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M,,.. »^ Bmmimie* »f Cmndn- ' ' " ' " ' * IT HT , • /•• II < ^^: DOMINION OF CANADA. ;?/ IlSTFORMA^TIOlSr FOB INTfflDING EMIGRANTS. rVBLlSBSD BY THE OOrEBNMElTT OF CAN. >4. -*■ ' *, m OTTAWA- PRINTED BY MaoLKAN, AOQUSR A Co. 1174. V ' i ^. f ! S;. : f i , The information contained in the following pages ii oompiled for the most part from official sources. The stati*- ticB showing the position and progress of the Dominion of Oanada in real wealth are brought down to the end of the last fiscal year. The Notices of the, several Provinces are taken from publications either issued directly by the local Governments or under their auspices. The pamphlet has been carefully revised throughout with a view to present as plain and impartial a statement - of facts as possible fr he information of intending Emi- grants. Department of Aobioulturk, Ottawa, Oanada, 1874. /, 'JtjaS'^igyi'Bh CONTENTS.; OuArTiB I.— IMTRODDOTORY. ! IhnUraUoD from Europe '^^ Motives to Emifrate , ., ■ OlaMMM wbo ihould Emigrate ,,-. ',','. S PoalUonaud Extent of Oaoada ....!!.!. ."!!!! !."'.;!',! * Ohaptbb II.— facts about THE DOMIfTION. BtatlBtloa of Canada i« Area of ProvUioeB and Territory '.' iS Population j3 Oeasaaof Itollgloaa Denominailoni " C Imports and Esporta ., « Public Accounts of Canada ly HUUsUos of Banks .!.^.!..! u CUmate of Canada .!.!!.!!!.! m LandByatem £ Railways of Dominion S Canadian PaoUo Railway '.1*.'.".*.*. S Ctmal and Inland Navigation Bystem S PoBtOffioes and Telegraphs ....".*.*.*....'.*,!'.^'..*,'."..'.*.* S GovmunauTT axo Bocoax. PoeiTioir :— Government .' j^ Religion ".'.., 2 Education !..!'.!! '.*"*.!"! S OHApna UI.— PROVINOEB OF IX>MINIOM. Nova Boqtia General Features m Climate S Bolland Prodnotton "...*.!'.*."*.*.*.!*. " H PeatLands m Production of Sea and Rivers . » m Woods and Forests S Game , ' »S Mines and Minerals " S Crown Lands • ' * ! S Labor and Wages ju Manufttotures 04 Trade and Commeroe ^ ,"' m Internal Communication C Time to Immigrate lu HalUftx Harbor v .!.".! ...!.";!*.".'.'.".'.!'."..*."."; Is Nhw Bbviwwiok, Reasons why New Bronawlck Is a desirable country to live in S6 Rivers 7..., » k Climate .'.'.....'.",'."*.*.!!*! M ■■ WlUUOlS ............................................. ,,,,jj _, J. ,, .^^. _... .^^^ JHft Wiial Btnuuceni say .m... I". ■ M Fisheries ' '* S Minerals * * " £ New Brunswick as a Maritime Ooontry V.*.i".".'.l'.*.'.'.'.*.*.ii' S ManufiMtures . / E Railroads " £ Education ' '* * Z Wages and Taxation , ' .' " Z BocialLlfeof New Bmiiswlok ',"^' S .vs ■r-r: ii CONTENTS. tt- Pbovincb of Qubbbo. BxtentandCapablUtlefi ^^" l^ver Bt. Lawrence ' fm OSlef ernes S lAnds Surveyed Ollmate. Ooyernmrat Lands. Talley of Banuenay. 40 40 40 Ottawa Valley !..!!!!!!. I!'.::""" 4} 41 Yalleyoftbe Mat it wan. Butpm Townships. Below Quebec Homestead Law. ■.. 41 41 42 Pbovincb of Ontario. Bitent and Growth 40 Occupations and Cities ,, IS BMiources , 42 Xtomand for Females ^ Farms and Lands 4? Xtesperityoflmmlgrants In Ontario !.*!!'.!! M Qtmate. i S Free Grant Lands , ■,*.■". fi OoDdUions of SnccesBfuI Settlement on theFree Onmts..... '.....' 44 Settler's Homestead Fund "^"..!;!!! m PnbllcLandaotber than Free Grants 45 Mines andJiftnerala ,",',' ^ Manitoba and Nobth Wbst Tbbbitost. Oeneral Featnrea 4a Productions— Letter ftom United States Oonstd ,.'.!'.. la LetterfromArchdeacort McLean... 40 Statement of Mr. G. B. Spence gn AiuIyaiB of the Sou, by a German Chemist .*.'.'.'*.'.'* a Bbitish Columbia. Dtvtelons, Harlxmi andlUveni ,... 53 Fisheries! •/•••^ •■."/! !".!.*.'....*..!!".','.'.'.'.'...'**'*'.*!'! m Agricultural Capabilities .....'' 64 KWW Lands .'...■.'.■.■* 54 WralWealth ...;.. S "ulaciores and exports .'..'.".'.*.' '66 ikte... ' ■■' 55 Rtton and Indians ............;.... 59 CBiABTSB, IV.— INFORMATION AND ADVICE FOR EMlGRANtB^ Bnigistlon CommlsslonexB jBmwratlon Agents Oflhaals wtab will correspond with Bmlgrants. Immigiiation Agents in Dominion ■Immigrattwi Depots and care of Immigrants. . JPersoBR who should XmlKrate £B{BOBawhoahoa*dnot£iDalKrate Tbuetofimlgmtc Best way to reach Canada Cantion In buying Tickets , , ^BoriiHraie Passage leoey.. ) on Arrivai'ln dtmada.*.'.' ■ of Wages ' MintLabor required. .. . fljtving ^Qwt^ll^sport to Maiutoba'. AMU^FlMBagefl . 67 . 68 . 68 , ;«8 . -69 CO , 60 . 60 61 )«a 62 M iS! .'^65 Y V, INFORMATION Y * I JOB INTENDING EMIGRANTS. FUBLI8HEP BY THE QoVERNNEN T OF CAJ^AJ>A CflAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. DSPABTMENT OF AOBIOITLTUBE, 1874. EMieRATION FROM EUROPE. Tbb oontjimous emigration from the old settled oountrieB of Surope, :^Yindpally from the tJaited Kingdom and Gfeimany^ to bisw eomitries in diff»renf parts ot the ^srld witiiin the last tifty years, is on* of thef most renuirkable futures of modem olyilLtati&. Abotit f^iNi> million persons emigrated fW>m Great Britain alone dirring the l«i8t*lii& Sara j And the morement does not begin to exhibit at^ iftign» of ik- ustu}n, but ratiier of inorease. It appears from the official statistios, ^published by the I^gistrar^General, that the natuni inoreaae off ^ .population in England is , very nearly a quarter of a-million a year tioii relieves both, while it builds HP powerful auid prosperous and ba^jft^ ooiiJmufuh(e»inh^thert»W!Mtep4«5e8of t^^ ^ Her 'Mf^eaty's Emigration Commissioners reported 1^tJ&7(%488^ sterling "were remlited m 1871, bjrvpersons who had emig^atedrlto 1%^ Amerioa^ BO&rJBs tiiey had Asoertamed. But t|^f»y in^^^^o J^«i« itji^ urge stuns remitted which they were unable to asoertiiufa. The r^i tanoes of this nft^re were not the hrgf^t in 1871. In 1864 tlb^ey jw<)t« ascertained to be £1,730,000 sterliag. The objeet tiiiit^ ^ ^^ii £17,886,799 Bterlfij*. fk\» « "^^^ - Z*^-- "The various manufactures incident to a comparatively new country, con- stitute an important and rapidly increasing biaich of industry ;S S cause a large demand for immigrant labour ^^ i«.H-"'^^*/1""^/l'J*''.^*^'^*'^'' ^""^ ^^^ foreste,and its manufactures, form a leading industry of the Dommion ; but not one to be much relied on for ^ly amved Immigrants, the vaiious descriptions of labour which it requires beinJ better perfonned by persons who have had special training in this country xSS vanous industries however, which have immediate sympathy withiri^a large demand for Immigrant labour. /"*i«v"jr wim it, mima a " The Fisheries of the Dominion, both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts are S^jHto^rS'''*'^*'''*' '"'^ *''''^* ^^'^ '"' "^^ P^rSifrSdT^U^ Vi«^" '^tL^^'T'"'' ^TT^^ r'^ extensive mining resources of almost every i^f, * li^ese offer a wide field for explorations, and hold out much promise St ififh "'*• Their present state of development caUs for a considemble «noS ^miZILTl ^« '^«°»*rJ'«<* *ha* tl»e classes which should not be induced to emigrate to Canada unlesaupon recommendation of private frieids and with a 2Z1^^T '^W *^"^'^^' *'^ P'«f««-i<»«l or literary mei,oi^ii't J shopmen. As a rule there is a tendency towards an over supply of appUcante for these callings from within the Dominion itself and unknown or Se?Sd mentsT ^^^ ^^""'^^'*^"''''* ^ *^^' might encounter ^^^c^TppSS i« n'^'^V^'^^^^^^^^^^^?:^^ "^^^ announced their intention to settle ^L "® "^® ""^ *^ *^ pamphlet is going throughJhe The following further statements on this point are quoted from the '"T°rj;S^1"'!?:Pil*i®^^"^*«'^5 Agriculture referred toV- > -„>_^ -!*•!" f^'^^'f""; =^""""=1= dUiAag iovl, MM well as for some years DravfoaMlv ?S^™ iUSS"*''* "^f^'^^ f""-*^*"^ «^ *^« ^^^ demandsTtheToS: Ihese are at this moment more importunate than ever v«u«iaj. *^Hr«iT?JlwS^fK **' ^"^'e""^'" which.might be absorbed by the immense K ?w Iw •^t'^^^^l-i/^"*: •'■■^- of the Dominion are practically unlimiced. It is a fiwt that more than trebk iiie number of the oidiiwy yearly arriwdsOf Jmmigrant. could be absorbed without making any glut Ke Sbour^Slt? That IS about 120,000 a year for the labourZirkftf bS SL is nit^^ 10 coDBideniWe number y«ir%iZ^t£ou^^^^ ^ Canada to settle, a very States, the St. LawreLTiS thStesJ ^d^^^^^^^^^ ^'^ ff T^ *° ^^^^ UnitS the UnitedKngdom and tSe^estem sStes^ ^''* '°"*' ^'*'^*'«'' *»»« ?«'*« Of . or rxger than.that o/a»TiXn on th7glX^*^°^ of a population- as large treaaXt°X7r;,f^LlSa^^^^ -" »>« FARUBIts' SONS. • ing their money, in onler to!^ fhl r^^^f ^/^^'^ ^*''"*®'' ''^^o^^ invest- thi peculiarity of cWtl A^ S "^^ of formmg practiced in Canada, preclution^ha^elortXfr'm^^^ ^"'^""^ ^^^ ^»^« neglected thi^ Next m order of the points to be touched are the POSITION AND EXTENT OP CANADA this vast territory arf «nU,v^KiI „ a^IT ' . X®^ ^S^ portions of wJ&tleUthe!^ta. '*"' "° »'»<'«»'l>«r the largMt and most JV»il*rgi ~^^-S°"""¥^J" x)"!?" ■»««« of the h«,t ,„,d mh«it toort SrHloPniiS'SS' '"'' "^^ "iou*«id, of sqiiwe mUes of the ti» Wi«e „s^i?j:!^'„r*.S,S' - ^^^^ ^ ' . \ ■ ■> 11 It has also Coal Fields of immense extent in the Provinces on both \\A coasts ; and it is believed that altogether the largest coal deposit of th« world lies imder the surface of its riSi and immense tract of Prairie land east of the Rooky Mountains. Is has gold, silver, coj^per, iron, lead and other mines of great richness; and almost every description of the most valuable building materia ; also petroleum, salt, peat, &c. The immense rivers and lakes of the Dominion furnish the grandest facilities of water communication. The sailing circle, from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to Europe, gives much the shortest distance across the Atlantic. The line across the continent to the Pacific is by far the shortest for a railway ; the conditions for its construction are tbe most favour- 'ftble ; and the Gauad,an passes through tiie Bocky Mountains are the easiest. On the Pacific coast it has the same favourable commercial conditioiu, with the finest harbours. The water system of the St. Lawrence and the great lakes constitutes one of the most marked features in the geographical formation of North jAmei'i^ and leads directly IVom the Atlantic to the North West pf tbe Dominion. And from the head of Lake Superior, with the exception of a few interruptions, which can be easily overcome by canals, another system of lakes and rivers extends navigation across the continent to the foot of the Eocky Mountains; by means of which the products, in the future of this immense territory, will be borne to the sea->boiard. More than 3,600 miles of railway are already in operation within the Dominion, 1,100 more miles are in process of construction, and many more are projected, besides t^e projected Pa6itio Bailway, which will in time be bnilt: the length ofwhich will be 2^500 xniles. It has grebt Variety of clunates, from ine Arctic to that of alniOst the niost southern of the temperate zoiies, modified by the influence of the great lakes. The climates of the settled portions of the Donoinion and of the lands ■open for settlement are among the most pleasant and hei^thy in the world, and favourable to the 'highest development of human energy. Tne Dominion of Canada must, therefore, from these facts, becotil9, in tile not distant future, the home of one of the most populous and - -powerful peoples of the earth. As at present constituted, it is divided into eeven Provinces,, vis:'— Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, BritiBh Co- lumbia and Prince Edward Island; together with the vast unorganiMd North West Territory, out of which in time other Provinces will come to " bo formed. Every Immigrant will have an inheritance in the gr^eat future of the Dominion, and help to build it up. 12 Ohipteb II._FACTS ABOUT THE DOMINION. STATIOTICS OF CANADA. The Btatistioa of the Dominion show fhaf ui. j gress within the last few ye "a and thar.Ma *-ii ^^- "^® wonderful pro- . Preliminarily it may Wo^inS thL *k*'"^'*°'"« '•>• in Canada are Dollars JdCen1vijthn,!ih "»®/«*»on»ination8 of money Shilling and Pence ar^leg^ iuf the s*vBte«^t^T'"**'°"^ of Poun«5^ decimsS, is much more oonveiuent tw Po.JnHt «i?p^*" *^^ ^^""^ ^^i morever, being in use all ov^ tU SnSt'o^&'^^?*""«' *^eLuL*«H*^^^^ ^al«e of (•) 18 used to indicate the dollar «>«ated ||; 6 Dollars. This sign Uni^s'K^t'ntuisIr?^^^^^^^^ but in th. w^cy," that 'is, the Tl^S^^Xn^m^^'i E'SX ^^*i? '^^«'^"«"' discount. The premium on cold iriX^^rv^ ^^^^-^ .^"^J®°« *<> *»«»»y •nd it has been LuchrgJer.^^it flucJ^t^lf "*"'* "" ^^'^ ^^*«^ ^"^^ ABBA OF PROVINCES AND TERRITORY. Nova Scotia Square Miles. New Brunswick ..'.".'.*"*.,'..'.* S'l^i Quebec 3'^22 nnto..;^ 193.S5S m^^^ • •-. 107,780 . North West Te;;itoii:::::::;;;;;;";; oiiv'?^ British Columbia....:. ^JS'H Prmce Edward Island "^'V^ • •••... 1^173 3,346,681 ;' I i 1 ] t 18 noN. h lerful pro* of money f Pounds, ints beins noe; an<^ t nomen- kg is sub- 1 sterling. erling. • ». d. 01 4 l| 16 5| 6| le Fennj value of riiissign t in th« id "our- o heavy IStatefly I The area of the whole of the continent of Europe is 3.900 000 soium mfles; thearea of the United States, exclusive of AlaeW is ffl 588mSS! maes,-that of Au«ka is 577,390 square miles,-^m^edrS3rinlS 978 nules . Thus the Dominion is over four hundred thotttand sauaro dSim krger than the United Stat^?,- without Alaska. """«™« square miles ■ POPULATION. The Census of the four Provinces of Ontario. Quebec. NAwnmnanrfoV. Jfl Nova Scoty, was, taken in 1871 and that oAT^'S^lZ^Zt^ m 1870. The foUowmg Statement shows the population, toaeST^S SJrito "^ population of British Columff and Se^SrtT Wert Nova»Sootia ^""^si^^^' New Brunswick 28/^777' ^f^ '.*...,.*.' l,19i;676' Ontario.. 1 620 8sn Manitoba (in 1870) u'm North West Terri'ory (estimated) .'. as! 700 British Columbia (estimated) 60 000 Total Dominion 3,576,656 T>,^P*-^°"°S°*^ Statement shows a comparison of the population by ^Sfm- '" '^^ ^^ Provinces of the DonSmV^^lSn 187L 186L . Inoreuask Ontario Inoreaae..... ''''' Quebec ^ Increasp. !...!.!!!!*" 1,^,861 "'ia'im" 1,890,001 1,111,668 80,009 262;067 88,748 m,m 66,948 16.10 New Brunswick. . , Increase .!!'.',!" NoraScotla. Increase '..'.'.'.'. 7.29 i8.na 17.31 Increase. 8,48«,00S 3,090,661 12.80 Itmay be remarked, with reference to these ratios of increase. thatthuM ...... -..,., ,..^^^^,ixjj ^ ti-- .^yi.-j5ua oj ij5Qi yjg eon-ection of wMch wmvld the decenniad has been quite as great as that of the United SteS * The settlement ofthe great iforth West of the DomiSon is ^*lv i.