<>, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // z ^^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 S !^ IIIIM it IAS IIIIIM 1.8 U III 1.6 V] > y /^ CIKM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available fur filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. \^ Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Certains d6fauts susceptibles de nuire A la quality de la reproduction sont not6s ci-dessous. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul clichA sont filmAes A partir de I'angle supArieure gauche, de gauche A droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessair«f. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mAthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ! rr I ff. i aP »=i r~'»~Tr~ ' * ' '~-ir~T» — ir~» =ffi CONTAGIOUS DISEASRS OF CATTLE WITH THREE ILLUSTRATIONS. -^l o PRIZE ESSAY BT % J. T. DUNCAN, Toronto. I ' OTTAWA : PRINTED BY MACLEAN, ROQSR * CO., WELLINGTON STREET. 1880. 1 — ii — V — fi — V - iQi ff" ifii r iMi w I fj»^ i » ^i » -tt ' ! < /■; to /). jAy*^ '- ■ •' / /v '^ <■.. CONTAGIOUS DISEASES or CATTLE WITH THREE ILLUSTRATIONS. PRIZE ESSAY BY J. T. DUNCAN, Toronto. / OTTAWA : PRINTED BV MAOLKAM, ROQEft ft CO., WELLINGTON STREET. 1880. H'T.^'j^-^l^^Tf-yi, ,^ift*':: P R li F A C E . At llio Provincial Kxhibitioii, of 187!*, bold at OttJiwa, for which a grunt of ^5,000 was in;ilor of Agriculture, olferod a prize for thi best essay on (^atilo ()i>oaso, tho Hubject being of great itn|.oi'tanoo in nn agricultni-al ani cotnraeroial point of view. The es.says rooeived weio Kubmitted to the judgment of Proi'oshor Wiiliums of I'xlinburgh, Scotland, who made the follow- ing rojioi't : — " Having read the six osnays or, pleuro-jineunv^nia and the <•■/ tho onvel'^pe " accompanying it cont;iining no name. '• The csnay by Mr. Ilonry Jamo:^, Ottawa, pos-osses very g:oat " merit and deserves at least to be honourably mentioned. " I remain, &c., " W. Williams.'* Mr. J. T. Duncan, Volorinary Surgeon and Domon>t)'ator of Anatomy, &c., Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, is the author of tho prize ossa}' which i.s now publinhod for the information of all engaged in the production of, and trade in cattle, both of which interests are yearly increasing in importance. Ottawa, August, ^^^SO, CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. I. PLKU KO-l'N KUMONI A CONTA(; lOSA— INTRODUCTION. Ill treating of lliu coiila^ious (li8uu.so<4 ofi-atlle, tlie uno mcntiuiiod above dematidh our first attoniioii ; not only on account of the enor- mous injury it is capable of inflicting on tne stock interests of any country to wbicb it is brought — not only because of the proinineni'n given to it by recent events, but because of the facility rrith ivhirh it may he introdticed into a country itt present free from it. This it is which gives to Camidii such a vital interest in the disease. We are, and have been, free from its ravages. .So long as wo remain so, (Mir trade in cattle (now one of the most lucrative and important to the country) will not be subjected to annoyance and loss by legislative interference. While the Uniteil States, by gross governmental care- lessness, have allowed it to become firmly established in their borders, we are enjoying the. benefits of our own precautions in the matlei-. Our immunity from this plague is a source of gratification, especially to the veterinary profession, and if the Government, in concert with the profession, can preserve to the Dominion a continuance of thai immunity they will deserve the thanks of all. But we know not how long this condition may remain. Along our southern frontier lies an infected country. True, the West as yet claims exemption, but this fact has not been established by proper veterinary inspection. The inter-state trade is practically unchecked, und the only reason why the West is not affected is the fact of the roui-se of the cattle trade being from west to east. Nor arc we in danger of infection from the United States only, but from Great Jiritain as well. And other contagious diseases besides the one just mentioned demand our care and vigilance that they may not be bi')M-!it inlo the country. To supply the information necessary to guard ai(;iiii^i such plagues and to spread information regarding them in an avail- able form, these pages have been written. The more important facts will be stated as concisely and as clearly as possible, while practical matters, as distinguished from theoretical speculations, will receive most attention. HISTORY. Although various writers have stated that this disease has existed from time immemorial, no really good account of it was written till the eighteenth century. From the hazy and oxtremely general des- cription of previous aathovs, it is difficult to make out of what HfToftioii tlioy arc w riling. Sfuno, howovoi', Imvo mippo^tvl tlmt Viixil wiold <>r iiUMiro-iiiiuiiinotiin ho loii^u^dus l>o(oni (liu liii'tii of <'lii'i'^t. (plot in;;, III >iippoi-t ut tlmt opinion, i\ 'luscription t'oiin'i in tlio tliiril lioolv of tlu) , hiiiiny,' tin' iStli rontnry it pr<'Viiili!M.s uxd'ii.sivuly in lOuropc, itnii in 17<»'-* Itoiii-^clat, )i Ki'«>n('li vt'ti'iinary surj,'0(»n. Iii>t wi-otn a ^--ooil lU'-cription it' it. Not, how- WW, till iSlJwiis it liroMulif to(Ji«'at Mritain, Ironi wliidi i'iiit(' licm Itanislicil. To the IJni'oil Si:ito-> it " wm ini- poiiol ill 1s|.t iiiiil h.'>0 liy hutch and Kn^liHli cows, uiid lias mpicu Miii'iitly .»j»ioali()n ol' tlio («j»oiilam'ity or ollit'iwicio of it^ origin liu« l»f('ii miu'li tlisi'ussod. Sonu? lioM that, ,i,'ivoii acortairi coiiciitoiiation of fircuiiistaiicc>, ami it may ariMi al)iom>notirully. OlhotH, a^aiii, (Mptally ^ootl authority, inaintaiii that it dooM not originate .spoiilati- i'oiisly. i'factiiiilly, it inay l»n a-^umod ih;it any inanifi'slations of it >t'Cli ill ihu^o laliliidi''i lire due to rontiii/iun, mcilhitc. or Imnicddfe. This hiiiiijs u.H it» iho ([uo-ilioii (whii-li has heoii much discu.