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MANAGEMENT AND C VRE OF ITVV K-rnrr AND COMMON Hl.^NHE TREATMENT AND PKEVENmN OF '^''• DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS. BY- HON. JONATHAN PEETAM, UtK • IB AMEIUCAN POMCLOUICAI, SOCIliTy, ETC. INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING CO. i 1 Si; 80( Hoc .**a3 •ir- TAP>LE OF CT)NTKNTS. STOCK INTERESTS AND DAIRYING. CHAPTJOll I. VALIK ul' THE ANIMAL IXDUSTItV OF THK I'NITEI) HTATFS irrrr^v!:'!?!..';!.."": ^'^" "'-•'.inton.ts or ,.,. fni,..„ S,a,..;:T....n. is stii>R ur.. -Aviiiij}!. Scc'tidii 1. Brings W.UU1.. „,,„i„„ r-.-Stockulg Via i^rn^ ' ^'"'""••""^•^' "' Liv. Ht-.k Furming.-.Stook CHAPTEli ir. Si'ctioii 1.- Oxcu WHY STOCKMEN- (lET KICK -Manuf.u.tiirir.K Cm.l.n.Hr.l Produrts. S.Ttl.,n " Aii,.im,» w,i. CHAPTER III. THE RELATION OF STOCK TO FAKM ECONOMY '"'"'^..ir^:'"""^'""^" '" »"" ^^""»"l I».^'st.7. Hoction ..--Liv. S,o..k vs. rropH^ 12 Fiiriu E Iticod liiiisiiig 11 Hciil ■o.uun.v.-C.tt.m mnl Southmi 'AKr'iculVun. - Hmv' Vnirr'' '''"'"!: """''"" ^■~^^^'' ^^"''^ ""'' Iir..o.linKl.n,lltul,l..,_Wh„t t.. Ruise.-Tlu. On e , e' S ctinn ' , "" ,'"'""" ■'-i>'vc.rsin..a Stock .selecting „ BuU.-Hor.,e Stol'L -;;hcei. and S^iiTo "" ""' """" ''"^'""«- «^"^""" "t- ■Lii CHAPTEK IV. STOCK BREEDING ON AVERAOE FARMS ""'r,;:r ;!;rs:\r,rrp.^^^^^^ ■■' '■-'■ ■ »-■ :■- ». ..„. .,„».- Wliat Sheep to Keep. " '' "" ''"^' ^ wm-Sheep as Weed Destroyers. Seetion ",.- ir CHAPTER V. STOCK FEEDING AND FERTILITY Section l._W,y stock Consen-<.s Fertility. Section •' How s, ^ t •Sward Land is Fertile.-Livo «toek and JV n t;'~ictL,?. . ''''"T■^"'° ^'''''''^ "' ""^ «<"'• ..ot Necessary. Section X T p: N i CHAPTER II. VALrABLE HREEDH OF IJORSRS COMl-AItED. Hor... or Anlen. Sort^r^:^:,u^Z:r^'rr'"'''"^^ ^^'--" Hov.os.-Tho in America-Draft Hor.sos. Sorti,: _t, , tiT, . ;; ^''"■''".'^'""■'■'V"'l"-.s.s. S..,.,i„n ;(._,!„.,., |s Val„al,|,. l...n.a. Section .S.-,i..n..ral Purpose H r , Sect n "'\' "*•"'" ''i:"'''''- '^'"'••*"" '-'"•"'t ll.a-ses ti, ^r, ThoroMKhhre,.. Se.,io„ ,^x.,,,„ , a S.;;;^ ^ ;";;"' "'rT"';r'- «-*-"^-The American Section T.-SuiUlle Horses. •u^Mhi,,|s. Settiou (..-Jl.e Practical Valne of TlioroUKhbre.ls. 40 CHAPTER IV. Section TROTTING AND ROAD HORSES. —The Road Horse. "'"■'""-i),!2:''n:::;;:; ^:::;;;:ni;-:^;;iSi^;::-, «-'">";'-A„a,.tation or t,.. yu... toan En,i. Hor.se of Many i:.se.s. ^ ^ """*"■"• "'^'•'""' •'•-l""''^t Trott tinK Ilor.ses. Section Section 7.— .V .52 CHAPTER V. DRAFT HORSES. ■"*^;.n^rtJu:^s:!S:;:;ry::SLfrH --'-—'— -norse. sectio,...-Kn.dis,t Mr. Kli,,,art on FreacU Hor^r S™ ion 5 - " rl^^^H"" '•"'^"'"' ""-^"^ *" *"■' ^-''^ «'^'- O. iUc llemish Horse.-Sectiou T.-lIodillea Draft Horse.s. 5(i CHAPTER VI. S«-tion , .-.rained r Secti!™^" '"°" '''''' '^'^ ""'=- ■^-Heav. Draft for <'Uior":etu;:^::'5:r .['-S:---^^--- . -Wei„.t Carriers. Section (lO CHAPTER VII. SOME FACTS AliOUT RREEDING BOftion l.-Variation from Changed Conditions « ,. "■"' '^ -" ■ '""•"^"•"■•^- ^"'■""n L'.-'^ariatious in Animals by External Tnfl„enee Hi^iisr;;:!:E;«:.'';;;s,r':;,r; r't;' "-^ '-"■""' "■"""-■' - ■ Maxim in lireeding. ^ J^icalung. Section O.-Al.oiit Driving Hor.se.s. Section 7._An CHAPTER Vril. REQUISITES TO SircCESHPt'L HORSE BREEDINO. Suction 1.- A Study of Prii.cinh.^ v; .• Purpose. seLo,r;:-S: R.';,::::';j-^''""'''''':«''';:^'--y -^ <'<-rutio„. :^'--''"i-t""t Qnaiitications. seet^o,; V!-;;;; sj;;;::':;: R^^a-r'''^' ' ■ — -|? — - — — Section li.— Rrepding Section (i. —How to S Sec- f tiiC Aral) U2 for a I'lect (i(3 c'o>r'i.'K>r'rs. CHAPTER IX. HORSE liARXS AND STABLES. 70 CHAPTER X. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HOKSE 78 CHAPTER XI. INTERNAL ECONOMY OF THE HORSE. CHAPTER XII. EXTERNAL EXAMINATIONS OF THE HORSE. S,><.ti.m I--TI...m.,ul an,l N..,.k.-So..ti.,u -. -Rody „f th. H.,r,so. Soctl,.,, It.-Tlu. l',.ints of tlu> H.-rso -Th. l«u..U. ^-lU. Tu...-- Tuo Hiua Q„anc..s.-R..ar Viow .,1 Luul,s.-^Tho Fc.r. („„.,...... Si,... A'! ,„ Si i^^;. 92 CHAPTER Xlir. THE TEETH-TIIEIR WEAR AND PECULLVRITIES. S...tion 1. AVl.v Ilorsos' Tooth Diffor.-OtKor (luia..,s to Ago.-Strnotnml .Vltorations of fho Tootli -Bishopinir lustratrnK ,ho W our of ,1.0 Tooth. Sootion -.-Struot,.,-.! ( Imn^.o.s of tho Tooth.-Tlu Zk Toi h oafw Molars or Gn„.l..,-.s.-Tho .UUorior Tooth or Inoi.sors.-Di.tino.ion l.o.woo,, To,n,.orarv a„ro ,.;„,? .Hor.s.-Tho Ton,i.orar,v or Milk IiRM.or.s.-ThoP,>rn,an..nt Tooth.-Druwin-of Milk Tooth TmL; ?;::Si:r"" '^"^-"^"^ "- "^™"^"'^^ ^^--i^-"'- ^^-.o. i„aioa.a,;: xj^:^r^n:^:^z:'^ CHAPTER XIV. DIS.U5ILITIES AND UNSOUNDNESS. S(vtioM ] .-What ron.stitiilos riisonn.lno.s.s.-Dolliuitioii of riisonmlno.ss 1 iisoiiu.lno.ss. Sootion 1. - How to Exaiuiii.. a Horso. .■otion 2.— DisnbilitioH. 98 Sootion .'i. - 1(»7 CHAPTER XV. MULES AND ASSES AND THEIR RREEDING. Sootion l.-Dlirorenoo liotwoon tho Hor.so un.l A.ss.-Tho A.s and hi.s Rolativos.-A Now Wil,l Snooio, Sootion U i i^.^ ",t ,u;Tt"" ■'■ V" r ''■"■'' '""'""-'' "■"'"'"" i^MU.rionoo.-Solo<.tio„of tho ,.ack. Soo- tion (.-Tioatniont an.nrainnig.-- Foo,ln,jf.--(ionoral Caro. Sootion 7. -Training (o Lal.or. 11,) Sect ion -Cliiiiiiti's .ck. Scc- 110 <'ojy'rji;>r'j' CHAPTER XVL I'AJJASITES OF THE HOKSE CHAPTER XVII. COMMON DISEASES AND TKEATMENT Co„«l,s. c;oias. Catarrh, s"*.- is k"' 1^:^ Z^ ^ ~ ^"'"■'" "'-'---I""— <-" "( the Lumks:.- -II..av,..s, Tin.kon Wu.l u- Vsth m L.'.™! I,r. '"' T"' '""K"-''"'"'"'-' <'"..Kl'.--Sc.rc. Throat. Intlanunation of the , w s J a , ^'^ " ^ T- tU- Disor-U.-s of th. T,.,.,h.-Tooth Cou^h.- Gr..a.s...-D.c.i.k.a (hv Th. h,^ i;;;^H ''''''f I"""'"""""" "' ""^ l!.nvols.-S..ra.,.h...s. W.-n,, -To Sponge a.ul Dms j;;';„„j """'"' ^'""'^"""■"t^-t'''"^'ral Treatment of Woun.ls.-To Cheek lilee.linj,. 117 CHAPTER XVIII. VARIOUS DISEASES AND TREATMENT i"""s Vrine.-Ai,h,luu^5^Ch;li^Xn"^;T' ^rT^^^ Canker.-Cui,,,ea Ell,ow.-"oi," " Hoef Vl^^^r^^^^ *Chronie Gastriti...-C.,„..esti „ tlu st"i:i '; L .'''ir ' '''"''''"^ BlucWer.-.Diabetes Instil " tfu e S aii ."' *t' ,"".';'.''-^"'-"-*<'y.stiti.s. or In.h.nunatiou of 'the Quarter.-*Farey an.l FLy\Z ^r^-^^^!:''T''-~fT"''''''' ^"'*''"" "' '"^' Honth.-Eals.. Sereua.-.IIen>at„ria. or IHooav 'rine -«; 1, o ? n^^ " '"'"°''' '" "'" Ey-Glanaers.-OMtta • s vZ "'" I"""'"— -^^""'-■"-l-.s an.l Sallen- IMe„risy.-I.ollEvil.-Pr„n..,_i.,^. rr'^^^^P^^'^^^ *^^^^^ t..r.-Ilhe,„natisn..-Sancl ^ u.kl!^" /t Ir\^ "'^ ^'r^''''^'"'' ">■ '-"iv-.d Conge.tion.-»o„it. Gri„e.s.-.Si,avin.-.Si,e<.it1e Ophtha .ia Solt "« ' .'"''^^"'""'*• " *^1'^ Colie.-Fret.- «!..■ Flexor Te„aons.istri„K S-S fe^^ .tt ,',"■'"".;" "" """^ «i»-"-St"KKors.-Straiu of 1.31 CHAPTER XIX. "^«I«^'^^TION OF UEMEDIES AND rilEP.UlATIONS Se..tie„ 15.-Diureties. S.^tion 1^ _Em S ^^ tZr^^^'''''r"'"'- '""""" "-DiKeMives. S<.etion 1!>.-Fel.rif«ge.s.-Se<.tion"0 I t i w x^- 7' ''"''/ '-E>'"ilsi"n,s. Section lS.--Expe..torants tives. S:.etion 22. -StinnUants sium ■ il '^'f .'^■^-^'"•c-otie.s.-liefrigerants. S.,.etion il.-^S...la. or Worm MecUelnes. *! " -J.5.-Stomaclucs. Soctiou 21.-Styi.ties.-Tonic.s.-Vermifuf,e.s 143 CHAPTER XX. DBtTOS AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS. Section 1. -Veterinary DrnRs. withihei. >etion.san.l Do.ses. -i Oid^ *'>WMWMIWBIMIBWfc«a>iM»».>iinwiiiMi,i^ <<>>.- T M N' 'i- i CHAPTER XXI. SOMETHIXd EVEKY HORSEMAN SHOULD KNOW ""*A,;;;S;;;:;!::;;j;:rf -— 7^^ -ho.. ._on h........ s:..... .. J iKM.s. >"itii.ii l._l>(.,„lorizi.rs ni.aDiHiiilVctaiifs. ,_. 154 CHAPTER XXIi. ANATOMY AND POINTS OF THE HOUSE CHAPTER XXIII. liREEDING OF SOME FAMOUS HORSES n-..ssi,...-^s,.,...,.,,, .,.„,;;,.:,.::.-:■ tS;;;:;';.:::;^;^^^^ ^---o- CHAPTER XXIV. DICTIONARY OF HORSEMEN'S TERMS IN COMMON USE """":::.l. tiuS'i;:;;:;;: :;:^ " '•'^'■""■" ■'"" ""'^^ Exp.a„atio„. soctio,. ...-o,o.«a.,. ,. to„.,s n. ... o„ .,.,. t,... 166 CHAPTER XXV. EXPLANATION OF SOME VETERINARY TERMS. 171 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SHOEING. CHAPTER T. THE HOOF OF THE HORSE. itt.>.„ ol S1..K..S. Socfon ,!.-Str..ct,.n. a..,l Procosso.s of ti... Fo,.t .,f the Hor.s...-I)is„.il,„. tiou of lilooil ill tlic Foot.-Cartilagc and Hoiic 175 i CHAPTER II. THE PRACTICE OF SHOEING. "''^^'n-^l^i:^'v^::;::L^^^^ Kootionn.-T,.oWoi,„tof S1,oo.. so... "n,lIR...l,softl.,'sl.o... Scri, 7-Fni,,' 1, Si;;;r^s^ S.'-tio,..;,-L..,.«,h Il.-( alk,.,.. s.-..t,o,. I2.-Ro,.-l,i,m' Sho..,s. S,.,.fi,.„ . ;!._Pan,„.,..-.' \Vo,-k nn,\ Tip..- 177 and Shoe i •4- COX'I'K.N T Section ;}. -- 154 Bonos of tlio 150 -liliic Rull._ '('(liiif,'.— Oiit- 159 L' on tlio Tnif 166 171 CHAPTEB III. WHAT GOOD AUTIIOIilTIES SAY. S.O.. -tio„r-xos,.i;7Ki;ii2:'i:.ir';;:euon'''"'' Dii'cctionN ore SI,o,.._i.-iitinK .— Ll'llfitll iinibi'f anil Hind r'liot nd Tii'n.- - 177 CHAPTER I. ^ ,. , '^"'"'^^^'^™^' OF CATTLE IVro THE rVITEDS'VTr^ '-"^iSl;;;-;,;-;-;;;;;:;-;;;.^™.. - , ^^'''*-^""-J' ^"«'"- «"<.-tion :i.-OurNutiv. Cuttle. ""'" i"'I.o>l...io„.-I,.,,,onI.s in tin, 1S7 CHAPTER II. I Unv,voa (.mo«-ay Cattlo.-Poll.,, An,, s "^^^^^^^^^ L.n g Horn.s.-Short.Horn.s.-Mi.iaio-Horn.. -iSi.H ■'■'"" '-'' «'"""""K-"r "f liri.i.sl. Broods - Cuttlo. .octaou 7.-HOW Broods aro ^^^^C.-^^S^^Stl^^J^^'^ ^^'^ ^'"'^'-'t of CHAPTER III. u ,• DISTINCTIVE BEEF BKEEDS ■ "■ ■'^.»SSi;;,»;;r;:;,i;:, - «;- -r T. '' '"^ »''-"™ -« -" ---. «». ■..-!*.. A,.,,..-u*„„v „, ,.„„„„ AC:!:,r.ir;;;rT:;;;;,S;*' *- ^'^ "•■-«- -'"•'" 211 CHAPTER IV. c .. DISTINCTIVE MILK BREEDS M.ik.-Duto.. or Hoistoin c'o.ors.-scotioui-o;h.t"Si;;.o!:ds •"'"^"•"'' '"'•''^'"»- '''.•. )-so.ootK;„;:;. 215 CHAPTER V. Section 1 T. n "''^'^''''^ ^'^*^I^I>ff>«'" I^ABOE, BEEF AND MILK Section 222 ■ V«t« ill rAWNVMriuaEib ^ W Scctidii l)ortuuL'(! of Wuter. t < 'ON T 1'', N 'I'M. <* — — . — _^, CHAPTER VI. liREEDIXO fATTLK FOll DEI'INITE fSES. in« l«n,..,.s. s....ti„u .|.-l'n '.in 'V , , \ Pn n','", 7 "" "''*""''"*^' '■■'"'" " "''•^" "---'-■•■""s K,....,. . n. ..... .... .....u. 7,L,;;;;;,:!;;i ;;;;:::':;f,^i2;:'i;;;- -;• ss^-- -^ CHAPTER vrr. PEEDIXC, AS CONNECTED WITH IJREEDING. Section l.-AI).)ntni(iostion.-Tli(M)mro,.ftli,'Suliv.. s,.(.(i>,i, •) ti.,. v •» ,, :t.-Tlu. l.V.Mli„j,. „f li,.....,linK .S.,...k S rth I 1.V ■ Vr^/ ^'■••OH.slty of Strong Prcling. Section o,...n Ai... section ,K-EcJ:;i:;rii:r;o;.t:rc;:;vin;^'''''' ""'"'■ '-'"'^ ^-^'-'"'^ ^-j;; CHAPTER Vlir. SHELTEIUNCJ STOCK. -■""■' ■--" -».■■■■ '''»'-s«..«™:;irs^::,r?~^^^^^^^^^ 238 CHAPTER IX. ANATOXIY AND I'HVSIOLOC.Y OF CATTLE Ocncral A,„M.arancc.-T)istril,uti..n . 't th^i -s , SciTi .- ".;""^';— 'f"'^""' " I^""" <1x.-Tl.c Skin._-Tlu, Tcet...-...,,i„, ., tUc Horn J' ^^^I^^.H^i-J^^I^ :^:::;^ Z^ll^lJ^'^ "^ Catt.o.-.na.i„, U. t^ CHAPTER X. CONTAGIOUS AND El'IUEMIC DISEASES OF CVTTLE Law.-Prononncca Svnu.ton,s --n' . IV r'l ''r -What to Do. S..ctimi J -Tcxa. Si ni. ^ ;: T. r in Cow«.--T]io Syn,ntom -Th I U ■, • " '^";^.^'^"'»l^t"™« "^ "P'"""' Fov.-r. Section H.-Abortiou E.:zootic Ap,.t,.,^ oj Foo^an^'M.,;: ; > .r5;;;;;r;:^';vsiS^ ?""rf ""^ ^'-'— Treatuient.-Sore Throat Section 7 r,.i,l. ,..• i v . ™i<'"I'ir Aphtha, or Foot and Month Di.sea.se.- or Inllucnza.-Treatulen! -l'l'"l''"»" 0.«oa.so.s.-l„n„.uza, or CatarrU.-Synu.toms of Catarrh. 2,-.0 CHAPTER XI. PAIlTrniTION AND MAMMAUV DISEASES ,;irget.— Tlie Sjiujjtum.s.— Treatmeiil. Section 1 Sec I'lU or ( -Norvon.s Debility. Section ft.- Maniniitis 258 t 4- The Urcodiiijf win.— Iiua-cas- •ii'i'- Scctio-.i I liri'i'diiifT.— '•-The Dairy <• 22« "»• Section \i't. .Section ti'il, Stt'aiiicil Mliiig in tho 229 — Fcnoo and I' liiiscincnt. '"W'iy.— Ini- 238 ling Organs. .V by Points. Skiii.~T)i() giug by tlio 245 t Intervon- iis of Prof, ^noanionia. —Abortion Dixoascs. — 1 Disca.sc. — Jf Catarrh. 250 Placenta. ction (i. — -Mamniitig 258 <'<>^'i'K>rrs. CHAPTER XII. P.\I!.^SITF..S OF CATTIF Nci'fion 1.- Skill Diseases. Seeli,,,, •) _ i.,,,.,, „,„.,„,.,,„,„, — Muow,,,. ,,,.,,(„.,. Section ;(.-l„ „sti„a, w,.„„s. S..c,ion l.-Rinf.. (CHAPTER XIII. Seotion l.-Al)ontn)epdinff. Section"-!' ■^•^"H^l-. toms.-S...ond Staf,e.-Tl,ira S,.;:... 'Zr"!Ti '"'^Z-JT:'!!'''' ^'-^"""■-' "r Curbuncnlar Fever._Svm„- o. Lung Fever.- Sporadic vs. K,,izoo,ic Ple„ o IM, ,: ni j''' '"■ "'""'- """""" -•-I'l'-.-.'-FMcn , " i gu,„s Forn.. Section 7.-TreaM.u.nt of V"m" 'o^sr^'N.,,:::;!;:::;,::;,,;:'-'-'"-' «>-'""^"- -f ""•"•'.n^;"- 2(1 i CHAPTER XIV. S...... ..-Tyn„.aniUs, Uoven. o-^Z":,:: T T"""" ""'■"^• ■n.i.-a ston,aeb. se..,ion ^E.-...t;s„: ' s;:;:;;^^;::;;-;;;; ';;;•;;'■ - ■"'■''''"" ^'-^-u-tion of t.,e "at. 1, „r Ha'n.alnria.-Tr..atn...nt. -jliO CHAPTER XV. SeConl.-Injnncsfron. Wounds. Section " -strains s '^''f'"""^^- S,,u„ns. s.,,,„„„ ;i.-_Dislocations.-Trcat„.ont. .jy.j SHEEP AND WOOL INDUSTRY. CHAPTER I. SOME HISTORY OF IJKEEDS. Scciion 1. -Original C'.mntry of Sheei) Section •> n >. i".iu«t.^. section i.-i....rovcLe,:;:.; s c;;:"s::':;::;: r r'^-"?*"^ ^1'. oil lion ,1. — l{ang(> of c\i «• S(.ction ;i.-Vulne of tlie Sl.ec,, I'mateof Shcej). 275 CHAPTER II. FIXE WOOLED SHEEP isHr?"— -'-■-=-" -^^ ''""■•' " - '"" 3.-0tlier Fni,,. Wooied Urceds. Improved Infuntados.— Section 1 Dow S|.>r'r j<;x 'I'w. CHAPTER IV. LONG WOOLED SHEEP S.rti,m 1.- Almnt ComLinK nn.l o.l.nr Wo„l.-F,-nns„f II,.iron Slu..,. ■r Wools. Si'clioii 1. CHAPTER V. CARE AND MAXAGEIIENT OF SHEEP -Post..; M, '■ JS;„, ! "v" '"" '" «";;'>'K-"-'lin.'.-L,uubi„g. .s..tio„ l.-TlH. Sl..,.h..>:is Art Wool. so..to;5;.JS' ,; t^^;^;;:r'V; ""^^ Turn out too Early Sect . <• s^ k.-Mr. (.r„n„.ll s A.lvu....-Wint,.r Slu-ltor-Vurv tho Food i.uil> . f,tctl.m 0. ,Slic.unu;r uu,l Murkt^tiu- Mool. Soc-tion 7- A ShoMiorclH Itul™. •Uo not 21)4 Suction l.^-WaslKHl v.s. TTnw.isliod Wool. Sooti CHAPTER VI. SHE.UUNO AND MAllKETIXG M'OOL. CHAPTER VII. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOdY OF SHEEP '''^''"r::;i::!;:::z -^ s,.o,..-.n.skino. ..... s.tio„._T. CHAPTER VIII. PARASITES AND DISEASES OF SHEEP Grub m tlu. H..aa._Ery.sipoI . -Liv'. R,^t T '■ J'^'^'""» ^-I"ternal Pan.sitos and Diseases thoroof.^- (•on.„Ki"UsDi.s..as.s.-Foo I ■ T -anunf '^T t>"'""' ^^ "™'- 1'"1"''- Skii.-Worn.H. S...tion .'i.- - '■ r"""".M. Disease, or'." ;;l] St •^"•<'"" "- Ii.W.-Apoplexy and ';nt,::::::Uon . 'u::-Brl;::^"'""""" ■" ^"""— ^'-"--"•^-"-ti.n. .,r OUtJ Suction 1. PuLsv. ^ * « Wfinl — ChiHsci 'Imnii'fcristics. Ij()lij,'-\Vc)(il('(l 'arts in Sliocii )f HiiiiiH.- Kii- • Maimgciiii'iit lii'plii'nl'H Art. Nils Uinviishi'd ^\)(i(1.— Do not ulcs. 2!)4 Wool.— Tj-inj; 301 'tion ;). -The a()2 -Sulphurized en tlioroof .— Section ,'i. — I'll. Section iumutism. or 303 CHAPTER I. Suction. l-X,itiveC,„mtrv of Swine vn ^ „ ,■ , ' ^•»ii'"\i.r) DREEDS. t..m 5.-nas.inc,.tion an,! .lua.n.nt ,.t Sw , I^It;^"^:^^:^ slw'r"^^'"''::/^ '' •^^'"•'•'™" ''"-I- H- -C l.aract..n.sties of our English V.vvo^U -Bcrksl.ires v T . '''^"'"'— ^ '''^^'In.tionat Fuirs. Section CPIAPTEli II. I!KEF.l)IX,t AN-D FEEDING OF HWIXK Section 1 .—rrmciplo.s of Swine lircn.Hnir u *• . Swin...-Ua,4^forSw:n"'- ^£t wllLfr s"" """"i^ """ "'•""^' «^-"- «'-""" - ShCter for H^-Sun.n.er Fooa.-Kconon:^ of Cook:[C.'~^r.: ' wl^V'r'^ ^aoun.l.oa of iioue 'nu M -LoiUng Feed. '^' ' tion „.-\\ inter Fco.ling.-Econoniy of A>ti,.hokes. 316 CHAPTER III. Section 1 Th r '■'"'' ■''''' ^^'^^^'^«^'^iI^^'J^ OF SWINE, section ] .— I lie iMiTowmg of Sows. Section ■> i\,r. . f c. rigs. Section ..-Feeding for rork*"""''""^- «-"-' :>-Cure of Pigs. Section l.-Weu„ing CHAPTER IV. « .. , niSEASE.S OF SWIXE. Section l.-1'revention of l)ise«,se Sccti.m •> _r,.. i- t tion.-A|,i,lication of Common Sense. "' " I"»<^oti,m. Section o'.-Fr.iventing .he Spread of Infec CHAPTER V. COXTAGIOUS DISEASES OF SWIVP -ti.m l.-On Contagion. Section ..-Ho. ,.u.,„™ Cont nant Anthra...-Malignant Epizootic C^ta r^ s^;.^ "'7'^ ^'"'■""-•"— E.Ueriti.s.-Ch„rbo„ on Mali-^- Mea.sles, cte.-Lard Worni.-Ma.K'c- or Se, 1, n ^^~^ """""" I^'*'''''^^'^ "f Swine.-Inf..rmil Pa,- . ." tionof thcLn«g.s.-Diarrha.a. ° '"-"•^-Q"'"^^ "r Stranglcs-Snufflcs-Common Cold.-i,,},*;;::,;!:': 321 ■r t'ONTKMTH. POULTRY AND POULTRY MANAGEMENT. CHAPTEli I. DISTINCTIVK J11!EE1>S. CHAPTER II. FOltEUi.N llIiEEDS. CHAPTER III. I'OIXTS AM) i-M>[A,;E OK FOWLS hcvlM.u 1. -Divisions .,. Fowls. So.ti,.,. 2.-l'.,iuls .,f Fowl> n. Sccti;ili ;i.— I'llimu^'c .if Fowls. CHAPTER IV. TfUKEVS, (iEESE AM) Dl'CKS. .'il I l>uck«. '"oUULUt ol CxO,Mc.. ho.:tum ,..-Do,u..stu. Ducks. Sfctiou (i.-Mu>..«omc.ut of "CHAPTER V. umc'ut of 344 JUSEASES OF roiLTKY "'"""v:^"^'"' "^ ^'"""'-- «-"- ^-M^''i.-.t Diseases of PouUr.. Section 3.-Cou.u,on Diseases of 3Jl 4 PRINCIPLES OF STOCK BREEDING. CHAPTER I. KNOW AVHAT YOU BREED FOR CHAPTER II. SCIEXCE AND ART IN BREEDING. of M,Ues._Collate..aI Qu .1 Ic" t ons Z^Tr r" f ''-?■" ""' *'"'"'"^' "'■"""^- «'"="°'' --Solectioi. 7.-- Adapting a Pure ieea^u,^^'::^-^^™;;:;"^^" . - -imirj. All. H.iimuoml :, Lrfuaiij^'.- Inu I'uului- Imiuovumeiit. 35e —- r* JT. I'tioii I.— riinry :iL'7 ion 1.— Fi-fiiili ;t;t;i ;mi able liri'oils a! uimyuuiout of 344 n Diseases of foi' Liil>i)r. — Breeding for 353 ! Art.- Early 1. — Soluetion icy. Scetioii i. 35(5 CHAPTEK III. ^"'*f' -^^^D '^'-IMENTATXON X\ DnEFDIVd ■'- 'Va...... S...i„n;r--iVr;:et^;;;:Kl^:;::S::;:;''^; ^'-'""■"^•-'^-non.yfy„f ni.s,.a.se.--rr.MliM|.„sition to Disal.ilitv « •■ Sec„on:,.-„.,r...,i,yor Nonaal Atlril.utel S.e ^^'h.^^^^ -'. '""•""">■ "< Ahnon,,.-., ,•„,.,•„..„.,. AtavLsm or •• BreedinB Uuclc." l-ll.'ml,ty oi Fix,.,| (Laracteristirs. Seclio,, .-,. -1 CHAPTEK V. "*^^ VAnrATI(..\ AND {OinsKLATION s.-tmn 1. -General Can.se.s of Variation. ,S....tion " -Sneeiai r "" ■ "■■'"" —."«"». ^-;;"':;r,;:;,!;;':;':i,,-;;;:;;,,,- •• .;;^ chaptJ':r VI. . .. , ^^^^'-''DITYANDE.VKLYDEVEK.l.MFNT ""'"" '-""-^ "' ^-•"'"'- --"" --- Barly Develop.:;' CHAPTER VII. 3U7 S..Hon X.-CIO. nreeain, vs Cro.lnr'fr'r' ^"'' '^-^'«--'>'>^- •i.-c....ree..in.: H.;ction^"::i3r::::,;;;;' j';:;:!;;:^ ^"■»-«'^'»«- ^-h- :,.-u,.., „„,,„„.,. „.,..„„. 3(i,S Section 1. -Variation in Gestation. CHAPTER VIII. GESTATION OF ANIJIALS. Section 2.-infl„encc.s rogniating Gestation Ol,,seure. 3(iS 30!) CHAPTER IX. c .• , PHYSIOLOGY AND FACTS l\ ItDrpnrvr^ Section l.-Principle.s of Bree.lintr «,.,.f o „ "' ^ J>f "HEEDING. ( Breeding Back") Si ■•ti.>i, n m """"'—'"»«''.'( ot \ariat(iM. Section^ i.,.„- •->»""[>. -Close Breeding. Sec i. V n ''"" "T '"' '^"""' '""' ^"'1'"'"""- SVct m "1' ' "?"^'^''^''"' CHAPTER X. ™ J.-lo Breed and Verify u IVvli.. in lireeds and Fa.., , . ,.,.,.„ !free. Section -l.-Oood and Bad' Fedigre AjPPENDIX m;^;_ S,...tion:i.-FormsofPedigre... Section 384 ■Ma Wt J ow of arn.,. at ^nick returns for h'is h'.ve.f ment Markets arc HuLjecte.l to so many and VHne.1 flnctnations. and fron. an infinity . f L « .-t possible to foresee, that. a. in n.etoorology. -n ciH. cert,un prediction far ahead. ^1 1 Hl..cMla ,on ,s rightly named, the art of „,ak „ •"oney by speculating on chances-nimply Z2l ~ for gambling. One set of .pecuhii ^^^ ! ■' '"i;cn>g he pr.ce of grain, provisions, n.erchan - -of any k.nd. stocks, etc., „p or down. Th , lie aggression of speculative nuuu.poly. Their vie- t..ns are all who h.vc commodities i sell. Tl ev I '0 the great coruipting influences of .State and -.e,y. They are Ishmaelites, their ham ta V y productrve industry, producing nothing^ able, hoarding, that they may wield the power f money against legitimate industries; wreck n,„"^ '-..■ ing. A few pile colossal fortunes, to 1 s^^J only by heirs who inherit the bad nualities H lathers; bad intelligence, .ntensifildr::^^::: |lc.s.re to scatter, as their sires had stolen or guild fom others. The . umpen,s„tion comes late ^ '■fl'iniTV A.SI) (IVU.lBll,\1Y. Another class work on the cupiditv or gullibility of i\'iiorai;f ini.n. Their l-^' i- ' ■• """'"""7 " ' ' '= som;-rr,;i.f^ vaiuahle ^lE£^'-::;::'^::::-::z irn.NrsTv vs. i>isHo.VKHTy. ;»-^.; t;,;,;:";;-;;;:;z:;";ri!r: ^ / nrr,,;;'!,;'" rr "• -•' •'■"' =.-" "lis is all there in hcU en false and t,„,. '"Its of individuals and the State. '^'"(•K HIMNOS MIOKIT i'ortunately, agriculture in none its I,-,., ,i -n be directly and permanentlylH,ii:±^ t.on IS m values, not in .omm'litie. CivSt and swift transportation mov,. con mod 1 1 1-mptlv. ;ti-.nly the .speculator ^^^^i^t^^^^ I ""■St. the s„ock-breeder e.specialiv, if -hey do not nnike money so swiftly, make i, siuvly. 1 ZvZl farmer con.pare.s more than favorably wu h7Z ;;«; rrl^r'- ■" °"'-' •"-„ industries. T il at notable instances of honorable wealth i '" -".try district. A careful review wl, A,, ^J animals. -I'-'-Mn- and k.^ding ot domesti- -.-^.^.t. I •*' .y/mmttmrn ■«AN\I>A. 'MTH> SK.-T1„N 1. -lJ„.,„nANr,.; AM, VAI,.:K „l- U,,K MVK INTKHKSTS (,K TIIH IMTl;i> MTATKS. Ac(„nli„,r t„ tlu. ..liiciMl cc.mt, „r IHNO-'HI tlioiv "c:n. .■„„t„i.,t.,l in til., rniu.,1 .St:,t...s l(),r,21 r,r,l lH.s.,s, l,8:f.-i,l,i,; „.„lc.,s, 12, ^va« M, („tai „f '"''-•:•'" — Thus a,ain we .s.e that tlu. HiM.. „M,v.. su,..k was ,u.ady ^/i for ..very am. in , •uT-noi:;'' '"'-^ "f tl- l-Hitcl States is 2,- .ll.-<,i) acres. Here u.ain we .ee that the li^; •^<'H-k „| the e..nntry ..o„n(s H..arly as nmny .I.,]]ars ■■'^ llHTc a.v aen.s in the wh.,Je T'nif..,l ,siat..s, in- '.',"",'" T""'' """■"''• '""""f""'- 'i^'.sert, and ..thor TiniUK IS sin,!, l;,n,jl 1..,,,; .,|„|,,,_ mt there is «t,]l r,,,,nU-,,r ,..,,ansio„ is ,,,ovH h Ik. laet, tliat uuat pnahu'ts are the „n]v ..„n,- ;;;;S ";; ^'-''<^>- -'— i- p.'i^o with L . <.Mh „1 the e.mn.ry. That is, the Jive st„ek „t t" tl.c' ]>..imlatu)n an.l .„her in.lastries. It is «„ i" "very eonntry. Live st,.ek pnulnets arc tho only --'■nu.. ,ty that have st,nli!y a,]v.no,..l in j,, " e ^'"n"^' tl>o last h„n,lre.l y..ars in Kn,rlan.l. .■.l>Pin;.iATl„.v OF Mvi: sTorii wi-sr Sin.:,.,hes..ttienu.ntotthewes,,no,wi,l,s,,an,an.. ^•'"'■'^ J-^ -■- o,,..„ ,o euitivatnu,, J,v.. s,.,ek ha^ U.ui^> appn.e,au,i an.l will eontinne to .h, so. \k> . With a.lvanen,,. w.ahh, an,l ..onstanny ::X'7'f 7*: '"■ ^--1-r.^^.ion, the .i..n.an.l ui losh io.ul w,ll nK.r,.ase. Wealth i,r.„lne..s a .lesir.. ■"• in,e hors..s, l,oth tor .Irivin, Lteanun,/ " — The .jnality ot the ,l....h cnsunu.,! J I .orean.In.orestro.„]y,,itieis,.,n^|,nv..rsasV Ih "- VMS.., an.l for the reason that a hetter , ' 7" ;■ f--"^'"'- I' niust he hetter f...M: ? ;'iMH-h,nn,stl,ew..Iln,ari,l...I. Il..n..e pa ,i h . ;::ir"Tr':i/''''r^''^^"-^''"'^^'-'- ..-:..-. .,.,.„J";;,„i'it;r ,;:„;'■- 1 hrewler caniaii s.'ll. ""- «-iiv wi.: sKKiv i.„,n;i,i.v WiKKns, This, an,] this aion... is the .s,...ret why snrh -n, i, pans la,s,,e,.n.iy..nt.. the inip..rta,io^;:;t;; i;2Vr;t:r;,'';h""''''^'''''-'-^^--'- ui H iinnn- the ]inpr,,v..in..nt iii)on the ..atn.em,x..lhr...,,,s,,f,h...o,,nt,^.w-..hea, w^ <1- 1-st l,r..e,ls of o|,U, ,,„„„,., ,^_ Thustiesa' ousla.....,lersoftla.rnit..lStat..san,lCana,lai: . ^ ''"■" "I— 'ry eivili.e,! eonntry of the ea 1 r STOCK. WV have shown tho pr.'sent -.v^nv^.^w vilne r «;ca,rerentelasse«ofliv.. st-H-r:?";;'^ 1 2t;iii:;;:;;;:-t;rr"--'- IN ■* l^kll 10 ■J'HJ-; J'vVltJMiCItW S'lOC'Iv JIOOJv. AVEliAdK I'HICKS — (JUEATKST AND LOWKST. Acconliiif^ to tlio orticiul cunsus count, tlio iivcTHfj;o liricc of liorsfs in the United Stiitcs is §i')8.11 oach; nmlfs, $0!».7!); of luiltli cows, §2!!.!)5; of oxen anil otlicr ciitllc (ciilvcs iinil other yoiuif,' stock), §17.88; slii'C)!, §2.8!), and hogs, !?1.7(l, cacli, as tiio average. Let IIS now iind tlie least and greatest averages in any state. Tlie least average iirice for horses was in Texas, lii>2(i.8(), and the greatest average in New Jersey, !?!'•'>. (17, eauli. For iniiles tlie least average price was in Missouri, •'?")7.27, and the greatest average pvko, again, was in New .Fersey, §12-4.82, each. For milch cows the least average price was in Florida, §12.21, and tiu' greatest average jiricc in Massachusetts, .§8"), each. For oxen and other cattle, tlie least average ju'lce was ill Florida, .§7.51, and tiie greatest average lirice ill Massacliiisetts, §8(1. 8H, each. For sheep, the least average ]irii'e was in North Caroliiiii, §1.8;'), and tlie greatest average price in New -Jersey, §4.11, each. For liogs, tlie least average jirice was in Florida, §2.!)(), and the greatest in Connecticut, §13.7.'), each. THK iU'LK OF PlilCK \ow, lliese relative highest and lowcot prices are, as a rule, in non-iirodiu-ing states, except in the case of cattle, and here the quality i, notcriously low. They are semi-wild cattle, herded in vast droves and annually driven north. The low jiriccs on the one hand are the result of inditfereuce to hreeds, and the high prices on the other are due to the fact, that, relatively, few animals heing kept, tliere is careful selection, or a luiying of the hest. Let us now take the great stock producing states. Illinois has 1,()()7,220 horses, worth §02, 48"), 731. Texas has 1,002, 4.';0, worth §2ukota oiiie a f,'reat ate, ami the . the more ly cxeeiitccl, the prodiie- ' adapted to f store hoLis iistilntioiial [encc these in superior L' animals of r. IK eANADlAN nrablc posi- vo st(3ek of ind Arts of iper on the of the Oil- states that n the prov- ■Jlj l''-VI.'.M Kii w'i'orjv Jioojc. P- u.ee. averaging ten cows per lierd. These are com - J'osed prineipally of Shorthorn, H.ro.ford, Poll.-.l AlK.rdeen and Galloway, for lieef. and Shorthorn, Ayrshire and Jerseys for milk, hntter and ehee,. Our authority places the t.,tal census of puivly hred -ttle at 1;M.0.. head for the whole province/ o: statistics ("Bunau of Lulustries") put the num- Wat2.MJK,head. The census she Js the nuX to lie as follows: Tot,^ cattle in tho proving, 1,008,05!); «heep, • 0, )„8, geese. .';3y,857; barnyard fowls, .i,50S,70.-, I 01 sheep lio coarse wools aggregate l,,m,nur,, „nd hue wooed, 805,708 head. Yet even with hei. e eellent showing of livestock, the population is in- creasing faster relatively than her stoJk. It is ni e convincing as showing, in connection with the year v "-•ease i:i the price of meat in the United States ^ nit every reflecting mind knows, that there is n. tl'etm'c, labor and money invested, as the rearin.. ' nd feeding of li,, stock, and especially tl 1 e classes used for human food. SKCT,0.VIV._THK niPOKTANXK OK I,XVE STOCK PAKMIXO. The importance of live stock as a prime integer in f ugomg. It has been truly said that chemistry is he corner-stone of agriculture. So the breeim. nd feeding of live stock may be said to be that ! amen of agriculture which keeps the fertility of rhe man who constantly sells grain from his farm ^v..r adnnssible in tho first settlenient..;;:: t.>. ^^l lie yet he is unable to stock his farm will c rtamly get left if he continues the practic 1 " "cr year Why? He is constantly .Ip,-^^ On the contrary, when the produce of the farm '■' «■•'"" ""'I gi-'iss, fed on the hirm .,nd th f ./ tli.it httle or no depletion goes on. ^ STOCK HlilXos WKALTU th.rwl'"''T/ "'■''^' ''"''^' ''""«•-* certain wealth i. tl-rop. Tocomp«: \ r'^'-''^"^ ''''-■■"- '-.etun.d in one ortothXr^S 11 "J'ly a .ruestion of time ^iwl/^^;~l^ "'"'' ''"" " -ill »"t ]uy for the cultivation. If "'0 ^'ram is fed to stock, and pasturage is held suffi- ;-' o carry stock enough in summer to consume V , " ^"""' *■'""'' ""'■^' '""'' '!"■ li^'l't f,'rain ; -ey..yo and wheat, and sumcient mead.;- is I'^l'l o furnish the winter's hay, the whole is re- versal. The farmer, instead of selling produce, l'"I'ln'^' from sixty to seventy per cent of dry or- game and inorganic matter, sells Hesh which con- tai::s only about twenty to thirty per cent of dry ■"•;ra.uc matter, for ilcsh and fat average fully seventy j,er cent of water in their bulk Again : In selling grain from the farm at an av- erage of irom half a cent to one cent per pound an ' "uense amount of hauhng is entailed. On the I'tl'-'-nJ, f.t steers, sheep and hogs sell all the way rom three to six cents per pound, and carry off th'e ci cei t of water asm the c:ise of grain. This is he sole secret-if it be a secret-why the stock f..rmer gets rich while the man who persist in selli ' grniii eventually covers his farm with niorfm-.^s ' SECTION- V.-STOCKlXa THE FAIUI. " " In stocking the f.irai the owner must carefully canvass in his mind what class of stock will best pa the investment. As a rule diversiiied stock, as dive • profitable, for instance, may depend upon a number of contingencies. If „ear a maiket where lambs anc mutton bear a good price, some one of the S.nv l-rceds shoul.l be used on the common shoe of T country, to build up a profitable flock. If Vool cued. The swine (males) used must bo of some one oi he improved ],recds, for no man no.vaZ Zn feed common bre,i hogs with profit any mor'o ,1 1.0 eaii afford to keep sheep not of some of specnil breeds. If .,ttle are to be fattened, one ct Ilerefords. They are now so widely disseminated '" g-'l ■-!- are not difficult to get. If „^ ".Uer and cheese are an obje.t, the choice wiTl 1 : ;:::;;- riV''''"''''^''^"''^'-''"-^^^^ loi milk rich m cream. So far as horse stock k coiicerned thePercheron or Clydesdalor lab o a good, strong, staunch, trottin. sire when Tt I se.arere,mred, will meet every ordi„a.,e- MMHta R III »'!' fj 12 ■VlLh: J'^VIlMKltS' STOCIC HOOIC. CliArXEU II. WHV STOCKMKN (iKT UICH, SKCTION- I. — MANlJFACTIJIUNd CONnBNSKn l>Rom;CTS. Till-] reason wliy stock-l)rct'clcrs and stock-foctl- crs get rich was as well nndorstood more than two thousanil years ago as it iias been since l>y tlio more careful of oljservinj^ farmers. The dairy cow converts the food eaten into milk. The products of the farm are consumed on the farm, nothing hut the manufactured products are sold, and these only in their most concentrated form. The an- imals (if the farm are considered simply as machines for converting Imlky and inexpensive products into more costly products. The animal converts grass, hay, grain, and other natural foods into flesh. The dairycow converts the food eaten into milk. The milk is again separated into cream and skinnued milk. The cream is still farther separated into but- ter and buttermilk. The skimmed milk and butter- milk are converted into s(!cond-ra(e clieesc, and the whey is fed to swine; or tlie skinnued milk and but- termilk, with the addition of other food, arc directly employed iii feeding calves. The farmer in the feeding of animals employs them as machines to condense iiis products, lie tiikes the milk -one of the products — and, becoming a manu- facturing chemist, manipulates and comljines, pro- ducing a still farther condensation, butter and cheese, employing the refuse continually in the pro- duction of llosli. A fat ox is worth n,s innch as a common work-horse. Improved breeds arc worth far more— always will be — than common breeds, jurit as heavy, plump, clean grain will always com- mand a better price than inferior; just as fine fruits vegetables, or otiicr products will command better prices than common ones. Improved cattle, .sheep and swine arc more profitable because they produce more and better llesh or wool for the food eaten than common ones. The line road-horse, saddle- horse, or superior draft-liorsc will always bring su- perior prices, and for the simple reason, they are the most economical for the purposes for which the buyer intends them. We hope to give many ideas before we finish this work to r!hiw liow best to bring about desired ends m the practical breeding and feeding of all domestic animals. SECTION II.- -AXCIKNT WIlITHns ON LIVK STOCK. Tile great Mago, tlic ancient C'artlmgenian writer — whom, the Romans when they finally conquered that nation, fortunately thought his writings worthy to be preserved and brought away— both Mago and Hamil- car thought it not unworthy, nor beneath their dig- isity, when not occupied by war, to contribute, l)y tlieir writings on agriculture, their quota toward the sustenance of human life. There were twenty-eight of these treatises of Mago thus preserved by the Romans. MAOO ON V/ORKINO OXEN. His dcsciription is a model in essentials of strength to-day. He thoroughly understood what good hand- ling meant. The Latin writing says, "'I'ariK cm- li.irin mollin.fimo," and Varro acknowledges to having borrowed "a good deal from the book of Mago, which," ho says, " I make my herdsmen read." Upon buying working cattle JIago says : The young oxen which we buy should be square in tlieir form, large limbed, with strong, lofty, and dark- coloural horns, broad and curly fronts, rough cars, black eyes and lips, prominent and expanded nostrils, long and brawny necks, ample dewlaps, pendent nearly to the knees, a wide chest and largo shoulders, roomy bellied, with well-bowed ribs, broad on the loin, with a straight, level, or even slightly depressed back, round buttocks, straight and firm legs, by no means weak in the knee, large hoofs, very long and bushy tails, the body covered with thick, short hair of a red or tawny colour, and they should be very soft handlers. SECTION III COLUMELLA AND CATO. Columella was a voluminous and practical writer on agriculture. Ho was a Spanish-Roman, to coin a word indicating his nativity, and occupied a Pyre- ncan farm, His writings on sheep Irave f^.ven rise to the supposition that he introduced Merino sheep into Spain. Columella, however, does not say so. An uncle of his is quoted as having improved his flock of sheep through the introduction of African rams. In his books on agriculture and domestic ani- mals proper, poultry and bees, ho excludes the sport- ing dog, properly enough. They are the worst ene- mies of the flock master; far worse than wolves. Columella advocated gentleness and fair dealing as between landlord and tenant. lie was what wo would call a liberal man. Cato, on the ot.ier hand, was what the Scotch would call near. Ho tliought ditches should bo scoured, other odd jolis d(mc, and everything made tidy on public holidays. When slaves were sick he cut down tlieir rations. lie advised that a propiie- 4 'I'll I.; I'.VU.