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H. Arraotit, f rmier, 54 BDWijr^»«»«sv, — 
 
 i<m >w a ll n * w i iM W i-# i " 
 
iN EARNEST APPEAL 
 
 ON BEHALF OF TBB 
 
 'OTAL ABSTINENCE EEFOEM 
 
 ADX>BS6SED TO 
 
 MINISTERS OF THE GOSPEL, AND OTHER 
 RELIGIOUS PROFESSORS, 
 
 ON 
 
 SCRIPTURAL AUTHORITY. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN a MARSHALL, Esq., 
 
 OF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 / 
 
 FBICE F0t7£FENCE. 
 
 ABERDEE]>^: 
 PRINTED BY WILLIAM BENNETT* 
 
 42, CaSTM! STIffiEt. V 
 
 FIB8T TH air 8 AND. 
 
 1849. 
 
 i^ 
 

 INDEX TO THE SECTIONS, &c. 
 
 SECTION I.— Pagl 11. 
 Passages of the Sacred Scriptuies in which Wine and a liquor called " Shecliar," 
 in the original, are mentioned with the Divine approbation for their \ise, 
 either expressed, or as fairly to be implied from the context. 
 
 SECTION II.— Page 31. 
 Passages of thi Scriptures in which Wine and a similar liquor called " Shechar," 
 in the cnginal, are mentioned with Divine disapproval or prohibition of their 
 use, either express or as implied in the context ; and, also, in which Wine is 
 employed as emblematical of Divine displeasure or punishment. 
 
 * ■• 
 
 teCTION III.— Page 51. 
 
 Passages of the Sacred Scriptures in which Wine and a similar liquor called 
 " Shechar," in the original, are merely mentioned or referred to, without any 
 Divine approval or disapproval of their use, either expressed or directly imT 
 
 plied. 
 
 . -J 
 
 SECTION IV.— Page 62. 
 
 Passages of the Scriptures wnere Wine is mentioned as used in religious offerings 
 and services under the Levitical or Jewish Dispensation. 
 
 Note.— Throughout the several Sections, the Scripture texts are arranged and 
 given according to the successive order of the books and chapters of the Bible, — 
 therefore, if a person wishes to refer to the remarks on any particular text, he 
 must look at i^t part of each Section in which is contained the several passages 
 of that scripture book to which the text in question belongs. An index was at first 
 thought of, which would have given the page in which each text was inserted, but 
 on further consideration it was found that this arrangement, which of course, would 
 have increased the bulk and expense of the pamphlet, would have saved to the 
 reader but little, if any, time in the way of reference. 
 
 wtHihtii'ftffi 
 
AN EARNEST APPEAL, &c. 
 
 d " Shechar," 
 for their use, 
 
 d " Shechar," 
 ition of their 
 hich Wine is 
 
 liquor called 
 , without any 
 r directly iniT 
 
 ;iou.s offerings 
 
 arranged and 
 ' the Bible, — 
 lular text, he 
 era! passages 
 !x was at first 
 inserted, but 
 eourse, would 
 saved to the 
 
 The present age, compared with all that are past, may peculiarly bo 
 I termed the age of investigation. Truth, to the utmost of human apprehen- 
 sion aiid attainment, is being earnestly and anxiously sought after, on a 
 countless variety of subjects, some of very great, and others of very in- 
 ferior importance. Of the former description, religion and morals, civil and 
 religious rights and privileges, forms of government, education, and political 
 I economy, war, slavery, and punishment of crime, with very many subjects 
 relating to science and ait, and having a direct bearing and influence on the 
 civilization and advancement of society, have each their zealous advocates 
 land active supporters. It is well that such should be the case, as the truth 
 I on every subject in which human improvement and happiness are concerned, 
 I is always more or less valuable. Among those of a moral and benevolent 
 character, it may safely be affirmed that there is none more important, as 
 [regards such improvement and happiness, than what may peculiarly be 
 denominated the great movement of the age — the Temperance Reform. 
 
 The necessity, as well as the lawfulness, of using intoxicating liquors as 
 a beverage, are questions, which are claiming and receiving increased atten- 
 tion throughout the whole of society ; and so frequently are these and other 
 topics of ♦he subject discussed and enforced through various channels, and 
 in Duuierous modes of illustration and proof, that nearly every individual is 
 either frequently or occasionally almost compelled to think ^f it, and to 
 form some opinion. It is time, indeed, that all should investigate it fully, 
 and come to a decision, for surely every reflecting mind must admit that 
 he whole subject, in itself and in its numerous influences, involves the most 
 important and affecting considerations and consequences, bearing on religion 
 and morality, crime, poverty, and affliction, health and disease, life and 
 death, the comfort of individuals and families, and the welfare of com- 
 munities and nations. It may safely, then, be asserted, that as all are 
 almost equally concerned regarding its effects, it is the religious, as well as 
 the moral and benevolent duty of every individual, not only at once to ex- 
 amine, but to conclude and act concerning it. If it were a subject of only 
 a partial description, and merely affecting certain classes of peraor.3, the 
 obligation migtit not be so imperative, because for a person not to know a 
 subject which it is not his duty to know, and especially of which he has no 
 means of acquiring a knowledge, implies no blame or guilt whatever ; but if 
 he neglects to examine and become acquainted with a subject which inti- 
 mately and deeply concerns his duty to God, to himself and all his fellow- 
 ereatures around him, and on which ho iias the means of becoming fully 
 informed, he is certainly blameable in a very high degree. 
 
1 '! 
 'I If 
 
 ■ 
 
 H 
 
 The use of intoxicating liqnors, and the Temperance, or rather Absti] 
 , nence reform, do intimately affect all classes and descriptions of personi 
 and the movement itself is producing the most important results ih everj 
 direction, and affecting nearly all the duties and interests of men, both fa 
 time and eternity. The whole subject has now, for many years, 
 pressed upon the public attention in nearly every part of the civilize 
 world, and has, by its advocates and supporters, been openly and fullj 
 examined and explained. Chiefly through their investigations and exerj 
 tions, the solemn facU have been ascertained and make public, that by h 
 the greater proportion of crimes, deaths and disease, of poverty, destitution] 
 and suffering, neglect or rejection of religion, degradation and dismissals frod 
 churches, and ruin of every form and kind, have, for agec, been caused bj 
 the use of intoxicating drinks. 
 
 On the other hand, it has already been made abundantly manifest, tht 
 results of the very opposite descriptions have, in innumerable instances] 
 ensued from the establishment and prevalence of tho abstinence reformJ 
 Such being the general and great truths on the subject, universally ad] 
 mitted, surely it becomes, most especially, the imperative duty of minister 
 and all other, religious professors, rulers, and magistrates, and heads „ 
 families, no longer to delay becoming fully acquainted with it, and deciding 
 and zealously acting against the evils, and to promote the good. Th« 
 friends and advocates of the reform, so far from fearing or shrinking from it] 
 investigation, most anxiously desire that it may immediately undergo thj 
 most searching inquiry and discussion. Their writings and addresses, and 
 the whole of their proceedings in the cause, are open to the observation and 
 examination of all. They are conscious of the purity and disinterestedne 
 of their motives and designs. They are not desiring or endeavouring to alte] 
 creeds, governments, or laws, institutions in church or state, or the relation 
 and obligations of domestic or social life, but solely to effect a great mors 
 reform, and, by the employment of moral means, by adducing facts, enforcinl 
 arguments, and urging reasons addressed to the understanding, the conJ 
 science and heart, and with reference to the highest and most valuable conJ 
 siderations and motives, affecting all the best interests of men, both presen| 
 and future. 
 
 If ministers ox religion and others who are not already acquainted withl 
 the abstinence subject, would candidly enquire and examine concerning iJ 
 they would readily ascertain, in some degree at least, the magnitude andl 
 afflicting nature of the evils from the use of intoxicating drinks, and thus, itl 
 might be hoped, would be led more fully to see their instant duty on thel 
 whole of the subject. But, probably, those ministers will say, what can wel 
 do to prevent or remove those evils? We have often denounced and stilll 
 continue to condemn drunkenness and every degree of excess in the use of 
 those liquors, and what more can we be required or expected to do? Theyl 
 may be told, this always was done by those who were any more than merej 
 
 evils of the drinking practice still continued to abound. This alone shouWl 
 
 •mimmmimh 
 
oOiiaiy jK)>t ail inCi 
 
 'his alone should! 
 
 be sufficient to prove that something further is needed, and that it is 
 requisite to examine as to the prudence* or cren liiwiulness, of using tho^e 
 liquors at ail, as a beverage. Had such examination been faithfully made, 
 ages ago, by professors of religion, and especially by ministers of ;he 
 sanctuary, the baneful practice would have been detected and exposed in 
 its destructive effects, and it would never have acquired that establishment 
 and prevalence in the church, or even in society at large, which it has un- 
 happily gained. Bat such dutiful attention not having been given to the 
 subject, and the practice being almost universally followed from one genera- 
 tion to another, through a long succession of ages, both ministers and people, 
 without the least hesitation or doubt, took it for granted that the habitual 
 use of tho^ic liquors was both justifiable and requisite, and consequently the 
 entire reform now contended for has become nearly, if not quite, as much 
 needed for ti>e church as for the world. Several reasons or circumstances 
 may have led to the ready and pleasing assumption, that their use was per- 
 fectly justifiable, but probably these two are the chief; the mention of wine 
 with approbation in many passages of Scripture, and the hasty but un- 
 founded coi elusion, that, of course, it invariably and universally possessed 
 the same intoxicating quality as the strong liquors of modern times ; and the 
 other, the universal prevalence of their use, from which it was, with equal 
 reailiness, concluded, that the practice must surely be right, according to the 
 common maxim so often advanced, that what every person says must surely 
 be true. As to this last reason, however, the answer is obvious, that there 
 are many subjects and practices of the highest antiquity, and the longest 
 continuance, and on which nearly all mankind have ever seemed to agree, 
 and yet they were essentially unjust, cruel, and sinful. Among these may 
 be specified, war and slavery, both of which, with the few exceptions of ex- 
 press divine injunction are as directly contrary to that revelation of good- 
 ness and mercy with wiiich we are favoured, as to every feeling of genuine 
 benevolence. As to this plea of antiquity, for what is radically wrong or 
 erroneous, a sufficient answer may be found, even in the sentiment of a 
 politician and statesman, who said, *' hoary-headed is not on that account 
 venerable, nor has long continued absurdity any prescriptive title to respect." 
 That we are not to follow the multitude in the commission of any evil, and 
 that each rational agent is, on all moral subjects, accountable for his own 
 voluntary conduct, irrespective of the sentiments and conduct of others, 
 are truths which surely all must admit. 
 
 But whatever excuse may be sought or offered for the opinion, that the 
 use of those liquors was right, and for continuance in the practice through 
 former ages of darkness and neglect of investigation, yet, now that so much 
 lieht has been shed on the subject, and such varied and ample information 
 afforded on all its aspects and divisions, every individual is left without the 
 slightest excuse for any longer neglecting' to examine, and to adopt and act 
 upon the truth reerardins it. 
 
 The writer thinks it no way presumptuous to express the opinion that 
 •these two classes of persons— the medical faculty and the ministers of religion 
 
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 —have more especially been deBcient in duty on the subject. The former, if 
 duly skilled in their profession, must always have been aware that alcohol, 
 being a poison, is injurious to the bodily constitution, as thousands of them 
 are now declaring, and therefore their neglect of openly warning against the 
 use of those liquors containing it, was, to say the very least, disingenuous and 
 uncharitable. 
 
 The ministers of the gospel having so constantly witnessed the evils to the 
 church and through society in general, from the same ensnaring cause, should 
 have prayerfully examined the subject in the light of divine revelation, and 
 from religious principles and precepts, especially with reference to example, 
 should themsel''38 have entirely abstained from the delusive and injurious 
 practico, and should have faithfully and frequently warned and admonished 
 the people against it. This is the very least they should have done on the 
 mere grounds of danger and expediency. But if they had sincerely and 
 diligemtly examined the sacred and infallible records, they would assuredly 
 have discovered, that they afford no sanction whatever for the use of those 
 ruinous liquors. It is much to be regretted that there are many in that sacred 
 profession, who as it would seem without such prayerful and diligent examina- 
 tion, still say and contend that divine revelation warrants such use. On this 
 ground, indeed, the most, ^f not all, of the ministers, and other religious pro- 
 fessora, who oppose or refrain from supporting the abstinence reform, have 
 chiefly taken, and are endeavouring to maintain, their position. This is made 
 evident in all conversations and discussions with them regarding the subject. 
 It is therefore most especially needful that this point should be carefully and 
 fully examined, and the whole truth be brought out and enforced. This 
 should be done not only for the confuting and if possible converting such op- 
 ponents, but for the full edification and confirming of friends, and the instruc- 
 tion of all. A few, and happily but a few, of the ministerial order have openly 
 opposed the reform, and have publicly contended in favour of the use of in- 
 toxicating liquors, on the pretended authority of divine revelation, but they 
 have been ably opposed, defeated, and silenced. The truth on every branch 
 of the subject has even already so far been established and prevailed, that 
 neither any in that sacred profession, nor scarcely an individual in any other 
 class of society, is now found sufliciently bold and reckless to come forward 
 and publicly contend in favour of the habituJ use of intoxicating drinks, and 
 against the Abstinence movement. 
 
 But further, this direct and important advantage to the cause has been 
 achieved and still is extending, that hundreds or even thousands of the medical 
 faculty, with many other able physiologists, have examined minutely regard- 
 ing the eflPects of intoxicating liquors upon the bodily functions, even in a 
 limited measure, and they have by certificates and other writings, and by 
 public addresses, declared that one and all of those liquors, except strictly 
 and only occasionally as a medicine, are always more or less injurious to 
 those functions, and tend to produce or aggravate difiease, and to imnair and 
 eveii shorten life. This indeed b most important testimony on the subject, 
 as directly showing that our gracious Creator, by his wise and beneficent* 
 
 =3s: 
 
I 
 
 "i innrkaii* o.nf1 
 
 arrangement and laws in the commutation of our bodies, has so constractod 
 them that alcoholic liquors are poisons to their organisation, and consequently 
 ought to be avoided. This fact alone should lead us in the very first instance to 
 infer if not decidedly conclude, thai in the written revelation with which He 
 has favoured us, no sanction or approbation whatever is given for the use of 
 those liquors as a beverage, as His laws and will, concerning us, both in 
 nature and revelation, must, according to His wise and unchangeable 
 character, be in the most perfect accordance. But this conclusion does not 
 rest on inference merely, for on full and unprejudiced examination of the 
 sacred records, it will olearly appear that they afford no such sanction, but on 
 the contrary contain an express prohibition, from which of course there should 
 be no appeal. 
 
 There are many other reasons and motives in addition to scripturi^ 
 authority which may unanswerably be urged against drinking those liquors, 
 chiefly with reference to the waste of property, the increase of crime, poverty, 
 and suffering, the causing of disease and death, the injuries to the moral 
 feelings and character, the intellect and kindly affections, and above all to 
 the spiritual and eternal interests. Also as regards the dominion of appetite 
 and habit, the injuries to famUies and society, to the claims and interests of 
 education and benevolence, and of country and humanity generally. But 
 this ground of scriptural prohibition ought surely with every genuine Christian 
 to be esteemed as the highest and most commanding of all. On the belief or 
 denial of this prohibition the abstinence reform must to a great extent, if }iot 
 altogether, either triumph or fail. Could it be made to appear that the 
 scriptures of wisdom and truth sanctioned such a limited use of those liquors 
 as avoided every degree of drunkenness or excess, then the enforcing of 
 entire and universal abstinence would, if not improper, be at least not impera* 
 live, and the charge so often made by many of our clerical and other opponents, 
 that we are endeavouring to supersede the gospel, would be in part if not 
 fully correct. Were such sanction indeed afforded, then, as none should pre- 
 sume to be wiser than their Creator, or endeavour to establish a higher 
 standard of morality than be has revealed in his pure and infallible Word, the 
 utmost that should in general be done, would be warning, advice, and exhorta- 
 tion, and to be so watchful and circumspect in the use of those liquors as 
 never to partake of them to intoxication or any degree of excess. 
 
 According to every rule relating to proof, our opponents are bound to es- 
 tablish such scriptural sanction, because they know to a certainty that such 
 use is constantly producing the most afflicting and fatal evils. Some of the 
 more imprudent, or even reckless among them, in years gone by, most 
 presumptuously and uncharitably labouied to establish such sanction, but, a» 
 might well be supposed, entirely failed, or were openly met, vanquished, and 
 silenced. 
 
 With reference to any such scriptural sanction, it is no sufficient argu- 
 I inent or i^roof. to show thst. in TTiAitv nsfiSRa'f^.s nf i.hst Tiiv'.v.^ 'Rst^^is^^.-.r-. 
 wine is mentioned with approval, and clasi^ed with other temporal blessings. 
 I The all important enquiry, and on the result of whioh the decision as to such 
 
8 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 tcripioral prohibition or lanction'entirely depends, immediately arises— 'What 
 i«*tbe quality or description of the wine there montiooed approvingly \ AN 
 though, as already observed, oar opponents are bound to show that the wine 
 so approved of is an intoxicating liquor, yet several of the advocates of onr 
 movement, waving their right of not being required to prove a negative, 
 have convincingly shown that the wine, and other similar liquors mentioned 
 approvingly, did not possess that quality, but were of quite an opposite de- 
 scription. That, in many instances, the wine, and other similar liquors, men- 
 tioned la the Scriptures, were of an intoxicating character, there is not the 
 least question ; but it is equally apparent that, in many other instances where 
 they are noticed, they were unferraented, and, consequently, of an opposite 
 description. It is^ indeed, utterly impossible, on any other ground, or in any 
 other way, than on this distinction and difference as to those liquors, to re- 
 concile the seeming opposition in many passages of the Scriptures concerning 
 them. The following are a few of such seeming contradictions or discre- 
 pancies : — " He will also bless the fruit of thy land, thy corn, and thy wine," 
 Deut. vii. 13 ; '* Thou shalt famish him liberally out of thy flock, and out 
 of thy wine-press, of that wherewith the Lord thy God hath blessed thee," 
 &c., Deut. XV, 14; " Honour the Lord with thy substance, and with the 
 first fruits of all thine increase, so shall thy barns be 611ed with plenty, and 
 thy presses shall burst out with new wine," Prov. ii. 9, 10 ; *' They shall 
 flow together to the goodness of the Lord for wheat, and for wine, and for 
 oil," &c., Jer. xxxi. II, 12. But here are a few in such seeming opposi- 
 tion :^-'* Wine is a mocker," &c., " Look not thou upon the wine when it is 
 red,*' &c., *' for at the last it biteth like a serpent and stingeth like an ad- 
 der," &c., Prov. xxiii. 29 — 34; '• Be not among wine bibbers," &c., Prov. 
 xxiii. 20, 21 ; '* It is not for kings, C Lemuel, to drink wine, nor for princes 
 * strong drink, lest they drink and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of 
 any of the afflicted," &c., Prov. xxxi. 4, 5,6, 7» with many other passages 
 of similar import. Surely ibeso latter texts cannot refer to the same descrip* 
 tion of liquor as that mentioned in the former. Wo are all fully convinced, 
 that there is no real contradiction or discordance in the sacred records, as 
 t ley were all indited by the same infallible Spirit of wisdom and truth. Any 
 such seeming discordance must be imputed to our imperfect apprehension and 
 knowledge, and should lead us in every instance to prayerful and diligent 
 examination, in order to become truly informed on the subject on which the 
 difficulty has arisen. This should be done by our opponents regarding this 
 scriptural question, having previously relinquished all prejudices, and pre-con- 
 ceived notions concerning it. That there is such a difference in the wines 
 mentioned in the Scriptures, and that while those of an unintoxicoling 
 character are numbered among the temporal blessings bestowed by our 
 heavenly benefactor, those of the opposite description are condemned and 
 prohibited by divine authority, are great and most valuable truths, j Happily 
 they are now being made more and more manifest through the writings and ; 
 public addresses of learned and able men, some of them admitted to be no j 
 ordinary critics in the languages in which the Scriptures were originally 
 
written, and many of these noi only l«arned and jadieious, bat of piety also. 
 In the firat rank of such learned and able advocates on this side of the scrip- 
 tural subject may be mentioned, Dr. F. R. Lees, and the authors of the 
 works entitled •* Bacchus and Ana- Bacchus," and " Tirosh Lo Yayin in Great 
 Britain and in America," the Rev. Mr. Marsh, Mr. Sargeant, and Mr. 
 Delavan, President Nott, and last, though not least. Professor M. Stewart of 
 Andover, whose critical and able letter to Dr. Nott, recently puhlished, con- 
 tnins a treasure of knowledge on the subject. The writer of these pages has 
 hero undertaken to add his contribution to the stores of proof, that there is no 
 Scriptural authority or sanction for the use of intoxicating liquors, but on the 
 contrary a divine prohibUion. He has long been fully convinced, that as 
 regards ministers and other religious professors, these are the points on which 
 the abstinence reform must eventually either triumph, or generally or at least 
 partially fail. Several years have elapsed since, from a general examination 
 of the Scriptures, as well as from other sources, he formed, and has constantly 
 retained the opinion, that there was no divine sanction for drinking intoxicat- 
 ing liquors of any description, and of late having particularly and carefully 
 examined every passage of Scripture on the whole of the subject, he has 
 throughout discerned the distinction noticed alrca'^' as to the wines ana other 
 similar liquors, and has been fully confirmed in the opinion just mentioned. 
 He will now proceed to set forth all these passages of the sacred records, under 
 the following classification and arrangement, which it is thought will facilitate 
 the examination and solution of the two important questions of the distincti(m 
 or difference in wines, and of a divine sanction regarding their use, and will 
 assist towards forming the more readily, enlightened and truthful decisions 
 conceriiing them : — I. All those passages in which wine and other similar 
 liquors are mentioned, with approval either directly expressed, or as may be 
 plainly or justly inferred from the context. 2. The passages in which those 
 liquors are mentioned, with disapproval or prohibition, either express or by 
 inference from the context, or as emblematical of divine wrath and punish- 
 ment, which latter is the case in several insUnces. 3. Where those liquors 
 are named, but without any divine approval or prohibition, either directly ex- 
 pressed or ctherwiso intimated ; and 4. The sacted drink offerings under the 
 Mosaical or Levitical dispensation. On every text under each of these sec- 
 tions or divisions, the writer has given his own notes or remarks, either 
 explanatory or by way of illustration, or as assistance towards forming a 
 judgment. Some of them are but brief, and others rather extended. Ho 
 feels perfectly conscious of not being qualified to do ample justice to the 
 subject, and therefore, a& it well becomes him to do, he solicits a candid and 
 unprejudiced consideration and judgment as to the manner in which it is ar- 
 ranged and treated, and the style and tone of the remarks. 
 
 With regard to the solemn and important questions submitted and dis- 
 cussed, he especially entreats an earnest, prayerful, and thorough examina- 
 tion of the sacred St/iptures themselves, with a sincere desire to ascertain 
 
 .1» 
 ■----"6-J' 
 
 te i.1 
 
 disposed, the reader will assuredly be guided to a truthful or at least to a con- 
 scientious conclusion. 
 
10 
 
 I 
 
 II! 
 
 r; 
 
 Throughout the remarks on the various passages of Script are the writer 
 has constantly kept in view, and he entreats the reader to do the same, the 
 two important questions noticed already— first, the diflPerence in the wines 
 and other similar liquors with regard to the iutosicatiog quality or other- 
 --— - and next, that of— the divine approbation or sanction. 
 
 wise 
 
 
 fi 
 
 mamemmasessssss 
 
are the writer 
 ^he same, the 
 in the win^ 
 lity or other- 
 
 11 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Postages of the Sacred Scriptures in which Wine, and a liquor c?lkd ' Shechar' 
 in the Original, are mentioned, with the Divine approbation for their use, 
 either express or as fairly to be implied from the context. 
 
 1. « And Melchizedek, King of Salem, brought forth bread and wine^and he 
 was the Priest of the Most High God."— Gen. xiv. 18. 
 There is nothing here to intimate what kind of wine it was, but surely it 
 is far the most probable that it was of the unintoxicating description—" the 
 pure blood of the grape," or new wine, mentioned with approbation in so many 
 other passages as just from the press, or even while in the cluster. This was 
 the kind of wine chiefly or generally used in early times— see the case of 
 Pharaoh's butler. Dr. A. Clarke says in his Commentary, " The Tayin of 
 the Hebrews, the Oinos of the Greeks, and the Mustum of the Romans, were 
 merely the expressed juice of the grape, and in this state the "wine wm 
 anciently nsed." It is not at all probable the Priest of the Most High God 
 and the King of Peace would bring forth to the Patriarch an intoxicating 
 liquor. Bread and wine, as being both nourishing and refreshing, are the 
 chief earthly blessings mentioned by God in his promises to Israel. 
 
 2. " Therefoiu God give thee of the fatness of the earth, and plenty of corn 
 and wine," &c. " And with corn and wine have I sustained him, and 
 what shall I now do unto thee, my son." — Gea. xxvii. 28, 37. 
 In the first clause the patriarch Isaac is blessing his son, and praying for 
 blessings upon him from God. Doubtless the new and unfermented wine \a 
 here intended as given by God, and more especially as being prayed for from 
 Him, and, being joined with com or grain in the first or natural state. These 
 two were among the chief temporal blessings promised to be bestowed and 
 enjoyed in Canaan— see Deut. xxxii., " With fat of kidneys, of wheat, and 
 thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape." Surely the patriarch did not 
 pray for intoxicating liquor as a bUssing to sustain his son. In numerous pas- 
 sages the liquor, as flowing from the press, and even while in the clutter, is 
 called wine. 
 
 3. " He will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy 
 corn, and thy wine," &c — Deut. vii. 13. 
 Wine, here, being mentioned with corn, as the fruit of the land, and as 
 a blessing, evidently must have been unfermented, and, therefore, tM»t intoxi- 
 catmg. Most probably, indeed, the clusters of grapes, containiog,,tiej.'win©^ 
 ^ere intended, - '» 
 
 ''iit >/' 
 
12 
 
 h 
 
 4. " If ye shall hearken diligently unto my commandments, &c., that I will 
 give you the rain of your land in his due season, the first rain, and 
 the latter rain, that thou may est gather in thy corn, and thy wine, 
 ( and thine oil."— Deut. xi. 13, 14. 
 From the words "gather in" heing applied as well to the wine as the 
 corn and the oil, it is quite evident that the wine, while enclosed in the 
 grapes, is intended, and consequently, that an intoxicating liquor could not 
 be referred to. Here, as in many other passages, the liquor is called wine, 
 while within the grapes ; and thus the most positive proof is afforded that it 
 is not requisite as some, for want of due information, assert, that the liquor 
 should undergo fermentation and become intoxicating, in order to its being 
 properly designated, tuine. 
 
 ift Hi 
 
 II ;n 
 
 5. " Thoa mayest not eat within thy gates the tithe of thy corn or of thy 
 
 vnne, &c., but thou must eat them before the Lord, in the place 
 
 wh'ch the Lord thy God shall choose, thou and thy son and thy 
 
 daughter, and thy man-servant and thy maid-servant, and the 
 
 Levite, &c." — I^ut. xii. 17, 18. " And thou shalt eat before the 
 
 Lord thy God, in the place which he shall choose to place his 
 
 name there, the tithe of thy corn, of thy wine, &c. And if the 
 
 way be too long for thee, so that thou art not able to carry it ; or if 
 
 the place be too far for thee, which the Lord thy Cod shall choose 
 
 to set his name there, &c. Then shalt thou turn it into money, 
 
 and bind up the money in thine hand, and shalt go unto the place 
 
 which the Lord shalt choose : and thou shalt bestow that money for 
 
 ■ whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, 
 
 or for strong drink, (Shechar) or for whatsover thy soul desireth : 
 
 and thou shalt eat there before the Lord thy God, and thou shalt 
 
 rejoice, thou, and thy household, and the Levite that is within thy 
 
 gates," &c.--Deut. xiv. 23—28. 
 
 ' The tithes for the priests and Levites were to be of the first fruits, and of 
 
 wh; tsoever was first ripe in the land, and they were to be brought in to the 
 
 Lord ; and the people were not to " delay to offer" the first of their ripe 
 
 fruits and liquors. See Exodus xxii., and Numbers xviii. In Nehemiah x, 
 
 they were required to bring *♦ the first fruits of all fruit of all trees unto the 
 
 house of the Lord; of wine, &c. unto the priests, into the chambers of the 
 
 house." The priest was required to be with the Levite when the tithes 
 
 were taken, &c. The tithe of the tithes, being for the priests, was to be 
 
 brought to the priest " into the chambers of the house, where are the vessels 
 
 of the sanctuary, and the priests that minister." In the text in Deut. xiv., 
 
 cited above, the person bringing the tithe offerings, and his son and 
 
 daughter, and the Levite, and the man-servant, ar.d maid-servant, were to 
 
 tai them before the Lord, and he was to rejoice with his household, and the 
 
 Levite. In both passages cited the word eat is used, but not drinkt fro* 
 
 MM 
 
 mass 
 
13 
 
 :c.» that I will 
 GrBt rain, and 
 and thj yrine, 
 
 e wine as the 
 iclosed in the 
 ]uor could not 
 i called wine, 
 forded that it 
 hat the liquor 
 !r to its being 
 
 jorn or of thy 
 in the place 
 
 son and thy 
 ant, and the 
 at before the 
 
 to place his 
 And if the 
 arry it ; or if 
 d sball choose 
 , into money, 
 unto the place 
 a&t money for 
 ), or for wine, 
 soul desireth : 
 ind thou shalt 
 is within thy 
 
 ; fruits, and of 
 ught in to the 
 , of their ripe 
 
 Nehemiah x, 
 trees unto the 
 ambers of the 
 len the tithes 
 3ta, was to be 
 ire the vessels 
 in Deut. xiv., 
 
 his son and 
 vant, were to 
 >ehold, and the 
 ot drink, frod 
 
 which, probably enough, as seme infer and conclude, the liquors were par- 
 taken of, while in the grapes and dates which were oaten. As to the 
 words "strong dfink'' in our common version, .it may here be well to 
 remark, that there are not two words in the original, one meaning 
 strong and the other drink, but only the one word shechar or $Itay- 
 eawr. The learned author of Anti- Bacchus says, that the translation 
 should be ttveet drink, the primitive idea or meaning of the word being 
 sweetness, and that it was produced, as indeed all admit, from the dates 
 of the palm tree, and was often called palm wine. See the whole of thu 
 conclusive passage on this point in Anti-Bacchus, page 97. Dr. F. R. 
 Lees, another able critic on the original, declares a like opinion, in a pamphlet 
 containing the substance of his Prize Essay on this passage in Deut. xiv. 26. 
 In one condensing p&o^ge of that pamphlet on the wo: ^ shechar, he asks, 
 « Now if the original Hebrew never signified sugar or swee<ne3S— never re- 
 ferred to something, the first and sensible property of which was saccharine— 
 how is it possible to account for these most evident derivations ? The irre- 
 sistible conclusion is, that as forms of thi« term have become in many 
 languages designative of sugar or saccharine matter, the original must, ♦o say 
 the least, have denoted some substance characteristically sweet and not strong, 
 since the alcoholic principle can only arise from the destruction of the sweet 
 one." He further writes, " The opmion that shechar signified * sweetness,' 
 or leferred to some kind or preparation of sugar, is not entirely novel, but has 
 been suggested to the minds of many intelligent philologists and commenta- 
 tors long prior to the prevailing discussion originated in opposition to the 
 temperance society, as a last plea for the use of * strong drinks.' " The fol- 
 lowing among many others he names as such philological authorities— Robert 
 Ainsworth, Professor Brown in 1768, the Editors of the Encyclopaedia 
 Britannica, the learned American, Thaddeus Mason Harris, D.D. (1820), and 
 Richard Watson, a Wesleyan Commentator. The learned and eminent 
 Professor Moses Stewart of Andover College, in the United States, who 
 has fully investigated regarding the wines, and the Shechar or shaycawr of 
 the Scriptures, in a letter, lately addressed by him to President Nott, 
 another eminent man in the same country, and which letter is published at 
 Leeds, in England, in the "Truth Seeker's Temperance Topic," gives, 
 among many others, the following illustrations and remarks on the subjc ct. 
 The Hebrew name is " shay cawr," which is usually translated strong drink 
 in the Old Testament and int he New. The mere English reader, of course, 
 invariably gets from this a wrong idea of the real meaning of the original 
 Hebrew. He attaches to it the idea, which the English phrase now conveys 
 among us, viz., that of a strong intoxicating drit like to our distilled liquors. 
 As to distillation, by which alcoholic liquors are now principally obtained, it 
 was utterly unknown to the Hebrews, and, indeed, to all the world, in 
 ancient times. An mtoxicating liquor, like to what we now name pur« alco- 
 hol, shouM never bo thought of, by any intelligent reader of the Scriptures, 
 when Ii leets with the expression, strong drink. The true original idea of 
 ihay cawr is, a liquor obtained from dates ot other /mitt, (grapes excepted) or 
 
14 
 
 f 'M 
 
 I J 
 
 I' 
 
 If 'Ftf 
 
 ' i:til 
 
 barley millet, &Cm which were dried or scorched, and a decoction of them was 
 mixed with honey, aromatics, &c. Again, he remarks, — " But it by no 
 follows, that because such a verb as shaw car is made from the corresponding 
 noun, that the noun always means ttroTig or intoxicating drink. This is true 
 of neither yayin or shay-cawr. Both words are generic. The first means 
 vinous liquor of any and every kind. The eecond means a corresponding 
 liquor from dates and other fruits, or from several of the grains. Both 
 the liquors have in them the saccharine principle, and therefore they may 
 become alcoholic ; but both may be kept and used in an un/ermented state." 
 That my position is correct in regard to the generic nature of both the words 
 in question, — and that both may mean a liquor, either intoxicating or unin- 
 toxicating — is shown decisively by Numb. vi. 3. There the Nazarite is 
 forbidden first to drink cither yayin or shay-cawr. This is generic in respect 
 to both. But then, in order to enforce the precept more thoroughly, the 
 legislator goes on to particularize. He forbids the Nazarite to drink /er- 
 mented wine or fermented shay-cawr. Again he writes : — " Both the woids 
 in question, therefore, are generic : both comprise liquors fermented and un- 
 fermented. We should not be surprised then, in case ve find both spoken of 
 in such a way that, in one passage, it is regarded as a blessing, or an 
 allowable comfort ; while in another it is spoken oi' as a means of intoxication 
 and a curso. We shall see that this is in fact true of buth the words in 
 question." Further, commenting on shay-cawr, he writes :— " What I have 
 already said implies, that this latter word has, if I may so express it, a good 
 and a bad side to it ; that it has an aspect in which the liquor designated is 
 recognised and treated as a comfort or a blessing, and oae in which it is re- 
 garded as the moans of intoxication and of mischief. The text in Numb. vi. 
 3, which I have already cited and commented on, makes it quite clear that 
 shay-cawr may be fermented or unfermented, which is the same as to say that 
 it may be of an intoxicating nature or of an unintoxicating one." He 
 further says :— * For the use of it as a mere comfort, and not as a medicine, 
 there is but one decisive case in the Bible, and here nothing decides it to be 
 'ermented." With regard to the distinction in the nines, and the sltay-cawr, 
 he further remarks : — •* The fermented liquor was pregnant with alcohol, and 
 would occasion inebriation, in a greater or lesser degree, in all ordinary cir- 
 cumstances. The unfermented liquor was a delicious, nutritive, healthful 
 beverage, well and properly ranked with corn and oil. It might be kept in 
 that state, by due pains, for a long time, and even go on improving by age." 
 Is there any serious diflSculty now in acquitting the Scriptures of contradic- 
 tion, in respect to this subject ? I do not find any.'' " Facts show that the 
 ancients not only preserved wine unfermented, but regarded it as of a higher 
 flavour and purer quality than fermented wine." What then is the diflScuUy 
 in taking the position, that the good and innocent wine is meant in all cases 
 where it is commended and allowed ? or that the alcoholic or intoxicating wine 
 is meant in all cases of prohibition and denunciation ? I cannot refuse to take 
 this position without virtually impeaching the Scriptures of contradiction or 
 inconsistency. I cannot admit, that God has given liberty to persons in 
 
15 
 
 health to driiik alcoholic wine, wjihout admitting that His word and His uwrk$ 
 are it variance. The law against such drinking, which He has enstamped on 
 our nature, stands out prominently ,— read and assented to by all sober and 
 thinking men. Is His word now at variance with this ? Without reserve 
 I am prepared to answer in the ntgative." 
 
