, fquirrels of a large fize ahd 
 
 greyi:h ' 
 
 
 .) I 
 
 I 
 
 
232 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 greyiih hue, hares, and rabbits. The fouthern parts 
 in particular breed great numbers of wild bulls, deer 
 of a fmall CizCf divers forts of roebucks, goats, wolves, 
 &:c. The marHies, lakes, and pools, which in this 
 country are very numerous, fwarm with otters, l^earera 
 or cadorS) of which the white are highly valued, be- 
 ing fcarce, as well as the right black kind. The 
 American beaver, though refembling the creature 
 known in Europe by that name* has many particulars 
 which render it the mod curious animal we are ac- 
 quainted with. It is near four feet in length, and 
 weighs fixty or feventy pounds ^ they live from fif- 
 teen to^ twenty years, and the females generally bring 
 forth four young ones at a time. It is an amphibious 
 quadruped, that continues not long at a time in the 
 wateri but yet cannot live without frequently bathing 
 in it. The favages, who waged a continual war with 
 this animal} believed it was a rational creature, lived in- 
 ibcietyi and was governed by a leader, refembling 
 fheir own iachem or prince. It mud needs be allow- 
 ed, that the curious accounts given of this animal by» 
 ingenious travellers, the manner in which it contrives 
 its habitation, provides food to ferve during the win* 
 ter, and always in proportion to the continuance and 
 feverity of it, are fufficicnt to (hew the near approaches 
 of inftindi to reafon, and even in fome inftances the 
 fuperiority of the former. Their colours aire different^ 
 black, brown, white, yellow, and drawcolouri but if 
 is obferved, that the lighter their colour, the lefs quan- 
 tity of fur they are cloathed with, and live in warmer 
 climates. The furs of the beaver are of two kinds» 
 the diy and the green ; the dry fur is the ikin before 
 it is applied to any ule; the green are the furs that 
 are worn, after being fcwed to one another, by the In- 
 dians} who befmear them with unctuous fubdances, 
 
 which 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 533 
 
 wTiich not only render them more pliablei but give 
 the fine down that is manufactured into hats, that oily 
 quality which renders it proper to be worked up with * 
 the dry fur. Both the Dutch and £ng]i(h have of 
 late found the fecret of making excellent cioths, gloTCi» 
 and (lockings, as well as hats, from the beaver fur. 
 Befides the fur, this ufeful animal produces the true 
 caftoreum, which is contained in bags in the lower 
 part of the belly, different from the tefticles ; the va- 
 lue of this drug is well known. The flefh of the bea- 
 ver is a moft delicious food^ but when boiled it has a 
 difagreeable relifli. 
 
 The mu(k rat is a diminutive kind of beaver, 
 (weighing about five or ^ pounds) which it refem- 
 bles in every thing but its tail ; and it affords a veryf 
 ftrong mufk. 
 
 The elk is of the fize of a horfe or mule. Many 
 extraordinary medicinal qualities, particularly for cur« 
 ing the falling ficknefs, are afcribed to the hoof of the 
 left foot of this animal, hs fle(h is vrry agreeable and 
 nourifliing, and its colour a mixture of light-grey anil 
 dark-red. They love the cold countries; and when 
 the winter affords them no grafs, they gnaw the bark 
 of trees. It is dangerous to approach very near- this 
 animal when he is hunted, ^ as he fometimes fprin|{s 
 furioufly on his purfuers, and tramples them to pieces. 
 To prevent this, the hunter throws his clothes to Him, 
 and while the deluded an*mal fpends his fury on thefe, 
 be takes proper meafures to di^atch him. 
 
 There is a carnivorous animal here, called the car« 
 cajou, of the feline or cat kind, with a tail fo long, 
 that Charlevoix fays he twifted it feveral times round 
 his body. Its body is about two feet in length, from 
 the end of the fnout to the tail. It is faid, that this 
 animal, winding bimfclf aboat a tree, will dart from 
 
 thence 
 
 I 
 
ft34 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 thence upon the elk, twid his firong tail round his* 
 body, and cut his throat in a moment. 
 
 The bufFaloe, a kind of wild ox, has much the fame- 
 appearance with thofe of Europe; his body is cover- 
 ed with a black wool, which is highly eftecmed. The 
 flefh of the female is very good; and buffaloe hides 
 are as foft and pliable as chamoes leather, but fo very 
 ftrong, that the bucklers which the Indians make ufe' 
 of are hardly penetrable by a muflcet ball. The Ca- 
 nadian roebuck is a domeftick animal, but differs in 
 no other refpedt from thofe of Europe. Wolves are 
 fcarce in Canada, but they afford the fined furs in all 
 the country: therr flrOi is white, and good to eat; 
 and they purfue their prey to the tops of the tailed 
 trees. The black foxes are greatly efleemed, and 
 very fcarce; but thofe of other colours are more com- 
 mon; and fome on the Upper Miflifippi are of a fil- 
 ver colour, and very beautiful. They live upon wa- 
 ter-fowls, which they decoy within their clutches by 
 a thoufand antic tricks, and then fpring upon and de- 
 vour them. The Canadian poll-cat has a mod beau* 
 tiful white fur, except the tip of his tail, which is as 
 black as jet. Nature has given this animal no defence 
 but its urine, the fmell of y^hich is intolerably naufe-* 
 ous; this, when attacked, it fpcinkles plentifully on 
 its tail, and throws it on the affailant. The Canadian 
 wood-rat is of a beautiful filver colour, with a bufliy 
 tail, and twice as big as the European : the female 
 carries under her belly a bag, which die opens and 
 ihuts at pleafure; and in that die places her young 
 wben purfued. Here are three forts of fquirrels ; 
 that called the flying fquirrel, will leap 4 c paces and 
 more,, from one tree to another. This little animal 
 is eafily tamed, t^d is very lively, except when aflecpi 
 vrhicb is often the cafe ; and he puts^ up wherever he 
 
 caa 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 235 
 
 can find a place, in one's fleeve, pocket or muff^ he 
 firft pitches on his mafter, whom he will diftinguiih 
 among 20 perfons. The Canadian porcupine is lefs than 
 a middling dog; when roafted, he eats full as well as a 
 fucking pig. The hares and rabbits differ little from 
 thofe in £urope, only they turn grey in winter. There 
 are two forts of be^rs here, one of a reddifh, and the 
 other of a black colour; but the former is the mo(t 
 dangerous. The bear is not naturally fierce, unlefs 
 when wounded, oroppreffed with hunger. They run 
 themfelves very poor in the month of July, when it is 
 fomewhat* dangerous to meet them; and they are faid 
 to fupport themfelves during the winter, when the 
 fnow lies from four to fix feet deep, by fucking their 
 paws. Scarce any thing among the Indians is under* 
 taken with greater folemnity than hunting the bear i 
 and an alliance with a noted bear-hunter, who haft 
 killed feveral in one day, is more eagerly fought after 
 than that of one who has rendered himfelf famous in 
 war. The reafon is, becauCe the chace fupplies the 
 family with both food and raiment. 
 
 Of the feathered creation, they have eagles, falconsi 
 go(hawks, tercols, partridges, grey, red, and blacky 
 with long tails, which they fpread out as a fan, and 
 make a very beautiful appearance ; woodcocks are 
 fcarce in Canada, but fnipes, and other water-game^ 
 are plentiful. A Canadian raven is faid by fome wri* 
 ters to eat as well as a pullet, and an owl better. 
 Here are black birds, fwallows, and larks ; no lefs 
 than twenty- two diiFe'£nt fpecies of ducks, and a great 
 number of fwans, turkeys, geefe, buflards, teal, wa« 
 ter-hens, cranes, and other large water fowl ; but al- 
 ways at a diilance from houfes. The Canadian wood- 
 pecker is a beautiful bird. Thrufties and goldfinches 
 are found heic ; but the chisf Canadian bird of melo* 
 
 It*- 
 
 dm' 
 
136 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 dy 18 the wbite-bird, which 18 a kind of ortolan, very 
 ihowy, and remarkable for announcing the return of 
 fpring. The iiy-bird 18 thought to be the mod beau- 
 tiful of any in nature ; with all his plumage, he ia 
 no bigger than a cock-chafer, and he makes a noife 
 with his wings like the humming of a large fly. 
 
 Some writers are of opinion that the fiOieries in Ca* 
 nada, if properly improved, would be more likely to 
 enrich thaf country than even the fur trade.. The ri* 
 ver St. Lawrence contains perhaps the greateil variety 
 of any in the world, and thefe in the greatefE plenty 
 and of the beft forts. 
 
 Befides the great variety of other fifli in the rivers 
 and lakes, are fea- wolves, fea cows, porpoifes, the 
 lencornet, the goberque, the fea plaife, falmon, trout, 
 turtle, lobfters, the chaouxafou, (lurgeon, the archi- 
 gan, the gilthead, tunny, (had, lamprey, fmelts, con- 
 ger eels, mackarel, foals, herrings, anchovies, and 
 pilchards. The fea- wolf, fo called from its howling, 
 is an amphibious creature ; the largeft are faid to 
 weigh 2000 pounds $ their fiefii is good eating : but 
 the profit of It lies in the oil, which is proper for 
 burning, and currying of leather) their (kins makf 
 excellent coverings for trunks, and though not fo fine 
 as Morocco leather, they preferve their freflinefs bet* 
 ter, and are lefs liable to cracks. The (hoes and 
 boots made of thofe ikins let in no water, and, when 
 properly tanned, make excellent and lafting covers for 
 feats. The CanafHan fea -cow is larger than the fea* 
 wolf, but refembles it in figure : * it has two teeth of 
 the thicknefs and length of a man's arm, tbati when 
 grown, look like horns, and are very fine ivory as 
 well as its other teeth. Sobie of the porpoifes of the 
 river St. Lawrence are faid to yield a hogfhead of oil ;. 
 and of their ikins waiftcoats are made^ which are ex" 
 
 celliva 
 
NORTH AMERICA. ^37 
 
 ceilive ftrong and inu(ket proof. The leocronet is a 
 kind of kuttle-fifh, quite round, or rather oval ; there 
 are three forts of them* which differ only in (i^e ; 
 fome being as large as a hogOiead, and others but a 
 foot long ; they catch only the Iaft» and that with a 
 torch : they are excellent eating. The goberque has 
 the taOie and fmell of a fmall cod. The fea plaife is 
 good eating ; they are taken with long poles armed 
 with iron hooks. The chaourafou is an armed fiib» 
 about five feet long, and as thick as a man's thigh» 
 refembling a pike ; but is covered with fcales that are 
 proof againft a dagger : its colour is a (ilver grey ; and 
 there grows under his mouth a long bonyj^ubftance^ 
 ragged at the edges. One may readily conobivei that 
 an animal fo well fortified is a ravager among the in* 
 habitants o( the water : but we have few inftances of 
 fifli maljiing prey of the feathered creation, which this 
 fifh does, however, with much art. He coiiceals 
 himfelf among the canes and reeds, in fuch a manner 
 that nothing is to be feen befides his weapons, which 
 he holds raifed perpendicularly, above the furface of 
 the water : the fowls, which come to take reft, ima« 
 gining the weapon to be only a withered reed, perch 
 upon it, but they are no fooner alighted, than the filh 
 opens his throat, and makes fuch a fudden motion to 
 feize his prey, that it feldom efcapes him. The filh 
 is an inhabitant of the lakes. The (lurgeon is both a 
 frefh and fait* water fifh, taken on the coaft of Canada 
 and the lakes, from eight to twelve feet long, and 
 proprrtionably thick. There is a fmall kind of flur« 
 geon, the fieOi of which is very tender and delicate. 
 The achigan, and the giithead, are fiOi peculiar to the 
 river St. Lawrence. Some of the rivers breed a kind 
 of crocodile^ that differs b^t little from tbofe of the 
 Nile. ' . 
 
 Before 
 
t3» T H E H 1 S T O R Y F 
 
 Oefore the late war, the banks of the river St. Law* 
 rence, above Quebec, were vaftly populous, but wc 
 cannot pcccifely determine the number of French and 
 Engliih fettled in this province, who are undoubtedly 
 upon the encreafe. The different tribes of Indians in 
 Canada are almoft innumerable *, out thefe people are 
 obfcrved to dccreafe in population where the Euro- 
 peans are mod numerous, owing chiefly to the immo- 
 derate ufe of fpirituous liquors, of which they are cx- 
 ceflfively fond. But as liberty is the ruling pafHon of 
 the Indians, we may naturally fuppofe that as the £u* 
 ropeans advance, the ibrmer will retreat to more di» 
 ilant regions. 
 
 All ink accounts I have feen of Quebec are fo 
 faulty and deficient, that, I believe, I (hall not 
 difpleafe you by a true reprefenUtion of this capi- 
 tal of New France. It indeed merits you( know- 
 ledge, were it only on account of the (ingularity of 
 its fituation, for perhaps it is the only city in the 
 world, that can boafi a frefh water harbour, capable 
 of containing one hundred men of war of the line,^ at 
 o^e hundred and twenty leagues diflance from the 
 fea. It lies on the mod navigable river in the uni- 
 vcrfe. 
 
 The river St. Lawrence up to the ifle of Orleans, 
 that is, for about one hundred and twelve leagues 
 from its mouth, is no where lefs than from four or 
 five leagues broad, but above, that ifle it narrows fO} 
 that before Quebec it is net above a mile over. Hence 
 this place got the name of Quebeis, or Quebec, which 
 in the Algonguin tongue fignifies a (traitning, or 
 Arait. The Abenaquis^. whofe language is a dialedb 
 of the Algonguin, call it Quelibec, which fignifies a 
 place fliut up or concealed, becaufe, as you enter from 
 the little river of Chandierei by which thefe favages 
 
 come 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 239 
 
 come to Quebec from Acadia, the point of Levy, 
 which jets out beyond the ifle of Orleans, entirely 
 hides the fouth channel of the river St. Lawrence^ as 
 the ifle of Orleans that on the north ; fo that from 
 thence, the pott of Quebec appears like a large bafon^ 
 ■or bay, land-locked on all fides. 
 
