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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ?w /-» t DISCOVKRY OF THE MISSISSIPPI lURUOORAPHICAL ACCOUNT OF THK TRA\KI..S OF MCOf.KT, ALLOUKZ, MARQUETTE HENNEPIM, AND LA SALLE L\ THE MISSISSII'l'l VALLEY TI:e pioneer of French travellers to the ccnintry west of the great lakes, and tlie tirst white man who is reputed to have reached a northern tributary of the Missis;:ippi, was Jean Nicolet, who in 1634, or tliereabouts, made treaties with the Indians at (ireen I5ay, and ascended Fox River. The '-Relation de ce qui s'est passe en la Novvelle France, 1640," Paris, 1641, gives the earliest indication of tiiis voyage, and a summary description is given in the' Relation of 1642-43. These reports are reprinted in the "Relation des Jesuites," vol. I., Quebec, 1858. Margry's " Decouvertes et etablissements des FraiK^ais," vol. i., pp. 47-53, contains the portions of the above which refer to Nicolet, and a translation ot the account in the Relation of 1640 is printed in Smith's " History of Wisconsin," vol. lii. Du Creuxs " Historia Canadensis/' Paris, 1664, gives the fust connected history of the life and exploits of this explorer. A translation of Du Creux's narra- tive is appended to Hutterfield's " History and Discovery of the Northwest, by John Nicolet," Cincinnati, 1S81. Shea states, in his " Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi," that Nicolet descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi. This opinion was adopted by Parkman in his "Jesuits in North America," p. 166, but his later judgment is giVen in the "Discovery of the Great West." A more careful examination of the evidence deiDonstrates the improbability that his travels extended f:irther than the \Visconsin, and in the opinion of liutterfield, the latest writer upon this voyage, he did not reach that river, but stopped at the country of the Mascoutins upon Fox River. Ik^njamm Suite, a Canadian historical writer, in writing upon Nicolet, in his "Melanges d'Histoire et de Litterature," Ottawa, 1876, shows, for the first time, that this journey was probably made in 1634, instead of 1638 or 1639, as before thought. Suite's article, with notes by L. C. Draper, is printed in the " Wisconsin Historical Society Collections," vol. viii., pp. 1S8-194; also in the "Canadian Antiquarian," vol. viii., pp. 157-164. Butterfield, who has carefully investigated the records, agrees with Suite in as- signing 1634 as the true date, and brings out additional, if not conclusive evidence to support this theory, in his monograph cited above. Margry, in the " Journal de rinstruction publique," 1862, under the caption, " Les Normands dans les Vallees de I'Ohio et du Mississipi," describes Nicolefs travels and Cravier's " Decouvertes et etablissements de La Salle ; " Harrisse's "Notes pour servir a I'Histoire [etc.] de Ik I DISCOVKRV OF THE MISSISSIl'PI 191 la Nouvelle France," and Parkman's " La Salle," also give some account of the expedition. In 1642, Jogiies and Raynibault. two missionaries, penetrated as far west as Sauit Ste. Marie, at the outlet of Lake Sui)erior. See account of this mission in the Jesuit Relation of 1642. Margry's Collection, vol. i., pp. 45-47, contains a reprint of the narrative of this journey. See also Shea's Charlevoix, vol. i., p. 137, for notice of the undertaking. The next recorded visit to the West is that of two French traders, who wintered upon the shores of Lake Superior in 165S. Se- the Jesuit Relation of 1659-60, and the extract in Margry's Collection, vol. i., pp. 53-55, and translation "in Smith's Wisconsin, vol. iii., p. 20. Father Menard began a mission at St. Theresa 15ay, Lake Superior, in 1661. See Lallemant's letter in the Relation of 1662-63. A translation of this letter is in Smith's Wisconsin, vol. iii. See also Perrot's '-Me- moire sur les UKcurs des sauvages," Paris, 1864; Shea's Charlevoix, vol. i„ p. 4,;, and a note by Shea in Historical Magazine, vol. viii,, p. 175. Menard's letter^ written just before his departure for Lake Superior, with notes by E. D. Neill, may be found