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BX^^t^.H-i" ■ / I' f/:!/ U(/;UI / Toronto : MdLEisH & Co., Printers, 103 Bay Street. l^- •in TO HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF NOBFOLK, Hereditary Earl Marshal of England, Etc., Etc. My Dear Duke of Norfolk : he or I thought of imJJim^^ll'JT ^°* *^^^ ^°' ^ "^^"^ent belong to a generation that is fast flittiL awav tm ,hJ^ 1 J' 7*?° what is liltely to be mv last Duhlirah-„T ,„ ^'- I^ *""' enabled, :n on many accounts so deaf tfme -so fuU ^JT"' '"^'^^^''^ <""■ career is before him. "e.-so full of young prom.se— whose I deeply grieve that Mr. Gladstone has Mt It ;. k:. j . . with such extraordinary severity of onrR^Si } r ^"^^ '° ^P"'' consider he has commfttld h^^.elf ,"a 4S«a°tton o^''"™?- •' ca documents which will „„■ h-^j j representation of ecclesiasti- the countTvvhid, we We neitSe li/^lif '"," ™* "[ °'" P"^'""" '" 2 .'S'Ts^T t5i^S385 r ^l« t i which have lately been promulgated, and of the faithful v/ho have received them, that Mr. Gladstone's account, both of them and of us, id neither trustworthy nor charitable. Yet not a little may be said in explanation of a step, which so many of his admirers and well-wishers deplore. I own to a deep feeUng, that Catholics may in good measure thank themselves, and no one else, for having ahenated from them so religious a mind. There are those among us, as it must be confessed, who for years past have conducted themselves as if no responsibility attached to wild words and overbearing deeds ; who have stated truths in the most paradoxical form, and stretched principles till they were close upon snapping ; and who at length, having done their best to set the house on fire, leave to others the task of putting out the flame. The English people are sufficiently sensitive of the claims of the Pope, without having them, as if in defiance, flourished in their faces. Those claims most certainly I am not going to deny ; I have never denied them. I have no intention, now that I have to write upon them, to conceal any part of them. And I uphold them as heartily as I recognize my duty of loyalty to the constitution, the laws, and the government of England. I see no inconsistency in my being at once a good Catholic and a good Englishman. Yet it is one thing to be able to satisfy myself as to my consistency, quite another to satisfy others ; and, undisturbed as I am in my own conscience, I have great difficuUies in the task before me. I have one difficulty to overcome in the present excitement of the public mind against our Religion, caused partly by the chronic extravagances of knots of Catholics here and there, partly by the vehement rhetoric which is the occasion of my writipg to you. A worse difficulty lies in getting people, as they are commonly found, to put off the modes of speech and language which are usual with them, and to enter into scientific distinctions and traditionary rules of interpretation, which, as being new to them, appear evasive and unnatural. And a third difficulty, as I may call it, is this— that in so very wide a subject, opening so great a variety of questions, and of opinions upon them, while it will be simply necessary to take the objections made against us and our faith, one by one, readers may think me trifling with their patience, because they do not find those points first deah with, on which they lay most stress themselves. But I have said enough by way of preface ; and without more delay turn to Mr. Gladstone's pamphlet. ^. ithful v/ho have them and of us, . step, which so own to a deep themselves, and ligious a mind. 1, who for years lility attached to ed truths in the they were close ;ir best to set the the flame. The ims of the Pope, i in their faces. ly ; I have never ve to write upon them as heartily on, the laws, and y in my being at ;t it is one thing quite another to wn conscience, I e one difficulty to mind against our nces of knots of rhetoric which is ilty lies in getting : modes of speech titer into scientific I, which, as being a third difficulty, ibject, opening so m them, while it .de against us and i^ith their patience, th, on which they /ithout more delay § r. Introductory Remarks. The main question which Mr riio^„* . be this :_Can Catholic be tru;twn,^h "' >' '^^"^^^ ^ <^0"«'der to not a foreign Power a hold over Sonsl''*' "^ \' ^tate ? has at any time be used to the serin,,, n *'°"?'^»ences such, that it may government under wl^h they ^ve ? nTI TV^'^^'y °^ *^« "'^ fines himself to these questions for h. ^^^ ^'' Gladstone con- sorry to say, to taunt us w t^ "ur o s of men.?' °J ^'' ^^>'' ^ ^^ a vituperation which is not necessarv foT v ^^ ^"^ "^^^^^ ^'^^^^^^ informs us too that we have " rS^J* 5 ^'^. P^^'P^^^ ^^ all. He rejecting «. modern thought!" and ff ou. Th'''".' J!'^*°^>''" ^"^ ^^e bishing her rusty tools '' and h^c if , ^^'"'''^ ^^^ been " refur- likely still more tLggraVate our stal''^^^ aggravating, and is thy of Mr. Gladstone's hi|h ;:haracte;thus°^^^^^ • ^ '^'''^^' ""^°r- us ; what intellectual manliness isleft to ^^""^ '"veighed against his circle of acquaintance is too Jde Lh k"'' .^""^'i^^^g *« ^^^? yet trymen on the other hand too arcumtelr'h-^""^^'''^^ °^^^« '^'^"n- is bringing a great amount of od'um a^d b.d T T '° '^""^ '^^' ^^ men, whose only offence is theh- reLfon ^^1^""^'"^: upon excellent prejudice with which we are reLrded hv J^^^ '",°''^ '"^^"«« ^^ t^e less IS there of generosity in hTsllriL^^' '^^''" °^ "^^"' the proaches. The graver the charge ^wM.h^-"P.u" ".^ superfluous re- his writing against us, the more S;e^l'hn,'?/K' u''''' °^^^«^'°" of judge and jury to our disaTvantSe No "J.^, ^^ ^^ "«* t° Prejudice land against an unfortunate rtS . rhetoric is needed in Enff- Gladstone conscious of hfstreat^itnVn^ iT' '' ^"* ^° >'«'- ^^ Mr. Pamphlet, strange as it rial seem h. 1' ^^^V'" °"^ P^^^e of his been careful to .?do nothTng^ owT;ds imn'oSn' ^'' '°'''-^'^* ^^ ^^» matter of pure argument," pp iT r 6 '"fP^'^fS: passion into what is day be sorry for what he hi^^aid' '''"*"'" '° '^'"^ ^^ will one However, we must take things as wp fin^ ft, pose to do is this : to put aside Lit «•. '^^"^ ' ^"'^ ^^^t I pro- his accusation againsfus of r;pudLfinlT-' ^'^^^^^^^ in my way, modern thought, Ind renouncing^ourl^^f ..t"?'""? ^'''°^>^' ''^''''^^S myself for the most part to whit he nWn ' T^^""' ^"^ ^^ <^o"finl Catholics, if they act^onsTstlntly with thefr n!:- '"'f ^ "P°"' *^^* airi^the ^;ni::rj^^:^:^f^^'o^:^ s! authority, accompanied itr?^„?°P°""°''^ "''''^h. by the Pope's the Definitions o^he vSican SS ■" "H' ''''"'"P^- Then came junsdiction and doc.rinaMnfaIi?bi™y ..fthe %"' '""'"a"'^ ""'^="»' .he even, .hich turned aU™ in^lL^^^ri in'^olhit^ ?f ..t I... .1 ,^^ir^ $ 111 iROOUCTOKY REMARKS. public remonstrance, "the Roman Catholic Prelacy of Ireland thought fit to procure the rejection of" the Irish University Bill of February, 187^ "by the direct influence which they exercised over a certain number of Irish Members of Parliament, etc.," p. 60. This step on the part of the bishops showed, if I understand him, the new and mischievous force which had been acquired at Rome by the late acts there, or at least left him at liberty, by causing his loss of power, to denounce it. •' From, that time forward the s: uation was changed, and an opening was made for a " broad political discussion" on the subject of the Catholic rehgion and its professors, and " a debt to the country had to be disposed of." That debt, if I am right, will be paid, if he can ascertain, on behalf of the country, that there is nothing in the Catholic Religion to hinder its professors from being as loyal as other subjects of the State, and that the See of Rome cannot interfere with their civil duties so as to give the civil power trouble or alarm. The main ground on which he relies for the necessity of some such inquiry is, first, the text of the authoritative documents of 1864 and 1870 ; next, and still more, the ammus which they breathe, and the sustained aggressive spirit which they disclose ; and, thirdly, the daring deed of aggression in 1873, when the Pope, acting (as it is alleged) upon the Irish Members of Parliament, suc- ceeded in ousting from their seats a ministry who, besides past benefits, v ere at that very time doing for Irish Catholics, and there- fore ousted for doing, a special service. Now it would be preposterous and officious in me to put myselt forward as champion for the Venerable Prelacy of Ireland, or to take upon myself the part of advocate and representative of the Holy See " Non tali auxilio"; in neither character could I come forward without great presumption ; not the least for this reason, because I cannot know the exact points which are really the gtst of the affront, which Mr. Gladstone conce'ves he has sustained, whether from the one quarter or from the other ; yet in a question so nearly interesting myself as that February bill, which he brought into the House, in great sincerity and kindness, for the benefit of the Catholic Univer- sity in Ireland, I may be allowed to say thus much— that I, who now have no official relation to the Irish Bishops, and am not in any sense in the counsels of Rome, felt at once, when I first saw the outline of that bill, the greatest astonishment on reading one of its provisions, and a dread which painfully affected me, lest Mr. Gladstone perhaps was acting on an understanding with the Catholic Prelacy. I did not see how in honour they could accept it. It was possible, did the question come over again, to decide in favour of the Queen s Colleges, and to leave the project of a Catholic' University alone. The Holy See might so have decided in 1847. But at or about that date, three rescripts had come from Rome in favour of a distinctively Catholic Institution; a National Council had decided in its favour; large ofi^ers of the Government had been rejected ; great commotions had been caused in the political world, munificent contributions had been made, all on the sole principle that Catholic teaching was to be upheld m the country inviolate. If, then, for the sake of a money grant, or eland thought I of February, )ver a certain This step on the new and y the late acts s of power, to kvas changed," ssion" on the " a debt to the right, will be that there is jTs from being See of Rome le civil power relies for the ; authoritative animus which they disclose ; ,'hen the Pope, irliament, suc- , besides past ics, and there- to put myself and, or to take e of the Holy [ come forward son, because I of the affront, ether from the irly interesting the House, in itholic Univer- liat I, who now ot in any sense / the outline of its provisions, dstone perhaps Prelacy. I did ossible, did the leen's Colleges, le. The Holy that date, three itively Catholic ur; large offers tions had been had been made, o be upheld in loney grant, or INTRODUCTORV RKMARXS. Soi'rytth'i'r;^,!! wtTo^widt^T^^^^ ^-««^' -' of no religion, or of the pTotesta^^ the conTst nf^^^^^ ^^•"^-n have been stultified, and the PoDe and Zn I *^"^>' y""^" ^«"W have been playing a game wS nml f ''^T.'^^"^^ ««m to science and rehgiousdX I hotrCf/'^T'"^ '^^ P'^« «^ con- was it, if they so deterSfined ? what'^J^s th re t T"? '"^''^'^^ character? Is the Catholic Irish inflrrif*.!, " '* °^ ^ factious to be represented in the House Tr ^ °"Jy one which is not interest a's -uch a ma^t ^Tght as aT^^^^^^^^ T? '^ "°^ ^^^t my own ignorance of Parliamentarv n?iL ^Z' ^ ^^^^ *° ^''Pose had supposed that the raiCaTfnterL.nH ^J^ P'-^^^^dings, but I can interest, were very po^ri "here Tn ^"^ .f '^ ""'^ '^^ P"^^'- government has a forSi partrto' ieaf w h k^T'/ ''"^"^' « Ireland, there are the Home-rulers who hi t' ^"'^.' *° '"^^^'^ *<> distinct from, or contraryTthoseVtheS^ '" ""''^"^ *!"'*« the Pope, looking at the surfkce of thini^f Pk *^° "^ hierarchy. As to that he interfered, there ^s no necessifv^ '° ^"^^^«^ a pomt ; and, when an act can be suffidnti '"'""I' ?" «° P^^'" introducing an hypothetical cause it is baJ fn^^T'^. ^^^ without Speaking according to my liS T ll nifh ^l-V?- ^"t'-oduce it. position of Rome in the matter In .h^ disbelieve the inter- adopted, the Bishops wL on l uJn. .-^•r-'u"'^'"^' ^^^^^ they which others also used ^nd in ih .""'"S^ ^'^'^ "ghts, common to all, their duty to pTomot "eT^^^^^^^^^^^^ Why might it not be their political opportunities I. titrf« ^ '''H?'' ^y '"^ans of thought it was a'Jeceivefth ory of ^ur Ref^rm^^^^ ?'" T'^'' ^ ^ Members of Parliament were r^L- ^^}9^"^^^ Constitution that delegates, of the' cStuen ts ^.h'".!*'''^'' ^"^ '" ««»"« sort est was shown, and the "ou^ of^/ divisions in the House of Common's '^I TZctTeT''' •'^- *^^ ting Its regret, after one general election fhalfu ^'"^^ "^t'*"*- Catholic in the new Housenn Ihi '^^u* ^^^'^ ^^^ no English should be represenTe? there SuX'Z^ ??!. T'^ '}''' «"^ P^^y a small party in Ireland ; why then s^hould h nnfh' ''''^'°" ^"^ "°' ing number of exponents and defender?!, w ! ^^""^ * correspond- ^oes this seem to me thari fhlnWK Westminster? So clear knowledge of facts to exp la „ Mr' SaT^^^^^^^ ^^ ^°"^« ^^^f^^ - -X «ure at the conduct of the Ir sh p;ekcv fn^"| ' .'"T^^^ *"d displea. ^«-,-X, INTKODUCTOKY KlUARXS. ■ I i expense* of their University. If so, their obvious argument was this — that Catholics formed the great majority of the population of Ireland, and it was not fair that the Protestant minority should have all that was bestowed in endowment or otherwise upon Education. To this the reply, I suppose, would be, that it was not Protestantism but liberal education that had the money, and that, if the Bishops chose to give up their own principles and act as Liberals, they niight have the benefit of it too. I am not concerned here with these arguments, but I wish to notice the position which the Bishops would occupy in urging such a request : — I must not say they were Irishmen first and Catholics afterwards, but I do say that in such a demand they spoke not simplv as Catholic Bishops, but as the Bishops of a Catholic nation. They did not speak from any prompt- ings of the Encyclical, Syllabus, or Vatican Decrees. They claimed as Irishmen a share in the endowments of the country ; and has not Ireland surely a right to speak in such a matter, and might not her Bishops fairly represent her ? It seems to me a great mistake to think that everything that is done by the Irish Bishops and clergy is done on an ecclesiastical motive; why not on a national? but if so, Kuch acts have nothing to do with Rome. I know well what simple firm faith the great body of the Irish people have, and how they put the Catholic Religion before anything else in the world. «» is their comfort, their joy, their treasure, their boast, their compen- sation for a hundred worldly disadvantages ; but who can deny that in politics their conduct at times — nay, more than at times — has had a flavour rather of their nation than of their Church ? Only in the last general election this was said, when they were so earnest for Home Rule. Why, then, must Mr. Gladstone come down upon the Catholic Religion, because the Irish love dearly the Green Island, and its interests ? Ireland is not the only country in which politics, or patriotism, or party has been so closely associated with religion in the nation or a class, that it is difficult to say which of the various motive principles was uppermost. " The Puritan," says Macaulay, *• prostrated himself in the dust before his Malcer, but he set his foot on the neck of his king." I am not accusing such a man of hypo- crisy on account of this ; having great wrongs, as he considered, both in religious and temporal matters, and the authors of these distinct wrongs being the same persons, he did not nicely discrimi- nate between the acts which he did as a patriot and the acts which he did as a Puritan. And so as regarus Irishmen, they do not, can- not, distinguish between their love of Ireland and their love of religion ; their patriotism is religious, and their religion is strongly tinctured with patriotism; and it is hard to recognize the abstract and ideal Ultramontane, pure and simple, in the concrete exhibition of him in flesh and blood as found in the polling booth or in his chapel. I do not see how the Pope can be made answerable for him in any of his political acts during the last fifty years. This leads me to a subject, of which Mr. Gladstone makes a good deal in his Pamphlet. I will say of a great man, whom he quotes, and for whose memory I have a great respect, I mean Bishop Doyle,. ftrgument was le population of rity should have ipon Education. >t Protestantism , if the Bishops rals, they niight lere with these ch the Bishops >t say they were y that in such a >ps, but as the om any prompt- They claimed ry ; and has not i might not her reat mistake to lops and clergy national? but if enow well what have, and how n the world. -. t, their compen- 10 can deny that times — has had h? Only in the e so earnest for ; down upon the le Green Island, n which politics, ted with religion ch of the various says Macaulay, it he set his foot a man of hypo- s he considered, luthors of these t nicely discrimi- d the acts which they do not, can- id their love of igion is strongly nize the abstract ncrete exhibition booth or in his swerable for him ■8. >ne makes a good ivhom he quotes, an Bishop Doyle,. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. ^ would have done th^ «ame, in the hfJ' r "^^"^ '^^ «"y ^^ "» nat.onalhberty. for » .aS iorhin. but whn/ ^''^'' "'^^^'<* ^^^ I only mean that the energetic Ian J^« J I '^^'u'""'' '"^ ^°"««»; exactly such as would have suited Kf ^'? '^^ "^*^^ ^*» "°t «ays to Lord Liverpool, •' We are tannf!i'"°'l^T ^^ ^«'"«- He Popes. What, my Lord have we r»^K ?^ "^'^^ *''* proceedings of ••ngs of Popes, or why shouirwrbe m^^i''" '° ^° ^•^'' ^^e proceed- 27. Now. with some proceedings of P "^'^"""^^ble for them ? p. much to do indeed; but if thlfnn/ ^"^^''-^^ Catholics have" very make no doubt it will be found that h'. 'T''^' '' consvh.d, ? ceedmgs of certain Popes when hi « 7fu '"^i''"'''"fi^ *° "''tam Pro- of their responsibility/ A'ssureSlvJhe' '' ^"'■^°'*" ^'^ "° P^^^ wh.c. no one would like to have „,^,^'*V,«'-^^'" ^''' °f P«P^^ '" require some pious interpretation when ^1 i '''"^'"' ^'« ^""-ds due to the kin^^ and the allecJ ance Z . IT^^^' " *^^ ^H^giance and as divided in their nature as ant^ lu' ^""P"' ^"^ «« distinct p. 30. Yes, in ti.eir nat" e [n hI .7.^° **;""-" "" Possibly be," case ; for a heathen S ;/te mtht KM '"'l^' "°^ '" '^^ P^'-'-cubr altar of Jupiter, and the PoprwouldL^ "''"^ ^"'^"^^ "P°" the to make the same rema;k^on^he AdcL"^' Tlf ° t ''' ^ ^«"*" ' the.r clergy and laity, quoted at n . r ! ? °^ ^'^^J'-'sh Bishops to Vicars Apostolic in England Tbid ^ ' °" '^' Declaration of the ha?e"Lia?I^;\tt;?r&tro T^^'r^J --"' ^ ^^^^ I aware of any ambiguity either Tn.'n^K "^i'^"" ^ ^^^^ '■'=f«'-''ed, were m otiiers which wer^e denfa L of he P. ^^^^Tf."'^ ^^ ^^e above, or of them at an earlierdite ^Ip^^Dr ^t' '"^a^'S-'^'' Indeed, ine had mtroduced into one of his^'pastoJ.I^lh '■'^'j'-'^^P °^ ^"b''"' Gladstone considers they so summ.rl V^^' '"''J^^^' ^^ich Mr bishop savs:-<. Many Ca^thoVscZrnt.h'!P.ri°^- '^^^ ^rch- mg the universal Church, as heir sunrel^^^ Pope, when teach- as successor to St. Peter and heir t",'^'!"'' '''"'''^ ^^^^ «"d pastor, ance made to him by Jesus Chris L •f.Pu^"'''^" ""^ special assist- and decisions in thaVca^acTtya^ ^"^^ '^^' ^^' decrees when they are dogmatical or confined to'^'^'^ ^ '"'" °^ ^^'^h. and morals. Others deny this and rJ ^^^^""al points of faith acqu.escence of the Church as^emM.'i^^'T- '^^ ^^P^^s^ed or tacit Ability on his dogmatical decrees rJn?l/K'''?u^ '° ^^^"'P '"^^I- upon this question of the Schools eitilr •^' ^^"''^h shall decide md.vdual Catholics, without anvh--K°?'-°".-'"^^ ^^ ^^°P*^d ^y peace. The Catholics of Irelar J hive L°^ ^f ^°''^ communion or an article of the Catholic fa th «- '""^f declared, that it is not be ieve or profess that he Pop; ?s -n^flrf^;''^ '^V'^y ''^"^'^'^^ to abjunns: either of the recited on^nJnn/t'^'^' '^'^^^"t adopting or while the Church contTnues tSZ 1 "^^'"^ ^'^ °P*^" *« discussion, thus addressed his flock at the JnfJ'^"* '^t""'' The Archbishop that the Pope had altered the oath ThS'" ^V7' ^forming them Bishops. '"^ °*t" which was taken by the Catholic I MHM >»(Wf(W y xo INXROPUCXORY REUARKS. As to the languages of the Bishops in 1826, we must recollect that at that time the clergy, boiH of Ireland and England, were educated in Galilean opinions They took those opinions tor granted, and they thought, if thf;y went so far as to ask themselves the question, that the definition of Papal Infallibility was simply impossible. Even among those at the Vatican Council, who themselves person- ally believed in it, I believe there were Bishops who, until the actual definition had been passed, thought that such a definition could not be made. Perhaps they would argue that, though the historical evidence was sufficient for their own personal conviction, it was not sufficiently clear of difficulties to make it safe to impose it on Catho- lics as a dogma. Much more would this be the feeling of the Bishops in 1826. "How," they would ask, ** can it ever come to pass that a majority of our order should find it their duty to relin- quish their prime prerogative, and to make the Church take the shape of a pure monarchy ? They would ^hink its definition as much out of the question, as that, in twenty-five years after their time, there would be a hierarchy of thirteen Bishops in England, with a Cardinal for Archbishop. But, all this while, such n?' jes of thinking were foreign altogether to the minds of the entourage oi the Holy owc. Mr. Gladstone himself says, and the Duke of Wellington and Sir Robert Peel must have kr'^wn it as well as he, "The Popes have kept up, with com- paratively little mtermission, for well nigli a thousa'*d years, their claim to dogmatic infallibility," p. 28. Then, if the Pope's claim to infallibility was so patent a fact, could they ever suppose that he could be brought to admit that it was hopeless to turn that claim into a dogma? In truth, those ministers were very little interested in that question ; as was said in a Petition or Declaration, signed among others by Dr. Troy, it was " immaterial in a pol'^'cal light ;" but, even if they thouf.'it it material, or if there were other questions they wanted to ask, why go to Bishop Doyle? If they wanted to obtain some real information about the probabilities of the future, why did they not go to headquarters ? Why did they potter about the halls of Universities in this matter of Papal exhorbitances, or rely upon the pamphlets or examinations of Bishops whom they never asked for their credentials ? Why not go at once to Rome. The reason is plain : it was a most notable instance, with a grave consequence, of what is a fixed tradition with us, the English people, and a great embarrassment to every administration in their dealings with Catholics. I recollect, years ago. Dr. Griffith's, Vicar Apos- tolic of the London District, giving me an account of an interview he had with the late Lord Derby, then I suppose Colonial Secretary. I understood him to say that Lord Derby was in perplexity at the time, on some West India matter, in which Catholics were concerned, because he could not find their responsible representative. He wanted Dr. Griffiths to undertake the office, and expressed some- thing of disappointment, when the Bishop felt obliged to decline it. A chronic malady has from time to time its paroxysms, and the history on which I am now engaged is a serious instance of it. must recollect that cind, were educated I lor granted, and elves the question, simply impossible, themselves person- ho, until the actual iehnition could not >ugh the historical iviciion, it was not mpose it on Catho- the feeling of the an it ever come to heir duty to relin- e Church take the ik its definition as e years after their shops in England, e foreign altogether 'J. Mr. Gladstone r Robert Peel must kept up, with com- 3usa'*d years, their the Pope's claim to er suppose that he to turn that claim ery little interested Declaration, signed 1 a pol'^'cal light ;" rere other questions If they wanted to lities of the future, I they potter about il exhorbitances, or ishops whom they It once to Rome, tance, with a grave the English people, on in their dealings ffith's. Vicar Apos- ant of an interview Colonial Secretary, n perplexity at the lies were concerned, epresentative. He id expressed some- bligcd to decline it. laroxysms, and the ious instance of it. INTRODUCTORY WMARKS. ^^ I think it is impossible that th#. Rr:*;»K entered into formal negot ations wUh th^ government could have , Pinng in the course of fhem and ll\ ?°P*' ^'^^^^^ >ts trans- Rome could never be a S; tS such «''?";'"^ ^^""^^^^^^ ^'«*'". that and that no pledge from'^^at'^oncs was of an^' ^f ^"«''"'' ^^"^^^ M^as not a party. «*inoiics was of any value to which Rome firs"^ prrnaVL'Tor'ThlylLiTg^ hopeless in its bound together the head and the mpmh '"dissoluble tie which the insult, though she mi4 %S r^'."^ '^^"^'^^^^ R^'"^ ^^^t Jrance was not The keystone of 'h^ J P'"''^'?' "°^ *« "otice it. Church was so great and so famous n'^rcn^rr'l*'^^"^"^ ^" Ireland m spite of its fidelity oTheC-^^^i' T 1 *^^ hierarchy of of the future to the statesman who rln • ^'''^ ^^'*^' ^^'^^ ^"^ P^^l^'e See, whose word was wor^h annkirrJI^.f °"'' '^"^ ^^« ^"^ o?e (to use the language of the Sii.^/" the matter, -that church," faithful a.11 round afout a^ bold ' 1°"' ^""'"^^^ "^° ^^ich the hundred years it has been the offidal r 7 '""°"'"!5-" Yet for three the existence of the Pope and to r^^i. J^'^^ ^^%\^n6. to ignore "ot as his children, bu7a; sectaries o Th'^p^''^^"" ^" England! sion. Napoleon said to hisenTv "« tL^" Roman Catholic persual niaoter of 100,000 men." So ^barlv dln'^J. *?' ^"^^ ^^ '^ ^^ ^^« ^agacity, comprehend the Pope's X^e inihe fh ^'""^ "'"'"^ ^^^'^ly affairs, as to say that, " if the Pone h«H ! *''^" '*^^' °^ European been well to have coated lum for that"on'''-''"^' '' ^°"'^ ^ave consuls created a dictator in difficult 1 ^"°"' ^' '^« Roman fjt. ch.35.) But we, in the instance ofJ'h'^ ""'''' ^^"'««"'« power ,n Europe, a Church whose ^rrandLr- ^ S^'L^^test. the oldest one would think, some reverend fno,?r" ? ^^'^ ^'^^'•^^'^"^^"ded. of English Christianity, who! whether her T"' °^ ^^'^ '^^ "^^'^^^ always been motherly or iJtZTh ^"hsequent conduct had beginnings of our history, ht we have" nV'"', ^"'"' '' "^ '^ ^^e use a familiar word, we haU abs^Ltelv cu^ ^T'^ ^^r""^^^' ''"^' ^^ we have no relentings ; to-dav aV ll/i^ ^'""^ ^^« S:one on and stand that pride was'nit made' for man n' y^T'^^y' ^o we under> ments for a great people j am \"l"^.^ the cuddling of resent- question: I am speakin- all alonA? entenng mto no theological between England^ and Rome ^^S ^/""' '^^"'^^ interco^urse been set right on their firruprisine h^H fh^"^"'^'^ ^^"'^ have matic understanding between he ?wn ^f*^ ^^^" ^ ^''^"k diplo- contrary even within the Tastfet.vreV^^.^^ Powers ; but, on the destroyed any hope of a better stL of rh,' T"^-"^ ^'"'«try has ^ -e Vatican, the make-shift channel of in^'^'' ^^ withdrawing from years been permitted there intercourse which had Sf late j Engtrhlfpu^rte?^^^^^^^ -ch abnormal courses as wh.ch alas, already makes sdrft?/' • "^^ '^'"* ^^^ '^^^^ P'^ce English Catholics, certa^nlv but !L '"jssues. unfortunate for great Council hai been called -^i!?' ^' V^'f^' *or our country. A [time ignored Rome. RoV« t l'.«t"l'_^l ^^^l^^^ has for so lo^ne a » .-.-,- ^,.f.i..v,c, 11 must be said, has in turn 12 THE ANCIENT CHURCH. Ignored England. I do not mean of set purpose ignored, but as the natural consequence of our act. Bishops brought from the corners of the earth m 1870, what could they know of English blue books, and Parliamentary debates in the years 1826 and 1829 ? It was an extraordinary gathering, and its possibility, its purpose, and its issue, were ahke marvellous, as depending on a coincidence of strange con- ditions, which, as might be said beforehand, never could take place. Such was the long reign of the Pope, in itself a marvel, as being the sole exception to a recognised ecclesiastical tradition. Only a Pon- tiff so unfortunate, so reversed, so largely loved, so popular even with Protestants, with such a prestige of long sovereignty, with such claims on the Bishops around him, both of age and of paternal gracious acts, only such a man could have harmonized and guided to the conclusion, which he pointed out, an assembly so variously com- posed. And, considering the state of theological opinion seventy years before, not less marvellous was the concurrence of all but a few out of so many hundred Bishops in the theological judgment, so long desired at R^me ; the protest made by soma eighty or ninety, at the termination of the Council, against the proceedings of the vast majority, lying, not against the truth of the doctrine then defined, but against its opportuneness. Nor less to be noted is the neglect of the Catholic powers to send representatives to the Council, who might have laid, before the Fathers its political bearings. For my- self, I did not call it inopportune, for times and seasons are known to God alone, and persecution may be as opportune, though not so pleasant as peace ; nor, in accepting as a dogma what I had ever held as a truth, could I be doing violence to any theological view or conclusion of my own ; nor has the acceptance of it any logical or practical effect whatever, as I consider, in weakening my allegiance to Queen Victoria ; but there are few Catholics, I think, who will not deeply regret, though no one be in fault, that the English and Irish Prelacies of 1826, did not forsee the possibility of the Synodal determinations of 1870, nor will they wonder that St itesmen should feel themselves aggrieved, that stipulations, which they considered necessary for Catholic emancipation, should have been, as they may think, rudely cast to the winds. And now I must pass from the mere accidents of the controversy to its essential points, and I cannot treat them to the satisfaction of Mr. Gladstone, unless I go back a great way, and be allowed to speak of the ancient Catholic Church. § 2. The Ancient Church. When Mr. Gladstone accuses us of " repudiating ancient history," he means the ancient history of the Church ; also, I understand hirn to be viewing that history under a particular aspect. There are many aspects in which Christianity presents itself to us; for instance, the aspect of social usefulness, or of devotion, or again of theology; but, though he in one place glances at the last of these aspects, hi.' B ignored, but as the 2;ht from the comere English blue books, id 1829 ? It was an urpose, and its issue, lence of strange con- ver could take place, marvel, as being the dition. Only a Pon- ed, so popular even )vereignty, with such ige and of paternal onized and guided to 3ly so variously com- ical opinion seventy rence of all but a few :al judgment, so long hty or ninety, at the eedings of the vast )ctrine then defined, noted is the neglect to the Council, who bearings. For my- seasons are known rtune, though not so ma what I had ever r theological view or of it any logical or ;ning my allegiance :s, I think, who will lat the English and jility of the Synodal It Statesmen should ich they considered e been, as they may 3 of the controversy to the satisfaction of I be allowed to speak ng ancient history," 10, 1 understand him aspect. There are f to us; for instance, r again of theology; if these aspects, hi. •ma ANCISNT QiftUtGlf. and the best years of his life ^ tK J ^J"*" "^.