 The firft obje£t, which prefents itfelf on entering 
 the road, is a beautiful cafcade, or fheet of water, a* 
 bout thirty foot broad, and forty high, which appears 
 juft at the entry of the little channel of the ifle of Or- 
 leans, and is feen from that long point on the fouth of 
 the river, which, as I obferved, hides the ifle of Or- 
 leans. This cafcade is^ called the fall of Montmoren* 
 cy, and the point, the point of Levy, in honour of 
 two fucceflive viceroys of new France ; viz. the ad- 
 miral Montmorency, and his nephew the duke of 
 Ventadour. One would naturally conclude that fo 
 plentifula fall of water, which never decreafes» (hould 
 proceed from a large river. It is however only fup- 
 plied by an inconfiderable brook, which in fome 
 places is not ankle deep, but it never dries up, and 
 ifl^ues from a fine lake, about twelve leagues diHaut 
 from the fall. 
 
 The city lies a league higher on the fame fide, and 
 in the place where the river is narrowed. But be* 
 tween it and the ifle of Orleans is a bafon, a full 
 league in diameter every way, into which the river 
 St. Charles empties itfelf from the north-weft. Que- 
 bec (lands exa£lly between the river and Cape Dia- 
 mond, which advances out behind it. The anchor- 
 age, or road, is oppofite in twenty five fathom, good 
 giound : however when *hc wind blows hard at north- 
 caft, (hips often drive, but without danger. 
 
 When Samuel Champlain founded this city in one 
 thoufand (ix hundred and eight, the tide fometymeg 
 
 , . flow'd 
 
340 THE HISTORY Of 
 
 fiowM to the foot of the rock ; fince that time the ri- 
 ver has by degrees retreated, and left dry a large fpace 
 of ground, on which the lower town is built, and 
 which at prefent is fufiiciently elevated above the wa^ 
 ter mark, to fecure it from any fears of inundation. 
 The firft thing you meet at landing is an open place 
 t>f a middling compafs, and irregular form, with a 
 row of houfes in front tolerably built, having the rock 
 behind them, fo that they have no great depth. Thefe 
 form a pretty long ftreet, which take up all the breadth 
 of the ground, and extend from right to left to two 
 paflages which lead to the high town* This opening 
 is bounded on the left by a fmall church, and on the 
 f i^ht by two rows of houfes running parallel to each 
 other. There is alfo another range of buildings be* 
 tween the church and the port, and along the fliore, 
 «s you go to Cap& Diamond ; there is a pretty long 
 row of houfes on the edge of a bay, callect the Bay 
 of Mothers ; this port may be regarded as a kind of 
 fuburb to the lower town. 
 
 Between this fuburb and the latter you afcend to 
 the high town, by a pafiage fo fteep, that they have 
 been obliged to cut (leps in the rock, fo that it is not 
 only pra£kicable on footj but as you turn front the 
 lower town to the right hand, there is a way more 
 oafy, with houfes on each (ide. In the place where 
 thefe two paflages meet, begins the high town towards 
 the river, for there is another part of the lower town 
 towards the river St. Charles. The firft building you 
 iBcet, as you afcend from the right hand^ is the epif- 
 copal palafpe ; the left is furrounded with houfeSb As 
 you advance about twenty paces further, you find 
 yourfelf between two fquares. That on the left is the 
 place of arms, adjoining to the fort, which is the re* 
 fidence of the governor-general $ oppofite to it is the 
 
 convent 
 
ne the rl- 
 arge fpace 
 built, and 
 re the wa- 
 lundatioo. 
 3pen place 
 (n, with a 
 g the rock 
 th. Thcfc 
 :he breadth 
 eft to two 
 is opening 
 ind on the 
 llel to each 
 ildings be* 
 
 the fliorei 
 pretty long 
 ,i the Bay 
 
 a kind of 
 
 a afcend to 
 ; they have 
 at it 18 not 
 n from the 
 way more 
 lace where 
 n towards 
 iwcr town 
 ilding you 
 8 the cpif- 
 ufesh As 
 you find 
 left is the 
 is the rc- 
 lo it is the 
 convent 
 
 NORTH A M E R I C A. 241 
 
 ccnvcnt cf RecoUedls, and part of the rcmainJer of 
 the fquare is furrounded with well-built honfes. 
 
 In the fquare on thft right (lands the cath Hral 
 church, which is the only parifh church in the city. 
 The feminary lies on one fide in a corner, formed by 
 the great river and the river iSt. Charles i oppofite ths 
 cathedral is the Jefuits college, and in the fpace be*- 
 tween handibme building^s. Frorti the place of arms 
 run two ilrcets, croflcd by a third, and which form a 
 large fquare or ifle, entirely taken up by the church 
 and convent of Recollects. The fccond fquare has 
 two defcents to the river of St. Charles, one very fl^ep, 
 joining to the feminary, with but few houfes ; the 
 other near the Jefuits inclofure, which winds very 
 much, has the hofpital on one fide about midway, and 
 is bordered with fmall houfes. Ihis goes to the pa-- 
 lace, the refidcnce of the intendant of the province. 
 On the other, fide the Jefuits College near their church 
 is a pretty long ftrect, with a convent of Urfuline 
 nuns. As to the red, the high town is built on a 
 foundation of rock, partly marble and partly ilate ; it 
 has greatly increafed wi:hin twenty years paft. 
 
 Such is the topography of Quebec, which takes up 
 a coifiderable extent. The houfes are large, and all 
 of ftone, yet there are reckoned but about feven thou- 
 fand fouls. To give a fuller idea of this city, I (hall 
 now fpeak of its principal edifices, and conclude witlv 
 its fortifications. 
 
 The church in the lower town Was built in confe- 
 quencc of a vow made during the ficge of Qu^ebec, in 
 one thoufand fix hundred and ninety. It is confc- 
 crated by the name of our lady of victory, and ferves 
 as a chapel of eafe to tlie inhabitants of the lower 
 town. The building is plain, its chief ornament be- 
 ing its neatnefs and fimplicity. Some fibers of the 
 
 L ccn* 
 
 W J»W ' 
 
 ■»-*•»" 
 
24* THE HISTORY OF 
 
 congregation are fettled between this church and the 
 port } their number i« four or five, and they keep a 
 fehool. 
 
 The biOiop'; palace is a long quadrangle) and a fine 
 ilru£lure. 
 
 The cathedral would make but a mean figure in one 
 of the fmaik'ft French towns ; j^idge then if it merits 
 to be the only epifcopal fee of the French empire in 
 America, an empjre of greater extent than that of the 
 ancient Romans, (ts architecture, the choir, the 
 grand altar, and chapels have all th« air of a country 
 church. The mod tolerable part is a very high tower, 
 folidly built, apd which at a diftance makes no ill ap- 
 pearan'je. The feminary, which join$ this church, is 
 a large fquare, and has a]l the conveniences proper to 
 this climate* From the garden you fee the road, and 
 the river St. Charles, as far the fight can reach. 
 
 The fort is a haindfome building with two wings. 
 You enter by a fpacious and regular court, but there 
 is no gardeOf b^a^ufe it is built on the ridge of a rock. 
 This defe£l is fupplied in fome meafure by a fine gal- 
 lery, with a balcony, or balluflrade, which furrounds 
 the building. It commands the rc^d, from the mid- 
 die of which a fpeaking trumpet may be beard, and 
 you fee all the lower town under your feet. Leaving 
 the fort to the left, you crofs a pretty large efplanadj, 
 and by an eafy defcent you reach the fummit of Cape 
 Diamond, which forms a natural platform. Befides 
 the beauty of the profpe£t hence, you breathe the 
 pur eft air, and may fee numbers of porpoifes, white 
 as fnow, playing on the furface of the waters. On 
 this Cape alio are found a kind of diamonds, more 
 beautiful than thofe of Alencan ; I have feen fome as 
 well cut by nature, as if they had been done by the 
 abkft aiti^^i Formerly they were abundant here, and 
 
 hence 
 
and the 
 ^ keep a 
 
 uid a fine 
 
 ire in one 
 - it merits 
 empire in 
 ihat of the 
 jhoir, the 
 a country 
 igh tower, 
 no ill ap- 
 church, is 
 s proper to 
 ; road, and 
 each. 
 
 two wings, 
 but there 
 c of a rock, 
 a fine gal- 
 furrounds 
 n the mid- 
 beard, dnd 
 Leaving 
 cfplanadj, 
 it of Cape 
 Befides 
 Ibreathe the 
 ifes, white 
 atere. On 
 nds, more 
 en fome as 
 |done by the 
 X here, and 
 hence 
 
 N O R T H A M E R I C A. 143 
 
 btnce this Cape took its name ; but at prefent they 
 tre rarely found. The defcent on the fide of the 
 country is yet i^ore eafy than that from the efpla- 
 nade. 
 
 The fathers Recalle£l have a large and fine church, 
 Cuch as might eten do them honour at Verf<iilles. Ic 
 IS neatly wainfcotted, and adorned with a large gal- 
 lery, a little clumfy, but the work around well Wrought. 
 This part is the work of a lay-brother ; nothing is 
 wanting, but it wouU be proper to remove fome pic- 
 tures coarfely daubed, the rather as F. Luke has paint* 
 ed others, which need not fuch foils. The convent 
 is anfwerable to the church, large, (Iron^ly built, t^nd 
 commodious, with a fpacious garden, kept in good 
 order. 
 
 The convent of the Urfulines has fufFered twice by 
 fire, as well as the feminary. Their revenue is be- 
 fides fo fmall, and the portions they receive with the 
 young Canadian ladies fo i neon fid erable, that the fiid 
 time their monaftery was burnt, the government were 
 > going to fend them back to Fraace. They have how- 
 ever (Stikd means to recover themfelves each time. 
 They are cleanly and commodioufly lodged \ this is 
 the eflc£b of the good reputation they have in the co- 
 lony, as well as owing to their frugality, temperance, 
 and induflry. They gild, they embroider, and in 
 general are all employed ; what they do is generally 
 in a good tafle. ^ * 
 
 The Jefuits' college is a noble building. It is cer^ 
 tain, when Quebec was only a confufcd heap of French 
 barracks, and hutts of favages, this edifice, the only 
 one of ilone, except the fort, made fome figure. Its 
 fituation is no way advantageous, being deprived of 
 the view of the road, which it formerly enjoyed, by 
 the cathedral and feminary, fo that it only CQmmanda 
 
 Is 2 the 
 
ft44 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 the adjoining fquare. The court is fmall and dirty, 
 and looks like that of a farm-houfe. The garden is 
 large, and well kept, and is terminated by a fmall 
 wood, the remains of that ancient foref}, which once 
 covered the whole mountatn; The church has no- 
 thing beautiful without, but a handfome chapel. It 
 is covered with (late, in which it has the advantage of 
 all the churches of Canada, which ar« only foofed 
 avith planks ; the inHde of it is highly ornamented. 
 The gallery is light, bold, and has a baUuHrade of 
 ifoni painted, gilt, and delicately wrought. The pul- 
 pit is all gilt, and the wood and iron work exqui- 
 ^te. The three ajtars are well placed, and there aie 
 fome good pi£lures. -It -has no roof^ b^it a flat deling, 
 well wrought. The floor is of wood and not Aone, 
 which makes this church warm, while others are in- 
 fupportably cold. I ihall not mention the four pillars 
 x)f a cylindrical form, ef porphyry, jett black, with- 
 out fpeck, or veins, which La Honton has placed o- 
 •ver the great akar. No doubt they would -make a 
 better figure than the prefent ones, which are hollow, 
 and coarrely noarbled. This writer had been pardon* 
 able, if he had difguifed the truth only to beautify the 
 church. 
 
 The Hotel Dieu, or hofpltal of Quebec has two 
 great halls, appropriated to the difl^erent fexes. The 
 beds are clean, the fick carefully attended, and every 
 thing commodious and neat. The church lies behind 
 the women's apartment, and has notliing remarkable 
 but the great altar, whofe painting is fine. This 
 houfe is ferved by the nuns hofpitailers of St. Augude 
 of. the congregation of the mercy of Jesus, who 
 fifd came here from Dieppe. Their apartments are 
 convenient, but according to appearances their funds 
 are too fmall to make any progrers. And as their houfe 
 
 ~ is 
 
 h fiti 
 which 
 tolera 
 Th 
 becaui 
 large 
 and to 
 The fi 
 river t 
 you er 
 fide of 
 The g; 
 which 
 only pj 
 rock. 
 
 Abo 
 the gen 
 ing in 
 town i 
 this fpc 
 bee, re 
 and lai 
 buildinj 
 of this 
 St. Cha 
 do not 
 - The 
 wiiere 1 
 he alfo 
 He coni 
 pitdl an 
 place, 
 rable ev 
 thers,' V 
 getting 
 
 « J;^w . » 
 
 -atCjiA. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 145 
 
 h fituated on the (lope of the hill, on an eminence 
 which commandi the river St. CharleSi they have a 
 tolerably good profpe£t. 
 
 The houfe of the intendant 11 called the palaccy 
 becaufe the fupreme council afletnble« here. It is a 
 large building, vhofe two extremities (ink feme feet, 
 and to which you afcend by a double flight of (leps. 
 The front of the garden, which has a profpe£t to the 
 river St< Charles, is muc'.i more agreeable than that 
 you enter at. The king's magazines form the righr 
 (ide of the court, and the prifon lies behind them. 
 The gate you enter at is hid by the mountain, on^ 
 which ftands the high town, and which on this (ide 
 only prefents the eye with a (teep and difagreeable 
 rock. 
 
