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 3^ ' ' gr@ 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OP 
 
 Chevalier C. BAILLAIRGE 
 
 III 
 
 Engineer, of the City of 
 
 On the i^iliomtion of its Apeduct. 
 
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 IREISOXiTJ-rioisr OIB^ nn-FTTn 
 
 r 
 
 CITY-COUNCIL 
 
 Of the lOth June 1881. 
 
 ■ 
 
 QUEBEC: 
 
 PfilNTED BY ILZEAR V I N^C E N f 
 
 224, St. John Street 
 
 188 L 
 
 ^ — .^g^ ^ ^ ^i^g^g.-^ ^ ^,^ ^^^' ^ 
 
REPORT 
 
 or 
 
 Cheralier C. BAILLAIRGE 
 
 Engineer, of the City of Quebec 
 
 On the Amelioration of its Aquednot. 
 
 00- 
 
 T^ESOXjTTTIOnsr ODF THE 
 
 CITY-COUNCIL 
 
 Of the 10th June 1881. 
 
 QUEBEC: 
 PRINTED BY ELZEAR 
 224, St. John Street 
 1881. 
 
 I N C E N T 
 
Quebec, 12tli August, 1881. 
 
 His Worship^ The Mayor^ The AMermen, CounciUors cf C^- 
 
 em of the Cihf of Quebec. 
 
 Gentleiij^n, 
 
 In 1848. a report was nrnde to the then Citj Couuoil, by an 
 engineer said to b© eminent, recorameii ling an 18 inch main, com- 
 puted after Prony's formulae, for a supply of water of 3,(KM>,000 im- 
 perial gallons ill the 24 hours : say 30 gallons for each man, womaa 
 and child of a population of 10u,000 souls. 
 
 In his calculationa for a coniinuoua supply, the engineer made 
 use of data applicable only to one of an intermittent nature. Thir- 
 ty gallons is the approximate figure of the quantity of water supplied 
 m London and elsewhere under the alternative sj'atem ; while uuder 
 the continuous, the allowance is more than double that quantity, as 
 evidenced by the statistics of hundreds of American and European 
 cities. Nor h ic improbable that in conaputing the ret.> dation of 
 flow, sufficient importance was not given to the 78, or more, bends 
 and deflections in the pipe, both in the vertical & horizontal plaues. 
 
 If I allude to this error and others, it is the better to show the 
 elements which must enter as factors into an exposition of the rea- 
 sons to be given, for the inadequacy of the present aqueduct and the 
 necessity of adding to it -, and here let me observe, it is not since the 
 present time only, when seven-eighths of the City are supplied with 
 water, that the want of it is felt; but on the contrary, such has been 
 the case since its first introduction into the higher wards in 3837. 
 
 Even at that time it wasfouod necessary Iv »ave recourse to the 
 adjustment of the gates or stop cocks, to cause the water to ascend 
 to the required levels, and before incrustation of the pipes could be 
 assigned as a cause for the want of pressure. 
 
 This incrustatioa of the inte ri or of the p. ^ es, th i s oxydatioa or 
 
tuberosity, had beeu long known previous to 1848, and sliould have 
 determined an increase in their dianietei proportional to its thick- 
 ness, rendered more t>ffective by the irregularity of its surface and 
 the increased friction consequent thereon; nev^ertheless, no account 
 was taken of such an inipoitant element, the eflfect of which, com- 
 bined with that of eccentricity of joints, irregularities of aiinement, 
 stones and sediment in the ))ipes nndother obstructions, Mr. Baldwin, 
 in his report of 1865, estimates at more than .*J3 per cent of the total 
 capacity of the pipe. 
 
 I may say, at once, that IIjIs estimate is some what exaggerated 
 and that in ;eality the incrustation does not exceed a mean thick- 
 ness of half an inch ; sufficient, no doubt, to be taken into account 
 iL calculating the quantity of water the pipe would lupply; but 
 inadequate to explain, in its entirety, the almost total want of pies- 
 sure in all the upper portions of tlie City and even in the upper 
 stories of buildings on the lower levels. 
 
 It is the loss — the waste of water, its immoderate u-^e in closets, 
 urinals and sinks, and the criminal profusion with which it is let 
 run to prevent the fieezing of pipes which is the cause why it can- 
 not bo simultaneously supplied to all parts of the City. 
 • The climate was known when first the aqueduct was projected j 
 early statistics went to show that the consumption of water in a 
 great many American cities was, not 30 gallons, but varied between 
 60 and 130 gallons to each individual of the respective populations 
 of those cities. It Wiis undoubted that Quebec, under a still lower 
 temperature and a nioie prolonijed cold spell, would have recourse 
 to the sujiie expedients to prevent the freezing of pipes ; yet in the 
 face oi so many elements which should have determined a sup- 
 ply capable of meeting all eventnalitie?, a size of pipe was fixed 
 upon having less thim half the required capacity. 
 --■ The history of other cities was also at hand to enlighten public 
 opinion in the premises. Many towns in the United States, in Ca- 
 nada and in Europe, having a population inferior to that of Quebec, 
 had commenced by laying down a pipe of greater dianiet -r and had 
 found themselves, a few years after, driven to the necessity of add- 
 ing to their respective aqueducts a second pipe larger than the first, 
 a third more ample than the other two combined. Quebec had not 
 the wisdom to profit by these hssons, and for Lot having done so 
 has, since the existence of its water works, seen itself devastated at 
 least three times by as many great fires— conflagrations of an extent 
 
- 5 — 
 
 to reqaire millions in the recoostruotion of the property destroyed, 
 the quarter of which amouat would have been ample at the time to 
 cover the additional cost of a second line of pipe from Lorette. 
 
 Quebec is exceptional, perhaps among all known cities, in res- 
 pect to a circumstance which up to th« present, no body appears to 
 have thought of; — I allude to the inadequate depth of its building 
 lots. While, elsewhere, and especially in countries 'There, as is the 
 case here, resinous woods make up so large a portion of our houses, 
 out-houses and buildings of all sorts ; wisdom was exercised in giv- 
 ing to bu' ''"ng 'ots a depth of at least 100 feet, thus separating by 
 a disttt' jf from 50 to <50 feet houses from out- buildings likely to 
 impel* .em in case of fire ; here, ou the contrary, the almost crimi- 
 nal t»rovidence of seigniors, proprietors of the soil — their desire to 
 make as much out of it as possible— caused them to reduce to 60 
 feet, and even to 50 ft. or less, a dept of lot which would have been 
 little enough at more than double the figure. 
 
 And these very parties (to whom we really owe the extent of our 
 conflagrations) are by a most unjust and iniquitous law exempt from 
 the payment of municipal taxes, and refuse to pay an increased wa- 
 ter rate, or any rate at all, proportional to the reduced insurance 
 premiums due to the existence of the Water Works and fire brigade. 
 
 Quebec for this sole reason, and though there were none other, 
 requires fire protection, more ejficacious, more prompt, than any other 
 city J but instead of this, and which at the tijne would not have en- 
 hanced the cost of the works by more than 20 per cent, instead of 
 having its under surface traversed in all directions by a net work of 
 pipes of the larger size (none Icvss than siJv iiches, and even these in 
 short lenghts connected at each end with pipes of double, triple the 
 ■capacity )j — instead of this, I say, we find an almost uninterrupted 
 series of 4 inch pipes communicating at only rare intervals with 
 others of larger diameter, and, long since, reduced to an effective 
 dijuueter of 3 inches, perhaps iess, — that is, to nearly half their ori- 
 ginal capacity — by incrustation and other obstructions. 
 
 Now, had these small pipes been confined to short lengths of 100 
 to 200 feet and connected with others of additional capacity ; but no, 
 they are laid for distances of 1,000 to 2,000 feet, and would you know 
 the consequence thereof— may I tell you to what extent, in such pi- 
 pes, the dynamic or hydraulic pressure, or that of the water in mo- 
 tion or in. the act of discharging itself, is reduced ? The De Salaberrv 
 
— — 
 
 street service main 1,80<) ft. long, 4 inches diamotcr, from St. John 
 Bt. to the Grande-A'.l^'e could hardly do more than deliver its water 
 into the basement of the New Gaol, until having by means of a piece 
 of two inch pipe opened a communication between itand the 18 inch 
 main immediately adjoining, the water at once attained the leve. of 
 the cisterns under the roofing of this five story building. 
 
 Again see the effect of such conduits, in each case of a fire 
 where, as the Chief of the fire department can tell you, tho friction 
 of a few hundred feet of these small arteries reduces the pressure to 
 almost nothing, while the nearer you come to the principal arteries 
 or tliose of enlarged size — and especially when the hydrants are 
 attached directly to, or put into communication with them, by only 
 a few feet of smaller pipe— the pressure increases in a proportion 
 difficult to credit without being a witness to the fact. 
 
 Diminution of pressure due to svnallness of pipes is further exem- 
 plified in the following experiments: after the fire of Montcalm 
 ward in 1876, I had a hose attached to the 4 inch pipe in Scott st. 
 near Artillery str., that is, at a level considerably below that of the 
 Grande- Allee and fully 1000 ft. therefrom ; the water hardly rose 10 
 ft. beyond the nozzle. The same hose was then attached to the 
 main at a point nearer the supply pipe of the Grande- Allee or about 
 half way between Artillery and St. Amable streets. Theoretically, 
 and if the diameter of the pipe had nothing to do with it, the pres- 
 sure should have been less under such increased elevation, while 
 on the contrary it was much greater. A third trial opposite the end 
 of St. Amable st.— the distance separating the hose from the Grande 
 All^e being in this case but 500 ft. — the pressure was further increa- 
 ped. and the jet from the hose attained tho summits of the adjoining 
 huildings. Finally, I had the hose removed on the same 4 inch 
 main to a point situated in the immediate vicinity of the Grande 
 A116e. at some 30 ft only from the main 18 inch supply pipe, and 
 there at a level so many feet above Artillery street, a jet of water 
 issued capable of commanding the summits of the houses of this, 
 the highest district in the City. 
 
 The same eflfect was observed, though in a less degree, when the 
 hose was attached to the 4 inch main of St. Amable St. in the vici- 
 nity of the 6 inch one of Lachevroti^re St. 
 
 Enough, I think, has been said to convince the public that, not- 
 withstanding the immense static pressure of the water in our pipes. 
 Tinder a head of 480 feet (levelof the reservoir at Lorette above the 
 
— 7 — 
 
 river St. Lawrence) this pressure being*200 lbs per square inch in 
 the lower parts of the City, 110 lbs. or thereabouts at Mount-Plea- 
 sant and 70 lbs. on Perrault's Hill j— I say that notwithstanding this 
 static pressure which vould exist in the pipes at those points if the 
 wat€)f- in them were quiescent and unable to find an issue; the dyna- 
 mic pressure which should ejjaal the first, and would ('o so if it were 
 not modified by friction, is reduced by the sinnllness of the pipes, ra- 
 pidity of flow and waste, to such a degree as to be not only power- 
 less iu many parts of the city in case of fire, but at such points, and 
 elsewhere, the T^ater hardly rises sufficiently to attain the cisterns 
 situated for thu most part in the upper floors of houses and public 
 buildings of the City — Assylums, hospitals, educational and other 
 establishments ; and, as is well known, it is only by concentrating, 
 on one particular ward of the city, the whole force of the aqueduct 
 and separately supplying each ward, to the exclusion of all the 
 others, that it is possible to cause the water to rise to the ward in 
 question. 
 
 I must refer to the report of T. C. Keefer Esq., of 1860 page 15 
 for a detailed statement of the pressure existing in different parts of 
 the city, and there it will be seen, as proof of what 1 have just ad- 
 vanced, that it is often under an increased elevation that the pres 
 sure is the greater— due to the causes just alluded to. 
 
 Five years later, or in 1865, a second report was made on the 
 state of the aqueduct and on remedial measures relating thereto, by 
 G. R. Baldwin Esq, conformably to whose report of 1848, our 
 aqueduct was laid down as it now exists. 
 
 These two reports of Keefer and Baldwin should be consulted 
 and I therefore recall their existence to the present City Council, 
 and to the Citizens, interested as they must be, one and all, in obtain- 
 ing a full understanding of the defects of the present system so as to ' 
 apply a remedy both reliable and of long duration. • 
 
 A partial improvement in the water supply may be effected "by 
 cleansing out the pipes as was done some years ago in Halifax. This 
 cleansing or scouring of the pipes consists in removing their interior 
 incrustation, sediment and other obstructions. For this purpose, it 
 was necessary to open the streets at distances of 150ft. more or less, 
 break out a pipe or cut it to disengage it from its position and scour out 
 by means ol a metallic broom to which was given a double motion of 
 rotation and propulsion. This broom or scourer, with the help of a 
 current of water, hauled towards it orpushed before it, the sconringSy 
 
to the points of rupture, wbence they were removed and the pipe then 
 closed, or its contiDuity made good by the insertion of new pipes, or 
 of the pieces removed, the jointings of which were rendered herme- 
 tical by the use of cast iron rings covering their ends or junctions. 
 
 True, this scouring at Halifax entailed an expenditure of only 
 $7,500, 1 believe, and the same might be done here for a sum of, may 
 be, $25,000j but such cleansing would only slightly remedy the eviU 
 complained of, aud would have to be repeated again in a few years. 
 
 It suffices to repeat what I have already said, namely: that, 
 as early as 1857, when the pipes had but recently been laid and were 
 still quite new and without any incrustation whatever, the manipu- 
 lation of the stop-cocks had, already, to be resorted to to to force the 
 water to the upper levels of the City. 
 
 lan^ therefore of opinion that we should, as the only reliable re- 
 medy, for these inequalities of pressure, replace some of the smaller 
 pipes by others of increased diameter, or else divide the long narrow 
 pipes into short sections and connect them at their points of rupture 
 or section with larger pipes if they be there or which should be laid 
 down for the purpose. 
 
 Thus, for instauce, in the suburbs and in St'Roch and Jacques- 
 
 Cartier wards all pipes running North and South— through Scott, 
 
 Lache\ >ti^re, St. Augustin and other streers in Montcalm ward : 
 
 through Sutherland, Deligny, St. Claire, etc. in St. John ward ; 
 
 through St Ours, St Anselm, Caron, Dorchester, etc. in St. Eoch 
 
 and Jacques -Cartier wards ; should be of large size and the small 
 
 pipes of all streets in the opposite direction, or which run East and 
 
 West, divided into sections terminating in those of the first series 
 
 and connected therewith. The hydrants should be placed as much 
 
 as possible in the vicinity of the larger pipes, or at the intersectiori 
 
 of two of the smaller ones which would considerably increase an 1 
 
 strengthen the flow of water from them — the water thus reaching 
 
 the hydrant from four different directions instead of only from one 
 
 or two. See in this respect C. L. Stevenson's report of the 1st. 
 
 September J 864 on a water supply for the City of Lynn, or the note, 
 
 page 3, of Baldwin's report of J 865. 
 
 Many Cities, already have had recourse to this mode of increa- 
 sing, or rendering constant, their water pressure, by replacing a 
 certain number of the smaller pipes by others of increased bore. 
 For instance, Chicago, some few years ago, removed two miles, or 
 more than 10 000 ft. of 10 inch pipe and replaced it by a 24 inch 
 
— 9 — 
 
 one, the capacity of the latter being nearly six times that of the 
 former. 
 
 Such are the pipes we should have iu certain streets of the city : 
 — St. Louis, St. John, St. Valier, St. Joseph, Prince Edward, St, 
 Paul, St. Peter. Ohamplain and St. Denis. These large pipes act as 
 so many reservoir& j maintain the pressure in their respective dis- 
 tricts and their necessity is due to the fact that, under the present 
 system, it is sufficient to draw water from one of the 4 inch pipes in 
 certain parts of the City, to entirely destroy, during the interval, 
 all pressure in such pipe and deprive the vicinity of water. 
 
 One would hardly credit how, under the eflfecfc of an arterial 
 system so capillary in its dimensions, a purely local cause \^ill affect 
 the circulation. How many complaints do we not receive everyday 
 under this head at the City Hall where it is difficult to convince the 
 public, that on this account, the least flow to fill a watering cart, a 
 cistern, a well, to flood a skating rink, to supply small hand hose 
 when several are playing at a time, a leak through a broken pipe, 
 a waste or continuous flow in a sink or closet, affect the circulation 
 in the vicinity. This would never happen if, as I recommend, we 
 replaced a number of our microscopic pipes by others visible to the 
 naked eye, — the 4 inch by 6 inch and 8 inch, the 8 inch by \'Z " or 
 14", the 12" and 14" by 18" and 24"— which, had it been done 
 from the first, would not have added 50 per cent to the cost of dis- 
 tribution throughout the City. 
 
 I need hardly say that all this? would not bring us an increased 
 supply of water from Lorette. These are means, and practical ones, 
 of equalizing the pressure, remedying the local drawbacks of which 
 so many complain, and considerably augmenting the force of water 
 for fire purposes. ^ H^ ^t-^ A/ 
 
 The great evil — that which surpasses all others — is the los^, the 
 waste, — the criminal waste, of a substance more precious than milk 
 which we pay for at the rate of 15 to 20 cents a gallon; while, for 
 the one gallon of milk we utilize, we uselessly employ from 500 to 
 1000 times the quantity of water. 
 
 If every one acted as I do myself, as do a thousand others who 
 know how to appreciate the gift of an abundant supply of pure wa- 
 ter J if each one saw to their interior distribution and so placed the 
 pipes as to prevent freezing, thus saving the item of waste due to 
 such a mode of prevention ; if every one had a cistern wtth self- 
 acting apparatus to cut off the supply when the cistern is lull ; if 
 
— 10 — 
 
 all closets were self actiug, all taps in order, all pipes sound and in 
 good repair ; may I tell you how much water you would require 1 
 nut more than 10 gallons per individual, 50 to CO gallons or a barrel 
 per family per day : and am I not right; have you already lost remem- 
 brance of the time when water was delivered here by the barrel and 
 when you were content with from one to two barrels per week? 
 Well, double this quantity, triple it if you like, and no one will have 
 
 to complaiu. 
 
 After all, Baldwin was mistaken in 1848, merely because you 
 will it so. He gave you 30 gallons of water per head to every man, 
 woman and child of the population and you take 60 or more. You 
 let it run night and day in your closets and urinals without neces- 
 sity, you save yourself the cost of protecting your pipes against the 
 cold of winter by allowing taps to run full bore through sinks, &c. 
 Your taps are out of order, water runs from them by hundreds and 
 thousands of gallons every 24 hours an I you do not see to it. You 
 use a hose with which to wash your vehicles and thus waste ten 
 times — a hundred times more water than if you used a bucket for 
 the purpose. You are not satisfied with sprinkling the street where 
 the City watering carts do not pass, or during the intervals between 
 their visits, your children and servants waste the water, use it at 
 a dead loss to sprinkle where the city performs the service for you 
 and during the very time the thing is being done ; they waste it in 
 attempted hieroglyphics (it is so pretty) in the dust, aud finally re- 
 duce the whole to mud. 
 
 Do you know what water you waste ? probably not, for if you 
 did you would not do it, in a number of cases. An ordinary half 
 inch tap under medium pressure, will run from 1 0,000 to 40,000 gal- 
 lons of water in the 24 hours. The last report from Milwaukee 
 whose population is about equal to ours, shows a loss of water of 
 750,000 gallons through a single tap in a tenement left vacant during 
 the winter, equal to 7,500 gallons a day, for a cold spell of three 
 months. The quantity was ascertained by the meter attached to 
 the service pipe. A three dollar stop-cock, to prevent the water 
 from rising to this untenanted floor, would have saved a waste which 
 at 15 cents per thousand gallons amounts to .$112.50. The use of 
 the hydrometer detected, in a service pipe, a leak which had existed 
 for 5 years J it equalled 5,000 gallons per day or 9,125,000 for the 5 
 years, a loss of $1,368 to the city. The water thus wasted would 
 have suflBced to supply 166 families for a whole year or 33 families 
 during the 5 years. 
 
The only eflfective means of stopping the waste of water, is the- 
 use of the meter, in the same way a« gas Companies guard against ^^ 
 robbery by a similar process. 
 
 J. S. Brown, Water registrar lor the town of Worcester, says 
 in his report of Nov. 30th. 1878. " The water works department 
 considers the use of meters as absolutely essential to its protection ^ 
 against the '.oss and waste of water j unknown leakages and wf ^stes 
 having thus been discovered which would otherwise have remained 
 unknown and attained formidable proportions. In this respect alone 
 " says Brown, "the meter has been a powerful auxiliary and of great 
 value to the department." 
 
 I cite Worcester, Mass., because its population of 58,0f>0 souls 
 is comparable with our own and there the consumption of water per 
 diem is only 2i million gallons, of which each inhabitant receives a 
 mean supply of 25 gallons. Now, it is the use of meters that brings 
 about this result and it is admitted that without them, Worcester 
 "Would do as is done every where else, use from 60 to 120 gallons per 
 individual per day. The number of meters in use in Worcester 
 was 3,791 in 1880 while the whole number of its water services was 
 but 5,200. Providence R. I. has 4,401 meters on 9,276 services or 
 47i per cent. --s-- :^v?^> 
 
 Experiments made at Worcester to establish the quantity of wa-«1> 
 ter actually required per individual, have fixed that quantity by me- 
 ter measurement as varying from 12 to 18 gallons per diem or from 
 one to two barrels per diem per family in the 24 hours, and where 
 more is passed, it runs to waste through the differeut sources already 
 indicated, "- 
 
 Every day I receive from the United States and elsewhere, the 
 annual report on Water Works of some one or other of the towns 
 and cities thereof, and in each of them is repeated the constantly re- 
 curring complaint of the waste of Water and of the consequent fall- 
 ing away of the water from the higher levels of these cities. In the 
 api)endices to this report will be found numerous extracts bearing 
 on the subjects of waste, meters, consumption per individual per 
 diem and much other pertinent and interesting information and 
 statistic matter. 
 
 Boston, as yet, has but 1294 meters in use and received $163.74 
 per each metered service while the unmetered services being in are- 
 venue of only $15.94 each. 
 ' . If the whole of the water in Joston were measured it would de- 
 
— 12 — 
 
 rive a revenue of $1,780,4.'J8 while it actually receives only $812,922 
 fihowin;^ a loss to the city of $967,516 due to uometered water. 
 
 New York with a population of 1,200,000 souls consumes 125 
 gallons of water per capita per day. If, as at Worcester, nearly all 
 its services were metered, the quantity of w^at^r poured into that 
 City through Jie Croton aqueduct would suffice for a population of 
 6,000,000 souls; in the same way as, if the services were metered in 
 Quebec, there would be water everywhere and at all hours of the day. 
 It would cost, say, $100,000 to meter each of the 5,000 city services. 
 These meters would be subject to freezing in certain cases and give 
 trouble, irrespective of their being a subject of complaint In other 
 regards. In one word hydrometry would not be more popular with 
 us than it is elsewhere, but it would be an effective remedy and by 
 degrees we would become wedded to it as at Worcester where they 
 commenced in 1874 by putting in 1100 of these registers and have 
 steadily worked up in 1881 to the figure of 3791 meters on 5200 ser- 
 vices. 
 
 I have not yet said what the waste is here in Quebec. Three 
 successive measurements of the water during the fifteen years I have 
 been in the employ of the City have shown (Keeper and Baldwin, 
 both, corroborate it in their respoctive reports of 1860 and 1865) that 
 the minimum quantity of water which enters the city during the 
 small hours of the night is 87 per cent or i of the maximum which 
 flows into it at mid-day. If we allow one-eighth of this quantity 
 as necessary to replenish cisterns drained out during the day — and 
 less is required to fill all such vacuums — we have still to accouutfor 
 the other three-quarters of the total supply which flows at night 
 when every one is asleep, or nearly all, and which cannot be ex- 
 plained otherwise than by admitting that it is uselessely lost and was- 
 ted by the voluntary or unknown leakages which I have already al- 
 luded to. ' ' . ' 
 
 It is a fact that when during the stillness of night one peram- 
 bulates the streets of the City (it has happened to me a thousand 
 times) water is heard to run here and there, in a cellar, a closet, a 
 sink, etc., in winter or spring through a pipe burst by frost, in quan- 
 tities abundant enough to explain in a great measure the loss here 
 alluded to, and who of us in visiting a neighbour, a friend, has not 
 in at least five cases out of ten, hearr the water running full bore 
 through the tap over the kitchen sink, in a closet or elsewhere. 
 
 Now, had we even two water inspectors with nothiuji else to do 
 
than to visit all the tapa of the city and who could do so every three 
 months; what garantee have we that so soon as their backs were 
 turned the same process would not contin le. The advantage of 
 these inspectors would at most be to cause leaky taps to be repaired 
 and to discover a certain number of Ic ;kages inaccessible to or may 
 be unknown to house-holders ; but to discover them all and put an 
 end to the waste, meters are the only knowa affective means. 
 
 Taking the whole supply of water to the cape and sending it 
 down again, is about the same thing as if a carter, to deliver you iv 
 barrel of water from the Palais lo the Lower-Town, went around by 
 the Upper-Town. 
 