^^ has; spent most politics;" p. 7. Ld as a state Ln he naturT'r.*"^ practice of on Its poluical side. Accord ingly? in his t^tl.^^ ^°° • ' V^^ Church fesses to be expostulating with us C accVo n- *^'''^" ^ ^' ^'°' he does so, not for any reason whaVever £ k^ *^^ ^**'*^^n Decrees, patibihty with our civil aUee.W T^^*'''^^^^^ impeachment of us. As a p^^fc'^ J^ l;L'^^^">'■"«^« <>^ ^^ pubhc action and effect of our rSu if, ! ^""'^ ^° ^° ""^'^ the affairs, on our civil duties, on our forS in./T"' "P^" "^^'^nal that our Religion has a bearing inHKK*^*^^'''' *"*^ he tells us utterly unlike that of ancient Chnst^nit'vJ""Vi"^f^^ '^' State said to repudiate what Christianff J ^' ?" ""^'^*= '^^t wt may be unlike to what it was then fhl^^ "^^^ '" ''« ^rst centuries so boast of being ^^eZ o::'.ndV.\t7-^^^^^^ *^"p-u" our action is so antagonistic to the S'. "? •^*' ^ '7' '" this, that menaang to evil peace and proLer^fr T ?":, f "? ^^'^ ^^^ims so our Lord and his Apostles th«f St ^" ?"''^^^' ^hen I suppose Polycarp of Smyrna,rnd S: Cypritn ofTln^ °' ^"*^°^'^' -"^ St of Rome, that St. Alexander and^Spll of ^^^!' ^"^ ^'- ^^"'•^"^e Ambrose of Milan, that Popes Leo To^no^"^*^"tmople, that St. ^^^\'"'^" "^embers of the ''undivided Churri'^'"'"' ?'"^^°'->'' ^"^ and labored successfully, to cultivate n..^ f ,' ^'^^ supremely, government of Rome. They had no docuA.^ « ^ '^^^h the of hfe, no isolation and aggresLenlT? i^u^""^ P'^^^P^^' "« rules considered, in spite of themselves th/' • '.^"'^^ *^^"^ to be May I not, without disrespect su^^^^^^ ^-cel very parorloxical ? Surely it is our fideli^vl .? \^'*°"^ '^^' '^^^ is fethers, and not its repudiation, which M^ Pll f .^'''°7 ^^^^'^ ^<''^- When, indeed, was it in ancient timrc.u.l^''^*^"® ^'shkes in us jealousy of the Church ?Wa TX„ i> S^^*^ ^'^ "ot show slaughtered their thousands who had abiuSn'?.' ""? ^ioclesian Rome ? or, was it when Afhrnoe- ^''J"^^^ the religion of old when Basil, on the Imperial Pe?fec^%r' '^""'^^^^ ^o Treves ? or fny man make so free with m^'^^^^ before fell in with a Bishop ?C' when^^^^^^^^ ^°" "«ver p'cusus, to be worried to death bv an F-n^°'"-'^^' '""^ °^ to ong annals of Church History centu^a^^^^^^ Go through the there ever a time when her^Bishop7 and no^M '^' u^"^ ^^>'' ^^^ Rome, ^^ ere slow to give their testiZmf • k T?.^^^. the Bishop of revealed law and to suffer for tlfeH^H^^^ they had a message to deliver Jnh" ""^f 1^"^^ to it, or forgot that a^n^teHng spiStual c:;;^:;::^ o^l JJ^l^ ^^^ ^'^ of riot,* II -- — -.,. y oiiiciy Oi tflR C:h:rr/»», ;„ f it J H THl ANCIENT CHURCH. of thflt tradition of Apostolical indcpendertce and freedom of speech which m the *yc8 of men is her great ofTnece now. "'' ' ' '"' ^ »«' Nay, that independence, I may say, is even one of her nkek'br credentials; for where shall we find it except in the Catholic CJ.urch ? 'I spoke of Thy testimonies," says the Psalmist, "even before kings, and I was not ashamed." This verse, I think Dr. Arnold used to say, rose up m judgme.-.t against the Anglican Church, in spite of Its real excellences. As to the Oriental Churches, every one kno^y8 in what bondage they lie, whether they are under the rule of the Czar or of the Sultan. Such is the actual fact that whereas it is the very mission of Christianity to bear witness to the Lreed and fen Commandments in a world which is averse to them Rome is now the one faithful representative, and thereby is heir and successor of that freespoken, dauntless Church of old, whose tradi- tions Mr. Gladstone says the said Rome has repudiated. I have one thing more to say on the subject of the "semper sadem." In truth this fidelity to the ancient Christian system, seen m modern Rome, was the luminoMS fact which more than any other turned men's minds at Oxford forty years ago to look toward her with reverence, interest, and love. It affected individual minds variously, of course; some it even brought on eventually to conver- sion, others it only restrained from active opposition to her claims- but no one could read the Fathers, and determine to be their disciple witnout feeling that Rome, like a faithful steward, had kept in full- ness and vigour what his own communion had let drop. The Tracts for the Times we e founded on a deadly antagonism to what in these last centuries has been called Erastianism or Casarism Their writers considered the Church to be a divine creation, "not of men, neither by man, but by Jesus Christ," the Ark of Salvation, the Oracle of Truth, the Bride of Christ, with a message to all mm everywhere, and a claim on their love and obedience; and, in relation »''t> u ?7'lP°.^^r; *^« object of that promise of the Jewish prophets. Behold, I will lift up My hand to the Gentiles, and I will set up My standard to the peoples, kings and their queens shall bow down to thee with their faces toward the earth, and they shall lick up the dust of thy feet. No Ultramontane (so called) could go beyond those writers in the account which they gave of her from the Phophets, and that hign notion is recorded beyond mistake in a thousand passages of their writings. There is a fine passage of Mr. Keble's in the British Critic, in animadversion upon a contemporary reviewer, Mr. Hurrell Froude speaking of the Church of England, had sai"d that "she was 'united' to the State as Israel to Egypt." This shocked the reviewer in question, who exclaimed in consequence, "the Church is ttot united to the Statr as Israel to Egypt; it is united as a believing wife to a husband who threatened to apostatize; and as a Christian wife so placed would act.. .clinging to the connection. ..so the Church must struggle even now, and save, not herself, but the State, from the crime of a divorce. On this Mr. Keeble says, "We had thought that the Spouse of the Church war a vi»rv /iiA'*rA»f o-..« r .._„ — .. — _ . — J ».... .^5,^111 J. ^.iouu iiuiii any nd freedom of speech low. li t'j '•;(•.' r*S ' I one of hei- h6te«'br the Catholic Cliurch? Imist, •'even before I think Dr. Arnold Anglican Church, in ital Churches, every they are under the the actual fact that^ bear witness to the :h is averse to them, d thereby is heir and 1 of old, whose tradi- mdiated. ect of the "semper iristian system, seen more than any other to look toward her !d individual minds ventually to conver- sition to her claims; e to be their disciple rd, had kept in full- it drop. The Tracts lism to what in these r Caesarism. Their I creation, "not of Vrk of Salvation, the message to all m^n snce; and, in relation the Jewish prophets,^ and I will set up My shall bow down to hall lick up the dust Id go beyond those From the Phophets, :ake in a thousand le British Critic, in ir. Hurrell Froude, It "she was 'united' ed the reviewer in hurch is tiot united believing wife to a i Christian wife so 10 the Church must he State, from the "We had thought 111. J. \.xov/ii ii\jnt any *HB ANClEm- CHURCH. j,.r..s.rii";.tt:.'.'" S ?'« .- «» .„., ... sequence, were the occasion of /r?.? / ^?°'^' ^"^ which, in con ed Mr. Froude at the beg^nn°nfof 1!'°"^''' ^"^^^«n the two, that letters of St. Thomas bS and Mr 1?°'?"'""' '° ^^^"^J^te the Hildebrand. As to myself I wnih. ^Z''^''^" *° ^^^te the Life of passages with the same drift Tn L^J*?"' " *° 0"^ out of manv liBhed at that time, to my Wh h Mon. ''°°^' f,"^ ''^''^ which I puT I believe a large "umLr of"„,^rbe?L7 th^!^^^^ Sermons th s ime are faithful to the doc^rinf it- k^*" ^^"'"''^ of England at pale m 1833, and following yea^s'^^^ with"n i^ and Catholics being, not as S f h.' "'^'" difference between them tives and Spiritual powers ?n^LT^"'^ °^ ^'^^^^''^ ^ powers which we g.Ve t?the HdySee"^'" F^.''''''' ^"* '^atX has ,n our times attracted even to her rL *^ • ^'^^ centuries, tha? teaching, not a few educated men Jh""'""' °' ^* ^^^'' *° ^^^ th^. special model. ^ ""^"^ ^^° "^^de those first centuries j^o at '^sTLT^^X^Z^:^^^^^^^^^^ too much, when I ruled her convert peoDle An^ c 1 , • "®' Persecutors so «:h» startle those only to whom th. f •^' ' "^^^ '^"^ natural and wHI independent of V.^ttZX'll^lt '' "^"- ^' the'^hu" ch" s l^llt'"' '^°"-^ *^« Stale, with Its hli\V"-'r""S^^ from God! [masses, come into her comi^nnlno v • ^, .^^cials and its subiecf [change hostility into suTmis" on' Th^^''" '^'' '^'y^^^ Stance (either they must deny her Sm; }-^-^'^ ^«« "« middle term [before it,-that is, as iJrsf^,^^^^^^^ fe' V/ ^'''J.^"^- They cn,7Z p aTe'r". '^'5"'^^' ^"^ that level. We see this principle ca- •/. !.? . ^ ^°^ ^"d hian on one review cf Gladaton*'. ■■ v-x- ..7T~~— --f»«-=» 1 1 i6 TBS ANCISMT CHURCH. the inspired command, " Obey them that have the rule over you. and submu yourselves, for the^ watch for your souls." As regardathe Roman Emperors, immediately on theii becominir Christians, their exaltation ot the hierarchy was in porportion to its abject condition in the heathen period. Grateful converts felt that they could not do too much in its honour and service. Emperors bowed the head before the Bishops, kissed their hands and asked their blessing. When Constantine entered into the presence of the assembjed Prelates at Nicae, his eyes fell, the colour mounted up into his chee.:, and his mien was that of a suppliant; he would not sit, till the Bishops bade him, and he kissed the wounds of the Con- ?5^?u*'«."^° set the example for the successors of his power, nor did the Bishops decline such honours. Emperors' wives served them at table ; when they did wrong, they did penance and asked forgive- ?u"?\^J'*'"*^7?""'"^"*'^'^'''' *''^"^' »"d would banish them, their hand trembled when they came to sign the order, and refused to do Its office, ahd after various attempts they gave up their purpose, boldiers raised to sovereignty asked their recognition and were re- fused it. Cities under imperial displeasure sought their intervention, and the master of thirty legions found himself powerless to withstand the teeble voice of some aged travel-stained stranger Laws were passed in favor of the Church; Bishops could only be judged by Bishops, and the causes of their clergy were withdrawn from the secular courts. Their sentence was final, as if it were the limperor s own, and the governors of province were bound to put it in execution. Litigants everywhere were allowed the liberty of re- lernngtheircause to the tribunal of the Bishops, who, besides, be- came arbitrators on a large scale in private quarrels ; and the public, even heathens, wished it so. St. Ambrose was sometimes so taken up with business of this sort, that he had time for nothing else. St Austin and Theodoret both complain of the weight of such secular engagements, as forced upon them by the importunity of the people. Nor was this all ; the Emperors showed their belief in the divinity of the Church and of its creed by acts of what we should now call perse- cution Jews were forbidden to proselytise a Christian ; Christians were forbidden to become pagans; pagan rites were abolished, the works of heretics and infidels were burned wholesale ; their chapels niJV] '° ground, and even their private meetings were made These characteristics of the convert Empire were the immediate, some of them the logical, consequences, of its new faith. Had not the Jimperors honoured Christianity in its ministers and in its pre- cepts, they would not properly have deserved the name of converts Nor was it unreasonable in litigants voluntarily to frequent the epis- copal tribunals, if they got justice done to them there better than in the civil courts. As to the prohibition of heretical meetings, I can- not get myself quite to beheve that Pagans, Marcionites, and Mani- chceshad much tenderness of conscience in their religious profession or were wounded seriously by the Imperial rescript to their disadvan' tage. Many ofthese sects were ofa most immoral character, whether ' tii: le rule over you, and * on theij becoming n porportion to its I converts felt that service. Emperors r hands and asked the presence of the colour mounted up iant; he would not vounds of the Con- of his power, nor ' wives served them and asked forgive- ould banish them, order, and refused ive up theii purpose, lition and were re- t their intervention, /erless to withstand ger. lops could only be jy were withdrawn il, as if it were the ere bound to put it 1 the liberty of re- who, besides, be- ils ; and the public, imetimes so taken nothing else. St. ;ht of such secular jnity of the people. ;f in the divinity of uld now call perse- ristian ; Christians ere abolished, the sale ; their chapels leetings were made re the immediate, V faith. Had not rs and in its pre- lame of converts, frequent the epis- ere better than in meetings, I can- Dnites, and Mani- ligious profession, to their disadvan- :haracter, whether THE PAPAL CHURCH. 17 higher ground ; but 2ntSXlo{^ iT would'hl'"'' 'r'"'-"'^ ^'^"^ °" such wild, impure, inhuma^Sw tWn rh. ""^^ ""J"'' *° ""^^^^ grotesque of American sectaries n^w Tu T^^ extravagant and ter feeling that injustke vvls doneTh^m Jn^th^"'^ '"'"'"'" "° ^^^- did not make free thought or nrJv.fl,- a '' '•fPression. They The populations of tlVe Empire did nft rite in'^'"^/^^K^ vvatchwords. was changed. There were two hi 1 "se in revolt when its religion the grant of all this eccTes astTCl nn "°"^;'>°"''. ^^hich accompanied exercise of it Pos ble firsft^^^^^ ^f privilege, and made the that it was enWd b; the law oHh/r'"'' '°"'S^'^^ ^^ '^' ««^°"dly, the door to it. The'^^utl^" I'^'e'ToSd'sav^tl^ ^ °P^" '^ tives were rightfully hers as h^ino^ of 1 . ^ay that such preroga- toher,onthepaito the'sta^^^^ congruous grants made bestowed upon it. It was her ri^ht to h" ' *J^^, "^^"^^''^ ^^hich she duty to concede them. Thl sefmVl 7 State's new state of society. And in fact tLt ' ''""" *''" ^^''^^ °^ ^he and in,exercise all Srotth those tnMn f "''^'^^tives were in force the break-up of the m peri ^^^^^^^ centuries which followed at length fet; into the Ss of ^ne s ex "si Si Won'"',!'"? f ^'l^"^ remark presently), the see of Peter vet theSJ ^^','^ ^ "'^^" Ranke, r.p=akingofthis development ofecEa«ic,l . '•"ittZTT"" "f 'he Empire, remarks as foCs """""^ cfthe Church from the Statrrnn«^c?.u*'°"-, ^" ^^'^ separation pervading and i^uenk^ Tecu" aSy'' irlTcK^' TT'' ''' '"'^^^ spiritual ;md secular povversmav com. ,f Christian times. The stand in the closest communiry?but hey can" b^Tor^^ T'' ' ^^^" porated only at rare conjunctures and ^nr u *^°^0"ghly mcor- muuial relations, their Dos^tionwfH'^ / '^°'^ P^"^'^- '^^^cir from this time forvvaS o^ne of t" e rin..''^'^'^ '"^ ^^'^ °*^^^' ^^'^* alIhistory."-_r/. P^t!" h il p. To^ ^3^'"^' considerations in § 3- The Papal Church. thi^tri^^xr X^:^tr^z ° V'^ 'f'^'- ^^^^^^-' Christians however near thev ^l u *''^' denominations of 1 the claims of the see of rL?!^^ fPP''°f '^ *° V^ ^" other respects, I Gladstone's Pamp£ an^ to th "' .^"''l ^'."'t" ^'^^^^^^^ '^ Mr 1 upon it. Of thoTe ri'hts nr. T""""''''" 'm^^^'^ ^ ^"^ "ow "^^king I I have h..n:fr"t';^'f^^^^^^^^ and duties, which _ 1 ...... e_;ing ill mu ancjent Church, the P- • ■' " B 'ope IS the heir. i8 THE PAPAL CHURCH. illi ! ', iiin iiin^ I shall dwell now upon this point, as far as it is to my purpose to do 80, not treating it theologically (else I must define and prove from Scripture and the Fathers the «• Primatus jure divino Romani Ponti- ficis"), but historically, because Mr. Gladstone appeals to history. Instead of treating it theologically I wish to look with (as it were) secular, or even non-Catholic eyes at the powers claimed during the last thousand years by the Pope — that is, only as they lie in the nature of the case, and in the surface of the facts which co;nes before us in history. I. I say then the Pope is the heir of the Ecumenical Hierarchy of the fourth century, as being, what I may call, heir by default. No one else, claims or exercises its rights or its duties. Is it possible to consider the Patriarch of Moscow or of Constantinople, heir to the historical pretensions of St. Ambrose or St. Martin ? Does any Angli'^an Bishop for the last 300 years recall to our minds the image of St. Basil ? Well, then, has all that ecclesiastical power, which makes such a show in the Christian Empire, simply vanished, or, if not, where is it to be found ? I wish Protestants would throw them- selves into our minds upon this point ; I am not holding an argument with them ; I am only wishing them to understand where we stand and how we look at things. There is this great difference of belief between us and them ; they do not believe that Christ set up a visible society, or rather kingdom, for the propogation and maintenance of His religion, for a necessary home and refuge of His people ; but we do. We know the kingdom is still on earth : where is it ? if all that can be found of it is what can be discerned at Constantinople or Canterbury, I say, it has disappeared ; and either there was a radical corruption of Christianity from the first, or Christianity came to an end, in proportion as the type of the Nicene Church faded out of the world : for all that we know of Christianity, in ancient history, as a concrete fact, is the Church of Athanasius and his fellows : it is noth- ing else historically but that bundle of phenomena, that combination of claims, prerogatives, and corresponding acts, some of which 1 have recounted above. There is no help for it ; we cannot take as much as we please, and no more, of an institution which has a monadic existence. We must either give up the belief in the Church as a divine institution altogether, or we must recognize it in that commu- nion of which the Pope is the head. With him alone and round about him are found the claims, the prerogatives, and duties which we identify with the kingdom set up by Christ. We must take things as they are ; to believe in a Church, is to believe in the Pope. And thus this belief in the Pope and his attributes, which seems so monstrous to Protestants, is bound up with our being Catholics at all ; as our Catholicism is with our Christianity. Thee is nothing then of wanton opposition to the powers that be, no dinning of novel- ties in their startled ears in what is often unjustly called Ultramon- 1 tane doctrine ; there is no pernicious servility to the Pope in our I admission of his pretensions. I say, we cannot help ourselves — Parliament may deal as harshly with us as it will ; we should not beheve in the Church at all, unless we believe in its visible head. to my purpose to do ine and prove from vino Romani Ponti- appeals to history, •k with (as it were) 5 claimed durinj; the r as they lie in the which co;nes before lenical Hierarchy of eir by default. No ;s. Is it possible to itinople, heir to the Martin ? Does any )ur minds the image stical power, which iply vanished, or, if 5 would throw them- lolding an argument and where we stand (liiTerence of belief (irist set up a visible and maintenance of His people ; but we re is it ? if all that Constantinople or there was a radical itianity came to an :ch faded out of the mcient history, as a s fellows : it is noth- a, that combination )me of which 1 have not take as much as ch has a monadic n the Church as a e it in that commu- i alone and round 3, and duties which It. We must take )elieve in the Pope, s, which seems so being Catholics at Thc-e is nothing dinning of novel- y called Ultramon- o the Pope in our | t help ourselves — i 'ill ; we should no* ts visible head. TH2 PAPAL CHURCH. i§ whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shari k ''"^ ^^. ^'^"^^'^ ' ^"^ whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth ^hin^''"?"^ '" ^«^^<^". and That which in substance w!s possessed b^ thVr^^ '" ^^^^«"•" that the Pope claims now T Hn n?.! • ^ *^® ^'"'^^ Hierarchy, way; but I'cannotTonTeTl or mo^hreVX? f^'^''''' '" ^^^ simple truth, though the avowal of it will L ^''^'^''^ *° ^« * Protestants, and, as I fear to some 0^^^- ''i^'^' unwelcome to call upon another to be ieve ^1^. f k'V "^^^^^^ I do not myself. I declare it, as mv own • I ^''^'^''^ °" *^« subject atives, such as, and, in' the w'^ in whic'h f hav"'' /'^^*m!^^ ^'^'^^^ substance, which the Church had Lder the rZ. p"''''^*^"'" '" claims now, and never, never w H reHnint J^ , " ^°'"''"' *'^°«^ «he havipg received them from.a dead ErlZ bu't 'n^'n' f'''^^ "°^ ^» endowment of her Divine Master nn,?^;."^ P"""^'-^ ^y ^^e direct outcome of that eniovvn^ent claims ^h '^ f ''''"^' ^ legitimate Catholic populations, not? as faccrntintfT' ^"' "°' "^^^P^ ^'^^ to be of cverv-day us'e, but hol^fng them ^a': ^0^: r'^^'"^ ^'^^^"^ in great emergencies or on suoreml n^/ • ^ ^t'^^'^" ^'^ remedy will serve, a^^ extraordinary 'anTsoS^^^; ''^'\"°^'^^"^ ^'^^ sovereignty. And our Lord, seein^ what wouW h. f ^'l 't^'^'°"« numan means, even hid He not wfl I ^d ft T^ '"■■''"-^* ^''°"t by aws which He Himself had -mpo id ,'„"? '''°^"'^'"- from the large community could be stronTXch h'a i „Xad ^^^'f^V^^^^^ ^^ in the begmning, as he did tJ ^;dah '^Th ' T^^ ^'^^ ^O'd brethren shall p^ise,'. and the^^l^fo thJc^^sf:,^: JtttT ,u?fi^ upon ^s? ^it%z tSpi^s p:;v'°hT ^Ti^^ 'r^ ^- ^"-^ as little permission as he aflo^f to the ?iprwof 1^^^ '^ '^^P^^' ecclesiastic who would wield the weapons if Sf a ^ Augustine. That concentration of the Phn i,.^"''''^'^ ^"^ ^t. history brings before us should not be the oSl. rt P^^"''^ ^^ich nation. It is not the existence of a Pop^ btof a Ph 'Pf'^J^^^S- his aversion. It is the powers and nn?fh«- i- u^^."""*"^' '^bich is tion in the ecclasiasticar^odv wh irh h v ^'^'"^ution and alloca- or parallelogram is the same in^^s.. ^^^"*^« ^g^^nst. A triangle side is mad'^e its base .^Th" Pontiff '"'' '"^iu""'"^^' whichever writes as an Anglican. " exaltfd to t'h/l?' ^'' ^°^^^"' ^^o Peter, did not so much clafm n.J •• m ^'"^^ ^'^'"^^^ o^ St. deprive their episco^ay brethrl^ .f -P'r'^^^" ^°' themselves, as the hierarchy. Ev^S he ti L^by Igl^h Z' '"^•""">'. ^°"^-°" ^' 'n the plentitude of their oow^rHlr w f autocratical prelates, :SummusSacerdos,-Pon ifexMaim"^^^^^^ '° ''^^^ themselves Ptself, had, nearer ti the primUiVe Hm^!' K ^''fl'^f Christi.' «Papa' hons of every Bishon L . c ? ^ I "'®^' ^^®" ^^e honorable appela lion of evlr;'^ tp^^ throne^The'afc^'".'" ""%' ^^" ^^^ ^^-4 Vnr^ f^ *u-P_ ^F *> iiirone. Ine ascription of th»o« f.-fi^™ .!_ ^ Ascription bccaS.e excYusC; because T. isTh/b't' """'= "•« , uctause, at is, the bishops in general THE PAPAL CHURCH. ;';i u were stripped of honours, to which their, claiir^ were as well founded as their Roman brother, who became, by the change, not so strictly universal as sole Bishop." {Greg. vii.,vol. i., p. 64,) Say that the Christian polity remained, as history represents it to us in the fourth century, or that how it was, if that was possible, to revert to such a state, would politicians have less trouMe with i.J^oo centres of power than they have with one ? Instead of one, with traditionary rules, the trammels of treaties and engagements, public opinion to consult and manage, the responsibility of great interests, and the guarantee for his behaviour in his temporal possessions, there would be a legion of ecclesiastics, each bishop with his follow- ing, each independent of the others, each with his own views, each with extraordinary powers, each with the risk of misusing them, all over Christendom. It would be f'e Anglican theory, made real. It would be an ecclesiastical comnumi; in ; and, if it did not benefit religion, at least it would not benefu tlie civil power. Take a small illustration: — what interruption ai this time to Parlisimentary pro- ceedings, does a small zealous party occasion, which its enemies call a "mere handful of clergy;" and why? Because its members are responsible for what they do to God alone and to their conscience as His voice. Ev^n suppose it was only here or there that episcopal autonomy was vigorous ; yet consider what ireal is kindled by local interests, and national spirit. One John of Tuam, with a Pope' . full apostolic powers, would be a greater trial to successive ministries than an Ecumenical Bishop at Rome. Parliament understands this well, for it exclaims against the Sacerdotal principle. Here, for a second reason, if our Divine Master has given those great powers to the Church, which ancient Christianity testifies, we see why His Providence has also provided that the exercise of them should be concentrated in one see. But, anyhow, the progress of concentration was not the work of tie Pope; it was brought about by the changes of times and the vicissitudes of nations. It was not his fault that the Vandals swept away the African sees, and the vSaracens those of Syria and Asia Minor, or that Constantinople and its dependencies became the creatures of Imperialism, or that France, England, and Germany would obey none but the author of their own Christianity, or that clergy and people at a distance were obstinate in sheltering them- selves under the majesty of Rome, against their own fierce kings and nobles, or imperious bishops, even to the imposing forgeries on the world and on the Pope, in justification of their proceedings. All ihis will be fact, whether the Popes were ambitious or not ; and still it will be fact that the issue of that great change was a great benefit to the whole of Europe. No one but a Master, who was a thousand bishops in himself at once, could have tamed and controlled, as the Pope did, the great and little tyrants of the middle age. 3. This is generally confessed now, even by Protestant historians, viz., that the concentration of ecclesiastical power in those centuries was simplv necessary for the civilization of Eurone. Of course it does not follow that the benefits rendered then to the European; THE PAPAL CHURCH. ^ Christianity ;•' he is speakin- of fSl If?. '^" Mi man's "Latin the Papacy! " was the'on ^powe ^h chlv no'tTnt'"' f" ' '? ^^^^' lately prostrate before the disasterTof Mj." ^^''^^^ ^"^ ^''^°- had an inherent strength and m^.h^ t'"?e3-a power which this power which was'' ^'ost Im^^lt '?"'"' ''' r'*J"^>'- '* ^»« which was to survive ou^oftr?rM^^^ ''"^"1'^^ *° P'-=«^'-^« all tion. To Western Christ^Li^ crumbl.ng wreck of Roman civih^a- standin, alonr^tro^n'^frtSt^^.f °l"^^^^^^ ^, -"-^ pieces inperpetual conflict it Ivh^h P'^^^'^^'I'^y have fallen to secular feudal caste, vvihhereditT V hi T ^^^^''-^'-^ted into a half ly subservient to the dvH autw17 "^^"l'^^/^ ^"^ more entire- each tribe, gradually sinking oh.^'-\P,?'''''r^ °^ "^^'^ "'"^t'^" or the nation or tribe.^ On 1^ rise „/«^ ^^ ^^k""; '^^'^'''''' '«^«' ^^ conservative hun.r h„m.o '^'^^"'^ ^ power both controlling and anityJ^^?Chr?st.^"nity as "tr^n"^^ ''"'''^ ^"' ^'^^^^ "^ c">-^^i to a certain extent, uniform svs?erTh^ff'''ru' '^^P^"^'-^' '-^'^1. to barbaric force Jo the m we>r co„.e„df an., , do"„o,"rt7„d, forTn^s a'nc °. S^heri; LI""'' res()urces, and our position n Europe- or that th^l l suffered from bad counsellors nr^lJirF 1- r^ ^^^^ ""^er more freely, because U ban VH I '"T'^'/T,^*'^"- ^ '^Y this the blamed the^ policy of sorne Pyne.Af th° '^^J'""' '^^' ^'^ ^^42. dealings with oir^country ' ^ ^ '^' ^''"'^'"^ ""^"-"^^ '" thJir heaT^httll^^^^'orwLraT'th: •'"°" *° ""'' ^'^^^*°- «" ^his Holy' See and us LhSiv wfiT'?"'l' '"'"''"^ ^^^'"^^ ^he Sixtf four pages. wtVt^'l^avf ^^'ife s? right" L' eTn '^T'' him is lawyer-like exactn«.QB an^ 1^ • V ^ !° expect from impeachment of us T^hrh.«v"rHf''''^'^ '" his I exaggerations of a great orator If fb.'p*^".^''' ^.°" '' "^^^ the I three centuries \^o h^lTJu, , *^^. ^"P*' " ^""^"'^t towards us learlier hene"fit:!;efhe':h^r C/'^ f^irt'riaT^ The^r^^ °1 ''■' P^f.::ns!^:r:^nsr-h^^£r^ Catholicism whL a Romfn p' the presence of the haters of all his subWtrhad butTn. n TC^' ^°"^^."