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Even war with all its i)oirible attendants cannot vie with it, destroying, as it does, in Canada and the United States alone, over 100,000 annually; and what must the esti- mate be if we include the drink-consuming nations of the Old World ! I)r. Norman Kerr has estimated that 120,000 die annually in the United Kingdom from alcoholic excess. Dr. Lankester estimates 62,000, and Dr. Richardson 50,000, deaths in England and Wales alone. The deaths from vio- lence traceable to drink is, in England, 775 per 1,000,000 ; in Italy, a sober country, only 240 per 1,000,000. In the United States 38 per cent, of the Imbeciles of the land are traceable to parental intemperance; in England 31.6 per cent is the estimate of the ratio of imbecility traceable to parental in- temperance; 14 percent, of the insanity of the United King- dom has been assigned to drink. Surely this should cause people to consider. There is no social evil which has had the fostering care of blindness, prejudice and ignorance to any- thing like the extent that the drink customs have had. Its blighting curse hH» been folt by every nation in civilization, / and by almost every family in the nation, for has it not had its victims from nearly every hearthstone ? What heart is there that has not been wrung with grief and anguish for some loved one that has been carried down with remorseless certainty to be swallowed up in this horrible maelstrom, only to be lost sight of in an early and dishonored grave. And yet high and low, rich and poor, alike, pay it homage. The high-born lady or gentleman think they must have wine to produce hilarity of spirits, only to be followed by dullness and stupidity. The laborer thinks he must take spirits to give him strength to endure fatigue or coid on exposure, only to find himself more feeble, cold and help- less. The sick have it recommended to them by their phy- Hician to make them well ; the well drink each other's health with it, and sickness follows. It is everywhere found plying its delusive and destructive fascinations among society. At the Communion Altar — oh horrible hypocrisy! it is blessed by the priest as the repre- sentative of the " Precious Blood," that which all Christians do most venerate. In the banqueting hall it is used as the emblem of our choicest offering in which to pledge our fealty and friendship anew in response to the time-honored toast. At the marriage feast it is the wine cnp with which the good wishes and hopes of future blessing and prosperity to the young couple are expressed. At the birth and christening new hopes are pledged with it, and at the waking of the dead its foul presence is again found, often turning the place from a solemn concourse into a bacchanalian riot. In the ball- room and on the battle-field hearts boat quicker, nerves grow unsteady, and eyes glisten with a strange, dreamy,weird- like* expression through its influence, and many a stronghold \ / I. •■>" of virtue, or honor, as well as military, has been lost or won through its subtle power. It not only affeets the millions who now tread this earth for weal or woe, but it is now affecting the unborn millions yet to come. It touches the father, and he propagates an offspring the result of a diseased gemiy predisposed not only to inebriety, but also to dishonesty, eccentricity, insanity or imbecility. It touches the mother, and an otherwise healthily generated offspring imbibes, with the very nectar of its life, the disease- producing narcotic, acting silently but surely upon the deli- cate nervous system, preventing its growth, predisposing to nervous disorders and stomach complaints, and laying, as many believe, the sure foundation of an uncontrollable desire for strong drink or narcotics. It touches not only the physical condition of man, but also affects his mental and moral being. The prophecy of the ** Earth-born Spirit,"* given in the Allegory, " Satan in Council," has been more than fulfilled, and yet men see it not, but go blindly on to their own destruc- tion, and alcohol goes on with its killing, under the distin- guished patronage of the ajffluent and the great. How long, Lord ! shall ibis fair world Be ravaged by the foe. Which hath its tens of thousand hurled Into the realms below ? How long shall men delight to dwell Amid the giddy throng ? And share, alas ! a drunkard's hell ? How long ! O Lordl ho^ long? * Eight centuries ago. Vide p. 7. 6 How long, Lord 1 shall Satan greet The rictims of his will, Who bend themselves before his feet And sing his praises still 7 How long shall fallen men rejoice With revelry and song, And disregard Thy warning voice ? How long, Lord 1 how long 7 How long, Lord! shall parents wring Their hands in bitter woe, And children curse the damning thing Which laid their father low 7 How long shall Christian men defend This soul-debasing wrong, And thus the Tempter's power extend 7 How long, Lord 1 how long 7 How long, Lord I shall there arise. The enemies of weal. Who greet with scorn the widow's cries The orphan's faint appeal 7 How long shall men forsake the right. And in their lives prolong This social curse, this moral blight 7 flow long, Lord ! how long 7 «* / Jb^ V.:l'ji .•*i V s- m / ^ ■V s n^ SATAN IN COdNOIL— AN ALLEGORY. - Once upon a time, far back in the remote past, Satan, the Prince of the Power of the Air, called a council in Pandemonium. Upon his throne of fire sat Lucifer himself, and upon his awful brow gleamed a bnrning diadem, that glowed and flashed like Hying lightning in the murky air. Myriads upon myriads of fallen spirits— rank upon rank of '* Principalities and Powers," thron(2red to the hall of audience. All forms of evil, grim and horrible, gathered around him like satellites around a blazing star. Silent they sat in that illimitable hall, which the sulphurous flames lighted up, ^prhile the lurid smoke hung like a mighty canopy orer the scene. Then rose up Satan— born to rule, who '* dwelt like a star apart," matoh- loss in evil as in power, and to the infernal multitude thus spake : Princes and Potentates, who do my bidding, and who best serre me when ye thwart most the Almighty ; Listen ! Ye know that we have tried our subtlest wiles upon the race of man, that we have tempted him at all points, and yet so is be hedged in by holy influences, and watched over by good angels sent from above, that scarcely can we destroy a single soul. I cannot glut my vengeance upon him as I would, to spite Heaven's Monarch. Most noble chiefs, I have called you together to take counsel of your wis- dom how we may best ruin mankind, while they dwell upon earth, and afterwards to bring them to this pit of woe. Speak ye, each his mind, and to him who shall give wisest counsel, and oifer strongest means to effect this, our royal purpose, I will give the dominion of the earth and the inhabi- tants thereof, and a seat at my right hand forever I " Thus spake the fiend, and hell to its inmost centre resounded with ap- plause. Then rose up Moloch, "horrid king," besmeared with blood of human sacrifice," and spake : " O chief of many throned powers, that led the embattled seraphim to war, I claim the offered prize. I am the spirit of cruelty. I hardened the heart of the first murderer. Qive me the dominion of the earth, Satan and I will make it one wide Aceldama. I will sharpen the assassin's KUlIUj ObC. ,• « • • t » •• ».• •• • • •• .»,• • • • \k 8 Scarce, amidst applause, bad the fierce Moloch taken his seat, when Belial arose — the fairest seeming, but withal the subtlest of the fallen poten- tates. Graceful in form and aspect, eloquent in speech, and thus he spake : "I am the spirit of Discord, without me war and cruelty could never be. Be mine the task to rule tho world. I will spread all false reports and set every man against his neighbor, and darken the counsels of the nations) '^ till anarchy, conflision and hatred shall arise and fill the whole earth, &c. ^ ^'Let the dominion of the earth be mine, master, and thy realms shall v'be peopled With the souls of men l** ^ ebjtfflien Mammon, *';»•; ,^ ; i^ ;"*; . Thus spoke Mammon, and a;# h^' paused, Satan "grinned horHbly a gihast- "-i^jfltniie"^ upon his st^rvant. Then up rose Ariamnes, the Destibyei't^,' kBd spake thns : ^''"0 thou arch ruler of the damned, listen unto me! The volcano, the ' avalanche, the earthquake, the pestilence, and famine are mine. Be it mihe 'to rule the earth. . . -jU'iu^^uHr V'' "Be mine the task, Satan, to rule the earth for thy glory and mine." ' ^ XoUd rang the plaudits as the fiend sat down, and the rest obsequions •gave place, not doubting that Ariamnes should be appointed ruler of the earth. The tumult was hushed and all waited intent their great Master's "decision ; when, suddenly, from a beetling cliff, far out iti the burning lake, ^ arose a blue, lambent flame, which, while they gazed, took shape, a horrid ''fifaape; and stood before the assembled fiends. -^ " ; ' ' "'/^' ' It was clad itl vesture wet with blood; the gore fiung beavylfrdm its matted locks, and the fierciest fires of hell shot from its burning eye-balls. '"fiVen J^atan started and turned pale with fear, and hell shrank with horror and dread amaze. i^^ ^* Ha I ha 1 ye fear me then 1 " hissed the horrid monstei'. " Ye know me not, powers of darkness, for I am an earth-born spirit, and have long, hid '^ myself ; aye for a thousand years, but I aiu now come among you to yield allegiance, and claim the offered prize. Fear not, Satan, but listen, and ^ let me be ruler of the earth, and of the sons of men, for none hath power ^ like tne, in all thy dark dominions. Moloch, and Belial, and Mammon and Atiatnnes, prbmise mtkch, but they Scarce know the alphabet of wickedness. * »v» * 9 Let them be my servants, the minions of my will, and I will both teach them their powers and mine. Listen 1 my shapes and names are legion ; I change them at will, walking ever in disguise, and to me all doors are open. Where discord and anarchy prevail, there will I be ; where cruelty is, there will I come, and burn out from the hearts of men every vestige of mercy, till they become fiends incarnate, and