 But even if it were admitted, which it is not, that the word Shechar in 
 the text, is rightly rendered $trong drink, it would not necessarily follow 
 that it was an intoxicating liquor. On this point Dr. Lees, in his pamphlet 
 already referred to, makos the following very appropriate remarks :— ** Were 
 the term 'strong' an expressiop of the original Scriptures, we might demur 
 to the criticism, which would impose upon it the modern and merely con- 
 ventional sense of * intoxicating,' rather than 'nourishing,' whether in tho 
 passage before us, or in that where St. Paul speaks of * strong meat'.— Heb. 
 V. 12, 14, by which certainly he did not mean that which would intoxicate I 
 In fact, ' strength' anciently appears to have referred rather to thickness and 
 taste than to intoxicating power. Hippocrates, speaking of mdecraU, (honey 
 mixed with water) remarks, that the thickness of wine and of honey makes a 
 great difference in the strength of each. The Roman writers often use the 
 iarm forte (strong) in the se; .e of amorwm, (harsh, rough, bitter) as opposed 
 to duke, suave, kne, (sweet, soft, mild) and even instruct how to convert 
 wines, afflicted with diseases of the ' strong' or ' harsh' kind, into wines of a 
 sweeter and richer kind, plainly shewing that forte or 'strength' has not in 
 all ages, even when applied to wine or drinks, had its present conventional 
 signification. As the word 'strong,' however, is purely an interpolation, or 
 gloss of the English translators, the original name (Shechar or SaeharJ 
 having no adjective attached to it, the only question to be solved is this, 
 what is the ' Shechar' of the Bible ? That the double word « strong drink' 
 is a merely conjectural or presumptive rendering of the single phrase, 
 Shechar, is a position which admits of ample proof." 
 
 But, moreover, independant of all the foregoing authorities and proofs 
 against the supposition, that the word Shechar in the passages commented 
 on, and in all other parts of Scripture, signifies an intoxicating liquor, it 
 would, from several circumstances contained in the passages themselves, 
 seem quite incredible, and, to every pious mind, altogether revolting. Not 
 merely the person who brought or purchased the articles, but all his house- 
 hold, wife, children, young and old, man and maid, servant and Levite, 
 were all to partake, without any caution or limitation imposed or intimated, 
 as to quantity, but as freely and fully as they might desire. And, further, 
 it was by the express command of God that they were thus to eat and to re- 
 joice before Him. It was strictly a sacred festival. Now, is it credible to 
 imagine, or rather, is it not even profane to suppose, that a God of infinite 
 holiness, as well as benevolence, who has classed drunkenness among the 
 most enormous and ruinous crimes, and who punished with instant death 
 those who approached to worship Him under the influence, as it would 
 seem, of intoxicating liquor ; and further, who commanded his people then, 
 as he does now, to be watchful and circumspect, and to be " holy as He is 
 
16 
 
 ■1 
 
 holy ;" is it not, we say, profane to sappose that He would command or 
 sanction, to the whole nation of His chosen and peculiar people, meuj 
 women, and children, male and female servants, and Levites, on even one 
 day, or at any one season, the unrestricted use of intoxicating liquor ' Such 
 a sanction or permission would, doubtless, nave led to a Bacchanalian fes- 
 tival indeed. The Jews were always sufficiently disposed to sensuality of 
 various kinds, and, in the latter periods of iheir history especially, were mucU 
 addicted to this particular form of it,-~the excessive use of intoxicating 
 liquors, as is manifest from the numerous declarations in several of the books 
 of the «acred volume regarding their drunkenness. They surely, therefore, 
 did not need any divine sanction for a free indulgence of that description. 
 The supposition of such a sanction or permission is, we assert, nothing loss 
 than wicked and profane. 
 
 6. *' Thuu shalt furnish him liberally out of thy flock, and out of thy floor, 
 and out of thy unne-prees j of that wherewith the Lord thy God 
 hath blessed thee, thou shalt give unto him." — Deut. xv. 14. 
 This was to be done to the Hebrew servant when he was set free. Ob- 
 serve, it was out of the ivine-prets that he was to be furnished, not from the 
 fermenting vat. The gift v^as either from the grapes deposited in the presi, 
 or from the liquor as it flowed from the prets, in which case, of course, it had 
 none of the intoxicating quality. 
 
 I 
 
 
 7. " The first fruit, also, of thy com, and of thy wine, and of thine oil, and 
 the first of the fleece of thy sheep, shalt thou give him."— Deut. 
 xviii. 4. 
 This was the tithe for the priest only, and, as mentioned in the note on 
 No. 5, it was to be brought into the chambers of the house, where were the 
 vessels of the sanctuary, 4rc. It was to be of ihe first fruit of the wine, which, 
 as mentioned already, they were not to delay to offer. Surely, then, keep- 
 ing in view the distinction in wines, already mentioned, as to the intoxi- 
 cating and unintoxicating quality, it is the most reasonable, as well as 
 Scriptural, to infer, either that the grapes themselves were intended, or the 
 wine of the unintoxicating description, especially as the priests were pro- 
 hibited altogether from wine when ministering. 
 
 8. 
 
 And he made him to snclc hofifey out of the rock, &c., butter of kine, 
 and milk of sheep, &c., and the fat of kidneys, of wheat; and thou 
 didst drink the pure blood of the grapo." — Deut. xxxii. 13, 14. 
 " Their wine," (t. e. of the heathen) '* is the poison of dragons, and 
 the cruel venom of asps." — Same Chap, verse 33. <« Whicli did 
 eat the fat of their sacrifices, and drank the wine of their drink- 
 
 ' offerings."— Same Ghap. verse 38. 
 
 5855 
 
immand or 
 opie, menj 
 in even one 
 icr 9 Sach 
 analian fes- 
 jnsuality of 
 were mucU 
 ntoxicatiiig 
 f the books 
 , therefore, 
 [Jescription. 
 lothing less 
 
 »f thy floor, 
 1 thy God 
 14. 
 
 free. Ob- 
 )t from the 
 1 the prett, 
 urse, it had 
 
 ine oil, and 
 
 n. 
 
 -Deut. 
 
 the note on 
 re were the 
 'ine, which, 
 then, keep- 
 the intoxi- 
 [>3 well as 
 ided, or the 
 Were pro- 
 
 er of kine, 
 : and thou 
 ii. 13, 14. 
 agons, and 
 /^hicli did 
 lieir drink- 
 
 n 
 
 From the words, thou rfft&f drink the pure blood of the grape, it is auite 
 evident hat the unfermentea liquor, the pure juice or^n.. IZ^iZ^ 
 IS .ntended, as a iquor obtained through decomposition in the proces o fer.' 
 
 quality cannot surely, with any propriety, be called the -pure blood of the 
 rape," any more than water could be called pure, after an admixture of any 
 adulterous or injurious ingredient, or than tf^i could be called the /J^ 
 blood o a human body, into which had been infused any corrupting an' 
 destructive hquid. It would appear, also, from this pass.ge^ that it waf on^ 
 the unferr^ntea and uniato^cating wine, the pure blood of he grapIlhS 
 was given as a Wessing. And farther, from the words thou LT^^l 
 seems as clear that it was this description of wine which the CelU. 
 generally or universally drank in the earlier times of their history. tL 
 
 writes,- Bhod here is synonymous with juice, and it means red unnl, or the 
 ^«r.,«,c..ofwhatevercolour,^..,,erf from the grapes.'^ The «.•„ of he 
 heathen mentioned in a subsequent verse, is as evidently an into^catina 
 hquor,forUissaidtobetheM- of dragons, and the cruL.n.r7alT 
 which corresponds precisely with the description of intoxicating wine Z: 
 t ox^ed m Prov. xxni., where it is said " it biteth like a ,erp.n., and liZZ 
 hke an adder." Such, also, was the wine mentioned in ver e 38 Zl 
 " drink offering" of the heathen. ' '^^ 
 
 f,. J''" T"l7 "°?"'^ *^'"^' ^'"^''^^ ^* ^''^'"'^^ ^"' «^«« r«q"ired, to notice 
 here a Pa^pable and important mutilation of this passage-" Thou didst drink 
 thepur. blood," &c., committed by a person who styles himself a minister 
 and who, ma pamphlet which he thought it expedient to publish some vears' 
 ago on the Total Abstinence subject, has laboured hard to show thaf the 
 Holy Scriptures Sanction the drinking of intolcicating liquors. He has there 
 given that passage thus :-« And thou didst drink the blood of the grane " 
 leaving out the most important word;,«re. But, as though this was n;t 
 enough for his purpose, and evidently to give a colour to his own perverted 
 or even profane, construction that it was an intoxicating liquor, he imme' 
 diately oays, " Parkhurst venders it the inebriating blood of the grape » The 
 word - pure- is in the original, and not put in italics in the English'version 
 as m many texts in which words are added in those letters, in order'to helo 
 the sense, .and. therefore, his omission of the important word is the more 
 glaring a^d culpable. He should have borne in mind the severe condemna- 
 tion denounced agamst those who shall " add to," or *' take from" the Word 
 of God. There are, it is to be hoped, few such instances of bold and glaring 
 mutilation of the Scriptures to be found in any publication, and one would 
 scarcely suppose it would appear in one by a Minister of our holv rpli.Jnn 
 r. s.«u.« oniy barely possible that the omission may have been inadvertent""" 
 
 i). " Israel shall Uien dwell in safety alone; the fountain of Jacob shall be 
 upon a land of corn and wntf."— Deut. xxxiii. 28. 
 
Here again, «* corn" and " wine," in their original statet as the products of 
 the land, are mentioned aa the cluef temporal blessings promised and given to 
 the Children of Israel in the land of Canaan. Doubtless the unfermented and 
 iinintoxicating liquor is intended, as the intoxicating k:ind could not be con- 
 sidered a blessing, and in the use of it they could not be said to dwell in 
 safety and to retain the fountain or tpring-head of blessings. 
 
 10. " Eat the fat and drink the sweet, &c., for the joy of the Lord is your 
 strength.'' — Nehem. viii. 10. 
 As it <vas a sweet liquor it could not be intoxicating, as the sweetness is 
 carried off by fermentation, and rather a tartness is introduced. Further, 
 the joy of the Lord, or spiritual rejoicing or consolation, are never produced 
 by the use of intoxicating drinks„ but in innumerable instances they have 
 caused a woeful and ruinous reverse. It is incredible to suppose that the 
 pious and self-denying Nehemiah would have recommended the use of an in- 
 toxicating liquor, and have mentioned it in connection with 'Uhe joy of the 
 Lord." 
 
 ih 
 
 .* 
 
 11. " And that we should Vi'mg ^he ^rst fruits of our dough, and our offerings 
 and the fruit of all manner of trees, of wine and of oil, unto the Priests 
 to the chambers of the house of our God, &c. And the Levites shall 
 bring rn the tithe of the tithes unto the house of our God, to the 
 chambers into the treasure-house. For the children of Israel and 
 the children of Levi shall bring the offering of the corn, of the new 
 wine and the oil, unto the chambers where are the vessels of the 
 Sanctuary. And the Priests that minister, and the porters, and the 
 singers," &c. — Nehem. x. 37, 38, 39. 
 After the return from the Babylonish captivity, there was, under the direc- 
 tion and superintendence of Ezra and Nehemiah, a restoration of the offer- 
 ings, tithes, and other institutions of the temple worship and service as at 
 first established. Accordingly, it was appointed and required as before, that 
 the people should bring the first fruit of their trees, and their offerings of corn 
 and new wine and oil, into the chambers of the house where were the vessels 
 of the Sanctuary and the Priests. As it is called ** new wine,''' it was, doubt, 
 less, the unfermented juice of the grape, in accordance with a number of 
 other passages, where the same kind of liquor is called new wine, as in this, 
 «' Thy presses shall burst out with new wine ;" and again, " As the new wim is 
 found in the cluster," &c. Probably, as some think, merely the grapes con- 
 taining the wine were intended, but, if in a liquid state, it is not credible to 
 
 _,,„y.-^-_ xu-i _ i\.__,__i._J a— .-? --.f.-.-E-t.-.r.fJrrr 1;.~.i^.-.t= rz-ss *.-• Via s^ii— .-.-jfiir' tehara 
 
 the vessels of the sanctuary were kept, and where the priests were, who might 
 thus be tempted to partake of it, although prohibited altogether from wine of 
 every kind when about to minister, on pain of death.— See further the first 
 ipar^ of the Note on No, 5, 
 
 prin 
 
 mmm 
 
And he had prepared for him a great chamber, where aforoUme they 
 
 aid the meat offering«, the frankincense, and the vessels, and the 
 
 tithes of the orn, the new unne and the oil, which was commanded 
 
 to be given to the Levites, and the singers, and the porters, and ihe 
 
 offerings of the priests/'—Nehem. xiii. 5. 
 
 "Where aforeti^ne they laid the tithes of the corn, the «.u; uaW &c. 
 
 These expressions show that the articles were laid there in their first or 
 
 origmal state ; probably the clusters of grapes containing the wine, but if in 
 
 a hquid state, doubtless the unfermented liquor is meant, for the reasons 
 
 mentioned m the preceding note, as well as many others which might be ad- 
 
 13. ' He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service 
 of man ; that he may bring forth food out of the earth, and wine that 
 makeih glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to shine, a 
 bread which strengtheneth man's heart."— Psm. civ. 14, 15 
 Surely it is on many grounds far the most probable, and is the most reason- 
 able conclusion, that the wine mentioned here was of the unfermented unin- 
 toxicating description. A liquor, which, through the art and labour of man 
 had undergone fermentation, and thereby parted with several of its original 
 distinctive qualities, and had acquired a new one of an intoxicating character, 
 could not, with any propriety, be said to be a liquor which God brought forth 
 'out 0/ the earth:' Moreover, as it is perfectly clear that the two kinds of 
 wine are mentioned in the Scriptores. it is the most in accordance with the 
 divme wisdom and goodness, as well as every way most appropriate, to infer 
 and conclude, that the wine here spoken of as a blessing, was of the unintoxi- 
 cating, rather than of the opposite description. As to the words, " maketh 
 glad," &c., there are other articles which the Scriptures describe as making 
 man glad or clmrfxd, which certainly do not possess an intoxicating quality 
 Here are a few instances :-" Comfort thine heart with a morsel of bread » 
 -Judges xix. " Eat thy bread with joy," &c.-^Eccles. ix. " A fea,t is made 
 lor laughter, and wine maketh merry."-Eccle3. x. " Corn shall make the 
 young men cheerful, and new wine the maids."— Zech. ix. I all these pas- 
 sages, the expressions are as pointed and strong as to comfort and joy, laugh- 
 ter and cheerfulness, fiom the use onread, corn, feasting, or good eating, as to 
 similar feelings from the use of wine, and yet none of the eatables could pro- 
 duce the intoxicating sensation. While new (or unfermented) wine should 
 make the '* maids" chee.fxd, so should corn make the " y »ung men" so, and in 
 the same degree. Moreover, surely tnere may be gladness or cheerfulness in 
 seemg the corn and wine ripening, and also in partaking of them, apart from 
 —^ ,...,...„..._. a„y ucgiaujiig gruiincaiiion aiiu excitement from the use of in- 
 toxicating liquor. 
 
 14, "Honour the Lord with thy substance, and with the first fruits of all 
 
 t 
 
thine incredso, so «hall thy barns be filled with plenty, and thy presses 
 shall burst out with new wine.'* — Prov. ii. 9, 10. — — — . 
 
 Prom the words, "thy presses shall burst oat,"* &c., it is perfectly clear 
 that the liquor thus bursting forth, or issuing from the press in the process 
 of treading, could not have been of the intoxicating description. It is observ- 
 able, that it is called wine before fermentation and while issuing from the 
 press, as in many other passages, and ,in some indeed while in the grapes. 
 This neto mm was tlie blessing originally promised and given, ** the purte 
 blood of the grape." The word of inspiration is not needed to inform us 
 that this ** new wine" could not be intoxicating. 
 
 the drin 
 spirituoi 
 neu of 
 favour, 
 the higl] 
 state, ca 
 
 17. "Fc 
 
 m 
 
 I i- 
 
 ^5. " She hath mingled her wine, she hath also furnished her table. As for 
 him that wanteth understanding, she saith to him, come eat of my 
 bread and drink of the wine wfiich I have mingled. Forsake the 
 foolish, and live and go in the way of understanding." — Prov. ix. 2, 
 4, 5, 6. 
 All will see that these expressions regarding &r«<K2 and it/meare figurative. 
 They are evidently used to denoto heavenly knowledge and graces. One 
 mode, and a very general one in the Eastern Countries, of preserving unfer- 
 mented wine, was, and still is, to boil down the liquor to a thick, sweet, and 
 rich syrup, and b} adding to it sufficient portions of pure water, a beverage 
 was made which was not cloying, but refreshing and cooling, and satisfied 
 thirst. Testimonies to this effect may be found in Ami- Bacchus, and the 
 writings of the celebrated oriental traveller, J. S. Buckingham, Esq., and also 
 of Dr. Robinson, who says, that nearly all the wines of Helbon are now pre- 
 served in that manner. We know that the juices of various berries are thus 
 preserved among us, and form with water very feasant and refreshing 
 beverages. Certainly this expression, '* mingled wine," could not have re- 
 ferred to the liquor which Uii<j same heavenly wisdom in the same book calls 
 "« mocker,' 'producing woe, sorrow, contetitions, babbling, redness of eyes, &c., 
 hiiing like a serpent, and stinging like an adder, and which we are commanded 
 not even to "look upon.'' This invitation by wisdom, is to drink of the wine 
 which she has mingled, and to ** forsake the foolish and go in the way of 
 understanding ;" but the use of intoxicating liquor is undoubtedly one of the 
 ways of the foolish, and instead of improving the understanding, tends directly 
 to pervert and impair it, and in place of being the way to live, it is one of 
 the xnv>st certain ways to disease and premature death. 
 
 The8( 
 Church, 
 fermentci 
 tion had 
 of Christ 
 ness of h 
 wine," fri 
 
 18. «Ho^ 
 Thep 
 
 16. " Go thy way, eat thy bread with joy, and drink thy wine with a merrjf 
 
 heart, for God now acce^^teth thv works*"— Eccles^ ix. 7. 
 
 It is plain that the dating and drinking were to take place with or in the 
 
 exercise of the feelings of joy, and being merry, which had been previously 
 
 ^excited, and that they were not the effects of such partaking. Moreover, thej 
 
 ij*<joy" in the eating, is full as strong an expression as that with reference to 
 
 SJSSI 
 
thy p rewei 
 
 fectly clear 
 the process 
 [t 19 observ- 
 g from the 
 the grapes. 
 ** the purte 
 ) inform us 
 
 le. As for 
 
 eat of my 
 
 ''orsake the 
 
 *rov. ix. 2, 
 
 ! figurative, 
 aces. One 
 ving unfer- 
 sweet; and 
 a beverage 
 D<j satisfied 
 us, and the 
 q., and also 
 re now pre- 
 ies are thus 
 refreshing 
 )t have re- 
 book calls 
 if eyes, &c., 
 commanded 
 of the wine 
 the way of 
 one of the 
 nds directly 
 t is one of 
 
 ith a merrj? 
 
 th or in the 
 
 previously 
 
 ireover, thej 
 
 eference to 
 
 Wt ^^j WSIi ww^y'^ 
 
 21 
 
 the drinkiag, aod yet bread will „„, gi„ .„ch c.eitemont a. i, produced bv 
 »pu-.t„o„, hquor. Tl,o rea,„„ U gi,™ f„r ,uch>.y and nurri^^L cZm. 
 «« »/ W,.w.G.d no. .co.ptcth «„w„rk..' A .e..e of the di^no 
 ,.>our espec,aljr.ftera.ea«,„„f moatal depro.,ion or apiritual d«tre., i^ 
 . e lugbeat ,K,»Me cause of joy, „„a only „„.k,done i„ faUb, or i„ .d 
 
 State, can bo really acceptable to God. J"«»nea 
 
 17. "For thy love is better than wine. &c We will remember thy love 
 more than win3."--Song of Sol. i. 2, 4. 
 These are figurative expressions to describe the love of Christ to W, 
 Church and surely they more appropriately refer to tho sweet, new, and un- 
 ermented wme, than to that of an intoxiauing character, which by fermenta- 
 t.on had lost .ts sweetness, and therefore could bear no analogy to the love 
 of ChnsUo h.s Church, in which he works, and from which he requires hon! 
 nesso heart and life. See the note on No. 15. as to VVisdom's'"!. d 
 wme, from the rich, sweet syrup, produced from the juice of the grape. ' 
 
 18. « How much better is thy love than wine."— Song of Sol. iv 10 
 The preceding note aptly and fully applies here. 
 
 19. I am come into my garden, my sister, my spouse : I have gathered my 
 myrrh with my spice j I have eaten my honeycomb with my honey 
 I have drunk my wine with my milk: eat, O friends; drfnk, yea,' 
 drmk abundantly, O beloved.' —Song of Sol v 1 
 
 his ,Tr 'T ^^"'■'^^'' ^?"^"'^' ^' ''"P^'>'^^' •" ^^>^^ ^J^« Saviour calls to 
 his sister and spouse, meaning his Church, and tells her of th- food and pleas- 
 
 ^Ltir't r'^K^^'"'?' ^' ''' P"'''*^^ ''' ""'' -"^^ «" -f -hich are 
 
 I f r 17 \ ^'•"^^^^V"'^ ^''' '''''' '"^ ''' ^"^^^ ^' ^^« ^^Sh\y adapted to 
 
 f e.h and to please, and are beautifully figurative of the graces and blessing 
 
 f the gospel, so freely imparted, and nourished, and preserved by the 
 
 ^aviour. Certainly an intoxicating wine could not be referred to as emble- 
 
 iTfj^^^^ -.the Saviour h^f 
 
 Cs luL rThT ^"^^Tc"' '^''""^ •"' ^°"'«"^-°' -d hites and 
 IS Ungs Surely the benevolent Saviour would not select such wine even 
 
 guratively. and recommend and exhort his church to drink it aZlX 
 
 ^he figure or emblem .A..^rf, and in the inspired volume always IT cor' 
 
 -pond as near and aptly as may be, both in nature and eW..ullt.t Tu 
 
 i^>'«' oi- thing represented or recommended. •— y=-^ 
 
 ^'^^"lfh'/'°^'^''Tt"*'' ^'^' '^' best wine for my beloved, that 
 . goethdownsweetly."-^SongofSol. vii. S. 
 
99 
 
 Tho note on Nos. \5 find 17* and also on the last number, apply aptly 
 enough here, in a general sense at least. 
 
 21. "I would cause theo to drink of spiced wine of the juice of my pome- 
 granate." — Sol. Song. viii. 2. 
 A now sp'icod wine is savoury, pleasant, and refreshing, but not intoxicat- 
 ing. The wine here mentioned is said to be tho juice of the pomegranate, 
 which is a sweet and most delicious fruit. The figurative language is ex- 
 pressive of the affection returned by the Church througl grace imparted by 
 the Saviour, the bridegroom. See the several preceding notes as to figura- 
 tive language. 
 
 22. " Tho troadors shall tread out no wine in their presses; I have made 
 their vintage shouting to cease."— Is. xvi. 10. 
 Hero it is in effect declared, that the blessing of new wine, as just trodden 
 out from the press, has been withdrawn by reason of sins. 
 
 23. " And in this mountain shall the Lord of Hosts make unto all people a 
 feast of fat things ; a feast of wines on the lees ; of fat things full of 
 marrow; of wines on the lees well refined." — Is. xxv. 6. 
 The language here is emblematical of the spiritual, and rich, and pure 
 blessings of the gospel dispensation. Which description of wine, then, it may 
 be asked, the intoxic?^ing or the unintoxicating, is the most appropriately 
 emblematical of those blessings ? This may at once be answered by referring 
 to the effects of each. The first, or .intoxicating, produces, fus the Holy 
 Scriptures declare, and as is constantly verified, woe, babbl'ug, conteiJtionBi 
 and bites like a serpent. The other is nourishing and refreshing — ♦* tho pure 
 blood of the grape," or rich juice, the mucilage or lees having subsided, or by 
 the liquor being well filtered so as to remove all the mucilage or dregs, or 
 " well refined" by being boiled iv vr. U> * rich syrup, pure and sweet. Sweet- 
 ness, or fktness, is removed by ur7P.i;ai;}. .on. 
 
 It 
 
 24. *• In that day sing ye unto her, a vineyard of red wine. I the Lord do 
 
 keep it. I will water it every moment, lest any hurt it. I will keep] 
 
 it night and day." — Isa. xxvii. 2, 3. 
 
 The word " vineyard" here is used emblematically, to signify or represent | 
 
 the Church, and tho Lord declares that he wiii constantly refresh, iavigurate,j 
 
 and defend it. The wine is spoken of as being in the grapes, in a ^rroiw'nd 
 
 state, and they were red grapes, which are tho sweetest and most delicious.! 
 
 If intoxicating wine is such a good creature, and recommended or sanctionedj 
 
 in the Divine Word as a blessing, it would have been employed as the em-j 
 
blem . but here, and in all the aimilar emblomrtical Daa»n.r«« n^.^ . 
 
 n. " Ho, every ene that ll,ir,teth, come ye i„ ,he vater., .„d ho that hmh 
 .0 |„o„.y; cone ye, buy, and eat; y,a, come, b„y „i„e ..a 1 
 without money, and n-itliout price."-Isa. Iv. I 
 The watora, wine, and milk, here, are douMleas emblemaliMi „f .k 
 ana b,e„inga of the Goape. dispensation ; and it I. p^^«"y e" dl ''haUh" 
 arfcles are referred to aa boing in their «rs., natural, and beal.ta^! ,, 
 .era, of the chief temporal bieasinga coming immediately from thlL °„ " 
 hand of God. Surely .„,.„■«.„<, wine cannot be emb W™ 1 tf l""""'"' 
 G.pe. Hleaainga, but the ..freahing and no„ri.hi„g'„::I^ l;^""'';™ 
 
 26. 
 
 Surer I,„ln„morogi,e thy corn ,e be meat for thine emi^f.' 
 and th, sona of the stranger shall not drink thy wine for iV. Ti 
 thou has. laboured : but they that have gathered it alrea': an' 
 pra«e the Lord; and they that have brought it together ahal IH, ^ 
 it in the courts of my holiness."_Isa. laii. 8, "^ ' "' """ <'""'' 
 From the words, hrmight it together, ap; !ied to the wine M i. ., « • ., 
 evident that the grapes containing .he new wine ,e T Ze^ ! "1"T' 
 .,«« vvere, very probably, aa already explained in tie t^^ nV^ ^^ 
 brought mto the chambers of the house, for the use of those oiBdatingt'the 
 temple serv,ce-the new wine, from which should be drunk, as the S V 
 says, " in .he courts of my holinecs." Surelv .!,« I Z, ,7 "' 
 
 .he bringing in and drinki;; of intoxica'„T ,0 in t^^^^lnrof h'""f r 
 ness," after commanding nis priests, so posl.ivelv, no .„ part e „ J' -" 
 ail when about to oiBciate, on pain of death- fhe Lord .em^tt h LZn" 
 
 iSti, iiiviguruicij 
 
 • ^^°? «'" '"e Lord, aa the new wine is fouLd in the closter, and one 
 sa,th destroy,, not, for a Messing isi„l„ so will I do for my "r 
 vants' aakes, that I may not destroy them all.''_Isa. Ixv 8 
 
 t andtv T "■"".'" ""^ *""■ '' "■■"""'y "<" i-'o^'icating, bui refreshing 
 
 d nvrgora tmg, u ,s a most appropriate emblem of the spiritual me!c e and 
 
 I blessmgs which the Lord bestows on his neonle. T^i, 1 1 T """^ 
 
 u ana given, if intoxicating wme, as some nretend i«. Ri,nK - j 
 
 \z:z '"'t '■' "°'"'' ""^ •"=^" '"« ^■"'"- "- -le^ed andtpio'::;' 
 
 I aee what is said m several of the urecedinff Nnf «» oo f u f "P^^^'ea. 
 
 k-^e. and especially with r..:::t:t^r zz:^ ::^::i 
 
24 
 
 wine is employed as emblematical of the Lord's indignation. " In the hand 
 ot* the Lord there is a cup, and the wine is red ; it is/wM of mixture, and he 
 poureth out of the same : tut the dregs thereof all the wicked of the earth 
 shall wring them out, and drink them." — Poal. Ixxv. 8. 
 
 28. " And they shall plant vineyards, and eat the fruit of them.*' — Isa. 
 Ixv. 21. 
 From the words, " eat the fruit," &c., the grapes containing the new 
 wine are evidently intended, and they are mentioned as a blessing. 
 
 29. *' F.or the Lord hath redeemed Jacob; therefore, they shall come and 
 sing in the heights of Zion ; and shall flow together to the goqdne^ 
 of the Lord, for wheat, and for w inCj^ and for oil ; and for the young 
 of the herd, and of the flock, and their soul shall be as a watered 
 garden, and they shall not sorrow any more at all."- — Jer. xxxi. 11, 12. 
 The wheat and wine, and other temporal gifts and blessings, are evidently 
 spoken of here as in their first or natural state, and as expressions of the 
 " goodness of the Lord." Undoubtedly intoxicating wine is not here re- 
 ferred to as a bles&ing fronb the " goodness of the Lord,'' for in other parts of 
 his Word, he declares that such wine is a " mocker,'' and " bitas like a ser- 
 pent, and stings like an adder," and commands us not even to look upon it. 
 He farther says here that their souls shall be as a watered garden, and that 
 they shall not sorrow any more at all ; but in another place he says that in- 
 toxicating vyine' produces woe and sorrow, and other great evils and afflictions. 
 
 ^fe 
 
 30. " And joy and gladness is taken from the plentiful field and from the land 
 of Moab, and I have caused wine to fail from the wine presses ; none 
 shall tread with shouting, their shouting shall be no shouting,"— 
 .Terem. xlviii. 33. 
 The words, " wine to fail from the ^vine presses," evidently prove that an 
 unfermented and unintoxicating wine is intended, and that it was a blessing 
 withheld because of sins. They were not to " tread with shouting" or rejoic- 
 ing, as on, such occasions when that new wine was abundant, which " God 
 bringeth out of the earth," the '*pure blood of the grape,'' which " maketh 
 glad," or cheereth the heart of man on viewing the abundance, and also in 
 partaking of it. — See Psm. cv. 15. 
 
 31. ♦' Therefore will I return, and take away roy corn in the time thereof, 
 and my wino in the season thereof, and will recover my wool, and my flax 
 given to cover her nakednefcs," — Hos. ii. 9. 
 