^P>^ted, when he wished blow. Suiely in Jhe tnal .f '^' '^^' ^ ""'^^^ ^"^--^^ '^^^ by one hoped at le J/ Zu r J° ^"^"^* ^ criminal, one might have Kn;:i t' on:-rt'r"'aSle^ and measure in langu'age.tl defence of an incidental narenZ^' • "'" ?' '^ °" '"^P^'^e' ''" hhen, after having been mS^f^^ '" ^ P'''''^"' publication, and lower classes n^hesLrnf^- " "'°°° ^°P'^'' appealing to the price indicating the w^d?h of f, '"^P^"7 .^^^^t. the lowness'of the answer .^e^LTdeS^^^re^SS l^^ T'r. ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ loes not teach us to iStrSfs T ^^:^:Jlt}r!^J\:^^^l^^f o^^'ood: wLdoS '^jsiK mar.y times ureed bv the '^nmr,;'',T,i,",'^ ' ""' V*"' "■'• ""o- '" t!'e beeinnint »ver would consent tli^-MsLe^aoeV^^^^^^^ rery able and careful life of cimplon Ts^ Jl'a^x ■"• ^**^-^^»>- ^"" ^*r. Simpso.?; H THE PAPAL CHURCH. 6. I have been referring to the desolate state in which the Holy See has been cast during the last years, such that the Pope, humanly speaking, is at the mercy of his enemies, and morally a prisoner in his palace. A state of such secular feeblen/;ss cannot last for ever;, sooner or later there will be, in the divine mercy, a change for the better, and the Vicar of Christ will no longer be a mark for insult and indignity. But one thing, except by an almost miraculous inter- position, cannot be ; and that is, a return to the universal religious sentimeni, the public opinion of the mediaeval time. The Pope himself calls those centuries "The age of faith." Such ende- mic faith may certainly be decreed for some future time; but, as far as we have the means of judging at present, centuries must run out first. Even in the fourth century the ecclesiastical privileges, claimed on the one hand, granted on the other, came into effect more or less under two conditions, that they were recognized by public law, and that they had the consent of the Christian populations. Is there any chance whatever, ex'ept by miracles which were not granted then, that the public law, and the inhabitants of Europe will allow the Pope that exercise of his rights, which *hey aiiowed him as a matter of course, in the nth and 12th centuries? If the whole world will at once answer No, it is surely inopportune to taunt us with the acts of medieval Popes, in the case of certain princes and nobles, when the sentiment of Europe was radically Papal. How does the past bear upon the present in this matter. Yet Mr. Gladstone is in earnest alarm, earnest with the earnestness which distinguishes him as a statesman, at the harm which society may receive from the Pope, at a time when the Pope can do nothing. He grants (p. 46) that "the fears are visionary . . . that either forei2;n foe or domestic treason, can, at the bidding of the Court of Rome, disturb these peaceful shores ;" he allows that " in the middle ages the Popes contended, not by direct action of fleets and armies," but mainly " by interdicts," • (P- 35-) ^^t> because men then believed in interdicts, thoiij^h now- they don't, therefore the civil Power is to be roused against the Pope, f But his animus is bad; his anbmis! what can auhmis do without; matter to work upon? Mere animus, like big words, breaks noj bones. As if to answer Mr. Gladstone by anticipation, and to allay hisj fears, the Pope made a declaration three years ago, on the subject,! which, strange to say, Mr. Gladstone quotes without perceiving thatl it tells against the very argument, which he brings it to corroborate;! — that is, except as the I ope's animus goes. Doubtless he would! wish to have the place in the political world which his predecessors! had, because it was given to him by Providence, and is conducive tol the highest interests of mankind ; but he distinctly tells us that hel has not got it, and cannot have it, till the time comes, of the prospectl of which we are as good judges as he can be, and which we say can-| not come, at least for centuries. He speaks of what is iiis highest! Pr>li<-ir'o1 ry^\^xrf^r finwf r\f intornrtoinfr in tho miarrol l-\of«r«>«>n 1 t^r-lrtfti and his subjects, and of declaring upon appeal made to him fronii them, that the prince had or had not forfeited their allegiance. Thisl LCH. ite in which the Holy lat the Pope, humanly morally a prisoner in 5 cannot last for ever;. i!cy, a change for the e a mark for insult and lost miraculous inter- the universal religious ;val time. The Pope faith." Such ende- iture time ; but, as far enturies must run out ical privileges, claimed ato effect more or less red by public lavi^, and ulations. Is there any /ere not granted then, iurope will allow the lowed him as a matter he whole world will at ant us with the acts of i and nobles, when the ow does the past bear iadstone is in earnest istinguishes him as a eive from the Pope, at •ants (p. 46) that "the e or domestic treason, iisturb these peaceful the Popes contended, nainly " by interdicts," nterdicts, thoiij^;h now used against the Pope, .n animus do without big words, breaks no ition, and to allay his rs ago, on the subject, I'ithout perceiving that ings it to corroborate; Doubtless he would vhich his predecessors ce, and is conducive to tinctly tells us that he comes, of the prospect and which we say can- of what is iiis highest al made to him from :heir allegiance. This| THE PAPAL CHURCH. as Cathohcs do believe ii; to be Zesi^rr'^"'^^^ 'P^^'^'"^' ^«^ the conditions which the Pone E^lf T f '"' ^ ^° ' *^^* ^^' ""^^r to which I have referred h^fon ^^J^ '^^'^^ ^" ^^^ declaration He speaks of h?s ri 'ht ^1 to deno^^^^^^ ' ^'^'^'''' °^ '^' Academia. from the obligatioi of lovalfvT ^^ere.gns, and release the people times been eSed in St.'^ ''^'''* '^"^ undoubtedly some- right idiritto) in hose k'es of far'tT'T^'r '"' ''\ ^^>'^' "^his what he is, that is to sav the ^-^'^'^'^C^ "^^'^ discerned in the Pope recognized'the advlntg^s o wTuZnl'^tf ""''^^'^^^^'y^ -^ peoples and sovereigns)— was frtlv ? ^ /''"; ^'^^^ contests of matter of .iuty by thfpjbliriaw S, f '"??^'T^^'^"^ '"^^^^ ^^ a of peoples) -{o L most ,,^poTt ntTl^^^^^ ' ' " '°"''"°" ''"''"' and their rulers." (Guard.Tl^r i\ %iT^ '''''''''' °^' ^'^'^^ He^°a^i1t"4° ri^ht-ir l;^ fnT '^''^'''^'^ ^^'^-^ ^' ^^^ ^'^^^^t. is co-relative w Iwlutv in he n h' ''"'' 1" "^^'"'^ ''S^' ^" o^<^ P^^^Y observed, the right calo be brouInnM"' "'^" ^'^ ^'"^>' '^ "°^ cisely what he goes on o nfimll" f . exercise; and this is pre- of that exercise? Fi?st it "an onK, £'. ^^y^/o.yn the conditi'ons circumstances (snfireme cLo;LJ .^. ^ '"'''"^ •'" '^'^ ^"^ ^"^'^^1 refers to his being the sZ'^^^^^^^^ Next he decision as coming from a trTb^J"f^T-°^ Christianity, and to his mere arbitrary pow?r bu^ mus h.^ ' ' P^'^'-^^^^^'^^ then is not a a formal exa'm'inSr ofThe 4' ^^^^^^^^^ hearing of the two parties interested in it Al • P^^^^^^ .^"^ the implied that the Pope's definiHvf!? . -^''^ '" *'"' limitation is supreme standard orri'htln 7'; fh'' '"^f ^'^ ^" ""^^'^^ ^" ^^e rule, and must contain the deS^;. """'"^ '"7.' ^' ''' ^^^''^ ^"^ .favour of the one pa "y or tt o 1 er Th"' n " T'^^"^^ '' ^''^'^'' '" [right is limited to the a-s of f! li "'^^' ^^'^ ^^^'"^^^^ ^^ this ■inscribed it amon< the nmv?L VT''-'^^^''^^^' °" the one hand, other so fully Teco^nized^ he h. r.°^ *''" "^"^ PMcnm, and on the enforce it by^hrcommon cont . A^' conferred, as to be able to should be dVert on iT is no con"' °f '\" P'^^P'^^' '^^ese last words country, of Ireland: or'of" Bel"^^' Tf'^ttr ""^'^ 'Th^' "*' ^^ united consent of various nadoni nf F T'^ probable ; but a monwealth, of which the Pope ^'af tlfe E 'V^-T'^' - ^ -- heard much of the Pope beincr made the .oH /^^f^', -V^ars ago we tion; no word came from En^Tn,! . • .^ "f ^" ^*'''''^" coniedera- ^was possible, becauseTe members S^kw^'^ 'u T^"^'^--t. It land in like manner a European com^l f u "^^ °^ °"^ '"^''^''on ; |if Europe were of oneT^ g^r^rXl^^ T'f ^' ^^^^on.lAo, |nation,that a Pope is notTShhT • ^L^ Pope declares with indig. 1, notion i^ ■ n Tr V • '"fallible in the exercise of thl^ r.v... . „..>s -- ->t.on IS .n mvcnuon of the enemy ; he calls it '• malici^s." 36 Divided Allegiance. rh^"V°"\^"u'^"u^ ^^^ ^^"'■^^ h^S' a"'^ the Pope as head of the wS^.'h ' r^?'^^'"^" ^" /" ^^^^ ^«*^t^' ^« this world goes, or not! whether he has temporal possessions or not. whether he is in honour or dishonour, whether he is at home or driven about, whether those special claims of which I have spoken are allowed o^ not!-and that IS Sovereignty. As God has sovereignty, though He may be dis tt^lce rTT'' '° ',^^ "'^ Vicar upo^n earth ; and f^rtUr than tnis. since Catholic populations are found everywhere, he ever will W as thl R . K^ ''"!? ",??'•'■" ' ^' ^^""^^ '" """^bers, as far spread- mg as the British; and all his acts are sure to be such as are in keeping with the position of one who is thus supremely exalted 1 beg not to be interrupted here, as many a reader will interrupt me in his thoughts ; for I am using these words, not at random, but l?m>'f''°"'"'rT'"T °J^ ^°"- explanation, and. in a certain sense, hmitation, of what I have hitherto been saying concerning the wh^.h rl'"^ !^' y^'' P°^^^' '^° *his task the remaining pages! 7h.\l u? '° ^"^^'"f '° 7°"' ^'"^"^' ^^" he directed ; and I tfust that It wil turn out, when I come to the end of them, that, by first stating fully what the Pope's claims are, I shall be able mos clearly to show what he does not claim. ^ thf Ponl^^i ^'•^^■"°'f ?ru^-'- Gladstone's pamphlet is this :-that, since the Pope claims infallibility in faith and morals, and since there are no departments and functions of human life which do not and can- not fall within the domain of morals," p. 36, and since he claims also fhl r^ k'" /" ^^""^ concerns the government and discipline of irr^.-.c 7^r ^"1 "moreover, " claims the power of determining the imits of those domains," and - does not sever them, by any acknow- ledged or intelligible line from the domains of civil duty and alle- giance, p. 45, therefore Catholics are moral and mental slaves, and every convert and member of the Pope's Church places Kis loyalty and civil duty at the mercy of another," p. 45. ^ y y I admit Mr. Gladstone's premisses, but I reject his conclusion • and now I am going to show why I reject it. ' In doing this, I shall, with him, put aside for the present the Pope s prerogative of infallibility in general enunciations, whether of taith or morals, and confine myself to the consideration of his autho- rity (in respect to which he is not infallible) in matters of daily con- duct, and of our duty of obedience to him. -There is something wider still, he says, (than the claim of infallibility). " and that is thi claim to an Absolute and entire Obedience," p. 37. " Little does it matter to me whether my Superior claims infallibility, so long as he IS entitled to demand and exact conformity," p. 39. He speaks of a ^d province being opened, "not indeed to the abstract assertion of AKc"i / A;.^"*^'' ^l^^ ^^' """'^ practical and decisive demand of Absolute Obedience," p. 41. -the Absolute Obedience, at the peril of salvation. 01 everv mpmhpr r.f Kjo o^.^rr!,,«;^_ >» _ , . ^ Now. I proceed to examine this large, direct, religious sovereignty t I. e Pope as head of the tiis world goes, or not, whether he is in honour n about, whether those lowed or not, — and that bough He may be dis- !arth ; and further than 'erywhere, he ever will numbers, as far spread- ; to be such as are in supremely exalted. 1 reader will interrupt :ds, not at random, but and, in a certain sense, saying concerning the k the remaining pages, e directed ; and I trust of them, that, by first ill be able most clearly iletisthis: — that, since Is, and since there are which do not and can- md since he claims also ment and discipline of ^er of determining the them, by any acknow- 3f civil duty and alle- nd mental slaves, and jrcli places his loyalty reject his conclusion ; e for the present the unciatibns, whether of ideration of his autho- matters of daily con- " There is something ility), "and that is the . 37- " Little does it nihility, so long as he . 39. He speaks of a e abstract assertion of i decisive demand of idience, at the peril of p. 4'2» religious sovereignty IS DIVIDED ALLEGIANCE. ^'o^^^rfZ'f^:^^^^^^^^^^ -^i-^3 -d to the Civil ciple of obedienc; itseFf, tha? is bv wav of ^ ^"'' ^"' T""^ °" '^' P""" not now a religious duty ^ ^ of mquiry, whether it is or i. Is there then such a dutv at all oe «i, j- authority now? oris it one of ^het oh. iV'".""^ *° ecclesiastical away, as unsightly cobwebs bvthe M r-'^r^' ^^'"^ ""'^ ^^^Pt says, '' Remember^ them which\ave^hT C'v.hzation .^ Scripture spoken unto you the word of God who., f ".Uf u""^' ^'^^^ ^^° ^^^^ them that have the rule over ^n^l T ^^.'^h follow." And, " Obey watch/ao'o«r5o,./5?asthevthaf'nf . '^^^'^^ yourselves ; for they dp it with joy and n^t ^ith ^. 'f -^ ToTllf:^."'''''^''^' J^^^ "^^^ The margin in the Protestant vl?!' ! unprofitable for you." guides;" Snd the word may aTo ^e t «"" ^f^?' "/hose who are'vour rulers, or guides and leaders whirh. ''*'/, " ^^^^^'^'^ Well, as obeyed. Now, Mr. G adstone^i HL "'' "^""'^ ^^ "-^'^ ^^ey are to be cept, whether' as regard? our ch^^^^^ "Absolute Obedience" tohim hnM ,, '"^^' ^"^ ^^^^^r, or our there any libcralistic readin" "f he s'crlnf "°' ^'"^ "^ ^^'^ «-"' I« words only for the benefit of the nnnr.f'' ^'''^•^^" " ^' ^'^ the (as it may be called) of poH ical Zn.r TT""'- ""' ^""^ *he Schola dual members of pLliamen not for... '^^ '^'''^''' ""^ ^^' ^"^"vi- ters, and people of Pro^^ess P wtl. T^^^ ^"^ Cabinet minis- tural," those who recoc.n?/e andTilr ^^^^ '^^ ^' '^^ "^^^^ " Scrip- these, or those who don" P Mat not w^P V^''' ^°"^"^^ ^^^^s like from Mr. Gladstone, though we^be fLTv^n .h''''? '^'™ ^^'"^ ^"^'•^>^ ner of our obedience since in ^ U. i ^, ^^^ °''J^^t and the man- of obedience we have\p cln weTe bI.''^/T°^J*'^' '-^"^ ^ "^^""^^ texts which say that ecclesirstir.] ^ T'^'^- '^' ^'-"ing from those we obey it in that one form f^u"^'^°"^^^ '^^'"es from above that only person who claims^t of us"'' '^°"' Tf ^'"^ '^ -' ^^^-th.^n this nineteenth century InTo whlh ^' T°"^u^" '^' notabilities of has no rival in his claTm upon ' no' ">' ^''? ^°^" ^ ^he Pope ^^s been made and allowed for centurie,/,' ^^^ '^° "^^ '^^' his claim |he who made the Vaticardec^^^^K^"'; ''"*"'"'^^'^"d that it was fto whom shall we go P Cm^^l!?* ^'^'^^ ^^™- '^ ^^^ S^ve him up, Ivestments of divin? auth^S^P cll j'V"' T^ f^^nctionary in t£ |wn I put my soul into the H^nds of i' '"'*^"'^' ^"°^^ the f^iith, f he Archbis4p of Canterburv or c^r R??''°"^ Sovereign? or of %s not broad and low but h^kh P CafhoV^ '°£ "^ ^'"^°^"' ^^heit he ^^ X. Mr. Gladstone says 'ha ' the pS 7^ ''' ^°^'' -the sufireme ^;W/;n/./"Au ...^ ™tiff declares to belong to him . upreme direction •"tnV^ h^fT"""^ "' '"^^P^^t to all duty,"' p. "87 " ^ -o„" n^e."--?^ 0;=; -„i::Tri-iS ^»f?ff1lTT^ 28 DIVIDED ALLEGIANCE. ?,n5"Tv. '•?,!. ^^'"^ '^ supreme, and the Law directs our conduct under the manifold circumstances in which we have to act and rnus be absolute y obeyed ; but who therefore says that the Law ha^thi 'supreme direction" of us ? The State, as well as the Church has the power at its will of imposing laws upon us, laws bearing on our moral duties, our daily conduct, affecting our actions in various ways after'^rwith^drf '"'" "'"^"k^ ' 'I' "° °"^ ^^°"^^ ''>' ^^at Z S fllJ !' r T P°'''^' '" ^^^ abstract and its executive vigour in fact, interferes either with our comfort or our conscience. There are numberless laws about property, landed and personal, tkles tenures rusts, wills, covenants, contracts, partnerships, mon;y ransactk)ns ife-insurances, taxes, trade, navigation, education. sanLry measures' trespasses, nuisances, all in addition to the crim na" aw^ Law to apply Mr. Gladstone's words, '' is the shadow tha^c ease's to us' ^o where we will." Moreover, it varies year after year and refused fo feltr^U^t itin'" °' ^^^^"-\-- fi-"^y. Nor ca'n any one tell wha" restraint is to come next, perh.ps painful personally to himself Nor are Its enactments easy of interpretation ; for actual casTs with the speeches and opinions of counsel, and the decisions of judges must prepare the raw material, as it proceedes from the legis atu^-e bS Law" hL'f "^ ""''"^°°' ', ^" *^^ " *^^ ^^--- -^certainty of the Law has become a proverb. And, after all, no one is sure of escaping its penalties without the assistance of lawyers, and t"iat in ^ sucn private and personal matters that the lawyers are as by an imperative duty, bound to a secrecy which even courts of justice respect And then, besides the Statute Law, there is the common and additional ; and below this, usage. Is no't Ill"!i enoughTot " Vr rT^w °^^ '?J^°'" Englishman, and to make him cry out w th Ml. Gladstone, 'Three-fourths of my life are handed over to the lIw I care not to ask if there be dregs or tatters of human i^ such ^s tyLlTr iTth'" description and boundary of Paltmentary tyranny ? Yet. though we may dislike it, though we may at times suf er from it ever so much, who does not see that the Th^ldom Tnd heCon^f-f .'''"^'iT^'^TP^'"^'^ ^^^^ '^' ^''^' blessings which the Constitution and Legislature secure to us ? Such is the jurisdiction which the Law exercises over us. What rule does the Pope claim which can be compared to its strong and i? long arm ? What interference with our liberty of judging and acting in our daily worl<^ in our course of life, comes to^'usSromhmf Really, at first sight, I have not known where to look for in^tan^e; of his actual interposition in our private affairs, for it is our routine of personal duties about which I am now speaking. Let us see how we stand in this matter. ^ ^ ^ ^^^ "°^ We are guided in our ordinarv duties by the books of moral theo- logy, which are drawn up by the theologians of authoritv and exp^- i ence as an instruction for our Confessors. These books are based on Z"r "r ^^'''''T ^°""d^^i°"« «f Faith. Hope, and Cha ty : on the Ten Commandments, and on the six Precep s of the Church 1 which relate to the observance nf «„r,Ha,, ^f f-„. ^^ r^^^^.^^' ! sion and communion, and, in one shape or other, to pay tithes? A 1 E. Law directs our conduct we have to act and must ys that the Law has the s well as the Church, has » us, laws bearing on our ir actions in various ways would say that the Law, id its executive vigour in r conscience. There are personal, titles, tenures, ips, money transactions, :ation, sanitary measures, criminal law. Law, to )w that cleaves to us, go fter year, and refuses to n- can any one tell what sonally to himself. Nor )r actual cases, with the scisions of judges, must m the legislature, before )rious uncertainty of the all, no one is sure of; •■: of lawyers, and that in \ lawyers are, as by an even courts of justice V, there is the common ot all this enough to try » make him cry out with landed over to the Law ; i of human life, such as dary of Parliamentary lough we may at times e that the thraldom and great blessings which ^rcises over us. "What iredto its strong and its y of judging and acting omes to us from him ? e to look for instances rs, for it is our routine iking. Let us see how DIVIDED ALLEGIANCE. e books of moral theo- )f authority and experi- These books are based I, Hope, and Charity, precepts of the Church,- fast days, of confes- her, to pay tithes. A ^^'^^cu^^^^^^^^^^^^ under these heads, and 7n tions, when it is that p Tvate C?th i ^'^ ^^T^"' '^^*^ P'^'" direc themselves vvhatever an ^^r th^v like'h.r "'. ^'^'^'^ *° ^^oose for to follow some one of them n p^nitular ' ReH ""^m" ''''\ ""'' ^°""d tions m detail are to the few -^n^ c' i u ^^,d"C'ble as these direc- tioned, they are little more Than 'fl'^^ ^"^^' "^^'"'^ ^ ^^^^ "^en- moral sensi, unlike the po it vreractment's oTh "^^-f^^- of our on the whole, present to us no difficultv f hn ' legislature; and. critical qu on mav arise andTn^'^ "'"'' "°'^ ^"^^ ^'^e" some by thepnvate consciene)' which Ti^dlffi^^ ^^ ^accept. And a,,ain, cases maT^cu now anrlH '° "^^ '^'^"'"' '^ judgment differs from what is «Sf ^^ and then, when our private even then it does notTollow It oncl^hrt" '" '^''"^^^^^ works, but give way, for those books are no nfJrn °"^P"^^te judgment must And this is the point to whch To '^"'"'^ ^Z ^^P^l authority. Pope come into tl^ whdeTy tej oTn^'^""!"? ,^° ^'"'^ ^«^^ '^- by our conscience) our I ves^a e re^.-lT? .?'°'?-y ^^ ^^ich (as hand upon us, as private men it 2o In '?' ^^' ' ' ^"'^^ "^ '^'« had a difficulty where to fi^H^'n^L "^^^^ ""^P ^'^'^ble. I have At length I h.ive WkVd thl'^h Busl^:,^ '"f .^^^ '^ ^^-Po-tion tarn what light such a bo^ok wonM ., " ' Medulla," to ascer- a book of casuistry for the use of Confr "P"" '^'' ^"^^^'«"- ^' ^^ and is a large rep/sitory of ^nsw^^ madrh'' '"""'"^ '" 7°° P"^«^' points of conscience, and genera Iv^fif,,^ T""' 'i'^^^^Si^ns on m 1645-my own edition ifof TsL 7' - "T^' ^''^ Published those propositions, bear"n' on subCt?? '"/5^>^«er are marked been condemned b;PopeTrn the in ri'^^*''' '" it, which have . ing over the pages f S they are tri'lh'^ '°° ''''''■ ^" *"'•"■ Jist ncludes matters sacramenTaf ritual 1 i'*''''" ^? ""^ ^°- '^^'^^^ idisciplinarian, as well as ^i^rJl -S.'^^''f '^^' T""""''^'' ^^^ land regulars, of parish priests anHnf^ J ^^ '^"''^' ^^^^^^^siastics iprivate Catholics^ Ind^ he conSemn^ ''''?"' ?^"' ''' ^^^'^ ^« o*' fo mere occasional det^ls of^dutv^ ' ''^^'' ^"^ '^^ "^°^t part for wild notions of st^culSv^^. w ""'^ '" ''P''°''^^^°" of tbelax frestraints upon thec^oSa^^n^^^''"; '° '^'^' '^'^y ^^^ rather ifblbwingari «ome oHhe^opo^tW n^^^ F'm" instance, the jastic who on a certain d-^rfsifnT^er?'"'"'^' ^•'~" '^'^^ ^'^'^''^^ ^^, is not bound to say, if he eTn %T "''^''''■^- ^^ '''''' '-^"^ £Where there is good cause ii-%?,' //^""^'"'"S: hours;" Ihe purpose of swefri^, Serth^ IZ"^ ■ '\^}'?-^ without -moment;" '' Domestics may steal /ro!n ?^ ' ^'^^' °' ^^^^^ ^tion for their service, whkh thev thlT ' ""^l^"''' ^" ^o^plnsa- t' It is lawful fbr a iSc mai^^o^m ^''^''' '^"" ^'^^'^ wiges ;" fasten a calumny up^n h^m if h^ """ opponent, who tri?s to %nominy." I have taken th^ J •. '''"'"°* otherwise escape the l^anted,^ think, that^S^elont^^rrV'^""^^^ It m^st b^ Ihe Pope's auth^ritativ^ ^Z^!,;^t^ ?[''^ ^^^^ the .mount of f^eaviiyon the back of the private CaIhn'!r.''"H'T' ^''''^' ^' ^o press -ore ,ha„.Ha...o„e ^''^^T^^^i^:!: ^^Z^/t!^ I 30 DIVIDED ALLEGIANCE. I I ! I Jl ;-:i Mr. Gladstone allows U8. Indeed, if my account and specimens of « ' V^? uT "' '" """'^'^ ^^ ^°"«*=^' ^ do "ot see what he takes away at all from our private consciences. Mr Gladstone says that the Pope virtually claims to himself the wfde domam of conduct, and /W<|/or^ that we are his slaves -—let us see if another illustration or parallel will not show this to be a non- sequtlur. Suppose a man who is in the midst of various and impor- tant lines of business, as a medical adviser, in whom he has full conhdence as knowing well his constitution. This adviser keeps a carefu and anxious eye upon him ; and, as an honest man. says to .IZ' /°" "lust not go off on a journey to-day," or "you must take some days rest, or "you must attend to your diet." Now, this is not a fair parallel to the Pope s hold upon us ; for he does not speak to us personally but to all, and in speaking definitely on ethical sub- jects, what he propounds must relate to things good and bad in themselves, not to things accidental, changeable, and of mere expe- dience; so that the argument which I am drawing from the case of a medical adviser is a fortiori in its character. However, I say that though a medical man exercises a "supreme direction" of those who put themselves under him, yet we do not therefore say, even of him. that he interferes with our daily conduct, and that we are his slaves. He certainly does thwart many of our wishes and pur- poses; in a^true sense we are at his mercy; he may interfere any day suddenly; he will not, he cannot, draw any line between his action and our action. The same journey, the same press of business, the same indulgence at table, which he passes over one year, he sternly forbids the next. If Mr. Gladstone's argument is good, he has a hnger in al the commercial transactions of the great merchant or financier who has chosen him. But surely there is a simple fallacy f\ Mr. Gladstone asks us whether our political and civil life is not at the Pope s mercy ; every act, he says, of at least three-quar- this IS all the difference-that is, we have no guarantee given us that there will never be a case, when Ihe Pope's general utterances may come to have a bearing upon some personal act of ours. In the same way we are all of us in this age under the control of public opinion and the public prints; nay. much more intimately so.l Journalism can be and is very personal; and, when it is in the right, more powerful just now than any Pope; yet we do not go into fits i as If we were slaves, because we are under a surveillance much more I like tyranny; than any sway, so indirect, so practically limited, so I gentle, as his is. r j , ^ « But it seems the cardinal point of our slavery lies, not simply in |i the domain of morals, but in the Pope's general authority over us in % all things whatsoever. This count in his indictment Mr. Gladstone founds on a passage in the third chapter of the Pa^ior cs/^r««5, in which the Pope, speaking of the Pontifical jurisdiction, says :- lowardsit (erga quam) pastors and people of whatsoever rite or dignity, each and all, are bound bv the dutv of hiprarrhiVai cN^.^; ^ nation ai.d true obedience, not only in matters which pertain to ^j I' 'ii It::.: ■wp :count and specimens of > not see what he takes y claims to himself the we are his slaves: — let lot show this to be a non- st of various and impor- •, in whom he has full I. This adviser keeps a an honest man, says to lay," or " you must take >ur diet." Now, this is ; for he does not speak to jfinitely on ethical sub- hings good and bad in ible, and of mere expe- wing from the case of a However, I say that, direction" of those who refore say, even of him, and that we are his r our wishes and pur- e may interfere any day line between his action e press of business, the 'er one year, he sternly lent is good, he has a the great merchant or lere is a simple fallacy •olitical and civil life is of at least three-quar- ot every, but any, and lo guarantee given us e's general utterances | onal act of ours. In er the control of public more intimately so. when it is in the right, we do not go into fits, urveillance much more Dractically limited, so ry lies, not simply inl al authority over us inl :tment Mr, Gladstone| he Pastor cBternus, iM jurisdiction, s?iys : — I i of whatsoever rite or| hiprarrhiral qhN/m-H; ;rs which pertain tol DIVIDED ALLEGIANCE. In?th?^a^^^^^^^^^ rfn to the ,iscipZ umty with the Roman Pont ffrbStTofim^''^"* '^^ ^^°^'d' «othat, of the same faith) being preserved thlr^""u"'°."^"^ of profession flock under one siprem^e^Shepherd Th^-^"'"'?.^^^'^"^* "^y ^e one tttio^T -^^^^- - -"-i-^ iWstt ^'^o^^Z-:^^^^^^^^ first, that he .standing of it (ita ut custoditretc Next h^° "^''^ '^' ^"^ ""^er- obedience" so often, that any reader who 1,'!^''^''' °^ " '^^^^^"'^ before him, would think that ^he word "^^^^^ w'^-""* *^^ P^««^&« word, not his. Thirdlv. three ti^sTat on .S°^ ^'' '^' ^«P^ « make the Pope say that no one can 2^^^ V^'' ^"^ ^2) does he his salvation, whereas what the Pone fnlt^ -"^ T'^^"^ '^^^^^S Utsbelieve the duty of obed ence TnS „^. '^^ '"' ^'^^^ "« one can fourthly, in order to carry outlhiSfal.^^ """^""^ ^"^^ '^'^' ^nS Jts being evidently impossible hi if '^'?'^' °^ hinder {h.c est doctrinaf byTe fold' .'ulT " '""'^^^^^' P" 3«' " doctrFna.' 'r^^L^::'^''^C^Jl^V^'^^^ words ..disciphna" and Tiultitudes of facts, whole s's^mrnV'^'P' ^"*° '^^ Papal net whole n different degrees Tn etrrcoumr/ff'rhT"'",;,'?.'^"^"'"^' though hsctpiina and regimen are Vo?ds ofsuch 1.?'^''' ^'^'- '^^at is, neamng, that under them any ma?ters c«n k ' T^^"^J '"determinate •e required for the Pope's purD^se fn .v ^ 'u ^^"^ '" which may o take Mr. Gladstone's ins?an?es h " nSl' ''' '^^' '°""*^>'' «"^h as ■ion and mortmain ; as if no definidin?« ^^' P°°^-^^J'ef. incorpora- logical and ecclesiastical works o/wor,^""" '^J'^'"^^ '" our theo- ^s rf in consequence, the Pope was It fbertv'tn'^' 'Tu"^ °" "«^' ^"^ •f his own. As to discipline. Fr Perron. !I^ . five them any sense he exterior worship of God fh; iftur " flV, ^.'«^'P""^ comprises dmmistration of the sacraments the c.T - 'Vj P'^^^o^Y, the Hections, and the institutmn !!!••' • canonical form of sacrerl ike;" all of the^ ^^ ::)lrerinVrnri^; '^^l^'^^^^' -" ^^^^^ ^itfiout any relation to the Ci^lPoLlr-^M *^^ ^^urch, and ;dds, ^. Ecclesiastical discipirnesaTactr^^ "Z'^ ^^^'''' ^^'^onl 'cnbed by the Church, in order to re^Itn .? f ^.^^^ernal rule, pre- ■nd the more easily lead thpm I . f " *''^ ^^'^^'^"I '" their faHh ■ ^. p. 38i, 2d ed! 'i84x TS^^rdi^cfoHnf '"^^■""^''' ^-^- S.' ^strument. except as^he profLion of n '%'""^ «^"«e a political Iff h^sV^!;'"^'-^" the sa^etn^e zIllmL^^^^ '" has by divine r.ght the nower J r.Z -^ . ^^^ Roman Pon. ^S to the discipiiJof the Church fnr"f ""'''"'"'^' ^^^s pertain- ^cred ri.es. the ordinationrnd manner o?!?"^^'" '''^'"^ worship, the pcclesiastical regimen a^d the r Jhf ° V''" '^"'■^>'' '^'^ "^der ^mpordl possessions oflhe Church '-'/ufprrf'^^^''''''''^ °^ ^^e So, too, the word "regimen" has /rfi^'^^f :'3 '•' ^-^ § ^^i. 5^=^icr smctJy mtefnal to the rhnr^^K."""