devise unimaginable horrors. I will stand beneath the gallows-tree, and even while the death rattle is in the throat of the criminal, will drive men to robbery and murder. I will lie in wait in the streets of cities, and plan the midnight tire i^nd assassination. I will plunge my vctims into prisons and poor houses, steeping them in poverty and wretchedness to the very lips. I will cast forth their families to want, wintry winds, and the bPtbe shall perish in its mother's arms, with its tears frozen to ice-drops upon her bosom, I will point the dagger of the husband against the heart of the wife, and her blood shall stain the cradle of his children. I will turn the son's knife against the father's throat, and his gray hair shall drip with gore 1 Where war and vengeance are there will I rouse their fury to tenfold rage, and blot from the soldier's heart the last vestige of humanity. The incendiary's torch shall be my banner, the crackling flames of burning villages, and the shrieks of murdered inno- cence, the music of my march. I will prepare the way for the pe8tile;i<^, and open to his ravages the gates of a million dwellings, which, without my aid, he could never have entered. I will spread famine and disease even in lands of plenty and health, and will seal up the eyes of all my victims so they shall not see or know, and the next plunge is into perdition. I will coil myself in the seeds and fruits of the earth, in the grain, sheaf and hanging grape-cluster. Man will boast his skill to turn. '* .By arts chemical spell " The sweet milk of the earth to an essence of hell " To ferment the sweet fruit, and corrupt the fair grain, " To engender a spirit that maddens the brain." The fierce fire shall urge me nothing loath from ray hiding place, and men shall think that they thus triumph over me ; but from the bubbles of the mocking wine-cup I will laugh them to scorn. I will sweep whole continents of their inhabitants, and give " woes and sorrows and wounds without cause," to the whole race of men. Yet who- ' ever is wounded by me shall seek mo as hid treasures to be wounded again. Let Jehovah send forth from his bosom spirits pure as the snow-flake to dwell in earthly bodies ; I will seek them out, and plant within their hearts an unquenchable fire, that shall consume them ; and the cherubim shall ■SBB 10 i watch long for tbeir return at heaven's gate, but ihey shall never again look upon their Father in Heaven. The student at his books, the mechanic at his toil, the laborer at his plough, will I destroy, and none shall stay me. I will coil myself in the brain of the sea cair«|J'rom observatioirive have the knowledge that ^^t- ea#m^ nations are proverbially great drinkers of alcoholic beverages, to wit, the beef and beer of England, the wine- bibbing gourmand of J^rance, the pufly lager drinker of Germany, the whiskey and herrings of North Britain and Ireland, the rum and salt rations of seafaring life, the game-eating and fire water of the Indian. «^v li J Hence, in treating intemperance, abstinence for a time ffom flesh meat is enjoined, with resort to ftruit, vegetables, meal and milk. Since the system is fillea with waste ma- terial and much retained carbon and essential oil and spirit from the beverages used, oftentimes eVen combustible gases, jw*f It Recommend baths, especially the Turkish. As the '^se of sour milk, butter milk especially has been found of 'great service to old drunkards in preventing a return of the thirst for drink. We recommend its use as an article 6f di^t. v':u--' '-p-'T .■/ ff>jfi)n''''ff 0'? vjeiT? (hnd'ff YciAs the moral and mental condition is weakdn«^d '^ we provide the patient; if possible, with cheerful attd wholesome surroundings. All these measures We adopt "Wbile we diligently ply the oars in the form of the Elixir ijqf gold, and other remedies, which it is indispensably ^necessary should be persisted in according to the peeuliar circumstance of each case. 'f-T^MTo^- i*H\^i\d *}h nrnir aJ 'Th^ principle on which these remedies act is by eliminat- ing from the system those elements which have an affinity for the poison, alcohol ; and, like the horse leach, is constantly crj'ing out, give ! give 1 I give 1 1 1 When by fre- quent doses the system has accumulated enough medicine to be antipathic to the poison of alcohol, the cure is made; on the same principle as quinine acts as an antidote u to the poison of fever and ague, or vaccination prevents small-pox. It being demonstrable that drunkenness has a physical basis in a diseased conditicm of the nervous and glandular systems it follows that its treatment belongs primarily to the domain of the physician, and secondarily only to the Christian minister or philanthropist, whose wise counsels, encouragement and help will do much to obliterate the traces of the past and cover up the evidence which recall with crushing power the mistakes which have led to the misfortune of a lifetime. Medical treatment hitherto has been limited to the treat- ment of the secondary effects of alcoholism. The treatment of delirium tremens is one thing, and the treatment of the cause of tremens is another, and a very different, thing. Poisoning by alcohol is one of the effects of drunkenness which may be hereditary. The successful treatment of this disease must not stop short of the cure of the hereditary taint or appetite for strong drink ; it is the employment of such remedies only that will cure drunkenness. This method of treatment is rational^nbecause therapeu- tically antipathic to the diseased action going on. The action of the chloride of gold, for example, is primarily upon the higher cerebral nerve-centres, the very seat of a diseased will and of the mania for strong drink. It acts directly upon those portions of the nervous system which when diseased, cause lunacy, epilepsy, dementia, and the drinking habit. In that form of insanity known as melancholia, this remed}^ has long been used. Bartholow, Nord and Trousseau speak highly of its effects in insanity. In neurastheniay or ^^m „ <«. V y^ ^^ t. V 16 nerve exhaustion from excess of any kind — the prevailing disease of the day — these remedies are daily prescribed. Chloride of gold is beneficial in these affections, and has been used in syphilis, scrofula, tumors of brain as well as in epilepsy and chorea; while Dr. Crothers, reporting on the hereditary transmission of disease, proves that syphilis, scrofula, and diseases of the brain may originate the mania for drink. Here such an alterative fulfils a double mission, removing the blood taint while curing the induced disease of drunkenness. It is obvious, however, that, no matter how rational any system of treatment may be as a cure of drnnkQiinesa, a posterior proof from actual trial is necessary. The number of physicians of the more intellectual and advanced who now believe in the possibility of successfully curing alcoholism is rapidly on the increase, although to effectually grapple with such cases in all their varied forms it would be needful that government should regard them as irresponsible dangerous persons and pass an Act making it possible to forcibly control them, while undergoing special treatment in an institution or asylum, conducted in the same principle as our lunatic asylums. •a 'ti? 'to '^Hmr -irA> e^n^f^r ALCOHOLISM. '•) V( Alcohol, contained in all alcoholic beverages, is an agent which directly affects the nervous system, and particularly the brain. When this poison finds its way into the blood, it acts in a very decided and injurious manner upon nerve* tissues. It lessens their sensitiveness and dulls their action. The individual thus intoxicated or poisoned is less capable of directing his actions and doing what he ought to do, or even what he wishes to do. If the quantity taken be small, there may be only a blunting of the fine edge of conscious- ness and right feeling. Of course, the effect produced is proportioned to the amount taken. But when larger quantities are taken, there follows a very marked decrease of physical sensibility, accompanied with mental stupidity and decided loss of the power of moral self-government. When taken in large quantities it may destroy life im- mediately, like any other active poison ; in smaller quan- tities, frequently repeated, its effects are very prejudicial, producing that condition of the system termed alcoholism. Being a cumulative poison it has a tendency to accumulate in certain structures — the nervous centres and the glandular organs (especially the liver) — in spite of its rapid elimin- ation by all the excretory organs and the skin (especially by the lungs) or its partial destruction withi n the economy. The consequences of alcoholism are usually treated by authors under two divisions, viz., dipsomania and delirium / i <^ f V 1?. tremens — the former term is used to express that morbid craving for intoxicating liquors, " drink crave/' which in many cases partakes almost of the character of insanity. Drunkenness is a degrading vice, which, like many other vices, becomes more and more difficult to discontinue the more it is indulged in, and is a fruitful cause of crime poverty and insanity. The drunkard is a nuisance to him- self and all who are brought into contact with him. He is artful and untruthful ; he breaks every promise he makes and is perfectly regardless of the interests, the feelings, or the happiness of others. It is to be regretted that, for the welfare of society, there is not some legal means of con- trolling him until he can be cured of his folly. Experience has demonstrated that there is no diificulty in curing the most inveterate sot, provided wo can only obtain control of him to a sufficient degree to ensure his abstinence from the use of alcohol, and the faithful use of remedies. The drifiking habits of our times, resulting in so much poverty and wretchedness, is principally due to the high-pressure system of living of modern times, which induces, among business men, professional students and fashionable, dissipating \^omen, a condition of enervation or enfeeblement of the nervous system from which, for want of rest, many do not easily recover. The panacea of