«t « ■'«"i ^.nigKsi- 14 ii' Great aooeleration of the ratio'of Oie inorewe of population in Canada nrtjr, therefOTe, be looked tor, whilA that of th» UnitedStatei has alreadv been oheoked. ' CENSUS OF RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. AdyentlBti. Baptlsto African AMoolatlon Baptlflt* FreeWUlorChmtlan Union Tuokerft ;. Bible BeUevera, iChrlatlao.. r ' ■ " Brethren } PlymowUi- ( United .TT. Oatholloa, Romau Ohrlstlan Conference... . Gburoh of England [aUpnwl , - Joal Aasoolation. _ Ohoroh IrvlnglteB Jews Lutherans Mtfbomdtahs , /Methodists Wesleyan..., Bplscopal Methodists £^l^n^M▼e•••••^ ^^ New Oonneotlon . . . British Bplsoopal . . . Oalvlnistlo Bible Ohristtans..... Mormons . Paeans.... Presbyterians ■ Presbyterians Canada & Lower Provinces. . . Gohueoted with Oh. of Boot.. Reformed Evangelloal Union Amenoan ProtMlaQto, tf*IOtAI* TVa'WrtWW I W**M ♦IrkWn ««... ^ (Atheists. Without Creed { JMata. (NoB«fligj^. 60,847 230,485 63,107 11,818 153, 492 76,427 21^63» 3,722 4,105, 117 1,U»8 l,9a7! iSl 1 48 876 1,401 1 22 151 g 180 96 21 78 m 647 3i 21tt 1,191,616 66 76 882 286,694 ••* 1 Canada ' ^ i I already Sooua. 19^092 . 89 US 10 1 IS 130 96 78 M7 210 72 44 ' mfioi 1,656 55»^ ■f^ 8^688 , Itt 1« lit 4,96S 1,86a 38,088 40S 87 i 1 i 1 94 ) 16 ORIGINS OF THE PEOPLE. Afrtoan Dntota.. BoffllKb Frenob. Qerman Greek Half-Breed Hindoo.... Indian... - IrlBh ItaUan , Jewlsb , Buulan, PollBh. Boandlnavlan. Scotch Bpanisb, Portuguese Swiss Welsb , Various Other Origins Kot given , Totals IMPORTS AND EXPOBTS. Nothing can show more clearly the wonderfully rapid progress of Canada in the career of prosperity— and particularly since Confederation —than the figures of. its iotal trade.. They exceed the anticipations of the moat sanguine. In 1866-67 the total trade amounted to $94 791 860 • in 1871-72 it reached $194,070,190; and in 1872-73, it had reached the very large figure of $217,197,096, showing that the volume of trade had very much more than doubled, in fact it had almost trebled, within that penod. For the purpose of comparison, we repeat the figures showmjr the total trade for the two last decenniads : — o -^ I^«w«- Total Trade. }f^^ $29,7a3,497 ]lll 34,805,461 ]l^l 35,594,100 "53 55,782,739 \lli • 68,648,615 1855 64,274,680 Jf^g 75,631,404 llll •. 66,437,222 looo ..,..- . , -. .-^ 52,56Q.4S! 1859 58J299J242 Between the years 1860 and 1869, inclusive *b,e total. tradej^shows as fellows : }JS? "" •••• ;8,955;093 JJJ2 ..• ••.- isMm 1863 81,458,335 .<*.; [■ 16 1««4 i yew. M«M. :: 1866.7... 1867^ mlt: :::: S'«'^«*. : «M44.981 ; fM79,738 ir,^0 ;";''^--''«b,epCe«rSr'- ^«t t^o .^ three '^0,266,589 2^ ?,1 97,096 -o~ -« mo toi ^ THAM 0, Canada DnRi,« p,3,, ^ejfroBs value of GooHa • . **" """*" *^'W» 30tb !«», ^•tlpeofEiportiVo;—; ; T!.^^';''^^^S30^ i«P»g»tetiudeoffh«n , ••••.".'.' ^^26,886523 do d.®^**''»"-? ; :: ivm^Si; i>o' ^----iSl^Uu,-:^ -........■ ^*> 1870-1 Increase . . , , . f.195,682 00 •••• 31,896,816 00 •••• 30,976,642 00 *«»»ce Of the Mi„, ' '^'^°«'^« of tosh ^0 FlRh«rtJ-"** 1871.9 ,_.. "•■'-•"-^v.v.:;::;;;;-----..:::;:;:::;: • • • • • . • • • • «. •;...;.. .^»»,«6 3,98o;oir 44.981 »I,860 >7,879 '9,948 »wt three r,»29 ',889 ,190 ,096 M trade '88,523 10,573 97,098 30 77 SO 00 13 00 00 2 00 1 00 ( 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 >o 2i 17 It thus appears tiiat the product of the forvirt i* \^^ fw, ^k^ i \ ,. -the export, of thoDomiaion. "^TUc folS^^':;:'i,l%^l^^;^^_!: ^^^ «€ R Ku- By R*ll or Inland K^':r.S2 K- ii..;.-: ■ • ■ • ^ *t^p^ By Rail or In; land Narlga. tion. Value. HorscB QAC4 Homed Cattle ^'ViZ. •Sheep ■.■.".■.■.'.■.■.■."■■ 319413 Poultry '...'. . . .'. Pork, Beef and other Meats . . . . '. ', '.'.., . Butter, cheese and eggs Lard and Tallow [,'] Hides, Pelts, Horns and Hoofs. ,,,....".' WOOi. , ^ ^ 2 OAfi 'S^' Purs, dressed or undressed... '.'.,' .'.'.'" ' ' " Of agricultural products cxported'during the the principal items :— Wheat, Bushels 4To'6 830 Barley, Rye, Beans, Peas, and Oats, Bush e'oio'ooo Indian Corn, Bush 717 666 Flour and Meal of all kinds, brlV. ...... ' Seeds of all descriptions not named above Hops, lbs Tobacco, lbs ..!'.'.".!!!! Fruits and Vegetables ...... ....\ * $ same By Sea, Value. 41,362 117,309 39,003 286 4,478 893,394 3,220,805 138,223 42,276 14,567 224,122 year, the By Sea. Value. $4,165,900 803,112 402,229 621,551 327,489 124,712 PUBLIC ACCOUNTS OF CANADA. . $ 878,6SS 673,03f 916,778 12,863 84,608 1,347,680 3,374,706 91,561 436,846 1,443,233 218,193 following are By Sail or inland Nft- ▼igatioa. Value. $1,891,976 3,321,78r 11,764 2,477,497 1,396 2,8^7 400 266,846 From the Public Accounts, tm laid before Parliament thA f«n«»; comparatire statement of receipts and exDendituri Tf S^k ?i *?".o^»C <^ada for the four years endeS Jre 30thri87J L taken ^^1^^^ ^ ''•/ii^*''^ t^^ *''*^""»"«' ^'>r ^^^ fiscal ye^rs isii 7 2 I872.7J ar« ^Jf** piled from the monthly statements in the OffiHal oLtut ' "" Customs Exoiae Poet Office, In- clndlnsr Oasau i^tage "and Money Orders Public Wcks, . Inoludlng Bail- ways. Bill Stamps..... Misoellaneous. . 1>3ta]0 1887-68. 8,678,380 09 3,002,588 16 625,69180 901,466 41 119.712 83 660,069 30 1868-69. 13,687,928 49 8,2?i,879 78 2,710,028 43 636,816 14 918,932 80 129,661 81 1,812,358 S7 1869-70. 14,879,174 62 9,8;«,ai2 98 3,619,622 47 678,065 81 1,006,844 67 181,047 22 843,032 47 ^S. 1870-71. 11,841,104 66 4,295,944 72 61!^630 67 1,146,240 25 183,319 42 1,256^82119 1871-72. 16,612,236 66i 19^ 888.660 HI 12,287,821 4,7381830 662,879 1,110,981 189,616 1,319,97a SMO^IKI 1872-78. I2,747,M6 4.4681671 83^106 1.229.988 «,lM>Wt ^Vl«-■' »»«»»,»,»«., Ih I I /!. Ift UUi uiiNfiWllon Ih6 feftture of incroaee ia »ery noarked since th* The following com, iratite (^tntonipnt of cxpend.ture of tho Dominion dwnng four year, corresponding Ih also Ukon from tlio Public Accounto Mid that of the fifth your corroHponding ih compiled from tho monthlv •ti»tement» in tho O^Wai(?a«e//c:— m tno monini> ♦U^4»«,092M 114,080,084 00 $14,846,600 M *l6,tej,P8l 72 ^l^jJiifoTl Saojffi). » Pf ^'i?' Bovenue for tho six years was |1 03,;}63,G08 ' Total Expenditure V6,308;551 Shewing a surplus in the six years, of. $ 6~1 52,940 Itia, however, to bo remarked that in the fiscal year 1872-3 thoro was a deficiency ot $037,543.24 . It may bo further remarked that tho ex- penditure in those years i eludes payments towards Sinking Fund and several items which were formerly charged to Capital Account to be tnuwferred to Consolidated Fund. "^ "^ During four of these years there was an expenditure on Canital Aoooont out of Income of |6, 104,027 »8. vapiu.! le not debt of the Dominion in 1872, deducting assets, waa 182 187 072; he net interest |5, 302,81 2 80 j the average rate of interest 5 41 per <*«nt. rhe net debt amounts to $21 72 per head, and the net interest to ft 20 per head. The debt of Canada was incurred for the construction of public works which are of the gieatewt service to the country, and will continue to be M in inctfeaaing ratio with the increase of population, whilst the cost per head will be thereby correspondingly diminished. None of the debt yma mofeiredinthewasteofwar; and the triHing interest which each person m.the Dominion pays for it may be said to be the rent of magnificent public works, which have m^e the country rich and prosperous. These public works are being immensely extended by the buildmg of the Intercolonial rtail way; the enlargement of the Canals: and the tt>n. etrnction of othei orks for communication across the contment, ' , . STATISTICS OF BANKS. "Hie foUowing statement shows the paid-up capital and deposits in the chartered Banks for tho last five years :— "pwoiw, m Yeww. Paid up Capital. Deposits. • ff« $28,629,048 $30,168,636 ??!? 29,651,674 36671432 1870, 1871. 187a., 1873. 31,450,697 36,415,210 45,134,609 r«i> 102,939 Thepe figures do xu h^ i , sr i chartered Banks in the ^kx,,, i«3i', 50,229;788 56,763,066 64,720,489 68,677,117 inoludn ♦be returns of quite all the as thre.) .four in the Maritime Pro '/jf > i*jir ohsjrtspii to makft 1 ▼XBces, not being obligt:>i2 llmished any. The increase in Banking Capital in 1871 over 1870 was $6,614,377 or ne5rlT22percent: in 1872 over 1871 was $8,719,390, or 23.92 percent; md the increase of 1873 over 1872 was $9,968,350, or 22.08 per cent. The Jnereaee m 1873 over 1870 is $25,301,946, or nearly 85 per oint. Nothing ; ^ l'-< it Cftn ihoi? more decifciTfily iLan tlioi^e ligmtH, the coutimuHl and itwulv pr1.87 UUier Qovenimeut do •_• 958 1 70 8'» Montroat City nnd PJhtrUt do .... * " ". * . . " ' '. ', . a,Tm\i21 f.O $11, n 12,2-13.46 llie amount of those eavlngH depositod in institiitioua from which we hftveno r«ttifn la no doubt vory consideinbie. Tho total p mount of Jknown Depoflitn in the Dominion ia thus : Chartered Fnnkn 20 ^ousand miles due south, and make the same change in ol,m»»^^ . would were he to migrate to Palestine, lndep^nden?^Ta;£«vS*&Si!* thafciH,muHtgofroma cliniate of ooip««tWy . cbol SS^ humid atmosphere to one of intense heat and Bevere^nSfM?' t,?^^ who migrate from tlie north of Eneland from .WTa«^ »roHgft«*; Thtttt& -de^ toKansa., Central Missouri ?r^utSn^llS' ^,T^^ ^'^ ^''^■ stil greater change of^griculture, for theyS up T S «f'i''?®''«i» grams, pastures andmeadows, wit'h their ^SpTnVhig &«?«&£* r.f rl f ^"'?,v®'' ten\Peratures of England are from 60 © to 6'> o . lu^^L , of Central Illmois, Missouri and Kansas, 75 o to78o LonL^ ^T sunmier months, from July to AuRu^t) has 61 o . Liverpool 57 o^ ^Sjf >mburg,57 I- Dublin 60 o . the Central Counties ofC and 6->o' ?k" Northern Provinces of Prussia, 62 « • the Centi-Al Pr««^? '.. 1 ' *^® 63 o ; Berlin, 64 o 5' : Denmark (Central) 6'' o 7 h.7Vun ?* F'"^^ Illinois, 75 o '; Kansa^ and Missouri IJghL still, 7^7 o" Jo 78 ??"*'^^ ^""^ "^ These latter temperatures are 15 <= to J8 © hicher than flm^« «f v SeJ^a^eSX^SrSe^Sa £ ^^^ ^^^ rains, are conditions of ' climate" Lorh^trSKlanT. iK^tf^'l temperatures without rain are destrSe^f arv^fe^n'- -nJ v^^ temperatures, with an insufficiency of mil give onhr imnS.k*f "* ^'^^ Those parts of the States just named vSv mucwL3 IP^ ^'^^P^- Arabia, Persia, Syria and Independent TaXv 11^ Palestme, similarly situated on the continents-both are 'n [he z^nS 1?IT ^'^ mer droughts, high temperatures, arid winds and ranid T«.^ .^® '^- withthi« important feature in faVour TSbeAsiaSclunT^i^^^ 'iV^ , nearer the ocean and Mediterranean Sef wWch r^nLTf hi f~*^T ^'* more humid, and modify the di-oughts ® atmospher^ North of these desert and semi-desert areas, both in the old and ««.« worlds, he the zones of summer rains and rr^t»^L\\L . . "®^ atures, two elements of climatTSiost favouJ^bleC Z^^^ In Europe, the capacity of the Tntrarand h £ latit^es' ?of fJ^T co^ser grains, pastures and meadows, hS^ been fuJy ZtS'^A acknowledged. On this continent similar climates are nroH.in^!; ? m iBifects Throughout Canada, from the AtWiS to IlklZTSr'^^. great staples of the central and higher portions of thrtemSe 1^2 produce better, surer and more abundant crops than in anvT th? ^^ to the southwest of the lakes. Along the vXvso?/ hi uZ \ * ■ -^ *?*^ Saskatchewan and Mackenzie Rivers for mCfC ^Lrfl: ^^f'^'^bo'.r' north ofthe United States boundar^,'';hrtYJ^^rSoSS"S^^^ far more abundant return than the best portions of thf Tp/blio a^nJ Where wheat ripens in such positions we have the best cStes for th^ coarser grains, gra.sses, and root orons. Barlpv. t^Z LslTiiV^L^^"" i'oot c,op.s grow twelve hundred m'iles north 'of the boundarv"" 'm^ •.tated-the high latitude to which «.<»<, ptateTo-^LtJe ,^?f ?W ■!(•%■■': 21 \ ^"*^<>* ^®*® fertile regions and west of the 100th meridian, these plants either fail entirely or succeed but imperfectly over a vast extent of tountry, from climatwi defects— chiefly from a deficiency or entire absence - ©f ram during the agricultural months, accompanied with high summer temperatuires, and OTer the States lying immediately east of these desert arcM, the summer heat ia too great for the profitable growth of these Eroducts, and the rain fiill deficient, or rendered insufficient through igh temperatures and rapid evaporation. The most southern part of Canada is on tlie game parallel as Rome in Italy, Corsica on the Mediterranean, and the northern pait of Spain— further south than France. Lonabardy, Venice or Genoa. The northern shores of Lake Huron are m the latitude of Central France, and vast ter- ntories not yet surveyed, embracing many million acre,s of land of good qnahtyliesouthof the paraJiel of the northern shores of Lake Huron, where the clmiates are favorable for all the great staples of the temperate aonefi. * ■ It may be interesting to look at the climate of Canada in the light of ' i^ P|i?""? „r^' ""^ ^'*^ ^" ^>e^> some quotations will be made from Mr. Marshalrs recent (1871) work on Canada, because his opinions are those of a well-informe4 stranger, and one who tells as that he entered C^ada without prepossessions in its favour, meaning, as we infer, thit ho was prepossessed unfavburably towards the country, having come into it through the States, and, like many Englishmen, received his first im'preS- , sions ol Canada, both before he left England and afterwards, from Aineri- cans. ' Mr. Marshall visited aq agricultural show which represented only the country around London, Ontario. Of this, he says :— " The fine display of prodnce surprised me. Wheat, barley, oats and other oereals were well represented. Maize showed excellent samples. The roots and vegetables were surprisingly fine. A field pumpkin which I measured was four •eci ten inches in circumference ; a squash eight feet three inches, weighing 150 >b8. (We have seen them 350 lbs., open air growth. No better ilhistratioa could be gf ven of a stimmer semi-tropical in heat and of great duration, than the maturing of the piimpkii^S ahd squash of such great size.) The potatoes were the finest I have ever UoeUl There were a great number of varieties ; citrons, melons, marrows and tomatoes, were also exceptionably large and fine." ^ " It is difficult to iipeak of the return of grain commonly yielded to the farmer **"**»■ country. I have seeu some fields that yielded forty bushels to the acre. (N« doubt, in a new country, where many turn farmers not before aoquaiated with it, the average yield gives a, poor idea of the capabilities of the soil.) I remMked one morning a particularly poor looking crop of Indian corn. On the Sunday, in the same county, I wialked througli a field of forty acres of this spendid Slant, growing to a height of eighteen to twenty feet, and yielding thirty-seven ana to the acre as food for cattle. I plucked an ear nearly ripe, eighteen inches Jong, and counted Bix hundred grains on it" (p. 79). " Usually there are two ears sometimes thnee on one stofck' or stem— not of course all so large." , " Upwards of a hilrtdi'ed varieties of aoDles were exhibited. For cooking there were the Cayuga, Red tttreak, or twenty-ounco Pippin, an imposing fruitj tteasnnng Bometisaes over fifteen inches ; the Alexander, of glorious crimson; the red Asttachan or Snow apples, so named from the whiteness of the pulp; the bravenstem, Baldwin, and many others. For dessert, there were the Fameuse. K'"' '1 I- ■ ( I, 22 -Eoglond and sold ao American, their natioaality being lo«t •' ro 77 \ « Vrun and vegetables Krow generously. Melons and tomato^ groVSually with*« potato, pea, turnip, and the rest o* the Tegetablw kio?