 I am therefore of opinion that, with such differences of level as 
 we have at the Grande Allee, on the Cape, at Mount-Pleasant and 
 and in the Lower-Town, the city should be divided into three sec- 
 tions communicating the one with the other, but susceptible of com- 
 plete separation by means ot stop cocks or gates in all pipes run- 
 ning from one section into the other. The De Salaberry street pipe 
 would thus be maintained for the supply of St. Louis and Montcalm 
 wards through and over the Grande- Allee summit, with, possibly, 
 a branch over the cove field to Cham plain ward and the St. John 
 street pipe be told off to do duty for St. John and Palace wards. 
 
 No injustice need be feared. The two pipes, to be sure, are in 
 the ratio of three to two but their respective pressures are in the re- 
 verse ratio of two to three, so that each of them would give, or 
 thereabouts, a quantity of water relatively proportional to the wards 
 to be supplied or which by the use of stopcocks may be adjusted in 
 a way to do equal justice to all concerned. ;«,^i j^*; 
 
 It remains to provide for the wants of St. Roch and the Lower 
 Town — possibly Cham plain ward, if not found preferable, on ac- 
 count nf the long distance through Lower Town, to supply it direc- 
 tly over the cliff from the pipe in De Salaberry Str. or the Grande 
 Allee as already hinted at. For this purpose the present pipe, with- 
 out disconnecting it, and for valid reason, in any part of its course 
 between Loretto and the Grande- Allee, would be broached at the 
 foot of Sauvageau Hill (Baldwin's report of 1865) and the water di- 
 rected by Arago and St. Valier Streets to the head of Crown Street 
 hill, or at its passage across St. Valier Street in the village of St. 
 Angele, or by both together, thence causing the water to flow to- 
 wards and attain the same point opposite Crown St. and through 
 the present pipes spread itself over the lower wards of the City. 
 
— 14- 
 
 Tb is pipe which now supplies at the rate of 1,800,000 gallons 
 in the 24 hours over the summit level at Grande- All^e (in the open 
 it would deliver 2,200,000 at the same point) and 2,700,000 gallons 
 at Mount-Pleasant, will give 3,350,000 at the proposed level ; that 
 is to pay, the Lower Town, including Jacques Cartier, St. Roch and 
 St. Pt'ter wards (perhaps Champlain ward) would thus be provided 
 with ;<n increase of w. iter capable of maintaining sufficient pressure 
 to cause it to ascend to the summits of the highest buildings in these 
 wards. 
 
 To provide for the two upper sections of the City, as already 
 stated , by the 18 inch pipe of De Salaberry Street and the J 4 inch 
 St. John St. main, it will be necessary to lay a second line of pipe 
 fiom Lorette to Quebec. This conduit will be 30" bore and joined at 
 Mount- Pleasant to the 18 and 14 inch pipes just mentioned. In this 
 way the three sections of the city at as many different levels would 
 each of them be supplied with water continuously and independently 
 of the other sections. 
 
 I have said that the three sections would be united at pleasure 
 by means of the stop gates and this would have to be done at any 
 rate in cases of fire, where the pressure due to each lower section 
 independently of that at a higher level, might not and would not 
 always be sufficient to project the water through some hundred feet 
 of hose to the summits of the higher edifices of the section under 
 consideration aud would have to be increased by the additional pres- 
 sure of the neighbouring section to render it effective. 
 
 The 30 inch pipe, moreover, would also be connected by a stop- 
 cock at the foot of Sauvageau Hill with the present pipe. In this way 
 the whole supply of both pipes might be thrown entirely or in any 
 required proportion on to either of the three sections to which I have 
 alluded. ^ 
 
 The present system of stop-cock manipulation by which the 
 whole supply can be directed towards any quarter of the city evi- 
 dently proves the possibility of so doing. , 
 
 If I do not propose to discontinue that portion of the present 
 main which lies between Arago and St. John streets after directing 
 its waters towards St, Rochs, it is, as may be easily apprehended, 
 that the city may not remain without water in case of a rupture of 
 the new line, a thing which might occur as it has already, more than 
 three times, to the present 18 inch main. If this portion of the pre- 
 sent main were removed, each one will understand that in case of 
 
^ " ~ — 15- -^ _ 
 
 an Acci'lent to the second pipe, the two upper sections — St. John 
 and Palace, Montcalm and St. Louis waids— would be completely 
 deprived of water. Since it is only by shuttiug off the lower part 
 of the city tii " the upper portion can be supplied, if the pipe to 
 Mount-Pleasaiiv be disconnected it is evident that the water concen- 
 trated on St. Roch and Jacqnes-Cartier would not go beyond the 
 levels it attains to day, to wit; the lower portions of St. John and 
 Palace wards, leaving, in such case, all higher parts of the city with- 
 out water not only for fire purposes but even for domestic use. 
 Therefore it is imperative to maintain the present pipe intact with 
 the exception of the branches and gates already alluded to. 
 
 A RESEUVOIK on Perraults Hill subject as it would be by it« 
 want of volume and shallowness to daily fluctuations of considerable 
 extent in the level of its waters, which in winter wouldsoou reduce 
 its contents to a mass of ice, must to prevent such an eventuality> 
 be covered with earth supported by brick arches or vaultings bear- 
 ing on pillars. Such a reservoir would cost $200,000. Its only uti- 
 lity would be, not that of adding to the supply of the City or ren- 
 dering the supply continuous, since while it would be filling during 
 night, the city mains, as at present, would empty themselves and 
 would only be refilled somewhat the quicker through the meiluim of 
 said reservoir. Its only isefulness, I say, would be as a reserve of 
 water in case of fire or of an accident to the feed pipe j and it would 
 be useless, even with its ten million gallons of water, if such acci- 
 dent required more than a very few duys to repair, aud an accident 
 to one or the other of the pipes under or over the St. Charles, might 
 require one, two or even three months to make good. Baldwin 
 who recommended this reservoir in 1848, afterwards admitted its 
 uselessness (page 19 of his report of 1865.) appendix 9 to His report, 
 No. 12. 
 
 Moveover there is in favor of a second line of pipe a reason 
 which is more important than all others. Supposing that, by hydro- 
 metry — the metering or measuring of the water — it were possible to 
 reduce its consumption to what is strictly necessary and by stopping 
 the loss or waste, render its supply continuous in all parts of the 
 City, which is doubtful — and it would cost $100,000 so to do — there 
 would still be the imminent danger as there is to day, of seeing the 
 pipe ruptured at a point where repairs would require more time than 
 the interval during which the citizens would consent to be deprived 
 
— 16 — 
 
 ofwrtter; and a s'.ill greater inconvenience, if possible, would p re- 
 gent itself if during this stoppage of the aqueduct there occurred one 
 of those monster fires which Quebec has so much reason to dread 
 the recurrence of. 
 
 The proverb is incontrovertible :— always have two strings to 
 
 your bow. 
 
 I propose, asmentionned in my annual report of 1868, that start- 
 ing at a point on the Lorette side of the syphon, corresponding to 
 the level of the summit delivery at Mount Pleasant, the diameter cf 
 the main be increased by 3 inches— or from 30 to 33 inches for a dis- 
 tance of 3300 ft., that is to a point corresponding in level with that 
 of the pipe at Grande Allee summit, the difference of level between 
 these two points being 84.78 feet. Thence to the point where |;he 
 fall or inclination of the pipe, from 3.4 feet in 100, reduces to 1.0 and 
 to 0.6G in 100, a second increase of diameter would obtain. This 
 section, 3,500 feet in length would therefore have a diameter of 36 
 inches, and thence to the Chateau d'eau a distance of 3,150 feet, with 
 very slight inclination, I would make the diameter of the pipe 40 
 inches. 
 
 It is unnecessary to say that the greater the bore, the less thejfric- 
 tion, this friction being as the circumferences or diameters whereas 
 the capacity of the pipes is as the squares of these factors. It is pre- 
 cisely the same as if the pipe were shorter or Lorette nearer the City. 
 
 The new aqueduct instead of bending into an additignnal or sub- 
 syphon under the rivers St. Charles and Des Meres, as the present 
 pipe does, would cross each of these water courses on an iron tubular 
 bridge supported by pillars or abutments ot solid masonry. This 
 tube would be lined inaide allowing an intermediary space to be fil- 
 led with sawdust or other material as a protection against frost, and 
 would be of sufficient size to afford every facility for repairs if ne- 
 cessary at any time. 
 
 A more permanent structure, requiring less care and at longer 
 intervals, would possibly be a stone arch between the abutments. 
 This arch would carry an embankment of earth within which the 
 pipe would laid as throughout the remainder of its course and 
 which, in case of accident, would ouly have to be dug into, as is now 
 done, to repair a leak or replace a length of pipe. In addition to 
 considerations of durability of structure, the cost of the latter mode 
 of bridging, compared with that of an iron tube will determine the 
 choice to be made of one or the other scheme in. the execution of the 
 work. - 
 
■, — 17 — 
 
 ■■ ^ . ■.■■■■,•- 
 The total length of the proposed pipe being 40,800 lect, if vre 
 
 deduct the 3 sections of increased diameter, 9,J>0<>, there will rei.iain 
 30,9tK) ft. of 30 incli pipe, about two-tliirds of which, on the lo'rest 
 level and where the pressure is therefore greatest, must have a thick- 
 ness of H inches, the remainder of the pipe, and the 9,900 feet of 
 increased size varying upwards from H to li inches at the Lorette 
 level where considerations, other than those of pressure at this high 
 lev^el, require a ntiniuium tliickness due to the eventualities of cast- 
 ing, hauling and laying, which it is imperative to provide for. The 
 annexed estimate of cost of work shows, among other things the 
 detailed lengths, thicknesses and weight of the proposed pipe* 
 
 The new aqueduct throughout its length would be laid parallel 
 to t'le present pipe and at sufficient distance from it to permit of 
 properly jointing it or even of "utting out and replacing a broken or 
 defective pipe in case of accident, an eventuality to be provided 
 against. The axes or axial lines of the tw^o pipes would therefore 
 necessarily be distnnt from each other by at least 42 inches, 48 
 might answer better. 
 
 Had wo not to look at cost, this second pipe might perhaps re- 
 quire a secoj^d Chateau d'Eau or gate house, a second tunnel from 
 the reservoir ; but as this may cost a sum varying from 30 to $50,000 
 on account of the sandy and permeable nature of the soil and of the 
 necessity of damming the site for the purpose, and because also the 
 feed main or culvert to the well of the present building is large 
 enough to feed both pipes without dangerously increasing the velo- 
 city of the vater between the river and the well, I think I may pro- 
 pose ( this is evidently what Baldwin does when allowing only $300 
 for the cost of th^ work) that this second feed be established along- 
 side the first, that is, in the same well. 
 
 To effect this, the necessary excavations being made and ma- 
 terials, including the first length of the new pipe, prepared in advance ; 
 the gate shutting off the water from the reservoir should be herme- 
 tically closed, when workmen stationed within and without the well 
 could labour day and night in the removal of its south east end. 
 They would next remove the present feed pipe, to be previously 
 loosened from the line, then replace this same pipe and the new one 
 in their requ'red positions, rebuild the whole in hydraulic cement, re- 
 run and make good the loosened joint, close the entrance to the stop 
 cock and again let the water on to the City. 
 Sb It ia probable this could be done in from 30 to 48 hours, may b© 
 
 h^— T--r- 
 
— 18 — 
 
 less, and in this way the cifj would be without water for only an 
 equal length of time. Moreover, the work may be done under cover 
 daring winder if there be reason to consider this the less dangerous 
 season for large fires, on account of the snow which then covers and 
 protect?, wooden roofs and thna eliminates the danger ut least of a fire 
 spreading as in summer through sparks and red-hot cinders from a 
 fire more or less remote. 
 
 The lateral displacement of the old or present pipe to make room 
 for the other, will necessitate the digging of it out for a distance of 
 some 200 to 300 feet Irora the gate house and its removal sidewards 
 to the left of flow throughout suck length, the displacement being 
 nothing at the point of departure and increasing gradually to Z7 or 
 30 inches at the feed. This displacement of the old pipe can be done 
 by known means, already employed elsewhere, and without endan- 
 gering the joints except may be to the extent of a little ri;-staving 
 to make good any looseness in the lead caused by the strain 1 
 
 As additional proof that the pipe may thus be displaced without 
 loosening the joints, it will be remembered that wiien, in 1875, the 
 bridge or arched superstructure and tube over the river St. Charles 
 was forcedfrom its position by the accumulation of ice against it, I was 
 enabled by the use of a few jack screws and without turning off the 
 water, to return it to its place in the original plane of structure and 
 with it the similarly arched pipe, both of which had become crooked 
 laterally to tlie extent of about 2 feet ; this was done without even 
 the sign of leakage from any of the leaded joints. 
 
 Wheu I say "move to the left," it is that the new pipe thusplaced 
 to the right ward of the old, will in no way interfere with the Arago 
 street branch, or the St. Valier street one, or both,*from the old pipe; 
 and besides, the new pipe will be more soJidly situated up aqueduct 
 hill by being on the inside of the present pipe than on the other. 
 \ * The stop and air cocks with which the new pipe must be pro- 
 vided may naturally be placed opposite those on the present line 
 of aqueduct. The cost of constructing new vaults will be thereby 
 Baved together with that of the wells necessary to give access to them. 
 It will, in each case, sufl&ce to extend the present underground struc- 
 ture in the way of a pocket or cul-de-sac accessible through the pre- 
 sent wells along the line and open an underground communication 
 between tue present vault and the proposed pocket. 
 
 Certain alterations must also be made in the initial portions of 
 the 18 and 14 inch pipes at Mount-Pleasant which it is not oecessarj^ 
 to detail, the cost thereof figuring in '.he estimates. 
 
We already have the necessary ground or right of way for thi) 
 second line of pipe : a strip of land .*10 feet in width from Lorette to 
 Monnt-Pleasant. Nothing therefore under this head need entail ex- 
 penditure J but important questions may arise relating to water pow- 
 er along the line. The City Council will have to consult its legal 
 advineis, as to the extent to which we may he bound, if at all, tow- 
 ards the present mill-owners and others ; as also towards riparians 
 who might *;uflfer from a want of water during droughts, hen the 
 new pipe taking, if not all, the better part of the surplus now falling 
 over the dam at Lorette, would not even leave sufficient water fof 
 the use of cattle or for domestic purposes. 
 
 It is even possible, pending a prolonged drought, and every now 
 and then we hear of things happening in some part of the world or 
 other to which the inhabitants of those parts had been unaccusto- 
 med or which had not recurred till after a lapse of many years, such 
 as inundations, droughts, &c. — it might, I say, happen to be neces- 
 sary to partially close one or other of the two pipes or both so as 
 not to lower the water within the dam in a way injuriously to affect 
 the head over the centre of pressure of the pipes. This however 
 may be obviated by raising the dam a couple or more feet, thus to 
 hoard or store the waters and prolong the supply. 
 
 This permanent raising of the water would no doubt cause 
 claims for damages on part of those whose lands would be thus 
 flooded and lost to culture. 
 
 Another, better and surer mode of facing the difficulty would 
 consist in barring or damming the Lake at its outlet, This dam 
 must ot course be a water tight structure capable of elevating the 
 level oi the Lake by a quantity sufficient, taking into consideration 
 the areaof the lake, it> adjoining waters, its watershed and rain-fall, 
 that by means of a sluice or sluices, its surplus waters may be at 
 pleasure emptied into the river below the lake and thus reestablish 
 an equilibrium between receipts and expenditure. 
 
 This barring of rivers and lakes, also of ravines or other depres- 
 sions of the soil, to tarn them into reservoirs of water for public use, 
 is a thing of every day occurrence in Europe and elsewhere, but 
 then of course, as here, any lands thereby lost to culture must be 
 paid for proportionally to their extent and value. 
 
 Another mode, it appears, of increasing the waters of the St. 
 Charles would be that of rendering available those of lake Cach^ 
 which now empties into "la riviereauxHurons" but I know nothing 
 
positive on this head and I roust advise the Corporation, in any case 
 to cause to be made imnicdintely the necessary surveys and level- 
 lings to establish- or the contrary - the advantage of tlie hi8t named 
 scheme as well as that of barring or damming the lake, or of raising 
 the dam at Lorettc, with all information required to arrive at the 
 amount to be paid to lipariaus, if any, and in each or either of the 
 foregoing cases. 
 
 The result of several months' labour should not be deferred till 
 the last moment when such result is necessary at the present time and 
 was so long since, as a basis for computing the cost of a new aqueduct, 
 where laud damages have to be looked to, as well as other items of 
 expenditure, and the sufficiency an<l permanency of the supply esta- 
 blished to a certainty aud in a way to leave no anxiety on that head 
 in the public mind. 
 
 I an indebted to Mr. Tache, Deputy Minister of Crown Lands, 
 for a phin by which it appears that the water shed of Lake St. Char- 
 les and its tributaries is 112 square miles; say 100 and let the an- 
 nual rainfall be assumed as low as 30 inches. This should not rest 
 on a mere assumption. If Quebec did, as is done in every other 
 civilized country of the known world, data so precious would not be 
 wanting, and I should now draw upon such data to a most impor- 
 tant aud utilitary e.ad. Suppose, I say, 30 inches of water, 2i feet 
 cube to every square foot of area, 16 imperial gallons. Allowing one 
 half of this for absorption and evaporation, there will remain 8 gal- 
 lons for storage or supply. In 100 square miles there are 2,787,440,000 
 feet giving 22,000 millions of gallons in the 12 months, while the pre- 
 sent pipe can take but 1000 milliuo gallons in the s.. le time. The 
 annual mean would therefore appear to be 20 times the capacity of 
 the present main or 7 times that of the proposed 30 inch main which 
 is about three times the flow of the former. 
 
 There is therefore water enough to put in reserve and from which 
 to draw at pleasure j but without such storage, the rainfall, were it 
 ten times more than what it is, would bo useless during a drought. 
 
 When after the fire of 1876, the subject of a second line of pipe 
 was discussed I caused daily gaugings to be made of the overflow at 
 Lorette by the guardian of the Chateau d'eau. This overflow which 
 is sometimes as much as 20 inches, averages only from 3 to 4 inches 
 and more than once already during the last fifteen years have I 
 seen the crest of the dam, during prolonged droughts, dry to a con- 
 iiderable exteixt of its total length of 200 feet, while an inch or two 
 
-21- 
 
 of water contiuut*d to ft »w ovf the remaiiulorof the dam, due cither 
 to ft defect iii the level of the i'a»h board or to the fact that where 
 the current is greatest, }"'»'-«»i%««»' velocity maiutaius a swelling of 
 the Miirface at that, point. * 
 
 To appreciate with the nece8!»ary exactness the niininiiim flow — 
 for that is the main point— which fjiUs from the dam during droughts 
 and, Hlill more important, the duration of such drought an<l its ef- 
 fect oa the level of the water in the reservoir and lake, it ii* neces- 
 sary that careful and repeated measurements bo made thereof, in 
 winter as well as summer droughts. Cold and frost seize on and fix 
 the water, retard its flow in tlie same way as the greater summer 
 evaporation and absorption cause it to fail. 
 
 Nevertheless, the measurements to be made refer only to the 
 possible necessity of providing against thu ereuluality of a greater 
 and longer drought than that of the present summer, which many 
 persons consider exceptional: Now, a measurement made on the 12ih 
 July last establishes the fact that there were then 25 million gallons 
 flowing over the dam in the 24 liours, that is to say, as will be seen 
 hereafter, three times the capacity of the proposed new main, and if 
 ever we suffer from a greater or more prolonged water famine than 
 that of the present year and that the mill owners and lessees of water 
 power below the dam can have no claims for damages, the question, 
 the cost of damming the Lake and of expropriating the low lands to 
 to be flooded by such process, will not present itself. 
 
 In any case the river St. Charles in its actual state, being capa- 
 ble of the pro| sed main, we may proceed to lay it down and defer 
 the (jues. .» ol iv'\kiiig good the necessary quantity of water due to 
 mill owers, ^( until circumstances force us to do so under legal 
 advice, and sIk ' we be obliged to make good the difference, the 
 thing will be eas, ;o do and a short time sumce to dam the lake at 
 i*,s outilet as may ue required, thus storing its surplus waters with 
 the view of letting them out again when necessary. 
 
 P It if, on the other hand, as it appears, the mills below the dam 
 now cease working for want of water, we cannot increase the da- 
 mage by appropriating a portion of that, of which the whole is pow- 
 erless to do tiie needful. 
 
 I have spoken of a 30 inch pipe and it remains to be seen on 
 what this proposed diameter is based j for it must not be supposed 
 that an aqueduct of a certain required capacit\ can be arrived at by 
 a purely approximate calculation founded on erapyrical or other 
 like data. 
 
^. -.. - - ^^ - —22— - -^^ .^^^^ ... 
 
 We have first to see what quantity of water we require in the 
 24 houre and this is how I arrive at it. Appendix 2 shows that it is 
 not prudent to fix upon less than 100 gallons per diem per capita of 
 the populatiou. Quebec to prosper must devote itself to manufac- 
 turing and industrial pursuits. All such industries will increase in 
 a remarkable manner the consumption of water which is now 60 
 gallons and quite insufficient at that. 
 
 True, our population is now but 50,000 souls or say 00,000 inclu- 
 sive of St. Sauveur. Should we again prosper as we did in former 
 years during the era of ship-buildingand as ^^ may hope to do again 
 under the stimulus of our present means oi communication with the 
 rest of the world, our manufactories and industries, our grain ele- 
 vators in perspective, our winter navigation which I consider prac- 
 ticable, our mineral resources, our docks and harbour w^orks, the 
 salubrity of our City, the picturesqueness of its site and for other 
 reasons. — it is not too much for us to count upon a population of 
 100,000 souls in a not remote future. It is also possible that St. Sau- 
 veur may be one day annexed to the city or if not, it may have such 
 acceptable proprosals to make in relation to a supply of water to its 
 citizens — St. Angele and Bedardville in like manner — as would help 
 to liquidate the debt to be incurred or meet the interest thereof. I 
 therefore consider myself justified iu basing my calculations on a po- 
 pulation of at least 100,000 souls^ 
 
 Now 100,000 souls at 100 gallons each, gives 10,000,000 gallons of 
 water. The water to be brought in by the new pipe must empty 
 itself into the city at two different levels, namely : over the Grande- 
 Allee for St. Louis and Montcalm wards and over Mount-Pleasant 
 for St. John and Palace wards, while the contents of the present pipe 
 •will be directed towards the lower wards of the City and increased 
 as may be required by a portion of the supply of the upper districts 
 of which the lesser population and the fewer industries and manu- 
 actories will require less water than the manufacturing districts of 
 Ss. Eoch and Jacques- Cartier. 
 
 I have already shown that the present pipe supplies at the rate 
 of 1,800,000 gallons in the 24 hours over the Grande Allee and 
 2,700,000 over Mount Pleasant. It is necessary to distinguish bet- 
 ween the capacity of the pipe and what it is susceptible of giving 
 under back pressure beyond the summit level. If the Grande All^e 
 pipe were cut short at its summit on Perrault's Hill and there dis- 
 charged into the open, its delivery would be 2,160,000 and this ia 
 
the qa Entity of water which passes through it when the pipe beyond is 
 empty as it is eiKry day at the moment the water attains tlie sum- 
 mit and begins to flow beyond under the head 16(J.22 feet which 
 separates this point from the level of the dam at the Chateau d'Eau j 
 but when all the pipes beyond the summit have been filled and when 
 in addition the water rises to the Cape, there is then at the summit 
 level of the Grande-Allee a back pressure which reduces from 
 2,160,000 to 1,800,000 or in that ratio the consumption of water by 
 St. Louis and Montcalm wards. 
 
 On the other hand the 2,700,000 gallons per 24 fiours at Mount 
 Pleasant under a head of 251 ft. or of 84.87 ft. greater than that of 
 the Grande AUee is the entire capacity of the pipe at that level, since 
 when the water is flowing into the city at that point the gauge 
 shows no pressure and the hydrant there, while full open does not 
 allow one drop of water to flow from it, so great is the velocity of 
 flow : but when the 14 inch St. John St. main will have to do duty 
 in St. John and Palace wards only, there will then be, m on the 
 Orande Allee, ii back pressure capable of reducing the flow in about 
 the same ratio or from 2,700,000 to 2,250,000 in the 24 hours. The 
 delivery of the new pipe must be divided in the ratio just establish- 
 ed, that is of 2,250 to 1,800; it remains therefore to be seen what 
 the present pipe would give under the aforesaid ratio if its contents 
 were divided and flowed continuously both over Grande AUee and 
 Mount-Pleasant, to obtain a term of comparison on which to base the 
 quantity which will be supplied by the second pipe while flowing 
 simultaneously over both the aforesaid levels. 
 