-^.sud) of how the ilisoasu can hu eoininuidcatod. (rrantod that it docs not ariM' .spontaneously, is thero any other means of its pn)pugrttion than the acliial cohabitation of infected and healthy cattle? Many excellent authorities, us Professors Siinonds and Ih'own, hold that it <'au ho cfiiiuminicated in no other way. '^'Iieir e.xperiinents, as woll as those recently tried \>y l)\\ IJurdon-.Sunderson at tho Brown Institute, ^o far to supiiort this view. This is known us immediate contagion. On thcotln-r hand, such ahle men and hi^h authorities ns Fleming, WalU'V, Williain>, and the continental surgeons generally, Htrouj^ly combat this view, holding that whatever support it may ap))ear to have Ironi experiments, clinical l'act.> piovo conclusively that tho virus can ho carried on hay, straw, manure, various objects in tho .stable, etc. This is what is spoken ol as mediate contagion. Tho sii))porlers of this opinion point t(» such facts as this: that from a stable in which plcuro pneumonic cattle were kept, all stock wore removed, the stable c1c!iii.-(m| and kept empty lor months, and |)er- fectly heallhy stociv, which had no possible commuidcatiori with the disease in any other way, jHit in ; f/tcsc ntHc fell victims to pleura- j>neuii\ouuL Such lads as th'^se are too numerous and well uuthenti- catod to bo (lisj)uted, and leave no doubt of tho corroctncMS of those who hold the i)os.-.ibility of mediate routayion, unless, indeed, wo account lor these outbreaks on the ground of the autogonetic origin of this disease. J>KFiNrnoN. 1 1 is an insidious, exudative, zymotic di sense, duo to a spocitic jioison or feimeiit, jteculiar to the ox, and having its local manilosta- tions concentrated in the lungs and pleura. t (Wallet.) * Professor Law. t Professor Veo questions ils zjroiotic cLaracter. tm^mmsimi^ feci tic PATIIOLOGY AND SYMPTOMS.* Thoro In much vtirioty in tlio rnanift^HtutioiiH of Mio e, HoHlioyin^^ lilo in tho coiirHi' «>ta li-w (JuyN, tlio Iiin^H nlior ilualh probontinL; tho appoiiianct* of a (*i>n< •^I'Htivo iiillanniiut«»ry • han;;*'. In othri cax'H — ami thowo arc by I'ar the ino.sl nuinei'ouM — thu oiiHOt, course, uiitl tcrnnnalion of ihc disoa.HU occupy u pcri«Hl ((ftVoin four to ri^h» wccUh, or ovon hinder, the animal licnirnin^ much cmaciatnl antl linally Msccumhin^ t<« an oxhaustiii^ liianhu'a, iinpi'i-fiMl aoiaiiun <»! its Mood, hydrothorax. or to the dcpl'eH^4ing intluenco ofdegciiciuted animal niattci> in the blood, anil ana'mia. Prcnionifory symptoms. — Sinilnr (o tho cattlo ]>la^uc, tho «;t»mmoncoment of iho dineaMO irt .>ften not obi-eivablc. Thin, atten- tion irt only called in many iiiHtancoN to an animal for tho fii-t timo appearit)^ unwell, but in which an examination luin^rH to li^ht ilx' fuct tiiut chan^cH of structure have taken place to Mich an extent UH to convince the oltsorvor that diseano han boon giadually incroa.sin^ for a U'n^'thfn<^d period. The thermometer in the only true guide by which wo aro able to discover the end oftlu' intubative, and the beginning ot the active Htagc. For example, the intro- duction of the diseawe into AuHtralia from this country proves that tho tirst mani(e>taiion of illnoHK is not at all to bo depended upon UM a guiJo to its true commoncomont : for the carriers of contagion — bulls for breeding purposes — wore three months on tho voyage : the disease only breaking out after thoy wcio landed. It is of gloat importance that ihci inometric observation >lioii|il bo made duri' tho prevalence of plouro-pneiimonia, in order that owners of stock might bo warned in time and that measures be taken to isolate or otherwise dispose of all animals in which tho tompoittturo iw found to bo rising. In a suspected herd, all animaln showing a tomporaturo above 102° bhould bo carefully watched. If the heat rises al>ovo this, there can bo little doubt that the disease is at work. Usually the temj)erature rises to 103° or as high as 10(J" ; but I have no case on record where the latter point has boon exceeded. Tho palpable or obvious symptoms are slight rigours or shiver- ings, tho hair merely stantling the wrong way; loss of apj)etito to some extent; secretion of milk diminished; in some case>« the animal " knuckles over" at one hind fetlock, usually liie riuh me; an occasional cough is hoard, which is dry and hard in eliaiaolor, not tho ])ainfiil cough of pleurisy as one would suppose; rumination becomes irregular, and although thoro is some loss of appetite, tho animal soems fuller than its fellows which are healthy, and eating vigorously. Tho bowels are rather constipated, uud the urine is scanty and high coloured. The pulse of cattle, as I have already stated, is not, more especially with regard to its number, a good guide to tho prac- titio.ier in this or any other disease; however, as it advances, tho l)ulse becomes accelerated and of a feoble charas or — sometimes a large poft pulse, sometimes a small wiry one. These insidious * From Principlea and PracilM of Vutt^riuarj Medicin*. 1^ e symptoms may continuo for Hovoral days, tho most caroful oxamina- tion of tho (ihost donotiiig nothing unusual except a tondornoss on presHuro applied to the interc>')stal spaces of one or both sides, and prrtsHure upon tho back causing tho animal to wince and perhaps to give a slight groan. Some cases in an infected herd will at this stage begin to give obvious signs of recovery, and in a few diiyn bo as well as ever again, tho morbid material having eviilently l)cen expelled from the body without causing any important j)ulmonary change. In all cases, however, some amount of irritation of tho lung tissue has been imhiced, as a cough remains for some timo longer. Should recovery noi take place, the signs of geneial dis- turbance gradual!