the misguided followers of Todd in the medical profession is sure to be brought into requisition: alcoholic stimulants (depresbentsw^ould be more correct) are prescribed, and drunkards, like opium eaters, are manufactured wholesale by the advice of those to whom they apply for relief from a nervous disorder or neurasthenic condition which requkea only the use of rest, fresh air, food and tonic v! 18 ! I It has been called Death's Prime Minister. — D6ath, the king of terrors, was determined to choose a prime minister, and his pale courtiers, the ghastly train of diseases, were summoned to attend, when each preferred his claim to the honor of this illustrious office. Fever urged the numbers he had des- troyed ; cold Palsy set forth his pretensions by shaking all his limbs ; Gont hobbled up, and alleged his great power in racking every joint ; and Asthma's inability to speak was a strong, though silent, argument, in favor of his claim ; Stone and Colic pleaded their violence ; Plague his rapid progress in destruction ; and Consumption, though slow, insisted that he was sure. In the midst of this contention, the court was disturbed with the noise of music, dancing, feasting and revelry : when immediately entered a female with a bold, lascivious air, and flushed jovial countenance. She was at- tended, on one band by a troop of bacchanals ; and on the other, by a train of wanton youths and damsels, who danced, half-naked, to the softest musical instruments ; her name was Intemperance. She waved her hand, and thus addressed the crowd of diseases: " Give way, ye sickly band of pretenders, nor dare to vie with my superior merits in the service of this monarch ; am I not your parent, the author of your being ? Do ye not derive the power of shortening human life almost wholly from me? Who then so fit as myself for this important office ? " The grisly monarch grinned a smile of approbation, placed her at his right hand, and she immediately became his principal favorite and Prime Minister. ^ — Addison. Nerve Exhaustion or Neurasthenia is a debilitated condition of the nervous system, which leads to hysteria, insanity or dipsomania, and is manifested in many forms o^ functional derangement. Modern pathologists\\ook for a morbid lesion of structure after death to account for all derange- ments of health, but this disorder leaves no morbid lesion behind it, beyond inanition, but leads to permanently diseased conditions. The prominent symptoms are : depression, lassi- tude, nervousness prostration. The great changes in the con- ditions of life among people of modern times has necessitated great changes in their methods of work, and now we have vast numbers of people working with the head rather than 10 < 1 V ! f - with the hands. The high-pressure system of carrying .on business, added to the increased strain upon the mental powers and nervous system, has produced a marked change in the general character of the disorders of health among the manufacturing and trading people of the present, and nervous disorders are acquired and transmitted from parent to child, giving us a rising generation of high-strung, delicately-sen- sitive nervous organizations, which, in tuii, will yield an abiMKiant crop of nervous disorders. Nerve exhaustion is now hO prevalent, and is so rapidly increasing, that the attention of the piofession is especially directed to it. The brain worker plods busily through the mazes of diffi- cult problems during the day, only to continue his restless cogitations after he has retired to his couch ; weary hours are passed in fitful and enervating sleep, and he rises in the morning, feeling languid, tired and un refreshed ; and so he begins each new day as it were " handicapped " in the race of business, and, finally, exhausted nature breaks down, and suicide or dissipation follows as a sequel. Fashionable women whirl the busy round of fashionable etiquette in an ever-restless, unceasing activity, until nervous disorder is induced. The mechanic, on the contrary, goes quietly to his work, retires to rest at a regular hour, and takes his rest, and morning finds him with clear head, clear eye, hearty appetite, and vigorous strength for the day's duties. While the merchant or brain-worker, who is straining every nerve in the race for wealth with its dazzling miliiorw morning finds dull and listless, with no appetite for food and no disposition for work, but business is pressing necessity is an inexorable task-master, and the already debi- litated struggler nerves himself to the task, throws himself 20 into the busy whirl of work, vainly endeavoring to keep pace with the busy, rushing mass of human tide around him. Months, sometimes yearn, elapse before the final collapse : he becomes irritable, nervously excitable, fretful, melancholic, ^ and finally surprisei^ his friends by committing suicide (4 la a late musical genius, of this city) or becomes a raving maniac, a helpless paralytic, or, it may be, sinks into an early and untimely grave. All our cities and large working centres are tilled with mentally over-worked men and women, suffering from neurasthenia or nerve exhaustion in all its different forms and phases. Those especially prone to it are merchants, bankers, editors, lawyers, physicians, preachers, and, among women, those under the necessity of working hard for their own maintenance in shops, and as sewing wQfnen, and the ladies of fashionable circles on whose deli- cately-strung nervous systems the round of visits, parties, receptions, &c., &c., tells with woeful effect. Every year tens of thousands break down and fall out of the ranks unable to keep pace with the rushing tide of humanity. Every summer tens of thousands seek the sea coasts, the mountains, or the rural solitudes, for rest and health, only to renew the same old suicidal manner of life again. History gives numberless cases of over-worked men breaking down under over- work, and, in prime of life, yielding to increased burdens, to sink into premature graves." These, and many other, considerations have induced me to give syjecial thought and attention to nervous and brain disorders, as a subject for study and observation ; and the intimate connecting link between over-work or over mental strain and habits of dissipation makes it incumbent upon me to do so the more effectually to understand and treat the 1? ^ 4 21 disease called inebriety, which includes all persons maki rig intemperate uee of alcohol, opium or chloral hydrate, the diseased condition in each case being the same. Happily the progress of discovery in materia medica has placed within our reach medicines with which we can successfully cope with these troublesome disorders. '* Inebriety. — A very common, and an increasingly com- mon sequence of neurasthenia is inebriety. Indeed, the main cause of the increase and frequency ofthe disease, inebriety, in this country, and in all highly civilized coun- tries, is the increasing nervousness of the age. When a man becomes prostrated by exposure to heat — what is called heat-profttration — he oftentimes is left in a neurast- henic state. A few moments' exposure of this kind may be the source of neurasthenic invalidism, lasting it may be, for months 6r years. While in this state, an irre- sistible desire for drinking alcoholic liquors may tal^e *<> possession, and very suddenly, indeed, of one who never before had the least inclination for drink, and without any apparent cause, he may become an inebriate; an attack of inebriety may come on as suddenly as an attack of neural* gia, or insomnia, or hay-fever, and, like these, may often be a direct sequence of neurasthenia excited by exposure to heat. Neurasthenia excited by any other cause may have, and does have, just this effect; though not, usually, with such suddenness or violence. The neurasthenic state de- veloped, as it is so often, by the shock of bereavement, of domestic disappointments and griefs, anxiety on account of financial troubles and worries, may open the door to inebrie- ty ; and, so to speak, push the patient in, and^sometimes shut him up beyond remedy. Phenomena o^this kind occur in V r82 those who have never been aecuBtomed to drinking — some- times in those who have been total abstainers ail their lives — or who, at least, have never been excessive drinkers. Quite a large number of wealthy citizens of this country, merchants, manufacturers, speculators, and, in a few in- stances, professional men, who have acquired their means by constant friction, and great and excessive drafts on the nervous system, have sons who were born in the midst of this pressure and toil, who inherit the nervous diathesis and a neurosis, or tendency to disease of the nervous system, which breaks out in the form of inebriety. Meconism (Opio- Mania). — This form of excess in the use of narcotics is sometimes a sequel of neurasthenia. One of the effects of opium is to relieve, for the time, the depression — the hopelessness, worse than pain — from which neuras- thenics suffer. It is, therefore, a temptation to use this drug, beginning of course, with small doses, and increasing until the servant becomes the master— the patient a slave. In some cases there is an alternation of opio-mania with ine- briety ; they must take in excess one of those two poisons, alcohol or opium. In one case in which I was consulted, the patient stated, positively, that it was impossible for him to get along without being an. opium eater or an inebriate ; that it made little difitei^enco which he took, whiskey or opium, either one or the other was sufficient for him. Not all cases of inebriety or opium-eating have a neurasthenic origin, but a large number are of this kind. We can make a differential diagnosis of neurasthenic inebriety by the symptoms that accompany it. Inebriates of this kind, always, or almost always, have other evidences of exhaus- tion, such as insomnia, headache, nervousness, irritability,.. 