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Anno Domini iS91' T^er varios Cafu$,it4rtem Experientia/ecit, Exemplo monflrante *uk. for Iohn Iaggard, aind are to be foldac his (hop at the Hand and Starre in Fleet6>ftreete, merethe jtmfU Cafe. 1622. L/' i ♦-V II A 'Isl r / FT OH ah: ■'-. $ . } Xx •c .^i^i .^Xi 1: AUh":" \'^^^ ^ .y il A ) ^ To the Reader. 7 Ad that tifforthk Knight f/;^ Authour lived to ham feme this his Ireati/epuhlijhed : k tpould perhaps him/elfe hatie giiien the ac- count thereof: For by his olt>ne direSlions' it was put to the Treffe, though it pk.tfed God to take htm to his mercy during the time ofiloe Imprefsion. His purpofe ivas to haue recommended both it andhimfelfe Vnto our t/k/I Excellent Trince CHARLES, and himfeJfe wrote the Dedication , which being impar- ted Vnto me , I conceited that it flood not fmith my dutie tofufprefje it. Touching the difcowfe itfelfe, as it is out of my element to iudge, fo it is out of my purpofe to fay much of it. 7 his onely 1 may boldly pro- mife, that you fljali heerefind an expert Sea man, in his o'^ne VialeH dili^r a true relation of an ynfortimat Voyage: tiohich hoTtfoeVer it proved lamentable aiidfatall to the ASlors,may yet proue pkafing to the ^aders:itbtin^anitchinot4rfiatt(resto delight in neUpms and warietie, bethefubitH never fo grievous. This (if there were no more) "^ereyet worthy your perufall: and is as much as others hauc with good acceptame afforded in relations of this nature. Hof^heit hefides the bareferies and Context of tk Jlorie, you fJ)all heere fnde interweave J^ fundry exaH defcriptions of (ountries, Tu'^nes, (apes, ^omontories, ^ers, Creekes^ Harbors, andthelike,mtVnprofita' hie for Kavigators . befdes nwty notable obferVations, the fruites of c long exj^eriajce, that nuiygiue light touching Marine accidents, even tothekfl (aptaines andCommaunders: t^ho iftkydefiretoleame by precepts /hail here findejlore : but if examples preVtak more Ttnth tkm, here are alfo alicna pcricula, if you klteue meenot^ reade andiudge. Farewell. 6\jJo i TO THE MOST ILLVSTRIOVS AND MOST EXCELLENT Trince C " ^ r l e s, Trmce oflVales, l>y Y.^ o^ C^^KEWALL, EARLE oi C H E S TE Rj &C. Moiigft Other NegleFls prciudiciall to this State, I hauc obfervcd, that many thcT^orthy and Heroyque Acisof our Nation, haue becnc buried and forgotten : The Adors thcmfelucs being defirous to fhunne emulati- on in publifhing them, and thofc which oucrlivcd them, fcarcfull to adde, or to dimnifli / from the Aflors worth, ludgcmcnt,and valour j hauc forborne to write them : By which, fucceeding ages haue beenc deprived of the Fruits, which might haue becne gathered out of their Ex^rienee, had they beene committed to ^cord. To avoyd this NegleB, and for the Qoodofmy Country, I haue thought it my duty to pub- lifh the ObJerVations of my Swth-fea-Voyage',2\\(\ for that vn- to your HighncfTe, you Heires,and Succefrors,it is moft likely to be advantaglous, ( hauing brought on me no- thing but lo (Te and mifery ) I am bold to vfe your Name, a protedion vnto it, and to offer it with all hum- blenes and duty to your Highncffe approbation, which I if it purchaft , I haue attained my defirc, which fliall I evcraymctopcrformcdutic. Your Highneffe humble and devoted fervanr. Richard Hawkins \'^ IV O tv. ij^-^^ . "m *3^ j.«i . .;oia :';i:--;ivr; •loyo 1"* ■J ^ .«, >M :jt- jiij.j j,. ji; a I I g 1 OBSERVATIONS OF S'^RiCHARD Hawkins, Knight, in his Voyage into the South S b a. Anno Domini. * ' Sect. I. Ith theCtivMti&s conlcac, and heipe of my Father, Sir J0h» Hxwkinsy Knight, I itefolved a Voyage to be made for the Ilaflds KifJaparii of the PhilUffmast and ■ - Mducds^ the KingdomesofC^/M, and Baft IndieSy by the way of the Stmtes of M^jchm^ and the South - r The priftCipall end of our De- ThenecelTaty fignements^was, to milice a perfeA vfcofDiic©- Difcovery oF all thofc parts, where ^*""* I ihould arrioc, as well knowne as vnknowne, with their Longi- tudes and Latitudes \ the lying of their Coaftsj their Head-lands i Of traraiie. their Ports, and Bayes 5 their Citties,TowflC8i and Peopjings ; their manner of Goyernment ; with the Commodities which the Coun- tties ycelded, and Oft which they haue want, and are in neceP fitie. ..., ,. ...->,•_,... . . : ;„ A For r S'*^ R: Hawkins ForihispurporeintheendofAnno i;88. returning from the iourneyagainftthcSpanifh vfni»4^tf,IcauicdaShip tobc buildcd in the river of Thames , betwixt three and fourc hundred tunnes, 0{ Sbiff in^. which was finifhcd in that perfe^ion as coild be required For (hce wasplcafing to the eye, profitable for Stowage, good of Saylc, and well conditioned. The day of her Lanching being appoynted, the Lady ^4iir)(w (my Mother in Law^craued the namingof the Ship, whichwasea- fily granted her : who knowing what Voyage was pretended to be vndcrcaken, named her the Refentancex what her thoughts were, was kept fecrct to her ieife; And although manytimesl expoftula* ted with 'her, to declare the rcafon for giving her that vncouth name, I could never h.iuc any other fatisfat^ion, then that repen- tance was the fafeft Ship wc could I'ayle in,to purchale the haven of Heaven. Well,! know,fhec was no ProphctefTc, though a religi- ons and moft vcrtuous Lady, and of a very good vndcrftanding. Yec too prophcticall ic fell out by Gods fecret ludgemcntes, which in his Wifcdome was pleafcd to revealc vnto vs by lb vnknownea way, and was fufficient forthcprefent, to caufe me todefift from the Enterprife, and to leauc the ShiptomyFathcr» who willingly rooke her,and paid the entire charge of the buildin| and furnifhingof her, which I hud concorted or paid. And this I did not [or any fupcrtlitton I haue in names, or for that I thinke them able to further or hinder any things forthacall immediately dependeth vpon the Providence of AlmightieGod,and isdi^fcd ^ by him alone. Yet advifc I all perfbns ever C as nccre as chey caB)by all meaoes, and in alloccanons,to prcfagc vnto ihcmielucsthegood they can» and in giving names totcrrcflriali VVorkes (efpecially to Ships) not to giue iiich as mccrly reprcfcnt the ccleftiallCharaderjfor, few haue I Jcnownc, or frene, come to a good end, which haue had Tlic Rercnge. fuch attributes. As was plaincly flene in the itM/m^^, which was v* verthe vnfortunatcft Ship^ the late QueenesMaicftie had during her Raigne; for comming out of /yr/W,with S\il9h» fdrrot^ (hec ,, was like to be caft away vpon the Kentifh Coaft. After in the Voy- age of ^xtJthn ffarvhrn my Father , Anno 1586. fhec flmcke a- ground comming into Plimcuth^hchrc her going to Sea ; Vpon the coaft of J/rfi'w , (hee left her Fleetc, readic to finke with a great Leake : At her returne into the Harbour of Plimuth , fiiee bea^e vpoD iVinterjitm } and after in the fame Voyage, going cue bC ?<>r(/ww/A Haven, flieeranne twice a-greund^ and in thelatter of fihcra, lay twentie two hoares beating vpon the Ihore,and at len^h Improper Names for Shipping. m 3 % r with '^ His Ohfervatiom. with cighc (bote of water in hold, (hce was (jrced off.and prcfcnc* lyrnnnLvpon the Oolc : and was caufe, that fliee remained there ( with oiiicr three Ships of her Maietlies) fix monechs , till the Spring of the yeare^ When comming about co bee decked, en- tring rhc iutro^ Thames, her old Leake breaking vpon her, had like to bauc drowned all tholewhich were in her. In Annoif9i. with a Hormeot wind and weather, riding at her Moorings in the river oi' Jicche/ler, nothing but her bare Mails over bead, (hee was turned topfc-turvie, her Keic vppermoft : And the coft and loHcfliee wrought, I haue too goodcaufe to remember ^ in her laft Voyage, in which fliec was loft, whenQiccgaue l-ngUnd and Spme iuU caulc to remember her. For the Spaniards cnemrelues confcfle, that three of their Ships funkeby nerfide,andwasche death of abouc i;co. of their men, with the loiTcofa great part of SceM ftcr their fleetc, by aftormc which fuddainly 'ookc them the next JjJ,*'"„ day. What Efigli/h died in her, many liuing, are witnefTcs : A- mongfl which was Sir Richard Greenfuiid^tL noble and valiant Gen* denian, Vicc-admirall in her of her Maiefticj Fleete. So that well conlidcrcdjihcc wa» even a Ship loaden, and full fraught with ill fuccciTe. Thclike weemight behold in the Ti^xxr^r^^Zr of ZtfiK^, who Therimui,^ in one V^oyagc (as I remember) had her Maft cleft with a Than- **'^«»^'^«^ derbolt, vpon the Coaft oiSttrhary. After in Dartvuuthy going for Admirull of the Whaftagc, and guard of thcFlcetc for the River o^BturdiiHXj hadalfballherPoopcblownevp with Hre fbdainly, and vntiil this day, never could be knuwnc thccaufc, or manner how: And laft]y,(hee was burned with her whole Companie in the River of Bourdimxy and Mafter tdwArd IVilfi/i, Generall in her, flaincby his enemies, having efcaped the fire. ThcfuccefTeofthc/r/wofXwA^-^^^ in Szmt IchndeVlua^ in the The ufia «e NcHd Sfania^ infamous to the Sfaniardes j with my RepeuUnce in '^*^"*- the South Sea, taken by force, hath vtterly impoveriflicd, and o- JJi'.'^^"^ verthrowne our houle. The icHTHey of J^4«»pretcndc4 for £»g/W, Anno t i%i. called The Tohrn^ the Uurfi^af Revenge^ left the principalfof their men and Ships «^^/'««». on the Rockes ofc^e fi^^ififKi ,^^^ <^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^ lamentable end, for themoftpartiathcGr9;«f. No more for this poynt, bt}C toourpurpoftw rJo-i^dJ^'' ..Iw-^ ... . . ./[..A: - "' " ' ill si.'f-.i :: »)jiR '.i-f; T -^f^ ^^i l;-> mA^nM^ity -f- .i'.7'l:, »• ilUiV, 03 i n. A a ' nauiv • ) ':bibor;u'i>.'?- 'o^iS- \h -"■'* ?■!*■'- S"" R: Hawkins * ■ ^ EC T. II. :1 M-j ,jy<\ CdnfidciJti- ons for pre- tended Voya- ges. |^^2^^^ He R.EPINTANCH bciHg put io pcrfeftion, and 'j ^7^ f^^^ , riding at Detfmi, the Queenes Maicftic paffing by her, to her Paliaee of Greenwych^ commanded her Bargemen to Row round about her, and view- ing her trom Poft to Stcmme,difliked nothing but her Name, and faid, that ihcc would Chriftcn her a ncw,and that thenceforth fhee fliould be called the Daintie jwhich name fhec brooked as well for her proportion and grace, as for the many happic Voyages iijeemade in her Maieftics Icrvicesj Having taken (forhcrMaieftic^ a great Byfen^ of hue hundred Tunnes, loadcri with Iron, and other Commodities, vndcr thecondufl of Sit Mar fin fur bus/her ; A Car^tke bound fortheEaJi Jmies, vnder my Fathers charge, and the principall caule of taking the great C«i;*4fl(», brought to Dartmouth by Sir John Berrfftf, and the Barle of Cumb(frlafjdsShippcs,Anno 1592. with Others of moment in her other Voyages. To vs, fhee never brought but coft, trouble, and •,care. Therefore my Fathcrrefolvedtolell her, though withibnae loffe, which he imparted with me : and for that I had ever a parti- cular IpUe vnto hcr,ahd a defire fltee (hould continue ours, I offered to eafe him ofthe charge and care of her, and to take her, with all herFuriiitnreatthcpricehc had before taken her of me ; with rc- folutioii, to put in execution the Voyage, for which fhec was firft buildcd; Although it lay fix moncths and more in fufpence, part- ly, vpon the pretended Voyage for Nmnbrededm and Fanamay which, then was frcfh afoote ; and partly, vpon the Caratke ac Dartmouth , in vvhich I was imploycd as a CommifConer : butthis Eufmcflc being ended, and the other pretence waxing colde, the fift of March rrefolvcd, and bcganne to goe forward with the iour* .ney,fo often talked of, and ib much dcfired. ^ And having made an ef^imate bf thecharge of Vi£l:ualls, Muni- tion, frnprefts, Sea-flore, and neceflaries for the fayd Ship; con-'- fortin^aiibthcr of dp hiindred Tunnes, whfch I waited for daily from tne^'Straites 6{ &iberalter^mi\i a Pynace of fixtie Tunnes, all mine owne: And for acompetent number of Men fortHemjas alfoofall forts of Marchandiles for trade andtraffique in allplar ces where wee (hould come ; I began to wage men, to buy all man- ner of yidualls and provifions, and to lade her with thcm,and with all (brts'of Commodities ( which I could call co minde^ fitting ; and t His Okfervatidns, andciilparchcdordcrtornyicrvantin'?//«w«/A, to put in a readi-r ncfle my Py nacc ; as alio to take vp ccrtaine Provifions, which arc 'roTiCaat better chcapc in tlioie parts then in London^is Becte,Porke,Bisket, j'JaJK^' and Sidcr. And with the diligence I vfed, and my Fathers furthc- mmb, then at ranee, at the end of one Moncth, I was readip to fee Sayle foi; '^•"^'"'• ^Imoiah, to iov ne with the reft of my Shippes and ProvifioQs. But thecxf L vf ing of the: commingof the Ler^ high Admifdll^ Sir Rfib^f C^-w//, piintipail Secretary to her Maieftie, and Sir IValter Rawlty^ with othvrs, to honour my Shippc and me, with their prelen^e and farrwci 1, detnyncd mc fome daycs ; and the rayne and vnceoi* pcratc weather deprived mc of the favour, which I was in hope to haue received at their hands s Wherevpon, being loath to loofe more time, and the Winde ferving according to my wifti, the eight of Aprill 1^9?.! caufcd the Pilotto fet Sayle from BUtkwaU^ and to untVdowne to Gr<»«fi-^»^, whether that night I purpofcd tocorac. Having taken my vnhappylaftleaue of my Father Sir 7^)&»/6«iy- hins^ I tookc my Barge , and rowed downe the River, andcom-r iningto£.zr/';>7^, wee might ice my Ship at an Anchor^ in the midlt ofthe Chnnnc]I,whcre Ship^are not wont to more them? iclues: this bred in me fome alteration. And coaming aboor4 her , one and other began to recant the.perill. they had paft of Jode of Ship and goods, which was not little; for the .winde bC'^ ing at Eaft North-eaft, when they (ct fa>ylc^and vered out Sou- therly ; it forced them for the doubling of a point to bring their tackc aboard, andlooffing vp > the wmdefrcihing, ibdenly the Shipp began to make a little hele j and for-^at (hee was veiy decpc loadcn, and her port? open, thejiKater began to :encer in at them \ which no bodie having regard ¥QI0 ) thinking ^heoifelues Note, fafe in the River, it augmented in Tuch maner, as tl^e waigh^ of the water began to preiic downe thCniide, more then {h«^ winde: At length when it was feene and. the (hctc flowne, (bee, could hardly be brought vpi-ight. But God was plea(ed)that witU the diligence and travell of the Company » fheewasfree^io^^h^- dangcr : which mayibe 9 gentle warning to all fiich as tak? and haucbccncmoft lamentable fpe^acles and examples vpFPrVs.* £x- pcrimcn'ts in the (irt^.t Marry.y Admirall oi Hpglaqd j ^whi(^/^ was over4a!and ibnck^aCfi>«^p»iA wirfjiiw Cap»wB, <^^ '? . A3 and i,' S'" R; Hawkins la ;« u and the moft pare of his company drowned in a goodly Summers day, with a httle flawe of winde *, for that her ports were all o- pen, and making a rmallhele, by them encred their deftru^ion; where ifthey had beene (hut, no wind could haue hurt her,cipeci- ally in that place. ' In the R iver of Thames, Mafter Thmss Candijh had a fmall Ship 6ver-fct through the fame negligence. And one of the I'kete of Syr Francis Drdke,m Saittc Domsngo H2rboWj turned her keclc vpward likewiie,vpon the fame occafion ; with many othcr9,which wee never haue knowledge of. ' And when this commeth to paffe, many times negligence is cloaked with the fury of the winde:which is a double fault ; for the truth being knowne , others would bee warned to lliunthc like neglcAsi tor it is a very bad Ship, whofc Malts crackt notafun- der, whole Sayles and tackling flie not in peeces, before fheco- ver-fetj efpecially ilfheebeEnglilh built. And that which over- (ettcth the Ship is the waight of the water, that preiTethdowne the iide, which as it entrcth more r 4 more, increaleth the waight, and the impo(Iibilitieoftheremedie:Forthewatcrnot cntrmg, with eafing ofthcflieate, or ftrikingthcfayles, or put- ting the Ship before the winde or Sca^ or other diligences, asoc* cafion is offered ( and all expert Mariners know ) remedie is ea- filyfound. .' With this mirchaunce the Mariners were fo daunted, that they would not proceedc with the Ship any further, except fhce were lighted , which indcede was necdelefle , for many realons which I gauc : btft Mariners arc like to a ItifFc necked Horfe, which taking the bridle betwixt his teeth, forccth his Rider to what him lift maikgerhif will : fo they hauing once concluded, and refolved, are with great difficultiebroughc to ycelde to the raynes of reafbn: And to colour their negligence, they added coft, trouble, and delay. In fine, feeing no other remedie, I difpat- ched that night a fervant oimine to giue account to my Father of that which bad paft, and to bring meeprefently fbme Barkc of L^ndtn to goe along with mee to Flymouth ; which net fiading, he brought me a Hoye, in which I loaded fbme fixe oreighttunns|Co giue content to thecompany^ and fo fet fayle the 1 3. of April], and the next day wee put in at Harwich y for that the winde was contrary, wnd from theoce departed the x8. ofthefaydMoneth in the Aoming. Whfii Wee wcredeerc of the Sands, the winde vered to the SoQth-wtft,andro we were forced fo pot iMto Jtf4r^4/Roadc,whe- ^ i- ther .sJoM Hit Obfervatims. f ther came prcfently after vs a Fleece of Hollanders of aboue an hundrcth Saylc, bound for i^^r^i/ to loadelak: and in their cora- panieadozcn (hips of VVarre; their wafters very good ihipsand well nppoinrcd in all refpe^s. All which came alongft by our (hip, and faiutcdvs, asisthecuftomcofche Sea, Tome with three, o- chers with (iue, others with more peeces of Ordinance. The next morning the winde vering EaOcrly, I (ctfayle, and the Hollanders with me, and they with the flood in band, went out at the North lands-head, and I through the GhUs coflionen my way, andtofet my Pilate a (hore. Comraing necre theSouth-forc-land, the winde began tovere to the South-call and by iouth,fb as we could not double the point of the Land, and being cbfc abourd the (hore, and putting our (hip today, what with the chapping Sea, and what with the Tide vpon the Bowe, (hee mid (laying, and put vs in fomedaunger, be- fore wcecould flactabout^ therefore furdoubling the point of any land better is ever a (hort bourd, then to put all in pcrill. Being tacked about wee thought to anchor in the Downes,buc the faylcs for, wc made a fmall bourd, and after calling about a* igaine, doubled the foreland,andran alongdtheCoaft till we came tothe Ileof/^'/^/ which certam- denccoithc ly was a thing worth iWehoting, to behold the good ^""^ ^ orderthc Maftersobfcrved in guard of their flecte. TheAdmirall headmod the red of the men of Warre, fprcad •longft to wind-ward, all faving the vicfc-Admirall and her confbrt, which 3vere lec-moft and detn-modof all, and except the Admi- tan,w|iichwasthefird, that came to an Anchor j None of the o- A 4 Cher "^> 8 S^*^ R: Hawkins TheEnglifli, Authors of Sea difcipline. Bj them a- gaiae neglec- ted. 3:3r Theuiodcfty «f Sir Henrj P4lmtr. Fatti required in A Com- mander at Sea. ther men ofwarrc anchored, betore all the Fleece was in fafctiej and then they placed themlclues round about the FlcetCi the Vicc-AdmirallSeamoftaiidLeemoftj which we haue taught vnto moft Nations, and they obfcruc it now adayes better then we, to ourfliamc, that being the Authors and reformers of the beft Difci- pline and Lawcsin Sea cauies, are become thole which doc now worft execute them. And I cannot gather whence this contempc hath growiie,except ofthcneglcifc of Discipline, orratherin giuing commands for fa- vour to thofc, which want experience of what is committed to their charge r Qt that there hath bcenc little Curiolitie in our coun- trey,in wriiingof the i)//^////wof the J'Mi which is notlcfleneceP iary for vs, then that of theZ^w ; And lani of opinion, that the want of experience is much moretoUcrable in a Generall by Land, then in a couernour by Sea.For in the iield the Lieutenant Generall, theSergcant Maior, and the cor»neU fupply what is wantingin the Gcncrali, for that they all command j and ever there is place for Counfell, which in the Sea by many accidents is denied: and the head is he that manageth all, in whom alone if there be dcfctl:, all is badJy governed j for, by ignorance how can errors be iudgcd,c)r reformed ? And therefore I wilh all to take vpon them tbat, which they vnderftandi and refufe the contrary. As Sir Henry PAlmer^z wife and valiant Gentleman, a great eom- maridcr, and ofmuch experience in Sea caulcs, being appoynted by the Quccncs^MaicfUcs CX)unIell, to goe for Generall of a Fleett forthecoaft ol.'y/^/Mtf, Anno x^S^Iubmittinghimielfe to their Lordihipsplqafuite, excufed the charge, faying, that his trayning vp had beene in the narrow Seas; and thatof thcothery he had lit- tle experience. And (hercfore was indutie bound to intreate their Honours, to make choice of fome other perfon, that was better ac- quainred.and experimented in thofeSeas; thather Maieftie, and their Lordfliips might be the better Icrved. His modcftie and dif^ crecion is doubtlci^tobehad in remembrance, and great eftimati- on i For the ambition of many which covet the command of Fleeces, and places of government ( not knowing their Compaile, nor how,nor what to command) doe purchafc to themfel ues fhamei and loiTc to thole that employ them :Beinc required in aComman- der acSea,aJ[haEpewic,a good vnderflanding, experience in flip- ping, pra^lifc in mannagement of Sea bydnes, knowledge in Navi- gajtion, and in command : I hold it much better to deleruc ily jiQ^tiocto haueit)tlaeacohaue itnotdeTcrvingic. Vi m His Ohfenations. ■x. 1 fafetie ; «tcj the ght vnto n wc, to ea DifcU doc now ie,except ds for fa- ll icted to >ur coun- ile neceP , that the by Land, Gcnerall, ingui the place for ; and the Icfctl. all tidgedypr It, whkh reat Gon|« ppoynted faFJeett • to their trayning ic had h(- eate their better ac- iftie, and eanddif^ :eftimati- imand of bmpaile, esfhamej iominan* t in (hip- in Navi- eieruc iiy Sect. IV. ' : P^^% He fruits and inconveniences of the latcerwc daily ' partake of, to our loflc and diflionor. As inthe Theioffeof Ficete that went for B«r^/^»x, Anno 159a. which fi^^^^'i^^ hadiix Gallant Ships for Waiters. At their go- i^^i ingoHtof P//>w»/A,the Vice-admirall that (hould hauc bccne Ikrnmo(l of all, was the headmofi, and the Admirall the light, and he that did execute the office of the Vice-admirall, lanching off into the Sea, drew after him the greater pait of the Fleetc, and night comming on, and both bea- ring lightSjCaufedafeparation: lo that the head had a quarter of the bodic,and the Flfcte three quarters, and he that iliould goe before,came bchindc. VV hereof enfoed, that the three parts mee- ting with a few SpanifhMcnofWarre, wanting their head, werea ;.. prey vnto them. For the Vice-admirail, and other Wallers, that ' '^ fliould be the Shepheards to guard and keepe their flocke, and to carry them in iafecie before them, were headmoft, and they the Men who made moft hafl to file from the Wolfe. Whereas if they The caufe. had done as they ought, in place of lofle and infaraie, they had gained honor and reward. This J haue becne cnformed of by the S^Anijh and Inglijhy whick irerepreient in the occafion. Anda(hipofminc,beingoneofthe Starnmoff, freed her felfe, for that (hce was in warlike manner,with }ierfaireNetcing,many Pendents and Streamers,and at lead i<^.or 18. Peeces of Artillery ; the encmle thinking her to be a Wafter, or Shipof warre,notoneofthemdurfllay heraboord: and this the Maflcr and company vaunted of at their returne. In the lame Voyage, in the river of Burdieux ( as is credibly re- ported ) if the fix Wafters had kept together, they had not onely not received domage, but gotten much Honourand Reputation, For the Admirall of the Spanilh ArmadOy was a Flcmilh Shippe, Theweaknei ofnotaboue 130. Tunncs, and the reft Flie-boatesandlmallfliip- ofthcenem/. ping, for the mofl part. And although they wereii.SavIein all, what manner of Ships they were, and how furniftied and appoynccd, is well knowne, with the difference. In the Fleete of her Maieflie, vnder the charge of ray Father the Voragt Svc John Hawkins^ Knno 1590. vponthecoafl oispaine, the Vice- ofsir m« admirallbeingahead one morning, where his place was to be a '^^j^^'^'^ B Sterne, ' lO S'-* R: Hawkins Sir lijhttrd Crttufiiidit H*ru. Sccrne, loft vs the taking ofeight men of Warre.loaden with Mu- nition, ViiSuals, and Proviiions, for the lupplieotthcSouldicrs in Bnttaine : and although they were Icavcn or tight Leagues from the Shore, when our Vice-admirall began to fight with thcni, yet forthacthereftof our Flccte were Tome foure, fomefiue Leagues, and fomc more diftanc from them,wheu we bf ganne to giue chafe .* the Spaniards recovered into the Hai hour o^Monge^ before our Ad- mirall could come vp to giue dire^lion, yet well beaten, with loile ofabouetwohundrcthracn, as theythemfclues confeiTed to rae sfter. AnddoubtlefTr, ifthewinde had not over-blowne, and that co follow them, I was forced to (hut all my lower ports, the (hip I vn- dertooke,doubtles had never endured to come to the Port i but be- ing doubblefii-boatcs, and all good of Sayle, they bare for thcii' liu<-s, and we wh Jt we could co follow and (etch them vp. In this poynr,attheIle of J/tfr«,Sir Richard Greenfield got etcr- nall honour and reputation of great valour,and ofan experimented Souldier, chudng rather to (acrificc his life, and to paffe all danger whatrdcuer,thcn to fayle in his Obligation,by gathering together thole which had remained afhorein that place, though with the hazard of his (hip and companie j And rather we ought to imbrace an honourable death, then to Hue with infamie and di(lionour,b/ faylingin dude ,-and I account that he, and his Country, got much honorinthatocca{ion:forone(hip,andof the fecond iort of her Maieftiesjfuftaiiicd the force of all the Pleete of .f/^rm', andgaue them to vnderftand, that they be impregnible, for having bought deerely the boording of her, divers and fundry times, and with many ioyntly,andwichacontinu3ll fight of 14 or 16. houres, at length leaving her without any Maft (landing, and like a Logge ia the .Seas,(hee made notwithftanding, a moft honourable compofi- tion of life and libertie, for aboue two hundreth and (ixtie men, as by the Pay-bookc appeareth : which her Maieftie of her free grace commanded in recom pence of their fcrvice, to be given to ever/ one his fix moneths wages. All which may Worthily be written in our Chronicles in letters of Gold, in memory for all Pofierities» fome to beware, and others by their example in the like occafions, (o imitate the true valour of our Nation m thele Ages. In point of Providence, which Captainer4t;/y«r in thcfgrefigh gauealfo good proofc of his valour, in cafting about vpon tho wholeFleete, notwithftanding the greatneffeand multitude of the Spani(h Aniudo^ to yeeld that fiiccour which he was able^ Al- though fome doe fay, and I confcnt with them, that the beft valour •is Captaine^4< •{"v .His Ohferviitions. II with Mu- Suuldicrs ^uc-s from [licni, yec ? Leagues, ue chafe: eourAd- with loiTe ed to rae nd that co (hip I vn- rcibucbe- z for thcit • i got etcr- crimentcd all danger g together 1 with the :o imbrace lonour, by , got much rort of hc^ » andgaue ig bought ,and with houres, ac 1 Loggcin ;compo(i- :ie men, as free grace ;n to every written in ?ofteritics» occafionsy \c fere fight vpon cho ude of the able i Al- beft valour .H 0^ is to obey,and to follow the head, fcemc that good or bad which is commanded. For God himfelfe tellech vs, that obedience is better then lacritice. Yet in fomc occafions, where there is diffi- cuitie^or impoflibilicie co know what is commanded ^ many times it is great dilcrecion and obligation, iudiciouily to cake hold of the occalion,to yeeld fuccour to his afrociat8,withoutpuccing himfelfc in manifcft danger; Buccoour Voyage. Sect. V. 3^ HEingcleafc of thcraceofP^y/ZW, the Wind began to f ui?le with fogge and milling ray ne, and forced vs to a (hort (ayle, which continued with vs three daycs \ the ^^ Wind never vcringonc poynt,nor the foggclufFcring vstofccthcCoalk. T he th ird day i n the fogge, wc met with a Barke of Dartmouth^ which came from Kccheti, and demanding of- them, if they had made any land, anfivcrcd, that they had onelyfcenc the I.diejlone that morning, which lycththwartof thclbund o( Tliftouth, and that Dartmouth (as they thought) bare oft'ys North North-caft : which fccmcd ftrange vnto vs j tor wc made account th at wee were thwart of jEatw^w//?; within two houres after, the Weather beganne to cleare vp, and we found ourfcluesthwart of the Berry^zn^ might ice the Imall Barke bearing into r^r^, hav" ig ovcr-fliot her port: ivhich error often happeneth tothofechat make the land m foggic •wcathcr,and vie not good diligence by found,by Jying ofTthe land, and ochcr circumrt anccs, to (earch the truths and iscaufeof the lofTeofmanyaShip, and the fwectc Hues of multitudes of men. ' That evening, wc anchored in the range of Dartmouthf cill the floud was fpent ^ and the cbbc come, wee ice Say le againc. And the next morningcarly, being the a6. of Aprill, wee harboured our k\vizs'\nl*'tmouth. ( i My Shipat an Anchor, and I alliore, I prefcntly difpatchcd a meflcnger to LendmiXQ advile my Father, Sir lohn hfawkhji what hadpaft : which, noconely to him, but to all others, that vnder- ftoodwhac it was, feemed ftrange ^ That the wind contrary, and the weather fuch as it had bccne, wee could be able to gaine Plm»uth ; Butdoubtleiicj theD4/»//^ wasaivecy good Seaflup, and^cellertt by the wiride ; which with the nea|>ftreames, and our diligence to benefit our iclues of aU advantagjbs^ made icziblc that, w^H^h al* moft was^ibctobebblccvcd. » :'! .••; ; ;1 oj izvi^va irm y'i : ' ' • ^ukiijii B 2 And ■■■'M .a.-i M S^'' R: Hawkins Parts requiHte And ill this occafioH, I found by experience, that one of the M«S* principaJI parts required in a Mariner, that frequcntcih our coaftcs of Jtojirfxr^, is to caft his Tydcs, and to know how they fct from poynt to poynt, with the difference of thofe ia the Chaonell from thole of the Ihorc. Sect. VI, Ow prcftntly I began to prepare for my Difpatch, and to haften my Departure ^ and finding that my Ship which I cxpcne of the >urcoafies y fee from anell from ch,an(I to lip which I that Ihee raine how 7oe in her illerjpur- c her men, my good none caji jovcdit) 3 fet (ayle ic found, )rd. ndc We- lles, and ^ifh) one alio into icmoach hcd, the rill, en« emeano r, brake which, 'me was Kere not tyofche ftorme. fiormc, dcfiring much to goe aboord, there ioyned with me Cap- tvineWtllum Anthoi^, C^^t2Ai\zl0hntlUs^zv)AmdSLCK Henry Cour- Un^ in a Light-Horfman which I had : all men excrcifed in charge, til";JvSrCf and of valour and rufficicncie,and from their youth bred vp in bu- coumge ^tA iincfleofihc Sea: which notwithftanding, and that wee laboured ^^'*'^*' what wc could,for the fpace of two houres agaioft waues and wind, wc could hndc no pofliibilitic to accomplifli our defire j which feenc j wc wentaboord the other Shippcs, and put them in the beft fecuritic wee could; thus bu fled, we might Ice come driving by vi the may nc Maft of the Daintie ; which made me to fearc the worA, and lo hafted a-(horc, to fatisfic my longing. And comming ^^owfatt-dorpne^vicc might fee the Ship heaue and fete, which manitcdly (hewed, the loHe of the Maft unely, which was well imploycd \ for, ic faved the (hip, men, and goods. For had (hce driven a ihips length more, (hce had (no doubt) beene call away ; and the men in that place could not chufe but run into danger. Cimmingto my houfetolhiftme (forthatwc were all vett to Tleloffe of theskinne) I had not well changed my Clothes, whcnafervantof tleP^aait. raine, who was in thepynacc at my comming afhore, enters almoft out of breath, with ncwcs,that (hec was beating vpon the Rockes, which though I knew to be rcmcdilciTc, I put my felfe in place where I might fee her, and in a little time atrer (hce (unke downe right : Theic lolTvs and miichanccs troubled and grieved, but no« thingdaunted me; for common experience taught me,that 9.11 ho- nourable Hncerprifcsyare accompanied with difficulties and daun- gets ; Si fortuna me twmenta. ; I.fperartAmeemUnta : Of hard begin- nings, many times come prof porous and happic events. And al- though^ a well-willing friend, wifely foretold me them to be prefa- ges of future bad (ucccfTc, and (b difTwadcdme what lay in him, withefFefhiall reafons, from my Pretence, yet the hazard of my creditc,anddangcrofdifrcputation,totakein hand that which I fhould not proiecute by all meanes pofiible, was more powerfull to caufe me to goe forwaraes, then his graue good counfcU, to m'ake me deflft. And (b the ftorme ceafii^, I begannc to get in tl: ? Daitf* tte, to Maft her ane w, and to recover the isney^y Pynace: which with the helpeand funhiCFancc of my Wwes Father, who finiplyed all my wants, together with my credit ( which I thankd God was vnfpotted) in tendayes put ail itl his former eftate, or better. And foonceagaine, inGodbnamie, ibvgtightmy Shippes om into the, ibund,the Wrnd^bein^iEafterfyvanid oeganneto take my toiucof iny friends^ and of my deatieft fi'iendjfiy (econdiffifo,whoia ynfey-* * V '^ B J ned '4- S'" R; Hawkins Abufes of lomc Sea-fi- Hi&ct'lim/it Ctmdijh. ned ccares had wrought me vnco irrefolution, and (enc fome other in my roomc, had I not confidcrcd, that he that is in the Dauncc, muft needs dauncc on, though he doc but hopp, except he will be a laughing fiockc to all the lookers on : So,rcraembring that many iiad their eyes let vpon me , with diverfe afFeftions , as alfo the hope of good fucceflc, (my intention being honeft and good) I (hutthedoorc to all impediments, and mmceare to all contrary counfcll, and gauc place to voluntary baniflimcnt from all that I loucdandcftcemcdm this life, with hope thereby better to lerue my God, my PrinccandCoHntric,thentoencrcalemyTallcntany way. And To began to gather my corapanic aboord, which occupied my good friends, and the lufticcsof the Towne two daycs, and forced vs to fcarch all Lodgings, Tavcrncs, and Ale-houlcs. (For fomc would ever be taking tficir Icaue and never depart:) (bme drinke thomfclucs fo drunke,that except they were carried aboord, they of ihcmfducs were not able to coc one fteppc : others know- ing the ncccflitic of thttimc, fayned themfelucs ficke ; others, to be indebted to their Hoftes, and forced me to ranfome them; one hisChcft; another, his Sword janor her, his Shirts i another, his Cardeand Inftrumcnts for Sea : And others, to benefit themielues of the frnprcQ given them, abfented themielues; making a ]cw4 lining in deceiving all, whofc money they could lay hold of: which isalcandall too rife amongft our Sea-men j byic they com- mitting three great ofTcnces: x. Robbery of the goods of another perlon > 2. Breach of their faith and promife; 3. and hinderance (with loiTeoftime) vnto the Voyage ; all being a common iniury to the owners, victuallers, and company; whirh many times hath beene an vtcer overthrow,and vndoing to all in generall. An abule in our Common-wculth ncccflarily to be reformed ; And, as a per- fon that hath both feenc, and felt by experience thele inconveni- ences, I with it to be remedied ; For, I can but wonder, that the hic Lord high Admiraiiok England i the late Earlc o( Cttmherland i and the Lord Thomas Howardy now Earle of Suffdke^ being of fo great authoritie, having to their cofts and lofle (b often made expe- rience of the inconveniences of thefc lewd proceedings, hauo not vnited their GoodncfTcs and VVifedomes, to redreflc this dif-loyall and bafeabfurditieof the Vulgar. : ,»i{, 'ft MaAerThamasCaftdifi in hislaft Voyage, in the found of Plim- »rtf«|M, being readie to fetSayle,eomplaiocd[ynta me, that perfons which had abfented themfclues in Impr^Sy had coft him aboue athooioodand fiuehundred pounds : TkeieVaclets within a fm. hm ' , r daycs <. His Oh/eryations. i5 bme other le Daunce, : he will be that many as alfo the d good) I 11 contrary n all that I cr to ferue 'allcncany h occupied daycs, and mits. (For art:) fome icd aboord, hers knov¥- ; others, to them; one mother, his thcmlelues king a lewd ly hold of: they com- ot another hinderance mon iniury ' times hath I. Anabufe id, asaper- inconveni- er, that the ' umber Undi being of fo madeexpew s, haue not isdiPloyall id of Plimm harperfons hJm aboue khina fe^i dayes daycs after his departure, I faw walking the ftreetes of flimouth^ whom the luibcc had before fought for with greacdiligencc, and without punilhment. And therefore ic is no wonder that others prefume to doe the like. ImfunitoifeccAndt HUeeltra, The like complaine made mafter Getrge Reymptid ; and in what Mafter om^t fort they deal t with me, is noeorioHs,and was fuch, that if I had not ^""i*^' bcene provident, to haue had a third part more of men, then I had need of, I had beene forced to goc to the Sea vnmanned \ox to giue over my Voyage. And many of my company,ac Sea vaunted,how they had colbned the £arle ofc«n^rr/i2«^, mafier C4;9^j(l, mafler i{rj'OTW,and others, fomcof fiuepoundes, ibme of cenjlbraeof more, and fome of lefTe. And truely, I thinke, my Voyage profpe- red the worfe, for theirs and other lewd perfbns company, which were in my Ship; which, I thinke, might be redreffed by fomeex- traordinary, levere, and prcfent loftice to be executed on the offen> ders by the luftice in that place, where they fhould be found. And forfindingthem, it were good that all Optaines, and Mailers of Shippes, at their departure out of the Pore, fhould giue vnto the head lufticc, th e names and fignes of all their runnawayes,and they prefently to diipatch to the nigher Ports the advife agrecable,where meeting with them, without f unher delay or procene,to vfe Marti- all Lawvpon them. Without doubt, feeing the Law once put in execution, they and all others would be terrified from fuch villa- xiies. Ic might be remedied alfo by vtter taking away of all Imprefis, The tnoenve. which is a thing lately crept into our Common- wealth, and in my ule men, men, and ftjthcyarc eadineffe, 10 longer icke their ned. ^••> laboord, three of a bourd my boar, (bme bu- ill put in elnhabi-" together itheloue borne to iirftwith th my o* , I made :hey an- e on the evening U which taking '■«!