-MICKW ■!'1'<)<'K JfOOIv. tor shou].l i.o Hcokiii- t.. Hfll rather than t.. l,nv Tho Imiliff I.M.St n.n.fnJIy h,„k ..v.t tlio catth, Mith',, vifv ..t s:,l... lI.'KMvc. s,.,sil,I.. n,lvia. in that th. hailiir Hli.Miia sell „1,1 w(,rl( .,xon and cnH.s-- l,„th ..attlo and sh..q. . wnol, liid.s, „ld .■al-ts and „ld ini|,I,.Mu.nts iindanytlnnurls,. ihatc„nldhrs|,aivd. [( is not f,', his honor that Mv an. ol,li^r,,,l („ ,,,,„,,i (|„„^ ,,„, j^^ stnictions indiahd any ohl and .hscascd sl-iv<- Th.. sagacity of t'ai,,, Innvcvr, was acut.., and wo '|n,.to Inni as .showing tliat in his time stock -foedinL- was rr.'ardc- Thenhesaid, -These, Jiomans, are ■M.vchanns; b„t I cannot show yon, or bring into the fonnn my mental labors, n>y vigiJs, nor the sweat of ray brow.' " It is by mental lal.or and watchfulness, fully as "rnch as hy tho sweat of tho brow, that tho stock- man reaps profit now. It is not that it is dillicnlt, hut the stock-breeder must use intelligent ohservatiou.' MEAT l>Ii0nU(.TS ALWAYS OKMANDKh. Phny discredits Cohnnell.i as to the third renlv and says that Cato's inculcation ^vas to depend upon tliut winch gave the best returns for the labor ex- rcnded, and adds that Cato thought, with manyothcr cnnnentmen, that meadows produced without labor, btockmen have ever found it to be the case, and to- 'lay food-flesh is the only commodity that has not seriously dechned in price in ].;ngland. I„ the United btates its tendency has been steadily „„- ward. •' ' Why? The necessities of stock-breeding and feeding arc more exacting than those of grain It requires better intelligence and more accurate knowledge Hence, the non-reading man is never a successful hrceder. SUCTION IV A MODKL KAR.M-in. Pliny, the oiator, advocate, senator and poet, ■"nong his other descriptive and agricultural writings thus describes a model farmer: "C. Furi s Crt"s- siiii.s, a fi-eednmn, became the object of much ill- l.^olmgon thepartof his neighbors, in consequence of hiH gathering from n very small field much more produce than they could obtain from very lar^o ones. He was accused of attracting the crops from "«.- holds by charms. Sp. Albinus appointed our day to hear this charge; and Cressinus, fearing that he might bo found guilty, wlien the tribe ,vere "l'0"t to pronounce their verdict, brought his live CIIAPTEK III. Tin; UKI,.\TI()\ <)| .STlC,HHMr,. This gives us !?2(i7,0.';2,.l(J8, as the iiiiirkot value of prepared animal products of the iarin. Assuming that one-fourth of the aggregate num- her of cattle and one-third of sheep are yearly killed, and one-half the t(,tal of .swine, this would give 8,000,000 of cattle, 12,000,000 of ,slu.,.p and 21,000,000 of hogs, in round numlieis, marketed each year. That this is approximately correct is proved hy the fact that in 1880, 12,218,35.1 hogs were packed m the west, ami in the whole United States, 10 - 857,300 head. SKCTION 11 LIVR ST.ICK VS. CUOrs, It is a well-known fact that live stock is steadily decreasing in numbers m the United States, in com- parison to the population, and also in comparison to the amount of crop.-, raised. It is the fact that prices of hvo stock and live stock products are constantly increasing, while cereal products are rather decreas- inf,'. It is a fact that meat and meat products are the <,nly agricultural commodities that have steadily iiaawmMHii« > m* •*■ ill 1 1 ' A !>• M 1<;1u labor ,n,.v tlii.s I,. ,l.,ne. When thonm-hlv truin..,!, n..,l oV I.roin.>- ,.Kt., they .nay ho sol.l to h. r,.,,l,uc..l .vit.h others. This Kivrs yo„ ,„on,.y ..itli.T nltev the spri.i.' Pl"»m,. Ks over, or tho harvest -.tthercd, a.s tho caj. ..my he \uuv u„ol an.l h.uih.s hriufr num.y at a t.iiie when ,t is always wanted. Yo,ir hofr„ ;„,,,• |,„ l.nislu,! olf i,y Clu-istnm.s, an.l in the early sjiriM" your stee.'.s will he ripe f.,r the hnteher. Y.,„ ],ave not .iepen.led entirely upon your eereal crops, vo„ have not depended iijion one kind of .stock You do not j-et your money all at on,, time, hut ri-ht alonij. It IS not a fea.st in fr„od years, and a laniin.. ...poor years, for you have not depended upon (,ne cr.,p, hut nnmy. There nniy he partial failures everv year. \et yps to whom a had season hrin,!r.s disaster. SK,-TIO.N V. --...„ASS AM. ST.H'K KKKl.IV,i Much has heen written on the ,,ermanent pastm^cs ol (-reat Britain, and the tlun.rist always lays .rreat stress npoi, tho ^reat value of permanent i.asluro it IS a -„od thiiifT to have up,.n such ,.orti,u,s of the farm that will not pn.fitahly produce ai.vthin.r dse (rreat Hntam is peculiarly situatod-a' mnrst di u'ate, cool in summer and cmipanit.vely mild i„ winter. We have h,.t, often ,lry summers,' an.l coh' often dry winters. Jlence our system of cultivatioii ■lud our management must he entirely ,litferent I'-UiTh.nd has .nany ^ras.ses a,lapted to her climate- we have comparatively few. Our p,st„res hrowii in' suinmer. We must tide over our summer drouths with some fodder cr,>p, or with ^rain. The stock cattle may he carried comparatively ,.a.sy The ihury st,.ck and the fattening stock' nmsth,. kept up to their full conditi,)ii. The wise farmer will carefully c.m.sider all these points It IS tho season for pushin.i- forward the .OK.S that are to he f.vtte.led later. As tho srans ails, the steers that are to ho finished later must ho kept uUy p-owiug. The owes f^ivin. milk must he ooked after and assisted with some special food. (.rass must he used to its fullest extent, and a moist meadow, not fully ,,astnred. may he reserved to iissist m this contingency. I„ ot'her w,)rds, it is a t,'ood j.lau to have some surplus f-rass. In flush sfas,.ns you may h.ivo surplus hay, it is true. It is always good i.r,.porty. Ste.'rs or slu-ep may h,. l>n.UKl,t to eat it. Tho steers may he sol.l i,! the t^pi'i.iK as stock,>rs, and tho sheep disj.osed ..f after shearim,', if not wanted ,111 tlu! farm. SKCTIO.V Vr.— UAI.SIN,; A IIERI). Whatev.r the stock, the host is tho cheapest, al- ways. The farmer, as well as the special stock hreedcr, must know what ho is hrcediiiK foi'. For dairy jmrposes he w,.uld not select H, r,ford, I'olled- Anjrus ,„• ,Sh,u-t-liorns, imlcss he might ho so fo,-tu- nate as to find lineal .h'scendants of these hitter, ,.f la.nihes once celehrated for milk, in this admirahle heef hreed. They arc not so common „ow as "ood nnlkers of the mixed stock ,.f tiio ountry. It" his .di.i he checvso making he would not select .Jerseys, however valuahle they may be in a butter dairy. Ho must look t,. tho Ayrshirts or tho Holstein uv Dntch-Friesiun, as this admirable milking fa„,i]y is n.diirerently called. I„ the west tho name Holst,.ia is generally us,m1. Large messes of milk, rich in l>oth butter and choose, lie in the Dutch cattle and the .Vyrshire. My own conviction is that, as a wliole, the Dutch cattle are bettor suited to our northern climate than tho Ayrshire, and as a rule they are more nnifornily largo milkers. SKLKCTINO A BULL. Whatever breed is selected, fully as much care •should bo taken that the bull ho of a,, approved .u.lkmg strain, and with a reconl sln.wing this, as that tho cows ho so. If a grade herd is to ho raise.l. It IS mnie the less necessary. If butter is tho oh- jeet, the .Torsey or the Ciuernsey have no superiors. Whatever the object, whether h.r beef or milk the hull ,s important, for it is he wh,. stani,,s the herd with excellence. The Devons and (rail,. ways for their liar,hnoss have claims in special locations. They are fair milkers, hut, except the st,.ck must take romrh usage, are hardly to he recommended. If beef "is the object, the Horefords will certainly giyo s.atis- faction as grazers, or as feeding cittlo, ,yell north, as will tho Hhort-horus as certainly in the latitude ot torty degrees and south. I„ the hill country of the sonth, the .Jersey f,.r butter and the Ayrshire for cheese will leave little t,) bo desired. HORSE STOCK. In horses the farmer must raise that class which l(i -riii-: I'AIJ.M iciiw srocjv iioou r^ will do liis own work, niul yet iiiaku Hiilalilo liorscs wli.'ii fully nmtnml. Tlio IVrchoroii, the Clydim- •lalc, oi- the Shiiv horse vvi]| [irodnci! coUh on "f.iir- Mzotl roomy nmris tliiit, will ho iictivc and Htronj;, inid hriiiLT linndsoMio prii'cs for Ikmvv city tcaniin^' wluMi ready for sale. The Cleveland 'hay wil.l hrin^' • ■h'f,Mnt, aelive horses, of «„„,] ^i/e for any farin worlv, ami sell f,,r f,'ood priees for express and other Koneral work, and the jiandsomer specimens will s.'li for lar^'c prices us carriaLre tennis. On fiirms where the lahoris not, of aheavymiture II lighter class of horses niav he hred horsc^s of from l.()(i;i to l,2()l» j.onnds ench. These are pro- duced hy hreeilinL,' stannch not necessarily very fast- trottim,'— sires npon fair-sized, Imiidsonio, active iiiiires. Three of this prof,'eiiy harnessed ahreast will do fairly heavy ph. win.i,', and two will do the | ordinary work of the farm. When mat.nv and well trained they will sell for hnsiness - li.trht express and l)ii-ry horses. The hetter ones for road— spoci.il drivin,!,' horses, and wlion^ they can he matched totrether, and hav(! a fair turn of speed, for li-ht donhle drivin;,' Jiorscs. sim:i:i' .wn swink. The same rnle wiil api.ly to sheep and swine. The sire nmst impress the pro^ony. If you desire to hreed mutton and wool, Shropshire, J lampshiro or Southdown siies will ho indicated. If len^'th of staj.Ie and heavier weif,'hts are desired, the (lotswold has jiroved well adapted to oiu' climate. The Lei- cester or Lincoln cross -ivill also iirove valinihle. Jhit whatever the cross adojited, once est.ihlished, it should 1.0 adhered to, and the cross slu.uld ho made prcfcrahly on large roomy owes. Tho Downs all cross liindly upon our native fine wools, that is, shooi) containin-r more or less Merino hlood. With swine the prohleni is simple. Select smootli, well dev.^h.ped sows, and use hoars, eithr>r Jk-rkshiro, Poland-Cliina. or Duroc-Jerscy, as the fancy t.r ex- jierience may dictate. Crosses of these three favor- ite hreeds comprise the hulk of all liogs .slaught- ered in the west. CHAPTER IV. STOCK iiRKKniNi: <»\ Avi;i£.\u the uiiiiu stay for succulent sniiuacr fond. If swino fcedinf,' is ii Hpecial jiiut of tho faiiain^', a pasture must he s( t apart f(.r tlieiii. Let this he seeded to red clover -the hienuial variety. It may he fed thi! fir.st season of sowin,;,', if well set, say after the middle of ,Tmiu', hut it is hctter to cut the Ii- t crop and feed it in yards, and notjnsture until (lie second growth conies (ui. The second year it may \n: pastured dose, hu:, the tendons of tli;> swines' noses must bo severed to prevent them from rooting', or tliey must have rin,!,'s in their noses. Tlw tliinl season, tlic ho;,'s may he allowed to root, unless tlie hoc,' pasture has ro-soedod itself. W(! prefer the tiiird seiu.on to allow the ho-s to root, and tlien to lirealv ui), kei^pinj,' the clover pasture i^'ood ])y seed- ing,' new hind. !iwi\K ANn Tin; wniTi; oiirn. Swine are indef.-iti.^'ahle hiih.crs cf fr,-uhs and other larva, and a meadow infested witli tlie white .LTinh (larva of tlu! Hay heetle) should he j,nven over to the hof,'s to clean. Tiieso ;,m-ii1,s live in the soil three years. The second year in the Kn>iind is their most destructive year. The third year they trans- form into the May or hlind heetle.s. Tlie iieetlcs may lie destroy(-d hy settiii- Rasoliiio or iceroseiie torches in the field at niglit, the heetles alway.s llyiiif,' into a li}>;ht and destroyin;? themselves. We have seen a meadow so infested witli the white .!,'ruh, wliich lives on the roots of grass, that it could lie rolled up like a carpet. SECTION IV.— I'LACK OF SUEEP OX TIIK FAfiM. If slieep were simply valiiahle for their wool, or for their mutton, they would perhaps he the least valuahio of farm animals, except m mountain or other firm soils, where they may run in imnicnso droves, attended only hy the shepherd and his dog. There is, however, the yearly sheaiing of wool, and also tlie value of the siieep for mutton when mature, and the 8uri)lus fat lamhs, the most costly meat in our marlvots, and also their manure equally distril)- nted. These togetlicr is what has caused the Hlieei.'s foot to ho called golden. SHEEP AS WEED nESTROVERS. ^ One special advantage of «heep, however, is that tney are great weed dostroyers-herhs heing their favorite food. Hence they have a fourfold use on the farm. They give mutton, wool, fertility to the soil, and lighten the lahor of cultivation hy destroy- ing weeds. They will soon clear a corn held, after it has heen " laid hy," of such weeds as have escaped the cultivator, and without injury to tlie crop. The ears they cannot manage, and the fen- hlndt's taken do no injury. If an occasional rogue hiilt, down the corn, or tear olf the ears, lii^ must he WatcJMd (ait and separateii. We havi^ Seen a potato lield completely cleared of weeds, after the croj) was too fiir advanced to Jilow, the slieep advancin;; he- tweeii the vines without injury to tile jiotatoes. SECTION v. -WIUT SHEEP TO KEEP. One must liiiow the slieep liest adaiited to liis lo- cation, and this aside from tlu! question of nearness to a good mark( t for mutton. If mutton is the special value, thi^ Shropshire or the Ilampsh i re- 1 )o w n , as the ease may he, may he used for level m- i(dliiig rich soil, and tlic Southdown for more hilly situa- tions. Merinos are tlio sheep for all situations, tliough their natural phico is in hill and mountain regions, oron liigh phitcans like our plains region. In England they share tho mountain range with tho Southdown, CJieviot and other Alpine hreeds. The Shropshires and llampshiro-Dowus take their natu- ral jilaco in tho less hilly regions. The uplands foster the Oxfords and Cotsw(dds, while the Lei- cester and Lincolns are at home on the lowlands, nearer tho sea level. A modification of this will suit tho wants of the American farm(>r, for we liavi; comparatively a small area occujiied with mountain ranges, compared to our vast cnltivatahle area. A sheep run must he rich in vegetation. It should not he marshy, and a firm soil meets the host re- quirements. Tho Leicester and Lincoln do not oh- ject to moisture, if they may lie, when at rest, on iirni soil. The Oxfords and Cotswolds are at home on our rich rolling soils. So is the Merino, fairly well, and even the Shropshire. The Ilamiishire and the Southdown remain healthy with ordinary care, and tho crosses of these hreeds with tho Merino do hotter still. CIIAPTEE V. .STOCK FKKniNr. ANI) rKKTIMTT. SECTION r. WIlV STOCK CONSERVES FERTn.ITY. Constantly carrying away tho products of the farm will in tho cimrso of years so deplete the soil. IMI III IH 'I'lilt; l<'iVItIVliCItH' HTOt'lv JI<)<)Iv. 4* tlmt it will no longer yniy the expunHO of uultiviition. Thin in n()t iiUoKt'tlii'i' (liu! to tlio fxlmii.stion of the I'lcnicnts, lint to the fact thii* niitnre amnot cliiiio- nitc lis J'ii!-t iiH the fertility is iilistriicted. L'onHtiuit workiii},' (if the soil eauseH it to change ita Htructiire, and CHpeeially so in eliiyH when wet. It in the j)er- fci't ilisinteLrniliilily of the .soil, as one of its elnir- acteristies, that allows eliemieal change to go on constantly. Largo quantities of luunuro niust ho applied. This is costly, and especially so where (his nianiire nnist he liought. Kesort is iirst had to plowing' under grei n crops. This means rest and recuperation. Then sinniner fallowing is resorted to. This means a still more ahsolute rest. Then com- mercial fertilizers are honght. With all this the original fertility is not restored, and with the eon- stunt outlay for numnrc, and the lahor exjiended in fallowing, the farmer soon finds that the value of tli(> cro[is is not equal to the outlay and wear and tear. These are the facta. It is not necessary to state just how this conies ahout. It would require too much space. Every reflecting fanner will sec the truth of the imiposition. sKCTioN n. —now stock inckkasks tuk fertility of THK SOIL. flood land should jirodnee two tons at least of hay per acre. This will produce ahout 2.')0 pounds of heef, if fed as grass. An acre of corn is ahout forty hushels, as a good average. The general average is not more than seventeen hushels. I'orty hushels of corn fed to a steer, or to hogs, will make from 300 to 400 pounds of Hesli, according to the economy of feeding. Everything else of the crop is returned to the soil, and if care is taken more than half of the manure is distrihuted hy the animals themselves. Land laid down to grass is gradually hrought to that mechanical condition of friahility best adapted to crops. WHY SWAHD LAND IS FERTILE. Every farmer knows that sward laud is always fertile, until through constant working its integrity is destroyed. The roots of grasses, and especially of clover, arc constantly hriugiiig fertility from the depth of the soil; that porti(Ui not needed hy the crop is returned again to the soil. The roots dying, leave the soil porous for the free circulation of the air, and this is constantly working change. Earth- worms and other horing insects are constantly ut wovlc disiiitefrrating and elianging the mechanical condition of the soil, and for the hotter. Chemical agencies, through the action of the oxygen of tlu^ air, water and heat, render the mineral constituents of the soil available, hecauso from being insoluble they become scduble, for only in tiiis state fire they capable of being taken up by the circulation of plants. The roots of the grasses and clovers and the drop|)ings of the animals dec;iy into humus, and this under tho action of heat and moisture assists in the development of the nitrates, the most costly of all manurinl substances, Thus the fanner will bcc from a few of the means indicatt d how simple is the question of fertility, cuice lie uses the p'-onir means, LIVl: STICK A.\n FKUTILITY. Through the live stock of tlu' farm, it may ))e in- creased, while at the same time he is aceunmJatiiig money from tho profits of the sale. Let us put it in another way: A crop of wheat sold, of twenty bushels, carries from the acre 1,200 pounds yearly. It is worth in all countries distant fnuii the ultimate market less money than tlie .400 jiounds of flesh per acre. The flesh is seventy live per cent water. Less than eighty pounds of d. ^■ . ubstance has really been carried away from the soil per y';ar per acre in tho shape of meat. Why follow the argument further? It is not strange that the stockmen gradu- ally buy up the farms of their nuu'e inconsiderate neighliors, who think there is no money in feeding stock, SECTION III. DIVEBSIFIEn AORICULTURK POSSIDLE ON STOCK FARMS. There is no difficulty in keeping up a diversilied agriculture upon the land cultivated in annual crops in connection with stock raising. In fact, it is the only possible means by which a variety of crops can lie raised on a farm, e.xcept through tho interposi- tion of costly commercial manures — nowhere possi- ble, except near large cities with extensive local markets for special crops. Stock, however, s.ives elaborate rotation, expensive fallowing, costly spe- cial fertilizers and enables the cultivator to intro- duce the cultivation of just such crops as sell best in his local market. Thus he realizes not only the best price for his inarketalde jjroducts, but gets large profits upon liis live stock that has made these other valuable crops possible. SECTION rv. RELATION OP CROPS TO STOCK BREEDING. The relation of crops to stock breeding is wortay lUK i'.VUMiCUH' MTccK 1IO..K, of study, ,111(1 for thin mmm. Tlmt in: Tliu out cniac of profit iH foun.U.I „i,on tli. luuliml ,...,1 «.„. i.onii-al rrlatioi. wliicli all .l,.i,„rt,i„.,its of any l,„si ncss Lear ouo to another. Tlio ImisIh of w,,,lth in all iiKnciilturc is justly acknowl.d-,,,! (o 1„. .nnsn (iniKH cannot hu rais, ,1 ..n.noini.ally witlumt soni.-' tliii.g to cat It. To H.,fc,.«.sf„l]y coinp.t.. in tli.. Wrcat markets of tlio woH.], tlio stock l.ivdcr un.l feeder ii.nst. in connection uid, ^rass, also ,ai.e largely of such cr.-,.s as will make stock rijie (iujly fat). J [ere, again, as in the case of grass, only a certain portion of the grain fed is sold away fro,, the farm. Tho rest goes to refertilizo. In seedin- land to clover the (ir.st en,,, may l„. fed, „„,1 „ seed crop taken afterwar.l if desi.vd. Jn sec.ling a mead- ow, one see.l crop may he taken an.l the aftermath fe.l. This will cause the meadow to he fully seeded m the weak phiees. The halance of the f.uni may he cultivated to the cereal grains or special crops tiiat bring the most money. COMMON SKNSK liOTATION. The rotation hecomcs exceedingly simple The pasture ]aiid is wade permanent on the least valu- "l.le portions of the farm, for meadow and cultivated crops. The meadow.s are turn, d over successivelv as required, and special forage crops are raised to supi'ly deliciency, in particular years, or to tide oyer the animal seasons of heat and drouth. All these Pn.l'lems. simple as they are, every fanner must solve for lumseK, because the special necessities must 1)0 specially met. SECTIOX V._NAKED LALr OWS NOT .NKCKSSAUV. Xakc^ fallows arc the necessity of shiftless farm- ing. Ihey show that a farm is not carefullv man- aged, riie.r only possible use is to admit 'the ac- tH>n of the air, in the loo.e plowed hmd, to exercise > s disintegrating iiiHuences. Any land restm.^ under '"""•' " "'''^' ""'"" '" ^" '"' "^^ '"' '"'""^ Here is whore the stockman again has a largo ad- vantage. He raises such crops as ho can feed oil- gets pay from his recuperating soil, under grass' since the stock return about one-liaJf of tho con Btituentsof what they eat immediately to tho soil." The relation of crops to stock hreeding, therefore I mus. bo those that win return the best profit when ! sold e,t,ro, or which may he most economically fe to the farm animals, wliateyer they may I,e. U» «K(;tion VI.— fallow ckoph am. livk stock. Indian cun is the ^reat fallow crop of tho west. in fact. It IS the ,;reat fallow crop of the Tnited h..ates, since m American iigriculture a fallow crop |H Mluidy a cleaning crop. In the agricultuie of the last quarter of a century, with improvements in the cleaning of cr.q.s by the use of the striuldle-row eultivaf.us, naked fallows Inue ceased to be known <•xci.pt m a few sections, and these larg,.lv devoted' to that .'xhaustiiig and depleting crop, wheat after wiieat. CHOI'S Kolt TUliNlN(t l:.N|)KH. -Vxt to Indian corn conie ch.ver e.n.l buekwluat for turning under, and no meadow or pa.sture .should ho turned by the plow until the growth has full- c<.ve.ed the ground, since it not only adds immediate ert.ity, but assists largely by decay ia decomposing the .ward This fact is so well kn....n in subdui,,.. I'ran.e sod that plowin. is never undertaken until the grass ,s at least six inches hij,-li. breaking is then p,c.ssed forward until the grass is fully grown -Next m im).ortanco in fallow crops, which serve the double pui-i,oso of cleaning the soil, and furnisbin.- feeding to stock, are root crops. In s.une lu.rthern sectuu.s and m Canada peas are largely used, sinco tli:'y may he drilhd and cultivated until tluy a^.t strength t,. quickly cover the soil. Li the south tl.o cow pea, so-called, but which is really a bean, is largely used. Hoot crops, however, come next to Indian corn. Improved implements of cultivation render the labor comparatively ]i;4ht, and their gn at value as succulent winter food is yearly increasin-r tho area sown. The American climate is not ;"l"l'ted to the .rowth of white turnips, nor indeed to ruta-bagas, except well north. Carrots, however arc grown everywhere, but mangel-wurzel beets," trom their ease of cultivation, facility with which they may be harvested, and their enormous produc- tion, are yearly becoming more and more popu- lar, csi)ccially on prairie soils. CHAPTER VI. GKASS AND HAY CROP.S. SECTIO.V I. WHAT IS ORASS? The question of gra,s.ses is the most important in agriculture, since it is tho basis of all successful agriculture. It becomes especially important to all who make live stock a s],ecial field of labor. Grass :s the universal natural covering of all arable soils, 21) AliAIKKM Hlociv IKXJK kifll IT tliDHi) ri(-h oiKiii^h f.ir iirolitiihlo miltiviitioii lliiiiT tlio udiiKu timt II KriiHH country in ii kooiI fiirm. iiiK L'dinitrv. (IniNH in known cvfrvwlicrc \>y hn iu'.iuliurity of leaf timl Nttin. All tliJ .■.■inil graiiiH, IiiiliiMi coin, soi;,'liinii, HUfinr (;aiii', millet, etc., be- l"ii;,' to till' ^'icat Ki-iiHH family. C'lovtr, alfalfa and ill! Iliiit fhiHS of Ic^nnifs arc not KraMwcH, tlionf,'li iisiiiiily tirm.'d so by fiirmcrH. TIimm dttiii.d, in tliis (Imi.lcr, I will not depart from tliis flas.silini- lion, altlioiiL,'!! imonvit, ninco tliey will only lio n.ii.sidirfd a.s forming' an imiioitant jiortion of uiciidow and lawturu foraj,'e. (iniHw in tlio most val- iiiilil,. Kin,L;le cr.ii. eiiltiviKcd in tlio United States, even ill its dried form of liav. ■rilK VM,I K dh' liliASS, The value of ;,'rasH ii.s imsture is fully dnulile that of liay. More than half of ihe whole 'v(-,'etation of the earth is ^'riiss, and to man its value is more than tliat of all other edihlo iilants eomhiiied. That we have a larf,'t! stoek to select from is shown liy the i-M-l that I'rof. Heal, of the .Miehi^'aii A-ricul"turiil ('ollcjjc, names sixty-live true grasses, exdudin;,' the cereal Krains iin>: the clovers, iis hein^ found in Michi^'iin, tile naist of them indi^'ciious to tlu! state. I'rof. Laiilmni notes lOo ;,'riisses as native to Illinois, tic veil introduced and twelve known as culuvated pi«.ses. The west, and south are rich in let,'tnninoiis lilantH, inclmlin;,' several valiiahle species, and a iiiimher of varieties. The list to select from is really ample, and oidy reipiires siune study as to the iivaihihility of varieties to soils and climate, to enalilo the stock raiser to select the hest. SKCTION- II. - MKADOW AM> I>ASTI1IK (IHASSKS. The stock breeder must carefully discriminate be- tween meadow and pasture -,'rasses. There ari^ grasses, including clovers, that are valuable for both. A meadow is intended to be cut over for the hay it produces. Feedin- otf the afterniiith does not make it II pasture and, especially when the body of the Rrnss is timothy, this feedin- down is moru often ii loss than ii jirolit. It is in such cases as this that the individual must decide as to the propriety of feeiiin- oir a meadow. There are plenty of cases where it is admis.siblo. If the aftennath is flush, timothy may be fed by cattle. It should never be fed close, especially by sheep and horses. They generally destroy the bulb— the life of the {jrass— which is annually formed next the surface of the earth. AllOIT MKAIioWS. Ill meadows the i.Ica is to produce the heaviest swath of such niitriti(aiH griiHses as will ri])cn "I'lirly together. Clover should form an in.poitiint l>iirt of all meadow ^'rasses ^the red clover ior dry arable soils, an,l alsike clove, for nmist soils. Wherever it will winter, alfalfa is one of the most valuable of the clovors, eHpecially ^.uith and on the nnlder porticui of the i.biins rcKioti. OOOI) .MHAOOW OUASSKS. In the middle re^'ioii and northern states, Ken- tucky blue-rass, fowl meadow, .lune -rass ( /'„„ ,,„„. I'n:ss„), .u'chanl f-rass, snioothstalked meadow Kmss red top, tall fescue, timothy, red ch.ver and alsike clover are amon- the more valuable and generally u.sei of Krasses and dovers. .South, cow-'jaas are lar-ely sown for hay. Alfalfa, red clover, liermiula, crab, crow foot and ^,'ama j^'rass are lar^'elv used in tlie Kiilf slates. In the middle s.mthern slates, where the.se true grasses will not wiiit.r, bine -niss, orchard grass, timothy and red top do fairly in connecti.ai with red clover. si; H White Top .J Ki Reiirop ' ••■ a . 15 1^ ill III 1!ili riiftedHairt » fo: MeaJo* fojtall.... !i Sw'etScsnted^srnal il Tail Oat Qrass 7 SienileiWIieat Grass li> Ciest8i1 Dog's tail.. L'll Ur'jiiai'il Urasa I'J Hard fescua 10 Idllfescua l-t Slisep'n fescu9 .... II Meadow Fascue.... I I .sieiKjerSpika fescue l."i Heilfesuue in Red Meado* Gra^s. Ill CommonMannaGraes l.'i M^.ido* Soft Grass. I 7 Italian Rye Grass ..| l,-i ['Biennial Rye Grass Hldlln MiHetGrass ■ "■■ Rued Canary Grass . Timothy I Wood Moado* Grass Blue Grass i RoiiKh StalkMeadow Reach Crass .... ' Teilow Oat Grass Red Clover Perenni.ll Clover . , White Clover.... Lucerne Sainfoin ."il«l,(KMJ|ll 4'J.'l,IHHI l.'I'J.IKHIO 711,01101) 7l,oooii '.'I.OCHt I.J i.i.rioo 'JH.IHIO lO.IKHI IIIMNHI 1!0„'-,0II OI.IKNI 'JII.INHI ■.'l,700 IIII.INHI .")'<, IKHP 'i IIII.OOO ll.'l.lKHI l| •.'7,0(MP'o in.ooo'ii HO,(MMi Pi 7I,IMI0 O i7;i,(ioiil '.'Ill.Odd 'Ji7,ooolo lo.orhiii.. Is ooo'o Ili.lHHIjO lO.IHKI o .'l'.'.(Hlo|ll I'.MHiol lO.L'sOili, . a " 5 ^ fl : 2 to 'l iutu>i (o I... Kitiil lo I'J I ll)l l| I" !■.. 1 InP, to :ii 1 i(liil.'i to 'i l.jto M, to i| :iilol lo 11 :iiii)l lo I, I |„|l, 111 h .'ilcil In I- ■'iKil I _ a o C -"I -'p a 'I to '•.' :iitol to 1...' :iiio1 i '.'1.. I" I-.' I till i| ;|i; 111 I... I L.tiil :i| ;|i., lo I- I l,i| I, •J.lJ lltol lo i|] i.jto :i| lo l;l i...toi:ii lo <\' ^'itcil I to I... 1 I, I,, I I., In I.J 1 i|liil 1." to i| 'llu III to I II II.,. I 1 1._. I'l i*>-a if (.■.•3 .iin .n.'i .li.'i .13 .li.'l .lio ..'10 .711 ..■Ml .;iM .;i'.' .."lO ..".I "f IiUi.Ih, Ih.iIi f,,,. |„.riii,iiMMt jiii.sliiiv. anil hay 'iiKl liaHtMr(..iiitr,>,lm.ii,^f nihm.. variiticN iii.r. K«'ii.'rall,y iiMMl, mimI for tlu, ,.,.,„„„ ,1,,^ ,|„, ^,,.,,,,j,,^ j,^,, ,„„„,„:^ ''f Viir..ti,..s llio in,.,.., uiiilnini ||,u Ktaiid mii,| tlai I'mvuT avvi-a;;,. I,,,,-,!,.,, of ;,,•„«„. A variWv not "''"l""il to n iMiaihiw ,„■ iiastiiiv, „s a wli.ilr". iimy i'i'\vil|„.l,.„.s |„, ,„l,|j,t,.,i t„ e,,,(aii. jMutiniis oC a """'l"W or jiaHtiuv. ll.n, tliry uill nit.li ami Nl'ivail, (liiis in.MirinK ii^'iiinst, tliiii HpotN in tlir I'H'iulow or ,,„.„„.,, Jt ,,ii, 1,^, ,.,,,, „,,_^ f^ ^^^,^, ^^^ rutu H aio Kiv.ii i„ ....di ..a.so Inr ha.v tlmn f,„. ,,aH|,ii<.. IMosy i,s tilt. liM, lor ;,.„„i „.,,„aow Hoils aralilf l"»>".s (o ratlur Htroi.g clay HoilH-gJvi.iK' Huvfu va- rit-tifs lor hay un.l diiwu for Imy uml imHturo. I.I.''T I'dlt lilKHi .Mi;.v|)(i\v KIIII.H 'riiiioiiiv jlrllCloUT ihlrrililliU". ItLiI Cliin.r lin'riiiiiiuji Orilmnl (IraHM Mi'iiilow I'VHiiiin .. Mmi'Iow I'lixluU '.'.'. Illiio (IriiKH .. Kill Tup ;;■•" llyi' (iraxH ....'.' Kowl .'\ri.iiilow , ,. ' ."■ Whlio I'liivur Total jHiiinilH iirroi'm . 4 _. ; u4 ;=9 ■ *■ If 1 s. r" VJ M H 1 1 (1 y 1! (1 ,'l :i .1 1 T a? T HIKlilNii .111 (IIUHS. Ill .sowin- -rasK for imsinrf, always .s„w thick, i„i|, i..s.s than thirty-two ,m.iii„1,s of a„y ,„ixtnr(., »,„1 forty 18 bfttur. For ni,.,Ml,.w tlio Haim. a.lvico i.s |,'oim1, l,„fc„„ h,,„vy Kfoilin^r i.s not rfinircd; yot not li'.s.s tliaii twoiity ]h.iiiu|,s Hhoiihl he miwii per .u-rf mi.l twfiity-livo would ho lanivr the nauL If the mixture he timothy and dover, twelve iM.iinds of imiothy and ei^-ht ,,„„nd.s'of clover i.er aere will he ahout. the ri<,'ht iiroi.ortioii. SUCTION V. -MIXKl) OHASSKS Fnlt VA.ilOI s SOILS. Our lists of grasses for meadow and imstiuv arc "miiy, mostly liavini- hceii taken from Eiifrlish Miiuves, and containing many varieties not adapted to our dry climate. Uiam a careful review of the wliole suhj.et, some time since, I prtpared the fol- owmir tahles of q-uuititie.s of jjra.a seed to he sown, "T //„■ /;,-,r,/,v,v' 11Y '*>-'2 holl.s, I ? ' ~ lUni' (rrass Ilcd CloTLT SiH'Cp M FCHOUO I'lit'itlo Foicne Orcliani Oniss Tall-oal (irasH Hani l''os<'iu' Uciimh-slalki'il Jleachnv (ii <'Tcst,.(l Dok'h Tall Hvd 'l'(ip it < >• 15 »■ () ."i 1 (i 1 1 1 1 1 1) •1 I'J ■■■ 'J'u'al iKinnds per new SIXTION VI KCONOJiy OK THICK SKiil)iN((. To show the ccoii(}Uiy of thick sucdinK we give a table as actually counted by the English authority, iSinclair. It shows the average number of ]dants to the square foot of sward, as counted, showing con- clusively that seed enough must be given to meet every requirement of the soil. It also shows the great iiiqiulse, even in moist England, arising from the inigatiou of meadows: CIIAIUCTEU or THE TIUIF. .1] H ^ m ~^ -' ^ u-y.t I. A siiuiiiv foot takmi trum tho rlchett natnrul lastiiro capalilo (if fattcnlnif one larnc (IX (ir tliioo sheep to tlio aero wan found to contain . f. t< a 100(1, !l|0 l>U •J.. Hicli (dil pasinro capable of fatteninii, Olio lame o\ ami three nlieei) jier acre J loiio lo:i' ;{. Another old pasture contained 1. An old pasture o( a damp, moist ami mossy HU[faee .">. A Kood pasture, two years' olVl," laid down to r>-e crass ami white clover l>. A sod ot nnrrow-leaved lueiidow griiss l/'od (iKiinxlifdlii:) six years old A sod ot meadow 'foxtail by ilselt six years old M. liyo grass by itself six years'ol'ci. !!!'.!! !>. Meadow irrlgateil and carefully man- aged !MII (i:il •170 1!I2 BO 75 17!tH TiM «'<0 j HO 1. MO ILM > l."rj j IS I I 70'i 1 SKCTION VII.