in the "Minnesota Historical .Society Collections," vol. i., pp. 135-138. In 1665, Claude Alloiiez, another missionary, began a mission at Chegoimegon, Lake Sui)erior. See the journal of his travels in Le Mercier's Relation of 1^666-67, a translation of which is m Smith's Wisconsin, vol. iii. Mar.piette took charge of this mission in 1669, ^nd Allouez went to the Paie des Puantes (Creen Way), and in 1670 made a visit to the Mascoutins on Fox River. Harrisse thinks he crossed to the Wisconsin at this time. In reporting his operations, Alloiiez describes the "Messi-sipi" from information given by the Indians. See Dablon's Relation of 1669-70, p. 100. Translation in Smith's "Wisconsin,"' vol. iii. Alloiiez si)ent many years among the Lidians upon Creen P.ay, and in the Illinois country. See the Jesuit Relations covering the years 1669-79. The full titles of these Relations are given in chronological order in Harrisse's "Notes pour servir a I'Histoire [etc.] de la Nouvelle France." Dr. Shea printed in the Cramoisy series the abridged Relations for 1672-79, and Martin's " Mission du Canada" prints them for the first time in full. Shea gives a life of Allouez in his " Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi." See also notes upon him in Margry's Decouvertes, etc., vol. i., pp. 57-72 ; also in Bancroft, in Shea's Charlevoix, vol iii., and in Shea's '^ Catholic Missions in the United States." Gravier and Parkman also give some account of his travels. In June, 167 1, St. Lusson, in the presence of a large number of Indians, took possession of the country on the lakes in the name of France. The " Proces verbal " of the ceremony is in Margry, vol. i., pp. 96 e( scq. Perrot, a noted Canadian voyageur, in 1670-71 travelled along the shores of C.reen Bay. Perrot's journal, which records the daily events of his life among the Indians from 1665 to 1726, was edited for the first time at Paris, in 1864, by Father Tailhan. It is entitled "Memoires sur les moeurs et coustumes et relligion I Ml 192 DISCOVKRY OF TlIK MISSISSIITI [sic] (les sauvagos do r.\iiirri(iiiL' septentrionalc." 'I'iiilhan's noU's adil value to tlic work. Sec K.'garding IN.Tiut, Shea's Charlevoix, vol. iii., p. 165, and Jlistorual Magazine, vol. ix., \\ 205. A description of the i,a'(\;j;raphy of the country as known previous to the explora- tion of the Mississippi l)y joliet and Mar(|uette is given by Dablon in the "Rela- tion de la Xoiivelle i'lance, les annees 1O70 et 1671," I'aris, 167J. See tin; (Jiiebec reprint in "Relation des Jesnites," vol. iii. 'I'he Relation, as jtrinted in 1672, gave a map of the great lakes; for a description of which see Taiknian's "J. a Salle," p. 4.SO- In 1673 Jacques Marcjuette and Louis Joliet navigated the Mississippi in canoes to the Arkansas. I''ather i\far([nette's narrative (,»f the voyage, in an imperfect form, was published by Thevenot in his '' Recueil de Voyages,' I'aris, 1C81. 'I'hevenol also published it as an independent work, with the title, '" Voyage et decouverte de (juehiues pays et nations de rAmericjue septentrionale.'' In this latter shape it was reproduced by Rich, at Paris, in 1845. 'I'he map accom|)anying this version, and which is inserted in facsimile in J'.ancroft, is saitl not to be by Marquette. The authentic map was first i)ublished in Shea's " Discovery anil F.xploration of the Mississippi,'" where the two maps are compared. The Thevenot text appears trans- lated in I''rench's "Historical Collections of Louisiana," pt. 2, pj). 279-297, and Spark's " Life of .Mar([uette," in the "l^ibrary of American liiography," vol. x., is, in a measure, a translation of it. Marquette's conijilete journal, ])repare(l for i)ublication, in 1678, by Claude Dablon, Superior of the Canadian Missions, remained inedited until Shea published it in his "Discovery and Isxploration of the Mississii)pi," New York, 1853, giving the original text and a translation. This version, known as the Stc. Marie text, was rei)rinted in 1855, with important annotations, by Shea, under the title, " Recit des voyages et des decouvertes du R. P. J. Marijuette, en I'annee 1673, et aux suivantes ; la continuation de ses voyages i)ar C. Alloiiez, et le journal autographe, du P. Marquette en 1674 et 1675."' [Albanie: Iinprimerie de Weed, Parsons et Cie.