 Suppose then the present pipe to run for 12 hours out of the 24 
 at Mount Pleasant, it would give 1,125,000 gallons ; then during 12 
 hours over the Grande AUee where it would give 900,000 gallons j to- 
 gether 2,025,000 in the 24 hours. * , ., . . p, , 
 
 Now the two pipes which, were it not for friction — (proportional 
 to diameter, while capacity is proportional to square of diameter)— 
 would give in ratio c*" their sectional areas, give on the contrary in 
 the approximate ratio of the square roots of the fifth powers of their 
 diameters. These factors are as 2756 to 9.859 and 2.756 is to 
 2,025,000 gals, as 9.859 is to 7,244,000 gals, or in round numbers 7^ 
 millions of gallons under the combined effect of the two different le- 
 Tels at which it will pour its water into the City. 
 
 ; I have already said that the present pipe directed towards St. 
 
Roch and the other low wards of the City would supply at the level 
 of the foot ot '• Aqueduct hill " uuder a head of 400 <t. 3,350,000 gaU 
 Ions 5 but a portion of this supply would be converted into pressure 
 to cause the water to rise to the summits of the buildings in these 
 wards and overcome the friction of the increased distance through 
 Arago St. as compared with that to Mount-Pleasant. i './ i , 
 
 V These 3,350,000 gallons would thus be reduced to about 2,750,000, 
 making, with the 7i million of the proposed pipe, the 10,000,000 
 gallons required. 
 
 If I err, it will be on the safe side, and I shall be pleased that, 
 with the data which I here give, practical mathematicians may make 
 me out awanting. Let it be proven that the new pipe will supply 
 much more water than I say it will and I shall be most satisfied, as 
 the whole Quebec public will also be, no doubt,siuce, of two things : 
 either the aqueduct will give more water per capita to the sujiposed 
 population of 100,000 souls; or if 100 gallons be sufficient, the result 
 will allow of supplying a surplus population which it will bo no idle 
 precaution to provide for Again, any surplus of water need not be 
 considered useless as it may be let out for water power, many will 
 be found ready to avail themselves of the advantage of it. > 
 
 Yes, it will be found in reality that a 30 inch pipe is capable of 
 supplying more water than I here assign, but then the computation 
 must apply to a theoretic pipe quite new, quite clean and smooth y 
 while, not to do as the engineer of the present aqueduct — promise 
 you three millions of gallons and give you only two — 1 have made 
 allowance in advance for the incrustation of the proposed pipe and 
 of all the eventualities of eccentric jointings, irregularities of align- 
 ment, increased and diminished bore, sediment and obstructions of 
 all kinds and this, as is seen, not in calculating the pipe as if there 
 existed not already one on which to base a comparison ; but, preci- 
 sely, in making use of the present pipe with all its factors eliminated 
 in advance and alloW«d ibr under the actual flow from it, and so as 
 to have no more to do than to compare together the only two ele- 
 ments to be taken into the computation, viz : the comparative areas 
 or sections of the two pipes and the known ratio between their sur- 
 faces offriction. 
 
 In this way, all doubt also disappears regarding the flow due to 
 the respective heads of the two levels. — Grande- Allee and Mount- 
 Pleasant, — and which are supposed to be as the square roots of the 
 heads; since the required term oi the ratio sought for, elimiuatea. 
 
— 25 — 
 
 tfiis doubt by basing tlie calculatioTi on the actual flo^va due to equal 
 headH at the two points of di8char,f;e. 
 
 For any one who may desire to compute the flow of the proposed 
 pipe without basing such flow on that of the present pipe I may add 
 th.at its total horizontal length is 40,800ft., say 41,000 feet, in allowing 
 for its curves and sinuosities in a vertical plane. There are now, in 
 the present pipe from Lorette to Mount-Pleasant and in the same 
 way must there be in the new pipe, not less than 73 angles of de- 
 flection or deviations from a straight line of which the natural sines 
 vary between 00003 and 0.0700, their sura is 1.8952 corresponding to 
 a single angle of 62.28 between the two branches of the syphon or a 
 total deviation from a straight line of 173°^i2' The deviations in the 
 horrizontal direction are Sin number j the sum of their sines, 2.22495, 
 corresponding to an angle of 13° or to a total deviation of 193°, equl 
 valentto a cusp of 13° under a radius of 100 feet or of which the 
 branches cross each other at an angle of 13°, supposing all the de- 
 viations to be united consecutively on the same side and the curves 
 joined end to end. 
 
 I have already said that the summit level Grande Allee is 166.22 
 feet below that of the dam at Lorette, and Mount- Pleasant delivery 
 is 251 feet below the latter. The head over the centre of the pipe at 
 Lorette is 3.5 ft. increased at certain seasons by the depth of flow 
 over the dnm or by a maximum of 1.8 ft. or a mean of .33 ft 
 
 Also allow for eccentricities, not likely in any case to exceed 
 from i to i inch and the consequent narrowings of the water way, 
 enlargements at stop-cocks of which there are 5 and air-cocks 10, and 
 more important than all, take into consideration the eifectofthe 
 three increases of diameter at as many different levels to wit: 30" 
 to 33," 33" to 36," 36" to 40" and their conical junctions, the length 
 of the first enlargement of bore from the city being 3300, of the se- 
 cond 3500 and of that reaching the Chateau d'eau 3100 feet, together 
 9900 ft. with 31000 ft. of 30 inch pipe to complete the line. 
 
 I shall always be ready at any time to supply any additional 
 data in my possession bearing on the subject at issue, the capacity 
 of the pipe, that is: to any one capable of making the calculations j 
 for there are not wanting those, the most illiterate, ignorant of the 
 very elements of hydraulic science, who are always ready to make 
 known to thepublic,through the press,their schemes of improvement 
 of our aqueduct : he for example, who, not long since in the columns 
 of one of our local papers, proposed to tap the pipe at its lowest level 
 
— 26 — 
 
 ^nd supply St- Rocb, &c. through a 10 inch pipe— ignorant of the 
 fact that, at that level a pipe of less size, would take the whole 
 delivery of the present main ; far from, as he supposed, leaving 
 enough water to reach and supply each of the upper districts simuU 
 taneously and continuously with the first. 
 
 I should be pleased that any one having the leisure for such 
 calculations, would compute the delivery of the proposed pipe: 
 say by Prony's formulae, then by those of Da Buat, next by Eytel- 
 wein, again by Saint Vennaut and successively by the formulae of 
 Chezy, Hawksley, Leslie, D'Arcy, Blackwell, Neville, D'Aubuission, 
 &c., and thus show how the results agree wioh those set forth in 
 appendix VII, as calculated from said formulae for 5, 50, 500, 1,000 
 and 10,000 feet pipes of smooth straight bore. The result could not 
 but prove highly interesting and instructive to scientists and of great 
 value as data for the water supply of this and other cities. 
 
 I therefore now declare that, with the exception perhaps of a 
 general system of metered allowance, as applied to the whole city, 
 there is no mode by which the present line of pipe can be made to 
 afford a continuous supply of water to every part of the City, an 
 abundant or even adequate supply. The only means by which this 
 can be done is by the laying down of a second line of p' )e from Lo- 
 rette. 
 
 The cost of cast iron in Scotland at the present time is as low 
 and even more so than when we laid our first line of pipe in 1850 and 
 I am now in a position to state that the total cost of the proposed 
 pipe, with its air and stop-cocks, the addition to wells along the 
 line, the required bridges over the St. Charles and Des Meres rivers, 
 the alterations at Mount-Pleasant and at Lorette, the repairs to the 
 dam 200 ft. in length, the required increase of a couple of feet to its 
 height and the scouring out of the reservoir, pumping out its large de- 
 posit of sediment which invades the pipe and reaches to our cisterns ; 
 I may say, (see the estimates in the appendix) that the cost of doing 
 •all this work will not exceed hall a million of dollars ($500,000). 
 
 This is the first, at that time approximate, figure and not based 
 T)n the necessary information which I have since received from Eu- 
 rope, which I could give His Worship the mayor, and which suggested 
 his answer lo that effect to the question put to His Worship by the 
 Chairman of the private bills committee of the house. If I deemed 
 it advisable to recommend as I then did that power be given the city 
 to issue debentures for an additionnal $100,000, it is not as was at the 
 
—27 — 
 
 time asserted in any tiling but polite language by the ill-bred editor 
 of a certain journal tbus insulting the Mayor and City Engineer; 
 it was not, 1 say for want of an understanding between us as to 
 the required figure, but that from the information which had just 
 reached me from the United States as to the cost of the pipe pro- 
 posed, I thought the figure I had given the Mayor was too low 
 and that it was better not to run the risk of having to crave an 
 
 amendment at the next session of the Legislature. Mr 's should 
 
 have known better, had he not been blinded by ignorance and bad 
 faith, than to take occasion of such an incident to accuse the civic 
 body as he did of collusion and corruption in the administration of 
 
 its finances. Mr 's too recent record of the past is anything but 
 
 such as to justify him, of all others, in hurling accusations, and at- 
 tacking the City Engineer and civic body as he has been doing for 
 months, past in his journal and under inspiration, we know from 
 what quarter, but so it is and always will be, those who are 
 susceptible of corruption themselves think or feign to think that 
 others are of like metal. A moment'i* reflection should have con- 
 vinced him, that when there is question of an expenditure of which 
 another continent holds the key,it was necessary to obtain the same, 
 thus to pronounce in advance and at random on 'le cost of such an 
 undertaking ; and as proof of the necessity of such information , I may 
 eay that the same pipe which cost us 878. 6d. sterling in 1850, wa8 
 paid for at the rate of $48 or double the amouut iu 1873, and by far 
 the greater portion of the expenditure to be incurred consists in the 
 cost of the pipe itself irrespective of that of laying it down and of 
 other items incident ilu reon. 
 
 I do not here constitute myself the apologist of the City Council 
 of Quebec, all the evils and misfortunes of which are attributable 
 to the city's poverty. I believe each of its 24 members and the 
 Mayor to be imbued with a desire to do their duty honestly towards 
 the public, and it is only the want of the pecuniary means of supply- 
 ing so many requirements which is the cause of such oft repeated 
 recriminations. «,v , 
 
 May bo it is only the moral courage the City Council lacks of 
 imposing additional taxes, and I am free to admi^ that others also 
 wonid fail in the attempt under the discouraging inuuence of so many 
 mit tunes coming one upon another in such quick succession j the 
 loss of so many millions through the numerous and extensive fires 
 which, since 1845, have destroyed three quarters of the city, may be 
 
^ —28 — 
 
 more ; loss tin on pli "baron Grant and others of an adffitional half mil- 
 lion, stagnation in business until recently that our Legialature has 
 come to the rescue, aroused us from our long lethargy and put us in 
 communication with the rest of the world by means of a railroad which 
 should have been built 20 years ago; personal discouragement at 
 seeing the taxes weigh so heavily on the two-thirds only of our citiz- 
 ens, whilst the other third is exempt therefrom ; in a word a concur- 
 rence of circumstances capable of causing confusion and trouble in the 
 best constituted coram nnity. " - 
 
 ' ' I here omit the cost of damming tlie Lake and of thus storing 
 its rain-fall, on which to draw at pleasure, as the advisability, the 
 necessity of so doing is not yet urgent ; and, as already set forth, it 
 ■will always be possible to do it at any time and under a brief delay. 
 The item $10,000 for land damages on account of flooded low lands, 
 does not enter either into the estimate of cost; neither will the alte- 
 rations alluded to in the interior City distribution be of immediate 
 necessity with a second line of pipe. 
 
 That this report may be full and complete of itself, it is well to 
 Sav that, in case ifc be decided on hereafter to bar or dam the lake 
 At its outlet, its area is 36^ million square feet. A dam wliich would 
 elevate its waters by only one foot would thus give an increase of 
 230 million gallons of water, which if drawn from at the rate of 10 
 million gallons a day, would cover 23 days of a drought which with 
 the present pipe might leave no overflow or surplus at the dam. 
 Two feet of a rise would under similar circumstances supply our 
 ■wants for 46 days and a maximum of 5 feet would take us over a 
 water famine of 115 days if such a prolonged one should ever come 
 •opon us. We need ask no more. 
 
 Now if this second pipe is beyopd our means, if we are ready 
 to put up in the future with the alternative or intermittent system 
 of supply, and that the only object be to master a fire, without in 
 any way affording relief to the inhabitants of the City who justly 
 complain that the water does not reach their cisterns .ind that the 
 supply is of such short duration ; I believe the most expeditions, 
 the least esi)ensive mode would be the establishment of a dozen or 
 more wells similar to those already in existence at the corner of St;. 
 Augustin and St. Patrick Str. one at the Berthelot market, the other 
 in the yard of the Asylum of the Good Shepherd. These three cis- 
 terns may be improved, their capacity increased by our incurring 
 the cost of an interior lining to them in hydraulic masonry the effect 
 
— 29 — 
 
 of wlifcli will be to retain tbeir water to a level from 5 to 7 feei, above 
 that at which the watt^r now stands in tliem. 
 
 $50,000, or less, would give us this dozen or more wells situated 
 at suitable points along the Glacis, Cove Field, tower fields, &c. 
 The four Martello towers, as suggested 1 believe by Mr. H. Dinning, 
 might also be utilized for the storage of water for fire purposes, Nos. I 
 and 3 to Montcalm and St. John wards, Nos. 3 and 4 io St. John and 
 J„-Cartier wards. • ;.,--^-'- . •'•.^■/fh -^ 'ftl-^if - 
 
 The following are the sites I would suggest for the proposed cis- 
 terns, their necessity and importance to be considered in the order 
 in which they are hereinafter set forth. No. 1 being the most pressing 
 and requisite of all, the others in a less degree. 
 
 No. 1 The Glacis, near St. Dtuisst. opposite DcsGrisons street, 
 or half way between Des Carrieres aud St. Ursule streets,, to reach 
 which level the water when in the low^er towjj. laaquires not less thaa 
 45 minutes. ' ^;* - -^ 
 
 No. 2. Seminary field near Grande-Allee, opposite De Saluberry 
 Street or other ground in the vicinity. This is one of the highest 
 points in the City and the water may be as many as 20 minutes or 
 more in reaching it in full force, thus imperiling the St. Bridget 
 Asylum, the Protestant Home, the Jail and the surrounding tenements 
 and villas. Could No. 2 Martello tower be obtained for the purpose, 
 it might, though at a considerable distance save us portion of the 
 cost of the well. 
 
 No. 3. The ground opposite the New Parliament Buildings, 
 Grande AiMe, or may be better, to the Westward of these buildings 
 near St. Augustin st. It is possible that in consideration of the pro- 
 tection, a well, so situated, would afford, the Government might 
 build and donate it to the City, or erect one in the interior court of 
 the edifice to which access might be had through the gatevray facing 
 North towards St. Julia street. 
 
 *i No. 4. The Glacis opposite the upper end of D'Auteuil street, 
 A cistern here would coyer Chalmer's Church, the Noimal School, 
 the City Hall and its vicinity. 
 
 No. 5. Centre of the Ursulines block between Ursule, Garden, 
 Ann, Louis, Donacona and Parlor streets and may be, as with the 
 Government, the Reverend Ladies would excavate aud line it at 
 own expense. 
 
 ' No. «. The University and Seminary block —say in the vicinity 
 ofSt. Famille street. These institutions, I have no doubt, would 
 
— 30 — 
 
 undertake to provide it and save the city the cost, seeiug its impor* 
 tance to their own expensive property. 
 
 No. 7. Hotel Dieu lot, near the extremity of Charlevoix street, 
 and accessible either towards Palace or Hamel streets. 
 .^ ' No. 8. Corner of St. Stanislaus and Dauphine streets facing the 
 Methodist Church and near to Morrin College, &c. 
 ■■■■:■■ No. 0. — The Artillery barrack yard near McMahon St. 
 
 No. 10. — The Glacis near the street of that name and facing on 
 Richelieu St., commanding the extensive and lofty premises of the 
 Sisters of Charity. 
 
 No. 11. — Tower field No. 4, opposite Latoorelle Street, unless 
 we be allowed to use the tower itself for the purpose. 
 
 No. J 2. — Tower field No. 3, near Plessis, Prevost and Burton 
 streets unless No. 3 tower can be obtained in lieu thereof. 
 t'i Na. 13. — Tower field No. 3, opposite the lane leading therefrom 
 to St. John St. at "Pointe d'Aiguillon." 
 
 Some of these as Nos. 6, 7 and 1 1 are due to the small size of the 
 4 inch pipes reduced nov to 3 inches, which renders the wells if not 
 of absolute necessity, advantageous at least as feeders to the steam 
 fire engines while at the same time, the direct pressure from the 
 pipe, may be made available. 
 
 With these wells we must also see to the necessity of erecting 
 hydrants where they are wanting, as at the corner of St. John and 
 d'Aiguillon streets; at the intersection of St. Eustache St. and 
 Grande Allee; halfway between those — 3000 ft. distant from De 
 Salaberry Str. and the western limits of the City ; between those — 
 1300 ft. distant from De Salaberry and Claire Fontaine Streets, ; • 
 
 The Engineer of the Fire Department, Chief of the Fire Brigade, 
 can point out many other places where hydrants should be laid down j 
 their m* in distance here being 500 feet or more, while in other cities 
 their distances do not excetd from 200 to 300 feet, and I can tell you 
 hereafter where others are required to perform double duty as fire^ 
 hydrants and scouring wells at all the dead ends *Mn the city, some 
 fifty in number, I believe ; that is, where the pipes are not connected 
 with the general circulation and where in consequence thereof, de- 
 posits of sediment form, which renders the water in the vicinity unfit 
 for use. ^,..:rifr-::M<it. >»=,#* 
 
 Moreover, all the hydrants should be replaced by others on an 
 improved plan, frost proof and such that they might be allowed to 
 stand out .bove the sidewalk, thus rendering them visible and more 
 
- 31 — 
 
 readily accessible in case of fire. Really it is simply disgraceful in ;• 
 City of this importanco to see our sidewalks obstructed by tlie un- 
 sightly and cumbrous boxes with which under the present system it 
 is necessary to cover the hydrant traps to protect them from snow 
 and frost; whilst there are now and have been for years past, self 
 acting hydrants with frost jackets certain to protect them against the 
 severest cold and in which ^he barrel is always empty while tlje valve 
 or cock is closed. Our system of hydrants thus buried under the 
 snow and ice of winter may sometime , ive rise to serious inconve- 
 nience arising out of the delay consequent on getting at them and 
 unicing the man hole. 
 
 The ditches around the Citadel; that for instance, of the South 
 West angle, others, may be, in whole or in part, might, by roofing 
 them over against snow and frost and lining them to hold, water 
 affoid us their aid of space and position. 
 
 With this it is also imperative that the turning on and oft* of the 
 water as well in a case of fire as for ordinary purposes of supply, be 
 confided to one and the same body of men ; for, under the present 
 system, things will always go wrong, there will always be errors 
 committed as was the case during the late fire of the 8th. June last, 
 and as constantly occur more or less at every fire. 
 
 It must not be believed that the first comer, can be taught, after 
 only a few days apprenticeship, to efiiciently perform a duty requir- 
 ing long practice; and it is in this our Solons most often err, in 
 replacing, or attempting to do so, men broken to the service by 
 others who, to obtain a situation, are always ready to proclaim their 
 ability to do any thing and every thing required of them, while at 
 the same time absolutely incapable of so doing. No man should be 
 thus thrust on the brigade without his nomination being approved 
 of by the chief, neither should this be done as it often is by the poli- 
 ce board without consulting the chief of police. There can be no 
 discipline, a captain can have no command over men who know that 
 their chief has nothing to say in their appointment or dismissal. 
 There should be an end to this and a man's fitness for a situation 
 considered before the influence of his wire pullers. 
 
 But before we cry out for water for the extinction of fires, it re- 
 quires to be seen if this subject matter of complaint is well founded. 
 It is not right to attribute to any certain cause that which may be 
 due to quite another. It is not the want of water in American Cities 
 which is complained of in cases of fire. How many great fires have^ 
 
-32 — 
 
 devastated those cities T There are circumstances which, with us, 
 render large fires inevitable and will always do so potwithstanding 
 all possible precautions and all iuiproveraeots in our means of com- 
 bating thoni. * ' . ('■ "'■ 
 
 I have already wtid, I irpeat and insist that on account of the 
 narrowness of our streets, most of which are form 25 to 30 feet in 
 width, whilst in other cities they arc from 60 to 100 ft.; because of 
 the agglomeration and closeness of our houses and out-building!idu6 
 the inadequate depth of the lots in the suburban wards ; the immo- 
 derate use of resinous woods in structures of all kinds j the raulti- 
 I)lication, juxtaposition, and superposition of galleries, porches, co- 
 vered ways — all of wood ; it suffices that, as was the case at the last 
 fire, there be a delay often minutes in giving the alarm, to render 
 all attempts to stay the fire, fruitless even with all possible water at- 
 command. • ^ * • * 
 
 ■ The last report received from New Haven, a town of less size, 
 I believe, than Quebec, ahowa a fire brigade twice as numerous as 
 ours and to which their city council votes an annual budget of some 
 $58,000 while here we have to be content with just one quarter of 
 the amount. Our brigade is not numerous enough, it is ill-paid — 
 the whole municipal service is ill remunerated — the men are discou- 
 raged, hose in sufficient quantity is wanting, and then we wonder at 
 the result. New-Haven has 15,000 feet of hose, we about one third 
 of the quantity available. 
 
 No, the water was not wanting at the late fire. The alarm was 
 not given in time and something was wrong with at least one of the 
 three stopcocks which cut off the supply from St. Roch and the city, 
 that is, it was not shut in time, while that at the head of St. Gene- 
 vifeve street, commanding the hydrants downwards towards the fire, 
 was, by somo mistake, shut instead of being opened, Our brigade 
 are few enough as it is to attend to the hose and hydrants without 
 having to tell off a number of them to manipulate the stop cocks as 
 is done under the present system and sometimes wrongly done by 
 men not sufficiently trained to the duty. Moreover, the well of the 
 Berthelot market was there at less than 1200 ft. from the scene of 
 the fire J it was as it always is, full of water to a depth of some 14 
 feet, but I suppose there were not hose enough to reach it, or more 
 likely the idea never occurred of utilizing it until the fire had spread, 
 to the vicinity. 
 
 This well was, however, made to do good duty later on in the 
 
-83- 
 
 evening when, from near midnight till five of the following morning, 
 that is, during over five conpecu Ave liours, it held out under the doa- 
 ble Ruction of the Cinpp and Jouco oteam fireenglup, one of the three 
 belongin;^ to the departmeni and certainly stayed the progn^BH of 
 the flamefl in that direction. 
 
 The stop-cock of the l;vdrant, ccrnerof d'Aiguillon and St. Claire 
 Btreets, was not opened ns it nliould have been at a certain stage of 
 the fire ; hyilraiits said to be ru8*-y to suit certain interests, were not 
 80, and the fact of the water not flowing from them was merely due 
 to the fact that, the supply being shut oflf, the water could not of 
 course reach them. These facts are however of secondary impor- 
 tance when compared with that of the main cocks or gates not being 
 shut at the proper time and o account of the delay in giving the alarm. 
 
 I must now direct attention to tlie several appendices which 
 follow this report, the first of which is a somewhat detailed estimate 
 of the cost of laying down a second line of pipe. 
 
 The second shows the quantity of water consumed per capita of 
 the population by certain cities of the United States, of Europe and 
 of Canada. In European cities the want of water for fires is less 
 pressing than with us and American cities ; the first having a larger 
 proportion of structures composed of refractory or uninflammable 
 materials as stone, brick, iron and non-resinous woods. This con- 
 sumption for 23 American cities gives a mean of 64 gallons per ca- 
 pita per day, divided as follows (Fanning page 34) : — 
 
 Domestic use 20 gallons. 
 
 Stables and vehicles 3 " 
 
 Fountains — 3 to 10, mean 6 " 
 
 Commercial and manufacturing purposes from 5 to 15, 
 
 mean 10 ** 
 
 Street watering and private hose 10 *' 
 
 Wastage to prevent freezing 10 ** 
 
 Loss by leakage and used for scouring purposes 5 " 
 
 For fire purposes.-.. - ^ " 
 
 Appendix 3, to which I have added the line of means and that 
 of similar data for Quebec, shows the revenue derived per million 
 gallons supplied, and that Quebec receives one cent per hundred 
 gallons while others charge as much as two cents and more per 100 
 gallons. The charge is less in some other cities. 
 
 See for instance page 21 of the last annual report of the aque- 
 duct Committee of the City of Ottawa : the annual revenue foi that 
 city is set down at $91,412 for the year 1880, its population is only 
 
— 34— ' 
 
 S2,0(K) gouU ; while hero with a population more than double that oi 
 Ottawa we derive a revenue averaging hardly $1X),0(M). 
 