— A REFERENCE TO VALUABLE TABLES. It will be unnecessary to follow the matter fartlK r hero. To make the matter comjilete, however, we give in the appendix, among the valuable tables, a complete list for various soils, for reference, as adapted by Prof. Killebrew from the work of Mr. Flint. They were made for Tennessee, but will be found nil rii,'lit for tho west generally. \o. 12 is only iidaiited to tlie latitude of Teniies.see and south. Wo also give there a talJc of tho more valnablo gi-asscH, as taken from the celebrated 'Woliurn tables, r;r,-pfnlly ])rri>iired from HiiiclMir. (Hte A])])ciidix.) SECTION VIII. — .MA.NAOKMENT OF (iRASS LANDS. To state the case generally, tiie value of it pasture lies in its capaliility for furnishing grazing from early sjuing until lute in tlie niitumn. To reach the best results in this direction hiis been the study of the most acute fanners of I'lngland for tiie last (ifty years. Tlie succtss has only liceii nieasiiraiile even in that cotd, moist climate, one of tlie best for grass in the world. Even there the greatest success liiis only iicen attained liy means of irrigation iluring certain seasons. Jii tiic I'liited States, with our cold winters and liot, diy summers, the diHiculty is intensitied; and our best feeders, especially dairy- men, have found themselves oliliged to fall back 111)011 special ero]is— corn, sorghum, alfalfa- where it will stand — and various otlier soiling crojis, to be cut green, to tide over the ilrouths'nnd heat of July and .-Vugiist. That plants will ever bo found adapted to grazing that will i)roduce succulent food during the hot, dry months of summer is hardly to be ex- pected; hence we must be content with those jdants that give an abundance early and late, falling back upon forage crops and the grain of Indian corn, which, fortunately, can be raised so cheaply in the west and which will comiiensate for the lack of moisture that has made tho meadows and jiastures of Great ]5ritain tho theme of jioets tho world over. On calcareous soils blue grass must ciuistitute tlie ground work of pasturage; and upon our common Iirairie soils' clover must bo tho sheet anchor. KXPKIilJIENT THE BASIS OF SUCCESS. Experiment alone can determine tho exact value of the various grasses adapted to the various soils and locations. The bent grasses (Aiirostig) will un- doubtedly be found among the more valuable. Or- chard grass is undoubtedly the most promising of these not in general use. The rye grasses must not be overlooked. Fox tail is worthy of extended trial, (rood may, perhaps, be found in some of the panic grasses. The broad-leaved variety bears close graz- ing; but exists only here and there, never in a close sod. The fescue grasses, many of them, have the same habit, iiarticularly sheep's fescue; their value is iiiidoul)ted. It must be remembered that in past- ures this habit of growing in tufts, or separable here and there, is not particularly objectionable, since pastures should be made up of a large variety of grasses; the mtn-e the better. The o]i|tei of (hick seeding liiis alivadv been gen- S r,ANDS. iif ii juitituro L;riiziii.i; fnnu To rc'iicli tile tliu 'study l;\s|L.A(il; ri.ANTs. MKcrioN 1. - TiiK isK oi.' I'onAoi.; eiioi-s. To tile stock l,reeder and feeder, and especially to f the dairyman, the question of forage plants to tide over summer drouths, and the pirjmrali.,., of some succulent food for winter use, is of j,rin,e impor- tance. Fattening stock cannot be kept tiirivim. uni- formly during July and August on pasturag.. alone, I i'xcept m rare seas.uis when continued rains and I cool weather lu.ld the meadows and pastures Hush. j In dry seasons cattle often actuallyIo.se Hesh, and I ni.leh cows always slirink. The want mav be fairlv '■'•■t witl. ne, Indian corn, .sorghum and mill..t, .sown thick, an.l cut green to succeed each other, and 111 the ord..r named. Where irrigation may be ],rae- t.ced, clover m the west, and alfalla on tin, plains, will meet every requirement for soiling durin.' drouths. Whatever .he plants used, they should ],e led fre.sh. Wilting in the sun shoul.l nev.r be allowed. The l,dl succulence of the plants should be retained in the green forage cut for midsummer feeding. SKCTIO.V II. l.'0HA(i|,: cHiiiis. liesides those already inumerated, pearl millet contains a large leaf surface. Hungarian grass and (ierman or golden millet and prickly coinfrey, will also be found available. The first named, however, will scarcely be found profitable north of fort v degree.^. The latter named is proj.agated by division of the roots. It stands the severest drouths, is quite Jiardy, but really needs plenty of moistuiv to give its full yield, which then is enormous. These remarks will apply to all the rcLrion lyinjr nortli „f Tennessee •-1 Mill.; I'^VJiMJOU w rotjjv uooic. SuutJi of that iHtitiule, Luli.ui corn an.l .sor.-lu„„ nniy W Kro«„ l.verv^vlR.rt.. Thu cow-pc.,, hmJIv it >t.,u, (;.,/./„«), in, al«o, j,,,H,,„jj3, „,,,,,_ p,,,,;j ■H.]]c.t (/v.,.///,,,/ ,/,V,,„)^ ^^,^,,^,^ ^^.^,^^^.j^^, ^^^.^^^^.^^ .^_ liivor Unnvu dlioura, ul«o called Indian miil.t^ :i .soi-l,un,- i.s considered valualdc lm(], f„rit ; -n.in -.1 i..s fodder. There are none of (l,c.pl,u;,s^ re Mu.ntume,!, e.llicr for the north or south, except rye llnnganan ^^.uss and (ienuan niillet, north, and ihe '•ow-pea, south, iMU should l,e sown in drills and cul- tivated Pricld.v con.frey n,ay he. j.lanf.d three feet b.V t-,vo feet apart, and on ri.-h LomI will eonipletelv -v«. the soil. It i.s not, however, a really valuahle plant where lietter nniy ho j,'ro»vn. SKCTiON ni.-KNSlLAOK A.ND KN.SILAOK PLANTS. Were it not for the value of succulent too,! m wn.ter, especially for dairy cows, there would he n.. economy in ensilage in . o United States. It is cheaper to dry fodder than to cut it Kr-'eii and pack It away ,n air-tifrht pits. Ensilage is the French uanie ajiphed to ^wen fodder when so preserved Tlu. p.t.n which this food is preserved is called a silo l'.ns.,]aKe is not a j.erfect food, and so many cases of injury to h.u-ses, from feeding, ensila.'e, liave been reported, that it should he used for these animals with great care, if at all. A few carrots daily are certainly preferable. It is, however, an essential Hid lor cattle m wmtcr, in connection with other '"od, and especially so for cows giyiug milk Any I «m'n plants readily eaten by stock maybe used in Idling the silo. • THE SILO AND KNSILAOE. Some would-be scientific writers have used so much i"y.stery m their ideas of how to form a silo that ...any persons have been deterr^.d from attempting tl.o labor The fact i«, a pit dug in any compact -.lfi.e rom moisture, and not less than si. 'fe ..cross, will keep greeli vegetable matter when in r-1'- state of division, if pressure is applied to s.! nm.piess the mass as to fairly exclu.le the air. In .c' ease of corn or other fodder cut just before rhei The kind of pressure cuts no figure. Bar- s;;Lrti.'"'^"^''--^^'^°'-'-^--riai The material must be free from rain or dew I hoo^d be cut into lengths of two or three inche,: It may settle iinif<,r)!ilv ai.d if ! i ( . „ . . , '""j> ."HI It ..iiiouJd be wp 1 I tramped while being placed in the silo. It is 1^ l'»t not more than two or three days be spent in the "'l..it,'- In any ease strong j.ressure should ),.. "Pphed in the intervals, and from a well-known law, t ... the stronger the j.ressure the less liability to ''e..tot moist material. It is the action of the air ..rrj..rthe oxygen of the air. upon fermei;:;^ ■ etha causes heating, and green vegetation list, r '; '■' ^"1 "' *'" I*'"l'"' -'"I'tion of ...oisture to heat strongly and .juickly. now TO Foli.M A Sll.o Any pcrs STOCK PRODUCTS. Let us figure how the man owning 100 acres of laud may arrange his farm to carry the greatest amount of stock and at the same time raise a diver- sity of crops; for the greater the number of prod- ucts the less the risk of failure one year with another; if one fails we have others to fall back on. The farm may contain 100 ucros of pasture and meadow, or seventy-live of pasture ., d twenty-live of hay. In the regular rotation this will give tv.Tjify-Iive acres of sward for breaking each year this bcgiuB tu iir coufiiio your OliCH will lll3 Am farther yuii till) moro your II soiling live Ijt't'f from an tlio grain from it of tlio added ire not lualiing out of concen- )ur labor. In 'i'l'l'ly g<'t the u of the farm vuig you may Tliis ha.s been 1 stiiteiucnt is CIVK STOCK. ing to do. It id Jiothing to .nd equitably ) in fclie Kuni- csjjocial press iily managed, iig to sell^ — lambs, Hur- ded over the aiu farming, costly hired market after e family and k so onerous ith its added ed lielj), and DnucTs. 100 acres of the greatest aise a diver- ber of 2)rod- year with Fall back on. l)asturo and twcnty-hve s will give ,' each ypar Vllh: K.VU.MKUH' l^rociv BOOK, -* 27 and the same amount for seeding down. Thus in tlie rotation, there may be twenty-five acres ' of ^. heat and twenty-fivo acres of oats, or other cereal gram, each year; or fifty acres of corn and ten acres devoted to other i)uri.oses. Land in good heart wl,en swn,.> and sheep form a fair proportion of tlu' ive slock, will easily carry one h..ad of cattle or liorses, or their equivalent per aero of i.aKtur,. Fort:, bead of eattle and horses, one hundred sh..,.,, an.l thirty bogs may be carried as an average. KKKOmo TUK CHOPS. The corn and other grain, the latter seeded witl, KrasP, will give ample .scope for rotation and with bo gram fed tlie straw may all l,o utilized, the best for feeding and the balance for bedding. Tlio c.u-n may bo shocked, for feeding, with the stalks, to the fattomng cattle, the stock hogs doing ,]„. gloanii,,. So there will be ample scope for extension i„ stock since, oxcoj.t in light years, the produce will not b,' consumed; but the surplus should alwavs beheld one year to provide for untoward seasons Ton cows will provide for the increase of stock. What IS lacking to fully cuisume the grain pasture, and Jiay, may lie bought of more improvident neighliors selecting the best calvis. SKCTION IV FEEDING AND FATTENINO STOCK. The farm should yearly turn out fifteen fat steers two-year-old past, twenty-fivo fat hogs, forty sheo,) and lambs, and the fleeces should yearly produce rm pounds or moro of first-class wo'ol. The steers should average 1,200 pounds, and the ho.T.s 2r><) pounds each. The milk, or rather the cream, niav 1)0 sold to the creamery, or made into butter at home for, as good liutter may bo made with improved ..leans of setting milk in the farm dairy as any- where else. Tho eggs and fowls will cut no mean figure III the profits, and the skimmed milk and butter- milk, with sonio extra feed in tho shape of corn meal, oat meal and linseed meal, will rai.so the ca ves nearly as well as the cows could do so them- selves. BREEDINO STOCK. The breeding sows must be carefully looked after, !...<( If extra early pigs, say in Feliruary and March are desired, they must have a placo for farrowin- with a lomporature of not m„d, under sixty degrees- for 'I yonnir p,g IS even moro susceptible to cdd than a young lamb. If a place that can bo heated by fire is provided. Limbs may be yeaned at a.iy season, and fat himbs intended for the butcher are worth doulde in Aiuil what they are in .Tiily. So pigs bom in February and Jhirch and turned olf fat after the new year always jiay better than if wintered once liefore kill- ing. The same rule ajiplios to steers. That man maki's th(' most profit wlio feeds fnuu birth, keeps his cattle growing constantly until ripe for the butcher. For it is well known to tho practical man tliat the (dder tho animal the less the average gain from birth. SK<:riON V AVEIIAOE OAI.VS OF FAT STEEIiS. There is no more coiidonsed way of showing this tiiaii by tables. Heiico wo give tho results al, the last fat stock show in Chicago, in 18H;i, sliowiiig rings of both Shortliorns and lleiefords, irom aged cattle down to one year old. It will bo seen that the average gain from birth is on a constantly de- creasing scale as tho animal reaches maturity, even witli the host feeding. Where cattle aro allowed to lose lle,.ii in tlio winter tho showing would be slill more marked. Tho tables of rings of cattle feu- a series of years show as follows: SIIOUTIIOKNS. Six riiiKH of cattlo under four years have nveraBeil ,ih follows; lHs:i 1 NH'J IHSl ISSO 1M-!I Xiimher of (uibiKih. riiree nninmls avemuliiB. FivoaiilnuilH avoraaliiK.. Three nillnulls nveriiifiin;. Four nnimals nveraiffni!. . Two niiliiials avennjjiiK. , fwo .iiiliiiiilM averanlim . . , a ^ * •/ J^.'- ? j i. - =-= .J "5 =^=.i ■^ •r •r"='? i.aii I.ll.V) l.ia i,as!» 'J,i ir l.'ii) l.-MM i;,o!i:) I..");) \,Mm -', I 72 i.aii I, ;)•.'(! -',o:m 1 .->;( i.'jno j,oK7 l.t!7 ye.li Comimrailve a„'es, weiiflits and trains of animals under three Xiinihcr ,if •.niiiKih. IMM., ,,, oeanimala 1 HM I :Heven animals IMMO five animals I S7!l,Thri'e animals IH/HJ^ive animals ' ' H71 illili ill'.' M7I !>:m The averages of tho ring for yearllnus were: I,7(i.-| i,(;:u l.HOl l.li'-'l l.ii'-'i =.=,£ li.()V! l.liil MIL! l.Sli 1.7:1 lss:i 1 --i'i ISHO 1S78 Xii'idhvi- of animnl.1. Nino . Three, One... Three. (lis •IHI) 721 (i-VJ I.'.;;;! 1,'JHS l,r)!io " ,:tH.'> i y'-s ~^7■K •-'.72 •J.tKI — r II N H tip i I Uti '! i Pi!| t 4- I 28 Tllii; l<'^VItMKKH' MTOCK ilOOIv. HUltafili'fon'lwH'"'''^'""'^*™''" "'" "'•"' '''"'"'"'"'"' l**7Hlmvo W). Ai\ HKiiihvr ttf nitiiHitla ttf fiinjn. lSN;t;Slx IMMi!jKlKllt, IMMI Koiir 1 MSI) Thrw I-<7!I Kltfht lH7M'Hix .. 5? -Moil i.nm :i.o:ii 2,MIII J,ii:i7 i,7(iri I.HOM i,7r>7 I.IIIH I,7H(I l,7l!'J 11.71 ().s:i OH.-, ll.Till (l.HI 0.7'J lIKIiKKOIlDS. fullJww"'"'''^"""''* "^ "'" ^''™'->'^''"''"''''""''f«f'>rilB) Imvo liouii u" Xiiiiihey 11/ niiimal.i. 1mm:i riv(^ IMS'.' One. issi T«() . i,'."j:i 1 , 1 'J I l,'.':i:i horns mid six Rriulo Hcrofords; in 1881, twenty- (,'iKlit hiiido Slioitliorus, four |,'rii. I l.l'li, l.;i/ IH? T •?, l,Is:tl,H7.'.l L.-.s 1M-ST,V'„ I..'IS!) l,!»7;t 1.1 I Tlio avemnu of the twii-ycnr-oliln Ih Rliown holiiw: iss:i 1 KS'.' IMSl isso 1S7I) .Xiinibcr of ninninli', Tliroo Three No entries. Three One One a. t» .4. i. ■^ Ct •V nil!) \.'<7>* !l,-, 1 I.IUII !M';t i',v;is ii;m 1,171 l.OMH 1,170 1 ss.i 'I'lventy-iilno I ss'.' Nineteen . . . ISSI ■I'hirty-three .....'.■■■ IssdlTweniy ... 1 s, -11 Thirl y-(ine '" 1S7S Thirleeii !i:is !P,->I !►.■,.■, tiol »,-. 1 f»:t-> «^ — — T •^ ■^ T * ^ l.'.IIO 2.o:t 1 ,7r>:i l.s.-, i.ii-'.'-) 1.70 1,7L'I 1 .Kit 1,710 1.77 1,(^,1 1.7:! T)ic niifjs of cows Imve alwiivs been smiill in niiinl.er.s. Tlie tiilile l)elow will i^'ivo the iiverii"es: .1 vi'rauf (iff l..-,:i 1.70 Herefdril Yearlinus hIuuv iia fcilh ISS.'I IMS: yinnht-r at' anhnnh. Seven . One ... lM80()no .. ]M7!l|Throe. (ill) (il)7 710 I.KfJ l.:i:iii 1,11.'-. 1,'.".'0 . j-v_- [to 1^! C5 s. "^ ~r\ — * ■/. 1,557 'j,(M>:i 1 .it-.' l,77:i l.SiMt 1.07 1, <;<;:{ 1,7'Jl^ l.Oli l,li-J5 1.770 .11 l.s.-, I. Ill) \S,7 •J. 1 .^1 AyeraBo of Herefonis of various inatiiro iMfCH. lMs:i IMS IMM I MMO Xiimljcriifnniiiinls Five... Two .., Three. , One.... 1.771 l.li.io 'J.KSII I,H7'_' ' "H'J[l,l;i.-. ,;i.">o;l,7'J0 0.70 o.i;.'-, O.S'J 1 ii7 I Ml!' IWI) Ill dill I (Mr.i ,, -,; lS7.Jnhreo ..■_■■..... ..Ig.i7l)ll,li:i.)| o.7>. Ijct lis now kIiow ilw. various two year old rings of Slu.rthorns and Ilerefonls, with grade Sliortlioni cows, aged. It will assist in a coniji'irison of nvcr- age gains in connection with a study of tho previous tables: I" 18HH, twenty grade Khorthorns and i m pounds, their present weight's r !n:-;e grade Horefords; m 1H.S2, twelve grade Kiiort IMsa I'.nlrlesthree, avenitre I MM'J l',ntrle« three, average. . . iMMi Kill rieH two, uveraKe.. Isso Kiitly one !.'."." In tiio appendix we give a table of weights and nieasiireuieiits of prize winners at the American fat stock show in 188-t. It will be f,„md a valuable and interesting study. A St'JIMINO UP. In suniiuiiig up the whole matter of yearly gains, tho editor of the llnnlfrs (ia^Htc says : "As was to have been expected, few of the older animals have made largo gains. Mr. Sherman's 'rim, now weighing .'{,2i)() pounds, has gained 2!!.'; pounds. His next neighbor. Jim P.laiiio. now weigh- ing 2,720, has gained (mly 185 pounds. The second heaviest steer of the show, Mr. Varnum's King l)avi(l, weighing 2,88,5, 1ms only gained 120 pounds" Tlie grand Hereford steer, Wabash, weigjiiiig 2,;).';0, has gained 410 pounds. Mr. Gilletfs Yimous' Mc- Millliii, weighing 2,710, has gained Un pounds, while Htorm, weighing 2,480, has added 42.'! pounds. His fine cow. Lady Peerless, weighing 2,100 has liiade a gain of 220 pounds. In all, eight of Mr. (iillett's older animals have made an itverage gain of 280 pounds. In marked contrast is tho fact that six, shown as yearlings last year, have male an aver- age gain of almost (100 pounds, varying from ''>25 to ■imging from I,'';?.'', to l,i»10 pounds. The deservedly famous l,!IIO 1 ,7".:i i,7lm .">lil,71(i ;t->ii,ti.->] •2. on l.M."l 1.70 l.Hil 1.77 i.7;i '.^ 5 i«S .e. .; ~I3 ->c — -"= -7. >7 '_',(H):< 1 . ;(■-' ■;i l,H!l(i I.07 ;:< 1,7-" 1.0(1 ;r> l,77o .11 'iiiK i.'.vitMjfliis- srocii iiooic. 2!) wliito Hhortlu.rn, Clarence Kirkloviiifrton, weif?liiii.. '2,0[r,,hnH ,1(1(1,,] .125 i,„Mii,ls. Tho youn- Sli„r(" lloni, ClLSsilLS Wei-llill- l,oO(|, 1,„H Oll'ly „ ]i],.,l ;.t,|,) J'oiiimIs. "In coiiiiMirutivdy f,ist tw,. yuu-.s ,,],!, jddKiiif? fn.iii the s(iiiiil|„,iiit „f s,il,.s „ii tlic i^'ciicnil iimrkft. It is ,1 iH,ti<',.;il.l,,. f,ict th.it s,.v..ri,r<.r tii,' iiiiiiimls Uiiiii.d ,11V not in ,is jrood form ,is lust yen-; NHiri'dy uuy „n. Letter; l,„t it i.s f,iir fo s„y tiiiit ii,', ,iii(j is iniicl) till' w,irst'." SECTION VI.— SIIHLTKl: TUKDS Poll STOCK. The .[iiestiou of shelter for stoek is ,in important one. Farm animals must necessarily ho expose,! to the weather dnrin;^' many eiiiUin^r 'storms in the spruifj; and luitiimn. Jn the lie,tt of summer they ivqniro shade dnrinrr irst. Trees aiv a valuahle l.n.tection to fields and also to yards an,l hiiildin-s. A donhle purpose may h,,. eoiis.'rveil l.y i.l,ii,(i,i^r (J,,, honndiiries of pastures and im-adows with trees" not in lorniiil lines hiit in eliimps here and there. Thus the stock may shelter themselves from win,l, hail and .sleet. The value of the shelter of trees has alwavs heen mi.lerestimated. A realizing sense of its va'hie will lie umlerstood hy th,)so who have hoeii camrht in a | Idizzard on the ojien prairie. The tinihi^r ^-ives relief from distress that once experienced will never he forgotten. For shelter in iiehls, any of tiie deciduous trcrs, "f value ultimately for tlniher, will he useful. F.yor- k'reeusmay he interspersed her,, and there. All trees, la.uever, must he si'dircd against cattle, until they get large enough for shade. A wire fence close against the trees will not interfere with their value, however, as against the wind. There will alwiiys he a still atmosphcro in the lee of any wind-hreak. I.AIiDY SHKI.TKU THKKS. The faster growing deciduous trees that will he ultimately valuahle for timher, are the hardy catalpa, (C. S,„ri,,s„). The variety ll>,„m„wi,lr, is a strag- Shng grower, and tender north of thirty-eight de- grees. The liardy western variety is perlVctlv hardy np to forty-two degrees. Next in the order of value IS white or green ash, and white maple. The Litter, l>('w,.ver, is apt to split at the junction of the limhs and trunk. Slower growing trees of -.-alue are hard mape, hhick wa.Inut and ehu. The cottonuoods are the fastest growing of any mentioned, but arc ofhut little value except for firing where better varie- ties will not grow. As wo proceed west, the cotton- w,,od h,.e,mies more ,in,l more valiialile, as tli,' otlu^r varieties cease t,. he found as not being adapted to (he cliiniite. SKCTION VII. -SMKI.TK.n Foil KKKDINO Y.Mil>SAM. lU'II.DINdS. Kvergreens make the best shelter trees. As wind- hivaks they are impervious, and as valuable as they are ornamental. They give freshness to the winter scenery and will nuuv than .save the cost of plantin.' 1" fi Hingl,. winter. If .lesired they may ho toppe,! at a height of t,'!, feet, when the hot(,.ni will remain thick and impirvious. If th,. bn.nches encroach tc" much cut them back. The leading shoot ,u,ce cut, the tree d,.es not increa.se in height, but the laterals may ho cut hack with decided benefit. If a l'eii"st sturdy in its gn.wth. Next c.unes the white l.ine. White ami red cedar are better adapted to or- namental hedges. Among deciduous trees for wind- breaks n,.ne is superior to the beech. It la-ars the knife admirably, is ch.se and thick, and holds its leaves persistently. ciiapti:r IX. ItlERRniNCi .\s .lItAI>Ti:i> TO SI'Kn.VI, ISKS. SlXTIOV I. — DAIliy FAUMI.VO. There is no branch of agricultinr that has re- c.eive,l a more successful impetus, in the west, within the last ten years, than dairy farming. The pro- ductnu. of milk, butter and cheese has received no .severe check, and there would seem no limit to the extent of the j.roiluetion. M.idern ai.pli,inces ren- der the manufacture exceedingly simple. Dairving IS, however, exacting in labor. Milking must he done, and the milk cared for, Sundavs as well as week days. Hence many pers,)iis are deterred from im.lertaking dahying. This, however, is not espe- cially onerous, in connection with the care of other stock, since the .same hands may do the milking as aj.art of their other regular work. WHAT IS NEC|:sS,\RY TO SI CCESS. To be successful there are three j.rincipal things to receive attention: The very best possible feeding at regular and stated times; absolute cleanliness in mlM. v% •>'&^^mm:!»*:t u Ji;ij ii! liii ,i't, 1 i :!ii ' ^V I >' M 10 1 1 S ^■roi'ic JujoK. t the Htnlilc, iiiilliiii},' uk'ii«ils, and in milking, iind nniforui kindni'sa in tlio cure nnd miinaRt'nit'nt nf tlio cows. In fiict, iiono Imt ii Kindly, intclllKcnt jiciwin Khoiild l>e iillnwcd iibout .stucli J IV. — ■MANtU'WCTUUE OK CIIKKSR. Localties in England, Holland, in Switzerland and other European countries liavo respectively given names to the cheeses nuidc, and these names ImvG beou adopted in th. Unitfd Sti.tos. Wliatovw the variety th.n.,sfu,,sw.,.vi,,,..l.,,,nlinoss,nu.t 1.0 olmcncd. Tlu. dr„in,..c of tl.o dairy houH.- ,u„«t mi<'I» tn.ul,!,., I.nt it pays. I„ l.nyin- fixtaroM ;|I ways Kit tho host. Thoy are cheapest in tho end. I hon all there is to cheese making is to ohsorve tho directions exactly, for chooso niakin- is strictly a series of chemical operations from first to last, and the conditions are constantly cJian-in!? frmn tho time tho milk is takon from tho cow nntil the cliecso IS ripo cnoa<,di to oat. This in ly ho liastonod or re- tarded, and the temperature must he ro-ulated ao- cordinc,' to the composition of the cIiccst. In tho ripcniii.tr of the cheese, heat accelerates and cold re- tards the ripenint;. A IlOMK MAnR CHEESE. We use figures to show temperature. Tho fingers or tho hand do not correctly indicate temperature, neither will the mind indicate correct lapse of time, ^"he woman or man who is smart enough to go hy guess work in making cheese never gets two" just alike. THE CELEBRATED WILTSHIRE CHEESE. Wiltshire cheese is made as follows; and a little experience in following these directions will enable imy intelligent woman to conio pretty near to mak- ing a really, good cheese in tho average farm dairy rHo mghfs milk is skimmed in tho morning and ■ul. cd to the morning's moss. Tho milk is sot at o>«hty degrees and Jeft about an hour to coagulate. It IS then broken up with a circular breaker havin- ■'" "pnght handle and used as you would push a eJnirn dash up and down. The breaking is done Keutly at first. In co<.king the mass is raised to one n.ndrod degrees, stirring all tho time with the I'leaker. It is then Jeft to rest, and as soon as the curd can be handled it is taken out of scald and put o press. It remains in press twenty minutes; it is then taken out, gromid and salted at the rate of half " J'"""'^ "f '■•'^^ t" t^venty-oigllt pounds of curd. It is Kronnd again and put to press. The next day the IS ti.ken out , f j.ross and salted on the out- is so- il Side, rece.vea a new cloth, and is jait back to pros. 1.0 «ame course being pnrs.ud for two successive ays, after w iich it gets no more salting, but iskej.t Mined. It IS then i.ut mto a cool cheese room and eit for a week or two and turno,! every day. M I'o end of this time tho cheese will bo covero.'l with ''''1: then It is IMit in a tepid bath or moistened "■Hi the mold scraped olf, when it goes to the drv ;■""•■>• Here it is turned ev,.y day until lit foV lu, iket say from sixty to ninety days. This is ;;;;;,./"" tt "^'t '"•' ^"""^ ^"""«'' ^"'- »"v .1 to f carefully made. No person should unde;. ke the manufacture of exceedingly rich (in cream, ^ se, until some cVperienco and a good deal of cadnig has given technical knowledge. Aknowledge of how to make clieeso perfect in every respect i o learned in a day. If it woro nine-tenths of so called good cheese makers would not so fail when heir clieeseBcamo to stand the test of tho export buyers for the market. ' CHEDDAR CHEESE. In making Cheddar cheese tho English process is to work tho milk at a Jow temperature, from 78^ to HO , using some whey with the rennet according to he condition of tho milk. After coagulation is per- f'Jeted, which takes from forty to sixty minutes, the curd IS cut in large chocks, and soon after c.mnnence •roak.ng with a wire breaker attached to a hms l.andle. The breaking is at fust slow and gontlo and IS continued till tho curd is minutely divided.' ri.is IS ..(Toetod before anya.lditional hentis appliod. Ihe curd, It IS claimed, cannot bo pro,,erly broken 90 or above 90^ and there is a better separation of the whey and condition of the curd by breakin-r Hiinutely at about 7.5 ' or 80^ without an increase of I'oat during the process. Tho breaking nsuallv oc- cupies a lull hour. The heat is raised in scalding When the curd has reached a firm consistency, imd the whey shows a slight acid change, a chan'e so slight as to bo detected only by the experienced observer, it is immediately drawn and the curd Jieaped up m the bottom of the tub. Soon after tho whey is drawn and the curd heaped It IS cut across m pieces a foot or more square and 1 'i-own again in a heap to f..cilitatn draina^^o and develop further acidity. It remains in this condi- tion for half an hour, tho whey meanwhile flowin- t •vm-. i'\vitMrcu(S' H'r.x K Jt< >(>]v. )V f ,„ 1,M,„1 ;..i .1 : ., . '>' IN Ulill Hl)|it, iniiVKnii f „?t,„.„»1 m , . f cl.eL.«otnl.M,Ml,,l,uv,li,.tlHM.„nl..,. rt i.s thru H,.lit ri'^ c.„..l „t tl-.H Ht..o |,„« ,1 distinctly add H..U.11 -l;-l>.l...ly.,nrtotl,ot,.to. it iJl..,U„ ,' o .t-,.r..,,.rr..d.,,tt,,,..tl,,.lowthis ""»t- A i,r.,p.>r t,..nporaturu is r..tui,u..l i„ tl.o curd ''-"•■>.B tlH, v.no„s parts „f tl.o proccHs. in coo weather, by throwing over it a thick el.:th. Tl" wluTl.e„,,Mlu;osodofata,,ear]vst,.,e,theatten '"'"-' the ,na,„f„cturer is to he directed ..„Iv , -.0 Huhs ,uu.e. the curd. l!y drainin, tho -.hey "■"1 '- oan be n.o.v easily kept dean, and, „nl I a J.sna.en.a such as wood, they do .iotlm^^ ■""■"r""--"'^'-v.".=--i-Cired7LEt «rc.M. a..,^,s ..one the worse for d.eese.nad-. Th. na.y be so; neverthdess, I bdieve that the rosher nnlk .s a.,d tho h.s its natural co..d,t ^..e....t,.rhed, a,.., the sweeter, or ne„t.Jt stato of the cheese. a..d of tho whey also, is pro- served th..oughout the process of cheese-mak , - l.e hnerthe favor of tho cheese-if tbeoperatl;' .as. lK,wever. been well conducted, and the d e"o been ripe.icd propc'ly. "" S^;CT1„N V.-PKACTICAT, CHKESE MAKI.VO I l.avo seen some of the finest Cheddar cheoso + I ! "'\i - ffi :u 'IIII'; I'AKMHiUH' HlCM'lv HOOK. miulu froiii Hwrct iiiillv iitiilcr comlitioiis Umt allowed tlii^ wlu'V ti> run (ilT in ii perfectly iieutnil ntiite, ho lliiit, I cciiilil nut (li'lect the fiiiiiteHt tniec (pf iiciil liy (li'licMte lituniH jiiij)er. There ih no iiecc'snity whiit- cvur to Imrdcii the curd after itH Hepiiration from a jiortion of (hi^ wluy liy Hciililini,' it with Honr wlioy, nor lA i\wn' liny neee.ssity for liee[iin)^ tlie enrd in the whey until it 1ms turned Hlij,'htly Hour. The henclleiiil ellect which is produced on the Uxturc of tliocurd liy Kciildiuj,' it with sour whey, or iillowinf,'it to reniiiin in the wheyuntil it hecoines sli^jiitly iieid, iindiitthe siinio tinu^ riiisini,' somewhat the teniiierii- tnro of the contents of the tub, is due entirely to the teni[ieniture, and has nothinf» to do with the acid of the whey. Thir hcnelieiiil chanj^'O may therefore he as Well elTeeted hy steam or hot water as hy heated sour whey, or rather I should say, is iireferahlu to in- troduciuff your whey into tiic manufacture of checso, and to conduct the jiroccss of sejiaration of the curd from the luilli, and its sulLseijuent consolidation into a state lit to ,l,'i) into the jiresses, hy i,'radiia]ly raising; the temperature either hy warm water or steam in a manni'r wherehy a minimum amount of acidity is {,'enerated in whey. TUE ornn. The curd, in a practical sense, or, more strictly speakinf^, the mixture of cascine and hutter which cheese makers call curd, is a very peculiar and deli- cate substance, which is greatly affected hy the tem- perature to which it is exposed. As curd at different temjieratures has a direct heariiif,' on the pr.ictieo of cliees" making', it will not ho out of place to refer iirietly to some of them. To now milk, cooled down to ()()^' Fahrenheit, was added a very lurgc excess of rennet. It took three hours to complete thcproii- I ration of the milk into curd and whey. The curd was very tender, and the whey could not he prop- erly separated from it. Milk at sixty-five do},'rees, on addition of rennet, curdled in two hours; hut the curd, as before, romaiuod tender, even after loiifj standinj,'. At seventy to seventy-two doi,'rees, it only took from half an honr to three-quarters of an hour to curdle the milk, and the curd now sepa- rated in a, more comjiact condition. The ]iroccs.s was more o\])eu eighty to eii^'bty- four dc![,Tces. At ninety decrees the rennet curdled the milk in twenty minutes, and at one himdrcil de- Krocs, an excesn of rennet curdje.l ti,,- milk m about t a quarter of an hour, soimratinR the curd in asonni- what too close condition. Ily beating the whey and curd to one hundred and thirty degrees, the curd jjcts so soft that it runs like toasted cheese, and be- comes (jiiiti hard on cooliufj. These experiments clearly show that the limits of temperature between which curd can bo imiiroved or become doterioriited in texture nro not very wide. Too low a tempera- ture — -that is, a temperature und.r seventy-five degrees kieim the curd t".>vod to the cheese-safe. In son.o dairies ,ill Bkcwern.K i« .lispensod with, and no pressure is used Htthe t...... of niakinL-, nor for two days afterward; Imt the wlu y IS allowe,. to run out of its ow.. ac- of ren.u'ls will in lllKSTl.;ii AN.) e.llLTo.N CIIKKSK. This fhio ehocvo is made in H.,j-la.,d as f.dh.ws. """" ;;"r hest dairies i.. the United Ktatesis iden- tol. ll"M.ve.a.,«'.s.nilkis,,l,u,,d,i..,t.norothan H.V . r sevei. iiiehos deep, in tin vessels to c-ool dur- "iKtheni.d.t. ontl.olloorofthed..iry;itissk,.„. '"- m tho niorni.,-. ...ul a certain portion kept fo. mtter-m eaily snn.n.er only enough, pe.l.aps, for the use of the house, hut in anf,„v^ .i,,;, ;„ Ho.no d.uries at length nea.l. u.e u.orni..,-'s ^•mu.. IS thus take., for chu....... The ski.n...ed '"""-1 ';;"1 th,.,y de^ees l,y floating tho tins wlach hold .ton the hoder-surticient. quantity he' i.ig taken to raiso the whole of the eve..i.,,.'s ....d ■■''•nnn.s nnlk to,,.,,,,, to niiiety degrees o; there- '-ts. r- ve...utis,..adu thedayheforoitis . s.d; twelve or fo.u-toe.i s.juaro inches of veil. ,„u tl.e ■ l>h.ce, makhig rennet eno,.,-li for on h,..id edg" f ^ h — '"/-'"'-! i" this way re.iu.r.. l"".sof n.ilk. The veil or sto.nuch obtaim^ fr ' , -\"'/l"y.^ ■" .Lying, but .tfterward v«y y<.ung and wholly milk fe,l ,.,,kI f ^, 'T •"""•■•«« ^"''o q-ckly for n.arket. u3 ^'"t/" ""'^,"'"*"^ '""'' f-l -tlvcs should be Hed. Tho curd is set n. about fifty n.i.iutes; it is then cut w.th tl.ousua' I qilic VAHV.NU QI-ALITY OF CHEKSK. Tho cheoBo .aries consi.le.uhly in quality through then cut with tho usu,.l cuid-hroake,' a sieve s'h, , . 7, " "■""" '-•""■^"'''"'•Iv in quality through- -tter. very slowly. The whev is «; h . d p. ^^^^ T "" ^"'."i' ''" ""'""" '""''" '' '^^''-'' -"' M'-i '"• 'i'ted out as soon as possible ; but b i' ti ;""*-' ^'^ -'"'^.V ^-^ -.luablo tha.i that of s, ,„- ■•'-"ovedaportio.1 is ( on some farms who. , V ^"^ ""'.""