 These words, " wy wine in the season thereof,'' evidently refer to the 
 time when the grapes, should be ripe for the prest. All the products are 
 
In the hand 
 ture, and he 
 of the earth 
 
 2o 
 
 spoken of as being in their first or natural state, and as being the Lord'*. If 
 nU>,.oatmg w.ne were intended, why was this expression used, ''in the Li 
 
 Lords, or answenng the description, "my .-ine,'' coming directly from 
 
 thera.'' — Isa. 
 
 ing the new 
 
 ig- 
 
 11 come and 
 the goodness 
 or the young 
 s a watered 
 xxxi. 11, 12. 
 are evidently 
 ;sion,s of the 
 act here re- 
 )ther parts of 
 ;3S like a scr- 
 ook upon it. 
 3n, and that 
 says that in- 
 nd afflictions. 
 
 from the land 
 ressies ; none 
 shouting-." — 
 
 >rove that an 
 as a blessing 
 3g" or rojoic- 
 which " God 
 ich " maketh 
 , and also in 
 
 tiiiie thereof, 
 , and my iiax 
 
 refer to the 
 products are 
 
 32. -The floor and the wine press .hall not feed them, and the new wine 
 shall fail m her."— Hos. ix. 2. 
 Evidently the unfermented and uninto^icatin^ wine is here referred to 
 The blessmgs of corn and of neu. ^ine from the mnc press were to be with, 
 held by reason of sins, as iu the text in the preceding number. 
 
 33. Yea, the Lord wilf answer and say unto his people, behold, I will 
 send you corn, and winey and oil, and y^ shall be satisfied there- 
 with -Joel li. 19. " And the floors ^hall be full of wheat, and the 
 tats shall overflow with wine and oii."->Joel ii 04 
 Fro.n the words, " 1 will send you com. and wine, and oil," H is evident 
 
 that these blessmgs were directly from the Lord, in their first or natural 
 
 scrip on. These blessmgs were to be so abundant, that the people should 
 
 t halTl M*' *'r : ''^ ^^^"^' "^"'''"^' ^'"^ - '-^ ^'-t qu- 
 tity. that ,t should exceed the expectation or calculation of the treader, and 
 
 should even overflow the fats or reservoirs to receive it from the .ine press 
 before he should be aware of it. 
 
 34. " The new wine is dried up." " The vine is dried up."-Joel i. 10, 
 
 The words, " dried up," show conclusively that the new wine, while 
 enc osed m the grapes, is intended. Here, again, a natural blessing was 
 withheld because of sins. 
 
 35. "And it shall come to pass in that day, that the mountains shall drop 
 down new wine, and the hills shall flow with milk, &c."-Joel iii. 
 18. 
 
 If this language should be taken literally, it will be perfectly evident 
 that the ''new wme" is meant, even while in the irranos. .rrnuJn„ ^. *i,_ 
 «.aes ot the mountains or hills, where they were generally cultivated. 'Vnd 
 this earthly blessing was to be so abundant, that the rich wine should even 
 be dropping from the grapes before they were gathered. From examinin^r 
 the whole context, however, it would appear that the expressions are ea.ble 
 matical of the spiritual blessings, under the Gospel dispensation, wbich 
 
should be enjoyed by the Lord's faithful people, after a season of severe trial 
 and affliction. According to this latter construction, the rich ** new wine'' 
 thus dropping from the grapes, is a most beautiful and appropriate emblem of 
 those spii'itual blessings, but the intoxicating liquor would be just the 
 reverse. 
 
 36. " Ye have planted pleasant vineyards, but ye shall not drink wine of 
 them." — Amos v. 11 . 
 From the words, " wine of them,^' (the pleasant vineyards,") it is next to 
 certain that the new unfermenUd wine is meant. Here, also, a blessing was 
 to be withheld by reason x»f sins. 
 
 40. 
 
 ^'^ H 
 
 37. *' Behold the day? come saith the Lord, that, the plowman shall over- 
 take the reaper, and the treader of grapes him that soweth seed ; 
 and the mountains shall drop sweet wine, and all the hills shall 
 melt. And they shall plant vineyards and drink the wine thereof." — 
 Amos ix. 13, 14. 
 In the context, in which this passage is contained, the restoration of 
 Israel to their own land is predicted and promised, and it is declared that, 
 when thus restored, their temporal blessings should be so abundant, that 
 even the rich " sweet wine" should drop from the grapes on the " moun- 
 tains" or sides of the hiils on which they were growing. This wine, of 
 course, was not intoxicating. These words also, *' wine thereof,'' (i. e. of the 
 '♦vineyards") show that new and unintoxicating wine is meant. See also 
 the text and the first remarks in No. 35. Fermented and intoxicating wine 
 cannot, with any propriety, be called wine of the vineyard, or be considered 
 as a blessing from God, who has declared that it produces ** woe, contention," 
 and various other evils, and who has expressly warned us not, even, to look 
 on ii. 
 
 38. " Thou shalt sow, but thou shalt not reap ; thou shalt tread the olives, 
 but thou shalt not anoint thee with oil; and sweet wine, but thou 
 shalt not drink wine.'' — Micah vi. 15. 
 Here, again, blessings were to be withheld by reason of sins. The words, 
 
 "sweet wine," show that the new unfermented wine was meant. They 
 
 might tread the olives and the grapes, but both should be so dried op, that 
 
 they should not obtain either oil or wine. 
 
 39. " And I called for a drought upon the land, and upon the mountains, 
 and upon the corn, and upon the new wine, and upon the oil, and 
 
^ 
 
 27 
 
 upon that which the ground brin!?eth fnrth .«j 
 
 o.me, .a upon all I .. J/S^td^.-HTrn' ""' """" 
 
 He«,throagh a severe drought, temporal bleMi„g,w .■^thheldfr„™ 
 
 the nation, aa a punishment for their ain,. There is no ,w i 
 
 i»M<:a,i„, wine, but neu, «,« ia „,e„tionecl whLh tW ."^ ^"'' '° 
 
 forth, consequently unintoxioating. ' '"' ""^ ^'™»^ ''"''8«h" 
 
 «. « Sineo those days were, when one came to an h.»„ „f . . 
 
 sures. there were but ten, when one c^me to Z p elTtTr," 
 draw^out m, vessels out of the press, there wLTt teX- •' 
 
 n.edrt:,;:::;;r;rinthr!heTap:^^^ 
 
 it, 80 as to receive the liauor aa if fl! a^ T ''^^^''' ^^ ^"^*^*^®^ ^o 
 .eem, indeed, from \L 'iT Zl^^-Z 7 Z t^S-J' .T'" 
 reservoir was a part or division of the preu itself ^S \ t, . ^ " 
 
 the press, and also extending outwa.1 On tr "" ^ ^ P«tly under 
 tion on this point, it is sufficienUvck^ ;„.? T^ ^W^'fon or construe- 
 is referred fo. it is nottw -C „f ' h", l^ """ ""' "t"™""'" ™"' 
 
 rv:^ or earthiy bie:;s^.tv:r:r; tic^ :, 
 .Whin ' t':t':rror^t;:"r: t in?: " r r™-'''^ ^'- '^'- 
 
 liquor, but onlv the fact is sS o^ L 1° T°" '"^ "^ ""* °' '"«'' 
 talions as to quanUtir '" "'"'^ disappointed in their expec 
 
 41. 'The Lord of hosts shall defend them, and they shall devour and 
 subdue w,th sling-stones, and they shall drinjand mieT'n^ e 
 as through w,ne; and they shall be filled like bowls, and as 1 co 
 ners of he .!.„. And the Lord their God shall s ve thrmin th 
 day as the fiock of his people. For how great is his good^e^^ !„. 
 how great Shi, beauty I Corn .hall make the young Co Wu, 
 and new wine the maids."— Zech. ix 15 16 17 »"""'<="""'". 
 
 ho Lord and Saviour, and expressive of his goodness towards his neoole 
 nd of their rejoicing in Him. Corn is nourishing and strengtain-TLl: 
 
 01 f„l age. I have wr, ten unto you, ycun^ «„, because y„ are strong 
 and have overcome the wicked one." They should be " chsifnP'M ^' 
 of victor, over all their e„„mi«_,l.. „„.M °v „ . 'T""'' •*«'""» 
 u. ^ is pleasing and refreshingrsolirCair"™ w" 'r''',. t' 
 oheered and comforted with the me^L and gentle Ices of leH ft *" 
 
 ^"JT"'' '=-rv" '^« «4uri:T:rbL'm:tiiroft: 
 
 grace8,~«buy mne and milk without money and without nriop " r ! 
 ^.rely none of such passages can refer to a ^ine whItX E-ntatio:,' 
 
o 
 
 >8 
 
 ■« jp 
 
 has-been deprived of its sweetneu, that chief emblematical property as to 
 those graces, and which has become intoxicating ; and further, as the same 
 blessed spirit declares, produces iwe, sorrow, and contention, and bitei and 
 ttinfft. It is observable that the corn is to maice cheerful, in the same 
 degree ai the new wine, yet corn will not intoxicate. 
 
 
 I 1 
 
 f:if 
 
 42. " And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, 
 drink ye all of it." " But I say unto yon, I will not drink hence- 
 forth of this fruit j)f the vine, until that day when I drink it new 
 with you in my Father's kingdom-"r— Matt. xxvi. 27, 29. '« This is 
 my blood of the New Testament, which is shed for many ; verily, I 
 say unto you, I will drink no more of the fruit of the vine|. until thut 
 day that I drink it new in the kingdom of God." — Mark xiv. 24, 
 25. «* I will not drink of the fruit of the vine ^ until the kingdom of 
 God shall come.*' — Luke xxii. 18. ^ 
 
 There cannot be the least question or doubt as to the kind of wine used 
 on this occasion, as it is not even called wine, but *' fruit of the vine," in all 
 the three passages. This is the orly description of wine r;hicb comes 
 {'irectly from God, as expressed from the grapes, «* the pure blood o^ the 
 grape,'' as He elsewhere declares. This ordinance of the Sacrament was 
 instituted at the time of the Passover, at which festival no leaven cr fer- 
 meated article was allowed to be, even in any part of the dwellings of Israel. 
 They held this prohibition to apply as iully to liquors, as to solid food. 
 Testimonies to this eifect from the Jews themselves, are given in the work 
 called '* Anti-Bacchus," the Rev. E. B. Parsons, and also in a pamphlet 
 entitled '* Fruit of the ^ iie, &c.," in which is contained a letter from a 
 Jewish Rabbi, in 1844, describing the mode of their making t|ie unfer- 
 mented wine for the Passover, passages of which letter on the subject will 
 be found under No. 2 of section 4 in this pamphlet. Further, it may here 
 be asked, which description of liquor is the most appropriately emblematical 
 of the love and blood-shedding of the '* holy, harmless, and undefiled" Re- 
 deemer ? the pure, refreshing, and nourishing fruit of the vine, called in so 
 many other places, "new wine," or the fermented and intoxicating wine which 
 He declares produces " woe," " sorrow," and " contention," and bites ** )ike a 
 serpent ?'' Certainly the former, every truly enlightened and regenerated soni 
 will immediately answer. That eminent scholar; Professor M. Stewart, in 
 his letter to Dr. Nott on the Scriptural wine question, recently published, 
 says : — " I regard it as all but absolutely certain, that un/ermented wine was 
 used at the original celebration of the Lord's Supper, which followed the 
 celebration of the Passover. Any other wine was inadmissible on that 
 occasion." 
 
 li 
 
 43. ** And when they wanted wine, the moihor of Jesus saith unto him, 
 they have no wine." " When the ruler of the feast had tasted the 
 
 U. " Dri 
 
 t: 
 
 mmmmmmifmm 
 
)perty as to 
 as the same 
 nd bit€$ and 
 in the same 
 
 lein, saying, 
 drink bdoce* 
 rink it new 
 ►. •« This is 
 y; verily, I 
 le^ until that 
 [ark xiv. 24, 
 ) kingdom of 
 
 >f wine used 
 vine," in all 
 ;hich comes 
 }lood of the 
 crament was 
 iven cr fer- 
 igs of Israel. 
 9 solid food, 
 in the work 
 a pamphlet 
 etter from a 
 ; t|ie unfer- 
 ! subject will 
 it may here 
 smblematical 
 lefiled" Re. 
 called in so 
 ; wine which 
 bites ** like a 
 nerated soul 
 Stewart, in 
 y published, 
 ed wine was 
 'ollowed the 
 bU on that 
 
 water that was made wine, and knew not whence it was (hnt ih. 
 
 Sthett "^^ *'%^'^' '^'''^ ''^ .oveJrTt^ "e^ 
 called the bridegroom, and saith unto him, every man at th« Z 
 
 ^o:"nt;%:r^ '^^ ''- ^-^ ^«P^^« ^-dwineuntil 
 ^r^TTrT^' ""^'^^ ^"^''^ ^^"P*"'*^ "'^^t <^'eariy mention and *. 
 th!tTh« ^' f t"?' convmcing proof is also afforded from other soui^el 
 
 d3; fr f '"'"''"'''^ ^^ '^' ^^"P*"^*«' ''^"^ ^^ 'he grapes, or imme- 
 palely from the unne pre.., and, consequently, not intoxicatfng, aLd a rv^ 
 
 ^Z '/Tr::''''' '' ' ""^ Wessmg-theotherfermented 1 Z 
 icat.ng,and which Divine Wisdom calls "amocker," producing " woe Ir^ 
 
 and '.contention," and other great evils, and whic^ J "flj?,"":^',, 
 
 There is no mthnation as to which of these kinds of wine the gu ste at tZ fit 
 
 had been drinking previous to the miracle, but it is far the molt probable thlT^ 
 
 was of the first and harmless description, as the Saviour and hrdt^il^a li 
 
 and the ^^akest. but as to the, ood or b..t, and the u^.e. Which descS 
 
 wt;;riVt':h^rr ^^-^'^ -^^ ^^-^ ^^^^^^'^ '-- ^^^ ^^^ 
 
 wmepm,, that which the Lord says « cheereth," and which refreshes and 
 nourishes, or that kind which produceth woe, and sorrow,and the otW et^ls 
 just men loned ? Sur.ly, all must at once say that the former is thet' a^ 
 
 produced by the Saviour, it may be asked which it is most probableTl JI 
 furmshed by Him who was "holy, harmless, undefiled. aL TeparaTe from 
 smnerV' and, more especially, if, as some seem to imagine, thrCons Z 
 «>ntonthis occasion had been drinking freely of intoxfclg winT/ Su^lt 
 It would be profane or blasphomous to suppose that, in su.h case, the Sav2 
 would have urmshed a further quantity of intoxicating liquor ? What hlZ 
 produce was) doubtless, in every respect, the *^b3stwine," pure heaUhftf 
 refreshing, and, .ost probably, better than any ever previousirknln The 
 remaxk of ^he ruler of the feast to the bridegroom-' when men W I J 
 drunk' (or drunk freely), «' then that which is worse," &c., merely '1^! t 
 a custom at fe^ts in general, and, perhaps, by carnal or seLal personT b^ 
 shows 0, s.gmfies nothing as to the extent of the previous drinkfng on tha 
 ccasion, or as to the intoxicating or harmless quality of the wine they had 
 een previously drinking, or of t^at which the Saviour'had furnished Doubt 
 
 ZhtrtJ"' ri'""'u'"'' '"' '"'' ^"°"«? *^« unintoxicating wines. 
 Fur her, tht.eis not, throughout the whole account of this marriage feast a 
 
 single word to intimate, or fmm r^hi.u ;, .„ _ .. , , ™f^"^® ^^^^^' « 
 
 period of it intoxicating wine was used. ^ 
 
 h unto him, 
 td tasted the 
 
 4*. " Drink no longer water, but use a little>ine for thy stomach's sake, aod 
 thine often infirmities."—! Tim. v. 23. 
 
f 
 
 
 I I 
 
 I i.. I 
 
 Thw if sti'ictly a iiiedicftt cm©, relating to duoase or bodily infirmity, and, 
 as such, with referenoe to the question of the nse of intoxicating wine or 
 other spirituous liquor as a common beverage, it is, indeed, not at all material 
 whether it was fermented or unfermented wine which was here recommended, 
 hmt, for many reasons, the probability is extremely strong that it was the lat- 
 ter. From the words, " drink no longer water'* (or water only), it would ap- 
 fikr that Timothy was practising such extreme abstemiousness and self-denial, 
 that his health, or even life, was thereby much endangered. His continuance 
 in life was f much importance to the Church, and, therefore, this command 
 was given to him by Divine Authority— to " use a little wine," but it was 
 only for his " stomach's sake," and his " often infirmities," Ancient authors 
 mention wines in eastern countries, especially in Greece, where Timothy 
 then was, made from myrtle, squill, horehound, &c., and which were very 
 good for stomach complaints, and certain other disorders. Which kind of 
 wine, then, is it the most probable the Divine Spirit of wisdom and benevolence 
 would intend to be used, and which the most likely that Timothy would un- 
 derstand he was required to take — " the pure blood of the grape," the new 
 wine so repeatedly mentioned as a blessing, and which was healthful and re- 
 freshing, especially when filtered or refined by boiling or otherwise, or else 
 some of the medicinal wines just mentioned— or, on the contrary, the ferment- 
 ed and intoxicating wine, which the same Divine Spirit says is a *• mocker,'* 
 and produces *' woe, sorrow, and redness of eyes,'* which bites and stings, and 
 which all are commanded not even to " look upon ?" It was this intoxicating 
 wine which, in the case of St. Martin the Canadian, even in small or mode- 
 rate quantities, produced inflammation and other injuries in the stomach, as 
 deciared by Dr. Beaumont, who observed such injuries through an orifice in 
 St. Martin's side, from a wound which he had received several years previous, 
 but from the eff'ects of which, except as to such orifice, he had fully recovered. 
 Undoubtedly, in the case of Timothy some of the former descriptions of wines 
 were intended, and would be used. 
 
 45. " And I heard a voice in the midst of the four beasts say — a measure of 
 
 wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny, and 
 
 see thou hurt not the oil and the wine."— Kev. vi. 6. 
 
 The command is here given to him who sat on the '* black horse," not to 
 
 hurt the natural products and blessings mentioned in the text, and doubtless 
 
 referring to them while in a growing state, especially the oil and wine. 
 
 iif 
 
 
rmity, and, 
 ig wine or 
 all material 
 otnmended, 
 fras the lat> 
 t would ap- 
 self-denial, 
 continuance 
 is command 
 but it was 
 lent authors 
 re Timothy 
 were very 
 ch kind of 
 lenavolence 
 ^ would un- 
 e," the new 
 ful and re- 
 ise, or else 
 he ferment- 
 *• mocker,'* 
 I stings, and 
 intoxicating 
 M or mode- 
 stomaoh, as 
 1 orifice in 
 rs previous, 
 ' recovered, 
 ms of wines 
 
 measure of 
 penny, and 
 
 rse," not to 
 d doubtless 
 ^ine. 
 
 SECTIOxN II. 
 
 Pa^^agesof tke Scripture, in v^hick unne, and a Hmilar liquor calUd « Shechar'^ 
 m the or^g^nal, are mentioned untk Divine di^ap^oval or prohluLnof 
 y use, euher^pre,, or a, implied in the conL; and ZiZl^i 
 unne „ .nployed as emUematical of Divine displeasure or pZZe^^t 
 
 '■ '""Irlnk tt'' '''!"*' ^""' "^•"^' ^« "°' drink wine nor strong 
 dnnk, thou, nor thy sons with thee, when ye go into the tabernacle 
 of the congregation, lest ye die : it shall be I statute fVeverttrl 
 
 a'nTuIortr^ "'*'^' '' "^^P"' diiFerenceb twl"!,^ 
 
 and unholy, and between unclean and clean ; and that ye may teach 
 
 the children of Israel all the statutes which the Lord hatTsiken 
 
 unto them by the hand of Moses >'-Levit. x. 8, 9,10, 1 
 
 This was a positive and invariable injunction for all succeed ng "time bv 
 
 he mfinitey w.e and good Being who foresaw that intoxicating lirwlld 
 
 still be made and drunk. If a conjecture may bo allowed it wr„ Z! 
 
 lest the Priest should unwarily or unconsciously partake of wine Tr !imik; 
 hquor in some degree fermented, and thereby become partiaHy e.ci ted nd 
 weakened or din memory and judgment. At other times rPHeats 
 
 might partake of the offerings or tithes of new wine It i« c„;^ ■ .v T 
 T.U.„o„t. tha. Bishop, („, Minute.) .. „ot ZZ <^:'t Z^'J'Z 
 
 .stothem maybetho san,o as th.l just mentioned regarding Z Prite 
 and wa. mlended as an entire prol>ibiti„n to Bishops or Ministe a of ,^' 
 .pon, of an kinds of wine, as they „ere to be Istantl/ ng^I t 
 el«,ous exercise, "The Priest's lips should i=eep knowleSf and 
 they (the people) should seek the la,r at hi, mouth for h7.lj ' 
 senger of the Lord," &c., and that they n,ay put dilTel^f etwe^ ho y a^ 
 unholy, &c., and teach the people the statutes of the Lord All rh • , 
 are called ■< Kings and Priest, nnto God,"-..a roy^^rioo^ ":! 
 ..on, . pecuhar peopH"-therefore most assuredly it must be ooitrarrto the 
 
 2, « When either ..an or -.voinan shall separate themselves to vow a vow of a 
 Nazante to separate themselves unto the Lord; he shall separate 
 himself from wine and strong drink, and shall drink no vinig tf 
 wme, or vmegar of strong drink, neither shall he drink any liquor of 
 
 r/Sr^'lr^'* r^'^' °'* ^'''^- ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ of his sepLlon 
 he shall eat nothing that is made of the vine-tree. fron the kernels 
 
'^i m 
 
 "It 
 
 ii 
 
 even to the husk." "And after that" (t. «. that is, after the prescribed 
 offerings) *♦ the Nazarite may drink wine."— Numb. "vi. 2, 3, 4/20. 
 
 Divine sanction is liere given to the voluntary Nazaritish vow, and the 
 manner of fulfilling it strictly^ is minutely prescribed. The prohibition as to 
 eating the grapes b quite obvious. He could not do so without partaking of 
 the toine, and thereby violating his vow. From the words in the third verse, 
 '* he shall separate himself from wine and from strong drink, (shechar), 
 and shall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of strong drink," (shechar), it 
 seems sufficiently evident, that the distinction elready mentioned of fermented 
 and unfermented, applying both to wine and shechar, is here referred to. Pro- 
 fessor M. Stewart, in his late letter to Dr. Nott already mentioned, comment, 
 ing on this passage, writes— '< There the Nazarite is forbidden first to drink 
 either yayin or «Aay-«iiw,— this is ffmeric in respect to both,— but then in 
 order to enforce the precept more thoroughly, the legislator goes on to par- 
 ticularize. He forbids the Nazarite to drink fermented tvine, or fermented 
 thay-eawr." In a subsequent place he says—" Now all wine in fermenting 
 parts with more or less of its sweetnest, and becomes more acid. Plainly then 
 the expressions above mean fermented (acidulated j wine, and fermented (acidu- 
 lated^ shay-cawr." He also writes — " both the words in question therefore, 
 (yayin and thay-eawr), are generic — both comprise liquors /(jrmcnferf and unfer- 
 mented." 
 
 The Divine sanction to this voluntary vow, thus far approves of the total 
 abstinence principle and pledge. 
 
 3. That he bless himself in his heart, saying, I shall have peace though I 
 walk in the imagination of mine heart ; to add drunkenness to thirst 
 —The Lord will not spare him, but then the anger of the Lord and 
 his jealousy shall smoke against that man ; and all the curses that are 
 vmtten in this book shall be upon him : and the Lord shall blot out 
 his name from under Heaven : and the Lord shall separate him unto 
 evil out of all the tribes of Israel, according to all the curses of the 
 Covenant that are written in this book of the law." — Deut. xxix. 19, 
 20, 21 . 
 If the word *' thirtt" here used means the same as desire, as seems pro- 
 bable from the preceding word imagination, then the sinner adds to the evil 
 detire, the commission of the act of drunkenness. But taken literally, in- 
 stead of quenching thirst by taking water or any other simple beverage, by 
 using intoxicating liquor, he literally adds, drunkenness to continuing thirtt. 
 From the awful denunciations and woes here declared against drunkenness, it 
 would seem as if, in the Divine estimation, it formed the climax of all other 
 sins and abominations ; and so indeed it does, as depriving men of reason, 
 and thereby entirely defacing or destroying that image of God m which man 
 was first formed, and preparing them for the commission cf nearly every 
 other description of wickedness. If there were no other passage in the 
 Sacred Scriptures regarding or alluding to the use of intoxicating liquor, this 
 one ought to be quite sufficient to prevent every Christian from ever drink- 
 
 ing ar 
 instdn 
 have, 
 
 4. " ^ 
 
 This 
 
 mentior 
 
 law, by 
 
 transmit 
 
 eating 1 
 
 prevent 
 
 appear t 
 
 alist in a 
 
 Total Al 
 
 5. "For 
 
 f 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 Wine 
 
 and, doub 
 
 show, thai 
 
 dregs, or 
 
 and drink, 
 
 of the pun 
 
 his own ot 
 
 pure blood 
 
 wine from 
 
 passages, ti 
 
 is a blessin 
 
 6. *'Thou 
 the 
 Here, a; 
 >nd called t 
 "made" or c 
 the Lord wc 
 obedient pec 
 
I prescribed 
 , 3, 4/20. 
 w, and the 
 yition as to 
 artakiDg of 
 bird verse« 
 (shechar), 
 shechar), it 
 ' fermented 
 1 to. Pro- 
 , comment. 
 'st to drink 
 lat then in 
 on to par- 
 fermented 
 Fermenting 
 lainljr then 
 ited (acidu- 
 thcrefore, 
 and un/er- 
 
 >f iliie total 
 
 3 though I 
 ss to thirst 
 > Lord and 
 es that are 
 11 blot out 
 e him unto 
 rses of the 
 . xxiz. 19, 
 
 Beems pro- 
 to the evil 
 lerally, in- 
 verage, by 
 ling thiret. 
 kenness, it 
 f all other 
 of reason, 
 irhich man 
 irly every 
 ge in the 
 iquor, this 
 ver drink- 
 
 33 
 
 inTtrZ^tl'r'i:'?'^ "<J ^ such innumerable 
 
 instance, ha, been produced, and whereby those denunciation, ^.a 
 
 liave, or may become applicable. annunciation, and woe. 
 
 4. 
 
 Now, therefore, beware, I pray thee, and drink not wine nor .troncr 
 dnnk and eat not any unclean thing; forlo! thou halt ItTf 
 and bear a son, and no razor shall come on hi, head- for TTm 
 s an be a Nazarite unto God from the womb" ^LZ^yl^l 
 of any thmg that Cometh of the v ine."- Judges xiii 7,7/ "^' «»' 
 
 law, by .Mch thfapp^H r „d Jo^^J^ r'^'''' ""'' ' ''''^'^^ 
 transmitted to their cTildren. l^n"^ L be of^'T? "\'^ ^^^^^ 
 eating liquor limits growth and str'^nX Pr 1^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 prevent or control a desire in Sampson for intoxt^ '^^^^^^^^^^^ ""* *" 
 
 Total AbstinerLortLtan^^^^^^^^^^ ^ «P-- ^ the 
 
 5. "Porin the hand of the Lord there is a cup, and the wine is red- it i. 
 full of mixture, and he poureth out of the same- but th« V 
 
 and drink," or swallow down. SkTnd ^f „,„ ^, "'? *" ""'"S »"' 
 of the;,„ni,4«„, which the wick J .w u u " '"°"'<' " <"»'>lematic»I 
 hi. own obedient Jople, Z UmJ^ >« compelled to undergo , b„. t. 
 
 P«« blood of the^rpl Tn^^"" P™"".^" «-<> f «• «he ««■ WeMing „f tk, 
 
 niw grape. jNew wine in the clustAr n hi^.^- • ° 
 wme from the p,^, /,,,.. ,hi„t should cverjZZ t7'°'" '"' 
 passages, the two descriptions of wine ar4 nlliX' 7 j ! ° °'"^'* 
 
 i. . blessing, the other is . crse anda ^ttt "^ '"' "" """" ""^ 
 
 ' "''rwrri„trf!e:!^!.^r' «.o.hast™denst„ari.k 
 
 -i:/;rur::i:£S*^^^^^^ 
 
 k J. * ® 0*^ sanction the use of such linimf ♦« u; r -al/. i 
 
 obedient people. " w»u wi sucn xiquor to His faithful and 
 
a4 
 
 7. " Then the Lord awaked as one out of sleep, und like a mighty roan, that 
 sbouteth by reason of wine ; and he smote his enemies, &c.''-«- Ps. 
 Izxviii. 65, 66. 
 This, again, is figurative language, to denote extreme displeasure and 
 
 punishment inflicted on the Lord's enemies. Surely there is nothing in the 
 
 passage to show a Divine sanction for the u:: of intoxicating liquor by the 
 
 people of the Lord or any others. 
 
 the san 
 " it biti 
 
 12. "T 
 
 I* 
 
 8. " For they eat the bread of wickedness, and drink the wine of violence." — 
 
 Prov. iv. 17. — (said of the wicked.) 
 
 By the words ** wine of violence'' may be understood, either what was 
 
 seized by violence, or intoxicati ;^ wine inciting and leading to violence. 
 
 There is a condemnation of their conduct, and on the latter construction, so 
 
 far from there being any sanction thereby afforded for the use of intoxicating 
 
 . liquor, there is directly the reverse. 
 
 9. " Wino is a mocker, and strong drink is raging : and whosoever is deceived 
 
 thereby is not wise." — Prov. xx. 1 . 
 Doubtless, intoxicating liquors are here intended, and, certainly, they mock 
 and deceive, for instead of affording comfort and happiness, as desired and 
 expected, they inflict ** woe and sorrow, contention and wounds, and bite 
 like a serpent, and sting like an adder. There is not a word about using 
 them in moderationf or using the good creatures so as not to abiue them, accord- 
 ing to the language of eomo who plead for their use in a limited manner so as 
 to avoid excess. Surely professors of our holy religion, above all others, 
 ought not to seek and cherish intercourse with a " mocker" and deceiver, 
 when the gracious commands and exhortations to them, are,—" Watch and 
 pray that ye enter not into temptation ; see that ye walk circumspectly ; 
 work out your own salvation with fear and trembling, &c. ; abstain from all 
 appearance of evil" ; and, finally, " look not thou upon the wine, &c." God 
 tempteth no man, but every man is tempted when he is drawn away of his 
 own lust, and enticed, &c. See t&xts and remarks of similar import, and to 
 the like effect under Nos. .11, 12, 13, 14. 
 
 11. '*Be not among wine-bibbers, among riotous eaters of flesh, for the 
 drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty, &c."— Prov. 
 
 __ — ! J? O'^ O 1 
 
 By the term " drunkard" being used, it is evident that intoxicating 
 wine is alluded to : and if, as here commanded, we are not even to be in 
 the company of the drinkers of such liquor, lest we should be tempted to 
 partake of it, most certainly we ought not, at any time, to drink it. In 
 
 Then 
 
 " wine" a 
 
 and stupi 
 
 described 
 
 gard to tl 
 
 " put a ki 
 
 to eating] 
 
 bat, imm( 
 
 junction j 
 
 applying a 
 
 that could 
 
 should tan 
 
 captivated 
 
 should be 
 
 enced and 
 
 intoxicatin 
 
 hibition of 
 
 reward or 
 
 stance, and 
 
 in the san 
 
 opposite pj 
 
 dent :— firsi 
 
 tioned in tl 
 
 in the Scriy 
 
 eating, was 
 
 iiiiosicttting 
 
 Neither on 1 
 
 •nconsistene 
 
 dictated by 
 
 ■nen, well ^ 
 
 S^^S^SS 
 
 mm 
 
violence." — 
 
 r is deceived 
 
 34 
 
 the same chapter ii the prohibition, "look not ♦hn.. 
 
 his colour in tho cip, „he„ h 1° .r ! „ " '"'' "■"■ " B"''* 
 
 behold ..™„,e wo^en, a„ Ze ttThaH I ^"'"^ ""^ """ 
 yea, thou »h»lt be a, he that li.Jk ,,"",•'"" """ V^rvme thing, : 
 he tha, lieth „p„„ "« .„;" '^1 ""he', h """"' •' '" ""' " *» 
 thou say, .„d I was not sk ' thTL . '^ '" "^°'""' ""• '■"" 
 ^hen shall I .„.teP irm;^^'.! J L^r:" 7 ■"" '.^^" ^' "»' = 
 31, 32, 33, 34, 35. ^ ^ * "■^'■^^- *»»'• 29, 30, 
 
 and stupifying by drug, or other potiju. tL .v ^ T.' T°" '"'"""'""^ 
 described in these passages, are ^1,,!!'' '*^'» f™" "'«!'■'"«. «» 
 gard to the use of .hem, ther; "no ° Z "'°" '"'""'"»■ ^"h «- 
 
 " P»t a knife ,„ the threat," L n L? * T ""'""° '» "« 6»"ded, and 
 .0 eating, or ,o drink n "ZZ Tt "' ^'"""^ """ '^'' 
 
 but, immediately after the dZl^r;fLr"'"^' """ '" •'<"''"««< 
 junction and command is 8^07" loot „/?"'"* '''''^''' '''• «P«'» - 
 applying alike t„ each kind This i» .' "''°" '*" «'«'" ^'M^'ly 
 
 that could be used to signif, that T DeTJn"'^"'?^^''" ''°"" "' «»■•«»•!«•• 
 should turn a»ay, lest, bTl^to ' „„ ^T """^'^ »»' P'^ake at all, but 
 captivated and ensnared, 'and be induced .iT-T* T''''^^'*' ^"^M be 
 should be sufficient to prevent 0,0";!; ,' ,' ,"• "^^ ""'"S* »>'«"' 
 enced and guided by .heLthTrity „fTh '^''°:'' ",''" """"'"» •<• "» '»««■ 
 mtoxicating liquor of any descrMon j'l'^"'^ ^»'-»^ ever drinking 
 
 hmm c/ <,. «„, by the same divine snirill''^"'.'""'' '"^'"^^'' f">- 
 reward or blessing to those who shllCoZ .T°T ">«"«*•«'■«. 
 •lance, and the first fruits &c •' ,^H ?T '""^ ''"'•'' ^"l" ">« '"b- 
 
 i» the ,„« book of Proverte Fror ""^ """ *""^ '»'»!"<' "^'er, 
 
 opposite passages, the following truir 07™^ ""'' ^"'P"'"? these two 
 dent :-arst, that two kinds of wine of XH "' "" """^ P'-^^^^ •"■ 
 foned in the Scriptures : and, sZ'dlv ttH? °'''™"" «""'"''^' "" "»- 
 m the Scriptures, the "*,„ «^T,„^' 't'V °"'' ^™'™"' denominated 
 ««ng. was given and recomm^'ed :.;»:!■.:!' ""'. '^""»'«' «^ '"to-*" 
 ■moiicaiing liq„„r, „„ condemned and nrIZ-. T\ ""''" '"° *"''"• 'I" 
 Neither on this subject, or on any le? e^'?' '''^ "^ ">'""» '"".ority. 
 incons.stency in the sacred records tL ° '"^ eontradiction or 
 
 dictated by the same infallible s^rit „f ^ T" " "*■*" '"™»»y' b«i"? 
 "en, well versed in the ligindll""'""' '"'"™*- Many learned 
 
 ongmal language. ,n which the Scripture, were • 
 
■■■■■■■I 
 
 ! 
 