/ The lonrc- Jucnceof It>> ru Ajoii at dci^orturc. !r,tir'.?!i\t rskingcnd, Kent TnflrurtionsandDire^ionstomy other Ships. Wliich is a poynt of ipcciall importance i for that I haue fccnc Commanders u( great name and reputation, by ncg!e£^ and omifli* onofiuch folemnitics, to hauerunne into many inconveniences, and thereby haue learnt the nccclfitie of it. Whereby I cannot but advill- all iuch, as Hiall haue charge committed vnto them, cvcrbetore they depart our of the Port, to giue vnto their whole Mccic, notoncIyDircv •' .%\ ,i. ;.T'.v. ; Oliif flioni a- gainftnicftin^ inHaibours. i8 S'*^ R; Hawkins The place of meeting, if it might be, would be able to giue, at ■ " ,'3' the Icaft^refrcfliingofwater and wood. Se C T. IX, Anchiiig out into the Ch;(nnell, the wind being at Eaft and by Sooth,and Eaft South Eaft, which blow ing hard, and & flood in hand, caufed a chapping Sea, and my Vice-admiral! bearing a good Sayle made Ibme water, and Ihooting offa peccc of Ordi- nance, I edged towardcs her, to know the caule 5 who anfwercd me, chat they had fprung a great Leake, and that of force they muft returne into the found, which feeing to be neceilary, I eaft about, where Anchoring, and going aboord.prefently found,that betwixt WftCalking. Wind and Water, the Calkcrs had left a feame vncalkcd, which being filled vp with^tch onely, the Sea labouring that out, had beene fufficient to haue funke her in (hort fpace, it it had not beene. diicovered in time; j^^ 5 . n U. And ttuely there is little care vfed now adaies amongft our coun* trimen in chisProfeffion, in refpcA of that which was vfed in times paft, and is accuftomed in Irance^ in Sfninc^ and in other parts. Which ncceflitic will caufe to be reformed in time, by affigning the portion thatevciy workeman is to Calke i that if there bee dam- mage through hisdefault, he maybe forced to contribute cowards the loiTc, occafidned through his negligence. And for more fecuritic I hold it for a good cuftomevfed in fome parts, in making an end of calking and pitching the (hip, the next tide to fill her with water, which will vndoubtedly dif- cover the defe^ , for no pitcht place without calking « canfuffer the force and pcize of the water. In negle^ whereof, J hauefeene great damage and danger to cnfue. The Arke Rtyall of his Maie- fiie8,fiiay fcrue for an example : which put all in daunger at heriiHt goinptothe Sea, byatrivuell-hole Icftopcninthepofl, and co^ vered onely with pitch. In this point no man can betoocircum- fpe£t, for it is the fecurity of (hip, men, and goods. Forpr(ve«ti. on thereof Example, ^tVhip. I A nj^r?. :4T ,v,\u s 9 C; t. glue, ac His Ohfenations. Sect. X. ip being at ch blow* happing od Sayle ofOrdi- infwercd hey muft ft about, cbctwixc si, which >ut, had ot becne »urcoun- in times ler parts. ;ningthe >ce dam- towards ?vfcd in the (hip, dly dif- iinluHer aefcenc s Maie- herfirft ind cor :ircum- C; T, '■■3 W^'ff^^'fh H's being remedied, I fct fayle in the morning and ¥^3L I^S*^ ' ^^^ South-weft, till we werccleere oivsfheni i and "" ^ then South louth-weft, til! we were Ibmc hundred Leagues off, where wee met with a great /^«/)t^, of forae hue or fixe hundred tunnes, well appointed, ^' the which my company, (as is natural 1 to all Mari- ners) prefently would make a prize, andloaden with Spaniards Advifc for goods, and without fpeaking to her, wiftied that the Gunner might fl»oatingat Ihoote athcr,tocaufe hcrto amainc. Which is a bad cuftome re- ceived and vied of many ignorant perfons, prefently to gun at all whatfbcvcr they difcover, before they fpcake with themj being contrary to all difcipline, and many times is eaufe of diflention betwixt friends, and the breach of Amitie betwixt Princes J the death of many, andfometimesloileofShippesand ali, making many obftinate,ifnot defperarc; whereas in vfing common cour- tcfie, they would better bcthinke them{cluc$,andf6 with ordina- rie proceeding ( iuftified by rcafbn,and the cufbihe ofall well difci- plincd people ) might perhaps many times brecdean increafe of A- mitie, afuccourto neceflicy, and excufe divers inconveniencies and futcs, which haue impoveri (lied many :' for it hath chanced by this erroor, that two Englifti ftiips, neither carrying flag for sundry mift their pcrticularrefpefts, to change each with other a dozen payrc chances for of fliott, with hurt to both, being after too late to repent their "'^s^^'^'^'hcieof follio. Yea a pcrlbn of credit hath told mee, that two Englifti men ofWarrcin the Night, haue layd each other aboord willing- ly, with lofTc of many men, and dammape to both, enelyforthe faulty of not .'peaking one to the other ; which might feeme to carricwith it Jbmc excufe, if they had becne neere the ftiore, or that the one had beene a Hull, and the other vnder fayle, in feare fliee ftiould haue cfcaped, not knowing what fhee was (though .■ in the night it is nowifedome tobourd with any fliip) but in the maine Sea, and both defiring to ioyne, wasa fufficient declarati- on, that both were feckcrs : and therefore by day or night, he that can fpeakc with the Ship hee feeth, is bound, vpon payne to bee reputed vtfyg in the French Seas, The honour ot his Maic- Ai.t:sihi.Ct ty givcth exception to allLawesj and experience teacheth what is ht to bee done. Matter Thom.is Hamj)tm once Gencrall of a l^Xttic oUl^aJlers^ fent to Rechell, A»nois%^. with (ccrct inftrudions , confidcring (and as a man of experience) wilely vnderftnnding his place and affaires, in like ca(c Ihut his Eare to the inttigations and provoca- tions ot the common fort, preferring the publiquc good of both Kinguomes before his owne reputation with the vulgar people: And as another FAbias M(iximus^cm^Und() reffituifrem^ftcffpotten- do rumorci ante f^lutcm. The trench Kings Fleete comming where he was, and to winde-ward of him, all his Cop'pany were in an vproarc j for that, hcc would not fliootc prcfcntlyat them, before they faw ihcir intention: wherein had becne committed three great faults; thefirft and principall, the breach of.Amitie, betwixt the Princesand Kingdomes; thefecond, the negleft of common curtelic, in (hooting before heehad fpoken with them: and the third, in fliQotmg firlt, being to lee-wards of the other. Bcfidcs there \vas polofTc of reputation, bccaufe the French Kings FJecte was in his owne Sea j and therforc for it to come to winde-ward, or the other to gocto Icc-ward, was but that, which in reafon was required, the Kingdomes being in peace and Ami- tie .-For every Prince is to bee acknowledged and refpcded in his iurifdiflion, and -where hcc pretendeth it to be his. TheFrcnch Generall, likcwife fcemcd well to vndcrftand what hee had in hand, forthough hewerefarrc (upcriour in forces, yet vfedhce the termcs which were required j and comming within fpcech hayled them ^ and asked if there were peace or warre be tm\iEMglandznAFrAme : whcrcuntoanfwere beingmade, that they knew of no other but peace j they laluted - ;\ h other after the maneroftheSea, and then came to an Anchor all together i as and friends vifitcd each other in their fhips. One thingthe French fuffered (vponwhat occafion or ground I know not) that the Englifh alwaycs carried thvir flag difplaycd •» which in all other partes and Kingdomes is not permitted \ at leaft in our Seas, if a Stranger Fleete mectc with any of his Ma- ieftics fhips, the forraigners are bound to take in their flags, or his Maiefties fhips to force the m to it,though thereof follow the breach of peace or whatfoever difcomraodity . And whofocvcr fhould not be icalous in this point, hcc is not worthy to hauc the com- maund of a Cock-boat committed vnto him : yea no ftrangcr ought to open his flag in any Port of England , where there is any fhipp, or Fort of his Maiefiies j vpon penaltic to loofe his flagg, and to p»y *.« His Obfery$(ions. 21 ichcrh what e oftVaJIers, confidcring s place and nd provoca- ood of both gar people ; \ comming •'pany were tly at them, committed of.Amitic, ncglc(fl of tviththeni; ic other, he French to come to har, which ? and Ami" <^ed in his ■ftand what forces, yet ing within r warre be lade, that >thcr after together j or ground liiplayed ; isttcdi ac >fhisMa- Jgs,orhis he breach cr fliould the com- ber ought ny Oiipp, g, and to pay pay tor the powder and (liott ipcnd vpon him. Yea, lijch is the rci pert to his Maicrtics Shippes in all places of hisDominionSjthac iioiingliihShipdilplaycththeFlagge in their prefcncc, but run- neth cue like daungcr, except they be in his Maiefties fcrvice ,• and then they are in predicamentoftheKings Ships. Which good dill ciplinein otherKingdomesisnotin thatregard as it ought, but fonietimcs through ignorance,romctimes of malice,negledis made ot that dutic and acknowledgement which is required, to the coft and (hamc of the ignorant and malicious. In Q\xzc\\t Maries Raignc, King "Thiiif ol Sfdne coraming to PraftifoaaE marry with the Quccne, and meeting with the Royal! Navie of ''^^'?1?"'"!8 "Engimd^ tlie Lord IVilUam H(iwnrd, High Admirall ot England^ phiUp into would not conlcnt, thattheKingin the narrow Seas (houldcarrie £'«^''<«^. hisMaggedilpIayed, vntill he came into the Harbour of /"//ww*/^. I being of tender yeares,there came a Flecte o^S/fanLtrdi ofabouc fiftiefiiyleofShippcs, bound for Fkundersy to fetch the Qucene, Dom ^nm de Aujlriay laft wife to Philip the fecond of SpAtne, And in the which entred betwixt the Hand and the Maine, without vayling paflageof i>». their Top-fayles, or taking in of their F lags r which my Father, Sir ^J^^"^ John Hawkins^ ( Admirall ofa Fleete of her Maiefties Snippcs,then rydingin Cati-water) perceiving, commanded his Gunner to (hoot atthcflaggeofihe Admirall, that they might thereby fee their er- ror : which notwithftanding, they perlcvered arrogantly to keepe difplayed v wherevpon the Gunner at the nextfhott,la^the Admi- ral) through and through, whereby the Spamards finding that the matter beganne to grow to earneft, tooke in their Flags and Top- fayles, and fbranne to an Anchor. . , TheGencrallprefentlyfenthisBoat.withaprinclpallperfonage , i; to expoftulate the caufeand realbn of that proceeding ; But my Fa- ther would not permit him to come into his Ship, nor to heare his Meil;igc ; but by another Gentleman commanded him to returne, and to tell his Gcnerall,Thacin as much as in the Qucencs Port and Chamber, he had neglcded to doe the acknowledgment and reverence, which all owe vnto her Maicftie, (efpeciallyher Ships bcii g prefent) and comming withio great a Navie, he could not but glue fufpition by fuch proceeding of malicious intention, and therefore required him,that within twelue houres he ftiould depart the Port: vpon paine to be held as a common enemy, and to pro- ceed againft him with-forcc. Which aniwcre the Gcnerall vnderftanding,prcfently imbarkcd himfelf^in the fame Boat, and came to the /ejus of Lubecke^ and craved lice"-? to fpcake with my Father : which at the firft was C 5 dcnyedf 11 S"^ R: Hawkins dcnyedhiiT>,butvpontheIccond intrcatic wa* admitted to enter the Ship, and to parley. The Spamfi General! began to demand, if there were Warrcs betwixt £*g/Wand^/4/w J who was anlwe- rcd,that his arrogant manner of proceeding, vlijrpingtbc Qycenc his MiftreiTes right, as much as in him lay , had given lutficienc caufc for breach of the Peace j And that he purpofed prelently, to giuc notice thereof to the Queene,and her Counlell jand in the mcane time, that he might depart. Whcrevnto the spaw/h Gcnc- rallreplycd, that he knew notanyofFcncchehad committed, and that he would be glad to know, wherein he had misbehaved him- felfe. My Father feeing he pretended to efcape by ignorance, bc- ganne to put him in mind of the cuftome of Spaim and Frauwe^ and many other parts, and that he could by no meanes be ignorant of that, which was common Right to all Princes in their King* domes ^ Demanding, ifaFleete of £x>g/4f;^(hould come into any Port of Spaifie (the Kings Maiefties Ships being prcfent ) if the Iffglifi) (hould carry their Flags in the toppc, whether the Spanijh would not fhoot them downe ^ and if they perrevcred,if they would s notbeate them out of their Port. The spamfi Gcnerall confel^ led his fault, pleaded ignorance, not malice, and fubmitted him- ielfe to the penaltie my Father would impofe : but intreated, that their Princes (through them) might not come to haue any jarre. My Father a while ( as though offended ) made himfelfe hard to be intreated, but in the end, all was (hut vp,by his acknowledgement, and the auncient amitie renewed, by feafting each other aboord and afhore. At Jb inhcr The felfe fame Flecte at their returne from FlaufttUrs, meeting icpaflase. with her Maiefties Shippes in the Channell, though fent to accompany the aforefaid Queene, was conftrained during the time that they were with the Englifti, to vayle their Flaggcs, and to acknowledge that ' which all muft doe that pafTc through the Engltfh Seas. But to our Voyage. S 1 e T. Hit Obfervations. *J ed to enter o demand, was anlwe- the Quccnc n lufHcienc i preiciitly, jandinthc Mijh Gcne- nitted, and haved him- orance, bc- id Fraunce^ >eignoranc heir King- »c into any em) if the fhc SpAniJh hey would all confcC itted him- catcd, that lanyjarrc. hard CO be edgcmcnt, ler aboord r, meeting I fenc CO uring C T. Sect. XL ■'AV.r\: Oraming within thehayling of the Mulkft ^^c de- manded whence ihee was I Whether Qiee was bound \ and what her loading \ Shee anfwered, that (hee was of Denmarke comming from Spaine^ loaden with Salt : we willed her co ftrike her Top- fayles, which fliee did,and (hewed vs her Charter* parcies,and Billes of loading, and then faluced vs,as is the manner of the Sea, and (b departed. Sect. XII. I He next day the wind became Southerly, and ibmc- whattoomuch, and my Shipps being all dccpe loaden, began to fede theTempeft, 10 that wee not able to lye by it, neither a hull, nor a try, and To with an ealie Saylc bare vp before the Wind, with intent to put into fdlmtufh ; but God was plea(ed that comming within cenne leagues o(Sylfy, the wind vered to the North-eaft, and Co we went on in our Voyage. Thwart ofthe//wofB«i7me three leagues to the Eaft wards,and a league to Wind- ward of vs, which oy her manner of working, and making, gaue vs to vaderftaiid, that fliee was one of the Kiigs Frigarts. For fliee was long and fnugg, and fpread a UrgeClewe, and AaQ'- dine to the Weft^watds, and w«e to t^e ^aft-wards to recover h^f Wake, wheii we caft about, ihfie beganoie lio vfrel^ece, j^d togoc awaylasking, anid wifhia twogiaiTes, i(^splajaejy^cne,that C4 ■ ftiec — «'««^K^ ^ A H S"" R; Hawkins v^ 'f (heewcnt from vs, and fowc followed on our courle, and flice '^ feeing that, prcfcntly ftroke her Topfayles, which our Pynace perceiving , and being within fliot continued the Chafe, till I (hot off a Pcccc and called her away,- which fault many runnc in- to, thinking to get thereby, andfomctimcs loofc thcmfclycs by being too bold to venture froni their Flectc; foritwasimpoflSbic for vs, being to leeward, to take her, ortofuccour ourowne, fticc being a Ship of about two hundreth Tunnes. The dutie of ^^^ Pynaces to meddle with Ships, is to buy Repeatancc at p^'Mcct. toodearearate. For t heir offite is, to way tevpon their Flcetc, in calmes (with their Oarcs) to follow a Chafe, and in occafions to Anchor ncerc the (bore, when the greater Ships cannot, without pcrilli Abouealljtobercadie and obedient at every call. Yet will I not, that any wreft my meanings neither fay I, that a Pynace, or (mail Ship armed, may not take a great Ship vnarmed ^ for daily experience teachcth vs the contrary. * The Madera Hands are t\*'0 .• the greater, called La madera, and the other Tarta Santo ; of great fertilitie, and rich in Sugar, Con- ferves, Wine, and fweet Wood, whereof they take their name. Other commodities they yeeld, but thcfe are the principall. The chiefeTowneand Port is on the Souther fide of the Madera^ well fortified J they arcfubie, vpon ic a cc ot thicke Cotton, or ',as chcln- ithcextrca- Kc that any mfclfc kflc ed, for chat Guyne^ and dy of man ; calth, h to r with any r, may en- toiouyne^ 4oone fhi- larypaine, to was like and cures, is a Starre I imall di* man. For voyde her ^hich if it a fpcciall hankcfgi- fenced vs full Crea- m. of the way ,1 His Ohfenatms. 29 way of Trade, more Wcfterly, and b little frequented j the other lycthiome tburcfcorc Leagues from the Maync, and containcth lix m number, to wit j Satnt Ufja^ fi*eg»^ MAyOy Bmxvtjhy Sal, and Brava. They are belonging to the Kingdome of Portingall, and inhabi- ted by people ot that Nation, and are of great trade, by reaion of the neighbour-hood they haue with Cityife and ByM/ieibat the prin- cipal! is,thebuyingandicllingofAV^rtf^. They haue ttore ot Su- gar, Salt, Rice, Cotton-wooll, and Cotton-Cloth, Ambcr-greece, Cyvit,Oiiphants teeth, 6rimftone,Pummy ttonc,Spunge,ana ibme Gold, but little, and that from the maync. Saint Jagt is the head Hand, and hath one Citie and two Townes, smt lago. with their Ports. TheCittie called Saint 74^^, whereof the Hand hathhisName, hathaGarrilon, and tfvo Fortes, fcituared in the J botcomcof a pieafant Valley, with a running fbeiimeof waterpal- fingthcoughthemiddcttof it, whether the reltot the Hands come for luAice, being the feat of the y^usiientia^with hisBithop. The other Townes are Pinya^ Come three Leaaues to the Eaft- • wards oi Saint lago^ placed on high, with a goodly Bay, whereof it hath his name: and Saint Domingo^ a fraall Towne within the Land. Theyareonthe Souther part of the Hand, and haue beene lacked (undry times in Knno I'itt.by Manuel Serades^^ Portingall, Sacked bj with a Fleetc of French-men ; in Anno 1 5 8 f . they were both burnt Jf'"'J*' J"" . to the ground by the Englilh, Sir Francis Drake being Generally DZkrl*n7s^ and in Anno x 59^. i'4//;/74i^tf was taken, and facked by the Eng- ^mhonjsf^r- lifli, Sir Anthony Shyrliy being Generall. Fufgo The (econd Hand is Fuego, 16 called, for that day and night , there burncth in it a Fuican ; whofe flames in the night are fcenc t^ventie Leagues off in the Sea. It is by nature fortitied in that fort, as but by one way is any acceffe, orentrance into it, and there can. not goe vp aboue two men a brefi. The Bread which they fpcnd in thelc Hands , is brought from Portingall and Spaine^ faving that which they make of Rice, or of Mayes, which wee call Cftynne- >" '*" ' wheate. The beft watering is in the He ofsravf, on the wefl part of the srd-ro. Hand, where is a great River, but foulc Anchoring, as is in all thefe Hands, for the moft part. The fruits are few, but fubAantiall, a»Pa]mitos,PIantanos, Patatos, and Coco Nutts. The Palmito is like to the Date tree, and as I thinke a kinde of The F4imit», it,butwilde. In ail parts of Afriaue and America they are found, and m forae parts of Ctfr^j^^, ana in divers parts different. Ifi A» /r/^i^^,andintheWefl/0^^/ they are fnall, that a man may cut D 3 them ,r.> JO S'*^ R: Hawkins them with a knifc,and the Icflcr the better ; But in BrafiU they arc (b great, that with ditficultic a man can fell them with an Axe, and the greater the better ^ one foote within the top is prohtabic, the reft is of no value; and that which is to be eaten ii> the pith, which in (bmc is better, in lomc worfe. Tfce fUf<<«. The Piantane is a tree found in moft parts of jiftique and Ame- r/w, of which two Icaues arc lufficient to cover a man from top to toci Itbeareih fruit but once, and then dryeth away, and out of his rootc fprouteth vp others ncw.In the top of the tree is his truir, which groweth in a.greatbuncli, in the forme and fafhion of pud- dings, m fome more, in Ibme JcfTe. I hauc fctnc in one bunch abouc foure hundred Plantanes, which hauc weighed abouc fourc- fcorcpoundwaight. They are of divers proportions, fome great, fome lefTcr, Tome round,fomerquare, fome triangle, moft ordina- rily of afpanne long, with a thickcskinnc, that pcclctheafily from the meatcj which is cither white or yellow, and very tender like Butter; but no Conferue is better, nor of a more pleafmg tafte .For I never hauefecncanyman, to whom they hauc bred mil-like, or done hurt with eating much of them, as of other fruites. The bcft are thofe which ripen naturally on the tree, but in moft partes they cut them ofFin braunches, ana hange them vp in their houles, and eate them as they ripe. For the Birds and Vcrrainc prefently in ripningon the tree, arc feeding on them. The beft PUtmtid. thatlhauefeencareiniSr^////, in an Hand called Plaeenth^yvhich are fmall, and round, and greene when they are ripe : whereas the others in ripning become yellow. Thofe of the Weft Indies and G«/w»f are great, and one of them fuflficient to fatisfie a man,* the onely fault they haue is, that they are windic. In fome places they catc them in ftead of bread, as in Panafft^^und other partsofTwr^ Jirme. They grow and profpcr bcft when their rootes are cv^r co- vered with water j they irs excellent in Confcrue,and good Todden in different manners, and dried on the tree, not inferior to Suc- kctt. The fflrtj,and The Coco nutt is a fruit of the fafhion of a HafTell nutt, but that tacirkindei. jti, ^9 blggcas an Ordinary Bowie, and fome are greater. It hath two (hells, the vttermoft framed (as it were) of a multitude of thrccds,one layd vpon another, with a greene skinne over-lapping them, which is foft and thickc j The inncrmoft is like to the flicU , V :^'- rt». of a Hazellrtutt in all proportion, faving that it is greater and thicker, and fome, more blacker. In the toppc of it is the forme ofaMunkiesface, with two eyes, his nofeand a mouth. It con- caiacth in it both meate and drinkej the meace white as miike, and Hts Ohfinatiom, f/'U they arc 'itii an Axe, s protiwbjc, h the pith, e and yfa/f- rom top CO and out of ishistruir, on of pud- one bunch bouefourc- ome great, ort ordina- ciifily from tender like gtaftc.For nii-Jike, or 9Ut in moft vp in their i VcriDine The beft >/M, which hcrcas the Jfjdifs and man ,• the faces tbey sof Tfnrd ? ever co- ld /bdden >r to 5uc- , but that . It hath titude of -lapping the/hcU atcr and c forme It con- I mUke, and 51 andlikctotliatorrlu'kcrncIlofaNutt, andasgood as Almonds blanchr,;itulol t;rcatquaiuitic; Tlicwatcr isclcarc,asot' the fouu- tainc, andpliuling in cafte, and fomewhat anfWcrcth that ot the water diftilitd ot Milkc. Some (ay it hath a lingular propcrtifiii Nature, tbrconlcivingthcrmoothndre of theskmne^ and there- fore in spA/rje and torttngally the curious Dames doc ordinarily walh their face; and ncckes with it. If the holes o( the Ihell be kept clolc, they kcepe loure or fix moncths good,and more j but if it be opened, and tlicwatcr kept mtheihcU, in few dayes it curnethto Vinegir. They grow vpon high Trees, which haue no boughcs \ oncly Jnthe top they haue a great cap ofleauc5,andvndcr them growah tiic tru'tc vpon certainc twigs ^ And lome affirmc that they bcarc not frii ire, before they be aboueforticycarcsold, they arc in all things like to the Palme trees, and grow in many partes of ////rf, jifriquf^ and Americn. Tiic fliels of iheic nut^arc much cftccmed for drinking cups, and much colt and labour is beftowed vpon them in carving , graving and garnilhing them, with filver,gold and precious ftones. In the Kingdome of Chile and in Brofdli, is another kindc of theHc, which they call Coquiilos, as w( e may interpret (little Co- cos) andareas big asWal-nuts; but round and fmooth, and grow jn great cluftcrs: the trees in formearcallonC) and the raeatc in the nut better, but they haue no \'ar.T. ; ., Another kindc of great Cocos growcthip the Jndeso^ Feru^ which haue not the delicate meatc nor drinke, which the others hane , but within arc full of Almonds, which arc placed as the graincs in the Pomegrannct, being three times bigger then thole of Europe^ and are much like them in taft- In thcie Hands arc Cy vet-Cats, which are alio found in parts Cyret-Catt>. ofjfia, and Afrique \ cftccmed for the Civet they yceldc, apd car- ry about them in a cod m their hinder parts, which is taken from ihcm by force. In them alio arc ftorc ofMonkies, and thcbcfl; proportioned Wimkcyej, that I haue fccne-, and Parrots^ but of rolour different to thofe pa„oK. of thewctV/»^w; fortheyareof aruflet orgray colour and great ipeakers.- _ . ._; . ..::.,.:.:..._;:,.- ;,.,v;o3 rij!'." f^ ''"• ^ rtV? 1'! lo that wee HHjjht l>c;irc all a taijur : and to advantage our lclucnwh.itwcp mi(^lu, wcc Uoodctothc Latt'Ward5,bcingablcto lye South end and by Souiii ; The next day about nine ot the ( loi kt.tny lonip.mic being gathered together to Icrue God, which wcc M I iidontt il iodv>o every morning and evening, it Iccmed vnto ino [\\M (lu* couiour ol the Sea was d'lVcrent to that of the daies paft, and whi^h is oi\hnanly whcte is decpe watiT^and 16 cailingthc ( .iptuim% and MaUer c( my Slip, I toldthenuhattomy lecramg \\\c wAUv was becon»e very fvhiiilh, and that irniadc (heue of Mu>ldo w .»tcr. Wheicvnro thcytn.idc anlwere, that all the Irnes In onrSluppcnonld not fetch grv")und • tor wcccould not be Icflc l\\c\\ thtrcltx'ste and tenno I eagues otVihe CoaU,vvh:ch all that ktpi mKonin^ In the Ship agreed vpon, and my iiltc was of the lime opinion. Andio \tet'applvcdourteluestoterucGcd, butall the tinu' that the tctvuc ciuiuu\l,my heart could not beat rcU,and ftill we ibon^ilri tho wwtvrlvgan rc^ waxe whiter and whucr. Our pray- crjctHiiX?, I tforomanded a lead jnd a K nc to be br\>ught, and ha- \n\^^ the \ckt\ uy touivreeno t"arhom5 \vc« had ground, which put vs MJi um> 4 m«rc,and jenvimj; men into the roppe, prciently e hue Leagues trom vs, verv lo^ Land. I vvn\msndcd .\ Pi\ ay t\> K^ tvNun^ »hemic'xjesot: theLind;whoAaiwcrrd,rcmc thtwuvMv ai\i ronnc,or rv^urc ;"v\>u' Lc^cuc^: whr n ««^ce ro-d ih:m *tr>e*, auad thjt iw Wvpein^KtxMLdUhi, ih:vbt^jnto«\MKii'T;Bur ha\iftgcoa- CtthvNi wKm>* A^^ K'c manr>ed, \x ^kN 1 ^^»viit{V ^rervcnx ^h.?».^^^.^nvu », ani ^ct h.t Sa^ V , ti". wc osRv vr let^'rr. trc n\ tarKMne \V Aivr, »im ww^r r* o Lo«£Oc? trv4» r^*- ikvr tr>cr-vVAi, ki hot*; br ri»e sta, or bv rbc l*r!s^N>hTsi.(f So* »V f»»d ro be* Sarrta of r;2E^ aa4 a> &iMtt$c^c«Ad ao< i;.vr b\- the ^arTa c^" a whole day they had rowed alongft the Coaft, with great dcfirc to fee {oc-c on Iliorcjtor iliat the fedgc was exceeding great and dange- rous. Wiiich experienced, wee let fay Ic, notwithftandingthccon- trarietieof the winde/oraetimcs (landing to the Weft-wards, fomc- timc to the Eaft-wards, according to the Ihiftingofthc wind. E C T. XV. Noie. Cutrti. Hre is to be noted, that the error which we fell into in ouraccompts, wasluch as all men fall into where arc currants that fee Ead or Weft, ;ind arc not knowne, for that there is no ciitainc rule ycc prad>ifcd for trial! of thelongitude, :i8 there ib of the latitude, though fomc curious and expcriinc need of our Nati- on, with whom 1 hauc had conference iibput this poynt, hauc ' Ihcwed mctwoorthrcemannerof waycshowioknow it. This, fomc yeares before was the lofTc of t|}c EawArd Cotton, Tii.iofTrof bound Ibrthe Coaft o^ BrafilJ, »yhich taken wifh the windc con- iHc y.^ve^rU trary necrc the lyne, (landing to the Eatt-wards, and making ac- compt to be fiftic or fixtic Leagues ofl' the Coaft, wick aii her Say Ics ftandingj came fuddcnly a ground vpf>ii:riie (holcu o^MaJre^ bembai and lo was caft away, though the moft part of their compa- ny laved thcmlciucs vpon RafFes ^ But with the contagion of the Countric,and bad cntreacie which the AV^r^^gauc thcm,they died; io that there returned not to their Country a.boue three or fouie of them. , * , But God Almightic dealt more mercifully with vs in (licwing i our error in the day, and in time, that wee might rcmcdie it j to hiin be evermore glory for all. This currant from the hnc Equino£liall,to twentie degrees Nor- therly, hath great force, andfettcth next ofjlny thing Eatt:,c'jiV«it!yr vpon the (horc ; which wc found by this incancs : Standing to the Weftwards,the wind Southerly, when we lay with ourShips head Wcft,andby South,wcgayncdin our heithmorc then it wee had made our way good weft fouth-wcft; for that, the currant tookc vs vndcr the bow : but lying weft, or weft and by north , wc loft mure in tweluc hourcs then the other way we could get in foure and twcntie. By which plainly we law, that the currant did let Eaft next ofany thing. Whcthcrtfiis currant runneth ever one way, or doth alter, and how, wc could by no meancs vnderftand, but ttaCt of £ time I ?+ S"" R: Hawkins timcandobfcrvation will difcovcr this, as it hath done of many others in fundry Seas. The curant that fetteth betwi\tNeW'ftwnd-iatfJa.ttd 5^4/w,run- ncthalfoEaft and Weft, and long time deceived many, and made fome to count the way longer, and others (horter, according as the paflagewas fpccdieor flowe j not knowing that the furtherance or hindcrance of the currant, was caufe of the fpceding or flowing of the way. And in fca Cardes I haue fcenc difference of abouc thirtie Leagues betwixt the Iland Tercera, and the Maync. And others haue recounted vnto me, that comroing from the India's, and looking out for the Hands of ^£«r^/, they haue had fight of Spaiw. And fome haue looked out for Sfaine, and haue difcovered the Hands. The fclfe fame currant is in the Zev«»/ Sea, but runneth trade be- twixt the Maynes, and changeable fbmetimes to theEaft^wsid^', fbmeiimes to the Weft-wards. In BrafiU and the SMth Sea, the currant likewife is changcabie, but it runneth ever alongft the Coaft, accompanying the winde: and it is an infallible rule, that twelue or twentie foure hourcs ( be- fore the Wind alters) the currant begins to change, r ' In theV^e^ Indies onely the currant runneth continually one way« and fetteth alongft the Coaft from the Equino^tiall lyoe to- wards the North. No man hath yet found that thefc conrrants keepe any ccrtainetime, or run fb many daycs, or moneths, one way as another, as doth the courfe of ebbing and flowing, well knownein all Seas : onely ncere the fliore they haue fmall force ; partly, becaufeofthercflux which the coaftcaufetb,and partly for the ebbing and flowing,which more or leffe is generall in moft fcas. When the currant runneth North or South, it is eaiily difco- vered by augmcntingordiminifhingtheheight,buthowtoknow thefettingok the currant from Eaft to Weft in the mayne Sea, it difficult, and as yet, I haue notknowneany man,orreadaRy Au- (hour, that hath prefcribed any certainc meane or way todifco- ver it. Butexperienceteacheth that in the mayne Sea, forthemoft part it is variable } and therefore the beft and fafeft rule to pre- vent the danger, (which the vncertainty and ignorance heereof may caufe) is careful! and continuall watch by day and night,an(l vpon the Eaft and weft courfe ever to bee before rhc fhipp, and to vfe themeanes poftible to know the errour, by the roles which newe Aothoursmay teach : beating ofFandon, (bmetimestothc vreft-wardsi rometimn to the £aft*watds , with afayre gale of Winde. S « C T. His Obfenations. m ?of many and made ling as the inherence >r Hovi'ing ofaboue nc. And he inetU'Sy id fight of ifcovered uradcbe* aft«w2ic!s angcjbjc, >c windej urcs (be- ualJy one iiJyocto- conrrants cths, one 'ing,wcll iJI force J ►artJy /or noftfeas. iiydi/co« to knov^ ? Sea, is ^t^y Au« rodifco* chcmoft to pre- heereof Sht,and » and to which 9 to the gale of t •,J.^..MtJ Sect. XVI. lEing betwixt three or fourc degrees of the Fquino£li- xheScurvcy. all iine,my Company within a fcwedaycs began to fall iickc, oi a diicale which Sca-mcn arc wont to call the i)curvcy:and iccmcthto bccakindeof dropfic, and raigncih moft in this Climate of any that I hauc ^ heard or read ot in the World i though in all Seas it is wont to hclpeand increalcthemilcricof mani it poflcflcth all iholc of which II rakcthhold, wicli a loathlorac lioathfulnciTc, even ta •: *w/ and the profitablefl courfe that he can take to refreih them. ■i:;i; i '' -"v ■V'' E S 1 C T. f' |8 S"- R: Hawkins The company licke.anddjf- T*rtttmhiicd, 'ift *l^-i ToJoj Sint$s. Vt Vimid. 1: ,!5 ■ Sect. XVII. Aving flood to the wcftwards Tome hundreth leagues and more, the wind continuing with vs contrjric, and the fickncHe fo fervent, that every day there , dyed more or Icflc : my Companie in gencrall bc- gan to difmay, and to defirc to rcturnc homewards which I laboured to hinder by good reafons, and perlwafions: As, that to the V/ci\Indiesy we had not aboue eight hundreth leagues, to the Hands o^yiz-ores little lefle, and before we come to the Hands oiCApe de Verdc^ that we fliouid meete with the By^-afj for every night we might fee the reach goe contrary to the winde which wee iaylcdby; verifying the old Provcrbc amongft Mariners j That he hnth need of* long Ma^^ that vcillJayU by the Reach j and that the nec- rcft land and Ipccdictt refrclhing wee could looke for, was the coaft of Brdjdl^ and that ftanding towards it with the windc we had, wc fliortnedourwayforthc/»df/«iand that to put all the fickc men together in one Shippe, and to fend her home, was to make her their grauc. For wc could fparc but few found men, who were al- fo fubie^flto fall ficke, and the mifery, notwiihftanding, remcdi- lefle i with which they were convinced, and remained farlsticd. So leaving ?ll to their choyfc, with the confideration of what I pcrfwadtd, they refolved with me, to continue our crurfe, till that God wasplcalcd to looke vpon vs, with his Fatherly eyes of mcrcic. As wc approached neerer and necrer the coaft of Brafttt, the wind began to vcrc to the Eaft-wardes, and about the middle of Oftobcr, to be large and good for vs i and about the 1 8. of OAo- Cuft s.jittgu- bfr> wc were thwart of Ctpc Saint AuguftinCy which lyeih in fixe fliru. degrees to the Southwards of the lync : and the 2 v in the height oi farnawbuca yhiit (ome fourefcore leagues from the Coaft ^ the twentic foure, in the height of B4yM* and although fbme were fln^ed, others fcalded, and many burned, God was pleafcd that the Hre was quenched, which I thought impoffible ( And doubtlefTe, I never faw my felfc in greater perill in all the dayes of my life. Let all men take exam- plcby vs, nottofufFer (inany cafe) Pitch to be heate in the Ship, except it be with a fliott heate in the fire, which cannot breed daunger : nor to permit fire to be kindled, but vpon meere nccefhtie; for the inconvenience thereof (is for the moftparc) remedilefTe. With drinking ofr^^rr^ it is faid, that the i(«^6iv(i^^ was burned ^r ttkiag in the range of D4y/«M>i*/A. Tobacw. The frimrfift of Ltndon was fired with a Candle at TUbery-htfe^ ind nothins faved butherKele. And attomer Ship bound for B4r^4n', at IVsffing. E 4 The ''■i ••a-;i • i ■ 3 i-:^ S'^ R; Hawkins By Hooping and Scuding of Caske. The fe/its c/lukekeh^dhet Gunner-roomc fcton fire with a Match* and had bccne burnt without redemption, if that my ba- ther, Sir Jffhn hankitis Knight, thkl(cke reported, that in the Arfenall o^ Venice Byiwturesof happened thclikc, he being prcfent. For mine owne part, I amof opinion, that ibme waters haue this propertie, and efpecinlly fucf) as haue their pafTage by Mines of Brimflone, or other Mincralls, which (as all men know) giue extraordinary properties vntc the waters by which they runne ; Or it may be that the water being in wine Caske, and kept dole, mayretayncan extraordinary proper- tic of the Wine. Yea, Ihauedrunkc Pouncaine, and River waters many times, which haue had a favour as that of Brimftone. Three leagues from Bs ty^dynto them, and fo (hott to the r ;I; Ifi-om tht B«(k6^ head, the Poope, or other parts ofche Shippe,asocc4j[ioaisminl. ^^V ' 'ftrcd. His Objirvations. +5 ftrcd. They arc alfo caught with Hookes and Lyncs, the Hookc being baytcd witharcdd Cloth, or with a white Cloth, made into the tormc of a Pilh, and (owed vpon the Hooke. Thc^'A4;/rtforr/^^r«w,isaFi(hHkc vnto thofc which wee call TheSluike. Doggc-hfties, but that he is farrc greater. I hauc fecnc of them cigUt or nine footc long ^ his head is flatt and broad,and his mouth in the middle, vnderneath, as that of the Scatc^and he cannot byte of the bayie before him, but by making a half c turne -, and then he helpeth himlcllewith his tayic, which ferveth him in ftead of a Rudder Hisskiiineisrou^jt(liketo the Fifh which we call,! rough Hound ) and ruiler, with reddifh fpotces, laving that vnder the bel- ly he is all white : he is much hated of Sea- faring men, who haue a ccrtaine foolifh iuperfbtion with them, and lay, that the Ship hath ieldome good fucccllc, that is much accompanied with them. It is the moft ravenous Filli knownc in the Sea j for he fwallow- cth all that hcfindcth. In the Puchofthem hath bccne found hatts^ eappes, fhooes,fhirts, leggs and armes of men, ends of Ropes, and many other things ; whatloevcr is hanged by the Shippcsiide, hec (heercth it,as though it were with a R»zor ; for he hath three rowes of teeth on cither lidc, as Iharpc as Nailes ; fome fay, they are good for Pick-tooths. It hath chanced that a yonker calling himfelfe into the Sea to fwinime, hath had his leggc ^itten off a&oue the knee by one of them. And I haue bccne enformed, that in the Tyger^Y/hen Sir RtchardGrecufiLivicmio people VirginUi a ShArke cut offthe legge of one of the companic, fitting in the Chaincs,and wafhinghimlelfe. They fpawne not, as the greatcft part of Fifhes doe, but Whelpe,as the Dogge or Wolfe ; and for many dayes after that fhec hath whelped,every night, and towards any flormc,orany danger which may threaten them hurt, the Damme receivethher Whclpes in at her mouth, and prcferveth them, till they be able to fliiftforthemfelues. I haue fctfnc them goe in and out, beii gmorc then a foote and halfe long \ and after, taking the Damme, \ 'e haue found her young ones in her belly. Every day my Company tooke more or lefTe of them , not for that they dideatc of them ( for rhey are not held wholcfomci al- though the Spaniards, as I haue feene, doe eatc them) but to recreacethemfeiues, and in revenge of the iniuries received by them; for they Hue long, and iiifier much after they bee taken, before they dye. Atthetaylcofon€,thcytyedagi'catloBgeofwood, at another, anemptie Batiz^U well flopped ; one they yoakcdlike a Hogge ; fiom another, they plucked out his eytb, and ii threw them in- F 2 to \'\l m I H S"^ R: Hawkins IT'.: to the Sea. Incatchingtwotogcthcr, they bound them taylc to tay Ic, and Co fei them a iWimming^ another, with his belly flii,and his bowels hanging our, which his fellowcs would naue everyone alhatchat; with other infinite inventiom toemertaynethetimc, and to avenge themfciues; for chat they deprived tfiem of Iwim- mihgtandfedoi their flcQi being dead: they are taken with har- ping Irons, and with great hookes made ofpurpofc, with Swy- vels and Chaincs \ for no jyne , nor fmall rope can hold tlien, which they Iharc not afunder. There doth accompany this fi(h,divers little fifties.which arecal- Ice Pilnts filhes , and arc ever vpon his fynnesjhis hcad,or hit backc, andfccdcofthercrapsandlupcrfluitiesofhisprayes. They are in forme of a Trought, and ftreked likea Makerell, but that the ftrekes are white and b]acke,andtheblacke grcaterthen the white. The manner of Hunting and Hawking reprefenteth that which wee reafonable creatures vie, faving onely in the dilpofingof the game. For byour induftry and abilitie the Hound and Hawke is brought to that obedience, that whatlbevcr they (eize, is for their Maftcr; buthereitisotherwilc. Forthegameis for him th^icrei- zeth it. The Dolphins and Br«, the brcze raygneth "" ' continually ; and Tome ycares intheothermonethsalfo orcalracs, ^ but he that purpofeth to crofTc the lyne from the North-wards to the South-wardsjthe beft and fureft pafTage is,in the moncths of la- nuary , February, and March. In the moneths o f September,O^0- ber and November is aUo good pafTagCybut not Co fure as in the for- tatVt i S B G T. •)* iUi,. ,...it S,i^t J -n fy 2~ Wcs aber for ast Tub. eye din- •dif- :.i Hts Obfirjoations. 