| 1855 (10), 169 (2), pp. Map, i2mo. J\L dn's "Mission du Canada, Relations inedites (1672-1679)," vol. ii., contains a modified version of the Sie. Marie text. Hennepin's sjiurious "New Discovery," London, 1698 and 1699, has, as an appen- tiix, a i)oor translation of the Thevenot production. Joliet, while on his way to Montreal to rei)ort his discoveries, lost his memoranda and maps. He was enabled, however, to draw u[) a brief recital from memory, which, with a map, he presented to l^'rontenac in 1674. Two versions of this narrative are jirinted in Margry's Collection, vol. i., pp. 259- 270, Dablcn despatched to his Superior at Paris an account derived from Joliel's verbal testimony, which may be found printed in Martin's •' Mission du Canada," vol. i., i)p. 193-204. A translation is given in the Historical Magazine, vol. v., ])p. 237-239. A letter sent by Joliet from Quebec, October 10, 1674, brielly recounts his late adventures. It may be found in Harrisse's " Notes pour servir a I'Histoire [etc.] DISCOVKRV OF rilK MISSISSIITI 193 (le la Xoiivelle KiancL'," pp. 322 and 32.3. A narrative based upon Jolict's report is appended to Hennepin's '' >icw Discovery," London, i6y8. Johet made several maps, showing his discoveries, only one of which has been edited. Oravier's "Etude sur uuc carte inconnue, la premiere dressee par I,. Joliet en 1674," contains a f:ic-simile of the u\d\) in (luestion. A letter Irom the discoverer to Frontenac is inscribed upon it. (iravier considers this map, apparently with good reason, to be the earliest rei)re.sentation of the course of the Mississippi from ijers'onal knowledge. I'Vontenac's letter announcing the successful result of Joliet's mission is printed in ATargry, vol. i., p. 257, and a translation is inserted in the ''Sew York Colonial Documents," vol. ix., p. 116. See the following for notices of Joliet : FaiUon's ^' Histoire de la Colonic fran(,-aise en Canada," vol. iii. ; J-erland's "Notes sur les registres de Notre-Dame ; " Margry's articles in the /caiw Canadiaiiu; December, i^-jx, Januaiy, Afarch, 1872. French's Historical Collections, second series, has a brief biograph'v. The works hereafter cited upon the history of the discovery of the Mississipi.i neces- sarily include a history of the Martiuette-Joliet expedition. We now come to La Salle, Henne|)in, and Tonty, 1669-S7. Afargry's '-Decou- vertes et etablissements des Franc^ais dans I'Ouest et dans le Suil de TAniericiue sei)tentrionale, 1614-169S." Paris, 1879-81, contains the documents which the editor collected in the archives of France. This work now comprises four large octavo volumes, three of which are mainly devoted to documents upon La Salle's explorations, 'i'he contents of these three volumes are arranged under the following heads : ire partie, " Voyages des Franc^ais sur les grands lacs et Decouverte de I'Ohio et du Mississipi (1614-1684);" 2me partie, "Lettres de La Salle;" 3me partie, "Recherche des bouches du Mississii)i (1669-1698)." The more important of these papers are in- dicated hereafter in their chronological order. The fourth volume of this collection embraces the documents relating to D'lberville's colony, at the mouth of the Missis- sipi)i, 1 698-1 703. In 1669 La Salle, accompanied by Dollier and Gallinee, set out from Afontreal to discover the Mississippi. They proceeded in company to the western extremity of Lake Ontario. At this place La Salle, professing illness, parted from the mission- aries, ostensibly to return to Montreal. Dollier and Gallinee continued their journey along the northern shores of Lake Erie, thus taking a course hitherto untravelled, and reached Saidt Ste. Marie in May, 1670, having spent the winter on the shores of Lake Erie. Callinee's journal, entitled " Recit de ce qui s'est passe de plus remar- \ the American Antiipiaiian Society. 