}', sometimes rapidl}-, increase, the cough becomes more persistent, tho mucous membranes, exce])t that of the nose, are generally pale, the respiratory movements increased in frequency, more abdominal and shallow. When tho animal stands, the elbows ai'o turned out, the noso oxiendcd. tho back arched, and the hind limbs drawn under the body and knuckling over at tho fetlocks. When lecumbent the animal throws the weight of the body upon the steiriutu, and, owing to the anatomical conformation of this bono and its articulation with the true ribs, tho chest Ls thus expanded. Tho breathing becomes painful, and is often accompanied by a moan or grunt, emitted dui-ing each expiration; the nostrils aio dilated, a discharge issues from the eyes and nose, which is at first colourless, but often becomes purulent and yellowish. Tho extremities, as well as tho horns and ears, vary much in tempera- ture. Sometimes all are cold ; often, however, one ear and ono horn may bo cold whilst the others arc hot. and so on with tho extremities. Conslipation of tho towels continues in many instances for a long period, in others it is succeeded at an early stage by diarrhoea, which, if not too persistent, seems to have a salutary effect. The surlaco of the body becomes harsh and dry; the skin ajjpcaring to bo tightly bound to tho sub-cutaneous structures ; ther6 is rapid loss of flesh ; and if diarrhnca assumes a colliquative chai-actor, the animal dies in from three to six weeks from the first visible manifestation of tho symptoms. Tho sj^mptoms upon percussion are tenderness and some amount of duUness; the dullness increasing in proportion to tho exudation and consolidation. If, at tho outset of the disease, it can bo deter- mined that both lungs are inflamed, the prognosis in all cases is un- favourable ; but if, on the contrar}', it can be demonstrated that but one lung is affected (tho right lung according to my experience being more prone to suft'er, but showing a greater tendency to recovery), there are some hopes that the case may recover ; for very frequently the morbid action is confined to the side primarily attacked. Auscultation will detect a friction sound, caused in the first stage by the sui'faces of dry ])leura moving upon each other, and, in the more advanced stage, from being roughened by deposits of fibrin. These friction sounds are accompanied by others, which indicate that the disease is not confined to the pleural surfaces only ; thus we have crepitation, both large and small, indicative of inflammation of the lung-connective tissue, with ronchus and sibilus denoting bron- j chial disease. It i» seldom, inJeod, bat that some sound or other id detectable in all parts, except the lower portions of the chest; the consolidation of tlio Iumlc, extensive thoiigjj ii, may be, bemg insiitfi- ciont to masl< or hide the ubnornii! soiinJs omitted by the lung tissue, pleura or bronchial tubes. When the disease is confined to one lum^, Ih * •(» i|>;i'atory murmur in the healthy lung is louder than natural, owing to its having to admit more air than when both are in a state of health. This must not be confoundo 1 with a diseased condition, and in order not to make a mistake percussion must be applied. The healthy sido will be resonant, the diseased one dull. 1 have seen some cases where the diseased and consolidated lung enlarged to such an extent as to push the ribs immediately covering it outward> to some extent, the animal appearing rouniler and larger on that side in con f^pienco, and some of these cases have afterwards thriven and becomo fit for the butcher. Now and then it is found that some portion of the lung becomes gangrenous and is coughed up ; these cases are, however, very rare. When gangrene occurs, the discharge from the nose becomes sanious and fcetid, and a ftptid diarrhoea soon carries off the suffering beast Abscesses in the lung ai'e an occasional consequence. Au animal apparently recovers from the disease, but after a time begins to lose flesh and sinks from exhaustion, the post mortem revealing a large abscess or abscesses in the lung tissue. Another termination is the formation of groups of tumours upon the pleural surfaces, more especially that portion of them covei-ing the anterior aspect of the diaphragm, upon the pericardium and peritoneum. These tumours are known amongst butchers and others as " grapes" and are sup- posed to be due to the tubercular diathesis. There is no doubt that sometimes these deposits ai-e essentially scrofulous, and are caused by that condition of the body independently of pleuropneumonia; in other cases it is beyond a question that they are merely the altered exudatis of pleuro-pneumonia — altered inasmuch as they have undergone the caseous, fatty or calcareous degeneration. In some instances of very extensive consolidation, the sounds detectable by auscultation and those emitted by percussion are very trivial. In such it is found that the alteration of structures is most extensive in the central portion of the lungs. One symptom is very diagnostic of this condition, namely : much coughing when the animal attempts to swallow ; this is caused by the exudate pressing upon the CBSOphagus within the chest and retarding the act of deglutition. Thermometry. — The importance of this has already been touched upon (sec p. 5.) The use of the thermometer is held to be so valu- able a guide in discovering the presence of contagious diseases, that the British Privy Council insists on its use in all suspected cases, and directs that so long as the temperature of an animal is elevated, such animal must be retained in quarantine. It is of the last importance, then, that, especially in connection with this dis- ease, the subject be understood as thoroughly as possible. " The domestic animals present a tolerably constant temperature in health, i.e., this warmth is not dependent on the atmosphere in which they are. Thus, in man it is 375° centigrade (99-5° Fahren- heit) J in the horse, about 38-25° 0. (lOO-SS^* F.J, and in cattle, 38-2° C. (100'tt5° F.), those numbers being the average from numerous obttervationH. " In disease, wo find more or less alteration, and Claude Bernard lias proved that a disoaHo may bo f'lindiiinontaliy dia'^noscd l»v the nicio deviations of tho tonipoi'aiuro fioni tiio noi-nuil ^taIldard." It lias been known Hiiice the davH ot llij)poerate8 that increaso of temperature was a reliable sign of diHcase, but it is only since the invention of the thermometer that this can be measured exactly. " Clinical Thermometry is that which furnishes us with tho vari- ations of tho animal temperature during disease * * * Tt proves of immense advantage to tho praciical veterinarian =1^ * ^ under some circumstances pointing out the approach of disease ''• -•' * and provides valuable hints in the treatment. "Tiiis instrument (thermometer) is nocossaiy where exactness is inquired, and it answers tho same purpose in invosligating tlio temporaturo as the second hand does in counting the jndse." In using the thermometor " it is placed six or eight inciies in the rectum, and in cor.iploto contact with its walls , it should be left in this situation aboiit ton minutes, after which it should be read by partially withdrawi ig it ; replaced again for another two minutes and again read."