 About a quarter of a league in the country Qands^ 
 the general hofpital ', this is the moft beautiful build- 
 ing in Canada, and would be no difgrace to the finefb^ 
 town in France. The Recolle£ls formerly poC^tiTc^ 
 this fpot of ground. M. de St. Valicr, biQiopof Que- 
 bec, removed them into the city,, bought their right,, 
 and laid out one hundred thoufand crowns in the. 
 building, furniture, and endowment. The only fault 
 of this edifice is its marfhy fituation ; but the river 
 St. Charles in this place, making a turn, its waters* 
 do not flow eafily, and the evil is without remedy. 
 
 The prelate founder has his apartment in the houfe, 
 wiiere he ufually refides ; his palace in the city, which 
 he. alfo built, he lets out for the benefit of the poor. 
 He condefcends even to officiate as chaplain to the hof- 
 pitdl and the nuns, and performs the duties of that 
 place, with a zeal and afliduity that would be admi- 
 rable even in an ordinary pried. Tradefmen,. or 0- - 
 thers,' Wjjofe great age deprives them of the means of 
 getting their fubfiftcnce, are received on this founda-- 
 
 L 3 tion 
 
 -•r'*' 
 
246 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 tion as far t^ the number of beds will allow, and artf 
 ferved by thirty nuns. It is a coUny of the Hotel 
 Dieu at Qu^ebec, but to di{lingui(h them, the bifliop 
 lias made fome peculisfir regulations, and thofe admit- 
 ted here wear a filver crofs on their breaft. The nuna 
 tor the mod part are of good families^ andv as they 
 are often poor, the blfhop has given portions to feve- 
 ral. 
 
 I have already faid the number of people does not 
 exceed feven thoufand : But amongft theCe you find a 
 £ele£l Beau Monde ; whofe converfatioo is delirable ; 
 a governor- general with his houfhold, nobility, offi- 
 cers ', an tntcndant with a iupreme council, and in« 
 £enor magiftrat:fs, a commifTary of marines, a grand 
 provoft, a grand hunter, a grand mafter of waters and 
 and foreds, whote jurifdi£lion is the long^fl in the 
 world, rich merchant!^, and fuch as appear to live at 
 ca'V a bifliop and numerous feminary ; two colleges 
 of Recollects and Jcfuits^ three nunneries^ polite af- 
 fen^ biles, both at the lady governefs's and lady inten- 
 dv^nt's i fo that it is fearce pof&ble but a man muil pafs 
 iii- time agreeably in this city. 
 
 - Indeed every body here contributes to this end, by 
 parties at cards, or of pleafure, the winter in fleds, 
 QT on {k<*i ., the fumrner in chaifes, or canoes. Hunt* 
 ing is mu> h ufed, fevera) gentlemen having no other 
 refource. . As to news indeed there is Httle, becaufe 
 the country affords none, and the packets from Eu* 
 rope come all at a time, but Uien they fumifh matter 
 of difcous'fe for fome months : The fciences and arts 
 have their turni aad embcUilh. conyerfation. 
 
 Q iL ArS* 
 
 J 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 247 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 Defcription of Florida* 
 
 FLOHIDA is a country of North America, fitua- 
 ted on the E. fjcic of tht Mifliflippi- river, and 
 ertending to fhc W. frontiers of Carolina and Georgia. 
 Th« natne of Florida has been given by the Spaniards 
 to aH that part of the contfnenti Jying N. of the gulph 
 of Mexico, and bordering on the Atlantic ocean t6 
 the £. At prefent it has different names : for within 
 fhefe limits are comprifed moft of the Engli(h colonies 
 in North America, and thofe parts called by the French 
 Loaifiania, and Newr France. But fome feparate Flo- 
 fida from New France on the N. by the Apalachian 
 mountains, and the gulph of Mexico on the S. Ftori^ 
 da Proper is, at prefent, that peninfula lying between 
 Georgia and Cape FJorida, between lat. 25 and 3 c N. 
 and between Jong. 81 and 85 W. the principal, and 
 almoit the only place pofTefTed by the Spaniards, being 
 the town of Sr. Augufline, which is defended by a 
 fort a little way from it. But the town is very fmall, 
 a^od the fort not able to refill the ufual force employed 
 f(\ a fiege, though it has bafH'^d fome attempts made 
 by the Englifh to take it in the iate war with Spain : 
 but it muft be allowed to have*beeii with a force hard- 
 ier equal to that of the garrifon, and in want of the 
 proper neccflaries for a fiege. The cape of Florida is 
 iicuated in lat. 1^, 20 N. loilg. 80. 20. W. 
 
 The stir of Florida is pure and temperate, and tha 
 ccrantry, in general, healthy : being but a few degrees* 
 N. of the tropic of Cancer. It U fubjeCk rather to • 
 
 L 4 heact 
 
 r'J 
 
 I 
 
 -f 
 
 llfei 
 
248 T H E H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 hcuc than cold : but though the former is rometimes 
 very great» it is tempered by the Tea- breezes *, and 
 towi^rds ihe Apalachian mountains the air is general- 
 ]y cool. And to this is afciibed, that the natives, 
 who are of an olive-colour, and well (haped, are oFa 
 large Hze, more robuH and. agile, and Longer lived than 
 the Mexicans. 
 
 The country abounds with all forts of timber and 
 fruit trees, eipecially oaks, firs, pines, but thef» lad 
 without bearing fruit, nut-trees, fmali cherry-trees, 
 mulberry trees, both* white and red lentifques, limes, 
 chefnut, cedar, laurel, and palm-trees, with vines, 
 which grow naturally, of which lad is a kind whofe 
 grapes are larger and better than thofe in France ; 
 prune, op plumbitrees, the fruit of which is rtry de- 
 licious : thel'e they eat plentifully from the trees, and 
 l;eep fome dried for winter- provifion ; perhaps thefe 
 plumb* are what are otherwifc called piakimines j they 
 have alfb logwood, and many other dying woods, 
 nirubs,.fuftic, &c. But the tree moft valuedMn this 
 country is lafTafraSj which the natives of Florida called 
 palama, or pavama ; and large quantities of it are ex* 
 ported, every year, from this country. It nevec rifes 
 to a greater height than a fmall pine. It grows on 
 the (liorei and on the mountains ^ but always in a foil 
 neither too^ dry, nor too moift. The drink made of 
 it is ligKt, has an aromatic taOe and fmell, refembling 
 that of fennel, and is hot in the fecond degree. When 
 feveral trees rf fafFafras are together, in the fame place, 
 they diiTufe an odour, which differs but little from that 
 of cinnamon. 
 
 The Spaniards of San Mattheo, and St. Auguftine, 
 namely, thofe on the rivers Dauphine and May, ha- 
 ving been almofl every one feized with fevers, from 
 ufing bad food| and muddy unhealthy wateri were 
 
 told 
 
F , 
 
 fometimes 
 :?es •, and 
 8 general- 
 le natives, 
 1) are of a 
 lived than 
 
 imber and 
 theftf lad 
 lerry-trees, 
 Lies, limes, 
 'Lth vines, 
 lind whofe 
 in France ; 
 is very de- 
 trees, and 
 rhaps thefe 
 lines j they 
 ng woods, 
 uedMn this 
 Drida called 
 f it are ex* 
 nevec rifeg 
 grows on 
 ys in a foil 
 ik made cf 
 refembling 
 ree. When 
 ame place, 
 e from that 
 
 Augu 
 
 (line. 
 
 May 
 
 1 ha- 
 
 vers, 
 
 from 
 
 rateri 
 
 were 
 
 
 told 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 249 
 
 told hy the French to take faffafras in the fame man- 
 ner as they had feen it ufed by the favages. Thefe 
 cut the root into fmall pieces, which they boiled in 
 water, then drinking the liquor failing, and at iheir 
 meals, it perfcclly cured them. Several other expe- 
 riments have been made with it : and if we may be- 
 lieve them, there is hardly any malady which can 
 withitand the efEcacy of this drink. It was their fole 
 remedy, and univerfal prefervative in Florida:, but 
 when they are fcarce of provifions they do not ufe it, 
 becaufe it would create an eager appetite, dill more 
 infupportable than any diforder whatever. They add, 
 that faflafras is an admirable fpecific againft the vene- 
 real diilemper. . But it appears that the favages have 
 recaurfe more frequently to an herb the French call 
 efquine, not only againd ciiis terrible diforder, but a- 
 gainil all thofe that are contagious. In feveral mala- 
 dies they cut in little bits the roots, fmall boughs^ 
 and leaves of the faiTafras, and make a decodlion in the 
 following manner. They deep an ounce of it for a 
 whole night ^ in twelve pounds of water ; then they 
 boil all this on a gentle fire, till the water is evapora- 
 ted to a third part. But in this, regard mud be had 
 to the temperament of the patient, who ought to ob*^ 
 ferve an exa£l regimen all. the time he ufes this reme- 
 dy. , It is even afTurcd, that this deco£lion is very per- 
 nicious, when the malady is inveterate, or the patient 
 very .weak. Some, before they ufe this remedy, purge 
 themfelves very drongly; and this is the fureft way: 
 but others are content to make ufe of this deco£lion 
 for their common drink, mixing a little wine with it, 
 and ufe no previous evacuation. ^ 
 
 It is certain that faiTafras has always been looked 
 upon as an excellent remedy againd complaints in the 
 domach and bread j and generally againd all maladies 
 
 L 5 which 
 
 i I 
 
 m 
 
150 THE HISTORT OF 
 
 which proceed from cold. Francis Ximenes relates, 
 that happening to be in the bay o( Poncode Leon, and 
 in great want of water, he bethought himfelf to cut 
 ibme Aiffafras into fmall pieces, and deep it in a fort 
 of water^ almod as fait as that of the fea -, and that at 
 rhe end of eight days he drank of the water, and found 
 jt very fweet. 
 
 Among the fhrubs of this country, the moft re*- 
 markable is cafiina, or apafachine; and among their 
 fimpl.ts, th;y particularly boa(l of apoyomatfi, or pat- 
 2i(iranda ', which the aforefaid XimeneS' describes, as 
 having leaves which refemble thofe of leeks, but long- 
 er, and mor^ ilcndf r : its Halk is a fort of ra(h, full 
 df pulp, knotty, and a cabit and a half in height. 
 The flower i» fmaU and narrow, the root flender, very 
 }ong, full of knots or buAches, ro)i«id and hairy. The 
 Spaniards call thefe, chapelets de Sainte Helena, and 
 the French, palenotes. Thefc ffnall knobs^ when cut 
 and expofed to the fun, become very h»rd, black in 
 the infide, and white without. They have ait aro- 
 matic fnrell, nearly refembling that of Galangals. 
 They arc hot and dry iiv the third d«gre« ; fcinething 
 aftringent and reiinous : however, they are net to he 
 met with but in moid and watery places. 
 
 The favages, after bruiHng the leaves of this plant 
 between two ftones, procure from hence a juice> with 
 which they rub their bodies all over, aftfi' bathing ; 
 being perfuadcd, that it fortifies the fkin, and com« 
 municates an agreeable odour to it. The Spaniards 
 have learned of them alfo to reduce this Chvaple to a 
 powder, which they take in wine, when they are at* 
 tacked with the (lone, and for difeafes of the reins 
 caufcd by fonie ohdru£tion. They brui^ it^ and take 
 it in broth for diforders of the bread. They apply it 
 in plailleis for Uopping the too great velocity of the 
 
 . • blood, 
 
"NORTH A M EH I C A. 251 
 
 Mood, fortifying the (lomach, »nd caring pains of the 
 matrix.' And laflly, it is pretended, that upon all 
 this coa(t of Florida to Mexico, they fometimes gather 
 swibergriii the beft of which is worth if» weight in • 
 gold* -> - 
 
 The many rivers with which Florrda -is watered, 
 not only abound with fifh, btit render it inferior to 
 no country, either in pleafantnefs or fertility* The 
 cosd incfeed is fandy ; but a little further from* the 
 Tea the foil is fo good as to yield* all' forts of grains, 
 without the leaft trouble in the world. The meadows 
 abound with grs^fs, and the woods fwarm with deer, . 
 gi^ats, roebucks, iWo kinds of lions, leopards, Wolves, 
 hoi^s, rabbirsr &c. With regard to the winged fpc- 
 des, here are vadr numbers of tsfkeye^ partridges,, 
 parrots, pelioatM, budard^, pheafams> pigeons, ring* 
 doves, turtles, bhK^'k- bird^, thru4Bes^ herons, dorks, 
 cranes, fnipes, eaglesigofs hawks, feleonsf and all 
 birds of prey ; fwans, geefe) ducks, and many others 
 peculiar to America, the moll beantifQl in the world 
 both for variety of feathers, and delicate colours. 
 
 Almoft every where they have two- crops of Indian 
 com in a year, and in fome parts of the country, 
 three : and it is faid, that when the new crop comes 
 in, they throw away a great part of the old for want ' 
 of room in their granaries^ All along" the coafl, and 
 two or three hundred miles up the country from the 
 fea, they have the root mandlhoca^ of which the caOa- 
 VA flour and bread is made in the greateft part of A* 
 merica, betwixt the two tropics \ and it is reckoned as - 
 good as our manchet, and fix times cheaper. Here is 
 another fort of grain like our oats, and when rightly 
 prepared, exceeds our beft out meaL It grows fpon- 
 taneoully in marfhy places, and by the fides of rivers, 
 like rudies. The Indians, when it is ripe, take hand* 
 
 L. 6 . fuls:, , 
 
2JZ THE HISTORYOP 
 
 fuls, and (liake them into their canoes, and v/h^i e- 
 fcapes them, falling into the water, produces, without 
 Tii^y further trouble, the neit year's crop. In Floiida 
 t^ty have alfo the tunas, a mod delicious food, efpe- 
 dally in hot weather; and fo wholefome, that when 
 ripe, ^uxopeaiis call it the cordial* j-ulap. 
 