4P Se.ct;':5CXI: ;»U;> ^it^n 1-? i. il-'frr I^wixt nineteene and twenty degrees to the South- wards of the lyne, the winde tookevs contrary,which together with theficknes of my people made mcc to fccke the fliore, and about the end ot Odobcr, we had fightof the Land, which prelenlty by our height and the making of if,di(covercd irfe'fe to be the port of Santas^ alias no- jhd Scnora de Vi6iork^tiV^^ is eafieto be knowne, for it hath a great high hill over the Port, which ( howfoevcr a man commeth with the iaiid) drcthiikeabelljandcommingnccrethefhore prefcntJy is dilcovcrcd a white Towcror Fort, which ftandcthvpon the top ofa hill ov^r the Harbour, and vpon thefeamoft land r It is the firft land a man muftcompafrc,beforehecntcrihePort;comining within two Leagues of the fhore we' anchored, and the Captayncs and Mafters ofmy other (hips, being come aboord, it was thought convenient ( the wcakcnesofourmen confidcrfd, for wee had not in our t4^rcc (hips twenty fourc men found ) and tire winde vncer- tainc when it might change, we thought with poHicio to procure that, which wee could not by force j and /b tooffcr traffique to the people of the fhore, by that meancs to prone, it wee could attayne iome refrefhing for our lickc Company. In execution whereof, I wrote a k '^o the Governour in La- tine, and fent him with itapecceofcrymi m V^clvet, aboltoffinc Holland, with di vers other things, as a prcferit-, andwithit, the Captaincofmyfhip, who fpakc a little broken Spanifii, giving the Governour to vnderftand,that f was bound to the Eaft /ff.f/w,to traf- fique in thpfc parts, and that contrary windes had forced me vpon thatCoaft .• If thajihecwereplcafed tolikeofit,fortlie commodi- ties the Couiurie yceldcd in aboundance, I would exchan^ that, which they wanted. VVith thefe infiruftions my Captainc departed about nine of the clocke inthcmorning,carryinga flaggeof truce intheheadoftheboate, and fixteene men well armed, andprovi- ded i guided by one ofmy Company which two yeares before nad beene Captainc in that place, and fo was a realbnable Pilot. Entring the Port , within a quarter ofa nVylc is a fmali Village, and three Leagues higher vp,is thechiefc Tovjme : whercthey hauc two Forts, one on eythcr fide 6f thcHdl-bour, and within them ride the Ships which come thithct to difcKargf , or loade. In the (hull Village is ever a Garrifon ofa hundfeth Souldiers,. whereof G part ! 50 ,ia R; Hawkins partaffid there continually, and in the white Tovvervpon the top ofthe hill, which commaundcth it. Heeremy Captaine had good entertaincment, and thole ofthe (hore received his mcfTage and Letter, difpacching itprefentlyto the Governour, who was fome three LeaguesofFin another place : at Icaftjthey beare vs To in hand. In the time that they expected the Poi^^my Captaine with one other entcnained himfelfe with the Souldiers a ihore, who after the common cuttome of their profe(^ Hon (except when they be befonios) fought to pleafure him , and finding that he craved but Oranges, Lemmons, and matters ofTraal moment for rcfrefhing for his Generall, they ruffcred the women and Children to bring him whathee would, which hce gratified with double Piflolcts, that I had given him for that purpofe. So , got hce vs two or three hundrcth Oranges and Lemmons, and fbme fewe Hennes. All that day and night, and the next day, till nine ofthe clocke, wee waited the rcturnc of our boacc ; which not appearing,bred in meforoerurpition, and for myfatisfadion Iman'd a light horfe^ man which i had,and the Fancie^t^ic befl I could \ (hewing flrength, where was wcakencffe and infirmity, and fb fet fayle towardcs the Port ,- our Gunner laki ng vpon him to bce'Pilote, for that hee had beeue there fomc ycarcs before. Thus, with themweentred the Harbour, my Captaine having notice ofour being within the Barrc, came aboordwith the Boat, which was nofmall iqy to mc \ and more, to fee him bring vs ftor& of Oranges and Lemtnons, which was that we principally fought for, as the remcdic of our d ifcafed Company. He made relation of that had paft,and how they cxpcded prefcnt aufwere from the go^ vernour. We anchored right againfk the village, and within two houres.byaFlaggcofTruce, which they on the fhore (hewed vs, wee vnderfloodtnattheMeiTcnger was come : our Boat went fot the anfwere ofthe governour, who faid, he was forry that he could notaccomplifh our defire, being fo reafonable and good; for that inconfiderationof the warre betwixt Sfme and IxgUnd^ he had exprefle order from his King,not to fuffer any Ijtilijh to trade with- in hisiurirdi£lion,no,nortoland,orto take any refrefliing vpon the fhore. And therefore craved pardon, and that wee (hould take this forarefolute anfwere: Andfiirther, required vs to depart the Port within three dayes, which he faid he |^auevs,foroDr courte- ' ous manner of proceeding; If any of my people from that time forwards,(hould approach to the (hore, that he would doe his beft to hinder and annoy chem. With this anfwete wee refolvcd to de. partj His Ob/eryations. 51 pare j and before ic came, with the fird faire wind^we determined to be packing: but the wind fuffered vs not all that night, nor the next day. In which time, Hived in a great perplcxitie, tor that I knew our owne weakneffe, and what they might doc vnto vs, ' ^that chey had knownc io much. For any man that puttcth himfelfc into the enemies Port, had n'^ed of yirgus eyes, and the wind in a bagge,. cfpcciaily, where the cnemie is ftrong, and the tydes of any force. For, with either ebbe or flood, thole who arc on the (horc, may thrufi vpon him inventions ot fire,* and with fwimming, or other devilcs may cut his Cables. A common pra6li(e in all hott Coun- tries. The like may be cfFefted with RafFes, Cannoas,Boates or Pynaccs, to annoy and ad.iult him \ and if this had beene pradlifcd againft vs,or taken cffc£l, our Shippes muft of force hauc yeclded them(elucs^ for they had no other people in them but (icke men ; but many times opinion and fearc prcfcrveth the Shippes, and not thcpeopleinthem. VVhtTcforcitisthcpartof a provident Govcrnour, to confider Forpwemi* well the daungers that may befall him, before he put iurafelfc into onofmmy- fuch places; So fliall he ever be provided for prevention. Hwbowi."* In Siiatlohndtf Flua^ in the New-Spamey when the Sparyards diflionoured their Nation with that foule a^ of periury,and breach of faieh, given to my Father, Sir lohn Hawkins (notorious to the whole world ) the Spanyards fired two great Shippes, with intenti- on to burne my Fathers Admirall, which he prevented by towing them with his Boatcs another way. The great Armada of Spaine, fent to conquer England^Anno 1 5*88. was with that felfe fame induftry overthrowne ; for the fettingon fire of fix or fcaven Ihippes (whereof two were mine) and letting them drive with the flood, forced them to cut their Cables, and to put to Sea, to fccke a new way to Spawe. In which the greatefl part of their beflShippes and men were lofl and peridied. For that ray people fhould not be difraaycd, I difpatchcd prc- (entlymyLight-horfman, withoncly fourc men, and part of the rcfrefhing, advifmg them that with the firft calme, or flent of wind, they (hould come ofl*. The next night, the wind comming off the fhore wee fet faylc, and with our Boates and Batkes founded as we went. It flowed vpon the Barre not aboue foure foote water, and ^nce in fourc and twentie houres (as in fomc parts of the Wefl Jttdies}. at full Sea there ii not vpon the barre aboue ly.or 18. foote water. The harbour runneth to theSouth-wefhvards. He that will comic, into it, is to open the harbours mouth a good quarter Qf a leasoe G » before ' W f^ 5i S**^ R: Hawkins before he bcare with it, and be bolder of the vvcftcr fide ; for of the Eaftcrlandlyech a great ledge of Rockcs, for the moft part, vnder water, which romctimcs brcakc not,but with Ihiall (hipping,a man may goe betwixt them and the poync. The vertuc of Commlng aboofd of our Shippcs, there was great ioy amongft Orangvs. Diftilling of Salcwaccr. my Company, and many with the fight of the Oranges andLem- mons, Icemcd to recover heart; This is a wonderful! fccrctofthe power and wiicdome of God, that hath hidden fo great and vn« knownc vertuc in this fruit, to bca certaine remedie for this infir- mitie ^ I prcfcntly caufcd them all to be reparted amongfl our fieke men, which were fo many, that there came not aboue three or fourc to a ftiarc i but God was pleaicd to fend vs a proiperous windc the next day,fo much to our comfort, that notany one dyrd before we came to the Hands, where we pretended to refrcfh oui (clues ; And ulthough our frefh water had faylcd vs many dayes, ( before we faw thefhore) by reafbn of our long Navigation, without touching any land, and the cxcefCiuc drinking of the ficke and difeafed, (which could notbecXcufed) yetwithan invention I had in my Shippc, I eafily drew out of the water ofthc Sea, fufficient quanti- tie of frefh water to fuftaine my peoplc,with little expcnccof fewell; for withfoure Billets I frilled a Hogfhcad of water, and therewith drefTed the meat for the ficke and whole. The water fo diflillcd, wc found to be wholefbme and nourifliing. w Sect. XXII. He Coafl from Santssy to CaPe irio lyeth wefl and by South Southerly. Sowediredcdourcourle Weft South-wcfl. The night comming on, and direfti- ons given to our other Shippes, we fett the watch, having a fayre fi-cfh gale of wind and large. My felfc, with the Mafter of our Ship, having watched the night paff, thought now to giue Nature that which fhec had beene deprived of, and fo recommended the care of Stccridge to Vnskiifulneffe One of his Mates J who with the like travell paft being drowfie,or of riicMaften with the confidence which he had of him at the Hclme, had not that watchfull care which was reauircd \ he at the Helme (leered , We£l,and Weft and by South, and brought vs in a little time clofc vpon the fhore i doubtlcfTc,* he had caft vs all away, had not God extraordinarily delivered vs 5 for^ the Mafter being in his dead flecpCj His Obfervations, n (Iccpc, was fuddcnly awaked, and with fiich a fright, that he could Providence of not be in quiet; whcrevpon, Waking his youth, which ordinarily Jj°e'^'J"J '*"* (Icpt in his Cabin by hini,asked him how the watch went on i who Mailer. anrwcred,thatitcouldnotbeabouean hourefince he layd him- felfc to reft. He rcplyed, that his heart was fo vnquiet, that lis could not by any mcanes (leepe, and fo taking his Gowne, came forth vpon the Dccke, and prclently difcovercd the Land hard by vs. And for that it was iandie and lowjthofc who had their eyes conti- nually fixed on it, were dazcled with thercflcdion of the Starres, bcinga fayre night, and fo were hindered from the true difcovery thereof. But he comming out of the darke, had his fight more forcible, to difccrnc the difference of the Sea, and the (hore. So that forthwith he commaunded him at the Helme, to put it clofc a ftar- bpurd, and tackingour Ship, wee edged off,- and Ibunding, found fcant three fhthome water, whereby we f aw evidently, the miracu. Jousir.ccieofourGodjthatif he had not watched over vs, as hcc doth continually over his, doubtlefle, we had perifhcd without rc- medie \ To whom be ?11 glory, and prayfe cvcrlaftmgly, world without end. Immcdiatly we fliot off a Pcecc, to giue warningtoour other Shippes ; who having kept their dircft^courfe, and far to wind- wards and Sea- wards, bccaufe we carried no light, for that we were within fight of the fliorc, could not hearc the report j and the next doming were out of fight. i ■•;■{ i '■' y. .'( Sect. XXIII. N this poyntof Stccridgc, the SpAmr^snnd Portin- Care of Stec* ^/ifffdoeexceedeallthatlhauefeene, I raeanefor "f *""*"• Shtppes we tcrme, the Matter and hisMatcs) never depart, day nor night,from tiic fightof the Compaflc ; and hanc another before thcmj whereby they fee what they doe, and arc ever witne/Tesof the good or bad Sceeridge of all men that take the Helme. G 3 This > ••',; I H S**^ R: Hawkins This I hauc fccne neglc^lcd in our beft Shippcs, ycc nothing more ncceflarytobe reformed. For a good Hcfmc-man may be over- come with an imagination, and fo mif-takeone poynt tor another i or the CompafTe may crre, which by another is diicerned. The inconveniences which hereof may eniue,all experimented Sea- men mayeafily conceiue; and by vs take warning to avoyd the like. tAft tldtltt. Saint Umu Ilandi,<«/'Mi Saint An»fu » - ill to ^tmtttt f Sect. XXI III. He next day about tenne of the Clocke, wee were thwart ofc^a^^i^/^ffr^, which is low landicLand, and perilous \ for foure Leagues into the Sea (thwart it) lye banksoffand, which haue little water on them ^ on a fudden we found our felues amongft them, in lefle then three fathome water; but with our Boat and Shalope we went founding, and Hn got cleare ofthem. The next day following, wedifcovercd the Hands, where wee purpofedtorefrefhourleluestThcyare two, and fome call theia Saint /40!r» his Handstand others, Saint Anms, They lie in two and twcn tie degrees and ahalfc to the South-wards of thelyne; and towards the evcnirtg ( being the hfth o{ November ) we ancho- red betwixt them and the Mayne, in fix fathome water, where wee found our other Shippes. All which being well Moorcd,we prefently began to fet vp Tents and Booths for our ficke men,to carry them a (hore, and to vfe our beft diligence to cure them. For which intent our three Surgcans, with their lervants and adherents, hadtwoBoatesto wayte conti- nually vpon them, to fetch whatfoever was needful 1 from the Shippes, to procure refrefhing, and to Fifli, either with Nctts, or Hookes, ancl Ly nes. Of thefe implements wee had in aboundance, and it yeelded vs fbme refrelhing. For the firft dayes, the moft of thofe which had health, occupied themfelues in romeging our Ship, in bringinga(horeofemptieCaske,infilIingof them, and in felling and cutting of Wood : which being many workes, and few hands, went flowly forwards. Neere thefe Hands, are two great Rockes, or fmall Hands adioy* Ding. In them we found great ftore of yoim^GAnrntts in their nefts, which we referved for tne ficke, and being boyled with pickled Porke well watered) and mingled with Oacmeale, made reajfbna- Wc Hu Ohfenations^ 51 blc Pottage, and was good refrcfting and fuftenancc for them. This provilion fayled vs not, till our departure from them. Vpon one of thele Rocks airo,wc found great Oore of the hearbc Purfline, which boyled and made ^ntoSallcts, with oyle and vine- Purflme. ger, refrcflied the (icke ftomackes, ai:c? ^,aue appetite. With the ayre of the fliorc^and good cherifliing, many recovered Tpeedily * Some died away quickly, and others continued at a (land. We found here forac ftorc of fruits j a kind of Cherry ,that groweth Chewki, vpon a tree like a Plum-tree, red of colour, with a (lone in it, but different in making to ours, for it is not altogether round,and den- ted about : they haue a pleafing tafte. In oncof the Hands, we found Palmita trees, great dnd bigh> and palautos. in thetoppe a certaine fruit like Cocos, but no bigger then a Wall- mr^j We found al(b a fruit growing vpon trees in codds,likc Beanes, both in thi: codd, and the fruit. Some of my Company proved of Purgatiuc«. them, and theycaufcd vomits and purging, as any medicine taken out of the Apothecaries fliop, according to the quantitie received. They haue hudds, as our Benncs> which (haled off, the kernell par« cethitfelfcintwo^andinthcmiddleis a thin skinne( like that of an Onion ) faid to be hurtfull, and co caufe exceeding voi ''<;, and therefore to be caft away. • , MonardM writing ofthe tiahirc and ptoperdc of this fruit, as of others ofthe/ffii/w, for that it is found in other parts, al(o calleth them ^4z;<«^/»r^4//v<«f, and fayth, that they are to be prepared, by Thevfe of peeling them firft,and then taking away the skinnc in the middle, Jj^'*'"'^** and after beaten into powder, to take the quantitie of fiue or fixe, cither with Wine or Sugar. Thus they are good againfl Fevers, and to purge groffe humors ; againft the Collicke, and payne ofthe ioyntf •' ikingthcmamanraaynotdeepejbutistoviethedyec vfuall, i a day of purging. One other fruit we found, very pleafant in taflCi infafhion of an Artechoquei, Artechoquejbut lefTe jon the outfide,of colourredd ; within whice, ^ P"*''- and compaifed about with prickles ; our people called them Prick- ''"'' peares jno Conlcruc is better. They grow vpon thcleanes of acer- tainerootc, that is like vnto that which we call femper viva ; and many are wont to hang them vp in their houfcs : but their leaucs are longer and narrower, and full of Prickes on either fide. The fruit groweth vpon the fideofthe leafe,a(id is one ofthe bed fruites that f haue eaten in the Ww. In ripening, prefently the Birds or Verminearefeedingonthem jagenerallruletoknow,whatfruitis Agood nat« whoKbme and good in the /n^w, and other parts. F inding them to to take,or ic- be eaten ofthe Beafts or Fowlcs, a man may boldly catc of them. &£"****"* G4 The v:l 5 ter, and afterwardes from hence wee made our Store. ■' • ■ 'jiftw :ij !',..*.'!. . "I'v n\ 3 a 10 bn» I .- -; a.l: -; Tl o ii;:; ^i.c ■!^. «" 1 'H Vtii .... i ■ )•' ■ : 1 1; S'l « i Hti Obfertations, 17- |fry:..TL.?/^; He fickncrtc having, wafted more then the one halfc t^P^ (clM^ ' ^^""y people, wc dwcrraincd to take out the vic- 1^^ tuallsofthc//4»'/&f,andtoburnehcrj which wee ^^^ put in execution. And being occupied in this Workc, \w law a Sbippe turning to Windwards, ^ to iuccour her Tclfc of the Hands i but having dii* crycdvs,putoffto Sea-wards. v./orj; duj-:,!.-' 'f?! ■ r!' . Two daycs after, th^ind changing, wc faw her againerunning alongft the coaft, and the DAtntie not being in caic to goc after her, for many rcafons, wc manned the Faneie^ and lent her after her; who about the fctting of the Sunne fetched her vp; and fpakcwith her; when finding hertobcagreat FJy-boat; of (atlcatO three or fourehundrcth Tunhcs,with 1 8. Pfcctes of Artillery, would haue irtumcd/butthe wind frefliingin, plit her to Leewards ; and ftan- dingin to fuceour herfelfcofthcland, had fight of another fmaUi Barkc, which after a ftibrt ch'nfc (hec t Joke, but had nothing of mo- inent in her, for that (hc.had bin vpon the great'Sholes of Abrenof. in I S. degrees, and there thrownc all they had by the boards tofaue their liues. ' ', .• i 1 This and the other chaic were thecaufc that.the/F4W/^ cbuld not bcatitvpih many dayes; but before wc had putall in a readinefle, the wind changing, fhcccaraevnto vs,and makfe Relation of that which had paft; and hoAv they had given thctrmail Barke to the Pcrtingalby and brought with them oncly hcrPilot,and aMarchant c^Wtd TedrodecJcaLwteo^Potofi. ,5 : -a-^ Waft and of men. i'j !i.f Jofle ;vu.<: •I \ M TV onO ?!/;/. Sect. XXVII. '"h^:.. •• jlN this Coaft the Portmgalls by induftrie of the Indi- injuflrv of »- ^;/6hisnien,andiookehis Boatj which was ttic overthrow of his Voyage. There commeth not any Ship vpon this Coafl, whereof thefe Cannoatgtoe not notice prefcntly to every place. And wee were ccrtiiied in iflA gr/md, that they had lent an Jmbanftom the River of Jimfrfi,{hro\i^ all theMountaines and Marifhes, to take a view of vs, and accordingly made a Relation of our Shippcs,Boates,and the number of men, which we might haue. But to prevent the like danger that might come vpon vs being carelcfTe and negligent, I determined one night, in thcdarkeft and quieteft of it, to Ice what watch our Company kept on the fhorc; man'd our Light-horfraan, and Boat, armed them with Bowes and Targetts, and got a(hore Ibme good diftaqce from the places where were our Boothes, and iought to come vpon them vndifcovcred : wee vfed all our beft en- devours totaketheinatvnawares,yctcomming within fortie pa- ces wcweredifcovered ; the whole and the ficke came forth to oppofetfaemfelursdgainft vs. Which wee teeing, gaue them the Hubbub, after the manner of the indiam^ and alMuitedthem, and they V5i but being'acloicdarkc night, they could not dilcerne vs prefently vpon the Hubbub. FroniuurStiippe the Gunner fliott a peecc of Ordinance over our heads, accordiAg to the order given him, and thereof we tooke occafiontorecyrevnto ourBoates, and within a little ipacecamtf to the Boothes and Janding places, as though wee came from our of Shippestoaydethem. They began to recount vnto vs, how that at the wefler poyntofthc Hand, out ofcertaine Cannoas, hadlan- ded a multitude of /W/ljnt,n^ Jucit, with the la- bour of tic women. tliemiiuobrcad, ihde arc their fpice-cakc3, which ihcy call XAtt" saw. The ^^^.i^^/iw are pleafant, giue the bread a yellowi(h colour, and an Aromaticall favour in talte. Thehnerof this bread, being well baked, kcepeth long time, three or foureycarcs.InfiMyi/Afincc the PortmgaUst2i\\%hx the Jndtans the vie of Sugar, tluy cate this mealc mingled with rcmels of Sugar, or Malaflls ,• and in this man- ner the /'i>)7/>j^d//^themlelucs feed of it. But wc found a better manner of drcflling this lAYim^ in making P.incakcs, and frying ihcm with butter, or oyle ; and lomctimes with MAnttcxdefuerco ^ when, ftrewingahttleSugar vpon them, itwasmeacc'ihacourconipanydciiredabouc any that was in the Sliippc. The /»t.'/.t/?jairoaccuf}ometomake their drinkc of this raealc, and in ihrce fcvcrail manners. Firft, is chewing it in their mouths, and after mingling it with W3tcr,aftcr aloathibmc manner, yet the commoncft drinke thac they haue \ and that ht Id bed which is chewed by an old woman. T he iccond manner of their drinkc, is baking it till it be halfc burncdjthcn ihcy beate it into Powder; and when they will drinke, they minglcaimailquantitieofitwith water, which giucth area- fonabicgoodtafte.. w The third, and beft, is baking it (as aforefjiid) and when it is beaten into Powder, to (ceth it in watcrj after that it is well boyled, they let it (land fomc three or foure day cs, and then drinke it. So, it ' is much like the Ale which is vied m tngknd^ and of thac colour andtafle. if^ The W/,,w are very curious in planting and manuring of this Tu(ii\ It is a little fhrubb,and carryeth branches like Hazcll wands j being grownc as bigge as a mans finger, they breake them off in the middcll, and lo pricke them into the ground ; it nccdeih no other art, or husbandly, for out of each branch gro\v two, three, or foure rootesjfome bigger, fomelcfTer: butfirft ihey burne and manure the ground, the which labour, and whatlbevcrels is rcquifitc, the men doc not fo much as helpe with a fingcr,but all ly eth vpon their " poore women , who are worlc then flaues; for, they labour the ground, ihcy plant, they digge and delue, t^^ry bake, they brew, and drefTe their meatc, fetch their water, and doc all drudgeric whatlbevcri yea, though they nurfc a Childc, they are not exemp- ted from any labour jthcir Childc they carry in a Wallet about their neckc, ordinarily vndcr one arme, becaufe it may fucke when ic will. The [our, jeing Tince I this lan- cing lines iiera, die Hts Otfenations. ^i The men haue care fornothing but for their Cannoas, to paflc from place to placcj a^d of ibcirftwcs and Arrowcs to hunt, and their Armcs for the warre, which is a fword of heavie blackc wood Ibme foure fingers broad,an inch thickc,andan ell long.lomcthing broader towards the loppe then at the handie.They call it Macam^ and it is carved and wrought with inlayd works very curioufly , but hi sedges are blont. Ifany kill any Game in iiuntijig, hebringeth it not with him, but from the next tree to the Game, he breaketh a bough (for the trees in tiie Indies haue Icaucs for the mod part all theyeare) and all the way as hegoeth {treweth little peeccs of ic, here and there, and commmg home giueth a peece to his woman, and fo lends her for it. If they goe to the Warrc,or in any iourney, where it is neceflary to carry provifionjOr Marchandize, the women fcrue to carry all, and the men never fuccour,nor ea(^ them j wherein they Qiew grea- ter Barbarifme then in any thing(in my opinion) that I haue noted araongft them, except in eatingonc another. In SrafiUy and in the weft Indies^ the Itulian may haue as many Polygamy of wiues as he can gct,citherbuught or given by her friends: the men thciw»^wj and women (forthemoftpart) goe naked, and thuic which haue '^'I'ptuK* come to know their iharae, cover onely their privie parts with a peece of cloth, the reft of their body is naked. Their houfes reftm- blegreacBarnes, covered over, or thatched with Plantyne leaues, which reachio the ground, and at cither end is the doore. In one houfe are (bractimes ten or twentie houOiolds : they haue Thcirmanncc little hou(holdftufFe,befides their beds, which they call Hamacas^ ofhoufiag, and are made of Cotton, and ftayned with divers colours and workes. Some I haue leenc whke> of great curioHtic. They are as aflieete laced at both ends, and at cither of them long ftrappes, with which they f^en them to two pofts, as high as a mans mid- j die, and fb fit rocking themfelues in them. Sometimes they vfe them for feates, and fomecimes to flcepc ^^ flc«piof . in at their pleafures. In one of them I haue feene fleepe the man, his ' ' J. wife, and a childe. -• < '.I t. -I ni o/f ; H4 l-\r.. S > C T. m: d4. I R. Rr Hawkins -fli.;::.,! fid Sec •>:;-:; ^.r'L.i T. in;i Ectookc out of this Prize, for ouri provifion, Ibme good quantitic of this mcalc, an^. tHc Sug?r (hcc had, being not abQUc three or fomre Chcitsi after thrccdaycswegaue the Siiip to tl)e Portihgalls, and to them hbertic. In her \v^s a Port|ngall Knight, which wentforGovcrnpur of y^»^ itui.. j^, iji, • ,^,,,.,^, ,,'..,j,,. '.-!f5r;3c £■ • .T 5 C T. XXIX. The dcfcripti- on of BraJilU :■■. i Its Havens. IR A s 1 L L is accounted to be that part of yimert(4yivh\ch lycth towards our North Tea, betwixt the River of the v^«?4z.tf«;,ne€rcih,clync to the Norwards,vntill a man come to the River oi Plate in 36. degrees to the South- wards of the lync. This coaft generally lycth next of any tiding South and by weft j ItisatcraperaccCountric, though in fomc parts itexceedeih in hcate i it is full of good fuccours for (hipping, and plcntifull for Rivers and frelh waters j The principall habitations,are Fdrnambu- eay the Bay.jD^ todfis l&s S Antes, NaJlrA Seaora de vicloriny alias SMtos^ the River /, Saint r/wf»/j,and PUcdhtU \ every of them pro* V ided of a good Port. The win()s ate variable, but for the moft pare trade alongft the Coaft. ^ . The vHii OlrJityatMis. ' ■ b 6f The befti.ill The Commodities this Country yccldcth, arc the wood called itj Commo. Brvater, and fruit. It is deiblatc and lervcth for thofe, who trade from Brrf//// to the River oipUte, or from the River to BraftU^ as an Inne, or bayting place. In our Navigationtowards the Strairest by our observation wee found, thatourCoinpailcvarycda poynt and better to theEaft- wards. And for that divers hauc written curioufly and largely of the variation thereof, I refcrre them that defire the vndcrftanding of it, totheDifcourfcofmaftcrWrZ/jiiwi y^Wr4»'/', and others ^ for it • isafecret, whofc caufes well vnderftood are of greatefi moment in all Navigations* , In the height of the River o^PUtCy we being fome fiftie leagues offthecoaft, a fiorme tookc vs Southerly, which endured fortie ctgh t hourcs ; In the firft day about the going downe of the Sunne, Robert Tharltfin^ mafler of the Fancie^ bare vp before the wind, with- out giuing vs any token or figne,that fhce was in diftreffe. We fee- ing her to continue her courie, bare vp after her, and the nighc coramingon, we carryedour lights but fhce never anfweredvs; for they kept their courfe dire£lly for JE»g/W, which was the over- throw of the Voyage, as well for that we had no Pynace to goe be- fore vs,to difcover any danger, to feeke out roadcs and anchoring, to helpe our watering and refrefliing ; as alio for the vi£luals,necefr farics, and men which they carryed away with them:which though they were not many,yet with their helpe in our Hght.we had takea theVice-admirall,thefirfl time fhee bourded wiihvs, as fhall be hereafter mantfeflcd. For once wc cleercdhcrDeckc, and had wc beene able to haue fpared but a dozen men,(ioubtlcfre,we had done with her what we would > for (liee had no clofe fights. Moreover, if fhce had beene with me, I had not beene difcovercd vpon ihQcod&Q^Perew. But I was worthy to be deceived, that trufled my Ship in the hands of an hypocrite, and a man which had left hisGenerall before in the like occafion, and in thefelfe fame place \ for being with maftcr Thomas Cai$difhy matter of a f mall Shipm the voyage wherein he dyed, this Optaine being aboord the Admirall, in the night time forfooke his Fleet, his Generall and Captaine, and returned home. This His Ohferyalions. 6j This bad cudotne is too too much vfed amongft Sea-men, and worthy to bclevcrely punifhed^ fordoubtleflethc not punifhingof thoic offenders, hath beene the prime caute of many lamentable evcnts,lofres,andoverthrowes, to the diftionour of our Nation, and fruftrating of many good and honourable Enterprifcs. In this poyntofDilcipline, the Sp/imrds doe farre furpaffe vs j Difdplne of for whol'ocvcrforfakcthhis Flectc,or Commander, is not onely *he Spanifli, fcvcrclypuniflicd, but deprived alfo of all charge or government for ever after. ThisinourCountrie is many times negleAed^for that there ib none to follow thecaufe, the principalis being either dead with gricfe, or drowned in the gulfe of povertie, and lb nota- ble to wade through withtheburthen of that raite,which in Spaine is profccutcd by the Kings Atturney, or Fifcall vor at lcaft,a ludge appoy ntcd for determining that caule purpolely. Yea, I cannot attribute the good lucccfle the Spaniard hath had , . in his Voyages and peoplings, to any extraordinary vertue more in oi'^eJfn. ' him then in any other man, were notDifcipline, Patience, and ju- rpcritiw. Aice far fuperior. For in valour, experience, and travell, he furpaf- feth vs not ; In (hipping, preparation, and plentie of vi^ualls, hce commeth notneerc vs 5 In paying and rewarding our people, no Nation did goe beyond vs > But God, who is a iuft and bountifull rewarder, regarding obedience farre aboue facrifice, doubtlelTejin '*■ rccompenceoftheirinduraHcc,rerolution,andrabie£lion to com* mandement,be(lowethvpon them the bleffingdue vnto it. And this, not for that the Spaniard is of a more tractable dilpofition, or more docible nature then wee, but that juftice halteth with vs, and ib the old Pfoverbe i< verified,7////t' marreth the rvhoUcittie. Thus come we to be deprived of the fweet fruit, which the Rod of Difcipline bringeth with it, repreftnted vnto vs in auncient Verfes, which as a Rclique of experience I haue heard in my youth Recorded by a wile Man, and a great Captaine;; Thusj 7 he rod hy po'Vper dhine^ and earthly <^all to^y • ^ . .<„. ' Makes ^ood rtm he in peace, and had to ftand in awe: For with a fe'vere Jlroke the had correEled^he, Which nukes the good to ioiji fuch tufike for to fee-, I K ; 7he rod off)ifd^ine hreeds feare in every fart, t: ilifward hy due dejert doth toy and glad the heart* ^'' la Thefe ■ ! / <38 S"- R; Hawkins The cunning ot'Runna- anJ ignoble Captairaes, I JSj, -Ml Thcfe abfcntings and efcapcs arc made mofl: times onc!y to pil- fer and ftcale, as well by taking otionieprile when they are alone, and without commaund, to hinder or order their bad procee- dings, as to appropriate that which is in their intruftcd fhipi ca- lling the fault, if they be called to account, vponfomepoore and vnknowne Mariners, whom they fuffer with a little pillage, to ab- fcntthemfelucs^thecunninglicrto colour fhcir greateftdiforders, and robberies. For dpubtlcflc, if he would, hee might hauc come vnto vs with great facilities bccaulc within fixtecne houres, the ftorrae cealcd, and thcwindc came tayrc, which brought vs to the Straites^ and dured many dayes after with vsacNorth-caft. This was good for them, though naught for vs : If he had pcriflied any Maft or Yard, iprung any leake, wanted viduals, or indrumcnts for finding vs, or had had any otl^er impediment of importance, hee might haue * • "" had ibme colour to cbake his lewdncs : but his Maftcs and Yards " ], ', being found, his Shippc ftaunch and loadcn with viduales for two yeares at thcleaft, and having order from place to place , where cofindcvs, his [intention is eafily fecnc to bee bad, and his faulc fuch, as worthily defcrvcd to bee made exemplary vnto others. verified at ihcir Which he manifeftpd athisrcrurne,by his manncrof proceeding, making a fpoyle of the prifc hce tooke in the way homewards, as alfoofthac which was in thefliip, putnngitinto a Port fit for his purpofe, where he might haue time and commodity to doc what hce would. Wee made accoqpjt th at they had bcenc fwallo wed vp of the fca, for we never fufpe^cd that any thing could make them forfake vs i So, we much lamented them. Tlieflormcceanng, and being out of all hope,wefetfayleand went on our courfe. During this flormc, certainc great fowles, as big as Swanncs,fbaredaboutvs, andthe winde calming, fctled thcmfclues in the Sea, and fed vpon the fweepingsof our Ship ^ which I perceiving, and dcfirous tofceof them, becaufe they feemed farrc greater then in truth they were, I caufed a hooke and lyne to be brought me ; and with a pcece of a Pilchard I bayted the hook, & a foot from it,rycd a pcecc of corke, that it might not finkcdeepe, and threw it into the Sea, which, our fliip driving with the Sea^in a little time was a good (pace fi'oni vs, and one ofihe Fowles being hungry, |)r'tjlerttlyfcizcd vpon ir, and the hooke in his vpper beake. It is likr ro a Faolcons Isill, buc that the poynt is more crookcd,in thai mancc, as by no.meanes he could cleare him(eifc,exccpt that the lyne brake,orth(e hooke righ- ted : Plucking htm tbwardsthefhip, with thewavingof his wings he teturnci. Bidslike S.vans caught with lin: and hooke Hts Oifimatiom. 