* In this way correctness is insured, and to save the time of tho oi)orator it is suggested that ho thermometor bo brought to near the normjil temperature of tho body before inserting it. Tiie rectum should be cleared of excrement befoio tho instrument is inserted, Zundel gives a very excellent table, whereby the temperature may be recorded couveniently, which all inspectors should use, as it enables a complete record of large herds to be kept with ease, the results being apparent at a glance. To show the I'eliance placed upon tho thermometer by the Bi-itish authorities, tiio following resume ot the Report is jirosentod : "Notwilhstandiiig Article H of tbe < ircular of 187.^, jn'oscribing the obiigalory slaughter of pjiemaonic aniniJils, tho Privy Council, .•ittributiiig ill great jnirt the coiitimuition oi' the jirevailiiig pleuro- pneumonia to the delay of slau^'htering -i- '•■ * are of opinion that tho disease would be efiicaciunsly stopped hy other dis- positions i( executed in tlie following manner: — 1st. Cattle att'ccted with plenro pneumonia tnust be killed in the shortest jiossible time. 2nd. The infernal ffmperature of eaeh animal which has been exposed to contagion must be observed, and the herd divided into two separated lots. ^riie lot A will iiu-lude animals whoso temperature will rise above WH*^ K. These wnll bo destroyed in I he nhorlc.st possible time, if positive symptoms of j)leuro-pnoumonia become manifest. The lot B will include the balance of the herd. Those animals will be exainiiiod >rith the thermometer cotnj iceeJ; and tramferred to lot A if the teriiperature rises above 10..;° /V A-^ tin- result of a great number of experiments, a distinguished t'niii,ii> hi I aiilhority, Kd. I,>ele, conios to the following conclusion :t * Aug Zuudel, t Ed. Dele, in Am. Veterinary Review. " The invasion of plouro-pneumonia (not easy to reco/^nizo) is accompanied by an increase of tompLM-atni'o. This continues (luiin«if the ])eriod of increase, and it is at its jjoi^ht at the poi-iod of acme. Fi-om that it declines and indicates the period of decline towirds recover}' (slow diminution Vn" towards ileafli (|)rohaMy more rapid)." Treatment, — Seldom imlecd will the enlig'iten. i practifioner attempt medicinal or curative treatment. One reason lor this is the danger of keeping infected stock, for generally a case of apparent recovery is not a sound animal. Br. Thayer gives the following as a case of supposed recovery : '• One-half or two-thirds of the lung are Holidified ; the tirst etlort of nature is to throw around the dis'^^-^- 11 Yin I. — Showing Broncho-Vascular system with corresponding territory. A Artery. B. Broncluie. V. Vein. F. Pleura. /. Interlobular Space. (The dotted lines show the course of the lymphatics.) Here we have (in the diagram) a portion of the lobe^ marked off" into many lobules. The dotted lines not only show the course of the 13'mphatics, but, as the lymphatics ramify in the interlobular connective tissue, they indicate the manner of division into lobules. This connective tissue, as before lemarked, is derived from the sub- serous envelope of the lungs. It can be seen to divide oft' the lobules completely one from the other. It will be spoken of as the interlobular connective tissue, and it is in this connective tissue, whether interlobular or peribronchial, that the clear exudate spoken of under the lung lesion, is pai'tly found. (See page 13.) 12 •I I ! Tn order thnt wo mny more plonrly nndorRtnnd the chnncfes, wo notice, first, the Pleu/al; Mocond, the Lunrj, and third, tho Broncho- Vascular lesions. Chatir/es in the Pleura. — Those show ])Ieiirisy of an acuto typo, di(r(»rin<,', liowever, in not l)einu di!''ii^ed. a» in onlinary pletirisj', hut |n(!ili/i«(i. Wherever the inn;; helow is ti»o sent of disease, tho pleura ahovo is covered with a dense tihi'inoiis exudation. Aa tho disease advances in tho siil»slanee of the lun;;s, tho contiguous lobes become Urmly cementefi by tiie adhesion of their pleural surfaces. The vis(!eral and parietal surfaces aro generally soparatod by a quantit}' of fluid effusion, which is thin, yelk wish or greenish in coloui', coaiiulatini,' after removal, showin/ the presence of some fibrin. If the anterior lobes nw. aft'ectod, the pericardium generally becomes inflanieil and thicUened as well as the ])loura. To sum up: 1st, It has tho chaiacter common to tho ordinary forms of acuto pleurisy. 2nd. It always varies in degree of severity in difTorent parts of the same pleura. ihd. Its point of greatest intensity corresponds to tho apparent starting point of the lung lesion. 4th. Jt is not an invariable or essential part of the disease, for tho lung may show disease and tho pleura not. 5tli. It u^ualIy apjioars to be of more acuto type and more recent development than tho lung lesion. t>th. Its occurrence often gives tho first indication of the exist- ence of disease. Changes in the Lungs —Tho situation of the disease of the lung is generally shown by the lesions, already mentioned, of tho pleura. But if this is al»i^^' IS tting oasod o the , but of )ular the torri- hk'h ictcrs The hno« forming- thin network nro, on nn nvorngo, nboiit ^ of nn inch in diamotor. They cross each othci* so as to map out iho sur- face itiU) a iiujnbcr of ])olyir(»ti;il areas, about one-half oi- Ihri'o- (juai'tcr.-t of an inch in ilianioior. 'J'iioxi areas are foiiinl t » rorrespunil to the lobules, and the lines ai'e foinied by the evulafe into the interlobiilai" connective I is«.iio. These )):;le lines ivseml>!o, in a eut lun^, the veins in maible, hoiieo (bat name has been /^ivoii. This niaibling is considereil (by some) lo hi) the gi-eat diagnoslie char- actor of this disoase.