*'"" "•=^"'"ff» relating to ■e .Ode c. fo™ o..ove„ J-,^„?r coLT„«=-£" ^rT'.W^ 32 DIVIDED ALLEGIANCE. I I! iiili lili \i i i 1 1 II 1 1 i If 1 1 iii ii! as, m the intercourse of nation with nation, the nature of a nation'i government, whether monarchical or repubhcan, does not come intc question, so the constitution of the Church simply belonKs to it£ nature not to its externa! action. There are indeed aspects of the Church which involve relations toward secular powers and to nations as, lor instance. Its missionary office ; but regimen has relation tc one of Its internal characteristics, viz., its form of government, whether we call it a pure monarchy, or with others a monarchy tern. pered by aristocracy. Thus, Tournely says, "Three kinds of regi- men or government are set down by philosophers— monarchy, aristo- cracy, and democracy," rheol., t. 2, p. 100. Bellannine says the same. Rom. Pout. 1. 2; and Perrone takes it for granted, ibid, pp 70, 7i« .07 t-f Now why does the Pope speak at this time of regimen and dis- cipline ? He tells us in that portion of the sentence, which, thinking It of no account, Mr. Gladstone l;as omitted. The Pope tells us that all Catholics should recollect their duty of obedience to him not only in faith and morals, but in such matters of regimen and discipline as belong to the universal Church, "so that unity with the Roman Pontiff, both of communion and of profession of the! same faith being preserved, the Church of Christ mav be one flock passage to be ii. under one ^supreme Shepherd." I consider this pao.av^ ,„ ue especially aimed at Nationalism : " Recollect." the Pope Seems to say, the Church is one, and that, not only in faith and morals, for schismatics may profess as much as this, but one, wherever it is all over the world; and not only one. but one and the same, bound together by Its one regimen and discipline, and by the same regimen and disciphne-the same rights, the same sacraments, the same usages, and the same one Pastor; and in these bad times it is necessary for all Catholics to recollect, that this doctrine of the Church s individuality and, as it were, personality, is not a mere received opinion or understanding, which may be entertained or not, as we please, but is a fundamental, necessary truth." This beinff speaking' under correction, the drift of the passage, I observe that the words "spread throughout the world" or "universal" are so tar from turning "discipline and regimen" into what Mr. Gladstone callsa"net, th;it they contract the range of both of them, not including, as he would have it, "marriage" here, "blasphemy" there' and "poor-rehef" in a third country, but noting and specifying that 1 one and the same structure of laws, rites, rules of government ! independency everywhere, of which the Pope himself is the centre I and life. And surely this is what every one of us will say with the I Pope, who is not an Erastian, and who believes that the Gospel i^ I no mere philosophy thrown upon the world at large, no mere qualitv t of mind and thought, no mere . beautiful and deep sentiment or « subjective opimon, but a substantive message from above, guardec | and preserved in a visible polity. 2 2. And now I am naturally led on to speak of the Pope's supreme^ authority, such as I have described it. in its bearing towards the! Civil 1 ower all over the world,— various, as the Church is variable ^ —a power which as truly comes from God. as his own does. 1 , the nature of a nation's lican, does not come into h simply belongs to its ire indeed aspects of the lar powers and to nations, regimen has relation to ts form of government, I others a monarchy tem- 3, "Three kinds of regi- phers — monarchy, aristo- D. Bellannine says the it for granted, ibid. pp. DIVIDED ALLEGIANCE. 33 me of regimen and dis- ientence, which, thinking ed. The Pope tells us ty of obedience to him, natters of regimen and :h, "so that unity with id of profession of the ^'hrist maybe one flock Jer this passage to be :t," the Pope seems to in faith and morals, for t one, wherever it is, all e and the same, bound .nd by the same regimen sacraments, the same these bad times it is It this doctrine of thci sonality, is not a mere, ly be entertained or not, | ly truth." This being,! :iassage, I observe that;' or "universal" are so ito what Mr. Gladstone; of both of them, not| re, "blasphemy" there, ng and specifying that! I rules of government, 3 himself is the centrej Df us will say with th ves that the Gospel i„ : large, no mere quality nd deep sentiment, o? e from above, guarde of the Pope's supremel 3 bearing towards thei he Church is variablel* 5 his own does. That collisions can take nla^o k»* .jovernments the hisUy of'fi?teen hSeJ^' "^""'^ ^'' ^"^^ "^^'onal f^aton both sides there may occur S ^'^^".^^^^hes us ; also, luestion all along lies, not w'th"nS^ mistakes. Bu't m^ vhat, under the circumstances ol^sSS a rr^r^"' ''^"'" ^"* ^^^h hose who are both children of the Pone '^T' '' '^" ^"^y of ovver. As to the duty of the Civil Power ?^ ^""^^T^ °^ '^^ Civil > my first section, that it shoild treaT/hJ H^'f ^^"'^>''"^'"^ated TrT f.°^^!-^'S". and if this rule hid been nK^^ 5'" ^' ^" ^"^e- o Catholics in a country not CathoWp ,5T''^^' ^^^ difficulty .ghtened. Great Brit'lin ecolni j 's' and" '^ ^' "^'^^ "^^^^""'-"y United States ; the two powers have m?n.-?f " recognized by the , ere is one standing preventTon nf?.^ *" ^* ^^^^ ^^her's courts n,s between the two'co ord ^te p^eTs ml"'"'-'^' Misunderstand-' explanations, removals of the causes of ^P ^"'' ' '^"^ '^'^'^ ^°"ow LT'^u^ ^° J'^ions, there are conferences!'"''' ^"'^ °^ restitution, ^ow the point to observe here is that in .r""'"''' arbitrations, 'ves up Its abstract rights but neifhir ""^^ ^^'"« "^'t^^r party em. And each party thnks itselfte'^' ^^'^ °" ^ase, protests against any other view bu^c.•/?^' '" '^^ particular arty says " I will not make it up wTth you J n '"""""^f""' ^'''^'' be hne between your domain and mine^" T ' ^°" ^^^"^ ^" '"^^^i- rbitration, though we -ave wav t? .-n J ^"PP°se m the Geneva uct in the Ameficarcivfl waT^' n 'J'" *^°"§^^^ '^^^' '" our con^ '^yall this in ansvver "mT Gladstot'^'^r'^^" °^^ be hne between the Pope's domain an/.l challenge to us to draw ^r political questions. Wn^Tvate lm^f/'^''^^"'^^'" ^" ^ivH n London and Liverpool, all throng .h.''^"' ^ «"PPose, lived ur Foreign Office and the gove^nSlnt ofT'TT°"'l'"^^ ^''^^^^ Ir. Gladstone never addressed anrrr o/ he United States, and bem they had lost their moral freri^^^^^ ^« ^^^"^ or toM beir own government. The F/^n'i^";,^^^^!^^^ they took part lilh ■veep their German sojourners "ut' ^Tr'^'^' ^u^^ ^^'^ ^'^^^^ collect, was very ereat^ h, f h °^^^ance, (the numbe? as T .emselves much^cSb^^ ^J^^ot con^ to hrv'ed'ne h Russia, the English in St. Pe?ersbur^ n!L " '""^ ^""^ *« ^ar the Emperor, asking tor hi; proteSnn^^'^? ^^^'^««' ^ t^ink appose they pledged themselves 0^1"'^ ^•^'^' '' ''~^ ^°"'t or would we have callpH fill I ^o the Russian view of the w«r fused to do so^'^^pplsf E;trn'd'r'"^ ^f patriots,7f theyTaS ^Wort Italy against the Pop? and h^.'^lr''"'l^''' ^'^^ to ould be very indignant, thev wou d fni "'^''. ^"-Hsh Catholics at Zu I'f"' ^^^^^-°"ld usValTconsttt'^^^^^^^^^ '''' ^°P^ ^^^^re OuW h "^'"l"' '^'^'' ^h^" they were once^"^^^^ '°, '^''"'^^'- ^t; Mf ? .f.u^^^'"S:else than prayers and e.L. '7^'' "^^'^ ^^tion ^ It ? What reason is there f o , L " ^Jf'^tions for a termination •emselvestoanystepofatTeatnabrn^.f^^^^ ^^^"^^ -^"^"^^t :!:"!-^"«', ^^-dthey 'been ahoTe^'o "!i"7n '"^ P °^^ ^^^^" ^°>^^* --auac rhose (iermans wnnM „ l~ T- "^"'ain m France.? Yet 34 DIVIDED ALLEGIANCE. m\ I'liliM Of course it will be said that in these cases, there is no doubl allegiance and again that the German government did not call upo t"^' to l^.t ^°P' r^l:' ''" "P°" ^"^"'^^ Catholics, nay commL them, to take a side ; but my argument at least shows this, that til there comes to us a special, direct command from the Pope t oppose our country, we need not be said to have " placed our loyalt^ and civil duty at the mercy of another," p. 45. it is stranL^e that great statesman, versed in the new and true philosophy of com promise, instead of taking a practical view of the actual situation should proceed against us, like a Professor in the schools, with the "parade" of his -relentless" (an. may I add "rusty" ?j " logic,' I say, till the Pope told us to exert ourselves for his cause in a quarrel with this country, as in the timeof the Armada, we need not attend to an abstract and hypothetical difficulty .—then and not till hen. add, as before that if the Holy See were frankly recognized by England, as other Sovereign Powers are, direct quarrels between! the two powers would in this age of the world be rlre indeed : and^ fnl TT' ^'f'": becoming so energetic anci urgent as to descend- into the heart of the community, and to disturb the consciences andf the family unity of private Catholics. j But now, lastly, let us suppose one of these extraordinary cases direct and open hostility between the two powers actually to occur • here first, we must bring before us the state of the case. Of course we must recollect, on the one hand, that Catholics are not onlJ bound to allegiance to the British Crown, but have special privilege as citizens, can meet together, speak and pass resolutions can vote nLr'^u'Vi ^^^'•!;^^"V ^"d sit i" Parliament, and can hol< office, all which are denied to foreigners sojourning among us while on the other hand there is the authority of the Pope, which though not " absolute" even in religious matters, as Mr. G adstone would have It to be has a call, a supreme call 'on our obedience^ Certainly in the event of such a collision of jurisdictions, there an^j cases in which we should obey the Pope and disobey Ihe State'*' Suppose, for instance, an Act was passed in Parliament, bidding Catholics to attend Protestant service every week, and the Pope dis tinctly told us not to do so for it was to violate our duty to ou/ ? M ~ri'5? ""^tl '^' ?°P' ^"^ "°' the Law. It will be said by Mr Gladstone that such a case is impossible. I know it is^- but why ask me for what I should do in extreme and utterlv impro , bable cases such as this, if my answer cannot help bearing thf?< character of an axiom .? It is not my fault that I must deal i,^^ truisms. The circumferences of State jurisdiction and of Papal an'| for the most part quite apart from each other; there are just som?! few degrees out of the 360 in which they intersect, and Mr. Gladll stone, instead of letting these cases of intersection alone, till thei*«^ occur actually, asks me what I should do, if I found myse f place?'^ in the space intersected. If I must answer then, I should saN distincHv that rlid thp SfQt« ♦ell r->- J- o ■ r ,. '^■^^ nn.Ur.4. *i •' D "rrj"" ' ^" ^ qucsuon of worship to dcT" What the Pope told me not io do, I should obey the Pope anlH H cases, there is no double! ernment did not call upon! 1 Catholics, nay command! least shows this, that till| mand from the Pope toj have " placed our loyaltyl 45. It is strange that a! I true philosophy of com- • of the actual situation,] in the schools, with the! add " rusty" ?) " logic, ", selves for his cause in ai the Armada, we need not! culty :— then and not till! : were frankly rccognizedf :, direct quarrels between^ jrld be rare indeed ; andl ici urgent as to descend! urb the consciences andl se extraordinary cases wers actually to occur ;- ! of the case. Of course^ Catholics are not onI)l ut have special privileges iss resolutions, can vot( rliament, and can hoh sojourning among us, rity of the Pope, which,^ itters, as Mr. Gladstone; ■ call on our obedience/ F jurisdictions, there an' and disobey the State,* in Parliament, bidding' week, and the Pope dis-. i^iolate our duty to oui^ ■ Law. It will be sai( ' 3ssible. I know it is. eme and utterly improj nnot help bea'ring thi It that I must deal ii iction and of Papal an r; there are just som^ itersect, and Mr. Gladj rsection alone, till thej I found myself placee er then, I should saj^ ;stion of worship to d(| Id obey the Pope, am DIVIDED ALLEGIANCE. ould think it no sin, if I used all th. ' ^^ 'ssesscd as a citizen \o prevent such a rT'' ^"'^ '^^ '"^^^n^e I d to effect its repeal if it did ^'" P^'''"^ the Legislature ^hoiinrwit^th^^tiv^if pi-;^ in Which re agam, when I betrin to im? • ■ °* ^'*^ ^he Pope ? Now ,;t(as Mr. Gladstonf "in the"cfse"'l'?''"''^^:, ^atholiL wilf c^^ terest of the other side), that SaneernT'''^' "'"^ °"' '" the ey cannot ; I know thi' Pope neve" '" ^"" '^" °^''"''* ^ ^"°^ ■ppose ; but then, since it cannot possibtv h '^^''^- ^ ^"^ ^oing to ''^arm in just saying what I shnn?H/i^ ^^P^^" 'n fact, there is •'pen. I say then in cerfnJn V ^'^..(?>'P°*^^tically) do if it c\a h the Popefbut "wUh rCi^/T'p'L' ^^ T'' ^^'"^^ ^^^^ " t mbersof Parliament, or of the PdZcn ', '"',*^""^' ^ ^^^^^^^ .iy would not acknowledge the r.Vh^r ""'''^' ^^^« «" oath that ales, if he became a tfaVot'tshlu^^^^^^ •Id release me from that oath had I 1 /°"''''^'" *^^ ^^P^ Jrse, I might exert mvself tnlL f "^^"""^ "^y^^^^ by it. Of ich bound me; again^Tf I ould "0^^'' "^ ' ^"' ''' ''' ^^P^"'^^ ■ntor office, and %o rid myself of^hL^"''^^^''*^*''-^ Parlia- t should be clear that,Th';u1fh th ^ Prof f ^^"^,/.^^^ ^^^^ I nd firm m our phalanx for the Cathnl-^ Catholics to named ini^ office, or in my ^l^^^n'^a^^H'S ^^'^^ St: tS.: ^1^:::^- -^^r., M^est,. service. ^^^arif;i::'ure^f^Lr^^ Intyofthem in books of^s^ui tTwTth the"^ " ^"^ -" ^n^ Pect to them. In an actual case ^ Vlt^^ ^"'"^^'^ attached in simply on his own judgment at'th...^''^°"^^' "^ course, no" J cases in which he would be obteT. ''"'k'^^^^ ^'"^ «"PPos- len his conscience could not be r^.F ,^ ^"^ ^^ 't solely-lvi> •ction proposed to him by others ^'^^'^ '° ^"^ ^^ the courses ^h?;^^!^:^^ ^T '-'^-y-^' ^-^r to one or two ^ 't: h!m1nT\h"e tha"^r^ ^^ T ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ L^:'he'^i.^"t f- ^' ---n7s "arrg'oTd^'^o'k^-''-^^^^^^^ s of V^ J A ^? °^'>^^^ ^"d in whatnot ^° H"°w m what s of the Apostles, ' One ought to obrvV .m ' !^ '^ said in the efore, were the Pope to command ?.J^^'''' ''^^" '"an/ .pture, or the articles of faith oTZl.f^i^rg^.^g^^inst Hol'v -u.winanas of the natural or' d7v';nL'7" ""'/"^ sacraments, or '< but in such commands to hf ^'^' ^' ^"^^^ ^oi to he "« de Eccl., pp.. 47°T '° ^' ^^''^'^ ^^'^ (despiciendus),' 36 DIVIDED ALLEGIANCE. Bellarmine, speaking of resisting the Pope, says : — •' In order t resist and defend oneself no authority is required. . . Therefore as it is lawful to resist him if he assaulted souls, a man's person or troubled the state, (turbanti rempublicam), and much more if h strove to destroy the Church. It is lawful, I say, to resist him, b] not doing what he commands, and hindering the execution of hii will," (ie Rom. Pont., ii. 29. Archhisnop Kenrick says : — " His power was given for edification not for destruction. If he uses it from the love of dominatioi (quod ahsxX) scarcely will he meet with oieilifiit populations." — Theol Moral, t. i., p. 158. When, then, Mr. Gladstone asks Catl.olics how they can obey th( Queen and yet obey the Pope, since it may happen that the com mands of the two authorities may clash, I answer, that it is mj. rule, both to obey the one and to obey the other, but that there is no rule in this world without exceptions, and if cither the Pope oi the Queen demanded of me an " Absolute Obedience," he or sli^ would be transgressing the laws of human nature and humarj society. I give an absolute obedience to neither. Further, if evetj this trouble allegiance pulled me in contrary ways, which in this ag| of the world I think it never will, then I should decide according t| he particular case, which is beyond all rule, and must be decided 01 its own merits. I should look to see what theologians could do me, what the Bishops and clergy around me, what my confessor what friends whom I revered : and if, after all, I could not tak their view of the matter, then I must rule myself by my own jud ment and my own conscience. But all this is l^ypothetical an unreal. Here, of course, it will be objected to me, that I am, after a having recourse to the Protestant doctrine of Private Judgment; ni so; it is the Protestant doctrine that Private Judgment is our ore voice of ■y or another a creat on of man Of .' ""^ '° '=°"=M<='- 't in one ■>a^ o ,..•-_. . ""f.""" 01 man. Ot course, there arp or^nf o,,^ iigiousboLsofment^^lSrHot'^flSrhefsTnT^^^^^ lar^jpam^fc'^;*;. - .«a:».i, :j i ! 'M iiiiiiili 38 CONSCIENCE. ! liiiiii When Anglicans. Wesleyans, the various Presbyterian sects in Scotland, and other denominations among us, speak o^ conscience they mean what we mean, the voice of God in the nature and heari of man as distinct from the voice of Revelation. Thev speak of a pnncipe planted within us. before we have had any trafn^'nr though such trainmg and experience is necessary for its strength' growth and due formation. They consider it a constituent eSnt^of the rnnd, as our perception of other ideas maybe, as our powers of reasoning as our sense of order and the beautiful, and our other nte' lectual endowments, They consider it, as Catholics consider it to Thi .K-"i"ft^M'"'/^°^'^°'^ t^^^ ^'^'^tence and the law of God They think it holds of God, and not of man. as an Angel walking on the earth would be no citizen or dependent of thf Civil Poier They would not allow, any more than we do, that it could be resoled hInZlf'''"' TJ'^^^^P'^^'^^P^^^ in our nature, more elementary than Itself; nay. though it may be called, and is, a law of the m nd they would not grant that it was nothing more ; I mean, that it was not a dictate, nor conveyed the notion of responsibility, ^f duty oTa threat and a promise, with a vividness which discriminated il tm\ all other constituents of our nature. | of Caiho^f.!""' Th ^°T ^ ""'f '^^ ^°'^''"" °' Protestants as well as of Catholics. The ru e and measure of duty is not utility, nor ex- pedience, nor the happmess of the greatest number, nor State con 7nnTrvA"7 1ST' '''^''' ""' *^" Pulclman. Conscience is not a| Iong-s,ghted selfishness, nor a desire to be consistent with oneself! but It IS a messenger from Him, who, in nature and in grace, speakj to us behind a veil, and teaches and rules us by His representatives! Conscie;.ce is the aboriginal Vicar of Christ, a prophet in its X - mations a monarch in its peremptoriness. a priest in its blessin Js and anathemas and, even though the eternal priesthood throughout the Church could cease to be, in it the sacerdotal principle would re main and would have a sway. 1 Words such as these are idle empty verbiage to the great world of] philosophy now. All through my day there has been a resolute warl tare 1 had almost said conspiracy, against the rights of conscience! as I have described It. Literature and science have been embodiedl in great institutions in order to put it down. Noble buildings hav3 been reared as fortresses against that spiritual, invisible influence' which IS too subtle for science and too profound for literature ChairsI in Universities have been made the seats of an antogonist tradition] 1 ubhc writers, day alter day, have indoctrinated the minds of innu- merable readers with theories subversive of its claims As in Roman times, and in the middle age. its supremacy was assailed by the arm of physical force, so now the intellect is put in operation to sap the foundations of a power which the sword could not destrov We are told that conscience is but a twist in primitive and untutored man; that its dictate is an imagination; tha^ the very notion of guiltiness, which that dictate enforce, is simply irrational, for how can there possibly be freedom of will, how can therf. h<^ rQn<=«.„... responsibility, in that infinite eternal network of cause and effect in m IS Presbyterian sects in us, speak of conscience, i in the nature and heart elation. They speak of a had any train in; though for its strength^ growth, 'nstituent element of the ay be, as our powers ofi Jtiful, and our other intel- Cathoh'cs consider it, to ice and the law of God. as an Angel walking on lent of the Civil Power. , that it could be resolved mature, more elementary] d is, a law of the mind,' 3re ; I mean, that it was ponsibility, of duty, of a :h discriminated it from >f Protestants as well as ity is not utility, nor ex- number, nor State con- fn. Conscience is not a consistent with oneself, , ure and in grace, speaks! by His representatives, t, a prophet in its infor- a priest in its blessings 1 priesthood throughout iotal principle would re- ge to the great world of lias been a resolute war- le rights of conscience, ce have been embodied Noble buildings have ual, invisible influence id for literature. Chairs m antogonist tradition., ited the minds of innu-' >f its claims. As in ;rnacy was assailed by t is put in operation to| 'ord could not destroy.! rimitive and untutoredl la^ the very notion of| ply irrationai, for howf n there he. rnncwz-inanf a of cause and effect, ini CONSCIENCE. 39 ^^^^MSiL-^^^^ ^- we to fear, when ^^scl^^ce^^^^^^^^^ is the notion of be intellectual worldfdoes ^^onTcien^ "r;, ^ .1'"' m "^°'" '^^"^ i" : meaning of the word Th/rrfl .1. T ^K""^^' *''"^' <^^tho- oral Governor is frraw;y homthlu'seohlf^' '^' rf""'' °^ ^ that use of it is When m^^^ 1a ! u ' ^"f^^ent and emphatic :e, with a large portion of tifeTub. "."! ",Se%e" v ri2"Ld /''' , m oi conscience to di«?npn«*:» ^^rUU ^ • . ^ "S"* ^"^ '^^e- !nd Judge, .0 be inVpSt TlZT^orJ^rVt^'"" cense to take up anv orno rpUmnr, f X. i ,° ' " becomes a o again, to go to ch^urch to^f to' r^ f "^^ l^'^ °' '^^' ^"^ ^^' ^^ 11 religions aL to btlit ^artl^l Ht ^o? t h o'fThem ' 'ct^ ^'°^^ ' a stern monitor, but in this centnrv /f Ko u Conscience le word. The present PonP ^, JJjft , • , r ^^y ^^'^ P"* "Pon •eaks, (as will come befor?u'"^nh^'^f^^'''.°^ \^^4, Qua.tacura, conscience." anTL refers to h". "f ' '"'''^^'^ ^S:ainst " libert; his ^-a- .oceans if^'^dehrl'e"^^^^^ -^^ :clesiastical proceedings as I shTh^ ^- '' ^ '"^^ i" ^^'''^al )wn, when books or aftho « ^^ occasion to notice lower the book or author and ?o cond.T^T"'^' '.^ "^" '^' very words nse which they hav; in thdrcnn^^^^^ J^u'^^'?'/" '^^^ particular >t in the religiLs Tensl'^ich afthrpfpe m^^^^^^^ " ^'^ ''^^^^'' ley m another book or author Tn f 1 ^? ■ ?^* recognize were lany which occur dai^^ Prnt'estlnff. \^^^'\^' Parallel, among lation ;" Catholics too talk nf'??T?''r ^ °^ ^^^ " ^^^'^^^ ^^^or- t call it blessed Yet every .'rltit^^^^ '^r^"" '^^y ^- waning of the word to hriL^/fi'°" ought, from the very Limpljing atulg^'^n a^fv^'n^rH^V^^'iA^.l^l^f.^^^^^-.-em Z aer a surpassing evil. Here thpn"7C '" "'^ =f i"- "me, tney con- ^ing i. in .he pofu.a. .en'^e":? t^^^^^^^Z. ^TytZl ■•MHMIH ¥> CONSCIENCE. I 'iiifi I say, if they expressed their full meaning, " the so-called reformation." In like manner, if the Pope condemned "the Reformation," it would be utterly sophistical to say in consequence that he had declared him- self against all reforms; yet this is how Mr. Gladstone treats him, because he speaks of (so-called) liberty of conscience. To make this distinction clear, viz.: between the Catholic sense of the word "con- science" and that sense in which the Pope condemns it, we find in the Reateil des Allocutions, etc., the words accompanied with quota tion marks, both in Pope Gregory's and Pope Pius's Encyclicals, thus :— Gregory's, " Ex hoc putidissimo ' indifierentismi ' fonte," (mind " indifferentismi " is under quotation marks, because the Pope will not make himself answerable for so unclassical a word) "absurdailla fluit ac erronea sententia, seu potius deliramentum, asserendam esse ac vindicandam cuilibet ' libertatem ccnscientiae.' " And that of Pius, " Haud timent erroneam illam fovere opinionem a Gregorio XVl! dejiramentum appellatam, nimirum ' libertatem conscientia' essepro- prium cujuscunque hominis jus." Both Popes certainly scoff at the " so-called liberty of conscience," but there is no scoffing of any Pope, in formal documents addressed to the faithful at large, at that most serious doctrine, the right and the duty of following that Divine Authority, the voice of conscience, on whicn in truth the Church her- self is built. ' So indeed it is ; did the Pope speak against Conscience in the true sense of the word, he would commit a suicidal act. He would be cutting the ground from under his feet. His very mission is to pro- claim the moral law, and to protect and strengthen that "Light which enlighteneth every man that cometh into the world." On the law of conscience and its sacredness are founded both his authority in theory and his power in fact. Whether this or that particular Pope : in this bad world always kept this great truth in view in all he did, it is for history to tell. I am considering here the Papacy in its office and its duties, and in reference to those who acknowledge its claims. They are not bound by a Pope's personal character or private actsj but by his formal teaching. Thus viewing his position, we shall find that it is by the universal sense of right and wrong, the consciousness of transgression, the pangs of guilt, and the dread of retribution, as first principles, deeply lodged in the hearts of men, thus and only thus, that he has gained his footing in the world and achieved his success. It is his claim to come from the Divine Lawgiver in order to elicit, protect, and enforce those truths which the Lawgiver has sown in our very nature — it is this and this only — that is the explan- ation of his length of life more than antediluvian. The champion- ship of the Moral Law and of conscience is his raison d'etre. The fact of his mission is the answer to the complaints of those who feel i the insufficiency of the natural light ; and the insufficiency of that light is the justification of his mission. All sciences, except the science of Religion, have their certainty ir themselves; as far as they are sciences, they consist of necessarj conclusions hom undeniable premisses, or of phenomena manipuiatec into general truths by an irresistible induction. But the sense <■: CONSCIENCE. 41 jright and wrong which is the first element in rehc^ion is so del.V.t. md the Church, .he Po7e .hf H erlrchvTr'e''fn ,h.' n- '""""""^ = 5s so distinct from the tead^in" af natVi^^^^^^^ '^T^^ Revelation independent of it, nor withou? ?elaUons towards'^ but f'-f ^' "°' fcletement. re-assertion, issue, embod^m nt, and nt;rpretatiin 'Th." Pope, who comes of Revelation, has no juriWiction over Nat^^^^^^ ^^f" inder the plea of his revealed prerogatives he n^crul\u- ^' • ' >f preaching truth, justice, Lrcy^Ind 'peace muc'h 2.T"fT trampled on the consciences of his subjects if hT h. 1^ ^^ along, as Protestants say, then he coXo7Le iLtld Tl^^Vse nany centuries till now, so as to be made the marlnf fw I on. Dean Milman has told us abTve how Tai hfn[ t ''f °u- " iuty in the medieval time, and how succersfuT aL a 'r ^'' vhile the Papal chair was filled by men who La;e fhl T^'' ^°' ^ uxury, security, and a Pa-an kind o7 PhrTilf ^ . themselves up to ^ould not have recovered from so terrlhl! Tli? f °P^' "^^'^ ^°P''^ "lone, had they not returned o^hei/fil. ^k?.^ ^' '^'^ ^'^^^ ,rave lesson o'f the past irfn^^sdr^hf g a antee^^ ^'^ Such IS the relation of the ecclesiastic-, lnnw!r f .7 l ' >ecomes his creature and his slaverdoh'/as if on , h" • •=<'"=='=!'<^« lis wll; so that in the ahstrnrt- ;„ i F' ^^''.°".'> divine sanction lever fr^e in fac , never ab e to taket fit h'^^f'". "^'^ "■ '5 ^^^^^ l^"' rf hin,. any more than birds whose win^s a?e clb^n^H' ""''^P^"''™' khat if it were able to exert a will of itTown ILlf^ -'"°J<">^". Lett" T' ™—g-Me 'than' hTbe teen tte Chur'h"anl Pw^'tVouf^-bfre-^f^rhe'^Jo^^^s^ .^"al^^f f "e t^SXfon Gladstone calls it. if the ori'aL c^^^^l'^ad''-"""''"'^' '^ ^'- jiiso? ■ '■"—-"'-'- «aa mi aosomte authority I wish to answer this, important objection distinctly. 42 CONSCIENCE. 1. First, I am using the v/ord " conscience " in the hleh sense in within us °^'^''"" '° ^^^^ ^^^'"^« t° be a divine voice, speaking 2. Secondly, I observe that conscience is not a judgment uoon any speculative truth, any abstract doctrine, but bears immediate^ sTv rst Thoma?"'-'';H^ *° '^ ',^"^ °^ "°^ <^-- '' cZctnc ,^ which we ^Xf' u ? ^' P/actical judgmr nt or dictate of reason, by which we judge what hic et nunc is to be done as being good oi^ to be avoided as evil." Hence conscience cannot come inlo^d^rect col hsion witn the Church's or the Pope's infallibility ; which is engaged" :rm"pirpfrUcX.'^°^°^ °^ ^^^ condemnation of proposi^rns 3. Next, I observe that conscience being a practical dictate a coUision IS possible between it and the Pop Js au^thority! only when the Pope legislates, or gives particular orders, and the like ^ Ct a rcTof\trtV"^'"-'^t-'" 'r •'^^^' "°^ ^" ^^- commands n^r in his acts of state, nor in his administration, nor in his public • olicv Let him her"" Mr''ri ^,^1^^'^^ ''°""^'' ^^^ '''' "^^ J^^ .s i^ibund mm here Mr. Gladstone's language on this point is to me auite unintelligible. Why, instead of using vague terms does he 3 S out ,rcc.sely Jhe very words by whici thf CouncThas made ?h ?>ope whi h s alt'geth^ '"'r ' °' ^° '°'"^' ^^ ^^^"-- ^ --'-^on SibiHtv °^th^ fu "^ ^'^'' P- 34> " ^^irst comes the Pope's nfa hi v'ro^r ? '\^ "^"'^ P^^.' ^" insinuates that, under his mtalhbility, come acts of excommunication, as if the Pope could not make mistakes in this field of action. He says, p. 35,^' It mav be to sle l^o'l' -'h'^'^'^P^^^^^ not propose .0 invade the cou/try! to seize Woolwich, or burn Portsmouth. He will only at the wors excommunicate opponents. . . Is this a good answer? AfteTall even in the Middle Ages, it was not by the direct act^n of fleets and armies of their own that the Popes contended with k?ngs who were ci on '^j '' r«,f"^'"'y by interdicts." etc. What haveexcommTn' cation and interdict to do with Infallibility ? Was St. Peter infa lible on thatoccas on at Antioch when St. Paul withstood hm ? was AsiaHc rh„l"^"'^p'' ^r^-l" ^^ ''^^'^''^ ^^°"^ ^is communion The cated Afh.n.. P % ^^^'""' ^^"" ^" ^'^^ "^^""^^ be excommuni- cated Athanasius ? And, to come to later times, was Gregory XHI Tr P"auf TV ' T^'' '':i"'^ ^" '^^"^^ °^ '^'^ Bartholomew^maLa e ? or Paul ly. in his conduct towards Elizabeth ? or Sextus V when No Shnl-^' Armada? or Urban VHl., when he persecuted klHeo" fcts Since t^n P?',^",^?