69 hecafcd thewaighcof his body; and being brought to the ftcrne of our (hip, two of our Company went downe by the Ladder of the poope, and fcizcd on his ncclce and wings 1 but fuch were the blowcs he gaue them with his Pinnions,as both left their hand-faft» bcingbeaten blackeandblew} wecaftalnareabouthisnecke, and ib tryccd him into the Ship. By the fame manner of FifhingjWc caught fo many of them, as rcirclhcd and recreated all my people for that day. Their bodies were great, butot little flcih and tender* in tafte anlwcrablc to the food whereon they feed. They were of two colours, fbme white, fome gray? they had three ioynts in each wing} and from the poynt of one wing, to the poynt of the other, both ftrctched out,wasaboHCtwo fathomes. The wind continued good with vs, till we came to 49. degrees and jo.minutSjwhcrcic tookevs Wefterly, being(aswcmadcour accompt)(omehrtic leagues from the (hore. Betwixt 49. and 48. degrees, IS Port Samt7«/M», a good Harbour, and in which a man may grauc h is S h ip, though (hce draw rifteene or fixtcene foote wa- ter : But care is to be had of the people called Pentagmes, They arc treacherous, and of great ftaturc,fo the moft giue them the name of Gyants. • The fecohd of February, about nine of the Clocke in the mor- ning, we difcryed land, which bare South-weft ofvs, which wee looked not for fo timely 5, and coraming ncercr and neercr vnto it, by thelyihg, wee could not conie^ure what land it(hould be; for . we were next of any thing in 48. degrecs,and noPlatt,nor Sca>card which wcl had, made mention ofany land, which lay in that man- ner, neereabout that height; In fine, wee brought our Larbord tackeaboord,andftoodtotheNorth-eaft-wardcs all that day and night, and the Winde continuing Wcfterly and a fayre gale, wee continued our courfe alongft the coaft the day and night folio wing, in which timewee made accompt we di(covered well neerc thrce- (core leagues off the coaft. It is bold, and made fmall ihcw of dan- cers. ■• "jrr.l'JilrJUI R'll: .:" [.'i . ..1' The land Is a goodly Champion Country , and peopled ; we faw many fircs,butcouldnOtcomf to(peake withthe people \ for the time of the yearc was farrc fpent to fhoot the Straitcs^ and the want ofoarPynacedifabledvs for finding: a Port or Roade ; not being di^rctioti vvith a flirpofcharge, and^fl ftn vnknOWnc coaft,to come necre the fholirt before ir was loundetJ,^ which werecaufes, together with the change of the wiride, (good for vs roipaflethc Straite) that hindered the further difcovcry olthii Laiid; with its iccrcts I 3 This -1 Proue good refrctliuK'nc. .Li!.': Care of tk* Ptnt*fonts. , -t.^v/t M •• A dpfcription of the vn- knowneland. A caTCit for cowiiDing fud- denlv too nere an vfiknowno land. 70 S'"^ R: Hawkins Poynt TVf- n*tintttmt. Thislhaucforrowcd for many times fincc, for that it had likeli- hood to be an excellent Countric. It hath great Rivers of frefli waters J for the out-(hoot of them colours the Sea in many places, as we ran alongftit. Itisnotmountaynous,butmuchof thcdifpo- fition of £»(;/W,and as tempcrate.Thc things wc noted principally on the coaft, are thcic following j the wcftcrmoft poynt of the land, with which wc firft fell, is the end of the land to the VVeft-wardes, as wc found afterwards. If a man brina this poynt South-weft, it ri- feth in three mounts, or round hillockcs ; bringing it more Wcljer- ly,thcy(hoorthcmfelues all into one ; and bringing it Eaftcrly, it ri/eth in two hillocks. This we called poynt Trrw/ww/w/w. iome twclue or fouretcene leagues from this poynt to the £a(l-wardes, fayrc by the fhorc, lycth alowflat Ilandof forac two leagues long; Fayre iKind, WC named it Fayre Jbnd :; for it was all over as greene and fmooth, as any Mcddow in the fpringofthcyearc. Some three or fourc leagues Eafterly from this Hand, is a good- ly opening, as of a great River, or an arme of the Sea, with a good- ly low Countrieadiaccnt. Andeighi . ten ne leagues from this o- CondirehMi). p^ningjfome three leagues fiom the Ihore, lyeth a bigge Rocke^ which at the firft wee had thought to be a Shippe vnder all her Saylcsi but after, as we came neere, it diicovered it felfe to be a Rocke, which we called Cendtte-hedd ; for thathowfoeveraman commeth with it, it is like to the Conditc heads about thcOttic oiLcttdon, All this coaft fb farre as wee difcovered, lyeth next of any thing Eaftand by North, and Weft and by South. The land, for that ic was difcovered in the raigne of Qucene Ilix>abeth^ my Ibveraigne Lady and Miftris, and a maiden Queene, and at my coft and adven- ture, in a perpetuall memory of her chaftitie, and remembrance of my endevours, 1 gaue it the name of H a vv k i n s-maidc/h land. Before a man fall with this land, (bme twentie or thircie leagues^ dcnland. BfddsofOre- Xttfllweri. ^^cftiallmcetewithbeddsofOrcwced,drivingtoand fro in*'that Sea, with white flowers growing vpon them, and (bmetimes far- ther off; which is a good fhowand iigne the landis neere, whereof the Wcftermoft part lyeth fodie threelcore leagues from the neereft hndof jimeriea, Oureomming With our fayrc and large Winde, we (hapcd our couple for the cotbe stTMfs. Straites, and the tenth of February, we had ftght of land,and it was the head land of the Straites to the North-waras.which agreed with our height, wherein we found our felues to be, which was in thir^ tie two degrees and fonic minutes* , ^ I Within :u Hfs Obfinations, eii- cfh 7^ XMjK^-' Within a few houres we had the mouth of the Straites open, which Jyeth in 52.dc«grees,an(i 5o.minut8. Itrifcth like the North forchind in Kent^ and is mnch hke the land oi Mdrgates. Ic is not good to borrow ncere the (hore, bat to giuc it a fayre birth j within a few houres we entred the mouth of the Stnitesy which is fomc . fix leagues broad, andlyethin t 2. degrees, and yo. mmutcsj dou- bling the poynt on the Star-board, which is alfo flat, of a good birth, we opened a fayre Bay, in which wc might dilcry the hull of a Ship beaten vpon the Beach. It was of the Spanilh Flcetr, that went to inhabitc there, in Anno 1582. vnderthe charge of fPedro SArmiento^ who at his retutne was taken Priloncr, and brought into EptgUndi In this Bay the J^4»wr' and J^/^, which wee call Fujftm i by the talt it is ealily dilcerncd that they feede on tiih. They arc very f aic, and in drcfKing mult be flead as the Bjter > they are rea- (onablc incate rolUd, baked, or Ibdden ; but beft rofted. We laltcd iome dozen or 1 6. hogthc ads, which lerved vs ( whileft they laltcd) inUecdi ot {.Aiwdrcd bcetc. The huuiingo! ilicm (as we may well rcrme it) was a great re- creation ton)y Company and worth the fight, for in determining totaichthtm, ncccllanly was required good Itorc of people, eve- ry one with a cud)j;cll in his hand, cocompafTe them round about, iobr!ngih(.m,a?itwcre,intoaringiit"they chanced tobreakeout, then was the lport,f or the ground being vndermined, at vna^varcs it iay led,and a» ihcy ran after them,oae fell here, another there ; ano- ther oBcringtoitrikeat one, lifting vp his handjfunkc vpp to the arme- pits in the earth, another leaping to avoyd one hole, fell into another. And after thcHrftflaughter, in feeing vs on the fliore, they Ihunned vs,and procuied torecoverthe Sea ^ye^ many times feeing themlelues perlecuccd they would tumble downe from Cuch high rocks & mountaine!>,as it leemed impoflible topfcape with lite. Yec as (ooneas they came to the beach, preiently wee fhould lee them runnc into ihe beaj although they had no hurt. Where o^e gocth, the other followeth.like fhecpcat;tcr the Bel-wether ^ but in getting them once wiihin thcringclofe together, few cfcaped,lau^.fuc;h as by chance hid ihemleluch in the borrowes.and ordinarily there was oodroue which yeclded vs not athpufand,and more :theraancrof killing them whi€h the hunters vf("d,being in n clutter togother,was withiheircudgelsto knockc them on the head v for though a man gaucthefnmanyblowtsonthebodyi they died not : Betides the efhbruled isnotgoodtoketpe; The MafTakcr ended, preiently they cutofFiheir hcadsythiat they might bleejl? well ; (qch.a? wecle- terminedtokccpeforl]iorc,weefay:edin thisraancr., Firft,wcfplit The kccpi them, and then wafhcdtbem wclMn (ca y^'ater, then laltcd them, forftoic. having laync fomc lixe howres in t:ilt, wee put them in prciTe eight howres, and the blood being foaked out, we falted them a- gaine in our other ca^kc,^ as isthccuftometofaltbecfe, afrerthis mancrthey continued good, fomc two moneths, andfervcd vs in fteadofbecfe. jrhfiG/'//iandG4»w//, were not in fogreat quantitie,yctwe wan- iheoui/s, K ted' • \ 7+ S^*^ R: Hawkins Duclrs. .•JIIC' ted notyoung Guiles tocacc all the time of our ftay about thclc I- lands. Itwasoneof the delicatcUtoodcs, that I hauc eaten in all my life. TheDucks are different to ours, and nothing fo good meatej yet they may fcrue tor neccffitie : They were many, and had a part of the Hand to themlf lues fevcrall, which was the higluit hill, and more then a Musket (hocc over. In all the daycsofmylifc, Ihaucnotfeene great r Art and eu- riofitie in creatures voyd of rcalon,then in the placing and making oftheirncflcsi all the hill being fo full of them, that the greatclt J»/4//»eW4//fw»of the world,could not devil' how to place one more then there was vpon the hill, leaving oncly one path-way tor a fowle to paflc betwixt. The hill was all levcll, as if it had becnc fmoothed by Art ; the neftes made onely of earth, and teeming to be of the ttlte fame mould ; for the ncfts and « h ; lb /Ic is all one,which, with water that they bring in their Bcakcs, ih:y make into Clay, or a crrtaine dawbe, and after fafhion them round, as with a Compuflc. In the bottomc they cort.iine the mealurc of a loote ,• in the heightabouc eight inches j and in the toppe, the fame qyantitie over 5 there, they are hollowed in, tomewhatdeepe. wherein they lay their eggs, without other prevention. And I am of opinion, thit the Sunne belpeth them to hatch their young: their netb arc for many ycares, ana of one proportion, not one exceeding another in bignefle, in licighc, nor circumference j and in proportionable diftincc one from another. In all this hill, nor in any of their ncf^cs, was to be found a blade ofgrafr-,.i ilr iw,a fticke, a feather, a moate, no, nor the filing of any tow-e,bur all the ncfles and pailages bcrwixt them, werefo fmooth and cleanc, as if they had beene newly iwept and wafhed. All which are moriurs to prayfc and magnifie the vniverlall Creator, who fo wondt rfully tnmifefteth his wifedomc, bountic, and providence in all his Creatures, and efpecially for his par- ticular loue to ingratefull mankinde, fov whole ■ * ' ' ■ ■ contemplation and fervice, he hatii t made them all. ..ir,i[lli - ,1:;.. (••) ■ .11 . . • I » » ■ ^.1 =.. - ■^ >i ■11 •!J S ■ C T. ,j| i ■ !■ Hts Obfenations. 15 I llel- all rate; part and • Sect. XXXI. Ne day having ended our hunting of ^^wgw/WjOrieof" of 3cales> o» our Marinerswaikingaboucchc Hand, di(covereda S;a-woiuc$. great company of Seales, or Sea-wolues ( fo called tor that they are in the Sea, as the Wolues on the Land ) advifing vs, that he left them flceping, with their bellies tolling againft the .Sunne j wee provided our ielues with Itaucs, and other weapons, anri fought to ftealc vpon them at vnav^arcs, co furprifc lorae of thera, and comming downe the lide of n hill, Wee were not difcovered, till we wcreclolc vpon them, notwithftanding, their Scntinell (before we could approach) with a great howlc waked them ; wee got betwixt the Sea and fome of thcm,but they fhunncd vs not ; for they came dlre£Hy vpon vs ; and though H*? dealt here and ther<* a blow, yet not a man that with- flood them, efcapcd the overthrow. They reckon hot of a Musket (lior:t, a fword peirceth not their skinne, and to giue a blow with aftaffe,isa5toI'mitcvponaftone: onely in giving the blow vpon his fnowtjprefently he fallcth downe dead. After they had recovercdthe water, they did^ as it were, fcornc vs,deficvs, and daunced before vs, vntillwehadihotfomcMuskce fliott through them, and fb they appeared no more. This Fiih is like vnto a Calfe, with fourc legg», but not aboue afpannelong : his skinne is hayrre like a Calfe i bat thefe were differenttoallthateverlhaucfecne, yet I hauc fcen'^of them in many parts j for thefe were greater, and in their former parts like vnto Lyons, with fliagge hayre, and raoflaches. They Hue in the Sea, and come to fleepc on the Land, and they ever haue one that watcheth, who advifcth them of any accident. They arc beneficiall to man in their skinnes for many purpofes j In their moftachcs for Pick-tooths, and in their fate to make Traine-oyle. This may fafficc for the Scale, for that he \% well knowne. ' '' •■■•■'•^^ •'.:,■ (...) K 2 S B C T. 76 I R. R; Hawkins Sect. XXXII. DcVifesinfud- den accidents' Tiie feconJ peopling of- the If.';- •; 'a Nc day, our Boates being loaden with Pengwins^ and comming aboord, a ludden ftornie tooke them, which together with the fury of the tydc, put them in fuch great danger, that although they threw all their loading into the Sea, yet were they forced to goe before tlie wind and Sea, to fauc their iiues. Which we feeing, and confidering that our welfare depended vpon their fafetic, be- ing impoffible to weigh our Anchor, faftncd an emptic Barrel! well pitched to the end of our Cable, in Head of a boy, and letting it flip, Tctfayle tofuccourourBoates, which in fliortipace wee re- covered, and after returned to the place where we ryd before. The ftormcccaring,wc vfed our diligence by all meanes tofeekc our Cable and Anchor, but the tydc being forciblc,and the weeds ( as in many partes of the Straites) lo long, that riding in foureteenc faihomc water,many times they ftrcaraed three and k)ure fathomes * vpon the ryme of the water ; thcic did fo inrolc our Cable, that we could never fet eycof pj^r boyiandtofwcepe for him wasbut loft labour, bccaufe of the weeds, which put vs out of hope to recover it. And fo our forcible bufinc/Te being ended, leaving inftru(Sion!» forthe J.tw/fOurPynacc, (according to appointment) where to findevs, we inrbledtlicm in many folds of Paper, put them into a barrel! of an old^,Musket, and flopped it in fbch manner as no wetc couldcntcr^ then placing itancnd vpon one of the higheft hills, and the moft frcaucntcd ofaJI the Hand, wee imbarked our felucs, and let faylc with the wind at North-weft, which could ferue vs buttotheend of that reach, forae dozen leagues long, and fbme three or fourc leagues broad. It lyeth next of any thing, till you come to Cape Agredu^ South-weft; from this Cape to Cape Fro- W4r<^, the coaft lyeth Weft South-weft. Some foure leagues betwixt them, was the fecond peopling of the spAnUrds : and this Cape lyeth in fiftie Hue degrees and better. Thwart Ciipef^-fwW, the wind larged with vs, and we conti- nued our courfc towards the Hand of lliz^aheth ; which lyeth from Cape /rtfTrWIbmcfourctcene leagues Weft and by South. This reach is foure or fine leagues broad, and in it are many channclls or openings into the Sea ^ for all the land on the Souther part of the Straites sac Hands and broken land } and from the beginning of thti His Ohferyations. c o 77 thisrcaclito the end of the Straitt!Sy high mountajrnous land on .,/.,, both fides, in moft parts covered with fnow all the ycare long. ■^" Betwixt the Hand Eltx^abeth^ and the Mayne, is the narrowed paP lage of all the Straties iitm&y be fomc two Musket Ihott from fide rolide. From this Straiteto Eli&abethbay, is fome foure leagues, and the courielycth North- weft and by weft. This bay is all fandic, and cleane ground on the Eaftcr part ; but EUy^*ietht before you come ac it, there iyeth a poynt of the fliore a good byrth ^"Z- off, which is dangerous. And in this reach, as in many parts of the iy/r4i/«, runneth a quicke and forcible tyde. In the Bay it higheth eight or nine foote water. TheNorthcr part ofthe Bay hath foulc ground, and rocks vnder water: and therefore it is not wholfome borrowing of the may no. One of raafter Thomas Candijh his Pyn^- ccs ( as I haue bcene cnformcd ) came a-ground vpon one of them, and he was in hazard to haue left her there. From Blii>abeth Bay to the River oUerommo is (bmc Hue leagues. xheRiverof The courfe Iyeth Weft and by North, and Weft. Here the Wind i>ronmo. rcanccd,and forced vs to fceke a place to anchor in. Our Boates go- ing alongft the (liore, found a reafonable Harbour, which is right againftthat which they call, KwQt leronimt: but it is ahother chan- nel!, by which a man may difemboake the Straite, as by theother which isaccuftomedjforwithatlorme, which tookcvs one night, fiiddenly we were forced into that opening vn wittingly \ but in the morningjfeeing our error, and the wind larging, with two or three bourds wee turned out into the old channell,notdaring for wane of our Pynace to attempt any new difcoverie. •; This Harbour we called Blanches Bay ,• for that it was found by ^I'tnchts i^tj, IVilliam Blanch^ one of our Matters mates. Here having moored our (hippe, we began to make our provifion of wood and water, where- of was plentie in this Bay , and in all other places from l*engwm Hands, till within a dozen leagues ofthe mouth ofthe Straitcs. Now finding our Dcckes open, with the long lying vnder the lync, and on ine coaft of Brafill^ the Sonne having beenc in our Zenith many times,we calked our lhip,within bourd and without, abouc the Decks. And f uch was the diligence we vfed, that at foure dayesend, we had aboue threcfcore Pipes of water, and twcntic Boats of wood ftowed in our Ship : no man was idle, nor othcrwifc bufied but in nccefTary workcs : fome in felling and cleaving of wood; fome in carrying of water ; fome in romaging; fome in tt . wafhing, others in baking? one in heating of pitch, another in ga- thering of MufTel Is; no man was exempted, but knew at evening, wherevnto he was to bstake himfelfe tlie morning following. K 3 Some :1 I < '. il I f 78 S'" R; Hawkins Obiei^onof waft. Anfwcre. Warning a- Some man might aske me,how wc came to hauc fb many empcie Caskc in leffe then two moneths ; for it feemeth much that fo few meninfuchfliorttime, and in fo long a Voyage (hould wafte To much? Whereto I anfvvcre, that it came notofcxccffiuccxpcncc ; for in health we never exceeded our ordinary ^ but of a mifchance which befell vsvnicnowne in the Hand ofSaintZ/tw^j^or Saint ^i>x7^^nthe coatt of BrafiU j where wc refrcflied our felues, and according to the cuftomc layd our Caske a (hore,to trirame ic, andaftcr to fill it, the place being commodious for vs. But with th« water a ccrtaine wormc, called Brcma by the Spaniard^ and by vs Artersy entred alfo, which eac it ^6 fall of holes, that all the wr.icr (baked out^and made much of our Caskc of fmall vfe. This we remedied the beft wee could, and difcovercd it long before we came to this place. Hcrcoflet others take warning, in no place to hauc Caske on the gawftvvormes. fliorc, where it maybe avoydcd ; for it is one of the provifions, which arc with greatcftcare to be prefervcd in long Voyages, and hardefttobefupplyed.Thefe ArterSiOtBremA^'m^W hotCountries enter into the plankcs of Shippcj, and efpeciaiiy where arc Rivers of frefh waters (forthccommon opinion is, that they arc bred in frefli water, and with the current of the Rivers arc brought into the Sea) but experience teachcth, that they breed in the great Seas in allhottClymatcs,erpecialIyneeretheEquinoftiall lyne,- for lying fo long vnder ;ind necre th*" ]yne,and towing a Shalop at our (lerne, coming to clcnfe her in 2?r flicct-lcad that I haue Icene in any place, yet it is nothing durable, but iubicdto many cafualties. Another manner is vied with double plankes, as thicke without v^ih d-mMe as within, after the manner of turrmg; which is lutle better th^n r'^"'''-^' that with Lead ;for,bcfides his waight, it dut^thlittlc, bccaufcthc wormc in fmall time pafTeth through theoncand the other. Athirdmanncrof (iKarhinghath bccne vied amongitlorae with wiih Canvas. fine Canvas i which is of Iraali continuance, and io not lo be re- garded. The fourth prevention, which now is moft 3cc»^inpted of, is to \Vi h burm burne the vttcr planke nil it come to be in every place like a Cole, H-'"''". ind after to pitch it ; this is not bad. ^ In China ( as I haue beenc cnf^Tmcd ) they vfc a certainc Betane in (hw* orVamifti, in manner of an art:rtci,ili pitch, whircwith they trim «"i»Vatni(h, the ouffidc of their fhippcs. It i^ !aidto be durable, and of thatvcr- tuc, as neither wormc, nor water peirceth it \ neither hath the Sunne power againft it. ' Some haue deviled a certainc Pitch, mingled with Glafre,and o- thcr ingredients, beaten into powder, with which if thcShippcbe ipitched,it isfoid, thewormethit toucheih it, dyeih ; but I haue r,or heard, that it hath beenevletuil. Butthe moft approved of all is the manner of fhoatliing vfid in%/W, nowadaycsin£»g/W, with thin bourds, halfe inth thickcj the thinnerthebcttcriandElmcbetterthcnO.'ikci for it ryvf rh not, it indurcth better vndcr water, and yeeldcthbctterto the Shippes fide. The invention of the materialles incorporated brtwixt the planke and the fhcathing, is that indeed whi- h avfiyloth \ lor withouti^many planless were not (iifiRcient to hmdcr iho tnrrancc of this Wormc i this mmincr is thus: • ''-'"•' %> •.-•/ K 4 Before ,i , , I ■i'■■.■ ■■A 8o S'*^ R: Hawkins Beft manner ot iLcathing, Bebrc the (heathing board is nay led on,vpon the inner fide of it they fmcre it over with tarrc halfc a finger thickc, and vpon the tarrc, another halfc finger thickc of hayre,fijch as the Whuelymcrs vfe, and lo naylc it on, the nayles not aboue a Ipanne dittancc one from another j the thicker they arc driven, the better. Some hold opinion., that t'u' tarrc killeth the wormc;others,that the wcimo pafflngthf fliear.hing, and lecking a way through, the hayrc and the tarrc io iiivoluc him, that he is choked therewith; which me thinkcsj is mult probable^ this manner of (licathingwas invented by my Father j and experience hath taught it to be the bcit,anduficaficoiK Sect. XXXIII. Vchwasthcdihgenccwc vfed for our difpatch to (boot the strattcs^ that ac fourc dayes end, wee had our water and wood flowed in our Shippe, all our Copper-workc finilhcd, and our (hippe Calked tromPoftto Stemmej the firft day in the mor- ningCthe wind being fayre ) wc brought our fclues into the Channel], and layled towards the mouthoi the Straites^- praifingGod i and beginning our courle with little windc,wc dcf* cryed a fire vpon the (horc,made by the indtans tor a figne to call vs; which fecne, i caufcd a Boat to be man'dc, and we rowed aftiorc, to fee what iheir meaning was, and approaching necre the ihore, wee. fawa Cannoa made faft vndcr a Rockc with a wyth, moft artifici- ally made with the rindesot Trees, and (owed together with the fynnes of Whales •, at both ends (harpc, and turning vp, with a grccne bough in ( ither end, and ribbes for ftrengthening it. After a little while, we might dilcerne on the fall of the mountainc (which was full of trees and (hfLibbcs) t«voor three Indians naked, which cameoutofcertaineCaues, or coatcs. They fpakevnto vs, and made divers fignes \ now poynting to the Harbour, out of which wewcrccon'C and then to the mouth of the J'/r/7//« ; But wee vn- dcrftood nothmg of their meaning. Yet left they vs with many im.ig'nations,fu(pe£^ing, it might be to advife vs of our Pynacc, or /omr other thingof moment j but for that they were xndcr co- vrrr, anvl mi^htworkcvsfometreachcric (for all the people of the, Str4itesT,znd the land nere them,v(e all the villany they can towards' white people, caking thetn for Sfmards, in revenge of (he deceit Hi$ Obferoations. 8i of it the mcrs one ,that the /ith; iwas the that Nation hath vfcd towards thcmvponfundry occafions: ) as alfo for that by our ftaywc could reape nothing but hinderanccof our Navigation, wee hafted to our Shippe, and fayled on our courfe. From Blanches Bay to long reacb,which is fothe foure leagoes,the ^<>"S ^cach. courle lyeth Weft South-welt entring in^o the long reach ^ which is the laft of the Straits, and longeft. For it is forae thirty twoleagues^ and the courfe lycth next of any thing North- weft. Beibre the fetting of the Sunne, wee had the mouth of the Straits open, and were in great hope the next day to be in the South fea ^ but about feaven of the clocke that night, wee (aw a great cloud rife out of the North-caft, which began to caft forth great flaHies of lightnings,and fodainely fayling with a frefli gale of wind at north • ealt^ another more forcible tookevsaftayes j which put vs in dan- ger : for,ali our fayles being a tant, it had like to haue overfet our (hip, before we could take in our fayles. And therefore in all fuch femblances it is great wifedomc to carry afliort fayle,orto take in allfaijfles. Heerc we found what the iHei/afis forwarned ^s of ^^r they haue isfotc crear infight in the change of weather, and befides haue iecret dea- ling with the Prince of DarkencHc, who many times dedareth vn- co them things to corner By this meanes and other witch-crafts, which heteacheththem, heepoirefrechthem,andcauIeth (hem to doc what plcaleth him. ;r/,Mh c: i/il^i Within halfe an houre It began to thunder dnd raine, with fo . . much windc as wee were forced to lye ^ hull,and fo darke,that we ..< .^ law nothing,but when the lightning came. This being one of the narrowcil reaches of all the Straits, wee were forced, every glafTef to open a little of our fore-fayle, to caft about our (hips head : any man may conceiue it the nightfeemed long vnto vs, what defire we had to lee the day. Intinc, Phoebus with his: bcautifull face light* ncd our Hemifphere, and rcioyccd our liearts ( hauing driven a- boue twenty f<)ure leagues in twelue houres lying ahull : whereby, is to be imagined therorceofthewtnde and current^) We fet our fore-(ayle, andretnrned to our former harbour ^ from whencc,within three or foure dajfes,we(etfayleagainewith afaire winde, which continued with vs till we came vvitiiin a league of the mouth of the Straite, here the winde tooke vs againc contrary,and forced vs to returne againe to our former port ^ where heing ready ro anchor, the windc (canted with vs in luchmaner, as wee were forced to make a bourd. In which time, the winde and tide put vs fo iOrreta lcc-wards,that we could by no meanes fcize it : So we de- L termined i - \ 8i S'" R; Hawkins termined co goe to Eli^deth Bay, but before we came ac ic,the nighc ovenookevs :andthisrcach beingdangcrous and narrow, wcdurft neither hull, nor crye, or curne CO and againe with afhorclayle, and therefore bare aiongft in the middcft of the channcll, till wc were '"' comeintothebroadreach,then]ayahulltillthemorning. When We fet iayle and ran alongft the coaft, lecking with our boate fome place to anchor in ; fome foure leagues to the Weft- wards of Cape Frowml, we found a goodly bay ; which wee named ingUOi Biy. ^giifl> bay : where anchored, we prefently went a fliore, and found a goodly River of freih water, and att old Cannoa broken co peeces^ ^nd (bme two or three of the houfes of the IndtMs^ with peeccs of Scale linking ripe. Thefe houfes ^re made in fafhion of an Oven (even oreight foote bt*6ad, with bonghes of trees, and covered with other boughes, as our Summer houfes ; and doubtles do ferve them but for the Summertime, when they come to tifb, and pro- fit themfelues of the S(?a. Fortheyretyrethemfelucs in the Winter into the Country, where it is more temperate, and yeeldeth better fuftenance : for on the Mayne of the Straits, wee neyther faw beaft, > c ' nor fowle, Sea fowleexcepted, and a kind of Blacke- bird, and two hoggs cowards the beginning of the Straites. Here our (hip being well moored^ we began co fopply our wood and water, that we had rpenc. Which being a dayesworke,and the Ifvinde durine many dayescontraryj endevoured to keepr my peo- ple occupied, to divert them from the imagination which fome Sloth caufa of had conceived ^ that it behooved, wefhould recurne co BrAfiU and siasgination. winter there, and fb (hoot the Straites in the fpring of the yeare. So one day,we rowed vp the R.iver,with our boat and iighc horfe- man, co difcover it, and the In-land : where having fpent a good pait of the day, and finding (hold water, and many Trees fallen thwart it, and little fi'uite ofour labour, nor any thing wonh che noting, w<^ returned. Anotherday, we trayned our people a-(hore, being a goodly < fandie Bay: another, we had a hurling of Batcheiers againft married men ; This day we weiv ; bufiedinwreftling,cheotheriii (hooting ) (6 we were ne* tcr idle, neyther thought we che time ions* -H\m (...) . v; m k J. |ighc lurft and iwere our fVeft- itned >uiid :sof ■ '■' S' if is Ol/fenationi. = CT. XX XI III. 8j Ftcr wc had paft here fomc fcvcn or eight daycs, one Evening with a flawe from the fliore,our Ship drouc offinto the channeJl, and before we could get vp onx Anchor, andfctovirlayles, wc were driven fo farrc to lee-wards, that we could not recover into the bay ; and night comniingon,withafliortfayle,wcebcateoffandon nil the morning. Atthebrcakeof the day conferring with the Cap- taine and Maftcr of my (hip, what was beft to be done, we refol vcd tofeekeout Tobias Caue^ which lyeth over againft Cape Fryo, on teim ccyt the Southernc part of the Straitcs, bccaufe in all the reaches of the Straites ( for the moft part) the winde blowcth trade, and thcr- fore little profit to be made by turning to winde- wards. And from Chellandsofthc'P^^ITi'wto theende of the Straites towards the ibuth Sea, there is no anchoring in the channell j and if we ihould be put to ice-wards of this Coue, wc had no iiiccour till wc came to the Hands o{*Pengwins ; and fome of our Company which had bin with mailer Thomas Candijh in the Voyage in which he died, and in the fame Coue many weekes, vndertooke to be our Pilots thi- ther. Wherevpon we bare vp, being iomc two leagues thither, ha- ving fom'uch wmde as we could fcarce Jyeby it with our courfe and bonnet of each (but bearing vp before the winde, wee put out bur Topfayles and S{>ritrayle,and within a little while the winde began to fayle vs, and immediately our Shi|)pe gaue a mighcie « . blowvponaR.ocke,andftuckefaftvponit. And had wee had but ShiJIyJot^f* the fourth part of the wind, which wc had in all the night pafi, bur i^ocke. a moment before we ftruckc the Rocke, ourShippe, doubtlefle, with the blow had brolten her lelfc all to peeces. But our provi- dent and mod gracious'C^od which commaundeth wmd and Sea, watehcdovervs, and ^fchvcredvs with hispowcrfull hand from the vnknowne danger and hidclen dcftru^ion, that fo we might praylchim forbis fatherly bouriti^aod prote£lion, and with the Prophet iD^-y/^ (ay, ^xtefit the Lofdkeepe the Cittie^ the watch-men W4/r^ w vf/wi for if our Go(l had not kept our Shippc, wc had bin all fwaliqyved vp aliue withouthelpe of redemption, and therefore he for hi^pnypc'csfijce grant that the memorial! of his bcncifitSjdoe . .^ njcvcc iepar^ from befd^ ow cjres, and that we may evermore pray^ mfii for our wi:^n^r(bll dHiverance, and his continual! pro- - videncfDydayahdbyhight. '''* - ' ^ ri . . , vJ-i.v., La Uf " 84. S'"^ R: Hawkins The company dilmayed, Dilicence to To thcliboii ous God pro- fni6as. My company witli this Accident were much amazed, and not without iult caulc. Immediately we vied our cndcvour to tree our iclucs, and with our Boates ibunded round about our Shippej in the mcanc time afTayJng our pumpe, to know if our Shippcmadc more water then her ordinary j we found nothing incrcaled.and round about our Shippedcepe water, favingvudcr the mid-(hippc, for (hee was a floate a head and a ftcrnc : and bearing fume fathomc beforethc mayneMaft,aBd in nootherpart, was like to be our dc- flru^lion ; for being ebbing vvater^the waight in the head and ilerne by fayUngof the water began to open her plankcs in ihemiddeft: and vpon the vppcrDcckc they were gone one from another lome two Hngcrs> fomc more i which we fought to eafc and remedieby lightning of her burden^ and throwing into the Sea all that came to hand; and laying out an Anchor, wc Tdught to wend her off; and fuch was the will and force we put to the Capfien and Tackles fhQned vpon the Cable, that we plucked the ring of the Anchor out of the eye, but after recovered it, though not Icrviceablc. All our labour was fruitleflei till Godwaspleafed that the flood came,andthenwe bad her off with great ioy and comfort, when Anding the current favourable with vs, weftood over to tnilifi hay^ and fetching it,we anchored there,having beene (bme three houres vpon the Rocke, and with the blow, as alter wc faw when out Ship was brought a ground m I'ericc{y/hich is the Port of Panamd)a greac part of her flicathing was beaten ofFon both fides in her Bulges, andfomefourefootelongand a foote Iquare of her falfe ften. ne, ioyningtothe Keelc» wreiled acrofTe^ like vntoa Hoggesyoakc, which hi ndc red her fay ling very much. Here we gauc God ^raylc for our dcliverance,and afterward pro- cured to fupply our wood and water, which we had throWneover- bourd to eale our Shippe, which wasnotmuch : that fupplyed, it pleafed God (who is not ever angry) colooke vpon vs with com- fort, and to fend vs a fayre and large wind, and lb wc fet Sayle oncd againe,inhopctodill'mbokethei'/r4//r, but fome doten Itagiles before we came to the moiith of it,the wind changed,and forced vs to feckc out fome Cove or Bay, with otir Boates to ride in ncere at hand, that we might not be forced to returns farre backe into the Straites. >.! * They (bunded a Cove fome flxteene leagues ^rom the inouth of Crabby Cove, the Straite^ whicli after WC called Cr4^^C -.-^^ To which,! never fpakc word till I faW it refolvcd } being ray ' part rather to learne, then to advife. But feeing the fatajl fentcnce; given, and fufpe^ing that the, Gaptaine Imadev^the matter worfe then it was, rather vpon poUicytoicome inta another Ship, which? was better of Sayle, then for any danger thfy might runne inco« With as much reafon as my capacitie could reach vnto, I diflwa- ded my Vnkle piivately ; Atid vrged, that feeing wee had profited • the Adventurers nothing, wee fhould endevour to preierue oar principall ; efpecially, having nien and viAuHllilt But feeing I pre- vaylednot, I went further, and offered tofinde out in the fame Shippc, and others,' fomaiiy men, as with me would be content' to carry her home, giving vs the third part of the value of the fhip, < as fbec fhould be valued at, at her returne,i^y foure indifferrntper- ions i and to leaue the Vic^aojnirall « whiich I had vndcr my chargr,'andtortiakeherVice'admirall. '' Whereupon, it was condefcended»that we^Quld all gpe aboard < ^ the Shippe, and that there it fhditld bo det€rip>ifi^ed. The Captaip^; ^..,v. thought himfelfefomewhattdiwhed in Repi^tiicion, and fo would not chat further criall (fhould be ffilde of thejn)|^tter ) Saying, that if anocbcrman was able to carry th4 Shippe into ito^W, l^c} would in no cafe leane h^,another ; of a third,vpoa another occanon,we broke an arme ^ 8( the fourth, on the RocKC had the eye of his ring broken. This (one day de- vifmg with my lelfe) I made to ferue, without working him a new. Which when I tookefirfi in hand, all men thought it ridiculous; but in fine, wc made it in that manner fo ferviceablr, as till our (hip cametoC^/ZaiTtwhiciiiisthePortofZ^m^, (hec fcarce vfed anyo- thcr Anchor 5 and wKsih I came from Lyma to Panama^ which was three yeares after, I faw it ferue the Admirall in which I came, ( a Ship of aboue fiue hundreth tunnes ) without other art or addi" tion, then what my owne invention contrived. And f6rthatinthelikenecefntie,oroccanon, others imv pro- ute m«ndjng fit thcmfelnes of the induflrie, I will recount the manner of the for- '^JJJ"'*^ gin^oureyewithoucfire,oriron.ItwasinthisroR. ^, * From the eye of the fhanke,about the head of the crofIe,we gaue two tomes with a new fhx>ng Halfer, betwixt three and fbure in« L 4 chcs. It?«M '^ 88 S'* R; Hawkins o - -ft « tv tntertainc- mem of time, to aveyd idle- ncffej In gathering of tfittttn OfPcarle*. ches,giving a rcafonable allowaiice for chat, which (hould be the eye, aod lerved in flead of the ring )then we faftned the two ends of the Halfcr, (oas in that part itwasasftrong, as in any other, and with our Capften'ftretched the two by ghtes, that every part might bean^proportionably ^ then armed we all theHalier roond abont, with fix yarne Syn.ncts,and hkewilc the (banke of the Anchor, and the head with a linooth Matt made of the fame Synnet :this done, with an inch Rope, wee woolled the two byghtes to thefhanke, from the crofTc to the eye, and that alio which was to (erne for the ring, and fitted the fiocke accordingly. This done, thofe who be-* fore derided the invention, were of opinion, that it would icrue for a necd^onely they put one difiici!itie, that with the fall or pitch ofthe Anchor in hard ground, with his waight he would cut the Halier in Hinder on the head; forprevention whereof, we placed a panch ( as theMarriners terme it) vpon the head of the Anchor, ' with whorcfoftnefle this danger was prevented, and the Anchor paftforferviceabkr ^* Some ofour idle time we fpentingatherine the barkeaitd frtric of acertaine tree, which we found in all places ofthe Sfrditesg where we found trees. This tree carrieth his fruit in dufters like a Hawthorne, but that it is grcene, each berry of the bfgneHe of a Pepper corne, and every of them cont|uj;^ing within fpureor fia^ graynes, twile as bigge as a Mufterdreed, which broken, are whitdt withiUjas the good Pepper, and bite much like it, but hotter. Th^ baikeofthis tree,- hath the favour of all kinde of Spices together, mod comfonablc ^o thefiomacke, and held to be better thettany Spice whatlbeveri And for that a learned Country-man of our^ t>o^orTurrrery hath written of it, by the name o{ Winters harkeg what Ihauefaid mayfuffice. Theleafeofthistreeis of a whitiffi greene, and is not vnlike to the Afpen leafe. Otherwhileswe entertained our felues i*i gathering of Pearte*^ out ofMuiTcls, whereof there are aboundancein all places, from Cape frewardy to the end ofthe Stmtes. The Pearlcs are but of a bad colour, sfQd fmall, but it may ht that in the great Mufiels in deeper water, the Peartes are bigger, and of greater value ; ofthe fmall feed Pearle, there ^Vas great quaif« titie, and the MufTels were a great refrefhiiis vnto vs ; for they weit 1 l.iv It; to be of a farre different nature and qualitie to thofe found to the £a(iaadWeft/M£r/» which are found in Oyftersi g^rovringiiithe (hell His Obferyations. 