 '1 here is good beef, veal, and m-utton, with plen* 
 ty of hogs, efpecially on the fea coaft ; acorns, cocoa* 
 nuts, and other mafts. Here are not only cattle for 
 draught oi the Tartar breed, but horfes for the faddle : 
 the latter fo incredibly cheap, that one may be pur« 
 chafed for £ve {hillings worth of European goods at 
 ptime cod, and a good one for an ordinary hatchet. 
 Their cattle tiave along black for t of hair, or rather 
 wool, fo fine, that with fome fmall - mixture, it is 
 thought It would be preferable to common wool for 
 hats, cloathingy and otbei neceflaries. 
 
 Beddes the above-mentioned wild animals, they have 
 elks, or buffaloes, panthers, bears, wild cats, beavers^ 
 others, foxes, racoons, fquirrels, martins, and a rat 
 with a bag under his throat, into which it receives its 
 young, uhen forced to fly. Though cotton grows 
 wild here in great plenty, yet it is not manufa£tuied ; 
 and fome of the mod civilized nations in this coun- 
 try, efpecially thofe of the better fort, are cloathed 
 with a fubdance like good coarfe ferviceable linen in 
 Europe, ^rery white, and made of the inward bark oi 
 trees that abound here, and faid to be as durable. Of 
 the fame, and other barks, they make thready cords^ 
 and ropes. 
 
 Pearls are to be found here in great autindance ; 
 But the Indians value our beads more. Upon the 
 whole coad, for 200 leagues, are (everal vad beds 
 of cyders : and in fiefn water lakes, and rivers, is a 
 foit of (hell'ddi between a mufcle^ and a pearl- oyder, 
 
 ia 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 253 
 
 in which is found abundance of pearls, and many 
 larger than ordinary. Here are two forts of cochineal i 
 one of the wild forty which is far inferior to what is 
 cultivated in the gardens and fields ; and the plant of 
 which indigo is made, is very common in molt of the 
 fouch parts of this province. 
 
 From Cape Florida to Mexico, both to the E. anrl 
 W. of the MKTilIippi, is to be found alfo, efpecially 
 after high fouth winds, a fort of ilone'pitcb, which 
 the Spaniards, who call it copper, moiflen with greafe, 
 and ufe it for their veflcls in the nature of pitch ; than 
 which they fay it is much better in hot countries, it 
 not being apt to melt. On both fides the MilTidippi 
 are feveral fprings and lakes which produce excellent 
 fait. The plants producing hemp and flax are very 
 common in this country ; and that fort of Oik grafs^ 
 of which are made fuch (luHs as come from the Eaft 
 Indies, called hsrb-ftuffs. Vaft flights of pigeons 
 come hither at certain feafons of the year for above a 
 league in lengthy and half as broad ; which rood on 
 the trees in fuch numbers, that they often break the 
 boughs. In many places are mines of pit-coals, and 
 iron -ore is alfo found near the furface of the earth, 
 from which a metal is extracted little inferior to fteel. 
 Here are alfo fome mines of quickfilver, or ratht^r the 
 mineral from which it is extratted, and only ufed by 
 the natives to paint their faces and bodies in time of 
 war, or on high feftlvals. In diverfe parts of Florida 
 are^lfo great quaniicies of orpiment and fandaracha. 
 
 With regard to the topography of Florida to the E. 
 of the MiflifTippi, Mr. Cox fays, that about twelve 
 miles above its mou:h a branch of it runs out on the 
 E. fide, wbich, after a courfe of 160 mile^, falls into 
 the N. E. end of the great bay of Spirito Santo. That 
 at fird it is very narrow and (hallow, but by the ac- 
 
 cefTion 
 
 mt. 
 
 %■ 
 
 
2S$ T H E H I S T O R Y O P 
 
 oefTion of feveral large ft reams and ti^uhts, it becomes 
 a very pretty river, navigable by tb< grcateft boats and 
 ifloops V dnd form« pleafant lakes, particularly Punt-* 
 obartrain. 
 
 About (ixty leagues hightr up on the ^. (ide is the 
 river oi Yafona, which comes into the MifRflippi, two 
 or three hundred miles out of the country ; and its 
 borders are inhabited by che nations of tbe Yafones, 
 Tounicaii, Kowronas, fcc. Sixty leagues higher is 
 the river and nation of Chongue, with fome others to 
 the £r Thirty leagues higher, the MtiTiflippi receives 
 a river which ifiues from a lake about ten miics diAam, 
 tfwenty miles long, and receives four large rivers. 
 1. The Gaiqui, or Cofates, the mod fouthern of thefe 
 being the river of the Cherokees, a mighty nation, 
 among which are its principal fuurces. It comes from 
 the S. £. and its heads are among the mountains 
 which feparnte this cour}try from Carolina, and is the 
 great road- of the traders from thence to the Mrffiflippi, 
 »nd intermediate places. Forty leagues above the 
 Chicazas, this river forms four delicate' iilands, name* 
 ly, Tahogale, Kakrck, Cochali, and Taly ; and thefe 
 have each a nation inhabiting them. 2. The river 
 Onefpere, which, about 30 leagues to the N. E. of 
 the lake, divides into two branches, of which the 
 moft fouthern if called the BJack-river ; but with very 
 few inhabitantd upon either, thefe having been de- 
 ftroyed, or driven away by the Iroquois. The heads 
 of this river are fituated in that vaft ridge of moun- 
 tains which run on the back of Carolina, Virginia, 
 aiW4 Maryland, through which mountains is a ftiort 
 paflage to the fources of the great river Polomack on 
 the E. fide of them; by which the Indians may ouq 
 time or other, in conjunttiaii with the French of Mif- 
 filTippiy infult nad harafs our colonks jud mentioned. 
 
 3. The 
 
iccomes 
 ats and 
 ' Pont-* 
 
 e is th« 
 ►pi, two 
 and its 
 -afones, . 
 igher is 
 thers to 
 receives 
 didant, 
 rivers, 
 of thcfe 
 nation, 
 >cs fronn 
 ountains 
 id is the 
 tiTiflippi, 
 ove the 
 name- 
 nd thefe 
 he river 
 k. E. of 
 ich the 
 ith very 
 ►cen de- 
 e heads 
 moun- 
 irginiay 
 a ihort 
 ack on 
 [lay one 
 oi Mif- 
 tioncd. 
 3. The 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 2^5 
 
 3. The river Ohio, or Hohio, is more to the N. Ic 
 is a vad river which comes from the bacic of New 
 York, Maryland^ and Virginia. In the Indian Ian* 
 guage it (Ignifies a fair river, and is navigable for (Ix: 
 hundred miles. It runs through the mod pleafant ' 
 countries in the world, and receives ten or twelve ri- 
 vers, befides innumerable rivulets. Several nations 
 formerly dwelt on this river, s the Chawanoes, of 
 Chouanons, a great people, who, with many others,- ' 
 were totally extirpated by the Iroquois, who mader« 
 this river their nfual road, when they entered into »■■' 
 war with the nations either to the S. or W. 4. The 
 mod northerly river which runs into the faid lake, and 
 which comesy like the reft, from the N. £. is the 
 Ouabacha, or St. Jeremy's river. Twenty-five leagues^ 
 above the Ohio is the great iiland of the Tamkroas, 
 with a nation oppofite to it that goes by its name; and 
 another by that of Catiokia, who dwell on the bank» 
 of the ChepuiTo. Thirty leagues higher is the river 
 Checagou, or the river of the Illinonecks, corruptly 
 called by the French the river of the Illinois ; which 
 nation lived upon this river i-n about (ixty towns, and 
 confided of 20,oco fighting men, before they were 
 deftroyed by the Iroquois, and driven to the W. of 
 the MiiTifTippi. This k a large pleafant river ; and 
 about is^ miles above it^ entrance into the Miflfinippt 
 is divided into two branches : the IcfFer comes from N. 
 and by E. and its Tource is witWn four or five miles 
 of the W. fide of the great lake of the lllenonccks, or 
 Michigan. The largeft comes diretlly from the E. 
 and iflues from a morafs within two miles of the rivcf 
 Miamiha, which ru^ns into the fame lake. On the 
 S. E. fide is a communication between thefe two ri« - 
 vers, by a- land carriage, of twd' leagues, about fifty 
 miles to eho S« £. of tbe lake. The courfe of the 
 
 Checagou 
 
 c 
 
 'N 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
aj6 THE HISTORY OP 
 
 Checagou is above four hundred miles navi^^able above 
 half way by (hips*, ant molt of the reft by Hoop) and- 
 barges. It receives many fmall rivers, and forms two 
 or three lakes ; one efpecially called Pimeteovi^ twen- 
 ty miles long, and three broad, which affords great 
 quantities of good fiih *, as the adjacent country docs 
 game both of fowls and bealls. Befides the ilieno* 
 necks, are the nations Fronaria, Cafcafquia, and Ca- 
 racolanon *, and on the N. branch dwell part of the- 
 nation of the Mafcontans. On the S. £. bank of the 
 river Checagou, M. de Sale ere£led a fort which he= 
 called Crevecoeur, or Heart- breaker, on account of 
 the troubles he met with here. The fort Hands about 
 half way betwixt the gulph of Mexico and Canada^ 
 and was formerly the ufual road of the French to and 
 from both, till they difcovered a (horter and eafier 
 palTage by the rivers Ouabacke and Ohio, which rife 
 PA a fmall dillance from the lake Erie, or fome rivers 
 entering into it. £ighty leagues higher, the MiiTif- 
 iippi receives the Mifconfiag, a river refembling that 
 of the Illinonecks in breadth, depth, and cOurfe ^ and 
 the country adjacent to its branches is alike pleafant 
 and fruitful. Sixty miies before it falls into the Mif- 
 rinippi5 it is joined by the river Kikapou^, which is 
 alfo navigable, and comes a great way from the N. 
 W. Eighty miles farther, almpd diredlly E. is a 
 communication by land-carriage of two leagueS) with 
 the river Mifconqui, which runs to the N. E. and 
 after a paffage of 15 c miles from the land carriage, 
 talis into the great bay of Ponkeontamis, or the Puans, 
 Hhich joins on the N. W. fide to the great lake of 
 the Illinonecks. Higher up the MiflirTippi is the ri- 
 ver Chabadcba, above which the Miffiflippi forms a 
 fine lake twenty miles long, and eight or ten broad. 
 Ten miles above that lake is the river Tortoifcs, a 
 . large 
 
le above 
 >opi and- 
 rnis two 
 'ts twen- 
 ds great 
 itry docs 
 5 Uleiio* 
 and Ca- 
 rl of the- 
 Ilk of the 
 which he 
 count of 
 ids about 
 
 Canada v 
 :h to and 
 mil eafier 
 /hich rile 
 tie rivers 
 e Miffif. 
 jling that 
 jrfe •, and 
 e pleafant 
 
 the Mif- 
 
 which is 
 m the N. 
 E. is a 
 
 Lies, with 
 
 L £. and 
 carriage, 
 
 le Puans, 
 lake of 
 
 lis the ri« 
 
 forms a 
 
 n broad. 
 
 toifcs^, a 
 
 large 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 257 
 
 large fair river) which runs into the country a good 
 v/ay to the N. £. and is navigable forty miles by the 
 larged boats. 
 
 ;. With regard to the rivers which do not communi* 
 cate with the Mifliflippi, only two large ones are be- 
 twixt it an^ the peninfula of Florida, namely, the Co- 
 za, CouflTa, or Mobile, and Palache. The diflance 
 between thefe two rivers to the £. is about 190 miles; 
 and the coad between them is very deep and bold. 
 The chief harbour betwixt them alfo, and indeed the 
 bed upon all this coad of the gulph of MexicO) is Pen* 
 facola. 
 
 In lat. 26^. ^6". and a good way upwards, the 
 coad of the main land of Florida cannot be approach- 
 ed, by reafon of its being bordered with iflands and 
 peninfulas *, mod of which are very low and barren, 
 and between thefe hardly canoes of bark can pafs. £- 
 very where on this coaft is dielter for vedels, and 
 fometimes a little fifhing and hunting, it appears 
 that few ravages inhabit this part of the country. But 
 this coaft is the kingdom, as it were, of oyfters, as the 
 great bank of Newfoundland, the gulph and river of 
 ht. Lawrence, are that of ' od and haddock. All the 
 low lands on the coaft, as far as they can be approach* 
 ed, are bordered with mang]er>trees, to which adhere a 
 prodigious quantity of fmall oyfters, of an exquifite 
 tafte. Others a great deal larger, and not fo deli* 
 ciousy are to be met with in the Tea j and that in fuch 
 numbers, that they form ihelves therein, which at firft 
 one takes for rocks level wiih the furface of the wa- 
 ter, 
 
 French Florida, or New France, as Tome accounts 
 call it, is fituated between 30 and 36 degrees of N4 
 lat. namely from Cape Francois to Charles- fort. Its 
 foil is commonly fertile^ well watered, interfe^^ed by 
 
 various 
 
 I i 
 
25« T H E H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 rarious rivers, fomc of which arc pretty confideralle, 
 as mty be feen above ; all of diem ttztremcly aboancf- 
 ing M'ith Bfh, 
 
 ' It has long been thought that in this country ara 
 mines o( gold, (ilver, and copper; alfo pearls and pre- 
 cious fcones. But in proportion as things have been 
 hiore narrowly examinedi ie has been foun<l that in- 
 deed in fomc places there is copper, and pearls of a 
 forry kind in two or three rivers : but that the little 
 gold anol filver which has been obferved to be in the 
 hands of the favages, came f;om the ^aniards, a great 
 number of whom were (hipwrecked at the entrance of 
 the gulph of Bahama, and the adjacent coaTt of Florida. 
 Their veiTeis, for the moft part, being laden with the 
 riches of America, were often cafr away upon the 
 fand bankSf which are thick fown all along this coafc : 
 {& that the favages were careful to make advantage of 
 their misfortune; and it is remark?fl alfo; fhw^ thofe 
 of them who are nearefc the fea w-ere much becter pro* 
 Tided with the fpoils than foch as ffre more i nhind-. 
 