^ in PwL„^ rS grape thrive, well, llaspberries. (Htrawben^e^XtbSS^^bSmK 1^ BideS„*5tmigS.""^' P'"*'"^' considerations Jorthy of the con- LAND SYSTEM. • ,,^i;««ai-ds the land sjHtem of the Dominion, it may be stated that m the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick Nova wf« 7 ^ Bnti«h Columbia, with the e Option ^f a tr^Un SXi n^med P^lln^ ceded to the Dommion for the purpose of the PacifirRailwav fhT ia„^' are held by the .overal Provincial GovernmeL In s^Sf fl?e iS? ym5e«free grants are given to Immigrant, and in aTmos? all (SsePS which Oovernment land i8 for sale, it % offei'ed at prices which arA^t J nominal and whioh ,v.l3y only amourrt to se^lem?n dutT^ iTmS L^ he stated that partudly cloarea fam.s, with the neo^slry SdinL e7ectS thereon, may be purchased in almost any part of tWDominiol tf^lti modera e prices, and on very ea.y toims o^f pa^men ThTaS from J ^ disposition very common all ever America on the part of farmed to Su out old settlements and take up more extensive new oni Sie fUuiUes ihm altorded fire particuhurly advantageous to tenant farmers or Se™ possessing small capital who come to ganada, as from th^ir previous E z:^^^^:;:^^''' ^° «-.ettieWntof wud A^;rp\i.T« The lands in the Province of Manitoba and the North West Territoi-r Tir^^l^ ^^-^ ^T^}T Government, which at pre^i t give? free gS of 160 acres in Manitoba on the condition of settlement wJniVm lands are also sold for Is . 2d . sterling per acre '^^"''^'"*'°*- I>ommion ■ iu ^'^'^,^?™""oni^nd8 are surveyed in blocks of 12 miles eouare and these blocks are subdivided intoTur Townships of s^ m3es souSe *aoh; these agam into thirty-six sections of one mile square, or 64oS each ; and each section into quarters of 160 acre* each. ' fioVidaHnt^V'^T ^'"^'^^ }^^ ^'•''''^' ^^'' V^°-' «^P- 23) amending and cou- theSmbiion '" '' '" ^'"""^'^ respecting the publi! lands Sf Under this Act the untenanted Dominion lands may at nresenfc h« purchased at the rate of $1 per acre (48. 2d. stg.); butnopurSeof more than . section, or 640 acres, can be mail irthe same p^son f«.^T"\,v^ purchase to be made in cash. But free granTof miarte; sections, IbO acies, are ma Detroit. 86! do Richmond to Trois Pistoles. ., . 344 d» Arthabaska & Three Rivers.. . 35 do ^ontreal and Province Line . . 40 ^ 8t. John and Rouses' Point. ... 50 do Buffalo, Ooderich & Detroit... 160 Total miles O. T. R 1,3«« : 1 m^ V 1 ' I ft 24 Cbeat W<»tern Railway, (Niagam Palls to Wiudsor, *22r- do Toronto to HamUtoo. , ^ T 3» *> London to Earnia. of «o Wellington, Grey 4 Broc'e"* i2» do South IxtoMlon do flj *> Petrolia ...... •:• 66 *> Air Line .'..'.'.■,■ ! '.i :." " loo Jo Brantford ^^'Z < •••... j5 Total miles of G. W. R Inttircolonial Railway '•^ Midland Railway of Canada*. ^76 do I'ort Hope to Ukefieid .'.'!! ^^ New Brunswick and Canada Railway!.* ,^? Northern Railway 154- do . Muskoka Branch " ' ^^^ South Eastern Counties Junction* iteil*w;; ^3 St. Lawrence and Industry Railway. f^ St. Lawrence & Ottawa do ^^ Toronto, Grey and Bruce do ^* Toronto and Nipissing do ^^^ VCTmonfc Central ^^ Welland'^Llway^^T*'"^^^'^^^^ '' Windsor A Annapolis.. 26 • 106 Total miles of Railway "J^ CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. Jruc^oVSr^S^'SSi^^^^^^^^ Its CO.. BriUsh Columbia entSdth«TS„JfK*K^ the agreement under which ««l agreement r^5a^ by ju^riSfot^a'^i^'^^^ *^^ 7°'^ ""^^ WW, that work has not vAthAllJ^n^ V^* j*** circumstances, how- been located/idtCiXver a m^llinn H^n*^**,! '^t^'^ P*^* of the liiie h^ The Premier of +v^^«r X oi""on dollars have been spent ir survew *^'*^?^*' Btatedin^hiseLtiH* «ColumKia>-?."i? be necessary to "endeavor to ai-rance with firidSi ' •• oompleTion'of tS su^^^«*^«^**^' ^^^^ *?*??' *^ "^^ «^^"e time' for' the *'oe88iUto"mLtPnZn\{f>^^^ °^ the information ne- / 25 action, ip "vnik [th 490 work. 218 and ly as to of the ) con- whiob under , how- nehM rveye. on ad >r the n ne- lubse- ta, 80 itoelf, It Will be our policy to utilize the Pnort^n« .? .fiiT® .^^'^^ -S.Uw«{i..°"''P^V*^*^ "1"^^« *h« enormous stretchls <^nm7 « ?h!'I^L'1*&.^^"'^^<*>£» ^hich He between a point not far S*' »<»licy of the Government to '^obtain a speedy means iF^^m^SSiiS > facilitate the cr •" - - ^*^'''^"" 3 utilize the en n which lie betw ort Garry, and b n Bay, thus avoi > miles of railwj Jllars, and rende Becution of thoe o*«^„«»v J. •- •,sc»8 m a very b,gl, degree the eswntinl elemenU tor .ucoeM " « JSil^ffl T*'" '° ^mpletely that a trading vessel undor^nvS to " thM^^ii^di f« ? ^** ^^ ''®*"''" ^'^goe^ wowW naturally come It must how«JL K ""f *T *''' *]"'^^ ^««*^'' ^'^^^d'^^ "«k8 and expenaea.'' ♦i^«i'- . 1'^'.^°*'^®**'^^' understood that this advantace, eauivalekt W the distance between Vancouver Island and San FrancSS) ' vT ab^St JiJ^rh";^' l?'^«P«"d«»t of and in addition to thVeavinTof direct dS tance by the Canorhan route given above ^ St wil^.^"'^'''''H®*^*P*"^^»*»P^ific Railway connects with the tnJirfn'^*'^^T^°'*'^^"®^*»d Canals, which must, at no d^ tant day, command the great bulk of the trade of the Continent. ■• CANADIAN CANAL AND INLAND NAVIGATION SYSTEM. tionJ^rffS'*^*'"^ ?*"***.* '^®''® 'instructed to overcome the obstruo. ^e^ule^ ^^ navigation of river., and between rivers and tht --om^Sr« SlViJf rr«" n ?^"4 T^^ ^^^^'^^ uninterrupted navigation 4^i»4 miles, of which 7 1 1 are nrti6oial or canal navigation. ' -. J- / 21 Another canal sjst^m overcomes the difficulticB of the Oltamk between Montreal and the City of Otiawa. And a further syatem oneu navigation between Ottawa and Kingston. *^ r .^ still further system connects lAke Champlain with the navigatioD cf the St. Lawrence, " In Nova Scotia the St. Peter's Canal crosses an ibtbmus of half a mile, connecting St. Peter's Bay on the Southern coast of the Island of Cape Breton with the Great and Little Brn« D' Or Lakes, possessina a natural outlet into the Atlantic. * ■» "« » The system of the St. I^wrence and Welland Canals ie about to be enlarged so as to admit the largest size of lake craft, and so cheanea and facilitiite transportation. * The river system of the North West Territory affords thousands of miles of navigation. At present a steamboat can ply from Fort Garrr aJmost to the foot of the Kocky Mountains— a distance of more than a thousand miles as the orow flies. This immense inland navigation may be connected with the St J^wrence system at the head of the great lakes, by canals which will be comparatively easy of coustruction, which are quite within the means of the Dominion to construct, and which will undoubtedly be constructed at no distant date, to bear the produce of that immense territory to the Atlantic Ocean. The industrial development which must be thooonse- fiuence of opening such means of communication is almost too areat for imagination. e v « .«» _It is worthy of remark that when the produce of the West has floated down the great river St. Lawrence, it is then in the arc of the shortest satlmg across the Atlantic to Liverpool. A-ro '^^^, distance from Liverpool to Quebec by the Strait* of Bello-Islo la 47» miles less than that from Liverpool to New York. Tho shortest sailing circle across the North Atlantic is from Liverpool to Quebec, via the Straits of Belle Isle. v , v«. The comparative distances between Liverpool .nnd Quebec and New iork and' Boston may be stated a« follows .— Liverpool to Quebec via the Straits of Belle Islo „. 2 50*> Portland 2,750 Halifax , ''480 New York .....'.., 2 980 Boston ; .......!...'...'.. 2^895 The regul.<>.r route of steamers is by the Straits of Belle-Isle. By this route It 18 further to be remarked there are only 1,823 milos of ooeao navigation. The remainder of the distance, 825 miles, is inland or river navigation, which very much enhances the interest as well as the smooth- ness of the voyage, an important consideration for those who suffer from sea-sujkness. The St^Lawrence scenery is very beautiful. rasaerigers from Europe select the St. Lawronce route, because it -atioi'ds the most direct and shortest line to the very heart of the American continent. The Canadian Railway system connects as well with that •£ the Western States as of the Eastern and Middle States: and tho same remark applies to the system of canal and lake navigation. These facts account for the largo number ol emigi-ants who go to the United States by way of the St. LaWrenoe ; and it is certain that the number of the«e will inor ase ^» the advantages' of the route become lii h I J ffa. 1" 28 more and miote known in Euronfl It Kn.a u •Wtew^ that. these pa«enge« have left fe^'T^^^^^ •«» <^'t*itt States ; but nothing cS« be more al^urrfi JL^°**** ^ go to the United use .ade of thia rU ^.^^ f^^L ^aX" it^XenX*'^ '^^^ POST OFFICES AND TELEGRAPHS TeJelJTpJtn^^^^^^^^ Village, and tixe ABDual travel 11,992.898 • tha n nJ^K '^V^f *'^^ number of milac of 2,050,000 J the I^stal reVenue roS 7^7 ^1t''* \ ^'^ in ^Tear fl,Zll,m. The^mher of letters C^^^ luH P**''*^ expenditure O^c^^ in a year is about am iCn^St^^^^^^^ \t ^"^'f ^ Km|dom'Td t£^' n * "'"« «^^*«' than tKeUerl ' ' ""°'^'' °^ "^^^P^Pers .^a^fa^^^^^ mails between «a|igrant8took, of course, the Sne [ime:I ^^® ^'^^'^S^ P^«a«« <>** Tear. Average Parage In Days and Hoim. Mean. Bast West. 18as..... JMv. • • • , Wo..... nn Days. Houra. 9 » 9 9 20 i6 14 Days. Hours, 10 15 9 16 9 51 iO 29 Days. HoutB. 10 ft u lA 9 IT 10 09 Once per weeek c , Twice. ......!..".;;;; in ,? ITiree times a week.'.'.*.*.*.'. tj «/ Daily. ^^ m the Dominion. Columbia, are authorized to draw in Canada. AM , «.„ «utnorizea to draw on each oth«?L „ '*°*^ ^^ ^'''"ali lowmg are Ibe rates of commissibn:— PP"*^' "i*y require. The fol- ^prOersuptoflO . '^-"110 up to 20 i^"^"*- f "" " 40 ...."" .j^ 60 "::.::^ i§S:r::v::::::::::S Orei- 1$ it 20 40 60 80 « <{ Scents. (< ■•■M'lltm^iwtitim 29 » u 15 » IT 0$ tpaid. if paid lora it i» MOMBT OBDBBS WTTH OBBAT BRITAIir. Money Order OfiBcee in the Dominion also draw upon all Money Order ©ftoes m the United Kingdom for suma up t6 £10 stg,, and grant aa mimm orders under and up to that amount a9 may be needed. ' On orders up to £2 atg 25 cents. Over £2 and up to £5 50 « " 5 " 7 75 '< ' u 7 « 10 ^ II (( The telegraph is more used in Canada than in the United Kingdom Messages to places not more than 12 miles apart coat only 15 cents for 10 words; for places more than 12 miles apart there is a general uniform rate , ^'^Su (^- 8*g) Pt*^* 10 words; and 1 cent each for each additional word. The telegraph thereiore is put within the reach of the poorest man. * The Canadian telegraph system,' as well as the postal system, conneotB With every part of the globe. GOVERNMENT AND SOCIAL POSITION. i OOVERNMBNT. ,,. y^^ Government, formed on the principle of the Responsibility of Ministers to Parliament, the same as the British Government, is one of the freest ajid best ordered in the world . It is held in the very highest Side" PWP1«- The Franchise practically extends to every house The seat of the Federal Dominion Government is at Ottawa The several Provinces have Lieutenant-Governors and systems of Rea- ^^^^-J-u i'^^^x-^^^®"/"^®"*' forinedon the model of that of the Dominion Ihe Counties and Townships have also their Local Governments or Councils which regulate their local taxation for roads, echooh and other municipal purposes. ««« "•uor REuorox. ' , The utmost religious liberty everywhere prevails in the Dominion Immigrants coming to the Dominion from Europe, of every religious persuasion, will find their churches, and abundant facilities for the prao- tice of their faith . f "»^ > . EDHOATlOW, Means Of Education, f/om the highest to the lowest, everywhere abound m the Dominion. The poor and middle classes ckn send their chfldren to free schools, where excellent education is given; and the road to the coUeges and higher education is open and easy for all . In n a country m tne world is good education more generally "diflused than in Canada. In many thousands of caset the children of Immigrants who came to Canada without any means, in a state of poverty, very little re- moved Irom absolute pauperism, have rt^ived thorough education, and have the highest prizes which the country offers before them Wr have thus attained a state of well being which would have been impossible for them at home; which affords the most striking possible contrast with <^#fii^(M^^MWHm|Jtt^SyyHMB|f^i|^ «!i.*B«M, 39 ih* di«mal prospect which the wdrkhor«^ would have afforded for a Urga mfaaberof them. , * *!,„ „^nAral featnres of tba Dominion as a ,J2*KrS^ortJ'lSK'?rtrr,.l Province,. W,i„„i„. with t^e laost eastern. Chapter 1II.-PR0VI*N0E3 OF THE DO-MINIOJC. 1*1? p I' ii NOVA SCOTIA. •nu • •f^.mxtinn hartiin aiven regarding this rrovinoe is taken from, • little work wntteator^^^^^ Secretary, and published under the St^Htv S Si^ SoTS tL Licuteuant-GoVern^^^ and the Executive SS^ ThiT work present, the fact, clearly anl .aoomctly . GKNBBiL FH.VTURKS. iT^a*.*«»thftfc 'NovaSootia ia a peninsula^ lying between 43^ and He 8tate3 that «^^*f'^,'^'' , fi7« West longitude. It is oo nnected 46« North l^Kt^^'^'J'l^^BrSswick J^'iaJrow isthmus, about 16 miles With the f ^•o^'«°%''* f |,7fv^SrS iKCby 80 to 100 miles in width, wide; its area is about 300 "^''f^,'^ '®°Q south- west. The Province It. l^gt»?JXro'oo'&t.ret^ o^^^^^^^^ P-^ ?^"S,^ °' • anywhere." ^^^„ completely surwunded by the sea^^ probably none more so {n the «The climate is f t'^^'^^^y *Vi*"^ii=„h m^^ stations place this Province world. The l^««^th returns 1^^^ the Britis^m^ propVaon to the popu- ^^f tor a Urgft (liniou afl a I, beginaing.. INIOX. i taken from Hits, by Mr. 3d under the e Executive een 43'^ and is 00 nnected boat 16 miles ilea in width, [•he Province irt consists of tit icr tillage, in many parts small, quiet^ 1 would afford )f our autumn be surpassed ;limate of Nova nion; but such — A*k.>>' itnrla nf li v»'»**— I*— — ' — -- ivince is almost more so in the ;e this Frovince ion to the popu- rica. Theinha. 31 lilaDte live to a good old age. There are many people now in this. Proving -»... hiiv» rimed their one hundredth year. ^ i^ V ^ '^^^ la ihis Frounce who SOIL AND THK PRODObTlON THKRKOr. " The fertihty of the Roll in the agricultural districts is unsurpasst^ as i8 evdenecd by the fact that, m quant ty and quality, the productionsTf o^r ' fams arc eq«al,and in many caseg superior to those of Great Dritan, for instance ^ ordiards produce larger and Oner apples than arc grown in any 'other i>ftrt of t" V lo Jl *",^^<',?»