 1 -:,.:.... 
 
 36 
 
 fltit written, now ddclare that thtre i« do Scriptural authority for the uae 
 of any intoxicating liquor. Professor Moses Stewart* who has already been 
 refened to in anotbnr number, says, in a pamphlet on this subject, "The 
 use of intoxicating liquors is as evidently forbidden by God, in the arrange^ 
 m«nt of our natures, as in the volume of his revelation." As to the first 
 point of the distinction or difference in the wines, and the other similar 
 liquor called " Shechar," mentioned in the Scriptures, he says in another 
 pluce, '* we have seen that these substances were employed by the Hebrews 
 in two different states, the one was a /ermrnted state, and the other an un- 
 fermented one. The fermented liquor was pregnant with alcohol, and would 
 occasion inebriation, in a greater or lesser degree, in all ordinary circum- 
 stances. The unfermented liquor was a delicious, nutritive, heilthful bever- 
 age, well and properly ranked with corn and oil. It might be kept in that 
 state, by due pains, for a long time, and even go on improving by age. Is 
 there any serious difficulty now, in acquitting the Scriptures of contradic- 
 tion, in respect to this subject ? I do not find any. 
 
 13. " It is not for kings, Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine, nor 
 
 for princes strong drink ; lest they drink, and forget the law, and 
 
 pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted. Give strong drink unto 
 
 him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those tliat are of heavy 
 
 hearts. Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his 
 
 misery no more." — Prov, xxxi. 4, 5, 6, 7. 
 
 It is wrong for kings and princes most especially to use intoxicating 
 
 liquors at any time, the reason for which is here given — " lest they forget the 
 
 law and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted." They formerly acted 
 
 as judges in controversies between private parties, among those under their 
 
 rule. The same reason applies now as to judges and magistrates, and most 
 
 forcibly to ministers of religion, lest these latter forget or pervert the laws 
 
 or gospel of the Lord. See the prohibition in ^ iviticns to the use of wine 
 
 by the priests when going into the tabernacle to minister. In the text, the 
 
 nse of wine and strong drinks is exclusively restricted to those ready to 
 
 perish, and those of heavy hearts, (or broken hearted.) The " strong drink" 
 
 was for those ready to perish, and doubtless, as an instant medicine, it may be 
 
 useful in some of such extreme cases. Different meanings have been attached 
 
 by able critics and commentators to this direction, for the use of wine and 
 
 strong drink. Dr. Adam Clarke says, in his commentary, " We have already 
 
 seen, that inebriating drinks were mercifully given to condemned criminals, 
 
 to render them less sensible of the torture they endured in dying. This is 
 
 what was offered to our Lord ; but he refused it.'' Professor Moses Stewart, 
 
 4ii iiia IvvwCa 
 
 «U i-*'!". 
 
 XT-Xl -1-«»J.. 
 
 
 
 follows That it, (thay cawr), may be of a medicinal nature the passage in 
 
 Prov. xxxi. 6. seems to indicate — " Give strong drink to him who is about to 
 perish, and wine to him whose soul is embittered." The interpretation which 
 applies this to the case of a criminal about to be executed, is ingenious, but, 
 
 as I U 
 
 such 
 
 drink. 
 
 In M« 
 
 a spec 
 
 drink i 
 
 drink ' 
 
 both it 
 
 kings ( 
 
 sage tl 
 
 import! 
 
 I am ni 
 
 standai 
 
 By 
 
 his misi 
 
 exerci8< 
 
 t''6 gret 
 
 sage to 
 
 his peris 
 
 minister 
 
 den deli 
 
 as in the 
 
 by diseas 
 
 membere 
 
 comfort, 1 
 
 The folio 
 
 rant and 
 
 thy face \ 
 
 thou shalt 
 
 is nothing 
 
 liquor. > 
 
 thing to s 
 
 could onlj 
 
 misery vvc 
 
 Whate 
 
 excepted ci 
 
 gether, a si 
 
 nary beven 
 
 H. "Woe 
 strc 
 Is. 
 
 It is per 
 it be objecte 
 be made to 
 
r for the um 
 ilready boen 
 bject, "The 
 the arrange' 
 8 to the first 
 }ther similar 
 I in another 
 he Hebrews 
 tber an un- 
 1, and would 
 lary circom- 
 Ithfui bever- 
 kept in that 
 by age. Is 
 )f contradic- 
 
 ik wine, nor 
 le law, and 
 I drink unto 
 re of heavy 
 ^member his 
 
 ntozicating 
 y forget the 
 merly acted 
 under their 
 !B, and most 
 ert the laws 
 use of wine 
 he text* the 
 se ready to 
 rong drink" 
 le, it may be 
 sen attached 
 )f wine and 
 lave already 
 id criminals, 
 g. This is 
 ses Stewart, 
 
 3 passage in 
 is about to 
 tation which 
 enious, but, 
 
 37 
 
 Ml look upon the milter, U not well founded TS. |„* • ., 
 
 drink.— p.. ii. 3 I . » /"rugged. It wu mru. not .trong 
 
 « specie, of poi.„n), „„ offered to ^1 , '^' ^ "'"' '"'"'^ *'"■ ''■°'-'«. 
 drink it. ,„ tke context ofTr'^^'t'rt" °° "l" "°"- ""' ■>« "»"'«' "Ot 
 drink wine and ..ron, rf, J 2e v, 4 Of *" '" V""*^ "' '"""'''•" '» 
 both in v.. 4 and 6, con. „ue„ru i,' „, 'T° """ ""»» """" " '" ^iew 
 king, and prince. ^oM Ztei 1 LZZ Z r "' "'"'"'"' '" 
 s.ge then .how,, that „ a mSne T « ? '^""' '""• "■"• TW. p..- 
 in.portantparpo.e,W.. .;,T,t,.I !:*:'" ™! T >« '"'P'"/'"' <•«'«» 
 I a,n not aware that aW Z^l^T" '° """ "" '"'*" '^"«'- 
 .andard Which e«.nde,^, ^^-f ZTr .Z^'Slk^"' "' '"' ' 
 
 e«rci.e of the .en.or, wa. for O^TZ^Zw^Zt "" """" " 
 ' i« great quantity of the liquor taken wT^LtT'." '"'P^ded by 
 sage to n>e.n, that the individual 7.^;, u /.T ^ ""der.t.nd the p... 
 hi. perishing or deeply ™i,^W .oH ffl f f "' ''•""™«« '"d relief from 
 
 miniatered, lill jX^t ^^f ieuhe jrr**;:"'' '^ '^ 
 
 den deliverance and '.ate of afrtfor ttlT? '?■ ' •*'"""" "' '"o "■<»• 
 
 as in the case of a rescue from tie »., """raLon to health and con.f„„, 
 
 by di.«..e or otherwise ™„ h c,e Te T'" "" !""' "' '"""»'■' "•'"' 
 membered in the eoiovment Zl ' ™*'" """^ ''" ""r^ly he re- 
 
 eo«.for.. a. pain^onSr i.°:^: rXn^r^ °' r'^' '"""^- "" 
 The following passage in the llth oh „72 wVr T ""l! '" '""'"'■ 
 rant and illustrate the meaning here sugg ,^t . tLVT,! 'l"' ''' '"'" 
 hy face Without spot, yea thou shal. be sferst and!halt tfi V'" "" 
 thou shalt>y« thy „iury and remember it a. JLT .k . °" ' ^"""^ 
 
 is nothing however in thT comexTI^e ™.rd^^ t ' '"T'^-" "'"" 
 liquor. Most certainly the Holy Spir t woddltl "'° °i :'"" <"" ""-"^ 
 thing tostuplfyand to destroy^h7 le^ ^ xr»""°''f '''° "'° °' ""^■ 
 could only have that effect for a shortZ,' and he'rem T""' "'"'" 
 niBery -«.,ld return still more intensely ""■eobranco of the 
 
 ..... a str.g,y implied prohibition 
 
 14. 
 
 'Woe unto them' that r;«« „« i.. •_ .. 
 
 -._arink, tha^-t-Lr -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 t:^^^^^:^!:^::^::^:^^ shomd 
 
 _>Mnade to Prov. „.,,.,,, , , ^.,, „ „,„^ ,, ^ ___-- ^^r answer^... 
 
38 
 
 is raging," and to Prov. xniii., where we are commanded not even to " lock 
 itpoH'" the intoxicating wine. No kind of drink, as given by the beneficent 
 Creator, is of an intoxicating quality. All must admit, that there is no necessity 
 for the use of any such liquors as a beverage. Most assuredly such use is 
 altogether contrary to the exhortations and commands, to" watch and pray" 
 " that we do not enter into temptation," to - enter not into the path of the 
 wicked, and go not in the way of evil men, avoid it, pass not by it, turn fron» 
 it and pass away," and to " abstain from all appearance of evil." 
 
 15. " Woe unto them that are mighty to drink wine, and men of strength to 
 mingle strong drink.'' — Is. v. 22. 
 The remarks made in the preceding number fully apply here. 
 
 stood, 
 
 word *' 
 
 or fillet 
 
 A. Cla 
 
 hungry 
 
 mentatj 
 
 Also, ir 
 
 But nej 
 
 tioR of ; 
 
 like to ( 
 
 19. "Ij 
 
 4 
 
 16. *' Woe to the crown of pride, to the drunkards of Ephraim, whose glorioBs 
 beauty is a fading flower, which are on the head of the fat valleys of 
 them that are overcome with wine." — Is. xxviii. 1. 
 Here, also, the remarks made under No. 14 fully apply. 
 
 17. But they also have erred through wine, and through strong drink are oui 
 of the way ; the priest and the prophet have erred through strong 
 drink, they ar« swallowed up of wine; they are out of the way 
 through strong drink ; they err in vision— they stumble in judgment. 
 For all tables are full of vomit and filthioess, bo that there is no place 
 clean." — Isa. xxviii. 7, 8. 
 Surely all ministers of religion, especially, ought to be warned from this 
 text, and should entirely abstain from intoxicating liquors, lest they also err» 
 and stumble in like manner. Intoxicating wine is a «' mocker," and deceives. 
 All Christians are called « kings and priests" unto God, " a royal priest- 
 hood ;'' and, in one sense, they are all to be prophets or preachers, especially 
 parents and masters in their families. It is said In the Epistle to tho Romdn 
 Christians, by way of commending thera, that they were *« able to admonish 
 one another ;" and to all Christians the command is given, " If a brother be 
 overtaken in a fault, ye who are spiritual restore such an one in the spirit of 
 meekness." Every Christian should at all times be able to do this, not erring 
 or stumbling in judgment, as the use of intoxicating liquors would '"-equently 
 cause them to do. 
 
 18. " And I will feed them that oppress thee with their own flesh, and they 
 shall be drunken with their own blood, as with sweet wine." — Isa. 
 xlix. 26. 
 Wine is here used figoratively. If literally tmet wine is to be under- 
 
 Here 
 and puni 
 
 20. « Mil 
 sJ 
 o 
 
 lil 
 
 Intoxil 
 and **ovei 
 and distres 
 false propi 
 ments of th 
 of his holii 
 as well as t 
 
 ' 21. " Thus 
 
 this 
 
 seni 
 
 fall 
 
 you 
 
 The wo 
 
 wrath and pi 
 
 met Volna la .■ 
 
 "a '••• =■- J. 
 
 not give or r 
 people, orsa 
 
n to " lock 
 beneficent 
 necessity 
 uch use is 
 and pray" 
 )ath of the 
 , turn from 
 
 trength to 
 
 se glorioBS 
 t valleys of 
 
 ink are oui 
 
 ugh strong 
 
 >f the way 
 
 judgment. 
 
 is no place 
 
 [ from this 
 ey also err» 
 d deceives, 
 yal priest- 
 especially 
 Lho Romda 
 > admonisli 
 brother be 
 :he spirit of 
 I, not erring 
 i ''cquently 
 
 I, and they 
 ine."— Isa. 
 
 39 
 
 A. Clarke in his comments „„ .he l.th chaprer „n.l r ^'"''' ^''^ "'^ °'- 
 hungry, and another is drnnken " It i. °^1 1 Connthians-" One is 
 
 menutions of Jeremiah-" He' hath IT '" '^ ''" ""'P'*' "' "■« La- 
 AKi„Ee,.„„.,,.,,„,"° 3 r^"'^ drunken with wormw«,d." 
 
 But neither »W „„ ,Zj^ Im L" e'™ !" "^^ "•■= ""^ "' ">» «-'-" 
 fon of punishmenl-ihat they shon d h. 1 P'° '"' "''°'"'"» » declara- 
 
 >-' .0 one .ho is fi„ed and Cd" matSrsrei: '^^ ^'-^' 
 
 " "=--f~I^Vtt^^^^^ -- 
 
 of the cup of my fury , .heu shnlt 7o mo T ^'it'"" "" k"^ 
 
 Hererr. 'Vr teiti;''^" '"^ *' ^h:™-^:^: " ' 
 
 »d P--»hme;t,and;„„rh LttL^ret^^^^^^^^ *'^'-- 
 
 •HAWWUMh^^ 
 
 20. » Mine heart within me is broken becau,» „f ,1, 
 
 »hake. I am like a drunken man L .1 ^"^'^^ "' "^ "»"« 
 overcome, because of .he Wd? 'd h^^.^";:,!" ""? T"« ""^ 
 Ime8s."-Jer. xxiii. 8 ^''^ ^°^^« of his ho- 
 
 Intoxicating liquor is evidently referred to here Th^ a 
 and '* overcome" are employed figurativpiv il a 1 ? '"'''^^ drunken" 
 and distress of the prophet L co^^a^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^T '''''''^'^ 
 false prophets, and of the people general v and th'' 7"^'^''''' ^^ *»>« 
 .nents of the Lord about to beinflictedTn th-^1 u"! '^ '^' ^eavyjudg- 
 of his holine^," pronounced agarst thi h ^ thereby fulfilling « the words 
 as well as by JereLah himsel ' "" '^ "'"^ °' ^'^ P^-ious prophets, 
 
 21. Thus saith the Lord God of Israel unto me Take th« • 
 
 this fury at my hand, and cause all th« r ""'"^ ^"P ^^ 
 
 send thee to drink it." '4rTnk vp h k . "' *' ""'^'^ ^ «'^«» 
 
 fell,andrisenomore beca^roflhVsw ; :\^^^ ^^'^ ^P"^^^ -'^ 
 you."-.Jer. XXV. 15, 27 ^'"^ ^^'''^ ^ ^'" ««nd among 
 
 The words "wine cud'' *n o u 
 
 wrath and punishment, and^oubtl'isL^fh "'^^ ^-^^^^^^^I^' to denote 
 
 ina. »;n« :- . J ' aouDtiess, from the effects mentinnn^ :-x__. 
 
 -jj ........... .j.,j5j„j^ Most uertainlv n fJnri o.f • j '"' '"'"•s^Jcat- 
 
 "Ot give or recommend s„ch"re a', . wiiL , ? '"^ '*"°™'™«'' """W 
 l«ple, or sanction their drinkrg it! ^ '" '"'""■"' «»'' "t-edient 
 
 --°^-|^-Thu.saiththe.ordOodofXsrae,, .,ry bot.ie shall he .led „ith 
 
40 
 
 ]■ 'if 
 
 ,v Hi; 
 
 wine : And they shall say unto thee, Do we not certainly know that 
 every bottle shall be filled with wine ?" " Behold I will fill all the 
 inhabitants of this land, even the kings that sit upon David's throne, 
 and the priests, and the prophets, and all the inhabitants of Jerusa- 
 lem, with drunkenness, and I will dash them one .against another," 
 &c.--Jer. xiii. 12, 13, 14. 
 Here, again, emblematical language is employed, and, doubtless, Jntoxicat- 
 mg liquor is meant. The remarks in the preceding Number fully apply here. 
 
 23. '« Cry ye out, and cry, They are drunken, but not with wine ; they stag- 
 ger, but not with strong drink."— Isa. xxix. 9. 
 The language used here, also, is figurative, and expressive of the stupidity 
 or senselessness of the prophets, and rulers, and people generally, by reason 
 of their continued transgressions and their hypocrisy. Evidently intoxicating 
 liquors are meant, and they are employed in an unfavourable sense. 
 
 24. " Babylon hath been a ^ .Iden cup in the Lord's hand, that made all the. 
 
 earth drunken ; the nations have drunken of her wine, therefore the 
 
 nations are mad." — Jer. li. 7. 
 In this passage, also, wine is employed as figurative of wrath, and most 
 severe and maddening distress, and. doubtless, by the terms used, intoxicating 
 wme IS intended. The use of such wine often literally causes the evil and 
 aflSicting eflfects mentioned or intimated in the text. Certainly, then, a Being 
 of infinite holiness and goodness, would not give such wine as " a good crea- 
 ture," or a «' blessing," or sanction its use. Babylon was an instrument in 
 the providence of God lur punishing a number of guilty nations, and then 
 she herself was punished, for her wickedness, with everlasting desolation and 
 destruction. 
 
 It may be well to mention here, once for all, that none of the foregoing 
 passages of Scripture in which wine and other intoxicating liquor are men- 
 tioned, can, of course, possibly be understood or construed so as to intimate 
 a,ny Divine sanction for the drinking of such liquors. Indeed, .ey sufficiently 
 signify or imply just the rey erse— prohibitio i of their use. 
 
 25. " Neither shall any priest drink wine when they enter into the inner 
 Court."— Ezek. xliv. 21. 
 This command was given on the restoration of the Divine service in the 
 temple, after the return from the Babylonish captivity, and is a re-enactment 
 of the prohibition given on the establishment of the tabernacle service. 
 Every '' . tion of wine is included in the prohibition. See the probable 
 reasoni . r ,h prohibition mentioned in the Note on No. 1. 
 
 2%. "Aw 
 
 C) 
 
 As a p 
 
 or the grai 
 
 I'iiuso ther 
 
 to '« howl" 
 
 cut off or V 
 
 <»r tin/ermei 
 
 'or the us« 
 
 I'here is nc 
 
 S^fee, but, a 
 
ialy know that 
 nil fill all the 
 David's throne, 
 ants of Jerusa- 
 linst another," 
 
 ;les8, Intoxicat- 
 lly apply here. 
 
 ne ; they stag- 
 
 »f the stupidity 
 Ily, by reason 
 ly intoxicating 
 3nse. 
 
 t made all the 
 , therefore the 
 
 ith, and most 
 I, intoxicating 
 the evil and 
 then, a Being 
 ' a good crea- 
 tnstrament in 
 )ns, and then 
 lesolation and 
 
 the foregoing 
 lor are men- 
 ) to intimate 
 3y sufficiently 
 
 ito the inner 
 
 jrvice in the 
 •e-enactraent 
 icle service. 
 Lhe probable 
 
 41 
 
 % nto„ca,i„g „i„e is meant Luf ih ,f '^ "' ''"''^'^- M"«t proba 
 
 -d„.geda„ver,free,,,„.to«ce^, tl ,tu"'""r-" ^'■'' '-*' "^ 
 Lord, and an,„u„, ,„ j^, ^^ sen/aaHtv t.""'^ "° ■"""' '-•»"■ 'he 
 
 referred to, .. Sensual, having n!rthf « v , ° ''°'"'^° '» J""' "'"ady 
 to'fe to thj. throat if ih„„ be a man li! . *"" ' °''° '''•'"'• "'"- " P"t a 
 -g passages app„ ^ .„ .^X: eTc™ ^:'"*''*''" ^''- ^'-' "=« f„« ! 
 ™e :_.. He a,,^ , .,,, „". !"T « "»' "«» "f "ew or unfermented 
 
 an these are contrary the ZZTX^'.'n' f"' "«»-' '"» «" ^ 
 shall d,e ; but if ye, through the sll 1 ' /' ^^ "'^ '^'*' ""« fle.h, ye 
 shall live ;" .. Everyman that strWh f ""T" ""' "'"''' »' "" My ye 
 h.ngs,-. &e. ; .. I keep nnder Jy ^ /!' '''.<' "^"-ri" 'emperate [^ a'l 
 fcy any .neans, after I have prejA'^u''"V "'° '"''J'°«»"' '»«' 'hat, 
 
 Z"'' " He that soweth 'o the flesh shlr/K"'''''' ^'''»''' •>» ' ea.t- 
 "M any „alk, of „h„„ , ^,,^ .„/;"'» ' « «esh reap corn,p.i„„ ., 
 
 of the cross of Christ, whose Godl th„° A ,,' I' """ ""^^ "•» ">= enemi; 
 a»d ».ho miud earthly things " Th '„? "^' "'■<"'' 8'<"y « in their shame 
 -Plain the caution o'r com'mand g^nTr "'" "'" '» «'n"rate and 
 g^-entomuch .!„»;'- meaning, rprefumed '"'' '«""• ™°'™ " "ot 
 
 Many wines of this kind, in the Eatl.r' "'" °' "nfemented wine 
 
 »nd enticing to the appetit:,ddtb"i:rs""'r"^^™''''"''P'--^^^^ 
 by the.r excessive use. • "^''^' ''="«"»1"J' "'as o«sn committed 
 
 •^ re :;re:t,:r :- • r !;r " - ^''"-^ - -«^ - 
 
 As a punishment for thesins ofM '^*;^^''"™ 3^^^^ mouth. "-Joei i 5 
 - the grapes did not yield ay l^uo/ '7 IT'': ^ ^^"^« ^^ ^--^e i 
 ^■auso there was no intoxicating- J V u ^'•""'^a'-ds were to 'Mveep" be 
 ^«''howl»becau..«H,:l!'''"^^:^"^^^'- ♦^«'». and all other dnr-lJ^i'" 
 
 -* offer withheld fi.,;rb;:e;::r:;i"'' "^'^ '^^-"^«^-w ^ine;;: 
 
 ;:'• "n/.m.«r.rf wine, there could iTh^ ' T'- ^^ '^''^ ^«« "0 " ,^,.'» 
 ^^ the use of the drun Jl 'iTtllZl;'^ "^^^^^'^"« ^^^^P*'- 
 IJ^ere ,s no Divine sanction here for th/! r ^^ """'' '' ^^^P «°J howl. 
 ^-, but, at the least, an ^-..^^^eioT^^^'^""^ ^'"^ ^» ^"^ ^- 
 
42 
 
 29. " And the7 bave given a boy fox an harlot, and sold a girl for wine that 
 they might drink."— Joel iii. 3. 
 From the character and conduct of the persons spoken of here, it is far 
 the most probable that the wine was of the intoxicating description, but cer- 
 tainly there is here no Divine sanction for its use. The conduct is condemned 
 as execrable. 
 
 stituti 
 but su 
 the us 
 
 33. « 
 
 11 
 
 30. " And they drink the wine of the condemned in the house of their God." 
 
 Amos ii. 8. " Ye gave the Nazarites wine to drink," &c. — ver. 12. 
 
 These declarations were made concerning Israel, who had revolted and 
 sinned, and had even fallen into gross idolatry by attending with the heathen, 
 or those condemned of God, in their idol temples, and there partaking with 
 them of the wine which they oiFered in their idolatrous worship. There is 
 no doubt but that intoxicating wine is meant here, for drunkenness and revel- 
 lin'>-s generally or almost invariably succeeded the sacrifices and offerings in 
 the idolatrous temples. The people were further charged with the sin of 
 tempting and inducing the Nazarites to break their vow. Certainly there is 
 iiothing here that savours of a Divine sanction for the use of intoxicating 
 drink on any occasion. 
 
 ;{1. "If a man, walking in the spirit and falsehood, do lie, saying, I will 
 
 prophesy unto thee of wi;ib and of strong drink ; he shall even be the 
 
 prophet of this people."— Micah ii. 11. 
 
 There is nothing in the passage to show with certainty which description 
 
 of wine and ♦* shechar," (translated strong drink), were here intended ; but it 
 
 is most probable they were of the intoxicating character. If so, the prophet 
 
 mentioned was surely guilty of lying, as no such liquors were ever promised 
 
 by the Lord, and as a punishment to that disobedient and wicked people, such 
 
 lying prophet should be their prophet. If the words are to be understood 
 
 to refer to new and unfermented wine and sweet drink, then it is intimated 
 
 that such blessings would be now withheld by reason of their sins, and in such 
 
 case also he would be guilty of falsehood in promising those blessings. 
 
 32. *' Yea, also, because he transgresseth by wine, he is a proud man, 
 
 neither keepeth at home ; who enlargeth his desire as hell, and is as 
 
 death, and cannot be satisfied, but gathereth unto him all nations, 
 
 :ind heaneth unto him all people.'* — Hab. ii. 3. 
 
 Dotibtless, intoxicating wine is here intended. The proud idolatrous 
 
 King of Babylon is prophetically referred to in the passage, who, as we are 
 
 informed in the book of Daniel, was drinking wine with his lordo, and wives, 
 
 and concubines, out of the sacred vessela of the Lord's sanctuary, on th4 
 
 aight his city was taken by the Medes and Persians. This was what con- 
 
 
 By 
 
 liquor ii 
 drink, < 
 from th 
 occasion 
 condemi 
 
 34. "Tl 
 
 The( 
 
 contrast c 
 
 charge as 
 
 a "wine- 
 
 Wine-bibl 
 
 our Lord 
 
 tainly we ( 
 
 intoxicatim 
 
 "woe," «i 
 
 "bites liki 
 
 Surely no \ 
 
 false and si 
 
 ever drank 
 
 of the oppos 
 
 that we sho 
 
 austerity as 
 
 ' eating and 
 
 mixed with j 
 
 I " wisdom is 
 
wine that 
 
 I, it is far 
 I, but cer- 
 ondemned 
 
 eir God." 
 — ver. 12. 
 rolted and 
 e heathen, 
 iking with 
 There is 
 and revel- 
 »iferings in 
 the sin of 
 J there is 
 ttoxicating 
 
 ing, I will 
 ven be the 
 
 description 
 ed ; but it 
 le prophet 
 : promised 
 jople, such 
 understood 
 intimated 
 ind in such 
 ngs. 
 
 roud man, 
 I, and is as 
 \l nations, 
 
 43 
 
 nakedness, &c.»_Hab. ii. 15 ™^'" '°°'' O" ""eir 
 
 By the word •■ draalen" used het« ;, :. „ .. 
 iiquot i, referred to. A w„o is ln„!n^ // °"^ "'"" ""»' '•""^I'V 
 drink, or merely ^„„^ orliX I 2/°V™" f '■^ " P'""" '""^ 
 from there being . .J^ .f^T fo, ^ J <,rV''"°' "" ■>'"•■ S° '« 
 "ocas.o„, snch use, i„ an, measure or degreris IrXT "^ °" "^ 
 condemned. ^ ®' '^ "^^^ Pla>nly and expressly 
 
 ners: but wisdom is i„rfied „^I' ' ^"'"f "' P""'""-' '"'d sin- 
 .ko,Lukevii.34,35/ '°' oh,ldrea.-._M»th. xi. 19.; 
 
 The enemies of the Saviour and of his fnilh .„,J u 
 contrast or comparison of his oondacV wi I. ,T .' "'^ , " ™ ""fevouiabie 
 ohanr, as .0 ,'„„.„, w,, ce tllvfSU "^d ; ■'°''" **' ^'P'«'- !"« 
 a "wine-bibberthat is, of Tntx oaS,t ' ''°"'' """ "»' "f '^"g 
 
 Wine-Ubber litorally ^ITZTL rZ "'°" '""'"'^ '"'° '■"- 
 oar Lord habitually or generally CfcwilT V™*^ ''''''*™ '>•" 
 tainly we cannot, and ought To lo i„f °"^ ""''' »'"' «<»' «»- 
 
 »^-«,..^wine,wMchht'e, ts" f;:^r:? r !" "" "-'' 
 "woe," "sorrow," -babbling,- •' contentlT' ' a„H r''' '»•' P««i"«« 
 "bites like a serpent," and which he Zvw ''°'' other great erils, which 
 Sarely no truly pious, ^ JrJZmL t"' """ '" "''«"' "P""-" 
 false and slandels assertiousV-^hf relie? ?' rT' ""' ""' *"»- 
 ever drank any kind of i„toxi™.ir» 1 °°'' '^"^ ^ I"«<>6 «>at he 
 
 »f the opposite'and harl ssrS" Vrll^ ""^ '""« ^^ -- 
 ttat we should follow his ste^ kTs truthe d f "! " '"'''^ *""""'' 
 austerity as John the Bantist „L f., , ""' P™""*« "■« same 
 
 -tmg and drinking, inlntr/Lf^:" '-"f -d -'d honey, but came 
 l»-d with public.'; aud^IZ; inst :"' l" "™' ''"P'"'-'' -"<• 
 - -dom is justi^cd" of each des;iptir^t;^rtLet r ^^^^^ 
 
ill 
 
 V i i 
 
 
 44 
 
 material as to the question of divine sanction so often referred to, as the 
 Saviour refused it. The instance has no reference, and can prove nothing as 
 to the lawfulness of using intoxicating wine, or any other kind of liquor, as a 
 common beverage. 
 
 36. " Others mocking, said, these men are full of new wine. But Peter, 
 standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and said unto them, 
 &c. For these are not drunken, as ye suppose, seeing it is but the 
 third hour of the day." — Acts ii. 13, 14, 15. 
 If, by the words ** new wine," is to be understood wine just from the 
 press, and before fermentation, we need no inspiration to inform us that this 
 could not be intoxicating. But if, as is most probable, the words referred to 
 new wine, directly after the full fermenting process hud taken place, it would 
 be stronger, and more readily and fully intoxicate than fermented wine, 
 which had been kept for some time, and had become mellowed and lessened 
 in potency by age, as new rum, gin, whisky, and other spirituous liquors are 
 so denominated in the countries where they are made, to distinguish them 
 from the same kinds of liquors respectively, which have been kept for some 
 time, and such new liquors are always stronger and more fiery and intoxi- 
 cating than the others. These oppoaers spoke *' mocking," (or ironically) 
 and to repel the supposition by any that thty were drunk, the Apostle, 
 lifting up his voice, said, '* ye men of Judea, and all ye that dwell at Jerusa- 
 lem, hearken," these men are not drunken, as ye suppose, seeing it is but the 
 third hour of the day, (nine o'clock in the morning) as if he had said, you are 
 altogether wrong, for you must and do know, that even drunkards, or 
 habitual drinkers of wine, do not get drunk, or even drink wine or other 
 liquors of an intoxicating quality, at such an early hour of the day. Most 
 certainly the Apostle did not mean that they might lawfully get drunk at any 
 later hour. Surely the mocking and slanderous speech of these enemies is 
 not to be considered suflBcient for presuming a divine approval for the use of 
 intoxicating liquors. There is nothing in the whole account from which even 
 an inference can be drawn in favour of the use of such liquors as a beverage 
 at any hour, or on any occasion. 
 