* • Three veiy disfinc^t conditions of the lun;^ tissue are to bo noted, 1st, clear exudation; 2n'l, opaque consolid liion ; and 3rd, black consolidation. The two lattei' forms, viz., the o|)aqiie anil black consolidation, are seen in various stji/^es in the discMsel luiiir, Lfeneially, however, il" they coexist, being sharply divided from eacli other by the pale markings spoken of jiieviously. The portions of tissue showing the ulack consolidation aro denser, heavier than the oj)a(jUe, and show a further advanced and more intensely diseased coialilion. Around both the opaijue and black portions, however, may bo seen the tirst conditions spoken of, viz. : the clear exudation. This may bo spoken of a8 simply oxud-»to, and infiltrates the tissues with a clear material, found, as previously' stated, in tho peri- phery of the diseased poitions, forming a very complete case around them. The three conditions spoken of now may seem to sha'le off into each other but they aro really distinct. The clear and opaque forms, also, may be seen without the black, but the latter is never found alone, being always associated with and pi'ocoded by tho other lesions, which seem to be of much longer dui-ation. The more important of tho foregoing facts, as to lung change, are: — Ist, Tho lung parenchj'ma is usually the scat of various forms of irregularly arrangoil exudation, which gives it a mottled look. 2nd. The interlobular spaces are always the seat of more or less exudation, which gives the sections the appearance of pale yellowish lines. 3rd. These palo lines sub-divido tho mottled surface into irregu- lar small fields — viarblimj. 4th. Three kinds of lung lossion — (a) Clear exudation, (6) Opaque, {c) Black consolidation. 5th. {a) or (6) may beeome dense, and form tissue of cicatri- cial hardness. 6th. (f) may pi-oduce gangrene, caseous degeneration or fibrin- ous crumbling. There remains now to speak only of tho changes in the bron- cho-vasculai systems. These s^^stems will bo spoken of together, as they aro so intimately connected, the bronchus lying between the arteiy and vein, all being suri'oundcd by a sheath of connective tissue, in which ramify the lymjthatic vessels. (See Figures 1, 2 and 3.) • It is but proper to state that, although Professor Yeo and others hold the opinion stated above, Professor Williams aud others dissent entirely from it. See page 5. 14 On C!iftinpf ncrops a portion of diHoaHod lung, wo find tho bron- chus occupied with u deiiso miisH <»f gnuiular material which com- plotoiy occludoH Iho Hrnallcr bioiKiii and tapors oH' itjto tho hiri;or ones. If tliis is I'omoved, wo fimi llio mucous inoinl)rano rough, discoloured (dull grey or yellow), and 8trii)pod of its epithelial lining. Tlio walls uf those air tubes which contain the firm plugs are always enormously thick and dense. And besides this thickening of the walls of tho bronchi, their dolicifte connective tissue sheath (Fig. *J) is (ho seat of dense exudation ; as a consequence, becoming a tough and rigid case. This c.KU\3W«IIS!!«i0R»f*nj.'»»»»-^^ 15 As tho blocxl-vepsols ramify with tho bronchi, — surroiindwl by tho Humo coiinoctivo lisHUo Hhoalh, — it is not Hurprisiti;^ that wo cannot have morbid chaii^oH in tho bronchial without spoodilj find- ing thorn in the vawcular wMtom. Ah a matter of faci, the walls of tho biood-vossolH soon locomo engorged, the external coat hoini; liist altackod, the others, in turn, becoming thickened and rigid. Rod upots are MOon hero and there on the inner coat. It may lio (hvstroycd entirely foi- a t'onsidorablo portion, and then a clot giaduuily forms which ma-, complotely till tho vessel. And once tho stoppage is complete, the clot seems rapidly to grow into tho larger branches, at last producing complete occlusion of the larger trunks. Tho foregoing accoimt of the Pathological Anatomy is much condensed from Professor Gerald Yco's lioport on tho subject. The question of wliore tho diseaso commences is one which has boon considerably discussed, but which is not at present of any groat practical importance. Prof, Yeo holds that it always com- mences in tho "air passages as a cli ionic inflammation associated with destruction of the bronchial mucous momhrane," while tho contrary opinion is that it may originate anywhere, either as above or in the lung tissue or tho pleura. Professor Yeo's opinion is strongly supported by the generally admitted fact that the bronchial and peri-bronchial lesiotis are of older standing than those of tho jiaronchyma, while tho pleuritic are tho most recent of all. IIo says : — " I can well understand how a beast, by snifting the fodder of a diseased neighbour, may draw into its airjjassagus some of the dried discharge, and thus infect tho bronchial mucous membrane and get plouro-pneumonia, while all the skill of science will not induce the disease of tho lung" by inoculation with tho same material. Of more importance is the question whether pleuro-pneu- monic moat is fit for human food or not. Tho Dublin Sanitary Association appointed a committee to examine the question, and after a full enquiry they reported decidedly against its use. On the other hand, another committee, appointed by a ditferent society, but concposod of equally distinguished medical men, and after as careful an examination say : " It follows * * that tho fresh and unchanged moat of animals slaughtered during an attack of plouro-pneumonia may be safely consumed, and that such moat is not sensibly less in nutritive value than that of other animals un- affected by any disease, but that it is of inferior quality." There can belittle doubt that this is the case; in tho early stages it is perfectly fit for human food. Dr. Blake White has carefully examined the milk of cows suffering from pleuro-pneumonia, and he reports it as decidedly unfit for human food. He says : " I have no hesitancy in pronouncing these samples of milk not only unwholesome, but in consequence of the very low percentage of fat, innutritious, and showing in eveiy way what a depreciating effect unwholesome and insufficient food has upon this important secietion."* * Report of Sanitary Inspector. Iff PROTRCTIVE MEASURES. 'riHM|ni!.>*ti()ii of what- steps should lio Itikon onco tins plnffuo n|i|n',iis ill a (Dutitry is ol tho ^'luvosl ini|i(>i'l)iii( o to llio I'omtniinity at hni^c. iMiitniiati'ly, so lar, Willi this (jiu'siii>ii tho hoininion has iiolhiii;^ to do. Hut to 1)0 lonnvariufd is to ho roionriiu'd, ar.d con- hiliM'iM:^ the ]>o-.