 Thefe barbarians are of a deeper hue^ and mort in* 
 cHning to red, than the favages of Canada ; and this 
 is the cfFc£]k of an oil with which they rub their bo« 
 dies, the nature of which it has not hitherto been pof* 
 fible to difcover. The difference, in other refpe£ts, 
 betwixt them and the other people of North America 
 is hardly perceivable. They are lefs cloathed, be- 
 cani^ they inhabit » warmer cottntry. They are 
 more fubje^b to their chiefsy which the French ac* 
 counts caH Faraouftis, or Paraeouftis, and to which 
 the Catlilians give the general appellation of Caciques. 
 But whatever idea' the Spani(h hidorians would wil- 
 lingfy convey to us about the power and riches of thefe 
 Caciques, they are reducible to very little at bottom. 
 The reft of tke natives of Fiortdsi are well- made, 
 
 - brave,. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 259 
 
 brave, am! fierce, yet for all that tra(flable, when thef 
 are treated with mildners and difcretion. They are 
 not io cruel towards their prifoners as the Canadians 
 •re ', and though they be men^eatcrs, as thefe are, 
 they do not pu^i inhumanity io far as to take pleafure 
 in feeing the fufferings of an unhappy wretch, or make 
 an art of tormenting him. They content themfclvea 
 with retaining in flavery both the women and chihiren 
 which they take in war : they facrifice men to the fun, 
 and it is made a duty of religion among them to eat 
 theflefh of fuch vidims. 
 
 . The Paraouftts are always at the head of their troops 
 when they march, and in the field of battle* holding 
 a head- piece, or a kind of armed mace in one hand, 
 and an arrow in the other. The baggage is carried 
 by hermaphrodites^ of which they have si great num« 
 ber in this country, if we may credit Rene de Lau- 
 donniere, who refided long among them. Thefe peo- 
 ple have alfo the ufage of kalping their enemies, or 
 taking the (kin oiF their headd, after kiHing them ^ and 
 in the< rejoicings, which follow a vi£kory, the old wo* 
 men ie«d the proceflion, having thefe hairy fcalps on 
 their hade ; at which time one would take them fof 
 real furies. The Paraouflis can determine nothing on 
 occafions of importaiice, without fir ft aifembling the 
 council^ where, before they fpeak on bufinefs, they 
 begin with fwailowing a large draught of caflina, or 
 apalachine, and afterwards they diftributc fome to all 
 thofe who compofe the aifembly. 
 
 The fun is in fome nkeafure the only deity among 
 the Floridians : all their temples are confecrated to 
 him ; buc the worfhip they pay varies according to the 
 diflFerent didri^s. It is given out, that- their merab 
 are very much corrupted throughout all Florida; and 
 that t|K Teoefcai dofeafe, which the iik% of. America 
 i have 
 
^m ^M . 
 
 arTo T H E H i S T O R Y b F 
 
 have communicated, is very common among them. 
 This at lea(t is certain, that the higher you approach 
 to Florida, in coming fram Canada, the more difor- 
 ders you find among the favager ; and what lewdnefg 
 is at this day to be feen among the Iioquois, and o- 
 ther nations ftill more northerly, is in a good meafure 
 derived from the intercom fe they have had with thofe 
 of the wcftern and fouthcrn countries. Polygamy is 
 not allowed in Florida, except to the P^raoullia, who 
 do not even give the name of wife but to one of their 
 women. The others are no more than real flaves, 
 and their children have no right to the fucctOion of 
 the father, thofe of the firft being only legitimate. 
 
 Great honours are paid to thefe chiefs during their 
 life, and ftill more after their death. The place where 
 they are buried is furrounded with arrows ftuck' in the 
 ground \ and the cup, out of which they ufed to 
 drink, is placed upon the tomb. The whole village 
 mourns, and fafts for three days. The huf v>f the de- 
 ceafed is burnt with every thing he himfelf made ufe 
 of, as if nobody were worthy to occupy them after 
 him Laftly, the women cut off their hair and Qrew 
 it over the grave, to which feveral go by turns for the 
 fpace of fix months,' in order to bewail the dead three 
 times a-day. The Paraouftis of the neighbouring 
 villages come alfo to pay their lad duty to the decea* 
 fed. 
 
 Almoft the fame ceremonies are ufed upon the 
 death of any of the minifters of their religion, who 
 arc likewife the phyfici^.ns of the country, and differ 
 but little from the jugglers of Canada, unlefs it be that 
 ihey are more addi^ed to forceries ; ana befides they 
 have to do with a more fuperftitious people. Almoft 
 the whole education which they givp their children 
 confifts in training them. up to run welly, witho^at any 
 
 diftin^ioii 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 261 
 
 di(lin£lion of (t% ; and prizes are propofed for fuch as • 
 excel in this exercife. Hence ic comes that ail of 
 them, both men and women, are of furprifing agility. 
 One perceives them at the top of the higheil trees be- 
 forff, as it were, one fees them climb. They are ve« 
 ry dexterous in drawing the bow, and darting a kind 
 of javelin, which they ufc in war with fuccefs. Lailly^ 
 they fwim very faft, and even the women, though 
 loaded with their children, which they carry in their 
 arms, or on their backs, crofs great rivers by fwim* , 
 ming. 
 
 M. Albert, having vifited feveral Paraouflis, one 
 of them, whofe name was Andufla, invited him to a 
 very fingular kind of feltival, celebrated in honour of 
 a deity which is called Toya. By the laws of tbe 
 country no flrangers are admitted to it : fo that great 
 precaution was taken to let the French fee it, without 
 their being perceived by the natives. Andufla firft 
 led them into a large place, or area, of a round figure, 
 which the women had cleaned very carefully. Next 
 morning at break of day a number of favages, painted 
 with different colour.*:, and adorned with plumage, 
 came out of the hut of the PataouOi, who was alfo up- 
 on the area, round which they ranged themfclves in 
 good order. After this three Jonas, for fo they call 
 their pricfl&, appeared in an odd drefs, with I know 
 not what inflrument in their hands. They advanced 
 to the middle of the place, where aftei they danced a 
 long time, by turning feveral times round, and fing- 
 ing in a very mournful tone, the aiTembly aniwered 
 them ill the lame note. *♦ 
 
 This they begun three times, when every one of 
 them takiiig their flight all at once, iS if fome panic 
 had i'eized them, fet on running with all their might 
 towads the neighbouiing wood. The women after 
 
 this 
 
 
 
 I 
 
2«2 THE HISTORY OF' 
 
 this took their huibands phKCS, and did nothing eKe 
 for the red of the day but mourn and wail : yet at in* 
 t^rvals they feemed to be furious, threw themfclvcs 
 upon their daughters, made incifious on their arms 
 with mufcle-niells, filled their hands with th« blood 
 which ifiued from the paihes, and ilung it into the 
 air, crying out thrice, He Toyt. AnduHa, who kept 
 company with the Frenchmen which be had placed 
 in a little corner, where they could not be perceived, 
 was not a little didurbcd upon feeing themf laugh ; 
 though he took no notice of it at that time. 
 
 The men continued for two days and two nights in 
 the woods; after which, coming back to the place 
 whence they had departed, they danced a-new, and 
 fung, but in a gayer Urain : they afterwards played fe- 
 deral pretty diverting tricks *, and the whole ended in 
 a grand feaft, at which they eat to excefs ; yet the 
 adtors oi the farce had tailed nothing all the time. 
 
 One of them told a Frenchman, that during the two 
 ^ays in the wood, the Jonas had called up the God 
 Toya, who fliewed himfelf to them : that they had 
 put f^veral quefiions to him, all which he anfwered ; 
 but that they durfl not reveal any thing they had heard, 
 for fear of drawing the Jonas difplcafure upon them. 
 We next (lull give fome further particulars about thefe 
 lavages. 
 
 The natives of both fexes wear only a deer- (kin 
 round their waiil : their legs and arms, in particular, 
 arc ftained by certain juices, with fevcral figures 
 which are indelible : they have long black hair, which 
 naturally falls down upon their (boulders i but they 
 have a method of combing, curling, and twifting it 
 about their heads ; fo that it looks very agreeably. 
 Their weapons are bows and arrows, which they ma* 
 i»ge with great dexterity j and they point the latter 
 
 with 
 
liing cKc 
 ret at in- 
 icmfclves 
 !>cir arms 
 tHe blood 
 into the 
 who kept 
 id placed 
 lerccived, 
 ai laugh i 
 
 tiigbts in 
 
 the place 
 
 •neW) and 
 
 played fe- 
 
 ; ended in 
 
 ; yet the 
 
 time. ^' 
 
 g the two 
 
 the God 
 
 they had 
 
 anfwered ; 
 
 lad heard, 
 
 Don them, 
 
 bout thefe 
 
 deer- (kin 
 particular, 
 al figures 
 air, which 
 
 but they 
 :wiiling it 
 [agreeably. 
 
 they ma- 
 
 the latter 
 with 
 
 i 
 
 M O R T H A M E R I C A. 263 
 
 trith fifli-bones, or (harp ftones. They are fubtle and 
 diHembiing, above all other Americans; but withal 
 bold and courageous. The women are remarkably 
 graceful and well-fhapCil : and are not only capable of 
 perfornting all domestic oiBces, but alfo bear their 
 hufbands company when they go either to hunt or to 
 war. All their corn is laid up in public granaries, 
 and didributed out to every family according to i^s 
 number ; the whole flock being fo contrived as to fervc 
 but half the- year, though the foil is capable of yield- 
 ing much more than they have occafion for: but they 
 fow no more than what ferves them for that term ; and 
 they live the refV of the year upon roots, dried fruit, 
 fleflii and filb, and are particularly fond of the croco* 
 dile's flefh, which is delicious and fmells like mufk. 
 Their common drink is water ; but are never withouc 
 a good quantity of liquor called cafTina, which they 
 drink as we do tea.^ It is an infufion of the leaves of 
 a tree of the fame name and mentioned above, whicli 
 is much valued for its diuretic quality. 
 
 With reji^ard to that part of Florida which borders 
 on the guiph of Mexico, England has had an undoubt- 
 ed title to it ever fince the reign of Henry VII. by 
 whole commiflfion Sebaflian Cabot difcovered all this 
 coafl fronting the Atlantic ocean from lat. 28 to 50 N. 
 about twenty years before it had been vi filed by any 
 otiver £4iropeans : then indeed the S. part of this con- 
 tinent towards the gulph, or flrcights of Bahama, was 
 Tiftted by the Spaniards under Juan Ponce de Leon ; 
 as it was ten years afterwards by Vafqucz Ayllon, in 
 1 3 27 by Pamphilo Navarrez, and in 4 534 by Fcrdi- 
 nando Soto : but their cruelties fo enraged the natives^ 
 that they expelled all one after another. The lad ex- 
 pediiion of the Spaniards hither was in 1558, by or- 
 der of Vdafco, then viceroy of Mexico : but falling 
 
 into 
 
 1 
 
 '] 
 
 i 
 
2'64 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 into feuds almoft as foon as they came, they returned 
 without making any fcttlement j nor have they ever 
 fince made any on this pirt of the continent, except 
 at St. AuguAine and St. Matiijew. 
 
 This province, called by the French Louifiana, was 
 named Carolina by king Charles I. in a grant which 
 ^he made of it, Oclober ;^o, in the 5th year of his 
 reign, to Sir Thomas Heath, knight, his attorney- 
 general. The extent of this grant, as fet out in the 
 charter, was all the continent on the W. of Carolina 
 from the river St. Mattheo ; fituatcd, according to the 
 patent, in lat. 31. N. (though fince found to lie cxatl- 
 )y in lat. 30. ic.) to the river PafTo Magno, in lat. 
 36. N. and extending in long, from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific ocean : a tra£l which was not then pofTijf- 
 fcd by any Chriftian power, together with all the if* 
 hinds of Veanis and Bahama, and feveral adjacent if- 
 lands lying S. from the continent within the faid de* 
 grees of lat. to be all called by the name of the Care* 
 lina iflands. Sir Robert Heath conveyed Carolina to 
 t^ie earl of Arundel, who was at the expence of plant- 
 ing feveral parts of the country ; but he was prevented 
 from further improvements by the war with Scotland, 
 in which he was general for king Charles ; a^nd after- 
 wards by the civil wars in England, and the lunacy 
 of bis fon. At the beginning of Cromwell's protec- 
 torate, captain Watts (whom king Charles II. knighted, 
 and made governor of St. Chriftopher's) being upon 
 this coad, and meeting with one Leet an Englifliman, 
 who was in great favour with the Paraoudi, or petty 
 king of the country, through his influence the Eng- 
 lifti were allowed to trade, and incited to fettle here. 
 Not long after this, Paraoufti alio fent an ambafiador 
 to England : and the En^liOi had divers tra£ls of land 
 given them by the Indians, and furveyed the conti- 
 nent 
 
 f#i'. 
 
— ■Il l l y 
 
 IS 
 
 ^turned 
 
 ey ever 
 
 except 
 
 ma, was 
 t which 
 r of hij 
 ttorney- 
 it ill the 
 Carolina 
 ng to the 
 ie cxa«fl- 
 }f in lat. 
 
 N O R T H A M E R I G A. 2(T; 
 
 kienty-oF which there is a map flill extant, for abov^ 
 2(J0 miles fquare. 
 