 The niininiuni rate for water i« every where elHO than in Que- 
 bec from $3 t«>$<) i>er family, namely: where there are iH'ither hatha 
 nor closet*, nor cows nor horses, nor anything v]ho ndi-cting the 
 consumption. In Quebec on the contrary, 2,8.'<2 families pay leas 
 than the minimum of S.'SMM), to wit: ii'-i in St. LouIm ward, 30 iu 
 Palace ward, St. Peter's ward U'ui, Champlain 4t)8, St. Koch 411^ 
 Jacciues Cartiir 534, St. John (524, Montcalm 579. A large number 
 of families are charged but $l.(i() to $2.40 and wo persist in not cor- 
 rectly interpreting the law which evidently requires u tax of $5.00 
 per family instead ot per house containiujL^ two or three fanulies or 
 more; ro that the party for iusUiuco who doea my washii»g and 
 yours and that of others, pays but $2 for a consumption probably 
 100 times in excess of what others and 1 use, and for which we are 
 made to pay from $20 to $40. In Quebec only are such things 
 known. • • » •, : . , , , . ,.,. , ; . 
 
 Elsewhere than liere, breweries are charged from $3,000 to 
 $5,000 per annum for the water supplied them ; here a brewer whose 
 •water, before the aqueduct, cost him $900 per annum, now pays but 
 $1()0. Every where else all industries are rated for water; such is 
 not the case in Quebec. 
 
 Appendix 8, is worthy of the serious attention of the public. It 
 rehites to the waste of water and to the metering thereof, and < o 
 City Council must properly weigh the ditt'erent coiisideratious re- 
 garding such metering before it be decided on. To this end, it is 
 necessary to remind you of the difference between the several systems 
 of supply. Thus, where the system is not that of gravitation, or 
 •where the water is elevated to reservoir level, or pum[)ed directly 
 into the pipes; while the consumption due to measuring the water 
 is decreased and the revenue therefroin correspondingly diminish- 
 ed; on the other hand, the less coi>sumption, the less pumping, 'and 
 the cost ot purnpage is thus redrced. ,,,rf' i • 
 
 Ou the contrary, with gravitation the expenditure is incnrred in 
 advance and cannot be modified or lessened. With us therefore! 
 the use of meters should be confined to establishments where the 
 consumption is not susceptible of any decrease, as in manufactories, 
 hotels, &",. But if generally introduces' there would certainly be a 
 decrease" in the receipts, as many familes wonld then reduce their 
 consuraption to a quantity barely sufScient for domestic requirements 
 
- 35 — 
 
 and thus interfere with the salubrity of the City. In any caie irhile 
 nsin^ nictcia it would t)c necusRury to give houstdiolderfianiiniiimm 
 supply and inipose at the Hun>e time a nilninuim water rate. In view 
 of this matter, I give in appendices IV and V, to which 1 have added 
 a column of ineauH and tito Hame data for Quebec, the coat of %vater 
 for an ordinary family occupying; a houi^u of an average rental of 
 $2(K). Thette tablen show tliat the ntinimuin, maximum and mean 
 ratcK chai;jed on items nubject to water rate are as follows, Ut wit: 
 
 Item rated. 
 
 Bath 
 
 "Water clot<et - 
 
 Urinul. 
 
 Fountain. \ "nozzle 
 
 Sprinkling , ,. 
 
 Brick per KMH).... •......*„,. . . 
 
 Stone per perch. 1, ." — .... 
 
 Plasterin/^ per l(K) yda 
 
 Lime per barrel - 
 
 Stables, per stall 
 
 Steam enjjines, per horse power. 
 Metered water per lO(X) gallons. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 Miiximum. 
 
 Mean. 
 
 $1 (K) 
 
 $6 00 
 
 $.->3G 
 
 2 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 a 80 
 
 1 00 
 
 10 (K) 
 
 3 20 
 
 :j 00 
 
 00 (K) 
 
 i5 55 
 
 2 00 
 
 12 00 
 
 5 33 
 
 05 
 
 12i 
 
 08i 
 
 Oli 
 
 12i 
 
 04i 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 28 
 
 05 
 
 12i 
 
 ()7i 
 
 1 00 
 
 3 00 
 
 J S6 
 
 2 00 
 
 10 (K) 
 
 4 m 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 23i 
 
 This synopsis of the prices of 37 American cities gives a mean of 
 689 hjulrants, while we have but 200 or thereabouts. 
 
 In 23 of these cities, the water is raised by steam power, in 2 
 of tliem by water applied to wheels and turbines, in 1 by the com- 
 bined force of water and Steam, in U others by gravitation, the same 
 as in Quebec, in the last by gravitation and steam power combiued. 
 
 Appen<lix 6 shows the economic influence of aqueducts on iusa- 
 rauco premiums. It is worthy of close attention. 
 
 Next, for the information of those who think it the easiest tiling 
 imaginable to compute correctly the delivery of an aqueduct like 
 ours with its length of line, its 81 deviations from a straight line, 
 its irregularities, obstructions and all the other unknown elements 
 •which affect its flow; here are the varied rules and results laid down 
 by the most celebrated practical mathematicians. Tlie delivery as 
 computed under the several formulae for a head of 100 feet and dia- 
 meter of 1 ft. varies from 62 to nearly 300 in a pipe 5 ft. long; from 
 47 to 102 for a pipe 50 ft. long ; between 39 and 81 when the length 
 of pipe is 100 ft. With a length of 1000 ft. the results are as 14 to 19, 
 and for 10,000 ft. the computed deliveries are as 40 to 55. 
 
 To sam up : — 
 
 The metering of the water, its measarement bj meters, would 
 
save it, render it more ahnndfant for n'sefal ptirpbses ; tliai wTiicti is 
 now wasted would go to increase the pressure in the pipes in a lar- 
 ger portion of the city ; tlie water WouM rise to a higher level and 
 the four upper wards of the city might thus be made to enjoy a sup- 
 ply of longer duration — say, 4 hours each in lieu of two. 
 
 If this metering could be applied to all the services of the city, 
 it is popsible the consumption might be restricted to a degree that 
 would cause the pipes to remain full and under pressure during the 
 24 hours, but in such case the revenue would suffer and it is hardly 
 to be expected that any plan will be adopted which would decrease 
 a revenue that, on the contrary, we require to enhance, to meet the 
 interest on the cost of the aqueduct and cover the expense of year- 
 ly administration. 
 
 On the one hand the araonnt received for water would he increas- 
 ed where no restriction could be put upon the quantity consumed; 
 tyhile on the other the greater number would reduce their consump- 
 tion of water to a figure, which, even at the highest price per 100 or 
 1000 gallons, would be far from affording the revenue now obtained 
 under the rate of 10 cents in the dollar on the rental and, as already 
 said, tlie sanatory condition of the city might be, to some extent 
 jeopardized by those who, to reduce their expenditure, would consu- 
 me and use so little water as to interfere with their family hygiene. 
 
 A general metering of the water in this city would only be pos- 
 sible under a completely different mode of assessment, say for ins- 
 tance by establishing a minimum $10 family rate for a m.aximum 
 supply of so many gallons, the surplus being payable at so much per 
 100 or 1,000 gallons subject to the indications of the meter. 
 
 If water were metered at my place, it would cost me but $4 a 
 year instead of $42 which I now pay, and the increase obtainable 
 elsewhere by taxing industries which in all other cities are subject 
 to be rated for water, but pay nothing here, would hardly make up 
 the loss on rental rates. This metering of the water, 1 have already- 
 said, would cost the city $100,000 
 
 A Beservair on the heights capable of containing 12 million gal- 
 lons (460 X 200 X 20 ft. deep) would cost according to Baldwin's re- 
 port, page 19, $180,000, and Baldwin himself considers such a re- 
 servoir as absolutely inadequate to cottfer any of the advantages of 
 a second line of pipe, that is, to aid or increase, in any way, the 
 supply to the City, the delivery of the present main. 
 
 Let us for an instant suppose the reservoir built and that we 
 
fill it at night ; say between the hours of 10 P. M. and 4 A. M.— we 
 could hardly do more without inconvenience to our citizens — that is 
 during 6 hours out of the 24. During this interval the main would 
 deliver into the reservoir half a million gallons at most, and it 
 would require 24 days to fill it. All that this reservoir could throw 
 into circulation during the day, without lowering tho level of the 
 water in it and gradually emptying it, evidently consists in the half 
 million gallons poured into it at night, and this half million gallons 
 taken from the night waste to be utilized during the day, this in- 
 crease of only 20 per cent in the daily supply would have but an in- 
 significant effect on the pressure in the pipes and on the additional 
 height to which the water can attain under increased pressure. 
 
 Moreover, during the 6 hours the present pipe would thus pour 
 its contents into the reservoir, it must be evident to every one that 
 the pipes throughout the whole City would bo empt}*, and that in 
 case of a fire between 10 P. M. and 4 A. M. there would be the 
 same delay in refilling the pipes as exists under tho present system, 
 though to a less degree, as in such case, both the pipe and the reser- 
 voir would cooperate in the filling. 
 
 In one word, the only advantage to us of this reservoir would 
 be to cause less delay than at present in getting up a fire pressure, 
 after which the flow into the reservoir must be cut off; and if the 
 fire were on the cape or near the summit level, the flow from the 
 reservoir also must be cut oif, as if not so, the back pressure from 
 these points where the water must, to command the tops of houses, 
 &c., be elevated above reservoir level, would only cause the water 
 to flow back again towards the reservoir where it must fill and over- 
 flow it, or if not full at the time run uselessly into it. Hence it is 
 evident that during a fire in the upper wards, the reservoir could 
 not be utilized except as just said for filling the pipes, after which 
 all communication with it must be shut off to enable the high levels 
 to obtain the direct pressure due to the fountain head at Lorette 150 
 feet above that of the Grande Allee reservoir. 
 
 We would thus be going to an expense of some $200,0{X) for an 
 advantage which we could equally obtain from a dozen or mora 
 cisterns or wells which would not cost the city one quarter of the 
 amount. 
 
 Another advantage of the reservoir would be that of coverings 
 delay of a few days in case of an accident which it might require 
 that time to repair. I can see none other. 
 
Once more, Gentlemen, if it be only to the question of the ex- 
 tinction of fires that you wish to direct your attention, the reservoir 
 will lielp you to do so, but will cost you many times the price of re- 
 medies aa eflficacioas and leso expensive. 
 
 There is but one known means of attaining, at once, all the ad- 
 vantages which you expect from the improvement of your aqueduct. 
 These advautages are: abundance of water for all requirements in- 
 cluding that of allowing some of it to run continuously during win- 
 ter to prevent the freezing of pipes ; continuous supply during the 24 
 hours; constant pressure in the pipes in all, even the highest parts 
 of the city; the certainty of immediate water at the beginning of a 
 fire in whatever part of the city it may occur and this at all hours, 
 at any and every moment of the night as well as of the day. 
 
 The watering of our streets is indispensable and we cannot afford 
 to forego this luxury if it be one. Our streets no doubt are more 
 dusty than elsewhere, from our pecuniary inability to sweep them, 
 and even if paved or their surface otherwise improved, they would 
 still be subject to the dust of wear and tear, as also to that of dung 
 and detritus of all sorts like in every other city. We must come to 
 the rescue of dry goods and other merchants whose wares siifter from 
 this daily deposit of a substance which deteriorates the articles and 
 renders them unsalable. We want this watering of the roadway to 
 be done, not as it is now, in only a few streets or portions of streets, 
 but in every street, and not once, but several times a day during the 
 hot spell. We must not even be restrictive with thot^e who avail 
 themselves of their water supply to sprinkle sidewalks; for, let 
 us admit one and all, it is delicious on a hot summer d.iy or night 
 to breathe the air thus rende'^ed cool and refreshing by this simple 
 process of sprinkling which costs so little when compared with its 
 undeniable advantages. Lullin, in his premiated essay on the Ge- 
 neva water works has the following: *'Ce n'est plus seulement do 
 I'eau qu'on demande de nos jours, ilfaut le reconnaitre, c'est de I'eau 
 en abondance : ce n'est plus seulement a Vnsage de I'eau qu'il s'agit 
 de faire face, c'est au luxe de Veau, et ce luxe si sain, si utile, si 
 agreable, si gracieux, Geneve (Quebec) ue voudrait pas en rester 
 privee." It is therefore 100 gallons per diem we require, for we now 
 have 60 and hardly half enough at that, since the upper wards of the 
 city have but a two hours daily supply. There is but one mode 
 of giving us this indispensable supply of water : — it is a second line 
 of pipe the cost of which will not exceed $500,000» Tlien, ins- 
 
— »— 
 
 tead of 2i million gallons in the 24 hours, we will have 10 millions, 
 or 100 gallons to every man, woman and child and for years to come. 
 
 The interest on the cost of this pipe, including may be a sink- 
 ing fund of 1 per cent to wipe out the debt in 40 years, will be $;30,000. 
 Let our City Council approach that of St. Sauveur which I have no 
 doubt will tax itself to the extent of one-third of this amount in ex- 
 change tor a proportional supply of w^ter, say 1,000,000 gallons daily 
 to be given them by a branch pipe from the main for that purpose. 
 St. Sauveur would at its own expense distribute this water to its 
 Citizens, collect from them a proportional assessment and hand us 
 over the amount annually, semi-annually or quarterly as might be 
 agreed on. 
 
 The Water Works Committee submitted to the Council a propo- 
 sed water assessment on churches and other property which pay 
 nothing or next to nothing into the City Treasury — here is another 
 sum of $10,000 or more towards the interest of the capital to be 
 expended. 
 
 The 2830 families who now pay only from $1.60 to $4.00 for 
 water, by taxing them at $5.00, as a minimum, would, give us an 
 increase of $^000, which will leave but $(),000 to make up the requir- 
 ed sum of $'30,000. The $C,000 we can obtain, and even double and 
 triple the amount by assessing, as in all other cities or in rating for 
 water, all industries, manufactures, &c., which do not now give the 
 City one single cent in addition to the 10 cent rate in the dollar on 
 the rentals of their respective locations, a rate which only covers 
 the use of water for domestic purposes. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ..:ir . .n :^ REVENUE OF THE AQUEDUCT. 
 
 The mode of assessment for water requires to be completely 
 altered. Under the present system many pay too high a rate, a great 
 number pay too little, others pay nothing at all. 
 
 The minimum tax for a family should be f-.m$6to$9; that 
 of Geneva is 48 francs, say $0.60 for 300 gallons per diem per family 
 or 60 gallons per head to a family of 6; the mean of other cities 
 being $9.65, and this tax should be payable by the tenant, not by 
 the proprietor. Let it be remarked, I do not here speak of other 
 assessments or rates for which it is perhaps right that property 
 should be burthened and made responsible. Property is already 
 taxed beyond its capacity and to burden it in addition with the res- 
 ponsibility of paying for the tenant's water, is to diminish and des- 
 
troy its value to an alarming extent. The water tax is diflferent 
 Aroiu ali other taxes. Water is a comnaodity, a substance, an article 
 of eousumption for which it is not more just to have the proprietor 
 p»y than for the milk or bread which goes towards the subsistence 
 of the family. This responsibility of the proprietor is simply outra- 
 geous wbert. an article of consumption is concerned ., • . < 
 
 All those who exercise an industry which requires a supply of 
 ■#lter in addition to that for domestic purposes must be made to pay 
 for it in proportion to the requirements of the business carried on. 
 Every other city, witliout exception, includes under this hejid — 
 tanners; cmriersj bakers; breweries; distilleries; dyeing esta- 
 blishments; barbers; bathing establishmenis; laundries; soap 
 and potash factories; pork-curing establishments; marble yards; 
 daughter houses; manufactories of ginger, root and other beers 
 and of nectar, soda, &c; water fountains; soda, nectar and other 
 fountains, steam engines ; huAd hose for sprinkling and for the wash- 
 ing of windows, vehicles, &c. ; refineries; photographic galleries j 
 restaurants; hotels; inns, and the like. . , ,, i ..; 
 
 In my report to the Council, of 1872, I have shown that a reve- 
 nne of at least $15,000 could be raised on a few only of the above 
 named industries including laundries, steam-engines, beer bottling 
 establishments, &c., and if the whole were assessed, I doubt not, but 
 what the revenue would be thereby increased to the extent of at least 
 20 to $25,000 
 
 Steam engines alone, of which, in 1872 there were .50 averaging 
 10 horse power, would, by taxing them at the lowest rate of other 
 cities, say $5.00, bring in a revenue of $2,500, and as their number 
 has greatly increased since the date of my report, the figure would 
 probably now reach $3,500, even $5,000. ^^ -#^ , ,v . ; 
 
 Water closets which are here cliarged but $2, afford a revenue 
 every where else of from $3 to $6 or a mean of $4.22. Why then not 
 adopt this mean, say of $4 and thus add some $1500 to $2000 to our 
 receipts. We charge $2 for baths ; nhe mean in this case is $4.20. 
 Would it be extravagant for us to impose this mean of $4 since it is 
 only the well-to-do class which can afford the luxury. Fixed wash 
 stands in houses &c. are elsewhere rated at an aveiage of of $2.19; 
 let D8 say $1.00, even thia would be an addition of some hundreds of 
 dollars to our receipts- -^ ■ 
 
 The use of water for horse and vehicle is certainly worth $5.00 
 jn place of the $1 which we charge; other cities charge from $2 to 
 $10, a mean of $4.58. Suppose we said $4 or even $5, bow could it 
 
-.41 — 
 
 be contested. Many carters whom I have questioned on this head 
 admit that the charge would be far from exorbitant. I have just re- 
 ceived from Cambridge, U. S. their budget of charges for 1880 and 
 there find quoted : *• private stables, for the first horse $5, for each 
 additional horsc^ $3; each cow $2; livery stables, for the first 5 
 horses, the same rates as for private stables, for each additional 
 horse above five $2.50." 
 
 In one word, the thing to be done is to cause those parties ta 
 pay for the water who use and consume it, and extend a helping 
 Land to those who, like myself, pay exorbitant rates and do not con- 
 sume one-tenth of the water which others do who pay ten times less. 
 
 Now it is not enough, merely to impose taxes and water rates, 
 they must be collected. The ignorant and foolish cry of those wha 
 would have every thing done by a minimum number of employees, 
 has already had the effect of thousands of dollars being lost to the 
 city. To save the cost of a collector, the percentage to be paid him, 
 •we but too often lose the amount in toto. Under the plea of poverty, 
 of inability to pay, we would continually reduce the staff; the em- 
 ployees, many of them, are worked beyond the limits of endurance ; 
 they are cha^rged with the performance of duties too numerous, too 
 varied, without regard to the well known principle of the division 
 of labour ; that is why there is always something neglected, some- 
 thing not properly done ; and again I say, and defy contradiction, 
 the city receipts have in the p.ast suffered considerably and continue 
 to do so under the mad policy of having one man to do the work of 
 two or three. » ■ : v ki^r t^ 
 
 Have we not half a million dollars due for arrearsof assessments 
 and how many thousands more are due and will never be paid, for 
 want of coMectors at the time, for deals supplied for sidewalks, ren- 
 tals of corporation property, service drains laid down at the cost of 
 the city and for which, by law, proprietors are responsible. Does 
 any one know this better than I do, who have been here for the last 
 15 years ? 
 
 Let us adopt the necessary means to collect the municipal reve- 
 nue—as the gas Company does which has never lost one cent of its 
 dues,— and the annual arrears, the amounts due and which under the 
 present system will never be paid, will immediately be found to di- 
 minish in a most encouraging degree. 
 
 Why has it been found advantageous every where else to con- 
 fide the management of water works to a board of Commissioners? 
 
This is what Mr. Keefer has to say on the sabject, page 16, of his 
 report of 1800 : " In the principal cities of the United States where 
 aqueducts are city property, it has been found in the greatest num- 
 ber of cases that it was impossible to cause them to be administered, 
 by the City Council. If the management of an important hydraulic 
 work is placed in the hands of a numerous body, charged in addi^ 
 tion with the superintendence ot all the other affairs of the City, it 
 is conceivable there can be no individual respoosibiiity, especially if 
 the "personnel" of the body is every year changed in part or in toto. 
 To remedy such inconvenience it has been found useful to form 
 a small body of men under the denomination of " Water Commis- 
 sioners " chosen either directly by the municipal electors as at Ha- 
 milton or by the Council itself on proposition of the Mayor as at 
 New York." Mr. Keefer is right in what he says, aud for other rea- 
 son which he does not give but w^ ich are evidently implied ; they are 
 these:— By confiding the Watci ,v''ork8 to a Board of Commissioners, 
 City Councillors would escape the importunities of their constituents 
 and not be forced, as they are under the present sjstem to use their 
 influence to reduce to a minimum the amount to be charged and 
 collected for each special water service ; and were it not so, the 
 time has long passed when under a board of commissioners the 
 receipts would have equalled and even exceeded the annual cost of 
 our Water Works for interest and management; for, since their 
 very inception a board of the kind after the example of other cities 
 and guided by the principle of simple iastice and common sense 
 would have imposed a water tax or rate on all those who now make 
 use of the water without paying for it — all the industries I have 
 enumerated— and we would not now see, as we have done for so 
 many years, immense establishments, educational aud others, chur- 
 ches, asylu.TiS and wliat not, elude the payment of water rates or 
 pay su.ns absolutely out of all proportion with their consumption 
 and more particularly with the advantages they derive from the 
 existence of the aqueduct and fire brigade under the form of reduced 
 insurance i)remiums. ^ 
 
 We would not have seen a brewer of this city, whose water, ac- 
 cording to a calculation made at the time by Mr. O'Donnell, then 
 water works Manager, cost him $900 before the establishment of 
 the Aqueduct, play his cards with the then Mayor and Councillors 
 in a way to obtain from them a perpetual contract by which the 
 <rity supplies him with 6000 gallons of water per day for the sum of 
 
— 43 — 
 
 $160, while it is seen by the reports from other cities that brewera 
 there pay Bums varying from $3,0()0to $5,000, and while, too, a me- 
 ter used for the purpose showed that instead of 6000 gallons he wat 
 consuming 60,000, and the city was uot even successful in obtaining 
 pfcyraent for this extra supply because it pleased the then Recorder's 
 Court to declare in the plenitude of its wisdom that the meter might 
 be mintiiken, and it, a ** Worthingtoti " among the mostreliable of all, 
 
 Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, the time has come when Quebec must 
 be aroused from its slumbers ; it is time that injustice shoidd cease j 
 that innnnnities and privileges for the existence ot which tl.ere is no 
 valid reason be done away with, and the water tax like all other 
 taxes, be made to bear oa the whole City, instead of weighing as it 
 now does on only two-thirds of the inhabitants. Churches must be 
 made pay like other properties an amount not in proportion merely 
 to the quantity of water consumed, which is only trilling in the case 
 of a church, but to what is saved on iuburances. 
 
 The Legislature in giving us the right to lay down a second lino 
 of pipe, cannot refuse us the means of making good the cost thereof 
 without imposing additional burdens on our already aggrieved citi- 
 zens. 
 
 The report is there which recommends it, but how not to do the 
 thing is the question. It is '^ the thunders " we fear. Yes, gentlemen, 
 you do not dare to do it, influences are there to paralyze your efforts 
 in the good work of municipal regeneration. You fear the unpopu- 
 larity of tiie thing. You are afraid of imperilling your chances at the 
 next municipal elections. Others have feared it before your time. Those 
 who will come after you will fear it also, and the thing will never be 
 done under the present system — under the council. I tell you so, 
 you know it, not one will dare say that I am wrong. 
 
 You are not singular in this respect, other cities have acted in 
 the same way and for the same motives until a board of commissio- 
 ners came to their rescue ; it is inherent in the system uot in the 
 individual. You admit this, you say that I am right, but you will 
 not do it. Why not then adopt the proper means of bringing it 
 about or of causing it to be done by others. Follow the example 
 which has, for such a length of time, been traced out for jou by 
 nearly every other city in the world where, as here, the elected are 
 made to bow to the will of the electors. . Profit by the occasion of a 
 new aqueduct j the Legislature will be but too ready thus to give 
 
— 44 — 
 
 you the means of doing honor to the aflfaira of the city ; ask for a 
 board of commissioners, von will obtain it, you will have to pay it j 
 but it will increase the revenue from Water-Works by more than 
 ten times the amount necessary for the 5 purpose. This board will 
 do more, it will know how to make up, the proper parties to tax, to 
 meet the annual deficit which exists to day between our Water 
 Works revenue and expenditure and so much more as may be need- 
 ed to cover the accumulated deficits of former years, and all this 
 without pressing more heavily on those who are uo^ groaning under 
 the burden of past and present grievances. 
 
 Under the resolution of the City Council orderiug tiiis report on 
 the improvement of our aqueduct, there is still to be considered the 
 project of drawing an additional supply of water from the St. Char- 
 les or the St. Lawrence. If I do not g.> into details regarding the mode 
 of doing this, it is because the cost of the necessary pumps and erec- 
 tion of suitable buildings in which to set them up, that of the feed 
 pipe from one or the other of these rivers, and the alterations to be 
 made ia the distribution cannot be less than $100,000. The aunaal 
 cost of pumping to the desired level the seven million additional 
 gallons which a second pipe would supply can hardly be less than 
 $24,000, may be more. This sum added to the interest $fi,00O, of the 
 cost of equipment, brings us again to the figure of i W,000, in- 
 terest oncost of second pipe, and we cannot for a moment think of 
 prefering the less certain system of pumping to that of gravitation. 
 However I would be pleased to see the corporation invite tenders for 
 such a service so that the cost may be e*^ tablialied and the city placed 
 a position to choose from among the several methods proposed for its 
 relief. . ' ; 
 
 When I say ** pumping to the desired levels" I mean to a height 
 of 100 feet or so, for the service of the lower wards of the city, reserving 
 the present pipe for the higher wards. Now the cost of pumpinga mil- 
 lion gallons of water to a height* of 100 feet varies(see appendix VIII) 
 in 18 of the principal cities of the United States, including Montreal, 
 from $5.18 to $30.38, or omitting Indianapolis, Ind. and the upper ser- 
 vice of St. Louis — Indianapolis especially where the cost is evidently 
 excessive —from $7.17 to $ IG 47 the figure of Montreal. TiiC mean of 
 24 pumping systems is $10.95i per million gallons raised to a heigh* 
 of 100 feet. At the figure even of $10, it would cost $70.00 per day or 
 $25,550 a year to give to the City the 7 millions of gallons required. 
 