8? the lends and "ght )Bt, I", and lone. (hell, vndcr the ruff of the Oyftcr,fome fay of the dewc, which I hold to be Tome old Philolbphers conceit^ for chat it cannot bee made probable, how the dew flioald come into the Oyftcr ; and if this were true, ihen,qucftionlcfre, wee (hould haoe them in ouf OyfttTs, as in thole ofihe Eaft and Weft indid's i but thole Oyftcrs, were, by the Creator,made to bring foorth this rare fruite, all their (hcis, being (to looke to)pearle it (elfe. And the other pearlcs found in our Oyftcrs and Muftelsjin divers partes,are ingeodred out of the fatnciTc of the fiOi, in the very fubftance of thefifli, fo chat in fomc Muffcls^haue beene found twenty, and thirty, in « * feverall partes of the fi(h, and thcfe not perfefl in colour, nor clearenes, as ihofe found in the Pearlf'-Oyftcrs, which are ever perfect in colour and clearenes, like the Sunne in his rifing \ and therefore called Oriencnll, and not (as is fuppofed) becaufeoutof the Eaft, for they are as well found in the Weftj and no way infe- rior to thole of the Eaft Indies, Other hfli, befides Scales, and Crabbe«, like Shrimpes, and one Whale with two or three Porpulles, wee law not in all the Straites \ heere we made alio a (iirvay of our visuals; and ope- ning certaine Barrels of Oaten meale, wee fbuhd a great part of ilbmc of them, as alfo of our Pipes and Fatts of bread, eaten and confumcd by the Rates j doubtlelIe,a hft part of my Company^ did npteatc fo rauch,as thele devoured, abeth Bay to the Pt^rr, and that there we ihpuld haqe the wind firft, being more to the £afi-wari|ef, and in an open liay , and moreover might fct laylein the night, if the yvind (bould rife in the Evening, or in the Night i whereas, inil)e^brc,of force, we muft waiti the light of the pay. If made my fclfe deafe to all murmurings, and caufed my cqamaund to W put in execution, and,doobtleire, itw^sGods^r^ious infpiracion, asbytheevent was ieeoci ibc being gioaca mtp t£ff Channel), witfiihan hourc, the •f* i. . His Oifenations. the windc came good, and we fay led merrily on our Voyage ^ and by the breakc ot the day, wee had {he.mpqth ot the Straitcs o- penj, and about foure of the Clockc in the afternoonc, wee were thwart of Cape D^y^r^jwhichisthc wcftermoftpart of the Land on the Souther fide of the Straites. U.I. JA^ .__,...il Pt I i 4 wr i Sect. XXXVIII. Ere fuch as haueconfitn^hd may behold the ma- Adrcnife. ny mif(?Hes that bi^fiU thcnii not onciy by "«"«« -!■. /^..y :>utj/ • - -^rw^ m- ^- .■ irtwi •.A. ,oj ^t ■;":• - orll ')'•■^r ■■ rr\)^Vf !i. i:;r: .It...;-,., I m.-l J ...f, >■. » i , h ■I III 3C30.! M !03l?b ■Uilifl i>> io bYiiLljisjA .rl" f M s n B7!.M ^.i'Ai v». !f) •».'«, ■ n :u gi ,' c ^ rt.> ■''1 ii *< r 92 S**^ R: Hawkins Sect. XXXIX. .V it I A Advertife- mems tat yong Scrri- tori. jLui ,,.:t^.N apprchenfion whoreofat land, I cannot forbeare 'Mui thcDifciplinc thereof, as at this day, and in the dayes of late memory, it hath bccnc pra^ilcd in the States of Flaunders^ Fraunce^ and Bnttayney vrhcrohs the SfaHiards4V»llom^Smtx>ers^ and other Nations, arc daily full of murmurings and mutc- nics,vpon every fldghtoc^afion. The iike I alio wii)i (hould be imitated by thofe, who follow the Sea, that is, that chple who arc fubic*^ to Command, pre- sume no further then to that which bclong vnable to iudgc of any poync appertaining to governi;neiir, or the guide of a Shippe, or company ofmcn,prefuiningvpoti their line wirts, and mamo. red of their owne conceits, contradi^ and difpote againft graue, Wije, and experimented Govcrnours : many forward fcllowes, thinking chemfelues better worthie tp command^ then to be com> inanded. Such perfbns I advifc not to goe, but where they may cpiamand iorels lookingbefore they icape,toconnderwell,vnder whom they place thcmfelues, (eeing(16r the moft part) it is in their choyce, to jphqoie a Cove rnour frona. whom they loay cxpeftiatis- ikOiion \ but ciioycc beiiig once made, to refolue with the patienc wifeinHiftoryiThat,th^ day wherein (bee married her ielfe to an husband, that very day (hec had no longer any will, more chcn.the will of her husband i An^flb he that by Sea or Land placeth him- felfe to feruc; in any a^^ni mud make reckoningthat theiimc the iourney cndureth,be hatb ih> other, «^iU, nor 4i^pp(e pf hip^^lfe, then that pi hj^ Conu^^ni^rrfor if^.^he C^ycf/iqr^ t^nd is all power, to recompence andfewardi»(0{njini(h9r;^giuc. Likewise thofc who ^^^ chft9ncf, 3STheevenc proo- ved i for wc funkc, fpoyled, and tooke of them many, and they di- minilhcd of ours butone fmall Pynacc, nor any man of name, (aue onely Gflg)aipfl^«ri^;, who dyed with honour amidft his Compa- ny. TKegrcatc{ldammage,that(asIremeraber)theycauiedtoa- ny of our Shippes, was to the SwaUaw of her Maicftie, which I had in thataftionvnder my Charge, with an Arrow of fire Qtott into hertfcaft«t.iRaa;#mctvwrt8r«r iir6i;tcciflrc of tinjiiyic, ttn it had burned a hole in the Role as bigge as a mane head : the Arrow fal- ling out, and driving alongft by the Shippes fide, made vs doubt ofir, which after wcdifcovered. M 3 S ■ c T. 9^ S"^ R: Hawkins Sect. XL. ■}:/ S jjfJi Muccnies not alwayes to be Winked at. T N riiahyoccanons, hotwithftahding,icisnioft pre- iudiciall to diilcmblc the reprchcnHon and pu- nifhrncntof murmurinfls and muttcrings, wHcb they carry a likelihood to grow to a mutenie, reemetoleahetbafa^ion, orthataperlon ofre« g.a^dor merite favoul'eth the intention, orcon- cradi£ll;eth the Iufti(;e,5(c. and others of like qualitie -, The prudent Govern9ur is to cut off this Hy^u^s head in the beginning, and by prevention to provide remedi? with expedition \ and this lome- dmes with abiolute authoritie, although the bed be ever to pro- ceed by Counrell^ if neceffitie slod occafiOn require not tne contrary \ forjKiffion ininv times over-niletb, but that ' f^ ! .'W'hich is feiicenced ana executed by conlent, is ^,f'^' iuftificd, although /bmetimes crrd- * .•rij 'aU •-ft' rav ' ^ •• ■■•n .nid ■ dif ' ,,r!<^" " m^^ h;'H I f!:a;f!'v./jjnji.'.I-'i . :U' iirn jH ■• -'-.l-^^'t . . 11 , 'fl ' I I ii r. i*P^ •li.} sfiC-ii 'jr^Jtbr: ii fi.i;ni G?i;*-;^^-kci?fi:?lo.-,'.,.(;:iU3['. '.>t.S ■ ■Mm*. ' rd{;ot • / :.u;rn ,3|)j; ij^qirlE trlj'?di-anoL qni/nbbus. i 'onrmjliQVK'vnv. lUOiidl ' i: IT ■.> « ? i' Hit Ohfenamns. r. 91 S B C T. X L I« 1 1'; ttt .fl; iifn 1 vJi Rom CflpcD^r, fome foure leagaes North-weft, Ive foore Ilairas, which are very (inaIJ,an(l the mid- dlenioftoftheinnofthe fa(hion of si Sdgnr-loafe. We were no fooner deare of Cape Defire, an4 hit ledge of Rockes (which lie a great way off into the Sea ) but the wind tooke vs contrary by the North- wdft } and fo weftood off into the Sea two dayei and two nights to the Weft« wards. In all the Straites it ebbeth and floweth more or lefTe, and in ma- ny places it higheth very li ctle water, but in fbme Baycs, where are . great indraughts, it higheth eight or ten foote, and doubtlcfle, fur- cherin,more. Ifa man be furniflied with wood and water,and the winde good, he may kccpe the may ne Sea, and goe round about the Straites to the Southwards , and it is the (hortcr way j for be;* fides the experience which we made, that all the South paic of the soutli p^ojf Straites is but Hands, many times having the Sea open, I remem- the straitet ber, that Sir Jr4»r«rDr4i(rr told ne, thathavidgfliptt the Straites, ^^'^' a ftorme tooke him firff at North* weft, and after veredahoucto the South-weft, which continued with him many dayes, with thatcX' tremitie, that he could not open any Sayle, and that at the end of the ftorme,h.e found himfelfe in fiftie dcgref s, which w^ fufficient teftimony and proofe,that he was beaten round about the Straites, for the leaft height of the Straites is in ftftie two degrees sod (iftie minutes ; in which ftand the two entrances or mouths. And moreover, he fayd, that ftanding about, when the winde changed, h; was not well able to double the Southermoft Ilaiid, and io anchored vnder the lee of it; and going a-ihore, carried a CompafTe with him, and (eeking out the Southermoft part <^f the Hand, caft himfelfe downe vpon the vttermoft poynt groveling, SitTrmcit and 16 reached out his bodie6ver it. Prefently Jie imbarkcd,and Drd\timhtu then recounted ynto his people, that he had becne vpon thc.Sou- SJrfioftp°o"ii« thermoftknowne land in the wor]d,and more further to the $onth- of the wwid. wards vpon it, then any of'theiii, yea, or any man as yet kaownt< ,,Thefe teftioponies may fufljce for #v«»^r^ M 4 then? « ! 9for we had aotfifpit of land ip f-''i > . ' thrte t'Sl Hts Obfenations. 91 three dayes after. Our reckoning was to fecit, but for that we coa- led not the land, I cannot determine, whether it was cauied by tlic current, or iying of the land. ^\it Spaniards which hauc iaylcd a- longft it, hauc told me, that it is a bold and late coaft, and rcalbna- ble lounding of it. In this Hand oiMfichs we had communication and contratation with the inhabitants, but with great vigilancieand care i for they ^ and all the people otc/>//y, arc raortall enemies to the Spanunis^ * and held vs to be of them j and io cftcemed Sir Fraficts Drakf ^whcn. he was in this I land, which was the firft land alio that he touched onchtscoaft. They" vied him with 16 tine a trcchcry, that they poflcflcd themfdues of all the Oarcs in his Boatc, laving two, and m driving to get them allo,they llcw, an^^ hurt all his mcnihimk Ife who hijd tcwcU wounds, had three, and t.t/o of them in the head. Twool his company which lived long after, had, the one llavcn- teenc J hisnamcwas/«'A»j5»'«<'r, whoaftcr\vard was Pilot with m.v ftcrcW,^/;iand.thcothcr,abo^e twcmie, a AVgr^-Icrvant to Sir Francis Drake, And with me they vfcd a pollicic, which amongft barbarous Trecheivof people was not to be imagined, although I wrought lure \ for 1 1 ul- the //j^r4j»rf, and to fec^if they would bee content to entertaip amicie, orto chop and change with vs. But all chat night an^tn^ next mottling appeared not one perfon, and fo wee iccfayle againe; andrdwardcsthc Evening the winde be- gan to <^hange, and to blow cpntrary,and- that fo mucli, and the Seato rffe fo fodainely, that wec^opld not take in ourbbates, with> otit ](pby)ln^ of theth. This ftorme continued with vs ten daycs Acmelflotme b^ontd ekpedatioh,fbr that v^ee thought our fclucs out of the cli- mate bf ^wk weather, bdt trtieiy it was otic of the (hatpeft ftormes cKacei^cfrlfclc toeiidUre folbng.' , ^-^" -' i"''' ' ' ' fnt1^'hftonie,dile n'igKc h;fl% v^6#bol!lte« toft^d'tht iti^ tqroutofthem, oae of our younkers chat went imothe^f4b^ chat ' N 2 ' purpofe, lOO S^*^ Ri Hawkins The impor- tant lofle of a foullvefldl. Sunt Miiritf, purpofc, h?d not thfit«cg3rd( which walpp fcquircd) vntp o.vm: light hoiicsnan : % njfith haiimg h^yp, ^oftep incolvr, ©utpf the bojitc, he i'plit hqr afuflflf f* ^n<^ fi> .w<^? wcr?,(orccd ,tac^t jt^<;r ofFj which was no inpallhcartcs gijiefc vntome, for that Ikmw, and all ipy,company.kltyind ijQ^y ti^pcislamented the J^/Ipof^K^.. The fiormc topke e;^^, and woe flipped o))r CQ\u-rc for 4^ iland of Saint Maries, whitih lycth ii) ihirtie feav^n,Pcgrces-^(ijd/Qr.ty j;nini|ts, .^d before you come vi^to the ^lan^ fo^e two ic;agpes, in the trade way lyc^h a rocke, wjiich a farrcofF, fccmctb to be a Shippcvndcr iaylc. This Hand is; little and low, but fcrtill and well peopled, with /^^.i;».( and Tqi^c fewe Spaniards in ^. Some • "^ ten leagues to the North-wards of this Hand, lyeth the Giiity Cjfftr Cittyof'rc^- ceptifi/fywkj[\ a good Port j from ihi^ wee coailcd alonftJI dfl wc^ ccfftion, pame in ^f^y three jdcgrees, ai^^ for ty minutes. In waicb ^cight a/;i/w y ^^^ Il|"*^? of Ivan fernandesy bci-wixt thrcefcorc ^nd ffiuxt- eman " ^^.^^^ 1^3g|ucs frpm thc fliotc, plcnttfull of ^,andgopid i^ f^- frcihing. Jpurpofe.d for many r ^fons not to. ^iicpvcf j^ jl^lff Good to A- yppi^ this coa^; till v/^e were pa(i Zym^ ( otIierwUe gnHiti <^vi^ voiddifcovery ide las Reyes, for that it was entered by the Sp^mlgrd ^ed/j^j^f the threcKings;) butmy Company vrged niefb farre, that except I ihould fecme in all things toovcr-beare tihem, in not condifceft- ding to that which in the opinion of all ( but my felfcXi^^mcd pro- fitable and beft, I pq^ld tyo\ hpt ye^lde vnc9» though it carried a faliecolourj asthecndeprooued, for it was our perdition. This all my Company )ct^\f(q(h to be truc^ whcrepf fpme are yctliviogi and can giue ccfiin^onic* Wiifuincfli of ^P"hc Mariner is ordinarily fo carried ^vfisiy with th* ^^Cwcof Manineis. Pillage, as fbmctime^ for;^f ry appearances of ^all moment, hec loofcthhis voyage,^ a04vni2ny tin^s himleUcv J\ndCo tht |rcc- dines of fpoyle, onelyJbbped for in (hijpp.c;$ pf^de, yfhld^ge^ tooand fro in this coaft,^lindec| them from forec^flinp tjie pcnj], wherci^to wcecxpo^fd our voyfigc, indiiCQVjjrj^g 9Wr^ljiia£;oY-;i)o lo -Jiio .rr "^'bjiiM,-^ Thty feixe His Olf/fryatipns. lot <• ^1 .■"•.li.jj, k This night, I C^ti goodfOazd ioaU the fklpf^r iongingto fee the l^fatot the next moFDinjt to put al^hiimsiQ order j |w/ucb ap- petf ing4 Lbcgan coiiirvay tbfm, and foiindjiptii|i^^ c^ilppinent, laiie£ue thModrcth Botozios oi Wind, two M.it^c ihoufand of Hcnncs^ and fomcreihfliiog of Bread, Bacoq, /dried Beefe,Waxci, Candles,aiid other necc£^ies.The reft of their Jading wasrplaofccs. Spares, and Tymber, iotLjtma^ and the valleyes, whic^iisarich trade i for it hath no Tymber,lMit fibat which isbroHght v^p from other places. They had alfo manyPackes Q^JndtMit Mant|e9|(but of novaUievntovs) iwich ranch TiaUow, and J^antec* uc Apples «hercin ^ ail which was good l^arphapdizei^ £^)!m, butto vs of rmall accompt. The MarchandlTe on fliore^ in their Aii^tiicvxt^ Store-houfes was thchke,andch . The owners of the Shippes gaue vi t0 vnderA9nd,that at a ceajl^na- ble.price they wouldcedeeme their ShippcsiandJoadingi w^ich J harkenedvnto^and (b admitted oentaineperl^ns which ly^h^trc^c ofthe matter, and concluded with them for a fmall price, rather thcntoburncthem,rayingforthegreateft, which I carryed with ine,moretogiuefatisBt6liontomypeople, then for any other re- rpe£l ; bccauie tl^y woultfi not be perlwaded, but that there was tnuch Gold hidd(:nin'iih'; othcrwiiefhee would haue yeeldedvs TRorc then the other three. Being in^^istreainie>ncinorningyittfte)l>rfiajc9ofdayica»tourlngitito the H«bo«r,a0thfirp^iiR^Si^ .ifap gpoawftyartcf Gold»andleciac^ ftp jbean it^nqft ff ,f^bgfi yg '' and the greateft part of her loadingfi9i%v. . : j // ^U J a ^ aioii b^? ri'i ; N I iere ^'■^J lei IK R; U A WKIN S Lig|it Aa- «hors brought from the NoRh S<«, Andthefirft Artillcrie. Siiylitf^fCot- Here We fupplied oar wane of Anchors, though noc according to chtft Hrhich was rcquificCjio rrgard of the burden of our Shippe i for, in the South Sea, the gt«atcftAnchuriora Shippe of fixe or eisht hundreth Tunnes, is not a thoufand waight ; partly, becaofc it IS little rubie£^ to ftormes, and partly, becauie thole they had till ourcdm(n>-/ :\ h ^Bc4i XLIIL •■ ' ri f'.') .»^;b: Concluded the nnfomeof the Shippes with an ^ttncientCaptaine,andof NobleblmATeri§mde Cgp4^ - the Vice- royes wife, and filler CO HwBeltr/meliCsftr^, Her apparell and his, with divers other things which they had imbark^d in the greateft Shippe,wc reftored,for the eood ofl&ce he did vs,ahd the confidence he had of vs, coaming and go- - Ingdnely vpon my word i for Which he :wias; ever aftiv thankefoU, anddcflervra much more; f If i\ ''' Andtfaer that titatcd with liarewas CapBuacJ'OMCmrcreSi ow- tiet^offdne of the Shippes, md'aUlnUvadSiMtftdMfitiiii in thirtie fe4v'"''» fufficientmanjbecaufeweknewour owne weaknefTe^ forentring into the Harbour, we had but feaventie fiiie men and boyes, fiue Shippcsto guard, and every one moored by himtelfe 5 which ( no doubt) if our enemies had knownc, they would haue wrought ^^^ corceiie lorae Stratagem vpon vs,- forthe Governour of C% wasthcreon ^'^"^ "^^''°'*- (bore in view of vs,an auncient Fimders fouldier,and of experience, wifcdomc, and valour, called Ddn Alonfo de Soto Mayor:, of the ha- bit of STimilagOy who was after Captaine generall in Terra firme^ and wroughtall the inventions vpon the River oiChagree^ and on The noHcnts the {hore,whcn Sir Framis Dr^iit^purpofed to goe to PanAwa^m the ^^ -^^""J" *'« Voyage wherein he died 5 As alio at my comming into Spxiney he "'"* was Prefidcnc in Panama^ and there, and in Lyma^kA me with great courtefie, like a noble Souldier, and liberall Gentleman ; he con- fefled to mc after, that he lay in ambufli, with three hundreth horfe and foote, to fee if at any time wee had landed, or negle^cd our watch, with Balfas, which is a certaineRaffemadeofMaftcsor Trees faftened together, to haue attempted foracthing againftvs. But the enemy I feared not fo much as the Wine ; which, notmth- fiandiing all the diligence and prevention I could vfe day and night, overthrew many of my people. Afoulefault, becauie too Wme. common amongft Sea* men, and deferveth fbme rigorous punifh- ment, with feveritie to be executed \ for it hath bcenc and is daily the deftru^ionofmany good Enterprifes^amidft their bcfl hopes. And befidcs the ordinary fruites it bringcih forth, of be^gery, (hame, and fickneiTe, it is a mcft deadly finne. A drunkard is vntit for any governmcnt,and if I might be hired with many thoufands, I would not carry with me a man knownc to put his fdiciticin lliat vice, inftiling it with the name of good fellowfliip ^ which in moft well governed Common-wealths, hath beenca lufficicnt , , ,. - blerai(htodepriueamaBofofl5a*;of honour, and cftimacion. It wafteth ourKingdome more then is well vnderftood, as well by the infirmities itcaufeth, as by the confumption of wealth, to the impoverifhing of vs, and the enriching ofotherKingdomes. And though I am not old, in comparifon of oihcrauncient men, I can remember Spanifh wine rarely to be found in this Kingdomc. f JJ^J^'^^J^*"" Then hot burning Feaverswereiiotknowne in E«i^/W,and men Feaveisvn-^ lived many moe yearcs. But fmcethc Spanilh Sacks haucbeene ''"^'''"J"» common in our Tavernes, which (forconfctvation) is mingled ^'^'"' * with Lyme in its making, our Nation complaineth of Calcttturas, ofthe Stone, the Dropfie, and infinite other Difeafes, not beard of N4 ' . before 104. S'" R; Hawkins before this Wine came in frequent vfe, or but very fcldome. To confirme which my beliefe, I hauc heard one of our learnedAPhy- fitians affirme, that he thought; there died more per fons in EngUne^ of drinking Wine^aod vfing hot Spices in their meatsand drinkes, ' And confu- ^^^n of ail Other difcafes. Befides, there is no yeare, in which it wa- mcch trafure. fieth upt two millions of Cfownes of our (ublhnce by convayancc > into forraine Countries, which in io well a governed Common- wealth, as ours is acknowledged to be, through the whole world,in all other conlHtutions, in this oncly remaincth to be looked into, and remedied. Doubtleile, whofoever fliould be the Author of thi$ reformation, would gaine with God an everlafting reward, and of his Country a Statuaof Gold, for aperpetuall memory of fo meri- torious a VVorke. Defcrfprion of the Bay. A new devif: for flopping a Leake srith- out board. b-1 Sect. XLIIII. League or better before a man difcover this Bay to the South wards, lyeth a great R.ocke,orrmall Iland> neere the fhore -, vnder which, for a need, a man may ^^1 ride with his Shippe. It is a good marko,and fure i^#^ figneof the Port,and difcovTring the Bay a man muft giue a good birth to the poynt of the Harbour i for it hath perilous Kockes lying a good diftance off. It neither ebbcth i^or floweth in this Port, nor from this, till a man come to CttayaqutU, which is three degrees from the £quino£}:iall lyne to the South-wards ^ Let thisbeconfidered. It is a good Harbour for all windes,that par- take not of the North ^ for It runneth vp South and by Weft, and South Sonth-weft,butithath much fowle ground. InoneofthefeShippesweefoundanewdevifefor the flopping ofaibdaincLcake in a Shippeynderwatcr, without board, when a man cannot come to it within board •-, which eafed vsofone, that we had firom the day we departed from Datford^ caufcd by the touching a-ground of our Shippcat low water, being loaden, and in the neapc ftreames, comming a-gronnd in the {lerne,the force of the tydecauled to call thwart, wreftcdherflegg, and that in inch fort, as it made a continuall Leake, though not much. And for that others may profit themfelurs of the like, Ithinkeit good to fet downe the manner of it; which was, taking a round wicker Basket,andtofilIitwithpeecesof a lunkeorRope, chopped ve- ry fmall, and of an inch long, and after toicd all as Oacombe.^ then m His Obfinfationsi 105 then the Basket is to be covered with aNett, themcflics of it be- ing at the Icaft two inches fquare, and after to be tied to a long Pike or Pole, which is to goe a crofle the Baskets mouth, and putting it vnder water, care is to be had to kcepe the Baskets mouth towardcs the Shippcsfidci ifthe Leake be any thing great, the Oacombc may be lome what longer, and it carrieth hkciihood to doe good, & leemeth to be better then the (Pitching of a Bonnet, or any other diligence, which as yet I haue feene. Another thing I noted of thefeShippes, which would be alfo Spnrc R«d. vfedby vs ; that every Shippe carrieth with her a fpare Rudder, '^"*' and they haue them to hange and vnhange with great tacilitie : and belides, in fbme part of the Shippe, they haue the length, breadth, and proportion of the R. udder marked out, for any mifchancc that may betall them ; which is a very good prevention. Tcnne leagues to the Northwards ot this Harbour, is the bay of Bay of ^j,». ^luintera^ where is good anchoring,but an open bay ; where malicr "'"* Thomas CAnatJh{'iot the good he had done to a Spaniard^XTi bringing him out ol the Straitsof il/4^<'//4»,wherc,oiherwiic,he had perifticd iiotdy»ntm with his company) was by him betrayed, and a dozen of his men %<•«*»». taken and flaine : But the iudgement of God left not his ingratitude vnpunilhed { for, in theibght with vs, in the Vice- admiral), he was wounded and maymed in that manner, as three yeares after, I Taw him begge with Crutches, and in that milerable eftate, as he had bcene better dead, then ahue. From BalfAriz>o, weefayled dire^>^ to Coquinho^ which is in thirtie degrees, and comming thwart the place, wee were becal' med, and had fight of a (hippe : but for that (hee was fhrre off, and nightathand, (hee got from vs ^and wee having winde ente- red the Port, thinking to haue had fomc (hipping in it ^ but wee loft our labour : and for that the Towne was halfea League vpp in the Countrey, and wee not manned for any matter of attempt, worthy profecution, wee made no abode on the (hore^ butpre- (ently let faylefor the Peru. Thisis the beft Harbour that I haue ieene in the (ouch (ea, it is land>l6cked for all winds, and capea- ble of many (hippes \ but the ordinary pljipe where the (hippes lade, and vnlade, and accommodate thei|i/e]ues, is betwixt a Rocke,and the Maynconthewefter-fidei j^me halfea league vp within the entrance of the Port, which lyethfbuth and (buth,and byEaftand'North,andbyweft. f ^.o aj In the iii-cotintry,4ire£^lyouer the Port, i$ a round piked hill, likeaiiigar loafe, aodfb^^ore the entrance on;the fouthcrn poync oitheport comming in, out of the Sea, it isagreatKocke,agood O birth Coquinit. \o6 i X R: Hawkins jli'A in (hilj J miicii com- nicndid. Forillfrrtj ot Irii.KS. birth from the (hore j and thcfc are the markcs of the Port as I remember. Being clcereof this Port, wcclhapcd ourcourfcfor ^rua^ind leaf c the Kingdomcs of chily^ one of the beft Countries that the Sunne (hincthon iforitis of a temperate clymace,and abounding in all things ncccHary, for the vfe of man, with infinite rich mines of Gold, Cop per, and fundry other mcttals. The poorchhoulcs in ir, by rcportot their Inhabitants, haue. oftheirowncftore, brcad,winc,flefli,andh*uitC5 which is fbplen- tifoll, that of their fupcifluiticthey fupply other partes ^ Sundry kindcs of Cattdlras Horles, Goates, and Oxen brought thither by the Spaniards, arc found in hcardes of thoulands, wilde, and without owner jbcfidcs thofc of the Countrcy, which are com- mon to mo(f partes of Jmtrica: in fome of which arc found the Bczar ftones, and thofc very good and great. Amongll others they haue little beaftes, like vntoa Squirrell, but that hec is gray, his skinneisthemoft delicate Iofr,and curi- ous furre that I haue ftene, and of much eftimation, ( as is rea- fon ) in the Peru ^ few of them come into Spainey becaufc difficult to become by, for that the Princes and Nobles laiewaite for them, they call this beaft chmhiUa^and of them they haue great abpnt^ dance. .ow All fruitcs of Spamej they haue in great plentie, faving floae fruite, and Almonds ; for in nopart of the Jrtdies, haue I knowne, . t that PlumbesjCherries, or Almondes haue borne fruit : but they haue certaine little round Cocos, as thofe of BrafiU^ of the bigneiT^ of a Wall-nut, which is as good as an Almond ; befides^it hath moft of the fruites oaturall to America, of which in another place I (hall (God willing) fpeakeparticularly. ..I'j-n Andpienty The Gold they gather,i$ in two manners j theoneis wafliing the of Gold. earth in great Trayes of wood in many waters ; as the earth wafteth away,the Gold in the bottome remaineth. The other is,by force of Art, to draw it out of the Myncs, in which they findc it. In moft partes of the Countrie, the earth is mingled with Gold } for the Bui- tizias (in which thd Wine was) which wee found mBabktriz^ had many fparkes of Gold (bining in them.OfittheGola-fmiths Icarryed with me (for like purpofes) madcexperience. When BddivU and Artvfc* were peaceable, they yeelded grea« teft plentie, and the beft : but now, their greateft Mynesare iii Caq/tmhai as alio the Mines of Copper, which they carry to the PitM, and fell it better cheape, then it is ordinarily fold in O ^ The His Obfiryatiom. 107 The iwJioM knowing the end of the SfMiwrds moleftaciori, to be principally chedcfire of their riches, haae enaftcd, that no man, vpon paine of death, doe gather any Gold. /n Cfiqninho itraynech leldome^ but every (howre of rayne, Is a fliowreof Gold vnto them; for with the violence of the water fal- ling from theMountaines, itbringeth from them the Gold ; and betides, giues them water to waf b it out, as alio for their ingenious CO workc i fu that ordinarily every wceke they haue Proceffions for raync. In this Kingdome they make much linnen and woollen Cloth, and great ilore of yir4m4r^;andforthat,hewaspfnameandknowneto haue dohc his devoireagainft them, they cut off his hands, thereby intending to difenable him to fightany more againft them ; but he returning home, delirous to revenge this iniury, to maintaine his libcrric, with the reputation of his Nation, and to heipe to banifli the Spamard, wuh his tongue intreated and incited them to perfc- vefe in their accuftomed valour and reputatioujabafing the enemy, and advancing his Nation; condemning their contraries of Co- wardlinelTe, and confirming it by thceruehie vfcd with him, and others hiscompanions in their mifliapsj (hewing them hisarn-es withoi^: hands* and naming his brethren, whole halfe feetetlicy had cut off, becaufe they mi^ht be vnable to fit on horlebacke with forc^, arguing, that if they feared them not, they would not haue vfed to great i nhumanitie ; for feare produceth crueltie, the com- panion of Cowardize. Thus incouraged he them to fight for their liues,limbes, and libertie, choofing rather to die an honourable death fighting, then to line inlervitude, as fruitlcHe members in O a their The Jndiant forbid the ? (catch of goli(. Erery fl.owrc, afliawre of gold. Linnen and woollen doib made iR r«- qMitit*. ThcTalaurof .1 t II 61 .1,; loS S*"- R: Hawkins ri V.,. llr. '•r> their Common wealth. Thus, vfmg the oflEcc of a Sergeant Maior, and having loaden his two ftqmpes with bundles ot Arrowcs, iuc- coured thole, who in the fucceedingbattailchad their Aore waited^ and changing himieife from place to place, animated and encoura- ged his Countri- men, with luch comfortable pcrfwafion J, as it k rcporccd,and credibly beleeved^ that he did much more good with his words,and preIence,withoutftrikingaftroake,ihena great part of the Armie did with fighting to the vtmoft; The other proofcis, thatluch of them as fight on horlebacke^ arc bur flightly armed, for that their armour is a Beafts hide, fitted to their bodic,greene,andaftcrwornc till it be dry and hard. He that is bell armed,hnth him double ; yet any one of them with thele Armes, and with his Launcc, will fight hand to hand with any •$/>4- w^ri^atmcd from head to foote. And it is credibly reported, that an Indian being wounded through the body by a SjfdmarJs Launce, with his owne hands hath crept on vpon the Launce, and come to grapple with his adverfary^ and both fallen to the groundtogethcr. By which is feene their relblution and invincible courage, and the defire they h auc to maintaine their reputation and libertie..i.j.. . rail!' K51.J Sect. X L V., .••li'inivni [Having the coaft of C^'^,and running towai^s that of Fnc«:I• ningpi'lngc. to thcGallowf . Buc I would advife fuch Novices (o know, that our iruc^ndauncicntDilciplineoiWarrcis farre diffcrenc, and being vndrrfiood, is nijuci;i more better for the generall. fiefldcs, it iii grounded on Gods laWtCfrom whence all Lawes fliould be derived) and true )uftice, which difiributeth toevcryonc that which to him belongcth of righ t, and that in due iealbn. Inthetime ofwarrcin our Countrey, as al(b in others,bythe lawes o( o/^r^/i ( which to our auncicnt Sea-men were fundamen- tall) nothing is allowed for Pillage but Apparell, Armes, Indru* ments, and other neceilaries belonging to the perlbns , in that (hippe which is taken \ and thefctoo, whcnthefltippeis gained by dint of (word ; with aproviro,that ifany perticular pillage.ex- ceede the valew of (ixe crowncs, it may bee redeemed for that valcw, by the generall Aocke, and fould for the common bene- fit. If the prile render it felfc without forcible entry, all in gene- rall ought to be preferved and fould in ma(re, and to equally de- vided : yea though the (hippr bee wonneby force and entry ,yet whatibeverbelongeth to her of tackling, fay lessor Ordinance,is to bee preferved for the geneialitie : faving a peece of Artillery for the Captaine s another for the Gunner, and a Cable and An- chor for the MaAer, which arc the rights due vnto them 5 an4 theie to be delivered, when the (hippe is in iafety, and in Har- bour, cyther vnloadcn or fould : which law or cuftome well con- fideredfWiU rife to be more benehciall for the owners, visual lars, and company j then the dilordersnewJy ?rept in and before rc- mcmbred. , For the Sayles, Cables, Anchors, and bull, being fould (eve- ry ont a part) yccldc notthe one halfc, which they would doc, if they were fould altogether, belides thccxfittfipgofchargcs^and robberies in the vnloading and parting. '^ . '' - In the warrcs o^Iraunee^ in the time of Qu?enc Jl/jry, and in other warres ( ail hauc heard of many aiin^iicnt Captaincjs) the ', ; ;''^ . Companic had but thcfourth part, and every roan,bound to bring ' with him the Armes, with which jhecwoyldHght: which in our time, t haueknowncalib vfed in yf c.Hu O 4 tented, ?,n i.t lit •-jf-.. A .e (i.-?;C) IIZ S'*" R; Hawkins tented, all being trucly payd ; for this was itift dealing \ if any dcfervcd reward, he wasrecompenfedout ofthegenerallftockej If any one had filched orftolne,or committed offence i hee had lilcewifc hisdclert ; And who once was knowne,to beadifbrde- rcd pcrfon, or a thccfe, no man would receiuc him into his (hippe, 'vhercas now adaycs many vaunt thcmfelues of their theftes and diforders ; yea I haue Iccncthc common fort of Mariners, vndcr the name of pillnge, mnintaine and iuftiHe their robberies moft infolcntly, before the Quecncs Mai- ftics commiflioners , with arrogant and vnlecmcly termes , for that they would not condi- fcend to their vtrreafonable challenges : The demaunds being better worth then fiue hundreth poundes, which fome one pre- tended to be his ,• and thatofthechoyfeftMarchandizc,andmoft of itrobbfdout ofthatpart ofthe (hippe, which theythemfclues^ and all the world cannot bucconfcneto be Marchandize. My opinion is, that fnch Malaperts, deferuemoftiuftlytohauc their fpoyle taken from them, or fc^me worfe confidcration, and afterwards to be feverely punifhed, in prevention of greater pre* iudiccsjthen can by paper be well declared. But I mufl tell you^^ithall (fuch hach beenethc partiallitieof fome Coromiffionersinf former times) that vpon iitformatjonjin iicu of puniflimcrit,^ Opinion hath held them for tall fcliowes, whcn,intruth,they never prouc the bcftraen in difficult occaGon». For their mindesareallfeton f| oyle.and can bee well contented to fuffcr their aflbciatcs to beare the brunt, whileft they are prol- lingafter pillage, tbebcctftogaineand maiactaincthcaforelayd attributes, in Taverncs, and diiord. rly places. For the orderly and qiiiet men, 1 haue ev^r found inallocca- Hons to bee of beftvfe, moft valiant, and of greatefi fufficiency. Yet I condemne none r but thofe who will bee reputed valiant, and are not, examine the accufation. All what foever is found vpon the decke, going for Marchan- dize,is exempted out of the cenfure of pillage^ Silkes,Liflnen,ot woollen doth in whole peeces, apparel],thatgoethtobefbld,or other goods what foever (though they be in remnants, )inanifeft- ly knowneto be carryed for that end ; or being comptchended in the Regifter, 6r bils of lading, are not to bee conayned vn. der the name of pillage. Butas Ihauefayd ofthe confort,facan lAot bHCcompIaineof niany Captaines and Governoitrs, who overcome with likegree- die aefircofpaind,condifceiidto thefmootheringandfuppreflSng of this auncienc dilcipline, tht denlier co iinothcr their owne difloyaltie. WBat ought to be reputed pillage. A^jinft the difloyalties of Captaines. ;^ His Ohfenations. "? v-'liiCjCiunthc Tiad;iiij. dinoyalticsJnrufTcringthciebrcakc-buIks to efcapc, and abfcnc thcniieJucS) till the hcate bcpalt, and partition made. Some of thefc caufc the mis of ladmgtobcccaftinto the Sea, orlo to bee hidden, tliat tlicy never appearc. Others fend away . their prilbners, who lometimes are more worth then iHe (hippp and ber lading , becaufe ihey (hould not difcover their lecret ftolnc treafure; for many times, that which is icaftoutof theHc- gifterorbilsoflading, (with purpofe to defraud the Prince of his concaicmaj Cuftomes,Cintheirconceit9,heldtobeexcefl[iue)isof much more ofmmii ir.orc value, then that which the (hippe and lading is worth. Yea Ihaue knowne fiiippes worth two hundrcth thouland pounds, and bet- ter, cleane iwept of their principal! riches, nothing but the bare buike being leaftvn&cked. The like may be ipoken,of that which the diforderly Marriner, and the Souldicr termeth pillage ; yet all winked at, andvnpunifhed, although fuch prizes haue beene rcndred without flrbake ftricken. This doubtlcfle, cannot but bean hearts greife and difcouragc* menttoall ihofe who vcrtuoufly,and trucly dcfire to obfcruc the auncicnt difciplinc of our Nation, their owns honours, and the icrvice of their Soveraignc. v' But toprcvent thcfe vnknowncmifchicfes, (and forhis better The prevm- difchargc) Iremember,iharmyFather SitlehnHmkim in his in- Sofn',"''"' ftru£lions,ina£lionsVhderhis charge, had this particular Articlcj ^ "" ' That whofbever rendrcd, or tookc any (hippc, fhould be bound to exhibitethe bils of ladings to keepc the Captaine, Matter, Mar- chants, and perfoHs of account, and to bring them to him to be examined, or into IngUnds If they fhould bee by any accident /eperated from him i what fi)evier was found wanting (the prifo- ncrs being examined ) 'was to bee made good by the Captaine, and Company, which tookethc (hippe, andthisvpon great pu- nifliments. I am witnes, and avow, that this courfe did redownd much to %hi bcnefittof the generall ftocke; to thefatisfadionof her Maitfftte, and Counfel! ; the iufiification of his governemenr, and the content of hi$ followers. Thntmoch haue I' fee do wne concerning theleabuies, and the reformation thereof, forthat, I haue neitherfeenc >' Sir iio them divulgedbyany,with whom I haue gone '''** bi' r i'iigu y to Sea,neitita- yet recorded in Writing, ' nir hit/ vs';n/n fill;/ byanym.inspemletcon(ideration, \: ! v^i:r5 L . . prelrnt them tothe earcs of lohl iHv ,iluii * rhe powcrfhlUButnow *> "'' oj vj/'iJisn 3i/v>ifi;t!.i 1 1:0 our Voyage. ;' '.^ ■.-'!'■■ 5K n p Sect. ' i I •H! 114- S'"- R: Hawkins Sect. XLVL .■rn- Urifi, Thefererity viSfMnt. \ • Vnningalongft the coaft, till wee came witoin kw Leagues of ^r/r4, nothing happened vnto vs of extraordinary novelcie,or momenr,for we had chs brefe favourable, which feldome happeaech in this Climate , finding our feluei in nineceene Degrees, wee haled the (hore clofe ahourd^ pur* poHng to fee, if there were any (hipping in the road ofMteaAt ftandcth in a great large Bay, in cighteene degrees : : .