^ ™''^ """"""• «"»'« "f tlm varying, o.,al- 4 '^'•'"oved a portio.i is ( on some farms where the Ched- ; - «ys em ,s followed) heated and returned to dt andiecurd,sleftinthishotw.heyforh.Ufan k t t, get firm. When firm enough to stand „., i^'-i-aoutonthedrL:?r;:;Sz5 . . . - " •"'■ying ntial- -ty IS owmg to tho quality of the m.lk, thu cows I'e.ng house-fed; but nioro of it is, in „11 probabil.tv owing to tho necessity of holding a portion of cnl over fron,cjay to day. when tho quantity is ins,.fH- c cnt to make ether one. or it may be two, full sized cheeses dailv. In such e-i^e" i* i- -- «n„ * II • "i , ' ^"'"^011 to make one fnll sized clieeso, and hold tho remainder of tho curd over t.ll tho next day, Looping it wrappe.l up ^wm^^' i I MO) ' M i f- yt; ill ■m Til : i-'^viiMJCits' fci'i'oc;ii JJOOK. t oil tliL' tliiiiiiLT (ir juui, iiiid giimliii^' it ni) in tho ciu'il-mill iiloiij,' with tJiu cunl of tbc next morning. KTILTO.V ClIKKSK. iStilton chft'so, uiiuiuractiircd cliiclly in Lficcstcr- sliiiv, is niiuk' from milic enriched \>y tho luldiiion of ciouui, and tho riird hiirduns into chot'Si! without prossuri'. Thu i-reiun of thu niglit's milk is added to the new milk of tho morning, and tho rennet is mixed with it when the wholo is at tlie temperature of Hi Fahrenheit, enough hcing used to make it co- agulate in an liour and a half. If it comes sooner it will ho too tough. The curd is not drained of its wlicy in the ordinary manner, but it is removed in •slices with a skimming disli, and placed upon a can- vas strainer, the ends of which, when it, is full, are tied up, and tho wliey gently pressed out. It is then allowed to drain until next morning, when it is reluoved and i)laced in a cool dish, whence, cut in thin slices, it is put up in a hoop made of tin, about ten inches high and eight inches across, and pierced witli lioles. A clean cloth is placed within tho hoop and as tlie slices arc laid in, a small quantity of salt is sprinkled lietweeu the altcrnato layers. It re- mains in the hoop, covered up, but without pressure. Next day the cheese is taken out of the liooj) and clean cloths are apjilied; after which it is inverted and replaced, and i)ricked with skewers througli the boles of tho tin hoop, to facilitate the extraction of the whey. In four or five days the curd becomes firm. During this consolidating process the cheeses are kej)t in a i)laco where the temperature can be maintained at about 100 . Wlien tiio cheese has become tlrm enough, it is pared smooth and iirmly bound up in a strong lillet of canvas, wrapping it around several times. Tho binders and cloths are removed every morning; cracks are filled uj) with curd; and ultimately the coat becomes hardened, and tlie du'ese is removed to tho drying room. A careful study of tlie fiu'egoing ^^■ill enable any intelligent person to make cheese. A little practice will enable tlicm to make a fairly uniform cheese, and when the conditions are uniform the cheeses will lio so nearly alike that they will sell by samiile upon the integrity of tbc maker. ABOUT liKNNKTS. It is impossible to give the exact araotiut of rennet to lie used for a given amount of milk, and for the reason that the strength of flie solution must vary. The cliiH'He maker mtist know the strength of tho rennet, and then while this lasts the fixed (piantity determined ujion will produce constant results. The age of the calf from which the rennet is taken hi- lluences the strength. After the calf begins to eat "i-ass the rennet loses strength. Hence rennets from healthy calves from one week to six weeks old are preferable. TO eUHK THE IIKNNKT. The rennet is the substance contained in the stomach of any herbivorous animal before it has eaten grass. For then not only the curd contained or rather the serum that may be passed out, but the membranes of the st(mmcli may be used. The usual way of preparing the veils, as the stomachs are called, is to turn them wrong side out to empty the contents, and then thoroughly cure them with salt. If they lie in salt three days it is usually enough when they may be stretched by means of a strong twig and thoroughly dried. They must, thereafter, be kept in a thoroughly dry jilace that they may not contract moisture. They should be kept one full year Ijcfore being used. PUKPAIilNO TIlK RENNET. To prepare tho rennet for use, take one gallon of tepid water to eacli rennet. Macerate in the water by kneading and S(pieezing the rennet, at intervals for twenty-four hours. Strain away the liquid, and bottle for use, keeping in a very cool plwe. This liquor will be of one definite strength, and thus the cheese maker may calculate perfectly just how much rennet is required for a given amount of milk. Veils, rennets that have been once soaked, may lie again salted, dried and used a second time, b..t it is better to use the liquor of the second soaking to add to that obtained from a first soaking, for thus a measurably equal strength of rennet may always be obtained. SECTION VI. — JIAKINO DAIRY BUTTEB. The term dairy buttai is now umk'rstood to be all those grades of butter made on the farm an i in small dairies, luit of really good grade, as contra- distinguished from that made in butter factories. The quality compares favorably with tho liest grades of creamery butter, and when the appliances permit the use of ice, and cool stm-age, this butter will pre- serve its flavor better than creamery butter. There are certain rules, already given, ns to absolute clean- liness, etc., that must be oliserved. The value of butter consists in retaining the aroma, after climi- iiatiiig tiie aiiim.il odors, Pure butter is a fixed oil. t not«us.ei.tzbloo. cLomical change. Raucid butter which tl e orei.„ n.atter contained therein has he- c.nne ,utnd. In other .ord.s, pure fat oil i , ub e to change; organ.c nmtter contained therein / J''.' I'lo o change, lint butter, or any aninud i will tal.e up any odor to which it i,s expo.sed ami -JO It holds the odor« or perfunio eoita;;!:; thoheil^^e eaten by the animal pr,.duch,g the nnlk. bu tei and watery Ihuds, composing, rcspec -ly, the nnlk and cream. The a, itati^ of Si. 1^ -an. l.y churning or otherwise, separates tl mtter rom tl'o other component parts, but h. so .loing It retains not only the odors of the herba-e eaten, hut also any odors with whicli it nuiy leive . , '" "TT come in contact, after being drawn from the cow I I"."'"'^'^'" ^^ ^^^ anu.unt of salt Hence not only the importance of preventing thes,". y sweet pasture grasses, but also of perfect clean Luess in the herbage and in the munipu;;;;;^ " s.er.o.v,. „..KU.w.«„,KSTo»Ko„s.avKn. Why, then, do..s so large a part of the butter l-uid in our nnnkets becon,e rancid or other «at..rated with unpleasant odor:' The answei is The processes of churning and u-orking the butter .,e ul housenvnes; but in every successful nicthou there must be one essentiul-the thorou.d. -"oval of the buttermilk. To accomplish t? -ine recommend two or three washings of e - er in cold water till the water brings away n. ;;;ermd^.Wnlst..thersrelyup.n.tho;,ugh;;j:r i, \ u \] '"' '"""""' '' "'^^'''' tl'e ren.oval of thu buttermilk ,s a ../.,. ,., „,,^ ^^,^,.^^ -l-i,Uis ettertowash.,utthehuttern;;^ktha, wit giam of the butter. tliohistrcpusite of the butter on being removed i^ , , . . ^ .....lilt of salt niav Ijc --k-1 in with as little ellort as possible. Th n «ho"l.l be placed whore it will cool rapidly. A • ow Hours It .s .vorked. adding salt a.s may be n led ;.J.ref.re It for market. Care should bcf taken ^^ th salt be pure and goo.l. An ounce per po.m.l is su.l.c.eiit. Fne or six hours after, thi latter may I'O ^vorked again, the manner of working heim to 1--S with a ladle or the butter w.u-k^.r, n "t imperfect separation of the organic matte ofMr cnri'M T '"'"''' '"' "'" '"'^''^^'" '''"^'■'■' ""t to — "al products, its decomposition n'r ' ^ ' "'"f r'^"' ^^ "■^^''1 ^'" '' ^''^^ '-ecomethor.mgh- «o far before the removal of Ihe ere m ^i^:;^; I" l:"^"":' ''f. '^ «^'-« '--■ Cover the bottom of "-to the fluids of the cream; and if sc thei I "j f ^"' '^'"V^'"" ''"'"''' '^''^'•'-''l'-''-"JiJ I imtter, when first nn.de, has already wi Idn i^" * "^ 1^'""^:^ ''"''' ."^^'- "''^ '"'l'' ^I'-'''^^ <'n a thick ,„,(„ , ,. "'"' '' so, lueii tn "•tt«-, when hrst nnule, has already within it putres cent material which will soon infect the whole Jivcn If the cream were entirely sweet the n.ill- ~uing in the butter will soon deca'ndV";; -."oved will of course, deteriorate the'butter. It IS desirable to allow the milk to stand as long « possible, in order to secure all the cream; but n .loiiig this, there is risk of spoihng the whol . T •eal decay of the milk is indicated, not by its thick ennigasitsours,but.^thowateiyeffusLf."w I ig the thickening. The cream may rt |.,„„„ ,. ,, , I ' "i""""i.- on n iincli r'il "' . ' ,^""""'"' *'" '•■"""«^' ''^""^ l^n^o to oim an air-tight covering. When it is to be sent forward to market, the ]>rine should be poured off and a new coating of salt laid on. This, in a nutshell, is the whole process of mak- i"g dairy butter. It is as good as any swift process creamery butter ever made, is far more solid, and will keep longer without taint. It may be us well inade w,th a dairy of five to ten cows, as with more, • •„ , . I '^'*^^'"'l'"ess 1.0 observed and a cool, sweet atmos "-keying process is ^.^hi;: ii^r" 'f ^'n" '°^ *'" ■"'"''— ^'^ l.ntte m ?,: ^ tl^e butter, but not longe." ' T l.'e c j ^'"n" " '''''''; ^^''>-' *^""'' «'-'J'^ ""t every farn. ^d ,ce ^- the san.e re,.son, L k J^^Zg t^'^;:' f" """"I /^ """^^ '^ ^"^«'-" "^ ^-^th removed before churning. ^ ^"''^ ' mnagen.ent of the milk and in the manufacture of I the butter. ± 3 O » O 03 Z! 9 ^ a Hoi ses. Mules and As CHAPTER r. WHIM i: iKiN, !,.»,, i„!i:i:i,s oi uoitsKs ui iti: i>i:!iivi:u. Suction i.— tiik iioksic I'A.Mii.y. The gcmis f.iiiiis coiupiLsca not only the Horse, but the Ass, Zehr,i, Qniig-ii, luid the hyhtkh, lus the Miilo iin.l Hinuy, all the members of the Kciiiis bein- fertile together, but nirely producing fertile hybrids. Mem- bers of this family ; ,■ distinguislied from all others hi having a . ■ Voof only on each foot, and form- ing the .s„l. : ingle-hoofed fanuly, of the order r;,,lrn,„ . ..:,:.aals suckling their young (mam- mals) which have hoofs, but which do not rumi- nate and distinguished for the thickness of their skin. The elei.hant and hog arc other domestic animals belonging to the order pachydermata, or hoofed animals with thick skins. KKCTION il. N-ATIV1-; COCNTIIY OK TIIK IIOIiSK, All the animals of the horse family arc naturally natives of ^\•arm climates whore vegetation is green the year roimd. Tiieir native country, and even the period of time when first domesticated, is lost in obscurity. SI'BJUGATION OF TItR lIOnsE. Their subjugation is only handed down through the legends of those fabulous beings, the centauik Egypt is the first country mentioned in the ]>ib]o where horses were used ns draft annuals. They are mentioned as being harnessed to the chariots of the pursuing Egyptians at the time of the Exodus. So long a timo elapsed after the time of the subjugation of the horse before actual written history com- menced that we do not surely know his native coun- try. There is no certain testimony that really wild horses have existed since written history became re- ally authentic. Horses have escaped from the cus- tody of man or have been abandoned, as in the case of the Spanish horses in South America and in the conquest of Mexico, and havo liccomo essen- tially wild. This is all wo are certain of. SKITION Ml. A I.KS.SO.N I.N 111!K.KI)1N(J. The original country, however, of the horse must iwve been a pbdn or open cotmtry, and one where vegetable food was always plenty, aaid he.ice the reason why, when transported to cold clinuUes, they , a ^vays uecame dwarfed and rough unless waruily j dothed and stabled. The point to be obse, ved here i's I aiatni breeding the horse, and the rule will hold good I ^vith all farm animals--the best success can never '0 Had unless animals have warm shelter. The ^ iiorse, the ox kind and swhio are natives of tropical I climates. The sheep, even with his close wool, can- not live where herbage is not always to be found. SKCTIO.V IV.-WIIKMK THE l.KST l.OUSKS AlilO 1.„,;m,. Ihe fleetest horses of the world to-day all had their origin in blngland. The improvement may be said to date from the time of the crusades, when ..ndoubtedly valuable sires were brought buck from the Holy Land. Even here wo know very little that s beyond dispute. England and France have taken the palm for having originated the best breeds for I mft purposes. Here, again, the origin of value he. 1 1 the horse of warm countries. The best gen- era draft horse of England to-day has distinct trices o the racing blood, produced by Oriental sires on the best of the swift hor.es of the time of James I to that of Cromwell. The result of this brecdin.- produced sir^s that improved the agricultural clasl of horses, which by careful breeding and selection, ave given us the Clydesdale, the Shire horse, th^ Lughsh heavy draft horse, and that superb draft and coach horse, the Cleveland Bay. In France il„. Oriental blood has been no less mid L;^^^^^^^^^^ that paragon of French horses, the magnillcent Per- cheron. Ho comes so near to tiio perfect doscrip- t on of a horse for peace and war as given by Xeno- rhon, and many times quoted, and Is so valuable and perfect a study of a sturdy and pe"' e horse containing all the essentials of nverythin. the valuable horse should possess, that wo give il or + •10 'iiii; I'^viiM j€iis' srocic nooji. rather edit it, to eiiibnieo the salicut points of the descriiition. The breeder who muster ita principlea will not err in lus judgment of a Ik m for general ntilily, iK.r if he breed such, will he fail to sell for good jnices. SKC'TION V. — XKNOPHOn's STt.'nY (IF TlIK HOIiME. Of the unbroken colt one must judge by tho bodily constnietion, since if he has never been backed, he will iilTord no very clear evidences of his spirit. Of his liody it is necessary lirst to examine tho feet, for as in a house it nuittcrs not how lino may -'e the su- perstructure if there bo not sufficient foundations, so in a war horse there is no utility, no, not if he have all other points perfect but bo badly footed. But in examining tlio feet it is befitting first to look to tho horny portion of the hoofs, for those horses which have the horn thick arc far superior in their feet to tliosc which Jiavo it tliin. Observe whether tho hoofs be upright, both lieforo and be- hind, or low and flat to the ground, for high hoofs keep the frog at a distance from the earth, while tho flat tread with equal pressure on the soft and hard parts of the foot. Well-footed horses can be known by tho sound of their tramp, for tho hollow hoof rings like a cymbal wlieu it strikes the sohd earth. I'KTI.OCKS AM) SHANKS. The p :rts above the hoof a.id below the fetlocks should not be too erect, hke those of the goat, for legs of this kind, being still and inflexible, arc njjt to jar the rider, and arc more liable to intlauunatioii. The bones must not, however, be too low and springy, for in that case the fetlocks arc lial)]e to be abraded and wounded if the liorse be galloped over clods or stones. The bones of the shanks should bo thick, lor these are the columns which su)iport the body, but they should not have tho veins and llesh thick likewise; for if they have, when tho horse shall be galloped in difficult ground, tiiey will necessarily be filled with blood, and will become varicose, so that tho slrinks will be thickenod and the skin tks dis- tended and relaxed from the bone; and when this is thr case, it often follows that the back sinew give way and renders the horse lame. Till-; KNKKS AND AliMS. But if the horse when in action bends his knees fiexibly at a walk, you may then judge that he will have his legs flexible when in full career, for all horses, as they increase in years, increase iu the flex- ibility of the knee. And flexible goers nro esteemed highly, and with justice, for such horses are iijuch less hablo to blunder or to stumble than those which have rigid, unbending joints. But if tho arms below tho shoulder-blades bo thick and muscular, they ap- liear stronger and handsomer, as is tho ease also with a man. Tho breast should also be broad, as well for beauty as for strength, and because it causes a handscauor a'jtion of the forelegs, which do not then interfere, but are carried wide apart. TUK NKCK AND IIKAD, Again, the neck ought not to be set on like that of a boar, horizontally from the chest, but, like that of a game-cock, should be upright toward tho crest and slack toward the flexture; and the head being long, should have a small and narrow jawbone, so that the neck shall be in front of the rider and that the eye sliuU look down at what is before the feet. A horse thus made wiU not bo likely to run violently away, even if he be very high spirited, for horses do not attempt to run away by bringing in but by thrusting out their heads and nocks. It is also very necessary to observe whether the mouth be fine or hard on both sides, or on one or tho other, for horses tliat have not botli jaws equally sensitive are likely to be hard-mouthed on one side or the other. KVKS, NOSTKILS AND OKKST. And it is better that a horse should have promi- nent than hollow eyes, for such a one will see to a greater distance. And widely opened nostrils are far better for resjjiration than narrow, and they give the horse a fiercer aspect, for when ono stallion is en- raged against another, or if lie become angry while being ridden, ho expands his nostrils to their full width. And the loftier the crest and the smaller tiio ears the more horse-like and handsome is tho head rendered, while lofty withers give the rider a surer seat and produce a firme;- adhesion between tho body and shoulders. TIlK I.OINS. A. double loin is also softer to sit upon and pleas- anter to look upon than if it be single, and a deep side, rounded toward tho belly, renders the horse easier to sit and stronger and more easy to bo kept in condition, and the shorter and broader the loin tho more easily wiU the horso raise his forcquarters and t .1 f ireer, for nil e iu the llex- aro catcemed OS are njucli those which I arms below lar, they ap- 10 case also 1)0 broad, as iiso it causes lich do not like that of like that of 10 crest and being long, one, so that lid that the ho feet. A 1111 violently r horses do ill but by is also very bo fine or other, for Jnsitive are the other. ivo 2>i'omi- ill see to a rils are far ey give the ion is eii- ngry while their full iinaller the s the head ler a surer 11 the body iiid plcas- iiid a deep the horse .0 bo kept 10 loin the irters and Tnii: ij^^viiM KIIS' SI'OCIi U OOlv . 41 42 ■i-ni-; I'^vii.M i^jKH' s'1'<)<;k uooii. collect bis hiiulquiuters under him in roiug, TIicko poiuts, moreover, ciiuso the helly to iippciir Hmaller, which, if it bo Lirjie, at oiico injures the appeariineo of tbo animal and renders him weaker and less man- ageable. TlIK QUAliTKHS AND llt'TTOCKH. The quarters sliould bo broad and llcahy, in order to correspond with tho sides and chest, and should they bo entirely firm and solid, they would bo lighter in tiio K'llloi), and (ho horso would bo the speedier. But if ho should have his buttocks separated under the tail by a broad line, he ' -H brintj his hind legs under him, with a wiJcr space between them, and so doing ho will have a prouder and stronger gait and action, and will in all respects bo tho better on them. STALLIONS AND FOALS. Stallions should not have the testes large, and this ought not to bo overlooked in foals. To conclude, in regard to the lower joints of tho shanks, namely, the fetlocks aiid the hoofs, behind, I havo the same remarks to make, and no others, than those which I have made above. XENOI'UON's acute oliSKllVATlON. • In reading tho foregoing it will bo seen that Xenojjhon, only less celebrated as a great general, than a correct writer, understood jjorfectly whatai)er- fect horse should be. In his time tho horso was «sed especially as a charger. Henco when he speakt: of a broad cliest, ho does not mean a chest with an appear- ance of breadth from a sujjcrficial front view, but that wedge shaped chest of great muscularity which is really Lroad. Ilis idea of the increasing ilexibihty of tho knee with ago until tho full maximum is reached is also ac- cording to the best judgments of to-day. llo un- derstood tho fuUiniportanco of thellexihlo fetlock, the sloping shoulder, and tho double muscular loin, the arched neck, tho eyes set so the horso could see both before and behind, the wide (muscular again) buttocks, the wide nostrils, and high couraged, intelligent horse generally. SECTION VI. BREEDS OF HORSES, TIIOUOUOHBKEDS Outside of the better horses of the Arabians there is no pure breed existing. They are all composite in their nature or made up by tho crossing of one artifi- cial race with another, and subsequent selection. Of the artificial breeds the Percheron comes nearer to being a pure breed than perhaps any oilier, showing | this in uniformity of color and the 'ability to perpetu- ate fixed characteristics upon their progeny. Even the lOnglish and American thoroughbreds that havo been bred in certain fixed hues for two hundred years vary largely in color, stoutness, an. other character- istics, but t' eyaru constant in one thing, groat speed and tho ability to carry weight, combir d with the most miHinchiug courage. So well known is this among breeders and trainers that it has become an axiom that a horso with a flaw in his pedigree, that is, a cross of cold (common) blood is worthless for train- ing. There is, however, a limit to the speed of the race horse. an KUGLlSil WUITEh's TESTIMONY. All l';n;;lish writer, "Stonehengc," one of the most reliably honest, griiphic, and accurate writers of the latter half of tho present century, siiys that from acare- ful examination of tho racing time-tables as recorded of late yeai-s, it will bo seen that from thirteen and a half to fourteen seconds jier furlong is the highest rato of speed attained in any of our (English) races above a mile, and with eight stone, seven pounds, (11!) pounds) carried by three-year old horses. ANOLO-AMERICAN VIEW. In relation to the origin and breeding of the thor- oughbred, "Frank Forester" truly says they are i^iade up of various bloods, and inherit from Oriental blood, style, and soundueis in wind, limb and l.oof. liy careful breeding through many generations the sijced has been increased, while the general con- stitution has not specially suffered. Artificial care has made an artilicial animal of him, yet certainly i > ■ l)lood-horso of tho present day is far superior to his masters either on the Oriental or British side; as far superior in speed and stoutness as are the modern Shorthorn and Hereford cattle superior in Iteef points (() their progenitors of one hundred and fifty years ago. AMERICAN TIIOUOUOIIBREDS. Breeding as Americans have, for tho last one hundred and fifty years, from the best and most distinguished English blood, American thoroughbreds have not deteriorated. Our climate (the middle re- gion of the United States) is more congenial to the horso than that of England. The proof that our horses havo no' deteriorated is that American bred horses have won laurels on the English turf (tho severest test to which they could be put) over the best and stoutest of English thoroughbreds. I'll 1.; .vuMKii.s' K-rocK jjooiv. L'5 SECTIO.V VII.— TlIK TllOTTlMl IK.IISK. If EiiKliind 1ms prod.R.o.i tlio thorotiglibred, the I nitc.l (States Ims prodneerl (lie trotting liorso, /„„• A.r,//,mv, of the world, no other country i.rodncin- horses worthy of the nanio except Russia and this country not rising far above mediocrity. The Ameri- can trotter arose from a desire to phmImcc horses that in iiarnoss would comimre favoral,ly with tlio running class. Their fame has gone o-er the whole civilized "•orld, and sires are now jjcing eagerly songht in many countries. It is enough I ,nor to the thor- miKhl.red that the excellence of our trotters truce Imck to tliom on one side, to tlie incomparable Afes- senger, and the disting,iisJied Bellfoundcr, the latter supposed by many not to be purely thoroughbred. A careful selection of progeny has resulted already, m stranis that may l,o relied on to trot and trot very fast, and in sucli phenomenal horses for courage stoutness and wonderful tieetness, reaching back "to Lady SulTolk, and culmina.'iug in the flashing speed of Dexter, Maud S. and Jay eye-sto. SKCTION Vni. —SADDLE imnsKs, Our saddle horses should not go unnoticed. Tlicrc IS a constantly increasing demand for elegant limscs of easy and trained gaits. The tJioroughbred sire is here again the basis of excellence. They are pro- duced hy thoroughbred sires elegant in form and light in the forehand, upon roadsters and pacing nmres not fast enough for the trotting ring. They bear tlio same religions to our tastes that the l^nglish hunter does to that of the gentlemen in England. There will be a constantly increasing demand for this class of horses, the stouter for gentlemen's use, and the lighter and more elegant for ladies. The increasing wealth of the country will demand this class of horses more and more. To-day they are among the high- est priced horses we have, outside the fast ones" of tile turf. The first of the horses thus far described IS distinctively English. He has found a true home of adoption in America. The others are distinctively American. We may well bo proud of the success attamed in the last fifty years in the production of animals of such distinctly marked traits and goodness, TACKKS. The last four years liiis produced a wonderful impetus in the breeding of pacing horses. Wo believe pacing to bo more a matter of training than nnytliingelse. Though the hereditary inclination to pace is too distinctly marked in breeds or rather strains, in various countries and even in some wild horses of the plains to doubt its hereditaiy character. Fast trotters have been made fast pacers by training, but tho evidence is still stronger as showing that a pacer may be also made to trot fast. The pacing gait is tiie fastest gait of tho horse except running, a's is ev- idenced ill the time of Little Itrown Jug, Tind John- son; wonderful indeed when we consider the com- paratively small number of pacers in comparison with that of trotters. SKCrioV IX. noAD OH III.'SINERS IIORSKS. There is little to be said of these as a breed. They are composed of any stylish horse, not fast enough for the track, but possessing good speed and great bottom for the best class, and any horse of strong endurance and fair speed and beauty, united to good temper for all other classes of roadsters. No liorse can be called a road horse unless he can do ten miles an hour in good style without distress. If ho do twelve ho is a good one. If he be handsome, good for a mile lietween 2:80 and S minutes, and fourteen miles an hour and trusty, do not bo afraid to put a l(uig price upon him. Some one with a deep pocket will want him. The road horse, hke tho trotter, is distinctively an American horse, althou"h such horses have been sought for in England siiroe the day of " Dandy Diiimont," immortalized in the novels of Sir Walter Scott. SKOTION X DliAPT HOUSES. All Other horses, except those already named, may properly be classed under tho head of draft horses. They are sometimes called agricultural horses, a mis- nomer, however. The true draft horse is one used for drawing heavy loads on roads, and since the advent of railroads, more distinctively those used in cities for trucks and other wheeled vehicles used for transporting heavy articles. The English draft liorse, the Shire (Scottish-English), and the Clydes- dale (Scottish), are the most valuable of the horses of English origin. CLEVELAND HAY. This magnificent representative of what might be called the ICnglish medium draft and coach lior.sc, is a compound horse with one-fourth to three-fourths of thorough blood. They are certainly the hand- somest of draft horses, and as valuable as car- nage and coach horses as they are for draft. Th 44 THIC FAUMKRS' STOCK liOt)K. I nil 1 f jis- pj^^J'Ja fl IMKAr. SKETCH Ol' TIIK I'KUCIIKIMJN IIORSG. •fr- ! 1 ' I mmmmtma Till'; i'■ ] S c: ' >^ III'; ^VUMICUH' KKXK II.JOK. tl.eKontloman-H ,lrivij,« hor«t.._tI.,.Ho ull owo their K)iccial viiliio to ,.,„. ,„i«i,ml s,„„v(.. Tin; TKOlldldllllUHK niP)>!:HH. Tlu. tl...ro„.hbr..l in ti.o nu.li,,,,, ll.n.„f;l, wl.icl, US valao l.us I.oou trans.uitt.Ml .l„u,. tliro,,.-!. „11 1.0 ..(hers mun.l This sunuhrUd hor.su has also l-'j"" a .stroM.^r i„t,.|-t.r iu th. i.n|,rov,.mc.ntof all Jlrit- ish hrmlH ox.M.|,t ,.orhai.H tho cLphnntino nirt ".i-He. wlM.h ,s fast hcin. imslu.! nsi.h. |,v ,„|„.r Of the, vahmhh. ,listi,„.t hrcods of Hnj-lish horHos. on s„h. Ih.. thoro„.hlav,l. th. only dusscs n.-.vssar; " '"' m..„t.on..,l will ho tho Cl.v,h.s,lMl,, th.. Khiri. ".r.so „„a tho Ch.v..laM.l luy. th,.,. thr,. „lo„o ''<•">« of «l.w,al valac in An.rrin.n hrofdin,- for limit imrjioscH. " Tho l.rco,lH of horses in Anxorica nn,l th, ir nnocial vahu. .naylKMlivi.hMl into two (-...oral olasscs, viz.. I orsos of .spool an.l horsos of .h-aft. Tho first ,nv,. all of hmr Huporior qnalitios to tlu, impress of 'l-ron,h-hloo.I. Thoth„r,m,,hl,n.,l,is.listin,.tiv..lv ■■^n •.n^'hsh hroo,l, au.I i1k> trottin,cr hor.so as .listin;. iv..ly an An.orioau hrood, though .lorivo.l ori^-inallv Ironi tliorouL'liljrod hoiN,..: „-,(i. ...... ,:.^ ,. .' 17 o.n.lat,onsalroa.ly ..xistin,-, through caroful soloc jHlo an.I Sh.ro horse of Groat Ihitah, an.j the Porchoron horse of France. Thyonl tiuso hr.....ls •I'oro ,.s nothn.r U, ho .losiro.l, so far as .Iraft horses aro concorne,]. 4 fron. thoron^-hhrod horses wiMi troKiMi.' uetion, ih'o «roa i,r,.g,.ni(ovs of whi..h wer,. Messenger nn.l ';''","";""•• ":' laOor elain„..l l.y .son.o as not stnetly thoron.^'hhreil. DUAIT nilllSKS. I^ral t horses to satisfy An.orlcan i.lcas. must havo sto„tne.ss. w,.,.ht.un,l the ah.lityto n,„v,. a heavy oa.l at an aetivc pace. (),„ Ii.,ht,, .i,,ft ],„,„.,_: those „se.l for H^i.tor express work, horso oars. an,l general farm work-aro nm,h, np of nn^xe,! I,loo,l. riu.y are aotivo, of nio.lium si.e, woi,-lHn,- from one ♦lioMsan, to one thonsand one h„n,lre,l po„n.l.<, an.l -ih.mfci,xe.l eharaateristies..xe..ptp„ience, hon- .^sty. intolh^'onco and activity. When tho roverso is fonndit IS tho result of almormal qualities or the c.insequencc of vicious drivers. Increasing interest in hre..,/ing is Kra.Inally mo.li- fyn,g the eonnnou In.rses of onrc.untry, an.l a com- paratively few yours will proluhly sec tho horse of America more uocnrately dofmed as to h,v,.,ls con- taining nioro valuahle clmractcristies than those of any other countrj-. The diversity of climate, situation an,] temiH-rnturo w.ll demand this. Th.y will ho hnilt up on the HK.TioN IV,— TiiK TiionorfiirmiKi. am, ns is,s he mler..st in thoro,,H,I,r,..l horses in th.. ."'t.'l Mat..s ,s gra,lu,,lly giving place t,. (he (ro(- tmgJ.:..v.Jt,s natural that It should hen,, in an oi..'. country where tho natun, of the soil r..n,h.rs Koodroa.s,.,,syt.. hehad. The chi.f value of the " "^ "H,.'hty ],I„„,1, oocashmally. into ()„. o,h..r '•-I.S to J,.,Ulu. quality of .,,,r plea,sun.. s,,d,ne --. our carriage horses, and tho.. of ourcavahv ''■' K"'" "'""' '"*"""• '""rt.'ot(ingh..rs..su,,oM til', hit,-}, pl.ine (h.y n..w oceuiiy. With (he gr.,u ing wealth .,f tho cuntry there will ■'Iw.'.ys ho a Htr.u.g demand for .staum.)". si.vs. .,f """•.'-usclo and that h„hhr....,]ing that ^^ill ena- ;;'';.';''''''mltogot]m.on.ilesatgre,itsp,...dwi.h- oMt distn.ss, or t.. g„ three heats of one ni le ea..h in '■""> l:fi<) to 1:..., minutes. .Such hors..s will , or- fonu great jouria.ys at a fast pace without thnehi,;... rho day .,f tia, ..quarter nag" has long sine., pass.^l 111 tho Lint, ,1 Htat.'s. H.;.'Tr..>, y. TUK riDTTlN-,. noRSK AM, rrs USKS. Iho trotting horso is valuahle f..r many pnrpos.-s J" I-roeding. Ih, can give lino action t./caiiag.. ■ons,.. qua]it,..s of stoutness, speed an.l endurance o al driving hors.s; and tl.o.se not good em.u.'h for pleasure driving will still ho superior to the -mnion horse, for all JigM w..ik, where speed is an "'teg..r for all good trotting horses must nocessa- n y he s out. From our trotting h..rses will arise Hires of (nio style, groat courage and endnrance, uh ..aaootli flowing outline, not fast enough f-r tho host track tin,,, hut none the less valuahlc-nay. T" 7;'"'^"'-'7f'-"'" "'I'J^t si'^e and beauty, to pri. ' "- all that class of driving horses requi.ig hoth Htylo and speed. Our trotting horso is still in a transiti.,,! state. It is le.ss than fifty years since they h:.vo been distinctively recoguiz..d, and only within the last quarter of a centnry have they been so systematically bred that a fair degree of certainty could 1,0 predicted in their outcome. L.fWKRINli RECORDS. The wonderful h.wering of mile records in tlio ~T ■18 1 iSl iiil I'-n THBJ KAltM ic UH' H'lOcu noDii last f.w ;yL.,u-H woid.l boh„ t„ imiicuto that .i wtill ii.'iirpr ai,i,n.„ol. t.. th,. Hpoo,! of tlio niniiii.g I,„rBo jh to ]„. nttuin...!. J„ ihu rn;„i„ij^ l,„rs„ .j,,,,,, j^ ,^4. tim.r.l l.y tlio extension 01 tJiohmps; hi th.' trotting liorso It l.rH ii.nro in t\w nl.ililv tc kmIIict .|„i.kly I mn in tho ,„nnin. ]..,r.s... Jt i« ni.-i-,, tl.i.n i.r..l,„- hh tli^it th.. w.m,l,.ifiil iiumiHo in trotting aian r ..f \,.,v J'Ji-lan.l. The loss is, h.nvever, made p„,d i„ the natural ahility <,f all Jiors.'H to paee, and hence it he- conu.H easy t.. instruct the sml.ll,. h..rse, not only in tins im.'e hut also in the several uio.lillcalions" as single foot, rack, amhle, etc. In paein- tlie two le-s of a side net Kyneliron..usly, i heen made to approach wry closely. 'J'he nuihle is a slow pace. The r.iek is a sl.,w, sin-le f.M.t gate and all aiv nHidifieations .,f tlie pace ..r amble. SK.'TION VII. IMIAKT IIOIlsKS .•OMPAIIKP. The Vermont draft liorso and tlio Conestoga horse— hoth n.,w extinct as breeds— are the onlv representatives of distinctiv..lv draft horses ..ri-inat- m- in the cuntry. The Verm.,nt ])raft horse niav ho said to have compared with the Suffolk runcli o> England, also extinct, and tlie Conest.,f,M would Kenn to have approached tlie fierman and Flemish licavy horse, modifa,! by tliorough blood and our peculiar climate. Admirab],. as wore those horses as I know them forty years aj^o, their loss is not to 1.0 regretted. Their places are more than sui.plied l.y the Perchcron of France, the Clydesdale and blnro horse and the Cleveland Bay of Fnglaml. These and their crosses on the mixe.l Idood of our country will satisfy every want of our people for style, wei-ht, and the ability to move heavy loads f..r long distances. The Cleveland Bay will cover the gn.nnd for stylish teams including carria-To use Tho Clydesdale and the Shiro luuso for heavy log- ging and h.avy draft in cities, will leave little to bo desired, and the Perclier.iii for that great variety of uses which the American farmer must put his teams to, and f.ir the vari.ms purpoH..s of draft r...