«1' f^V'^^i «»V»' "," ^""•""t". gooseberries, strawberries, mspborries bUckberrie«^)luebernes huckleberries, &c., are very abu'ndant, both inawUd tSito and cultivated. Our wild strawberries, although small, arc remarkal"; r chVnd high-flavorcd ; indeed, they are far more delicious than iny of the cultivated so^ bmks '^ "" country m the world produces a greater varrcty or abundancoof^^j i. *^!'w' f"'" «»^™o^«oP« a«-e also excellent, the average production of which in the Western counties 18, as nearly as it is possible to come at it as followa - Wheat, per aero, 18 bushels ; rye, 21 do., barley, 35 do. ; oats. 34 io.TbuckwheaT !!*'*'•,' '«««!? ''T' '""'"'°] *2 *^^- ' *»^'»'P« 420 do. ; potatoes, 260 do • maniold wtimel, 500 do ; beans, 22 do. ; tind hay, two tons." ' ™*°«<>'<^ " The above is a general average of the crops in three counties ; but there are many farms whHh,b«ng highly cultivated, produce crops that ate ruly astoniT- mg. For nstance, in King's county, a few years ago, I knew a farmer who in one season raised on a little less than one acre of land '/our hundred Zd t7r^! Z^2 ¥ potato,,; and in Annapolis county I have frequently seer^rty bushed of shelled corn raised on an acre. In Colchester county forty-six bushols of ^2 have been produced per acre. Mr. James E. Rathbone, ofLower Horton in^!S county ot Kings cut last summer five and one half ton's of ha^ftwo crojs) fronV :z::^ri:s!:^:rz;^r'^ ^^^ ^" ^« ^« ^^ ™*-<> - ^^^ -- pieST^o'z "Beets, carrots, parsnips, beans, peas, squash, pumpkins, melons tomatoes Ac are raised m large quantities. We sometimes ^ee squash at our AgSCi exhibitions weighing from 100 to 1 50 pounds each." Agricultural, " Broom com, sorgiim (Chinese sugar cane), and tobacco have been success- fBlly grown, a proof of the warmth of the climate and fertility of the soil" ^ 41." '^^^ "J^F^ °J ^""^J timothy and clover and coarse 'salt-grass,' that are raised, on the dyked lands and marshes, m the counties of Han^ kS^ AnrnZlS Cumberland are sometimes almost incredible." -^unapoiis ana . "w7^T1 ?"*■ ***".'' °^ 2?'^® ^^^-^ of """otl^y antl clover taken oflf a single e,besidesa light second crop late in the season." »»i"Siti -'Hemp can be raised here in perfection, but none is grown. By way of cxoe- " Every farmer keeps a few sheep, but the flocks are seldom taken proper care •nf A^.T^K f "^''^"gh-bred shepherds, who would introduce the best breeds !™tii f ^'» ^i ''*'°* producing and for mutton, would, in a few years, make a snud fortune. There is a great deal of land suitable for the purpose in every county, and even among the wild lands there are laige tracts of open roueh Dastnre. that miirhf Im w,o.i., f-inahlo n'm— •-*—•--• " • - " upo", rouga little expense!""" " ^ o^ma-.^tainias raat nocssoi sseep afc a very If i» J! ST° "'^»* be succoesfully and profitably cultivated in the counties 6f S!i^^^ °i,*v^P^°*- ,An"°»berof English hop growers would do well, as thwre is a good home market for the article." wv^ "oi., •«« acre. 82 frOTlliS'.''^ '^""'"'^ "^''* ^ extonrirely and ptoflUblj pr«Kxuted ia tkk '> Farmer in Novti Hcotia raise a good deal of pork for their owj) ase sad for market, and many of the farmen,' wives obtain considerable ptwket money by th« 8al« of poultry and eggg They also make a great deal of yJirn, which they kS and weavj Into socks and warm clothes for their own wear and for sale." PIAT LAKOfl. 'quired for fuel !■ Wora Scotia, because, at present, there is plenty of coal and wood," ' . t TUB PBODCCTION OF TH» SEA AND BIVKRB. "The fiBheriesof Nova Scotia have long been celebrated, and indeed theyara so valuable that the protection of them has yamed a great deal of dispute betweoa the governments of Great Britain and tht United States. The Americana wIm have jio valuable fisheries on their own coasts, are constantly encroaching ," In some seasons our bays and harbors teem with fish of various kinds— Mackerel, herring, cod, haddock, halibut, hake, pollock, shad, smelt, perch, eels. *c. Lobsters are abundant, and are usually sold in the Halifax market at about one ^hilling per dozen. " Good sport is afforded in spoaring lobsters at night by torch-light. Wo hare a plentiful supply of shell-flsh, viz., oysters, scallops, clams, quahaugs, mussels. Ac. Indeed no country m the world can ' produce a greater variety of sea fioh. ot in greater abundance. Our rivers and lakes afford salmon, trout, and Krayliir • and we have no lack of the disciples of Isaac Walton. Any boy with a beanpole' a half^ozen yards of twine, with a hook on the end of it, and a few angle worms orgrasB-hoppers, may go out in the morning and kill as many trout as will do a large family for breakfast. In some lakes they are quite large, and are taken a« heavy as tour or five pounds. In other lakes they are small, seldom weighina more than one pound. The little brook trout is an excellent pan fish • the pnnce of all the trout tribe is the sea trout. This fish is taken in large numbers at the mouths of rivers emptying iuto the Atlantic." WOODS AND FORESTS. " Nova Scotia contains vast tracts of woodland, which produce timber for «hip-building, and for manufacturing into lumber for exportation. Millions of feet of pine, spruce, hemlock and hardwood, deals, scantling, &o., arc annually shipped from the diff'erent ports in the Province to the West Indies, United States, Europe, &c. We also supply the ports of Massachusetts with thousand* of cords of firewood. Oak, elm, maple, beech, birch, ash, larch, poplar, spruce, pine, hemlock, etc., all grow to a large size. There are many other kinds of tree^ but they are chiefly ornamental rather than useful." " The sap of the rock maple tree is manufactured into sugar and syrup. The former, of which some tons weight are annually made and sold, is used chiefly as .. .......„..,, ,~ „3VM tto •-ttrr.vit.-. xsyta navo a aciicious uavot." " In our forests may also be found numerous small trees and shrubs whick are valuable for medicinal and other purposes, among which. are wild cherry sumac, rowan, sarsaparilla, elder, alder, hazel, bay, etc. Wild flowers are ia great profusion. The trailing arbutus, our little mayflower, which blooms in April and May, cannot be surpassed in delicate beauty and fragrance." 88 OAJna. ... " Nova Sootift in a «ort of nportnman'H paradiso, m there in oxoellent hunting, ■hooting and fii*hing in every (smiity. Of wild animalH wc have bears, fozea, mooae, deer, rcarlbiM)), otter, minli, sable, musquaHh, haroa, racoons and squir- rels; and of feathered game, woodcock, Hnipo, plovf^r, partridgoM, gocse, duckli brant, curlew, 4c. Our game laws are simple. Thoy are mad»j only to promt game when outofHcuson. This is necegsary in order to preserve it from tota] destruction." *- In the proper season all perRonsare allowed to hunt and alK^ot ad libitum. Vo tniti sportsman would do so at any other time." UlinU) AND UINIRALB. "The Province contalnn very valuable mines of coal, gold and iron, whiek are worked by private uompunicR ; of these the coal mines are the most important." " Of gold mines, we have in fourteen distriuts about fifty -eight mines 1b working order; of these the Montague mines are the most prolific." " Altbongh we have iron ore in inexhaustible (fiantlty almost all over tha Province, we have but one iron mine in operntion, namely, that of the Acadia Company, at Londonderry, in Colchester County. The quality of the iron Of their mines may be judged of by the prlco in the Englinh market as compared with English iron. The latter, in pigH, \h worth an average yf £A ntg. per (on, while Nova Scotia iron brings £1. English bar iron is worth £9, Nova Scotia, ■£16 per ton. There is but one Swedish iron which is considered superior for steel. All Nova Scotia bar iron is used for this purpose." " In addition to coal, gold and iron, wo have silver, copper, lead, zinc, tia, manganese, mercury, plumbago, sulphur, 4c." " Of minuruls for jewellery and ornamental purposes, sttveral kinds hava been found, namely : Opal, topaz, amethyst, garnet, . cairngorm, agate, jasper, heliotrope, and chalcedony." '* Building Stone. — The Provinci; alKtnnds in superior granite, free-stone (or, sand stone), of several colors, iron stone and flag-stone. There are many bean* tlfnl varieties of syenite and greenstoni', also of marble. There is a mountain almost entirely composed of the latt«.r in the noighliorhood of Bras d'Or Lake, in the Island of Cape Breton. Wo have also abundance of gypsum, limestone birytes, clayg for pottery and for common purposes ; moulding sand, minenu paints, 4c." " Mifterai Wateri.-^Ot these we liavc salt springs in several counties." CaOWN LANDS. " There are now in Nova Scotia nearly four millions of acres of nngtranted lands, a considerable quantity of which is barren and almost totally unfit tor cultivation; but there is a gpreat deal in blocks of from five thousand to ten thousand a<-r(.'H of really valuable land, and some of it the best in the Provinot^ and quite accoseible, being very near present settlements. The price of crown lands iii $44 (i)8 16s. »tg.) per 100 acres. No dintinction is made in the price between 1 00 acres and smaller lots, as the difference in cost of survey is very trifling. Au emigrant would have to pay as much for twenty acres as for one hundred acres. Any quantity over one hundred acres must bo paid for at the rate of 44_ot8. per acre. The cost of survey is defrayed by the Qovernment. Mr. oroskiil'B pamphlet goes on to state that the Government of No^ Scotia does not generally recommend fi-esh European emigrants to go into the forest and attempt to clear themH«lves farms there, on the ground of want of suitability for thi^ kind of lifo. He showH, however, that there are some special circumstances m whieh they might do well, fbr furtlMr remai'ks on this point we refer to thi.s pamphlet. 3 t' iVt- v„j f >j ; '.. -ii i .t"^.. 'it 34 He states : " There are plenty of farms already under cultivation which may be bought at very reasonable rates, and any practicable fermer, with a gmail capital, may at once possess a good and comfortable home ; and by energv industry, and enterprise may make for himself a fortune and a position in No^ Scotia, in a very few years, such as he could not obtain in a life time in Great £^itain. LABOR AND WA0Ka. •'Labourers get very well paid in Nova Scotia. The common wages paid for ordinary day labor are from 3s. 9d. to 58. sterling. Farm labourers, during the hay-making season and harvest, frequently get 68. a day and board. Farm ser- vants are now in demand, and a few hundreds of good steady men who can do general farm work, would find immediate employment with good pay Grooms also are wanted. Good grooms can earn from £'i lOs. to £3 lOs, per month with board." ' " There is quite a scarcity of female servants — pay at from £i to jEI lOs sterling per month — with board and lodging of courfle." - "The price of flour is from jt'l to £l JOs. sterling per barrel of 196 lbs • oatmeal 10s. to 12s. per cwt.; beef, mutton and veal from 2d. to 6d. sterling per lb. Fish and vegetables are abundant arid cheap. Tea from Is *9d. to 28 6d per lb ; coffee 9d to Is. and sugar about 5(1. per lb. Miners would find employ, ment in the countiq^ of Pictou and Cape Breton, and there is prospect that during the summer of 1872, mining labor will be in great demand. ^ " At present we have a fair supply of mechanics ; but there is still room for a few good housejoiners, bricklayers, stonecutters and masons. Carpenters get 6s. to 7s. 6d. sterling per day ; bricklayers and plasterers 8s. to 10s." UANUFAOTURXa. « Although Nova Scotia is perhaps better adapted for a manufacturing coun- try than any other part of America, owing to an unlimited command of water power, and its inexhaustible supply of coal a«id iron, we have few manufactureg in comparison with what, considering our facilities, we ou^ht to have." ' TRADS AND COMMKRCH. , .-H.- «< The trade and commerce of the Province have wonderfully increased within »lew years. Twenty years ago pur exports and imports were very little more than half as much as they are now. Our imports from foreign countries and the- other Provinces amount to about $12,000,000, and our exports to about $9 000 000 "Our shipping has, in the same time, doubled in number and tonnage' Nova Scotm owns more shipping m proportion to the population than any other country." ' . INTERNAI^COMMDNICATIOK. «« Wc have now nearly 260 miles of railroad already in operation Several flew lines are now being surveyed. Where there arc no railroads there is eood conveyance by stage coaches, or by steamboats," THE TIMK TO IMMHtHATS. "The best season in the year to come to Nova Scotia is early in Anril as we haie then fine spring weather, and farming operations may be commenced klmost immediately on arrival in this countiy. Mechanics may, however, come at any ^*^ter " ^^ « li.'^^S'- •l^u",^'"**!"*!'/ "^"^ '*'' undulating country. In its north-east coast, from the Bay Chaleurtothe boundary of Nova Scotia— 200 miles—there is hardlv a hill exceeding 300 feet in height. There are some elevated lands sidrtine the Bay of Fnndy and the Kivcr St. John, but the only section of a mountainous character IS that bordering on the Province of Quebec on the north where the country is beautifully divcrsifittd by oval-topped hills., ranging from 500 to 800 feet m height, clothed with lofty forest trees almost to their summit and sur- jrounded by fertile valley and table lands. ' HBA80N8 way NKW BRCNSWICK IS A OTBIRABtK COCNTRY TO LIVE IN. 1.— : It is a healthy country. The British Army Returns show that the Militarr Station, embracing New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, is the healthiest in the Service. -It is a fine Farming country. -It is a fine Lumber country. -It has unrivalled Coast and River Fisheries. -It is one of the greatest Shipbuilding and Shipowning countries of the world. -It has fine Harbours open all the year and noble Rivers watering every part of the Province, and floating down the products of a fertile cou'ntrv / -It has increasing Manufactories. ^' -It has 720 miles of Railway built and building, of which 380 are runnlnc -It has Free Schools for the children ; Free Lands for the landless • a Free -It IK inhabited by a people intelligent, active, and enterprising, fond of out- door work and sports, and engaged in a great diversity of occupations -The Labour Market is active, and good wages are obtainable in almost all trades. -The prices of Clothing, Fooil and other nec above nver 3mile8wideatitaent;lnciiintJ.S Bav •rh..T ." ^*^«>o«'^be ''« a noble Tesaels for 18 milua. ^ "^° ^^^ Chaleur and navigable for large OLUIATB. ^fpipX^r:^fU^^^^ -i **« Winter coider than i« to 18o below zero (Fahrenheit). The whol« n„i.l ^^J!f ' '™°» 92» above zero the temperature is bolow zeri rarely exlod-^ .