7 ^ ^i» *: 4. ^ii 23 neuralgia, and the like; and inebriety in those cases is jn^P as truly a symptom of the exhausted state as tho other symjitoms accompanying it, and ought to be so regarded. Inebriety and opium mania of this kind are to be treated liko the other symptoms of neurasthenia, that is, by strong sedatives^ alternating with tonics ; and there are many of thene cases, at least a considerable number, that can be treated outside of an asylum — at home — and while pursuing their regular business. I believe in inebriate asylums and'^' have been for years their earnest advocate and defender, just as I believe in and advocate insane asylums, and there.,| is no antagonism between them. There are, however, a large number of inebriates that can be successfully treated outside of an asylum, just as there are some cases of mel- ancholia and other phases of insanity of a mild type that ^ can be treated successfully by a physician without sending them to any institution whatever, and, indeed, more suc- cessfully than in any institution, provided they have sen- sible friends and proper surroundings. The evil ofoplumr^ taking in nervous exhaustion is a growing one; constantly.' I am culled upon to treat patients who have added tbe'^ morphine habit to their weaknesses and pains. ^'* One way in which neurasthenia induces inebriety is, tbaf it causes, sometimes, a great and incredible tolerance ofi^ alcohol ; in those cases they can bear immense doses withi" out feeling any effects, good or bad — certainly no bad effects. Some of these cases are very interesting indeed ; one of my medical patients afflicted at one time with cei'ebrastheni^ (from which he has now recovered), at one stage of the dis» ease, when he was at the very worst, could takie^'W* full tumbler of whiskey and not feel any bad effects, although l^e^'p ^K, '■»- --■. 2* I Kill 4i was not used to drinking when he was well. On6 of my hay-fever patients in whom, as is sometimes the case, the attack were preceded by a number of days of profound ex- haustion, though he was not accustomed to drink at all, tells me that in one of those attacks of exhaustion, alcoholic liquor, in any amount, has no effect whatever." — Beard, HEREDITY. The writings of Dr. Grothers and others, being clinical reports of cases, are all proofs of the heredity of alcoholism. Besides this proof of the direct transmissions of alcoholism, theiSe clinical reports show that drukenness is a disease force that is readily correlated with other diseases, as epilepsy, lunacy and idiotcy. The children of an epileptic may be epileptics or drunk- ards. The children of a drunkard may be lunatics, epileptics, idiots or haye other manifestations of nervous diseases. If clinical cases prove these facts, we are justified by induction to genera- lize from them, and to apply these generalizations to all the facts relating to alcoholism in their widest sense. It will be seen that further generaliza- tion proves these laws to be true. Gbristtndom has been drinking alco- hoi for nearly nineteen centuries. Alcoholism is a disease of Obristendom. These laws proven by observation of individuals are verified by observation of the people of Christendom at large. The greater number of these people who drink at all begin to drink at the age of 18 years ; the greater num- mer cease at the age of 35 years. The greater number of those who con- tinue to drink after the age of 35 years never recover from the disease or,1 as is generally said, they never reform, and are beyond the reach of Chris- tian and other influences. It may correctly be inferred from this verification of statistics that drunk enness or alcoholism, like many other diseases, is self-limited. The average duration of the disease — this heirloom of Noah — is about seventeen years. That there is every possible variation from these averages, in intensity of the disease, age, and other points in individuals is apparent to any ob- Sv'rver. y. On the heredity of alcohol Norman Kerr, M.D., P.L.S., London, says : " The most saddening, and perhaps the most serious, of the numerous evils inflicted by alcohol on human kind is the hereditary transmission both of the drink- crave itself and of the pathological changes caused by indul- gence in alcohol. ^ 4* ^ 4k 25 Physical disease from intemperance is often transmitted ; for example, alcoholic phthisis, alcoholic gout, alcoholic rheumatism, alcoholic cirrhosis, and alcoholic contracted kidney. The blood of the inebriate is so vitiated and his energies so wasted that even with a sober mother a drunken father will beget a puny, debilitated, and stunted progeny. Thus it is that English infantile mortality is so terrific. The same may be said with regard to the infant mortality of other countries. Alcoholic neryous and mental diseases are also handed down ; for example, alcoholic epilepsy. The medical history of several families are narrated by Dr. Kerr, showing that the daughters of intemperate parents are apt to be hysterical and nervous, and the sons feeble, eccentric, and liable easily to fall into insanity. Idiocy is a common legacy from inebri- ates to their helpless children. This no on^ can gainsay. It has been observed that while the children of sober parents had been healthy and vigorous the children born to them after these same parents had lapsed from sobriety into confirmed insobriety were physically and mentally defective. Dr. Kerr notes a very curious fact, that after three or four generations of hereditary indulgence, the children of the latest victims, apart from any external temperance ipfluences, sometimes exhibit an uncontrollable repug- nance to all alcoholic drinks and thus are saved. The inherited drink- crave is always latent, and ever ready to be lit up into a blaze by the smallest sip of the weakest form of fermented or distilled liquor. In alsolute unconditional abstinence lies the hereditary drinker's only safety. All the terrible evils consequent on inherited dipsomania may spring from parental indulgence never ai^.oun ting to what is generally held to be in- toxication." PATHOLOGY. The pathology of the drunken habit as it is inherited cannot be demon- strated by post-mortem examinations or other means any more definitely than inherited lunacy, idiotcy, epilepsy or paralysis. The pathological con- dition as transniitted in all these cases is alike unknown until the disease is developed. The nature or essence lies in a tendency of the molecules to act in a certain manner when they are properly stimulated by relations of the environment. The lunatic becomes unable, by force of irregular action of the higher cerebral centres, to. reason correctly upon the relations be- tween himself and his environment. In the epileptic the motor discharges are given off so abruptly, and with such explosions, when acted upon by the 26 peripheral nerves, that a convulsion occurs. In the person who inherits alcoholism the opportunity to drink at once develops him into a drunkard. The pathology as transmitted lies in the moleculee of the higher centres which determine the character of brain action, and which is the field where pathological action arises in most nervous diseases that effect the character of the man and give him his mental status. We can determine the effects of light in the arts and sciences and in the development of growth of ani- mals and vegetable life, but wc cannot tell all about the constitution and motion of the molecules of ether which are, objectively, what we recognize ' as light. The pathology of developed alcoholism is determined by post-mortem ^ examinations, and is as well known as that of any other disease. The grey matter of the brain is congested, as well as the membranes. Generally ' there is found in the ventricles of the brain and in the arachnoidal cavitv an effusion of serum. In more advanced cases there is a chronic inflamma- tion of the brain and membranes, with a thickening of the structure of the latter, blood engorgement of the vessels, and various morbid products, as pus, sero-pus and seruin. It is well known that many other brain diseases may develope the latent hereditary taint of alcoholism which lies in the brain of every son of a drink- ing nation. The clinical reports of physicians who have made a special study of alcoholism, notably those of Dr. Crothers, show that tumor of the brain, syphilis, or scrofula, affecting the brain, and neurasthenia may develope a mania for drunkenness. Otherdisenses, as epilepsy, lunacy, &c.,'** may develope drunkenness in the person himself by transformation into this ' " sort of mania, as well as by transmission by hereditary descent. Excessive emotion may render a person epileptic, may make him a chat- tering idiot, or send him to a madhouse, and may even take away his life as with a blow from a giant. What wonder, then, that the terrible emo- tionnl forces, aroused by a " sea of trouble," spending their strength like a , cyclone upon the very unstable brain tissue, should make him a drunkard ? (Keeley.) Alcoholic liquors act upon different parts of the human system, that is, of the bruin or spinal cord and the glandular . organs. That this is true is proven by the results in con- firmed inebriates, special functions being ispecially inter- fered with. Thus, on the glanduhir system, gin acts on the / 1 1 ; t 27 kidneys ; brandy on the liver ; whiskey, especially Iwt whiskey, on the skin, whereas champagne acts especially on the brain ; wines on the kidneys, arresting their function and promoting the gouty and rheumatic diathesis; and for this reason we find different physical results in different cases of inebriety. In support of those statements I will quote Dr. Shorthouse, who, writing to the British MedicalJournal, says : " If a man partake of too large a quantity of good sound wine, or malt liquor, he usually staggers about from side to side, his gait is very unsteady, and, if he come to grief and to Mother Earth he generallj^ falls on one side or the other. If he take too much whiskey, especially that abomination which goes by the name of Irish or common whiskey, he is almost certain to be seized with an irresistible impulse to fall forward on his face. If he get drunk on cider or perry, the latter more especially, he is certain to fall down suddenly on his back, and apparently without any previous warning. He once saw a number of men — who had made too merry at a harvest feast — all fiUl down on their backs, get up again, and fall down again in the same manner. He had never wit nesscd anything of the like kind before; and was not a little amazed, as well as amused. The farmer, who was a very shrewd Herefordshire man, told him that that was the effect invariably produced by perry, of which his men had that day partaken' liberally. He has since that time seen several isolated cases, which have corroborated the farmer's version of the action of an overdose of perry or cider. Habitual drinkers of cider or perry are more liable than other persons to paralysis of the limbs ; probably this may be due to the sugar of lead with which some cider makers " perfect " their beverage. It would appear, then, according to this \ery r f 28 curiou8 observation, that the various drinks act on different parts of the cerebro-spinal system which preside over loco- motion, or act upon the various parts in a different manner, or why these varieties in the method of falling ? ■■,t' fi !