|uire,l in nt.es, will bo foun.1 t,. fully .over every r..,,uireme.it. HKCTION Vni. -OKNKHAl, MIlm.HK IIORSKH Wo object tothe bree.lingof hors.'sthataiv.Apected to rover all thoqualifi..ati.u,s require.lof the h.-rse of the .lay. Th.. day ..f sluggish brutes of enormous w..|ghtH has passed. Tho .lay of .- weeds,' tho ori- "ml horse of all work, k fant passing away. Th.. horse must now be br,.d for a, distinctive ,,mit..s... Wse the br,.e.ler will lin.l hims..|f with sbvk that will l.rmg 1..SS in th., market than a good three year .1 «te,.r. \et (he (yp., that will always outnnn.ber that of any other <.ne bre..d will be tlm 1, , so fairly good for many things. We beli,.ve it lies ,u a gra.l'o hetween the rerc!u.r,u,, or the Clydesdale, and the trotting horse. The latter is a Imrso of great urns- cle and j.ow.rs of enduranee. The two form.T hav.. i.mscular development in the li,;e of stn th All Jmve f,o,Ml lung i,ower, a .jualifieation that'^uust al- ways go with g.,od limbs t,. pro,l,u.b a valuable horse. A combination of (be qualities of these threo ought to produce as n..ar an appr.,a..h to a horse for general use as the farmer could well de- sire. SECTION X CARRIA.iK IIOKSES. The carriage h..rse of England even, where such .tttentioii IS pai.l t,. special breeding, is a horse of mixed breed, but all with m..re .,r less thorough blood 11. them. The Cleveland Bay comes nearer to per- fection in this respect than any oth,.,-. I„ relation to what they should be "Htonehenge" has described t^his horse so graphically as to leave littlo to bo desired. It may bo summed up in high action, heauty of fonn, strong clean limbs, excellent hoofs to stand the wear and tear of pavements. Sa-a.^ity. c.urage and tractability are all essential. These, with oblique but muscular shoulders, short back, and ].mg though strong quarters, with a g.H,d deal of ground cov,.red below, constitute the remaining l-oints characteristic of the perfect carriage horse. ^ SKCTIOX X.— DHIVWO HORSES. The perfect driving horse, like tho carriage h,u-so, must bo handsomo in form and action. Ho must ulso bo speedy, high eouiaged and tractable. Ilis Bize IS less than that of tho carriage liorse and ho is generally better bred. Our best driving horses are those trotting horses not fast enough for tho turf In the class called road horses, beauty and form is ""''"'"^"^y ^" .speed nM stamina. For the family I i * ■f THK K'.VUMI^U.H' Ml-,,, K JI.„,K. Ix.Mo. hoaiity of torm ami Kriico ..f neti.-u is m„ro valuul.l,, tluin ,„.,■.. Hpof.l. When 1,„H, ur.. ccMil.inc.l tlui iirico lii.H woll towitrd the hhiI.. cf tlio fuHt trot- ter. Homo mares of every l.roewM ov,.r from th,' siege of \ iciiiia in KIHI. r>. Thr /;„,,„l .1/,,,,..,, imported by Charles the He,'- ond, who sent his Mast,.r of the horse to the Levant I" ':'■'"■'"•" •'' • 'i'l'-Hu alHo are na i,tion,.l i tlie best jiedigreoH. SKCTION II. rilK MODERN TIIOR, , ,H||l|!KD. To define tlio thorout-hl,re,l hors,. of the nine- eenth eentury, says Stonelu.,,^.., is ...sv ciiou-h "'••'luse It IS only n..ce.s.saiy to addue,. the law that '"• iiiust ajipear in the "Htiid-ilook." Witlioi • thi.s lestiiiu ntary ..yidenco no otlier will hu receive nor .•veil theoretically can any other he adduced. By Homo It IS suppo.sed that he is a horse ,l,.scended from sires and dams of Eastern blood, that is either Turks, Harbs or Arabs; but this has h.n.- la...ii known to be a fallacy, for we Ihid numerous gaps in almost all the old jauligrees, which there is every reason to believe ought to be oceupie.l with the names of native or «,,anish mares. But thcai-l, "The Stud-Book" is thus received as the existing authority on this matter, it is open to a question whether it may not ho desinihle to amend ii by in- troducing i,.io its paf-cs horses and mares wliichcan Ix' proved to be stainless for a certain number of generations. The subject is a -lilHcult one, for while It IS comparatively easy to keep a record year by .vi^ir <,f tho foals as they are droppc.l, it is extremely ihthcult to obtain .satisfactory proof of Kiniihu- facts which occurred six generations back, and this \vould 1)0 the earliest period at which it could bo supposed that tho stain of impure blood could bo washed out. For instance, supposing a thoroughbred horse is put to a common mare in IS-W. and tho produce is a /illy in ISfJO; this filly might again brood a filly in lH(it, and have a grand-daughter in 1808, and a great -rand-daughter in 1872, and so on to tho year 1880, when the pi-.-luco would still be composed of one sixty-fourth part common blood and the rest thoroughbred. But Cvonty years would elapse without any puidic r he almost proof positive of the pnritv of his I'lood, ,y..t he is ..xcluded from the -Stud-Jlo'ok" for- ever In this way some of o„r half-bred stallions 'U-elan.wn to be of pure blood, and tlu.ir stock i:;; «rea value m the huntin.-fieh], but no .uuMvould "•'Td fron, a, n.are „f ,J,i, ,,i,„i, ,,„,.,,„^^ , — that tb.. St„d iSook pa.es ar. sh.t a^ '"'"• ;'-'l I'o -uld not clain. that her produce sbon d rece,ve ,1,.. seal of purity afforded ,y „ standard. ■' '"' sK.T>oN ,n. -THK AMicnreAv THononounRKn. l^ntd the En.disi, thorouj;hbred ho-sc is de- scribed. It IS scarcely j.ossible to enter fully into t],e -Vreeo the American, descended as th'e latter is .•om s ..ck n.ported fron, the n.other country J!..t, hdun, the fact for granted, I nn.y proceeJ" say.s Stonehenge, to allude to the pro-nl wh h 1 Ks been n.ade „, the United States, fron. the dlte ' ".^ hrst n..p,.t,,tion. It appears that short^ P noUo the year 1 .fit, a Mr. 0«k, the Governor of Maryland, was n. possession of Sp.rk, pn^sented to ^.n. l.y Lord H.lth„ore. About tbe same tin e 1 al.0 nnported Queen M,,, ,,, ,,„^^,.,,^.^,,^ ^ - Aiah, and s.,o„ afterwar.l Colonel Tasker obtained .S- nua daugh cr of the Godolphin Arabian; whil (olonel Colvdle's Miss ColviH,, ],„„,„ ,,, , ,^ j ?nshSt,ul.ncd.asW.lkes-01dnautb.,.nare;c!^ , a Taylor .s Jenny Cameron, and Eouth's Crab we severally n.troduced into tho colony. L, mi Monkey, by the Lonsdale bay Arab, though .„ ! twenty-second y.r, crossed the Atlantic and got -me good st.ck, folhnved during the next year by .Mly Roger, by Jh,undhead, out of a Partne nn.re About 1704 Fcnnmught, a s..n of Regulus and Sil- vertaii, and therefore of the very highest English -lood went to America and within a few years of that .ate Morton's Traveler, by Partner, out of a umre by the Bloody Buttocks Arabia.,, which co...- petes the hst of the i,..i,ortations prior to the War ofL.depe...lence. It n.„st be observed that before tbe year 182!) ,.o Turf Register existed i. An.erica, au.l he.,cc there is not the san.e g„ar,..,tee for the ,1- de ity of a pedigree as in ].:..gland, wh,.re there are ..uthent.c rec.rds which r,.ach to a ...uch earlier ne- nod. The Revolutio,.,u-y war ups,.t the hon.es of so "mny humhe, that n.uhitu.les of .locn.c.ts were lost; but nevertheless, I believe sufficient has been preserved to prove the authenticity of the pcdi-.-ecs '-''lo,.g,„g t„ the horses which I l.,.ve enun.erated and whose j.rogeny c.n be tr,.ced .lown to the p.vs- '■nt d..y. their bh.od being n.h.glcd with that of "un.erous nnportations of a more rece.it d.ite. SK,,T,ON .V.--KORT.<..:ax AN., SO.TTUKRV ...VA.a.V US T.IK Tl;iil-. The love of raci,.g was y..,.y soo., i.,.planted i., the -lo,..s ts ., Maryh...d and Virgi..ia, fVo... who.,, it spread to ^orth a..d Ko,.t]. Can.li.,a, a,.d i,. these so..tl.en. states the sport has been k.j.t „p tn ,bo l."'sent day with grc.t spirit. Te.,ness,.e was i.,oc„- atedw,th the virus of the raci.,g n.ania soo.. ,.fter ts .rs .settlen.ent, as .dso ,nay be s..id of Kctncky. hoth 8t,ites hav.ng possessed s,u.,e very eelebrat.'d horses ,.t various ti...es. X.w York joh.ed i,. at a much later period than the souther,, states, no -,r- ga..,zed rach.g club existh.g there until after the co,..n,ence.,.e..t of the preset cent.n-y. although there were sn.all raee-courses at New.na.let a..,l J,, imuca befoie the Revoluti.u.. But the ener.-y of the t.-„e Ya..ke- sent the New Yorkites ahcxd; a..d thc7 soon became worthy rivals of the so.,tl.er.. .states.,.en. Fro,., 181,'; to 18,,'; the great stables of ho north and south were cirried o.. u„,lcr a ...ost honorable nvalry, but at tho second of these dates It so happced that a vast nu.nher of tbe n,ost ener- ge.c supporters of tho turf in the ..orther,. st,.tes w. hdrew ro,., the arena, a,.d as they dis,.ppeared "one filled the gaps, except a few professe.l train- ers and jockeys, who carried racing on entirely as a hus,.,ess, and regardless of tl.,.t honorable" spirit wli.ch had previously distinguished it, Trottin.r also ca,..e i..to fashion, and tho fanatics ,reached a cru..u.e agai„at both, which took d.mble effect upon IIW l-'.VltMJSKa- STOCJv I.OOK tJio sport, already totterinj. to its fair It may in 'leocl, bo «ai,l that fro.a 1815 to 1855 racin.i "w" ^.w^..«,.a.ntir.i,totho«ontia;;;tw Kcw Y j ' ";" J°'^'-7cl«b was estal,li«lK.l i„ ^tw \oxl and Its members laid out a new race c.m-seonLoug Island; but still the secoul eZ -us not equal to the first, and New 1 .;ent^e^.,.,,^,,,,^^^ bv M.. T 7 "^'T''^ ""'•""l'^ .Ic'terminedly mad.. l.l fejhii lioises on tlieir own gro.md. Tlnit he h'ls failed m carrying off the Derby with Urn i V :~:2tsre;;::?:,;"^?'--- " Liisiue a conviction oi f n. opro^Ue condition in an „niu.j„diced mind U^^^^^ 1-e n,,, t ,,,, ,.een an exceptional horse and Ki'antm. to him the high form which he was in 1 1 y-r (1859) assured to possess, it Would p^ u Uig ..o.. the general form of the h, • J^ -ntry «till it cannot be denied they aiVi, ..oarer to oin- own than was believed to .th"o u they are ,s y.t a vexed question, which will tu.ve some time to settle. THK SKTTLK.MKNT OF THE QUESTION. 1 hat they Imve shown themselves fully the peers -> «ieir Lnglish contemporaries since Lnell!^; r;;ij's;::r"™'--'"'H-~ii; SKCXION V.-1NK..KKCE OK eUM.TK o. .„o„0,;oll- miEDS. That the dry bracing climate of the United States .H cuigenial to the horse needs no argument to se th tequestiom The d.^ oriental pla,,:;..::;^ of the wild horse. Elevated table and rolling ],„ hocomo th.,r natural home whenever they esca, e Tho elevated tropical regions of Fn„th and North America and especially the sub-tropical re -ions, «.ow this conclusively. Hence in a domesticat B ate, outside of such regions, their care must be art.hc.al 1.1 proportion to tho rigor of tiie climate. O-.r sprmg, summer and autumn climate meets the natural requirements fairly. Hence tlieir care in Bummcr needs to be less artificial than in England Our winters are cold, and. the liorso bein.. «eu«itive *"' ■"'''■ '^'"•'"tl. '".ist be provided artificially. The 51 ^vi«e man will never grudge, therefore, wTm "stables ".id blankets. In fact, this is becoming so well ".ulorstood that now no intelligent far,aer gr.idges li.^ additional expense and care, since he sees the ..uiediate benefit accruing therefrom in the care of tiiu ordinary horses of the farm. HKCTION VI.- .-IIE PUAUTICAI. VALUE OK THOUOIOU- HHUDS. The value of th.u-oughbred blood is seen m the «t.innna, speed, courage, stoutness and intelhgcnce hZ'.'''r;'':-*';"'^"'""'-^- fl-y a... pleasm-e es distinctively, when used for the saddle, and ^^ P.ac ica value in crossing upon other horses ■heady been generally explained. The breed- ng of thoro,,ghbreds, however, is not to be under- t.Uvcn, except by a special class who breed for a Mnglep„,,,ose-- speed on tho turf. Nevertheless tJ.t ^'encral farmer .nay i.rofit by tliis. fo. H^'TV- ","'"'^"' '•""•"""'".''^•o'l- not swift enou.di ft lie tur , ut whose lines of breeding are correct, llciii •''!!' " ''"^"•'"^' -^V cross-bred animai Hcfv.ng m the essentials of the tliornughi,red. That tliis may bo more readily understood wo give tlie ...oasurements (average) of six horses consiSere.l to b cd .talhons, two tlioroughbred hunters and two Luigcrs of great value. The horse (not a dray .<'.-«o) which approaches this will alwavs sell for a hirge price. The average is as follows : ' ilciuiit lit withers and (Toiip '"'•'"'" LoiiBthfrom shoulder-point to ii'iuuiei- "'' •roni the lowest, part of ehest t o the Kroniui !,''; Krom the elbow-point to the «rouu,l "' The same measured alony the crest '"' r^'ngth of head •''- Widt h across the forehead -"-' • From the withers to thohii> "''•' '^'':^,n::;;:t'p,"r'::'':''::^:''"'-''-'""-'-"'-io' '' From the root (if tall to sflllc-jolVit "'" From the point of t he hock to the (troiind 'f' , r-enKth ot arm f ron, t he el how to t he pisitorni-ho'ne M ,' I' rom tho i-islfonn-hone to the Kronnd J: " Olrth varies from 7(! to 79 "' '■' incheir""""'"'™ '" '"■-■ ™""™-»™« -'■-■. «. H, X, 8.... and tl Circumference or arm just below tho elbow, l<|i, to IS Inches. SECTION VII. —SADDLE HOUSES. In the breeding of sad.Uo horses tho farmer must not be gmded by English ideas of a sa.hlle horse We are not n hunting people. We take more pleas- '"" '" '^"^'"'g "."» >.. n KOAI) IIOKSES. Tiie breeding of trotting and r<,ad hoiscs may not I'o undertaken by the general farmer, except it be as :u. independent profession separate ami distinct from ns ordinary farm labor. They are never bred from tliat class of horses adapted to farm labor, at least ....t economically so. The trotting horse and also 10 road horse is nowadays a horse of distinct 'I'HKl. It IS true that the form of a colt is in a good .h'gree determined by tlie sire. This is uh<.n the Hire, being better bred than the dam, is prepotent; l.u something more is wanted. The dam must her- self llo so. Supi,ose the farmer wishes to breed trotting liorses. Ho has not tho means to buy a stallion ' Md mares of blood suitable to the work. Perhaps if iie had he would not bo able to carry the special b.Ip needed in caring for and training tho stock. Must he rehnquisli the idea altogether:' Not necessarily buiipose there be such an est.,l,lishment in the iK'ighborhood. He may buy a mare that will be hkely to nick with the stallion, and tlius commence 111 a small way. Tho care and training of tho colts will give him practical experience, information and iiistruction. In the meantime ho must read and study the anatomy and physiology of the horse, in order to become accustomed to a kno^v]ndgo, at Sight, of what a horse probably may aocompli.h -p- THIO l.'.VliMKIiS' S-IOCK IU,t)K. r,;j f *t I .; 51 4. :,i:'?i Mi^. I •I'Jll': I'A KM Kits' y'r,.-;K IKJOK. from liis iiiMiciivniifc. If ]io ciiimnf, di- ulii „ .* i I i ~ md l«tt( T Jeavo lino liorse bret-diiig ulono. Ho ivill "Kct IM.- Tlio Biinio advice %vil] ii].].lviii tlie l^rocl- i"f? of any animal. It is a can.ful and dnily «tudv n.at inarKH llio MU'ccssfnl lr..ni tho unsnccessfiil '"^'" ^n any ynith of life. The famier n.av. indeed, l>lod alon- and make a living, and uotkwnv nindi about Ins laisiness. It is because nature has ben so bounlifnl in what lies in tho soil. The success- fnl fainur and tlio successful )u-eoder is lie wlio trusts nolhinjr to chance, but carefullv consi.lers -veiy ponifc to bo made from tlie best exi.'erience and Juformation obtainable. SECTION- IV. not'DMO TK,UIh. Till, matchin- and training of double teams is not ■■dways certain to e:,d as was at first lioi.ed. In tliis tiie piTsoa who succeeds must l)e an artist in one sense. He must have an eye for beauty, svmmetrv, tlio power of sizing up two animals, and detecting any lueoiigruity b..tween th,. two as to temper, gait, Ntaunna, size, form and color. These characteristics are miportant m tho order named. In certain classes of matelied liors.'s it is not im- portant that tlio clor be alike, o.i tiio contrary it is miportant that tlio color I,o dissiniibir. It is, how- ever, important in every class of matched horees, or 111 every doulilo team, tliat tho temper be alike, or as nearly .so as possible. Then the nearer y.ai ap- proach the otlur requisites tho more jierfect your team. In tho team fo m some one or two general directions, for heavy light sh.w or^fust draft, for practical labor or fm' .speed. \et a horse may nevertheless be a horse calculated for a variety of work. The active farm team niay carry the family for a ideasuro ride or draw the family carriage to church. It must, in act, bo a te:im of many uses. Its adaptability to Iiese uses would not necessarily render it a perfect team for light driving, tho city ideasuro carriage or bo trotting ring. Such wouhl certainly not be hor.ses superior for tho saddle ,u' the running turf Tlie question, then, of adaptability to the re„uire- mentsnmst always be the important one in breed- lug. The elaboration of anyone of the.so subjects wou d require a large v.,lunio of print elaborately dlusirated. Our aim is to suggest tho dire<.tion f' + ~r r.K ii'i inn 4- Till-. J-'^Vi: M 10 J { tS'lMJC'Ii HOOK. >t' piii-sufd. Tlio iiitfUiLffiici! Ill' ihi) iiidividiiiil (•lied must 1)0 relied on to pursue the diivelion cuivfiilly, once lie hiis decided njion tliis deiiniiely. We sliiil, as wo i)iweed, j,'ive inlonn.ition in de(l- iiite chiinuuli) to ])roseiit a careful study of iiriiiciiiles. t Tl !lts f( idy CHAl'TEli \-. Kit.irr iioissKs. SlicTION 1.— ( I.VDLSlJVLKS. The C:iydesdal(' is ivpi-ese;,>cd l.y Jvi^'lisii luitliors as intermediate in size 1„ rveen tlie !-,iinoi!c awd llio dray-liorsL, but inore active tliaii either. !]■' is .siif- pdsed to he bred from a cross of tiie Dutch .-, Fi,.>n- ish horse, ahout 1(102, with tlu. active! desc. iiduntw of tho pack-horses, which wuri' retained in usl' lo,.;;i , in tho north than in the south of (hviit Britali.. Ho has an extreualy neat head, ii li-ht i,eck and a round iin'ddlo-iiieco, which is iievortlieloss very d( . p in tho ^'irth-placi'. A well-shaped horse o'f (his Sreod, tho^.^di hi.Ljlier ihan the Siiifcdk, aj)pears to ho on shorter ie:..'s, and may ho from sixteen to sixteen hands two inciii's liisli. Tho Ion- stride, which is characteristic of 0,- breed, is partly dep, ndent npon tlieirfjrroaterlenj,'th,, and partly upon hahit and train- in,;,'. These horses ,vere said to he a])le to draw heavier loads in sinL,'le crfs thin any others, and hence tlieywero si)ecially adapted to that kind of \york which prevails tlii'ouVi'oul tho lowlaiuls of Scotland, where tho Clydesdales are employed. A ^'reat many inferior animals were formerly lired, which were objoctionalde from their li-lit bodies and' lon^r Ie,!,'s, but these faults are now comjiaratividy rare, -reat attention havinj,' been paid to the breed' in.L,' of tho Clydesdale horse of late years. Liuyv imjiortations are Dow bein- yearly made of tho iJst English stallions into the West. , ,„ . L'lydosdales will be f'auid i lio f.ilh.wnjg, one hundred points bein,^' imUxtivn IV.II«ren-- N,, l,„r„o heluu' ilosinibl,,. «.s a „:,., ,„,|e.s.s woli Mr. I Ml.,.-M..,n,;„ „„.l I.Iorl(yn..,st(Ie«lral.lo H.v.iiiiictri- i'cilVcllmi mill form Hlylciiml ciirliiu'c... ' l7l , T"v'" """'' ""'"' "'•■""• ^■'"'■- -• ■"" " miKi! uiir ncisc' tun lionuiii Karr"^;"';?'' ""'• ''"'"■• "'■'"'■'• """^-f'''- "mo<-^;' 5 !..'.» -.yc,MumM.,.;;;,„,,.loar cut m.,lHlmi,ci, - ^ '"■'■I'i'Wau.l well set „„tu.„|,„„,j^.f^ "l"."«l,. I "il"-l."rTOimiinill,e.,mttliL.li,'an.. , lu.t..:_l(,,,,,H, „,,,,,! I,.,,^-u, una full at Hank. ^ •'"•l«"i"ll<.l.,. -Short, l„„a,l,wellco„i,lf.l.... - j MI,l,—HroH(l, iirii,, nmMcnlar.. I <'a.-.l,n l--)m,a,l, cl™n, o„r,ly, n„t too'^tmi^ia' '.: '.' [ jj J.lmlH-..; a,,l, „„,„utl,, clean. Hat ; l.rua,! bone, of tin. ,' M'aiV, V ' j.n. .in.,.,, Wit,. „,„, „„, „„ „„„, ,,,^ ■ , ^,^^ , : ; _ : 1 c.'.np.r-Uodlo. kln,l, c-Ucortnl, l,nt Hpirit..;, an,, rcLiu:. . '; . r, SKCTIO.N II.— ENGLISH SlUlii: lloilSK. Within tho last few years the. English Shire horse has attracted utton'iou in the west. Thev aiv larger than tho Clydes, the utares going up to l,H.„ pounds, a,,., „e stallions still heavier. They are, ,n fact, one of the modiiications of the English ctrt or heavy draft horse, tho name Shire li^u^nig lK.en lately given ,t by tho l!„yal Agriculture hoeiety Ihe cross-bred Shire is a unicn of Clydes- dale and 1 he English draft or Shiro horse. .'I I'OI.NTS 0|.- Tino el,VI),:SI)ALK IIOIISK. The "Clydesdale Stud Book" contains the pedi- grees of stallions foaled .since IHIO. So the fancier of this admirabl... horse need have no fear but that there is plenty of record of sires extending aiithen- tically back for three-quarters of a century. We have already stated wherein their general excollonco lies, and the standard for judging I'l . ., ,, given bidow will ;:;:t.;:::,'sr;*»;;;::;;;:: zrtt:::, ' rn t- "- — ""- « SliCTIO.N III. — KNOLISJl CAM llimsE. The old English black cart horse is uudoubtodly 1.0 foundation upon which the Shiro horse has bee,, hmh, as well as the other heavy breeds of draft ani- ."..1.S in ].:nglaud. The Lincolnshire is a cross be- tween tho black horse of England and the Elen,ish winch, indeed, iigtircs in the draft horse of every I'.uropcaii country and of the United States The Suffolk ,iud Clydesdale also share prominently in a,, ongmal way with this Flemish blood. In fact 'he Snlhilk and the Cleveland Bay now only c- ' ' „ England in the improved and modified Tho old JM,ghsh cart horse is thus descr S'.., henge: "From time iminemc x ' ':., tJT [w. possessed a heavy and eomp 'ikJo ID !, lint, Hat., (i il\l!.' ,-, K.'O Shirt' iioi-so TliL'y are 11) to l,8;';o ions of tho umo Hliiic Lgriciikiirc of Clydes- itloubtcdly ' llilS liccu draft iuii- crcss 1)0- Fleiuisli, of every tes. Tlie itly ill nil fai't, I he 0'- II d riiiPt li_y liti . uin- ■ely luis- Bh were i, while n,nJ, .IS t.mo wore ou. to tl.o lumbering vohido« of the „..- nod of (jueou Elizabeth un.i bor immediate L eossors. I„ color almost iMvariaWy black, witii a .rcat liddle-caHe in tbo place of b.J. i;;!, o concealed .along n.as.ses of bair, depending f om niisslmpen legs, be united flat «ide.s, „j,n„hl «liou ders, mean and narrow bi,.s. and very dro opL.- qarte^^ «';li. I'lain as be was, be did' bis ^lo;k H Ibug V. and would pull at a dead weigbt until be i-Pl-ed Tb,s last .p.ality was necessary enougb at tbo brst mtroduction of wbeel carriages, for ti,e '■"ads were so bad tbat tbe wbcels were constantly l'""e.l up to tbeir naves in tbe deep ruts in tbe ••-His at tbe bottom of every bill, or wberever tbere was not a clear course for tbe water to run oil True lHdl,.,g was tberefore considered tbe lirst and most |^-sent,al attribute of tbe cart or beavy carria.^e 'orse; and as witbout it tbe traveler or carter would be constanUy left in tbe -Slougb of Despond,' it is uot to be wondered at tbat sucb was tbe case." In conclusion, we may add tbat tbe old cart borse of the Lnghsb and tbe Flemisb borse of tbo conti- nent bave well filled tbeir place iu tbe n.o.lUicati.u. of nWern draft breeds, and as sucb tbeir bistorv will always bo interesting. sKcTiov iv._Tin.: soimAs-PKnciimos hohsk Ibeborses of France and tbeir ebaracteristics in be early part of tbe century, bave been carefully por- n.yed by various writers. Tbe Norman cbarger is described by Frencb writers as baving a fine up- standing crest and bead united to a frame of tbe most massive proportions, molded in a form as e'e- gant as is consistent witb bis enormous power. J'.ven tbe diligence borses of many parts of France uro of very baiidsomo frames, and tbeir legs and feet are so sound tbat tliey are able to tret over tlie paved roads at a pace wbicli, slow us it is, remarks an Lnglisb autbority, would speedily lame our En- giisli borses of similar size and stren^tb. Tbeir tempers, also, are so good tbat tbe stallions may be used togetbei witb tbe mares in all kinds of work and altbougb vice iu its various forms is not alto- getber unknown, yet it is comparatively rare Tbe Limousin is cbietly used for tbe saddle, and IS supposed to be descended from borses of tbe eastern breeds introduced by tbe Crusaders. Ho waa not, bowever. in bigh request until tbe invention of gunpowder caused beavy armor to go out of use. wben a ligbter borse was rcfpiircd, and tbe old 'ram i'.viiMiDii«. hiock iu.ok. lieavy animal bred between tbe Flemisb and Nor' miui cart borse went ..ntirely out of fasbion. an tly active and very bardy. lie bas. bowever, 1- disadv.antages of a beavy bead and long cannon :;7 f--'^'«y"f''-Meuse is supplied witb,; Htiong bmbs. elotbed witb an abundance of bair a"J a large, beavy bead. Tbe Lingone liors i le vabey of tbe Manie, is still smaller, witb V; mn'ities""'""n"T"'" ""'' '"' '"""•^' ^^'-'' J"«- quail tie enable bim to display tbe activity and sure-footedness of tbe goat in scrambling ove he rougb nunmtain passes bounding tbe district. i^.stly. tbe JJanois variety, in tbe vallev of tbe i::'i;i:'""7T'^"'-''^-"rf^.nii;wanto Size by Ins agdity, bardmess and good temper KUKNCll UOasKS ,.V THK „N,TK1, STATKS. Of ate year. Fi^ncli borses in tbe United States jave been divided into two classes, tbe Norman d tbe latter tbe bgbter and more active. Wbatever ".ay be tie end of tbe controversy, it seems l. probable tbat tbe respective advocates will ever " , close enougb togetber to agree upon one gene mme. In fact, botb tbe Norman and Percb^on culled, are not especially distinct. Tbey are witb ;>.;t doubt tbe peers of a^^^ >oild. In tbe we.t. iiowever. excessively beavy borses are not sougbt. except for tbe beaviest draft in cit.es, a,id bere tbe excellent pavements are ag i. the use of great, slow horses. Tins is also tru^ now ". England a,.d France. Hence tbe popub. t in America of tbe Clydesdale and tbe mode.' Frenc ^ormu,l Norman-Percberoa or Percberon, as tb y are indifferently called. ^ Mil. KLIPPAHT O.N FHENCI1 HOUSES Tbat very acute and accurate observer and prac tical wr. ter, tbe late Mr. Ivlippart, for ni ". years and up u tbe time of bis deatb Se2 tary of tbe Obio State Board of Agric.d , a ter an extended tour of Europe, in wS:^' i .' on Ireneb borses, upon tbo subject of tbe "'Per cberon borse" states tbat tbe Percbe, tbe lo- cahty in wb.cb tbis race of horse originated is com- prised in the former Orleanais, and is located in the center of four departments, which concurred m tbe formation of tbe cireonscription of tbe depot at lionneval. Tbe -.^rritory ,v„s taken as fol ow. •^ •6- ..■Uf' "- -"■>'l'-e>"<'-.t of Montague, and a ..t of Akueon; r„m J-luro-ct-Loin.. tl,o aron.lisso- W ;■"• T" ""' ^''"^t^"""'""; fro.n Sarthe, a I""' of St. Calais; from Loire an.l Cher, finally an ZT fra..tion of the nrondissmu-nt of Von.lL cho ,s thoreforo in Xorn>an.ly. Honnco. Main a \on,omo. TlMH area forms an ellipse of one " ccl inlnn.otorH in lon,th and about eighty in east tr .7 ''"^"""'■^ "'"' ^^^""'- - the nolo,? ''^,^''"'''""' -'""try and that otl.er o.tioa of Beance called the Dnnoia, and on t -• .son h hy Orlean.s proper. In relation to the Pc" choron horse and his recent origin or formation, Mr. Ivhppart says: ' "It is, in every sense of the word, an artificial or hct.tions product, and is not a type, as 1ms so ^eauentlyheen asserted hywrUersaiVre otl".H. It^,s_no longer a pure race, „s has often been stated, hecause hS ■, """'^ iow the withers, and in such case the homogeneity'. TlArir'^Z ""'^"''^ "^ '\'^''^ ^^}- '^"'^ •'"'tocks are mus omogeneity. During the past fifty years it has meived many very important modifications, due to he rm,t,,es or crosses with very dilferent varieties: nd there are great changes being produeed on it at .s moment. The most complete, and aUhe same time the most precise, definiti.u. whici, has been g.ven It ,s this one: /V,,. r.rr/.r.,,, ,:„ „,„,/,„,,, j^ fac everywhere in Perche every gray horse is called a lercheron. Lvery year thousands of filJi^.s are brought tli^re from Bretagne, a very great number nidoubtedly the oflfspiing of Boulonnais; from 1' landers and from Picardy, where three veiy distinct varieties of heav7 and powerful draught horses are bred and reared. Then there are the ofTsnring of mares ,n the country, the progeny, as already stated of very diverse stallions. From such a diversity and disparity of elements no p,ny race can be pro- duced winch shall be homogeneous in appearance and transmit its quahties with certainty to its off spring. In a wca, these cross or diverse bred horses have the ,-r,« or faculty of constancy in ro- pro,lucUon in so ery slight a degree that nowhere do we lind the form and ..xterior characters corre- sponaing with the reputed aptitudes and specific qualities any more than if an attempt had been made to produc- them anywhere or evers'where in any part of Franco or elsewhere with any strain or race of horses. Mr. Klipparfs description of the Perche liorse is as follows : "The small or light Percheron, such as is em- ployed ill the post-chaise or diligence, is a horse of from 14 hands 3^ inches to 15 hands ii inches liigh, and is a httlo high in the thighs. Viewed in front the head is sufHciently square and well turned. When examined in profile it appears rather Jong, narrow and flat. The eye is small, inserted under a largo arch; the ear is smaU, tapering, and almost always has the appearance of carelessness in its po- sition: the neck is shmt, straight, slender; the protuberance of the withers generally sufficiently de- veloped to be perceptible. The shoulder, notwith- standing its strength, is straight and short, yet is rather fiat. At birth the fore arm is weak. The loin is large and well supported, indicating great power. The croup is heavy, „ uietimes a shade Ingher than the withers; at other times it falls be- low the withers, and in such case the ♦ , ^eenis to ■, but do not descend sufficiently low down. Tue thigh, on the contrary, is rather long and slender. The limbs are bony, but rather short jointed. The hoof is always good. The body is ofdinarily well made, and of as round a form as those of the choicest races. Nevertheless the chest does not present a desirable amplitude; it does not present the full dimensions w nch render the Norfolk trotters so powerful, and which, by the way, very strongly resemble the Per- cheron both in structure and aptitude. " SECTION- VI. -THK FLEMI.,iI :U)URE. Since the Flemish horse has e- , r.;d «u important an iiitiuenco on the modern draft horse and even np.,11 the thoroughbred horse of England, a short I description condensed fnuu the observations of t^tonehonge will be interesting: "The Flemish horses have long enjoyed a high reputation, and to them we owe many useful crosses among our dray and heavy agricultural draft horses. Both their light and heavy breeds are remarkable for high crests, small heads, somewhat narrow across the eyes heavy shoulders, and round, powerful, but very drooping quarters. Their hocks are comparatively small hut clean, and their legs lisht and free from hair. Their worst point lies in the feet, which al- most always hav e flat and thin soles, unfitting them i'^ ir*% ^11 : .8) m 00 'Vilbi Vj\.llMEiUH' 8 for fiiHt work oil hard roiuls. Just prior to tlio in- trodiictidii of riiilroiiilH tlic Kiijjlisli Hyatrm of coacli- iiiK was iiitroduccil into I!(];^niiiii, and 1 liavo Hat l)c- liind Hevtral tLMiius of uiaiVH drawiiif,' a heavy dili Kfiico iiioro than ten miles witliin tho hour. Al- most all were hay witli hlack points, and tlicir legs were nearly as elean and free from Imir as those of om- tiioroiitflihieds. They were extraordimu dy ;,'ood- tempered, and siilfered their attciidauts to 'put them to'altotrether, l)eiii<,' all attached to a Hiiliii(or-l)ii,r, wliich was turned over tho qu;irtcrH of -|io wheel- ers. All that was iiecessai-y was to pulj ,'p nearly close heliind tho four horses staiidinis' rei.dy for tiie ehauge, then unli()okiii of fine training ,ii,cl j.i.riVct matcii. The T day hua p.isHcd for elephantiiio teams whoso only fo^ver was " beef powc r " to move ii load. Tho state of modern city necessities dors not require them, and for country use they are too clumsy and un- wieldy, naiidsome, active horses of sixteen t) sixteen and a half hand- 'i' 1 ,. Moo to 1,00) pounds weight, thor(ii,.;.i.y matched as dtvicribed on a previous page, is indeed what will now bring the liiglK'4 possible price, even reaching )j>l,()00 to Sl.'iOO the span. The training of any team or single horse is not ciuiiplete when it is tauglit to start us bidden, to stop upon th(> given signal, and to |)ull steadily at the plow and farm wagon. Tiiese are simply prelin.inary to the real training for city usi'. Tiu) horso must bo trained to bo perfectly tractiii)le, safe aud obedient under any and all cir- cumstances and surroundings. This is only gradu- ally accomplished and under tli(! guidance of one who has mule the horse, hi • ability, disposition, and natural tr.iits, a special stuily. Honco if the farmer has not done this, he had bettor sell his likely six or seven year old team, if he has others coming on, to those able to complete this education in another year's use. SFX'TIOX 11. — BEQUIREMRNTrt KOU MTV TKAMS. The show teii.us, wlietlier for heavy or medium draft, must bo able to start a load in a metliodical way; must oxer*- theiusolves evenly, and withont springing or jumping; must not refuse a dead pull, no matter ho^v' many tiim- lidden to draw. They inus n.' accii » med to i ly sight or sound they may uwjX; they must be taught to stand quietly under any aud all circumstances, in whatever posi- tion they i>iav bo idaced; they must bo capable of being J ,en uirough crowds intricate ]dacc . about locomotives or where other unusual sounds are hoard, and without fear; aud they must 'm sound and with- out vice. If they possess tL qualifications and have great strength "m v will :58()0 the span if fai: tcl' stylo. If to these ]i .ail exceedingly well mat. 1, ana stylo aud carriage, there is scarcely a limit to the price that may be gotten for them iij) to !ijl,r)00, if every way perfect. Tho same rule will apply to all other classes of fine city teams, but as tho draft laI>or required decreases, the more exalted becomes the price, for then speed, style and action become the miu-e important integers. Ting from i^noo to and have ordinal ^ ilifications they are have extraordinary I ir !