>iltilit y ot its iiil rodii('li(tn Iuto, tho pfopcr coufBO (d'ac'lioii shiiiild now 1*0 diMoi'iiiiiii d on, in ^u('h an ovcnt. (livon tho piCHtiuo * f this pUi;,MU', thou, two moans of donlin/; with it |>iosont ihoniMdvos. vi/. : *' Siampiii^ out " and Inoculation. I say two, lor no votoriiiarian worlliy of tho namo would adviso goncral tioatmont. Fii'Ht, as roganls "stamjiin^ out." Tho advoeato« of this .systoni aio unconiiiromisin^', and will admit of no moditioation of their method, nor have they much pationco with those who wish to try other means of comliattin^ this atVection. I'rolossor Williams Hays: " When tho disease hroaivs (»iil in a herd, the atleetod icnimals are to l)o isolatoil, or if in ' condili'.tn ' siaii^'htorod for hoof — 0X|)erienco having proved that such iioef Isgood and wholosomo if tlio animal is killed early in tho disease." Dr. Thayer sr r^* : "Stamping out is tho most otlectual and oconomical method of treating pleuro-jnieutnonia contagiosa." Professor Law says : " Wo do noed a short and speedy stamp- ing out oi tho disease in every locnlit}' where it has gaineil a f(joting. All measuies which hinder this, whether proposals for investigation or tho impossiblo hut delusive proposition to o.xamino all our cattle while in transit, van hut work o\il, and oidy evil, to our live stock interests." Those views have been largely acted on in manj' countries. Massachusetts has ado|)led this ])lan of dealing with tho diso.'iso. Kew York State and others, are follovving in her steps. Great Bri- tain has attempted " slamjiing out " hjr years. Continental (jovorn- ments did tho same till recenily, when, owing to tho progress of Bcicnce, they have, to a largi^ extent, adopted inoculation. JJisinfi'i'don. — Along with stam|>ing out, thorough disinfection (by burning sulphur, whitewashing with limo, carbolic acid, &c.,) of all sheds and stables must be carried out. This thorough stamping our, then, is one course open to us if pleuiopneunonia should aj)poar in Canada. But in tho second course which was mentioned as a moans of controlling this j)lague, viz. : Inoculation, wo have a policy' of pro- tection, which is more etlective, more 8cientilic, and which can be had at a titho of tho expense of "stamping out." Tho Use of inoculation as a prophjdactic is not now. First attempted by Dr. Wiilems, in Jielgium, 1851, it has since corao into great favour in many parts of the world. A (yommission appointed by tho French Government to test and examine the system, rejiorted strongly in its favour. It has produced marvollousl}- good results in Australia, South Africa and tho Continent of Europe. So great are its benefits seen to bo, tliat some of the continental governments have made inocula- tion compulsory. Notably, in Holland, have the good results of this measure juutitied its adoption. T.>'«<«">*»™*' "■' IT to ISOJISO. US if First 10 into South s seen locula- ofthig Out of 22,n4B cftfiOM inoonlatod on tho Contlnont of Kiirop.', wo find that 2lJ jmr cent, wcio iiiii nu'a.-iuo; wliidi i-. Ujilu'M iiihI advocattvi by lIio mlvain'cd :iiid pi<>','ii'>Mivu vclrriniu i;iii^<>l iIm; wki i,|. It muHt not be snpposod, lio\vovt»r, that, excellent a^iMtlio iicord of inoculation, it ha» nut its opponont^. tSoinu leading authoritiuti object that — iHt. Tho doatliH following inoculation arc nearly, if not quite, as great as from tho disease itself. 2nd. That it is but a moans of spreading j)leuro pneumonia ; and 3rd. That it doos not all'ord immunity from it^ altncUs. In answer to ihoso objections, it may bo staled, that tho first and third aro fully answered by tho results noted alxivi", while tho Hccond has no foundation in tact, it im'iu^ imfossi hie to /irudiire pleuro- pneumonia by inoculation as h to adopt any m(Kliti(*utiun of tho truo method of inoculation. I would ask yo»» to note that mild or moditiiMJ inoculation is not to be depended upon, and shoidd not, therefore, he practised. I am of opinion that there isoidy one modo of inoculation, and shall now doseribo it. "The virus or lymph >hould bo o from it ion of lit mild Id not, tnoilo not too ynij)h " • tiwHUO i). It llowing JO oxor- poi'tant orofore, d other by hoi- is many loro are ' Hti'ong a lad ; I with ilo tho or uso. ot tho f a tull trans- lart. m- cut, ireudod rn, loav- inds the • |) jecoraos rora the ,o lift itH beads of •oduced. appear , and the It " Tk«r« Ar« now two f oufftefi open to th« operator, nnd much of the nuccesN of thu operation dopendt* on whicn ho will adopt. 1I« may allow the proconf* to run its coarno, which will generally Ix* gnngrono of tho end of the tail. I do not adviso thin procoHn, but nnd tho boHt plan to bo to remove tho end of tho tail when inoccu lation is once fairly crttabliHhod. There are ranoH in which thirt mubi bo done even earlier, and there are othcru in which it may have to be aocompliHhed more than once, an, for inrttaiico, when thu Huddon Mtting in of coldness of the end of the tail indicates tho death of the part. " Garofolly ezamino the end of the tail. Tho part to come ofl' may not bo cold, but it will be wet with exudate and probably lomowhat dincolored for an inch or 80 abovo it. I tind that whore amputation iH practiHcd oarly, eay on tho twelfth to the fourteenth day, it ii not necosHary to make the division moro than a finger's breadth or no abovo tho upper incision ma"ncsK of the lumbar region. The crnit is stiff, joints rigid, ears and horns alternately hot and cold ; pul-^c Irequont, hard and full ; breathing laboured, and secretions generally scanty. Rumination is suspended; deglutition performed with diflSculty; thirst intense, and mouth hot and clammy. There is a watery dis- charge from eyes and nose. The eyes are blood-shot, e^'elids swollen, and soon oinrustcd with the d:ied inspissated secretions from them. Saliva <^ '^ps fi-om the mouth. If olood is drawn, it coaL'ulates with diflScnlLy. The dry excrement and high coloured urino aio scanty and (ii,-«chai'ged with sonic difficulty. Theai . 