— 45 — 
 
 Now, this quaatity of water raised to suck an inadequate height, 
 wliilo being abundant and furnishing a continuoun supply to all the 
 lower sections of the City, would still be powerless in case of a con- 
 flflgration to coniniaml the summits of high buildings in St. Koch, 
 Jnoqnes-Cartier, St. Peter and Champliiin wariis ; and the other 
 Wiiids, St. John uud Piilace, St. Louis and Montc.ilui, Uy distributing 
 among them all the water of the present pipe, would only have the 
 water continuously during eight hours at most, that is, eight liours 
 to St. John and Psihice wards combined which the pressure of the 
 aqueduct allows of supplying simultaneously, eight hours to St 
 Louis ward and eight hours to Montcalm ward, which notwithstand- 
 ing the pressure of the aqueduct would have to be served separately. 
 Therefore with the pumping system, an annual expenditure of 
 pel haps more than $il0.000 for interest on the cost of the necessary 
 apparatus and buildings and for working expenses would be far from 
 obtaining for ns the advantages to be derived from a smaller sum 
 applied to a second pipe, and if the cost of pumping the water should 
 reach; as in Montreal, the sum of $16 47 or even $15.00, the annual 
 cost of adding to our water supply would then amount to $44,325. 
 
 It may be asked : if the four higher wards of the City have to be 
 
 content with what the present pipe gives, and each have the water 
 
 only during eight hours out of the 24, why allow 7 millions for the 
 
 other four wards which together are scaixjely more populous than 
 
 the former J it is because we have first to deduct a million gallons 
 
 for St. Sauveur and secondly to allow for the more considerable 
 
 "Wants of the tanneries, breweries and factories of all sorts erected, 
 
 or which will be, at these lower levels j but let us suppose for a 
 
 moment that 5 millions of gallons additional will suffice and that, 
 
 ^ing them from the St. Charles or the St. Lawrence, they could 
 
 I raised 100 feet -at the raiie of $10.00 each million gallons, t'lat 
 
 % uld cost $50.00 a day or $18,000 a year. These $18,000 added to 
 
 tl $6,000 interest on the cost of equipment make still $24,000 which 
 
 has to be paid every year for a merely partial amelioration of the 
 
 aqueduct — for a work half done and very soon to be repeated, whilst 
 
 Ifor only $d,000moi ^ the amelioration is made complete and for all 
 
 ^ime to come, not to mention that with the 7 millions of gallons one 
 
 is given to St. Sauveur for which $10,000 is received and with the 5 
 
 -inillions, the city gives none to St. Sauveur, receives nothing from 
 
 ("Chat municipality and will have to raise $4,000 more taxes on the 
 
 l<ity. 
 
— 46 — 
 
 Therefore, in my opinion, oTcrytliingconRfilered, erery estimate 
 and amount considerpd, we nre forcttl to pi-efer a second line of pipe 
 to all oilier projects.* 
 
 There is still another point which it may be well to tonch upon, 
 to wit : in liow far the delivery of the present nquediict w«)uld or 
 could be benefited by laying down an additional pipe for only a por- 
 tion of the distance from the jjate house or Chftteau d'Eau, and con- 
 necting it at its extremity w li the present main ; or, which is the 
 same thing, taking up so much of the present main and replacing 
 it by a i»ipe of twice the size or capacity. 
 
 The following Statement shows the increase independently com- 
 puted by Mr. J. M. Gale engineer of Glasgow and by Mr. Ken6 
 Stcckel engineer now in the employ of the Fed. Govt, at Ottawa. 
 The near agreement of the figures arrived at gives them a charac- ■- 
 ter of absolute reliability. 
 
 GALE. STECKEL. 
 
 Distance 
 
 in 
 miles. 
 
 J 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Percentage 
 
 Distance 
 
 of increased 
 
 in 
 
 delivery. 
 
 miles. 
 
 4.8 
 
 1 
 
 10.2 
 
 2 
 
 1().:3 
 
 3 
 
 24.1 
 
 4 
 
 34.2 
 
 5 
 
 4(i.9. 
 
 6 
 
 Percentage ^ 
 
 of incrtasedi' 
 delivery '■'''" 
 
 10.3 
 16.7 
 
 •«p. -...Yi^w.fi: 24.6 
 
 ■■-*»^ ■ 
 
 34.2 
 46.5 
 
 The figures speak for themselves and render it evident that no 
 benefit, at all proportional with the cost of this mode of increasing 
 the supply, can be looked for in this direction. 
 
 It suflSces however to remark that while the total or combined 
 
 sectional area of the .5000 services is U66 square inches, that of the, 
 
 main is but 254, or that in other terms the capacity of the main is ^ 
 
 but one quarter of that of the services, to show that it is not by 5, 10, 
 
 or even 50 per cent that the supply must be increased but by 300 . 
 
 per cent, as the conclusion arrived at in the report. , 
 
 *We miiel find the wliere-with tp do it and the'thiiig to my mind is easy. Wo 
 see all arouiid us nations, eiiief», towns, numieipalitie&, institutions and indivi- 
 duals consolidating, or bent upon doing so, their respective indebtedn,^88 at reduo. 
 ed rates of interest- The &ixe8 and sevens vf the immense dtbt contracted by 
 the United-States during the Southern war, have given place to threes and fours. 
 English consols never go beyond threw and a fraction. Money can be bad any 
 where &nd every wheie at 3 and 3^ The banks only allow 3," the Saving banks 
 *;«>iS»®i^®'^c'*'''^*y syndicate has but lately eftected a sale of their bonds, 
 f lt,0O0,0(K) at 5 per cent, an4 in the face of all this we persist in paying 6 and 7. 
 
- 47 — 
 
 L«t nn effect a loan— our tresinrer Lafranoe can do it— at 4 or even 4\. IM 
 us (tet Government to cai.cel uiir |.ortnaiieni Stock of ttevenn uiui rt<plaoe thorn 
 by tinniiiHble vulueit at 30 or more ye.ir»«, even with the prenefit intercut if we 
 cannot do botttr. Let uh effect a lotin which may put \\h in a, poNition to retire our 
 other debenture!* jw ihey mature and we tthall see all of the (iroHent holdnm iiainjf 
 their ut II OBt endeavours tu get them back aguin or others at the red uuud rates 
 of 4 luid 5, niuy be IfM 
 
 Thit* iawhttt we can most certainly do, and our City Treasurer whoin now 
 and hiiH hei u lor «oiui> tiiae pn<t iu correipoiideiiee with Fretioli biiiikori* «>n thn 
 subject, will »oon be in a position t«) inform uh in the preinif^tv*. an<i t» Hiihinit I 
 b«li»'ve, I hill o, some Hcbiaue capable of relieving u» from our pi-ciiniary cmbiir- 
 :nuim< nts. 
 
 \Vi; muHt accUAtom ourselves to look such themes in the faoe. Let nn occupy 
 our HiUMition with such <|ue*<tii>ns, mo.it important to uh, as tlio Ht^ttlement of 
 our Bub>«eription of a million to the North Shore railroad, and let uh hope if it be 
 true aw reported that tin- llble. Mr. Chtiiib'au has be«in Hucoesful in dinposing of 
 the roiidat the alleged tiiiii e of ($14,1)00,000) f.unteen iiiillion8 of doihn-H. Govern- 
 ment may be pei>uaded n> fitrjjiv«! u-< the second half million, and refund us the 
 flrBt, which we may ihen devote to the laying down of a second pipe sojiecessary, 
 so iiidi«|M nsiible to the proper \yuter supply of the city. 
 
 Gentlemen of the City Council, I pray yon, do take the means of relieving us 
 from our emluiMnHAments ; you can doit if you will, you have only to will it 
 Let mc persuadei you that it iH not by reducing the wa :ea of the ptdice, tiro bri- 
 gade, road and water works laboters, nor l>y the reduction <tf your employees 
 salaric- to starvation rates, ii»)r even by reducing tlie staff that you will restore 
 the municipal budget. Such means are unworthy o^ou and those who suggest 
 them iihou d be held up to publi<^ scorn. 
 
 Occupy the attention of the City Council with the advixability, or the 
 contrary, of letaining 15 <lays of a inau's salary, a miserable !|25 from an employee 
 of 36year.-* ^talldiug who hsid grown grey in the ( ity service, liulf a month's salary 
 for having had to lay up after gettin.; budly beaten by a lot of lowdies, while on 
 the contiaiy It is he who h:is an undoubted right of action for damages ngainst 
 the city whose poli«e on thai Ol•ca^iou and every other is, from want of numerical 
 force, lovk'erli 88 to do the needful. 
 
 Discu-'S the iidvi-ability of a coal oil lantern iu an unfrequented and danger- 
 ous locality; that "f an expenditure of $7 in relation to the band of the freuch 
 frigate, and God only knows what els.^ of a like nature. 
 
 Oh.'ititiiiot singular, Geiit'eiiim, that the public should be indignant as 
 they justly are, and threaten llio very e.xistencn of an insiitutiou capable of 
 occupyiiig'its <leliberatiou9 with measures of like imnortance. 
 
 The public does not want this^ the cutting down of the charwomen's wages by 
 10 cents, tho>e of the fire wood purveyor by -20 cents. Refuse to jiay a party his 
 just d.ie and thjn p;iy capital ami co.sts together. Capital and eo-ts in a hundred 
 Piudiug suits against the City foe injury to life aud limb of man and beast, 
 injury to vehicles, bcc.iuse you will jien-iist in believing or affecting to believe 
 andiiyiiig to im;)re8S the public with the fact that a corporation employee 
 
 can <lo the woik often men in oilier cites 1 saust stop, for G idonly kuowa 
 
 what 1 might not add under the legitimate indignation 1 fe 1 while cuitemplat- 
 iug a mal-adiuinistratiou which it it did exist prevously to It^SO, has but increased 
 and ^ince bi come moie marked, more accentuated aud has at last attained its 
 apogee ui. tier the itretended reformers of the municipal concern, elected by an 
 intelligent ward of the city which ha.s been led astray by the false representations 
 
 of one man iu particular, he of whom one of the judges of the Court, as 
 
 good a phy.-4iog:iomista8 heis a judge of every thingeisesays (and if he did not 
 say it 1 frhould do so myself) that the moral element is entirely wanting notwith- 
 standing a certain talent he may be possessed of as a public writer and stump 
 orator, 
 
 iMost assuredly it is not in this way you will do honor to the municipality. 
 Have done with all such trifles, worthy at most of occupying the attention of a 
 village council. Apply yourselves to something worthy of deliberating on. 
 Elevate yourselves to the position of representatives of one of the oldest and 
 most important cities of Canada. Restore your laborers wages, put those of your 
 oflScers back to their former figure of J 878, unless you farther increase them which 
 you should do in the true interests of the city. Take on the necessary hands to 
 
— 48 — 
 
 do th« work, aod that nothing may be neglArted aa things are at present, and for 
 th** ptirr>«M>o of oullcoting the rt-veuue, together with »Il arreftra which witho«| 
 auch nil! will retimin a doiid letter. '^ 
 
 t.Kvti H loBii, lay down a m-ootid lin«» of pipe, consolidate the city debt. Yo« 
 will thereby id i-oDme of time save |l 00. 000 yearly in ititoreHt and ninkinf^ fund, 
 hettle ininie«ii!itely with lh»* jjovernient the HiibBcriptiun in favor of the Q. M. O. 
 dc (>. K. li. thatiu fttvor of the JHko bt. John railway, the ceesion of the Palais 
 harbor. 
 
 Be not formiiliscd at Diy tilling yon no. If I ann yonr employee, remember that 
 I am also like yoar»elrcs a citizen and that a* yoa are now, I was in 1861 deputed 
 to the niiiniripal >iHsenil>ly for a term of 3 years and unaiiimoufly re-elected for 
 • seeoiui term of like duraiion. Kitten not to that portion of our City ]>reHB whioh 
 in its ipnonince, error and bad faith, iidvi»e.>* you not to all(»w youi ft-lves to be 
 Icctinrd by me. and dues so only witli the view of fomenting hatred and discord 
 in the uiuuicipal camp. 
 
 On the contrary, gentlemen, it pertains to me who have been liere for DO 
 yeais as deputy and engineer and who know as mnoh and more of munioipal af- 
 fairs than any other man in the City to impart such knowledg«i to my neighbors. 
 Do not forget that, like you, I am an intereHted proprietor, and that as such, I 
 cannot give you bad advice or coiiiiHel thiLgs improper without being with you a 
 victim to my own errooeuuit teachiujt^a. 
 
 ; -- , ' ' ' '" ■ • • ■ ^- '■ ,;» i 
 
 \-; ' ,^ '' ' "' ■■ :■ ■« 4 •^ ■' •:■ , 
 
 - -V. 
 
 a 
 
 •: > J-» .»- 
 
 it, :,^:-<<f^-:l^;.,, ,-;: ;!v-,^,-/ ■:,,;,,,;'.>■..> 
 
— I — 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Estimated cost of a second line of juiueduct from Lorette to 
 Quebec. 
 
 Ist. Section from Chateau d'Eau under a head of from 
 « to 2Sm feet. 
 
 3,J00ft. lin. 40 inch main H thick 1,526,200 lbs. 
 
 2Dd. Section. Head 28.(j(> to l(J6.22 ft. 
 
 ;}500 ft. lin. .'JS inch pipe U" thick Ij-lti-VOS '< 
 
 3rd. St'ctioii. Head 1G6.22 to 251 ft. 
 
 -mo ft lin, 33 inch pipe, U inch thick 1,513,432 •< 
 
 4th. Section from Lorette, Head 251 to ^0 ft. 
 
 4400 ft. lin, 30" pipe, if" thick....... ..m^****. 2,024,640 '* 
 
 5tb. Section. Head 300 to 400 ft. 
 
 4700 ft. of ;30" main li" thick 2,364,470 " 
 
 6th. Section. Head 400 to 410 ft.— 2,500 ft. lin. 
 7th. Bection. Head 410 to 462 ft.— 17,800 " 
 
 Together 20,300 ft. lin. of .*»" pipe If" thick 11,075,500 <• 
 
 8th. Sectior up Aqueduct Hill. Head 400 to 300 ft. 
 
 lOOOft. lin. of 30" pipe If thick 514,796 " 
 
 9tb. Section and last to Mount-Pleasant. Head 300to25l ft. 
 
 500 ft. lin. 30" main If" thick .^..^ 23.5,29«> " 
 
 
 ^«2> ^ ;. L . 20,818,129 •< 
 
 being 185,876 cwts- or 9 '93 tons 16 cwts. which at 87.6 
 stg. per ton in Glasgow, with 25 ptr cent added for 
 
 duty and £1 stg. freight, figures up to $302,048.77 
 
 Lead for joints at from 80 lbs. for 30" to 110 lbs. for 40 
 
 for 3427 joint8^300,000 lbs. or 2680 cwts. at $5.00. . 13,400.00 
 Haulage of 3427 pipes of 30" to 40" diam. and varying 
 in weight from 6515 to 5>«)0 lbs. an average distan- 
 ce of over 6 miles at $3(K) per pipe 10 281.00 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Forward $325,729.77 
 
— II — 
 
 Brought over $325,729.77 
 
 Laying, leading and staving 3427 pipes $3.00 each 10,281.00 
 
 41,000 ft. lin. excavation, averaging say 10 ft deep by 5i 
 
 wide. or2cuboyds. per lin. fta$1.00 41,000.00 
 
 41.0(10 ft. lin. refilling a 20 cts 8,200.00 
 
 Alterations at chateau d'Eau 500.00 
 
 Moving say 200 ft. 'in of present pipe at Lorette end to 
 
 suit position of new main 200.00 
 
 5 Stopcocks 30 to 40 inches diameter 3,000.00 
 
 10 Air cocks a $100 1,000.00 
 
 11 Well pockets or additions to wells a $300 3,300,00 
 
 Bridge at Riviere des Meres 10,000.00 
 
 Bridge over River St. Charles 40,000.00 
 
 Alterations at Mount Pleasant 2,000.00 
 
 Scouring out reservoir at Lorette.-- - 2,000.00 
 
 Repairing and raising dam at Lorette 10,000.00 
 
 Scouring gates at Rivers St. Charles and des Meres... 2^000.00 
 
 Arago St. Connection, 3450 ft. lin. laid complete, 
 inclusive of branches, gates, lead, excavation and 
 
 ■y refilling complete 15,500.00 
 
 474,710.77 
 
 Engineering and contingencies 25,289,33 
 
 Total $500,000.00 
 
 . -- ■ . H . " : — — — — .^— 
 
 "■ . ' •■- ■■'■■"■/'■■ ;■- 
 
 ■; 1.*- 
 
 '"hH' 
 
 ■Vii iu y>- 
 
— Ill — 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 A Statement of the number of gallons of water used per day 
 
 (per capita) in the principal cities of the Uiiited-States, foreign 
 
 countries and Canada, compiled from reports of the diflferent cities 
 
 of the latest date, and from letters in answer to inquiries relating 
 
 theieto. 
 
 UNITED-STATES. gallons- 
 
 Milwaukee 125 
 
 Cambridge 43 
 
 CU.irlestown 43 
 
 Jersey City 83 
 
 Louisville . 28 
 
 Newark 60 
 
 New-Orleans 30 
 
 Salem 41 
 
 Washington 127 
 
 Worcester _ 48 
 
 Lancaster 112 
 
 Taunton 20 
 
 Newton 21 
 
 Fall River 27 
 
 Pawtucket 32 
 
 Lynn 35 
 
 Lawrence • 3fe 
 
 New Bedford 76 
 
 Wilmington 80 
 
 UNITED-STATES. gallons. 
 
 Pitsburg 100 
 
 New York 90 
 
 Detroit 108 
 
 Chicago 123 
 
 Hartford 80 
 
 Reading i 75 
 
 New Haven 75 
 
 Albany 70 
 
 Springfield 66 
 
 Buffalo 80 
 
 Boston „ 98 
 
 Brooklyn GO 
 
 Philadelphia 67 
 
 Toledo 54 
 
 Cincinnati 55 
 
 Baltimore 50 
 
 Lowell 44 
 
 St. Louis... 44 
 
 Cleveland 60 
 
 Providence 30 
 
 FOREIGN. 
 
 Dublin..... 60 
 
 Glasgow 60 
 
 Paris 38 
 
 Edinburgh 35 
 
 London 33 
 
 Newcastle 28 
 
 Exeter 25 
 
 Preston, 24 
 
 Derby 20 
 
 Norwick 14 
 
 Cambridge... » 13 
 
 Huddersfield... 10 
 
 Oosfort 10 
 
 Liverpool 27 
 
 Leeds 23 
 
 Manchester, 60 
 
 Birmingham 20 
 
 Sheffield 20 
 
 Sunderland..-- 19 
 
 Nottingham 18 
 
 Bristol , 11 
 
 Bath 16 
 
 Marseilles , 46 
 
 Geneva 18 
 
 Madrid 10 
 
 Berlin 10 
 
 Hamburg 30 
 
 Genoa 30 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 Montreal ...-- 70 
 
 Quebec 60 
 
 Three Rivers 20 
 
 Ottowa 124 
 
 St. John N.B 70 
 
 Toronto 69 
 
 Hamilton 44 
 
 Kingston 133 
 
 London 166 
 
 Halifax 207 
 
APPENDIX III. 
 
 "CONTINENTAL WATER METER COMPANY." U. S. 
 
 orao"criii.A.ii o:f issi. 
 
 E>.A.a-E BO- 
 
 lABLE showing the Consumption of Water in 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 -i-j 
 
 
 C3 
 
 
 9—* 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 eS 
 
 Q, 
 
 0^ 
 
 O 
 
 tH 
 
 Ci- 
 
 System of Sup- 
 ply. 
 
 TauntoiJ... 
 
 Newton 
 
 F River. 
 P v'i<lence. 
 Pawtucket . 
 
 Lynn 
 
 Lowell 
 
 Lawrence. - 
 Cambridge. 
 Worcester. 
 St. Louis.. . 
 Sa em 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Brooklyn 
 
 Boston (Cochituate) 
 
 " (Mystic) 
 
 ♦' (Cochituate and Mystic 
 
 New York 
 
 Chicago 
 
 New Bedford 
 
 Columbus 
 
 Pittsburg 
 
 Washington 
 
 Minneapolis 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Cleveland - . 
 
 Detroit - 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Milwau kee 
 
 Average 
 
 Quebec — 
 
 1879 
 
 t( 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 n 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 1377 
 
 1879 
 
 1878 
 it 
 
 1877 
 1879 
 
 a 
 
 1878 
 1877 
 1879 
 1880 
 1879 
 1880 
 
 1879 
 
 1877 
 
 ii 
 
 a 
 
 1879 
 
 1881 
 
 20,000 
 17,300 
 47,(M)0 
 100,000 
 25,(H)0 
 
 ;i6,ooo 
 
 50,000 
 
 38.000 
 
 50.000 
 
 50,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 34.400 
 
 280,000 
 
 850,000 
 
 485.000 
 
 340,(MM 
 
 110.000 
 
 450,01M) 
 
 1,050000 
 
 44G,(M)U 
 
 27,200 
 
 51,6(>5 
 
 150,381 
 
 147,307 
 
 46,887 
 
 123,645 
 
 13G,(KX> 
 
 J10,0(JO 
 
 135,000 
 
 116,000 
 
 197.426 
 50,000 
 
 Steam power. 
 
 it 
 
 IC 
 
 t< 
 <( 
 (( 
 n 
 « 
 n 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Steam j)ower. 
 
 (( 
 
 (i 
 
 Water & ste. n. 
 Steam power. 
 G-ravity. 
 Steam power. 
 Gravity & steam. 
 Griivity. 
 
 Steam ])ower. 
 
 a 
 
 (( 
 
 Gravity. 
 Water power. 
 
 Steam power. 
 
 ii 
 
 .( 
 (( 
 
 _ 
 
 Gravitv. 
 
— V — 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 " CONTINENTAL WATER METER COMPANY. U. 8. 
 
 OIIlOXJL-A.It OS" 1881- 
 
 Dif event Cities, and the Receipts for tJie Same, 
 
 • 
 
 ® P a • 
 
 iaS 
 
 «4-l 
 
 'oa 
 
 O 0) 
 
 — 00 fr< 
 
 O © lU 
 
 
 
 boo o 5 
 
 o o.1f 
 
 o 
 
 •M 
 
 u ^(6 
 
 J. ^'*^ 
 
 
 ->-> .^ a 
 
 vera 
 ly c 
 mpti 
 alloE 
 
 ily c 
 i.pti 
 ■ cap 
 
 « S 3S o 
 
 -2.3 
 
 a > a 
 
 
 Total receipts 
 for water. 
 
 « a-2 
 
 w 2--J 
 
 
 
 a =1 
 
 ^ aa 
 
 
 
 
 394,061 
 
 20 
 
 27.63 
 
 188 
 
 1;370 
 
 14 
 
 $23,306 85 
 
 $162 04 
 
 355,925 
 
 21 
 
 51.25 
 
 358 
 
 1,917 
 
 18 
 
 27,155 52 
 
 209 02 
 
 1,263.923 
 
 27 
 
 52.05 
 
 1,378 
 
 2,497 
 
 5; 
 
 69.691 46 
 
 151 04 
 
 3,110,279 
 
 31 
 
 152.04 
 
 4,03(5 
 
 8,656 
 
 47 
 
 229,557 78 
 
 202 23 
 
 802,467 
 
 32 
 
 43. 
 
 588 
 
 1,400 
 
 42 
 
 18,:i20 17 
 
 62 55 
 
 1,267,827 
 
 35 
 
 52.53 
 
 118 
 
 4,127 
 
 3 
 
 73.791 47 
 
 159 81 
 
 1,890,181 
 
 38 
 
 57.54 
 
 377 
 
 4,714 
 
 8 
 
 99,569 84 
 
 144 32 
 
 1,456,030 
 
 38 
 
 40.68 
 
 209 
 
 2,978 
 
 7 
 
 58,287 40 
 
 109 68 
 
 2,432.386 
 
 49 
 
 79. 
 