•; !•■ A i; M ICU.-i' htixu IKhiK. CI BKCTtON m.— TICK CI.KVKI.ANI. HAY AS A SIUK. For all purposes of huavy draft, tlio Clydi'Hilale, tliu Sliirc liorHc.iiiKltlio IVrulicroii-Noriiiiui will jiri'- scnt the best (lUiililiciitidiis us sires. I'\)r the lighter mill more ilcfjiint cljisscs of draft, tlio Clovclnnd Bay will 1)0 indicated. The Cievelaiid Hays aro . titirely bay, have fine action, high crests, arc Niuootli, deaii- liiiibed, and of elegant style. It niiist lio reiueiabered that tlio old breed of L'lcvehmd Hays is extinct, even in England. ]»nt there is a class of horses bred up from them, and by other crosses, tli;it have pro- duced liorscH uniform in color, and that n fiirniBh tiie elesant teams so often met with in 1.,, gland as fine coach horses and for other showy work. In fact, if staunch thornuHlibreds, havill^' style, size, and w( i.Ljht, but perhaps too slow for fast work on the tin I, arc stinted to lar|,'e, handsome, speedy, roomy mares, they will get tins class of horses; but since the old Cleveland Bay was prepotent in color, bone and muscle, would it not bo better for us to begin where the English now are, rather than to build up nxn where they began some generations of horses ,0. Frank Forester, in his large work, "The Horse of Arneriea," relates how this was accomjilished as folli The first gradation, when i)acc became a disiderutum with hounds, was the stinting of the best Clevel' Bay marcs to good thoroughbred horses, wiii w to the progeny turning out jniut- ers, troop-horsis, or, in tho last resort, st«;'e-coach horses, or, as they were termed, mailiiners. Tho most lU'oniising of those half-bred colts were kept as stallions; and mares, of the same type with their dams, stinted to them, produced the inipioved En- glish carriage -liorse of fifty years ago. The next step was tli. putting the half-bred fillies, by thoroughbreds out of Cleveland Bay mares, a second time to thoroughbred stallions; their progeny to become the hunters, while iliemselves and their brothers were lowered into the carriage-horses; and tho hiilf-bri 1 stallions, which have been the getters of carriage-horses, were degraded into the sires of tho now, improved cart horse. From this, one step more brings us to tho ordinary hunter of tho present day, of provincial hunting conn- ties, for light weights, and persons not willing or able, to pay the price of thorouglioreds. These are the produce of tho third and fourth crosses of thorough blood on iho improved ^narcs, f1"scended in the third or fourth degree from the Cleveland Bav stock, and are in evei-y way gnporior, 'ble and beau- tiful animals, possissing speed and endurance suf- ficient to live with tho best hounds in any i unity, except tho very fastest, siicli as tiio Melton Mow- bray, tho Xorthamtonshire, and, perhaps, the Viilo of Belvoir, where the fields are so large, tho land all in grass, and the sei iit so tine, that fox-hunting in them is in fact Hteepbi-ehasing; so that no fox can live licforo *,lie hounds on a fine scenting day above half an hour, nor any horse, except a thoroughbred, live even that time, nlih the hounds, liaving fourteen stone or upward on his bacu. No Hort of breeding in JMiglaiiu is so profitable as this. The breeder is compiiriitivi ly serured against anything like ultimate loss, while ho has a fair chance of drawing a capital prize, in (lu^ shape of a (irst-rii' liiiiiter or a carriagi' horse of superior ipuility; and it is to the breeding of such a class of animals that tiie attention of the farmers, in horse-breeding coun- ties, is wholly directed at llu . date. For this reason ono has no more pure Cleveland liays, the use of the stallion of that breed being en- tirely discontinued; large, bony, slow thoroughbreds of good form and gr'at power, which have not suc- ceeded on the turf, having been substituted for them, oven for the getting of cart and farming-teaiu horses; and the farmers finding it decidedly to their advantage to work large, roomy, bony, half or two-third bred mares, out of which, when they grow old, or if by chance they me* r with iiii accident, they may raise hunters, coach horses, or, at the worst, chargers, or machinera, rather than to plough with garrons and weeds, tho stock of which would bo valueless and worthless, except ' r t.'i' raerer,t drudgery. WEIOHT ; lir:IEBS. We in the t'nit«d lS^^^tCldo not hunt with "horse and bounds," but Wi! do require staunch saddle horses, iit to carry weight We require carriage- teams and otlii r elegant double teams, for medium andlight draft. The Cleveland Bay of tho present day wdl furnish then and hence wo have said, in rela- tion to all superior stock, it is better for the American farii'.er to begin where other countries, having supe- rior horses, now are, than to commence where they began. SECTION rv. HEAVY DRAFT FOR CITIES. It is evident that there are not enough heavy draft hoi"--~ to supply the yearly increasing \va:;t in cities. The citv horse does not average a life of more than four |ti I, ■•ill n'i •nil.; l<'.VUMH3itM' H'l'OClK SUt)K. yoarH .,f liiljor. .lUowinK tlu^m to l)..^;iii tlu-ir work ut from Mix to cinht yt'ttrs of uko. Tlio Htock muHt Ix' conHtiintly r.'i.loniHlic.l. Tlioro has uhva.v.s broii a Hcareity of HU/r.'rior liorscn for Htroii^ ' ttuiiis. Hpiu'c,. tho iiupotiis of late years in the dir.'ctioii of Htroiiij, Htylish sirt-H for HtivIlioiiH. Wo have trav- iTHcd till) wcria to liiid Hiieh liornoH. It has Rivfii uh uittny oxcellont ones, yet with our iiicreaBiii),' wealtii, prifoH still advance. Hhortlionis liavo been hred in this country for KcnerationH. Tho importations Htill continue. Look at tho constant bringing in of Huporior stock in other directionn. ShoiOiorns still hold their price. They have added hini.lredH of mill- ions to tho wealth of tho country. Ho hcve other breeds, yet tliero is no danger that the douniml will «'vor coaso. The day when woody horses will pay tho farmer has gone by. There is no profit in ihem". Ho must now hegni to breed distinctively in tho precise lino wanted. SKCTION \ LIOHT DRAKT HOHSr , IX CtTtES. The great hulk, however, of horses, either for tho city or coinitry, must be horses of light draft. The handsomer they aro bred tho bettor they will sell. They will bo produced from just such horses as tho better class of farmers work on their farms; horses of fifteen to sixteen hands high and weighing from I.IOO to l,;i(M) pounds eicli. This will 1111 tho range of all light draft horses. Those heavier will come under the head of heavy draft horses. The lif'Rt pulling team we ever saw was a pair of sixteen- hand horses, weighing 2,r.0() pounds. They were well matched, well bred, and well trained. AVe saw them move a load of four tons up a considerable in- cline to roach a bridge. They were stoppcnl before they reached the crest, and started again as true as steel. We saw one of thorn "snake" the hammer of a pile-driver, weighing two tons, on a warchouso floor. That is what we mean by training. The team must be trained for tho labor' to bo performed. Tho driver must be trained. There are fnlly as many balky men as balky horses, and more brutal drivers than naturally vicious horses. In fact, tho horse, like the man, must be a creature of education. CIIAPTEU VII. SOME IA< TS AHOIT lIKKKDINf;. SECTION I.— VARIATION FKOM CHANOED (CONDITIONS. The progress of horse breeding received little or no special impetus since tb. imc of the Oroeks and Ro- luann until within tho last four centuries. Tlie last one hundred years has shown greater progress than ■„ nil' iicrtimo since the most ancient civilization. The uii.ich of civilization and tho full gottlement of Uw va- rious temperate and colder regions of the caith. has required mo.lilled forms of .lomestic animals. As showing how .piickly animals adapt themselves to changed conditions wo reproduce a con"^^" )'"«'. The liea,i will gradually diminish in Hue, tho hmbs will becomo lino and clean, the mas- sive proportions of the whole bodv will disappear and not only will the external form .,f tho native be acquired, but, aside from this, something of tho e uvalrous disposition or spirit. Again, if tho race thus improved bo conveyed back to (he central or northern parts of Europe, it will graduallv .I.terio- I'Hte, and, in the ccnirse ..f some generations, will as- Kimie all its original i)roportions. These facts would tend toprovo that tho Arabian horse <.annot Ion- ex- ist m perfection in tho cool, humid climate of Brit- ain; and tho influences arising indirectly from that cause aro regarded as the principal rea.sons of tho change. It has also been ascertained that tho large coach horses of Leicestershire, in England, when earned to somo parts of Yorkshire, where tho past- urage IS more sparse, degenerate and becomo small; and that the " Pad" and saddle horses of the last named county, when brought to Leicestershire to >recd, change into a fleshy animal with largo heavy limbs. •' SIUTIOX II.— VABIATIONS IV ANIMALS nV KXTKUNAL INl-LUENCK. There is also another class of interesting facts connected with this variation: If sheep arc carried from either of the temperate zones to the burning plains of tho tropics, after a few years, material changes take place in their covering. The wool of tho lambs at first, grows similar to that in the temperate cli- mates, but rather inoro slowly. When in a fit state for shearing, there is nothing remar' ,blo about its quality, and. when shorn, it grows oi., .gain as with us; but, if the proper time for shearing bo allowed t •iiii; I'AUM WUM' Hio.K HOOK. -9« lilt 4 to iiiiHrt )>>■, tho wool licromoH Hdiiicwiiiit il.iikcr, fiills oH m i.atdi(,.H, mill Icavrs iin.lerncatli, a short, cloao, HlmiiiiK li"ir. exactly liko tluit of the goivt in tlu- HaiMf climato. and wlicrovef tliis Imir .„„.„ uppfars thoro IS never any rctnrii of wo„l. Nu,ui,ron« facts of a Miinlar nutiiro have alno been olw, rvcd in other aninmlH. F„r inntiuuT. in the CaHhmcrc KoatH whicli h.ivc b,.,.a brou-ht ,lown fron. tho monntainH of llnbet to lumoiir, in liiitisli Indiii. wli, r,. ih.. mean annual trni|M.r„tiirc is bin sixlylivc dr^nrs Fahrcn- licit, the down, or undorvest, „f tJicir wool, that grown in ,„i,lcr climates ,|irectiy under their line, long, silky hair, wholly disappcatH the first year. In pursninK the subject still fnithcr, it may ho Htated, that tho horned cattle orif,'U]u]iy laken td the Pampas, bcy,nid Buenos Ayi-es, by thc'earlirst Span- ish settlers, have uiubr-oiie ii inost siiiBular modi- fication of th« bones ol the head, consisting of a. Hhortcninf,' of those of tl„. noso tojrcthcr with the upper jaw. This race, or breed, called „/„,„, exter- nally appear to hold a siinil ,r relation to other cattle that the bull. dog does to otii.r do^s, their foreheads beinK very short luid broad, with tho nasnl end turned up, and the upper lip much drawn l)ack : tho lower jaw projects beyoml lli, upper, and lias a cor- responding' upward curve, in consequence of which tho teeth are always exposed to view. From their very open and high-seated nostrils, short heads, and protuberant eyes, when standing or walking, they assume a most ludicrous, self-confident air. [r may further be remarked, that their hinder legs are rather long, when compared witji the foremost ones, which adds to their awkwardness, by bringing their heads near to the ground. If allowed to lie out m tho open air, during the winter of a cold chiuate, tho horse acquires a"long shaggy coat; but, if kept in a warm stable, and par" ticularly if clothed, he retains his usuiil short and sleek summer coat. Sensible difrercnces arc nl^o ob- servable from tho cITocts of castration. »)ii the authority of a veterinary surgeon of the British army, who i)nicticed ten years in India, it appears that the liair of the horse, when emasculated in cold weather, ever after is rough, and changes from a stiff, uniform calibre to one that is irregular and fine. -Tt also increases in numbers as well as in length. The hoofs afterward, ho says, become more solid and fiiiu. MKUTIO.V III, 01'I>()SITK CIIAIIACTKICIHTK M III-,TW|;KN IIOIIHKS ANO CATTI.K. Tlio horso breathcH through his nostrils only, and not through the month; for, in the severest exercises, tho mouth is never seen open, uiiless the lower jaw 1)0 violently pulled down by force of the bit. 'Ibis accounts for tho great dilation of the nostrils during and after running. When feeding on natural herb- age, ho grasps the blades with liis lips, by which they are conducted between the incisor or front teeth. These h<> employs for the double purpose of holding and detaching the grass, tiic latter action being assisted by a twitch of the bond. The ox the contrary, uses tho tongue to collect his food; that organ being so directed as to encircle a small tuft of grass, which is placed by it botweeii the incisors and an elastic j.ad opposite to them in the upper jaw; between these tho herbage is pressed and i)artly cut; its complete severance being effected by tearing. The sheep gathers its food in a similar manner ns tlie horse, and is enabled to bring its cutting teeth nnich nearer to tho roots of the plants, in conse- quence of the upper lip being partially cleft, which is susceptible of considerable mobility; while that of the ox is thick, hairiesh', and of u very limited action. When prostrate on the ground, in getting up, the horso rises first on his fore-legs, and completes the operation by elevating his hinder parts. The ox, on tho other hand, rises first on his hind-legs, then remains a short timo upon his knees, until his hind- legs are straightened, immediately after acquiring a standing position. SKCrioN IV NATIIIIAI, ClIAllACTEHISTtCS Of TIIF. llOliSi;. Horses differ in intelligence, disposition and tem- per. Horses with rather small than large ears, placed not too far apart, erect and quick in nmtion, indicate both breeding and spirit; and if a horse is in the frequent habit of carrying one car forward and the other backward, especially if ho does ,so on a journey, he will generally possess both spirit and en- durance. Tho stretching of tho ears in contrary di- rections shows that he is attentive to everything that is passing around him; and, while he is doing this, ho cannot bo much fatigued, nor likely soon to become so. It has been remarked that few horses, in the field, sleep without pointing one ear forward and the other backward, in order that they nmy receive notice of Ihe approach of objects in any direction. Dr. Arnott says that "when horses or ^■■i^ 4 ii'L "J A Gi TIXK l<^^VTt.MKKS' WTOCIv BOOJv. mules march in comjiany at iiiRht, those in front ilircct their ears forward ; those in the rear direct thciii backward; and tlioso in the center turn them laterally, or across; the whole troop being actuated by one feeling, wliicli watches the general safety." Tlie temper is more surely indicated by a motion of Hie car than of the eye; and an experienced observer of horsea can tell by the motion of tlicir cars all that they tliink and mean. When tlie horse lays his ears flat back iii)on liis neck, and keeps tlieu so, he is most assuredly meditating mischief, and the bystander should beware of his heels or his teeth. In play, the cars will likewise be laid back, but not so decidedly, nor so long; a quick cliange in their position, together with the expression of the eye at the time, will distingiiisli between play- fulness and vice. The hearing of the horse is re- markably acute; a thousand vibrations of the air, too shght to make any iniprtssion on the human ear, are readily perceived by iiini. It is well known to sports- men that a cry of hounds will be recognized by the horse, and his ears will be erect, and he will l)c all spirit and impatience, a considerable time l)efore tlie rider is conscious of the least sound. The eye of the horse is also a jjretty accurate index of his tem- per; and experience has shown tliat, if much of tlie white of the eye is seen, he is a dangerous one, ever slyly watching for opportunities to do miscliief ; and t!ie frequent backward direction oi the eye, wlien the white is most perceptible, is only to give sure elfect to the blow which he is about to aim. Like the dog, the horse often becomes indis- solubly attached to the habits and manners to wliich he has lo ,• been accustomed. Ho delights in the noise nn.i tumult of arms, and faces the enemy with alacrity and resolution. Equally intrcp-d as liis master, lie encounters advance and retreat at the word; to lift up the feet at the word of command; to submit quietly to the bitting harness; to carry a sliglit load strapped to the back; to flex (carry) the liead lo the right, left, (u- up or down at tlie jiroper signal u! tlie reins, the operator standing at the Mde, or in front, as the case may lie. Thus, when hitched single or double, the colt is really lialf trained. In fact, all that is necessary is to check the exuberance of the animal, and to in- struct in the performance of labor in the easiest way. In plowing, tlie colt soon learns tliat the furrow is a guide, wlietlicr he lie in it or not. Tlie easy guidance of tii(^ rein lirings him about just at tlie riglit jdace, and it soon liecomes as though intuitive with the animal. In cultivating corn, for instance, a well trained team will seldom injure the crop in coining about or in passing astride it. If tiiey have been properly trained, not by pulling them ab„'* and whipping, but by patient instruc- tion, iie^ Know that the vows are a guide for tliem TIIK i^^UMKRs' S'VUCIi HOOK. c,r, aud must not be troildcu ou. TLcse few illustrations must suffice so fur iis training for labor is concerned. The whole matter could not be discussed in a hun- dred pages witli elahorato engravings, and would prevent the introduction of matter considered of more value to the farmer. SECTION VI. AllOUT nRIVINYi IIOnSKS. A friend of ours, some years ago, reinnrked: "If you study jour horse ho will study you. Wo know ho will do so whether or no, but ii yon study him he wiU study you intelligently. If you arc a coward your horse will soon become one. If the driver pulls quick upon tho roin when his horse jumps a httle one side at anything he fancies he sees, and by that Kction giving his horse to understand that he is also frightened, tho next time tlie horse fancies he sees anything he will bu much more frightened than before, and the driver will pull twice as hard and sudden; and perhaps, to make the matter stili worse, hit him a cut with the whip to punish him for what ho could not help." He relates an instance of a very pretty mare he purchased at a very low price because her owner was afraid to drive her on account of lier skittishness. He commenced by driving her at a very slow gait, and was careful not to let her know that he even noticed her when she siiied. The consequence was that she soon became disgusted Willi her own foolishness nnd thereafter proved a quiet and docile driver. KKtJTlON VII. A\ AliAll MA.\IM IN nilRROINd. The Rev. W. II. H. JIurray was a great lover of the horse, and devoted much time to breeding, train- ing aud driving. Hero is what he says upon the Arab maxim that the foal follows the sire: To account for it, in the fh'st place the Arabs al- ways select their datiis with great care. Now it may be that the word "best" as applied to their dams you do not apply to yours— that is, the dam that you would consider tho best may not be the best in tho eye of the Arab breeder. What is the best dam in the eye of the Arab breeder.' May it not bo the one that will allow its foal to bear the stamp of tho liorsr';' I think so. I have two dams on my farm that could not be sold by a religious man for over ipi-iOO in a matter of trade, and yet |;t,()no could not buy either of them. Wiiy'.' Throe colts have come out of them, and every colt has looked precisely like its sire, h:i.s mt. its feet when eating its oats precisely like its sire, has smilled of the water and muzzled around it be- fore drinking precisely hko its sire, has done every- thing like its sire. The dam simply carried it, as a mother holds her baby in her lap, and never marked it at all. Now may not the old Arabs have such facts in mind:' May they not when they laid down the maxim, 'The foal always follows the sire," have had this iu mind, that there should be no dam bred to a sire that would interrupt the sire in propagating himself? I know a man that has a mare that has foaled two colts. He bought her for §87, and yet she is invaluable. Why'? Because each of the colts that came from her are not only hke tho sire in a general sense but they are the sire in miniature. In interior habits of the stable, iu the way they move about in the stall, the way they toss their heads, and the way they feed and drink, they are the sire over again. You may take all my fashionable, high-bred marcs out of my stable if you will leave in their places such mares as that, for you have eliminated for me in doing it half the difficulty out of tho problem of breeding, namely, the difficulty which the temperament, structure and habit's of dams bring to the breeder. For instance, I could select an animal that is perfect, one I know- is perfect, one that can transmit himself if lie is not bothered aud interrupted in doing it by the dam. I know I can, I say, select such a stal" lion in New York, in New England, and in six or eight stables in the Jfiddle States, and if I can find a dam that will not trouble that sire in the offspring I can repeat the sire in every colt. The Arabs may have selected their dams in that way. How, then, will you see the possibility of this old Arab maxim being true in our practice'? First se- lect a dam that will simply carry the foal, feeding it with its blood and milk, but not affecting it at all, and then select a horse that has first the general ex- cellence that you want, then the special excellence, and then the power to transmit both the general and and special excellence, and would not the maxim bo true that "the foal follows the sire? Mr. Murray, in breeding for the market, held thai the first great point to be considered is pedigree; second, size; third, color; fourth, health; fifth, tem- perament; sixth, specil. fe * 1 i ..! 01} THE FAKMKltS' STOCIi JJOOK. CTIAPTER VIII. KEf I. — A KTUDY OF I'RINCIPLES. The suciwssful horse breeder must have -i love for this jiohlost of domestic animals. He must have mtelhgeiit discrimination, either natural or from study, to enable him to correctly estimate the vahie of a sire or a dam from their outward conforma- t.on, coupled with their power, by trial, for speed, draft or other use for which they may be intended. lie must have requisite facilities for feeding, lodgin- iind the care of the animals generally. He musl carefully estimate the kind of horse best adapted to sale in his region of country, or market, and bmed that class. If ho can afford to have a hobby and breed for the pleasure of the thing, that is another tlnng. It is usually a costly pleasure. The princi- ples involved lie more nearly in those connected with generation, than iu all else combined. Stonchon^o, in the "Horse in the Stable and Field," has giv'en these so concisely and correctly, so far as kirown, that we here reproduce them as being a capital study. There are sixteen rules, applicable i„ the whole range of breeding, that may well be committed to memory. These rules are as follows: sKCTioN ir.— stonehenge's theory of generation. 1. The union of the sexes is, in all the higher animals, necessary for reproduction; the male "and female each taking their respective share. '2. The office of tlie male is to secrete the .^niim hi the tr.st,-s, and emit it into the lUrni. of the female (in or near which organ) it comes in contact with* the nn>m of the female- which remains sterile with- out it. 'i. The female fonns the nnnn in the „r„n/, and at regular times, varying in different animals, this de- scends into the iitrni., for tlie purpose of fructifica- tion, on receiving the stimulus and addition of the K/ii-rm-irll of the semen. I. The Hcinen consists of two portions— tlie s/wnii- nin-.„„, which have an automatic power of inoviii.' fKMii place to place, by which quality it is believed that the semen is carried to the ovtim; and the .,/»■/■,»- '•,//., winch are int.'nded to co-opcratc with the ,„;■„,. cell of the ovum in forming the embryo. 5. The ovum consists of ,, immediately after which the .,„-n..n.ll of the former is absorbed into the :„rn,.rrU of the latter. Upon this a ten- tancy to increase or " grow " is established and sun- ported at llrst, by the nutriment contained in the yolk of the ovum, until the embryo has attached itsel to the walls of the uterus, from which it after- ^yard absorbs its nourishment by the intervention of the j}l(ir<'nta. 7. As the male and female each furnish their quota to the formation of the embryo, it is reasonable to expect that each shall be represented in it, which is found to bo the case in nature; but as the food of lie embryo entirely depends upon the mother, it may be expected that the health of the offspring and its constitutional powers will be more in accordance with her state than with that of the father; yet since the sire furnishes one-half of the original germ, it is not surprising that in externals and general character tliere is retained a /.u-.i,,,!!,; to a certain extent of him, H The ovum of mammalia differs from that of birds chiefly in the greater size of yolk of the latter because in them this body is intended to support the growth of the embryo from the time of the full form- ation of the egg until the period of hatchin.'. On the other hand, in mammalia the placenta conveys nourishment from the ••nteriial surface of the uterus to the embryo during the whole time which elapses between the entrance of the nrum into the uterus and Its birth. This period eml, os nearly the wiiolo of the interval between conc^ j,tion and birth, and is called iitcni-iirstiitidii. !>. In all the mammalia there is a periodical "heat," marked by certain discharges hi tlie female and sometimes by other remarkable symptoms in the male (as in tlie rutting of the deer). In the former It IS accompaniml in all healthy subjects by the de <% . scent of an ovum or ova, into the uterus; and in both there is a strong desire for sexual intercourse, which never takes place at other times in them (with the HiiiLrle pveopfioii of t!i<- w„,;^ nimai t 'Vlli: l-'.VliMJflUfS' HTOCK Itoolv. 10. Tlie semeu retains its fnictifyiug power for somo diiys, if it is contiiincd ^vitl^ill t'li.. walls of the uterus or va-iuii, but soon ci'ascs to 1„ iruitfiil if kept in any utlier vessel. Ileucc, althou-li the latter part of the time of heat is best for the iiiiioii of l,otli sexes, because thou the ovum is ready for the contact witli tlic somen, yet if the scien reaches the uterus livst, It will cause a fruitful impregnation, because it rc- nmnis there (or in the fallopian tubes) iminjurcd, until the descent of the ovum. 11. The influence of the male up,,,, tlu' embryo is partly dependent upon the fact that he fdrnishes a piirl.j/)n of its substance iu the shape of the sperai- cell, but also in a ^reat measure ujion the effect exerted upon the nervous system of the mother by hun. Hence, the prepondenince of one or the other will, in great measure, depend upon the ^jrcater or less stivn-th of nervous system in each. Xo gencrid law is luKiwn by which this can bo measured, nor is anything iuiowu of the laws which regulate tem- perament, bodily or mental power, color or forma- tion of the resulting offspring. P2. Acquired qualities are transmitted, whether they belong to the siie or dam, and also l,,,th bodi'y and mental. As had qualities are quite as easily transmitted as good ones, if not more so, it is neces- sary to tak'. iMre th;ii in selecting a i-alc to improve the stock ho is free from bad points, as well as furnished with good u 08 I'll 1: I'.VK' AI lOIJs' wrocK XIOOJv, collH from coimii.m, weedy or broken-down mares It IS not after yon Inivo gotten the riglit start in stock, m the wintering of colts on the leo side of a. liiiy stuck to make them toiigli. It uevcr tou-heue.l nn anmial yet. Once you have fixed upon the pur- po,se for wiiicli you breed, stiok to the hue. Do not nnx breeds Avitli a view to improving eitlier of them If you can afford to breed two classes, each one must bo kept fully distinct. Do not try to do what so many have failed m-to improve a breed by uniting two dissnuilar animals. Breed always within the breed ni breeding ,ip grades from crosses, an,l especially breed to the line in all pure breeds. In brcediu" grades breed in-and-in more closely than in brecdin" pure bred animals, and in the breeding of all stock breed as closely in line as possible. SECTION lU -THK UIlEUDKIi's AKT. The previous section really pertains to the art of breeding. Now t,. f„llow still further, this subject, lot us take the physiology of breeding. Mr. S L (loodale, secretary of the Maine Board of Agri- culture, in - Some Remarks on the Pbysiolo-y of Breeding," correctly says: We sec hereditary trans- mission of a ijeouliar type, upon an extensive scale in some of the distinct races-tho Jews and the gypsies for example, .\lthough exposed for centuries to the modifying iutlncnces of diverse cliimites to an association with peoples of widely diifering customs and habits, they never merge their pocuharities in those of any people with whom they dwell, but con- tmue distinct. They retail the same features the I same figures, the same manners, customs and h-i'bits The Jew in Poland, in Austria, in London or in Xew lork, IS the same; and the money-changers of tli.^ temple at .Jerusalem in the time of our Lord may be seen to-day "on 'change" in any of the larger marts of trade. How is this? Just because the .lew is a "thoroughbred." There is with him no intermar- riage with the (fentilc-no crossing, no miiLdin- of Ins organization with that of another. Wiien this ensues, " permanence of race " will cease, and give l)lace to variations of any or of all sorts. Some families arc remarkable during long periods lor tall and handsome figures and striking rculaiity of features, while in others a less perfect form or some deformity roaiipears with equal constancy A family m Yorkshire is known for several generations to have been furnished with six fingers and toes. A family possessing the same pccuiiaritv rcsidns ir O'e valley of the Kennebec, and the same has reappeared m one or more other famihes connected with it by >uarnago. The thick upper lip of the imperial house ot Austria, introduced by the marriage of the Em- peror Maximilian with Mary of ]5urgundy, has been a marked feature in that family for hundreds of years .uid IS visible in their descendants to this day.' Lqually noticeable is the " Bourbon nose " in the former reigning family of France. All the Barons otter the mare the more superior the colt. Tho ...ost unfortunato thing pos.sibIe would be that a superior mare should be served by an inferior stall- '"1'1 l"ob,U,ly be a lasting one. If the mare had been a breeder her blood would nevertheless be con- ;'>""mted, through interdrculation of the blood of llio (lam and fo.tus. If line stock is to be bred the master cannot be too al..rt ,n preventing reckless or foolish stable men HMd boys from committing mischief in the counling .'f animals. The farmer does not want a beefv liorso us a sire. Ho should bo sinewy, dean cui, compact courageous, and teeming with the good iw.nts of his particular brood. Compact, eager Per cberons; small-si.ed English draft; Shire or Clydes- 'lales, muscular and active. The thoroughbred should bo especially strong and powerful. If trot- terH are to be bred they should bo of large si.o, full of bene and sinew, and with a, strong, far-reaching gait. I here ,s really no more important thing in l)reoding tli.iu tho selection of a sire. CHAPTEH IX. IIOHSK IIAICNS ANI> .STAULKS. Many brcdors and feeders, and a still greater propor lonal number of farmers, consider the end r«ic led of the ham or stable structur, provided it shelters from wind and storm, Vet it is a fact that most .hseascs «f our domesi.c animals are due to the obangcd condition experienced through domestica- tion. Uarns, stables, sheds and feedin.