\d before you come toit,aTcague tothefouthwardsoftheroadeand Towne, is a great round hill, higher then the reftof the land of the Bay, ncere about the Townc : which wee having difcoverrd, had fight prefcncly of a fmali Barke, clofe abourd the fhore becalnied i man- ning our boate,wec tookc her, being loaden with hfh from Mtfir- nureno ; which is a goodly head-land, very high ,and lyeth betwixt twenty foure, and twenty fiue Degrees, and whether ordinarily fbme barkes vfc to goe a fifhing every yeare. In her was a Spaniard and fixe iMdUnsi The Sfan'tard, for that hee was nccre the fhore, (warn vnto the Rockes, and though wee offered to returne him his barke, and fifh,( as was our meaning) yet hee rcfufed to accept it, and made vsanfwere, that hee durft nor, for feare leaft theluftice fboald punifh him. Info great fub- ic^ion are the poorevntothofe, who hauechc adminiflracion of luQiceinthofe paries, and in moflpartes of the Kingdomes and Countries fubieftto Sfaini^, Infomuchjtha^ to hearethefiifticeto enter in at their doores, is to them deflru^jpqan^dcfolationjfor this caufe wee carriedheralongfl with vs. In this meane while, wee had fight of another iallf)iippe, com- ming out of the Sea, which wee gaue chafe vnto, biMif ould not fetch vp.p, beeing too good of faylefor vs, Our fia^fpriae and boate (landing off vnto vs, defcryed anotho: fhippe« n^gIi they cha^diaiid tooke alfb, loaden with fifhjCommingh'OSftiJ^fdi^Bds oi lu4t^jFtriMidts* ,i^ :,: After we opened the Bay and Port of >ffip4, but feeing it cleane without fhipping, wee haled (he coafiat^ngft, and going aboord to vifit the bigger prize, my company TaJutedmee with a volley of fmall (hot. Amongft them^one Musket brake, and carryed away the hand ofhim that Aot it, throng|h his owne default, which for that Ihaue fccnc to happen many times, I thiake it neceiTary to V. note tj n I His O^/eryatiom. H15 note in this place, that others may take warningby hisharme. Thccauicoftbe Muskets breaking, was the charging with two bullets, the powder being ord*yned to carry but the waight of ^'J' onCjand the Musket nottofuffcr two charges of powder or fhott. ° By this over- fight j the lire is reftrayned with the overplus of the waigh t of (hott, and not being able to force both of them out, brea- kcth all to pecces, lb to find awaytoitsowne center, ^t.;- And I am ol opinion, that, it is a great prrour, to proue great Ordinance, or irnalilhot, with double charges of pow for that the contrary cuftomc hath fo long time becnie received, and therefore Ifubmit to better expe- rience, and contradiA not but that in a demy Culvering, a man may put two Sakcr or Minion (hots, or many of fmallcr waight: anafo inaMuskett, two Caleyer lhott,or many fmaller, fo they cxccede not the ordinary waight, prefcribed by proportion, ArtCj and experience. The(ccxperijmcnrs,I hold convenient vpon ma- ny occafions, yea and moft nccelTary $ but the vaine cuftomc of double charges, to caule their peeces thereby to giue a better re- port, I aflSrmecan produce no other efFeft, but danger, loflc and harme. chniyj'ng tileries. I • ti ■'ft P 2 Sect, Il6 S^^ R: H A w K I N s :V.O A 10 norli-iov.'bv Sect. XL VII. I >i?r ■»?;'i Hi 1 ^ 11% t-i J >3 ii I J. WW Aving vifited ourprifcs, and Hnding in them nothing but Hlh, wc tookc a imall portion for ourvidualing, and gaue the bigger (bippc to the SpanUrcls jigainc, and the Icllcr vf ec kept, The amity of M IBWMgi HI wlth purpofc to makc htrour Pinnas. The in- thc rmii4m. id IRSsffil Ml (!//4;»j (whicH wcetookcinhcr^ would by no meanes depart from vs, but dcfired to goc with vs for England; faying that the Irrdian ■zn^i'EngliJh were brothers, and in all places where wee came, they fhcwcd themfclues much affeftionatcd vnto vs,ihefcwcrc Natiues o{ Moremoreno^ and the moft brutifhof all that ever I had Iccne i and except it were in forme of men and fpccch, they feemcd alto- gether voyde of that which appertained to reafonablc men. They were expert (wimmdrs; but after the manner of Spanicls,theydiue and abide vndcr water atohg time, and fwallow the water of the Sea,a8 if it were of a frclh Rivcrjcxccpt a man fee them, he would hardly bclceue ho^thcy continue in the Sea, as it they were Mtr- maides, and the wacei' thcirnaturall Element. Their Countreyis tooft barren,and poorc of foode; If they take a ii(hdliucout ofthe Sea,ormeetcwithapecceoffaItedfifh, thcywilldevoure it without anydrc(Iing,asfavourely as if it had beenenioft curioudy foddenor drcffcd, all which makes me be- leeue, that they fiiftairie themfelues of that, which they catch in theSea..^'''-'-' .-•' (■^•' arjn.;<.,- The Spmardspto^K. themicIueS) of their labour and trauell, and rccompence them badly, they arc in worfe condition then their flaues, for to thole they giue fuftenance) hou(e-roome,and clothing, and teach them the knowledge of God-, but the other they vfe as beiltds, to doc their labour without waees,or ii.iLi:K » care of their bodies, or foules. rj ;0 3.7:C;:;j3 ^u ;:-!p f^- ■•J SiicT. m- His Oh/emations. "7 Sect. XLVIII. ^>^H\vait of AriqHipa^ the fliippe wc brought with vs ^'s.^l from Bdl^driz,9y being very Icakc, and my Compa- ^ nie(ai;ihcd, thacthcir hope to find any thing of worth in hcr,was vainc, having fcarchcd her from port to ftcmmc, condifccndcd to lire her, and the ^ rather, to kcepe our Company together ; which could not well fufFcr any dcvifion, more then of m.cre ncccflity.- lb by general! accord wccafcdourfclucsoi her, :;nd coiuinucd our courfc alongft thecoaft, till wccamc thwart of the Bay of /'//«!"•; . which lyeth within ij. Degrees and ij.niinurs. Pfcfcntiyartcr wee were clcarcof Cape S,ttiguh.ir!;\w<\ his Hands, wee ranged this Buy with our Boatc and Pinnace, h ii;uh 2. (mall Hands init, but without irmte, and being bcca'm;.d, we ancho- red two daycs th vartofc/v.V r. By Si'T and by Land,thofe ofc/v/yhad given ndvifc to Vonc^r- ■AtJvifc ci.i HurtMode Mendcc.i.,M\xc[Mho{Cdvete^ Vice- Hoy of /'^r«, re- j^^^J^ (idcnt in Z/V»j, of our being on the Coaft. Hec y.rck ntly with all poffible diligence, put out lixe fhippcs in wurlikt order, with well necretwothourandracn, and dilpatchcd them to let ke vs, and to fightwithvs,vnder theconduft oi DonBtltri^n de capcydeUhtcttt his wiues brother 5 who departing out of the Port of CalUo, tur- ned to wind-ward, in fight over the fliore, from whence they had dayly intelligence, where wee had becnc difcovcrcd. Andrhrncxt day after our departure out ofchilca^ about the middle of May, Jit breake of day, wee had fight each of other, thwart of CAvite-, wee being to wind-wards of the Spamfh Armado , fome two leagues, and all with little, ornowinde. Our Pinnace or prife being fur- nifticd with Oarcs came vntovs, out ofwhich we thought phauc taken our men, and foto leaue herj but being able to come vn- to vsat all times, it was held for better, tokeepehertill neceffity forced vs to leaue her ? and fo it was determined ; that if we came to likelihood of boording, (hec (hould lay our Boateaboord,and enter all her men, and from thence to enter our fhippc, and fo to 'forfakeheri Although by the event inthatoccafion, this proved good, notwithftanding I hold it to bee reproved, where the Ene- mie is farrc fuperior in multitude and force, and able to come and bourd, if hee lift .• and that the furefl courfe, is to fortific the priricipall, the beft that may bee, and to cur of all impediments, P 3 where J .Hid v^l ■I \t ii8 I K R: H AWKINS where a man is forced to defence^ for that no man is afTured to hauc time anfwcrablc to his purpofe and will, and vpon doubt whether the others in hope to iauethemfclues, will not leauc him ingreaceftcxtrcmitic. Sect. XLIX. ^^^>Ee prcftntly pat ourfelues in the bcft order wee could, to iight,and to defend our fclues : our pray- ers we made vnto the Lord God of battails, for his hclpcaiid our deliverance,putting our felues who- lyinto his hands. About nine of the Clocke,the Brcl'e began to blow, and wcc to ff and off into the Sea, the Spaniards chcekc by iolc with vs, ever getting to the wind- wards vpon vsi for that the Ihipping of the South' fea,iseDer moul- ded fliarpc vnder water, and iongj all their voyages depending vp- pon turning to wind-wardes, and the Brele blowing ever Sou- therly. Asthe Sunnc began to mount aloft, the wind began to frefli: which together with the Rowling Sea, that ever beatcth vpon this Coaft,comming out of the welterne*bourd, cauicd a chapping Sea, wherewith the Admirall of the Spaniards fnapc his maine Maftaii)nder,and fo began coKigge a fierne,.and with him, other two (hippes. The Vice-admirall Iplit her maine-fayle, beingcome within fliott of vs, vpon our broad fide, but to le- wards •• the Reare- admirall cracked her maine-yard afunderinthe middefl, beinga head of vs . One of the Armado, which had gotten vpon the broad fide ofvs, to wind-wards, durfl not aflaultvs. With thefedifgraces vpon them, and the hand of God helping and delivering vs,nightcomming,we began to confult what courle was beft to be taken, to free our felues j wherein were divers opini- ons ^ fomefayd it was befl tofland ofFto the Seaclofeby,alI the night; others to lye it ahull; others to cafl about to the fhoare- wards two glaflcs, and after all the nightto Hand off to Sea dole by. The Admirall of the Spaniards^ with the other two, were a fterneofvs, fome foure leagues; the Vice- Admirall a mile right tole-wards ofvs; the Reare- Admiral! in a manner right a head, fome Culvcring fhott; and one vpon our loofe, within (hottairo, the Moonewas to rife within twohoures^ After much debating, it was concluded, that weefliould bearevp before the wiodc, and (eeke ' I HisOlfeTiMtiom. 419 /(eke toW^pebt^cwixc the Ainiral],and the Vice-Admirall, which wee t>ut in execution^ not knowingof any other diigracc befal- len tnem, but that ofthe Rcare-Admirall : till after our (urrcn- der,when they recounted vnto vsall that had paft. In the Mor- ( ntngac breakeof day« wee were cleere of all our Enemies, and (b oiaped our courle alongft the Coaft, for the Bay o^Macames^ where we purpolcdto trim our Pinnace, and torc^ueour wood 'and water, and To to depart vponour Voyage, with ai' poflible ipeede. ■' The Sffmjh Armado, returned prefently toC4//.»HiL'i •- : "' ii!i This wrought ruGhelTe^ls in the hearts ofthe difgraced, as they vowed eythcr to recover their reputation loft, ortotbllowvs into E«|/W,and fo with expedition, the Vice-roy commauiided two Ihippes and a Pinnace, to bee put in order,andinthem placed the chicfe Souldiers and Marriners ofthe reft, and furniflied them with visuals and munition. ,i The forefayd Generall is once againe difpatched to feeke vss who ranged the Coaftes and Ports, enforming himfelfe what hee could; Some fiftic leagues to the North-wards of Z;mi, in iighc of A/MjMT, wee tooke a fhippe halfe loaden with wheate, fugar, miell de C^m j,and Cordovan skins : which for that (hee was leake, and fayled badly,aod tackled in fuch maner (as the Marriners would noc willingly put viieinrelues into her) wee tooke what was neceP lary for our provifioH and fired h^r. Thwart of rrwx/i/#, wecfetthe«companicofhera(hpare,with the Pilot which wee had taken in BAlfAriz>»j relcrving the Pilot of the burnr (bippev9)l4^ Greeke» who cho(e rather to continue with ¥si>theiie^hflzar4.!lii^lrIioe»in goingafliorej forthacthey had; d^pacccjdootoftihel^ofiof ^4ff/4,( which is in eight Degrees) be** ing reqoivddbych^lufticeynottawe^haachor, beforcfhe Coaft waskii0i«aetokM^f^,(?t)re. a,: . i, , , P 4 * U ,•** ':t\ t ".V l.*S«\1 ■M no S'"- R: Hawkins Ic is a thing wonby.to be noted, and almoft inq'cdibiej\¥ith howr few men they vfe to layle a (hippe in the fouth Sea, for in thi| pri^, which was aboue an hundred Tuns, were but eight pcrfons : and in a (hippe of three hundreth Tuns,they vfc not to put aboue foure- teenc or fifteeneperfons : yea I haue becnc ciedibly cnformed, that withfouretecne perfons, a fliippc of hue hundreth Juns hadi beene carried (torn Guajiaqml to Lyma^dcepe loaden.- (which isa- booe two hundreth Leagues) and are forced ever to gainc cheir Voyage by turning to wind-wards, which is the grcaccit toyle and labour that the Marriners haue; and flow fomctimes in this voy- age foure or fiuc moneths, which is general] in ail the navigations ofthiscoaft ; But the fecurity from flormes, and certainty of the Brele,( with thedcfircto make their gainc the greater) is the cauie that every man forceth himlclfe to the vttcrmoft, to doe the labour oftwomen. Thellandt 'i?i' ; Sect. L • •^■siirmt'^ ■ 4 fl N the height of this Port of i'^nr/i, Ibme leaven hun- dreth and fiftie leagues to the weQ-waftU, lie the llmds of SahmMy of lateyearesdifcovercd. Ac my being in Lyma, a Fleete of foure fayle was feot from thence to people them ; which through the emulation, anddiicord that arofeamongft them, being landed and fetled in the Councrey,was vtterly overthrowne, oncly one (hippe, with fbmc few of the peopte,a(ter much mifery, got to the Philif fines. This I came to the knowledge of^by a large relation written (rom a per(bn ofcfcdit,and (ent from the Philif-* fmesio Poftama: I(awit,atmy being there,iii my voyage towards Having edged neere the coa(l,tO put the Sfmiardi bit (hoi^e, j thickefoggetookevs,(bthat wee could not (efi the Land 'but re- covering our Pinnace and Boate, wee (ayledoA our courfe,till we came thwa^rt of the Pott called MaUhri^ff, It lieth in feiven De- grees. ■ ■^■■' >■ >i.:i '.y^Sf: i i'^itnoliM'iUi In all thticoaft the currant ruhneth with grettt forte, bur never Jceepeth any certaine courfe} faving that it iURneth atongft^the coaft, ibmetlmesto the South-wards, fometilnes to the North- wards ; which now running to theNorth-ward9,forceid^tf'fofarre iQCotheBayCwhichapoincof the laodcaureth,thtc they eidMff/if '■• f- 'f tit His Obferyations. 121 •>no deAuguJJa) as thinking to clecrc our fclucs by roving North-weft, wcc could not double this point, making our way, Noiih T'lurth- wcft. Therefore Ipeciali care is ever to bee had ot the current: and doubtlcffc, if the piovidcnec of Almighty God had not freedc vs, wee had runnc afliore vpon the Land, without feeing or fufpe^ling any Ibch danger; His name bee ever exalted and magnified, for delivering vs from the vnknownedaungcr, by calming ihewinde all night: theSunncsrifingmanifcftedvntovsourerrour and pe- rill,by difcoveringvnto vsthe Land .within 2 lcagucs,righta head. The current had caricd vs without any vvind,at the leaft 4. leagues ; which ieene,and the winde beginning to blow, wcc brought our tackes abourd,and in (hort time cleared our fclucs. Thwart of this point of AugujfA^ lie two dcfert Iland^s \ they call them lllasdeLohoSy{ox^cr^Q multltudeof Scales, which ac- cuftome to haunt the fhore. In the bigger is very good harbour, and fecure; they lie in fixe Degrees and thirtic minutes. The next day after, wee loft light ofthofc Hands, being thwart of P4)'/4, which lyeth infiue Degrees and having manned our Pin- nace and feoatc to fcarch the Port, wechad fight ot a tail (hippe, which having knowledge ofour being on the Conii,and thinking her felfe to be more fafe at Sea, then in the hqrbour, put her felfc then vnder fayler to her wee gaue chafe all that niglu^ and the next day, but in fine being better of lay !e then wee, ihce freed her felfe. Thus being too lec«ward of thcHjrboi^randdilcovcrcd.wc continued our courfealongft the fliore. That Evening, wee were thwart ofthe River of G»4r^^'''V/, which hath in the mouth of ic two Hands : the Souther-moft and biggeft, .galled Puma^ in three Degrees, and the other, to the North-wards,i'4«/4r/^ir4. fufuA is inhabited, and is the place where they build their prin- ttma. cipali (hipping } from -his River, Z/w4 and all the valleys arc fur- nilhed with Timber, for they haue none but that which is brought from hence, or from the kingdomc oi Chile. By this River pal^ feththc principall trade ofthc Kingdomc of ^«/tf, it is Naviga- ble fome leagues into the Land, and hath great abundance of Tim- ber. Thofe of the Peru^vCe to ground and trim their fhippes in Tuma, or in Panama^ and in all other partes they are forced to carcne their fhippes. In /'»«i4,ithighethand falleth, fiftceneor fixteenefootc water, and from this Hand, till a man come to Panama, in all the coaflitebbcth and floweth more or le/Te; keeping the ordinarie courfe, which the Tides doc in all Seas. The water of this River, by experience, is medicinable, for all aches of the bones, for tiie <^ ftone, j;5 m S*^ R: Hawkins ftone, and ftranguric ; the rcafon which is given is , bccaufe all the bankes,aiid low land adioyning to this River, arc replcnilhed with SalfaferilUd'. which lying for the moft part loaking in the water, it participatcth of this vcrtuc, and givcth it this force. In this River, and all the Rivers of this coaft, are great abun- dance of ^U^art»es;,and it is fayd that this cxcecdtth the reft, for pcrfons of credit haue certified mce, that as fmall fifties in other R ivcrs abound in fcoalcs, fo the Akgartoes in ihis,ihey doc much hurt to the Indians ^wd Spjmiards^ and are dreadfull to all whom they catch within their clutches. E C T. LI. Omc fine or fixe Leagues to the North- wards of P«- W4, is U Punta He Santa Elena ^ vnder which is good anchoring , cleane ground, and reafonable liic- cour. Being thwart ofthispoint,wee had fight of a fliippe, which we cha(ed,buc being of better faile then we, and the night commingon, we loft fighc of her; and fo anchored vnder the J/U defUu\ to recover our Pinnace andBoate, which had gone about the other point of the Hand, which lyeth in two Degrees, and fortie minutes. rmtty'H]B, The next day we paft in fight of Faerto vie')9y in two degrees ten ininutesi which lying without fhipping, wee dire^led our courfe for Ca.'pcfaffafis. It Ifeth dircifUy vnder the Equino^iallline} (bme fourefcore leagues to the weft-wards of this Cape, lyeth a heape of •" ' Ilands,the Spaniards call llUsdelcsGalafages^Thcy9.KdQ(cxizr\d bearenofruite : from Cape Tajfass^ wee directed our courfe to Cape Saint francifeo, which lyeth in one degree to the North- wardesofthelyne; and being thwart of it, wee defcriedafmall ihippe, which wee chaled all that day and night; and the next morning our Pinnace came to bourdher; but being afliippc of advife, and full of pafTengcrs, and our (hippe not able to fetch her vp, they entreated our people badly, and freed thcmfelncs,though the feare diey conceived, caufed them to caft all the difpatches of the K ing, as alio of particulars into the fea,with a great part of their )oading,to bee lighter, and better of (ayle, for the (hippes of the South Sea bade themfelues like lighters, or fand barges, prefii- ' raiiig vpon the (ecuritie from ftormes* t > S I C T. ■ His Ohferyations. lij Sect. LI I, out ofhopc to fetch vp thisfliippe, weeftoodcin wiFh the Cape, where the Land bcginncth to trend about ards. The land, and T. thcEaft all covered over with Trees, and fo is the land over the Cape, and all the coaft( from this Cape to Panu- ma) is full of wood, from the Staitcs of Magelany to this cape of San Francife». In all the coatt from head-land to head land, the couHcs lye betwixt the North and north and by weft, and Ibmc- timesmorc weAerly,and that but leldomc : It is a bolde Coaft, and fubied: to little fbulc weather, or alteration of windes, for the Brelc, which is the lovvtherly wind, bloweth continually from Bdlpsrtzo to Cai^c San Franciffo^eKCCiptii be a great chance. Trending about the Cape, wee haled in Eaft North- caft, to fetch the Bay of Jtacames^ which lyeth fomc feaven Leagues from the Cape. In the mid way ( fomc three leagues from thefliorc) lycth a banke of fand, whereof a man mull haue a care j for in ibmc pans of it, there isLut little water. The tenth of lunc, wee came to an anchor in the Bay of /f/^^.i- mes, which on thcweftcr part hath a round hammock. It fccmcth an Iland,and in high fpringes, I iudge,that thcfca goi th round .1- boutir. TotheEaft-wardsithathahighfandiecliffc, and in the middcft ofthc Bay,a fairc birth, from the fliore lyeth a biggc black Rockeabouc water .- from this Rocke, to the fandie chffc, is a drowned Marfh ground, caulcdby hislowneflej And a great Ri- ver, which is broad, but of no depth. V Manning our boate,and running to the fliore, we found prefent^ jy in thewcftcrnebightofthe Bay, a deepc River, whofe indraught was fo great, that we could not benefit our felues of it, being brac- kifli, except at a low water; which hindred our difpatch, yet in fiue dayes, wee filled all our emptie Caske,fpppliedour wantof wood, and grounded and put in orderour Pinnace. . HerCjfor that our l»^m ferved vs to no other vfe, but tp con- fume our victuals, we cafed our felues of them; gaue them hookes iild lines which they cravedjandfomc bread for a few dayes, and replanted them in a farre better countrcy,then their owne, which fell out. lucicely for the Spaniards of thclhippe which wee chafed thiivart of Cape i-rfff/Mwi/^^^i for victuals growing fliort une and iuMnwu & feruice, cither by Sea or Land) he had flowed them m fuch man- *%«it/. ner,(though in double barrels)as the fait water hid fpoyled theall; (o that comming to vfethem , not one was ferviceable. Some of our Company had him in fufpition , to be more friend to the Spa- niards, then to vs i for that he had ferved fbme yeares in the Ter* cera^ as Gunner, and that he did all thisof purpofc. Few of our pceces were deere, tvhen we came to vfe them , and fbme had the '^ 0^4 fhott I ^^1 :■<' I ^•. 3 .^i ^ ¥■ '0: Its S'"^ R: Hawkins /dmenitions for Comman- «lcrt. Who to be ac- counted at;ue His know, ledge ioi Mi- terialk. Forprorifi- tw Narisiti- fliottfirft put in, and after the powder. Bcfidcs, after our furrendryj it was laid to his charge , that he ftiould fay \ he had a brother nhac fervediheKingin the Peru , and that he thought he was in the Ar- mado \ and how he would not for all the world, he Ihould be flaine. Whether this were true or no, I know not, but I am lure ,11 in ge- neral! gave him an ill report,and that he, in whole hands the chicfe , execution of the whole iighc confiilcd , executed nothing as w£s promifed and cxpe£lcd. Thegricfcand remembrance of which ovcrfights onceagainc inforceth me to admonifli all Captaines and Commanders hereby to take aduice , now and then to furvey their officers and ttorc- roomcs; theoftener, the better j that 16 their defers and wants ' may beliipplied in time ; Neuer relying too much vpon the vul- gar report, nor giuing too muchcredice tofmooth tongues and boafting Companions. Butto pcrforraethis taske. k is rcquilite that all Captaines, and Commanders were fuch sv\ experi- mented in all offices, that they might be able as wo^ tu controu|^ as to examine all manner of errors in officers. For the government at Sea hardly lufFereth a head without exquiOte experience. The deficiency whereof hath occafioned Ibme ancient Sea-men , to ftraighten the attribute of Marrifier in iiich fort, as that it ought not to be giuen, but to the man , who is able to build his fhippe , to > fit and prouide her of all things neccflary, and after to carry her about the world : the refidue, to be but f aylers. Hereby giuing vs to vnderfland, that though it is not expedient, that he (houldbe an Axe-Carpenter , to hcwe, cur, frame , and mould each timber piece, yet that he fhould know the parts and peeccs of the fhippe^ thevalueof the timber, plan ke and yron-worke, foto bcable^f* well to build in proportion , as to procure all materials at z rjB: price. And againe though it be notexpe^cd, that he Ihould / t^ the fayles , arme the fhrowds, and put the tackling over head , yet is it requifite that fhould know how tocuthis fayles, what length is Competent to every Roape,and to be of fufficiency to reprehend and rcforme thofe who erre, and doe amifTc. In providing his fhippe with vi^oalls, munition and neceiTaries, of force it muft be cxpefted that he be able to make his cflimate, and (that once pro- vided, and perfedled)in fealon, and with expedition to fee it loden and flowed com modiou fly, with care and proportion. Aft: hat. He is to order the fpending thereof, that in nothing hebc i:i*au- dcdathome, and at Sea, cucrtoknow , howmuchisfpentt *nd what remaineth vnfpent. In the Arc of Nauigation, he is bound alio to know, fo much, as CO His Obferyations. 129 ingc- chicfe as w&s againe hereby i ttorc- l wants * :hcvul- jes and cquifite ^xperi- >ntrou\^ irnmenc c. The ncn, to it ought ppe,to arry her iuing vs kouldbe \ timber Ihippe^ :ablc- va« [nct And lucb, ai CO to beabletogiae dirc£li6nstothePilote and Mafter^and confe- ^ ' '^ quentlytoailtbercftoiinfcriour officers. SSCT. LIIII, Y meaning is not that the Captaine (orGoucr- nour) (houldbe tyed to the a^uall toyle, or to intermeddle with all offices, (for that were to binde him to impoflibilities, todiminifh and a- bafehisaurhoritic, andtodcpriue the othcroffi- ccrs of their cftcemes and ot that that belongcth vuto them, which were a great abiurdirie.) But my opinion is, that he fliould bemore then fuperHcially inftru£tcd and praAifcd in the imploy mcnts. Yea I am verily perl waded, that the more abfblutc authoritie any Commander giveth to his vnder officers , being worthy of it, the Tweeter is the Command, and the more re(pcdcd and beloued the Commander. For in matter of guide and difpodng of the Saylers, with the offic of the tackling of the Shippe, and the workes which belong thereunto, ^^^^^'^'^• within bourd and without, all is to be committed to theMaflers charge. ThePiloreistoIookc carefully to the Sterridgc of the Shippe, Offi'eofthe tobcwatchfull in takingiheheightsof Sonne and Starre; tonote ^'^•*- the way of his Shippe , with the augmenting and lefTcning of the winde,5{c. The Boaicfwayne is to fee his Shippe kept deanc j his Mafies, The Bow. • yards and tacklings well coated, matted and armed ; hisfliroudes fwaine, and ((ayes well let ^ his fayles repayred, and fufficiently prevented with martnets, blayles, and Caskettes ) his boate fitted with Sayle, Oares, thougts, tholes danyd , windles and rother j His Anchors well boyed, fafely flopped and fecured, with the refl to him ap- pertaining. The Steward is to ^cc the prefervation of Vittaylcs and necefla- ^^^ steward ties, committed vnto his charge j and by meafure and weight, to dcliuer the portions appointed , and with difcrction and good tcarmes,to giue fatisfa^ion to all. The Carpenter istoveiwthemaftcs and yards, the fides of the The Caipe.- Shippe, her deckesand cabinesj her pumpcs and boate ; and «"• iDoreouer to occopie him fdf c in the moft forcciblc workes,except he be otherwiie commanded. R The t IJO S'"" R: Hawkins i-i..;; :hm The Gunner. Jhc Gunner is to care for the britching and talckling of his Ar-^ tilery ; the fittingof his (bote, Tampkins, coynes, crones andlin- , ftockes, &c. To be provident in working his fire workcs, in ma- ' king and filling his Cartregcs j in accommodating his ladles, fpon- gesand other neccfTaries ; in fifting and drying his powder ^ in cleaning the armes, munition, and luch like workcs, intruded vnco him. In this manner every officer, in his office, ought to be an ab(b- lutc Commander, yet readic in obedience and loue, to laerifice his will tohisfupcriours command: This cannot but caufe vnitie ; and vnitie cannot but purchafeahappie ifluetodutifuU trauelies. Laftly, except it be in vrgcnt and prccife cafes , the Head flionld r.rnerdireAhis command to any,but the officers, and thcrefecret*- 1^ .?pt theoccafionrequirepublicatioH ^orthat, ittouchalliii gClJ ill. Such orders would be (for the moft part) in writing , that all might know what in gcnerall is commanded and required. Direftioni ia (ccrct. ' Sect. L V. Pans re in a gooi bandinan. hi in a The like good Chiefc tainc. Nd as the wife husband-man, in walking from {ground to ground,beholdethoi]epIowing-, another harrowing; another Towing; and lopping; ano- ther pruning; one hedging; another thrcfhing; and d i vers occupied in ieverall labours: Soraehecom- mendeth, others he rep^^oacheth ; others he advifeth; and to ano- ther he faith nothing, (for that he Iccth him in the right way: and all this ; for that he knoweth and vnderflandeth what they all doe, better then they themfelues, though bufied in their ordinary workcs;) euenro,a worthy Commander at Sea, oughttohauethe eyes, not only of his body, but alfo of his vndcrfianding, continu- ally, fet (with watchful! care) vponallmen, and ail their workes vnder his charge ; imitating thewif'e husband-man ; firfl to know, and then to command; and laftly , to will their obedience volun- tary ,and without contradiction. For who knoweth not that igno- rance many times commandeth that, which it vnderftandeth not; which the Artift perceiving, firft difdaineth , afterwards difeiee- meth,and finally in thefe great adions , which admit no tempori- zinc,either hewayueth tnererpe£lofdutie,or faintly performeth thebchcfiof hisfuperiour^vponeuery flight occafion, either in publike Hit O^eriationi. i}i publike oppofing, or in private murmuring: the fmallcft of wliich, IS moft po-nicious, Ttius much ( not amilTc) for Inftruwlion. . ! Sect. L V L .:i I He reafbn why the Admirall came to leewardcs, WhytHifa. (as after I vnderftood) was for that her Artillery "'/^AdmiroU being very long , and the wmd treOi, bearing wards. a tauut rayle,to (etch vs vp, and to kcepe vs com- pany, they could not vfc their Ordinance to the weather ofvs, but lay fliakingin the wind : And doobtlefle, it is moft proper for Ibippes, tohauefliortOrdinance, except in the ficrneor chaie. The rcalbns arc many : •v/;6.eaner «charging,cafe of the (hippcs fide, better travcrfing, and mounting, yea, greater (ecurity pf the Artillery, and confequcntiy of the (hip. ror the longer the peece is, the greater is the retention of the fire, and (b the torment and danger of the peece the greater. But here will be contradi£lion by many, that dare avouch that longer peeces are to be preferred ( for that they burnc their pow- der better, and carrie the fhott further, and fo necefTurily of bet- f ter execution ; whereas the (horc Anillery many times fpends much of their powder without burning, and workes thereby the flenderer ei{e£t. To which I anfyere, that for Land fervk^' Fortes, or Caftlcs, the long peeces are to bee preferred ; but for (hipping, the(hor- ter are much more (erviceabie. And the powder in them, being fuch as ft ought, will beallfiered long before the(hotc can cone fonh i and to reach farre in fights at Tea, is to titde {ilfe^ ; For hee that purpb(etht6 annoy his Enemie, muft not (hoqte^it ran-r dotpe, librat poiiit blanke, if hee purpofeta accomplilbwtth his devoire, nether rhtifthe(pehd his (hott, nor powder, but where a poc-flun m^y reach his contrary ; how much the neerer, (o- much tHi; better :\ai)d this ducly executed i the (hort Artillery will Wortic its effeA,- as well ai fche long ; otherwilc, nciilWr (horty nor idi^j^.'ate^ofm^chimponance: but here, my tneahing isnorv to ip^'foliethto^erfhott peeces, devifed by Ibme perfons ^ whichi atevery i^ottthiy ih^kCjdaunce out of tKfcir cariages, but thofc of io&|tft'rcn( lehgHtit, and whicb keepe the mcane, Ww^ikt fea-; venaj^d eight (pofe; / : ,' ^ '' / • ^u^m-w! .< ^o-n'v-N i rui Avvvtortrir M'uiujv . iL'i 7 juci^-rrr'AoUiv. lonh-^Dnimmin .yA «^''^^'»a R 'n S 1 c T. t -ii- mm f,- ■ III IB. R: Hawkins •ifn .. T ■if,''-:' latercainmcnt of Spaniards^ -.ft.,, *'.■■<' 01 ■ Thc^glifli, 7?. The Spanj. aids>ijoo. •I .i ! '•■' :. j.r.. 'h'l ■;■■ TheSpanifb diTcipiine. In ■: fl!)' Sect. X L V I I. He et^crtainendent wee gaue vnto our contraries, being ochermic then was expe^ed, they fell off, pranged a head, having broken in peecesallour galicrie : and {)rerently they caft about vponvs, and being able to keepe vs company, with their S fighting iayles lay a weather of vs,ordinarily with- in Musket fliott) playing continually with them and theirgreac Artillerie ; which we endured, ahdanfweredaswecould. Our Pinnace engaged her felfc fo rarre,a$ that before fiiee could come vnto vs, the Vice-admirall had like to cut her off, atidcom- ming to lay vs aboord, and toeiiterher mi^ti, the Vice>admirall boorded with her: fo that fomeof our company entred our (hip over her bow-fprit, as they thcmfclncs rcpohed. We were not a little comforted "with the fight of our people in iafetie, within our fliippc, for iriall, wee were but thrcefepre and fifteenc. men, and boycs,wheh we began tp fight, and our Ene- mies thirteenc hundred mcnand boycs; little tnorc or Icfle, and thofepfihechoifeofPf/'tf. , ,. . :i')ii-, inu^tb^ ' Di^U ■[".i\ r.'D'Ui' '"■■fM 'o .'; Sect. L VIM. lEere it (hall not be pu^ of the way, to dilcouirfc a lit- tle of the Span ilK ! pi fciplinel ^li^d manner of their governcment in. general! ; whichris in many things differ^tu.to ours^ |n this ic.^p(^j$tion caipe two Generals, the oqc ^onBeltinndf CafirCyWho had the abfolvtteauthoritleand cominaund : T^e other Mi(M^ff- .?r//Fi/r/0;f,aman well in ycares^,.^nd,came^9t|iisprcferBfientby hislong,ai)d paincfullfervicc, whp though^e'Kad the ti^ex^fGe- nerall by iea, I thinkc it was rather of cpurtefift tKca by Patfentjand for that hce had beene many ycarps GencralloT,t)>c ibutH'£ea,fbr the carriage and waft.ige of the filvcr from Zjfxp4,,to/'4«4px;4.;'Hee leemed tpW an afliftant,to n]pp]y.^hacwitt\Qi^fQunIii;llfjiavice, and experience, whereof D«;iBf//rJff had neve^.made O^aUC for hee commanded not abiblutely,but with thecohnrmatioriofD^xi fl Beltran His O^eryatiens. m Uines loyncJ in CommiMt- out. . «W/r4») for the Spaniards ncuer giueabfoluteauthomietomore chenone. AcuftomctbathathbcenejandisapprooucdinallLim- pircs, Kingdoincs, Comraoti-v^calchcs, and Armies, rightly dil'ci- plined: the mixture hath been fcldome fcene to prolpcr,as will ma- nifcftly appearc, if we confider theifluc of all aftions and iourncys committed to the government of two, or more generally. Thcfamousviiloryof /^4»w^4/2 againft the Romane Confuls Two chicfe fditlMs fmiUius and Terrentius r^rroy was attribu ted to their equal i- 'iJ,'""omni ty of government. Thcvnhappicoucrthrow.giuen by iheTurkc oncUn™'! AmurateiQ theChriftian Princes:, in the lourney of l^icAfoUs , is heldtohaue proceeded from the difference betwixt the Heads* euery one leaning to his owne opinion. The oucrchrowin rcco- ueric of the Holy land , vndcrtaken by King Richard tfinglofid^ and King Philip of France ^ fprang from the like differences and dilTcntions. The viftory of the Empcrour Charles the fifth , a- gaioftthe^Pcoteftanc Princes ofGermatiie , is imputed to their di- fira£l;uresarifing from parity in command. If we looke into our owne anions, committed to the charge of twolG Their SooMiers, ward and watjch,!and their ^officers ip^evcry Theiioiiidien Shippe rOHhd,iis if they were on the ^fljoate ^ tHhh the only taskc they vndergoe, except cleaning iheicArmes, whct^in they are not ouercurioQew The Gon'ners areexempted frt^m^Mabouranterc, The CuTincr. catceptabottt the Artillery^ ' .) J5"i;.'t :^mi'-iiot?Tr;ot'?r i(. R i Xni i;:«^!jI:j i. .If.::'' i\i: . ■■ M'': it ■'■ IJ+ S'*^ R: Hawkins Andthefe arc either jilmijifies, Flmmwgjj orflrangcrsjforche TheMairintr. Spaniards are buc indifferendy praftifcd in this Art. The Marri* nersarebutasflauet to the reft, to moyleand to toyle, day and night, and thole but few and bad, and not AifTered to flcepe,or har- bour them(elues,vnderthedcckes. Forin faire or fowle weather, inftormes, funneorraine, they muftpailevoydcof couertorfuc-* cour. •' ' ■ HuiA:-.: i Officers iiy a Thefc is.ordinarily in every fliippe of Warre,a Captainciwhoie ftippeofwar. charge is, as that of our Matters with vs,and alfo aCaptaineof thcihfpje. thcSouIdiers,whocommandcthiheCaptaincof thcShippe,thc Capcaine of Souldlcrs , Gunners and Marrinersin her; yea, though there be the Soiildiers. diucrsCaptaines, With their companies in oncfliippc, (which is v(uallamongftthcm,)yct one hath the rupremeauthoride,and the M'. DtliAmt*, wfiduc are at his ordcringand difpofing. They haue their i/4j^r#j: &ei ' rifcipURr' imitate our gouerment, and reformed difcipline at* Ska.* which.^ '- ? >• doubt. Prying of the Spiniards in- to our Dilci- plinr« fi. His Ohfervatms, •?J rthc larri- r and rhar- ither, rfuc* ^hofe ineof e,the ere be lichis ndthe Lrciile^ mpe. •thcm- maine iersare irhead aft, the y place which takeni; icMar* ItingoT }not lericbei lc,arci ncedcL' edethi moors dwhac ttvodec; jofpre- lipping) ^h cfpti: leekeco which; I doubt. doubtlcHe is the beft, and moft propf r , that is at this day knowne, or pra^iled in the whole world, if the execution be anfvi'erable to that which is knownc and received for true and good amongft vs. In the Captaine(for io the Spaniards call their Admirall) was an Eno^l ih Gunner, who to gaine grace with thofe vndf^r whom hee (era^'d, preferred himfelfe,aRd offered to finke our (hippe with the firftQiotthemade: who, by the Spaniards relation , being cravc- . iingof a pcece in the bowe, to make his Ihott , had his head carry- ' ed away with the firft, or iecond (hott , made out of our (hippe. h flew alio two or three of thofc which flood next him. Which may be a good and gentle warning for all tho(e , who mooued cither with couetoufnefTc , or with dcfire of rcucn ge , or HI hope of worldly promotion ^ or other refprtft whatfoeuer ^ doe willingly and voluntarily ferue the enemie, againft their owne na- tion ; nuUm uu[a iufit videri foteji , adverjits patrUm arma capi- iitdi. And if we con fider the end of thole, who haue thus erred, wee ^hf tnh of fliallfinde them for the moft part lamentable, and moft miferable. FugitiuM. At the leaft, thofc whom I haueknowne, haue liued to be pointed atjWith dctcftaiion, and ended their Hues in bcggcry, voydc of re- putation. Sect. LIX. HE fightcontinuedfb hott on both fides, that the Af* tillery and Mulketsncuerccafcd playing. Our con- I traries, towards the cuening, determined the third , ^^^^ , time to lay v's abourd, with refbluiion to take vs.or to hazard all. The order they fet downc for the execution hereof, was, that the Captaine (or Admirall) Ihould hri ig himfelfe vppon ©ur weatherbowe, andfb fallabourd of vs, vpoi. ourbroade fide : And that the Viceadmirall, fhould lay his Admirall abourd vppon his weather quarter, and fo enter his men into her; that from her, they might enter vs, or doe as occafion fhould minift:?r. The Captaine of the Viceadrairall.being more hardy then eon- fideratc, and prcfuraing with his fhippe and company to get the price, and chiefe honour? wayted not the time to put in execution thcdircaiongiuen,butprefcntIycameabourdtowind-wardsyp-Th'rSp,^^^^^^^ pon our broad fide. Which doubtlefTe was the great and cfpec^ll for their rafii. providence of Almightic God, for the difcouragingof our ene- ncCc. mies I 1,(5 S'"- R: Hawkins )■■■.