*?'' ^''''''""■' '" ''biS more than fou days occur together when ?Sem.r 7"" ^'V ," "^^^y ^^PP*>^ thS we generally in the course of the winto, fL" *'"''^" ^^^""^ ''^'^ "ta'I- There lluee days each, when the weather is veS coll\Z /u" ^''''^'' ^*««"g t^o " «ver the whole breadth of America fromSrii *S^'f '^.°"'" ** *be same time them are thaws, occasional rains, aS warm lunnt h?*^''.**' ^^' ^'^''^'- B^^twee^ range of the mercury is from 10^ ^ 40^^hTl.r^\^''"''« which th. average pleasant, and a few days of extrme coW Z n '« • ^° S*"^^^*! ">« winters aS average amount of fine weather. nothing m comparison with the " The snow disappears earlv in An^n j c . •eed-time continues, according to the leason^^frJ^'.w^iP^?"^^^"^^ commences: mrJy m May. In June the apple t7eee Se^n' fuH^i ""' ^^^ T''^ '° ^P"! "»»tii hemes of fine flavor are ripe and abundant o''''T- ^"^ ^"'7 ^ild straw. •«rly pofaitoes arc brought tS marLf «. ? ' ^*^I°« *^«^ begins. In August In Sept^-mber oats, wS ^d^^rZliZT^^"^'! ^""^ ^'^'^ wild fS •re genemlly secured before O^toJ^r '^^hfTutu^n -'f ^ ^°' ^^'^ «'^'^'« 5 ^beS then delicious. Thi« is decidedly the most nW^nf "i- '^' **'*^ **^" ^^^tber is . •« usually heavy rains in November bnfw w .* P°!*'°'' °^ ^be year. There pleasant. The rivers generally cKeduriLfhtiT.' '^'* *^« ^^''"^^'- i« ^^° and &« middle of Deoembfr winter ^^ li^l^ts jl » ^"' ^"^ ""' '"''"*'^' *"^ ^^ *B0Dn0T8. «norto uny in America. Of wWThl^". "® 'l"«^«'« *<> the acre, are sua. of barley, 29 bunhels ; of o^T 34 bu^her o^l f '^r '** ^^^ «"« '« 20 bnsheT iMishelR ; of Indian corn 41 busbel« f V / ^"^"^^'beat 33 bushels ; ol rye 20 nips, 456 bushek or Tsi'toL. " ' "^ ^^'^'' "^ bushels, or 6^ tons ■ oMor- ' WHAT STttANOKBS SAY. Major Robinson, R. E. who in 7 sj^ i ^ direction of the British Gover^JeS tht Z^i^l"^ *?^ ^^^'^^^^ ™d«r Keportto the Imperial ParliSient' *^"'' ^*^^'b«« the Province in hia "Oftheciimate,soil.and.pabii;tiesof KewBninswiC, it is impossible 37 V to speak too highly. There is not a coimtiy in the world 8o heautifally wooded ■nd watered. An inspection of the map will ehow that there is scarcely a nec- tion of it without its streams, from the running brook np to tho navigable riyer Two-thirds of its boundary is washed by the sta; the remainder is embraced by the large rivers the St. John antJ Restigouche. For beauty and richness of scenery this latter river and its branches are not surpassed by anything in Great Britain The lakes of New Brunswick are numerus and most beautiful; its surface is nn- dulatiiig, hill and dale varying to the mountain and valley. The country can everywhere be penetrated by its Ptreams. In some parts of the interior by a portag. of three or four miles, a canoe can be floated either to the Bay Chalenr or down to St. John, on the iJay of Fundy." S .me years ago, Professor Johnston, F. R. S., of.England, the author of woi ks on agricultural chemistry, was invited to visit New Brunswick for tiie purpose of examining and reporting on l^e soil and agricultuMl capabilities of the Province. In his report he concludes : — 1. TLat the soil. of New Brunswick is capable of producing food for a popu- lation ot from live to six millions. 2. That in the capability of growing all the common crops on which man *nd be St mainly depend, the whole Province of New Brunswick, taken together, excel ds i ven the favoured Genesee Valley. 3. That the climate is an exceedingly healthy one, and that it does not pre- vent (he soil from producing crops which, other things being equal, are not intb- rior, either in quantity or quality, to those of average soils of England. In fact, it may be stated that at the London and Paris ExhibitioM, New I runbwick took the first prize for oats, the weight being filty-seyen poimds to the bushel. Archbishop Connolly, th§ Roman Catholic Archbishop of Nova SodUlL Bpeaking of New Brunswick, said: — •' He liad spent years in Italy, had been twice in Prance ; he knew evei^ county in Ireland, and had seen most of England and many other countries, bat he never saw any other country teeming with greater abundance of everything necessaiy for tho sustenance of man ; no country more highly endowed by Pro- vidence with beauty and fertility than New Brunswick appeared to him to h» when on his visitation ; during the summer season ho travelled through varioiu distnclfi, and saw on every side fields of potatoes, and com, and vt getables, such as could novuhere be exceeded, and the people in a corresponding degre* oomf( rtable, happy, and independent." M.cgiegor, in hia work on British America, speaking of the forestB. ■*y«=- ^ mt ■ . " It is impossible to exaggerate the beauty of these forests— nothing under heaven .an be compared to their efifulgcnt grandeur. .Two or three frosty nights In thed. rline of autumn transform the boundlesc verdnre of a whole Empire into every possible tint of brilliant scarlet, rich violet, every shade of blue and brown, vivid crnuson, and glittering yellow. The stern inexorable fir trees alone main- tain ih ir eternal sombre green ; all others, on mountain or in valleys, burst into the most splendid and most enchanting panorama on earth." FISHERIES. ' - " I he deep sea and fluvial fisheries of the maritime Provinces of British Amen :,, aiu admittedly superior to all others in America, and from themth* mark, Is of th' United States, the West Indies, and South America are largely •applio.l. 1 ho finest salmon, cod, mackerel, herring, and shad fisheries in tb* worM.caii be prosecuted within sight of theshorea of New Brunswick, and hw inlanil. waters swarm with trout and salmon." II 38 U.0 four la,g«l .WlUm^'po^iS IS" ~ r;:^;' " "" ;;"'''• ™« ton"^"^ MANUFACTUKKS. ^S:p?S^^ eSLJ^^^^™ »>- ^n grea«,su.u,ated co.ttoi. goods, Loots and shoes, leSr lumW S ^*""^t"'-« of woollen and tives &,:., &c., ar. i., successful opemtion nnd v^Jri ' °^'\«' s^eam engines, locomol moatd,r.cUy and indirectly to thS2?LnL?'""**''^^°«' S'^^'"? employ^ m comparuun ^vith the United States sthnulahf. f l^^^^f^re of fiscal burdens, A dw Brunswick." ^' ^^raulatos the manufacturing industries of BAILBOADS. under construction." •«'Wve operation, and 340 ftdrf!f;«««T ■, ^- ^o-aay there are irtT^'' r "^ "'^^^^ construction." I.terjoiSXf SS^^^^ con«t™,tion-iBt. The great S?r^«- /rhis road £r IZ^&^ts^^ZZ'^^ ^\ ^««*^^-« I'rovincfs^f ff^'w . ^^' ^'■"«* ^•'^er du Loup jKn^v runnTnl f ^^t ''^ ^''^ Brunswick, stock to the River St. Lawrence folSSfhr?-? ^^'^ Fredericton and Woodl Pi^mg 150 miles through KBrunsS!'' ^^""'^ °^ '^' St. John, a?d BD0CATION. «!« upoa.the ontire pCrt^o^f SeTo'X "" ''""""^'^ «„nue LdT; WAGBS AND TAXATION. femaSr?a™ot$Tto^^^^^^ V the year with board- • month, with board^?iSfaborrsr.;rS tn^T''^ ^^'^'^''''' ^^^ masons 'f^Z $2 to $. a^i'"' ''"'''' '^^' ^^''"^ ^" *d 5 cents to $2.25 r.o.nhu. ,.„:„*..__ i"°™_*'' *» *3 a day; carDentf.r« fmm «. «/»' Wrights, $2 ; «hipw7]ght"8;^i:2?oei'rto'^%i^ ^\^ ^T' ^1-20 cents ; miu! f^.76cent8; tanners, $1.20 cents to Sliolnu t1' '"^'^^'"' ^'-^^ *^^"t« <> »nd lutercolonial Bailways recdve $?^n rAn. ^T''^"**^** ^^'^«r du Loup 39 which, although nominally high, are, hy reasott of the depreciated value of United States currency, the high cost of living, and the heavy taxes, really less remunerative than those in New Brunswick." "The taxation in New Brunswick amounts to about $3 65 cents per head In the United States it amounts to five times as much, or about $18, SOCIAt LIFB OF NEW BRUNSWIOK. " The social life and civilization of New Brunswick is that of Great Britain, with such changes as are naturally induced by life in a coimtry where the laud is owned by the tiller of the soil ; where there is no exclusive or favored ftlass ; where, in the eye of the law, all men and all creeds are equal ; and where the physical characteristics of the country are fitted to develop the best qualities of tiie race. The New Brunswicker is oi-dinarily robust, athletic, active, intelligent, and enterprising. He is surrounded with all the evidences of civilization. In eivery settlement there is the post-office, the newspaper, the school and the church. The country is a new country 6nly in the absence of traditions and a history. The emigrant from lifngland, Scotland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Den- mark, or Franco will come to a country as advanced in all respects of civiliza- tion as the country he has left, but free from many of the social, legal and economic diawbacks which often render life in the older countries* unpleasant and labor imreraunerative. Wherever he settles he will be within the reach of profitable markets, fratj schoolu, and the means of religious worship. And in New Brunswick all religious bodies exist on terms of equality. There is no State Church." PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. KXTEKT AND CAPABILITIES. ^ The Province of Quebec has an area of about 200,000,000 acres ofland, and the soil of a large portion of this immense tract is exceedingly fertile and capable of high cultivation. The cereals, grasses, root crops, and the fruits of the Temperate Zones grow in abundance and to perfection. In3ian corn is a lai'ge crop and fully ripens. Tomatoes grow in profu- sion and fully ripen. It may be mentioned, as a climatic fact of import- ance, that neither of these will ripen ih the United Kingdom. Quebec has vast tracts of forest land, and a very large lumber trade. It is rich in minerals of almost every kind, except coal, and has large quantities of valuable peal. Its fisheries are of immense extent, and they are very valuable. The inhabitants of the British Islands and France will both find them- selves at home in the Province of Quebec, the English and French lan- guages being both spoken. RIVRR ST. LAWRBNOE, The great Eiver St. Lawrence, which forms so remarkable a feature v^ tl e Continent of North America, running through it from the head of ocean navigation, to the Gulf, gives it a commorcial position of command iiijj luiyvrviiiivxi : uuu suo i'rovmce haa capauiiiwus m c-a-i-c^;-- •-••-.^ KTaiinwio water power to fit it for being the seat of manufactures of a continent. CHIEF CITIES. • The Witorical City of Quebec^ confcHning 59,699 inhabilants, is the «a»t of the Provincial Government, and the most important port of export of the Dominion J while Montreal, with a papulation of 107,225, is the «ommercial metropolis, and the principal port of entry of British North America. 40 «.d JS-e?/dTn"pt?^of stt^^ acre, surveyed •nb-divided into farm lots -the IrUpb-^Ti ""."^ P*^* ^ free gran^ excluded, together with 5 p'ercenf^^^ ^°^«« of waterTe^ ' OtIHATB. iJanS.'tuXTx:gt".t^^^^ the winters in this Prof incr Thl „i{^^^"u "^^9^^ «« *o the severity of lulax^ting, and the^^S^ 'tLref^?:/ 3"'a:it%'o f^^^^^^^ anow ferves a double DurnoRA nf i ™- * *9 ''® "npleasant. Th» Jjaking winter roadTov^erThTch^L^vraa'jr^^^^ *V ground, and the greatest facility. In the newer nart nf *k ^^^"^ ^ sleighs' with regular ^^n^mer roads are nS, thTwiiier in a W^ ?^^^^^ '''^^«re the fteavy teaming can be done ' '* *-°^°^* *^e ^^^y time when J^STSfn^^TlIiSnT^^^^^^^^ *»« none n respect to the ripe^ning of h7s crois "^ *° ^° ^^ '^^'''^J J«» tjesun::iTeYi:i?n^:jfT4"r^^^^^^ those scourges of the South^ Western siS "'^'"- Fever and ague, dimatic influence being KthyfndpurS*""' are unknown here; evei? GOVERNMENT LANDS. the ^WinTi^t '"orS?tl?o77h""^"' r '^^"-^ ^^^ ^« paid for m paid.the day%f the saie and tt r*^^^^^^^^ T""^ '^ 'M''^ *° ^« bearing interest at six per cent Ri,?fh«^.^ ^ four equal instalments, « so low, that is from 30^cts to ebS^f peracre nV/^? 'tj^""^' ^^e sold these conditions are not very burdens^ome ?n f^i ^f.t' ^^^-.^^f I'^g) that wtme thing as giving them awav in f^« ^ni ^^> ^} " equivalent to the whch they arl Bofd baSircJvers^L oi^^^^^^^ a? making roads. ' ^^^' *^® *'°»* ^^ makmg the survey and six iJon^SrofX'VateTi'eVaJe^t TO^^es,icn_ of the land sold within prs^^learinthetuis^^rt:;^^^^^^^^^ ed held 16 ft. by pv3t clear m the cour^P nf ff^\!' ''"**.*° ^^'^'^P^ '* ^»thin two ye demnnH » ^^..~.u _x. .V^ "^r es each. Any person ovAr 18 v«n». ~„-. the end" oYfouT^Trs^^X^dlird ?/ ^''"^"' i'l"^^ ^gent f arid If ^ take out L^ttersTtent free of c^^^^^^^^^^ and built a hous'e, he ma; jalleys ofCfnSfs^^Mtr^^^^^^^ are the the Lower St Lawfencefand Gaspfe ^'*^''* ' '^* ^*«*«"^ Townships, 41 TALLKT OF THH SAOUBHAT. being argUl. > r RBSOtTROES. The soil of the country varies in different localities, but a large pro- portion is of the very best description for agricultural purposes : its water oonunumcation, by means of the great lake-, is unsurpassed: m mineral wealth (excluding the one jvrticle, coal> it is probably equal to any part of the worW, abounding as it does in iron, copper, lead, silver, marble, 43 and to open up commWSatfon from ^ne rlrf .fT'^ household go^iis, by the cODstnfction of roaTand ran^ays. ^ ^^^ '*'""*''^ ^ «^°*»»«^! DEMAND FOB FEMALES. FARMS AND LANDS. improved; and, by oTd^^fdiTLt^on «^^^^^^ blessed with health anTsTrenetwJtv^»t"?^^^ *^'* scarcely fail, if tion in a few vearrand i nfrirf k^^^i^"*"^' *** improve their con^- able start in iffe ' ^^^""f- ^^^" '^'^*^"^"' '^ *hey grow up, a favouJ- Uncleared land varies in nricfi frnm 9a +y^ ^ru Situation and soil. Cleared and fmnrnS/f ^^- ^'L ^f '*®' "^cording to ranging from £4 to £ an acre T^nl '""" *^" f"^ ^^S^* ^* ?"««« iBs^lmentB, covering eJer7y;arrCl^S; nf f ^^ ^^^^^^ ^« P^^ ^^^ to the general rule Ks mnliltr^A^ liie leasing of farms is an exception Emigra?HspoHseSgrnrn«r„Vd^^^^^^^^^^^ t^.la^d they cultivate . but to get some exnerSr w^!? * i, • ""** *" ^^ "^ ^°«*e to purchase, tural laborerrw^fiXl^tS ow^^•^^^^ ^«"«^- as it may be oflered on arrivar Ind ?hev wfll i'^ accepting employment permanently their condition p!^.L^ l" ^°^" ^^«''" ^"^ <» improve took, who in^tend tSng Jl^dr ha"S tTf^S *° '^i' T o£^i«h«nicai acquisition of great convenience ^5 val^Te ' ^' ""'^ °^*"^ ^"** ^"'^^ *^ PROSPERITY OF IMMIORANM IN ONTARIO. and J^lLg rnTs:Sm\'^^^^^^^^^ that'c^lff "^^^' ,^"* «*-"^ «--^ period of more or less duration ^]-il, condition very long, but after a themselves. IthiMBmovTJhZ^^ of ^^^our the proper means are eS^^ovedSVf.b^^^ ?' social seal., when the exertions of the needy %tjler ^'"S^*^"' *^« ^^opes ajid stimulates rour?de?ry%%tnc"ett?'cWnT P«opl« .will find themselves sur- theyleftin^KdT8nd t^e^^^L'oV^ civili«»tion similar to those which diflFused: religious prWife^iaT,^S?^^'^I'-'^n"^^^^ feeling 4- the^aX7S%atS f.:^^.