 134 
 
 7,145 
 
 2 
 
 168,000 00 
 
 189 23 
 
 2,5«K},(K)0 
 
 50 
 
 77.50 
 
 3,481 
 
 4,984 
 
 70 
 
 73.149 40 
 
 80 16 
 
 22,349,443 
 
 56 
 
 185. 
 
 350 
 
 16,800 
 
 2 
 
 494.629 74 
 
 60 60 
 
 1,939,048 
 
 56 
 
 43.28 
 
 120 
 
 4,428 
 
 3 
 
 48,937 22 
 
 69 14 
 
 17,120,338 
 
 61 
 
 178.90 
 
 406 
 
 20,600 
 
 2 
 
 451,953 94 
 
 72 03 
 
 52,333,326 
 
 62 
 
 722.34 
 
 16 
 
 
 • m 
 
 1,376,532 05 
 
 72 06 
 
 33,342,900 
 
 63 
 
 38^.30 
 
 930 
 
 54,879 
 
 2 
 
 1,005,842 14 
 
 90 90 
 
 25,695.900 
 
 75 
 
 313. 
 
 1,100 
 
 41,000 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 8,884,460 
 34.530,360 
 
 81 
 
 172. 
 
 156 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 485. 
 
 1,256 
 
 
 
 1,237.256 23 
 
 98 O;^ 
 
 93,400,000 
 
 89 
 
 4(13.70 
 
 5,000 
 
 77,4!)6 
 
 .. 
 
 1,6C 6.500 29 
 
 47 12 
 
 52,183,900 
 
 119 
 
 425. 
 
 1,623 
 
 64,898 
 
 3 
 
 908,509 64 
 
 47 70 
 
 2,056,311 
 
 76 
 
 40 35 
 
 23 
 
 3,370 
 
 1 
 
 38,031 21 
 
 50 67 
 
 2,159,327 
 
 42 
 
 50.5 
 
 534 
 
 
 m • 
 
 48,228 41 
 
 61 19 
 
 16,021,624 
 
 100 
 
 105.5 
 
 
 
 
 312,084 6ti 
 
 73 13 
 
 "'he' 
 
 175.1 
 18.6 
 
 
 
 -- 
 
 110,(M»5 15 
 16,008 72 
 
 
 2,628,559 
 
 
 
 16 69 
 
 6,578.670 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 176,097 45 
 
 93 27 
 
 7,726,920 
 
 56 
 
 
 248 
 
 7,760 
 
 
 152.794 (M' 
 
 54 00 
 
 11,543,120 
 
 105 
 
 
 9 
 
 18,754 
 
 • • 
 
 210,288 00 
 
 50 00 
 
 11,691,200 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 6 380 
 
 
 189,296 00 
 
 44 00 
 
 10,603,8t)7 
 
 124 
 
 
 101 
 
 6,835 
 
 
 121 555 00 
 
 31 00 
 
 14,177,079 
 
 59.3 
 
 176. 
 
 909 
 
 16,495 
 
 • m 
 
 333,763 88 
 
 92 60 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 50 
 
 
 2 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 91,000 (K) 
 
 100 05 
 
— VI — 
 
 APPENDIX IV. 
 
 " CONTINENTAL WATER METER COMPANY. U. F 
 
 OIItOTJT. A :R O^ 1881. 
 
 :E>-A.C3-E 52_ 
 
 TABLE showing Amounts Paid for Wafer hy a 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 
 
 Lawrence, Mass 
 
 Lynn, Mass., 
 
 Fitchbuig, Mass., 
 
 NewtQu, Mass., 
 
 Cambri<ige, Mass...... 
 
 Providence, R.I 
 
 Taunton. Mass., 
 
 Lowell, Mass., 
 
 Fall Kiver, Mass.,... 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 
 Albany, N.Y., 
 
 Buftalo, N. Y., 
 
 Niagara Falls, N. Y., 
 Detroit, Mich......... 
 
 Cincinnaii, Ohio,..., 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio, 
 
 Toledo, Ohio, 
 
 Chicago, 111., 
 
 Alton, 111.,* ,., 
 
 Philadelphia, Penn.,. 
 
 Pittsburg, Penn.,. 
 
 Milwavkee, Wis., 
 
 Salem, Mass., 
 
 Concord, N. H., 
 
 Hartford, Conn.,. . . . , 
 
 Louisville, Ky., , 
 
 Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 Springfield, Mass.,.. 
 
 Average 
 
 Quebec 
 
 $9 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 6 00 
 6 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 7 00 
 6 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 5 00 
 16 00 
 
 18 00 
 20 00 
 
 9 00 
 
 7 00 
 14 00 
 10 00 
 
 10 25 
 
 19 00 
 
 7 00 
 
 8 75 
 27 77 
 
 11 50 
 3 50 
 
 6 00 
 5 00 
 
 10 oO 
 8 00 
 8 00 
 
 9 65 
 20 OG 
 
 $3 00 
 
 4 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 3 00 
 3 00 
 00 
 50 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 55 
 00 
 00 
 
 oo 
 
 00 
 00 
 50 
 00 
 
 4 22 
 2 00 
 
 $3 00 
 
 3 
 5 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 6 00 
 5 00 
 3 00 
 3 00 
 5 00 
 
 5 00 
 3 00 
 2 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 2 50 
 
 3 50 
 
 3 oa 
 8 oa 
 
 3 00. 
 10 85 
 3 00. 
 5 00 
 3 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 75 
 00 
 
 4 20 
 2 00 
 
— VII — 
 
 APPENDIX IV. 
 
 " CONTINENTAL WATER METER COMPANY." U. S. 
 
 I».A.a-E B3. 
 
 Family Occupijing a Large House in Different Cities. 
 
 Wash 
 
 staud or 
 
 2nd faucet 
 
 1 
 
 Horse aud 
 
 Carriages 
 
 with use of 
 
 liose. 
 
 * 
 
 © 
 
 Hoso, siu- 
 gle rate. 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 $3 50 
 
 3 00 
 5 00 
 8 00 
 
 10 00 
 5 00 
 
 4 00 
 4 00 
 4 00 
 
 4 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 3 00 
 
 4 00 
 
 3 00 
 
 4 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 2 50 
 
 5 00 
 4 00 
 8 00 
 
 3 00 
 8 25 
 
 4 00 
 
 6 00 
 200 
 400 
 
 5 00 
 2 50 
 4 00 
 
 
 $5 00 
 
 2 50 
 
 3 00 
 5 00 
 5 00 
 
 10 00 
 5 00 
 
 5 0') 
 3 00 
 
 6 00 
 5 50 
 
 8 OC 
 
 5 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 3 00 
 
 4 80 
 
 1 50 
 
 5 00 
 3 00 
 
 9 00 
 9 (»0 
 
 6 87 
 8 00 
 3 00 
 3 00 
 5 00 
 
 7 50 
 
 2 00 
 5 00 
 
 $23 50 
 
 
 $1 00 
 2 00 
 2 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 2 50 
 
 3 00 
 2 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 2 50 
 
 $1 50 
 
 1 50 
 
 2 00 
 
 1 50 
 
 2 00 
 1 00 
 
 1 50 
 
 2 00 
 1 00 
 
 75 
 
 20 00 
 
 $2 00 
 2 00 
 2 00 
 2 50 
 2 00 
 2 00 
 
 29 50 
 35 00 
 35 50 
 41 00 
 31 00 
 27 50 
 23 00 
 
 2 50 
 
 31 00 
 29 25 
 
 
 
 31 00 
 
 
 
 1 50 
 1 50 
 1 00 
 
 43 50 
 
 
 
 25 50 
 
 1 25 
 
 1 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 23 25 
 a3 80 
 
 
 
 
 21 50 
 
 2 00 
 
 
 
 28 25 
 
 
 
 
 34 00 
 
 
 
 2 00 
 
 39 00 
 
 1 00 
 8 25 
 
 2 00 
 1 50 
 
 I 00 
 
 27 75 
 
 2 05 
 1 00 
 1 00 
 I 00 
 1 00 
 1 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 71 50 
 34 50 
 24 00 
 
 
 
 19 "M) 
 
 
 
 19 uO 
 
 
 1 00 
 3 00 
 
 31 50 
 
 2 00 
 
 26 75 
 
 27 00 
 
 2 19 
 
 1 84 
 
 4 58 
 1 00 
 
 1 40 
 ] 00 
 
 5lt> 
 
 33 24 
 26 00 
 
 
 
 
 
— YIII — 
 
 APPENDIX V. 
 
 Circular of A. D. WOOD dh Co,, 
 
 RATES CHARGED FOR WATER 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 Aubui-n, N. T... 
 
 AugustH, Me 
 
 Boston, Ma««... 
 BufiFalr,. N. Y. . 
 
 Chicago ill 
 
 Cincitiuati, Ohio 
 Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 Concord 
 
 Davenport 
 
 Daytou 
 
 l^etroit 
 
 Fitchburg 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Lowell 
 
 Manchester 
 
 Memphis 
 
 Milwaukee 
 
 Montgomery.... 
 
 Minneapolis 
 
 Muskegon 
 
 New London... 
 
 Newport 
 
 New Orleans... 
 Noi-thanipton... 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 Portland 
 
 Poughkeepsie... 
 
 Pittsfield 
 
 Providence 
 
 Pawtucket 
 
 Rochester 
 
 Rockford 
 
 Springfield . 
 
 St. Louia 
 
 Syracuse 
 
 Taunton 
 
 Worcester 
 
 37 Average 
 
 House. 
 
 + 
 
 ftl050 
 12 00 
 
 7 00 
 15 00 
 
 14 00 
 6 00 
 750 
 600 
 
 12 00 
 
 4 00 
 
 8 00 
 
 6 00 
 5r>0 
 
 7 00 
 
 5 75 
 
 6 00 
 6 00 
 
 12 00 
 
 5 25 
 
 3 50 
 
 6 00 
 
 9 00 
 12 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 7 00 
 12 00 
 
 4 00 
 
 7 50 
 
 6 00 
 
 5 00 
 2 50 
 5 00 
 
 8 00 
 
 eeo 
 
 15 00 
 5 00 
 
 7 00 
 
 Bath 
 
 $5 00 
 5 00 
 
 5 00 
 3 00 
 
 6 00 
 250 
 300 
 600 
 200 
 
 2 00 
 500 
 
 3 00 
 3 00 
 2 50 
 5 00 
 300 
 600 
 
 1 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 3 00 
 600 
 3 00 
 2 00 
 2 00 
 5 00 
 
 1 50 
 
 2 50 
 5 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 3 00 
 400 
 3 00 
 5 00 
 3 00 
 5 00 
 
 7 62 I 3 57 
 
 • 49 
 
 9i o 
 
 ! -: 
 
 $3 00 
 6 00 
 500 
 5 00 
 3 00 
 3 00 
 250 
 
 3 00 
 600 
 
 2 50 
 
 4 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 4 0U 
 
 3 00 
 
 2 50 
 500 
 
 3 00 
 500 
 300 
 200 
 3 0U 
 
 6 00 
 
 "2' 66 
 
 3 00 
 6 00 
 2 00 
 3*^5 
 
 5 00 
 
 2 00 
 2 50 
 00 
 OU 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 3 82 
 
 cs 
 
 B 
 
 $6 00 
 3 00 
 
 5 00 
 I 25 
 30 
 
 6 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 300 
 
 i'oo 
 
 5 00 
 5 01' 
 5 00 
 2 00 
 2 0U 
 
 Fon- 
 tuins. 
 
 i* 
 diam. 
 
 I 50 
 
 2 00 
 
 3 00 
 
 100 
 2 00 
 2 00 
 1000 
 300 
 2 00 
 
 $3000 
 "306 
 
 6e"66 
 
 25 00 
 8 00 
 
 37 00 
 6 00 
 
 9 00 
 
 15 00 
 
 1500 
 600 
 7 50 
 
 10 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 800 
 
 iOOO 
 
 12 00 
 15 00 
 
 25 60 
 5 00 
 
 3 20 
 
 15 58 
 
 Sprinkling. 
 
 $100 
 300 
 5 09 
 6 ots. per 
 3 00 
 300 
 
 400 
 6 00 
 3 00 
 5 00 
 5 00 
 
 10 00 
 300 
 300 
 500 
 3 00 
 
 12 00 
 200 
 500 
 5 00 
 
 10 00 
 
 10 00 
 
 500 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 800 
 3 00 
 6 cts. per p. 
 5 00 
 10 cts per p. 
 
 3 00 
 5 00 
 
 4 00 
 
 5 03 
 
 
 o.. 
 
 i'-t fe'3 
 
 • o ■** "^ 
 
 a S SS 
 
 2 5. s-. 
 
 cc a, 
 
 lOc. 3e. 30 
 
 Cask of lime lOo. 
 ti It Y 
 
 12i 4 
 
 40 
 
 6 6 
 
 15 
 
 10 3 
 
 
 «i 2i 
 
 18 
 
 Lime p. bbl. 
 
 6c. 
 
 12i 5 
 
 40 
 
 5 4 
 
 30 
 
 Lime bbl. 
 
 5c. 
 
 10 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 5 H 
 
 5 m 
 
 Lime bbl. 
 
 20 
 30 
 121 
 
 
 8 5 
 
 10 6 
 
 Lime bbl. 
 
 20 
 10 
 7o. 
 
 7i 2i 
 Lime Cask 
 
 25 
 8c. 
 
 ■ a ■ • 
 
 5 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 12i 
 
 2 
 10 
 5 
 5 
 4 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 50 
 40 
 
 Lime Cask, 6c, 
 
 Si 4i 26J 
 
 + The charge to a house is often regulated by the character 
 aud size of the house. 
 
 The table is based on a house of six rooms, or costing $1500, or 
 being 25 feet front by 3 stories high, or containing six people. 
 
 * The prices given for fountains, a i jet, playing a limited 
 number of hours daily. 
 
-a — 
 APPENDIX V. 
 
 Philadelphia U. S. 188 1, i)agre 69. 
 
 IN VARIOUS CITIES. 
 
 2 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 1 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 1 00 
 150 
 
 2 00 
 
 3 00 
 3 00 
 100 
 100 
 300 
 100 
 125 
 2 00 
 
 1 50 
 150 
 125 
 
 2 00 
 2 00 
 2 00 
 150 
 150 
 
 1 86 
 
 4:i0 
 
 •25 
 
 25 
 
 23i 
 
 Kiudof 
 service-pipe. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Cast-iron. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Iron and cei. jnt 
 
 Galv. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Iron and cement 
 
 5 • 
 
 Rubber, coated. 
 
 Lead and iron. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Wrought-iroQ. 
 
 Wrought-iion. 
 
 Galv. 
 
 Iron and Cement. 
 
 Iron, 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Cast-iron. 
 
 Galv. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Various. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Tarred iron. 
 
 Load. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Enam. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Iron and cement. 
 
 Iron and cement. 
 
 224 
 
 8 
 
 3854 
 
 10.V2 
 
 3002 
 
 470 
 
 873 
 
 94 
 
 240 
 
 276 
 
 681 
 
 200 
 
 45.> 
 
 ti53 
 
 303 
 
 173 
 
 644 
 
 100 
 
 198 
 
 156 
 
 105 
 
 91 
 
 2 8 
 
 282 
 
 70 
 
 1103 
 283 
 812 
 173 
 302 
 
 1600 
 287 
 238 
 601 
 
 583 
 
 J -3 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 355 
 
 94 
 400 
 180 
 113 
 
 25 1 
 
 22 
 
 32 
 
 2oe 
 
 39 
 
 57i 
 
 32 
 
 17 
 
 79 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 16| 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 60 
 
 29^ 
 55 
 
 17* 
 
 25 
 149 
 
 30* 
 
 95* 
 
 23 
 
 62| 
 195 
 
 27 
 76* 
 
 Mode of supply. 
 
 Steam and water pow. 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 steam. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 steam. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 steitui. 
 
 Water-power. 
 
 " :eam. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Water-power. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 steam. 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Gravity and W.-power 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Gravity. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Gravity and steam. 
 
 Stenm. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 75 
 
 % The prices given for stables are for the additional stalls over 
 a certain charge for the first stall. 
 
 § The prices given for horse power are for additional power over 
 15 horse-power. 
 
 II The prices given for metered water are for 31)00 gallons per 
 
 day. 
 
— X — 
 
 APPENDIX VI 
 
 From circular of R. D. Wood & Co. Philadelphia 1881 . 
 
 Economic Influence of Wa ter-Woiks on Insurance premiums. 
 
 A schedule of standard rates of Insurance and deficiency charges, 
 adopted by the National Board of Under writervS is a follows : 
 
 For standard cities, Laving gravity Water-Works, paid steam 
 fire department, fire patrol, fire alarm telegraph, buildinglaw. paved 
 streets, gas for light, coal for fuel, and no inherent exposures, the 
 minimum basis rate for a staudard city, on a standard building, is 
 
 25 cents. 
 
 For deficiency charges add as follows : cents. 
 
 If no water supply 15 
 
 If only cisterns or equivalent jO 
 
 If system is other than gravity 5 
 
 If no fire department 25 
 
 If no volunteer department - - 10 
 
 If uo steam fire-engines 5 
 
 If no hook and ladder trucks 5 
 
 If no fire patrol » ^ 
 
 If no fire-alarm telegraph 5 
 
 If no police depjirtment 5 
 
 If no paved f.treets 5 
 
 If no building law in force 5 
 
 $1.00 
 
 Or a total of $1 .25 per $ 100.00 where deficient in all the foregoing 
 appliances. 
 
— XI — 
 
 APPENDICE VII. 
 
 Results given by various Formulas for Flow of water in smooth 
 Pines, under Pressure, compared. 
 
 DA^TA :— Head=100ft., Diameter one foot, and Lengths, respect- 
 ively as follows : — 
 
 Authority. 
 
 Equation (II) 
 
 Chezy 
 
 De Bnat 
 
 Prony (a) 
 
 " (b) 
 
 Eytelwein (a) 
 
 (b) 
 
 St. Vennant 
 
 D'Aubuisson (a)... 
 
 (b)... 
 
 Neville (n) 
 
 " (b) 
 
 Blackwell 
 
 D'Arcy 
 
 Leslie 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Hawksley 
 
 5 
 
 Velocity 
 
 63.463 
 223,607 
 
 216.94 
 223.214 
 24] .778 
 67.40 
 246.171 
 218.75- 
 213.761 
 
 62..54() 
 294.6,50 
 214.267 
 244.120 
 223.607 
 223.607 
 
 62.555 
 
 LENGTHS IN FEEl 
 
 50 
 
 Veloc. 
 
 51.111 
 70.710 
 102.91t< 
 68.54 
 70.480 
 76.367 
 50.000 
 73.()82 
 69.114 
 67.589 
 47.080 
 90.263 
 67.715 
 77.133 
 70.710 
 70.710 
 47.084 
 
 100 
 
 Veloc. 
 
 43.111 
 
 .50.000 
 81.510 
 48.446 
 49.792 
 53.960 
 40.820 
 51.247 
 48.845 
 47.804 
 38 750 
 63.070 
 47.913 
 54 640 
 50.000 
 50.000 
 38.724 
 
 1,000 
 
 Veloc. 
 
 17.386 
 
 15,810 
 
 13.662 
 
 15.25rt 
 
 15.641 
 
 16.975 
 
 15.427 
 
 15.2;32 
 
 15.384 
 
 1.5.114 
 
 14.780 
 
 18.917 
 
 15.140 
 
 17.279 
 
 15.810 
 
 15.810 
 
 14,797 
 
 10,000 
 
 Veloc. 
 
 5 3U2 
 5.000 C 
 3.9781 
 4.770 
 4.842 
 5.280 
 4.985 
 4.592 
 4.800 
 4.780 
 4.780 
 5.507 
 4.791 
 5.464 
 5.000 
 5.050 
 4.804 
 
 For Formulas-see Fanning—" Water Supply "—page 254. 
 
— Xll — 
 
 i 
 
 ^5- 
 
 o 
 a 
 
 *t a sr 
 
 o 
 
 boo 2^^ fs** • • "^2 
 
 » * » 
 
 • ® 3 ^ 
 
 01 «^ '4. 
 
 H 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 — ►^ ** 
 
 
 S - » ■ 
 
 ,oo 
 
 
 9 
 
 a 
 a 
 i» 
 
 
 
 •-J E 
 
 a 
 
 ft) 2P 
 
 B 
 
 o 
 
 S iS O SO 03 O i?^ 03 SO 
 o t — o <^ * £-2.5: 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 o "^ 
 
 H 
 
 B 
 
 K 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 S — .-85' 
 
 „> — — «- to »-►—»- — »*• ^a«— ►-'Mw-'W'''---"-" 
 
 Cn -v| ib> KS 
 
 CO 
 
 M 
 
 Lift Id feet. 
 
 00 *.*^ a. 
 
 coM'*^efs>b-«CJk ■^•■^' >*»•*- — — «5c«3.'kts>fc-ooogoi^4*.t$ 
 
 0-. l«3t;'WOWOOOpO>;^tOO_-«ipOOl_— pO&iSOitfiOO 
 
 'uk ko '— "-^ bo ^ fs fi 60 !x 4k i»- o 'i; o oj — M "c«s tn '<i w CO o 
 
 ^tn^OCO(Oi*».00^®tna>OtnwOOOCOi*«OOOOiO 
 
 Millions of 
 sail, pumped 
 during year 
 
 (T. — — CO as O •— »-3 *> CJ • 
 ^SOlOOtn — ■fcCOC.i"— w.« 
 
 o«?j^>oo«ooxe>5M' 
 
 •Mi^i£kcocoooooitk&oi<:>> 
 
 CAJClC*3co^cc5ll^lXlJi.w^^ 
 
 JCOiO — tOOl"" '" 
 
 o w vc 4- r- - 
 O "^ tn ~~i < 
 
 - - . - M 
 
 ^ OJ K2 in . ^» 
 
 SM 00 £o • o 
 
 — «2tO« M 
 
 Pounds of coal 
 per mill, galls. 
 
 c . . _ . _ 
 
 Oi ^* c> 0j cv tw 
 
 »-i KO 
 
 ^«» 
 
 Cost of coal 
 per million 
 g illons. 
 
 to N- _— 
 
 ~^ *a5 O tn 
 
 ^cr. OlCi«;lOrfk^^tn«."^o^^*>•^OJ^aJtn'Xl0^050 
 
 i—. «» 
 
 OOOODOOCO 4 
 CJ — *«. rf». w 
 
 l — CnoitOSOiOOCn^^OO'-COS-. CO — • 
 
 >coooalC«^^Sl4U.'^<ca>co4^^o^£co'^• 
 
 Wag's of engi 
 ne-men, fire- 
 men, aud lab. 
 per iiiill.gallH- 
 
 60 — . — 
 
 CO 0>> OS 
 
 to CO '— • k) • 
 
 .«>> i— CO. K)' 
 
 — lo — ^^• — 
 
 — OOdCniU — C0w-C0C:V«OCn — — !Ti. 
 CnCcocn^O'O**.^'— ife.oocnoo^a>. 
 
 t;i 
 
 Costof ordma- 
 
 ry repairs to 
 
 eng's <fc pumi>s 
 
 j>er mill, galls 
 
 coo: CO CO 
 
 ■• CO !S 
 
 
 
 »aeo ^ H-; 
 
 «» 
 
 CO >— 3^ »i) A. OJ to . 
 O 65 w Sk' *. ~J iZ • 
 
 •^■- — — coio*>. — o^-»aicnto. 
 
 OCOCnOO^w-^O — Ctf^-^lOW" 
 
 to 
 
 (Jo.^t of eugine 
 
 men's stores 
 
 and Hupplies, 
 
 per mill, gall. 
 
 — CO 
 CO A. — tC 00 jC 
 
 44. o CO b o bo 
 tc a> CO (c kM. CO 
 
 toco — — to — — — »-ta _ — — CO — — CO — -J. t— — — 
 ■v(Ci.u.c;>co'»^w — cofo;~^C'' — oco."^;^.c;'4-._aiCn_tooocn 
 
 «— Cn CO bl CO Gcbi C" CO to CO to Ol 00 Cn — CO CO Jk CO CO b> b c^ 
 OOC/iCO;^.«>.004'COa>0 — ^w. — 4:>' — cotocototocoo 
 
 Tot.1,1 cost of 
 pumping one 
 mill. U.&.gall. 
 into reservoir. 
 
 to 
 
 to CO — fi p <i 
 
 b CT" — — to io 
 
 ~>l to C5 Cn en to 
 
 — CO 
 
 oso 
 
 — — .-^» 
 
 _ GO p 00 to 00 ^ 00 to 00 — e;» p 00 — -.J p p ."^ JO ~3 — ^ 
 
 co--ic;itov<ti— iktoloto'— b'>t»C5tobcoQobbto~J 
 ootoo-^oco*^— .05 — ».ooocn — cn — — cnoooi m;o 
 
 Uost of raising 
 
 one million IL 
 
 S. galls. 100 
 
 f.et. 
 