- ''^"^ '^^'^ ^^P^^ ^^'^ inf-"ible in these acts. Since then infallibiuty alone could block the exercise of con- science, and the Pope is not infallible in that subject-matter in wMch conscience ,s of supreme authority, no dead lock, such as is^rTl ed scit^Sre Po'^e' ' ^"^ ^"^^^^^"^' -" '^^^ P^-^ ^--- - called. When it has the right of opposing the supreme, though k 5 " in the high sense in "ancy or an opinion, but I divine voice, speaking not a judgment upon but bears immediately done. " Conscience," or dictate of reason, by ne as being good, or to ot come into direct col- ility ; which is engaged mation of propositions a practical dictate, a 3 authority, only when s, and the like. But a commands, nor in his his public • olicy. Let ft him just as it found I point is to me quite rms, does he not point ncil has made the Pope ! assumes a conclusion ''irst comes the Pope's luates that, under his i if the Pope could not ays, p. 35. " It may be :o invade the country, will only at the worst id answer ? After all, 3ct action of fleets and with kings who were /■hat have excommuni- Was St. Peter infal- I withstood him ? was I his communion the anner he excommuni- s, was Gregory XIII., rtholomew massacre ? ? or Sextus V., when le persecuted Galileo ? 'eve infallible in these : the exercise of con- ibject-matter in which ck, such as is implied e place between con- should be misunder- n rnr)spiprir>«» trii1»» on he supreme, though CONSCIENCE. not infallible Authority of the Pnn. •* . ^^ than that miserable coun te felt wMch .H'. ^' «°"^ething more goes by the name. If in a nart^„^ ' ^' ^-^^^^ ^^'^ ^bove, now sacred and sovereign monitorHtrdiLteln ^'/ '° ^' taken 'as a the voice of the Pope. mu°t folln,' ' " ° •''^' *° P'^evail against and all available mern;ra/;inrat"rrU^^^^^ *^°"^'^^' P^r ter m question. And further XdinL/!u* Judgment on the mat- " in possession ;" timt irth^ ««« f a '^-^ ?°P^ ^^ ^'^^^ is called against him lies, as in all cL^« Z''''*''"'^' °^ establishing a call science. Unless a man is abte to f TY-''°"' °" '^^ ^'^e^f con of God, that he n^uTnotJnd tlVt.T'''' ^V" '"^^ ^-^^""e .tion he ,s bound to ob^y U and TnuT "P°" '^^ ^^P^^ '"J""c- '' ^^^" ^'^^ a -ngly. He must vanquish that mean ^' "^ '"^ *° ""'' ^''^^'<^- ,spint of his nature, which at tL v. ' .""S^^"^^^"^. selfish, vulgar places itself in opp^ition to t e q '^ ^''' ^^^^^'^ ^^ ^ command Kvhetherheis not'LceXg , ;\f/hrand ""-'''''' ''' ''^' '^"^If practical matter, to commence wffh!' .• -^J"'"^'' '" ^ "^^''al and ^vilful determination t^Scerdse a r ff V''^', "^ "^"^^ have no ust what he pleases, the question of '.?^ '^!,'"J^'"- '^y^^S, doing vrong. the duty if ^ossil^e of obed ence Z' /^'^^\"°^- ^^^t anf ^•? Head speaks, and of stard^nTin " li' ^^\°^ speaking as 'emg simply discarded. If this n^es,. T °" ^'^ ^^^^'s side, ions between the Pope's authori"v and he .r^" °^f '•^^^' ^°»i- /ould be very rare. On the other han/ T^T^y ^^ conscience n extraordinary cases, the consdence nf '" u'^ 1^'' '^'^'' ^^^^ all, ^ave a safeguard and securky wer" secun-^^ ^nd.vidual is free, we nost gratuitous s- osition) hat no P ^ necessary which is a 'bjection suppose. . crea^i'. f , ^°P5 ' ^'^r will be able, as the . Now, I sh'aJl end th s nart of ^J^'' conscience for his own ends altogether, by applahn'g'^ot tro^ro^iV^,^ ' 1"^^ "°^ ^^ ^ -'^^ ha , in what I have been saying I hav/ no. *'?^°^°S:'ans in evidence loctnne on these important^pofnts '"'srepresented Catholic I hte'arad^'qttfd tl'"'' 7' ^t"^^'-- ^^ ^" ^a.ards Iducdfrom the^^ot^' itLTn •' that'L^t^"^^ Goussa'has onsc ance loses his soul." Thts die tut ' u '^^? ^'*" ^§^^>"st his k fulness and force in the moral t^^^^^^ Celebrated school, known as t^^ 1 '^' °^ theologians. The falamanca, lays down the hro.H ^^'"^^"t'eenses, or Carmelites of fo be obeyed whether it tellsTrulv^ 0?°'^''°"' '^'' conscience if eve^ e error is the fault of the peTij^^ hurr'°"'^^' ""^ '^^'' whether I* << Ai;« • . ~ ' ■■ * l-nClTI Md '■'"mm 44 CONSCIENCE. Ii . ■r.''ii'9\ J even say this opinion is de fide. Of course, if he is culpable in being in error, which he would have escaped, had he been more in earnest, for that error he is answerable to God, but still he must act according to that error, while he is in it, because he in full sincerity thinks the error to be truth. Thus, if the Pope told the English Bishops to order their priests to stir themselves energetically in favour of teetotalism, and a par- ticular priest was fully persuaded that abstinence from wine, etc., was practically a Gnostic error, and therefore felt he could not so exert himself without sin ; or suppose there was a Papal order to hoM lotteries in each mission ir ■ .-me /.Caglous object, and a priest could say in God's sight that 'eved lotteries to be moral'y wrong, that the priest in either . ^ :,ese cases would commit a sin hic et nunc if he obeyed the Pope, whether he was right or wrong m his opinion, and, if wrong, although he had not taken proper pains to get at the truth of the matter. Busenbaum, of the Society of Jesus, whose work I have already had occasion to notice, writes thus:— "A heretic, as long as he judges his sect to be more equally deserving of belief, has no obli- gation to believe [in the Church-.]" And he continues, " When men who have been brought up in heresy, are persuaded from boyhood that we impugn and attack the word of God, that we are idolators, pestilent deceivers, and therefore are to be shunned as pestilences', they cannot, while this persuasion lasts, with a safe conscience, hear us."— t. I, p. 54. Antonio Corduba, a Spanish Franciscan, states the doctrine with still more point, because he makes mention of Superiors. " In no manner is it lawful to act against conscience, even though a Law, or a Superior commands it." — De Conscicnt., p. 138. And the French Dominican, Natalis Alexander : — " If, in the judgment of conscience, though a mistaken conscience, a man is persuaded that what his Superior commands is displeasing to God, ' he is bound not to obey," — Theol. t. 2, p. 32. The word " Superior" certainly includes the Pope; but, to bring out this point clearly. Cardinal Jacobatius in his authoritative work on Councils, which is contained in Labbe's Collection of them, introduces the Pope by name :— " If it were doubtful," he says, " whether a precept [of the Pope] be a sin or not, we must deter- mine thus :— that, if he to whom the precept is addressed has a conscientious sense that it is a sin and injustice, first it is his duty to put off that sense ; but, if he cannot, nor conform himself to the judgment of the Pope, in that case it is his duty to full v^ his own private conscience, and patiently to bear it, if the Pope punishes him." — lib. iv., p. 241. Would it not be well for Mr. Gladstone to bring passages from our recognized authors as confirmatory of his view of our teaching, as those which I have quoted are destructive of it ? and they must be passages declaring, not only that the Pope is ever to be obeyed, but that there are no exceptions to the rule, for exceptions must be in all concrete matters. ?"S()!aE£:sn>«iWu^< '^^jio. *«|iA^^*Of.'V=^»^ '^-^^ -=* ^**i if he is culpable in had he been more in , but still he must act se he in full sincerity to order their priests ietotalism, and a par- ence from wine, etc., felt he could not so vas a Papal order to IS object, and a priest tteries to be morally i would commit a sin le was right or wrong ad not taken proper work I have already eretic, as long as he Df belief, has no obli- mtinues, "When men uaded from boyhood :hat we are idolaters, unned as pestilences, safe conscience, hear tes the doctrine with r Superiors. " In no even though a Law, •• 138- ander :— " If, in the onscience, a man is 3 displeasing to God, ; Pope ; but, to bring- lis authoritative work Collection of them, doubtful," he says, not, we must deter- t is addressed has a ce, first it is his duty inform himself to the ity to foil' w his own f the Pope punishes bring passages from new of our teaching, •f it ? and they must is ever to be obeyed, THE ENCYCLICAL OF 1864. I add one remark. 45 into after-dinner toastsf'Sh'inVeerdol^'^'V^ ^""^ '•.^'^^'°" thing). I shall drink-to^hrPope if tou please "stinTr^"''- *^^ first, and to the Pope afterwards. P'ease-still, to Conscience § 6. The Encyclical of 1864. I onroVthfstecllXtT'^^M^'^GTdn"". ^"^^^^'^^'' ^^^^ - Justice .it, f ..3t, ai si^^:^.s^t^^::^^-^^:^^ t^^otrEr^^Zt^^^^^^^^^ ^-^itions of held in honon hey have £ ^etT'^^'Il'^l, P'^?''^^^' ^^^^ ^een in substance, is the basis of E„rnn ^'-'m'^ ^-^^^ ^'"" maintained and notably among ourselves 1?'^ T^T'°'' ^°^" *° ^^is day, king took ?he Plafe of tlTpope. SutlL^^^^ establishment th^e possession. When the Ponf ^ ' ^ ^°^^^ pnnciples kept Pope and king were itored'oofndTh°''r^' '^' r^^^tions betwee'n any more with The odimn.r^?i u^'l^°? '^^ ^^^ "«t'^i"g to do but the old deaVi cEai Po^^^^^^^ ^^»^*i°"« ' first principle with EnMand thr. Th ^ "^^^ '''" '" ^°'^^' ^^ was a was inherited 7r2 an irifetfrneT^r-f °"' ^^^/eligion, that it that it was to be supported to iT^^^ 'f """ °^ ^^''''^ Revelation, other religions of Drivrtf ,• ,V I 7^"*^^^' *° ^^^ t^^e least, of Puritans heiriheseTinciples^aTfiTr^rv a'AT^'^.^^^^^^^^ ^he to the Scotch Presbyter'Lns we r.^^ the school of Laud. As pages of Mr. Buckle Th. 4. ! "^ ^"°."^'' ^^°"t ^^em in the suffered no dethronement ^h^r'/.^^^^ ""'"'' ^"* ''^^ '^''' P""^'Pl^« still in force, when tSrcentXpe -S ^" "''"^"^'' '"^ '""'y^'^^ been 7ufS:^! Our o'f°s"^^^^^^^ P-verb has generation, birn in the new civH?..? '"'"'^- u ^'" °^ '^^ P^^^^"* the abiding Paplrsvsterfh! '?"' ^'^ '^^'^^^^ *« witness in grandfathers. In mv ow^ UfV u' "^u^"' ^"^ ^^^^^^ ^^ their and gone its way Who wilUaTthat't'he'f °^'. ^''''- '^^" ^"-' effectual, sixty years a"o TAfI *^^^the plea of conscience was as of every%oit7fTncy%eli;io^P hT/.I.^"!^'"^' ^^ '^' '""^''^''^^^ derful elbow-room whkh t hT. nn p t^- ^''' ^'^^3^^ ^^^^ won- held,and speeches rnLdV.nH T- ^-^^^ P"^^^^ gatherings be the Regency', afrs^^sfb^^'j^^^e^ ^ t^ ^'^ ''^' °^ monster processions at that daTe and th. il *^°"°"S:^fares open to ?"ercy of Sunday manlfestadons? C IT''' ^""^ P^^'^' ^' ^^e insinuate what their bl?!- F°I:'''^ savants in that day assemblies, and arti!4snracti-'"^''^°^^^^ "'^'^'"^ '" ^'^^^"^^^^ Could public prints davKn. ^" '^" fntres of political action .? war against rerig,l^XfflH'^.^U°:,7^^^^^ - ^ law or public opinion would nni^.'.ffZt ' "" \^ '"^ ^^^^^ ^°> I (■ ;iiil 46 lliillil r.ilil|. THE ENCYCLICAL OF 1864. m had been so from the time of the Reformation. We were faithful to the tradition of fifteen hundred years. All this was called Ton? m and men gloried in the name ; now it is called Popery and rev Ld ' Tu^ce' of th^d/^""^ ''' ^T' '^' " conscienc'e. Ld the Chief Justice of the day pronounced, not as a point of obsolete law but lancr And'bv'ph"';^^ '?^'' *'"^ Christianity was the law ^f So land. And by Christianity was meant pretty much what Bentham calls Church-o-Englandism, its cry being the dinner t^ast «« Chu'c'^ and king. ; Blackstone though he wrote a hundred years ago was held, 1 bel^ve as an authority, on the state of the law in this matrer up to the beginning of this century. On the supremacy of Rdi ' on "TheYl-^fT"';^'' ''' ^^ ^ have abridged him for'^my pu ^ose etc thjr/. ^/"'"'' 'IT °f ^^^^--^d^ -"d punishments.'^etc etc., . hese are the grand foundation of all judicial oaths A moral evidence, all confidence in human veracity, mus? be weakene to'cTrsll^nitror^^'f """'^ 'f'^'^'y- w'heX^Xatrts rl.c. • r ^ ' °' ^"deavours to depreciate its efficacy, are hiehlv W 1 Im^in th"T1? P""'^^--K '' -- -acted by lu. statutf o^f niiliam 111 thrt if any person educated in, and having made hro fesstonof th,. Christian religion, shall by writing, printin^geachi^T or advised speaking deny the Christian religion to be frue or the Koly Scriptures to be of divine authority," or again in 1 ke manner ''If any person educated in the Christian religion shall by writ"nL' etc., deny any one of the Persons of the Holy Trinity to be God 01' maintain that there are more gods than one, he s£l on ^he firs offence be rendered incapable to hold any office or place of trust and for the second, be rendered incapable of bringing alv action' being guardian, executor, legatee, or purchaser of'lands and La"i suffer three years' imprisonment without bail. To give room how ever for repentance, if, within four months after theTrst con^ictioT the delinquent will in open court publicly renounce his er?or he ?s discharged for that once from all disabilities." ' • f.^^^" ; ''those ^vho absent themselves from the divine worshin in the established Church, through total irreligion, and att^d tie Lo7d'' ^^ ^" hust trust to the memory of many past ve.^ ''°''''' i^"'"^ ^^ain I Ivnter for ingratitude in\ssailing' as^he L'"^^^^^^ J"^^«^ folerant religious establishmen !nr? r kk ^""^ *° ^^^^ done, a himself at liberty to loordowronPriest?vwl"' ^" ""^•^^'^^^^' ^^^^« \e says, -has been repeatedly pier^^^^^^^^^ iorsley.and whose trumpet of sedk.nn 'r^^ the mighty spear of magistrates of a free country" ""^^ ^^ ^^"^^th awake the ^ntra'^id^n^^u^te'^r^^e^nfer^^ ^^ ^--^-^^ -ship in lisabilities which I have been .eeo^^tir f"I ^"^^her the various nelted away, like snow at spring t^defndw."'^^ °'^^^ ^''^^''^^ :ould ever have been in force. The cause ofTh" '^°"^''" ^°^ '^^y byjous, and its effect inevitable. Thou 1 ? oroLf fV^^^^^^^^" ^^ [fthe pnnciplesnow superseded in thf mil ^*° ''^^" admirer hre with the imperfections and eViTs ncS^ntTo' "^'^'1, "P ^^ ^^^^ Nevertheless I say frankly I do not see ho- '^ ^verythmg human, mamtamed in the ascendant. When tht^ntHl'^.'^"^'^, ^""'"''^^y ^e s certam that it will develop int^^tL '"^^"ectis cultivated, it is ^finite hues and tints Ind 'shades of coTn"^ ""^'uT '^^^''' ^^^^a ^e earth's surface, when the sun light toucSesTt \''^'''^^ ^-m ehgion the more, by reason of tLL . ^°"ches it; and in matters of f the mental ac^io'^Ty whi h ^'^^^^^^^^^^ ast seventy years, first ordassoTthT ^'"*^™'"ed. During the as awakened up lo though^anT opinion '"t";?""^'^' ,'^^" ^"°^her, ^ sacred subjects necessiri y affecfeS and fInT """^'^^'-'"^ ^^^^« '"verning order. The State in past tin?.^ expression in the '.nrcre^ tVio Tu;_j 1. , '^'^aic in past time had a nr,r.o^; ■eorge the Third had "a conscience'"b,„",h' '""' " ""^•^■•ence 1 .e head of affairs besides h°m with c'onsd^r^r """• u^" "™ " .M'l,^f.='^.- Jh^-'ves, and :C wa"s1rh:io„tirt cTut/"^ lork they could not wp*-!- ,ous questions came un at 'th^ r •', V""°" "•" '""^' ^s far as reli- fcad.,oc. i„ .he .i.: '^^i:':^:^:^:''^^^^^^-^!;^^-^ 48 THE ENCYCLICAL OF 1 864. could not agree together in the policy or justice of keeping up the state of things which Blackstone describes. The State ought to have a conscience; but what if it happen to have half-a-dozen, or a score, or a hundred, in religious matters, each different from each ? I think Mr Gladstone has brought out the difficulties of the situa- tion himself in '• ' , Autobiography. No government could be formed if religious unanimity was a sine qua non. What then was to be done ? Asa necessary consequence, the whole theory of Tory- ism, hitherto acted on, came to pieces and went the way of all flesh. This was in the nature of things. Not a hundred Popes could have hindered it, unless Providence interposed by an effusion of divine grace on the hearts of men, which would amount to a miracle, and perhaps would interfere with human responsibility. The Pope has denounced the sentiment that he ought to come to terms with " pro- gress, liberalism, and the new civilization." I have no thought at all of disputing his words. I leave the great problem to the future. God will guide other Popes to act when Pius goes, as He has guided him. No one can dislike the democratic principle more than I do. No one mourns, for instance, more than I, over the state of Oxford, given up, alas! to "liberalism and progress," to the forfeiture of her great mediaeval motto, "Dominus illuminatio mea," and with a consequent call on her to go to Parliament or the Heralds College for a new one ; but what can we do ? All I know is, that Toryism, that is loyalty to persons, "springs immortal in the human breast ;" that Religion is a spiritual loyalty ; and that Catholi9ity is the only divine form of Religion. And thus, in centuries to come, there may be found, out some way of uniting what is free in the new structure of society with what is authoritative in the eld, without any base compromise with " Progress" and " Liberalism." But to return :— I have noticed the great revolution in the state of the Law which has taken place since 1828 for this reason :— to sug- gest that Englishmen, who within fifty years kept up the Pope's system, are not exactly the parties to throw stones at the Pope for 1 keeping it up still. But I go further:— in fact the Pope has not said on this subject of conscience (for that is the main subject in question) what Mr. Glad- stone makes him say. On this point I desiderate that fairness in his Pamphlet which we have a right to expect from him ; and in truth ' his unfairness i^ wonderful. He says, pp. 15, 16, that the Holy See I has "condemned" the maintainers of "the Liberty of the Press, of I conscience, and of worship." Again, that the " Pontiff has con- 1 demncd free speech, free writing, a free press, toleration of con- j formity, hberty of conscience," p. 42. Now, is not this accusa-j tion of a very wholesale character? Who would not understand it to I mean that the Pope had pronounced a universal anathema against! all these liberties in toto, and that English law, on the contrary, I allowed those liberties in toto, which the Pope had condemned?! But the Pcpe has done no such thing. The real question is in what! respect, m what measure, has he spoken against liberty: the grant of hberty admits of degrees. Blackstone "is careful to show"how THE ENCYCLICAL OP 1864. M much more liberty the law allnw*.,! f« ♦». much less severe it was n his a^^^^^^ ^""Jr*J" ^^' d^^. how used to be ; but he never pretends S? .^^'*'"'* ^^"uf' *^^" '^ ^ad should have no boundary aJall Thf. ^^^^ce'vable that liberty based upon the princip^that ekch i,l^h'^'"'/°^P°''^'^^' ^O'^'^ty i« of his natural liberty for Xantaerwh"h°^ '' ^'^'' "P ^ P°«^" liberty; and the que^stion L whS The P "''' ^'''''' ^^an that which touches us Catholics nanv^rnic^ r°P?' '".^"^^ ^^* o^ his ment of his. has propounded :n7pr dp "JITcfrr^^^^ T'C IS not carried out in fact at this tirZl^n • °^i""^' °r view, which would not be conceded by Bllckstre IrT^. '.T'' °^ ^^^' ^"^ human society is a relinquishmem^o'. l ?''^^' *^^ "'^'■^ "°t'°" ^^ of its members individually To the :a^eof^'°^^ "'^^^^^ Would it be fair on that account to say ?hat the B ST?" '"'""*>'• "'ZvlTf\''''''y ^' ----- in Vord'and de df ^°"^^'^"*'"" En'^?sh'?rirCiorCTut';"i1 ''-'y^'^- ->^^'-on by limit must be put to even Licen iTbert.V "°' ^°"'P'''^'"' ^^^^"«« ^ for the social compensa"irs ^^If':,'^'';^,.:;"^^^,^'^^^^^ ^" ^^ school boys cannot play cricket on sTn/o . ^^^ '^^°^^- ^ur places, for fear of behi7 taken befor.^'- "°^ "''"" ''" ^°"ntry Scotland we cannot pay the pLfrSnn'^'^'''^^^^^^ ^"^d- I" even in our own rooms I hj e harhS"""^^^'' "^V^^ '^^^ the fiddle for saying that a religious procession^/ n "T ^ '^wyer's authority premises Till the last Lnr.r f ^^ ^''^" "^^^^^^ °"r own by the titles wL h oir Rdfgio^^^ -" °-r Bishops Home Secretary obliged us o out off o ^ T""^^^^ ^""^"^ ^h^e out of doors. We arf forced^o^nav r . ?'T^' ^^"" ^« ^^^ secular schools which w" c' Jnof L anfthe' ^«^\^^^'«hm-t of means over again for building .^^LV'f ^'"^ ^''® have to find this as much iroutraeeon^f^^^^^^ Why is not all Protestants at LmrffanlesanrM';'"'' JV^^ prohibition upon jchanges-notto h'ofd tS::WTc ^Tn^a S^^^^^^^^^ ^f^^^^ dor's house, or outside the walU w^. « ' "' ? *^^ ambassa- and thereby to irritate the natTvtrM GladT '^'"^ ^" ^"^^^'^ f': is monstrous for the Holv See tV ,.n.;- u"^ '^^""^ *° ^hink Iso, may we not call upon &m ?o ga ^fo fusTn b' P^-^^V^^^'^"' ^^ rree exercise of our relieion " Jn nil • " Birmingham "the hr vestments, and chanW the "pal"^ "l '"'"^'..°^ the streets in ■ion of the police against tL^nhT^? Lingua," and the protec •ound us,4articuk%" ne wTaret^HisTh'' '\^"^^, *° ^^^^" :ants at Malaga or Naples werlforelg^efs * Bu^l^T ^^^^^^^^es- lense ne ther to foel it a h^rLi" ^ But we have the good grievance. ^ ^ hardship, nor to protest against it Is a r^ aSone's'LSion^o^us ^"^^'"^^ ^-^^ ^"^ ^^ ^--^^ .'lackstone's four vS^ a4iW IT:^' -^"''^ ^' ,"^"^^ ^^-^"st t^al contract, as agarsT'thrCe. ^^;;;;h:^ .l?'^± ^:--^^^3 * ..Ti — T-r ■__ • ^ '-•pc "iis saia, i D .These words Mr. Gladstone omits, also he translates 50 THE ENCYCLICAL OF 1 864. I!: ill will show presently : first let us see what the statute book has to tell us about the present state of English liberty of speech, of the pross, iind of worsliip. First, as to public speaking and meetin-^s:— do we allow of sedi- tious language, or of insult to the sovereign, or his representatives? Blackstone says, that a misprision is committed by speaking or writ- ing against him, cursing or wishing him ill, giving out scandalous stones concering him, or doing anything that may tend to lessen him in the esteem of his subjects, may weaken his government, or mav raise jealousies between him and' his people." Also he says, that ythreateningand reproachful words to any judge sitting in the Courts involve" a high misprision, and have been punished with large lines, imprisonment, and corporal punishment." And we may recollect quite lately the judges of the Queen's Bench prohibited public meetings and speeches which had for their object the issue of a case then proceeding in Court. Then, again, as to the Press, there are two modes of bridling it one before the printed matter is published, the other after. The former is the method of censorship, the latter tliat of the lawof libel. Each is a restriction on the liberty of the Press. We prefer the latter I never heard it said that the law of Hbel was of a mild character" and I never heard that the Pope, in any Brief or Rescript, had insisted on a censorship. Lastly, liberty of worship; as to the English restriction of it, we have had a notable example of it in the last session of Parlia- ment, and we shall have still more edifying illustrations of it in the next, though not certainly from Mr. Gladstone. The ritualistic; p;irty, in the free exercise of their rights, under the shelter of thei Anglican rubrics, of certain of the Anglican officers, of the teaching' of their great divines, and of their conscientious interpretation ol their Articles, have, at their own expense, built churches for worship! alter their own way; and, on the other hand, Parliament and the| newspapers are attempting to put them down, not so much because! they are acting against the tradition and the law of the Establishment ' but because of the national dislike and dread of the principles and*' dcctrine which their worship embodies. ' | When Mr. Gladstone has a right to sav broadlv, by reason of these restrictions, that British law and the British people condemn the maintainerr, of liberty of conscience, of the press, and of worship,! tn toto, then may he say so "of the Encyclical, on account of thosef words which to him have so frightful a meaning. I Now then let us see, on the other hand, what the proposition isj the condemnation of which leads him to say, that the Pope hasf unrestrictedly "condemned those who maintain the liberty of the^ Press, the liberty of conscience and of worship, and the liberty ofl speech," p. 17,— has "condemned free speech, free writing, and J Iree press," p. 32. The condemned proposition speaks as follows :— I " Liberty of conscience and worship, is the inherent right of 'all men. 2. It ought to be proclaimed in every rightly constituted! society. 3. Ii is a right to all sorts of liberty (omnimodam libertatemf ^ ijj out .scandalous tHE SYLLABUS. manifestation of opinions is concerned''^ *"' °'" """^ "^^^'^ Public are Certain Rights of man ; Mr G lUfo; . ^ ^'"' ^.'^"t^dthat there but other deep thinkers of ^hedaV a e'r T'^T''^'''' ^ ^^^^^^^i [ever, .f the doctrine of thrprlositrV ''"^'^'r "f^'"'"" •' ^^^^v- conscience, of which it si)e«l.rK • ^ ^'■"''' ''^''*" the rl-ht of : -1 force^that i., all ove7th^v;or '^iirrr ' T, ""^' '^ ^^ --e?- ^ nght which must be reco-nH bv^ 1! H !?{f *''° P'-'^Por.ition. it is , ments. Lastly, what is th/ri rl:. 7 ">''^'>' constituted Lrovern- ! nature thus ni^Jess^rV^o \'llTtef ^ 71^"" ^^-.-herent'rou, : is the hberty of ever/one to nVe /> /i,/ J^^^, Proposition tells us. It shape, by ....;, pos4le chanCl! w it^ut a "l T"' VT-" P^'^'^^^- condemned what he has uttered 'vVln;!; "'I *^'' ^'^f^'^' ^^'^^ has the world a universal? AU tha"t the P.rV'^'",'"°"''^ force upon universal, and what a universal i-inn; ^^ r,^' '^^"^ '« to deny a out whatever doctrines thly m iv hold i '''' ^''f •'''>' ^° ^" "^^" to say uncurbed by church or civfl ^ower n^' P'-^-ching, or by the press^ said in the _foregoin. sectio ' Tth' f ^f !"^ '^'' }^^ ^ut what or free love ? You may saV^thaV'in" F^ 7 'TV'^^ • ''' 'ni"anticide"? nation would stifle and extin it I " If '^"'^ '^'' ^°"^ «^n«« of the proposition says that it is l^ve vVi "it o?'''''''"'' '^'^"^' ^^' the eveiyvvell constituted socie y. J^o tL°l,^"''"^->' °"^' '^y nature, in an Ireland on the <,nound ^of s be n .^ ^M v''' ^.""^^'^ ^^e Press India brought within th^ n \- \ ^ seditious? Whv is nnf Epithet for t'he Pope to use wl en^^'^^'^"^'"^ ' '' ^ols ^^^ nee dclirameniuu : of all'rnn. , f"" I'"''' ^ ^"^trine of consci -d most stupid. HalM ;S^S: I'rL'irf T^ '' '' ''' ^^^ ^trhfp?re^ti,r:sr^T^-- r^ ''-''-'^^ - ;Ondemn^vhatTs"s;w'ildT%u?t It' ''T ^^'^ '''' ^^^^^^ to lemns something which he does not rnn , ^""^ *" '^>^ ^^^^ ^^ <^on- .-; hi. on .e ,™„a of.^1.- Xn/se,"^ ^SSe'^/S § 7- The Syllabus. Al e°d:,med l^faCin 1" f'^ ■" "'^ >"""'-'-" "f which ■'! '?WBI 52 THE SYLLABUS. ::i ;,!' iH' i| Statements which militate against the Catholic Faith is of long usage in the Church. Such was the condemnation of the heresies of Wickliffe in the Council of Constance ; such those of Huss, of Luther, of Baius, of Jansenius; such the condemnations which were published by Sextus IV., Innocent XL, Clement XL, Benedict XIV., and other Popes. Such condemnations are no invention of Pius IX» The Syllabus is a collection of such erroneous propositions, as he has condemned during his Pontificate ; there are 80 of them. The word " Syllabus" means a collection ; the French translation calls it a " Resume ;" — a Collection of what ? I have already said,^ of propositions, — propositious which the Pope in his various Allo- cutions, Encyclicals, and like documents, since he has been Pope, has pronounced to be Errors. Who gather the propositions out of these Papal documents, and put them together in one ? We do not know ; all we know is that, by the Pope's command, this Collection of Errors was sent by his Foreign Minister to the Bishops. He, Cardinal Antonelli, sent to them at the same time the Encyclical of December, 1864, which is a document of dogmatic authority. The Cardinal says, in his circular to them, that the Pope ordered him to do so. The Pope thought, he says, that perhaps the Bishops had not seen some of his Allocutions, and other authoritative letters and speeches of past years ; in consequence the Pope had had the Errors which, at one time or other he had therein condemned, brought together into one, and that for the use of the Bishops. Such is the Syllabus and its object. There is not a word in it of the Pope's own writing ; there is nothing in it at all but the Errone- ous Propositions themselves — that is, except the heading " A Sylla- bus, containing the principal Errors of our times, which are noted in the Consistorial Allocutions, in the Encyclicals, and in other Apos- tolical Letters of our most Holy Lord, Pope Pius IX." There is one other addition — viz., after each proposition a reference is given to the Allocution, Encyclical, or other document in which it is con- demned. The Syllabus, then, is to be received with proiound submission, as I having been sent by the Pope's authority to the Bishops of the world. It certainly has indirectly his extrinsic sanction ; but intrinsically, and} viewed in itself, it is nothing more than a digest of certain Errors made by an anonymous writer. There would be nothing on the face of it, to show that the Pope had ever seen it, page by page, unless the " Imprimatur" implied in the Cardinal's letter had beenj an evidence of this. It has no mark or seal put upon it which gives! it a direct relation to the Pope. Who is its author ? Some select! theologian or high official doubtless; can it be Cardinal Antonelli! himself? No surely: any how it is not the Pope, and I do not seel my way to accept it for what it is not. I do not speak as if I had! any difficulty in recognizing and condemning the Errors which it| catalogues, did the Pope himself bid me ; but he has not as yet donel so, and he cannot delegate his Magisterium to another. I wish withi St.. Jerome to " speak with the Successor of the Fisherman and i:he| Disciple of the Cross." I assent to that which the Pope propounds! THE SYLLABUS. The Syllabus is not an offidal act 1;."^^° has a hold over me instan/e, with "Datum Romi p'^s ^^ P^'iv '' "°/. 'T'^' ^°^ Piscatoris," or in some other wiv hi. n.