^ilS!l!TV ^^^ old nation J ^untryforms^aStViS^Jfrrd^b^^^^^^^^ '^^^^ '^^'''^ - OLIMATB. «.d grow, in greXTf*1JrLT.'„7o"f*^"^ "*«°' '» '"' o"- «''. I 44 TOB rnnn obant landb. and Beie^t for the3;es the b.' e of a^.nf ''t' '^t^ere persons m.y go family can obtain, grat s?U aorl of land In f *'°°'^- ^'^''^ ^'^'^ ^ «^' » age cf 18 years, ma? obtain^lTroreB in ih« ^""^r^f''.'*"'"^^"'^ "*' '**« otfer is mwie by the GovernmAnf f^?.ti ^'^^®. ^''*"' "» ''^ ^" -^i but neighbors, it mtht\?rreot\'d%rr'et:;Te°s^^ iCbS/^"^'^^ ■'""'^ '^^ to go on to a free arant ia tiiA mr^n tu^v ii I u °®^'^ season at one year the%ld settlemL^^^s Srlf ^Cr«l^?*^'"^^^^ harvest work in comfortably settled bXe^Le i^^Xl^tsTn'-'an^H^n"^ * b^us., aud get work of chopping and clearing r.„!^l!:",' and durmg the wimer the in during the lirs^t spring ^ ''''" ^° •*"• ^" *^« ^^^ » crop c^u be got I SBTILBRS HOMB3TBAD FUND entig^^~ - a- -^j^- Ont.i.,_d an Act theSXriCm^TeVd^^Cn?.?^""'^'^^^ '''• ^^ Ct^o be d..gaated wor^^2^^:^^s:^^:,a^ti:iJaSMf^^ r^ f ^^"° exceeding live acres on any lot of the Fiee/jranfV I a *®°?^' '" *^^^^ "°* stead Act oM868j and to iuse to be erecte^t^n *°'^' "'''^'''" '"'' ^^^"^«- fit for habitation. But f^ the whole of thlir^^""' * °"'' "^''''^ ^^'^^^« expend more than i;41 Is? lid slg ^^^^ '^provement lie must not impro^e^nt" "'" ^"' '"^ '^'^ ""*'' ""^J^^"" »° P^J^^^^g t»^« "^-"'^ of this iBsiufj'unSnX'&Te"^ "«'••*» "*' ^^^P' Bystem of improvement? fn fh ?' ^^^P^'-po^e ^^ commencing this struotec' and deiances L« \l^^^ ^ '^a^u ''''^^ ^'^ "«^ being con- «"»* wearances are being made, and houses erected. ^' /* : / ^ < 46 ♦^ul'/o"""^*'*?*^^^® "HomeBtead«" will be reiuly for occupation ie:^kz'ta&^::ryr:^^^^^^^ "^*^ ^« -udpated,^. the The Colonization lioad, now being made, will enter the Township on To reach this TownHhip from Toronto the fares are as follows : Toronto to Bracebridge j^q ISe- 5d. stg. 15 6 '• KoHseau "'.''.*.'. V.V.'."V* TIIB PTJBLIO LAUDfl, OTHER THAN FREE ORAJ.rZitr'^n°^rJ:^^-^^'^r.-^^^''^ "^y beobtamed from the Ontario Pamphlet, or the Dominion Government Agents. MINES AND IlINKRALS. Tlie mineral wealth of Ontario is not surpassed in variety and richness but may be said to be almost entirely undeveloped »*^anoBa, Iroam large quantities is found a short distance back from Lake < Ontario, m the country between the Georgian Bay and the Ottawa- "^ .in the same region, copper, lead, plumbago, antimony, arsenic, manganeee heavy spar, calo spar, gypsum or plaster of Paris, marble pronounced by good judges as fully equal to Can-ara, or that obtained in Vermont, and building stone, all of them in large quantities near the surfaxje^aX hasalso been found m the tame region, but not as yet in quajitities sufB. T^^fiSly woi-ked!"' " """^ "'""'^ ^ considerable qu^tities, and is «««J:^ ?® "°'*S t^^'*® °^l^^® ^"^°° '^^ *J^e celebrated Bruce mines of copper, from which ore and metal to the value of about £50,000 are ex- ported annually. Silver IS found on the shores of Lake Superior, partiSL lajiy m the neighborhood of Thimder Bay. Silver Lilet, a small island in this bay, oontams one of the richest veins of this metal ever dis^vSred^ Thei^ are other veins on the mainland almost, if not quite, as rich. IS 46 t Anglo-American and the Ontario " ° ""^ """ «<"nP»niM, ">• I'ROVINCE OP MANITOBA. recenttJ^'"o';\'jprC -the of land • but it is compamtively^ specfc on the mTn o^/L^ ^'T'S*^ ^'•"'^ . out of which it ha« been formed The soH whSh^i ^^V^^ Territory covered with grass, is a deepalluvial 5^0^; Tf , ' ^^'^i^ ??*"«' '"^'^ produces botintiful cronn of ceS a^^^^ nchness. It and inexhaustible i/tEe soil that' XrhrK'*""* ^^«^**]'^^«- «*>"«»» gljce for forty year. with\;finarrera\t^^^^^ > Pumpkins, potatoes and roots of ^H^ort'^ X^S P^^fectlor^Sw berries, currants (red and blacks rn.9«K«..,.;„I i «''' penection . Straw- whortteberries, cianberrfos both b3 and SA^io'i""!?' blueberries, ance. Flaf is verv luviiiinttf tj,^ -IL ^^^^"^y S^oyi wild and in abund- ...y n«trifio^„r:^'7aXlrl7tSllX"Sck''raHS'r/^ ".f 7' r.eSr^ ■„"„^rj'to i^^^'z.s^^ iT^^.^^^, sit Sf £CaS^o.rc:- -l^3r '.; H f-iV^^ abundwit, in tact universal, on this "point ' " -"^■^===- ^"^ - 5;;xx«o«jr is •r} i-mt 47 weather they require to be brought in. rnstance% are, however, stated In whtoh horned cattle have grazed out all winter. Winnipeg, the capital of Manitolja, hm not at present much more than the dimensions of a large village ; but it in already beirinnina to re- oeivo an immigration, as well from the older Provinces of the Dominion as the United States and Europe. It will probably, 'therefore, soon bo- «)me a considerable town Navigation is about to be opened between the Ked Kiver and the head waters of the Saskatchewan above Fort Ed- monton, near the base of the Rocky Mountains, by steamboat, a distanoe ot over a thousand miles, m the crow tiies, through prairie land of unsur- passed richness. The route to Manitoba from Thunder Bay to Fort tiarrv has been very greatly improved, and the Canadian Government oonvev emigrants between these points for $ir>. The weight of lucaaae which emigrants can carry over this route is, however, limited to 4.?) lbs each and no one package must exceed 151) lbs. weight, for convenience of transport over the portages. It is intended to have steamers on the navigable waters of this route during the coming Heason of navigation. By the United States routes, an emigrant may proceed bv water to > station travel to Manitoba. "' -- — .« ..^„we« fp,/ A light buggy may be driven for a thousand miles in a straight line over the open prairie, adapted to t h production of wheat, not onlv iu thelargestquantity tothe ar ^ut,^ the best quality Tnis tract of country t. uie east of the Rocky Mountains contains under the surface ot its ch prairie land, one of the largest coal) rt.ilds in the world, which in some places^ crops out of the surface on the banks of the rivers. It is almost impossible to over-estimate the iraporLiinceof this physical fact for tii- future of the Dominion. The rivers which run east from the Rocky Mountains are rich in gold deposits • and in fact mineral wealth of almost every kind is found in thi* territory. The drawback^ whicli have been experienced in the coixntry in the past are want >f sufficient markets for agricultural pio'iuce • periodical invasions of giisshoppers ; and occasional frosts out of season. The first drawback of want of markets is beginning to give ty under the progress of settlement ; the second is common with the Western United States ; and the third is common with the largest part of Canafia and the Nprthem United States PRODUCTIONS. LKTTKR FROM UNITHD STATB8 CONSUL. The subjoined letter from Mr. Jamas W. Taylor, the United States Consul at Manitoba, is copied from a Western United States newspaper • It is given here as the testimony of an Araeriam, in ofiicial position for the im'ormation of his own people as to the capabilities and productions of Mai>itoba : — " U. S. OONSPLATB, •» WiNNiPHO, B.N.A., Sept. U, 1872. / " Sir,— In response to your commimication, roquosting sampica of the agricultural prodiict.i of Manitoba for exhibition at the Minnesota State Fair I forward specimens of the wheat crops of 1871, a parcel of winter wheat harvested .n 1872, some Indian com and oats, and a few vegetables. J IT O-IJ 11 i'l'^ .48 , V The »CMon here in folly two weeks later than in Minnesota Your Stat« Fair 18 earlier than nsual, and the Manitoha cVops are not yet threshed ' HonSt JS^^nfy'^.**' convenient to send afulili«t ofthegrJnand veg7teble1 of SS ^^ will add a few ♦ords of explanation in regard to the sample* herewith for- " The wheat produced by John Flett (one half bu-'hen wasimnnrf^ *,-* ye««since from Engljmd. where it w^safall^or winter variet^^ accjimatisation it has become a spring wheat, known as the English «« It shows some signs of deterioration from constant cultivation on the sami. fittms for nearly half a century, yet a parcel forwarded by me tg the DewTrtS of Agriculture at Washington was so much esteemed that Se ComSS proposes to circulate a considerable quantity in the United 8*ateR^ < m-«u^ •English; A third variety of spring wheat may ba^rmed « Minneij^SDrin^ • the seed being^ent by Mr. N. W. Kittson to Hon. James McKay i^theKr of 1868, one. and-a^uarter bushels of which in 1869 produced 44 bushels ^n onf acre, and has since averaged 30 bushels per acre for field cuHiTaUon ^ " You will notice a few heads of bearded wheat from the farm nf t«i,« Mirtheson, second of Kildoonan. They are from a Sd o??piiSg wS in iIJT which bore a considerable crop this head, although left fallow • ' " I also send some heads of the « English spring.' « fi." n ^"^y^ your particular attention to tne specimen of 'Fult* Winter ' jrrown U. 8. Commissioner of Agnculture. It was sown OctnhAi- 9 iuti «^^ t * vested August 10, 1872. When the snow diin^LVd Sw. «'Jw Vk ** i^*!" |P^« Eiicouraged by these results, the US DonarfmAnf «f a ,^.„.,i* ^ al^t to distribute through this Province a libe™J^«^^il L i ^K^i.'^'^"°,''« "« and Forzelle Winter Whit and Winter Rye ^^^ Tappahanock and v4," Tho^ew oars of corn Hunt are the saiiaw vm-ictir »-..»«^ i. xi. • . Northern Minuesota. It only reaches thehe^^^i^^ the mission of appeiZitfte^pUnt"^' "'"*" "'^^^ '' «-* ^ -'^i-te the growth and ot.L\'Z':^l'^^il^':^::^^:'^i?.^ ^'^^^^<^^ ^^ north of the line ^ arew of North EuropJ."'" ' ''''" '"" "=««'« or agiioullare ia similar " I am, Sir, . , " Yours truly, "JAME8 W. TAYLOB." " 49 LETTER FKUM ARC?HDi:.VCON MoLEAN. ThiH letter ment« contained in it relative to the avemge yield per acre, agree fiiMy with the results of my own obKervation during nearly a s^ven yeare residence in ifanitoba. There to no donbt at all that forty bushels of wheat per acre can be got in Manitoba, with ordinary care in fanning. My observations have r'iference only to spring wheat. I have not seen any efforts msdc to cultivate fall wheat, although I know no reason why they, should not b . i "Jojjfs McpfAN, D.D., p. C. L., '.?5.-ia"5o i . • ( ., !,o."A'^'hdeacpao|f Manitoba'' "': STATEMENT OF MK. G. B.'SPEN<5E. The following are notes of an interview of Mr, G. B. Spence. Collector of Customs at Winnipeg, Manitoba, with the Hon. J. H. pSpef Mini^tJr of tE'c^Tl^^ h>8 olhce,. on the 11th February, 1873. They are riren *^f ifoStobi •-*'' "^'^ lespectmg the productions of the soil and climate In ajoswer to a question from the Minister, Mr. Spepoe said he had^ been m Mamtoba since the 22nd December. 1870. i/jnw/«r.-^What time does spring begin there ? ^ Mr. Spetu:e.—ln J871 the spring opened about the 1st of AorU ThA nver 18 navigable about the 23rd of April; In 1872 the sprSg set k groewhere about ten days later. The tir^t steamer went down early in. Q What time do farmers sow wheat there? M th«*ilK®L'Zi"iiP"^ ;?lL^*y' .^''^™ *^°"*^ *^« the 15th or 20th April to the loth or 20th May. The spring is shorter than it is here, and sets m. without any breaks. ' ^^ Q. What quantity of wheat do they raise to the acre ? V /; J'^iy^'*^^® <'«>n»tWrty to sixty.tbree bushels to the acre. Forty bushels IS the average. *"»ij' Q. What is the usual weight per bushel ? ^4. Sirty-twolbs. lAavebeen told by persons who have seen it that wheat can be cultivated for forty years, continuously, without mauure ' Q. What about oats and barley, and root crops ? A .The barley sown there is vei y fine ; the oats not so good . Buck- wheat has never been tried. Root crops are ex»raordina?y. Cabbajte and cauliflower gro\* almost of their own accord . Cabbages crow to a'verv large size. Potatoes and tm-nips are very fine, alio mangoldl. Suaar ha^ never been grown, but some parties think of trying it. Tomatoes if they were to have the same trout)le as in this country, would answer we'lk Very Uttle attention is paid to scientific farming. The grosses have not , been thoroughly attested; have seen small patches of timothy, which were vei^ good. The wdd grasses are very good for pasturage, There- , are what arc called hay farms. e-*- ^"cio Q. Do farmers house their cattle? J. Hundreds of cattle are never housed, and they look fer better than thoaeiyou see come out of bams. . ,_ W' Is the climate equal to that of Minnesota ? *^v. -*• ITieolimite is much the same. . . ^ ^. The soil? ' -U. Yes. The soil isbelieved to be better than th»t-of Minnesota. I believe there is no country where the soil is equal to^ft. ^i W' ha t t.iTTiA An thev lisufi.l!v rt^jf *y^ —-_:_. o i^_ A, At the latter pjvrt of July and beginning of Auguit. ■• ^. What time does winter set in? A. Winter asually sets in about the first of December, sometimes a iitUe earlier. The ^now lasts till the first of April; ' '''"^^""^^' * / y 61 C How many months could you jplough in? , , A. Five, if not six. Part of Ajpril, May, June, July, Abguat, Sep«- timber* aadpfft of October. : ; ^^%V^ool4Mwintw?^ ' >. ^,A. The aur4« iliier.tlian it is here, and the cold is notfelt so much. Q. What about Bummer? A. Thegreat«rp«rtof the summer is pretty hot. The thermometer ranges about ninety degrees ; have seen it go up to ninety-six degrees. There is not much rain. Q. tSuppOBinig you were a man without means and without a family,, would you |{d there? A. A man without means has a better chance there than he would have by going into bush land. Fuel is more accessible there than in the prairie. If,you go ack fifty or sixty miles you c^me to timber lands, ^n^ •ANALYSIS OF SOIL BY A GERJIAN CHBMIST. The following is kri analysis of the prairie soil of the Province of Mani- totia, by B-^" 'm V. JEmmerling,. Director of the Chemical Laboratory, of the^gno Associationoftn^ University of Kiel, Hrfstein, Germany.. 'Khis scif . analysis confirms in a remarkable manner the Reports which have been received of the great fertility of the soil of Manitoba. ( Tiamlation ^/ Letter to Senator Emil Klotz.) vff»v . j ... , "Kiel, 29th April, 1872. 4li * • ' ., J ■ ' '/» ; .' i;f * '^^^M, • .jijyjj^'*, ■••••» •'•*.........,.. 228 .7 ' i , * ; \ vOClUlQ .^p «,«..'. ....... .■.*•••••■•...... 33 . 8 Phosphoric Acid, ,. 69,4 ■ , ♦**m».~, ..«y™«--;'--- •• 682,« • • »'S ifjJw k ^,";-'H*6'*®*'a., ,....,... ._ , 16.1 • ^isi^\i{^>i^^^M^y?i^^^t:A'i''""-'r *^^-* n-' , " Yours truly,, .m.<«. .0 .if^.y'n^ohi..