'I'he latter work also contains an account ol I.a S.Ule's last voyage, taken Irom the same unreliable source. Shea's edition of Henne|)in's " Louisiana" contains a bibliography ot the numer- ous memoirs, issued mulrr Hennepin's name, where also may be foinid a translation of" [.a Salle's letter of August, 1O82, reporting the vovage on the ujiprr Mississippi. Du I/hut, who, in 1O79, visited the Sioux near I,akj Superior, and later descendeil the St. Croix to the Mississippi and rescued Hennepin from the Sioux, gives an ac- count of his ai.ventures in a " iMemoire sur la Decouuertc du pays des Nadouei:ioux dans le Canada," which is printed in Harrisse's Notes, pp. 177-1S1, anil translated in Shea's llennt'pin. The " I'roces verbal de prise de possession de la I-onisiane, ii rembouclnne de la nier on (lolphe du Mexi([ue, 9 avril, 1682," in Margry, vol. ii., pp. 186-195, gives the i)rincipal incidents of the voyage tlown the Mississippi from the Illinois. This document may also be found in Cravier's " La Salle," and in iMiglish in Sparks' " Life of La Salle,'' also in l''rench's " Historical Collections," part i., and with the title, "Narrative of the Kxpedition of La Salle to exi)lore the (Mississijjpi) Colbert River, in 1682,'' in French's Liistorical Collections, second series, pp. 17-27, New York, 1875. La Salle's letter, written at the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, printed in Margry, vol. ii., jip. 1C4-180, a translation of which is given in 'i'liK Magazink of American History, vol. ii., pp. 619-622, describes the journey to the Missouri. The proci'S verbal of the act of taking possession at the Arkansas, Ahirch 13 and 14, 1682, in iMargry, vol. ii., p. 181, reports another stage of the voyage. Afembre's journal of the entire expedition, first printed in Le Clercii's " Ktablissement de la Koy," Paris, 1691, is reproduced in English in Shea's "Discovery of the Mississii)pi." Shea has lately brought out an English translation of Le Clerc(| under the title, "First Establishment of the Faith in New France," New York, 1881, two vols. Svo, Me there compares Membre's narrativ with Hennepin's " Nouvelle Decouverte" and " Nouveau Voyage," and also i)oints out the variations between it and the account published by Thomassy in his '' (Joologie pratique de la Louisiane." Thoniassy's document is entitled, " Relation de la Decouverte de I'embouchure de la Riviere Mississipi." Parknian considers it to be the "official report of the dis- covery made by La Salle, or perhaps for him by Membre," and says that the Le Clercci narrative is based upon it. To which Shea replies, that it "seems strange to assume that the fuller document given by Le Clercq must be drawn from a shorter form." T Discovr.RV or rm; Mississippi 197 'I'lic two (lu( iiincnts arc csstMiti.ilI) iiK iiticjl, aiul atlbnl tnistwortliy data uikhi tlic voyage. Accoiding to iJoiiiiaii', a luanusciipl copy of AIc.'inl)i(''s journal exists in the librai\ at I'.atoii Kouj^e, Louisiana. IliMiii (Ic Tout), who was wi'li l,a SalK' fron) 1678-8^^, reports the explorations (hiring thiit time, in a memoir writtin at (Jiiebic in 1OS4 wliich is pnhHslied tor the first time in Margry, vol. i., pp. 571-616. Anotlu-r narrative by hiu), iMititled " .Mo- moire envoys en 1693 sur la I)(''Couverte dii Missis.sipi, p de I, a Salle en 167S, et (lepiiis sa niort par le sieur de 'I'onty,'' is printi.d in its integrity in Maigry's " Rela- tions et .Mt'moires inodits,'' pp. 1-36, I'aiis, 1.S67. A translation of it ir^ nu hided in I'reneh's " Historical Collections,' part i., pp. S-'-iS^, and also in l-'alconer's " Mis- sissijtpi," London, 1844. 'I'hese two memoirs formed the basis of the work piiblisheil nnder 'I'onty's naiiK', but which he disavowetl, entitled *' Dernieres docouvertes dans r.\mt'rii|ue septentiionale de M. de i,a Salle," I'aris, 1697. 'I'his work was reproduced under tiie title of '• Relation de la Loui>.ianne '' in 15er- nanPs " Recueil de voyages au Nord," Amsterdam, 1720 and 1724. An Lnglish translation was published at London in 169S, with the titk', ".