* ' °'" ^"'^ ^""^^^ not address his " Venerab b/ Framres '' or^.nr'r"r? '• ^"^ '^^ ^°^« as -Pius Episcopus;" it is not an i^--^-^^^^^^ ^ K °^°"'J V4^ the Crrdrn°al Miirs'^triia r ^' '^"^^ ^° *^« tionV- etl^'l^^^^^^^^^^^ as strictly his. He riiX h«v. Sn ^'"^ ^°'^ *° ^^ and accept it he migh(issue a frLhtf ofTrotrtioVs in^ a"& ^7^'" ^ ^^-" , them to be Errors, and I should take th«^ oi^ ' ^"•'^ P'-°"ounce dogmatic authority, because rbeliev^h^. ^^"'i'^*'^" to be of Master to determine in th^detai of fai.h . T'"'^ ^>^ his Divine and what is false. Bu"such an nrA/? u ""^ "'"'"^^^ ^^^t is true ticate; he would speak^^^h^^oVn'^^'r a^ Uo" X ^^^"^ -^'^en- did by Bull or Letter Apostolic oT if L ?^' ?' ^""^^^nt XI. authoritatively, he would speak through a Sacr.H p'^ *^ '^'^^ ^^«« the Syllabus makes no claim to be acknowlj^ ^ Congregation ; but Pope. Moreover, if the P^pe drew un thf. ^.'1 ^' *^^ "^"'^ ^^ ^^e called, he would discriminate the eZJ ""f^^^S^e, as it may be greatly differ in gravity, and he wouH^? ".' ^'""^ ^"°*'^^^' f^'" they that all intellectual faults are equa^ ^Wht^^''"'* ^'^'"^"^ remark is, that a certain nur^ber of R->^ ^i'^^u '°^^"^3' to his la Syllabus was in contemXTion HiH 1 k^? ^""^ theologians, when the part of the Pope^Tnd^n ronUalnrfth^' T^ " ^""'"^^^ ^^t on isideration the sort of documenron which ff7 ^'"^-^.P ^°^ ^^' ^°"- Isuitably stamp his infalHble section b^^^^^ '^^""^' ^^ "^%ht Iprayer. This composition Is contai'n.H • .k'^ "o ^"^^^ to their lutions," etc., and is far more th«n" ^^ ;;^^c««7 rf., ^z/^. ^t is headed, '" Theses ad Aposto^Tcam ^e",? ''^°"^^*'°" «* errors." btcand eacherrorfrom first fn iff. K^^i^ censurisr nation marked upon t. Se Je ■ t'o ^ ^^'T^ ofitscondem- ,' impia. injuriosa reliffioni •' etc th! ^^^ T- °^ ^^^"^^ '^^he first is falsa," etc.; the third the same ' h^^^^v I' /' ^^^^^P'^^^ve ^umpta! (he epithets affixed having a distinct JL"''^ h^retica." and so on degrees of error. Such a doc ?.Sl^. "',"f ' ^"^ ^'^noting various fubstantive character do<="ment, unlike the Syllabus, has a ]/^^oVe -a^'o^ ;r^:- sVt^s ^'T ^^- ^^-^ Ihey could, go much further in Jhewllnf^ ^'^^'' "^^^ ^°"^^' if [han the divine ^.^e^^.S whicHversLH'''^^ and command, hits : so that his acts and hirwords nn", ^ "^'t ^'"'' "^"'^ °^ P^r- [arefully scrutinized and weighed befo" we c""'k '''^^'''' "^"^'^e lie has said. Utterances whtnfi.fo. u ^^" ^^ ^"^e what really Infallible Voice are not mad^ ivTrvLv' '"Tf ^^ ^°^''"^ ^'^"^ -" [nd^ those which are by steTeTsot^'^St^V'.?.!^^^^ |v.v«, uu not aiwavs turn nnf «%!,«* *L ^'' ==="«Jcu to De ■-i '■Ai ,11. 1. 1 'i 54 THE SYLLABUS. traditional principles of interpretation, which are as cogent and unchangeable as the Pope's own decisions themselves. What I have to say presently will illustrate this truth; meanwhile I use the circumstance which has led to my mentioning it, for another purpose here. When intelligence which we receive from Rome startles and pains us from its seemingly harsh or extreme character, let us learn to have some little faith and patience, and not take for granted that all that is reported is the truth. There are those who wish and try to carry measures, and declare they have carried, when they have not carried them. How many strong things, for instance, have been reported with a sort of triumph on one side and with irritation and despondency on the other> of what the Vatican Council has done ; whereas the very next year after it. Bishop Fessler, the Secretary General of the Council, brings out his' work on " True and False Infallibility,"* reducing what was said to be so monstrous to its true dimensions. When I see all this going on, those grand lines in the Greek Tragedy always rise to my lip.s : ovnw£ rav dioq dpiioviav dvar&v -raps^iaai ^ookai. And still more the consolation given us by the Divine Speaker, that though the swelling sea is so threatening to look at, yet there is One who rules it and says : Hitherto shalt thou come and no further, and here shall thy proud waves be stayed." But to return: the Syllabus, then, has no dogmatic force. It addresses us not in its separate portions, but as a whole, and is to be received from the Pope by an act of obedience, not of faith, that obedience being shown by having recourse to the original and authoritative documents, (Allocutions and the like,) to which the Syllabus pointedly refers. Moreover, when we turn to those documents which are authoritative, we find the Syllabus cannot even be called an echo of the Apostolic Voice • i for, in matters in which wording is so important, it is not an exact transcript of the words of the Pope, in its account of the errors con- demned, — just as would be natural in what is an index for reference. Mr. Gladstone indeed wishes to unite the Syllabus to that Encycli- cal which so moved him in December, 1864, and says that the Errors noted in the Syllabus are all brought under the infallible judgment pronounced on certain Errors specified in the Encyclical. This is an untenable assertion. He says of the Pope and of the Syllabus, p. 20 : "These are not mere opinions of the Pope himself, nor even are they opinions which he might paternally recommend to the pious 1 consideration of the faithful. With the promulgation of his opinions is unhappily combined, in the Encyclical Letter which virtually A though not expressly, includes the whole, a command to all his' spiritual children (from which command we, the disobedient I children, are in no way excluded) to held them,''' and he appeals in proof of this to the language of the Encyclical; but let us see what that language is. The Pope speaks thus, as Mr. Gladstone himself quotes him: "All and each of the wrong opinions and doctrines! specially mentioned in these letters We, by our Apostolic Authority,! reprobate, proscribe, and condemn; and it is our will and command- * This History of the Council will soon be published by Burns, Gates & Co. c V. THE SYLLABUS. 55 rns, Gates & Co, Dec. 8, 1864 He q;,v= To t • 1 Catholic Church."— Encvc opinions, wtichi^n thTs pastL"eV/ c7?^ ^^" ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^e Sg Encydical and not outsiKf ft and wtr"''^". 'P''^^'^ ^" ^hS part, there are about ten of them tL '" "^^ ^^^'^ ^"^^ '^^^ earlier Encyclical to show the Pope in^i <.V^"u i' "°' ^ ^^"^'« ^^^-^ ^ the Syllabus does not exfst so fara The , ""/'"^ ^^^^^ ^^"^'^"«- ^he concerned. This PrafnJfnnc the language of the Encyclical is the onlyconn?cdo'n?rtren^rs'v^^^^^^^ ""'-"-" external to both-connectkTns of t=nt o ' ^"^ ^^^ Encyclical are sending them both to the fiXps with fh^/n"":^ ^"^°"^^'i the same letter. In that letflr h! , ^ ^"troduction of one and have paraphrased hl^r^Z^^tw^^'^'^r ^'^"^' ^« ' a ist, which he has caused to be drawn ,?n/f '^"'^' ^'^^ ^y "^« which he has in various formal document? ^"^.P""*^^' ^^ the errors eighteen years condemned. At tresame^^^^ °^ '^^ ^^'' errors, he is sending vou a new Fnn ? V""^;.^?"^ ^'*'^ that list of apropos to write to tL'catLhc bISs ' f ""^^f ^' u^'^ J'^^-"^^ '^ The Syllabus, then is a H.t n. ?u '~^ '^""^ ^'^^ '^^th at once.'' Encyclical or A iSonalcond.' '^?"' ^" ^"^^^' ^^ the Pope's alphabetical, as is found for ?ns^^^^^^^^^ raisonne, Jrrot tini's works,— drawn ud bv fhf p '- ?^"^rmine's or Lember- care for the flock™ Christ^ and en?" ' S'^^.'^'l^"' °^ ^^^ Paternal his Minister of State. But' we can nT'^ '° '^" ^^^^^°P^ ^^^^"ffh a dogmatic document thfn other i^dexoT^rhr'fP' '' '' ^^ -^^^' ^^ parallel case, mutatis rmTandis C.uLv ^^^ ""-^ contents. Take a point of law, he goes tri V law "hn I ^ ' T"^°" being asked on a as authorit3:, refL'h!: cH^n To^ GeoT4 "if? ^'^ ^"^--•' f ^' ario^n;s%^Ow^;:"^^^°Ho^^-Tf '^ Smit^h:^k;t:G^;n^.- \\ 'i/jJir force of la; ^w^en- it ^s^nTtl ' ^2;^^^^! ll^ f ^f ^^^^ ^' the Statutes of the Realm nr T,,! ] f • • ^ '''^* °^ references to voice really was Lnd P ' °' ^"^^^^ « decisions, in which the Law's ^^^r^^^!:^:^;^^'^ jts references; but of these to see the nature TndTxtent of the'Tn i "''^' ""^^- ^''^ '" ^^^^r ^proposition of the Sy] abuc^^t i° .k ', ?'?^''^"^t'°" Passed on any passage of the Allocution" Encvcl a n'^' necessary to turn out thi the condemnation is found' for ^ h. ' /• ""*'''/ document, in which Syllabus contains is to b"e i'nS p etedTvTt"^ °V'' "^^^^ "'^'^'^ ^^e this Mr. Gladstone uses forms of *'--' ^ 'f^T"'"'' ^"^t^^d of -y^c.e_i^e fresh rnlr?^5ef.!t'^;f/3''tnTS Mgeat un Syllabus decesmemeserreurs des^nlT' -^°"^'^'-^'n Pontife a v^„lu que IW PI ma ensuite nrdnnn» H" —i"-- ' a«st'"e a etre envove a tnu<: '»= f..--,."; *e temps ou le meme"som-erab Pomife'^alni"^"''^"' 'mprime'fut envoye a V.' E R^'dan; < ! I I ii !•' ■II' ''ill ,1 iii ( j» !' 'iS 111 56 EHE SYLLABUS. ecclesiastical subjects generally in a style in which priests and par- sons are accused by their enemies of speaking concerning geology. For instance, the Syllabus, as we have seen, is a list or index- bu. he calls It "extraordinary declarations," p. 21. How can a list of iirrors be a series of Pontifical "Declarations?" However, perhaps he would say that, in speaking of "Declara- tions, he was referring to the authoritative statements which I have accused him of neglecting. With all my heart ; but then let us see How those statements fulfil the character he gives them. He calls them «j Extraordinary declarations on personal and private duty " p 21, and "stringent condemnations," p. 19. Now, I certainly must grant that some are stringent, but only some. One of the most severe that I have found among them is that in the Apostolic Letter ot June ID, 1851, against some heretic priest out at Lima, whose elaborate work in six volumes against the Curia Romana, is pro- nounced to be in Its various statements scandalous, rash, false schis- matical, injurious to the Roman Pontiffs and Ecumenical Councils imipious and heretical." It well deserved to be called by these names' which are not terms of abuse, but each with its definite meaning ' and If Mr. Gladstone, in speaking of the condemnations, had con- hned his epithet " stringent" to it, no one would have complain d of mm. And another severe condemnation is that of the works of Pro- fessor Nuytz. But let us turn to some other of the so-called con- demnations, in order to ascertain whether they answer to his general description of them. ^ 1. For instance, take his own i6th (the 77th of the "erroneous Propositions") that, "It is no longer expedient that the Catholic Keligion should be established to the excllision of all others " When r ^"SW^'^ Allocution, which is the ground of its being put into the Syllabus, what do we find there ? First, that the Pope was speaking, not of the States universally, but of one particular State bpain, definitely Spain ; secondly, he was not speaking of the proposi- tion in question directly, or dogmatically, or separately, but was pro- testing against the breach in many ways of the Concordat on the part of the Spanish Government ; further, that he was not referring to any theological work containing it, nor contemplating any proposi- tion ; nor, on the other hand, using any word of condemnation at all, nor using any harsher terms of the Government in question than those of " his wonder and bitterness." And again, taking the Pope's remonstrance as it stands, is it any great cause of complaint to Eng- Iishmen, who so lately were severe in their legislation upon Uni- tarians, Catholics, unbelievers and others, that the Pope does merely not think it expedient for every Sta.te from this time forth to tolerate every sort of religion on its territor- and to disestablish the Church at once ? for this is all that he d.n.es. As in the instance in the loregoing section, he does but deny a universal, which the " erro- neous proposition" asserts without any explanation. 2. Another of Mr. Gladstone's "stringent Condemnations" (his I i»th) ^s that of the Pope's denial of the proposition that "the Roman I roniin can and ought to come to terms with Progress, Liberalism • i . ^^ 1861, and find there no fo™i .'" ""* Allocution of March ,s all. The AlIocutio'?s aCaSI^^Tf"";" "' "=' P~po". o„ 'f^ pan.es .„ that Progress, Sa&„d n'''V*?' *«'''= ■""ving hLh'° f";°.""'y "> 'he njury of tTe Pat^ ^'^'u"''.?*"""' ""ake usi both out of the power ani^Lv ','" ™<' 'he Church, that it il .0 terms with ?hem ' Nor wouM^ho:"' "-"'^ "^ "" Pop'e to come difler from him here; certain k.^^,i-^ ""'"'' ""^"s themselves 'hat Liberalism is and w nb^.h" PoL-Z""^ " '^ 'h« common cr^ and mean it so to be. ThisiVlL .f^ ' destruction, and they wish beautiful, dignified, and touchfni^^TnTl"" "'' "'^'''' ^^ at^ ™ e Gladstone should make strinfief cv h,« „ ""T """'^ how Mr. condem^at,o„s, especially wbLT^J^nrererSt' tnle'mt^ T^npTSfpr '-.t P^ptdri„rb-'7'Lr '^' "^o""-™ of one. Even the Syllabus dn^f P^^^P^S'tl^n. much less a " strin^enA e ^hty. than to cal^t an .'error- IT h ^'t^^^^ °^^"y «" o^f ^he his particular error is on!y this <^ W ' '^' ^°P^ himself says of ^'^^wand r^/ro^;. ^monere et r.H~ ^^^^""°t '^"t in particular ^ecree by which trie Roman Pontiff h'^'^K '^°^^ ^^^° «PPlau d the honor and dignity of his dv?l rule fnS'' ^''" despoiled of all the tnore than anything else, conduces to thf rK '^'^' '^' '^^^ ^^^^ee! IrZ'ZIL'--^^^^^^^ "'""' prosperity of ,4tH;s'^cal^^^^^^^^ -error', that -in be laudably allowed ''I ha viLi' "'''''■ '^ ^^ ^^^^^ religions may -ode of handhng the LatL fe.'t rf'thr '' --*-" -IreadyTi^ whereas the men who were foSn. ., Proposition— viz. : that , religion were foreignersrX td'nrriVht ?o'h' ^^^"'^^ °^ ^hd; their own at all, and might fairlv hJ^ °J^ '" a country not them during their stay there neverThi%?"i'''°"« ^'"Posed upon through haste) has left out the wnr 1. 'f ^'^ .^^^^stone (apparently bus," on which so mu h J^rns Next ^Tr''^' ^""^ immigrant^ was only the sufferance of theiV n m ' ^' ^ ^'^^^ observed above t ships whatsoever, however 'il"' T'^'P' ^"^ ^&^'n of aSw^i blamed; further, the Pope S did n'o^'^^l' ^'^^^^ ^^^ Pope Jspec.ally, and, as far as the Alloc^l "°* ^^^^y *° a" States, but pr^nada. ^^^ Allocution goes, definitely, to New oain; that he had expected be^A^i'°"""'r'^^' ^^^^ bim very great vent on was all of a piece and the "f ^^'^T ' '^^' '^^ ^ayS ^ow. it sep,7,c ♦ P/cLe, and they had his be.«!f nra,,^.. I. y jhi. one'o? a' ret"of "Sao'rdinT T '," ''" ^"'«Po^Vu?ation7ke teranations.- ^"^"'*"^>' ^"'arations" "stringent con \u. 58 THE SYLLABUS. I" -; I am convinced that the more the propositions and the references contained in the Syllabus are examined, the more signally will the charge break down, brought against the Pope on occasion of it : as to those propositions which Mr. Gladstone specially selects, sone of them I have already taken in hand, and but few of them present any difficulty. 5. As to those on .Marriage, I cannot follow Mr. Gladstone's meanmg here, which seems to me very confused, and it would be going out of the line of remark which I have traced out for myself, (and which already is more extended than I could wish,) were I to treat of them. 6. His fourth Error, (taken from the Encyclical) that " Papal judg- ments and decrees may, without sin, be disobeyed or differed from/' is a denial of the principle of Hooker's celebrated work on Ecclesias- tical Polity, and would be condemned by him as well as by the Pope. And it is plain to common sense that no society can stand, if its rules are disobeyed. What club or union would not expel members who refused so to be bound ? 7. And the 5th,- 8th, and gth propositions are necessary errors, if the sketch of Church Polity drawn out in former sections is t ae, and are necessarily considered as such, by those, as the Pope, who main- tain that Polity, 8. The loth Error, as others which I have noticed above, is a universal (that " in the conflict of laws, civil and ecclesiastical, the civil law should prevail,") and the Pope does but deny a universal. 9. Mr. Gladstone's nth, which I do not quite understand in his wording of it, runs thus : — Catholics can approve of that system of education for youth which is- separated from the Catholic faith and the Church's power, and which regards the science only of physical things, and the outlines, (fines) of earthly social life alone or at least primarily." How is this not an "Error?" Surely there are Englishmen enough who protest against the elimination of religion from our schools ; is such a protest so dire an offence to Mr. Glad- stone ? 10. And the 12th Error is this :— That "the science of philosophy and of morals, also the laws of the State, can and should keep clear of divine and ecclesiastical authority." This too will not be anything short of an error in the judgment of great numbers of our own people. Is Benthamism so absolutely the Truth, that the Pope is to be denounced because he has not yet become a convert to it ? 11. There are only two of the condemnations which really require a word of explanation ; I have already referred to them. One is that of Mr. Gladstone's sixth proposition, "Roman Pontiffs and Ecumeni- cal Councils, have departed from the limits of their power, have usurped the rights of Princes, and even in defining matters of faith and morals, have erred." These words are taken from the Lima I * Father Coleridge, in his Sermon on "The Abomination of Desolation," observes that whereas Proposition 5th speaks of "jura," Mr. Gladstone translates "aV/Vjura." Vid. that! Sermon, and the "Moiiiii ' lor December, for remarks on various of these Propositions but above all Mgr. Dupanloup's works on the subject, Messrs. Burns and Dates, 1865. THE SYLLABUS. Priest's book. We hav*. f.^ o» ..u , ^^ of Princes," forThe proVo, it on ^0^^^^ '' ?^^"« ^^ "the Rights word. It is a rule of the^cirh in th". "'"/'^ ^" ^" ''^'^ ofthl state the proposition condemned ?n^u '°"^^,'""«tion of a book to without the Church being arwerable for T'^' "^ '''' ^^'^ '*«elV! have already referred to this ruTe in i ., '^ '^^'"^^ employed.* I included among the ri^ts of cTtrnP''' ''''''^"- ^ow this Pries Bishops from their sa«ld Min strv of 1^'""'' '^^' ^^ <^^Posing to marriage, of forming EpTscoS seel ' TJ"/"^ the impediment! copal authority in spiritual matter Whe"n H ^''T '"''^^ ^^^"^ ^P'«- condemned."that Popes had uTurnedThl ' * ?"' *^^^ Proposition is IS meant, is -the so-called rights of pfn.J'^^'V^ " ^^at rights of the Church, in assuming whk.th!' '"^''^' ""''' ^^^"^ ^^e all. "'"^ ^'^^^^1 there M^as no usurpation at 12. The other proposition Mr rio^„* nation of which requires a ^emar^ ?. h°"' l'^7""*'^' ^^e condem- the power to employ force (vTs^ne;endS' '' ^^' ^^"^^^ ^^' ^^t direct or indirect." This is one of '^^' "?';,^"y temporal power the work of Professor Nuvtzent-.? f ?'r' °/ ^''^Positions found in tiones," all of which are co^nd^mned fn 1 ^P ^f^'f^^'^^^ '^''^'- of August 22, 1851. Now here -emn" .^^^%P°Pes Apostolic Letter phrase, but Professor Nuytz's and H^J ^'"f ^°''^' ' '^ "^^ the Pope's thus : " It is an error to sa^wfth Prn?'''"'"^.?^"" '^ "^^^"^ to run calls ' employing force ' is noTaTlowable 1^^ ru^''^ '^^^^ ^^^^ he IS the right interpretation of ^he^erm " ^ ^ r" ^^^' this knowledge of th. Professor's wo k whrhV ,P'"^' of course on a tunity of seeing ; but here I wHl =1^? ^ l'^'^^ "^^^^ ^^d an oppor- of the Church is' on eccTesiasT ca * m-T ^^'' '''' ^^^^^^^^ ^^^e of the highest authority, since it come tf'"''' ?^ ''^'^^ ^" ^ ^^^^^ from Gregory XVI. and Pius IX "' "^'^^^ ^^"^^« ^^ approval dilet^ bttred' Tp^on^h^'^Strdf''^' ^^'^^ -^^^ ---- Power spiritual punishments%lone!and not -non'''''/" '^^ ^'"^'^t'^" of more in harmony with the genden °ss of th?r.'^ °l '""^P°^^^' «^^"^« • follow their judgment, who witS-X ? ^ Church. Accordingly I «word by 4hi?h the lody'' s^de'^o^^:? ^'^P^/^.^' the corpora! Nicholas thus writes: ' The Church h^ '''°°^ '" ^^^d- Pope ! She does not kill, but ^ive. Hfl^ ^""^ "° "^^rd but the spiritual 'Ecclesia abhorrei a sa^ngu ne ' ' Bn^^'''^•T" ^"°^" -3'ing; thoughtemporalandcorpo^ra suchas.h.tr ^'^^''' P""'«hments prison, flogging, and others of the same f"." l^ ^" ^ "lonastery I blooMhe Church Jure sua can ti^^^^^^^ ^^-^on of [i'^«iLo;^\"!;!^r "']""":' ^''^'■"'" 'nalum."f/^7<;;«;;C;r/T^^*'"''^' ^"Plicemque habere 6o TH9 SYl^LABUS. ^-1 ll' '!«! I \w And the Cardinal quotes the words of Fleury, " The Church has enjoined on penitent sinners almsgivings, fastings, and other cor- poral inflictions. . . Augustine speaks of beating with sticks as sanctioned by the Bishops, after the manner of masters in the case ot servants, parents in the case of children, and schoolmasters of scholars. Abbots flogged monks in the way of paternal and domes- tic chastisement . . Imprisoment for a set time or for life is mentioned among canonical penances ; priests and other clerics, who had been deposed for their crimes, being committed to prison in order that they might pass the time to come in penance for their crime, which thereby was withdrawn from the memory of the public." ^ But now I have to answer one question. If what I have said is substantially the right explanation to give to the drift and contents ot the Syllabus, have not I to account for its making so much noise, and giving such deep and wide offence on its appearance ? It has already been reprobated by the voice of the world. Is there not then, some reason at the bottom of the aversion felt by educated Europe towards it, which I have not mentioned ? This is a very large question to entertain, too large for this place : but I will sav one word upon it. "^ Doubtless one of the reasons of the excitement and displeasure which the Syllabus caused and causes so widely, is the number and variety of the propositions marked as errors, and the systematic arrangement to which they were subjected. So large and elaborate a work struck the public mind as a new law, moral, social, and ecclesiastical, which was to be the foundation of a European code, and the beginning of a new world, in opposition to the social princi- ples of the 19th century; and there certainly were persons in hi^^h stations who encouraged this idea. When this belief was once received, it became the interpretation of the whole Syllabus through the eighty Propositions, of which it recorded the erroneousness ; as if they were all portions of one great scheme of aggression. Then, when the public was definitely directed to the examination of these Theses damnatce, their drift and the meaning of their condemnation was sure to be misunderstood, from the ignorance, in the case of all but ecclesiastics, of the nature and force of ecclesiastical language. The condemnations had been published in the Pope's Encyclicals and Allocutions in the course of the preceding eighteen years, and no one had taken any notice of them ; now, when they were brought all together, they on that very account made a great sensation. Next, that same fact seemed in itself a justification, with minds already prejudiced, for expecting in each of them something extraordinary, and even hostile, to society; and then, again, when they were ex- amined one by one, certainly their real sense was often not obvious, and could not be, to the intelligence of laymen, high and low, edu- cated and simple. Another circumstance, which I am not theoloHan enou°'h to account for, is this,— that the wording of many of the'^erroneous ly of the erroneous THE SYLLABUS. ^^'^tC:^r:JZr:S ^S^y'^^V ^^-^ - appa^nt own words in -^^s MlocVtiZ and '^t'' ^^^^^^ there is any difference between th.P^'^!^^^'' ^°* ^^at really Antonelh's. for (as I have shown in v °^' ' ^^'•^'' ^"^ Cardinal former says in the concretrthelaTerHn k°"' '"^^^nces) what the or. to speak logically, when he Pope en u-^^^^ '" '^' "^^*^^ '*' Jar affirmative, " New GrpnJio ^ u ^"""^lates as true the particn of the Catholic Re igion •' ?hen7sm '' ' "^^ "^ *^^ establiKen; «anly false) the Card^aTdect ei "to .' '?k'''"^'^'°^>' ^« "^^es. keep up the establishment of' thi r ^u*^-^^ "° ^tate should error.- But there is a dignity and b£^'-' ^^^'^'°" ^« ^n anguage which the Cardinal's Abstract SvllS. '" '^' ^°P^'« °^n w If ''''^ '° opponents an opportun v to Ih ' '^""°* ^'^'' ^"^ wh ch opportunity was in no sense afford.^'^l'^^'? ^^^'"^^ the Pope, .i hen, again, it must be recohected in . ^^ "^^^^ ^^ ^^'^^ h^n^self said, that theology is a science .n?i • °""^^*^°" with what I have reasoning, its meThod, its modes of exnr?"'' °^ " ^P^'^'^^ ^^-^^kt all Its own. Every science must be inTT"'/"^. '^^ ^^"^^^S^ are few persons-that is, of th?se who kI^^ ^^"^/ °^ ^ comparatively courts of law have a ^reat m,mW I ""f ""^^^ '^ ^ study. The t'onal; so has the Hou^ e of cTmr^nn '"'"V" ^°°^ "^^^^^^e tradi reads in the public prinT men Z^ h/' '"^' J"^^'"^ ^^^ ^^^^^^t one they can be at perfect ea.V /n h ^^y^ ^ noviceship there before fheologians, anS s if mo L hose'wh'o'f '°"- ^" '^^^ ^^""- young ;^r> matters of detail; indeed preaHv fir.? TVu^'l ^"^^ ^o mistakf be found. At Rome the rSs ofTnternrS"'''^ theologian is rarely to are known with a perfoc io^wM^at h^ ""-'^^"^^^^ found elsewhere. Some oftZ.i f ^^-'^ time is scarcely to be priests ; but even this Ln era if '"/"> ''?^'"'^' ^'^ known to all n^en, much less by Progestin . ^"^^"^^^ '' "°t possessed by laJ their own several lies of udvknr'^'^ "^'^ ^"^ experienTed fn have had several times occasion to '^r"' ?"^ °^ those rules books, which offend against doctrin^ mention In the censure of ^ule to ,ake sentences^ rt of them in ^.f'^'^"!' ^' ^« ^ common whether those words are Jn !u , '" the author's own words -menoteofcord^lX'to^^^^^^^^^^ °f bad. and to" affix m the book in question Thn« 1 u ^^"^^ '" ^uich they occur hf ^«t sight ^ iruTs[atImZ V^^y ^^^^^^^ ; ete of ,„ ^^^^^^ forl^tn ;^:^Ta^iu: ,/:: '7^-"^^^^ *^« or There is no religion where th^rn tH J^^t^fies when it works," a good sense; but^ach propo^ i^ .'^^ taken i^ ! because it is false as he uses if ' condemned in Quesnell, l^n o/:^\l\'!!Zf:7.U^^^^^^^^^^ -ientific education controversy which has eone on pL ^ ''*'°"'' '" ^^orded by a Abyssinian Orders. In fepTv to a Z^ "' ^' *^ the validity^of ."~,thet^-.^U-Jwe.^^^^^^^ 6a THE SYLLABUS. lii I I I I "■J W I most obvious and natural." "But it was well known," it was said •'to those who are familiar with the practical working of such decisions, that they are only interpreted with safety in the Hpht of certau; rules, which arise out of what is called the stylus curia- " And then some of the«e rules were given ; first, " that to understand the real meaning of a decision, no matter how clearly set forth, we should know the nature of the difficulty or dubium, as it was under- stood by the tribunal that had to decide upon it. Next, nothing but the direct proposition, in its nudest and severest sense, as dis- tinguished from indirect propositions, the grounds of the decision, or implied statements, is ruled by the judgment. Also, if there is any- thing in the wording of a decision which appears inconsistent with the teaching of an improved body of theologians, etc., the decision is to be interpreted so as to leave such teaching intact ;" and so on * It IS plain that the view thus opened upon us has futher bearin<^s than that for which I make use of it here. *' These remarks on scientific theology apply also of course to its language. I have employed myself in illustration in framing a sen- tence, which M'ould be plain enough to any priest, but I think woul'-' perplex any Protestant. I hope it is not of too light a character to introduce here. We will suppose then a theologian to write as fol- lows : " Holding, as we do, that there is only material sin in those who, being invincibly ignorant, reject the truth, therefore in charity we hope that they have the future portion of formal beHevers. as considering that by virtue of their good faith, though not of the body ot the faithful, they implicitly and interpretatively believe what they seem to deny." What sense >v^u:j this statement convey to the mind of a member of some Reformation Society or Protestant League ? He would read J t as follows, and consider it all the more insidious and danger- ous for Its being so very unintelligible : " Holding, as we do, that there is only a very considerable sin in those who reject the truth out of contumacious ignorance, therefore in charity we hope that they »ave the future portion of nominal Christians, as considering, that by the excellence of their living faith, though not in the number of believers, they believe without any hesitation, as interpreters fof bcripture ?J what they seem to deny." Now, considering that the Syllabus was Intended for the Bishops who would be the interprefers of it, as the need arose, to their people, and it got bodily into the English newspapers even before it was received at many an episcopal esidence, we shall not be sur- prised at the commotion which accompanied its publication. I have spoken of the causes intrinsic to the Syllabus, which have led to misunderstandings about it. As to external, I can be no judge myself as to what Catholics who have means of knowing are very decided in declaring, the tremendous power of the Secret Societies It is enough to have suggested here, how a wide-spread organiza- tion like theirs might malign and frustrate the most beneficial acts * Monlh, Nov. and Dec, 1873. nown," it was said, al working of such afety in the light of d the stylus curiw." " that to understand clearly set forth, we urn, as it was under- Next, nothing but :rest sense, as dis- s of the decision, or A.lso, if there is any- "s inconsistent with , etc., the decision is ntact ;" and so on.