>.! . n. i^^signed,) ^ «' V. Emmebuno." ^Sl^mtifthd^BiHiWytif^ iSmUMhtz to Jacob £. Klotv, Agent Jot tA; JJ'ominion ■^Tfl .. -ift. |,;fv-, „n' '''■ hn\ i}overnment. ■ - . •"■'''■ */ • "Kiel, 4th May, 1872. " Alter considemblti delays I , succeeded in obtaining the analysis of the Manitoba soil from Professor Enuneiling, Director of the Chemical Laboratory ot nM^ Agricultural Ass^ciatiou of this place, and hope it may be of servico^ to you. Annexed I give you our analysis of the most productive soil in Holstein, whereby you will aee how exceedingly vicn^the productive qualities of the IVfonitoba soil sra, and which folly explains^^b? f»fi that the land in Manitoba is so very fertile,, even without manure. r . " The chi« nutrients are, iirst, nitrogen, then potash and phosphoric acid,. ,|Fhl«h predpminates there ; but what is of particular importance is the lime .cpnti^ed in thepoil, whereby the nitrogen Is set free, and ready to be absorbed' in v^etable organisms. ' The latter prbpetty is defective in many soils, and when it is found defective recourse rtust be had to artificial means by putting: lime oo marl (a clay which contaiuB much litiie) upon the enme. v.,.,.,,/' '■ ' ■ ' "^"'- of Ma^toiw Soil. " ;, MagnoiH 10 MaoitolNi Soil 1987 ■lis tangC^^l.vC.B., % U^o, 3l,ihtlte,- of I't.btic AVorka of Canada" and froSi other fk'iurotv :-- ' ■. • "•■« "u^ ' ' ' . ' M^^-'^^VfA''' '^.'vided into two parts, the main laud, eommonlr ciuledBntiHlr Columbia, and Vancouver's Island. They were formerfJ t!^^^'^''''''''' '^'?*^ '^*''^. "."^tf^ i« !«««• TJie totil area of the Pro^-inJ IS 22(),(X)0 squnve miks and it has a coast line of about 500 miles, fd£ ilSSw-"^ ^ r''"' H':V7.". "»ij i"lft^- ,1'he principal harbouw on Van- ^hA »S "^Vf/7-?^'''"'*\^*^"'*'^*<»^*' ^'^^haimo and Barclay Sound The harbour ot Victoria w shoaf, narlbW riiKl intricate, and there are depcsits of mud that require to be removed .r.s»^...> """re are puJ^'l^'*' •'•''""' ^'/^-i"'"^''/*' '^ >*^^" ^"•''■^ hailjour oniiiX'pacific north <^f San Pranfv'eptK Jt .!>?.? m almost even deptli of thirti-sik feet with m excellent bottom, and is perfectly 8afe ahd sheltered. It is well liehtedL «Miy be enteral with facility at all times, and fifty veMels miaht an^ m It with ea^se. Only a tongue of land 750 feet wide prevents free oo«!^ munication between the harbours of Bsquimault and VWerta ^ Nanaimo is .situated oil the eaetottast of the Inland, sixty-five miiett Irom Victoria Jt is well situated, Jat«e and safe. Th4 coal mines are near thifi Jwrt ; there are also fine quarries near, and it is veiy important. as tl«» moHt conveni-nt port for the fisheries, especially whale fisheries BaroJay Sopnd is on the west coast ot the Island. It opens into tha Pacific Oc^an it«elf, and is About ihiftyifivfe mH6ftld*»^. At lite head it is «« „ * i.-i.„.-- .1.. ..^ ^.i.. litid fetev OMtitouftwati^ii anay fce ' tiiipe, te fcartwur, the eholter is TK r K ° "1. ——-""•-y'»>''Slh6<»i)«A^ for its safety. r 1 /'i^. l''''^""f °" *!i« mainland ai^' Buttwd Ittfet, Howe SounA Ba4e inlet, .Milbank Sound, Ej ver Skeena^n^ Biver I^iifis. ' "*'. ' '^''. -;•"" ^ - ^^^ \TiT f^^''^ ^«^$- '.^ fistuatcd on the uuir #f Geurgitw a few miles fixjm Nam Westmmst^r. It is nine miles long, a«ep anil safe. It mmmtSZ which the lumber trade is cjilefly oarried on. It is very easy of mc^ to vessels ot any siiie or cIob^, &^d oouvanleat depth oC water for ohohorMa may be found m almost every part of it. , . , ' ?w««wni«» Howe fc'ound is north of iTurrard Inlet, separated from ft hv fioi Isl.^nd, nr.d coTiipirftliv«»ly difSouH of access . , "^i 63 Bute Inlet is much i'artlier north, in Hiirjouui!--*! witit lolty mounUiins «nd receives the waters of tho EiTer Hamathoo. VnliicK Ishmrl lies be- tween its mouth and Vancouvl^.,'. '^-■''' ' ' ' '^'MilMM'MiiiaJ JM'fphl^ifeH^'^.'W S(foo.ne ^-Hl liable a,- a Jiaf feour as tha gold mjnes on P«^Wf^vJpRttr.Kctpofi(ilatioii. iJ>^') 1; > «»;f^ Ik' •* oTRi^i'-8k'i^ria'i9'iiiM''iyi*etif vf?ifJriti;-h <.'oium- bia m 1870, was 8(>4. of which :)97 w.-rn British, and 207 foreign. 54.') with ■ cargoes, and 259 in baHost. The toL-xl tonnage whs i 70.024 to ih. The nuttllMar df < teetoek that cleared from tho ports for the ^ame yet>r WiV-jS35 afla ttMitijfWiage, 173,209. \2'^^**»*'*r« Bteamere 'between Victoria lind Ntw Wcstnuu^lcr on thfe Frote€»|lliViJ»iaii fat a^ Yale. A f^teomcr has »l.-o boen put on iliiM rivcpou the C-WibbO-^oote, between Foda Creek and (iue-nel, and as far up .js Fort Oeorg-o^ mid another 0*1 Ijike Fnthvfor tho. roiivtiieiifo of ro.'iching the Oitalnioa Minos'. ,- OTsnEKii:-. ^ The fisheries are probably Uie: liuheht i)i tii.- world. Whiili-.s and seals abound in the northern seas. Sturgeon a^n jdentiful in tlie riyer.-. an0U IbS..andftr;g!, And lasis till theend of June. The average weight is from l^to tjwenty-"fiv6'lbs., but'th«^ kavo been oaught weighing over seventy. Tfce ^edond kind iti^ caught from June to August, and<\rrt considered the fiaest. Their average sizeisonlyfivo to six 11.!?. The third, coming in Att|;U8t, averages Beveri lbs., oiMt are an ex*x>llent fish. Thenoanctt-' h^ftl^baok salmon, eoinea ervei^ »ee lbs. fifttflionissrtd At Victoria at five cents per lb., atid t)t#l^a^jpKeiAri8 t6bend'liittiit<9 b«)M)(ftt)l^«^ oil that they will burn like a candle. . 'Scfveral speoies of iidd avo'iiMiatti and it is believed tliere are extett" ^Hi^Mtog al0d AlHAnki Ottritog tile winter montlis, andare largely uiied, bolhfresh and 8moked/euadat«. of gdod quality. '^^^^t HiiSca are, q! 1*^^^ the fish attain rfri ' ,Ai)chotiea are Onfy 'seooiid ''t6tli^''oW,Aehan.s in abundiincc, and mav be tak«!n with grdat ea^sc dur ig autumn. ' 1: 11 11 54 Haddock is caught in the winter months. ' f™J'SeT„^'|^h"tSr'°™*'""'°''°'*«'*ke;au<.,tr«m,, weighing Of ItaCm;" '°""'' '" ""O"" <" "« I"™™- Tl.»y are .„M,, b„, AGRICCLTPRAL CAPABIUTIES tility. Land, i JoX^t abovfti e^evelof t^^^^^^^ .t" ^^ >'"''y «^^^ f^*- last year forty bushels of wheat per acre ' *^"' '"''^^^^'^' y'^^'^^' Tho4,son aM Sillr ri?e';/tjtr:f8 l^mSfnS ."'^f' T^ beiween tli: ing land. The hills and plsiTave Z^S^Z^Tnol ""'"^^^ "^ ' «^'- the cattle and horses liveSlI winte? and [t. nn S- ^^'^i^^*^*' '''' ^^i<^' exceed the celebrated blue grTs aid dove? of vlS^ir'^'''^ ''' ^*'^ '^ ^ FORES r LAXDy. «Dd cotton wooi 'I'hA n/T.,!.! * • • ' *f P®"- cherry, crab apple, willow and up to%r^ Jde'X' ^'t'p^epoXl^^^^^^^ T *!--^T Vancouver, and aloiu' its e£t and wetrSaS th« L^f^ southern end Qt] the valley and low irroundi alon" Ih!. «ou. f finest being found W British Columbia It v,«L! !!^' ^- ^^- *^*'*' »'^'* ^o '*»« coast S often be obSd 150 ee fiep fi&nT "'^fj ^ ^^ f««' '" length, ci iorninety feet It is thouXt^^T^^'**^'^''**^*^'fl'^''*'^*<>fty.fiv?in^ Broken in the ga e the sS if .nlint!.;i!J'f ^^'t^-^^ ""l.^'' ^ exisSnS! feet, and it is * toAishhv. S Lf L^l '1^ n° * ^^>^ <»^ " ^^^^ t'^enty _ wifchstend the leverage oMe whuftTee l^Sli'^K ^^ "«* >^"^ ^^ «Mix:trrir3:^^:-S«!^ arhutus'grows vSHSe and%r^L^ • *^^*''»^ ^^^where .^S box. ThereaieX^oLSofoak miTch^^^^ exp^&bftlste^at^^^^^^^^^ The Fr^.er Ri.er and it. tributaries, with the numerous i.kes c >m. 55 munioating with them, furnUh great facilities for the conveyance of timber. The Lower Fraser country especially is densely wooded . Smaller streams and the numerous inUts and arms of the sea furnish facilities for the region farther north. MINERAL WEALTH. The miner .1 wealth is very great. Gold does not seem to be confined *q any one section . It is found all along the Fraser and Thompson Rivers again in the north along the P .ace and Ominica Rivers, and on Germanseu Oreek, and on Vancouver Island. From the United States frontier to the 53rd degree North lat. , and for a width of fi-om one to 200 miles, gold 13 tound nearly e veiywhere . A thorough geological survey, roads to reach ttie mines, and capital to carry them on, seem to be the only obstacles to gold mining to an almost exhaustless extent. The yield of gold, under all these obstacles, tor 1870, waa over $1 ,300,000 . The yield from the new mines opened m the Omirlca District, in i871, is estimated at about !ti40U,U00, and that from the older mines of the Cariboo district at over a million . Silver mines are found in the Fraser Valley, and one mine has been put m operation wit; every prospect of success. Copper is also abundant. The coal mines are even more valuable than the gold. Bituminous -coal IS found on Vancouver's Island m several places, especially along the east coast. The mines at Nanaimo are the only ones that have yet been much worked. The coal is of fair quality, superior to the Scotch but not equal to the Welsh. The Dunsmmr coal at Departure Bay is pronounced, However, to be superior for steaming purposes to the Newcastle. This mine was only opened in 1869. The harbors both of Nanaimo and Depar. ture Bay are excellent. Veins of coal have been found in other parts of the Provmoe. That of the Nioola River, 160 miles from the sea, is said to be superior to that of the coast. . 1 .,'^***f***»'«<^aj> very excellent inequality, is found on Queen Chatv lotte s toland. There are also indications of coal along the whole west' coast of Vancouver's Island . At Departure Bay there are quarries of very hne sandstone. Blocks flfty feet long by eight in diameter are obtamed i irom It. . MANUFAOTCRBS AND EXPORTS. wh '^^®, *"^^**'*°"®* *>■* very few in number, but water power is every- . ' . Tiaeexpbrts in 1 870 amounted to $203,364, exclusive of gold, Jiirs are one of the most valuable articles of export. The value of ^r - export^ »^..^»69 was f 233,000. The most valuable are Black and Sil®''/%^?''' ^?,%'' ^^ ^^*» *'"'• Seal, Mink, Martin, Beaver and com- mon Otter. Bulialo are found on the plains, bears and mountain goats and f beep on the monatama, elk are met with on the coast, d^r o« th* ^f^^'^^^*^i»i^aii,yrM ducks and geese are abundwit, grouse and ' ^^fl^'L^r .®J^®^"®''®' ^^'^ ^^ **»« Pl*''*^ a kind of tall bufi crane* loiir Or fire feet high . OLUIATE. ^a»-P®-f'"^*® varies according to the locality; owing principally to four causes, greater or less distance from the sea and from the jM4fiitrof the fBOuntain regions, difference in the nature and quantity c^^get.ble "!: II. 8! ! Si : «; i 56 - growth, and diliferojico of level Th^ i^ ♦l?i^^. *?'^'"*6»'>80<'msuimnor ^;j,',^*®» . ^"tl» » general ranire of operations may nsSfJ 1,^ !l '^ ,?*='^!^'*'?nH' ^T^in and Hguall? ■•ESfT showers j fogs and mists aro rare am? l!I". !^7 *'"® ^'J^' ^^'^h occasional breeaes. The temperature Jn the Tsi^*5 ^^^ tempered by sea^S omng tothe preriiling southern Vrimf^^i ^"^^J *''«" ^^ the mainland mountains aoro«s the sound Th«J^l*''*'"''"« ^'"^ 'h** dire S of the ^«f,fV^tb fine weat er; OotobTaSlT S*Sk^"'^**»''^'^^^^^^ months. «oId and moiH wind, nr^^^^^^^^^ ?X f^'lTy^ »r6 ' the'-autUWh Bumetittioa„een in bloom f)m winV^T . . ^"«^"W «tfawben-ie9 ttw. cembe- till March ; wld mo/i , ^ T.**"^, "***^ ^"^^ tJ'»>"beginn»nff6rRA JT'th n-equent rain; Sd o^SL ??'''''^ *"^ southerly S prevS' ie8Jong/and4,hefLtHie;on"^^^ thick. The geneml charL":^ oX o Sa t?f "''^^'" "^"'^ tHad fe^sSci an open wot winter. The absen.^ of- tK ^ "' '^^'^y- ^^^m si mmer and Very rarely do anv /lt« ^? ^^''^'^^^^^''^s is a remat«kS/w oltenmofe; near the »ea, s-M6m lomuch 1^ff.S^ ''.-^'^ ***^ PO''*^^"^ PaH «r two at a time ; winter bi3««,?l^ iu"*®'^<*«*'*«« '"ore than iiiiek theatmosphere i.s cle«rtlmn «f L^^'^i*** '**'*'y Part^f Mar«fcl" r |5Sfeh jeasofis. W har W .ft Sew wfe^f "^^^r**]**^ *rAX,Wi^S trom January to Jlarohi ^*'"'."'*^'^^**^«6^«'-'>'>'" Y-C^.v.r wamer and drier, the summer W freezkig^ „ *he winter. TevonTthV, i.f^T^ *»*fe««e. ««*<« th^ mt'wufy huiMd climate. The wSi^iil#" "*****»«•- ««». ititb a mor? oountry seldom exoeedsT^ ffin 5^^™^:! fl* '' t^*«noi^ih m^Slt cattle a« a rule. ca« obtain flt^ 1> «5Pth.^id>^riwig*tfttt th^ M^S?) «unmer and winter the climate il-A^^Su'^^^t*'* °^°- Bbtfc'in t !,V/ i .>'f regwxied with S J?:-'^? - ^^ ^''orio'w ^^mva^i^^tX^^ 4^. , tiie colonists there 'is tWr^TJIJ^*^ Fsopie/iire nevof'ilfii»4tia; I'Tg^^;? in other gold virions t'L^ betweenifi? m'm^^t th« «P It of ordi;. «£d sub»°Srto kwf *"°"'' ^^ ^<^m^M»le for Mi ) 67 be under instrucuS C ^ ' Sf xn -^ Homan Catholic. fhZ num^T.^ZTT"' f"^ ^^ "^^^^ more b? them . There hag never been ^^ ;..«.;. f ^/»J « ,»i"ch Uiminirthed amou« wArt.'-'^^rh' r'Lldtf „^^r;^srrp'''«'T -^ -»« of ■•!.)-• CJ^i^ririftCt'OIlM ATION AND AD VICK FOH Mil j'>'v!tjt ,« .* • Enquirm Addressed to than by pe,'SOM intuhZtUirT^ l^heir power, ^p«»nwn(?'otvn»OTw<--Department of Agriculture Ottawa Mva^otta-The ProvincSil Secretary, 4ufcx Nova ^ti J^«r5n«,w»c*~The Government IniiigSS v » Bnttsh Co?Mm6«<»— The Colonial Secretary ViotnrU*v-«^ '^,J ^'^^ BedEi^er Terntory-W, nlpeTe^mSii^il^^y^^^^^ GOVERNMENT BfMIGHATION AGENTS IN CANADA. AOORESSEjl : ffalifax,JSr.S.--E.Clay. St. John, y. B.—JH. Shives. mrtmichL K. ^.—William Wilkinson. ^OinfLtlsTwkeJ^h^el^St^^^ ?r»^ Trunk Station, Shtrbroohe—Keary Hulbard Av^niT^"-"""" *• '>»'»'*™. Iu.migr«t Depot, at comer of Stn«h.a Winnipeg--^. HespelMr. resident Asesk *b.- "— Ji.-.t= ^hem on arrivinc. Thevwill^n ftt^li-K ; £^ ««nedlafc*ly adOrMiwl to settlement i^WX^rtpSSkt^^J^rSw^iJ?,^ Kiemand for employment, rates ST^»,l„^*"f!' *»"m^«w <»Ie, expewes of conv*S?nce, Jnd 5Sl ?ec^^^nf ?X.^ ^'^T**' dietwoea, stances for immigrants, Ac &c ^^^"^ ^®"^" and remit- » 'It .( 59 UOflGRA^NT DEPOTS AXJ) CAitB ut^ IMMIGRANTS I^udon (Ont.), and V^innipeg ' '^'' ^'"»«*o"' Toronto, Hamilton, board, for takin? meals slfAnLJ J * themselves after coming off •hip prope'r places fo? So^^^g S|l «ndmedioa attendance ; together wit^h to protect them from intmKfrunn!t!»*!fT^ "'^ Properly guard<)d ^Aient capacity foi t^e aSSifjCion ^'i^^, ^^^'''P^r^'. ««d they posaes. expected for some time to come *"*"'' ''""^'grants as u^ and ?h:f are?«a^^^^^^^^ .^T^ 'l-l'ty "t very low prices ; indigent. Medical atteudani Lri t^ ^^^^raent to the absolutely afforded by the Government hTaUcier/f"^ accommodation n.e aUo Statioj».at Quebec; and a'tlt^ItUl^rSe mtS'" "^'^" arrival at the termiSla^/gttnWQtbrc'*!!?.'^?'-^''- '' ''^^ P«*-ge. as they are Ontario; and the 1^1 ^ove^nL^^^^L^," *^^^^ Provmoe. of Quebec and points inland, from the nearest stetson ?t vW ch tLT^^Z °^ "»,!"'««'*"*« *<> has an agent : thev also nmviri^ *K^il " . ,7 i*^" tiie Dominion Government thoirsevial aestSat^nsTiot SS? vetv Sf^n ^"V^" distribution to c:aployment is found for the kmSranL ^ '^*^"5'''' "J""* '" almost all case* An officer of the Gov^rnS *tmr«U ""^k^'**^^"^ "P^" "^«''' '^"ivfth to see that their wants a'e pr^pe^^^^ «•? t^e trains subjected to any imposition on the rS **" they are not v«iot\or U'Tfirher^SctU'^ot^^^ ParMament containing p«>- alties upon all a\Tem?^^Tpractii^^^ *"^ *°' imposinl^n- provides severe penaSsfo? JeJSct^n^f^"*'? "P*" ^^^'^J 't*S«o contains provisions for preventir/anv^Sf«l?'"*^^^ T "^^Pboard: and and seamen, and immigmnt ?a3es Lcir^^^^^ ^'^T^"" "^^P"' *>^« ^ Provision is also made in th s bill to (SLn. ?"