 37. *' It 's good neither to eat flesh nor drink wine, nor anything whereby thy 
 brother stumbleth, or is offended, or is made weak." — Rom. xiv. 21. 
 The whole chapter in which this passage is contained treats of things 
 which may lawfully be used, such as meat, herbs, &c., and concerning weak 
 or scrupulous brethren, of whom it is said, " another who is weak eateth 
 herbs.'' The words, " nor to drink wine," may with the strictest propriety be 
 considered to refer only to unfermentcd and unintoxicating wine, and indeed 
 must be so construed and applied to avoid inconsistency, and a contradiction to 
 many other p.a8§ftge&.iQ..wliJl!h wiJieJS mQTJAm^."- Ti« Sif Gflg' bfetiireff vere 
 
 
 shown 
 
 weak I 
 
 . lawful 
 
 by par 
 
 were : 
 
 doubts 
 
 should 
 
 ever is 
 
 part of 
 
 an> oth 
 
 and din 
 
 toxicati 
 
 contrary 
 
 spection 
 
 our salv 
 
 ing frpi 
 
 cessary, 
 
 worldly 
 
 and as i 
 
 to the b( 
 
 gical tes 
 
 man defi 
 
 is holy, T 
 
 mind, an 
 
 myriads 
 
 or other i 
 
 not gross 
 
 unto pra' 
 
 always in 
 
 unto God 
 
 tion wine 
 
 minister a 
 
 fire, and \ 
 
 this sectio 
 
 example t 
 
 apply—'* ] 
 
 works, ma^ 
 
 things, bu 
 
 done with 
 
 brother, foi 
 
 against a m 
 
 then it ma 
 
 of any into: 
 
 ofFences an 
 
 weak breth 
 
 referred to 
 
 eM 
 
 nasi 
 
id to, H3 the 
 re nothing as 
 >f liquor, as a 
 
 But Peter, 
 
 ltd unto them, 
 
 it is but the 
 
 just from the 
 a us that this 
 ds referred to 
 lace, it would 
 raented wine, 
 I and lessened 
 us liquors are 
 tinguish them 
 iept for some 
 y and intoxi- 
 or ironically) 
 the Apostle, 
 ell at Jerusa- 
 ^ it is but the 
 I said, you are 
 irunkards, or 
 rine or other 
 le day. Most 
 r drunk at any 
 ese enemies is 
 for the use of 
 m which even 
 as a beverage 
 
 J whereby thy 
 Rom. xiv. 21. 
 eats of things 
 icerning weak 
 3 weak eateth 
 it propriety be 
 B, and indeed 
 sntradiction to 
 irathrea vere 
 
 45 
 
 tZV^t '^*''''^'' ^"*y "°* *° "*^ «°y*^'"? -hereby or at which the 
 weak brother •< st.unbleth," which he thinks or suspects it'to be wrong or u " 
 
 ypat^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'o'M be induced?:;:, 
 
 werr^ot iLiu "^^ conscientious scruples should intimate to him 
 
 doubt, nr "''^•°'' ^y ^•^'^'^ h« ^''°"^d be .'made weak" by 
 
 ever is not ofZhls si rT^et STt^t'^ "^^"' " ^'^^^^■ 
 pa.ofthech«perimplyingalibe:t;\:t^^^^^^^ 
 
 and dtr. r ''"^ ""^'^"^"^ *° ^« "-d ■' b"fc thelhole of the 0-1: 
 
 and directions relate merely to things lauful in themselves. The se o t 
 
 our IT .^^""r^^f^'''^^'^^'- "abstaining from fleshly lusts." *' workin.ou* 
 our salvation wuh fear and trembling." « crucifying the flesh," anl" absta n 
 »ng irom all appearance of evil." As the usp of l.nh i- • abstam- 
 
 cessarv fKo^« :» . , ^ °* ^"^" liquors is quite unne- 
 
 >nmd,.„d,mpa,r the judgment and memory; also, invariablvlniZ L • 
 
 ::::r:;=trte^;::i— 
 
 unto God." and " a royal priesthood." Under the Old T J ^ Tt ^"^'^ 
 
 apply— Let your light so sh ne before mpn that th„ . ^ "^ 
 
 work., may glorify yon. Father in Cen " "W not '? '"'"* '"" ^"^ 
 
 ...her, r„r wh:r„e dTrir i:r:: „rr^:f ^n: irrr .■> 
 
 against a weak brother." w. »r. -aM - « -:- -., „' T' ""^ ""« " ™ 
 then it may be aaked-Haaa^y p;rso;a C^^^'i^™';: °" '"' ""^ 
 of any intoxicating ii,n„rs. and thereby commit eacrT^ 'l^^t «' '» 
 ofFences and ev.la j„,t mentioned ? Most certainly not. The slolL L 1 
 weak brethren mentioned in the chapter containing Ih^ il. f ' ° 
 
 -erred to meat offered i„ p.,.. Z^^T^^^^J^^ 
 
46 
 
 tnd exhortations and instructions are contained, 1 Cor. ch. 8, expressly with 
 reference to meat offered in such idolatrous worship. 
 
 38. " And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess, but be filled with the 
 Spirit."— Eph. V. 18. 
 
 The term ** drunk" was often used by the ancients to signify being filled, 
 as derived from the verb—" to drink," and is so explained by critics and com- 
 mentators. See Dr. Adam Clarke's comments on chap. x\. of Ist Cor. :-— 
 "One is hungry, and another is drunken," &c., on which he writes, «• drunken,'* 
 — "filled to the full,— this is often the meaning in Scripture.'' The word 
 " drunk," in the text, is not, therefore, necessarily to be understood as mean- 
 ing drunkenness, or intoxication, as generally understood in the present day, 
 or as relating to the use of intoxicating wine only, but may be considered as 
 a prohibition to being filled with, or indulging to excess, even in unfermented 
 and non-intoxicating wine, which would amount to that semuality which Chris- 
 tians are so expressly and repeatedly required to avoid. For several reasons 
 however, it would seem far the most probable that the text refers to drunken- 
 nest, or being filled with intoxicating liquor. Thus understood, then, it 
 amounts in effect to a prohibition to drunkenness, but does not imply any per- 
 mission or sanction to any use whatever of intoxicating liquor. This form of 
 prohibition as to wine, might probably be used in contradistinction to drunken- 
 ness, or intoxication, by other modes or means, as by the stupifying drugs or 
 other substances which were often used by sensualists among the ancients to 
 produce excitement and intoxication, the intoxicating wine being more in- 
 flaming to the lusts and passions than the other intoxicating articles ; and the 
 Ephesian converts having just come out of the heathen state, in which most, 
 or nearly all persons used intoxicating liquors, and even in their religious 
 rites and festivals, those converts were more in danger of this kind of in- 
 toxication than any other. 
 
 The following is Dr. A. Clarke's comments on this passage—** Be not 
 drunk with wine, wherein is excess," &c. : — " This is a further allusion to 
 the Bacchanalian mysteries ; in them his votaries got drunk, and ran into 
 all manner of excesses. Plato allowed that the people should get drunk in 
 the solemnities of that god who invented wine, and, indeed, this was their 
 common custom," &c. They ran into all kinds of extravagance, having com-' 
 pleted their sacrifices, they indulged themselves in wine. The words which 
 we translate " excess," means profligacy and debauchery of every kind, such 
 as are the general concomitants of drunkenness, and especially among the 
 votaries of Bacchus in Greece and Italy. *' But be filled with the Spirit,'' 
 —the heathen priests pretended to be filled with the influence of the god 
 they worshipped, and gave out their oracles. The Apostle exhorts the Ephe- 
 sians not to resemble these, but, instead of being JUled with wine, to be filled 
 with the Spirit of Qod, in consequence of which, instead of those discoveries 
 of the Divine will, to which, in their drunken worship, the votaries of 
 Bacchus pretended they (the Ephesian converts^ should be wise indeed, and 
 
 {^^^U^^Mgi^^':-"'^'«l!^'5^^^!^^^ 
 
ressly with 
 
 !d with the 
 
 eing filled, 
 :s and com< 
 st Cor. : — 
 • drunken,'* 
 The word 
 d as mean- 
 resent day, 
 isidered as 
 ifermentcd 
 lich Chris- 
 ral reason a 
 drunken- 
 1, then, it 
 ly any per- 
 his form of 
 
 drunken- 
 » drugs or 
 indents to 
 ; more in- 
 I ; and the 
 hich most, 
 r religious 
 :ind of in- 
 
 -** Be not 
 allusion to 
 
 1 ran into 
 i drunk in 
 was their 
 iving com-~ 
 »rds which 
 cind, such 
 mong the 
 10 Spirit,'' 
 f the god 
 the Ephe* 
 be ^led 
 liscoveries 
 otaries of 
 deed, and 
 
 47 
 
 ""•"tmrmm,,,^ , 
 
 I 
 
 under.tand what the will of tk. u,j . „ 
 
 not u„wi.e, but understanding ,.t„t the J^ ',''7™"'ii"« verac-." Be y, 
 " where,, i, »««,," ao.. mefnl/^Uw i"' f' ^"'^ "■- The ,o.i. 
 uller rum, a. explained by one learfT^, *»««4«y of every k,„d, or 
 "ere .he gern, or ,eeds of ,1 th t "atZf °'"" SO'Pe'. eon.afning a. 
 e»de„„y ,0 lead .o, or produo tC 1° n"' ^ '"''' " ''«"°<? « ^-ec 
 to the „,„e itaelf, or .o .he e«e„T&e ^ ^T '.'* """' " """«■■" "fer 
 then ,t amount, ,o a prohibition to a„v„s. r """' »' '""^'^"•V wine, 
 or .eeda of profligae^ or ruin, or haZ" 1 .'" "'"'' P°»«^™K ™eh germ 
 r:t- ^-^ "«• even the m aTlteel: 1 r ''"'*'°°' '° ""''"'=' ^^^ 
 to the express and numerous waro"" , a„? „ "" f "'"' " ^""'^ ""trary 
 that w. do " not enter into temptS " <■ ° 7'^ '" " ""«'■ ^-f P™^." 
 "work ou. your own salvatio„,"C "'ab,, , "' ^' """' e're-^PectlJ," 
 &o., .s also to the petition wh eh o ^ L "h 7 "" '" '"<""""■> "' evil> 
 »ot (or suffer us not to enter) iZ 7 ^^ '""S"" "• t» offer, " lead u. 
 
 "fera to the .^-nta^rw 1 " „7 "'°"I J"' " "" "'" " - " -" 
 theu if the excess tends or ead, to ., 7'°^«""° "' '^' »«''<" eonstruction, 
 certainly the use in any de,ree:f3l"f.7^"^ and debauchery, „„. 
 endency to lead .o such extess, toI,c; „d • ""''' ""^ '"'' " •>" > 
 the reasons which have jus. be^teSn!^'' ",' ""«'" "" '"' ""'''•' f" 
 specfon, temp.ation. &c. The a>odr„f Ixot' "' ° "'"=''''"'»ess, eircam. 
 be not drunk," orMled., &c., does tt LrfvT'°" "'".'' '" "■" P'eh'Wlion- 
 ""',f " other liquor of ,hat descrinttnT^ ^""""'"' '" "»' '"'oxicating 
 s.m.lar instances of co™„a„d and p It L '' ""TT " "'«'«• Many 
 tures. The folio „g ore of that 'd«; ."''.,';,^'' '"»■«' - the Scrip! 
 fllthmess and superfluity of naughti.„ - •• 17 p "''"e'-efore, lay .pan all 
 ..ness" is the sa^e as U,ne.J,^;Zf'-{^f'''- ''•"<-' '■ ''■ " N'"»h. 
 or »«„ of wickedness that is lo be laid aside '."'"'' *"" '^'"'^'"'3 
 
 and may Christians indulge in wick!d„r ; ^ " ^'''''''''''ed by the text? 
 »ons in general do, only avoidlj t! "!"' "=''""" '^'™'' " «» Per- 
 Again, in ,st Peter i.^. Fo/^tL!! "/"''"''""^ »' »'ekedn<S ? 
 have wrought the will'of the Geutiir wT °" '"■" ""-^ ^°«« "» to 
 fosts, ..«„,/ ^. „^^, &c wh einr "t™"""' '■"■"ei'iou'oess, 
 not with then, to the aa„e .LT:; ^^T'^' 'J'"'' " ^'''""Se that ye run 
 « n«d as in the text, and is appliedTa ihe Z ''"''""^ of expression 
 
 ««• b "riot" then to a carta nil '^'"'«° ^'^ "» "> -"^ and 
 
 or is lawful because only ,he Tee" s „f °tT '?"' P''™'"^'' «» Christians. 
 •• As they that count it pleasure orLtLthrtT'' ' ^''"'' ^ P«'« "• 
 or permitted to riot at 4**, .„<,'°<,X "o ' ^T "'" ^ " "'™ '"wf"' 
 Another instance, in Acts «., « TheTe are 1 . "t "^"-'"^ '' """emned ? 
 'tisbut the third h„„.„P,L o „ ''™''°'''r''nken,asye8uDnn....„!._ 
 ;f lawful or allowable to beVulen aTa"/? k""'",' '"™" "^ ">« "•«» 
 yet this is the only reason given to rrfu't ! ' ""r'' ''''^' "" «' "'i'*'' ■ 
 «>« passage in Coloss. iii., I Mor,L th 'rl "^' "' ^""''enness. Also 
 'he earth, uneleanness, i^ordina fafe 00"^ """"^ "'''"'' "" "P»" 
 
 :°" "-"'■---°-"-eans. irr;ti::-:i:g:r'"^„ £; 
 
48 
 
 F'Wi 
 
 iB 
 
 
 
 l^M 
 
 p" 
 
 Ifffini 
 
 or degree then of irregolar desire, or sensuality allowable, or divinely sanc- 
 tioned, or is only the evil or excessive, or most wicked and corrupt concupis- 
 cence, irregular desires, or sensuality, condemned and prohibited ? In all 
 tiiese instances, as in the text, the greater mentioned includes the lesser, and 
 condemns and prohibits the practice or commission of the evil in any degree 
 whatever. Do these express commands — " Thou shalt not kill," " thou shalt 
 not steal''— imply or admit that in one case a person may beat another 
 severely or in any way abuse or injure his body ; or, in the other case, may 
 over-reach or take advantage of him in business in any way not amounting 
 to actual theft ? If it be answered, that there are express prohibitions to 
 these injuries to others, it may be replied, that so there are these express 
 warnings and prohibitions against the use of intoxicating wine : *' Wine is a 
 mocker, strong drink is raging, and whosoever is deceived thereby is not 
 wise;" '• Be not among wine-bibbers," &c., that is, drinkers of wine; 
 " Look not thou upon the wine," &c., meaning evidently, turn away from it 
 lest you should be tempted to partake of it. If then we are not even to look 
 upon it, surely we are not to drink it, Tais is one of the strongest 
 forms of expression to denote prohibition. There is no contradiction in the 
 Scriptures. The same spirit of truth, wisdom, and purity indited both 
 these passages, — ** Look npt thou upon the wine," &c., and — "be not 
 drunk with wine," &c., they must therefore be in perfect consistency 
 and agreement. If, indeed, there were no other Scripture, prohibiting 
 the use of intoxicating liquor, this one should, by all professors of our 
 holy religion, be considered quite suflBcient to prevent such use, — " look 
 not thou upon the wine," &c. There is no subsequent or other Scripture to 
 be found, repealing or contradicting this express prohibition. Under the 
 Uhristian dispensation, all are called to the highest degree of purity. The 
 Saviour has said, ye have heard that it hath been said by them of old time, 
 ** thou shalt not kill ; but I say unto you, whosoever is angry with his 
 brother, without a cause, is in danger of the judgn)ent," &c. *• Thou shalt 
 not forswear thyself, but shalt perform unto the Lord thine oaths ; but I 
 say unto you, swear not at all." We are commanded to avoid, ♦* temptation" 
 to forsake the foolish, and go in the way of understanding, and to "abstain 
 from all appearance of evil." 
 
 39. ** A bishop, then, must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, 
 sober, &c., not given to wine." — 1 Tim. iii. 23. 
 The words, " not given to wine,'' may be understood to mean, not ad- 
 dicted to the use eveti of unfermented wine, or generally using it. The words 
 in the original are explained to mean, " not by or in company with wine." 
 Under the former dispensation . the priests were strictly prohibited from 
 using wine, of any kind, when going into the tabernacle to minister. See 
 the probable reason for this, mentioned in the note on that text, under No. 1 
 of this section. In this New Testament passage, the prohibition may pro- 
 bably be considered as virtually re-enacted, or possibly even enlarged for thp 
 
vlnely sanc- 
 pt concupis- 
 ed? In all 
 e letter, and 
 
 any degree 
 " thou shalt 
 eat another 
 sr case, may 
 t amounting 
 thibitions to 
 ese express 
 •* Wine is a 
 5reby is not 
 t of wine; 
 way from it 
 jven to look 
 e strongest 
 tion in the 
 idited both 
 I— "be not 
 consistency 
 prohibiting 
 or 8 of our 
 se, — " look 
 Scripture to 
 
 Under the 
 irity. The 
 of old time, 
 y with his 
 Thou shalt 
 Lhs ; but I 
 emptation," 
 to "abstain 
 
 49 
 
 Pledge, .„d ...e, (.h. p„„,„e) ' „M ,e^l " "'r''' ""^ "'°»''' ^«P 
 
 .. .mended by the prohibition, „ „U 111 "If ■ T^'"«°« ""e, that 
 
 .«. .nJ probibitcd by, the term .■ s^"' " ? " ""''"'«»"- -"» i»cl"ded 
 or universal prohibition " look „„i upor/.ho »,ne > I "■' "p'^"" "" «""">' 
 and foreibly to ministers of relieion ah' *="•• W'<» ">»st e,peoi.U, 
 Apostle, was requisite to pcrmit'or emofn WhT°""' ''™ "■» P"" <" «" 
 l.ty of wine of an, kind, strictly a, ^^Z '■■. "™ ' ™°" «™"- 
 eicepfon, is contained in this samo epistle r^.-.'."™"""^' ^^ "■"J' <>' 
 tea under review is sot forth. "'""'' ""> P^WI-ition i„ the 
 
 «m-„, Jc«-„/„ ;™'J "°^ fn'tlXd'''.^",'^ '"''"'"'''* "'» ""f«™™ted and 
 cited— Look not upon' he wre'l: / ' """""' P™"!'"'""". »o often 
 most especially to all such persons as thoseT'l* '"'''="™"»8 "'"O') "PPHe. 
 the unfermented wine they were not ,„? "T""^^ '" ">» '"«■ E™, „f 
 commit the sin „f sensuality Ju'TrTho '"1^ "'° ""=•■ «"" "-by 
 they were to "keep under' hoT'b„t, ''Lrrt "' '"' ^P-"» "imsel^ 
 and, avoiding any approach to the ca'acter of°t T"' """ """«"" 
 "aensual, having not the Spirit.''_Se?furTh. ., "''" "'' ■''"'"'ed as 
 No. 27, « Wine and new win'e take awTy e t„t " """'' °" "' «" '» 
 
 *!• "For a Bishop must bo blameles. »« it. , 
 
 , willed, uot soon angry, not ^t: ; ^'l^'' »' ^o, ; „ot .if- 
 See the remarks on No 39 w),i„i. , ' *■<=—'■*• ■• 7. 
 are precisely alike. ' "'"='' ''«'"'"j' W^ '"e, as the two (a,ts 
 
 fC) vigilant, 
 
 an, not ad- 
 The words 
 rith wine.'' 
 bitcd from 
 ister. See 
 mder No. 1 
 n may pro- 
 ged for thp 
 
 *"• " '^'^° »?ed women likewise that tha^ k • u , . 
 
 ^^ -ss, * „ not given to much 'e 'iTit?" " '"™™"' ""' 
 
 Here, also, the descrintioi of fk i»t. ii. 3. 
 
 thevarious kinds of onfcrLnted" ^ ari'^:: :':'!.'!:=.''' ""'' <■»•"-"- 
 ■'-^•n applies, =« Look not thou unnn fh^ • " ~, T ' "'""'' ""^^'«''sai prohi- 
 «-g nines „erc made v y "irid nir" ". "^"^ °' ">» °»'"'»-- 
 =«voralof them >vere boiled dol tl ^u ' ""^ '""""? "> ">« 'aste, 
 
 referred. See the remt a underNj:' 2;':„T;„° '" '"""" ^^ "■'■«" "» 
 »" of which fully apply here. ^ "'' ^"' "' «" ^nsuality, &c., 
 
50 
 
 43. ** For the time pait of oar lift may suffice as to have wrought the will of 
 the Gentiles, when we walked in lasciviousness, lusts, excess of wine, 
 revellings, banqnetings, and abominable idolatries ; wherein they 
 think it strange that ye ran not with them to the same excess of 
 riot," Ac— 1 Pet. iv. 3, 4. 
 From " excess oi wine" being connected with the other vices named, it 
 seemn certain that intoxicating wine is meant. But, is it only the excess 
 which is condemned? Not so, but the expression means the same as 
 •♦ drunkenness," and the greater includes the Uuer; and in effect, the expres- 
 sion condemns altogether the use of intoxicating liquor, in consistericy and 
 harmony with the divine prohibition so often cited, •' Look not thou upon the 
 wine," Ac, and the declaration, " Wine is a mocker." With reference to 
 the words, " exceu of riot," it may be asked, was it then allowable for these 
 converts to Christianity to go to a certain or any extent of riot, but not to 
 excess, as the heathen did ? Most certainly not ; yet only the exce$i is men- 
 tioned ; so, altbongh only •' excess of wine" is mentioned, the use of inton- 
 sating wine is not thereby impliedly permitted or sanctioned. See further 
 the remarks on No. 38. But, even allowing a different construction as to the 
 "excess," it is declared to have been the conduct of the converts while in 
 their heathen state, in connection with their other abominations, all of which 
 are eqaally condemned, and therefore the form of expression, as applicable to 
 them while in that state, they having been drunkards, can imply or afford no 
 justification, sanction, or excuse, to Christians for the use of intoxicating liquor 
 in any measure or degree whatever. 
 
 44. *' If any man worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark in his 
 forehead, or in his hand, the same shall drink of the wine of the wrath 
 of God, which is poured out without mixture into the cup of his in- 
 dignation : and he shall be tormented with fire,*' &c. — Rev. xiv. 
 10. 
 Wine is here employed as figurative or emblematical of the divine wrath 
 and punishment, which, by analogy, seem to be represented as producing such 
 stupefaction or madness, and woes and heavy afflictions, as attend and follow 
 drunkenness or the excessive use of intoxicating liquors. Most assuredly a 
 God of wisdom and benevolence would never grant or sanction to his faithful 
 people, the use of any article producing such afflicting effects, and which he 
 has selected as emolematical of his wrath and indignation against his greatest 
 anemies. 
 
 45. " And great Babylon came in remembrance before God, to give into her 
 the cup of the wine of tht fierceness of his wrath." — Rev. xvi. 19. 
 The same remarks which have been made in the last number apply with 
 precisely the same force and effect here. 
 
t the will of 
 iess of wine, 
 berein ihej 
 le ezcoM of 
 
 es named, it 
 ' the excess 
 le same at 
 the exj»re«- 
 istericy and 
 ou upon the 
 reference to 
 >le for these 
 , but not to 
 vce$i is men- 
 se of intoHi- 
 See further 
 ion as to the 
 irts while in 
 all of which 
 applicable to 
 or afford no 
 eating liquor 
 
 I mark in his 
 of the wrath 
 up of his in- 
 •^Rev. xiv. 
 
 livine wrath 
 xlucing such 
 i and follow 
 ; assuredly a 
 his faithful 
 nd which he 
 his greatest 
 
 51 
 
 SECTION in. 
 
 P9*aage$ of the Saer^d o • 
 
 '• "'^nHhedrankoftke »in. . i 
 
 «o further remark n<»«/i k« j 
 of .h. p..ri.rot N„.h .fc*:' 't' ™^« •» ""■• "o'-choly i„„ij.„e i„ .^, ^;.,„,^ 
 
 y^ r.tr ■ri^':tjT'*°-' - ''«' -« ''- 
 
 % down, .or when rte fr, eX' ■ .„d tfc "^"^J"' ""•' "•»" "» 
 «■»• "..t „igh, .,«,, 4 . • r; .«■><) they m.de toeir fiuw drf^i 
 
 Tbe same remark mads in .h. ' "»• ''2. 33, 3d, 
 «o oU.e,„e.d be ..dT " "" ""'"""^ "-"O*' ^"««^ applie. We, „d 
 
 '• ".Aod Pharaoh's cun waa in ™„ i. j 
 
 *c. , .»d .h.„ ahal. deliver klZ', ' "? '^ ^'■"•'"''' '""-i. 
 
 ., ,/''™«"»«">>er when thou wasihi»r.,S""° *'' '"»''■ •«« the 
 Although this aeene wa. only i„ »,1 J ''""•'••"-Geo. ,1. „. 13. 
 
 •tola passage, and specially fro ', hi wr" "' "" ''•'"". ioi from .he 
 
^ 52 
 
 This was anciently the yayin of the Hebrews, the oinos of the Greeks, and the 
 mustum of the ancient Liitins." Whatever construction or interpretation 
 may be given of the case, it certainly can have no bearing or effect as to de- 
 ciding the question of a Divine permission or sanction for any use by Chris- 
 tians of intozicaiing liquors as a beverage. 
 
 4. '* He washed his garments in wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes. 
 His eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth white with milk."— 
 Gen. xlix. 11, 12. 
 
 In the chapter containing this passage, Jacob, by the spirit of prophecy 
 with which he was endued for the occasion, declared what should befal the 
 several tribes of his sons in future ages, and of several of them the predictions 
 ware unfavourable because of their sins. Of Reuben, the eldest, he said, •* un- 
 stable as water, thou shalt not excel,'' and as the cause or reason of this he 
 mentioned his great sin committed most particularly towards his father. Of 
 Simeon and Levi, he said, •* Instruments of cruelty are in their habitations. 
 O my soul, come not thou into their secret, &c., for in their anger they 
 slew a man, and in their self-will they digged down a wall. Cursed be their 
 anger for it was fierce, and their wrath for it was cruel. I will divide them 
 in Jacob," &c. He then predicts concerning the tribe of Judah, and favour- 
 ably in general if not throughout. The passage under consideration seems of 
 somewhat doubtful interpretation, and niay admit of two and opposite con- 
 structions. By the favou' >\e one it may be understood to mean, that their 
 vintage should be so proli and overflowing, that as in treading out the wine 
 their garments should be "washed'' (or drenched) in it, and their "clothes 
 in the blood of the grapes," so literally, also, their eyes, or the parts about 
 them, should, in the course of their work, become partially reddened with the 
 abundant and rich wine from the red grapes ; or, perhaps, more probably, as 
 one able writer has said, it may mean, that the vintage should be so abun- 
 dant that their eyes should, as it were, sparkle with delight. On the opposite 
 and unfavourable construction, the passage may be held to predict the drunken- 
 ness that did in fact prevail very extensively among that tribe, and as well 
 with the priests and false prophets as the people. Whichever of these con- 
 i9tructions may be given, or whatever other may be assigned, most undoubtedly 
 it cannot be supposed by any genuine professor of our holy religion, that the 
 Divine Spirit of truth and purity would mention as a blessing, or speak ap- 
 provingly of that redness of eyes which attends gross drunkenness, and which 
 that same blessed Spirit in another place describes as one of its effects in con- 
 nection with woe, sorrows, babbling, contention, and other great evils j and 
 then immediately, and in the most pointed and forcible manner, commands one 
 and all not oven to *' look upon the wine'* which produces such araiciiag and 
 ruinous effects. 
 
 5. " Thou shalt plant vineyards and dress them, but shalt neither drink ,of 
 
oks, and the 
 terpretation 
 3ct as to de- 
 se by Chris- 
 
 ] of grapes, 
 th milk."— 
 
 )f prophecy 
 lid befal tho 
 i predictions 
 e said, " un- 
 n of this he 
 father. Of 
 habitations, 
 anger they 
 sed be their 
 divide them 
 and favour- 
 ion seems of 
 )posite con- 
 n, that their 
 )ut the \vino 
 iir "clothes 
 parts about 
 led with the 
 probably, as 
 be so abun- 
 the opposite 
 he drunken- 
 and as well 
 f these con- 
 undoubtedly 
 on, that the 
 »r speak ap- 
 , and which 
 ects in con- 
 evils ; and 
 mmands one 
 
 S3 
 the wine, nor g»ther the irraDM for it. 
 
 l» withheld, a, al.0 ef tbo \la^ b^T ' ^^'"''"^ <>' "^^^^"^ '^""ii 
 ^"0 neither, » the .„r„, l^t t'V;:T„°' " "" ''''' "■""" 
 
 *■ "'^^'^M:^'^;eXt?„:?^t? ^™t ^'— °"«-'-. 
 
 Dent. xxlz. 6. * ""' ^ »"■ ">« ^"^ y»>' Ooi.-J. 
 
 Sec.l. The n,e.ningLd LTof h! '^°/""'"-'"' ««=•. "■'d" No. 5, 
 been obliged to l.bo'r for their ol^.T"^" '^- '"'"'■ey had no 
 yearsofthoir journeying '2 M ''''"'■'' ''"'' '''"'■'» ""> "hole forty 
 food, directly a'nd d^C HeJe' ™" '."'f '"' """ '=" """ -""W 
 «.»t dependence „p„n the" gJ If I J? "'"' """"^ "'»°' i» oon- 
 «nd, or strong drin'h, or into^^iin ^or" f^r^d " T "'"' "^ ""^ 
 measure, had been at all needfnl t Tu, L ^ ""''wption, or in any 
 fatigues and privations o^ heTr Jndelt ^ ""'}' '^"" '» -"-« *^- 
 those articles „nld have be n ^ ien . .r"™? ''°"''"<"'' '»"'<' <"• "" of 
 then, with «.,«. ^,, as^he Z ™e:°„t-^-,';^' f "'^ "=^''«" »-Pplied 
 inference, in favour of the use of i,Z T V """"• *>'° PW^Ie 
 
 drawn from this „.ssa„ a. ilu „ '"'Tf "^ '"'"°'' °f «">■ ''!"''. 'an be 
 of the articles specTf ,„d h r. '"" ' ' '' "" ""' ''^ ""' «""»'« 
 
 ™"r of tbeuse'Tf .ht'Ltrt'.VtT'''''"^*""' '""™"»" '" '- 
 
 jg go to be promoted over the trees H ''-Judgee ii. 
 
 The flgufative language of a n«r.M« • i 
 
 «0">.r purpose of «pL'a„d lde:"l„ "r""'"^'"' "> ^"^ » P»- 
 
 »i.o, probably enough, was not a 1.;' ? " ™^ ""<"•«' by a man 
 
 choerethGodandm.'.'-. 1;° f;"'f°''; «''™'='-^ " -y wine wMch 
 
 tomplatiou Of his own goodness in rrr °^' "^ '^'"""^ '" "« »- 
 
 .^*.e«d or „,ade h.ppy ;„ ,be no..!.!- .""".^ °,' ": ^^ "'^^ »™W be 
 •<;tuaiiy partaking of the bIes.in..Tr""' "'."" '"''"•"'"" "'"tagc, or in 
 «.e-n. In analogy t„ . u uT aid 11^,1'"°', "'""''"""^ ''^»"'«'"' »" 
 
 ii-Cii'isr„:iry{ff-^^^^^^^^^ 
 
54 
 
 that com is said to make cheerful, but corn will not iutoxicate. And the 
 same may be said of this passage, '* comfort thine heart with a morsel of 
 bread," &c., and as to many other passages of a like import. Whatever 
 construction or explanation, however, may be given of the passage, it can 
 avail nothing at all in determining the question of a divine permission or 
 sanction for the use of intoxicating wine, or any other intoxicating liquor, as 
 a beverage. Professor M. Stewart, of Andover, America, in his letter to 
 Dr. Nott, already referred to, gives the following just and appropriate ex- 
 planation of the word « cheereth," in this passage,—*' is an acceptable offer, 
 ing to God, and a blessing to man." [The letter here mentioned will be 
 found in the •« Truth-seeker's Temperance Topic," published at Leeds, by 
 Dr, f. R. Lees] 
 
 §. *' And another carrying a bottle of wine, &c." — 1 Sam. x. 3. 
 
 What was the description or quality of this wine is of no importance 
 wUatever, as to the question of a divine sanction for drinking any kind of 
 intoxicating liquor. 
 
 9. " Then Abigail made haste, and took two hundred loaves, and two 
 bottles of wine, &c. And Nabal's heart was merry within him, for 
 he was very drunken. In the morning, when the wine was gone out 
 of Nabal, &c."— 1 Sam. xxv. 18, 36, 37. 
 Here was the conduct of a grateful, benevolent, and prudent woman. It 
 is quite uncertain whether the wine in these bottles was unfermented, or of 
 the intoxicating quality, and it is not at all material to be known, as either 
 case, under the circumstances, could be of no importance whatever, as to the 
 point of the divine approval or sanction oi the use of intoxicating liquor as a 
 drink. As to the wine which Nabal drank, there can be no doubt concern- 
 ing its quality j but surely no religious professor will cite his example in 
 favour of the use of intoxicating liquor. 
 
 10. " And he dealt among all the people, even among the whole multitude of 
 Israel, as well to the women as men, to every one a cake of bread, 
 and a good piece of flesh, and a flagon of wine."— 2 Sam. vi. 19. 
 Also 1 Chron. xvi. 3. 
 The words, " of wine," are not in the original, and are put in italic letters 
 in the English version. It is supposed by some critics that the original word, 
 here translated " flagon," means a kind of cake or confectionary ; but even 
 admitting that it is rightly lendered, as meaning a '' flagon of wine," as 
 the quality of the wine is not mentioned or all-ided to, (but most probably it 
 was new unfermented and sweet wine, as it was dealt among the whole multi- 
 tude of Israel, and doubtless, the children as well as the women got their 
 portion,) the instance, as in the two last mentioned cases, can avail nothing 
 
}. And the 
 a raorsel of 
 
 Whatever 
 isagc, it can 
 Tmission or 
 ig liquor, as 
 lis letter to 
 opriate ex- 
 table offer-i 
 led \rill b^ 
 
 Leeds, by 
 
 importance 
 my kind of 
 
 I and two 
 in him, for 
 s gone out 
 
 Oman. It 
 ited, or of 
 ), as either 
 , as to the 
 liquor as a 
 >t concern- 
 example in 
 
 ultitude of 
 5 of bread, 
 m. ri. 19. 
 
 talic letters 
 
 ;inal vrord, 
 
 but even 
 
 wine," as 
 
 55 
 
 as to the question of a divine a«n.r 
 
 of an intoxicating description '" °' *PP~^«' '^ ^^^ «e of any Ifquor 
 
 -«^-^no..hen..^:::r^ 
 
 i^ this WHS tntcancatinff yrine as is mw . 
 
 12. " And a botlle of wine, &c A„J .i. . 
 
 wilderness .a, dri„k."l2 CLTT' '""" '"^ « be f.i„, ^ .^^ 
 This wine was furniei,„p j ^ *' 2- 
 
 '3- •' Storehouses also, („ tlio increase „f . 
 
 given hi„ ,„b„.„,, ver/Zl'^o r" ™'' "'■ ^« God had 
 
 ■.-ip.i;.t'. reiVh oir" ""' '"■''--o^te'^r::';™ 
 
 "■ " ^'ff ™ before him. and X t„olc „„ ,u . 
 