\n .Ac- count of La Salle's liast Kxpedition and Discoveries," and is reproduced in part in the New York Historical Society Collections, vol. ii., pp. 217-341. J'aikinan says that the " Dernieres drcouvertes" is "a compilation full of errors." Margry prints in vol. i., pp. 547-570, of his Collection, a memoir entitled '* Recit de la descoiiverte (jue M. de La Salle a faite de la rivit-re de Missi>sipi en 1082." The author of the paper was Nicolas de La Salle, who wrote it in 1699, at the re- (juest of the French authorities, to serve as a guide to D'Iberville in his search for the Mississippi. ALargry says that the writer bore no relationship to the discoverer. La Salle's memorial of 1684, proposing an expedition to the (liilf of Mexico, jirinted in ALaigry, vol. iii., pp. 1 7-30, and in I'^rench's "Historical Collections," l)art i., pp. 37-44, also in the second series of I*"rench's publication, and in I'alconer's "Mississippi," briefly indicates his discoveries up to that lime. The I'rench documents, collected by ]5rodhead in the archives of the Departments of INLarine and of War, and printed in the ninth volume of the "Documents relative to the Colonial History of New York," Albany, 1855, include official correspond- ence which reports the movements of the explorers from time to time. Shea i)romises an edition of a journal by Pefialossa, which will show the merce- nary motives which inspired La Salle. ALargry prints some documents concerning Pefialossa's propositions to lead a |)arty of buccaneers from St Domingo to unite with La Salle in an attack on the Spanish mines in New Mexico. LA SALLE'S voyage TO THE GULF OF MEXICO AND ATTEMPT TO DISCOVER THE MISSISSIPPI — 1684-87 In 1683 La Salle returned to France and presented, in two memorials to the king, propositions for an expedition to colonize the Mississippi, and take possession 1(>S IHSCUVKRV OF IIIK MISSISSM'I'I of iln" Spanish mines in X»'\v Mexico. Tlir fust nicinoiial, which gives .1 brief ac- <()iinl of his previous achievement.;, is in Maigiy's (Jolleetion. vol. iii.. pp. 1 7-.P- ;\ translation is in iMench's " Historical ( 'olh nions,'' part i,, pp. .57 44 ; also in the setoml scries, pp. 1 15. of the same publication, and in I'alconer's ".Mississippi." 'I'lur second, which (K'tnies his schemes at greater lenylli, is printed in Margry, vol. ii., pp. ,559-,/i<; ; in I'.nglish, in I'leinh's "Historical C'ollections, ' part i.. pp. 25-34. The accessory official ilociimenls relating to vaiious fiatures and stages of till! expedition are inchidi-d in Iht; sei oncl and third volumes of Margry's Collection. NVe have two narratives by niembers of this expedition, which relate its history from the time of departure from IVance down to and after the death of I, a Salle. The fnst to appear in print was Douay's, which was pid)lished by I.e C'lercij in his " Prc-mier l-ltablissement de la I'oy," I'aris, \G()\. Shea printed a translation of it in the '* Hiscovtry and I'",x[)loration of the Mississippi,'' New \'ork, kS.s.?. A com- parison of 1 )oua\'s journal with Joutel's narrative is made by Shea in iiis edition of 1-e ("lercq, published at New York in 1S81. Joutel, who seems to have been next in command to T,a Salle, kept a journal, which is published for the Hrst time in its integrity in Margry's Collection, vol. iii., ])p. f><;-5.i4. An abridged and modified version of this narrative was published at I'aris in 1713, under the title, "Journal hist()ri([ue du dernier Voyage (pie feu M. de I, a Salle, fit dans le (lolfe du Mexicpie." Joutel complainetl that changes were made by the editor in retouching the work for publication. 