* has futher bearings ilso of course to its )n in framing a sen- li, but I think would light a character to igian to write as fol- laterial sin in those therefore in charity vtmal believers, as though not of the atively believe what e mind of a meniber ague ? He would sidious and danger- ing, as we do, that reject the truth out we hope that they s considering, that )t in the number of as interpreters [of ed for the Bishops, ied arose, to their ipers even before it i shall not be sur- )ublication. ■llabus, which have I, I tan be no judge knowing are very e Secret Societies, le-spread organiza- nost beneficial acts THE VATICAN COUNCIL. the time when thTs^fbhnJu ^? •'"^"'"'"^t'on of myself frnm » atmosphere, but the 1 '"" °" '^^ ^"'"'"■t enjoys a oi-/ a"- '"^"• nf ,f WTur . ^"^"^^ '3 a ffreat deal ,,f u ^ -^ P"*^® and serene ot It. While the Holv P.ft • "* ^oman malaria it tu^ c was very easy to kincP,. a Lml • ," "■■"'"' '"sadvanta™ ani ft § 8. The Vatican Council. In beginning to sneak nf fi, -ir . circumstances'-to b^^ n b^ sp :krn''"r ^°""^'^' ^ -^ obliged from and erroneous asserW have "ll ."^r^^^- ^he most un^found JS mcnts towards it, and as confiden^d\ ''J^J'"'" "^"^^ ^^'^' "^7 ent^ few weeks ago it was stated caLci^, ^7 ^'^ ""founded. Oniv a respondent of a Liverpool nane/'fK^^''^^' ^^^^^ anonymous cor .Tf ""^-^-kingthetaronXchTi^''^"""'^^ to the ^prospec of yn fact, understood that at one tim. n "°J e'^PJoyed, that it was of uniting with Dr. Dollinter "L^- '• ^ '^^'"^" ^^^ on the p^fnt ZT^lT'''''V' ^'^^^^^^ '''' '' required'Z copate to prevent him from takinT. fi . '^^ Roman Catholic Enis most ridiculous untruth in everv w '^;^%«tep,"-an unmitigated S while to notice it liere, exceot L . '* °^ '^' "°^ ^^ould it be wo,- h Bt Jh'"^ '"^^""- '°""''"" ^'^'^ *'- ^"bje't on ^'-m forg^tSsfrti;:;";,^ 7r ^'r-^ ^^ -«y- ^hey arise are two sides of ecclesias/ca actf ^att^, ^''f ^'^^-' ^'-^^ - like mvUr^ ""^"'•^hy means, and that n . "'''^' ^'' "^^^" P^ose- "Ke myself oppose a mode of action consequence those who the issue for which it has Lph ^' ""'^^^^ "e^-^ssarily opposed to means his destined blessTng '"/n^f''' Jf "'^^^-ed br^-on° Israel " and there are partisans of P ^ "°^ Israelites, who are o'f and wisdom of Rome hersdf! ^°"^' ^^° ^^^^ "ot'the sanctity :l£/o:y:n'ZL^^^^^^ took place within the walls even though things occurred fh. of course we know nothin- • b t upon that would^o^a? all affeZ'^^'f,'' ^« ""t pleasant to^dwel language (tho^g^rof ^;:;;^:' -P^^yf themsei;^by ^:^ S ' tney did n>t mean It so), in unsettling THE VATICAN COUNCIL. 1 ^^^■ti- the weak in faith, throwins; back inquirers, and shockinff the Pro- testant mind. Nor do I speak of publications only; a feelin'' was too prevalent m many places that no one could be true to God and His Church who had any pity on troubled souls, or any scruple of "scandalizing those little ones who believe in" Christ, and of '' des- pising and destroying him for whom He died." It was this most keen feeling which made me say, as I did con- tinually, "I will not believe that the Pope's Infallibility will be defined, till defined it is." Moreover, a private letter of mine became public property. That letter to which Mr. Gladstone has referred with a compliment to me which I have not merited, was one of the most confidential I ever wrote in my hfe. I wrote it to my own Bishop, under a deep sense ot the responsibility I should incur, were I not to speak out to him my whole mind. I put the matter from me when I had said my say, and kept no proper copy of the letter. To my dismay I saw it in the public prints : to this day I do not know, nor suspect, how it got there. I cannot withdraw it, for I never put it forward, so it will remain on the columns of newspapers whether I will or not • but I withdraw it as far as I can, by declaring that it was never meant for the public eye. I. So much as to my posture of mind before the Definition : now I will set down how I felt after it. On July 24, 1870, I wrote as follows : ♦; I saw the new definition yesterday, and am pleased at its mode- ration—that is, if the doctrine in question is to be defined at all. The terms are vague and comprehensive; and, personally, I have no difficulty in admitting it. The question is, does it come to me with the authority of an Ecumenical Council ? "Now the pritna facie argument is in favour of its having that authority. The Council was legitimately called ; it was more largely attended than any Council before it ; and innumerable prayers from the whole of Christendom have preceded and attended it, and merited a happy issue of its proceedings. " Were it not then for certain circumstances, under which the Council made the definition, I should receive that definition at once. Even as it is, if I were called upon to profess it, I should be unable* considering it came from the Holy Father and the competent local authorities, at once to refuse to do so. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that there are reasons for a Catholic, till better informed to suspend his judgment on its validity. ' " We all know that ever since the opening of the Council, there has been a strenuous opposition to the definition of the doctrine ; and that, at the time when it was actually passed, more than eighty Fathers absented themselves from the Council, and would have nothing to do with its act. But, if the fact be so, that the Fathers were not unanimous, is the definition valid ? This depends on the question whether unanimity, at least moral, is or is not necessary for its validity ? As at present advised I think it is ; certainly Pius xuami: THE VATICAN COUNCIL. 65 is ; certainly Pius "ow do. '""" °" w'»at the dissentient Bishops ac;'o'ni;'?n'd"fd":,?/"o' !: fnZ- r^"^ !1^*'"^ - - '^^ciy. if they then I should not ecorni/e "^'^'^^^'«' ^^"^ each in his own wav force, firmness, aid^ftrof view'^hTcr^i? *° ^^^-aJori^S of moral unanimity in the Com'dl ^'' ^ '^^^ "«« ^^ vvant "Again, if the Council continues to sit if th. ^• more or less take part in it. and concur n ,*,'''''?"*'""* ^'^^ops Pope, and he continues the policnf ?! J" ^L^'/' ' 'l'^''' '« « "«w termmates without any reversa or mnH fi^ ^"^ ' and if the Council any effective movemenVagains it on tt'nr; °r '"l' ^^^^"'■^•°". " then again there will be good reason for/ °V^^ dissentients, moral unanimity has not been made "ut '''"^ ''^"' ''^^ ^^"^ <>f a bodA-f^Sr^^^tieL^tl^^^^ received by the whole too it will claim our'assent l^^^^hefor^e of tfel'''?,°^ ''' '''''^' ^^en judicat orbis terrarum." ^ °^ *''^ S:reat dictum, « Securus of;:i^i::^^trrS' ^r&^;::;;^^ r" ^^^^°^^^^ -'- some of the past Councils or their act^ ^ ' reasonably question wl^crtieX^r.^^^^^^^^^ the w.yi-n points of view of the dity of /eceivingit^i '^e^orehim in various " I have been thinking over the «5,ihi^nf u- x. ■ -^"^^ ^7> i^70- and me. with thousand! ofVhe J who cle^'f^"^^^^ concern. umers, who care for religion, so much n.;; 'ly i^^ C^dfltlp;::^^^^^;^^^^ - -^ ^h- a mere creates an obligation to receive it dL^° unanimity, in itself point of histor/ and precedent .nH ^J"'^^''' ^^^rees. This is a nation I may fiJd myself wfon' 'in the^vi^^T ^r ^"^^^'^'- ^^^mi and precedent ; but I do not cLnot seJ .^ 7^'"^ ? *^^" ^^ ^'"^'ory sent Council can of itse"f r^Hrown ^^^•'"'J""'^ ^'^ *^^ external testimony. '^' "'"^^ sufficiency, without such obiigftiois^T ?:c\°:in^^ T drtri^^et'fdo ^^" '%^t"^^^ -^- *^e there is a primitive and uninterrunted tradT"' ^^ / ^"^ "^^''^ '^^t our Lord ; or where a hiih nr^K I r.^i*'°"' ''^ °^ ^^e divinity of Tradition is par^aHy or p fbaWv confi^'^ ^Tl ^''"^ Scripture^ or particular Ca?holic miKe so nearlv .."'''I^/^k' ^^"'■^'^- '^^"^ a m Scripture proves that fbrrn 'n^^n- '^r^'^'^' P':^"^'^^ '° ^^^er E " m.„.„DxiiL;. ui reter is a necessary 66 THE VATICAN COUNCIL. I dogma, as only to be kept from holding it as such by the absence of any judgment on the part of the Church, so that the present unan- imity of the Pope and 500 Bishops, even though not sufficient to constitute a formal Synodal act, would kt once put him in the posi- tion, and lay him under the obligation, of receiving the doctrine as a dogma, that is, to receive it with its anathema. •* Or again, if nothing definitely sufficient from Scripture or Tra- dition can be brought to contradict a definition, the fact of a legiti- mate Superior having defined it, may be an obligation in conscience to receive it with ah internal assent. For myself, ever since I was a Catholic, I have held the Pope's infallibility as a matter of theo- logical opinion; at least, I see nothing in the Definition which necessarily contradicts Scripture, Tradition, or History ; and the ' Doctor Ecclesiae,' (as the Pope is styled by the Council of Florence) bids me accept it. In this case, I do not receive it on the word of the Council, but on the Pope's self-assertion. " And I confess, the fact that all along for so many centuries the Head of the Church, and Teacher of the faithful and Vicar of Christ has been allowed by God to assert virtually his infallibility, is a great argument m favour of the validity of his claim. " Another ground for receiving the dogma, still not upon the direct authority of the Council, or with acceptance of the validity of its act perse, is the consideration that our Merciful Lord w^ould not care so little for his elect people, the multitude of the faithful, as to allow their visible Head, and such a large number of Bishops to lead them into error, and an error so serious, if an error. This consideration leads me to accept the doctrine as a dogma, indirec^^ly indeed from the Council, but not so much from a Council, as from the Pope and a very large number of Bishops. The question is not whether they had a right to impose, or even were right in imposing the dogma on the faithful ; but whether, having done so, I have not an obligation to accept it, according to the maxim, 'I ierinon debuit, factum valet.'" This letter, written before the minority had melted away, insists on this principle, that a Council's definition would have a virtual claim on our reception, even though it were not passed conciliariter, but in some indirect way ; as, for instance, to use a Parliamentary expression, in general committee, the great object of a Council being in some way or other to declare the judgment of the Church. I think the third Ecumenical will furnish an instance of what I mean. There the question in dispute was settled and defined, even before certain constituent portions of the Episcopal body had made their appearance; and this, with a protest of 68 of the Bishops then present against 82. When the remaining 43 arn '^d, these did more than protest against the definition which hud been carried ; they actually anathematised the Fathers wno carried it, whose number seems to have stood altogether at 124 against 11 1; and in this state of dis- union the Council ended. How then was its definition valid ? By after events, which I suppose must be considered complements, and integral portions of the Council. The heads of the various parties entered into cqrrespondence with each other, and at the end of two by the absence of :he present unan- not sufficient to t him in the posi- doctrine as THE VATICAN COUNCIL. 6> gthe Scripture or Tra- le fact of a legiti- tion in conscience , ever since I was a matter of theo- Definition which History ; and the luncil of Florence) t on the word of any centuries the id Vicar of Christ nihility, is a great ot upon the direct validity of its act A'ould not care so thful, as to allow liops to lead them his consideration ec*^ly indeed from om the Pope and not whether they ing the dogma on not an obligation it, factum valet.'" ted away, insists Id have a virtual 3sed conciliariter, : a Parliamentary •fa Council being ; Church. I think f what I mean, ned, even before ' had made their ihops then present se did more than ed ; they actually number seems to this state ofdis- lition valid ? By omplements, and le various parties at the end of two years their differences with earh ..u those who have no belief in th^o .u ^' "^^'^ arranged. Ther^ u. no call upon them to^l^Tsc fm.nate be?'''^ "^ ^"""^^^^ -t a,,; and feel but Anglicans, who are soTe "cf Lai r^fh" v ^^""^^^^ and'another ful towards the Ephesine, shouM con id/ ^t^'"""' ^"^ «° '"espect: m.nonty at Ephesus to thin" that ,h,f ?l "?=" '"'"' «'ere in the brought mto the utmost perU bv the ?i ? °^"" Church had b«n and earned triumphantly those ver„' "^ "'\™^' 'i'y at Ephesus W to' Hir^f'\^ ''y '"^ ^inoril; BTprotd" ^^^""'>' »--" ing to His Church. St I en fkf d providence is never wcnf career. Its acts were cancelled pf tul "^ ^ I^ ^^^ stopped in its the Fourth Ecumenical, wh ch was 1 e,r^!, ^^""'^'^ ^^ ChalceSon and, without of course ouclin/thV ? 1 ""^'' ^^^ ^^P^'s guidance had been settled once for «ll f • ^^^"ition of the Third vvM.k completing it, and excluded ^^^^^ the balance of doctd^e "y whic seemed to have received some ^""^ 5^" ^^"'^'^^ '^^s^ "Lrs IS nothmg of course that can be reversed in Jh" v' ^P^^^"^" There but, should the need arise (vjhVh " ^^^ Vatican definition*; mterpretation, another Lei w I h. "°' ^'^^^^^^ '^ ^^t right a ?a,se monte Deminus videbit^ " ^^ ^'^"" "« ^^^ the occasion • .«•' ^olTrJylTi S:°LtV^-^^ those Who need it,'as i Mohna which a friend hLSedoutl ^' following passaged Ghost has always been presen to the Ph ""f '"~" ^^^""^^ the Hoi v definitions, and in consequence fh I "n'^^'' *° hinder error in he^ yet it is not theVefore trbrdem?d''^.:f ?°f ^^"^-^^^on-stenT have to be defined, requires of the rh„t ^°^' ^'^^^" ^ny matters Jgation of those matters! and thafrn ' ^^'.^P^'-^tion and invest the men who meet together in r.' '" P^°Po^tion to the qualitv o* diligence which is applied and fh ''^'' '° '^'^ '"vestiga^on L^^ knowledge which is pos essed mnr. f'^'^'.^' 'ess experience and definitions more or less perspicuous °".' '™' '^^^" at other times defined more exactly an'/Xnpret ly'Ltrf"^ ^".' "^^"-""^ ^atiin -and ^^^^^i^^^: "^^^^^/^^ and definitions of the form7r"'i; ' ^'^ ^^^'sted by'the invesSe^rion -' counts are ^^^^^ I^Oll^Z-l^^ 68 THE VATICAN COUNCIL. pi and exact than those of the earlier. Moreover, it belongs to the later Councils to interpret and to define more exactly and fully what in earlier Councils have been defined less clearly, fully, and exactly." {De Concord. Lib. Arbit., etc., xiii. 15, p. 59.) 2. The other main objection to the Vatican Council is founded upon its supposed neglect of history in the decision which its Defi- nition embodies. This objection is touched upon by Mr. Gladstone in the beginning of his Pamphlet, where he speaks of its " repudia- tion of ancient history," and I have an opportunity given me of noticing it here. He asserts that, during the last forty years, " more and more have the assertions of continuous uniformity of doctrine" in the Catholic Church " receded into scarcely penetrable shadow. More and more have another series of assertions, of a living authority, ever ready to open, adopt, and shape Christian doctrine according to the times, taken their place." Accordingly, he considers that a dangerous opening has been made in the authoritative teaching of the Church for the repudiation of ancient truth and the rejection of new. How- ever, as I understand him, he withdraws this charge from the. con- troversy he has initiated (though not from his Pamphlet) as far as it is aimed at the pure theology of the Church. It "belongs," he says, "to the theological domain," and "is a matter unfit for him to dis- cuss, as it IS a question of divinity." It has been, then, no duty of mine to consider it, except as it relates to matters ecclesiastical ; but I am unwilling, when a charge has been made against our theology, though unsupported, yet unretracted, to leave it altogether without reply ; and that the more, because, after renouncing " questions of divinity" at p. 14, nevertheless Mr. Gladstone brings them forward again at p. 15, speaking, as he does, of the "deadly blows of 1854 and 1870 at the old historic, scientific, and moderate school" by the definitions of the Immaculate Conception and Papal Infallibi! .y. Mr. Gladstone then insists on the duty of " maintaining the truth and authority of history, and the inestimable value of the historic spirit ;" and so far of course I have the pleasure of heartily agreeing with him. As the Church is a sacred and divine creation, so in like manner her history, with its wonderful evolution of events, the throng of great actors who have a part in it, and its multiform literature, stained though its annals are with human sin and error, and recorded on no system, and by uninspired authors, still is a sacred work also ; and those who make light of it, or distrust its lessons, incur a grave responsibility. But it is not every one who <:an read its pages rightly; and certainly I cannot follow Mr. Glad- stone's reading of it. He is too well informed indeed, too large in his knowledge, too acute and comprehensive in his views, not to have an acquaintance with history far beyond the run of even highly educated men ; still, when he accuses us of deficient attention to history, one cannot help asking, whether he does not, as a matter of course, take for granted as true the principles for using it familiar with Protestant divines, and denied by our own, and in consequence whether his impeachment of us does not resolve itself into the fact belongs to the 7 and fully what ly, and exactly." incil is founded which its Defi- Mr. Gladstone »f its " repudia- ty given me of ! and more have in the Catholic More and more y, ever ready to ig to the times, at a dangerous g of the Church of new. How- e from the. con- hlet) as far as it ;longs," he says, t for him to dis- hen, no duty of clesiastical ; but st our theology, ogether without J " questions of ;s them forward y blows of 1854 e school" by the Infallibi! .y. aining the truth : of the historic leartily agreeing lation, so in like of events, the d its multiform n sin and error, thors, still is a , or distrust its t every one who ollow Mr. Glad- ed, too large in s views, not to n of even highly snt attention to t, as a matter of ising it familiar in consecjuence elf into the fact THE VATICAN COUNCIL. 69 that he is Protestant and we are Catholics Nav h.= if him that perhaps it is the fact fh^t .,1 u •^' "^^ " occurred to of History to Do-ma diffUntfro^^ .^^ have views on the relation tain 1 And is he^Tcertain "f tH-^ '^ " Protestants main- relevancy, and of their drTf" as to h^v \° i!lf TX '" ^^'"•'' °^ '""''^ an opinion of his own, bit to pubHsh t^^t ' \f ^T ^^V° ^^^^ warrant, that we have ^ repudL'ed i±- .?. t.^^l?,' «" ^'« .Pwn warrant, that we have '' repudiafelancient hrstoT-"' He pubhr ^re y with having «« neglected" it,^or «' garbled^' i^ having contrad ctfid r^rfo.^ „i.:_ _.^ "^^ "^ charges uc. not nxQ.^^y wnn naving '« nec^lected" W nr «« „. u. ;,m "■' evidence, or with having contradicted n^rf!- '*' °; garbled" its doctrines to which it bears w1tn^« h ? k " ^"'''^"* "^^^^^ or could not have used a s^ronrr t?'' ^"^ ^^ ^-^^^ " repudiated." He had, by a formaract cutTsdf off 7; ^"PP°T"^- '^^ V^*^^^" Council fessing, as it does (hypocriticallv if ^^,';Jy Jimes, instead of pro- speak^'« supported b/ Ho rSc fpturrrnd ' th^^ ''''' P^^^essingf to ceding Popes and o'^neraf CouS Hs^ "nd ''faltSl aHh °' P"" the aboriginal tradition of the Church " n.t . ^ adhefing- to ■oculatus testis, a man whose nrL.c,"! ° '' ^"^ °"^ ^ut an the details of his^ry Jo dairtrhin^^^^^^^ "T"'"/ himself with his own authority so extreri,? \ u '^-^ ''^^* °^ bringing, on so inflexible and Tooted fn itTLclSfth?"T^K° f "^"^* ^ P^^«^' Gladstone would admit the' Roman Churc'tfb'^ ^°"^ P^^^' ^^ ^^• be'lxrcf^d \t:lll on1o1t:':V'°"^' Mr.- Gladstone cannot the confidence decorous in one who h.?""'T'"' °^ knowledge with there are others wh^hLe a riX to I ""^^^ ^ Pf'''°"^' «*"d>' °f ^t, he is corroborated and lanctio^neV Ti '° ' ^"^ '^^' ^^^^°^^ others said, of so commandino-^n 1 H -. /^'^ ^'^ ^"^^^^''S' i* may be honesty, ^hatX the purpose of S ^""^ theirlearning and fheir they sa'; n.ay'besl?dl^"ry one else wXurnr' ^^^^''^^--y' ^hat confutation. I will neve7sav « wn J r P ^'"""P^'^" "'^ '"^^^ of learned and distinguisr;m:nVwroml1e;Sr' To -T"^' ^'°^^ whereabout, wherever it ic ic f« Z .t , .°' *heir present It is a trag caTevent both for th° ^" ^ '}^''^^' ^"" °^ melancholy, us. It robs us of a great l?^^^^^^^^^ ?'/^'' '^^^ ^^^' '^^ accept the positi^ which nttL^nH ^" Mr Gladstone, would as CathoIic^heolog7ans de" fmL ? 'inTrfJ;'', ^''^" '''^^^T^'' report of facts, but their u^e nf fhl' ? . ., t'enying not their because of that spekl stand nn^n/f ^^^^f .they report, and that, tions existing betwe n the reS oH^- J^""^^ '^^^^'^^ '^e rela-' of Popes and Councils Th.v c . °\^^'«t°'"y ^"d the enunciations more?han History can furnish .T/^'"' '° expect from History Divine Promise and ProvHp^^^^^^^ *° .^^^" *°° ^'"'^ confidence in enunciation^ P^^^idence as guiding and determining those Scrt^^rtaPnt^^ft^l..,^^^^ text of pr.ateJudgmentbe-unla;!;f.ltl;;^;;^Lri;?:|^.,,^ 70 THE VATICAN COUNCIL. voice of authority, and yet be lawful in the interpretation of History? Ihere are those who make short work of questions such as these by denying authoritative interpretation altogether ; that is their private concern, and no one has a right to enquire into their reason for so doing ; but the case would be different were such a man to come torward publicly, and to arraign others, without first confuting their B'bl /'^'^'«'^'*«^«» for repudiating history, or for repudiating the For myself, I would simply confess that no doctrine of the Church can be rigorously proved by historical evidence ; but at the same time that no doctrine can be simply disproved by it. Historical evidence reaches a certain way, more or less, towards a pre- f of the Catholic doctrines ; often nearly the whole wav ; sometimes it goes only so lar as to point in their direction ; sometimes there is only an absence of evidence for a conclusion contrary to them ; nay, some- times there is an apparent leaning of the evidence to a contrary con- clusion, which has to be explained ;— in all cases there is a margin eft for the exercise of faith in the word of the Church. He who believes the dogmas of the Church only because he has reasoned them out of History, is scarcely a Catholic. It is the Church's use ot History in which the Catholic beheves : and she uses other infor- mants also, Scripture, Tradition, the ecclesiastical sense, cr ^^-«v,//« and a subtle ratiocnative power, which in its origin is a divine gift. Ihere is nothing of bondage or "renunciation of mental freedom," in this view, any more than in the converts of the Apostles believing what the Apostles might preach to them or teach them out of ocnpture. What has been said of History in relation to the formal definitions of the Church, applies also to the exercises of Ratiocination. Our logical powers, too, being a gift from God, may claim to have their informations respected ; and Protestants sometimes accuse our theo- logians, for instance, the mediaeval school men, of having used them in divine matters a litile too freely. But it has ever been our teach- ing and our protest, that, as there are doctrines which lie beyond the direct evidence of history, so there are doctrines which transcend the discoveries or reason; and, after all, whether they are more or less recommended to us by the one informant or the other, in all cases the immediate motive in the mind of a Catholic for his reception of them is, not l.^at they are proved to him by reason or by History but because Revelation has declared them by means of that high ecclesiastical Magisteri?im, which is their legitimate exponent. What has been said also applies to those other truths, with which Ratiocination has more to do than History, which are sometimes called developments of Christian Doctrine, truths which are not upon the surface of the Apostolic depositum—that is, the legacy of Revela- tion,— but which from time to time are brought into form by Theo- logians, and sometimes have been proposed to the faithful, by the Church, as direct objects of faith. No Catholic would hold that they ought to be logically deducted in their fulness and exactness from the belief of the first centuries, but only this,— that on the assump- on of History ? ich as these by is their private ■ reason for so man to come confuting their epudiating the of the Church t at the same it. Historical a prcf f of the etimtts it goes lere is only an n ; nay, some- . contrary con- re is a margin rch. He who has reasoned J Church's use 2s other infor- ise, CT *p[iov7jfia s a divine gift, ital freedom," sties believing them out of nal definitions lination. Our I to have their cuse our theo- ing used them ;en our teach- lie beyond the transcend the more or less ;r, in all cases s reception of ' by History, of that high ponent. s, with which re sometimes are not upon icy of Revela- )rm by Theo- ithful, by the old that they actness from th c assump- THE VATICAN COUNCIL. f^^p^^^r:!^:^^^ -" overcome eve^ development being evidently the ^ellm/T''"* ^ ^"^^ tion, or carrying out of what in .nhTf ' explanation, transforma- what the Ap'ostles said but'Lve not r'ecor/r- '"'-'^^"^ '^^ ^^^^ necessarily have said under our arc, ^^^^ '" '^."^'"g^' ^^ ^ould asked, or in viewof certain uprisings oTern''''.°' ^^ ^hey had been portions of the legacy oUvS Jfwul^^J'^ '" ^^^^ sense really bers, but especiflly^rhe^htrX tn'^'i^'^^'"''^"^^^^ trustee. ^ nieraichy, is the divinely appointed ber title of "semper ead^m'' more rema?,^^^^ T^ ? ""^^"""^ ^^ correspondence of her ancient anVZ^^ 1 ustrated than in the the ecclesiastical Acts ofT854 anS 1870 [ H ^^'^'^'.^1" V^ ^t. As to that the principle of doctrinaf Xvli^ ' ''"'' ^'^^^ ^'- Gladstone I>ave never in ?he proceed "g of te'chnr T^'k^'^^ ^^ ^"^'^-''^3" argely used as in the Definitions then nrn /' ''"?" '" ^'^^^y ^"d but I deny that at either time he testlnC Pv!"^ '" ^'^^ ^^'^hful ; ated or perverted. The utmost hL 1,1.° /" ? i°'^ "^^^ '^P^^^' agamst the theological decTsion 'of hose ve'artif Ih ^/^"°PP°-nt to the event, it might aopear that/wf/ ' ^^^* antecedently grounds in behalf of either of hem I ^'1"° '"^'>"' ^-^^toucll belief in either, but-for the nnrn.?c~ r "°* "?'''^" ^^'^ ^ Personal existing in the'church [n o a ^o^r alTr^'"^ '^'^^^'"^ ^""^ Catholic Creed. This adverse an^d',". ^^'"^^ '* ^ P°''^'0" of the take by the fact of the defi^'iToi "Snrmade "" ^''''' ^° '^^ ^ -- wh^o^e^clVernitrn^b^'aLter '"^^ "^T' ^' ^^P^ Honorius, certainly a stronir i>nn,n /nrfl ' ^ ^^^' I^cumenical Council is infallibi?:ty. His'ci^eTs t{ '-^1""]"' P%""'^ /^^l^^P^'^ ^-^-"d favoured, or rather did not" condSnn' . ."'?^- °^ Constantinople, Lord's Person, which afterwards ufesiith Cou "m' '^^"-'"-"^ ou; heresy. He consulted Pone Hnnn 1 <-«"ncil pronounced to be formal letters declare h^s endr "rn "P°" '^^. ^"^J^^*, who in two Honorious died in peace bu'or^K '''"/' ^ith Sergius's opinion. 6th Ecumenical Co'unc / w s held 'vhicr^' T" ''''' ^^•-' ^^e heretic, on the score of those two liters C"'?' ^'"^ ^' ^ whether the heretical documents nroceldpA f ,'• ""^'^ ^"^'^^°" '«' authority, or as a private Sop "" ^'""^ ^' ^" ^"^^"ible Now I oDserve that wherpa' "^'^'^^^ for the acceptance of the univers. rY '^'f ^f "^ ^^^th or of morals strangely says, p. J, ^^Tl!!!^^':^ ^:^C ^^^^Sh Mr. Gladstone of the phrase .. ...A./.;^ ^^o^ i^^^^^Z:^^^:!^ 7a THE VATICAN COUNCIL. nation of the phrase ,t follows, that, whatever Honorious said in answer to Sergius, and whatever he held, his words were not Jr cathedra, and therefore did not proceed from his infallibility I say so first, because he could not fulfil the above conditions of an ex cathedra utterance, if he did not actually mean to fu fi? them The question is unhke the question about the Sacraments ex ern^i and positive acts, whether material actions or formal words speak for themselves. Teaching on the other hand has no sacramental Z^ h ''^"^'- '' V "^^'"'>' ^ ^"'^^^•°" °^ "'Mention. Who vvouM say that the architnchnus at the wedding feast who said, - Thou has^ kept the good wine until now," was teaching the Christ anWorW hough the words have a great ethical and evangelical sense ? Whl[ The p7n' °^ ' V^'^.T'^ 'l^ "^"" ^'"' "°* ^°"«ider he is signTn.^ Wh ^.1, ';"°' ^^^'"'^ his people East and West, North aSd South, without meaning .t, as if his very voice, the sounds from his lips, could literally be heard from pole to pole ; nor can he exerT h ! •' Apostolical authority" without knowinghe is'do?ng so; ror can he draw up a form of words and use care and make an%ffort in doin^ so accurately, without intention to do so; and, therefore, no vvord? ot Hononus proceeded from his prerogative of infallible teaching which were not accompar>e,i with the intention of exercisin' thS prerogative ; and who will dream of saying, be he An fulfil them, nts; external words, speak > sacramental bo would say *' Thou hast "istian world, ense ? • What le is sij(ning? it, North and mds from his I he exert his >; nor can he 'ort in doing re, no words ble teaching, ercising that nglican, Pro- Honorius in ble teaching leteenth ? Imost as pri- is Servorum oriam," with Deus aver- ' .'' What to Archiepisco- id signature, 10 1864, etc. ' in my next nition, or to these letters Jortions of a rius by the Infallibility, person was a but we may on him,, but r pei'^onally rumentative ) i*s defini- s oontribut- :enis n the THE VATICAN DEPlNfTlON. 73 depositum, such a«! T-oj-*- and especiaUy s;ip^^'4""'J.''>? Fathers and Councils H;« ^ on ,hree passages ofTc S, J'. +)• And i. He writes as follows-" As ift \°P ^^ Durham. ^ *^^ § 9. The Vatican Definition. the drift of all I have t^ 'say 'about?" T' \^.^'"^^k whlKggests tTeta'ont'' '^^" "^'^^ '^^4J^.r^^^^^ sitionc l^^^^ercised. so difficult Ts ftM . °'^' '" P'-oportion as sitions, verified to us neither hltl ^^^^"^ inwardly to oroDo inff for their r....,.:"™': ^3^ reason nor exnPnVnce »^.,/V^ ^?" thaf cK^ u "" -'-^FtiL;n on U\G word nf tha r^u "7' ' ""^^ aepend- she has ever shown .he --s.''calt\^oJ.