- yards I where lilth is allowed to accumulate are seats of en - 'Ifinic (local) diseases and hot-beds of infection and contagion when epi.lemic or contagious diseases are nfo. If there bo had ventilation and drainage the tnost costly structure is often more dangerous than simple ones. Ventilation, therefore, and drainage lire tho important points to be considered in tho construction of any building where animals are con- I'tied. If a complete structure is to bo built the ser- vices of an ardiitect skiUed in ventilation and drain '"-'" "'"'"''^ '"' t'mpiovcd. The general idea of 'the ~-3« -Z- f c^ 'lllh) J^'AUMKUa' STOCK BOOK. f owner may bo carried out iu rcliitiou to fixtures and economic arriuigeruent. The southwest and the west sides of the bani should be jjratected in some way from the sun and against strong winds by bolts of trees and the location should bo an especial consideration in the construction of country and suburban stables. In cities and villages the location of the stable is not a matter of choice. The village lot and the citv block determine this. On the farm the case is different. Do not, therefore, Iniild the stable, and, as a matter of course, the house, where the ground rises from it in every direction. It will subject man and beast alike to attacks of miasmatic fevers and other derangements of the system, ii]id to aggra- vated types where, in more open situations, the attacks would be mild. There shoukl bo at least a good descent on cue side for quickly carrying drain- ago away; it is better if there Iji.^ circulation of air from every side. In exposed situations protection is easily arranged by means of windbreaks, by bolts of trees. In relation to light, air and ventilation of stables, less than eight feet iu height of wall for horses is not admissible; ton feet is bettor, since in a low stable the vitiation of the atmo«phero is more than counterbalanced by the increase of heat from the animal's body. A cool, still air is better than a close, moist atmosphere. It should bo dry enough to readily pass off the insensible perspiration, and warm enough to dry a horse easily when sweated, and under tho hands of the person who is rubbing the animal. Thero should also be abundant bght by means of windows. Those, if tolerably high, may bo a part of the system of the ventilation em- ployed. Tho floor of the stable of whatever mate- rial it be made shduld not soak >ip the urine. lUJniNSlONS OK STABLE. The stable should not be less than eighteen feet wide, with tho stalls of such length as will allow six. foot standing room for each horse, and five feet in width. The walls should be eight to t<}n feet high. Tho horses stand in a single row, and the harness is hung on pegs iu the wall hohind them. This width admits of thorough ventilation to the stable without subjecting tho horses to drafts. Each standing should bo parted off by an upright post reaching from the ground to the ceiling rafter, placed three feet from tho wall at the hnrsn'M liead= Tho partitions should bo closely boarded up three feet above the manger and hay-crib to prevent the Imrsos quarrelling about the food ami biting each other, or, if not quarrelsome, to each of tho posts a bale, ten feet long and twenty inches wide, should bo hung by a strong chain to divide tho standings, and suspeiulod by another strong chain at tho hinder end from tho coiling rafter. Each chain should have a hook and eye within reach that may lie readily unfii stoned. This arrangement will leave tho whole space opposite the head of each horse available for feeding purposes. The man •?r for grain and chaff (cut feed) may be two and a half feet long. It should be two feet wide at the top, one foot two inches at the bottom. The hay and straw need a larger space, say, three foot six inches long, two foot wide at its upper part and half that width below. It should be so con- structed that while it is even with tho manger above, it should reach to tho ground, two feet above which should bo fixed to tho wall a bottom, sloping to one foot above tho ground in front, where some upright opening should bo cut to allow tho escape of seeds and dirt. Tho manger may bo constructed of yellow pine, one and a half inches thick for tho front, back, and ends; tho bottom two inches thick. Tho top of the front and ends should be covered with half-round iron, two and a half inches wide, screwed on to pro- ject over tho front, a quarter of an inch outside and three-quarters of an inside tho manger. This pre- vents tho feed being tossed out and tho manger being gnawed. A short post must bo put up as near the center of the standing as possible to support the manger, into which a largo ring must bo put to lot the chain or rope of the headstall pass freely up and down without constant friction. Tho man- ger may be three and a half feet from ground to top; the hay-crib of course the same height. The paving of the standings to three and a half feet from 'Ui; head, should be flat, then with a fall from both sides to the center, whore an angle iron drain of four inches wide from end to end, with a removable flat iron cover fitted to the insido of it, should be placed straight down the standing, with a falling into another larger cross main drain ton feet six inches from tho head, so placed as to carry away the urine from all the smaller drains into a tank outjido tbo stable. This main drain so placed, takes the urine from the stable, and has a loose cover ilao fitted t'l it, easily removed for sweeping out when iiecossars'. dks •e- THJO i''.VltM JCItrs' iS'l.M'iC Hook + SJiCriO.N II. STAULK VK.NTII.ATIO.N. Vontilatioii ii, thii cciuitry is not .lilliciiJt. TlierL. 1.S -eiicrully too uiiicli, csi)ediillv in winter. Tlio cliief (lilli.nlty lies ut times in tlie ahiliiy to prevent the mliuission of too niucli ,ar, uiul thu's iu severe weatlier cool the ai)artiuent excessively, tmd honco eiuiso sudden cliecldn;,' of uniiiml heat a't tlio surface, because it is carried a\va\- faster than the system can' supply it. The prevention is su.'h protection to the buildiii- that air cannot enter except at tlie ven- tilators. In cities more artificial means must he used. Air must he brought down from the top of the buildin-, and -enerally some means must be used by which a downward' pressure of air is ob- tained, Wlien the utmosphero is in motion, funuel- sliaped tops that may be turned to the wind will easily l,e suggested, and the shaft running through the roof, from its close and continuous length, w^ll usually afford draft enough to keep up a c.mtinuous ventilation. 'I'he ventilati.'g shaft, which should not ho loss than four feet stpiare to where it is narrowed at the exit, may be provided with trap doors at suitable in- tervals, so it may be utilized as a chute for jmss- mg down hay or bedding, and of course should be perfectly smooth inside, an,l jireferably widening at the bottom. The doors should lit tight and always bo kept closed when not in use. The doors may l)e about two feet square, and be hung on lunges to open downward, and when closed may be fastened by a button or similar device. This is a simple system of -entilation for country stables, whether they may be used for stock alone or I iu connection with the general barn. If the lat- tci. tlu- lloors above the stable must be of planed and vnxH.ved plank, driven perfectly tigiit to prevent vitiat(\l air from eutoiing the fodder above. The best arrangement, however, for stables is, in my opinion, iu the form of a lean-to attached. Hence, air may lie admitted to the stable either by windows,' that may be more or leas turned down by means' of a slide or ratchet, or by any of the various devices suitable for windows. They tiius supply not only air but also light. Yet, whatever the plan of venti- lation, valves or checks must be placed l,oth ai the shaft, and also the tubes, admitting air to rcgiT- late its How. Admission td air by means of sub- earth ventilation, ihus getiing air cool m sjuwrner I and w.ii-m in winter.is simnlv tapps of not 'ess than *t — m.x inches m diameter, laid six feet under ground und not less than K)() feet in length, thus admitting .iirto the stable, cool in summer and warm in winter. VKNTILATION IX ,ITV SIAULliS. Ventilation in cities really assumes more serious ddhculties, especially when they arc situated in closely built blocks. Hero the air must necessarily be brought from the roof, unless s.une means are mippJied for forcing a current of air. In the case of basement stables, this is absolutely necessary, and where power is used for other purposes, not ditJicult iou have but to exhaust the tube below ana the air will How in, and the air shaft will always ..reserve enough draft to cany oiT oflensive emanations. Which of the two emanations arc the most deleto- nous, those of the excrement, or breath, may be .hfltcult to decide. If the ventilation be sulHcient to carry oil the one, the others follow as a matter of course. There is no tangible excuse for offense from excrement at least. It is simply a matter of cleanliness. L. the case of epidemics or unusual sickness m a stable, the ventilation shoubl he espec- ially looked to. The drainage also must be exam- mod into. One of the constant mistakes made by architects especially in the construction of close and elaborate stables, seems to be from ignorance of the nm<.untof air necessary for the welfare of animals. In cities for instance, the land upon which the building stands IS valuable; space must be economized to the list degree; the block is built up solid, and the nnim'als are crowded together as close as they can stand. What would be tWuight of crowding human be- ings like this? And yet the same nunikr of cubic inches are necessary to the ammal, bulk fo, hulk as the hiimnii subject. ' ■niK NECESSirv OK VE.NTlI.ATroV. Let us look into this matter. In health, the horse breathes from ten to twelve times per minute The ox breathes twelve to fourteen times, a.id man six- teen to eighteen times per minute. The breath once expired will no longer support life, and will support life only more or less perfectly according to the amount of pure air continually mixed with it The average man inspires and expires about a j.mt of air at a time, or 21.0(5 cubic feet per hour, or nearly five himured and twenty cubic feet iu a fidJ day. A mftji :}rrrcforc conniaues a cube of air eigiit feet each ~r -1-3. 'I'tj'; i''^vit MKliH' s'r<)('i\ ii<>(>K. 7)1 way every day. The horse is eight times hirger than luiiii, and should consmnc over 1,100 tiihie feet of air per (lay, or a ciiho etjiial to sixteen feet on every side. The average amount of air to eacli horse in city stables is, say, i . l;j 8, or three hundred and ei^'hty- fmir cubic feet, or enough to support life ten hours, if it could 1)0 given in four ipiart doses, fresh at each in- Bjiiration, and without eontauiination with air once breathed. Butair containing carlionic acid is heavier than etimnioii air. It sink.s next the ground, and there remains, unless driven away by an influx of fresh air in motion. Is it singular, therefore, that the horse lying down in i', close stall with imperfect ventilation should soon rise through partial siifTo- cation, and prefer to take his sleep standing? If to the natural vitiation of tJic air we add the nitroge- nous elHuvia from oscrementitous matter, sower gas and other malaria, th(! wonder is that horses arc not found stark and stilf in the morning in many city black-holes called stables. A stable must be fur- nished with nearly 200 cubic feet of air per hour, for each horso contained, to supply waste in breathing alone. Hence we see the absolute necessity of ventilation to a degree few imagine to be necessary, even when the air is dry and pure. That a horse lying down with his head close to the floor, in a confined stall, init.ti become distressed in a very short time is not ditiicult to understand. In fact, he cannot rest lying down, and must, perforce, rest standing up. Yet we have heard persons congratulating themselves that their horses never lie down to rest. Give the stable prop- er ventilation and see how ipiickly they will avail themselves of nature's position for sleep in ( omfort or for rest to wearied limbs. The temperature of stables in their relation to health is worthy of consideration. The proper tem- per.iture is uiulouI)tedly from sixty to sixty-live de- grees. If it is possible the stable should never go much below the freezing point. The reason is obvious. It occasions severe loss of vital heat that must bo supplied in some way. If the body becomes chilled, many functions arc impaired, digestion es- pecially. Bronchial aifections, chronic coughs, pneu- monia and many inflammatory diseases are apt to arise. If to this is added vitiated air the most serious consequences may arise from blood poison- ing, for it IS while the animal is in an i-nforced sfaito of quiescence that complioatioue occur. Exercise promotes beat, full inflation of the lungs, and tlie .system is enabled to tiirow olT morbid action, and excretion is active. If these disabilities need care to guard against them in health, how much vaofi necessary in actual disease'.' Hence, the sujierior results obtained in hospitals ttt inlirmaries whore proper temperature and ventilation arc easily con- trolled. A SKM.MAIiY (IK I'OISTS. To summarize the ciiiof points in the foregoing we repeat, in tlio construction of stables with a view to proper ventilation and to secure proper hygienic con- diti(nis, not (uily vciitilatinn must be attended to, but warmth in winter and coolness in summer are essen- tial, tor health cannot be economically conserved when the temperature is constantly being seriously altered. Drainage is therefore of essential impor- tance in its relation to lu'alth. In building, attend particularly in the erection of the walls to tiie means for the admission of plenty of hght. Dark stables are the direct cause, especially in connection with want of ventilation, of many serious disorders of the eyes. Try it yourselves, do suddenly out from a darkened room into the glaring sunshine. If light and air is to be admitted by means of simple windows at the head of each horse, they should be at least two feet above the heads of the horses. The best plan, however, is not to have the light entering directly before the animal. The stahlo should be lighted with a diffused hght, and coming, if possible, from behind. The proper ventilation is, as before stated, by means of air shafts, carrying the air directly to the roof and out of the peak. The incom- ing air should be by pii)e3 leading from the roof, if it may not bo brought from the sides. These may be twenty or twenty-five feet apart, and six or eight inches in diameter — say at the height of a man's head, and so curved that the air will impinge against the walls, and deflect downward. This will cause it to circulate in a fan shape to the flo(ir and become warm before it reaches the animals, and the vitiated air will he carried to and up through the exit shafts. As to the doors, there should be a sufficient number for convenience and for cooling the stable in summer, but both the doors and \vindows should be eo arranged that they may be tightly closed m cold, stormy and windy weather, for at such • lines there is uo diUiculty in getting plenty of ven- rilation. 'Ill !•; I .VK.M KKm' ni <)c iv IK )l ) I SliCTlliN III. STAIll.K DIUINAl.i;. I'Ir. MilMcct „!■ .Iruiimge in of tlio (iist im,,„rtauc<, 1" ilH ivliuiou I., tho Iwuhh of aniui»l.s .•oiili,,,.,] i,, st.il,l.'s. liniHTfuct .Irai.mKo of «tal.l,..s aii.l y.mls is ono of tlio luost j,r.,Iiti. ho,i,v..h of disoaso "uLso in fii.iulu.s. Tliciv i.s „„.■,. i,r„,„.r ,,1hco to.Iiscusa tiiis ""l"'i'l:ini matter than Iutc. IJenuo wc ..,'iu. tl.e lea.l- >n« ponits as Rivun in o„o of tl.o n-nlar Icrturrs, ^V tlio author, hefoiv the cla.ss at tho vetoriiittiy fol- loijc at Cliicago. Th.. siibjoft of stahlo drainage is most intiniatdv ^■'M to hygionc in stahlo mana-onimt, and it j's ul.so on., of tho most vahiablo a,ixilia,.i,..s in tho assist- uun. It roiidors v.ntilation in I.^ docs a substance when frozen solid, but the. t . - • d.t.ons cannot be practically reached. It is un.lw the niHuence of heat and moisture that orijanic sub- stances decay. Place any moist vegetable substa.ice m a compact heap; in a short time heat ensues and fermentation is followed by decay. During this proc- ess the gaseous eleme.its are set free, and at len-Hh "oth.ug remains but charcoal or the ashes, for the process ol decay is simply combustion through the absorption of oxygen by the mass consume.l. The same operation is as surely going on, but more slowly m the forest, alth.mgli it may (akc a liuiulrtli years to decompose a fallen oak. It is going on all about us in marshes and other places where ve-efi- tiou IS rife or accumuLitos. It is not perceptibly felt ..r the reason that it is c<.nsta.itly being dissipated in that groat reservoir of fertility and reconstruction- the air. It is only in confined situations that the emanations become inimical to health and even deadly to the system. EAIiTIl SATURATION A.VIl .STAlILK DUAINAOE. Let us look for a moment on one phase of earth saturation and its effects from want of stable and houiiO drainage. At first the,... is little ditlieultv ]i,,,,h is an ab- sorber and fast hokler, to a certain degree, of hmnd an. Ka..„us ..n.anarions when .Iry. When saturate.! with moi4u.e (o the drainage p..int th..y are pas.sed ''l".ig with the water of drainage until an outlet is reache,^a well, spring or stream which is contain- mated to u degree in ac..ordanc., with the .p.antity .1 scharged Here is the seer..t ..f the contaniinatiou of city wells by l.ou.se and stable .lrai.ia.:e, from the want ot sewage or imperfect sewage. Where theiv is '<• drainage to stables, therefore, dry ,. art), forms n„t ; illy a clieap ).ut valuable absorbent; and a peculiar- ity of eartli a),snr,,tion ,s. that, saturated and tin 'Ine. .Its power of holding ,|elet..ri.M,s matt.r retun.s s" that the same earth may be us..d over and over a^'am until its maximum capacity of holding otlier 'uatters is r,.ac)i..d. A f..w figures will show the relative powers of absorption of various earths, and '"■"ce will bo valuable as showing also their relative I power to h.ild organic matter. According to tho experiments „f Hdnililer, lot. I pounds of dry sand will hol.l l,y attraction or tak.. u„ j > v-enty-hve pounds, or one-fourth of its weLHit in , -.V ucr; a loamy soil, forty pounds; a clay loam, iiltv i I'- unds, and pure clay, seventy pounds of water , Uence, it is readily seen how small a .juantity of , pulverued dry clay is necessary to absorb (lie daily evacuations of liquid ex-.rement in the stable. Tiie I'-rse. for instance, passes a large amount by invisi- ble perspiration, voids relatively little as urine, an ;iver.,ge of three or four j.oniids daily. Hence, liere '.s shown a simple means, in the country, of gettin- lul of the Inphd excrement, and at tlie same time o^f Having for manure the most valuable portion. L, tlic case of sick animals tliis means is no less val- '.able, where the patient, as it sliould be, is kept in a '"x stall The next best means is the absorption of he liquids by means of straw; oat stra.v ),eing the best, for, ],eing soft, it absorbs moisture more quickly tlian wheat or rye .straw. Dry saw-dust, when it may ))e obtained, is also of much value. One thing should bo constantly impresse.i-tlie value, and economy as well, of plenty of bedding for animals. The plea of scarcity of material cannot for a moment be admitted. Xo more bedding is daily soiled when the animal has plenty tlian when there IS httle. This is evident at a glance to the indi- vidual who gives tho mutter attentive thought. Be- sides, If bedding material is really scarce on the farm the soiled straw may ))o dried and re-used. ^ Jiii in; I'AUMKUM' Ml'otli IMXJlv. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I S us 112.0 u IL25 i 1.4 lim 1.6 V <^ ^ /. > 5 V Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ''h ? .y4i .V .^ ^ .<$> •% "% HTOc:iC iJOOIv. i- STAliLl.; I.ltAWAOE AND WELFAKK OK ANIMALS. Wo come now to the subject of drainage iu its rel,,ti„„ to the welfare of auinmls, both in lieahh and «iciu.ess. Wo have shown the disabilities arisin.- roni yaut of draina.t^o and the constant satnra" t'-n of woodon and earth floors with the liquid excrnucnt of animals. In drainage the first neces- s.ty naturally is, that the stalls must be ar- ranged with reference to whether the animal be male or female. In the case of males, the lowest V.in of the stall must be liotwoen the fore and hind feet. In the case of female animals it nuist be just at the rear. For horses, the floor of the stall may be cut midway from the j.oint where the fore and hmd feet rest, with a shallow groove, say four inches wide and descending from the sides to the center where it ends ni a grating fine enough to prevent the' escape of bedding, etc. Here it falls into a trough run- nmg nnde.v each stall and connecting with each, hav- ing inchnation sufficient to cany away the moisture quickly and emptying into a tank or on the manure pile outside. Wliether there are or are not means of flushing these with water, and especially in rities, where there •ire such means, an x -shaped trap should always be placed 111 the discharge pipe, particularly if the dis- charge IS into a sewer. To keep evervthiug sweet und clean, wiiere there are no means of regularly flushing the drains, a saturated solution of copperas water, or powdered copperas (sulphate of iron), may l>o given to the drain as often as necessary. Xow if the floor of the stalls be made of some material im- pervious t.. moisture, (wood thoroughly saturated with boihug f-as tar is so), there should bo no difliculty in keeping the stable, whatever animals confined, per- fectly sweet and inodorous. To my notion the best floor IS small cobble stones laid in cement and cov- ered witli asphalt composition to renuer the surface sinooth and the gradients perfect. In this case where the discharge pipes lead to the ground, tliey may connect witli the vitrified pipes, tightened at the joints with water-lime cement; but, however the means of drainage, care must be taken that the fall IS continuous and considerable to the outlet. UEODOHIZATTON INf STABLKS. Dcodorization is the driving away, covering up, or removal of disagreeable or noxious odors. A disin- fectant is an agent capable of neutralizing morbific eflluvia, or the cause of infection. It must be borne carefully in mind that the de- struction, or covering of odors, is not necessarily disinfection. In fact, deodorizing as generally used, IS often the replacing of one odor by another, as in tlie case of burnt sugar, vinegar, chloride of lime carbolic acid, etc. Neitiier are unpleasant odors, necessarily detrimental to health. So, also, an in- fectious atmosphere may present to the senses little or no cause of alarm. In fact, the most deadly ty 1> .Old germs may be present in the water we drink It IS clear and bright to the eye, the sense of smell can detect no odor, to the taste it is perfect, and it .-1 1 sparkle m the glass like the purest spring water, yet It IS deadly to drink. Simple odors may not be noxious; animal odors are not so unless one is con- hned in their atmosphere; but when they are disor- gamzed and putrefy, they arc always noxious. Here again let me reiterate: In stables the danger is not from the fresh evacuation of healthy animals, but from their continued putrefaction in and the sub- stances saturated with them. So far as simple deodorization is concerned there IS no better agent, easily attainable, than dry, pul- verized clay or strong clay loam. Charred saw-dust or pu yerized charcoal is also one of the best, but dirticult to obtain. These are chieflv valuable from tlieir absorptive qualities. Pulvervized gypsum is another cheap and valuable absorbent, but gypsum does not act mechanically, or rather it acts both me- chanica ly and chemically. That is to say, one hundred pounds of gypsum (unburiied) will fix or form sulphate with nearly twenty pounds of ammo- nia and, of course, carbonate of lime is formed Hence its value in preventing the fumes of ammo-' luafrom escaping in any matter, as horse manure for instance, containing it. Gypsum is also decern' posed by carbonate and muriate of barytes. the car- bonates o strontia, potash, soda, and 'of ammonia and also by oxalic and liumic acid. Hence it niav be applied freely where any of these substances an. suspected. For drains, cess-pools. or any confined p ace that gives off the smell of rotten eggs (sulphur- ated hydrogen), copperas, i„ fine powder, will bo indicated, both on account of its cheapness and cer- tainty ot action. Ciiloride of lime and carbolic acid HI solution may also be indicated when their odor will not be objectionable. To delect whether the air IS pure or impure, dampen a white linen cloth in ^ solution o. nitrate of load and hang it in the sus-" f f THIO l.'^\.IiM: Kits' srociv HOOK. I pccteil atmosphere. If tlie clotli does not become iliscolorcil the air may be cousidered pure. To dis- infect drinking water Condiu's prepiinition will be indicated. This is composed of crude pcrmunijanate of potash in the proportion of half an ounce to half a pint of water. A teaspoonful to a barrel of water will sweeten it, and if it is continued to be added un- til a faint tinge of color is exhibited all injurious or- ganic matter will be destroyed. To disinfect a room, put a few teaspoonfuls in the apartment and renew as often as the solution loses its color. Tor ordinary use the following articles stand in relation as given, chloride of lime in combination with sulphuric acid standing as one himdred. Chloride of liuie with sulphuric acid 100.0 Chloride of lime with sulphate of iron (copperis) !)!».() Carbolic acid (disinfecting jiowder) 85.0 Slacked lime ^l.O Aluin HO.t Sulphate of iron (copperas) 71;. 7 Chlorulum 740 Sulphate magnesia -,7 j Permanganate of potash with sulphuric acid 51.;t SKCTIDN IV. COMIilNKI) LAHN' AM) STABLK. Extensive breeders and feeders will have buildings especially adapted to the exclusive comfort of the several clas.ses of farm stock. The general far- mer rcQuires much to be contained in one building. To illustrate this we have shown a view of one of the most complete barns in the United States. It was originally ligured in one of the volumes of the De- partment of Agriculture, and wiiii the description which we reproduce will readily be understood, not only by the architect, but by any iiifclligent builder. In this structure there are three distinct floors, and the barn consists of a main building aiid two wings, with dimensions as follows: Main building fifty-five by eighty feet; the east wing is fifty-six feet long and thirty-one and a half feet wide; the .south wing is fifty-six feet long and thirty-iivo in width; total length from north to south, 13(; feet. In the view from the northeast is shown the east wing and the cellar or basement wall, with the doors and windows communicating with the hog-pen, etc. The doors are all suspended upon rollers upon which they slide. The windows are suspended by hinges from the top, and swing mside. Two other views of this barii and a diagram of the live stock lioors will bo shown further on. Circular tanks of boiler iron are filled with constantly flowing water in each yard. The fence and gates shuttnig olT the cellar from the yard are movable, the posts at either end being stejjped into sockets, hke mortices, left in the wide bases of the brick piers. Two men in a few minutes will re- move them all and tiirow cellar and yard together, thus giving the cattle shelter in cither winter or summer. Any portion of the cellar may in the same way bo f>>rced oil or opened to the yard. (See Il- lustrations in Live Stock Department). On the storage floor all the hay, grain, straw and stalks are stored. Two threshing floors, sixteen feet wide, cross the building, being entered from the west. On one of these is a hay scale, and there is abimdant room upon the other for a horse power and hay cutter, by which most of the coarse fodder is chopped up before being delivered at the feed trough on the floor below. Each grain and meal bin communicates by a chute with the feeding floor, where its contents may be drawn off. The greater part of this floor is occupied by the immense hay- mows through which pass the four groat ventilators coming from the feeding floor. Doors open with the ventilating trunks at dilferent heights, so when desirable, hay, straw, oats in the sheaf etc., may bo thrown down to the stock. From this floor there are stairs which ascend to the cupola or observa- tory. SECTION v.— ARRAXCJKJIENT OF STABLES. The arrangement of stables is important. The horse stalls should be many, and have every appli- ance for convenience possible. The partitions should be of the most substantial character, and the pave- ments solid and of such material that they will not absorb urine. Wooden blocks, saturated with boil- ing gas tar, laid with gravel pounded between an Illvsr<>I.«)„Y «)P THE HOUSE. SECTION I.-VALL-E OK A CORRECT KNOWLEDOE OK AN,- MALH. Every person who aspires to be a judge of ani- mals, and especially all who breed lior.cs, ^lumU ,m- "With trifling exceptions the whole of the move- ments of the body and limbs arc performed by the agency of that peculiar substance, known in our butchers' shops as "flesh." and recognized by anato- mists as muscular tissue. This constitutes the chief bulk of the soft parts external to the throe gt-'-^ cavities (the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal), ; the half-starved subject of the knacker or trained racehorse, in which the fat has al- most entirely disappeared, tho ordinary observer will detect nothing but muscles (with their tendons) and bones beneath the skin covering tho limbs. On the trunk they are spread out into layers varyin" in thickness, sometimes interrupted by flat tendonss ho as to form, at the same time, a protection to the organs wituiu, easily capable of extension or con- traction, and a means of moving tho several parts upon each other. "Tendons resemble ligaments in being composed of white hbrous tissue. They servo to connect muscle with bone, and are useful as affording an agent for this purpose of much less compass than m"iscle it- self, and also of a structure not so easily injured by external violence. Thus they are generally met with around the joints, the muscular substance chiefly oc- cupying the space between thcni. There are three varieties of tendon: 1. r„„in,l„r, consisting of cord-hke bands; 2. luisricular, including bands of a flatter and more expanded nature; andf). A/,o,„;,r„ii,; which are membranous, and arc chiefly met with' c i -* ... _ ._ , tho mus- ouiil piirtH f ;' Till!: K.VItMKltH' wroCK HOOK. 7cted by a line membrane. Those bundles may still further be SL^parated into what seem at first to be elementary iibcrs; but when pLued in the microscope, they are found to be tiiemselves made up of finer fibers united into fasciculi by delicate filaments. These ultimate librilhe are polyhedral in section, according to the observations of .Mr. Bowman, so as to pack closely together, and arc v aiablo in size in dillerent classes and genera of animals. They also dilfer in appear- ance, one class presenting stripes while the other is witliout them. The former includes all tho muscles wiioso movements are under the control of the will as well as those of the heart, and some of the fibers of tho cpsophagus, wliile the latter is composed of the muscles investing the stomach, intestines, bladder, etc., which are comprehended under the general term involuntary. "The sarcolemma is the name given by Mr. Bow- man to the areolar tissue investing each fiber, some- times also called iin/oh;,im,(. It is very delicate and transi.arent, but tough and elastic; i,i general it has no appearance of any specific structure, but some- times it presents an aspect as if tlicre was an inter- weaving of tilameiiis. "Wlicn a fibrilla of striated muscle is examined under the microscope of a high magnifying power, it is seen to present a beaded appearance, as if made up of a linear aggregation of distinct cells, alternately light and dark. When tiio fibrilla is relaxed, each cell is longer than it is broad; but during the action of tho muscle, it assumes the opposit) dimensions, the increase in one diameter being always in propor- tion to the diminution of the other. As the contrac- tion takes place, the substance becomes firmer than before, but tho bulk remains tho same, tho mass merely gaining in thickness what it has lost in length. Tho application of 'certain stimulating agents will produce tho coutr.iction lor a certain lieriod after life is destroyed, varying according to the vitality of the animal experimented upon and the nature of tho individual muscle. Tiiis is called irri- tability in tho striated muscles, which exhibit power- ful cnutractions, alternating with relaxations— while in the involuntary muscles a more steady, permanent, and moderate contraction is met with, to whicii the name of tonicity has been given. "Pure muscular fiber appears to bo identical in composition with tho fibrine of the blood, being made uj) of about seventy-seven parts water, fifteen and a half parts fibrine, and seven and a half parts of fixed salts. The whole of tho flesh of the body is largely supplied with blood, and it is found ' by experiment, on the on^ hand, that if this is cut oil contraction ceases very speedily after; and on the other, that in proportion to the amount of muscular action will be tho demand for fresh supplies of blood. None of tho striated muscles, except the heart and the muscles of respiration, can go on acting without intervals of rest, during whicli repairs in their struc- ture are effected. If, therefore, tho voluntary mus- cles are to be brought into tho highest state of vigor and development of size, they must be regularly exercised and rested at proper intervals. During the former condition blood is attracted to them, and at the same time that fluid itself is rendered more fit for tho purposes of nutrition; while during the latter period the increased flow of blood continuing allows for a complete reparation of tho tissues. Thus we find the muscles of tho well-trained racehorse full and firm to tho touch ; but if sufficient intervals of rest arc not allowed between his gallops, they will present a very diiTerent feel, being flabby and wasted, and indicating that ho has been 'over-marked.' Tho voluntary muscles assume various shapes, according to their positions and offices. Sometimes they are merely long strips of muscular tissue, with a very short tendon at each end, as in the levator humc and are then called fusiform. At others their luers radiate, as in the latissimus dorsi, which is hence called a radiating muscle. A third set are called penniform, from tJreir fibers being attached to one side of a tendon, or bipcnniform, when t!icy are fixed to both sides like the full tail or wing feather of a bird. A muscle with two masses of its tissue con- nected in the middle by a tendon is called digastric. The special nomenclature of muacle is founded upon: 1st, their position, as tibialis, pterygoideus, zygomaticus; 2d, upon their action, ns flexor, exten- 80 I'lII-; i-'^VIi.MKIiS- ISTOOii noon. Hor, levator; M, „,,on tlioir direction, as obliqiius cetriis, truiusvcrsalis; .