'men is tense and tender. In cows the secretion of milk is stoppeJ. In some cases general eni|)hysematous swellings form at this period, and thei'e are exacerbations of all the symptoms towards night- time. This stage lasts about three days. " The symptoms increase in severity. Diarrhoea supervenes, great weakness appears. The pulse is 90 to 100, weak and indis- tinct at the jaw. The discharge from the nose and salivation in- crease. The cough is softer, and on the buccal and schniederian membranes, as well as in the clefts of the feet, a vesicuiar eruption is seen. Ulcers result wherever the vesicles burst. " An unfavorable termination may be looked for when the body becomes cold, breathing quick, exhalations fietid, fieces (fluid or bloody) dischai'ged involuntarily, abortion in cows, and symptoms of sensibility or consciousness lost. The animal dies from the third to the tenth day of the development of the disease " In favour.'ible cases there is an early dimunition in the severity of the symptoms; the diarrluxni is not severe, and there is a pustular eruption over the body, or a desquamation of cuticle. The con- valesence is long, and may last several weeks. ** Post mortem appearances. — In the first, or catarrhal stage, the lesions are not characteristic of the disease, but, taken in connection with the history of the outbreak, may assist materially in diagnosis. The mucous membrane of the fourth stomach, especially near the P3'lorus, as well as the lining of the small intestine, is swollen, and shows red spots or streaks. The surface of the membrane is covered with a viscid, tenacious, reddish or bloody secretion, which is more or less mixed with the intestinal contents, and in the sub-mucous tissue there is a turbid semi-fluid exudation. In the large intestine only redness is noticeable, especially of the coecum. " In the second stage the lesions are more characteristic. There are numerous patches of yellow exudation most abundant near Peyer's patches, but also seen in the fourth stomach, near the pylorus. Peyer's glands themselves have a perforated apjioarance, and in the vicinity of these reddish yellow deposits around the glands there is a sort of catarrh or secretion from the mucous mem- brane. " In the third stage the exudations or deposits spoken of get loose from their periphery towards the centre. They become soft, adhere in the centre, their edges floating, till at last they get (juite n free, nnd are discharged frith the exoreraents. The portione of membrane from which these sloughs have separated are red and iilcerated, but the ulcers are not usually deep. "The other organs of the body do not indicate any specitic change. There is more or less redness and tumefaction of all the mu- cousmembranos. The heart is soft and flabby, the lungs normal or slightly congested, the liver dark in colour, its ducts and bladder full of bile. The mesenteric glands are apt to bo swollen, and contain a yellowish red exudation, and may attain twice their natural size. " Treatment and prevention. — The curative treatment of this disease has failed as a rule. Preparations of chlorine, iron, or neu- tral salts, have been used, and only with succesw in mild cases, and e82)ecially in Russian cattle. "The prevention of the disease when it is known to originate spontaneously, or to exist constantly, is sometimes attempted by inoculating the cattle, a practice recommended first duj-ing the laut century when the disease appeared in Britain." When, however, the disease enters a country like our own, it is proper and prudent to kill out the diseased and infected animals, and prevent contagion by all known means. Til.— ECZEMA CONTAGIOSA (WILLIAMS); ECZEMA EPI- ZOOTICA (WALLEY)~.FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. Of the diseases hitherto spoken of, this is the only one which has been seen in Canada. " IJast year (1875) we had an outbreak of foot and mouth disease in Ontario. It can., through the medium of some sheep imported from England in the month of August. They were shipped from England (Liverpool), I believe, apparently healthy, duly inspected and furnished with a clean bill of health (one of the fallacies of inspection). When at sea several days some of them were noticed to bo lame and sore, and the attendant thought they wei'e cases of "Foot rot," or, perhaps, simple bruises. These sheep were brought to the Pi'ovinee and located on two farms, sixty miles apart. The cattle on these and neighbouring farms soon became affected with eezeina episootiga, and there was considerable excitement in the districts so infected. On the part of the Ontario Government, I was req[uestod to investigate the circumstances con- nected with the appearance of the di-oaso, and also to adopt meas- ures to prevent its spi'ead. In all about 200 head of cattle were affected, and I had no difficulty whatever in tracing the origin of the disease to the sheep already referrel to. ■'^- * Of course I recommended isolation and no intercourse with the farms where diseased animals were, and in a few weeks its progress was ai'rested. The cold weather came on, and I aseure you our Canadian winter proves the best of disinfectants." '^ Definition. — A highly contagloivs and infectious febrile disease, associated with a Tesicular eruption in the mouth, between the pedal digits and around the coronets. ■'■^ In milch cows it sonv^titncs happens tbat a vesicalar eruption occurs on the mammary gland, aud wilhlfi the litctifeiDus *Prof. Ifaiitk ia Tttoriaarj J«uraa}. ioni of ed and specidc the mu- rmal or dor full contaia I'al sizd. of this or neu- ,868, and riglnale ptod bj Iho lft?t wn, it id animals, k EPI- ASE. le which outbreak mediuai August, parently )f health ays some thought These ;i8, sixty ms soon IsiderabU Ontario [ces con* Ipt moas- :.le were lirigin of 1 course I IS where •rested, winter disease, ^he pedal resicalar jtifei'Obis 28 duets. When such occurs, the milk contaminated by the vesicular disfthargo is ronderod unfit for use, either an food for the human being or for the lower animals. =•• Symptoms. — '' Unlike rinderpest or pleuropneumonia, which are almost confined to the ruminantia, contagious oczoma affects cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, poultry, and even human beings;" cattle, however, suffering most. After a period of incubation varying from twenty-four hours to three or four days, the invasion and progress of the disease are characterized by the elevation of temperature of Irom two to four degrees ; by the