 It appears further from a memorial prefented to 
 kinpf William III. by the late Dr. Coxc, that the five 
 nations in the territory of New York, (callcil Iroquois 
 by the French) who have, for above eighty years, vo- 
 luntarily fubjecled themfelves to the crown of Eng- 
 land, and conquered all the country from their own 
 habitations to the MiinfTippi river, and even beyond 
 it ; made a fale and furrender of all thofe their con- 
 queAs and acquifuions in the reign of king James Ih 
 to the government of New York : which is another 
 proof of their being the property of the £nglifli. 
 
 Dr. Coxe, who, by conveyances from one to ano*- 
 ther after the death of the carl of Arundel, became 
 proprietor of Carolina, fets forth in the abovemeution- 
 ed memorial, that at the expence of feveral thoufand 
 pounds he had difcovercd divers of its parts ; firll from 
 Carolina, afterwards from Penfylvania by the Sufque- 
 hanah-river : and that then he had made a difcovery 
 more to the S. by the great river Ochequiton. 
 
 Here it is proper to obferve, that in September 
 1712, the late French kinf granted letter^^ patent iO 
 Mr. Crozat his fecretary for the fole trade to this cou«i ' 
 try, by the name of Louifiania, extending above icoo 
 miles along the coafl of the gulph of New Mexico; 
 and almod as much from the faid galph to Canada : 
 and it appears by the patent that the French altered 
 the names of the rivers, harbours, ^kc. as well as of 
 the country it/elf, which had been ufually called Spa« 
 ni(b Florida : and that under a pretenoe of a new dif* 
 covery of it, they declared themfelves poiTeflbrs of 
 this vad tra£i:, which had been difcovered and pofTeiTed 
 for 200 years, partly by the Spaniards, and partly by 
 the £ngli& : for by comparing the patent with the 
 
 M mapsi 
 
 1 
 
 ' ". 
 
'^66 T H E 11 I S T O R Y F 
 
 ^ maps, it is evident, that it inclofef? all the EnpJffli 
 coJonies of Carolina, Maryland, Pcnfylvania, New 
 Englmd, &c. 
 
 C H A P. XIII. 
 
 j4n Account of Nova Scotia. Halifax* 
 
 THIS country was, in the reign of Queen Eliza- 
 belli, confidered as a part of Virginia, and as 
 fucb was included in the charter of the weftern com- 
 pany eftcbliflied by King James I. 
 
 In the year I6i8, Mr, Samuel ArgaM, gOTerncr 
 of Virginia, made a cruiHng voyage round the coaft 
 northwards, as far as Cape Cod in New England, 
 ivhen the Indians informing hi-m that fome white men, 
 like himfelf, were come to inhabit to the northward 
 of them, he being fenfible that all the country, as far 
 as it had been difcovered by Cabot, belonged to the 
 Virginia company his employeiF, failed thither, and 
 found a fettlement, witb a French ftiip riding before 
 •it. This Veflel having but one deck, Sir Samuel foon 
 •drove the men from it with his fmall arms, and having 
 taken the (hip, landed his men, inarched to the fort, 
 and fummoned it to furrender. The French afked 
 time to confider of it ; but this being denied, they 
 got privately away, and fled into the woods ; upon 
 ivhich the Englifh entered the place, and having lod- 
 ged there that nighty the French came the next day, 
 and furrcndcrcd thcmfelves to Sir Samuel, Cancelling 
 the patents that had been granted for their fettlemerit 
 by the French king. Sir Samuel now permitted thofe 
 "who chofe it, to Hay and take a paflage tO Europe in 
 
 ^^ ^ ^ the 
 
K O n T H AMERICA. i^j 
 
 itie fifhing veflels, which then frequented that coail, 
 and the reft that were willing to join the Engllfii, he 
 look with him to Virginia. 
 
 Sir Samuel b-jing then inforrred, that the French 
 liad another feitlcment at a place they called Port 
 Royal, fituated on a bay on the fouth-we(t coaft of 
 Acadia, failed thither without delay, ^nd obliged iheni 
 fllfo to furrender ; when rcfolving that they fhoiild 
 quit the country, he made thofe who did not care to 
 return home, to remove to the river of St. Laurence, 
 where Quebec, now the capital of Canada, has fincc 
 been built. 
 
 In the year 1621, Sir William Alexander, aftor* 
 wards created tarl of Stirling, applied to King James I. 
 for a grant of the country to the north of New- Eng- 
 land ; when it was fuggefted to that king that the 
 traft ot country on the continent of North America, 
 belonging to the crown, being very large, and ni)t 
 likely to be planted by the Englilh in any reafonable 
 time, it would be a very wile and prudent meafure, 
 to grant, under the gfcat feal of Scotland, a pa t of 
 It to his fubje£ls of that kingdom, upon a fuppofuion 
 that it would be more beneficial to them, and more 
 for the interefts of thefe kingdoms, if they went over 
 and fettled there, than if, as they frequently did, they 
 removed to Poland, Sweden, and Ruflia, where there 
 were at that time many thoufand Scots families. 
 
 Thefe reafons appeared of fuch weight to King 
 James, that he readily granted a patent to Sir Willia^n, 
 and the next year, that gentleman, and fome oihers 
 who were concerned with him, fent a ihip with paf- 
 fengers to plant* and fettle there. 
 
 At that time Newfoundland was well knowtx, on 
 account of the fiOiery, and the flilp being late in her 
 voyage, put in| and wintered there. In 1623, they 
 
 M 2 iailcd 
 
 li 
 
 (! 
 
 f u 
 
j68 THC history OF 
 
 failed from thence, and made the Cape at the north 
 ihore of the ifland of Cape- Breton, and coaQing till 
 they came to Cape Sable in Acadia, they found three 
 good harbours, and went afhore at one of them, which 
 they called St. Luke'i Bay. They there found a large 
 river, that had eight iathoms water at ebb, and having 
 failed up to it, the (hip returned to £ngland, and the 
 proprietors publiOied an account of the country* 
 which they defcribed as a kind of paradife. Sir 'Wil- 
 liam Alexander himfelf wrote and publifhed a book on 
 this fut^efl; and King James in order to facilitate 
 this plantation, eredted a new order called the knighta 
 of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Thus that country, called by the French, Acadia, 
 obtained the na.-.te of Nois Scotia, or New Scot- 
 land, from its being intended to be fettled by the 
 S "ots i but the fcheme of that fettlement was unhaf>* 
 pily turned into a jobb, and by that means defeated. 
 Afterwards another grant was riade of the northern 
 part of the country to Sir David Kirk, from whona 
 the French king bought it, or at leafl agreed to give 
 him 5000 1. for it. Though it is evident thij pro- 
 prietor had no more right to difpofe of thf, property 
 of the crown in that country, than a nobleman in 
 Fngland has to difpoie of his eilate to the French 
 king, yet this is an evident proof that the French ac- 
 knowledged th; right by which the proprietor held it, 
 and had fo jufl an opinion of the pufiUaa^oiity of King 
 James, as to be in no apprehentions of his vindicating 
 the unalienable rij^^ts of the nation* 
 
 Oliver Cromwell, however, fent major Sedgwick 
 
 - to diilodge the French from Port Royal, which he 
 
 ^id I and though he afterwards consented that a 
 
 French proprietor fnould enjoy the country, yet it was 
 
 upon condition that he (kould purcbafe it of the Earl 
 
 Of 
 
 u 
 
 V. 
 
north 
 ng till 
 I three 
 which 
 a large 
 having 
 and the 
 ountry» 
 ir Wil- 
 book OD 
 acilitate 
 knightf 
 
 Acadi>9 ] 
 If Scot-^ 
 i by the 
 unha(>* ^ 
 efeated* 
 orthern 
 whom 
 to give 
 hij pro- 
 property 
 eman in 
 French 
 nch ac- 
 held it, 
 of King 
 dicating 
 
 [edgwick 
 
 lich he 
 
 that a 
 
 kt it was 
 
 the Earl 
 
 of 
 
 , 
 
 r 
 
 N O R T H A M E R I C A. 969 
 
 oC Stirling, which h< afterwards did, and then fold it 
 to Sir rhomas Temple, who was both proprietor and 
 governor at the reQoration : after which the French 
 ftttled there ag»in, and continued in the quiet poiTcf- 
 fion of the country till the year i6gOf when thcr 
 were difpaflefl'exl by Sir William Phips, governor o£ 
 New ilngland ; but it was afterwards given up again 
 to th(! French, by King William III..ar the treaty of 
 Kyfwick. 
 
 In all thele changes the ifland of Cape Breton fol- 
 lowed the fate of Nova Scotia, and both continued 
 in the hands of the French till the year 1710, when 
 governor Nicholfon made himlelf mafter of Porft 
 Royal, which was then become a place of great con* 
 fequence^ as it gave the French an opportunity of di- 
 AreHTing our* trade, to fuch a degree, that it was pro» 
 perly ftiled the Dunkirk of America. The taking o£ 
 this place wjs therefore conGdered as an important 
 fervice ; and Queen Anne, to (hew that fhe wo^jM 
 never part with it, gave it her own nanic^ and called 
 it Annapolis Royal. Upon colonel Nicholfon's rttura 
 to England, fhe made nim govtrnor of Mova 8coiia,.. 
 and of Annapolis Royal, and commander of all her 
 itiajefty*s forces there, and in Newroundland. 
 
 Things were iti this fituation^ when the treaty of 
 Utrecht was concluded, by which our right to Nova 
 Scotia was confirmed in the plaincit terms, it being 
 there declared. That all the country of Nova Scotia, 
 or Acadia, with all its ancient boundaries, the city 
 of Port Royal, now called Annapolis, and every thing. 
 in thofe parts that depend on lands and iflands, toge- 
 ther with the dominion, property, and polTctfion of 
 thefe iflands and lands, Ihall be for ever veiled in the 
 crown of Great Britain ; to which the French king 
 added} the exclufidn of the fubjeds of France from 
 
 M ^ ^ filling 
 
a7o 
 
 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 fiihing on the coafl of Nova Scotia, and within thirty 
 leagues, beginning from Cape Sable, and (Iretching 
 along to the fouthwed. 
 
 Xhis colony was however much negle£led for many 
 years ; for though Nova Scotia had been fo long deli- 
 vered up to the Englifh, yet we had fcarce any fcttle- 
 ment there except at Annapolis Royal, and Canfo, 
 while the Frenc^h had a number of little towns and 
 villages, fcattered along the coaii, and on the banks 
 of the rivers; but the Englifh commander at Anna- 
 polis was in fome 4cgree acknowledged as governor. 
 The country was then divided into ten or twelve di- 
 ftridis, and each diftridl annually chofe a deputy to be 
 approved by the commander and council at Annapolis* 
 This deputy was a fort of agent for his rountrymen 
 the defcendants of the French in that dillri£l, and re- 
 ported the ftate of it from time to time ; but in what 
 manner is not difficult to determine. There was no 
 civil power : the French miflionaries, who were not on- 
 ly appointed by the bifliop of Qn^cbec, but abfolutely 
 under his direction in their fevcral di(ii*£lr and villa- 
 ges, ad>ed as the fole magiftrates, or juftices of the 
 peace ; yet all complaints might, if the parties thought 
 proper, be brought before the commander and the 
 council at Annapolis, which was very rarely done. 
 
 In this wretched fituation were thcfe two fcttle- 
 ments in the beginning of the. lad war, furrOunded 
 by difguifcd enemies, continually encroaching, and 
 whofe numbers daily increafed. At length thefe de- 
 fcendants of the French,, though profefledly the fub* 
 jcfts of Great Britain, joined with that nation,, de- 
 ,ftroyed Canfo> and laid ficge to Annapolis, but with- 
 out fuccefs, fo that at the conclufion of the peace in 
 the beginning of the year 1749, there were no other 
 Englilh in Nova Scotiai befides the garrifon of Anna- 
 
 polisj 
 
 to 
 
 ■|i 
 
r 
 
 n tliirtf 
 retching 
 
 or many 
 ng deli- . 
 ly fcttle- 
 l Canfo, 
 iwns and 
 he banks 
 at Anna- 
 govcinor. 
 welve di- 
 luty to be 
 mnapolis* 
 untrymcn 
 t, and re- 
 t in what 
 re was no 
 re not on- 
 abfolutely 
 and villa- 
 res of the 
 s thought 
 and the 
 ly done. 
 :wo Ccttle- 
 [urrc^undcd 
 :hing, and 
 thcfe de- 
 [y the fub- 
 lation,^ de- 
 but with- 
 le peace in 
 |e no other 
 of Anna- 
 poliSj 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 271 
 
 polls, and che inhaoicaacs who lived within a few> 
 miles round that pi :ce. 
 
 However, the peace was no fooner concluvifd, ihari 
 the liar! of Halifax projedled he complete fetilcmcnt 
 of Xpva Scotia by the Eu^nfh» and animated with the 
 Warmed zeal t'cr the honour anJ. intereft of his coun- 
 try, refolved to uTe his utmoft endeavours to carry it 
 in ihe moll effectual manner into execution. He witlv 
 the other lords conAiniirioners of tradi an. I plantations^ 
 h.iving pjained his Maje(ly*a apjiioba^ion, they in M.ircli 
 I7'i9» publiihed propofaK, oiFering proper encourage- 
 ment to fuch of the oflicers and private men as after, 
 the la:e conclulion of the peace, had been difmiffed 
 his majcfty's land and fea fervice, and were willing 
 to accepi;^ of grants, in onlc^r to fettle in Nova Sc :ia. 
 Fifty acres of land in fee-fimple were offered to every, 
 private foldier or leainan, free from the payment oC 
 any quit rents or taxes, for the term of ten years, and 
 at the expiration of that time, they were to pay only. 
 one (hilling a-ycar for every fifty acres. But this was 
 not all ; every private foldier or feaman who had a fa- 
 mily, was to h've ten acres for every perfon of which 
 his family conhfted, including women and children > 
 and farther grants were to be made to them on the like 
 conditions, in proportion as their families increafed, or 
 to thefjT abilities for cultivating the land. 
 