■'! ■;5^v ^^v'^^ mies, and animating of vs. For although iheewasaslong, or ra- ther longer then our (hippe, being rarely bailt,and vtterly without fights or defence^ what with our Muskets, and what with our fire- works we deered her dcckes in a moment^ 16 that fcarceany perlon appeared. And doubtleiTc if we had entred but a dozen men , wc might haue enforced them to haue rendred vnto vs , or taken her, but our company being few, andtheprincipailofthemdaine, or hurt, we durfl not, neither was it wiledome, to aduenture the reparation of thore,whicli remained : and (o held that for thebeft and founded reiblution , to keepe our forces together in defence of ourowne. The Viccadmirall feeing himfelfe in great diftreire,called to his Admiral! for fuccour ; who prefcntly laid him abourd, and entred a hundreth of his men, and foclecred thcmfr nes of vs. In this bourding the Viccadmirall had atu .: Icaftthirtie and fixe men hurr,and flaine^and amongft them his Mlote (hot through the body > io as hedycd prcfently. And the Admiraii s)lo recciued fome lolTe ; which wrought in them a new reiblucion ; only with And take .1 their Artillery to batter vs j and fb wiih time to force vs to iurren- nevvrcfoiition j^.^ ^ qj. jq finkcvs^ which they put in execution j and placing themfclucs within a Musket fhott of our weather quarter, and fomctimeson our broad fidc,lay continuallybeatingvpon vs with- out intermidion^ which was doubtlelTe the befl and fecurefl de- termination they could take, for they being rare fhippes, and with- out any manner of cloic lights, in bourding with vs, their men were all open vnto vs, and we vndercoucrt andfhclter. For on all parts our fhippc was Musket free , and the great Artillery of force muft ceafc on either fide(the fhippes being once grapled together) except we refolued tofacriiice our felues together in fire. For it is impofliblejfthe great Ordinance play (the fhippes being bour- ded) butthatthey muftfet fire on the fhippe they fhooteat; and then no furety can be had to free himfelfe, as experience daily con- firmeth. For a peecc of Artillery moft properly refcmbleth a thun- derclap, which breaking vpwatds,or on the fide , hurteth not; for that the fire hath Icope to difpence itfelfc without findingreJI- fiance, till the violence which forceth it taketh end , and lb it mounts to its centerrbut breaking downe right or ftooping down* wards, and finding refinance or impediment (before the violence that forceth it take end,being fo fubtill and penetrable a fubftance) paflethand pierceth fo wonderfully, ?^ itieaueth theeffe^of his execution in all points anfwerable to 1.? leuell and nighneiTc. For if the clouds be nigh the earth (as fome are higher,fbme lower)an4 breake *■> •; n ! His Ohjervatms, m breakc down-watds, the violence wherewith the fire brcaketh out isfnch, andof loftrangeanexecution,thatnicn haucbocnc found dead , without any outward figncin their flcfli, and jci all rhcir boncb burnt to dud. Sothcbladeofthefword hath bccnctoKnJ brokcnVill to pceces in the Icabard , andthcTcabard whole with- out blemifh ; And a cridall glafTe all (hiuercd in peeces, his couer and cafe remaining found, which commeth to paiTe , for that in the flcfh, in thclcabard,and in the cafe , the fire beingib iubtiie o( nature, findcthi?'. fie pafTage without rcliflancc, but the bones, the blade, the Criflall, being otTubflance more folide, makcth greater refiflance, and fo the hrc with the more fury workcth the more his execution in its obie£l$. Aswasfeenc in*the Spanilh Admirall (or Captaine) after my imprifonmcnt, croffina from /».wt thofe which ftand af]de,nor thofe which ftand a flope from his mouth.but thofe alone which fland directly againfl the true point of his level] : though fometimes thcwindeof fhcfhottouerthroweth one, and the fplinters (being accidents) mayncand hurt others. But prin- cipally where the peece doth referable the thunderciappe , as when thcfhippcsare bourded. For then, although the Artillery be difcharged without (hott, the fury of the fire, and his piercing nature is fuch , as itentreth by the feames, and all parts of the fhips fides, and meeting with fofit matter as Pitch, Tarrc,Ocombc, and Ibroetimes with powder, prcfentlyconucrteth all intofJaracs. For auoyding whereof, as alfo the danger and damage which S may ■)3 V- X .j8 I R. R: Hawkins io' Pollicics to a voyde bour> d'ngi. ' Di(putc con« ccmin^lliips of Trade. J;:,. I'?'^':. I..' : i 1^ :!:,' . ! ! !;■■ 'ii. may come by pikes and other inventions of (ire, and if any fhippe be opprciTcd with many fhippesac once, and iubie£tby them to bcbourded) I hold it agoodcourfc to Arikc his tire and mayne yards dole to his iecke, and to tight with fprit-failc , and myiou, and top-iayles loofe : fo fliall he be able to hinder ihcm from op- preflinghim. Some haue thought it a good pollicyto launce out Tome ends of Maftesoryatdsbytheportsor other parts; but this isro bev- fed in the greater fhippes, for in the leHcr, though they be neuer lb flrong, the waighc of the bigger will bcatc out the oppotitc fides, and doe hurt, and make great fpoyle m the lelTcr. And in bour< ding, ordinarily the lefTer (hippe hath all the harme,which the one Ihippe can doe vnto the other. Here is offered to fpeakc of a point much canvafFcd amongft Carpenters,andSeaCaptaines,diver(ly maintained, but yetvn- determined: that is, whether the race or ioftic built Ihippe, bee bcft for the Merchant, and thofe which imploy themlclucsin tra- ding: I am of opinion, that the race fliippc is moftconuenientj yet lb,a$ that every pcrfe^ (hippe ought to haue two dcckcs , fur the better ftrcngtheningof her; the better fuccour of her peo- ple ; the better preferuing of her Merchandize ar "^uall, and for her greater fafetie from lea and ftormes. But for the Princes Aiippes,and fuch asareimployed continual- ly in the warres, cobebuildoftie I hold very necciTary for many reafons. Firftfor Maieftie and tcrrour of the enemy} fecondly, for harbouring of many men; thirdly for accommodating more men to tight ; fourthly, for placing and vfmg more Artillery ; fift- ly, for better firengtheningand loctiring of the fliippe, fixtly for ouercopping and fubie^ing the enemy } feuenthly,for greater iafe- gard and defence of the fhip and company. For it isplaine, thar the (hip with three deckes, or v^ith twoand ahalfe, (hewes more pomp then another of her burthen with a decke and halfe, or two deckes, and breedeth greater terror tQ the enemy, dilcouering her felfctobe amore powerfull (hip as (he is, then the others which being indeed a (hip of force, ieemeth to be buta Barke, and with her lowbuildinghidcth her burthen. And who doubteth, that a decke and a halfe cannot harbour that proportion of men , that two deckes,and two deckes and a halfe can accommodate to fight; Nor carry the Artillery fo plentifully, nor focommodioufly. Nei- ther can the (hip be fo ftrongwithaaecke anda halfe, as with two deckes ; nor with two,as with three ; nor carry her Maftes fb caunr; nor fprcad fo great a clue ; nor contriuc fo many fightes, to anfwer one Concerning the Prince his ihippes« ^.y. r Hh OifenMions. '' 139 one another, for defence and offence. And (he aduantagc the one hath of theother, experience daily teachcth. • ^'' '^' : ; In the great expedition of cightie eight, did not the tliz>Aheth ^i; fliipsof Jonds; the Triumph, and thcBearty fhcw greater maietHe then the tobSiowluiU Arkelteyall and the ViUtrie^ bcingof cquali burthens? did they noccaafe greatcrregard in tiie enemy? did they not harbour and .'i> accommodate more then mm ? and much better ? <;Jid they not bearc more Artillery? And if they had come to boqrd with the Spanifli high-chnrgcd (hips, it is not to be doubted burthcy would haue moftredthemfclucs better, then thofc which could not with their proweflc nor props , haue reached to their waftcs. The ftrength of the one cannot be compared with the (Ircngth of the other : but in bonrding,it goeth not (6 much in the ftrcngch, 33 in weight and greatnefTe. For the greater fhip that bourdcih with the Icflcr -, with her Maftcs.her Yards, her Taekiings,hcr Anchors.hcr Ordmance, and with her fides brufeth and beateth the Icfler to peecet,although the leHcr be farrc Wronger according to propor- tion. The Fere-fighto^ hisMaicfties, and the Daintier were fhippes in their proportions farre more ftronger, then the Carakc which was taken by them, and their conforts, Amo 92 . (For (he had in a man- ner no ftrong building nor binding, and th c others were (^rength e- ned and bound, as art was able to affoordO and yet both bour- dingwithher,wererobru(ed,broken,and badly handled, asthey Bad like to haue fuhke by her fide , though bourding with aduan- tageto weather-wards of her. But what would haue becofne of them, if fhefhould haue had the wind of them, and haue come a- boord to windward of them ? In fmali timd no doubt , ihe would haue.bcaten then) vnder water. An.t^oAvi the fleefvndcrihc charge o^S'Mn H^kins liiy father, coming from the South-wards,the //o/^ of hisMaicfties gauc chafe to a French (hip , thinking her to be a Spaniard. She thought tor ; haijiefreed herlelf<^by herIatling,3ndfo would notaaaiIe,but en- dured the/^^tf/z^ljei of many pceces, and forced the Hvpeio lay her abonrd i of which iflued that mifchiefe whfth before I fpake off. For iii athomentftie French fhip haJ all lafjcFMaflcs, Yards , and ' Sailes In thp Sea ; and with great difficul tie ^cHoPe couW free hei' fdfc'fl^fei firtki^grheK ' " ; ■ "' ■ ' : ' : ' ,' Iifji;lic/elfe fdmc']i/oyage,he(;r^i!He Il^in^of T/^r^^'ah'i^ Corvffj ; the nttih^hotp arid ,tht TWe-fiMcimc fotilc'one of ai^d^tfitr, thd ; Jfiw»»fe4^ (bdhgifH^grejftcti?ppt) lefttHf f^^^^i&zinti^h tofne^" and if 'ted hadfetBcAc ipfctfed to fei^cnita th^'^m WfTet^ ' f ' Si (doubt- UO S/,vMCiR« Hawkins r I '!'! (doubde/Tc ^ had funke in the Sea.* but mchereincouatersyChey received little or no hurt. The boording of the Aaiiu4fi» and Fore-fight y ( as 1 wai enformed ) proceeded of the obftinacie and fclfe will of the Captaine or Mafter of the Fwe-fighty who would not let Say Ic in time, to giue Sea roome to the other, comming ft*eft$ "muft" driuing vpon her, for that fli:e was more iiotic. This pride I haue giuepiaTao fecne many times to be the caufcof great hurt , and is worthy of the Gcneraii. feucrepuniftment; for being all of one Company, and bound e- ueryonctohelpeand further the good of the other, asmemben of one bodic , their ought to be no Icrayning of courtcGc, but all are bound co rupprcile emulation and pa; :icular relped, in fee- king the general! good of all, yea of euery particular moceinge- nioufly, then that of his owne. But incqui'tieandreafbn, thelc-ward(hippe ought euerto giue way to the weather moft, in hulling, or trying, without any ^xccp- * tion. Firft, f^^^r that (hee aduant4geth the other in hulling or trying; which is n iUiifcft , for xhat (hec to wind-wards driucs vpon her to Ic-waids. Secondly , for that the windermott (hippe, by opening her fayle , may be vpon the other before (hee be looked for, either for want of ficcridgc , not being vndcr way, or by the rowlingof the Sea, fome one Sea caAing the (hippe more to le-wardsthen ten others. And thirdly, for that the windcrmoft (hippe being neere, and letting fayle , is in poflibilitie to take away the winde ftom her to le-wards comming within danger. And this byway of Argu- ment, for a hull and vnder-faylc in dormes and fayrc weather, ta Harbour, or at Sea. Humanitie and courtcne arc eucr commendable and beoeficiall to all,whcrcas arro^ncicand ambition areeuer accompanied with (hame, lofTe and repentance. Arrogmcy of And though in many examplci (touching tWs point) I haue a Spinifli G> beene an eye witnefle, yet I will record but one, which I fawin the ncrali. Riueroi'Cm//, at nw comming out of the Udies amongft the Galleonsloaden with uluer. For thejrwafti0g,the Kingientco the T/'rf^/'rf, eight new Gullepn*, vnder the charge of Jf'/iJftf •»/«*/» .-who entring the Barre of SaiiH Luat ioyntly, the £ipp( i loaden with (il- ucr Anchored in the middeCl of the R iuer in the deeper watery and the wafters on either (idc, neere the (hoare^ The Admirall of the wafters rode clofe by the Galleon, in which I w«9 , and had mored herfelfe in.tnat manner, as her flreame, Cable, and Anchor over- layedourland-rooft. Andwinding vp with the firft of the flood, (hee herfelie inone of herCable$.; which together withthegireat currant of the ebbe, audforceof thewindewhicbbleiirftdbycaa* led Ibaue ^ in the gftthe ttochf .-who ithftl. cr,and of the mored kover« flood, legiresc ~»caii- led His Oiffenations.'^ "lii^i fid her to driue, and to dragge horn? h<*r Anchors ; and with that whkh over-lay ours, locauie vsto doc thehlce. Whereupon on both fides, wa« crying out, to vectv cable .* wc for oor pare had loft all our Cables in the Terteras , faulng thofe wh ich were a ground, and thofe very (hort, and vercd to the better end. The Adinirall firained courtefie , thinkingthc other (though loaden with filuer) bound to let (lippeone, lb to giue him way \ and the Generall fiandingiB his Gallery, faw the danger which both (hippes ranne into, being in a manner bourdand bourd , and driuing vpon the point of the (hoare : yet h? commanded to hold faft , and not to vere Cable, till he wa5 required and commanded in the Kings name , by the Capraine of our ihippe; protefting, the damage (which (hould enfue thereof, to theKing and Merchants) to runnc vpon the Admirals accompt ; and that in his Ihippe he had no o- ther Cable, but thofe which were aground \ And that they had vered af-much as they could .* which the Generall knowing . and at laft better conHdering, willed to vere his Cableend forend,and fo with [one difficultie and diljsute, the punto was remedied, which if he had done at firft, he had preucnted all other danger, inconuenience,and difpute , by only weighing of his Cable and Anchor 5 after the guft v as paft, and letting it fall in a place more commodious : whereas his vaine-glory , (loucnefle,and felfe-Will, had put in great perill two of the Kings fhippes, dnd in thiem a- bouc two Millions of tteafure. And it may be, if he had beene one of the ignorant Generals, (fuch as are fometimes imployed) \Vh^re- as he was one of beft experience, I doubt not,bQtthey would haue ftoodfb much vpon their puntos, as rather then they would haoe confented to vere theyr Cables , (for that it (eemed a diminution ofauthoritie,)they would rather haue fuffered ill to goe to wrucke, without difcerning the danger and damage. But to retume to my former point of adttahtage, which the p^j^j^^^ ^^^ greater fhippeliathofthelefrer} I would haue itto bevnderftobd obieaiom re. atcording toocea(ion,and to be v idel4oodof fhips of warre , ^idi 'o'^'**' Ibippesof wart? : It being no part of my medhiiig tomaintaine, thaca fraalt man of warre, (hould not bourd with a grieat ffii|";'>\ " which goeih in trade. For I know, that the war-like (hippe , tRaV And the cfuty f^eketh,isnotonIy boutidtobourdwitha grcateir, butwcre'lhee otafmaii niip ftfre to hazzard her felfe, (heeoughe to bom'd wl^rc ariy poffibility •^^'"** 6«- ofgtrprifingmaybe hoped for. Wftneife the Bil^ailie (hipprydf ftae hundreth tunnes , takien by Oiippes of feflb^tk^eh a hundirch ^ Sflchwerethoftfwhichww- taken WCt^^yiif^'bii'rge ntj/m^: a^CM^^neOrewfield ffdfti Bdlfi wdhntJ^y bouidirtg ilftd S 3 torcc i,* :5U' ■■^f 14.2 S*^ R: Hawkins 0; , ^■■i Vain- glory of force of Armcs. And did not Market Bmy wich a (hippc of foure- fcore tonnes, by bourdingand dent of fvvord, cake afhippe, which came from the Nona HiffMU of necre foure hundrech ,tunnes \ to recount all fuch as haue becne in this fort taken byourCpuntrey- men,asa]rothofcofgreatworch which they.haueloft, for not ha- zarding the bourding, were neuer to make an end. Yet diicretion is eucr to be vfed : for a man that in a Iinall barke gocth to warre-fare is not bound to bourd with a Carake^ not; with a (hippc, which he lecth prouided with Awlllc^y .^fld Ptjie ? pjce- uentionsfarrcabouchispofflbihtie. ,rft . . n."i:i:r <'': The Spaniards confefle vstoaduantagcthem in por /hipping, and attribute all cur vidlories to that which is but a maifeof dead woodjWerc it not managed and ordered by Art and expericnce,af'> firming i that if we came to handic Hrokes and bourding, they (hould goe farre beyond vs, which to any perfon ofrcafbnable vn- dertlandmg, cannot but ieeme moft vaine-glorious ^ for we leauc not to bourd with them vpon occation, when otherwife we cannoc force them to furrender, but J conclude it to be great crrour , and wantof difcrctionin any man, to put himfelfe, hisflHppe,and company in perill, being ablcothcrwi(eto vanquilh his enemy. This imagination io vainc,and voydc of ground, hath growne from the ignorance of fome of our common lort of Marriners,and vulgar people, which hauebeeiieprilbnersin iJ/^iav; Who being examined and asked, why her Maicfties ihippes in occafions bourd not ? haue anfwcrc^, and enfo^rmed ^ That it is the exprefic order of her Maieftic ,a/id Counlell j in no cale to hazard her Ihippes by bourding ; yea I haue knowne fome Captainesof otirowne, (to; colour tl?eir fain^proce^dings)haue auerrcd asmuch, which is no- thing fp. For.ii^vthff i^ure , chat her Maieftie , or Gounfell coq)-" mitteththecha'rgeofany her fhippesto.any perfon, it isleftto, his difcrecion tal^pfvd, or nptto bourd , af the reafbnof fcfuice requir^ch . An4 therefore Iz^^p man hereafter pretend ignorance^ nor for this vanicielciauctadQe'hi^duty)Oif that which is mofl pro- bable to redound to the hoi^pur and feruice of his Prince and Counury, and to the damage of his enemy. For in cafe, heexcqjtc him(elfewiththisallegation jit cannot bqt redound 10 his con- demnation and difreputation; AndlafTure allmcn,, thatinany reafo|iablcequa]itie of (hipping, we cannoc defirc greater aduaa- tage, chen we haue of the Spaniards, by bourding. The rc4r» fbns why, Ihold^cnocconuenienc to dilcourfe in perticular, \m cKpierience and tfafl of time, wich chat which I haue feenc.a-: moQgft thcm^ hath taught me this knowledge ^ and thoic w^: haue \w ■l.t ■-'n^i His Obferyatmu i« haue fecne their dilcipline , and ours , cannot buc ceftiiie the -" . :^ ■ St C T. LX. qntie. jgGaine, all that which hath bccne fpokcn of the danger couife$fot of the Artillery in bourding, is not to be wreflcd,nor Anillfi* atm interpreted, to cut of vctcrTy thevfeofall Artillery, towdm^. after bourding, but rather I hold nothing more con- uenient in (hippos of warre,then fowlers and grcatbalesin thecage workcs, and Murderers in the Cobridge heads ; fot that their exe- cution and fpeedie charging and dilcharging, is of great mo* ment. Many I know haue left the vfe of them , and of fundry other pre- j^.^ j.^ uentions , as of (herehookes , ftones in their toppes , and arming gmcs oiAmi- them; Pikcbolts in their walesanddiuers other engines of Anti- quitie. But vpon what inducement , I can not relate , vnlefle it be becaufe they neuer knew their effeAs and benefit; and may no doubt be vied without the inconuenicnces before mentioned in great Ordinance. As alfo fuch may be the occafion , that without danger (bme of the gr ncmies s fainc- jhtfor, py burN tcvnto )B con- /ithfo ;s?can Ireycs? \dliues of of your deere brethren to be vnrcucHged? isnocan honourable death to be preferred before a miferable and flauifh life }• The one fuftciningthe honoyr of our nation, of our prcdcceflburs, and of ourfocictic ; the other ignominious to our felues , and iteproach*. full to our nation. Can you be perfvvaded that the enemy will pcr- formc Ills promilc with you , that neuer leaucth to brcake it with others, when he thinketh it advantagious ? and know you notj that with him, all is conuenient that is profitable I Hold they not this for a miiximc^ that , miUa fides eji feruanda cum hereticis. In which number they accompt vs to be. Haue you forgotten their faith violated with my father , in S'. fohn de ylua , the conditions and capitulations being firmed by the viceroy ^ andtwelac Hofta- ges, all pnncipall pcrfonages giucn for the more lecuritie of either party to other? Haue you forgotten their promilc broken with John yibao^ and his company in i-Z/yy/^rfjliauing conditioned to giue them (hipping and victuals, to carry them into their Countrey? immediately after they had delmcred their weapons and armes, had they not their throatcs cut? haue you forgotten- how they dealt vvich Ichn Oxnam , and his Company , in this Sea, yeeldeth vpon compofition ? and how after a long imprifonmcnt, and ma- ny rfiifcries (being carrycd from Famma to Lym.t) and there han- ged with all his Company, asPyraics, bythcluftice? Andean you forget howdayly they abufe our noble natures , which being voydeof maiice , meafure all by finceritie, but to our lofR ? for that when wc come to demand performance , they ftoppc our mouthes ; Either with laying the /»^«//i/;V» vpon vs ; or with de- liucring vs into the hands of the ordinary lufticc; or of the Kings minifiers. And then vrged with their proraifes, theyflirinkevpto thcftiouldcrs; and (ay. That they haue now no further power ouer vs ; They forrow in their hearts > to fee their promife is not accomplilhed \ but now they cannot doe vs any good office , but to pray to God for vs,and to entreat the miniftcrs in our bchalfe. Camcwe into the South fca to put out flaggcs of truce? And Jeftwc our plcarant£»?/ ! Ml. ^•': Soueraigner ofall which accompt your fclucs for cucrdepriued, if chispropoficionfhouldbe put in execution; But for all cheic, and for the loue and reCpcdl you owe me,and for al beHdcs that you cfteeme and hold deare in this world , and for him , that made vs and all the world, baniHioutof your imagination^fuchvaincand ba(e thoughts s and according to yourwoontcd refolution, pro- (ecute the defence of yourfhippc, yourliucs, andlibcrtie, with the liuesand libcrtie of your companions j who by their wounds andhurts are difabled and depriucd of all other defence and hdpe, faue that which lycth in your difcrctions and proweile.And you Captaine, of whom I made choife amongft many, to be my prin- cipall afliftant, andthcp^rfonro accompliih my dutic, if extra- ordinary cafualtic (bould difableme, topfrforme and profecucc ourvoyage. Tender your obligation, a <&' now in thcoccalion giucteAimony,and make proofeofyourcc.fiancie and valour^aco cording to the opinion and confidence, I itaueeuer held of you. Whereuntohemadeanfvvcre^ my good Gcnerall, I hope you haue made experience of my rcfolution, which fhall be eucr to put incxccutionjwhatyoufhallbeplcafcd to command mc; and my a6lions (hall giuc teftimonie of the obligation wherein I (land bound vnto you. What I haue done, hath not proceeded from faintncffe of heart, nor from a will to fee imaginations put in execution (for befidcs the loHe of our reputation, liberty, and what good elfc we can hope for.) I know the Spaniard too too well, and the manner of his proceedings , in difchargc of promi- fcs, but only to giue latisfadion to the refl of the Company ,which importuned mc to moouc this point. I condifcended to that, which nowlamafliamcdof, and gricue at, becaufe I fee itdiHi- kingtoyou. Andhcre I voweto fight it out, till life or lyramcs fayle me. Bee you pleafcd to recommend vs to Almightie God, andtotakecomfortinhim,whom I hope will giue vsviflory, and rcftore you to health and Arength , for all our comforts , and the happy accomplifhing and finilhing of our voyage, to his glory. Ireplycd-' this is that which bcicemeth you; thisfbrtethtothe opinion I eucr held of you ; and this will gainc you (with God andman)a iuftrcward. And you thcrefl (my deere companions and friends)whoeuer haue made a dcmonflration of deflre to ac- compliih your duties, remember, that when wefirft difcryedour enemy, you (hewed to haue a longing toprooue your valours a- gainft him .- Now that the occafion is offered, lay hold of the fore- locke. For if once (hee turne her backe, make fure accompt neuer after to fee her face agaii^e i and as true Englifh men^and followers of HisOtfferidtierii. 14.7 of thetteppcs of our fbrefachers, in vertue and valour, fpliyour bloods and lilies decrdy, that Spainemayeuerreeord it with fad- netle and ^riefe. And thbCc which furviue, reioycein the pui;chaic ot 10 noble a victory with fo Tmall nteanesaganift (b powerfuU an «ncmy. Hereunto they made anfwer; that as hitherto they hadbecne cohtormable to all the vndertakings , Which I had commanded or COU11 idled, lb they would continue inthefelfeiame dutie and obedience tothelaft breath .* vowing either to remaine Cqn^ue- h)ur5and free men , ore^fe to (ell their Hues at that price , which thcirenemiesfliouid not willingly content to buy them at. And With chis'reto'lution,bbtb Captameand company tooke their leaue of mc, cucry one particularly, and the greater part with tearcs,and andimbracihg<;, though>ve were forthwith to depart the workJ, and neucr Ice one the other againe, but in beaoen \ promifing t> caft all tbrcpaffcd imaginations into obh'Vidn , and never more to fpcikc oi furrendry. In accomplifhment of this promife and determinittion, they pcr- fevercd in luftaining the fight, all this night, with the day and Aight following, and the third day after. In which time the £- nemie never iettvs, day nor night, beating continually vpoh vs, with his gredtand [mail fliott. Saving thatevery liiominjg an hew- er before btrake of day, hee edgeda little fibd y», to brealh J and to rcmedi^ (uch defefls as were amiile; as alio to conrulc,whac thcyftiould docthe diyand night followingll^ -' *'i \ This time of intcrdiftion, we imployed, in rcpayring oiir (tyUft and tacklitigSyin ftoppingour Icakes, in iifliing and wollin^ our maftcs and yards, in mending our pumpcs, and in fitting and pro- viding oUrfelues for the day to come : though this was but little fpace for fo many workes, yet gaue it great rdiefe and comfort vnto vs, and made vs better able toehdurc the defence : for o- therwife^ our Ihippe mufl of force haue fancke before our furren- dry, having many (hot vnder water, and our pumpesfhot topee- ces everyday .* In all this fpace, not any man of either part tooke reftor (leepe, and little fuflenance; befides bread and wine. In the fecond dayes fight,thc Vicc-admirall commidg vpon oar quarter, /^///wwB/dwA, one ofburMaftcrs mates, with a luckie hand, mad^ a (hot yntb her, withpnedfourfternepeeces; itcari- cdawayhis maine Mdft clofcby the deckc : wherewith the Ad- miral! bcarcyp to her, to (cc what harmclhcehad received, and to giuc her fuch ruccotir,as (hcc was able tofpjtrc: which we feeing, Were in good hope; that they would haue now left to laolefk vs a- "' ^ T 2 njr The^rcroIiK TheEaemfe breathctb. i ;.. "S .3^,;t?r TheEnglHh reptire their deicdts. I.',' . *^^ in R: Ha»wkins AdvArvget emitted. 1^ ! ^ Mr iu ^ir! lit;' I- m' ny ^^Rgfi!i having w|ievcwkhall co eiicert^tie thcn\(^qcs in redrcf- iingM^iPil' o^n^c ^)i|r>^^let9gqefrorfitheia,wewoi]l5i oot : and perhaps bin l»f»«ll>li> W I'WC naad? them tp Jeauc vs. ,^„; liiic ^is pcc^n.pn was let flip, as a!fb,rhat other to fight with them, l^yling quarter winds, pr befpre the winde : for having ftppd 9lf fP Sea, ^ dny^^iid a pight, wc had f^Qpe to fight at Our pleafiire, at|d nP t^9i) having lea rppmc, is bpund to fight as his enenti? will, \Sirici|dilg(jvantagc,b^i^g able othcrwifctP deale with cqualitie.* contrariwile, every man ought to ieelce the meanes hee can, for hisi d^fi^qcQtgnd gfs^tefl advantage, to theannpyancc of his contra- m-. -:■■■ ■ ,■-.. . ^^ - J^^ W^ Biigl^^ \yith our fpre-iaile, low let, haue borne vpp be^ fpve,{^w|nd«, at^d cheenequic offprce myf^haue done the like, iCMffl WpyM^ghf^ici vs,pr Icpepc vs comp^iy : and cbpn (houl4 lyQfl ^f)!i^Mflt694y?Qt^o( then. For although their Anillciv Thediftre. WCff IftOgff. W»gfelicr,suK|Hiaiiy more then ovrs, and in truth of (hot. ' ^^^ pierce with greater viplencci yet ours b^ing of greater bore, ^od f:9'f y in^ 2 waig^tier and greater (hot, was of more importance ', aA4of /^tter e^<:<^ ^r linking and fpoy ling : fpr the fmaller fliPt ' p2il^tK tiirough, afvl maketii but his whple^ and harmeth that vrhich lyechinhis way% but the greater Ihakcth and Ihivereth all it me(;te;tl|, andwi^h the Iplinters, pr that which it cpcountreth, many times doth more hurt, then with his proper circumference : as is plaiAcly le?n$ in the battery by land, when the Saker, the De- my- Colyerin, the Colverin, and demi-Canon, (being peeces that rc^hmuch fun^cr point blanke then the Cannon) are nothing of like jFt\ppi;taiiij?e for making the breach, as is the Cannon i fot that this fliQt being ppndcrouspiercetb with difficulcie, yea wor- keth better effe<6ls) tormenting, Ihaking and pvenhrowing all;. wberea^ (hie Ptheif4» with chei^ violence, fierce better, and make onely their We, andfo hide themfeluei^ m the WppU or Ram^ pire. Be6de$.(ourSbipbeiflgyare and good oCfteeridge) no donbc bntweOioiiidhiueplayea petjgpr with oqr OrdiflaDce, and with Thfireffcfii. more 1 lUf ' His Ob/eryations. H9 wor- make R.am- laorcqfteft, then did our enemies \ which was a great cttour, be- ing able to hghcwunkflcdiladvantagc, and yet to fight with the Errors in molt that couJd be imagined, which 1 knew not off j neither was a- ^'*'"' bic todircd, though i 'ir^d knowneit^being in a manner IcnlcicfTc, ^ what with my wounds, and what with the agony of the liirrendry ' propoundcOjiorthat I had leldomc knownc it Ipoken ot,bui that U came aherwaids to be put in execution. The Gencrall riot being able to luccour his Vice-adiiiirall, ex- cept he (houidviterlyieaucvsjgaae them order, to (hiti as well as they could tor the prelent, and to beare with the next Port, and there to rcpayrc their harmos. Himfelfe prclently followed the Chate,and in fhc^t tpace tetched vs vp, and beganne a fre(h to bat- ter vswith his great and fmall fhoit. The Vicc-admirall (hauing (aued what the) could ) cutt the reft by the bourd, and with Fore- fay IcandMy ion came after v& alio, and before the letting of the Sunne, were come vpon our broad lidc, wee bearing all our Saylcs, and after kept vs company, lying vpon our weather quarter, and annoying vs wha; fliee could. Here 1 hold itncccffary, to make mention o. o things, which were moftpreiudiciallvntovs, and the prihcipali lufesofourper- -^ dition, the en ours and faults of lace dayes, crept m amongft thofe .'^ who follow the Sea, and learned from the flmings and f.afierlings. Leamc j ftow I wi(h that by our misfortunes others would take warning, an^ '^e rUmings procure to redreflc them, as occafion^ ftall' Wolfcrcd, *nAEaptr. The one, is to fight vnarmed , where th^y may fight armed. i?To fight The other, is in comming to iTght, to drrnkc themfchwf s- dtunke. vawmed. Yea, fomearefo raadd, that they mingfe Powder with Wine, to *' Tocicefle* ^iueit the greater force, imagining that it giaeth fpirit, flrength, j courage, and takcth away all tcare and doubt. The latter is tor the moft part true, but the former is faUeand beaftly, and alto- gctheragainftreafon. Forthough the natnrcof Wine, with mo- deration, is to comfort and reviuc the heart, and to fortifie and ftrengthen the fpirit \ yet the immoderate vfc thereof worketh» , .,! quite contrary cffcfts. In fights,all receipts which addc courage and i5)if it, are of great regard,to bcallowed, and vfed v and to is a draught of Wine, to be giuen to euery man before he come to aflion, but more then c- nough is pernicious \ for, exceeidingthe ntsane, itoffbndech, and' infeebleth the fences, converting the ffreng^th ( whiclifhduld refift the force of thcencmy) intoweakcnelTe: it dullcih and'blindeth thevnderftanding, and confequently dcprauerh anymaii of true vtloar. For that he is difenablcd to iudge and' apprch^nd'che occa- T 3 fion. n 150 S'*^ R: Hawkins --■'■'■,■ . .. ^' :.h^ ■^^^j^' 4 I": :Hk IMX" ii.'i (ion, which may be oifcrcd, ro aifaulc, and rccyre in time <:Qnve- nienc ^ the raynes of rcafon being put into the hands ot pa^Son and dilbrder. For after I was wounded, this mmium bred great di^^f" der and inconvenience in our Shippe*, the pott concinoally wal- king, infuieddefperaccand fooJi(hhardincneinmany, whoblin* ded with the fUme of the liquor, conlidered not of any danger, but thus and thus would ftand at hazard ; Ip^e in vamc glory, vaunting themfclues ; fonie other rayiing vpon the Spamtrasy another inviting his companion tocqmeandAand by him, anc| not to budge a foote from him ^ which indilcreetly they pi]t in e)(e- cution, and cofl the liucs of many a good man,' flaine by our ene- mies MulVttirrs, who ruffered not a man to (hew himfclfe, but they preleotly overthrew him with fpeed and watchfullnenci l^or prevention of the (econd errour, aithoudi I had great pre- paration of Armours, as well of proofe, as of light Corleletts, yet not a man would vfe them \ but efteemed a pott of Wine, a better defence then an Armour of proofe. Which truely was great mad- nefle, and a lamentable fault, wonhy to be banilhcd from amohg(( all reafonable people, aiid well to be weighed by all Commanders. For if the Spaniard furpafleth vs in anything, it is in his tempe- rance, and lufFering : and, where he hath had the better hand pf vs, it hath beene ( forthe moft part) th|X)ugh our owne folly, for thac we will fight vnarmed with him being armed. And although t haue heard many men inaintaine, that in Shipping, Armpur is of little profit^ All meobfgoodvndcrftanding, willcondemne luch defberate ignorance. For befides, that the (leightcftArmourlecu* reth the parts of a mans body (which it covereth) from Pike, Sword, and all hand weapons ; It likewile giueth boldneflc and courage j a man Armed, giueth a greater and a waightier blow, , then a man vnarmed \ he ftandeth fafter, and with greater difficul- tie is to be overthrowne. Andl neuerread,butthattheg]ifieringofthe Armour hath beene ^by Authors obferued, for that (as I imagine) his (how brcedeth terror in his contraries, and defpayre to himfclfe if he be vnarmed. And therefore in time of warre/uch as devote themlelUes to follow the profeffion of Armes ( by Sea or by Land ) otight to covet no- thing more, then to be well Armed ^ for as much as it is the fecond meanes, next Gods proteAioa, for preferuing, and prolonging many mens liues. Whereinthe Spanifh nation deferveth commendauon aboue o- thers,eueryonefromthehighefttotheloweft, putting their grea- ceft csH-e in providing faire and good Armes. He which cannot come the S^nJtr J fiirpafleth rs oncly in tcra- pcrance. The rfe and profit 0/ ar- ming, exadly obfcr- v«d by the Spanifl). His Obfcryations. 151 bccne rcdrth irmcd. blloW ctno- econd Dging oueo- grea- come to the price of a Cornet, will haue a coatc of Mayle,a lackett, atleaft,aBuifejcrkin,oraprivic Coatc. And hardly will they be found without it, albeit, they Hue, and feruc ( for the moft part ) in cxircamc hott Countries. Whereas I haue knowne many bred in cold Countries, in a mo- ment complaine of the waight of their Armcs, that they linoother thcm,and thencaft them oiF, chuHng rather to be (hott through with a Bullet, or lanched through with a Pike, or thrull through withaSwordythentoendurealictletravaileandfufFering. But lee me giucthefelazie ones this IcfTon, that he that will goe a warrc- fare, muft refoluc bimieUe to fight \ and he that putteth on this re. folution, mu(l be contented to endure both heatc and waight^ firft,for the fafcgardof his life, and next for fubduing of his cnc- mie ^ both which are hazarded, and put into great danger, if he fight vnarmcd with an enemy armed. Now formincowneopinion,! am refolvcdih.it Armour ismore Amitsmort ncccflary by Sea,thcn by Land, yea, rather to be cxcufed on the n«cflwybv (horc, thrn in the Shippe, My rcafon is, for that on the (horc the lj^*J. Bullcconclyhurtcth.butintheShippe, I haue (cene the iplinters kill and hurt many at once, nndyetthcfhott to haue pafTed with* outtouchinganyper(bn.AsintheG4/w»,inwhich Icame out of the Indies^xn Anno i ^gy. in the rodeof T^rf^r/i,whcnthe Queenes Maiefties Shippes,vndcr the charge of the Earlc oiEffex, chafed vs into tht: Hide, with the fplintcrs of one fhott, were flaine, maymed^ and fore hurt, at the leaft a dozen perfons, the raoft part whereof had beenc excufcd, if they had beene Armed. And doubtlefle, if thelc errours had beenc forcfcene, and reme- died by vs, many of thofe who were flainc and hurt, had beene on footc,andweinablcdto haue fufiained and maintained the fighc much bctterand longer (and perhaps at lafi had freed our felues. For if our enemy had come to bourdwith vs, ourclofe fights were fuch,aswewerefecure,and they open vntovs. And what with our Cubridge heads, one anfwering the other, our hatches vpon bolts, ourbrackcsin our Dcckes, and Gunner roome, it was impoffibie to take vs as long as any competent number of men had remained, twentic pcifons would haucfufficed for defence ; and for this,fuch Shippcs arc called Impregnable^ and are not to be taken, but by fur- rcnacr,nor to be overcome, but with bourding or finking, as in vs by experience was verified : and not in vs alone,but in the Revenge of the Qucen''s Maieftie, whtch being compafled round about with all the Armadoo^ SpameySind bourdcd fundry times by many at once, is faid, to haue funke three of the Armndo by her fide. T 4 And in S**^ R: Hawkins i:\ A difference for Coroman ders. :>,\^ VI'' Race-Hjipj of ^:§l ■■'', p: And in this conflifl, having loft all her Maftcs, and being no other then a loggc in the Sea, could not bee taken with ail chcir force and pollicie, till fliccfiirrendred hcrfcH'c by an honourable compoiition. By chcfe prefidents, let Govcrnours by Sea take fpeciall care abouc all, to prcferuc their people, in imitation of the French; who carric many Souldicrs intheir (hippesofWarre, and fecure them in their holdes, till they come to cntring, and to proue their forces by the dint of Sword. But here the difcrcetc Commaunders are to put difference, be- twixt thoie which defend, and thole which are to offend, and bc- twixtthofe which affault, andthofe which areafTaulted. For (as Ihauc (ayd) no governementwhatfbcvcr, better rcquirdch apcr- fcifl and experimented Commaunder,then that of the Sea. And fbno greater errour can bee committed, then to commend inch charges to men vnexpcrimcnted in this profclfion. A third and laft caule,ofthc loileof fundry of our men, moil worthy of note for all Captaincs, owners, and Carpenters: was vlmedSiV.td the rate building of our (hi ppc ^ the onely fau 1 1 fhee had i and now a dayes, held for a principal 1 grace in any Ihippc .