■}<■* 'II' m.- i: ' 'V'ir: If' ■, '.? U:* ■ ill .-< •t;p.; '^^. •;- -.i'^'^n ■; ?.,. [ikil * . 1 iMfVifv 1 -. s J» -•i, -.t ^w ! / X '*"' TEEATMENT. This should consist in ; Ist. Isolation of the patient where possible. 2nd. Dietary restrictions. 3rd. Baths. 4th. Mas- sage. 5th. The judicious application of Electricity or Fara- daism. 6th. Tonic and alterative remedies, as found in special medicines. Isolation. — This is necessary in most cases in order to deprive the patient from the possibility of obtaining drink until sufficient time has elapsed to enable such a change to have been produced in the system as that there will remain no more propensity to drink. The welfare of society demands that Parliament should establish reformatories or sanitariums for the detention and cure of drunkards^ as it now provides hospitals and asylums for the sick and in- sane. Justice to society demands that a portion of the revenue Government annually receives from the traffic in strong drink, and the vending of licenses for the wholesale manufacture of drunkards, should be spent in their care and cure. Numbers of persons addicted to drinking, and unable to restrain themselves, voluntarily place themselves in prisons and asylums or under other restraint, and gladly submit to any treatment or surveillance, stating 4hat with- out restraint all else would be useless, as they could not trust themselves. A model sanitarium or institution for the cure of drunkenness should be situated upon an Island in the St. Lawrence where access to the main shore Would be difficult, and where even then liquor could only be obtained by a walk of ten or more miles. In such a situation, with suitable arrangements for comfortable residence, ample opportunities for fishing, fowling, scene-hunting, botanizing, geologizing, &c., &c., the worst forms of ungovern- able drink-craving might live in a state of happiness, sobriety and comparative freedom from restraint until the medicinal and restorative treatment had restored the patient to health and destroyed the craving for strong drink. In such an institution there should be ample pro- vision for baths of eyery variety, to suit each case as it pre- sented itself, instruments for the application of electricity, and provision for abundance of sunshine and recreation. Numberless cases of inebriety are directly due as a sequence to nervous exhaustion, or that condition of the system in which, without any appreciable lesion of tissue, there is a deficiency of nerve /orce. Over- exertion in business, anxiety of mind long continued, dissipation, high pressure in the mode of living, the vices of civilization and the neglect of hygienic laws, play a most^^ important part of the nervous disorders of individuals an#*'' their offspring by the reduced vigor of the nervous system induced. Diseases depending on an exhausted, as distinguished from a degenerated, state of the great nervous centres may be divided into two classes, viz. : the induced and the hereditary "" • induced include all those cases of severe functioL -jY^' men t which have their origin in some error of Uib ir : •: ^al ; the hereditary, those in which the offspring suffer for the faults of the immediate or remote s^ «- . at ./ «i progenitors (Campbell). Inebriety belongs to both these classes, that is, it may be either hereditary or induced^ which must be taken into account in the treatment. Al' who suffer from nervous exhaustion are not reprehen- sible, as they may be in no way responsible for the con- dition, but being in that condition the temptation to use stimulants is very greatly increased, and the habit of quiet tippling easily induced. In his work on nervous exhaustioTi^ Campbell says : , "Impoverishment of brain and nerve-tissue may be pro- duced by many causes not vicious in themselves. Of these may be noted severe mental strain, from the anxieties of a public career or of an extensive business, or the cares, risks, and burdens of a large and expensive family. The individual who spends his time in anxious watch ings of the rapid fluctua- tions in thevalues of the commodities on which his chances of profit or loss depend ; the responsible manager of extensive commercial, engineering, financial, and other operations in- volving much mental labor as well as riyk; the successful and overworked professional or literary man — tho politician, the student, the artist, the poet, the mathematician — all are liable to that slow process of wear and tear of brain substance, which, while it is less perceptible in its immediate effects than sudden shock, is far more serious in its ultimate results. In the female also there are many special causes, depending on sex, which induce nervous disease. Of these, too frequent child- bearing and excessive nursing are not the least frequent or important. Of a more reprehensible origin than those just enumerated are the cases of profound and distressing nervous exhaustion induced in the individual by the vices of civilization. The 32 inordinate use of stimulantB, opium, or tobacco; the abuse of the sexual powers, especially by unnatural excitation ; and the habits of general and reckless dissipation, which debase the mind and prostrate the physical powers, while they frequently inoculate the blood with the poisons of syphilis, mercury, &c., are amongst the principal factors of this class. The dulness and coarseness of the original tissues of some individuals may save them for a time from the effects of these vices, but only for a time, as sooner or later they must bow to the inevitable law, the principles of which they have so systematically sinned against." The brain and nervous system have a somewhat close resemblance to a galvanic battery in constant action, whose duty it is to provide a certain and continuous supply of its special fluid for consumption within a given time. As long as supply and demand are fairly balanced, the functions which owe their regular and correct working to the nervous fluid are carried on with precision, but when, by fitful and excessive demands carried far beyond the means of supply, the balance is not only lost, but the machine itself over- strained and injured, disorder first and disease afterwards are the inevitable results. In addition to the brain and spinal nerves, the great sym- pathetic system is materially influenced and injured by our demand ; and as inebriety, gluttony, venereal excess, moral delinquencies or depravity, and all other vices of a physi- cal origin, operate primarily on organs supplied with this system of nerves, and as this system follows the same law as the others, bj' which the more it is unnaturally excited the more its powers decay, it is not difficult to understand, bearing in mind the intimate relations existing between it •f J»- -¥ 33 and the cerebro-spinal nerves (Proctor), how indulgence in these vices will induce severe exhaustion in both these sys- tem of nerves, the one primarily, the other secondarily. Whether the nervous constitution be hereditary or induced, one thing is certain to the individual, anything that inter, feres with the natural direction of the current from any of the great nerve centres produces severe functional derange- ment (Ranka). As neurasthenia or nerve exhaustion is essentially the result of impoverishment of brain or nerve tissue, it must, when not taken on any distinct set of local symptoms, be treated on the broad principle of improvement of general nutrition. The precise seat of the exhaustion, whether in the brain, spinal cord or sympathetic system, is important to be understood for the wise application of remedies, as each of the great nervous centres is especially affected by particular medicines or remedial agents. Without entering here too minutely into particulars of treatment, as that is impossible, I may indicate the prin- cipal remedial agents and their mode of application. 1st. Rest, Among the tired and weary millions who inhabit this earth the cry for rest has always been louder than the cry for food, because it is more difficult to obtain. Rest is not always idleness, for the best rest is change of oc\^'apation. We have a great number of organs in the body, and if we change jour occupation so as to employ each in its turn, and no one organ too long, then it does not grow weary and become exhausted or sink into a condition of disease. Sleep is nature's great restorative, and the best rest to an exhausted system is procured from sleep. Without regular and healthy sleep no human body can long continue to per- form its functions in a healthy and efficient manner. iHi 34 A wido range of nervous muladies may be cured by sloop. It is a sovereign balm for sorrow, wounded spirits, in.sjinity, peovishneys, reatlessnodH, irritability of temper, bodily weariness, nervous dyspepsia, beadaeho, neuralgia, hysteria, and will do much to reiievi the languor and prostration in wasting disease. For the overworked, haggard, weary from long-continued watchfuhiess or prostrated from excesses, tfie nervous from excessive anxiety or brain work th re is no remedy like sleep. To secure plenty of good refreshing sleep we recommend sleeping in a well-vontilatei room, on a good clean, rather hard, bed, with i*a empty stomach, nothing . hould be eaten for three hours before retiring to rest; cold sponging over the whole body, but especially the head and spine, just before bed, a peaceful mind and quiet conscience, then, with the avoidance of everything that would tend to produce disquie- tude, agitation, annoyance or aggravation will promote sleep and procure rest. . The habit of sleeping well should be cultivated, otherW^ise life will be short, and sadly imperfect. A sleepless condition is sometimes induced by grave responsibilities or by the administration of narcotics that is difficult to overcome without change of residence. When this is possible a change from an inland city to a seaside, with sea-bathing, fishing, &c., as recreation, or from a mari- time city to the mountains of the interior, will effect the desired change of condition. Never attempt to procure sleep by administering chloral hydrate, opium, or other drugs. A cold towel wrapped around the head a la Turban will have the desired effect in most cases. N.r v-*' 35 Pleasant occupation, and sufficient work to preserve the mind from the ennui of idleness, should always be provided. 