 Wng.--Nehen,. ii. 1. "^ "■» "'■"-■ »»d gave it „„,„ «, 
 
 This instance of a heathen ki„^ „„, , . 
 
 -:«....ca„he„f.,,4r:s^^.- 
 
 '*• "''«'»re, I pray you, to then, „.„.,.• . 
 
 b-ndredth Parto/thc X"ndon r "'*'"°'''' *-' »'- »be 
 Ther ;' 'T'" "' '"-•"-NeLm f u ' '"^ "'"" "" 'be oil, 
 
 »»or;:r!::^^:i!«-. •'.»" *-'thc „.ostio„ „, , . 
 
 -"« referred to intheteX'"""* "''°"' ""»'«'«".. the ,„Sy:;Z° 
 
 iilL' 
 
 16. *' 
 
 ■tx 
 
 Iso fowl 
 
 were prepared 
 wine. ' 
 
 for 
 
 .ortsof wino.-llJeh::::.";::'"''' ""^ » •» -)•... ..ore.f .„ 
 
\ 
 
 56 
 
 For many reasons, it seems almost certain tha^ all the *' sorts of wine'' 
 were of an unfermented and anintoxicating description, and from the Diumer- 
 ous varieties of the grape. They were " prepared'* for him, doabtless, by 
 being expressed in the usual manner from the grapes, and, probably filtered 
 or refined, and they were " prepared'' also every «* ten days," Governors 
 and other rulers, both in the State and the Church, in modern as well as in 
 former ages, have generally thought it expedient and convenient to lay in 
 stores of varieties of wine for five, ten, or even twenty years ; and if Ne- 
 hemiah was accustomed to use intoxicating wine, it would have been much 
 the most convenient for him to have laid in a stock of it at once for ten 
 nvcTiiht, or more, as he had the means of doing so, instead of having it pre- 
 pared for him every ten days. Moreover, it is highly imi^obable that this 
 excellent man, who had such a weighty and most anxious charge and re- 
 sponsibility pressing constantly upon him during this period, would partake » 
 of intoxicating liquor, in any degree, as, by doing so, his judgment would be 
 impaired, and his mind more or less distracted or weakened. 
 
 17. " Some treading wine presses on the Sabbath, smd bringing in sheaves, 
 
 and leading asses ; as also wine, grapes, and figs,'' &c.— Nehem. 
 
 xlii. 15. 
 
 There is little or no doubt bat the wine mentioned here was of the new and 
 
 unfermented kind, from the mention of treading wine presses, and of the wine 
 
 being " hrought in" with sheaves and other articles, but the point can be of 
 
 no importance in this instance, as the persons were engaged in desecrating 
 
 the Sabbath ; and, even if it were intoxicating wine, the case would avail 
 
 nothing towards showing a Divine sanction for tho drinking of any liquor 
 
 of that description. 
 
 18. " And royal wine in abundance," &c. " "When the king's heart was 
 merry with wine. Ssc."— Esth. i. 7, 10. * And the king said unto 
 Esther at the banquet of wine," &c. "The king, arising from the 
 banquet of wine in his wrath, went into the palace garden,'' &c. 
 " Then the king returned out of the palace garden into the place of 
 the banquet of wine,'* &c. — Esth. v. 6 ; vii. 2, 8. 
 These instances no way affect the question to be constantly kept in view, 
 
 namely, of Divine sanction for the use of intoxicating liquor. 
 
 19. ** His sons and his daughters were eating and drinking wine," &c. "Thy 
 
 sons and thy daugbiers were eating and drluking wine,"' &c. — Job 
 
 I. 13, 18. 
 
 "Whether it was intoxicating wine or of the opposite description, is quite 
 
 immaterial as to the Divine sanction so often mentioned. This instance, 
 
 and many others regarding tho use of winR, are mere statements of facts. > 
 
I of wine" 
 le xkniQef- 
 i>tles9, by 
 ly filtered 
 jovernors 
 well as ia 
 to lay in 
 id if Ne- 
 ten much 
 e for ten 
 ng it pre- 
 that this 
 i and re- 
 1 partake ' 
 would be 
 
 sheaves^ 
 -Nehem. 
 
 i new and 
 the wine 
 can be of 
 secratiag 
 uld avail 
 ny liquor 
 
 eart was 
 said unto 
 from the 
 len/' &c. 
 i place of 
 
 5^^ 
 
 effect, declares, that through DWne ll'/"" ^"•"''°' ^"""'"' "ere, i„ 
 he enjoyed m„r, happiness" thanZ e "idT ""'°' "''"'■'"'«' '» h" >■« « 
 '■---.ea.s.ah„„da.eo™S;:ri;r^S;-'<' '" '^o 
 
 ■ ,^. ^^^:^^r^:r^--^' "e^hatWh^i^eand 
 This is literalJv trun nf u ! '^^ 
 
 "Hl,i„,s, a.dal,vaysasLCit„:Tr 'i™"' ""'™"^"^- """empo- 
 '"■Pliedly condemned; .ad as tlh^"''- ^^^ '='""'»'" «' 'he p,rsons^s 
 ;.'■•' o«. he of n„ impCatrX^rrrr n"'^ "' "'' "^ '"''^^' 
 '■<""»"• °*°"' '" 'he ^"i"' ' *aotioo before men- 
 
 "■mentioned, the circnmsttoe c „ d L o^ no"'V"' ""^'''^ '- "hieh it 
 of D.v.ne sanction .,i„ kept i„ view ""' "' ''''S^"'' 'he ,„es.i„n 
 
 m view, 
 
 :c. «Thy 
 &,c< — Job 
 
 , is quite 
 instance, 
 
 facts. > 
 
 -*• '* A feast is marip, fr,,- i l 
 
 "Muor, and .he merriment^^Ve Tairin V' '°r ''r°"'"<''»'' '"'"icatin; 
 often attends the free usoof sn.h L , "^ """ -lescrlplioa which ^f 
 
 'e.«di„g the 9uestio„ ; 2' n:;:7 ' T'"""' ™°" P-- n I'! 
 he -,,„g i, that, as ,„ a feast and J™ t^h of":: ^^ "'"" "' f"- "' 
 
\U\ 
 
 58 
 
 S5. ^'Thj silver it become dross, thy wine mixed with water."— Ii. i. 22. 
 
 Most probably unfermented wine is here intended. The language is 
 figurative to express, that as wine would be greatly deteriorated or destroyed 
 by the admixture of a large quantity of water, so the people by their wicked 
 and corrupt conduct had debased and destroyed themselvee. Of course there 
 is nothing here to imply a Divine sanction, for the use of intoxicating drink. 
 
 26. '* The Lord called to weeping and mourning, but behold eating flesh and 
 
 drinking wine ; let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we shall die." — 
 
 Is. xxii. 13. 
 
 It is most probable that the wine mentioned ht: e was of the intoxicating 
 
 description, but whether it was so or not can be of no consequence as to the 
 
 question of the Divine allowance or sanction so often referred to; more 
 
 especially as the conduct of these persons is so plainly condemned. 
 
 27. "The new wine mourneth, the vine languisheth, &c.; they shall not 
 drink wine with a song ; strong drink shall be bitter to them that 
 drink it, &c. ; there is a crjing for wine in the streets," &c. — Is. xxiv. 
 7,9,11. 
 It is sufficiently evident, that the wine first mentioned is the liquor im- 
 mediately from the prest, the new and un/ermmted wine, being mentioned as 
 it is in connection with the languishing of the vine. Whether by the general 
 term wine, in the subsequent parts of the passage, is to be understood fer- 
 mented and intoxicating wine, or the same as that first mentioned, is rather 
 uncertain, but it is highly probable that the latter is still meant. It would 
 seem from the connection and expressions throughout the passage, that the 
 word " shechar" in the original language, which is here transl&ted " strong 
 drink," should rather have been rendered sweet drink. See the remarks 
 under No. 5 in Sec. I. There is a marked and entire contrast between sweet 
 and bitter, but not so between strong or spirituous and bitter. The passage 
 then being understood to refer to new un/ermented wine and other sweet and 
 unfermented drink, it amounts in effect to a declaration of some of the chief 
 temporal blessings being withhe'd jS a Divine punishment for sins j and from 
 the whole context in which the passage is contained, this would evidently ap- 
 pear to be the case. However, should the wine which they were not to 
 drink with a song or rejoicing, and the *• strong drink" which was to be 
 bitter to them, be understood to mean intoxicating liquors, still, as the con- 
 duct of the persons referred to is so expressly and severely condemned in 
 the context, such constructioti could avail nothing with regard to the 
 question of a divine sanction for the use of such liquors. 
 
 to 
 po 
 
 29. 
 
 4 
 
 hen 
 no i 
 who 
 seve 
 
 30. « 
 
 T] 
 
 mentit 
 
 house 
 
 the us( 
 
 new at 
 
 to be SI 
 
 intoxici 
 
 their cc 
 
 his appr 
 
 kind of 
 
 31. "Bi 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 By th 
 
 is perfectl 
 
 therefore 
 
 So often n 
 
 28. <* A land like your own, a land of corn and wine," iic— Is. xxxvi. 17, 
 also, 2 Kings xriii. 32. 
 
I. i. 22. 
 
 anguage is 
 r destroyed 
 tetr wicked 
 oorse there 
 ing drink. 
 
 ^ flesh and 
 ill die."— 
 
 ttoxicating 
 
 e as to the 
 
 to; more 
 
 shall not 
 them that 
 —Is. xziv. 
 
 liquor im- 
 ntioned as 
 le general 
 •stood fer- 
 , is rather 
 
 It would 
 , that the 
 i "strong 
 ) remarks 
 een sweet 
 e passage 
 sweet and 
 the chief 
 
 and from 
 iently ap- 
 re not to 
 vr&s to be 
 I the con- 
 lemned in 
 d to the 
 
 09 
 
 Poru-c .. „ the divine ..„eL„ .0 oZJ^^:^, '^ "'""H " of o. i..' 
 
 »». " Come ye, ^^ ^ j ^., ^ 
 
 .>ro„g drink; ^, t„.m„ „„„ ^ ;V;^, "« "J" <>" o„„e,,e, ,i,fc 
 abuDd.„t."_b. I,i. 12. "o « ""» day, .nd much aow 
 
 It uhigliljr probable llwi both (fc. • 
 he™ me„Uo„ed, »ere i„,oxica.i„g ,, 't;.'"° '"'' f ™°? ^rink f-sbecb.^.) 
 
 -?-Xi"b^f::i"-^v^^ 
 
 •aj'-ft ye shall drink no wL „e^ fat ' °"' '"^'^^^ ^'""'"^^^^ "», 
 Jerem. xxxv. 4, 5, 6. ' *' ^* °°' ^°"' sons for ever.»-I 
 
 There is no intimation as tn n j 
 mentioned, bat ^a ;* description or oualitv nr tu • . 
 
 '"'"^oftbepriesband Levi J i,'^ """""'»" ""-> <lepo«ited, „ 
 
 »ejr and „„fera,e„.od,i„e„^ieh ;.';;?; T'""'' '«''""'''"' ' ™ 
 to be supposed that the iruo and hl^ f'"^ '° "■»"■ '"deed it i. „'. 
 
 ■"'oxicatin, ,i,„„. The cole Sir '' """"' '""'^ ""^ '" ""n" an, 
 >.e.rco„duet,„»y bo considred .ttl "P™»'j"«»"'-«f by God o„ 
 
 h» approval of entire abstinence bv.r*' ' ' ""*''" "««»' at W 
 i-"d of i„,„,ic..i„^ „,„or '" "" '•"••°"'' ""d «' M toes, fro^ ^ 
 
 7frrp:::^rpi:rbi rr^ »"' - -- - - 
 
 Bj^ the words, " gather win. •' j ''"'""• »'• '0, 1 2. 
 ■'perfectly plain ,ba. the „.„ IVll^"""?' "'■"'" *"• '""■"8 »ed, it 
 therefore this text ha, no .„„,;.?.!; "*"'. "• "'^ A-'^r. was intend,/..!! 
 '» often repeated. ■ "•■'•■•-■""° '» "" q"«"o„ „f ,he divine wniti™ 
 
 zzvi. 17, 
 
 3?. '' Because the children and th« , ,- 
 
 f «/ -, to their mothers Xf"^' ^"°°» '" *»>« 'Greets, &e. 
 — Jgy^Llg^^r^ "* '* ^^"'•^ «nd wine/' &c.-L«n^ 
 
60 
 
 • From the corn and the wino being mentioned together, it is far the most 
 probable that the latter is to be understood as wine from the prets and un/er- 
 mented. Indeed, it is scarcely credible to suppose that these mothers had 
 been in the habit of giving intoxicating liquor to their young children and suck- 
 lings, or that the latter would be craving it. However, that may be, it is 
 here also perfectly plain, that there is nothing having the least reference to a 
 divine sanction for the use of such liquor by any person whatever. 
 
 li 
 
 33. ♦'Damascus was thy wine merchant in the wine of Helbon,'' &c. — 
 Ezek. zxvii. 18 
 This is merely a statement as to the traffic between two places in wine 
 and other articles, and has no relation to the oft repeated enquiry as to a 
 divine sanction. 
 
 34-. " But Daniel purposed in his heart, that he would not defile himself 
 with the portion of the king's meat, nor with the wine which he 
 drank." — Dan. 1. 8. 
 It is every way probable that this wine was of the intoxicating descrip- 
 tion, and that, for this reason, as well as possibly for others also, this good 
 man would not defile himself with this kind of wine, which was drunk by the 
 king. As far as this iustance may be supposed to have any bearing on the 
 question of the divine sanction beforementioned, it is directly opposed to the 
 supposition of such sanction. 
 
 35. '* They drank wine, and praised the goods of gold, and of silver, of brass, 
 of iron, of wood,'' &c. — Dan, v, 4. " Thou hast drunk wine in 
 them," (the vessels of the sanctuary^. — Verse 23. 
 The kind of wine drank by these idolaters is a point of no importance as 
 
 as regards the same question of Divine sanction. 
 
 36. " Neither came flesh nor wine in my mouth," &c Dan. x. iii. 
 
 Doubtless unfermented wine is here alluded to. See the remarks under 
 No. 34. 
 
 37. " In the day of our king the prinres have made him sick with bottles of 
 
 wine,'' &c. " They assemble for corn and wine, and they rebel," 
 
 &c. — Hos. viii. 5, 14. 
 
 The description of the wine here mentioned is quite immaterial as to the 
 
 same enquiry regarding a Divine sanction for the use of intoxicating liquor. 
 
 Their. conduct is condemned. 
 
 C 
 
 his h( 
 
 in th( 
 
 Tests 
 
 as an^ 
 
 clear i 
 
 wine, 
 
 of that 
 
 and th 
 
 could I 
 
 and the 
 
 by thei] 
 
 and unf 
 
 preserve 
 
 new ski] 
 
 external 
 
 the resu- 
 
 sweet, ai 
 
 inff and j 
 
 fermente- 
 
 be constr 
 
 ance for t 
 
 toxicating 
 
 relation t( 
 
 tion. Thi 
 
 The old, j 
 
 fined, and 
 tk« 
 
 »"v /ecw. 
 
 40. «And 
 wit 
 
 r-t^j^^iiayjf^SL'^t;.-'.^ ..:j;i^fi»^,<,je<^3^g^^-5jPfaC5g^s^aE^^-4c 
 
61 
 
 M. "That drink win, i„ b„„,/4, ... . 
 
 .fflic.i„„„ffeeph."-A™„,,i'e ' ' "" ""' 8^'»"« for «,. 
 Neither, here, can the de,crinlion „f . 
 
 !«.. .nd unfeeling peraons/Ze .n! b!'"'' "'""' "" ""« "-f"". '«k- 
 I'vme .Uowanee or sanction: ' '^'""^ "?» "■• -">» queaien of 
 
 >rtance as 
 
 39. " Neither do men n„t n« • 
 
 ."■ne inlo new botfles a„/k,K ''"'"'' ''"' ">»/ P"t new 
 
 See aho .Mark ii. 22 « ^ „/ '" P«-"'«'-"-M.>h ix.> 
 ""d both are preserved, l'":'"'','"""'^ P"' ""» new botUel" 
 •faightway desireth „e» ^t 7' .°!'\ '"""B '''•""I old win, 
 '• 37, 38, 39. ' ^°' '"' '»'"•. 'he old is better."-]: Jk^ 
 
 « the analogical i„,i„„,, ^ '" """. P'°<l«nt and careful conduct of men 
 
 Toetament Scrip,„re, bea,.,„7„„ 1 Itl " f "«»' -PO'tant par, of New 
 «» .ny Scriptural author!,, „', I'l" ''°'"' ^"''•i-' "' ">« »- of wine, aV ar 
 *" fro™ the parage,. Ihat n ote„ "dTr*'- """'• " " P«^-'t 
 "".e, wa. in „,, , j^^ Jews and . hi! f." ™''-«<I"o»Uj' unintoxica.ing 
 
 of that description for if i, . / " «""" ""« "ine here referred .„ 
 
 .nd thereby "lost .I:/».X,''rd''an T """^^ "^ ^~'^" 
 
 could have been as safely preserved i TV^ "'° ''"*"•"«% qu.litv' i 
 
 •nd there would, in that calhavfb '"'' ''°"'<'' »» » 't „r»es 
 
 "7 .heir breaking or burs. "^ ' Tn?:!" "l"''' "' ""» '»- of the old bo'i:^ 
 
 and unfer^ented wine, in th!t a^e a„'d Tro"''.." '""'''' "'"""' ""»' " " 
 
 Preserved in that state for son,e tC for fT * """ ^'"P"'' <^°""' b^. and was 
 
 «^» ^kin bottles. Which, not W 1 ".r"'' '^ '""■""""'P»-=o--ely " 
 
 externa, air, so essential „ flemLT;: "'• ""' "'''' «"" "'ereforo'^he 
 
 trtdT' ?""'="• "''°'h-r;;ei^TV"f ««- «» thewme: 
 
 s«veet, and free from /erm«teto.. and th. him' ° "'"' "■"» i-'^mrf, ' 
 
 'ns and perishing. But even if th pas's 'smT ''""'''' '"■" «-«- 
 fermented and into=tica.ing wine thcreT tt' "'°"''''^'* '° '"fer ,„ 
 
 be construed, so as .0 afford e," „ 'he «, / '" ""^ «'"•=" '«" P"- b ly 
 ance f„, tl.e drinking „f such wl^ oVet^b " r"''"' ™'"'"' <» a»ow- 
 to^rcaung quality. The passage^nde 7 °' '"'"" P°^»--"S "-e in- 
 -lafon to the lawfulness or unfaw^-uTntl ' ^t""' "'° '^"^ 'ofcrence or 
 ^?"- Ihc preference of oU wine oT '"«^ "'™ "' ""X •'escrin. 
 
 TheoW, «»/.™.„<.rf, when filtered ob'r't'""'^ ' ""'.er of ,2 
 «"c , and thus preserved purified and IlL'lr^ ''°"»' ." "'"erwi.e re! 
 ""'"■• ""■' °8°' »ould be better than 
 
 W. "And shall drink neilhe 
 
62 
 
 Certainly there is nothing, in this instance of John the Baptist, to implj 
 ar divine sanction for the use of intoxicating liquor, by any person, at any 
 any time, but quite the reverse, as far as the case applies. 
 
 il. "And bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and wine."— Luke x. 35. 
 
 The quality or description of the wine mentioned here, must be alto- 
 gether conjectural, and the point is not of the slightest importance. The 
 application of the wine, as well as the oil, is to be considered, literally, as 
 being poured into the wounds, there being good authorities to show, that a 
 mixture of oil and wine has been found to De a useful application to recent 
 wounds and bruises. 
 
 42. " For no man buyeth their merchandise any more, &c., frankincense, 
 wine, and oil," &c.— Rev. xviii. 11, 13. 
 This was predicted of those who traded with the spiritual Babylon. The 
 description of wine or wines alluded to is of no importance, as this prediction 
 has no bearing whatever on the question of the divine sanction, so often 
 mentioned in these pages. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Passages of the Scriptures where wine is mentioned as used in religious offerings 
 and services, under the Levilical or Jewish dispensation. 
 
 1. " Thou shalt not delay to offer the first of thy ripe fruits, and of thy liquors." 
 — Exod. xxii. 29. " The first of the first fruits of thy land, thou 
 shalt bring into the house of the Lord thy God."--Exod. xxiii. 19. 
 ** And the Lord spake unto Aaron, behold 1 also have given thee 
 the charge of mine heave offerings, of all the hallowed things of the 
 children of Israel, &c. All the best of the oil, and all the best of 
 the wine, and of the wheat, the first fruits of them, which they shall 
 offer unto the Lord, them have I given thee. And whatsoever is 
 first ripe in the land, which they shall bring unto the Lord, shall be 
 thine : every one that is clean in thine house shall eat of it.''— 
 Numb, xviii. 8, 12, 13. 
 " Thus speak unto the Levites, when ye take of the children of Israel 
 the tithes which I have given you from th6m for an inheritance, then 
 ye shall offer up an heave-offerin? of it for the Lord, even a tenth 
 part of the tithe. And this your heave-offering shall be reckoned 
 unto you as though it were the corn of the threshing-floor, and as 
 the fulness of the wine-press. Thus ye also shall offer an heave- 
 
 ■'■ ' offering- unto the Lord of all your tithes which ye receive of the 
 
 !**??^*^s:-f£fey^isaE 
 
St, to imp] J 
 
 ion, Ut BDJ 
 
 !i X. 35. 
 
 st be alto- 
 ance. The 
 literally, as 
 how, thai a 
 m to recent 
 
 ankincense, 
 
 ^lon. The 
 I prediction 
 <x, so often 
 
 us offeringt 
 
 \y liquors." 
 land, thou 
 , xxiii. 19. 
 given thee 
 ngs of the 
 he best of 
 . they shall 
 atsoerer is 
 'd, shall be 
 ,t of it.''— 
 
 I of Israel 
 ;ance, then 
 tn s tenth. 
 ) reckoned 
 sr, and as 
 an heave- 
 ive of the 
 
 §9 
 
 fi;»".iMhe» il,h.» bo could „1 ^r,*""^ "•« b..t ,he«.f 
 »l>«ll eal k i„ ever, „|,„ ,, ,„h \ ' <««.p„„. And t, 
 
 create of .he «.ld, ,h; .,«,' „f «„ 1' . °"°^' °"'' "^ '" »'« »- 
 And .he children o( Isr e 1.1 ' , ?k .T"^"" ""^ '° ""'■"'»"y- 
 
 '"■ial.. they a.» broagh. '„ he j.he ,' ' '"""' '" ""« ""'" »f 
 tube of holy .hi„g,,4i,,;™'*yf»/™ and sheep, „d the 
 
 them by he.,„, 1;. Th.rH»^!l . '' ""'° ">' ^°«'' a"-! 1«*4 
 
 P"««. of .he house of zX ensued b '"' ^.^'""' "" '=''"' 
 People began to bring the ofe ngs „!<.:' ""' ?'"' ^'"'' «" 
 iave had enough t„ eat, .nd h.,e left ■ . "'! "'^ ""• '^' " 
 blessed hi, people; and that whtt if ."r^'V ' «>« Wd h.,h 
 __ Chron. ,„i. 4, 4_ s_ 9_ ,^ "*■«'' « left .s this g.e,t .t„e."_2 
 
 And .hat we should brins the fi™t f •, , 
 
 i»^. and the f.uit of fllt. 1 1 't: T v""^"' 7" ""' °'^- 
 'be pnest., .o .he chambers of the hotle of „1 r ; "^ "' »"' "'*> 
 of our ground unto the Levites IT^lTl ^^' »"<■ ""e »"b« 
 Aaron shall be with the Levites who'n th . ''"'" ""> »»» «f 
 
 'be Levites shall bring up T^l Z """ '»''° 'i"'*' = and 
 God, to the ob.n.ber,.'i„Te e t: fh!'"' T "" ''°"'- '- 
 I»rael and the children of Levi hal b f^ "" "'""^° »' 
 
 of 'be new wine, and the ^I „ Zit' f"""' "' '^' — - 
 Teasel, of the sanctuary, and the "'*/''?■»''«"• ^bere are the 
 
 ^ po'ters, and the singers. &c>^Neb . '"'"'"^'' ""» 'be 
 
 From all that is contained in iL ^"''T' "' *''' ^^' 3»- 
 
 tt:-:i •"? ''™ "■" '^" «™ -d Id? f^rr " '"- "'- » -nee. 
 
 the uthes of the corn, wine, and oil and 1 i"* '""' «"<• f«™»bin* 
 
 pr-est. and Levites, were as folloj t-ite tie '' •"" '"' -"' "' *'« 
 of those passages, were not to dela« i„ „ff ^ '^ ' °' ""entioned in the first 
 apart, and render the™, of the vl 21 V?*" *'"'^'' ^'■' «ere tot 
 and t., oa„y the. in.. .L hou e „7tt lord' f " f "' ''"'" »' '"-' 'an" 
 
 ,„, „,„j, ,.gj,^ .^ ^^ received from th» .^,71 "■"■-■''""*" P""i» remained, 
 «^en immediately to set apart from such ul „^. "' "".^«'"«'' -bo were 
 
64 
 
 I 
 
 
 /.' i; 
 
 h 
 
 HH 
 
 r-1 
 
 in Nnmbew xriil, the priest and every one in liia house that were clean were 
 to eat. The residue of the tithes, when the best were thas selected, or 
 heaved from them, was to be counted unto the Levites, as though it were the 
 increase, or the fulness, or whole of the threshing floor and of the wine pre$$ ; 
 and they were to eat it, in every place, with their houeeholds, as their reward 
 for their service. It is observable that there is not a word, about dnnking the 
 wine in any of the texts cited, either by the priests or by the Levites, but 
 only the word eat is used in every one oi them ; from which, and also from 
 the other circumstances as to there being no delay in offering the firet of the 
 firtt ripe fruitt, and their being laid in heaps in the houte, Sec, it would seem 
 more probable that the /irtt of the ripe grapet, as gathered, and containing 
 the new wine, were carried into the houbo as the tithe offering, rati.er than 
 that the people passed them through ihe prete, and rendered the wine in that 
 form. Moreover, as the tithes were to be rendered in kind, and were to be 
 tho /irtt of their /irtt fruits, and there was to be no delay in offering them, 
 and they were to bo precisely the tenth part of their products, they could at 
 once set apart exactly the tenth part of their grapes j but if the tithe was to 
 be of the wine, as it came from the wine press, or most especially if, after 
 fermentation, such tenth part could not be ascertained or set apart, and carried 
 into the house of the Lord, until after all the wine from the whole vintage 
 had been made and measured, and thus there would have been long delay in- 
 deed in ascertaining and offering such tithe j and, from a variety of circum- 
 stances, it would have been next to impossible to have ascertained in that 
 way such exact tenth part. In which ever form the wine was so carried into 
 the chambers of the house for the use of the priests, it seems sufficiently cer- 
 tafai, from all which is stated in the several texts cited, and taking them to- 
 gether, that the wine, previous to such offering, had not undergone fermenta- 
 tion, and thereby become intoxicating. The priests were forbidden, under the 
 penalty of death, to partake of " wine" or *• shechar" (" strong drink" or 
 " sweet drink") of any kind when about to minister in the sanctuary, and as 
 the tenth or tithe of the people's tithes was an heave offering, unto the Lord 
 himself, and He gave it unto the priests, for the support of themselves and their 
 families, it is almost incredible, or even profaneness, to suppose that intoxicat- 
 ing liquor of any kind would, by the Divine appointment, be carried into that 
 sacred place, and the temptation to the most flagrant and aggravated violation 
 of the command be thus placed and remain immediately before them. More- 
 over, not only the priest himself, but every one in his house who was clean, 
 including all his children, young and old, were to eat of such offerings, and, 
 surely, it seems monstrous to imagine that those children, even the youngest 
 of them, were to partake of intoxicating liquors. As the good king Hezekiah, 
 and the pious and excellent governor Nehemiah, both endeavoured literally 
 to restore every thing relating to the worship and service in the sanctuary, 
 and the offerings, ceremonies, ;.nd observances, as they had at the first been 
 established by 2)mne appointment and.command, and as, under such restora- 
 tion by Hezekiah, it is stated, that the people brought in the / rat fruits of 
 the corn and wine, and of all the increase of the field> and laid them in heaps 
 
 in th 
 
 eat, a 
 
 house 
 
 in th( 
 
 fruit I 
 
 the cli 
 
 into th 
 
 it may 
 
 the net 
 
 instanc 
 
 that on 
 
 tion, w( 
 
 that th( 
 
 chambei 
 
 in them 
 
 " mocket 
 
 " strong 
 
 in any oi 
 
 wine thui 
 
 the proce 
 
 tajnty thj 
 
 new wine 
 
 foregoing 
 
 the same i 
 
 of the Le^ 
 
 5> (' 
 
 And V 
 poi 
 for 
 
 xxi 
 
 " An off( 
 
 drin 
 
 Lev 
 
 " With i\ 
 
 mad( 
 " And wi] 
 
 Lord 
 wine 
 &c. ; 
 
 hin ol 
 paresi 
 half ai 
 unto tl 
 " And the d 
 
 •>S«W«*HBBBB!T« 
 
iii/ ' — - 
 
 col. Md had °Jn 'JZt'l^ '.V'° P™"* "'■' «>«( Ihoy h.d h.^ 
 
 /""■' of ..1 manner 'Mrf;.;.':' '»■'' "« "■« 'i".o offerings ;:*/;,■' 
 'I'o children of Levi „„! , ! " '""' *"=•• «»<! «.at the children „fr > '" 
 
 ""y be repoa>ed, .hat i. appears hTf, I 'r""-'»- '"^ "•« P'Zl' I ' 
 
 2. « 
 
 <( 
 
 « 
 
 - -™. o.ri„„ ., fer'a ^^^r ^ ^e rt^'i:' 
 An offering, made by fire «nfn fir.. 
 
 Lev. xxiii. 13. "^'"^^ ^''^ fourth part of an Jiin.''_ 
 
 With their meat offerine anrl fh • j • . 
 
 And ,vill „ake an off.™, JXe ' . ^"''•"-Lev. .,;;,. jg. «' 
 Lord a burn, offering;. L. '- l^ "r'!" T^' -«>"•.■ "n.o .he 
 »™o for a drink offering,.. &, „ ^ ''"' f<>"«l> Pa« of an hin „f 
 *c. ; « And for a drinlTnff , ^ ° '''"" "'"u ahalt preoar. ■• 
 
 Wn of wine. f„, . .;!"^'"^"'"« "«»" *a" offer .he .hird .^r "^Z ' 
 
 .-o« a baiw: :r T:r.r'° t, '"'• ^"^ "'■- .1'": 
 
 ,^:[- i.^n of .i„e, .r at"o«L ti^!"!^" ? "^^"^-Ter';:; 
 
 '» ot a sweet savour 
 
 And the drink-offering thereof'ha,; 
 
 ^» 6, 7, 8, 10. 
 
 be the fourth part of 
 
 an hin for the 
 
one lamb ; in the holy place shalt thou cause the strong wine to be 
 poured unto the Lord for a drink offering. And the other lamb shalt 
 
 thou offer at 
 
 offeri 
 
 ! 
 
 N 
 
 even : as the meat onering ot the morning, „„„ „„ .^^ 
 drink offering thereof, thou shalt offer it, a sacriu'-e made by fire, of a 
 tweet $avour unto the Lord. And a several tenth-deal of flour, mingled 
 with oil, for a meat offering unto one Iamb, for a burnt offering of a 
 itveet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the Lord. And their drink- 
 offerings shall be half an hin of wine unto a bullock, and the third 
 part of an hin unto a ram, and a fourth part of an hin unto a lamb : 
 this is the burnt-offering of every month throughout the months of 
 the year.'' — Numb, xxviii. 7, 8, 13, 14. 
 "And one kid of the goats for a sin-offering, Ho make an atonement for 
 you : beside the burnt-offering of the month, and his meat-offering, 
 and the daily burnt-offering, and his meat-offering, and their drink- 
 offerings, according unto their manner, for a sweet savour, a sacrifice 
 made by fire unto the Lord."— Numb. xxix. 5, 6. 
 " Some of them also were appointed to oversee the vessels, and all the in- 
 struraents of the sanctuary, and the fine flour, and the wine, and the 
 oil, and the frankincense, and the spices."—! Chron. ix. 29. 
 Although the nature or quality of the wine directed to be used or poured 
 out in these offerings, whether fermented or unfermented, is of no importance 
 whatever as to the determination of the question of a Divine sanction for the 
 use o{ intoxicating liquor as a beverage ; yet if the wine so offered was really 
 of an intoxicating description, it is highly probable that some of those who are 
 in the habit of drinking such liquor, and consequently are opposed to the 
 total abstinence principle, will on that supposition conclude, that such Divine 
 sancsion for the use thereof as a beverage is thereby implied. It may be well 
 therefore to offer a few remarks, to show that the wine so offered was really 
 of an unfermented and unintoxicating character. In none of those texts but 
 one is there any mention or direct intimation as to the nature or description 
 of such wine. In that one passage the words •'' strong wine" are used, but 
 it has been made sufficiently clear by several who have critically examined 
 the word " she char," which in the original is the word here used, that it does 
 not • ecessarily mean strong or intoxicating liquor. In a letter by the Rev. 
 Author of Anti-Bacchus, contained in the pamphlet by Dr. F. R. Lees en- 
 titled «• Total Abstinence and Scripture Harmonized," and which letter com- 
 ments upon, and answers certain strictures by Dr. M'Lean on the opposite side 
 of the question, the following passages occur :~" One of the Professor's quota- 
 tions shows, that there was an innocent ' shachar.' He grants that in Num- 
 bers xxviii. 7, ' shachar is used for the yayin or wine mentioned Exod. xxix' 
 40. Now, tlie most respectable Jewish authorities inform us, that the Hebrew 
 word 'chomitz,' rendered in our translation by the terms 'leaven' and 
 ' vinegar,' refers as much to fermented drinks as to fermented bmad. and 
 ^ therefore the Jews in our day are as careful during the passover, to use un- 
 fermented drink as they are to eat nothing but unleavened bread. The fol- 
 lowing is a literal translation of the Hebrew text, Exod. xiii. 7,~^'wi/er- 
 
 t 
 
 g 
 
 a 
 w 
 
 X; 
 
 nn 
 
 ve 
 
 in 
 
 an* 
 
 con 
 
 R. 
 
 and 
 
 note 
 
 *sAc 
 
 a '^j 
 
 our t 
 
 as th 
 
 sacril 
 
 w-as I 
 
 *drin] 
 
 drink 
 
 of th( 
 
 among 
 
 before 
 
 £t 
 
 wine" 
 
 was of 
 
 other t( 
 
 8, 10, a 
 
 as to *' j 
 
 ch. Nui 
 
 passovei 
 
 that dur 
 
 should h 
 
 commanc 
 
 houses, a 
 
 the seven 
 
 the other 
 
 institutior 
 
 putting av 
 
 luc iiVWS I 
 
 mented Uqi 
 a letter a 
 for many y 
 
wine to be 
 r Iamb shalt 
 
 and as the 
 by fire, of a 
 )ur, mingled 
 iffering of a 
 their drink- 
 id the third 
 nto a Iamb : 
 
 months of 
 
 mement for 
 sat-offering, 
 their drink- 
 , a sacrifice 
 
 I all the in- 
 
 ne, and the 
 
 29. 
 