• but by the ex- perience which 1 hauc had, it feemeth for fundry realons crie prciudiciall for (hippcsof Warre, For in fuch, thofe whic!i t^Me the faylcs, of force muft bee vpon the deckes, andare open with- out flielter, or any defence : yet here it will be obie^ed j That for this inconvenience,.waft clothes arc provided, and for want of not fo vM t^^"*> it is vfuall to lace a bonnet, or fomc fuch fhadow for the 'men ; worthily may it beccalledafli3dovv,andoneof the mod pernitious cuftomes, that can be vfed, for this fhadow, or defence, being but of linnenor vvollcn cloth, emboldeneth many ; who without it would retire to better fecuritie, whereasnow thinking themfelues vnfecne , they become more bould, then otherwile they would, and thereby fhot through, when they leaft thinke of it; Some Captainesobferving this errour, haue fought to remc- dicit, in fbme of his Maiefliesfhippcs.* not by altering the buil- ding, but by deviling a certaine defence, made of foure or fine inch planckesof fine foote high, and fixe foote broad, running vponwheeles, and placed in fuch partes ofthefhippe, as are moS open. Thefe they name blenders, and made of Elme forthemofl pan; for that it fhivers not with a (hot, asOake and other Tim- ocrwill doe, which arc nowinvfeandfcrvice, butbcftitis,whcn the whole fide hath one blender, and one armour of proofr, for defence of thoie, which of force muft labour, and be aloft. This as other devi' fei. His Oh/eryatio'U, m Thisracclmlldingjfirft came in, by overmuch homing in of our (hippes^nnd received for good, vndercoiouroi making our ihips thereby thcbet(crica-(hippcs,andof bccccr advantage to hull and tryc : but in my ndgcment, it brccdcth many inconvenienccs.and istarrc from workmg the cftlcl they prctend,by dilinabiing them for bearing their cage workccorrclpondcnt.io the proportion and mould of tlie (hippe, snaking them tend.r Gded, and vnable to car- ryiayleinanyfreihgaiic ot winde, and diminifhing the play of their Artillery, and the place for accommodating their people toHghr,labor,orrcft. And I am noheoftholc, who hold opinion, that the over- much hommgin,thc more the better, is commodious and eaficr tor the (hippe ; .-md this out of the experience, that I haue learned i which v» ith forcible rcalons, I could proueto be much rather difcomodi- ousand worthy to bcrcformed. But wiihall I hold it not nccef- f.iry to difcouric hereof that particularicie,but Icauc theconle- qucncc to men of vnderftanding, and 16 furceare. ,(' ' Pi, This SfiCT. LXII. Ll thisfecond day, and thcthird day and night, our Captaineand company fuftcined the fight>notwith- ftanding the difadvantagc where with they fought ; The enemic being ever to wind-ward, and wee to [JJ/j'^^J]""*- lcc-ward,their(hottmuch damnifyingvs, and ours to1ce°warZ* httJeannoyingthem, tor whenloc vera man encountreth with his cnemie at tea, in gayning the weather gage, hee is in pofflbilie to Imke his contrary ^ but his enemie cannot not finkc him \ ana therefore he e which is forced to fight with this difadvantage, is to procure by all racanes poffiblc to fhootc downc his contraries *««« Miftsor Yards, and to teareorfpoylr his tackling and laylcs; for ,,,jj^fl,^^,, which nu«-po(e, billets oflomchcavic wood fitted 10 the great Or- di«. dinance,arc of great importance. And fd arc Arrowc5offire,to bee (hot outof flur-bowes,andcafcsoffmallfhotioynedtwoand two toccihcr, with peecesof wyer of Hue or fix ynches Iong,which airofhptout of muskets arc of good cfFcft, for tearingthc fayles, or cutting the tackling. , . . n. Some are of opinion, that crofle barrcs and chamMnor, arc of ffloroentfor theipoylingof Maftsand Yards, but experience daviv tcachcth.thcm not to be ofgreat importance, though ncerc ' ' y at 1!) I5f I B. K: H AWKINS it ac band, I confeHe, they workc great execution: bat the round fhotc,isihconcly principall and powcrfull meane, to brcake Maft or Yard. And in this our fight, the Admirallofth^SparJ^irds, had his The sf>Mi4rJs fore-maft fhot through with r.wo round Ihott, iome three yardtrs ihliccA^&i beneath the head ; had cither of them entred but foure ynches throjgh. further into the heart of the Maft, without all doubt, it had freed vs, and perhaps put them into our hands. The third day in the after- noone which was the 22. of lune 1594. according to our computation, and which I follow in this my difcourfe, our fayles being torne, our Matks all pcrilhed, our pumpes rent, and fhot to peeces^and ourfhippe with fourctccne fliott vnder water, and fe- vcn or eight footc of water in hold \ many of our men being flaine, and the mofl part of them ( which rcmayned ) fore hurt, and in a manner altogether fruuelcs,and the enemic ofl^cring flili to receaue vsra huem tjucrra, and to giue vs life and libcrtic, and imbarkation for ourcountrcy ^ Our Captainc,andthofc which rcmayned of our Company, were all of opinion that our beft courfe was to furrendcr our lelues, before our fhippe limcke. And fo by com- mon conlcnt agreed the fccond time, to fend a Icrvant of mine T/r^ WAS Sander s^io fignificvnto mce the cftate of our fhippeandcom' panyj Andthatitwasimpoffiblc by any other way toexpeil for hope of delivcrance,or life, but by the miraculous hand of God, in vfing his Almighty power *, or by an honourable furrendcr: which in every mans opinion was thought mofl convenient. So '' was I defired by him, to giuealfomyconfent, that the Captaiae might capitulate vvkh the Spanifh General!, and to compound the befl partido he could by furrendring our felues into his hands : vpon condition of life and libertie. This heedeciared vnto me, being in a manner voyd offence, and out of hope to'liue or reco- ver, which confidered,and the circumflances of his relation, I an- iivcredas I could, that hee might iudgcof my flare, rcadieevery moment to giue vp the Ghofl.andvnableto difcerneinthis caufe what was convenient, except I might fee the prefent ftatc of the fliippe. And that the honour or dilhonour, the wcl-fare or mifcry, wasforthem,which fhould be partakers of life; AtIaft,forthatI had fatisfa6lion of his valour and true dealing, in all the time, hee hadfervedme, and in correfpondcnce of it, had given him (as was notorious) charge and ./edit in many occafions, I bound him, by the loue and regard, hee ought me, and by the faith and duty to Almighty God, to tell metrucly,ifall wereas he had de- claied. Whereunto hee made anfwere, that hee had manifefled fA vnto His OBfermioriu *jij vnco Vmo tMctihe plaine and naked traih, andthti^ he'e tootv^od to wimcffebf the famcnuth 5 with which rtcciViftjVfatiisfad^ib^.l'for* cccl'nty'felfe what I could, to peffwade him to ahhimate his ^om* jpanioifs^andin my nnme to intrcace the Gapci^ne,sMid^'the-^eft t lurrendred himfclfc, and our (hippn- ioy of vs, nor ours, any thing, but a rerolutioii etery man to dye fighting. • ■^'^ With tbi^ ^Me/Tagc I difpatchcd hirtti^^d calldid Vrtto rtie ai* mf €ompany, and encouraged thcm'tafatt-ifice rheii- Urier figh^rtig; and killingthe Enemic, .iJFhegaue but k fillip tmr#,cheportof >«miim, for that, oithole top ' «Hnd-%rardi, it was impoffible to twne vp to any of them, and ncfr rer then to le> ward was n6t any, that could fupply 'our neceffitica and wants; whicMsjrfromvs, eaft north eaf^ abone two hun- drrth leagues. MitfhieU AngtU^ beinga man of experience, and OHt, accom- ff^^'^'^ pliOied that he tooke in hand,althottgh in clearing and bayling the mSiiIw Sbfl' wacer,in placing a pumpe«and in fitttng,and mending her fore-uule^ he fpent aboue fixeand thiicie hbwers. During which time, the Ihippeslayall ahull i butthisworkc ended,chey fet (ayle,6( direded tneir courl^fbr the lies of Pearles ; And for that the Dmtie (ayled badlir, what for want of her maine- fayle,and with the advantage, which all the foutb-fea fliippes haue o/alltho(ebuiltinourNortnlea.*The Admirall gaueheratawe; which not withAanding, (the wind calnung with vs,as we approa- ched nearer to the land ) twduedayes were (pent, before we could V } fetch v;r V0 S I tv V .R; viH A wA I N s :4t ir fi :*-}\ IboxUrifightof the Ilands;vtfhifih;lyc^.q$^ thcco;|ft, (jcginning ioiiiQ 6^t, Ic^guesf Weft ibuidh^weft froia/4XMWrf, and run co the &mth-)ta3dsneeK»thircie leagu.Qi. They are many, and,thc inoft vnhabttedtandtbo(e which hauepeople^haue ibme NegrQes,flaues viitO(tii6 iS^aoiarda,, whi«h Qccnpie themlelues in labour of the land,orinn(hing forPearles, , riOdno for '" ^^^^^ paft^many inriched themfclues with that tradc,but now Pcacles. it is growne to decays The maner pfiiflimg for Pearles is,with ccr- taine long Pinaces or fmall barkcs, in which, there goe tbure, hue, fixe, or eight Negro(^iexpcrtX\SrimuTcrs,and great dccvcrs, whom the Spaniards ca\\ Bufas', with trafl of time, vfc, and continoail ftSk^ifj^fh^vUig learned to hold their breath long vndor water, for the better atchieving tlieir worke. Thele throwing themfelats ini to the ^ea, with cenafnc inftruments oi their art, i;oe iDlfiebot| tpi^, .ajid fceke the bankes of the Oyfters, in which tf\ej;>«(rlei Wjti0^^^^i'^^^^^^"^ their force andart,remoue^^qtf fro^ their Jouhtfation, in which they fpcnd more or lefTe time^i^etplt^llii IP^i^l^Unce the jjrmenes of the ground affordeth. Ontfe ioote{ ||py g^t4?!^Bfi into aba^gc vnder their armes, and after bring thdin vp inro tlieir boates ; Having Idiii^^ ir, they gb^ to the (ho.nre : there ^w*i >;fr tJ3Cy.afl$^theln,and take out the, Pearles : they lie vndcr the vti »-^u M| .! termojjp(juftofthc,tfr^ oftheOyfter, inrankesand btoporti- ■imj-'ii ons^ vnd^'r:acertaine,part, which is of manypldghtsand folds, ca^ IcjJtKcRuiF^,forthcfiraiIitude,itha^^ ^ The'fearlcs incrcfa|pln bignes, as they bt neerer the end or ioyne o^ the. Qyfter : TIjc Ineate of tnole, wh ich haue thcfe pearles, is milkic,iiii^ not very^^olefometo be eaten. im> n.| In jd'tinOf I ^8 3. In the Hand of Margarita^ I was at the dlv^ging of Pearlc Oyfters, afterthe maberwcdrcgge Oyfters in England; and with mine ownc hands I opened many,^ too^^^ out the pearles of them^ Ibme greatcfr, fomc IcHe, and in good^quantitie. .^* K.u«4vrf, , .HQwrl}e,PcarleisingendredintheOyfter,or Muffcll (for they are found inf both) divers and fuhdry are the opinions, but ibme ridjcuiouf i whereof,.becaufe many famous and learned men haue ^ritteiitai'gely, I wiHrpeakenoiiidre, then Hath beene fofmeriy i^QJcei^i^. ^^treferret]ieir cariouiPcJeivx^s to Plifi^, with oth^r An- cient, aqd.poderne J^uthors."5?f' ''"'.' ■•*a<''7" ' [ ,T*hcy,^^'fouhd in diners partttbf thcw6rld,a«in thc^eflf-W/- ^^iniji$J^//^^4vin tfie'caft /ndidff\c^,in the si^itesof MAgilUne^ anjint6^^if;;//j^S"cd.Y' "'''' ' ;:-; ¥i\mt pcarle arefsund. His Obfenations. »59 rioynif rles, is * tranfparcnt: the curious call it their water; andthcbcftisa clcarc white lhining,withficric flames. And thofc of the calt India hauc the bcft reputation, though as good arc found in the weft fm/ia^the thechoicc ones, arc of great valcw andcftimation.butthcgreatcft, that I hauc read or heard of, was found in ihefc Hands ©t Pcarles ; the which Kin^Phillip the lecond o{ S^.tine^ gauc tohisdaughter Eliz.ibgth,mkioAlbertuSyArch'dukeo\ .luflm, and Govcrnour of the SiQiesoi PUunders:\n whole poflcfflon it rcmaineth, and is called, /4P(rrf^r/»rf, for the rarcnes of it : bcincasbieae, asthcpo- mell of a Poniard. b Bb F Sect. L XII 1 1. N this Navigation, af.cr our 'urrencier,the Gencrall tookeefpecial care lor the good intreatyofvs,and ^^^'"^^^ clpeciilly of ihofe tvho were hurt. And Godfo honduublev- blelTcdthc hands of our Surgians (belides that f-'gc toward* they were expert in their Art ) that of all our woiSlJied"** wounded men not one diedjthat was aliuc the day after our fuiticndry: The number whereof was neerc fortic j and many of tKcm with cight,'tcn, or twelue wounds, andibmc with more. The thing that oughtto mouevstogiue God Almighty efpeciall thankes and prayles, was, that they were cured in a man- ner without inAruments or falues : Forthe chefts were all broken to peeccs ^ and many of their fimples and compounds throwne into the Sea ^ thofe which remained, were fuch, as were, throwne about the (hippc in broken pots and baggs, and fuch as by the Di- vine providence were relcrved , at the end of three dayes, by order from the Gcnerall,werc commaundedto be fought and gathered together. Thefc with fome inflrumcnts of iinall moment, bought and procured from thofe,who had referved them to adii&rentend, did not onely ferue forour cures,but alfo for the curing of the Spa- niards, being many more, then thofc of our Company. Forthe Spanilh Surgians were altogether ignorant in their , profc{I{on,nnd had little or nothing wherewith to cure. And I hauc noted, that the Spaniards in gencrall are nothinsfo curious, in ac^- commodatingthemlelues, with good and carcfulT Surseans, nor to fitt them with that which bclongeth to their profe{uon,as other Nations arc, though they haue greater ncede then any, that I doe know. V 4 At '■'f.' i6o S**- R: Hawkins I • t Atthctimeofourfurrcndcr, Ihadnocthe Spanifh tongue, and fo was forced to vie an interpreter, or the Latine,or French j which holpememuch for the vndcrftandingof thoie, which ipakc vnto mc in Spanish j together with a little Imactering I had ut the Pjr- ^ tugall. Through the noble proceeding of Di?» Bfltraftwlih vs, and his particuler care towards me, in curing and comtbrting me, I began to gather heart, and hopeoflife, and healthy my Urvants which were on footCjadvifcd me ordinarily of that which pall. Butlomc ofour enemies, badly inclincd,repinedat the proceedings of the Generalliandihydjhcdidilltovlcvsfowell i that wee were Lu- therms \ and for that caule, the faith which was given vs,was not to be kept nor performed : Others, that we had fought as good Soul- diers, and therefore ddervcd good quarter. Others, nicknamed vs with the name oi Corfirios^orV'ixAts -^noi difccrninc thereby. that they included thcmrclues witbin the fame imputation. Some were -.1 r ofopinion, that from Pan.ma^ the Gcnerall would lend vs into SpaineiOthcrsfaydjthathedurftnotdifpofeof vs, but by order from the Vice-roy o^Peruy who had given him his authority. This hit the nayle OH the head. To all I gaue the hearing, and laid vp in the ftorc-houfe- of my memory, that which I thought to be of fubftance, and in the (lore- houfeofmy confideration, cndcvoured to frame a^i^portiona- ble reiblution to all occurrants, conformable to God^ mod hoi/ will. WithalllprofittcdmyfelfeofthemeancSjwhich ftould bee ofFercd,and bcare greatcft probabilitic to worke our comfort, help, andremedie.And fo, as time Aiiniftred oportunitie, I began, and cndevoured to larisfie the Gencrall,and the better fort inthc point$ 1 durft intermeddle* And efpccially to pcrfwade C by the beft tea*- fbns I could) that wee might be fentprcfently from Pan.tma : AU leading the promifc given vs, the coft and charges cnluing, whicfi doiijjtlcs would be fuch as deferucd conlidcrarion and excufe •• bc^ fides that, now whilcfl he was irt place,and power and authority in his hands, to pcrforrae with vs, that hcc would lookc into his bo* nour,and profit Kimfelfe of the. occafion, and not put vs into ihd hands of a third pciffbn ; who perhaps being more powcrfull then ^ himielfe,he might be forced to pray and intreate the performance * of his promife ; whcrcunto hee gaue vs thb hearing^and bare vs in hand, that hee would doc, what hee could. . ' ^*' The General!, and all in generall, not oncly in thePfrUyhm in all Spameyitid theKihgdomes thereof (before our furrcndry) held all Englifh men of Warre, to be Corftrhsy or Piratsj which I labourecj to His Obferyations. i6i What a Pirate it. torcformc, both in the /*fr«, ahdallbin theCounfds o{ Spunc^ and amonglt the Chicitaincsjlouldicrs and better iol-c> with whom Icameto hauc convcrfacion \ Aiicadging that i?iriic,or Car/arip^ is he, which in time oi peace,or truteIpoylcth,or robbeth thole, which hauc peace or truce with them : but the Englilh hade xury- iher peace nor truce with Spaine,but warrc ; and therefore not to beaccountcd Piracs. ficlidcsjSpainc broke the peace with England, and not England with Spaine^ and chat by ^xoi^tfr^tf, which of all kinds of dchances, is m6U reproved, and oflea({ reputation ; The ranfomingofpryfonersjandthat by the Cannon, being more ho- norable, but abouc all, the moft honorable, is with Trumpet and Herald, toproclaimc and denounce the warre by publicke defi- 3«Sonsof jince. And lo if they (bould condemnc th? Englifli forPiracs, of '^*^'°'"" force, they muft firll condtmnethemlelucs. j. j,/ Moreover,PirDts are ihoie, who range the Seas without licence 6f their Prince ^ who when they arc met with,are puniflied more ft- verely by their owne Lords, then when they fall into the hands of llrangers 'which is notorious to be more leverely prolecuted in England ( in time of peace ) then in any the Kingdomes of Chri- ftsndome. — ; But the- Englifh haue all licence, either immediately from their Prince, or from others therevnto authorized , and Co cannot in a- fly fence be comprehended vndcr the namcof Pirats, fprany ho- ftility yndertaken againft Spai ne, or the dependancies thereof. And fo the ftatc ftanding as now it doth ; if iji Spaine a particu- The Cuftome kr manfltbiildarme a (hippe, and goc in warre-fare with it againft .<>< Spuaett the Englifh, and happened to be taken by them : I make no quefli- •'*«««♦ on, but the Company (hould bee intreated according to that man- ner, which they haue ever vfed fmce the beginning of the Warre : without making further Inquifition. 4 Then if hee were rich or poorc, to fee if hce were able to glue a ranrome,in this alfo they are not very curious. But if this Ipanifli fliippefliould fall a thwart his Kings Armado, or Gallics, I make nodoobtbut they wouldhang the Captaine and his Companie for Pirates. My reafon is, for that by a Ipcciall law, it is ena^ed : thatnoiliftn« in the kingdomes of Spaine, may arme any Ihippe, andgoe in warre-fare, withoutthe Kings fpeciall licence and com- miftont vpon pain^to be reputed a Pirate, and to bee chaftifed with the ^iffimcDt dueto C<^/^wi. In England the cafe is dif- ThcCuft«we ferent, t^tht warrd once proclaimed, every man may arme that ofEagitai. wilt,and}Mth wherewith;. which maketh for ourgreater exeropti- dn j from being comprihcoded \^ithin the number of Pirates. X With i'^'ih i6z S**" R: Hawkins Wtph thcle,and other like Arguments to thispurpole, (to avoid tedioufnes ) I onoitt \ I convinced all thofc whom I heard to harfie vpoo this firing ; whidi was of no fmall importance for our good encrratie, and motiaes for many, to further and favour the ac- compltflunent of the proiiiife lately made vnto vs. ' ' ♦jtV m .It' •V[.-i/f I Sect. LXV. // i-rii!-' % ■ 1;'^ a Ne day aftcrdinncr,(as was the ordinary cufiome) The General), his Captames, and the better lore of his followers, being aflembled in the Cabbtnof th^ Poope in conference, an eager contenton arofe a ' mentwaslittletoberefpcfted iwhereuntothe GeiKr;all,replyed^. ' 'That kiKJwJedge was not alwayes incident to yeares, ( mongh realbn retjuireth, that the Aged (hould bee the MrUi^ft) bat an Art, acquired by a£lion,and management of af&ires^ And there- fore they would be but certified^ what I had feene, and what my iudgcment was in this point, vnto which, feeing I could not well cxcufc my fclfe,! condKccnded ; and callijig my witstogethcj',hoi'- ding it better, to (hoote out my boult, by yeeldingvn(iofeafi>n, C although Imighterre) thentoftandobftioate,my will being at warrewith myconfent, andfearingmydeniall might be taken for dilcourtcfic,(whichperadventare might alio purchafe m$ miflike * with thole, who feemed to wi(h me comfort and refiitotion. I (ub- mitted to better iudgement, the reformation ofthe presto A^enok bjy i laying, Syr, vnder the capiiuiation of /Okmm ^«ifrr4, (or fayre . warres) I haue evcrvnderftood, and lb it hath beene observed ia the(c,aB alio in former times, that prefervtittooof tilcy^iid good entreatiebftheprifoner, haoe beene comprehended e9«4 farther by no meanes to be vrged to any thing contrary to hia «Q|i(0ei|pe, ai touching his Religion i nor to be fedoced^JBCBMod ftoo» tht allegeanse The Rcfolv tionfcc. His Ohferyations. ac^ iiongh ) iHic there- it mv •twell T>hoU iDg at en for I (ub- iTen** fayse red in good iKtber ffce. th« icanse idj allegcancc due to his Prince and Countrcy ;butrathcrtor.infome him for his moneths pay. And this is chat which Ihaue knowne pradiledinourtinies,ingcncralIamongftali civil! and noble Na- tions. But the Englilh,hauc enlarged it one point more towards S,eoSe the Spaniards rendred usuena querra^ in thcfewarrcs; haue ever Bn|ii«i, delivered them, which haue becne taken vponfuchcompofltions, without ranfbme : but the covetoufnes of our Age hath brought in manyabufes, and excluded the principall Officers from parta- fhciedam' king of the beoefit of this privilcdge, in leaving them to thedifcre- tion of the ViAor, bcemgmany times poorer, then the common Seuldiers, their qualities confidered, whereby they are common- ly put to more, then the ordinary ranl6me,ana not bcirgable of therafelaesto accompli(h it, arc forgotten of their Princes, and IbmetimesfuiFer long impryfonment, which they (honld not. With this,Dw i?^//r4» fayd, This ambiguitie you haue well re- p.^ j,/,,^ folved; Andlikeaworthie Gentleman ( with great courtefieand lansfied liberalitie) added \ Let mtthekJifomttraubUyou: but bee <'/|''<'^ -nf^" V t9mf»rtiforlheeregiuejtumy word aneWtthit your ranfome (if any fidlbee thought due) pall be but a eofUofGrty^iouttdsfor mee\ auJ o- ther two far my Brother, the Conde dc Lemes, AnJt this Ijroeare toyo» fythehabit ofAleautera, Provided alivayesjthat the Kifig iny Ma- tter leaae you to my dilpofe, as of right you belong vnto me. Foramongftthc Spaniards in their Arii»adoes, if there bee ah abiblote Generall, the tenth of all isdueto hinijand he is to take choife of the beffc t where in other Countries, it is by lot, that the . Generalls tenth is given ; And if they be but two (bippes, he doth the like, and being but one, fliec is of right the Generalls. This I hardly believed, vntili I faw a Letter, in which the King willed his Vice^ioy, to giue Don Beltran thankes for our ihippe and Artillerie, which he had given to his Maieftie. I ycelded to the Generall, moft heaitie thankes for his great favour, wherewith hee bound mec ever to feekc how to ferue him, and deferue it. i X 2 Si < T. V *■* ' V ^ w -«4. J m*~ ^ \ 164. S^*^ R: Hawkins Sect. L X V 1. . Sliort nrrow(s tOfMutki'ti' «*''■ ■ •; .t';v ^U this difcourfc General! I^ichadl A^itll deman- ded , for what purpofe Icrvtd the lUtlc fliorc Arrowcs, which wee had inour(hippe,andthore in fo great quantitie : I latisticd thcm,ihat they _ were for our Muskets. They arc not as yet in vie amongit the Spaniards, yet of Angular eftc^ and exceucion as our enemies confcflcd ; for the vpperworkeofthcirlhippes being Muskets proofc, in aU places they pafTed through both lidcswith facilitie, and wrought extraordinary difaftcrs, which caufed ad» miration, to fccthenafelucs wounded with fmallfhott, whercthey thought themfelucs fecurc-, and by no meane8C0ul4 find where they entred.nor come to the fight of any of the ftiott. Hereof «hey proycr^ o profit themfclucsafteir, butfor chat they wanted the tampking^, which ai;efirft tobe driven home, bcfoie the arrow be put in,^ as then vn^erftood not the iccret,tbcy reiec- ted them, a$ vncertaine, and therefore nottobc vied,bnt.ofalI the fhot vfed now a day«s, torthe annoying of an Enemie in %ht, by Sea,feware of greater: inoment for many reipe^s : which I hold not convenient to create, of in Pnblique. Sect. LXVII. John Oxmitu What the Sj, mitrms are. "^h. Rl'- • ■ m Ml ^,1 1; Little to th? South-'wards of t^ctfand of Pearlc, be twixt fevenand eight degreeSjis the great River ot Saint Baefta V,entura, It fallcih Into thie South Sea .^^J^y with three mouthes, the headofwhich, is buta little Vo cc to the °'^^^"^ '""^"^ ^^^ North Sea. In Anno 1 5: 7 f . or i' 5 7 tf. one leha SomhSer *^ Oxwan of Plymouth, going into the weft //;<*«, ioyncd with the SymAroas. Thefe are fugitiue Negroes, and for the bad intreatie which their Mafters hadf given them, were then rctyred into the moun- taincs, and lived vpon the fpoyle of fuch Spaniards,as they could maftcr, and could never be brought into obedience, till by com- pofition they had a placclimmitted them for their freedome,where they fhould line quietly by themfclucs. At this day they haue a great His Obferyations. i'. Sect. LXVIII. Omping in fight of the Hands ofPearles,thewinde brgan to iretti in wi^h vs, and wee profited cor feluesof it : but comming thv«rart of a linall I- land, which they call /4 Packet A^thzi lyethwith* in t|ic Pearie Hands, dofeabourd the inftyne,and fbme eight or ten Leagues louth and by weft froAi Panama^ the wind calmed againc. This Hand belongeth to a private man,itisa round humock, j^ pmcIhu conteyning not a league of ground, but moft fertile. Infbmuch chat by the owners induftrie,and the labour of foroe fewe (laues, who occupie themfclues in manuring it j and two barkes, which hecimployeth in bringing the fruit it giveth,to Panama i it is fayd CO bee worth him every weeke,onc with another, a barre of fiiverj valuefi betwixt two hundreth and fifcie, oY three hundreth pe* zos : which in En^lifli money, may amount to fiftie or threefcore pounds .'and for that, which Ifawatmy hcm^in Pumma^ cou« cbing this, I hold to be true. hi our courfeco fetch the t'prt of Panama, we pntt^dr felues betwixt the Hands and the Maine : which is a goodly 4»rfAW4, where all ihefliippes vie to ride ; It isibmetwoLei^w weft north; weft of the Cittic, which hath alTo a Pert: in it ielfe f<>r fmall Barloh BeltranAicwedmec a Letter from the King his Maftcr,dire£i:cd to theVice-roy, wherein he gauc'him particu- lar relation of ray pretended voyage i ot the fliippes 5 their burden ; their munition ; their number of men, which I had in them, as per- fe^ly as it hehadfeeneatl with his owneeycs , Saying vnto me • Heereby^may jou difierneiWhether the Kingmy M after hue friends in Bi9glind<,(iod good and fpeedie advice of all that fajfetb. Whercunto I replycd i Itwasra wondir, forthathehadplen"^ tie of gold and filvcr, which worketh this and more {b'angecFEeds : for my lourncy was publique and notorious to all the KmgdomCy whereuntoihee replyed, thst if I thought it fb convenient, leaue fhould be given rae to write into England to the Qpeenes Niaicfiie my MiOre/Ie, to my F ather, and to other perfbnages, as I thought good i and leaving the Letters open ; that hee would f:nd fomc of lhcm,inthc Kings Packet,others to his Vncle DonRodrigo de Ca* firoy Cardinailand Archbifhoppeof 5?w//, and to other friendes of his : Not making any doubt but that they would be fpeedily in England. For whicS I thanked him, and accepted hiscourtefie, and although I w^s my felfe vnable to write, yet by the hands of a (crvantof mine, I wrote threcorfourecoppies of one letter tomv Father, Sir John Harvkim, In which I briefly made relation of all that had fucceedcd in our voyagr. Thcdifpatchesof 5/4wand/»fB' 5/4/»?,wcnt by ordinary courft in (hips of advi(c ; but that for the Peru was (enc by a kinfeman of the Ckntr:i\\s^Q:i\cAT>onFraneifcodehCuena. Which being difpatched, Dott Beltran hafted all thti^efcrhee couldyCopathisfliippes inoicdcr,torctunieto£;w/r. Heecauf*^ the "-<'. .1 His Obferipattous. I dp the Daintie lohc grounded, and trimmed, for in thofc Hands, ic highcthand tallothlomc fittccncor fixtccnefootc water. And the General! with his Captaines,and fomc Religious men being aboordhcr, and new naming her, named her the i^'/faaiiw ^ for that fticc was /cndred on thediiy,on which they celebrate the villtationot the blefled Virgin Mary. In that placi the ground be- ing plainc and without vantage,(vvhcrcby to helpc the tender (idcd aira tharpe Ihippcs) they arc torcedco fiiore thcra on either (ide. In the midcit ol tht ir folcmnity, hcr'props and ftiores of one fide h\y^ Icdandfofhee fell ovcrvpon tlmt flue luddcnly, intreating many of them ( which were m her ) very badly, and doubtles h^id Ihee bin like the Ihippcs oftl;c S9Uih Sca^ (liec had broken cue her bulge : butbcu^ without M.iiies and empty, (for ill the South Sca,\vhea tbsy briHgagcoua4* (h;ippe,they kmc neither maft,balaft, nor a- ny other thing abourdjbclidcs the bare hull) her ftrengtbwa&fuch, as it made no great fliow to hauc received any domage, bur ;ho fcare fhecput tjie.m all into wii^ not little, and caulcd them to runne In thofe Hands i> no fuccour.norrcfrelhingionelyfn the one of them, is one houle of ftrawe, anda little fpring of imall momcnc. For the water, which the ihippcs vie tor their provifion 5 they fetch from another Hand, two Leagues well north-weft of thcfe ; which they call Tib.igay having in it iorae fruite andrefrcdiing, and ib.^e fcvvc //iVw^toinhabiteit. VVhat luccceded to mce, and to the reft during our Impri foment, with the rarities and particularities of che I'^tUy and TtcniX fii mc^ my voyage lospme^And thcfucccfTcjwitii the time I Ibent in pryIo:i inthePfr^jin theTerceva^'m SevtH^2n^\Vi ji/.?^W,with the acci- dents which befell me in them; Ilcaue for a fccond part of this difcourfe, li God giuc life, and convenient place and rcW, ncccfla- ryforfb tedious and troublefome a wojke .- defiring God, that is Almightie, to giuc his bleffingto this andthcrellof my in- tentions: that it and they may bee fruircfull,to his glory, and the good of all : then (hall my dc- fircs be accomplilhcd, and I account niyfelfemofthappie. To whom be all glory, and thankcs from all cternitis F I N I 5. >C!» Errata fic corrioe. FDlJo 5. for recatity read recotmt, fol.7.and 9. ferwafim^rad w^^ert, fol.j. line 7.for/zj*f , read Ai^.fol. 1 5. iotfirue tad/oMe. fol. 23. for ir^ „ot, rcadwf vere not. for the River oUeromino^ read /«»«ro. for r0/;,rcad nofe. Theiicteralls are commended to favour. o'^- 'sm^'^iMiSiS^ii^i^ifmiSi^l^^ m I 'm The Tabli of the principall Obfervations contcincd in this Bookc. >foI.9. IPC not, dtto/e. t^ A Folio, QyfhdntAge of obed icncc. 9 1 Advife by Land and Sea. 117 Advertijements for Comman- ders. 91 Forfcrvitors. 92 Ainanapes, 62 Noblencs of AIok/o dejoto, 10 } AlcAtriees, 44 Amher-grice* 4<5.47 Amtie of the Indians. \i6 Mending of vnfcrviceablc An- chors, 87 Light Anchm^i for the South Sea. 102 Arica, 114 Valour of the Arawcms. 107 ^ Much commended for all forts | of fruit and gold. io6\ Spanifh/^rm^titf.. 125 Arrogancy oiihz SpanilhGcne- rall. 140 Overcharging oi Artillery. 1 1 j Courlcsfor Artillery after bour- ding. i4y Donna AuJirtA ia the narrow Seas. 21 B ^Ackwardftefg of ' Cortpa- > nies. 90 Folio. Evill coni('quences thereof, ihid sMivia. 96 Engli(h54y. 82 Thc5fz,drftone. 47 JS^^/f pickled. 69. held good be- yond the £quino£liall. ibtd BlitnehesBxy. Pollicies to avoid Bourdi»l, The Bomta. Braftlkaownef^c, Bravo, befcription o^Braftl, Its Hauens. Commodities and wants. 5^//j/anddifeommodities. ihid LofTc of th e Bnrdeaux Flecte. 9 77 X38 42 38 29 ^4 65 Y^\(iCdking. 18 Prevention thereof. ibid Thomas Candifh.%S, iurprifcd 58 24 68 112 62 61 Parts Canary Hands. Grand Canary, Capo BUnco. Ignoble Captaines. Difloyalties oi Captaines. Beverage o(Ca/avy, Caf^avi Meale. Preparing thereof. S.Catelemk. Ya ' I The Ty>!e. Folio. Parts rcquifirc inti ckcftain. i ?o Two Chteftatm dangerous, x 3 j cherries. T5 People of C^//^. 98 Their weapons. 99 And hate to the Spaniards, iind Civit Catts. ? I CiniQoi Conception. 100 Vnu'illingncfleto follow couc- tous Commanders. 1 op ACommandernotto trutl his of- ficers. 127 Admonitions to Comwunders. 128. crickc.38.difmayed. 84 Lorie ofthe Edward Ctf/Z^**. 33. Clothes made in Ctqumbo. 107 Crabby Cove. 84 Care oi Currants. 3 5 1> J) Eparturc from Z;»4. I03 Devifes in fuddcn accidents. 76. Dirc^ions to be fecret. 1^0 DtfciplincoftheSpanifh. 4^7 C au fe of their prolperities. ihid D^fciplinencglefted by the En- glifli. 8 Pried into by the Spaniards 1 34 And by them imitated* ibid VitofDtfeoiteries, t Difcouery on the coaft to be a- voyded. |oo The Dolphin. 42 Sir Francis Drake vpon the h- thermoft part of the world. 9 j Folio. Providence of :heD«/r)&. 7 Ducks. 74 CLiz,abeths Bay. ' • x Difvleof Engines of Antiqui- ttc. 143 The EngUp carr>' vp their flag 20 Englifh Authours of Sea Difci- pline. 8 CarelelheffeoftheEffg///^. 127 Exchange of trifics. ^ Offtiecpc. ibid Exercifc alwayes necefTary. 2 6 £d:Fent$n. ., ^ *'" "V'"*! luanFernanaes, . . (op Dangerof f w. 39.By heating oF Pitch, ibid. By taking Tobac- co. iW. fiy dandle light./W. By hooping and fcutling . 40 By nature of waters. ' ibid Strange tree in fwtf. ay Beginning of the Spanifli'F/|i^. 125. Their intertainraent. i2» The Englifti. 7y. The Spanifh 1 30 ibid, pay dcerc for their rafhncs. 135 .Take a new relb- lution. ij^ Wnf,ji(hes. ,44 French and Englifh falute. ao French furprifed. $-7 To know whoirome/rW//. c j Fuego. s^ Endoi Fugitives. * ' m QAnnetts, ^. ,,■ *^ God propitioui. Therefore prailed. 54 84 ibid One The Table. lO' 40 ibii :. X2a )ani(h their refo- 116 44 ao S1 ^% %<^ A5f 54 84 I One One Shippc and fomc Gfiid ta- ken. 10 1 Euery (howcr, a fhower o(coU. thid, S.- R: GreenfilddX. Flares. lo Guls. 7 J Deceit of the Gunner. 127 Vf After Themai Hamfton. 20 Annoyances in Hurbours, 5 1 Vfe of ffavas purgativAS. s 5 Mafter/f//.-/y.w/trw. 86 Hawkins Mayden-land. 70 Helm-man. 54 / QAint/4j* 29. fackcd. ibid S. lames llznds. 54 The lefns of Lu beck. 3 tenero. 77-59 ■Vn whcrfibme llands. 27 Th eir hcat.«*«^.The brcze. ibid. The beftremcdie. 28 Inconvenience o£/mpreJ}s. j 5 Their true vfc. 16 Indians howfing 6 3. and manner offlccping. ibid Indians apparrell. 98 Indians poligamy 6; Indians trechcry. 57 Indians forefighr. gi Indians induftry. $7- difini/Ted laj.icdbyaMuIato. 124 Confequcncc of InfrttiJions. \ 7 lila Graund. 4^ Planting oiiuea, 62 By wottien. " Htd L yNknowneiTrfa^/. ^^ Careofapproch. ,/„^ Ncm; devife for itoppiflg u^,, wiAoutBowd. X04J telio. BcfttimeropaffethcZ^'w. 4S M j^Adeta. 24 Who to be accounted a ii/4- r/'wr, 128 His knowledge, ibid, and materi- als- ibid, for navigation » ibid The Mariners revenge, 43 VVilfulnefleof^/^rwirr/. loo S.Mmfis. 100 Care of the Mafter. 5 3 VnskilfulucfTe of the M afters Mate. 5 a Fitteft places of meeting, 17 Mocha. 96 Monkies, Parrots. 31 Influence of the Moonc. 28 Mutinies how to be winked at 94 Vnadvifcdnefle of th^ mnltitudet lie O QBie£lions refolved. Office of a Mailer. Of a Pilot. Of the Botefwaine. Of the Steward. Of the Carpenter. Of the Gunner, l.awcs 0(0 lor on. YexlutoiOrmges. Beds of Orrfn?tfid Seething Meat in Salt water. ^6 Corruption of Viduall. ' Vapours of the 5ai. The remedies, ByDyet. By Shift. By labour. By early eating and drinking. $bid* By Tower Oranges and Lem- mons. ibiei ^y Do&.or Stevens vtzxet ibid Byoyleofrz/ry. ibid ByayreoftheLand. ibid ^ihuksoi Sea-faringmctk^ xa Scales. 75 Setting theShipvponaRockc. 83. diligence to free ic. ibid Shcthing of Ships. yg In Sj>aine and PortigialL 79 With double Plankcs. ibid. With Canvas. ibidem With burnt Planks. WithVarniIhinCi&*«^, In England. Beft manner oishething. The sharke. What rcquifit in Shipping, The honour of his Maieftics Ships oftradc. i,g AH Shipsoiyifzne are not to be low built. j.jj Foure5% taken. ^ Dutie of a fmall ship againft a greater. ** ,., Shooting at Sea. 19. Mifchanccs Werevponenfuing. jhid Slo(h ibid ibii 89 80 45 2 The Table. 43 2 les 20 tS Felio. Sloth caifc of fancies. 82 Spanish dilciplinc. 15 2.1 5 3. 134 Spanilh officers. 134 Spauifli Admirall commcih to Leeward. i ? i Spaniatds parley. 134 Inexperience of the Spaniards. 126. WcaknelTc of the Spnnhrds, 9 i^aiii-glory oFthc Spaniards. 142 ScVej-itieofSpainc. J44 Exquifitc in the spjmrds and Poriwgjfs. ibid The Straights, 70 Second peopling of the Straights 76. South part of the Straights I- lands. 95 EfFefts of courage in 5/tfyww. 10 Acruell5/tfrwtf. 59 Birds like SwansM.hQiw cauglit, good refrtflimenc. 6g Swearing remedied. 41 T J) Efcription of T.nerif. 2