* ""^^ necessary kind, themifcing of contract betCnemni^^^^^^^ intending Emigrants in EuroD« i^ ^S'^^ "! °^ ^■^"'' ^" Canada and the passaV m^erby pfrsTin San^^^' *^ ^"^"'•^^ ^'^^ advancing of Sooie^ut wfthtVie'al^TofSSJ^^ ^Immigration Aid ' ' money and outfits of emigrants ** advances from Tanada for passage i ^ PERSONS WHO SHOULD EMIGRATE. Tlie Classed! 7-tsrommeaded to emiffraie to Canwia are .- — . s. -jiisxrzz: ?Tii:i estate with the money n.ededtoX?on J^.u'?'^ '°^ 'i'^'i » '"'''^- ■ 60 *?J^J?^Wi*"t homo, with QveiTILiMfv ?w/'*!?^^^'^ CJZT^' "'^""'^ »«' ««i«™t« oCanSa until? '"^^ g'^^ of domeetlc v^ly engaged, as the country is Srf*i^„^^^^^ going to «ituatiod» pr. »»M^peh»OTw of this clft8fl. - -^ sapplied, aud in fact ovorhtrtofeed TUB TmK TO EitfdRATE. ttw winter. [Jo must remember thi» „♦?!»" *^ ! «o»»*<"-tab!o homo for «0ftl»fc»ir, he in of much less uBetn !ha% *'". S''*' '"*o tJie ways of the '*'»fn'/| *-'^?0riabIeWag^Xe7, offered mhI^ h commoh lul^ialt^ of . aft^il „dvi^l urn fd«nerXSil ♦ w ""^i*" ^'^ ^"^^ anivaJi" ■ ' wWft*to pivfChasft' farmTn., ♦ff- ™® *" Canada with^dme m^aft<4*^Wh,» • :;^/H«V« /weTfearnTh?^^^^^^ thos, while ^iritin^TZ , tiUces which may involve lossTSt^w* WiffJl^^j:?* i^e r W^ 'Mis- '''■''•■'"■■ >t' r THE fiEsiwAYWjfEACH CANADA HnJ^ «SSi>^S?^2r:;S^„^ StT' ^^ P°-^f>^e. ^^ the .cg^War comforts and saving of timp tS^k ^''"'^' "^«^^«^. «« il»e increa^d «ii«>^iiceinthefie - -'^'^^-^.^'^y^^^ '''■« worth m«e than tb? trom any pUcein the neigitbSirtKJod SJL i** a paweng^r .hip wil, ^'Ki^^i ho inay perhaps find itcom^«nf ♦l^. ^"^ "»tonding emigriitvre- a.* rule it Umuoh better to tS^SaSS^!; t»kepa«»ge by her, fltho«S to £4 10.. ^ ''•''"» '^"^ ^he Jare by saUing ships i« geSly^ A steerage ptidNoneer nhnuiA w u . ■ - ■ ■ has a fomiiy, provide hLiein^IhilVtiLs"^^^^^ especially If be aulk and cocda, a fe«r pounds of Xi^r «^^ ^ ^'^^ .Aylesbury condensed '''Sl'"V*"'*^*'^"n'?*'wShT«KSdEKf''r"J? comforts hf can This, however, wll not be nie^rvT^^T'''^ ^'°* ^"^ ^'« berti.. «Ja»s line. "^^ n«^e8«ar;r if the emigrant sail by a first M«dicalcomfoi-ts ate provided bv f5r«r«i Market, $s 64;,j waS^oi 9d ..T**^**''^' ^5 piUow,6d, J 'v^sh bjuMn. 9d 5 1 knife JVoric' 6^^ 7^ "*"«' ^^i * *'« Pl^te,' 3d '^ap. 6« residea. he should »-!|^ C. or to any other duly 'authol.S '^h^XL'''*^^ Adelpbi, London'w. ?et rehabie information. <^«n<»dian agent, from whom he wil j-^tr^:^s:^« s:L5t^*?^r ^« ^'^^-^^ *<> ^-y ^^^ children, suffer severity fro^Tnttt Wkfnrf^r"''' ««Peoialiy women and '^gente ,uid other iuterested^aSes ^t^J tl prea»ut,on. Forwardiag ^'r«ntUo(lan.daVw;,^TffMT!?it^*^»£^* P-^S' V sending e^.* 1 • 1- r^ 62 ♦I,,*"?® u"^'?i*v ^ "^^® object of M) many ditfere.t kinds of imDOfltum that he shoQld be very careful in th^ barsam he make, imd tff'2!i^ii he |{<^9 to for his ticket arid the ne^S^S^ofi^^tlLS^ Advertnements, h6 must remember, ^e nofcaliww?^ i^Al^^^ j iipon, The columns ot an^^paper are open to evSrvSdv ««? fS^^ £ment Which promises the Sis oftJrp«t1n%??^ parties. the printed hst of prices, which n« rVctablelg^t wS reft^^Sow . If the emigrant have no friends or fixed i>lao« in cZnl^lr^^tl?^' ^efcf w*£' itifar better not to burhS">SdCjiSce^?^1^7^^e: S; «^#L!?®''f *^' Government Agent wiU direct him to the besrSlaS for settlement, or inhere he will most easUy find work ^ . J "0 eriiigrant should be careful to avoid //>«/>** Anci VaA »\.^^^t. the pretence of showing them the Diaoe thev wan* Tiifl<.r^ JtT -I^ T hired by agents of the lowest class* Sidlhe '^^*At JhoSldli^oidlCr? ^th% third class slow trains 168. 9d. But an arranirem«nf wa/ «^o^^ '=^ time ago, by which emigrant tickets wLe sSffrT^M^W LndSn SS^ri^*'^ ^Tv'PJ!?*l^*'^***«^^«»>^" given ;t the boSLgo£ of the londonand North Westom ilailway, Euston Station uSinnS ^^J^ T»f «te««hip ticket for proof tit the .ppl^at%^?Slly I^ OTugrant. The system may continue, but this cannot be announS^with '"' DURING THE PASSAGE. As soon as the emigrant gets on boord, he should read the rule^ h^ ;« expected to obey whilst at,^ea. He will find thU Cg in in the steerage; and should do his best to carry them out. ani to be well SrA*"il^''^!,^r!^^^vf*"' *« ^^^ ^"J^d much to his own crm- .6rt and health, and also to the comfort and health of otheS Ifhe have any grievances or real cause of complaint dta-inc the na^ sage h6 Bhou d go and make it knoWn at once to tKpttS^ Vf he C'e rtght on his side he wiU no doubt «et iustioe • but if h« do*« nnt w- v^ mg applied to the captain will ftr^th^n' i^ c^se sh^ d iV^^^ Becessary to take pixHseedings against the ship on ^al i^ clnl(S The law holds the master of the vessel responsible for any neirlecfc oi> bad conduct on the part of the stewards or any of the officers or cre^v .i>«„f rr^""^**"".* °*" immo^lity ^ • bad treatment on the passage out f;^Jif^,\'?^^i^^r^i<^ffy<>>*.>anainff, to the Government Immf«aSon Xloitl7^r:^'''''''^'^^^^^ legal proceedings, if^c:" ^en sold, wouldn't fetoh much, but these same things, if kept, would be e^useedingly valuable in the new country or the bushriuid prove a great comfort to the family as well. It is not, theref o, always advisable ta; leave them behind; they may not take up much room, and thfj coat of freight would be little compared to the comfort they will bring. The personal effects of emigrants are not liable to Customs duty in Canada. ^ ' . Excess of luggage (unless very bulky) is seldom ohaj 3d for on the Canadian railways. ! CLOTHING. ia^ in as good a stock of clothes before leaving home as you possit>iy can. Woollen clothing and other kinds of tvearmg apparel, buiikets bouse linen, Ac, are cheaper in the United Kingdom than in Canada' The emigrant's bedding, if it is good, should be brought-t and if he has an old pea jacket or great coat he should keep it by him, tbr he will find - it most useful on board ship. mi TOOLS. Agricultural laborers need not bring their tools with them, as they can be easily got in Canada, of the best desciiption, and suited to the needs of the country. !iC«ehanics are advised to briiig such tools as they have, particulailv if siB*tfally adapted to their trades. . Both classes must, however, bear in mind that there is no difficulty m buying any ordinary tools in the principal towns at reasonable prices : and that it is b^ter to have the means of purchasing what they want, after reachjing th«ir destination, than to be htuoipered with a heavy lot of lUjggage on their journey through the country. It must also be borne in mind that tl^ tools bought in Canada will be specially adapted to the use of the country. MONEY. ' - ■■ ■' I The best way to bring out money, especially in lai-ge sums, is by bill Of Exchange or letter of credit on any Bauk of good standing, as that i=! not liable to be lost, or if lost, could be made good again. Sovereigns are of course as good, but th^ are liable to be lost, and therefore it is better to bring them for peraontu use only. Post Office Orders can also be hftd on any of the towns in Canada, and they are, of coursb, perfectly safe, but they are only adapted for small sums. A sovereign is worth foul" doKars and eighty-six cents ; half a sover- eign, two dollars and forty three cents 5 a crown, one dollar and twenty J W' n ^'' li t "" ^ea^nd^S." '^ -""'"""' '-"«".« Pl.i in the '^:i°.«S: Steamboat Companies, muLt be iiceosed bv the 2vor ?f the cit^atT^r «migWrtt, to prevent being impoi^erf upon, aLSTn ail <^ ^vfc to se« their licenses before he has any dealings with such peraon - «.i«Z^i®''^» ^'°*u^°^^^'^^°« ^*™*« keeper has to h^d a Ust of th« pnceti he charges fop board and todffine or foi- «Jn If the emigcant arrive ui Halifax N S oi- >!f T«k. ^ ti»^- • l- >(ew Brunswiot he should immedt^ly 'ons'lt'^liih'^tko'So'JS^^ Immigration AgentH at those ports, who will give him the best Xi?e^ A«,?i'^** ^'"^ eraigraat wish to proceed to the western part of Canada, he pi^ep^tions made tor his reoeptipn ahd comfort, and where h7canWh and clpanse himself l^eror6ph>c'ioding inl.ind, Either by&iJndTSk Railway or by the liver stearnboatH, '^ j i"e pi^jiiq ir^pK If his destination bo ndt fixed, or if ho bo not going to ibin M^^ the emigrant should bo cireful to consult the GoveVnmfnt Agen^ wh^ he will hnd at the Station and who »viU give him the b^t posSblo adv?.S as to whereto go, or tiow he cm best obtain employment In every S Whatever lie nhould consult the Government Agent as to modesof traS^ TlK. Agent and Clerks are always in aitond;uice at the Go/S^ent sStion to attend to the wanta of emigi-ants . "otreiument station Emigrants should take care not tojisten to .the opmioaa and advice at persons hanging about the place of landing, whose WuSs 5 to SLm prgfitout ot ^hem. Many young females and unrroS^^^S.^."?,!!^ »i;tt<^eaironi,Mciijauecoived by this sort of people'. *" """"-"■'- Emigrants arriving at Quebec, holding throuirh tickets ankWAntU* to get mformatian, may delay their' jouruey^rthatpurpo^^^^^^^^ The emigrant should be careful to have his luggage pronorlv che^>lMd and the Railway Company will then be respoft^bfe f?r ft ^""^ oheok^O^ mth!S:*^*'r*'**,J?°"**°"****J°"*'^^®*»<*8 ^^■'•«la*ior8 already settled mthe,country should go on at once 5 farm laborers will get plenty of "ork Inif K° f^^ fa^n^'ng.d stncts. The Agent will not IJt an/on^Tho foj/ni *.T^y ?*^'"« about the city, unless detained by sickness o? tor some other good reason. / "'^^ubbb, or It mechanics should rot at first find work at ?;heir trades thev hn/l better take the first offer that is made to them, rather than be' idl^untU occupation at their trade IS found. " «» mieuntu BATES OF WAGES IN CANADA. -o„3® .;Jo^'oy/ng Statement shows an average raage of the rates of wages paid in Canada in some of the principal callihgs :-- Daii-y. Currency. Farm Servants, male (with board) ftoi^ 5? .^ female do l^lry Maids .... do ^mestio Servants. .. do - Cooks .... do Bakers Blacksmiths Bookbinders .'.'.'.' Bricklayers Cabinet-makers .!.".!!;.'."""' Carpenters Ooopers Oardeners Maohlnlsta. Masons '"■ Millers PaintflTB ..;:.; Plasterers ' " Flmubers KoM-makers '.^IIIWV.'.'.'.'.'. Saddlers and Hamesa Makers Snoemakers TaUors Tanners ' Tlnsmltbs Wbeelwrlghts ','. SiblD Carpenters '' Ordinary Laborers Sterllug. c. 8.d. ooa 3® 1 25 100(^2 1 00(2 1 1 50®2 1 26® 2 1 25(92 1G0(S)2 125(^1 16U^2 1 61)0 8 1 A0i;2 1 26i@2 1 !^S@2 126(^2 76<©1 125®2 1 00®i! 125® 2 100(311 1 25^1 126(3)2 76(® 2 e. d. 4 1 M0NTKI.Y. Currency. ftl i !& 8 4 1® 8 6 0(iJ)10 5 1(2^10 6 Oi9 8 5 1:2 7 6 0® 10 »0(a?10 Q0& 8 5 1(3 8 5 1(2*10 6 1(®10 1& a lii»10 1& 8 1& 8 1& e i® 7 1 S I&IO 100® 1 60 4 1® 6 S c. $ 0. fO 0J®20 00 4 00 (® 10 00 4 00 ® 15 00 3 00 ® 12 iJO 4 00 ® 16 00 12 60® 15 00 Sterling. £ s. d. £ (120 per an, aiisiperanp. 2 1 16 10 12 16 2U 0®4 5®2 6® 8 4®2 6®8 4®3 fluctuation acco dingrcircuVtan^':*^'** *^"^ "^^ '"'^^' «^« "«^^« to in«W^?Ae"?.?if\^l\*^«J»"«»^«rant is advised to take the«r«tnk.. And'the inducement, 'aTTeToreT^nl";^^ ^f '*'*' ""^f ^^Z *^*^ ^'""W" «imply higher wages kndgoonv^^faroi'/kinT^^ ''' Canad. is not same flag, in a naturally rich con»^Jr5 * .kindred people under the oliinate; butthec3entL^e^h^^^^ ^^ ^ -^"^ "'"'^ ^''^^^^ a landowner, and while secur^Sa „ tie poorest may have of becoming .ettlinghisfflrrnina ^aiZ he'SdT^ ^T^'S comfortablj orowdeS population of the^fd world *'* ^** **"* among the 1 I, IMMIGRANT LABOR REQUIRED IN CANADA. The DeiMutment of Agriculture caused, in 1873, a number of circulars to be sent to different parts of the Dominion, having in view, among other objects, to aecertain the number of immigrant laborers of various kinds required. The returns are not peri" ret, but a compilation of those sent i» up to August last gives the following figures :— Ontario , 99,794 Quebec 38,358 . Nev Brunswick 17 931 Nova Scotia 18*606 Manitoba 861 1,550 These figures do not include the requirements of contractors for the public works to be undertaken. ■,, On the other hand it maj be remarked there might be difficulty in distributing so large an immigration if it came suddenly . But the number of settlers the Dominion can absorb is practically unlimited. COST OF LIVING. The average prict of provisions in Canada may be slated as follows: — Butcher's meat averages from 7 to 10 cents per lb. 5 fowls. 40 to 50 cents per couple ; geese, 40 '0 50 cents each ; turkeys, |1 ; eggs, 35 to 40 cents per dozen ; butter, 16 to 25 cents per lb, ; potatoes, 35 to 50 cents per bushel ; flour, $6 to %! per barrel; tea, 50 to 76 cents per lb. : sugax, 8 to 15 cents per lb. Rents are moderate ; and good board and lodging may be obtained for about |3 per week . Clothing is about 'lb per cent dearer than in the United Kingdom ; but good clothing, suitable to the country, may be obtained at moderate prices. Tweeds are cheaper in Canada; and good boots and shoes are made by machinery at moderate prices. In short, Canada is a cheap place to live in ; and living here is oheaper than in the United Kingdom and elsewhere on the continent. i 'oiroulars >ng other >UB kinds lose sent ) rs for the doulty in s number )llow8 : — > 50 centb 40centH cents per llgSiT, oto obtained ingdom ; moderate ihoes are i «T GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY OF CANADA. TARIFF OP BATHS FOR PAS8HKOHR8, OORRHOTBD IS MARCH, 1878. All previotu Ratet are cancelled. CANADA . Name of Place. AotonWeflt Almonte......... Amprlor Barrte BELLEVILLE....... Berlin Bowmanvllle Bradford ' Brampton !Brantford , Brighton BBOOKVILLB GarletOQ Place Obatbam Ooatioook OOBOUBG Oolbome COLLINGWOOD .. . . Compton Cornwall Dickenson's Landing. Dundag Gait Oananoque Georgetown ... .,.,.. OODBRICH Guelph Hamburgb HAAULTON IngeraoU Keen ,., raN^sTON... '....■;.;, Kbmoka , Lancaster Leftoy , Lennozvllle LONDON Matilda MONTREAL Mount UryOfmi Name of County. Halton Lanark Renfrew Bimcoe Hastings ■Waterloa Dorbam .iSlmooe Peel Brant Nortbumberland . Leeds Lanark Kent Stanstead Northimiberland . Northumberland Slmcoe. Compton Stormont Stormont Wentworth Waterloo Leeds Halton Huron ., Welltnjgton Waterloo , Wentworth Oxford Peterborough , xford . (Q,nf>hec iR'chmond ■ .'York Lamhton Latre Superior, . Haatlnsr.s Compton ; Lanark Tilnnoln Perth ■ Wolland Bnthwell "^'ork York Hnstlngs Middlesex Ontario Dnndas Essex Oxford 5% 5S4 524 .912 im aw m iV) 282 57.5 575 ""flfi 517 fl17 flOO S«H 120 am sm 5Sffl I 6S4 512 ^ I £ »■ d. £ «. a. 1 14 6 17 2 2 7 6 16 2 H 1 7 2 e Rj 1 2 2 8 fl 2 5 2 1 9 f) 2 12 8 1 9 2 5 1 4 1 6 i u 18 1 6 a. d. 1 6 1 I 8 16 1 4 2 0' IS 6 •• " 12 H 1 8 6 1 7 501 1 4 e 2 12 2 12 (i'o'o 2 5 6-., 2 17 6; 1 8 4 17 2 7 114 0! 17 12 o! 6 1 8 Oi 15 6 2 14 1 7 2 12 6 1 7 10 2 14 1 7 3 2 6 1 13 2 5 12 6 2 5 Oil 6 400 ! 1 10 21 18 6 1 2 I 3 8 4 2 1 6 47.9 200 7.^2 687 3 1 2 1 12 6 2 5 21 1 5 1 1 8l 10 7 3 4 6 1 13 2 18 6, 1 8 COST OF TBANSPORT TO M4. . OBA. Fort WilUam't^Vort Srhas^'^^^^^^^^ '^^f.' l'7A*''' ^re for emigrants from years, half-price, ihe fare ffom To f? V\^^' ''^"'^^ ' ^h"