 Lighty acres were offered, on the fame conditions, 
 to every officer in the land-fervlce under the rank of 
 cnfign, and that of lieutenant in the fea- fervice, and 
 to thofe who had families, fifteen acres more for Cf 
 very perfon of which their families toufifted. 
 
 On the fame conditions, ico acres were to be 
 jgranted to every enlign, ^'-^o to every lieutenant, 400 
 to every captain, and ao- to every officer above the 
 tank of captain in the ]andfervice% Every lieutenant 
 
 M 4 in 
 
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 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.V. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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271 THE ft I S T O R Y O F 
 
 ih the fea-fervice wis to have 4c o acres, and crerf^ 
 icaptain 6co ; while fuch of the above officers who had 
 families, were offered a further grant of thirty acres o* 
 ?er and above thtir refpe£li?e quotas, for every per* 
 fon belonging to them. 
 
 The fanne conditions that were propofed to private 
 foldiers and failors, were alfo offered to carpenterS) 
 ftipwrights, fmiths, mafons, joiners, brickmakerst 
 bricklayers, aod all other artificers neceiTary in build- 
 Jng or husbandry* 
 
 In ihort, all who were wil!in|p to accept thefe pro* 
 pofals were to be fubfided with their families, not 
 only during their paflage, but for twelve months af- 
 ter their arrival at Nova Scotia, and to be furniihed 
 with arms and ammunition, as far as fliould be tboueht 
 necefTary for their defence ; with a proper quantity 
 of materials and utenfils for hufbandry, clearing and 
 cultivating their a^iiids, ere£ting houfes, carrying on 
 the fifhery, and fuch other purpofes as might be found 
 proper for their fupport. 
 
 Thefe generous propofiils had all the fuccefs that 
 could be defired ; and about the beginning of |lffaf 
 mod of the tranfports fet fail from Portfmouth, with 
 above 3 oco families, and foon after others followed 
 from Liverpool and Ireland. This embarkation, which 
 was the hrgeft e^er made on fuch an occafion, was 
 doing at once what in other fettlements had not been 
 done under a long courfe of years. This great num- 
 ber of fettle rs arrived fafe in Chebu£to harbour on the 
 28th of July, after a pleafant paiTage of between five 
 and ^x weeks ; lofing few or none in the voyage, 
 which was in a great meafure owing to the ventilators, 
 fixed in the tranfports j a happy invention then but 
 lately difcovered. 
 
 On the arrlfffl of this numerous bodyi they found 
 
 . the 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
nd cTcrjt 
 who had 
 acres o- 
 
 izty per* 
 
 to private 
 irpenterS) 
 ;kmaker9f 
 in build- 
 
 :hcfc pro- 
 iliesy not 
 lonths af* 
 furniflied 
 le thought 
 quantity 
 raring and 
 trying^ on 
 \ be found 
 
 ccefs that 
 f of Way 
 
 uth, with 
 followed 
 in, which 
 ifion, was 
 not been 
 rcat num- 
 mr on the 
 tween five 
 c voyage, 
 rentilators, 
 then but 
 
 hey found 
 . the 
 
 I 
 
 NORTH A M E R I C\A. 273 
 
 the Sphinx of twenty guns, which had entered the 
 harbour a few days before, with colonel Corn wallis, 
 their governor, on board. Hij excellency had been 
 Informed of the arrival of the French ar Cape Bretonr 
 which had been jud reftored to that nation^ he there* 
 fore fent for the EngliOi garrifon from Louifburgh, 
 &nd they foon after entered the harbour, with the re* 
 giments of Hopfon and Warburton, ort board other 
 tranfports; the o^icers bringing with them all their 
 furniture, feveral milch cows, and other flock, with 
 military ftores, ftnd ammunition of all forts. About 
 the fame time there alfo arrired a company of rangers 
 from Annapolis, and encamped near the new fectlers 
 in order to give them a(E(lance ind prote£)ion. 
 
 The next care of the goVerfior, was to pitch upon a 
 proper fpot for the firft fetttement ; and as the pentn* 
 fula appeared preferslble, both on account of its com* 
 medioQS (ituatidn, and the fertility of the foil, the a* 
 t)!e-bo'died men on boird each (hip were employed in 
 clearing ground in order to build a town at the fouth 
 ppinti at the entrance of Sandwich river } but many 
 objedlions being fdon foatid again fl that place, ano* 
 ther fpot Was chofen by the governori sit about the di- 
 ftteice of a mile aid a half from It, on the fide ^f 
 Chebnfto harbour,* and on the declivity of a rifing 
 ground that commands the whole peninfula, and 
 ^ould (belter the town when built from the north*weft 
 winds. The beach they foiind wiis a fine gravel, con* 
 Tentent for fmall boats, the anchorage was every 
 where good for large (hips, within gunfhot of the 
 town, and fmali X^nt navigable rivers of fre(h and 
 Wholefome water (lowed round about it. 
 
 Here then they made a fecond, And more fuccdsful 
 attempt; and indeed, it would not have been eafy to 
 have chofen a more happy fituation* They therefore 
 
 M ^ cleared 
 
«74 T H E H I S T O R Y p F 
 
 cleared the ground in as expeditious a manner 2$ pof^ 
 -fib'e, and having cre£led a great wooden houfe for the- 
 governor, with proper florehoufes, the ground was 
 laid out fo 9s to form a num|>er of ftraight and beauti- 
 ful ftreets, crofling each other at equal dilbnces, upon 
 a mufl excellent plan^ faid to have been formed By the 
 •eail o^ Halifax The work went on brilkly ; the peo- 
 ple of New England brought feveral (hips laden with 
 plarvks, door cafes, doors, window- frames, and other 
 parts of houfes ; and the people being employed in 
 ihips companies, this created an emulation, that ren- 
 dered their labours remarkably fuccefsful ; fo that in 
 about three years time, this town', which was named 
 Halifax, from that noble lord, to whom this fettle- 
 ment owed its beginning, was finifhedf and every fa- 
 mily had a good houfe of their own, of which the 
 mailer was landlord. Within the fame fpace of time 
 were alfo ere£led a church, and whatfs, the town was 
 paIifadoed,,and other fortifications ere£led : fome land 
 was alfo cleared for agriculture, and already planted^ 
 notwithftanding the oppofition they met with fiom 
 the Frefich, and their tools, the Indians. 
 • To explain this la(l circumftance,* it is neceflary to 
 obferve, that in tht beginning of the fettlementj, 
 and foon after the landing of the Engliih, one hun- 
 dred black cattle and fome (heep were brought them 
 by land from a French fettlement at Minas, a town 
 about thirty mtles from the bottom of Bedford Bay i 
 and FreRch deputies alfo coming to make their fub- 
 miflions, it was propofed to cut a road thither, thofe 
 deputies promifing to contribute fifty men towards 
 carrying on that work. The EngliCh alfo received the 
 ptomife of friend (hip and affiQance from the Indians, 
 their chiefs waiting upon the governor for that purpofe. 
 Bat thefe fubmiiTiQns and ihefe piomifes were <bqn 
 
 broKcn, 
 
NORTH AMERICA 275. 
 
 brokeni by the perfidy of the French court, which 
 difapproved of thcfe proceedings, and refolved to ha- 
 rafs the EngliQi before their town was built, and their 
 fortifications eredled. Inllru£lions were therefore fent 
 from France to be communicated to the defccndants 
 of the French in Nova Scotia, and immediately the 
 fcene was changed. The French engaged the Indians 
 to ufe their «tmoft endeavours to preventTthe new co- 
 lony from proceeding; and. the year in which peace 
 was proclaimed and Cape Breton rellored, was noc ex- 
 pired, when the town began to be frequently attacked 
 in the night ; and the Engliih, in a country which in 
 the ftrongeft terms had been fecured by treaty to the- 
 Britidi crown, could not (lir into the adjoining woods^ 
 without the danger of being (hot, fcalped, or taken 
 prifoners. The Englifli however profccuted the fet- 
 tiement with indefatigable indudry, and the town, as 
 bas been already mentioned, was foon happily finifh* 
 cd . . 
 
 ■ f-. But it was impoOible to clear woods, and plough, 
 lands without feparating into i'mall parties ; and this 
 work was rentlered extremely dangerous; for though 
 |he French and Indians durft noc attack any confider* 
 gble body of the Iinglilli, yet they frequently fell up- 
 on fmall parties ', and though they had been often re* 
 pulfed, they always returned whenever they could find 
 an opportunity of doing it to advantage. Complaint 
 of this open war in a time of peace, was now made 
 to the court of France, when his Mofl: Chriftian Ma- 
 jelly propofed that commifiaries ihould be appointed 
 to fettle the bounds of Nova Scotia 5 but thofe of the ' 
 French, endeavouring by all the arts of fophiftry to 
 prove, that Nova Scotia, ceded to the Englilh, by the 
 treaty of Utrecht, was no more than the peninfula o£ 
 (hat country, the iiritiOi commiiTaries juliified our 
 
 claim 
 
if6 T H E H I S T O R Y O P 
 
 claim to the whole, bf memorials filled with the 
 .ftrongeft and moft eirident proofs: and the mod tri- 
 fling anfvirers being returned to thefe, admiral Bof* 
 cawen was Tent to feize the French (hips in North A- 
 merica, that England might have once more fometTiin^ 
 to return to France, as an inducement to that faith* 
 lefs nation to adhere to her treaties. But this expe* 
 dient was in vain ; France appeared evidently to have 
 concerted the means of conquering all the Britifh 
 dominions on the continent of America, and a 
 war was entered into to prevent it. During which 
 the town of Halifax became firmly edabliflied } and 
 that being the* principal ftation for our men of war^^ 
 it naturally caufed a quick circulation of money, and 
 the inhabitants are ill a very profperousfituation. 
 • Nova Scotia is fituated in between 41^. 30". and 
 49^. }e^. north latitude, and between 60 and 66^. 
 of weft longitude j and is bounded by the bay of St- 
 Laurencei on the north-eaft ; by the river of St. Lau- 
 rence, on the north-weil; by New-England, on the 
 ibttth*weft, and by the bayof Fundy, and the Allan* 
 tic ocean on the eaft. According to thefe limits it 
 contains about 420 miles in length, and 380 in 
 breadth. The fouth eaftexn part is a large peninfula^ 
 eitending from the nortb-eaft to the fouth weft, and 
 joined to the main land by an ifthmus a little above 
 the gulpb of Caafo* Though tbe weather is verf 
 fi>»rp in winter, yet the air, efpecially about the townr 
 of Halifax, is remarkably clears fo that the fevereft 
 frofts are frequently accompanied with a fine azure 
 fkyf afid Ainlhine : but though the cold in wtnter is 
 ▼cry feverCf the fummer is hotter than in England. 
 
 The coaft has the advantage of many bays, harbomsy 
 and creeks, and the land is enriched by many rivers* 
 fome of which are navigated for » long courfe by the 
 
 ' native 
 
 f^f 
 
p 
 
 Jth the 
 noft tri- 
 ral Bof- 
 orth A- 
 metning- 
 at faith* 
 is expe* 
 
 to bare 
 
 Britifh 
 
 and a 
 
 g which 
 
 ;d } and 
 
 of wary 
 
 cy, and 
 
 . and 
 ^d 66''. 
 \j of St- 
 ir. Lau- 
 on the 
 AtJan* 
 limits ir 
 
 38® in 
 ninfula^ 
 ;ft, and 
 e above 
 is very 
 le townr 
 fcvercft 
 ; azure 
 in^er is 
 and. 
 r boors, 
 
 rivers, 
 by the 
 
 native 
 
 4r 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 277 
 
 native Indians. The harbour of Chebu£lO| upon 
 which is fituated the metropolis, may juftly be eftecm- 
 ed one of the fineft in the world, and has extraordina- 
 ry advantages for a iifliery. The entrance into it is 
 from the fouthi with a large i(l<ind of an irregalar 
 form, lying on the north-eaft fide, named Corrtwallif 
 Ifland, from the firft governor of Halifax. Betwixt 
 this ifland and the oppofite fliore, on the fouth-weft, 
 is a channel deep enough for the largeft fliips. Thii 
 ifland, as well as a fmaller one that lies higher up the 
 harbour, named George Ifland, is very commodiodfly 
 (ituated for a fifliery, and has conveniencies of all 
 forts proper for drying and curing fifh. 
 
 About two miles higher up the harbaiir, is a ryfPf 
 on the foiuh-wcft fide, with a fmall harbour at its en- 
 trance. This river, which was cilled by the firft fct- 
 tiers of Halifax, Sandwich River, is at the mouth a* 
 boat as wide and ifeep as the Thames it London- bridge, 
 and is fait- Water, for abotit four or five miles up, when 
 it terminates where a fmall frelh* water rivulet fjlls in'^ 
 to it from the north. From the mouth of Sandwich 
 river to the oppofite B<\e of the harbour, i» about two 
 miles, with good anchoring ground for th'e largeft 
 (hips in any part of it, and a fine watering-place on 
 the north-eaft fide : the land on both fides is exceed** 
 ing high, and in general very rich and fertile, but co- 
 vered with wood. 
 
 About four or five miles north from the above ri- 
 ver IS a narrow entrance of half a mile into Bedford 
 Bay, which is about twelve miles in circumference, 
 and has feveral creeks at the bottom of it, abounding^ 
 wit^ the fined falmon in thegreateft plenty: there arc 
 alfo feveral ifiands in it ; and a great quantity of pines 
 ik for mafts grow on $ht weftcrn fide of it. Thitf 
 
 bftfi 
 
i'jf THE HISTORY OF 
 
 bay* with the harbour, and Sandwich River, divide 
 the peninfula from the main land. 
 