-V:st^^s°;:S: 74 THE VATICAN DEFINITION. Slmands ?hS \hl l "/''' ""'^ '^' '^"^^ °^ propositions, of which she - aT far L t. K J^ recepf^on. •« The Church," says Pallavicini, of men fh . ^ ^'' ^f ^""^^ abstained from imposing upon the minds of men that commandment, the most arduous of thi Christian Law yi;. to believe obscure matters without doubting.-:^ To c^^opera^e in his chantab e duty has been one special work of her theologians assi^" hem"in";i 'rC \^'''''^' by' tradition, and !; 'c'^IX tJ sdS . hnt h 11 ? ""' u ^''f °"^>' 'P^^^^ ^^^" 't is necessar^ to speak , but hardly has she spoken out magisterially some -reat irenerni Cin'th:"' '" ^'' f '^^^ ""'' .^h-'"^-n« 'o work t'o explain hf^e'n Sion r T"'"'"' ^^ ''"'' interpretation of its wording, by the^flus- tration of its circumstances, and by the recognition of excentinZ iatr;n"to°iT/"-if r '""'r^'V^ Possible,':nd"t"eTeast TaC;; er^easafirwas'thT^f'^r"''"'' ^ --"^^b' educated minds. ^ formed to th I 1 !'\^^ o!°" ^'"""S^ "« to call writers, who con- tormed to this rule of the Church, by the name of " Muiimizers " I^.n^^rf 'r^"",""'. ^>^^''^-'^^' I trust, is over: Bishon-essTer can ConLi;-^ T^fu'^l ^'' ^'' ^^^ Secretary-General o the vit ! can Council, and of higher authority still in his work for it has thl approbation of ths Sovereign Pontiff, clearly p oves to is Mia a -u^b'srii^urs;;:' T\:' '^ -'''''' ^ -ti^co:^i:;:nt^th sidere .nffin- , r^'"'^^' ?"^h ^ sanction, I suppose, will be con- to r^.L" ^^''^-^ character of the remarks which I am about tLTar '''"" definitions in general, and upon the Vatican^n par- The Vatican definition, which comes to us in the shane of tho Pope s Enc3'cl.cal Bull called the P«.^o. ^^7...;; deckres that the Pope has that same infallibility which the Church his 4 to determine therefore what is meant by the infallibimv of the Porl be puwfc l°J,' ^'■"<'•«''''" acknowledged and au'thentica.ed to hoirHe framed a So'.'T'T' • '>"". accorr.,glj, a. Catholics noKi, tie iramed a Society of men to be ts home its iiistrumpnt and .ts guarantee. The rulers of that AssociatTon a e the S trustees, so to say, of the sacred truths which he snoke to fh. Apostles by word of mouth. As he was leaving them He 've .thern their great commission, and bade them '"teach"' thdr ?on crm:l■d:d"th't!^t■d^tf =^:?di'S^"f.7o'"T°"-" t ""'' always, even to the end of the world." ' ' ' ""' *'"' J"™ ■■'&l^''AllXr-7 1? "''°'" ' »™ '"''*=■""<■">» of n,yr=f.re„»,), ,„ his of which she ^8 Pallavicini, )on the minds hristian Law, To co-operate r theologians^ y custom, to necessary to great general iin hermean- ;, by theillus- f exceptions, St of a temp- d minds. A "s, who con- rluiimizers j" hop Fessler. of the Vati- br it has the :o us that a isistent with will be con- i I am about ican in par- ihape of the ^clares that li has;"t to )f the Pope, Lirch. And, nihility, we considered venly truths commonly It He willed nticated, to s Catholics instrument, the legal oke to the , He gave their con- er He had with you rences), in his )tor Ecclesiam THE VATICAN DEFINITION. ne"!VtTec"^ told them to «' ""' ^^asion untul''' ^" ^ays," words, a duty whth .^ P"' "PO" them of teach. ^\* ^onsummi- fidelity requ"edwitho^'^x.'°"^^ "^* f^fil in thJ"^ '^''- Master's n-'• -"^ same safeo-narr? ^r .l t. "='"• muse permanent tradiHnn r ^ *^^ Revelation— v,V equal authoritfwlhof^'r^^'"^ '"s insistelon k ^" authoritative, J niean St. P^ur^r?'" ^,?«^ew, but altogether in^ ^" informant of the Truth;- and he^fd'f ' '^^ ^^'^^'^ '' ti e% ,",f ,^P^"^«"t of him, the Truth;'' and 'hp hr^iri!" '"^ '-'^"rch "the nill^r'^^"^""" "i bim, a ruu. ;„ :. *'"i! he bids his convert Timoth f [ ^""^ ^^''ound of > to "take heed uX 4 do.?-^" .^^^ '^^^ome Jrl!^:A"l/^''comm°it'"the"rH.",l ^^ :'.^eep .'9- - -..i;"VS,;;:;„.— ; £ 5. *te . -this IS how C^^h^.I• , '" oe nt to teach ^t appear how^t cln o.'k ""^^''-^^and the Scripture r. . eot as far as th s and , '7u'" ^e understood '"b,t°h^' "°^ ^oes t'on made profession ^^""^ ^^^^^ we find ?hat'w. A ^^t" ^^ have initiated by the An 'o ^ ^""^her doctrine P ^^ ^^^ '"^Phca- set up forThe difecrnh'""^^°"tinued ^ their sL''' '^ '^' ^^"'"-h. the .:^evelation and ^b-^^'l^^ Protecting? pre ervTn?''°'i' ^«« ''^^n dence of its n;^ • *^^t by means of the A!,. T-^'.^"^ declaring asserting thfs 'r? ^"'^°^' ^^ are^d "''/'""^'^'P ^"d Provf revealed^me LgTi^' :,V" ^^'f ^°^^« assert?". ^ar^'T' ^^^^t in to pfive thpr«k "'^'us, '1 ani with vr,„ ^n , *^"'*t can have been alarm of .he Lm/"™" '=>' antidpaCto ,he°"^ '° '"= '^"''." b"" they were addressed TT^ "' fishermen andffo"""''"''' ^"-"t has been Jefined n V =''''" "-"^by be asce^P"" "'^ '"'a of a 76 THE VATICAN DEFINITION. Sine of ^he'rh'"'^ ' ^'' ? ""^^^^ '"'"^''^y' And. a, by the tW r\ ^u ^i'H''*=h's understood, not the teaching of this or that Bishop, but their united voice, and a Council is the form thi Church must take, in order that allien may recogle tha^in £ m.!.l'. '^L"f- °" ""^ P"'"* '■" ^'«P"^^' «° in like mTnner the Pone caltd Jrlw.. "^rT";"^ ^^" • ''"^'"'" °'^'-'^' ^"d that form is . t^p--?^:; -riot' ^:fe Se-;:iE": Ind' £:::« "hV :" ^^"^^^ ^ves or ch'aracte^rs. ".^St^rires fu- ™"^^f' "f say«." are seated on the ' "r nf Moses- all things therefore whatsoever they shall say .o you, observe anddo but according to the r works do y'ou not, fo'r the"^ sk; and do nt '' ' ing the CWh h^ertff ^^ ' ^r'f ^°""^'' '■« '^^"^'^^^i ^^ respresent- • f u ^r h'^^rself, are too clear to need drawin- out • bnt wh^f "t °when hi Tto'' -'^-^-.. or teaching chair, in wh^h tt' Pop'e' teachTn.? Then ew^'^^^^^^^ the exercise of his infallible teaching i^he new definition answers this question He sneaU T.::^'':^c:n^^'yL -^^" ^^ r^^^' ^-t, as "he Un^v^eta l^s;P^^:r. ^oL":?^;aitTt^ m^L^l^^ f^hlf ^Jt^H Z mo^t'^ma'teriallv'''^ R °^ """r^u '°"''^'' '^^ ^^"^^ ^^ ^^^^ infallibility most materially. Hence Billuart speaking of the Pone savle re ison, 1, he is not ^es refer to Petri, but A from his 1, and of a easons by definition, al matters '. Tit col. t. Origen or ork itself; a Council, g a Pope V genuine, or a bishop, ir even in his THE VATICAN DEFm,T,ON. bearing of the Ho ly '^;/°'"« .dogmatic trut^'^ thS ^'Tu ' ""^«« ,. 5. Nor is a CouncH ^VfamM^'' '^^' Philosophy ^tttl/^!. ^''''^'^ tions to its definitions rt^^' '^"" '" the i refacel ^"^, ^^"'^s. and Amort,* who con/'^ 7^'^ ^"^ t^eolosjians of n. ""^ '"troduc- Passed in the TrLenlr r'''^' "^^" those most ^nT"' ^« '^""'""ely ;hr:nas are drawn unP°""''^' ^''^'^ which tleC^'''"^^«/^^■^«'^ teaching- anH thi "P;, ^'"e not portions nf ♦. ^^"°"s ^'th ana- . 6- S..oh passages h """ "^ ""«" a Pope, th;reraVbe not^l" ^P'-"'"'K °"rwheX"of"^V°^ ^°™"' actual error. Thusm ? i?."° «"rise of an inLi . ." ^'"'""' <"■ awl'or was quoted iLf° ^'""'' Council, a Das.,' 5""'^'" ™"". bw belief he was Pore,, ^■'''■'="« °f 'he doctrine I*? °^ ^" ''""'«! '"^r" •'•^seUt^' =""' --"- nj^zztr,' arrnt*' ^ nis remark anW =» . *••"/. are intro- ^^3. ''t ?:^Xl ^vi::s^^:r-^ ^--"^^^^^e if .e C'^-hii^stnltfel^'^'^^^" -^o'-et^^^^^^^^^ ^^'^^ t^e f;"ce St. John's Sea h'"° ''"'^^' "^^^ truth has been"""' ^^' *^^ 'that noble deposit'' nf. i'u °"^ ^^^^ of the Ch., i" •^'''^" to us tj^e Apostles beq°eathed7"*,^' '' ^'- ^^"1 speaks to t'^ '\'° ^"^""d " the infaliibih-ty 2f the A, '^'' '" ^'t^ ^ulnes^i and ^n^T'"'•?'^^' ^^'^^^ character than fi, 1 ^Postles was of a f., '"tegrity. Hence ''' ■■■■ "'-S:"onhe''rnl'?, '^ J""" K°-ted oTh? K'^''^ and So' " -^ote „.ere a '""'""" ' '" '^ ""°- ^-h the work ,'eyhl'^'"1,<='P' 'ally s'^rious' nd°"/ °"' ''''"■'■^'endom! 'hen,,a„dmJreeffec['i. r;"- ^h^ '"adete cem?f '^^ "^»^™ "f for their fidelity t, '^ ^ °^ 'he speciafand n, ' ■ '".SP'riu Sancto ft'f '3-, no in7a Xf i"Ln-^v:''"S^ a^?,' iroT^e^^rl """^^'^ ^ad, no direct «!ncr„ .• ^^'^'^liitv is need< r? e u ^^^"^^^^ this guardianship keefn''.r °^ ^'^'■""-' truth KnV""^ ? '^" ^P^^tles Feeler" ^"°'-^- i>e';i~^r~:-;;;rr-r77-^— -^^^ ^^ their in": PI'- 205-6. This >lies to Unam ^anctam. 78 THE VATICAN DEFINrflON. fh"ugl«'1™im,!™"T,h'f7 '"""r of.«.ravaBa„ce, of confusion of tion."-t.'2, p' iVx A^al^.^fS''""^'-" ,"'""• !"^ manner of inspira- fallible'^n'l!"?/^' f '''"' ^ ^'^""^■'' ^"d all that the Pope is in S pts"; bVlstie^lr\"r '° '" -^P^^'^' questionThiih he a power when in htr 5/' / P""^/"^:^ '^^ does not extend beyond 4oS,rr3%"3^t,o? itut^'the ^r-"f '?^^ ^^'■>' answer t^ruly. of Councn; are immutable for n tb.« ^^' V"^ ^''^.'^^'' ^l^^nitions their reasons," etT.~SI ""'^ ^°""'-'''' nifallible, not in 8. This rule is so strictly to be observpri thof ♦!, u i statements are made from tim^ tn h"^ n ^^^ though dogmatic to define. A striking i^Itancron'^"^ ""' ^''''' '"''"'^°" te- was in ",nr ^ :, ^'^^'"-^'^«' because no question on this mat- •H"; E :i3,5 !='•" -S-*. == 9. Another limitation is given in Pone P\u^'l\ ' ^' '■> ftselfacerain ™°taUonSrhi:T^ to abide by ,l,is reference is i^ .0 hi. dog^^atic condera'Lr "„r ptiiSarboi^r;;: 'jT^o-i:: dui ad f« .u- would siml .0 ^o^ ^7' P'-escribed ly nL or V'''"^''' '" themselves J-« no poL^r^ver he fr^',%^ '^^^ haS^no IS^f : '^j^^O'^mand any but vejretaht V^^^Moral Law. If hJflu,'^ '^' 'because he t'-ons of decencv or !,''' °'' ^° ^ress in air' 'I" ^'^ ^ock to ea? •n like manner i;^"^^^^' "^t coming i'to th "'"'' ^^^«hion, quef does not relate to friaf/'^'^"^ ^'^' prCnce bV/'^^^''°"' he'w^ouTd ceptall over the worTd'for'ti"^^r'^^°°d or b^d "irhV"^' ^ ^"^^ or offenngs, certn.-ni •/ *"® adoption of loff • • "^ Srave a pre contradicting theS' !'r^""^d be\ery hald !'"' '"'^^^^ of tithes which was in tdf ^vi^'^^^^^^J'-n^pr^ L ^e was ^hat it is at least doubts ' J^''" ^'"^ ^^w perso ' K%'" '^^^^^'ffood ^" a doubtful mat er the P^'^^'h"^ ^°"^'-'e« are ab" tr.pf T"'^ ^"ow However, there are oth^^^ '«, ^o be believed and nl ''"/ "^''^ ^nd e-xercise of Papal fnfnu^-'; ''""^^^ions beside. fK ""^^y^d- definition must'rUte ^o^^^^^^^^ ^'^ "^oral suM^ ?''!' "^^essary for the would so speak oftttlr e.^^"^%"^^^««ary tr 3,1/°' ^"''""^^' ^^^s lar kind of food • surh ' "°' °^ ^ particular Hr^'°"' ^o one ^^ fie enjoins upon thA ^.*° ^^ the utteranr^c ?' u Po^'tical or P°rt,ons of moral tLtu?,'!'; "i f»i">. that it ^fc/"" doctrinal proceeded from t!,e p„;"° "' l"" "urse of 1800 ve»" " ""^ »'''»' Pope, or fro„ „e ChurcCf-j;-"-'^. have 8o THE VATICAN DEFINITION. such. Nearly all that either oracle has done in this respect, has been to condemn such propositions as, in a moral point of view, are false or dangerous or rash ; and these condemnations, besides being such as, in fact will be found to command the assent of most men, as soon as heard, do not necessarily go so far as to present any positive state- ments for universal acceptance. II. With the mention of condemned propositions I am brought to another and large consideration, which is one of the best illustrations that I can give of that principle of minimizing so necessary, as I nl?.; ^^wlse and cautious theology; at the same time I cannot insist upon it in the connexion into which I am going to introduce it without submitting myself to the correction of divines more learned than I can pretend to be myself. The infallibility, whether of the Church or of the Pope, acts prin- cipall: or solely in two channels, in direct statements of truth, and in the condemnation of error. The former takes the shape of doctrinal dehnitions, the latter stigmatises propositions as heretical, next to .heresy, erroneous and the like. In each case the Church, as guided by her Divine Master, has made provision for weighing as lightly as possible on the faith and conscience of her childreS. As to the condemnation of propositions, all she tolls us is, that the thesis condemned when taken as a whole, or, agun, when viewed in Its context, is heretical, or blasphemous, or impious, or whatever other epithet she affixes to it. We have only to trust her so^ai as to allow ourselves to be warned against the thesis, or the work con- taining It. Theologians employ themselves in dv^termining what precisely it is that is condemned in that thesis or treatise ; and doubtless in most cases they do so with success; but that determi- nation IS not defide; all that is of faith is that there is in that thesis Itself, which IS noted heresy or error, or other peccant matter, as the case may be, such that the censure is a peremptory command to theologians, preachers, students, and all other whom it concerns, to keep clear of it. But so light is this obhgation, that instances l<-quently occur when it is successfully maintained by some new writer, that the Pope's act does not imply what it has seemed to imply, and questions which seemed to be closed, are after a course ot years re-opened. In discussions such as these, ihere is a real exercise of private judgment, and an allowable one ; the act of faith whicn cannot be superseded or trifled with, being, I repeat, the un- reserved acceptance that the thesis in question is herelical, or erroneous in faith, etc., as the Pope or the Church has spoken of it. In these cases, which in a true sense may be called the Pope's j.-.^a^^z;. enunciations, the opportunity of a legitimate minimizing hes in tl;e intensely concrete character of the matters condemned in his affirmative enunciations a like opportunity is atforded by their being more or less abstract. Indeed, excepting such as relate to persons, that is to the Trinity in Unity, the Blessed Virgin, the Saints and the like, all the dogmas of Pope or of Council are but general, and so far, in consequence, admit of exceptions in their actual application,— these exceptions being determined either bv ot ac W\ viz tioi Ire: tine oth( has But the sens the( othei one c does Evan be sa quite 'says ; to say profes law an and ho latter . Jgnorar without has bee Pope (t occasior elusive £ they occ of Italy, " Wei as -egarc the natur hearts of are able, to obtain i Who w universal, ^'nct, and, holding it Another *he Latin ( . * The Pop invincible igno t '"= ^' iiini! tam mulfarum F ct, has been w, are false, s being such nen, as soon )sitive state- 1 brought to illustrations essary, as I ne I cannot introduce it, lore learned 2, acts prin- :ruth, and in of doctrinal cal, next to I, as guided is lightly as is, that the n viewed in r whatever so far as to work con- ning whaf atise ; and at determi- that thesis itter, as the 3mmand to 3ncerns, to instances some new seemed to ;r a course e is a real ct of faith at, the un- retical, or •ken of it. he Pope's linimizing idemned ; id by their relate to irgin, the il are but s in their THE VATICAN DEFINITION. —•"' *^fii' 0") the aw n/ '^^^P^esume law and the Ji^hf nf / ^'^^Srent to frame hf^i"? ^^^^ ^^^ch he ,and hold thVdfcL?irofX' >''"^^ °" t"e%'ther ta^,^-;;--"^ ^° tha? letter doctrine in "^s r^^^ •"""^^^"^"ted mrrc^ernf r ^/P""^^ of Jgnorance— nr .t" . s. ^-'Sthohc form is tf,^ j ^ of God." Th*. -•thout"e,o:^;^f ;^ r,P-t^e to b" ong'J^thrsr ?^-vincTb': ^^« been form^a?!? a^d ^ h^'^/ ""^' -^'^^tTofl'''' ^^"^^^ Pope the first Pone T\f^°''^^^'^ely put forward V,? ^^^^S' it occasion on whi^h^h; u^ P^^^^' ^^« ba. doneTo) A P^^^^nt ;^lusive salvation ftse?f 7, '"P^^^^^ '^^ ^^^dlZnlZ^' ^'T^' «^^e thev occnr ir. 4.U ^en. it is to the rmr«« ^-a^ientaj pnncip e c^ pv are able bv thf ^'^P'^'^ ^° obey God ]eI5 ^'^^'" ^^^^od o^ hf -^ain'e;^,:::r,g-^^on of ^l^^^l^^^Z^l^^^i^l^^ Who would at first sip-h. .t. ^ ""^ ^'^^^^^ tor;-;.: ::; "t - - -"• ^^^i-- - !^!i!!!l!!-. ^^^^^'^^'::"it ^siisr^--^^ ■•" . * The Pope sne.tr ^^i^stine, of the doctrine invincible i„S:JP^^¥ more forcihi. ..:„ . — _^ "^ • * The PopTs^^^kT :2J-^ustme, of the doctrine invincible i^norann!?^' '"°'"*' ^o^biy sfiJlT ~— dp5;>Vno... i.norance he adds .__., /' .^"" '" an earliVr A'w- r^^ " " — 82 THE VATICAN DEFINITION, of absolute predestination, as instanced in the teaching of other great saints beside him, such as St. Fulgentius, St. Prosper, St. Gregory, St. Ihomas, and St. Buonaventure. Yet in the last centuries a great explanation and modification of this doctrine has been effected by the efforts of the Jesuit School, which have issued m the reception of a distinction between predestination to grace and predestination to glory ; and a consequent admission of the principle that though our own works do not avail for bringing us into a state of salvation on earth, they do avail, when in that state of salvation or grace, for our attainment of eternal glory in heaven Iwo saints of late centuries, St. Francis de Sales and St. Alfonso' seem to have professed this less rigid opinion, which is now the more common doctrine of the day. Another instance is supplied by the Papal decisions concerning Usury. Pope Clement V., in the Council of Vienne, declares, " If any one shall have tallen into the error of pertinaciously presuming to affirm that usury is no sin, we determine that he is to be punished as a heretic. However, in the year 1831 the Sacred Pcenitentiaria answered an mquiry on the subject, to the effect that the Holy See suspended its decision on the point, and that a confessor who allowed of usury was not to be disturbed, *' non esse inquietandum." Here again a double aspect seems to have been realized of the idea in- tenaed by the word usury. To show how natural this process of partial and gradually deve- loped teaching is, we may reier to the apparent contradiction of Bellarmme who says "the Pope, whether he can err or not, is to be obeyed by all the faithful," {Rom. Pont. iv. 2), yet, as I have quoted him above, p. 52-53, sets down (li. 29) cases in which he is not to be obeyed. An illustration may be given in politicalliistory in the discussions which took place years ago as to the force of the Sovereign s Coronation Oath to uphold the Established Church The words were large and general, and seemed to preclude any act on his part to the prejudice of the Establishment , but lawyers suc- ceeded at length in making a distinction between the legislative and executive action of the Crown, which is now generally accepted Ihese instances out of many similar are sufficient to show what caution IS to be observed, on the part of private and unauthorized persons, in imposing upon the consciences of othe :s any interpreta- tion of oogmatic enunciations which is beyond the legitimate sense of the words, inconsistent w^th the principle that all general rules have exceptions, and unrecognized by the Theological Schola. 12. From these various considerations it follows, that Papal and bynodal definitions, obligatory on our faith, are of rare occurrence • and this IS confessea by all sober theologians. Father O'Reilly, iov fro not the not enti corr rem be £ T but 1 sure, of ot I she ful, h I hav grudg nothii To be eccles called it certc gentle 3'ears, ally tra I end Pastora "Itii good pie matic de and to tl limited i definitioi Jaw, and and limi alongside Ecclesias invested i we owe oi permitted; I --.. _ — ,^.^ ,„, uuui uciiying inar me vicar 01 Uhrist is argely assisted by God in the fulfilment of his sublime office, that ZTT7^J'^^^ ightand strength to do well" the great work en- ^rusted to him and imposed on him, that he is continually guided ? of other rosper, St. in the last )ctrine has ave issued n to grace ion of the jringing us that state in heaven. t. Alfonso, s now the :oncerning Clares, " If presuming 2 punished nitentiaria Holy See 10 allowed n." Here le idea in- lally deve- diction of not, is to is I have hich he is :al "history fce of the I Church, ie any act vyers suc- lative and 2pted. low what :uthorized nterpreta- e sense of ules have Papal and currence ; i^eilly, for ' says : — Light into Christ is ^ce, that work en- y guided ^-^E VATICAN DEFINITION. irom above in thp o-^^^ S3 JCt^S;-?o/SS^°^ But this i commonly not Srke 'l' °^^^^"^"^^' act7if ^ich I^ ^^>'' ^"^ ["^ h^PPy rZeo7 ;n thinking it a morTZZulTcu^- '^'"^ '• ^"^ I h^ve already spoken "r/K° ^' '^'y^ ^^an fbe diffi^'lf^'^"' ^"ti. grudgin-faifh ;n ?r °^^^^* uncatholic sn.Vif ^.'^^ult, of belief. "othfng^ut wh " ,> ' "^"'^ °^^he Chur'h^and' f/'^ ''^''' ^^'^^ « To be f true Cafhn •''' ^' '^ ^y ^^n^onstration 1 '^f^'""' *° hold ecclesiastical a,! h v ^ "^^" "^"^t have a "'""P?""^ *° b^'^eve. called the;';4 |7-'^' ^^ ^^^^^P^ what is fan I?.'- ^°^'''^ ^^^^rds it certainl has a ±^ '"^ °"^^ «"ch a tone o? mt^^ ^'^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^s;::rs^^£; s?i .its--- S - ?-- - p^«o;f/tcrh:f;:::,:™-h^Po"A':!' -i^.^ «„;. Bishops . and to the truth; „h f '"' "P ^id limited to t^l'n .''■'"'°' "dog. l^ited by thfcrt f l;:lf-'«'™ -ntrns'^^'eTs'^ti^d™'^'""' W."rdr[,'^ '^"-h Ht,s"„ -'-nee, and "; m^lZ, and' li^te^ '£; ^h^f ""?" "' "^= Ch?rc"'' Us',',:' ^ ''' ."'""^ alongside rehgf„ursocSt"th'' """'^'y ''"■ealed vhfc'h !ffl' "'"."P Eccles astical H,- , 1. ^, '"^■■« 's civil socVf ' T ! affirms that invested in the" owTh^ "'"" ''= ^e power of tem„„ >' ?"^''''" ">' ' we owe obeZnL " ''°""'" "i* a full L ' '""P'"^al Magistrates, Pe™it.ed:":t7S- ™-cienc a„, ^^"i- sove^^ «^_ ______^^nbto the domain of civil societv "^ y "^■"^^^^^^^^^"^^^^^i^l^^ § 10. Conclusion. I have now said all that I consider necessary in order to fulfil the task which I have undertaken, a task very painful to me and ungra- cious. I account it a great misfortune, that my last words as they are hkely to be, should be devoted to a controversy with one whom I have always so much respected and admired. But I should not have been satisfied with myself, if I had not responded to the call made upon me trom such various quarters, to the opportunity at last given "^V! Ju^f"^ ^i°"? ^'^^"''^ °" subjects deeply interesting to me, and to the demands of my own honour. trI?^ a ^'" ^°'"* ""l ^■^'- Gladstone's charge against us, is that in i»70, ^a.er ^^ series of preparatory acts, a great change and irreversible was eftected m the political attitude of the Church by the third and iourth cnapters of the Vatican Pastor yEternus, a change which no state or statesmen can aftbrd to pass over. Of this cardinal assertion 1 consiaer he has given no proof at all ; and my object throughout the foregoing pages has been to make this clear. The Pr ,e's infalli- OiUcy indeed and his supreme authority have in the Vatican capita been declared matters of faith ; but his prerogative of infallibility lies in nfafiers speculative, and his prerogative of authority in no infalli- miity, m laws, commands or measures. His infallibility bears upon the Qcmain ot thought, not directly of action, and while it may fairly exercise .ne theologian, philosopher or man of science, it scarcely con"3i-ns cne politician. Moreover, v/hether the recogniti )n of his inta^uoiiicy m doctrine will increase his actual power over the faith or uataohcs, remains to be seen, and must be determined by the event: icr tn ere are gifts too large and too fearful to be handled irc-iy. iv.r. v-ladstone seems to feel this, and therefore insists upon ^^'T^^^^ '^'''^^ ^^ ^''^ Vatican definition in the Pope's authority. iJut there ;^ no real increase ; he has for centuries upon centuries naaa.id Uo2d uiac authority, which the definition now declares ever to iiav3 be.cn£-ed to him. Before the Council there was the rule of ODeaience, and tnere were exceptions to the rule ; and since the council .ne rule remains, and with it the possibility of exceptions. Ic may De GDj3c:2d that a representatisn such as this, is negatived by tha universal senament which testifies to the formidable effective- ness c» Che /atican decrees, and to the Pope's intention that they should be efiective; that it U the boast of some CathoHcs ai tne repioacn leveil-^d against us by all Protestants, that the Catholic ^..arcn nas now oecome beyond mistake a despotic aggressive ir'a..c.cy, in vvMich ireedcm of tnought and action is utterly extin- gux„..e.i, ^at . do not allow this alleged unanimous testimony to e;iic.. ^i course . .u:cc Bismarck and other statesmen such as Mr. = :i: aiijr cp^csxaon to Pope Pius on the political ground; acnoi.c r.iove -nent is based, net upon politics, but upon OUi w^'Iw ^yla ijjt ar.a ^t. i^ciluigfcr has more than once, I believe, declared uioa^tji-^^^on ci the PrusGian acts against the Pope, while hid Path Gene cal Si tothi supp( presti rathe, theL assoc nified infalli contrc a univ suprer Europ the da Ultrmx tion of to thQ : bility ii stone c that ral statesm The parties ingthes and alsi ^ there an tween m be taunt that topi that thej variance have no , This ii nothing i use, it ha each oth( Protestan same con strengths elusions i ence relat< ter of faiti ment, or, only one o other stat( virtue of tl rity that ti; CONCLUSION. 3s :o fulfil the and ungra- •ds as they le whom I d not have call made last given ing to me, is that in rreversible third and which no 1 assertion hruughout e's infalli- can capita ibility lies no infalli- ears upon may fairly t scarcely m of his the faith ed by the handled sists upon luthority. centuries ares ever he rule of since the ptions. legatived effective- that they )lics a'-.d Catholic 2fgressive rly extin- mony to ;h as Mr. ground ; but upon declared )e, while lp.!'\t%:::i sziTL '"'I ''- -^^-^-^ohc politics !f support defin t^h. fromX V^°"' '^"PP^^'^ '^^' they IxpeTui d/n"^ Presiige of that^ venerable *'^k" '^''''''' ^"^ no^rX from tS^" rather lowered than "o So L^i3rin'S "^^?^ ^^-^ decrees "hat the Legitimists and Carlists in l? ^^l °^ ^^^ ^o^id ? So aS associate themselves whR^^,J^^J"J^ ^"d Spain doubtless wish o nified that thev can turr, \ J ^^^ ^^'^'"^ and how have thll infallibility, anj would no 'hrvfbe''', ''''''' clogma of'he FooT controversy which it has occasioned ? t'".'' P^'"^^'^ ^° ^e rid of 'L yJtrainontane party was successful 1^*^^^; r m°^ '^'"^^^ ^^at the Jhere are very Sde ib"! 5[fe" " r°" ™^- " *"' ^t a d-ta? '"^r,f a-X:V"a^f f'^^^^^^ "' "'"'-''■ "" nothing more A J '^^^'-^^^ble retort m controversv ■ h . •. • ence relates to a matter of fei," ,' .^ ' ' 'f'=''^ '"hether the 'iffer- 'er of faith is in question l" ra„t \, t '"'? ''' "P'"'°n- If a rnaf ™ent, or, ratlier, I maintain" ha ,hr.""°'"r'° '''^ absolute agree only one out of tiie statsmeVts r,!„ f 1 " ' ' ™^an to sav fh-t oher statements will bo !t l^ l'^ ''^" '''= «™'i. and that fh^ ri',rtLf ;^'^ being Cathol s." afso™' alT f^ ''f -"--• t ntythat they are erroneous. ' Butlrth: d'il ^r.'^^.^-" -'"o rvnivji i nave .f -I 86 CONCLUSION, supposed are only in theological opinion, they do but show that after all private judgment is not so utterly unknown among Catholics and in Lathohc Schools, as Protestants are desirous to establish. I have written on the subject at some length in Lectures which I published many years ago, but, it would appear, with little practical ett^ct upon those for whom they were intended. «' Left to himself," 1 say, " each Cathohc likes and would maintain his own opinion and his private judgment just as much as a Protestant; and he has it and he maintains it, just so far as the Church does not, by the authority of Revelation, supersede it. The very moment the Church ceases^to speak, at the very point at which she, that is, God who speaks by her, circumscribes her range of teaching, then private judgment of necessity starts up ; there i.. nothing to hinder it. . . ^r. K i'^ sacrifices his opinion to the Word of God, declared through His Church; but from the nature of the case, there is noth- mg to hinder him having his own opinion and expressing it, when- speak^"* '*' ^'' ^^^ ^^"''^' *^^ ^'^'^^^ °^ Revelation, does not .»n^/T"f-*]''^'^'5 '^"!* "°* ^^ supposed rhat I am denying what is cal ed the pietas Jidei, that u., a sense of the great probability of ^he truth of enunciations made by the Church, which are not formally and actually to be considered . : the " Word of God." Doubtless it IS our duty to check many a speculaiion, or at least many an utter- ance, even though we are not bound to condemn it as contrary to religious truth But, after all, the field of religious thought which the duty of faith occupies, -3 such indeed cr mpared with that which IS open to our free, though of course to our reverent and conscien- tious speculation. I draw from these remarks two conclusions; first as regards Protes ants,-Mr. Gladstone should not on the one hand declaim against us as having -no mental freedom," if the periodical press on the o her hand is to mock us as admitting a liberty of private judgment, purely Protestant. We surely are not open to contra- dictory imputations. Every note of triumph over the differences which mark our answers to Mr. Gladstone is a distinct admission that we do not deserve his injurious reproach that we are captives and slaves of the Pope. ^ Secondly, for the benefit of some Catholics, I would observe that, A J f^^"°wJe^&e one Pope fure divino, I acknowledge no other and that I think it a usurpation, too wicked to be comfortably dwelt upori, when individuals use their own private judgment, in the dis- cussion of rehgious questions, not simply - abundare in suo sensu." others P"'"?"^® °^ anathematizing the private judgment of I say there is only one Oracle of God, the He ' Catholic Church and the Pope as her head. To her teaching I hi re ever desired all my th oughts, all my words to be conformed ; to her judgment I • yidt " Difficulties felt by Anglicans." Lecture X. IV that after tholics and sh. es which I 5 practical ) himself," pinion and he has it )t, by the he Church God who jn private ;r it. . . declared •e is noth- it, when- , does not \g what is lity of the t formally )ubtless it ■ an utter- )ntrary to fht which lat which conscien- i regards I declaim cal press •f private contra- ifferences dmission captives !rve that, no other, )ly dwelt 1 the dis- ) sensu," :ment of : Church ; si red all gment I CONCLUSION. 87 submit what I have ever wn>f. ^ I'shed.but I know wen »h.^^ "«'" '" ^Vthine tha^T J """'' ' =poi