 I or poured 
 
 importance 
 
 ion for the 
 
 was really 
 se who are 
 sed to the 
 ich Divine 
 ay be well 
 was really 
 i texts but 
 description 
 I used, but 
 
 examined 
 bat it does 
 
 the Rev. 
 
 Lees, en- 
 etter com- 
 posite side 
 r's quota- 
 > in Num- 
 xod. xxix. 
 B Hebrew 
 ven' and 
 read: and 
 use un- 
 
 The fol- 
 --• un/er- 
 
 tnenied food shall be 
 
 version '^ stron, ^ne 'A. . *^' ^"^^ *'**"«J«ted in Numb T- """' 
 i« Exod xxix \T . •^''^^''^•ng to that admission f h!^ ""• '" ^^'^ 
 
 K- Lees, „,,„ „„,j ^^ ^J ' ' " harm e« „„,„t„^i„.,i "» b» 
 
 .aa,.ho«pri,o Essa,„„ Deut 1 I a^l' "''^^ '" ""^ Hebrew „" taa^" 
 
 amongst a varipf. T\ ^ '^^°"^ case the ,V.L ^'^"''^^^'^^•"nent 
 
 wCutteSLt.';:::;'r- ■■- ^^.. .. . ..Z" 
 
 2 « the. a„,e description a/ rjiJ'Zt "V""' " °° """O'"™* 
 8, 10, aud Numb. xxix. 5 6 sL rl ^' '*' Nuiab. iv 3 , « , 
 
 !,...„ . ""' »*«'*<ir rendered « ., '" "■» same 28 
 
 Passo.er swriflee and offerings are „„ •wf''''"^ """'" '» raentionod th» 
 'hatduring.hewh„,esevenl'7fr ""'''• "»" " - '-P^-^l Zt:Z 
 should be eaten. At the first ijl, '"'™"'" f''^'' "W„,rf b .ead °^' 
 commanded, that „„ the^^tyt 1,°/ '"" "'-"- '' -« » 
 houses, and it wa, declared, that «h ""' ""'»>■ "" '««» out ofT- 
 
 p-t»^a„,„n„.j;re':,;v:rtr;i.'-:^-<> 'ho z:::t ., 
 
 '"= uuvrs ouvo ever considered thil n.^'uu-. ^'"''"' '"^"^'^ ^s already statpH ^/ ' 
 ».»<«^ li^ors, as well as toTrlt a 'd ind d ^ " '" '"'"'"'' '" ««-d t ^ 
 ; 'otter as late as 1844 fron, aC;" --^/-«»<.^ .r,.* 1^ ^ 
 
 '" """' ^-" " Hebrew teacher al; "hirri '° j"' ""-»» »« ^ 
 
 g n» people, and residing i„ M«-. 
 

 Chester ia England, there are the following passages—'* All the Jqws then 
 with whom I have ever been acquainted, are in the habit of using unintoai- 
 eatuig wine at the passover, a wine made in this country expressly for the 
 occasion, and generally by themselves. In short, the Jews, as far as I know 
 use a perfectly unintoxicating wine at this delightful feast, the reason why they 
 do so being, that the use of the common fermented wine would be a contra- 
 vention of the laws of the passover." 
 
 Upon the whole, then, it is sufficiently evident, that all the w'ine men- 
 tioned in the several offerings prescribed in the texts immediately preceding 
 these remarks, as well as in all other offerings made unto the Lord, was of an 
 'unfermented and unintoxicating description. Throughout the inspired volume 
 the type or emblem selected and employed is always the most appropriate 
 and significant, and most in accordance with the thing or subject signified. 
 The offerings mentioned in the texts were to be as a sweet savour unto the 
 Lord, and it has with the strictest propriety ever been considered by the 
 most truly enlightened and pious, that they were Divinely intended to be 
 emblematical or figurative of the pure and perfect sacrifice and offering which 
 our gracious and loving Redeemer in his own person made to Divine justice 
 on our behalf, and to purchase our salvation. Of this gracious and glorious 
 work, there is previously the prophetical declaration — •' the Lord is well 
 pleased for his righteousness sake ;" and in another place after its accomplish- 
 mentitis declared— -" He hath loved us, and hath given himself for us, an 
 offering and a sacrifice unto God for a siveet smelling savour" 
 
 Surely then no enlightened and truly regenerated soul can hesitate to 
 
 conclude, that the precious blood of our spotless and adorable Redeemer by 
 
 meditation on whose sufferings and blood-shedding the souls of his believing 
 followers are nourished, invigorated, and cheered, as the Jews literally were 
 by " the fruit of the vine," — is typified with infinitely more propriety and ac- 
 cordance by the " pure blood of the grape,'' the unfermented wine, one of the 
 chief temporal blessings bestowed by the Lord on his people in Canaan," than 
 by an intoxicating liquor which the same wise and holy Being declares, pro- 
 duces woe, and sorrow, babbling, and contention, and « bites like a serpent 
 and stings like an adder." 
 
 S. " And when she had weaned him, she took him up with her, with three 
 bullocks, and one ephah of flour, and a bottle of wine, and brought 
 hira unto the house of the Lord in Shiloh."— 1 Sam. i. 24. 
 As nothing is intimated here as to the quality of the wine thus offered by 
 Hannah, it may at once be concluded that it was of the unfermented descrip- 
 tion, in accordance with the remarks and authorities given in the preceding 
 number, regarding the offerings mentioned in the several texts cited at the 
 .,.,.,.,,,... ... t...„i- Muiixuux, ttuQ LUC uLXiurs ruzciTcu lo in inose remarks. 
 
 rtntvtman/ 
 
 4. « And that which they have need of, both young bullocks, and rams, and 
 
 ■ wwicg ' VM vmi ^ S ! ^ 
 
r?ws then 
 
 unintoai' 
 
 \y for the 
 
 IS I know, 
 
 why they 
 
 a contra- 
 
 ine men- 
 preceding 
 was of an 
 d volume 
 )propriate 
 signified, 
 unto the 
 id by the 
 ded to be 
 'ng which 
 le justice 
 I glorious 
 d is well 
 :oniplish- 
 br us, an 
 
 69 
 
 ■»e.,„re, of wheat, a-d to an hu„L1 l'?' '"'' «° «» '"'■"Ired 
 tundred baths of oil," &e.-Ez," vT o otf' "^ •"'"• «»'' »«> «" 
 See the remarks under No 2 of tt ' ^^• 
 
 No. 2 of th,a section, which apply h„.. 
 
 ^sitnte to 
 iraer — Ly 
 believing 
 illy were 
 and ac- 
 le of the 
 lan, than 
 res, pro- 
 a serpent 
 
 th three 
 brought 
 
 flfered by 
 descrip- 
 receding 
 d at the 
 'cniarks. 
 
 ims, and 
 
7a 
 
 \^>i 
 
 i 
 
 The attention of the reader has noi? been called and directed to every 
 ))assage of the sacred Scriptures, as the writer believes, in which wines and 
 other similar liquors are mentioned. No passage of that description has been 
 \vilfull7 or, as it is thought, even, inadvertedly omitted. Throughout the re- 
 marks, the two importaiit points, and on which indeed the whole subject rests, 
 and must be determined, have been constantly kept under view, namely,—- 
 the difference in the wines and other liquors as to the intoxicating or op- 
 posite quality, and — a Divine authority or sanction for the drinking of those 
 of the intoxicating character. As to the first point, the writer presumes, 
 that scarcely a person can now be found so bold or short-sighted, as to deny 
 oi: even doubt of such difference ; and with regard to the latter, he may say, 
 once for all, that he decidedly maintains, there is not a solitary passage which, 
 fairly considered and explained, affords or implies the sanction just mentioned. 
 It will not be sufficient for those who oppose this latter opinion to say, that 
 in several passages where intoxicating liquors are mentioned, there is no 
 express or even plainly implied prohibition of their use either in the text or 
 the context. In many of such passages, the conduct of the persons concerned 
 was culpably unguarded, and, in others, wilfully and grossly sinful. And 
 yet there is no condemnation of their conduct expressed. Of the former 
 description, to say the least, were the instances of Noah and Lot, to neither 
 of whom is any blame directly imputed ; and of the latter kind, those of 
 Nabal, and the drunkards mentioned in the first chapter of Joel, and in sever- 
 al other instances, in none of which is the drunkenness in any way con- 
 demned ; yet who has any doubt, that in all those instances, especially the 
 latter, such drunkenness incurred the Divine displeasure ? There are numer- 
 ous instances recorded in the Scriptures of wilful and flagrant sins committed, 
 and some of them even by the professed people of the Lord, and yet no 
 Divine condemnation was pointedly passed concerning them. Such are 
 those of Jacob in his conduct towards his brother on two special occasions — 
 of Rachel in stealing the images — of Sampson on several occasions — of 
 David in his false representation to Abimelech— '2ven of the good King 
 Josiah in wilfully entering upon the war in which he was slain — of Jonah for 
 disobedience — and of Peter on a solemn and affecting occasion ; there are 
 very many also of heinous transgression committed by '^e habitually wicked 
 and ungodly, on which no such condemnation is recorded. These are, among 
 such instances, — the conduct of Samuel's sons in taking bribes — the atroci- 
 ous wickedness of Doeg the Edomite in slaying the priests of the Lord — 
 that of Aranon and of Absalom — ^the treachery and ingratitude of Ahitophei 
 and of Ziba — and, especially, the cruel wickedness of Herod in slaying the 
 young children — and of Pilate towards our Lord — and the unjust conduct 
 .of Felix and of Festus. In all these instances, the wicked actions are 
 
 
 me 
 cer 
 or < 
 hoh 
 
 • 
 
 ind( 
 
 prin 
 
 sev< 
 
 then 
 
 but! 
 
 aloni 
 
 mini: 
 
 had £ 
 
 great 
 
 requii 
 
 from 
 
 able { 
 
 cause 
 
 utterly 
 
 and de 
 
 and nu 
 
 it has i 
 
 the sub 
 
 admit. 
 
 thereby 
 
 divine i 
 
 that em 
 
 uous liq 
 
 ed, that 
 
 villages 
 
 those ho 
 
 The wri) 
 
 of those '. 
 
 been dee; 
 
 attention 
 
 thus faile 
 
 divine ar 
 
 securing t 
 
 juries to IS 
 
 fully num( 
 
 made pub! 
 
 pamphletsj 
 
 some cases 
 
 destroyed 1 
 
 As to t 
 
 and given 
 
id to every 
 wines and 
 I has been 
 >ut the re- 
 )ject rests, 
 namely*— 
 ;ing or op- 
 g of those 
 presumes, 
 as to deny 
 I may say, 
 ige which, 
 nentioned. 
 ) say, that 
 here is no 
 he text or 
 concerned 
 ful. And 
 le former 
 to neither 
 those of 
 I in sever- 
 way con- 
 cially the 
 re numer- 
 jmmitted, 
 id yet no 
 Such are 
 casions— 
 isions — of 
 )od King 
 Jonah for 
 there are 
 y wicked 
 e, among 
 le atroci- 
 I Lord — 
 .hitophei 
 lying the 
 b conduct 
 bions are 
 
 are 
 
 n 
 
 ■ndependent of any divine condem„I[b„ Z. n "' '"' '"'''' •°>>« ""H 
 
 P™oipa,p„i„t f„ exa„ina«„n„rdecS ffTT'^ But .. to .ho 
 ^ovoral of the passages, forth and corZ'ted o '" "P"^"'' '""■ 
 them only, that there i, „„ divine sanctionl?/ u' " """ ''"'■" <">« <>' 
 l>"t that, on the contrary, there iaTprlbWo 7f':\ '°'"'™""^ '■"-■»"' 
 I a one should be ,„iie sufficient to influCanrdet • T °' """" ' """ 
 m,m,tere and other religious professors W ,^ 7",'°° "■" ™"^"<^' »' »" 
 had always been in a li„L de'grt, or Le o^ „1''™'.'"« ■" '"^^ «<l"->" 
 great and apparent evils had ensued it m ,1 1 '"*T "" "' ""'"■ ^"^ "> 
 requisite lo warn and exhort and .„/ * *■"' ''^"'^ ™ positively 
 
 f".". .hen.. But, on TZt/tZZl: !'"'''''' '° ™"" ■""«-"- 
 able and the greatest evils and affl ction. h ''^™ W"«"' "■=' innumer. 
 
 B. far the greater prop: t „„ of ' ^e/it^'b "^ """' ""• 
 cause : the waste of prope ty has been ill tu °°"'"'"'''' '">"> «l>i' 
 
 utter-yruinous^thepovLtyfde^it iratr*^^^^^^^ 
 and deaths which have proceeded from it W k . ' ""^ '"'™'« 
 
 and numerous than from many other c"uleol"^ " " °'"° """'™ 
 ■' has injured the interests of our olv r„T • Z ^"'^ """> ''" °«he„. 
 
 the subject, even among those olsin' 1^'? " "'" '"'° •="»" '"^'h™? » 
 adn.it. On this point fa "s .„dT,f "°* '"""^ °"'" "'"""'' "«»' readily 
 
 therebykeptfromacte dan o„1hrmS":-^'°r^ ='""°^' "•^™* "» 
 divine has said, that " temnerallt 7 T "^ '""«'°°- 0»= eminent 
 
 that empties our places ^fTr 1 » t!!"? '°™°'' '» ""' ^ -" '« » «■> 
 nous liquors are sold on the SabbMh in h„„d ,^'1''"^ »»* '""^"s, spirit, 
 ed, that the same desecrating .rffii car "dl" "T" "'"''• " '^ '«'"-■ ' 
 villages of the land. Untif recent vv 'I """'^ "" '"^ '»™' and 
 
 those houses on that sacred da^ov ef d„ iT r "' f™"^ "=^°^"' "> 
 The writer has observed this deLratl ® , """"^ **"■ ""''''''^ ""r^hip. 
 of those liquors on the Sab thTp w 11"'"!:' "T'™'" '^^ *'"4 
 been deeply injurious to the in eresrof rt T ' °' '" '""" "^P^- 
 attention to its family, and pr vlleel '''''«"°°' "^P^ially, by preventing 
 
 thusfailedtoobtainth blelinrof .herT T""'"'- ""'"'"Jes havf 
 divine arrangements, those wh? : , y^.'^"' f"'.----'". to th. 
 .ecurmg those blessings have no scriM L • ., 'PP"'"'"* ™°»» f»r 
 
 juries to Sabbath Schools, bothTto l.t ^ 1" "P°°' '"«■"• The in- 
 fully numerous and afflictiL. Man vw e 1° ''^°'"'' '»"' '^'"' f™r- 
 
 made public through peniteLar^pTlire a^d 1':'''°'' '""""^ "''''= """ 
 pamphlets, and other channel, JZ-IJ'.. °"'"' ''^P»"». as also, through 
 
 some cases more, of the teachei aiJd'Z?; TT' "'°' °"^-''""'' «»'''''» 
 destroyed by strong drink '""«'" '"'™ «>»"" or later been 
 
72 
 
 sag' 
 W 
 
 have inveatigated the subject, that upwards of twentr/ thousand persons have, 
 in Great Britain, been annually expelled from church fellowship for this 
 cause alone. The book of registry of expulsions from one church has dis- 
 closed the fact, that the whole of such cases during about fifty years had 
 been for drunkenness. 
 
 Even among the ministers of the sanctuary, that order of persons who 
 have reasons and motives, which others have not, to influence and restrain 
 them from indulging to any excess in the use of those liquors, not merely a 
 few but even many have thereby fallen and been degraded and ruined. 
 Numerous testimonies as to such instances have been given by brethren in 
 the mintstry. Very many of such melancholy cases have been made 
 known to the writer of these pages, both in his native land and during his 
 sojourn in this country, and he can truly say that he has not received the in- 
 formation through common or vulgar report, but, as to numbers of them, from 
 gentlemen in the sacred profession, or from respectable members of churches. 
 A gross and aifecting instance of the kind has very recently occurred 
 in the place where these pages were written. 
 
 The gin and evils of Sabbath desecration by the performance of labour 
 on that sacred day, in the manufacture of some of those liquors, have also 
 been extensive and ruinous. Much has of late been written and spoken 
 against Sabbath desecration by railway travelling, and it cannot be too 
 strongly denounced and condemned ; but surely the labour in such manufac- 
 ture is a desecration fully as heinous and as offensive to God, and must be as 
 likely to call down his judgments and inflictions on the land in which it 
 occurs and is so generally sanctioned. As it is admitted and generally 
 known that a part of the process in the making of the liquors referred 
 to cannot be carried on and completed but by some of the work being per- 
 formed on the Sabbath, such desecration of that holy day ought, if there 
 were no other reason, to determine every minister of the sanctuary and other 
 religious professor never to partake of them. By doing so they virtually and 
 in reality sanction such desecration ; they can no way avoid it but by entirely 
 abandoning their use. 
 
 Another heinous and aggravated sin, with regard to the liquors alluded 
 to last, is the destruction of the grain from which they are made, while such 
 multitudes of persons around are in utter destitution, or pining in poverty, 
 and very many are actually famishing. Even during the whole of that 
 period when the famine prevailed, and so many tens of thousands perished of 
 want in a part of this realm, that destruction of grain, as well as the drink- 
 ing of the liquors, were going on just as before and since. During that 
 calamitous and afflicting season, a day of public fasting and humiliation was 
 appointed because of the failure of one of the crops of food in the previous 
 yeai, and to avert the displeasure and judgments of Heaven by reason of 
 ains ; but the uiost glaring inco;i!^!i t.-'ncy and wickedness were manifested by 
 the same destruction of food bei 5 ^till carried on, and by ministers and 
 other professors of religion still co-t -zing to partake of the liquors produced 
 by that desU^ction. Such fasting and pretended Pharisaical humiliation 
 
 w 
 
 an 
 
 hi 
 
 to 
 
 thj 
 
 tbj 
 
 hid 
 
 stai 
 
 gra 
 
 oft 
 
 WJtl 
 
 and 
 the I 
 
 that 
 
 prev 
 
 rendi 
 
 petus 
 
 iquo 
 
 fulde 
 
 every 
 
 of tho 
 
 an ace 
 
 jusJy 
 
 mode ( 
 
 comply 
 
 out ffOl 
 
 " Folio 
 
 sins, ke 
 
 Anc 
 
 of the 
 
 ininister, 
 
 the posii 
 
 sive, anc 
 
 occasion 
 
 necessit}! 
 
 the wo)l( 
 
 ^rom the 
 
 leq.iired 
 
 things of 
 
 •mhiippily 
 
 volent inji 
 
 ilturV iir.»i 
 
 charitable, 
 effects hav 
 it axd\ her 
 by w*iy of 
 
ersons have, 
 bip for this 
 irch has dis- 
 j yeart; had 
 
 tersons who 
 and restrain 
 ot merely a 
 and ruined. 
 
 brethren in 
 been made 
 1 during his 
 ived the in- 
 
 thera, from 
 )f churches, 
 y occurred 
 
 « of labour 
 , have also 
 ind spoken 
 not be too 
 h manufac- 
 must be as 
 in M'hich it 
 
 generally 
 rs referred 
 being per- 
 t, if there 
 
 and other 
 rtually and 
 by entirely 
 
 'fBre no better th.m a s»»lom« i 
 
 iL'ir?'""'"")'*"-. '"'-'-. 
 
 and Holy G'orf. He nro ' limo • u- ' ~ """ "' " ^ymeox 
 
 to 1.1 .he oppressed g„ free, .„<, hi t„u7"; '" ""''" "" '"^•'■- v' burden,, and 
 % broad to ,ho h„„',,„ ;J2 /o„ tilT'' '°'"' '^ " ""' ""^«' 
 
 'Wed, .nd w„Ulo« correctly ill\„J\ I ""''' >"»" """"•at^d and 
 
 tl>e number „? that deslituie and f.^^ h ""^ """'''""l "e^i'ly ''ouble 
 
 y the destruction „f Jr/, ':,! tod -■»■■• Can there be'a dou 
 Pr.y,o.sy^t,, and .til, continues loT f 1°°" ;°""""'»'' «-. .. it ever 
 "■■"^■" It the more flagrant and a.rlt;, -^ !t """""' '"'"'"''J'. ""I "hat 
 P«...ed b, religious professors in ITer , b ^t'" " "'°""'"«'' ■""" >«- 
 _ quors which ...e ,„u, produced, and X L cb H " '°,""""''"^ '" ''""'^ "- 
 f"' '''^"■""'<'» ? If it 1.0, indeed, n thewhole !„ ^ '°"-'' """"""'•' ">»' »'"- 
 '7 P"™"" "ho is engaged i^ .he n,!uuf 1? ""T "•'""'"y- -""loubtedly 
 »f those liquors, is j„s. ,o the extentT^r': " "° "'^' °^ »"» P-'^^e' 
 -n accessary l„ its perpetuation and a n • "" '" ""' ^^^««"' »' «vil, 
 •""•'y incurs its coudemnation a'nd 1" 1""'°^ '" '"« 8"i" °f ". and 
 "Ode ofa.„idi„g„r being rele.edfrCstr''-, ^"'^^ " '""^'' "" »"">' 
 r?'"^ »ith the requisitions oTglUel't "f'"""''°^ 
 cut „„, .„„„g ^j^^_ ^^^^ ^ separate nd t k ' "'""'' ">-" ^oo-e 
 .Fol 0». not a multitude to do evil '•';!",! 'T ""' ""« ""»!'»" thing." 
 '•ns, Iteep thyself pure." '^'"""'" *« Partaker of other men's ' 
 
 Another, and one nf tu 
 
 "[ ">e -e of into.icati„g',;Cttr'^ "^'""'" "' '"» ™"-^-"- 
 ».n.s<o..s and other religious proL 'rs xC' "" "'"'^'^' <''P''^''''^ •-/ 
 the pos,„„n otmy individual, his rZnsihT ""''^ '"'"''' »"" '"""""•iai 
 «"e. and his example is of the l„Ter "'! ,^ " "' '"■'"'° "^^ ""»« exten- 
 o»as,o„ and subject on which re gZaTT'^ '"'"*' """P'' °" '""-^ 
 .ecesstty be either for good or f„ e 7 Chr^ "'^ '^ """"^™'«'' "-' «f 
 the world, and are divinelr eom,L J , ,^^'"»"» "re described as lights of 
 f™™ the highest motive ZZZ^T d t "^'" ^""" "^^^ »''-' 
 eq..red not to look merely on ,hj T ' "L""'^ "« «l»o entreated and 
 hmgsof „ther,,-andtolet'all h.^^^ 'rK"-:"^'-" ""'• "'-■ on "the 
 '«h»pp,ly, with regard to the sul^e uulTj ,"" '"'"' ?;'"■ ^^arity." Most 
 olent injunctions have been ahuMl ,! ^'eu^^"". those divine and beae- 
 (krt ,.-. I...-:. ,, °" °"°oal umversallv (nr^m.„. „ J .. . '* 
 
 - -■ ....vuaniaoie, and Dernioimi. .. . ' — o-^" =iiu vtoluteU. Tho 
 
 charitable, has been almT in a iabwTxh'b'"?'" "' "" '"'«'" '"" t e 
 effects have been ,„ the church dt^ ..^rTd' .'"" """' '"' ""*' 
 It ma.v here be advantageous to m.ntio^ f i "''™"'' "''""' =">■ 'eveal. , 
 
 "' ->■ »'■ i'-ration a^, .» „" T^ t 7^:: rThl:? 'r' "'^"'" 
 ^^^j^^^^^^ *""^^- ^"ey have been com- 
 
74 
 
 III 
 
 ^ I 
 
 ll 
 
 municated to the writer from each direct and respectaWe soorceg, and under 
 such circumstances, that he has no doubt of their accuracy. One was the 
 case of a married man, who, through drunkenness, fell into a deeply degrad- 
 ed and embrrrassed condition, but at length adopted the total abstinence 
 principle and pledge, and continued consistently in their observance for a 
 considerable time, retrieved his worldly affairs, regained a respectable posi- 
 tion in society, and became a member of a Chriai,iaa church. While under 
 these favorable circumstances, he was a guest at a wedding ; and, after the 
 ceremony, wine, as usual, was offered, and he observed the oflSciating 
 minister partake of it. After some reasoning in his mind as to the example 
 of such a respectable person, and on such an occasion, affording a sufficient 
 excuse to him also to partake, he resisted and overcame this first temptation, 
 but on observing the same minister drink of it again, the allowableness of 
 following the example was again suggested, and with fatal effect, for he did 
 partake. His principle and pledge having thus been violated, and the 
 former appetite being revived, and doubtless cravmg to be gratified, he re- 
 turned to the downward course, fell again into the vortex of drunken- 
 ness, degradation, and ruin, and after a time abandoned his country 
 and also his wife, whose death, it is said, was thereby either directly 
 caused or was hastened. Shortly before his departure, he was heard 
 to impute his last and ruinous fall to the example of the minister on the oc- 
 casion just mentioned. The following is an instance equally fatal — A young 
 man who, it is understood, was also under the abstinence pledge, was invited 
 and rather urged by a minister of religion to join him in partaking of wine, 
 the minister, we may charitably hope, not knowing of his being thus pladged* 
 He yielded to the invitation, and after a time became such a draakard that 
 he was thereby brought to his dying bed, and while in that situation the same 
 minister visited him, and on his entering the room the departirig man at once 
 turned his face in an opj)osite direction ijnd said, *' take him away, take him 
 away," and then, addressing the minister, declared to the eflect that he had 
 been the cause of his ruin both in body and soul, and for time and eternity. 
 One other case may be mentioned. A minister joined a total abstinence 
 society, and after continuing a member of it about a year, i>e requested 
 the secretary to take his name from the list, and on the latter inquiring the 
 reason of his leaving the society, he stated that he now considered it would 
 be quite inconsistent for him to be a member of the society, while so many 
 persons in the church under his charge were in the habit of drinking spirituous 
 liquors. He accordingly withdrew from the society, and by reason of his 
 doing so all the pledged members of rather a large family with several other 
 persons, as is believed, also withdrew, some of them saying to the effect that 
 they would not act contrary to the example of their minister. 
 
 Yo professors of our holy and self-denying Christianity, whether ministers 
 or laymen, ponder most seriously these striking, and two of them most fatal 
 and deplorable instances of thu power and influence of evil example, and then 
 ask, will conscience or duty permit you to go and act in like manner ? 
 
 But, supposing that none of the many reasons and motives already ex- 
 
 evil." 
 
and under 
 
 ne was the 
 ply degrad- 
 
 ubstineuce 
 vance for a 
 liable posi- 
 i^hile under 
 i, after the 
 
 officiating 
 he example 
 a sufficient 
 temptation, 
 ableness of 
 , for he did 
 i» and the 
 led, he re- 
 f drunken- 
 US country 
 er directly 
 was heard 
 ' on the 00- 
 — A young 
 ras invited, 
 ig of wine, 
 18 pledged^ 
 akard that 
 •n the same 
 lan at once 
 y, take him 
 hat he had 
 d eternity, 
 abstinence 
 
 requested 
 [uiring the 
 d it would 
 e so many 
 ; spirituous 
 son of his 
 'eral other 
 effect that 
 
 ministers 
 most fatrtl 
 , and then 
 
 T? 
 
 Iready ex- 
 
 75, 
 
 abu!,d!;tTltittrat1l/"pl;'^^^^^ it is 
 
 perform all the duties of life t^ te tZ' 27 ^ ""* ^^'^^^ ''-''''' -^^ 
 degree, the use of them even on 1. "' ^"^""^'"^ "'' »hem m any 
 
 one of the .ratifieations'rr^rj'^^^^^^^^^^^ -'^ »>« considered !. 
 
 last we are commanded to abstain bocal « » ^^ ^ '"•^' """^ ^''"^ *»»«*« 
 But, as shown already the dlt r 1'^ """ "«*'"«' '^' ««»'•" 
 
 <le.ree, ha, ever been product ven:L:?'^^^^ «-« - * "-ted 
 
 In former times in wh!/ ""«»e'-o'« and afflicting evils. 
 
 tlxre «>*< have been, and itZTL^ K ""* "'"'"™« "''•"«'■ 
 
 feMor,, their conduct formerl, in .«,,1 J ^™" "' *» '"'i'""" Fo- 
 
 Bat neither ., to thoseage,, .„„ „1 ;,, "" ""'»"' J"" "ontioned. 
 
 ".«e latter, nK.re cpcci^, any .Tor .1""": "" l'"" "^ '°""''' '<" 
 a»ailnble excuse. ^ ' '"ffio'ent justification or perfectly 
 
 For many years past there has been ....l. 
 »g.t.eion, and .„cl> increasin. „„„elenrof '" ."'™'"« »"« c™»t»t 
 
 «o mnch information ooncerntH "„! , . """' °" "" ™''-i-"='' ""' 
 
 afforfed through lectures. J^r„fe»io"| J "'T ""* '^'""»'' '>- ^- 
 d.taila,-.epor.s regardrne dXZ ! . '™°"'° '«»«""'"'i«.-»t.tistical 
 fob, and especialirvV/^" iUnt,''?'™"*"'''-''^ P-Phlet, a^d 
 »««", « .0 thcio^rii t^tte^rofTr'f'"" "' "'*'»"'■"' 
 'Odious professors or person, of lTo7l 1 <=*"""'""^. «"' "one, either ' 
 have any reasonable, or even plausihl. ''''"'P""" "r ch«-acter, can now 
 
 longer continuing in\he ur.ftbl 'iZrr"' '""" '=« J"""'"""", 'or any 
 
 the following, as well as seveVal olbp ' *"■"""''"*' *"'' P"'™"" ''«,* for 
 wUhout any necessity, JZmttl'XT, "'"°'" "'*'" "' -««" = ^Irst, 
 gor, although divinely con,mandL T^, ^ ''fc "'J "' ■""P.atioo and d,u- 
 onlet into temptation," and to " walk l.„ ,1 •"■'' ""' "'oy "lo not 
 
 '"St, which war against the s„"l a„d LT. ' ' r ° ""''" ''™"' ""'^"^ 
 ovil." If any should answer ha. thev do ,"1 '™°' '" W™°- o'' 
 .gainst intoxication or any e«eTa!d f. 1 .''"°''' '"'' S"'"* «'a«'^el.« 
 any danger, it ™ay oonlnXb; rl ed haT '"r' ''" ""' ""^ '-" 
 presumption, for a, such, myriad, h!v.t °' "' '""o'- savours of 
 
 Oegan in a limited manne . 4 at mav bt"" """"' "^ "" P"«i". "'O 
 ing i» s.f ..„: , .. * ^ ®**° "^^y oe overcome, for iha ««i.^„ ._. 
 
 wilful misapplication' and w aTof TheToridT'"':'''*' "" '"' *"'"""' "' "" 
 h.™ l.en entrusted by a heneficenVp^S '^1""^ "''" "'"'='' '""^ 
 °».. ana reeves, expenditure of >-./^.ab.t:::-byr Jt^r'p:^:: 
 
 W^i 
 
r« 
 
 it would indeed seem, that they consider they are ite absolute and irr«pon- 
 sible propfietori. But, in thus concluding, they are under a grieront and 
 most guilty delusion and error. They are but stewards with regard to that 
 substance, the same as of all other means and opportunities aff. ed them of 
 doing what is mitrumentally and truly, for the glory of thfiir gradous bene- 
 factor, and the real good of their fellow beings, both fur this world and the 
 next. Thftt supreme be'jefactor alone is the absolute proprietor of this 
 W' .i-J, mu uf a\\ that it contains. Ho proclaims in his word, "every beast 
 i ike lore ,1 is mine, and tho cattle upon a thousand hills,** " the world is 
 wine and the fulness thereof." The inspired and grateful Psalmist re- 
 alised and acknowledged this truth, when, after he had made all the liberal 
 provision for the building and adorning of the sacred temple, he piously 
 exclaimed, "Who . , t, : nd what is my people, that we should be able to 
 offer so willingly after this sort, for all things come of Vite, and of tMne own 
 have we given thee i" and he repeats, " All this store that we have prepared 
 to build thee an house for thine holy name, cometh of thine own hand, and is 
 all tMne own.'' The same truth was recognised by the pious Job, when, 
 after he had been bereaved of al' his property by the malico of Satan, he 
 said, " The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away, blessed be the name of 
 the Lord," as though he had said, the Lord has but resumed or called back 
 his loan as he had a right to do. Our adorable Master and Teacher has 
 afforded a pointed and benevolent lesson of universal application, when, 
 after the miracle of multiplying a small portion of food to supply many 
 thousands, he gave the positive direction, " gather up the fragments that 
 remain, that nothing be lost." If, then, any individual, after the prudent and 
 economical expenditure of an adequate portion of the worldly substance of 
 which he is possessed, for the necessary and comfortable support, and the 
 real welfare of himself and those dependent upon him, should find any parfe 
 of it remaining, he is imperatively bound to employ it for benevolent, re- 
 ligious, and other good purposes, and for those alone. One of bis primary 
 duties, in every such case, is towards his distressed fellow beings. As di. 
 ▼inely commanded, he must never "turn away his face from any poor man," 
 nor forbear to "deliver those who are drawn unto death," and must deal his 
 « bread to the hungry,'' when he sees the naked, must " cover him," and 
 " not hide" himself from his " own flesh." 
 