2nd. Diet. Nations living largely on meat diet are proverbially given to the consumption of large quantities of alcoholic beverages, while nations living on a diet composed largely of starch, such as the rice-feeding populations of tht tropical east, and the fruit-eating populations of the south of Europe and America, are less given to drunkenness than meat-eatinsr populations. Drunkenness prevails among the meat-eating people of the North of France, England, Scotland and Ire- land, Germany, Russia, Sweden, Canada and the Northern States and especially among the native Indians of the North and West, who live largely on game. One class of fermented food appears to create u desire for another, a taste for spicy condiments as pepper, pickles, mustard, sauces, &c. Butcher's meat, and alcoholic liquors are usually associated, and,per contra, a taste for plain-flavored vegetables, fats and oils are also associated. Persons in the hgbit of taking alcoholic liquors daily when eating butchers meat find they must give them up entirely when living on an exclusively farinaceous diet without meat, the liquor proving too irritating to be endured without in- convenience, inducing sleeplessness, burning in the hands, with headache and nausea, in some cases not being borne by the stomich without vomiting, and that in persons who a few days previously, with a meat diet, could take several glasses of wine daily with comfort. Coarse meats and salted food tend to promote intemper. ance, while regular hearty meals of fresh, wholesome glutin- ous food discourage it. 36 Vegetarians are seldom drunkards or smokers. I have never known one — and I have known hiuulrods — to be addicted to the use of alcohol, opium, or tobacco, or to be the subject of moral depravity of any kind. Thoy have purer minds and bodies than flesh-eaters, who seem to be rendered coarse, vulgar and feroi;ious in pro2)(>rtion to the extent to which animal food enters into the composition of their diet, with a corresponding tendency to selfishness, cruelty, and moral depravity. Englishmen are great beefeaters, and they have con- quered the world. History has always borne its testimony to the superior fighting qualities of Northern nations over their Southern neighbors, presumably owing to their flesh- eating habits, therefore this proposition may be laid down, all other things being equal at the outset of a campaign, the nation farthest north, and the greatest meat-eaters, will come oif conquerors in the end. There can be no doubt that total abstinence from meat is a most valuable aid in the cure of the habit of drunkenness. Sir Charles Napier, an English scientist, says that dipso- mania is relatively under control when a farinaceous diet is employed: among the articles that he specifies as antago- nistic to alcohol are macaroni, haricot beans, dried peas, and lentils, well-boiled and seasoned with butter and olive oil. He claims that the carbon thus ingested renders unnecessary and repels the carbon in the alcoholic bever- age. He also states that twenty-seven confirmed drunkards, and some brought to extreme prostration by their habit, have been fully cured by the adoption of a farinaceous regi- men, and adds that no diet will resist alcoholic drinking so effectually as one of macaroni and farinaceous food. ^ ^^r •%.■■ 4^ _llllllll» / 2(7 • The liBt of articles which are given under the vegetarian system of diet, for the cure of drunkards, as most valuable and pre-etniuent in their antagonism to a/coAo/ are : 1st. noaca^ roni boiled and flavored with butter, of which half a pound daily should be taken. ^'I believe no person can be a drunkard who eats half a pound daily of macaroni Ihus prepared." (Napier.) > ;; 2nd. Haricot beans, dried peas or lentils — soak twenty-four hours, boil well with onions, celery, herbs or other vegeta- . bles and plenty of butter or olive oil. , - ;i 3. JHice is useful, but less important than macaronii peas or beans. . 4. The various garden vegetables are helpful, as lettuce and salad oil. 5. Highly glutinous or sweetbread is of great use. It should not be sour, for sour bread has a tendency to encourage drinking. ,,„. i, t). Kipe fruits are valuable in the following onier-^ Oranges, lemons, apples, grapes, peaches, plums. Qf small fruits, strawberries are not good in many cawes as they con- tain an irritating principle which in many proiluce disor- dered stomach, heartburn and hives, but currants, rasp- berries, &c,, &c., are unobjectionable. Fowler on vegetarianism, a radical cure of intemperance, says : — ** If we enquire the cause of a vegetarian being dis- inclined to alcoholic liquors, we find that the carbonaceous iitarch contained in the macaroni, beans or oleaginous ele- ment appear to render, unnecessary, and conisequently repul- sive, carbon in an alcoholic form." Liebigsays; — "Alcohol ^^ .and fat oil mutually impede the secretion of each other ^^ through the skin and lungs; the use of cod liver oil has a bn 38 ^t r ^ : fi tendency to promote the disinclination for the use of wine." According to Liebig, Napier, Fowler, Schlickeysen and others, most people find that they can take wine with ani- mal food but not with farinaceous or amylaceous food. Milk is a most valuable article of diet for inebriates ; it is a per- fect food, possessing nitrogenous, saline and carbonaceous elements, and hence supports life of itself. f^^^^''^^*^''^'''^^'^% Buttermilk or sour milk is most valuable for the lactic acid which it contains, and which if drank copiously acts bene- ficially in carrying out of the system the excess of waste material that the use of alcohol has caused to be retained in the system to its detriment, inducing snch disorders as gout, rheumatism, disease of kidneys, skin, liver, lungs, heart, &c., '■ It is the principal article of diet for the inebriates in some asylums on the continent. Oatmeal and Graham meal are very valuable articles of diet, 'ji'li',' "i^j ■ \*'5Q«''S?^r }:^S?^'tV'^^'^'^ .'f ift*^ ': "i'^'- ' ',^* ' *;TV'j;j«f n-vTii 'At ^- r-^ ': ♦^■rfji. -'ir'^^-rO'w i.J?J^ff>-'- " If we look around among the intemperate, we shall find the rule hold good that those who drink the most liquor, eat the least carbonaceous food, such as potatoes, white bread, fruit, puddings, &c., and the most meat." (Fowler.) fs^-r»M'' ' Some drunkards eat little except meat, and as this when very lean is almost destitute of carbonaceous properties, it follows that, as the system must and will have it from some quarter, liquor is drunk to supply the carbon, hence the Cause 01 tne craving* ,?i\m t*ii''j'i4>tyw(Tr>.JT''^!f?^t»*i'ii'*Htw; \s« .. A ▼»• ^\» ■-■■'..'■'%' -. •^v ^\m 39 ' Mr. Lewis in " Physiology of Common Life " says: " Al- cohol replaces a given amount of ordinary food. Ever}^ one knows how little the drunkard eats. To him alcohol re- places a given amount of food." •^ Liebig tells us that in temperance circles, when beer was withheld and money given instead, it was soon found that the monthly consumption of bread was so strikingly in- creased that the beer was twice paid for, once in money and again in bread. He also reports the experience of a land- lord during the Peace Congress at Frankfort. The members were teetotalers, and a regular deficiency was observed daily in certain dishes, especially the farinaceous puddings, &c. It was found that men made up in pudding what they neglected in wine. • - The second reason for the relinquishment of meat by the inebriate is this, meat by its stimulating effect upon the nervous system prepares the way for intemperance. Other things being equal, the more meat people eat the more likely they are to become drunkards. It is a well-known fact that by its action upon the brain meat has an exciting effect upon all our Y>(iBmons,-'':'''^^---'''''-^^'''^^^'^''^'''^'^''^^^^ Persons of a lively, excitable, mercurial nature are more likely to have a desire for liquor than those of a dull, slow or stupid nature. A y)hlegmatic temperament may drink moderately, a nervous temperament always to excess. ' Meat or any kind of food or drink, or any influence what- ever that will stimulate the nervous system, will produce or increase that nervous excitability which is so favorable to drunkenness. / .» » S ' ;,i « •' ■» ■ 6 It has been said of Kean, the actor, that he suited the kind of meat which he ate to the part he was about to play, seleot- I 40 i ir itig mutton for lovers, beef for murderers, and pork for tyrants. If a man be laboring under any formidable brain disease, the consulting physician will at once prohibit meat j or in the case of the paralytic, he must eat no meat, it is altogether too exciting to the brain, i«?jn8» i yw^i«j^5f>^«fif '"" That meat has this stimulating effect has been amply proved by observation. Beasts and birds of prey, who live on flesh, are cruel and ferocious. Feed an army largely on meat and you increase their ferocity and improve their fighting qualities, hence meat-eating people usually easily overcome those into whose diet meat does not so largely enter. Hence the old adage, give a prize fighter plenty of raw beef ■ i-f'^\tmi4^'< et ^ .i^a— (ifjlieijr i:iih^ti^n^\it\ That the ordinary domestic animals have their dispositions* changed by meat diet, that swine grow irascible by having flesh food given them, is well known, so much so that they will then attack men. A watch dog becomes more- fierce, and will attack marauders more readily, if fed on meat exclusively. '^^'^"^'-'^* ^^ *"• ^* .