 60 — — tOtO— — toco. Oi to to — CO 
 
 •sjj^- «- — C»">JOiO»^. .^:OC,TtC — OiO-<i_/-<rv" w 
 
 - Cni^^COO-JlOO©-^' — O'^S} — CnC;»CnOOOOO. CO 
 
 *". f^ j^ f^ tn rr\ 1".. r^i ei^ ^1 ■ 00 ^\ ^~ "*4 to © .** "*.| to ►^ ^* • 60 
 
 »eoco tojotoi 
 
 w< .** ^^ v.'w .^- *^ <w7 i^.;/ ^4 < 
 
 co.i^otoooc;toototO' 
 
 Pounds oi coal 
 used to raine 
 one mill. U. S. 
 galls. 100 feet. 
 
— XllI — 
 
 APPENDIX IX. 
 
 Waste of water and remedial meaRures, Meters. 
 Compiled from the ''Continental Water Meter Go's ciicnlar of 
 1881. and from other Hourcee. 
 
 The commissi onner of public works for the City 
 of New York, in his i oport for the quarter ending 
 March 31st. 1880, says that. 
 
 The mo8t important step which has been taken towards the sup- 
 pression of waste, is tlie introduction of the meter system under 
 which water meters are being placed in all buiidi ga and establish- 
 ments where water in used in hirge quantities and for business pur- 
 poses other than private houses, which are exempt by law from the 
 application of meters. 
 
 AS the larger establishments have been first metered, the good 
 effects of the system are even now quite evident and as the work is 
 to be continued without intermission until all business places are 
 metered, very great improvements are anticipated within the next 
 two years. 
 
 The meters now in use are distributed among various estabiish- 
 ments, as follows : 
 
 Gas Companies 33 nietera 
 
 Bottling establishmts.62 '' 
 Docks 93 ♦♦ 
 
 Miscellaneous 606 '* 
 
 Total 1976 meters. 
 
 Kai'roads... 121 meters 
 
 Hote.s 298 " 
 
 Slaughter & packing 
 
 houses HI '* 
 
 Breweries and Malt 
 
 houses 154 '* 
 
 Stables 498 '< 
 
 As instances of the saving of water effected by meters two cases 
 are cited : one large hotel which on the first application of the meter, 
 was found to be consuming or rather wasting 115,000 gallons of water 
 daily, is now reduced to 45,000 gallons, and another has fallen from 
 80,000 gallons to 24.000 gallons daily. 
 
 Gnat waste talus place in private houses. A portable waste 
 gauge devised by Mr. B.S. Church, Resident Engineer of the Croton 
 Aqueduct, indiciites accurately the quantity of water per hour run- 
 ning into the h<»use. A large saving of water will thus be effected 
 The knowledge of every householder that the Departement has the 
 power at any time, night or day, to ascertain the measure of waste 
 going on and for which proper penalty will be exacted, will induce 
 
— xiy — 
 
 all to protect their plumbing and to avoid all drafts npon the water 
 except for uocosnary purposes. The great object is to bring a moral 
 pressure on hounehoklers to avoid waste and an unseen agent in the 
 shape of a waste gauge will nccom[)li8h this. 
 
 The Croton delivers y5,(MHi,00() gallons daily and if one-third of 
 this can be saved by the above mentioned appliances, the effect will 
 be to increase pressures in all parts of the City and to postpone for 
 several years the construction of an expensive aqueduct. 
 
 The meter aystem has been sufficiently tested to demonstrate beyond 
 all doubt its beneficial effects in saving largo quantities of water 
 From the best obtained data we have saved by the increased use of 
 meters the amount of increased consumption of water by railroads, 
 new bnildiiigH, manufuctories, &c. during the year 1H79. The use 
 of meters shows that what one considers waste and saves, another 
 keeps on I'sing and is willing to pay for, so that the quantity of 
 water required will eventually be 100 gallons per capita per day 
 when the supply is sufficient. 
 
 In his report for the quarter ending June 30th 
 
 1880, it is stated that: 
 
 During the quarter 5:j2 meters were placed on various kinds of 
 biiildingp, making the total number in use to date 2,344, and, at the 
 present date 3000 which will bo increased to 4000 by the close ot the 
 year. 
 
 The house inspections to detect leaks and waste have also been 
 continued : 7,072 inspections were made, and 1592 leaks in fixtures 
 and 261 cases of wilful waste were discovered. 
 
 Average daily consumption now 93,600,000 gallons or 78 gallons 
 per capita for the population of 1,208,000 j or, making allowance for 
 manufactures, shipping and other business, the consumption lor 
 domestic purposes is about 60 gallons per capita. 
 
 Meters in dwellings are furnished and set at the expense of the 
 city while in all other cases the expense falls on the owner of the 
 premises and is a lien on the property. 
 
 The Chief Engineer of the Brooklyn N. Y. Water 
 Works, in his report of I85O, says : 
 
 " I do not now urge the meter system, because our people will 
 not tolerate the measuring out of water ) but if the citizens of 
 Brooklyn intend to consume and waste water as they now do, we 
 must extend our works." 
 
 "I admit that our people could, by care in the use of water, 
 void the necessity of an immediate enlaigement of our water works; 
 
— XT — 
 
 but the privilege of uiing water is in their hnnds, and they will 
 waste. 'We cannot stop this waste unless wo meter every house, and 
 charge for the water the same as is charged for the use of gas." 
 
 The Superintendent of the Menneapolis, Min. 
 W. W. in his report for the year ending April 1st. 
 1880. says: 
 
 " I am satisfied that the only just way of supplying water to 
 consumers is through a meter at a low price per 1,00() gallons. B}- so 
 ^oing the consumer pays for just what water is used, which I think 
 would gieatly lessen the quantity of consumption and increase the 
 revenue J and I would recommend that all large consumers be re- 
 quired to meter their water." 
 
 The Commissionners and Superintendent ot W. 
 W. of Pawtucket R. I. in their annual report for the 
 year ending Feby. 1st. 1880, say : 
 
 " Meter measunmeat is the only device that makes the owner 
 pay for, and consequently avoid needless waste, and that secures to 
 tl^e careful the advantages resulting from ecouominical use. 
 
 " We fiud, in some of the large cities like Boston, Brooklyn and 
 New York where they have comparatively but few meters, an ex- 
 cessive waste of water and it is impossible to arrest it, except by 
 meter measurement. In this way the waste will soon diminish and 
 the revenue increase to an extent that will surprise the most incre- 
 dulous. 
 
 Pawtucket, Central Falls and East Providence liave now 1,065 
 meters that have been paid for by proprietors. 
 
 The City Engineer of Worcester Mass., in his an- 
 nual report for the year ending Nov. 30th. 1879, says : 
 
 " That water is now wasted in large quantities no one can deny. 
 Our present cousumption is about 50 gallons daily for each jierson, 
 while, Fall Eiver, !^rovidence, E. I. and Milwaukie, Wisconsin, and 
 other cities that have a system of meter measurement use 20 gallons 
 and under for each inhabitant; Meter measurement has been emi- 
 nently successful in other cities, and I can see no reason why it can- 
 not be made a success here." 
 
 The Watuppa Water Board c " ^Ul River, Mass., 
 in their annual report for 1879 :- 
 
 favors the use of meters &a the most eq uitable for both parties. 
 
— XVI — 
 
 There arc no mt'ters in public buildings, but meters are now attach- 
 ed to 58 per cent of the private service pipes, and the small amount 
 of water pumped per capita in this city is believed to be duo princi- 
 pally to the large Dumber of meters in use. 
 
 *' The meter system is gaining ifi Ja/vor each year and must even' 
 tually be almost universally adopted in order to prevent the enormous 
 and inexcusable waste of water which is every year becoming an ob- 
 ject of greater importance and dread. The fairest and most natural 
 wayof accomplishing this, is to charge each one for just what he 
 uses, and although meters are not perfect and will sometimes stop 
 and get out of order, still they furnish the most satisfactory means 
 of obtaining the desired end." 
 
 The Trustees of the W. W. of Columbus, Ohio, 
 in their annual report for the year ending march 31, 
 1879 show that 
 
 " While realizing but 6 cents per 1,000 gallons for all water 
 pumped, they have received 13 cents for all metered water. The 
 cause is waste j tlie remedy meters. 
 
 ** The account of nine out of every ten customers changing from 
 the assessment plan to meter water is reduced, and on the other 
 hand, not one in ten meter customers would consent to go back to 
 the assessment plan. Were both classes supplied by meter, the 
 revenue from the sale of water would be reduced beiow what it now 
 
 is. "'■"■■ 
 
 " While this is undoubtedly correct it is also true that the City 
 would be saved the cost of procuring and distributing this large 
 excess of water, and be relieved entirely from the expense of all 
 detective measures in regulating the use of water, thereby effecting 
 a saving so great as to completely offset the loss and cause the net 
 revenue of the works to be largely increased." 
 
 The same Trustees in their report for the foUow-^ 
 ing year admit .^ . v^?;, . 
 
 " that while the wastage of water could be much decreased by the 
 adoption of more severe penalties, carried out by detectives em ploy- 
 ed for the purpose, such measures have generally been proven loo 
 costly and have been in almost ail cities, abandoned after a trial for 
 a long or short period of time as impracticable. Meters are undoubt- 
 edly the surest method; but these are expensive and liable to get 
 out ot order, espicially in private residences; still their use, on the 
 whole, is decidedly advantageous to the consumer as well as to the 
 departme nt." ^_^ ^ _ 
 
— XVII — 
 
 ^'' In our city five hundred meter customers pay a revenue but 
 slightly less than i. received from fifteen hundred assessment custo- 
 mers. It is a clearly established fact that cities having tlie greatest 
 number of meters in use can show the largest receipts per 10()0 gal- 
 lons distributed." 
 
 " When it is possible to obtain a reliable meter at such a reaso- 
 nable cost as to permit of tlie adoption of the plan in use by the gas 
 company of placing a meter in every house and establishment at the 
 cost of the department and receive a fixed rent therefor, it will be 
 possible to deal out exact justice to all and so regulate the water 
 rates in exact accordance with the needs of the service as to the 
 cost of management and the required extensions, to maintain its fall 
 efl&cie/icy. 
 
 The Water Commissioners of Taunton, mass., in 
 their annual report for the yeir ending Nov. 30th. 
 
 18V9, sa} : — .;,,vr.: ..., .,.v-. -;-■■. r.^.- . 
 
 " Your commissioners are inclined to look with favor upon the 
 prospect of an increase in the number of custouiers at meter rates." 
 
 The Executive Board of the Water Works of Ro- 
 chester N. Y. in their annual report for the year end- 
 ing April 1st. 1880, say: 
 
 " The policy of the board in charge of the water works during 
 the past year has been to continue the introduction ol water meters 
 in cases where it is difiicult to determine the amount of water used 
 or where it is intendfd to be used intermittently. 
 
 The Collector of water rates in his report to the 
 Board of Public works of the City of Milwaukee, wis., 
 dated Jany. 2oth. 1881. says : 
 
 " In this connection I wish to call attention to the constant exces- 
 sive waste of water by consumers in this city. It is an unmitigated 
 evil, which is rapidly growing more formidable and perplexing, as 
 the service extends, notwithstanding the constant efforts of this 
 office to limit sucli v/aste." 
 
 The careful man pays for the criminal waste of his improx'ident 
 neighbour. The injustice is illustrated by the opportunity Nvhich is 
 too often indulged in, of one consumer with a small family, using 
 and wasting as much water as half a dozen families of a similar size 
 which pay into the public treasury six times as much water tax." 
 
 " During the year 1879, at one cent per 100 gallons, the amount 
 
— XVIII — 
 
 the city should liave realized is $ ^38,700,00, instead of the paltry 
 snra it did receive, to wit $ 121,555.00. The diflference between these 
 amounts, or $217,145.00 per year, very nearly represents the loss or 
 waste and adds nearly that sum to the annual tax roll. 
 
 ** There is but one way to stop this enormous and unnecessary 
 waste, and that is to require the use of meters at all places where 
 they can be safely used. 
 
 Inspection of the following table will show : 
 
 First — The city of Providence with a population about equal to 
 Milwaukee and with 585 n jre service connections, uses but 2,500,000 
 gallons per day j while Milwaukee uses 10,603,867 gallons. 
 
 Second — Providence uses 25 gallons per day for each inhabit- 
 ant; Milwaukee uses 124 gallons per day for each person. 
 
 Third — Providence consumes each day for eaclj service, 337 
 gallons; Milwaukee 1,551 gallons. 
 
 Fourth— Providence derives a revenue of$20(),039 for 2,500,800 
 gallons ; while Milwaukee gets $121,555 for 10,603.867 gallons. 
 
 Fifth— Providence receives $219 per million gallons ; Milwau- 
 kee $31. 
 
 Sixth— Providence consumes 17,367 gallons per mile of pipe j 
 Milwaukee 123,300 gallons. *^>= ;ai ^ ^^ 
 
 The reason for this vast and important difference in results is 
 this : Providence had in use 3,203 meters, Milwaukee was content 
 
 with 101. -;,-,*:■., ;-.^,^,,:-. ^^.=>-,,,,', -...,-.- ...-,, ^f#:;;jv^£--: . 
 
 With us, this great consumption of water is not due to growth 
 in population nor leakage in the public mains. It arises principally 
 from allowing water in yard hydrants, house fawcets, water closets 
 and urinals to run without any use being made of it. 
 
 A quarter inch fawcet will pass at our average pressure about 
 10,000 gallons in 24 hours. 
 
 Families which use water only for ordinary domestic purposes 
 consume about 10 gallons per capita per day. 
 
 Robert Surtees, City Engineer^ Ottawa, report 
 ibr 1880, page 21. ^ 
 
 Daily consumption increased from 42 gallons per head of popu- 
 lation supplied jn 1875 to 124 gallons per head of population in 1880. 
 
 The excessive consumption and wasting of water has, for a num- 
 ber of years past, and still continues to be a great source of anxiety 
 and complaint amongst those having the management of water works 
 I notice in neaily all the reports received from other cities and towns 
 
— XIX — 
 
 tliat the trouble is not confined alone to this city but that it is gene- 
 ral and widespread and everywhere attributable to extravagant use 
 and thoughtless waste. 
 
 There can be no doubt but the only satisfactory manner in which 
 the water could be fairly distributed and its waste prevented, would 
 be by adopting the system of payment by measurement through me- 
 ters ; but the dilficulties to be considered in the way of doing so to 
 any great extent would be the first cost of meters, and the additional 
 tax upon consumers for the rent and maintainancft of the same, as 
 well as the question of the policy of surrounding with too great res- 
 trictions the free use of the water to consumers taket in a sanitary 
 point of view. 
 
 The Springfield Water Comrs. state : — 
 
 : " The fai est mode would undoubtedly be to charge by measure 
 npon a basis of Cost; by doing so, however, the very class of per- 
 sons who most need to use the water for the preservation of personal 
 cleanliness and health, would refrain from the free use of it and the 
 public health might be endangered thereby." 
 
 In a recent report of the Chief Engineer of the 
 
 Fall River Water Works, where meters have been exclusivey 
 introduced, he saj'^s : "The revenue is steadily increasing every 
 year and the policy of recommending meters in every case, is still 
 adhered to although the revenue may be somewhat lessened there- 
 by ; for not only is this the only equitable method of assessing the 
 water tax, but it is considered a wise policy to run the risk of losing 
 one dollar of revenue if, at the same time, two dollars can be saved 
 in the cost of pumping." 
 
 The consumption in the City of Chicago having increased from 
 32.8 gallons per head, with 19.5 inhabitants to each tap, in 1858, 
 to 122.7 gallons per head with 7.1 inhabitants to each tap in 1878. 
 
 Mr. Chesbrough, the City Engineer of Chicago 
 
 referred to the same in his report of 1878 as folloWS : " That 
 fo all legitimate purposes whatever, in a city like ours, it should 
 require a hogsfiead and a quarter of water for each man, woman and 
 child, is not possible, and is simply evidence of enormous waste. 
 How to prevent it has become, in this as well as in all other cities, 
 a great and perplexing problem. 
 
 Every where the conviction is gaining strength that nothing 
 but meters can do this within available means. So far as used here, 
 
— X.X — 
 
 they bring a revenue twice aa great in proportion as the frontage and 
 otber lates for the balance of the water furnished the City. Yet 
 they are not popular and various objections are niiuie to them, none 
 well grounded, however, against their accuracy or the strict justice 
 of charging according to their registers. Their immediate and uni- 
 Tersal adoption would cause a serious decline iu the total water re- 
 veune but a few years however would restore the revenue and be 
 accompanied l)y other and lasting benefits. 
 
 APPENDIX X. 
 
 ^' Sundry kotes and Extracts. 
 
 1 Experiments made at Carlshrue in Germany 
 
 for the purpoi^e of finding the least flow which would be sufficient 
 to prevent itijjes from fretzing. It was found that in a one inch 
 pipe 42.G i'i. long, a wast.nge or run of 7.9 wine gallons, little more 
 than G imperial, i)er hour, kept it from freeziiii;-. This wastage 
 costs 95 cents for a cold term of 100 days or about 3 mouths, while 
 the ordiuary wastage of 5,000 gallons a day costs .$25. , - ' 
 
 In our cliuKitc 200 days at 200 gallons per daj' would cost $4.00 
 for the term, while the actual wastage of 5,000 gallons per day costs 
 $100. 
 
 2 AYater pipes are found to be eaten by rats. • 
 
 The City Eii«;ineer, Quebec was handed one by overseer Corrigan 
 now 30 years iu the department, in which a hole has been gnawed 
 2 inches long and an inch in width, the pipe being of J inch bore 
 and i inch thi> k. This pipe laid und r a floor and to get at it, the 
 rats had gnawed a hole upwards througli the burnt (lay pipe on 
 which the water pipe rested, and thence through the lead pipe. 
 
 3 Experiments made on the Avater system of 
 
 Worcester show average No. of gallons consumed i»er individual 
 to be, in residences 18 gallons; dwellings 12i gallons : tenements 
 12 gallons. 
 
 4 Montreal (L. Lesage, W. W. Manager )*one rising 
 
 main 30 inches diameter H "thick, two do — 24"diani. 1 to li" 
 thick, 
 
 5 Keefer — His report on Quebec Aqueduct 1860. 
 
 " From experiments made in 18(50 at New-York and Jersey City on 
 mains of 36 " and 24 ", the first, 2 miles long, the second 6 miles 
 
— XXI — 
 
 long, — it is found the corapnted delivery eh ould be reduced by 30 
 to 33 per cent, due to tubercular corrosion, collection of air at high 
 points, sedimentary deposits at lower levels." 
 
 6 New York Herald Nov. 6. 1876. " The water fa- 
 mine." Commissiouners of P. W. compelled to ask president of 
 police board to issue instructions to patrol-men to use their utmost 
 diligence to prevent waste of Croton water — orders issued to stop 
 sidewalk and street washing with hose, also waste in stables, hotels, 
 dinin^g rooms, saloons, wafer closets, etc — ball cocks ordered for all 
 cisterns or reservoirs— report offenders and cut off their supply. 
 
 Portion of New York without water for one or two weeks except 
 in basement ; at same time water enough to drive a mill running 
 from artificial Jakes in •' Central park." Places where w wast- 
 
 ed : Bakeries, baptistries, barbers, bars, baths, bathing .nablish- 
 ments, beer bottling establishments, breweries, distilleries, dyeing 
 establishments, ferries, fish stands, fountains, green houses, Hanson 
 rams, horse boxes, hotels, laundries, manufactories, malt houses, 
 marble yards, milk depots, oyster boats, packing houses, photogra- 
 phic galleries, pickle factories, skin dressing establishments, slaughter 
 bouses, smoke houses, soap refineries, soda fountains, soda water 
 factories, steam engines, stone sawingestablishmeuts, street washers, 
 tripe cleaning, water closets, etc. 
 
 7 Galf Engr. Glasgow report on two pipes one o^ 
 
 37 years standing, the other 10 years, both diminished to about half 
 the calculated delivery, chiefly due to tubercular deposits. In Glas- 
 gow at present 3 separate pipes to as many different levels, shall 
 soon have 4. With second line of pipe, can safely do without reser- 
 voir. Long lengths of 4 " pipe unfit for fire pressure, should not be 
 less than 6", am putting down many 9" now in Glasgow. 
 
 8 Keefer page 2 report of 1860 on Quebec W. W. 
 
 '^ If two reservoirs, 14 hours to lower and 10 hours to upper one, in- 
 crease of only 23 per cent in delivery, but supply must be shut off 
 lower one while upj)erone is filling, so that Lorette may as well re- 
 main the reservoir during night, but while upper reservoir is filling, 
 lower town will be without water." 
 
 9 Keating, City Engr. Halifax. Halifax two dis- 
 tinct sources of supply : a 15" for hig ■ service from Spruce Hill lakes 
 360 ft. above tide level, lU miles from town designed by T. C. Keefer 
 — low service 24" main from lakes 3 miles distant, 200 ft. above tide 
 level. The 24" pipe calculated to deliver 5,000,000 gallons is taxed 
 
- XXII — 
 
 to its utmost capacity. The high service can deliver 2,000,000 aday 
 but is not worked to its full capacity. 
 
 10 Rainfall, lake Cachituate Boston for the lo hea- 
 viest years from 1851 to 1876— varies from 42.71" to 04.34," the ave- 
 rage being 57.6" per annum. The percentage delivered vaiies from 
 25 per cent to 74 per cent, the average being 32 per cent. 
 
 11 R. D. Wood & Co. Engrs. &c. of Philadelphia. 
 
 — Their circular for 1881. "in the early part of the pre- 
 sent century— (therefore long before Baldwin's report of 1848 on Q. 
 W. W t was found that tubercular secretions had formed so freely 
 Upon interior of pipes as to seriously diminish the volume of flow 
 throng 3, 4 and C inch mains. City Engineers', Boston, report of 
 1852, tubercles after 8 years — | inch thick and 2" area, corrosion of 
 pipe i\ inch — corrosion thereafter diminishes from year to year. 
 
 12. G. R. Baldwin, Report on Q. W. W. 1805, 
 page 19. In regard to the necessity of a reservoir 
 
 <460 X IfiO X 20 ft. 12,000,000 gallons, 2 days supply) as a suhstitufce 
 for a double set o/" pipes, I do not see that one would assist in the 
 least unless by shutting off the City during a certain portion of the 
 night to be opened in the day time to aid the general supply; to turn 
 the present feeding-main into one would not fill it ; the water would 
 run out as fast as it intered with a considerable loss of head into the 
 bargain. In the night in case of fire, the streat mains would be all 
 empty and a long time would elapse before water could be had 
 where wanted most. It is important that all the street mains 
 should be under pressure at all times, that no delay may occur on 
 the outbreak of a fire. 
 
 I do not see therefore that a reservoir would be of much, if any, use 
 under the present circumstances, \nother pipe is the only sure 
 remedy and I therefore recommend one to be laid down that should 
 have a calibre of at least 28 inches as given in the estimates. Such 
 a pipe laid, I have no doubt but all would be satisfied with the 
 result J provided at the same time the waste were checked by the 
 most stringent means. 
 
 13. At page 16 of same report Baldwin says : 
 
 A considerable increase in the supply to the City would arise by 
 increasing the capacity of the feed main of Lorette, as far down the 
 line as the head of the " Misere " road, where the pressure would 
 not require a pipe of extra thickness, I will propose in this arrange- 
 
— xxm — 
 
 ment a .*34 inch-main to be laid down from the Cliateau d'Eau, 
 alongside the existing 18 inch-main for a distance of 4550 feer, where 
 it would be reduced and joined to a 28 inch-main that should be laid 
 down thence to Mount-Pleasant at junction of De Salaberry St. With 
 St. John. Street. Existing 18 inch-main up aqueduct hill to be taken*^ 
 up and relaid along Arago St. towards Crown St. 
 
 Champlain ward could probably bo bettor supplied through the 
 Upper town by a new pipe from Grande AUee across the cove field 
 above Mariner's Chapel. Supply 8,000.000 imp. gallons. 
 
 14. American water works Association, 1st annual 
 session, St. Louis, Missouri, March 1881, page" 21 
 
 Evidence unanimous in favour of oast-iron mains for general service 
 The objection to wood orcement-mains was the difficulty of making 
 a tap without causing leakage, 
 
 15. Page 23. M. Whitman said tiiey (St. Louis) had a 
 
 Isirge number of meters in use chiefly the " Worthington, " also a 
 number of '' Crown " and '' Union " all of whicli gave satisfaction. 
 President Foster said he was using the " Wortliington " exclusively 
 and they were giving fine service. Mr. Whitman said he had always 
 found the Worthington meter jusl to the consumer; I had been in 
 use thirty years and had always given satisfaction, out of 400 meters 
 in use in 1879 they only had one hundred repair items and they 
 were mostly of a trifling charectei. 
 
 16 Mr. Kelly, St. Louis, W. W. ^' Waste, located 
 
 principally in water closets. Atter stopping them, waste reduced 
 by 190,000 per day. " IVJiitman,^^ least consumption night — 52 and 
 np to 70 per cent of that at mid-day, running thrcngh pipes left 
 carelessly or wilfully open and mainly in water closets. 
 