 Again, with a portion of such surplus, he is most especially required to 
 assist the objects and endeavours of some, at least, of the numerous religious 
 societies and institutions now in operation, for imparting and extending the 
 blessings of religious truth, both at home and abroad, as well as for assisting 
 these of a benevolent and philanthropic chnracter which now so happily 
 abound. If he fulfils all these duties to his Gad, and to his fellow-beings, as 
 extensively as he is bound to do, however exalted may be his station, and 
 ijwv.wvcr v;;;ciisjvi3 n:5 nOtiuijr inissesstyua, lie wiii nave nothing to spare, as 
 he ought to have nothing to spare, in vain and ostentatious display, or in the 
 gratification of a morbid and factitious appetite in the use of intoxicating 
 liquors, or in any other sensual and merely luxurious indulgence. Some of 
 
 
 :--'msmmi^^^m.<^ 
 
i irreipan- 
 ieront and 
 ir! to that 
 dd them of 
 tous bene- 
 l(} and the 
 7r of tbia 
 very beast 
 le world is 
 almist re- 
 the liberal 
 )e prouslj 
 be able to 
 iMne otvn 
 1 prepared 
 nd, and ia 
 }b, when, 
 Satan, he 
 e name of 
 Ued back 
 )acher ha9 
 ►n, when, 
 )\y many 
 lents that 
 odent and 
 )stance of 
 t, and the 
 any parfe 
 jlent, re- 
 s primary 
 . As di. 
 >or man," 
 t deal his 
 im," and 
 
 quired to 
 religious 
 ding the 
 assisting 
 happily 
 •eings, as 
 ;ion, and 
 spare, a» 
 or in the 
 txicating 
 Some of 
 
 77 
 the most exalted in mere wnrhiu ►„„! j 
 
 cietr. .nd ,er, many of Ihem ora^r T^ '" "■«»""" '^'"'es of .o- 
 
 «P«r.rd, of Pify MOlion. o/ P„ J* 7' l' °t ""T"" ""'' """" " 
 
 •till being committed, and ■ great Mnio„-f'"°"' ""^ "''"'"'' ""»'« '^ 
 »bileantho,ereli8io„,andbe„e„U„ •",',' '°°' "^ "''^'»'" "'"f"™". 
 
 menis or fnrthering their hoi "^7.?,? '''""°« ">eir emb.rras,- 
 steward, to be '/a^A-td ^v wut ""r"' " '' -"-=•' "f 
 
 -orIdiy.„bsta„ce/orwha i.c„m„.™ttlvo'.irur ""■^'"'■'*-^"' " *» "« 
 «.«>;.. mammon," have «o scriTurr.il,'''''''' " """S'-teou," or *- 
 
 riohe, of di,i„e grace and endoXr.^ Ta„y7'"1 ""' '"■" '"J «"""""? 
 the realm, of eternal g,or, and ^redn!::'"'"^""' """ """ ™"" ^^ 
 
 -n i-t ri:::^;.;::;:''::/:;--' "-be„ °^ *■'-' -« -^e"««o 
 
 declares Ih.t those wl,„ habku'al H„dt t ""^''"'o^"''' "»- decidedly 
 
 on., in a Ihnlted degree, re'r fh tf m!:: Zr: .'"T "''"°"' "-"^^ 
 Imds, and, in reality, shorten their lives Zl °"" "^ ""»"' 
 
 .elves nnder that Divine oondemna«„r whi .1:!!: V"""' """^ """»- 
 .year bodies are the temple of the Holv OhJ, 7 "°"' ^° °°'' that 
 
 tl'at temple, him will God destroy." ! ' '' °°^ """ ''««'«' " destroy 
 Again, the persons who drink f*^.. i- 
 
 bath desecration is com: ttedoff^^^^r"''" "? ™'""^ °' «"'«'■ S^"" 
 
 ".us give to a sin so wilfnlly daring Zl f Z''^ "" ""-'°'™ "-V 
 
 ."variably gives rise to the su.pf is a w .1 ''','!-' """"and which almost 
 
 eeonomy. By the continuance,' tLZet th H ."' """'"• "" >»««-' 
 
 the making of .hem is constantly e ourl ge d and ^ f "' **"^ """»"' 
 
 -otrgr^tTest:^^^^^^^^^ :r;::r ^ -—« - ove„ 
 
 has already been noticed and shown A o ' , 1 ' °' """» '"'°°"- - 
 ".a.im of demand and supply ap Zs whh T,r '" "'""'• "'•"• "■" ^'me 
 
 show that, by such sanction and c^eouetr: ' '"" " "■"" «-•'"" 
 necessary food for the poor are e^ Wed ! 'T"" °' «™'"' '"« P*^ of 
 oce.«,„n.M.. (■-_:.. .. '^"■"'"'=<'<'' destitution is alwHv. in ..j , . 
 
 Tk.'T'"'.' 'l"'?" ""'' """''' "'^ 'he ultimate results '' "°"^' '"''"' 
 
 -^e "Lir ;;^ C™ • ttT:S::2 -'" - - '--- ^^ - 
 
 rumous example. This, as already se for h h Z '7"^-"^ °»^' ""o^'r 
 d.v.ne and benovolent injunctions -to le°l„r !.1k , ' ""•'"'"""' "• '*""' 
 1^ ^'o"*' or pious and upright 
 
78 
 
 example, «' shine before othert;" not to put a stumbling-block in the way of 
 a " weak,'' or scrupulous, " brother," for when we so sin against him, 
 we are expressly said to '* sin against Christ ;'* and, finally, to let ail our 
 " works be done with charity.'' Many other reasons and motives might be 
 forcibly urged to show the culpability of indulging at all in the use of those 
 liquors, but surely those already advanced, and explained, ought to bo suffi- 
 cient for every individual who professes to love his follow- beings, and to de- 
 sire and pray for the extension and prosperity of the Redeemer's kingdom. 
 
 In here drawing these pages towards a conclusion, the writer, although 
 sensible of his own inability to make such a faithful and forcible appeil on 
 the subject as he could desire to do, yet feels that he vill not only be excus- 
 able, but be perfectly justified in most respectfully, but urgently, ad- 
 dressing some further plain and faithful remarks and suggestions to minis- 
 tors and other professors of religion, for whose inspection, information, and 
 b*iefit, more especially, this work is intended. In doing so, Reverend Sirs 
 and Brethren, he trusts you will, at least, give him credit for sincerity and 
 honest intentions when he avers that ho is actuated by no spirit of acrimony 
 or hostility, or a desire to lessen your just and legitimate influence, but by an 
 earnest disposition, pointedly and truly, to place the whole subject before you, 
 and to entreat and obtain for it your early, as well as full and candid investi- 
 gation, in all its aspects and bearings, and also to h .ist in furthering the 
 wishes and assisting the efforts of the most judicious and zealous of the friends of 
 the Abstinence Reform. AM of these, and they are now not a few, 
 have long been most anxiously desiring that you would spontaneously 
 come forward to thoir assistance, and afford your powerful example, and 
 extensive influence, for removing or, at least, restraining the greatest curse 
 by which the Church, and the greater part of the civilized world, is i.i present 
 afflicted. That such example and influence in behalf of the Abstinence Re- 
 form would be attended immediately with the most extensive and beneficial 
 effects, all must be fully convinced. Let it, then, be consti ntly borne in 
 mind, that the greater and more palpable the means and op| ortunities for 
 good, the greater the responsibility, and that where " much is given," the 
 " more is required." 
 
 You, Reverend Sirs, by taking upon you the ministerial office', have so- 
 lemnly undertaken to do your utmost, on all occasions, and i)y all suitable and 
 available means, to weaken and subvert the kingdom of Sata-^, and to exalt 
 and promote that of your Lord and Saviour, whose holy and glorioles cause you 
 most especially have espoused, and whose honour and interests you have so 
 solemnly vowed to guard and sustain. By love and duty, then, to the Sa- 
 Tiour, and as those who have voluntarily undertaken to watch and labour for 
 winning and guarding souls — by every motive and consideration suggested by 
 religion and morality, benevolence and patriotism, you are most sacredly re- 
 quired to engage at once, most zealously and actively, in this great enterprise 
 of endeavouring ^o remove what you cannot but know, and do e/en admit, 
 to be the most prevalent hindrance to the advance and triumph of the Re- 
 deemer!s kingdom. •, 
 
 Fo 
 
 first in 
 
 ly, reli 
 
 giving 
 
 Refer f 
 
 Ti., 
 
 cU'uenc 
 
 im.st, s 
 
 if :*M 
 
 mdieu. 
 
 f.'WnHy 
 
 tL ,-., 
 
 belong 
 
 these ai 
 
 itself b« 
 
 best int. 
 
 straining 
 
 stimulat( 
 
 actively 
 
 than equ 
 
 question 
 
 But i 
 
 high call 
 
 zealous o 
 
 determine 
 
 Shoul 
 
 endeavoui 
 
 operation 
 
 others, mt 
 
 and other 
 
 to aecomp 
 
 and Artax 
 
 Lord, and 
 
 object, as -e 
 
 and yet th 
 
 Paul has i 
 
 and some c 
 
 in pretence 
 
 fuse to assis 
 
 a pit, or in 
 
 Moreov< 
 
 a?alnst r9c: 
 
 contribution 
 
 the objects 
 
 for the supj 
 
 rej)airing of 
 
79 
 
 For promoting thi. s.bllme and benaflcent obieot il i. r 
 >y. relinquish the uZ of tLe^" 1^^'°"^^ immediately, and ontire- 
 
 inving force and effect to the re"cirof '"' V' "" '""P'*' *»J '<>^ 
 Reform. ®"'°'*« ^^'^ ^O"'" «nfluenco in behalf of the 
 
 'X'ue nex.. seep to be taken in tha rio-K* a- .- 
 ..i«.co «„.,,;»„, .„., open,; X „*„„;::""" '" f° ""'" ""« ""> Ab. 
 .» St, .Lending ra,„ii„g3 of S«ie«« ,„!L T""*" "' ''^' "<"=™»'«llr, .t 
 
 md.^. Shodd y„„ suggest .h„ objec !o ;hi7h ""/ '"'' ''"1°'°"^ 
 
 ;■*.••, .dvancod, that j„l cannot coTsLh ' '" """" ''''° "»«•■ 
 
 tl-V -o at present composed, boc.'.eT«^r^°°"' "'"■ "" S"""'™ »• 
 Wong to tbem, it „.> ^, an ».™ 7„ .he '■ T'"""" ""'"""'' '" ""» W"-- 
 «b«e are comparatively fow,«re;e„°!r ' "' """ "" """"«» » 
 «=elf be a good one. tending to the 1" of Ir^.^r™'' '' "" '""^ 
 be., interests of .en, the fa!, that ,„th ^el^ te"; ''"'°°"°" "' "" 
 
 »»r.m,ng and preventing evil, and nrolnn f '"' '""rumental for ,e- 
 •timulate ,o„ the n,„re°.t on : t„' "e in','""" h".!"""'™' ""'' "'°°''' 
 ■totiveiy to take the lead for advancin"! sh M ' "■°''° ^'""^^ -"i 
 tban eqnaliy ac.ive in promotingT a^ he „ T' ''°"'"'^' '•°"» ■»-« 
 
 question would aptly apply_« w. "1 ^ ''"^"''"' '"' ">» '""Pired 
 
 But in oppos n/or „ , ■ !. ^^ "'°''» "■«» <>"•=" ?" 
 
 "igl. calling and deign o thrch:?t'ian':h" r'."'"""'^ '^'""» '° f""" «« 
 zealous of good .orks,.' and .rTZZ^tZtZ' l°X' " •""=""" "^^P'^- 
 determinately to reject and oppose our ho v Lh h '° "^'P"""" "" ^re 
 
 Should you farther object a has h^ benevolent religion, 
 endeavonring to effect a ^0:!', Tnd even Teir"'""""^ """'=■"■"' '" '™ 
 operation and assistance of the persons Lt 1 ' ''7'"° "'""«'' ""> «"- 
 others, „„y be give„,_that, in tCrviettiaT """''' ""' """«' '"■»« 
 and other kicked char.cte„ have Z7nSill *^°™™""?' "^ C"". idolater. 
 .0 «=con,p!ish objects of even a a ric y relwonTd"""'"!''' '" "^ '°»'""'»'«« 
 and Artaxerxe. established decrees for thfrehr"''?'- ^''""' ^'''^. 
 Lord, and for furnishing fr„„ their l^L, "'"* °^ """ ""»P'= °f ">« 
 
 object, as „l.„, for the sired 0^..^:: r^'- '"" """"'"'' '"' "■«' 
 and yet they „..., and .e™a.„r,C atf rr""' '."'7 °' ''''' P'»»''. 
 Paul ha. recorded, that some preac ed Cl-i^ ' ' "''° ""'' ""'^ 
 
 aud some of contention, but yet he r'ted that Ch iT '"Z "" '"'''' 
 
 ..»!„.. ,.,!-;...-°^""""' '.' *""■ "■^'Je- nor would it seem ri^ht ^ „,.^. ... 
 
 contrib'atlonrir^rralStLror""''' ""7" """'''" ■■""'«'«^«; 
 tb. object, of MissionarrSwe VracT'jr ""^'"'■'"'°°'' '" ''™"«>"' 
 for the support of Sabba h Sd^ioU a„d tb t^'-'r^f"' Societies, and 
 
 p.of....of,o.hip.:n;i:t:::^rT;::sr:'^-: 
 
80 
 
 religious character. Besides, if the unbelief or heretical opinion is not de- 
 clared or admitted, none have a right to judge or uncharitably conclude that 
 it is reallv entertained. 
 
 But further, many thousands in all of ministers, both of piety and intelli- 
 gence, and very many thousands of members of evangelical churches, now 
 belong to such societies, and many of them holding principal offices, and all 
 these are as much opposed as any of their brethren to every species of infidelity 
 and heresy. Surely then the course which these have adopted is justly entitled 
 to much consideration and weight, and should be permitted to produce its ap- 
 propriate influence and effect. Moreover it may here be remarked, that it 
 is highly probable there were as many of these characters objected to in the 
 old merely temperance societies, some of which are still in operation, and in 
 these there were, and still are, many ministers of religion, as well as other 
 professors. In the principal society of that description, even nine or more 
 Bishops of the English Establishment were at one time among its Vice-Presi- 
 dents, and yet against those societies this objection of infidelity, as far as the 
 writer has heard, has never been advanced. It would therefore seem, that 
 it is only since the despised and hated total abstinence principle has so ex- 
 tensively succeeded, that the convenient objection has been discovered. 
 
 Should it be admitted, that the tendency and operations of the societies 
 merely availed for effecting these moral and benevolent purposes — to reclaim 
 the drunkard and prevent the ofience — to prevent the waste, and direct the 
 proper application of property — to prevent pauperism and wretchedness, and 
 to promote the comfort of families — to prevent crime, and disease, and death, 
 and by preventing death to secure for the wretched inebriate a longer period 
 in which to repent, and to seek and obtain mercy, and the further purposes of 
 preventing the contagious influence of the evil example, and withholding 
 from the fatal dangers and snares of the use of strong drink — if these, 
 we say, were the only objects sought and effected, without any more direct 
 reference to religious views and purposes, it would most assuredly and plainly 
 be the duty of all ministers and other religious professors to sanction and for- 
 ward our movement. Surely there cannot be a doubt, that all moral and be- 
 nevolent objects ought to be favoured and promoted by those who profess 
 to be the followers of Plim who continually went about doing good, and who 
 requires us, " as we have opportunity,'' to " do good unto all men." But 
 most especially when it is reniembeccd, that the chief hindrance to the pro- 
 gress and triumph of divine truth, and the salvation of souls in many countries 
 called Christian, is the use of strong liquors, as admitted by all, then surely to 
 you, Rev. Sirs, and all other professors of religion, the highest possible motive 
 is held forth to require the employment of all available means for removing 
 or diminishing such hindrance. 
 
 But even if the constitution or composition of the societies is not fully 
 approved of, bat the objects are admitted to be excellent, as none will 
 deny, th;n, Rev. Sirs and Brethren, as you are fully aware of the manifold 
 and afflicting evils of the use of strong liquors, surely you are ur^^ently re- 
 quire<l to employ some, or all other available means in your power, to diminish I 
 
 mijipj i i 
 
 Wmmimm^ 
 
s not de* 
 lude that 
 
 id intelli- 
 :he8, now 
 !, and all 
 infidelity 
 f entitled 
 :e its ap- 
 ], that it 
 to in the 
 a, and in 
 
 as other 
 
 or more 
 ice-Presi- 
 ar as the 
 em, that 
 IS so ex- 
 ed. 
 
 societies 
 3 reclaim 
 irect the 
 less, and 
 nd death, 
 IX period 
 rposes of 
 hholding 
 if these, 
 •re direct 
 d plainly 
 
 and for- 
 . and be- 
 profess 
 and who 
 1." But 
 
 the pro- 
 countries 
 surely to 
 e motive 
 
 removing 
 
 not fully 
 one will 
 manifold 
 ently re- 
 diminish 
 
 81 
 other «„«,,!„ uTTZ tied Ir/r""'"* °'°'° """P™d-«"l>em; 
 
 en.ot™e„.„f «„»;"„,!i:j:^:^^,, - -«wd ^-^^ "-■ 
 
 ayamst drunk,„„e„, have prorod saje,. J aZI^ . ""' "'™°"' 
 
 prevail, the same evil. „hich have ever pTooledl " 7"°^ '"•,? "■*" 
 
 ;nto.»p.uoartT:rri:;:^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 -ho .. 0, .de.a.di„,.' aed Tven [„ ...3.^^ i^, r^r^- 
 
 churches. Several of fhJo i.,-«^ k . ® "'v memoers of orthodox 
 
 u,e.„, and e. Jdt/lptr 'Z ^ LtCVr/^ T "7°" '" 
 nation, and another in Edinburgh in fh,, fTr t1 ''''^''°<'™°'"'- 
 
 e.peci,.lly be mentioned aa uc" if' "„d ' 1 ' ^»"f P"%"™„ n,a, 
 -nt, ro^ed, now na.beHn^t'rhrntd;:,^!^ ' "^""^^ ^"' 
 
 Brethren, nnder a,.r rlt ri oTotn; ^t 'L ^''^ '"" 
 
 £^r:hX=r-::t:^::3S^ 
 
 her, be re.pectfully a.k.d, have yon oven prooeeded th„, f j ZL IZl ' 
 
 trSirrr^::^-!'!/^-"'^ 
 
 nearly f not over t.o hundred, ho ha, never, e«ept in those expreLlv o,! 
 .heab.„„on=e subject, board any a„ch deno,.„cen.ent I warning pCilned! 
 
82 
 
 and, perhaps, not on more than a dozen occasions even drankenness mention- 
 ed, and then but as it were incidentally, notwithstanding it is universallj 
 known, both to ministers and people, that this is the prevalent vice of the 
 day, and the most frequent and afflicting even in the churches. Can such 
 reserve and silence be right 1 No, verily, but quite the reverse. 
 
 Again, some have objected to uniting with the societies, by reason, as 
 they allege, that improper sentiments and sayings are frequently uttered by 
 those who lecture or speak in the meetings. The writer can safely declare, 
 that of the many hundreds of meetings in all which he has attended in bis 
 own country and here during nearly twenty years, he has but rarely indeed 
 heard any sentiments expressed justly exceptionable either as to religion, 
 morality, or decorum, and, he may be permitted to say, that there are not 
 many who on this point are more particular or scrupulous than himself. 
 But it may further be answered, that if such extremely fastidious objectors, 
 especially professors of religion, would unite with the societies, and attend 
 the public meetings, they would have it in their power to check and repress 
 all such irregularities. Even merely their presence would to some extent 
 do it ; and by their seasonable warnings and advice they would at length be 
 instrumental in altogether putting down or preventing them. Moreover, it 
 may be remarked, that there are hundreds of ministers and other religious 
 professors of unquestioned conscientiousness and piety belonging to the 
 societies, and who more or less frequently attend the meetings, and yet ad- 
 vance no such general complaint or objection. 
 
 Another sweeping but utterly unfounded objection against the abstinence 
 movement has occasionally been insinuated or urged, that it is of an anti- 
 scriptural character. To this, in the first place, there is the following answer 
 —If from the passages of Scripture set forth in these pages, and the remarks 
 made upon them by way of illustration and comment, it has been shown that 
 the use of those liquors is not only not sanctioned, but in fact is prohibited by 
 the sucred records, the objection vanishec at once, as the movement will then 
 prove to be in the strictest accordance with even the letter of that holy and 
 infallible authority. Moreover, should it be denied that this prohibition is 
 established, yet this further and conclusive answer may be given, that, as 
 dedccible from the Scriptures, it is plainly the design of our holy Christianity 
 to show forth the glory of God, and to secure the happiness of mankind, both 
 for time and eternity, and therefore all institutions and means not plainly 
 contrary to the letter or spirit of the Scriptures, and tending directly to pro- 
 mote those holy and benevolent objects, must be in perfect harmony with 
 those sacred records. 
 
 The means which are employed by the societies for effecting their objects, 
 are also in perfect accordance with the same divine authority. The pledge 
 against which a few cavillers object, is in reality no more ihan a good reso- 
 lution committed to writing. Ministers end friends exhort to the forming of 
 good resululiyus, and we have the highest authority for voluntary vows oi re- 
 soUuions &s to religions and virtuous conduct. " Vow and pay unto the 
 Lord your God/* is a divine command, aoid we have the high example of th» 
 
3 
 
 83 ; — " — — — 
 
 inured P. Jmbt. wh«. vola„i.ry row. o, pledge., as to m.nv p.,t, »f hi. 
 cond„ct weflnd recorded iMhe ..„ed ,olan>e. The folio ",„. w ' 
 
 Ihmg before a,me ejes," «hich la.t resol„U„„ seems to .ppl, ve„ a^tN t» 
 the general subjeot here unjer review. The whole of th"lO,s7St 
 composed of pledges or good resolotions, .„d most of .he,u ,. .^ ^" ,1" 
 d« >es Last „ the NazaritUh ,o, is dirccUy to the point. I. wL » , Ir 
 dtre':^;:^""'"'' "°' "--'^ P«-="«0.'-»P-> receipt 
 As to the meetings for promoting the benevolent objeols of the movement 
 the, .re open .0 «he most publle observation and remark, and "he teuti 
 
 sUndTIh """" """""'"■"' '■"-""■""-S i'. »" •<'*e:sed to their 
 stanUmg, the conscence, and the heart, and so a. to bear upon .11 the b^t 
 .nteresu, of men, both for the present .nd the future, and free frt !t^^ 
 Ues,gn of mt.m,dation or compulsion. These «.d the other mels .doP«d 
 by.hesoe,e,es,a„dtheir general operations, have evidently. 61.^ 
 «.th the dnine sanction and blessing, for they have been instr„„,en.al Tre- 
 cla.mmg ,n all many hundreds of thousands of drunkards, have pr v nted 
 
 and the waste of proiierty, mtroduced peace and comfort into families "wUh 
 P^ZtedrhT'"' '"'t'-"" •-'' -"«-%.' least suoserv'i'nd 
 
 nroltf . , Vr" '""'''' '""' °' "="=™- Tl'» ™« "nquestionabl. 
 piootsof this last descnntbn of "ood hivo k.^., ./>•„ i j • 
 . .... f i " ui ojoQ, na\Q been aiiorded in everv Quarter 
 
 where the abstmence reform has extended 
 
 m,,„u ""'"f 1 ^!"?' °' '^""'™»' '"^"'"'e •" »•«" a-thenticaled state- 
 me»'», rivals of rehgion have extensively taken place in hu-dreds of tots 
 and places very shortly after the reform was introduced and prevailed and 
 
 bad adopted the pledge; m most, or all of which places no such spiritual 
 prosperity had, for considerable periods, been known. ,„ one district o 
 fZ id "^'l'"''^"' '--'" ""ich special effort, ^.d been s ^U 
 luUy maoe ,n he temperance reform, in no less tfc.o , ^ hundred and 
 
 took'lte rw°'; T' '""°"«°">- «""!» »' Si»" .hortly after 
 took ^.lace. One testimony states, ,.s to a partu- .lar place, that '-as a 
 general th.ng all who appeared to experience the power of' the Gospel, Tore 
 
 fZ t T^ n' ""'^""'-•" A ■"■""«' of =i"i'« -..noes of'sp rit II 
 good, .hor.1, foMowmg the reform, have been authentically brought u, the 
 knowledge of the writer of these p.ges, in the British Province of America! 
 to whtch he DO ongs, and o„o of a very speci.' .nd extensive deseripZTn 
 -.n .d..o.,n«g colony. f„ Gteat Britain, aUo, .„aoy i„,..„ces of thcTiJe 
 gr.ct.us results, following the adoptton of the nled,Z ,.„„« „1 °J.°.l"^' 
 
 7ZTr 1 "" """"' "^ "'»*'<"«'■''"•» """'"-"d, and greaVmim'bm 
 
 ,n .r Z ^VT '" """"'" «"■' °"«" 3"l-««"i"-- I» one place 
 ■n »h - 300 drunkards were recl,it.,e.l, by the .Sorts made in the absti- 
 
S4 
 
 nenc6 cause, several of thorn subsequently became members of churches, and 
 sabbath school touchers ; and in another place in which 200 similar charac- 
 ters were in like manner rpclaimed, many of them became picas, and were 
 added to the churches. Numerous simijir instances might be adduced, but 
 these may suffice. 
 
 In again more particularly directing remarks towards you, Rev. Sirs, and 
 all others in the churches, it may be permitted to remind you, that you are 
 especially called and required to be active agents and instruments in every 
 sphere and department of religious, moral, and benevolent good. Many of 
 you, of late, have openly and faithfully manifested your genuine zeal in be- 
 half of the honour of your Redeemer, and the interests of his kingdom, by 
 protesting against, and endeavouring to prevent, one public and most offen- 
 sive and injurious mode of desecrating his holy Sabbath. In this, of course, 
 you have done right and well, but you must excuse being reminded, that you 
 are bound to show equnl zeal and activity for preventing the more extensive 
 and even more injurious desecration which is still being perpetrated in the 
 manufacture, the sale, and the use of intoxicating liquors. Be not offended 
 at the further remark, that so far from so doing, while using those liquors 
 and opposing or standing apart from the abstinence movement, you are in 
 reality, though, of course, without desiring or wishing it, affording coun- 
 tenance and sanction to this latter mode of desecration, and to the whole of 
 that system of iniquity vhich causes it. 
 
 As an additional argument and motive to you, Rev. Sirs, it may be well 
 to inform you of what, perhaps, as yet you scarcely suspect, or at least, it 
 would seem, do not sufficiently know, namely, that by opposing or neglect- 
 ing the abstinence movement, you are impi'iring- your influence and useful- 
 ness, as to religious ministrations, and in various other respects. Many have 
 left, and are still leaving, your churches, and are declining to attend on your 
 ministry, from dissatisfaction with the course you are pursuing, with regard 
 to the movement, and are meeting in private, or in hails, or other places, 
 for religious exercises, of a public description, or are entirely neglecting 
 them. It is not intended to assert or insinuate that su^h persons are justi- 
 fied or excusable in thus failing to attend on the more public ?nd stated 
 ministrations and ordinances of religion. The writer's opinion is quite the 
 reverse. 
 
 Again, Rev. Sirs, there are gieat numbers of members of your churches, 
 and of others who attend on your public miaistrations, who frequently ex- 
 I-ress the like dissatisfaction, and as to these in like manner your minis- 
 terial influence and usefulness are grevictisly impaired. The writer, on 
 numerous occasions, both in his own country and here in this kingdom, has 
 heard such dissatisfaction plainly declared. lu this way, also", the cause of 
 our holy and benevolent Cliristianity is most seriously injured, and thns, 
 through the operation of the cause of such dissatisfaction and complaint, the 
 o.-riuv;r rsisj uc 5UJU i« ue '" v.ouiiueu in liie iiouae oi iits irienus,'' by those 
 who profess to lore and to- serve him. You do not need to be informed 
 that your personal conduct and cbaractur are of th© highest importance to 
 
 <l <«' 1 « iWti 'yiiW,:~t Wii>l.:, 
 
MS 
 
 irchcs, and 
 
 lar charaC' 
 , and were 
 Juced, but 
 
 ■. Sirs, and 
 lat you are 
 I in every 
 Many of 
 eal in be- 
 igdom, by 
 nost ofFen- 
 of course* 
 \, that you 
 
 extensive 
 ed in the 
 t offended 
 36 liquors 
 3U are in 
 ling^ coun- 
 
 whole of 
 
 ly be v^ell 
 t least, it 
 • neglect- 
 id useful- 
 latiy have 
 1 on your 
 h regard 
 er places, 
 eglecting 
 ire jusii- 
 id stated 
 quite the 
 
 churches, 
 sntly ex- 
 ir minis- 
 riter, on 
 dom, has 
 cause of 
 md thus, 
 »int, the 
 by those 
 inforaiod 
 tance to 
 
 your influe-ce in aaUting anj promoting .piri.ua, i,„pr„,e„,e„t, a„.| i„. 
 
 ministrations. It is the sincere and heartfelt desire of the writer tLt 
 .ouldp„.ess and ever ....:„ such .egi.i™aee iofluenl '.'J" ^ ^'/ort 
 
 It is a distressing truth, as all who spirituaiiv and fullv nv»r„- • . .. 
 .ubj«. ascertain and ad.U, that the .l,„ra iZl^l' asTo v t'al nf 
 and praetica. hoHnes. is a. present very imperfect .nl2. ^^^^ 
 from this state, .t cannot scripturally be expected for n.any reasons that" i Jh 
 be ass,g„ed, bnt most especially while the drinking of strong ilrso 
 generau, p,eva,ls, it being admitted by all, that drunkenness i far mo" than 
 
 ThaTt ITr °' '"tf " '"''""""^ «"'* »f «P-l-ons from churc e 
 menL, ""^ *^'""«".'=» K<=f°™ " divinely intended to be specially instru- 
 . mental towards hastening and extending a revival of pure and practical Chris 
 .amty. cannot be qu^tioned, after a candid and unprejudicedTonsl^t ^n 
 of the nature and tendencies of the Reform itself and of *!.„ """'""•"""n 
 afforded of its adaptation to assist towards s!.c 'a g olMTt ItT.' 
 mdeed, already succeeded in accomplishing good, espe'cial y of rreligi s de 
 
 a^dCnds 'S h'e ^u"""^' '""'T ^^"""'^"""^ °' "'earliesrlZ 
 has ad to con^l' irr" "'' ''""''" P^^J"*"' «"« -P^d-ents it 
 
 -ndependentTfrhrit ;;rrr^:r ttTf^" ^r^^ 
 
 porters were, comparatively, Z feeble i::'/^ 'for ^ffllgrnratl 
 
 a/.wn;Ttr;:ii:Lr-: r 
 
 ''ersany, triumph, "''' " """ ""'^ ^^•"''^^^y' '< "<>» •"'- 
 
 .an,u:^rltre3trs1nd V"tr' ""''" ""^ ''"' """^ """""X' "»<' 
 «ll .f ♦K ^^^'^"""^ ^'"^ ^"'i Brethren, as you surely must do manv if nnf 
 
 and excdlt wi;I^ , '7" """ ""'' ""^^ "' ""^^'^^ '»'"' » t»»'»lent 
 
 :!nX"r ""T^'^ f er-thet:^rr, 'z:^:vnt; 
 
 vour of the Movement, attend some of the meetings on the subiect»lH h 
 usmg these and other means in your „„„„. „,,f Illf^.l'^""'!.!:^ 
 
 rZouh:?'!" """'''- ^°" ""'-'" "'^ "Thopedrriedr rjzi 
 
 and adopt the truih concerning it, and at once ascertain and practise the T 
 propr.ate duty of „„iti„g „uh .^^ ,„„., ,„, ^^,;^^.^^ ^ ^^.^^t't " '■" 
 
\ 
 
 86 
 
 By acting in this uwnner, your hearts will be enlarged, conscienc* will He 
 satisfied, benevolence will be prompted and extended, ilMatisfaction reraoveu, 
 and influence will be regained, be enlarged, and more firmly establighed. 
 
 The friends of the Reform will hail your accession with joy, even angels 
 will rejoice over nmny sinners whom you will thus be instrumental in leading 
 to repentance, believers will be more effectually warned and guarded, one of 
 the principal means of the influence and dominion of Satan will be removed 
 or extensively reduced, God will be glorified, and the kingdom of the holy 
 and benevolent Redeemer, whom you have so often and so solemnly vowed 
 and professed to love and to serve, will be greatly advanced'and exalted. 
 
 IV. HENNETT, PRlNrER, AURROKEN. 
 
11 Be 
 
 igels 
 ding 
 le of 
 9ved 
 holy 
 wed 
 
 h