#tor0Jt(m^i> i^iiio?>«3«i 01 o'mA^^^^dl * The Lancet says (1869 and 186, vol.1), *' A bear kept at the Anatomical Museum of Giessen showed a quiet, gentle dis; position so long as he was fed exclusively on bread, but a few days feeding on meat made him vicious and even quite The celebrated "Joe Beef," of canteen notoriety, Mon- treal, has three large black bears and two cubs in a cellar While fed on stale bread, sugar and water they are gentle and familiar, allowing themselves to be handled. But a year- ^ ago, after having been fed on meat for some time, they grew* 80 ferocious as to be quite dangerous. One of them seized a child of the owner and carried him away into the dark' 4k 4^ 41 4h^ cellar, where the father riiahed after to the rescue. The maddened brute being deprived of its prey by the father snatching the child and throwing it out of the hatch into the room above, seized the man by the thigli, and would have torn him to pieces but for a strong blow dealt it with a brick on the forehead. On returning to the bread and sugar diet they resumed their peaceable disposition. The experience of all menagerie keepers has been the same. Dr. Thomson, London, in *' Experimental Researches on the Food of Animals, "quotes a narrative of the effect of a repast of meat on some native Indians whose customary fare was fruit and vegetables; he says: " They ate most heartily, stuf- fing themselves as if they were never to eat again. After an hour or two, to his great surprise and amusement, the expression of their countenances, their jabbering and gesti- culations showed clearly that the feast had produced the same effect as any intoxicating spirit or drug. A second repast wi:»s attended with the same result." A third way in which meat-eating perpetuates in temper, ance is by its irritating effect upon the mucous membrane of an already diseased stomach, increasing gastritis or inflammatory congestion, which exists in the stomach of all drinkers. By meat giving the stomach more work to do than would vegetable food gastritis is increased, thirst is increased, and this calls for liquor, without which a feel- ing of unutterable '* sinking is felt at the pit of the stomach," which a fresh glass of spirits relieves, and so the drinker thinks he must drink, and eats meat because ho thinks that alono will satisfy his hunger and strengthen him, and so he goes on with his meat and stimulants, stimulants an 1 meat, perpetually. Confirmed gastritis %r 42 result.*", despondency and excessive mental depression follow. When we consider that every confirmed drunkard suffers more or less from gastritis, and the marked interfier- ence with the normal functions of the brain caused by alcohol, is it to be wondered at that moral and religious influences, or, as some religionists are fond of expressing it, "the grace of God" is so powerless to save, or even perma- nently benefit, the victim of the physical disorder which wo term inebriety. The appetite for strong drink is beyond question a physi- cal disease, and must be treated as such. The stomach and other diseased organs must not only be cure2arke'] effect on the blood and on its circulation, and powerfuhy in i^v ce nutrition. The immediate effect of electricity, when judiciously applied, over the bod3^ is to produce a feeling of enlivenment and exhilara- tion, increased warmth of the body and relief of pain, just as is experienced when a healthy reaction follows a shower bath. Local electrization of the spine, or cervical sympathetic, makes the night's rest sounder and more refreshing. When applied generally over the body it improves the appetite and the digestive functions, and regulates the bowels^^besides improving most definitely the nutrition of the parts to which it is applied. It will improve the circulation in a part and restore a wasted muscle, but it is for its influence upon the vital functions that electricity is being constantly employed. The very remarkable tonic effects of electric currents upon the living subject may be explained partly by the direct physical and chemical action of the electricity and partly <-•♦ a ^'- i> X\J kj . 45 f-n t« ^ R- by the changes of tissue that accompany muscular contrac- tions. The state of the nervous system in chronic alcoholic poisoning is one of great molecular derangement. This is due, not only to the immense amount of hydrocarbon carried by the blood to the remotest tissues where a nerve filament exists, but to a direct condition of innutrition. Alcohol rapidly destroys the nervous curre '/its when directly applied to a healthy nerve. How much more toittt^ it affect th^ currents in nerves which draw their nutriti0A,'and, conse- quently, their force and vigor, solely from blood rendered fureviously unhealthy by a long-continued course of aloohdlic saturation. • The nervous symptoms produced by the abuse of stimu- lants may be confounded with locomotor ataxy, paralysis agitans, metallic tremens, partial paralysis ft*om disease of the brain or spinal coi I, and the early stages of general ■Daralvsis.'' ■''^*''' '»**« -^•i**^^-^'^''*^ vU^ij^saH ,f.ui>j#ii--. - .iiooaj&r'iioiyto ^ The mental condition called oinomania is one of constitu-^ tional insanity, characterised by periodic fits of excessive drinking, with obliteration of all sense of common decency.' ^ In treating alcoholism in the yoiing, all stimulants shonlld be interdicted at once ; in the aged, owing to the condition ef the circulation and the structural changes taking placoj stimulants may be allowed in greatly diminished quantity, and gradually dropped altogether. ^ The galvanic or Faradaic current should be administered e^ery night before bed -time for a short time (say 15 to 30 minutes) to the whole course of the spinal nerve rooti*,/ changing alternately from the cervical sympathetic aiid^ pneumogastHc to the pit of the stomach, as dii'eotly over the ^ 46 solar plexus as possible. In mild cases success has followed galvanism of the pneumogastric alone. In confirmed cases this treatment, conjointly with other remedies indicated, must be persevered in steadily for some time, to secure such complete restoration as may be relied upon. In cases of chronic enlargement of the liver, spleen or chronic congestion of the kidneys, or in cases of confirmed drunkards' dyspepsia, the application of a stimulating electric current must be sedulously applied over the organ deranged, and, if persevered in, the happiest results will follow. ** The very great increase of heat produced by muscular contractions, with the accompanying increase of heat pro- duced, the increased absorption of oxygen, the modifica- tions of endosmosis and exosmosis, the change in the form and color of the red corpuscles of the blood, all the recog- nised molecular and chemical phenomena that result from electrization of the tissues, help to account for the wonderful and often rapid increase of weight, with improvement in all' the vital functions resulting from the continued use of elec- tricity." (Campbell.) '^ The Acne Bosacea which attacks the nose and face of excessive drinkers and hons vivants is due to diseased con- ditions of the stomach and liver. Correct habits of living, total abstinence from stimulants, and a well-regulated milk, fruit and farinaceous diet assist in removing the cause. '* Experiments show electricity to be an efficient remedy for the evil effect of excessive drinking on the human nos^f (which, however, may be very closely simulated by th# effects from certain disordered conditions of the liver). By the application of a mild electric current to noses of theii *N a -* > a *L ^.■f-^p- '■■* ^ *;?■*■■?;*>• >V'"*^-T- >*■* >■ ■ „^'^^?-?;^H^-j'^^ -r^-^^^ In such cases, and every case of inebriety is one of these, Dr. Keelsy's Double Chloride of Gold Elixir is a certain and reliable remedy which should be administered freely in frequent doses five or six times a-day. jrt^^ jni^r^i v.l To relieve a debauch, emetic doses every half hour of a strong infusion of Serpyllia or Russian wild thyme for two or three days restores the patient thoroughly, which if fol- lowed by aromatic spirits of ammonia or liquor ammonia acetatis, completely picks him up and fits him for business. In opium eating the drug must not be interdicted from the outset, but gradually diminished and general faradization given. ^ , . ,i^.,^^' ;jii^vvi:^,y•^^i^^^ffv-•{A^a^■^'4ii:t The extract of the ErjHhroxylon coca, administered in tablespoonful doses every three hours, destroys the appetite in a very short time, and if the patient is furnished with this extract, and enjoined to take a dose whenever the desire to take opium or morphine is felt, a complete and radical cure will speedily result. .nmi hm: Mtm, / r^t'i -j^mv^ Those who make use of coca will have no desire to resort to spirits, opium or tobacco to relieve ennui. : ^^|*Va ^ivU}> It is the best of all medicinal agents yet known to the profession in all forms of nervous exhaubtion. No debili- tated or nervous lady should be without it. It is not a special 53 stimulant to take- the place of some other stimulant, but a wonderful tonic remedy affording a supply of true vital' *, Perseverance is s^n element of success which cannot be oaxitt€{d in the treatment of inebriates, and is required on the part of all interested, including physici(^»u^|riends, nurse, and patient. The foregoing combined plan of treatment is applicable with very slight modification to cases of inebriety, opium mania, melancholia, nerve exhaustion, hysteria and sexual disorders, bearing in mind that it is the way in which these means of cure are used that determines the result, and a return to active normal life the reward. The emaciated and dyspeptic by this means may be sur- prised at their increase in fat and weight of body, and by their capacity for taking and assimilating large quantities of healthy food astonishing their friends and relatives. The inebriate, by persistent use of the chloride of gold and extract of cinchona, has his nervous system and glandular organs so changed, toned up and restored to a healthy con- dition that absolutely no desire for a stimulant is ever felt, but to press it upon their acceptance makes it positively repugnant.,,,,,,,,^,.,, ,^p,^ ,,,;,, It is always to be remembered that a habit once learned can always bo learned again in the same manner if the per- son be so wanton or reckless as to expose himself to the modus operandi a second time. • - - No one can expect friend or physician to act as a special guardian angel through life to guard against the first be- ginnings of a new teraptacion. Self-respect and self-preserva- tion must be the guardian sentinel to ward off the first 54 . -„■,!