 Upon the oppofite (hore arc fcvcral larjgc riverSr a- 
 mong which that of St John is the mod confiderable. 
 It is ten leagues diftant from the gut of Annapolss, 
 and has a very long courie. There are prodigious 
 falls of water near its moufh, no lefs than thirty fa-, 
 thorns deep, occafioned by the great head of Writer a- 
 bove, and the channel here being pent up between 
 two deep mountains. By this river, and the aflidance 
 of fome land carriage, there is a communication with 
 the river of St. Lawrence; the French had therefore 
 eredled a fort upon it, which was taken by the £ng« 
 liih in the beginning of the lad war 
 
 The woods abound with game» efpecially partrid- 
 ges, wild ducksy wild geefe, woodcocks, herons, pi* 
 geons, &c. among the beads are mod of the forts 
 found in New England. The trees are oak, fir, 
 fpruce, birch, &c. and the fruit found growing wild,, 
 are goofftberries, rasberries, drawberries, &c. In 
 (hort, mod ot the fruits that are found on the conti- 
 nent, all grow and thrive here, a& in our other pro- 
 vinces and colonies. 
 
 C H A P. XIV. 
 
 f 
 
 Defcription of MaJJachufitSy Conne5licut^ Rhode IJland^ 
 
 and HudJotCs Bay* 
 
 MAflachufets is the \principal fubdivifion of New 
 England, in North America. It is bounded 
 on the N. by l>Jew Hampdiire •, on the £. aiid S. b]|. 
 the Atlantic ocean and Connedicut} and on the W* 
 
divide 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. ijp 
 
 by New York. Its length h iii miles, and its 
 breadth 38 ; producing Indian corn in abundancCt 
 though but little other grain. Here is plenty of mut« 
 ton, beef, pork, fowl, and fi(h, with flax and hemp; 
 and the inhabitants are employed in manufafkurus of 
 linen, woollen, and leather. They build great num** 
 bcrs of fhips, having plenty of timber and other mate- 
 rials for that purpofc. They have copoer and iron 
 mines, and fome of the latter is manufactured ; but 
 their fabrics in general, particularly thofe of hats, are 
 difcouraged by the mother country. They furnifli 
 the fugar-iflands with fait provifions, in return for 
 which they take fugar and molafTes. They have (lills 
 making rum ; and fome fugar bake*houfes are lately 
 crefted. 
 
 Ihe government is a mixture of royal and charter 
 kind: for the King appoints the governor, the aflem* 
 bly nominates^ the council: nor will they fix the gover- 
 nor's annual falary, the better, as they think, to keep 
 him in depcn 'ence on the nfelves. 
 
 Thi? is, by far, the mod powerful among the Bri- 
 tiQi colonies, having a fufRcient number of mariners 
 to man a large fleet : and being able to raife about 
 20,000 foldiers, in cafe of neceflity. 
 
 The bulk of the people are of the independent per- 
 fuafion ; but feveral among them have lately come o« 
 Tcr to the Church of England. • * 
 
 There is alfo a large and deep bay in the fame coun^ 
 try, called MalTachufet's b;^y. 
 
 Connecticut is a county, or colony in New England, 
 in Noith America, (comprehending New Haven» 
 though deemed a county) bounded on the W. by New 
 York and Kudfon's river : divided from Long-ifland 
 by an arm of the fea fouth ward ; it has Rhode-iiland, 
 with part of Mafi^chufet's colony on the £. and the 
 
 refidue /i 
 
^fo T H E H I S T O R Y O F 
 
 redclue of MaiTachufet on- the N. The Connf£liciit« 
 river^ which is one of the brged and be(l in New 
 England, rtms through the heart of ity dividing itfclF 
 into diiTerenr parts, and is navigable above forty milet 
 for (hip* of burden, and many nnore for fmaller. The 
 country on both fides the river abounds with timber^ 
 sn^d it h here th;it they produce fo great a quantity of 
 tar and turpentine, as to require numbers of hands to 
 #xtra£l! it. The bufincfs of the .people here Ls, bc- 
 ilde fifberies, that of timber* felling, or cutting tim- 
 ber for knee-timber, planli for (hip^buildingt deals^ 
 baulkii and fpars for houfes, mafts and yards for (hips. 
 And the New«£ng)and merchants fent a prefent to 
 Charles II. of fcreral mafts fo large as to feri^ for 
 fir A- rates. The great floats of this timber brought 
 down this riVer have very much, improved their navi- 
 gtiti<>n. Several forts of metals have been found herei 
 as lead, iron, copper« Tbe iron mlnei are ftill work* 
 edy and greatly improved ; but the attempts to raife a 
 flock for working the Idad and copper have failed. 
 This colony is in a thriving itate^ populousi and in- 
 €r€aiing, eontatning about 40,000 people; notwith^ 
 ftandirtg the ravages of the eaA parts of it by the 
 French and Indians ; befide the ^racies iii Queen 
 Jktit^B time, when their fiiliing ketches were almoft 
 ail deftroyed. 
 
 Rhode Ifland is the third and fnialled of the pro* 
 ttnces wbkh compofe New England, lying off Mount 
 Hope. It confids of a fmall ifland of that naine, and 
 the old plantation of Providence. It is a di(lin£t go* 
 vernirienty by virtue of a charter granted by King 
 Charles II. The ifland, whence tbe province has its 
 ftame, lies in Narrhaganfet bay, and is about fiftcsii 
 or fixteen mUes in lengtb^ and four or five in breadth* 
 In firft Inhabitants were tfaofe that were baniflied from 
 
in* 
 
 itfr 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. i$i 
 
 Bodoiii in the year i 639; and was for fome years the 
 general afylum for fuch as fuiftrred from the fpirit o£ 
 perfecution. Thofe whom Mr. Neale calls the (cq* 
 tariee, were fuch as efpoufed the covenant of grace^ 
 and on that account were perfecuted by thofc who held 
 the covenant of woiks ; apd there were for many years 
 great contentions between them and their ncighbourSt 
 the MaiTachufers. But fince there have been twQ 
 churches in the ifland, the one Prelbyterian, and the 
 other accorv'ing to the Church of England^ they are 
 tolerably good neighbours. 
 
 Rhode Ifland ht with juftice, called the Paradir(( 
 of New England, for the fruitfulnefs of the foil, anci 
 the temperatenef^ of the climate 11 which, though not 
 above ilxty miles fouch of Boflon, is much warmer in 
 the winter, and, being furrounded by the ocean^ i$ 
 oot fo much afined^ed by the land-breezes as the towns 
 on the continent arc. There is a very confideraUe 
 trade carried on from hence to the fugar- colonies, with 
 butter and eheefe, horfes, (heep> beef, pork, tallow, 
 timber, frames for. houfes, 3tc. The pleafamnefs of 
 the iflaod invited fo many planters hither, that it was 
 in t few years over (locked, and fome of them were 
 obliged to return to the continent, where they pur« 
 chafed a tra6l of land, now coyered with th^ towns oi£ 
 Providence and Warwick. It is indeed no wonder 
 that this province (hould be fo well peopled, if ^e 
 conHder itsi happy ficuation for trade, the goodnefs of 
 its climate, and that there has been for ibme years %^ 
 unlimited freedom of religion. 
 
 Hudfon's Bay, or Screlght, is in the N. part of Cana« 
 da, in North America^ where the Enghfli company, of 
 the fame name, have feveral fetdements and forts, who^ 
 by their agents, carry on here a trafHc with the native 
 Indians for beaver* ikins and other valuable furs to a 
 
 confidcrable 
 
riirf 
 
 En| 
 ititi 
 fori 
 
 coij 
 
 9tl4 
 
 mri 
 tfxtl 
 
 ber 
 bau, 
 An< 
 Chi< 
 
 dom 
 
 ask 
 Aoclt 
 
 €r€a| 
 
 ftan4 
 Frcf^ 
 Am 
 all 
 
 aSa T H E H I S T O R Y O P 
 
 confiderable amount, being one of the mod profitable 
 
 trades our merchants deal in. But the garrifons and 
 
 forts here feem not to bs of a Arength fulBcient for 
 
 holding out long againft an attack from the French 
 
 and their Indian allies in that neighbourhood. This 
 
 bay is about 300 leagues wide from'S. to N. but a- 
 
 bovc 530, by reckoning from the bottom of Jamei 
 
 bay, in lat. 51 N. to that of Repulfe bay in lat. 67. 
 
 10. N. Its breadth is unequal, being about 130 
 
 leagues where broadeft ; but it grows narrower both 
 
 to the fouthward and northward, being not much a* 
 
 bove thirty-five leagues broad in fome places. At the 
 
 mouth of Hudfon's bay is Hefolution ifland, alfo 
 
 Mansfield ifland. And in the ftreight are Charles 
 
 ifland, Salisbury ifland, and Nottingham ifland. From 
 
 Refolution ifland to Cape Diggs, at the entrance of 
 
 the bay, is about 140 leagues in length. The land 
 
 on both fides, namely, LabradQr and North Main, are 
 
 inhabited by favages, of which we have little or no 
 
 knowledge. That part of the bay on the W. fide, in 
 
 about lat. 57. is called Button's bay, and the eaftern 
 
 partj from lat. 55. 15. to lat. 51. ^nd the moft 
 
 fouthern part is called James's bay. The coafl from 
 
 Cape Henrietta Maria, in lat. 55. 15. where James's 
 
 bay begins, to the bottom of the bay is about ie« 
 
 leagues, and of much the fame breadth all the way, 
 
 being between fifty and Cxty leagues over. 
 
 On the eaflern fhore, or Labrador coaft, lie feveral 
 iflands, called the North fleepers, the Weil fleepersy 
 Baker's dozen, Belchier's ifles ; and in James's bay 
 are Bear ifland, Viner's ifland, Charlton ifland. Cape 
 Hope ifland, &c. All the country from Button's bay 
 S. and £. as far as Labrador, is called New South 
 Wales. 
 
 • The French pretend to have had pofTcffion of this 
 
 . bay 
 
O P 
 
 mod profitable 
 le garrifons and 
 ;th fulTicient for 
 om the French 
 urhood. This 
 S. to N. but a* 
 >ttom of Jamei 
 bay in lat. 67. 
 !ing about 130 
 
 narrower both 
 g not much a* 
 )Iaces. At the 
 }n ifland, alfo 
 lit are Charles 
 n ifland. From 
 the entrance of 
 ;th. The land 
 lorth Main, are 
 ^ve little or no 
 he W. fide, in 
 nd the ealtern 
 
 $nd the moft 
 rhe coaft from 
 where James's 
 r is about lee 
 th all the way, 
 er. 
 
 ad, lie feveral 
 Weft fieepers, 
 n James's bay 
 n ifland. Cape 
 1 Button's bay 
 ed New South 
 
 FefTion of this 
 bay 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 1S3 
 
 bay prior t ) Hudfon, who firft difcovered it for the 
 EngHfli. 
 
 Hudfon's river is a large river of North America, 
 whofc fource has not been difcovered. Running frjuth- 
 ward, It approaches the Mohawk's river, within a few 
 miles of hacoundauga, in North America, In the ge- 
 neral we know that it has its fource in the mountain* 
 oufl uninhabited country, between the lakes Ontario 
 and Champlain. From its approach near Saucondau- 
 ga, it runs N. and N. eafterly towards lake St Sacra- 
 ment, now lake George, within ten miles of it. The 
 courfe then to New York is very uniform, being in 
 the main S. i 2. or 15**. W. The dillance from Al- 
 bany to Lake George is computed at Oxty-five miles. 
 This rfver in that interval is navigable only to batteaus, 
 and interrupted by rifts, which occafion two poftages 
 of half a mile each. In the paflage froni Albany to 
 Fort Edward, the whole land carriage is twelve miles. 
 There are three routes from Crown Point to Hudfon's 
 river, in the way to Albany; one through Lake 
 George, another through a branch of Lake Champlain, 
 bearing a fouthern courfe, and terminating in a ba- 
 fon, feveral miles £. of Lake George, called the South 
 bay. The third is by afcending the Wood-ceek, a 
 ihallow ftream about thirty yards broad, which coming 
 from the S. £. empties itfelf into the S. branch of the 
 Lake Champlain. The place where thefe routes meet 
 on the banks of Hudfon's river is called the carrying* 
 place. Here Fort Lyman, fince called Fort Edward, 
 is built ; but Fort Henry, a much ftronger garrifon, 
 was cred^ed at the S. end of Lake George, after the 
 rcpulfe of the French forces under the command of 
 baron Oieflcaw, on the 8th of September, 17 5 5^ Ge- 
 neral Shirley thought it more advifeable to ftrengthen 
 Fort Edward in the concurrence of the three routes, 
 
 than 
 
 I 
 
 
^et»ml.^u»llamm^ 
 
 Tssssssssam 
 
 al4 T H B H I S t O R Y. «cc; 
 
 than t9 <re£b the other at Lake George» ferenteed 
 miles to the northward of it, and wrote a very pref- 
 (yng letter to Sir Wrlltam Johnfon, vr ho then com* 
 Qianded the provincial troops. The paHage through 
 ^e hagiilandl is about fixteen miles j the tide flews a 
 iew tnil^ above Albany. The navigation is fafcy and 
 performed in iloops of forty or fifty tons borden. A* 
 bout fixty miks above the city of New York the water 
 is fre0)9 and in wet feaibas very low, and abounds 
 wifh variety of fifh* 
 
 The advanti^es of tli*6 river for penetrating into 
 Canadas and prote£^ing t)ie fouthern colonies^ fr^m 
 ihe irruptions of the French, by Securing the com- 
 mand of the lakes, and cutting off the communication 
 between the French fettlements on St. Laurenre and 
 iMiffii&ppj, muft be iretj apparent^ though bnt lately 
 amended to. 
 
 
 F IN I S* 
 
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;n corn- 
 through 
 ; flews a 
 afc, and 
 :». A- 
 he v^atcf 
 abounds 
 
 iti^g into 
 ies, fr«w 
 the com- 
 lunication 
 renr c and 
 but lately 
 
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