'l"he text published by Margry is much fuller than the printed edition. An I'lnglish translation of the Paris l)roducti()n, under the title, "Journal of the Last Voyage performed by M. de I, a Salle," etc., was published at London in 1714, and in 1719 another edition was brought out as "Joutel's Journal of his Voyage to Mexico ami Canada." A rei)iint of the London edition is i)rinted in I''rench's " Historical Collections," part i., i)p. S5- 193. An edition in Spanish was published at New York in 1H31, with the title, " Diario historico del ultimo Viaje (pie ]\L de La Sale hijo para descubrir el desem- bocadero y curso del Mississipi." Charlevoix says that Joutel was the most reliable of La Salle's followers, and Parkman thinks that he "gives the impression of sense, intelligence, and candor throughout," while Douay, in the latter's opinion, did not always write honestly. Jean Cavelier, an older brother of La Salle's, who, after the latter's assassination, escaped to Canada in company with Joutel and Douay, is said to have drawn up a report of the expedition for M. de Seignelay, the Minister of Marine. Parkman jiossesses a manuscript which he says is a portion of the first draft of this report. Dr. Shea edited Parkman's document under the title, "Relation du voyage entrepris par feu M. Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle, pour decouvrir dans le golfe du Mexiijue, I'embouchure du fleuve de Missisipy. Par son frere, M. Cavelier" A Manate [N. Y.J 1858, 54 pp. iCmo, and printed a trans- lation in his collection of " Early Voyages up and down the Mississippi," Albany, 1861. I J DiscovKuv ()i 11 1 1; Mississiri'i \')') Margry gives in hi-, ( 'ollcciion. vol. ii., p].. 501-509, a iiortion of a joiinuil ki'|ii hy C.iVL'liiT. lioil) ilicsf iKinativfs from Cavcliti'> pt'ii iiic vi-ry iiit|)iTfci;i, iln- foriiicr failiii^r (01 ihi.' latti-r iKiit of tin.- expedition, and tlu- journal stops la'foic tli'- landinL; in 'I'exas. I, a Salle's assassination. \vlii(li took placi* in idS;. wis witnesscil by Doiiay, who gives an .'\ccount in his journal, joutcl relates the event hoin ihr testimony of eye-witnesses, and 'I'onty states wiiat he learned from the survivors of I, a Salle's party. See also " Relation de la mort (hi Sr. de I. a S.dle, suivant le raj.- port dun nonune Couture a (jui M. Cavclicr I'apprit en pas^anl aux Akansas," in Margry, vol. iii., pp. 601-606. A letter written by I.a Salle, March 4, 16S5, erroneously dated at the mouth of thf Mississippi, is in Margry, vol. ii., pp. 55<)-5''».?, and a tr.mslation is appcnd.'d lo Shea's " Karly X'oyages." 'I'he " I'loces verbal fait par I, a Salle avant de eondiiire son frere au Mississipi, i.S. avril i6Sf)," in Margry, vol. iii., pj). ;, s5-54<;, relates I, a Salle's oi)erations in 'I'exas, including his tiist two journeys from the 'J'exas colony to lind the Mississi|)pi by land. The Spaniards, in 1689, visittd the site of I, a Salle's colony, and made prisoners of the survivors whom they found among the Indians. Two of tlu'^e cajjiives escapee', to l'"rance, and their testimony in regard to the fate of the colony is given in Mar-ry, vol. iii., pp. 610-62 I. J'arkman cites the official journal of this Spanish expedition, which is inedited. It is entitled " Derrotero de la Jornada ([ue hi/o el ( leneral Ah)n/,() de l.ron jiara el do cubrimiento de la I'.ahia del J-'-spiritu Santo, y ])oblacion de J-'ranceses." J'.uckingham Smith's "Colecr.ion de varios documentos i)ara la histoiiaiK- la I'lorida," ii|). 25-2S. contains a narrative by a member of the Spalli^h (ompanv, entitled "CiirCi, en que se da noticia de un viaje hecho d la lUhia de J<;spiritu Santo, v de la iioblacinn ([ue ti'uian ah los JManceses,"' which is also inserted in I'Vench's " Historical Ciolleclions,'' second series, pp. 29,^-295. Harcia, in his " Knsayo chronologico para la historia gt-neral de la J''lorida," Mailrid, 1723, gives an account, from an unknown source, which is translated in Shea's " Discovery of the Mississippi.' This closes the list of principal contemporary narratives of the Inst explorations by the French of western territory. Margry's Collection contains mam documents of minor interest, but important, which have not been noted. A iounial by Minet, the engineer who returned to France with lieaujeau in i6S6, in Margrv, vol. ii.. pp. 589-601, and Tonty's " Lettres sur ce cpi'il a app-ris de I, a .^alle, le vovage (pi'il a fait pour Taller chercher," 1686-16S9, in Margry, vol. i i., pp. 55 1-564, must, how- ever, be mentioned. The secondary authorities will be the subject of treatment in another paper. APPLF.rOX v. C. 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