/»■, r.i,":^=:":^ti approacbes to renewal of the evil habit; and friends are criminally!cnlpable if they lead a cured inebriate into tempt- ation by offering wine or other alcoholic bevei.Mge. '*^*^ This outline of treatment is most imperfect and hastily written, but I trust it may serve as a guide to those anxious to save their dear ones from the coils of this monster serpent, intemperance. - ^ ...,., . , . .j ... j ^ ^.ff*|?*%-*^^'^A.P^.'- r rV-^->« :li.",-.i^4;v/-, ,-M>-4Vt'-^'<*f''*'' ^^'V^/^^-'t'-.-r: it r J. !v-.'' <<► \ j f -!, \ J f '^■^i^'vjy^f ■■•■■■■ ■ •'■' 'mr DIBTABT AND SANITARY HEGULATIONS. ■^. I. An exclusively vegetable, fruit and farinaceous diet is necessary, while under treatment. The free use of sour milk, batter milk, or fresh milk in the absence of both of the former. %, Acid drinks, as lemonade, &c. Acid fruits, as grapesi &c., are very desirable* >,£^ 3. Hot baths morning and evening, or once a day, in the evening, must be insisted or^ and the body well rubbed with a hard crash towel after each bath. Sponging the body down with a sponge wet with vinegar And water is necessary every morning during the early part of the treat- ment while the night sweats continue. 4. " Early to bed and early to rise " is a good maxim to follow in these cases. s.f6. Eegularity in eating is essential. V:6. Regulate the bowels by taking seidlitz powders frequently, on an empty stoma,ch in. the morning when necessarv. ,7. Avoid taking liquor of any kind (if possible) while under treatment, or, if that course cannot be followed, supply the patient with a small quantity of every kind imaginable, and place them freely within his reach, telling him to help himself as this is his last chance, bat take good care that, drunk or sober, he swallows ^ dose 9f his medicine every third hour. ,. , . , . .jfifts - , J »U J ^ -^i I V rmmi^^sn^ti^am 56 8. There is nothing to he gained hy placing a patient under such restraint as will prevent him from obtaining a glass of the liquor he may have a craving for, since thereby an impression is left on his mind that, if he could have had it at that time, he might have enjoyed it, and he never ceases to remember the privation, and revenge it by taking a double dose at the first opportunity: in this way many relapses ^re to be accounted for. What is necessary is that he be confined to one room, where all his require- ments can be supplied, and where his attendants can be certain that the dfetary and sanitary regulations and the medical treatment can be fully carried out. m-;.,, /^ 9. It is indispensably necessary that thi^- feledicin^ pte- Bcribed be taken regularly as directed (which is usually six times a day, a teaspoonful in a wine-glass of water, or* oftener if the desire to drink is very strong). If nausea of the stomach is experienced at first the strength of the m edicine may be reduced until the stomach has beeorae accustomed to it. However a great point is to keep tlie taste of the drug continually on the tonguei. ^^ ^' au n*^ 10. The medicine must be continued in the usual doses until the patient finds liquor to be distasteful to him, and is inclined to refuse it altogether;'^ "^mm' ^« w^ .ii^«f^t«^ In this malady the nervous system and glandular organs enfeebled, are in a state of morbid excitement, frequently having undergone structural changes requiring the pro- tracted application of tonic and alterative treatment, with rest and nourishment, to effect their restoration, hence in old and confirmed inebriates the treatment should be con- tinued persistently until all doubt of a permanent cure has been removed — nature will then do the rest. i%Q^ ' t 57 t 11. As valuable aids to the treatment comfortable lodg- ing, pleasant surroundings, agreeable and helpful associates, wholesome mental and moral influences, are to be com- mended ; change of air, scenery, and habitual residence while undergoing treatment are desirable. Best of all the good counsel and encouraging hopeful words of Christian women, inspiring self-respect and good resolutions. 12. Where the patient loves liquor, and is left to himself, he will not take his medicine faithfully, but will pretend to have done so, whereas he may have been all th^ while spill- ing it in some convenient corner. Unless the person himself, or herself, is sincerely desirous of being cured, great shrewd- ness and attention is necessary on the part of the nurse or attendant having charge of the case to avoid being hum- bugged completely. The total abstinence plan in the matter of drinking liquor is always preferable where it is possible to carry it out. The u tmost precision must be followed in the treatment. The observance of the foregoing suggestions will greatly facilitate the cure and prevent -^ieappointment. -. i^oma iii£?Mi-^f -, l-liV : m biisi ^jBiif v^t^itP t»?M»5ii^ ' ']" " "■■-.Mi^%, U 'M-*mm'^*^'' '.."■'-''■■'■*■■■ ". ^'Oliif i^iU if^ik- s^^^^a? (i'i% %'^L -; ;' JfiriW ,J-'}^tiy^;^. '^^^^^^ ^v ■ • . miw^ ii\mi^0ifUfv' • .- •^^ -■(!f< »^? ■■•9*i j-'^**^^^* \ »H^?-!^tj^j j^j^ , mi5- .lU-kK0 ,_^ . j'.'j Wi ■^ /* Everj drunkard carries his sign about with him, and uaconsciously exhibits the ^ ' • ^-c «i •-' ; 7- . > >/ EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE FACE, t^^j $i^| /.iB^.^yi^'^Whatiiithehumaiiface ' , ' ;:^%M?f^d. ' •>.5ite'^B?^|ff "'-^PP**" ^i^** such alowly grace ^"•^^'^^i}*ii^-'^^if^:.^P^ ^..fX^- V* Ui^ >■ As the sweet bloom om. youtKs fair e}m}fiimii^ Ht ^m^mdrio l5> o^iyp ^^ ^^'^^ ^« P<>®^ ^<>^® *° speak?. =*' -^^^i^|j,i {^^ .^/|#i|>Ir 1*1 U'r I tell yQ^ QQ^ Jl^g ygyy tTUth I W^llll 'j ^ / ' . - .. * You can't^preserve it, soa or daughter, 'r^^^' / ^^^|: Without a beverage of PUBB Watiw. ^ „ i/Ji;^'"'i^:-fb.f.MU;o, ' Fve seen the man whose cheeks were flushed, ., And thro' whose veins the crimson rush' d, ,^^tx - - = v^ ,, Drivenbyhrandy, rum, orgin, ^a ..f ^i;j';^^^^ , • .; Or something alcohol was m : ^ 7, ^ You need not ask where he has been, — Look at the color of his skin : „^ J „ h:> i.tl..- A darkish, dusty, dirty red, ' . , „^ As if he needed to :be bled : ^v ,r Just such a face you'd like to miss ; , ^is:^^;^ Five dollars could not buy your kiss. ' , Grim apoplexy, tiger like, . ^ Is ready on his heart to strike, ' ,^ His days, poor^man 1 will soon grow shorter, ^ Unless he takes to clear, cold watbb. -'-•'>. 1 A. v.. 69 *► ^ i *■ It sometimes works another way, Still proving alcohol's hard sway, And shows bow easy 'tis to trace The story in the human face. The man is pale ; the liquor took ^he healthful picture from bis look ; At one time purple, then he's pale \ His face ? It tells a sorry tale I If no one sees him when be drinks, No one can know it, so he tbinkS) But there's his face the whole time telling Secrets about him and his dwelling. But hark, fresh danger threatens How, To undermine the temperance tow \ Under pretense of healthful cheer, They're advocating puffy beer, Thus many drink, and larger grow, Not knowing bow their faces show. Oh, how it swells and bloats the face, Rilling expression, beauty, grace I How dull he looks \ how clumsy speaks I He's got the dropsy in his cheeks I But not his face aione is damaged ; It's curious bow is mind is managed ; When playful, be will grunt or growl ; When still, he's solemn as an owl ; His habit, like a rope, grows " tauter.'^ Till beer be quits for clear, cold watib. Remember Temperance is the best Cosmetic with which we are blest ; It purifies the skin and blood ; Of evils, it prevents a flood ; It keeps good hours, — it keeps good cheer ; Brings joyful hope, dismisses fear ; Steadies our nerves, our limbs, our brain. And makes men feel quite young again, <-. ■J«>^5 ^V Ki^«- It kills off passion, want, and strife, ^ .,,,;,;,, ,, ,{ And other snaky foes of life ; ,,' \q ({ji^ Nothing will make such perfect slaughter p f^,^ft^ Of fiery imps, as fresh, cold watbr. , moSA 5 fTM J X Oh, would you then prevent disease ; Would you your great Creator please ; Would you enjoy continued health, And grow in beauty and in wealth ; And would you keep your youthful bloom , „ ^^jr Until you're old and near your tomb, .^ ^ „ And see your grandson's lovely child . ^,^j^ Look in your face and sweetly smile ; Then,cherish the great temperance cause ,^.^,^n: With or without the help of laws ^r vr And, by a pure, religious, life -mi 15^1 J Delighting Husband, children, wife ^^^.^^ ^,^^.^^,^ And copying nature to the letter, .n- Your only beverage be pure watkb. ^ i^f^gl^^ And, whether on the land or gea,^'^*^ ^ ^^'^^ Let your untiring motto be, '^^'^^^ffi ^^^^^ « We give t6 Alcohol no quarter, '^^^^^^'^^^^^^--^^ Our only beverage is pure water." 1; -^ *' -^^^ U'i} It /'. II ti . ^ n .i?rt'!. _ ^ -FINIS. ■fr^mi^^ix^r^v ■If^Hf^- iibm^- ^.fJF' f 1 r' ¥, . 1 J^\ .i^<'-W^'^-X ■•'";^'Tt'. .ili;,.it ;44ii. O. ■- ■ \ '--^^'^-'p.. i.i.^' ■■••1? ri^ t'V; ■ f- ii i>:V*'- ■-■«-; rt,"^ X J ^>^A^ ** 1 is' • J, ,■.-. ... ■ . t- ■■t "' ' ' ■'■ '■ ■'■■ vr^; S**" . " ■ .■ i ..- f. .'''iVi ■■■ 1 -,;■■.■■■ ' ■. ■■- -i'l .- ■■'■ • '. ■ KM, , ^f~'^ ^^-.^''-^lAjf-i^-^ ■ ■^^^^^^^'^ x^r ■;■■■ '■' ■ ■ "■ .'•-■:,■' ■ ■• '■■ 1 '■ «■