 17 Whitman to Hon. Mr. Overstolz mayor St. 
 
 Louis — " Contract between City and consumer violated in the 
 most shameful manner. In the dead of night when nearly the whole 
 population is asleep, water is running to waste through the house 
 service pipes at a rate which is from 60 to 80 per cent of that at 
 mid-day due to loss through water closets and hydrants- -14,000,000 
 gallons wasted daily out of a mean consumption of 25,009,000— cost 
 to city $300,000 a year for pumping water which returns to river 
 without being utilized. A single water closet or hydrant lett run- 
 ning will in 24 hours discharge from 2,000 to 5,000 gallons of water 
 according to the pressure on the street mains. Taking the lowest 
 
iSgnre, it needs only 700 taps or one twenty-seventh of the total 
 cumber to be left open to account fur the whole 14 million gallons 
 waste. 
 
 18 The only detective worth anything against wilful waste of water 
 is a meter which is always on the ground, and which tells a story 
 that cannot be gainsaid. 
 
 19. "Feeling very much against any orc^' nance 
 
 enforcing the use of meters. As an instance of what might 
 be saved by placing a meter Mr. Whitman cited a case where a year 
 ago a meter was placed into a house where the tax allowed a con- 
 Bumplion of 4()0 gallons per day. It was found by meter registration 
 that 2800 gallons wore being used, then orders were given by the re- 
 sident to stop the waste but in no way stint the supply and the result 
 was that but little more than 400 gallons per day were registered. 
 
 20. Whitman stated that one objection to the ge- 
 neral use of meters was, that many persons might, through fear 
 of penalty, limit the use of the water so that their premises would 
 not be kept in cleanliness aud thus commit an offence against the 
 public health. :;"V-- - /v-^;- ■ ..fc.-'i;-- ;..-Jr^;iW ^ij-nr-; -.^^i. 
 
 21. The rate per capita was from 110 to 115 gallons each per 
 diem, yet Ball's tables show instances where families of tenor twelve 
 persons used only 40 gallons each. Such a state of affairs would 
 save the water but would breed disease and alarmingly increase the 
 doctors' bill. . „ o. ■....,.■ 
 
 22. Mr. Watts thought the greatest objection to the use 
 of meters would be their expense — $500,000 for St. Louis. 
 
 23. Professor Smith said it was not proposed to put me- 
 ters every where uor was it necessary. The moral eflfect of 2000 
 meters would be as great as 40,000. 
 
 24. O'Donnell— report on Q. W. W. of 1869. 
 
 Piflference between mid-day and midnight discharge into city only 
 3282 cubic feet on over 150,000 ft., the one being 156,550 ft. in 8 
 hours, the other 153,268 ft. in the same time, or night discharge, 98 
 per cent of day discharge due to letting taps run to prevent freezing 
 and thus save plumber's bills for repairs to bursts, and waste in 
 water closets, etc. Considering the demands made for extension of 
 works into sections of city not yet fed with water, the necessity of 
 ipcreasing the supply, by a second line of feeding main, is the more 
 
— XXT — 
 
 apparent. Every hoase should be provided with a self acting ball 
 cock cistern. Supply 2,720,001) gallons, population 25,000 ; con- 
 sumption per head 109 gallons. 
 
 Contract witli Boswell brewer for 6000 gallons per day— The 
 tmeter showed consumption to be as high as 60,000 gallons. 
 
 25 Gilbert Murdock — valuable and exhaustive re- 
 *porton Charlottetown. P. E. I. W. W. 1881. "One class 
 
 Eays: limit the supplv ; Another : why limit that which is so essen- 
 tial to life, health and comfort. Furnish water to all without stint or 
 limit J give it freely, cheaply, copiously that all may learn to wash 
 and be clean. And there is no doubt, the drift of public opinion is 
 towards the latter view. 
 
 20 — " In olden times when the sanitary value of water was less 
 known and appreciated than it now is, from 5 to 10 gallons a day were 
 considered a liberal unit of supply and 15 were spoken of as extra- 
 vagant. Then, however, cities' supplies were mostly intermittent 
 and much of the water used was drawn from " Stand pipes " 
 exposed in Courts or other open places for common use. Baths and 
 water closets were, generally speaking unknown und few had learned 
 the value of water as a labour saving as well as a health preserving 
 agency. 
 
 27 *' Forty years ago the unit had risen to 30 gallons and was 
 adopted by the able engineer ot the Croton W. W. xor the supply 
 of New York. Under this impression the works were designed and 
 
 executed, with a supposed capacity to meet the wants of the city 
 for 25 years or 80 years, but they had not been in operation 10 years 
 when it was discovered that it would be not only impossible for 
 them to do this ; but to maintain the supply to a population less 
 than one half of that originally contempUited, further expenditures 
 of millions of dollars would have to be made. 
 
 28 " The experience of New Torlc in this respect, has been the 
 ©xperience, to a greater or less extent, of Boston, Brooklyn, Phila- 
 delphia, Chicago, Detroit, Hamilton, Toronto, Montreal Halifax, St, 
 John and Quebec. The history of one is the history of all. 
 
 29—" Under tJie constant supply system {which is the only one 
 ever thought of now) the daily per capita consumption has advanced 
 steadily till 60 gallons is now accepted as a moderate average, and 
 the indications are that it will yet rise above this. 
 
 30'— "J« view therefore of the experience o/the past and of the ha- 
 bits of our own times in regard to the use and waste of water, I 
 
— XXVI — 
 
 would not recommend a smaller " unit" for Cbarlottetown than 60 
 gallotm per day for each individual within the City's bounds, and in 
 doing to I feel assured that large as this may appear, it will not be 
 found extravagant, when your City is sewered, your bouses fitted up 
 with baths and water closets, and your people have learned the use 
 and value of water as a labour saving and health giving agent. 
 
 3' ~.*^ For fue extinguishing purposes 8 streams playicg simalu 
 neously must be allowed for — requiring 1000 gallons per minute (or 
 at tlie rate for fiies only of 1,400,000 gallons per day. 
 
 " The leading and distributing mains must be suflBciently large 
 to convey this quantity of water to the place of danger. 
 
 ** Ihe fire hydrants s.hould be large, well drained, properly pro- 
 tected, readily accessible a id sufficiently near to each other in the 
 dense parts of the City to require not more than 200 feet of hose on 
 ordinary occasions. 
 
 32. '' Ihe question of improved water supply is one of pressing im- 
 portance from a protective point of view alone, and can not be de- 
 layed iudefiuetely without your city paying the penalty of procras- 
 tination in some form or other. Insurance companies may be ge- 
 nerous for a season, but they cannot continue to ignore the law of 
 average with impunity and are too intelligent and keen sighted to 
 do so beyond a limited time. A general increase, I have been assu- 
 red on reliable authority' is sure to follow in a relatively short time 
 if your city resolves to leave its water supply as it is. 
 
 33 E. H. Keating, City Eiiginer, Halifax, report 
 
 for 1878-9. Due to extravagant waste our W. W. are in a most 
 unsatisfactory condition and matters are daily growing worse, 
 Water pressure decreasing year by year ; in some places the water 
 will not now rise to nozzles of hydrants. At different points the 
 water hab ceased to flow from the taps in the cellars of buildings. 
 The high service works which were designed solely for the use of 
 the high parts of the town; have almost ceased to be worthy of the 
 name as the water is now diverted into the low districts, and some 
 dozens of stop cocks have had to be partially or entirely closed in 
 order to give a supply to houses which otherwise would have none. 
 34 When afire now brealcs out, the water has to be concentrated 
 in that locality by shutting it off from the oiher parts of the City. 
 Needless to say this would not have to be done if waste were stop- 
 ped and if not stopped, the majority of the citizens must be prepar- 
 
— XXVII — 
 
 •d before very long to gabmit not only to a short supply but to 
 increased rates of insurance. 
 
 Halifax supply G,(K)0,0(K) gallons daily, though this is roach 
 below the calculated capacity of the pipes. Population 27,000, con- 
 sumption therefore 207 gallons per day per head, more than five 
 times greater than required for all purposes and fur exceediug the 
 demaud.-} of any other modern City in the new or old world. 
 
 35 — The 12 inch pipe fust laid down as recommended by Jarvis, 
 Engr- ot the Croton W. W. in 1845, was supplemented in 1850 by one 
 of 15 inches which nearly trebled the original supply, but even this 
 was soon found greatly insufficient. In 1861, the city replaced tho 
 12 by a 34 inch main giving nearly six times as much water. Not- 
 withstanding all this, the draught upon the pipes continued to in- 
 crease so greatly that, latterly it was found necessary to nearly doa- 
 ble the capacity of Long Lake, our great low service reservoir. 
 
 Thus while the population has increased only 40 per cent, the 
 consumption of water has increased 1500 per cent. 
 
 36 Three principal methods have been adopted in other cities to 
 control the consumption and waste of water within reasonable limits. 
 
 Ist Thorough inspection from house to house with power to shut 
 off the water or exact a fine wherever waste is detected. 
 
 2nd. The enforcement of laws prohibiting the use of faulty and 
 objectionable fi^^^tings and requiring the plumbing to be done subject 
 to inspection, by licensed persons only, 
 
 3rd The application of meters to all places where large quanti- 
 ties of water are supposed to be used or wasted, 
 
 In Halifax there is great need for the adoption of all three. I 
 know of no town which has resorted to the sale of water by meter 
 measurement only. As few ' strictions as possible should be pat 
 upon the the legitimate use c i an article which ought to be furnished 
 to the public at the cheapest possible rate. ■ 
 
 37. — The general and indiscriminate use of meters, besides in- 
 volving a very heavy outlay, would necessitate the addition of several 
 permanent hands to the staff of the department, and in all prohabi- 
 '7. iity, many meters would be destroyed annuallj' by the frost. 
 
 38. — In the City ot Nexo Yorlc, large or wasteful consumers are 
 
 obliged to provide and maintain meters at their own cost wherever noti- 
 
 tified to do so by the department of public works. A fair meter rate 
 
 would be 2 to 3 cents per 100 gallons, with i cent deduction where 
 
 ^^ m. consumer supplied his own meter. 
 
— XXYUl — 
 
 39. — Hopper elotetM should he taxed $20 each to get rid of them^ 
 In Boston •') hopper closets in 12 montlis consumed 1,253,470 gallons 
 The substitution of pan clos^tn for those reduced the consumption 
 to 19,859 gallons. 
 
 40.— For several years past, attention hais been called, in the an- 
 nual reports and in other ways, to the disadvantages under which 
 we labour for the want of a comyieieand accurate plan of the pipe ftys- 
 len of the City, which should also show the position of all the valves, 
 connectiuns, exits and hydrants. The interests involved are so 
 many and so great that this work should not be deferred. 
 
 41. — C. Baillarg^, City engineer Quebec report of 
 
 1868. We no doubt have a fine supply of the best water poured 
 into the city through the aqueduct, but I am sorry to think how much 
 more abundant the supply could and should have been madeat the time 
 at the 8ame outlay. The result has disappointed expectation from 
 the calculations being founded on improper data. 
 
 42. Defective supply in Daiguillon Street due to small ize of pipe, 
 only four inches, which should be replaced by one of increased dia- 
 meter, and in many other localities in the city are the mains two 
 small in proportion to their length and now especially that they are 
 incrustated to such an extent. 
 
 43. All service seicers or branch pipes are at the charge and expense 
 of the property drained ; the coTporation being responsable only for 
 the maintenance of the main sewer running through the centre of 
 each street. ; , 
 
 44. Ihat portion oj the oqu€d:ict above theleved at which the water 
 is poured into the City, should have a diverging or increasing diameter 
 towars Loreite. 
 
 45. Freezing of pipes due in some cases to insufficient depth j 
 elsewere to the stony nature of the filling over them, but generally 
 originates in ill protected cellars j due also to wells or pits for 
 sliding stutters. Much trouble is experienced where houses .along 
 the river side are built on open crib work. 
 
 46. Pipes where exposed and accessible, thawed by applying hot 
 water. Where inaccessible, we remove the cellar cock and insert, in 
 the lead service pipe, a smaller pipe of block tin, with funnel 
 attached into which and through the auxiliary pipe, the hot water 
 reaches & thaws out the ice in the service. 
 
 47. — All stone filling over pipes should be and is now removed and 
 replaced by well conditionned earth. The numerous cases of exca vati ng 
 
— XXIX — 
 
 the streets to get at pipes and thaw thorn out vhere \vri;:^gles in 
 them would not allow ot introducing the thaw |)ipe, are now greatly 
 reduced, aH no freezing takes place where the filliug im ot proper mate- 
 rial and the depth sufiieient. 
 
 48. — C. Baillarg6. Report of 1870. since the date 
 
 of my last report another unsuccestsful attempt has been made to put 
 a tax on baths aud water closets, such a t; or water rate as exists 
 in every other city supplied with water fron* an aqueduct. 
 
 49. — The complaints of inadequate supphj or of the water not ri- 
 sing above the basement floor of houses or other biiildirigs are every 
 day iiicrcnsing in number and bicoming more and more i)ersistent. 
 Lobs of head due gieatly to llidgeway water closets of which there 
 are hundreds in the city and in every one of which the water is 
 allow«d to run continuously during the whole txnv it i^ turned on 
 from the mains. 
 
 &i.— Corporation not legally bonnd to deliver water above basement 
 Uvel. 
 
 51. — The necessity of 1)11 tting a prohibitory taxof$\r> on Tiidgeway 
 closets as there is in Montreal, where their number has in consequence 
 been reducfd from five hundred down to five, must ere long force 
 itself on the attention of the City Council. 
 
 52-H.O'Donnell.W.W.Manager— reportofl879. 
 
 Subsiding reservoir filling up with a deposit of fine sanda}' mat- 
 ter from river. Depth of reservoir "riginally 8 feet, now consider- 
 ably less, only 18 inches water over sand, was dredged out partially 
 but is again accumulating. This saud passes into culvert, well and 
 pipe. *- 
 
 58- The 18 inch feed main in use since 1853 noiv equivalent to a new 
 clean pipe o/" 14J inches. The 4 iuch sub-mains in use since 1853 and 
 1854 are now only equal in capacity to 2i inches smooth bore. Other 
 sizes also all reduced in capacity. 
 
 54. — Such being the present state of the interior of the pipes, 
 tire time is not far distant when il will be necessary to take up the 4 
 inch pipes and ^^iibstitute others for them. 
 
 55. — Leaks in the 18 inch main, average five yearly since the 
 beginning and often require the water to be turned off to repair 
 them, due to there being but one feeding main. 
 
 56 — C. Baillairge— report of 1872. Leak in pipe 
 
 *^»fe_li5l^._j§*'J^^?fefe, Originally (supposed to be) a sand hole, 
 
.i,.i_ _,:_. , ._..___ u^^^:,. __-_•?- XXX — 
 
 gradually enlarged to H inclies funder a 485 feet head and 210 lbs. 
 pressure to tlie square inch) by the force of the stream of water from 
 it, together (it is also supposed) with fine sand and sediment. Could 
 the water alone, if free from any solid substances produce such an 
 effect and in what length of time f The jet from this hole ate icto 
 the \vood work of the surrounding box to a depth of 3 inches out of 
 4i and one of the ribbon pieces, some 7 inches square, was nearly cut 
 through by the force anu duration of impact. 
 
 57. — TJie above mentioned leak repaired by surrounding the pipe 
 over the hole with a 4 inch wide, inch thick irou band in two halves 
 bolted and leaded. Leak broke out again and in less than a year 
 ate through edge of the inch iron band to an extent of some 2 inches 
 broad and an inch deep and through whole thickness of ring. Fi- 
 nally had to cut out the defective pipe and put in a new one in two 
 lengths with thimble joint. , .. 
 
 H8.— As a precaution against the recurrence of a leaTc or of any 
 other accident to the pipe under the bed of the river, a bridge has since 
 been erected, an arched superstructure between two abutments 120 
 ft. span. The 18 inch main is also thrown up into an arch, so that, 
 the bridge being of wood, it m.ay be self sustaining should the wood 
 work be burnt or rotted away from around it. This was done after 
 a design by the author of these notes. 
 
 59. — Supply very defective through the 4 inch pipes which should 
 have been at least 6 inches ', and it would have been wise to make 
 them even larger so as to act as reser\oir8. Chicago has lately re- 
 placed a 10 by a 24 inch main almost all around the city, thereby 
 improving in a most marked manner the pressure in all the branch 
 pipes connecting with it ; and in many other cities are these small 
 bore pipes being now and for some years past, taken up and replaced 
 by others from twice to ten times the capacity. 
 
 60. — Defective distribution, a single 4 inch pipe from the 14 inch 
 St. John St. main leads down Glacis Str. and into two other 4 inch 
 pipes, while the Daiguillon St. branch is further tapped by another 
 4 inch pipe leading into St. George St. to St. Augustin St. There 
 are therefore, so to say , three 4 inch pipes supplied by one pipe of 
 the same bore, wherefore the pressure at the hydrant in St-George 
 St. is so feeble as to be almost nseless in case of a fire in the vicinity. 
 
 61. A report of mine in 1867 was embodied in one to City 
 Council recommending the imposition of rates on steam engines^ 
 water closets, factories of all kinds and generally the increase of special 
 
— rwxxi — 
 
 rates. It remained in abeyance, but we must now be up and doing, 
 we nmst face the matter fearlessly and cease to hide our heads under 
 a bushel ; both ends must be made to meet and there must bo an end 
 to the system of robbing Peter to pay Paul. 
 
 62. Some 50 educational, charitable and other establishments in the 
 City, together with the Court House^ Post office, Marine Hospital, 
 Jail, Masonic Hall, Commissariat, Boswells aud MoCallum's breweries 
 jpay together only $3,642.10 for the water they consume. This is 
 unheard ot in any other city. For instance the large establishment 
 of the Systers of Charity yays $20, Asylum of Good Shepherd $15 
 while it would cost each of them at least $500 if they had to haul 
 the water from the river. They now admit that $100 would not be 
 too much. Tliese two asylums now (1881) pay increased rates. 
 
 63. — Probable increase derivable from the additional water rates 
 proposed by me in 1767 see page 103 of my report of 1872 — baths, 
 water closets, sf in engines, tanneries and some other industries — 
 $15,000. 
 
 64. — E. Lullin, ingenieur, Rhone et Arve, Noti- 
 ce sur le Developpement dii service des eaux et de 
 rindustrie en general, a Geneve, m^moire couronn6 
 par la Societe des Arts de Geneve, ] er Juin 1876. 
 
 Qnel etablissement nouveau serait-il utile de creer dans ^e can- 
 ton de Geneve pour lavorise" le developpement de I'lndustrie Gen6- 
 voix dans son ensemble ou au moins d'une de ses branches impor- 
 tantes. > > , 
 
 Concours ouvert par la classe d'Industrie et de commerce. 
 
 65. — A Geneve, lavente deVeau ni'alieu, qiCaii litre c'est-a-dire, 
 que I'abonne paie un certain prix (48 fr.) par annee pour un nlet 
 d'eau coulant continuellement et donnant un litre d'eau par minute 
 (1440 litres dans les 24 heures, soit 360 gallons imperiaux ou 60 gal- 
 lons par tete d'une famille moyenue de six personnes) chacun pou- 
 vant, du reste, s'abonner pour un noiubre de litres plus ou moins 
 fort et payant k proportion de ce nombre de litres. 
 
 66 — La vente de Veau a discretion, prespnte sur la vente de Veau 
 au litre den avantages incontestables au pomt ae vue de la commodity, 
 de la propret^ et de I'abondance. 
 
 67 — Machine hydraulique J.e Geneve 16,000 litres par minute 
 (23,040,000 litres— soit 5,760,000 gaUons imperiaux par jour.) 
 
 68 — Ce ii' est plus seulement de lean qu'on demande de nos jours, il 
 faut le reconnaiire ; c^st de Veau en nbondance; ce n''est plus seule- 
 
— xxxn -^ 
 
 ment d l'usage dk l'eau qu'il a^agit de faire face, c'esf at* luxb 
 DE l'eau, et ce luxe si sain, si utiie, si agr4ahle, si gracimx, Oen^ve ne 
 voudraitj^aa en Stre 'privie 
 
 (OFFICIAL.) 
 
 Special Meeting of the City Council. 
 
 Friday, October 6th, 1876. 
 
 Present: — His Worship the Mayor, and Aldermen Chambers, 
 Dinning, Gautliier, Hencliey, Norris, Poitras, Rinfret and St. Michel j 
 Councillors Bresse, Brousseau, Brunet, Burns, Convey, Coveney, 
 Gingrns, Huot, Marcotte, McLaughlin, Peachy, Russell, Smith, Val- 
 lerand and Vallieres. , . ^* . .. , • ■'. ^ *> . :. 
 
 The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. 
 ;' Read, the 810th report of the Water Committee, which being 
 pnr te the vote was passed, and it was therefore 
 
 J?fsoZrf(?,>— That the City Engineer receive instructions to sub- 
 mit a report involving the following points: * 
 
 1. The capacity of the river and lake St. Charles in view of the 
 possibility of a second line of aqueduct pipe, and at what cost the 
 lake can be dammed if necessary or other works done to secure the 
 required supply of water. 
 
 '* 2! The present delivery of water into the city, both over Mount 
 Pleasant and over the Grande Allee, and to wliat extent, if at all, 
 such delivery has been modified within the last twelve years or since 
 Ba'lwin's report of 1865. 
 
 * 3. To what extent the present line of pipe from Lorette and 
 those throughout the city i?re incrustated, and whetlier such incrus- 
 tation has increased if at all, and to what extent since 1865. 
 
 4. How a continuous supply of water can best be given to all 
 parts of the city. 
 
 5. Size of present distribution pipes in the city, and what im- 
 provement in the water service might be effected by the substitution 
 tlierefor of pipes of greater capacity, also tlie cost of so doing. 
 
 6. In how far the present pipes could be cleaned out, by what 
 process and at what cost, and in how far such removal of the incrus- 
 tation would better the supply. The cost thereof- 
 
 7. Whether any and what means can be applied to obtain addi- 
 
 * These resolutions drawn by Mr. Baillairg6 at request of Com- 
 znittee. 
 
— XXXIII — 
 
 tional pressure and better the supply through the present line of pi- 
 pes ; also the cost thereof. 
 
 8. Whether there is any certainty that tb pipes in their present 
 condition vv ill stand and continue to stand the additional pressure 
 if any, which they may be subjected to by carrying out such work as 
 may be required under No. 1. 
 
 9. And generally an^ suggestions the City Engineer may deem 
 fit to offer bearing on the several points herein above set forth, or on 
 other points affecting the supply of water to the city, with the cost 
 of all suggested improvements. 
 
 • ^ Certified and signed L.A.CANNON, 
 
 City Clerk. 
 
 J CITY HALL. 
 
 ' Quebec. 12 Sept. 1881 
 
 At a special meeting of the Council of the City of Quebec held 
 on the twelfth day of August one thousand eight hundred and eighty 
 one at which were present: ' ' 
 
 His Worship the mayor ; Aldermen Gingras, Guay, Hearn, Hen- 
 chey, Rh^aume, Rinfret and Vtillerand and Councillors Archer, 
 Chouinard, Hagens, Langevin, McLaughlin, McWilliam, Peachy, 
 R^ J, and Samson, It was resolved : — 
 
 That the re^^ort of Chevalier Baillarg^, City Engineer, presented 
 this evening and just read by him in so far as it relates to the Water 
 Works department be printed and distributed to the members of the 
 Council, insurance agents, to the press, to the principal citizens, and 
 to all those in Canada and abroad who have so readily furnished the 
 necessary information on the subject. That 300 copies of the said 
 report be printed in English and the same number in French and the 
 cost be taken from the contingencies. 
 
 Certified 
 
 L. A. CANNON, 
 
 City Clerk. 
 
 CITY HALL, 
 
 Quebec, 12 th. sept. 1881. 
 At a special meeting of the council of the city of Quebec held 
 on the tenth day of June one thousand eight hundred and eighty one 
 at which were present : — " ;' ^^ ^ 
 
_' — XXXI"V — ; _; :- j;,- ", ;.'^_ 
 
 His worfihip the Mayor, Aldermen Boiirget, Guay, Heain, 
 HeDchey, Rheaume, Rinfret, and Valleraud and Councillors Choui- 
 nard, Gunn, Hagens, Johnston, Langevin, McWilliam, Peachy, Roy, 
 Russt'll, SaniKon and Valine. It was 
 
 Resolved, — That the water-works "Committee be requested to 
 have prepared forthwith a report on the actual condition of the 
 aqueduct and the supyly of water now furnished this City , on the 
 urgent repairs and improvements that might be made thereto so as to 
 secure the greater efficacy of this impoitunt service. 
 
 That the Water-Works committee is requested to procure at 
 the same time the probable cost Ist. of the construction of a 
 reservoir on the hights ; 2nd of the sum required to lay down a 
 second pipe from the Chateau d'eau to Quebec or from any other 
 place } 3rd of the cost of these two improvements combined ; 4th 
 or any other effective system. The whole with a view of securing a 
 constant and much more efficacious supply of water than obtained 
 under the present system. 
 
 Certified L. A. CANNON 
 
 City Clerk. 
 

 
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