forraatien of vesicles, varying in size from that of ft sixpence to that of half a crown, on the tongue, inside the lips, roof of mouth, and sometimes on the udder, whilst smaller blisters make their appearance between the digits and around the coronets and heels, the animal at the same time presenting signs of uneasi- ness in the mouth and feet. * * In a short time the epithelial and cutaneous structures enclosing the vesicles are separated from tbe vascular structures and are thrown off in more or less rounded patches, leaving raw surfaces, which are, however, speedily re- covered by epithelium. In some cases there is entire separation of the hoofs from the feet. It was at one time believed that an animal which had once suffered from eczema contagiosa was guarded against another attack. This is not the case, however ; but one attack generally gives immunity during that season. Even this latter rule, however, is not an invariable one, as some animals will take it several times the same season. Treatment. — Mild cases require but little medical treatment. If the mouth be sore, give plenty of cold water, in which may bo dissolved a little nitrate of potash as a febrifuge. Soft, easily mas- ticated food must bo given in every case. Watch the feet carefully ; if suppuration occurs remove all detacihed horn and dress with mild astringents. "What I usually prescribe is an ounce of the concen- trated solution of pure carbolic acid, one part to sixteen hot water, to twelve of white lotion ; pledgets of tow dipped in this are to bo bandaged on. This simple expedient, so generally neglected, will often prevent a lameness ofmany weeks or even months' duration." If great weakness is manifest, stimulants, as brandy, whiskey and spirits of nitrous ether must bo administered. In all instances bleeding, purging and other depleting measures are to be avoided. The bowels, perhaps constipated at first, bocomo loose as the disease advances; their condition is not to bo interfered with, as frequently the morbid material is thus expelled. If the structures of the foot slough extensively, they must be treated by solutions of chloride of zinc or carbolic acid, say one of acid to eight of oil. Sheep lose flesh very rapidly wliile suffering from foot and mouth disease. They suffer more in the feet than cattle, and conse- quently I'oqui re more careful vigilance. It is a good plan to cause the affected flock to walk through a shallow trough containing the above named weak astringent and antiseptic solution once or twice a day. And, finally, it is my opinion that both cattle and sheep ought to be washed beiore they are allowed to be driven on a public 'Willitimi. at ^ |i H i| road or exposed in a market if they have recently recovered from this disonso. It may ho difficult to do this with hirgo herds of young cattle, and its compulsion would bo considered a hardship, but of two evils it is iticomMarably the lessor.* IV.— VARIOLA VACCINA. In speaking of contagious diseases of cattle, I have adopted Williams' classification of those disoases.f By this classification only variola vaccina, or cow pox, remains to be considered. Definition. — A contagious, febrile and jeruptive disease, resulting from thrt presence of a specific poison, which is reproduced and multiplied in the animal body during the course of the malady. — 5K ^ * Williams. Cow-pox and the small-pox of man are undoubtedly identical, as has been proved by inoculating cows with the lymph of human small-pox, as well as by other experiments, such as enveloping cows in blankets in which small-pox patients lay. Variola vaccirui h&a been produced by those experiments. There are many forms of eruption in the udder of the cow which may be confounded with those of variola, but those of variola have certain special characteristics. The local symptoms of true variola are heat and tenderness of the teats for three or four days, followed by irregular pimply hardness of the skin, more particularly about the base of the teats. The pimples may sometimes be felt in five days after com- munication ; they assume a red hue when about the size of a pea, are very painful and hard, gradually increasing in size, and in three or four days attain that of a horse-bean. They rise in the centre, become more or less pointed, containing at first a clear, and ultimatolj^ a turbid fluid. If the vesicles are broken, troublesome ones supervene, the discharge from which will communicate the disease to the milker, if he is not protected by previous inoculation. The pustules become depressed in the centre, and dry scabs form on the surface. .Some of tho-e slough, leaving a raw surface. The crusts, if left undisturbed, become thicker, and spontane- ously separate in about throe weeks, leaving a small depre.ssion or pit. In hot climates, uan'oZfl uaccma is sometimes fatal, but in tera- pei-ato climes, there is but slight diminution of milk, with almost no loss of appetite. When the disease breaks out in a dairy it is apt to spread to the whole herd, unless affected animals are separated from each other, and different attendants employed. The milk should be drawn off with a syphon, and if the mammary gland be much inflamed, it should be thoroughly fomented, and dressed with a cooling lotion; a saline purgative (or laxative rather) be given, together with nitrate of potash dissolved in the water. * Abridged from Principles and Practice of Yettrinary Medicine, t PriacipUa ftad Practice of Yeterlnary Medicia*. rod from of young p, but of adopted sification resulting icel and laludy. — identical, f human ing cows ccina has 2ft howet^r'F"'^'*' ^^"^'•«' '"'« "« '"^'^'•cinal measures are required. cattle.'';jol^/o?pretS'Vu"tir\ ^^'^ ^^"^«^'-'« ^--es of timetothesuhjoc^thauruldtrewrhrr^^ rj'^^^'^ ^^- hope that in these pages will brfoum n,. ?^"^,^ ^'^ '^ J l^»t I connection with th^ileusT discu "e"l w fhCf.-'-'^^ ^"^^^^''^''^ '-^ clearness to repay their perZllrt n i ^V "*f '.^"^ 'uIlneH. and vation^ofourp4rntimmfnlt7fro^them "^ '^' ^'^"^^''^^ • Professor Williams. the cow >f variola I of true >ur days, ticulariy ter com- f a pea, in three I centre, 3ar, and ibiesome cjate the •ulation. form on pontane- ssiou or in tem- alraost id to the h other, if the mented, laxative in the