(tli, upon their attacl.iuoiita, as scaimlo „I„,nis; an.l ;■(!,, „,,„n their division into .squirnt., portions or heads, as biceps, triceps, digas- triciis, etc. In deseribinK oac]. muscle it is usual to speak of it as havni- an origin from inw bone, or set of bones, niul an nisertion into another, the former term bein- generally assigned to the m,u'o fixed division of tlio two. This IS, however, merely for the sake of con- venience, and is entirely arbitrary. Biirsie mucosa., which are shut sacs, varying in size from that of a pea to a moderate pear, and lined with synovial .secreting membrane, are placed on all the prominent points of bone over which ten- •lons glide. Thus there is a largo one on tho point ot tlio hock, and another on the elbow, both, of which sometimes inllamo and become filled with synavia, (fluid secreted forthej.urposoof lubricating the joints) constituting tho states known as capped hock and olbow. A third situation is just above tho sesamoid bones, whero tho swelling from inflammation re- ceives the name of windgall. Where, as in tho legs, the tendons have to glide to a great extent, they are invested with synovial sheaths, which are bound down by white fibrous tissue at the points whero the strain is the greatest. In the limbs the muscles are bound up into masses by strong but thin Liyers of intercrossed white fibrous tissue, which receives the name of fascia. In the horse this is very firmly at- tached to tho surface of tho muscles beneath, and greatly interferes with the clean dissection of them. Sl> ri()\ III CirTANKOUS MUSCLES. Immediately beneatli (he skin there is a thin layer of muscle, sprea.l over nearly the whole surface of the body, and called panniculus earnosus. It is attached internally to some of the most prominent points of tho skeleton, chiefly through the interven tion of the fascia, which binds down the various groups of muscles. Mxternally it is inserted at short intervals into tho inner surface of the skin, and into the cellular momhrano beneath it. Its action is to throw the skin into folds ov wrinkles, in so sudden a manner as to dislodge Hies or other irritatin-r i„seets It IS also powerful enough to .shake ofT particles of dust or dirt which have fallen upon the part, and are not glued to it by any adhesive matter. SECTio.N IV. -Tin.: umi.s am. i.-,.:,,t ok the horse. rhehmbs and feet of the horse arc of such special importance that wo have illustrated tho subject fully. And in addition to that given in a general way in a Fig. 1 preceding section, here and in succeeding sections, covers tho matter fuUy. Let us commence with the Fig.2 + feet. Fig. 1 shows five classes of animals, that to the left being a complex five-toed animal; the next a four-toed; tlio next a three-toed; then a two- toed p.^ q or hoofed, and a single toe or hoof as found in the horse at the right hand. Taking five toes as the highest normal number presented in any species of .._ h animal, successive steps by which the toes have been dropped is seen. In the hippopotamus we have an example of a four-toed aii- e inial, of three in tho rhi- noceros, of two in the ox " " "■ " and of one in the horse. e ^" figure 2 arc shown the gradations by which the three toes have been successivelv changed into tlio " single toe. Fossil liorscs have been exhumed that 1* ■riij'; AiiMKuw wrocK ruxjK. 81 have onco existed with real nu.l riulimontary toes, iiiul, m fact, tlic rndiincnfary tofs may still exist, as sliowu m the right-liaml example of figure 2. Fos- sil bones of the horse show plainly that besides the sin;,'le too a:i at present, that horses Imo lived in past geological ages having two others per- fect in form, but smaller in Hize, as shown at the right of figure two. The ox now has ! two toes and two others, the j dew-e.laws, smaller in size ' thar. the true hoofs. , front view of the horse's foot, '< Figure ;i shows corresponding to the hand of man to the wrist, the I knee; b, splent or splint bone; c, cannon hone; d, I sesamoid bone; e, pastern bone; f. coronet bone; g cofim bone. At Fig. r, is shown bones of hind le-, I front v,ew; a, b, c, d, e, bones of the tarsus, f, can- non bono; g, pastern bone; li, coronet bone; i, cof- im bone. Fig. (5 shows a side view of hind le-; a bones of the tarsus; b. splint bone; c, cannon bone! , j„;i;.s). This bo.ne lias been described as having a body and wings. Its general outline is semilunar anteriorly, superiorly in its convex, ant posteriorly and inferioHy it is concave. In texture it IS light and spongy, perforated througliout bv canals, (Figs. 10 and 17), through which blood-vessels and nerves are Mhundantly distributed to tho soft and sensitive tissues that cover it. The wings extend directly backward from the body, and support tho lateral cartilages. Upon its superior aspect is a smootli and concave surface, placed obliquely to the body of th« bono for articulation with tho middle phalanx or coronet l;oiie. Applied to tho joint between the coronet and coffin bones, posteriorly, and lying in tho concavity of the coflin bone, is a smnll bone of peculiar slia'po- tho navicular. (See num- eral ;;, Fig. 1 1). This is a sesamoid bono, being contained in, or attached to, tho tendon of the deep flexor. It is from two to two and one-half inches long, T/ij./Z three-fourths of an inch in width at its widest part, and half an inch in thickness. Two sur- faces cf this boue, meeting in front at an acute angle, are covered with cartilage and synovial membrane. The posterior surface is rough for tiie attachment of the tendon of tho deep flexor. Attached to tho upper edge of the wings of tho coffin- bone are two lateral cartilages. They are irregular in form, elastic, and extend backward, giving form, sub- stance and elasticity to tho heel upward as high as the pastern joint, and forward, so that only the width of tho great extensor tendon of tho foot separates them. In fact, tlic iibrous investment of the tendon is at- tached to these cartilages. Tho Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology says: Tho cartilage surrounds upon every side "the rough and knotty extremities of tho heels of tho coffin bono, entering and filling up its sinuof^itios and taking strong attachment to tlicso processes. It then extends horizontally inward, passhig over the horny solo and bars, and, meeting tho sides of tho sensitive frog, intimately unites with it, forming LUMKKrS' WI'OIK IIUOK. «a (It'prossioii.s tlmt dcf^' (liH.sectidii, iimoiiK wliith is found ,1, (|imatity of gclatiiiD-li^Miuoiitous tissuu. BoiiiMtli, or to Ihu uiiilcr auifacii of tliis liorizoiitaJ l.i.vor, t!iii Hcusitivo solo mid liar aro adlicront. As it approaches tlio frog or ccntiT of tlio foot, it losus it.i cartilagiuoiiH nature and l>ec>oiucs coriaceous, or rather ligauionto-coriaceous, in texture, agreeing in this witli the internal frog. Tiie liorizontal poiiioi, or process of the cartilage known by veterinary writers us tho stratiform process, is of greater thick- ness and substance than tiic other parts. It is also of coarser grain and more elastic nature. Both portions together conimumcato tho general boundary of form to tlie lateral, posterior uud interior jiarts .if the foot. When tho bars and the frog aro thrust upward by pressure from without, they are acting against this samo horizontal flooring formed by the cartilage and tho frog, and aro met by the depres- sion of tho bones of the foot forced down by pres- sure of tho wciglit of the animal. The whole can then dilate exteriorly along with the posterior and more elastic parts of the hoof. Heyeral important purposes are answered by this extensive distribution of elastic tibro-cartilagc -1, tho interposition of a layer of elastic tissue between tho hard hoof and the hard bone prevents shock and jar to tho body as tho foot strikes the ground in walking or running; 2, the coffin bf tiot extending postcrioj'ly much beyond the middi. o tho foot, ex" ccpt by its projecting wings, a large i jrtion of the hinder part of the foot is made np of soft elastic cartilage instead of bono, breaking the force of the blow of the tread; 3, the distributi.m of elastic cartilage serves to cquahze tho jjressure of the bones of tho foot upon tho broader surface of the hoof; and lastly, this arrangementof an elastic cushioi., increas- ing in thickness toward tho posterior aspect of the foot, atlords an clastic su])port to the movements of the coffin bone in the hoof, thereby aiding the elastic lamina> upon the superior convex surfase in support of the bone. While the toe of tho coffin bone is comparatively stationary, there is c.msiderable motion of the heel upon the toe as a center, thereby con- tributing to the extent, freedom and case of move- ment of the foot. I Moulded upon the surface of the coffin bono, over j its entire extent, is a thick, villous, highly vascular, j and sensitive membrane having the general name of tho sensitive foot, besides having several local names \ derived from the part of the hoof under whicli it lies, as sensitive lamiuie, sensitive sole, and sensi- tive frog. This tissue is derived mainly from tho skin. It, may be said to be a process frmii the skin, covering the coffin bone, and altered in its structuro . to adapt it to its office as an excretory membrane. It , exactly corresponds to that portion of the liiunan skin whicli produces llie nails. The proper skin of the leg, as it arrives at the foot, becomes thickened and altered in its structure, constituting the mass around the summit of the hoof, to which veterinary writers have given tho name of coronary band. This is lodged in a groove seen around tho upper edge of tlie horny wall, and from this the stra-ght fibers (,f the wall aro secreted. From the coronary band there IS a prolongation of the skin downward over the coffin bone. This tissue is thrown into permanent folds or limiiia', the sensitive laminie, between live and six hundred in number, arranged lengthwise of tho foot. They secrete matter which e.iters into the formation of the horny wall, to the lamimo of which they are very closely united. TUI-; HOOK. Coming now to the hoof wo find that tho sensitive tissues that invest the bones of tlie foot are covered and protected by a thick, dense, horny cap or box, the hoof. The physiological relation of the hoof to the parts which 't covers is essentially tho same as that of the human nail to the ])arts covered by it. Functionally, its relations are more extensive and coiaplete, and wiiatcver dilforences exist in struct- ure, in form, or extent of development, como from modiiications for special use. Tho hoof con- sists of three portions, vhich are so closely united as to seem but one: yet, by maceration, or by boiling, they can be separated. These are tho wall or cmsT, thn sole and the frog. The wall (Fig. 13, ,., ,■, ,■,) is' i * HI 'III': I'AU.MKUM- HTOCK IIOOU. *J- all that part of the hoof that is visible below the liiiir wlii'ii tlio foot in [iliiccd iiiioii tlio t,'n)uii(l. It is ill the form of a cylindor, tut across obliquely nt tbo top. It is (loupost in front, from thrco to four inches, and grows gradually less in depth toward its posterior aspect. This wall, which is secreted mainly liy tiio coronary hand, and partly by the sen- sitivo wall beueatii, is in front about half an inch in thickness, becoming thinner on the back side as it, extends around the foot. It has an edge bearing upon tho ground of about half un inch around the outside of tho bottom of the foot (,•, ,). [Jpim the inner side of tho foot the wall is thinner than upon the outside. Jlelating to the ground surface of the hoof, a is tho toe; (t 1, inner too; ,i 2, outer toe; // 1, inner (juarter: h 2, outer quarter; ,• 1, inner heel; ,• 2, outer heol; ,/', 'I, il, .solo; r, ,•, wall of tho frog; /',/■, the lurs; ,/, ,,, the commissures; h. /.-, /, the frog; /,, jmrt under tiie navicular joint; /,-, boundary of tho cleft; /, /, the bulbs of the heels. TUK WALL. The wall is divided into toe, quarters, heels, and bars, .superior or coronary border, inferior or solar border, and laminie. Passing any special descrip- tion of the borders, the lamina! deserve more i)articu- lar attention. The I.i:nin;i or hi.nrll.,', uro the very '' numerous, narrow, and thin ])lates which cover tho entire interior aspect of the horny wall. They are in length from two in-jhes in front to loss than an inch at the heels. They are also visible over the bars. They have a very c(mstint width of about one-tenth of an inch, and extend from tho lower to tho upper border of the hoof, are essentially parallel to each other, and have a free edge and two free surfaces. Each lamella is received into and is very closelv united to two of the lamellie of the sen.sitivo wall". By this arrangement the surface by which tho horny wall is attached to the sensitive hoof is very largely increased, and this attachment, while possessing great strength, has great elasticity, and admits oi considerable motion between the horny solo and tho coffin bone contained in it. The too (a) constitutes about two-thirds of the wall, and is sometimes sub- divided, for minute description, into toe, inner too, and outer toe, ,i,a\, a 2. It is tho deepest and thickest part of the wall, and stands at an angle, in the average of good feet, of about forty-five degrees. When the an^in of inclination is much grcateAhan f- this, the feet are designated as flat and weak. Flat and weak feet usally obcain in large and heavy ani- mals, and it has been thought that as the foot is llatt,*'ned, the anterior wall will bo drawn down, by the weight, at length hocoming fixed. TUI-: yCAJiTKKS. The quarters, /, 1, /, 2, are the portions on each side, midway between tho toe and the heels, and are desig- nated as tho inside and outside (piarters. Tho libers composing them run obliquely ui>ward and back- ward, parallel to those of the toe. The quarters slope downward and backward, and become thinner as they apj)roach tho heels. Tho heels, i, I, are the two protuberant portions of the wall by which it is terminated posteriorly. The wall here is shortest and thinnest, the fibers being only about an inch in length, and not exceeding tho fourth of an inch in thickness. While in its natural state there is some degree of elasticity in the entire wall, there is much more in the portion that covers the heels. I TUK IIAIiS. ' The bars, /',/•, ure reflections of tho wall in toward the center of the foot, on its ground surface. They gradually approach each other, and come together a little in front of the center of the foot. Tho bars are usually regarded as parts of tho sole, but maceration ; shows them to bo separable from tho sole, but in- separable from tho wall. In tiie natural, healthy foot, that has never been shod, tho bars appear as sharpened prominence-, like braces, between the center of the foot and the heels. The best writers agree that they are well adapted to keep the heels open, and prevent contraction of the hoof. In the unshod foot the bars have a bearing upon the ground, second only to that of the edge of the wall. The solo, -/, (/, ,/, fills ihe sjiaco between the wall and the bars. It is in the form of an irregular arched plate, the concavity being toward tho ground. It is firmly attached, by its outer convex edge, to tho inner surface of the solar border of the wall, while its inner straight ed^es are attached to tho bars. It has been described as joining tho frog, but throughout its whole extent tho bars intervene between the solo and tho frog. The center of tho sole is the thinnest por- tion of it, and it also constitutes the summit of tho arch. The lower circumference of the arch, which is also the thickest and strongest, everywhere abuts against tho sides of tho wall. The result of this mechanism is, that at every step, as the weight is f AliM ICIt.S' HIOCK HOOK. t hroNvu ui,oa tl.o f.,ut, tho n.llin hone ilv.cvmh, tJonKutinj,' tl... oluHtic fibrous tis.su. connoutcl witl. tit.H..n8itivolumii,a., luid pressing ui.on tlm hi-hlv dustio tiss.a. of tl.o scnsitivo sole, whiel. resti,,. Lm tlio arch of tl.o horny sole, causes the latter to yield ■"".1 .loseen.1 The wall l.ein,- elastic, especially to- var.1 the heels. ,s readily pressed outuunl, so that he f,'r.,u„d surface of the foot is larj-er while hoarinf- the w...,-ht than it is when the pressure is ren>ove,I Whenever the wei.-htis taken oil. the wall springs mck. nnd the sole roeovcrs its arched form. l$y this means the step is rendered elastic, jarrin" is "hv.ated, and injury to the sensitive sole and sensi- tive frog IS prevented. TllK KllOll. The frog (/,. /,, /,) ,3 ,1 wed-e-liko mass fillinR the aiiuular space between the bars, and consists not of ' sohd horn, as might at lirst seem, but of a series of ' clastic arches. It has been not inaptly compared to an elastic keystone received into an elastic arch, com- raiiuicatiug, in some cases, and a.lmitting in all the springing movements of which such an urch is capable. The base of the frog lies between and con- .lects the posterior curved portions of the hoof, lim- iting to soine extent their action. The sides are con- nected with the bars by their upper edges, leaving upon the ground surface two deep channels between lie lower border of the bars and frog, which have been termed the conimisb-ires of the fro- The horny material arching over these channels"is called aie arch of the commissures. In the center of the fi<.f,'. as we look upon its gr<,und surface, is a ,l,.e„ narrow depression, the cleft of the frog which' extends further into the soft tissues of the foot than the commissures. This cleft is arched over in a sim- liar manner, and the cone-like mass, as viewed on its inner upper surface, has received the name of fr,,,. stay or bolt. Looking upon lv)th the exterior and in° tenor si,r ace of the frog, we see that with the bars It forms three elastic foldings, which act as springs to keep the heels apart and the foot well spread In the natural, unshod hoof, the frog, though protected o some degree by the solar border of the wall and by tho sharp prominences of the bars, must still receive pressure at each step. HOW THE 1..J0T I.RESSES THE GROUND. T he order of force in which the dUferent parts of he foot press the gro.nd in walking, running, etc.. has been stated to bo as follows: First, thr sola HC horderof the wall; second, the burs; an7u7rd. the rog. In (he f„ot that has never been shod the fro« has nearly ,f not .juito as much pressure in the full I step as the wall, (n rapid stepping the edge of tho I *vall. which ,s neanst the point „f Ihc collin bono. receives the first force of the Idow. while the fro... which nmndy rests upon the elastic heels, a mud. luoieyulding substance, receives tho weight as tho uot settles back to its level. The effect of pressure H to latten tho arches of the commissures and cleft to widen the frog, throw out tho heels, an.l keep tho fo..t freely expan.le.1. The elasticity of the step of tlio horse IS tho result of a highly compound arrange- ment hrst, the elasticity of the sensitive laniime; ccond the greater elasticity of the sensitive sole; third, he elasticity of the horny wall; f„„rth, tho and, of the sole; and. fifth, the triple spring forn.ed !•> the toldmgs of tho frog and the manner of its union with the bars. SKCTION 1V.-T„B MOVEMENT of THE FOOT. The movements of the foot are pro.Iuced by two sets of muscles, flexors and extensors, similar to tho distribution of a single linger in man. The flexors are two m number, and are situated upon the poster- ior aspect of the leg. TENDONS. In the forelegs these muscles are the flexor .sub- liniis perforatus (Fig. U, (!) and the flexor prof un- dus perforans (Fig. 11, 7). also called in works on farriery flexor pe.Iis perforatus and flexor pedis „er- for.^ns; also familiarly designated as the common and„cep flexor muscles. These muscles take their origin m common from the internal protuberance of ho humerus, and are united f.u- a considerable dis- tance down the arm. when they separate to form two 'listmct tendons. Of these, that belongh.g to tho perforatus runs beneath the annular ligament of tho carpus to bo inserted into the upper and back part of the lower pastern or coronet bono. Just before miclnng the pastern joint this tendon divides, to al- ..w the tendon of tho perforans to pass through it, i.ach division where it plays over tho joint has in it a sesamoid bone. The tendon of the perforans, iyiiig deeper above, passes between the divided ten- don (,f tho first-named muscle, to be inserted into tlio posterior concavity of the cofTin bone. Attached to this tendon, as it passes over the joint formed by the coronet and coflin bones, is the navicular bone, considered as a sesamoid bone in this tendon. Two HU THK3 It'AUMKIiM- HTOCH BOOK. i BupploiuLiitaiy llt'xorB, tho iiccesHorcs, aro doscriljcd 118 iiriHiiih' from the iio.stcrior mid inffiior usiioct of tlic itiiiii 1111(1 till! riuliuH, and imitiiif,' lulow witli tlu' two luiiiii llcxorn. Tlicsii must IcH Ilex tho foot mum tho k'g. As iiiitiiKouiHt.s to these, there are tliree v\- tensor niiiselcH sitiiated iijioa the front of tlio h'p, correH|)iiiidiiii,' to the exlinsor coiiiiniiiiiH dit,'itoiiiiii and ixttiisor iiiiuiiiii (hHitiof the himiau arm. The extensor eommiiniH, otherwise called in hippotoniy extensor jiedis, arises from tho external eoudyle of tho hmaeruH, and from contipious fasiia, nud from the tipper and lateral jiart of tlie radius, and has a stron;,', tlrshy helly, wliicli terminates in a sint,do tendon \vlmh passes down over the front of the leg to bo inserted into the coronal process of the last phalanx — the collin hone. Jt unites by a slip with tho tendon of tiic next nuiscle. The extensor propriiis minimi digiti is represented in the horse by two muscles. One of these, called the extinhorof the pastern, is inserted by a strong tendon into the side of the first phalanx, the pastern bone. The second muscle, placed between the two l)receding muscles, furnishes a strong tendon which passes down in front of the carpus and becomes united with the communis at an acute un,i,do. The united tendon (Fig. It, Ti) passes behind tho coronary border of tho hoof to its insertion in tho eotlin bone. The otlicc of these muscles is to extend the foot upon the kg. Another muscle, the abductor longua pol- licis, called in hippotomy the oblique extensor of the cannon, by its insertion into the base of the cannon i bone, acts as an extensor of the foot. A similar i arrangement exists m the muscles of the hind log. ' Tho tendon of the planturis, of great strength, has ii ' divided insertion corresponding to that of the flexor sublimis perforatus of the fore leg, while the flexor perforans sends its single strong tendon between the two divisions of the preceding muscle to be inserted into the terminal phalanx. These llcxors of tho foot aro assisted by the tendon of tho flexor hal- liicis, wliicli unites with the fendon of the iierforans. The extensor tendon of tho hind leg, of great strength, is furnished mainly by the extensor com- munis muscle. SECTION V. — DISSECTION OF THE FOOT. The dissection of tho foot of the horse is import- ant as showing the delicacy of tho structure and the highly organized nature of tho tisBuos. It is shown at figure ].", and the explanation is as follows: The extensor brovis k presented by n few flbeiB which come from the einiion bone, and unite with the tenihui of the can mis. The united tend(m pasKCB, as tho corresponding one of the foro leg, (l''ig. 11, Til to its iiiserlion in tho collin bone. The arteries of the foot are branelies of the nidial in tlio fore anil of the tibial in the hind legs. The former descends along the radius, aceompanied by tho radi- al nerve, to a point ii littlo above tho knee, where it divides into the largo and small metacarpal arteries. Of these the largo metacarpal is the jirineipal trmili, passing under the posterior ann-.dar ligament. Wlnle passing down the cannon bono it divides into three branches. The middle one is distrilaited to surrounding tissues, while the other two liecoine the lilaiitar arteries, internal and external. The plan- tar arteries of tho fore leg result from tlic division of j the metacarpal, and in the hind leg from a similar I division of the metatarsal, and the terminal distribu- tion is alike in both. They descend to the lower part of the cannon bone, pass the fetlock joint by tho side of the sesamoid bones, in eomiiany with veins and nerves of the samo names, and pass into tlie substance of what is sometimes ''ailed the fatty frog. They then ; pass the extremities of the coHhi bone and enter the j foramina on the jiosterior concavity of" tiie bone. (Fig. l(i, (I, (I, II, „). The branches of tl : plantar arteries are very numerous, and no part of tho body is more fully supplied with blood than the foot. (Fig. 17). The veins of the foot constitute a very in- tricate net-work of vessels. The veins of the frog, the sole, tho laminie, the superficial and deep-seated coronary veins, unite to form coronary and plantar plexuses (Fig. 8), from which aro formed jilautar veins, which by their union constitute mctacariial and metatarsal veins, which lie anterior to and by the side of the plantar arteries. We here give a view of tho foot and fetlock dis- sected, through the middle figure 11. Tho explana- tion is as follows: 1, great pastern bone; '2, small pastern bone; !), navicular bone; 1, collin lione (os pedis); r,, extensor pedis tendon; 0, long inferior sesamoid ligament; 7, Hoxor perforans tendon; 8, sensitive frog; !), insensitive frog; 11, sensitive 1am- imc; 12, insensitive Liminm, wall or crust of hoof. hi tho next figure wc shall find as follows: 1, general integument, turned back; 2, fatty mass, forming a cushion behind tho great pastern joint; 3, wall nf hoof tiinied bnrk, slh-v u % till crticaliy ! i 1 ■Vllb} *'AUMMUH' M-roiK JIOOK. -4* laiuinatid procfssrs projoctinK fr.mi itH iuinT «,ir- /uc..; 1. H...ti.,.i (,f wall „f l,o„f; n, til. urticulutioii between tlio cimuon mid luistorii boutH, 0, (I ft ftponc.irotio tissucH; 7. 7, ..NtniNor tcM,l,m of't|,(! foot; a, 1), 10, doxor toiuloiia of tlio foot; 1|, l->, m FliM M, \n, cxpiiuBiou of Iho -rent cartilaf,'o of the foot; ^"' '''" *••'"■ "y l'""'l I'ais.'.l from tliu lioof ; 17, the vascular or BfiiHitive lioof ; 18, dastio cushion of tlio heels; 1!), 20, 21, pl.intar urtory; 22, 2!), plantar venis; 25, part of coronary venous plexus raise! from Its position; 20, 27, 2H, plantar nerves. The nerves of the fool uv known by namfs correspond- mg to those of the blood-vessels which they accom- pany. The plantar nerves lie by the side of and be- hnid the corresponding artery, and as they descend into the foot are distributed to the same organs and regions. The final branches enter the foramina in the coffin bone, minutely subdivide in i(, puss through its many canals and escape at the edges of tlie solo to the sensitive paits of tlxo foot, in "com- pany with tho terminal twigs of tlio arteries as Bhowu in figure 17, on a previous page. SUCTION VI UOAJIKNTS TENDONS AND TMRIH USES. The office of tho Hgameuts and tendons is to per- mit proper extension and Tecovery to the various portions of the body, t'lbrous tisHue exists generally throngh tl... l,ody. It i, fo„„a „,„,„ ,,,„,„ ,„,.„_/ 1. White librous tissue; 2. Yellow fibrous tissue and n. Hid lihious tinsiie. Wo follow St.mehei.go in tno desrription of these sul.sUn.es, HO far as they come within the compass o| this woilv: "White (ibrous tissue is com|.osed of cylimlrical libers of o.-ceediiig minuteness, transpan i,t and u,i- 'I-'lHting. Th.y are colhrted iiist into sniaJ fasci- ;■"■' '""I '1'"'= i'it" larger bundles, which, according to heir urraiigement. compose thin layers or nirm- braiies, ligamentous bands or tendons. Th.. niem- '"•'"'";i« i' nn is seen in the periosteum and peri- -l'..Mdr,um, tin facia, covering various organs, the "u.mbrane of the brain, etc. Ligaments are glisten- •Mg and inelastic bands, comp.,sed of fasciculi of ■ broUH tissuo generally ranged .i.lo by si.le, Bonn- times interwoven with each other. These fas.iculi are held (og.tlier by s,,p.uato fibers or by areolar issue. Ihoy an, of all lornis, from the round band to the oxpand.'d membrane luiownasa capsular liga- ment Tendons are constructed lito ligaments, but usually ,n larger and more rounded bundles. Home- tunes they are spread out in the form of aponeu- roses. ' "Yellow fibrous tissue is also known as elastic tis- ;'Ue. rom its most prominent physical characteristic, m which It dillers from white libnnis tissue. It is HO clastic that it may bo drawn out to double its natural length, without losing its power of return'- iiig to its onginal dimensions. Its libers are truns- paivnt, brittle. Hat or polyhedial in shape, colorless when single, hut yellowish when aggregated in masses. When tins tissuo is cut or torn, the fibers become ciivvd at llioir extremities in a peculiar mau'- ner. It is met with in the ligamenta subllava <,f the vcrtebive. tho ligamentum colli, the cliordie vocales and membranes of tho larynx and trachea, and the middle coat of the arteries. "Red fibrous tissue, also called contractile tissue from its possessing the power of contracting ,„h1,, certan. stimulants, is intermediate between yellow fibrous tissuo and muscular ill,er. Its fibers are eylmdrical, transparent, of a reddish color, and col- lected in bundles. It has no connection with the joints, but is met with in the iris, abound certain excretory ducts, and in tho coats of the veins. ♦ m 'vxi I-: i.'^vit.M njii.- <'1(J<'K Itooiv. ULOOD VESSELS. "White librous tisauo contains few blood vessels. They usually follow the course of the fiisciculi ; in lis;. aments they run iu a longitudinal direction, sending off coiuiuunicatiug branches across the fasciculi, and eventually forming au open network. Tlio perios- teum is much mon^ vascular, but the vessels do not strictly belong to the membrane, as the ramifications found in It arc chiefly intended for supplying blood to the bone which it covers. M:itVES. "Small tendons contain no ucrvcs, and largo ones only small lilan-onts. In the periosteum, nerves are abundant; they exist there chielly f„r supplying the hones with sensibility. The pain caused in rheuma- tism, which IS an intensely painful disease, is a proof of the sensibility of white fibrous tissue." l''ibro- cartilage is introduced between the joints to give smoothness to the articulations, and the lu- bricating fluid for reducing the friction is called the synovial fluid (.«///„(■/,(). .MOVEMENTS OF THE JOINTS. The motions permitted in the joints are four-- niimcly, gliding, angular motion, circumduction, and rotation. Gliding is the simple motion of one bone upon the other, without materially altering their relations. Angular motion may bo either limited to one plane, as in the trace-hinge, or it may be extended to more, when the motion becomes nearly allied to circumduction. The elbow and hoek are examples of the former, as, indeed, are most of the horse's joints. Circumduction is a motion very httle seen in the large joints of this animal, and is confined to the hip and shoulder joints, in which it is far more limited than in the corresponding joints of the human frame. It IS displayed when a limb is made to describe a segment of a large circle around *Jio joint which con- nects it to the body. Rotation is tlio movement of a bono on its own axis, and is only seen in the horse in the joint be- tween the two first vertebrw of the neck. CHAPTER XI. INTERNAL KfONOMV Ol' TIIK IIORSK. SECTION I. THE VIT.\L, ORGANS. The vital organs are those essential to life. In the full sense it imphes those organs that may not I>n destroyed without nt (he s.imn time taking the life of t e animal. The viscera as generally understood are the bowels, but really are the contents of the abdo- men, thorax and cranium. f„ its ,„ost general sense the viscera are the organs contained in any cavity of the body. Our purpose will be served l,v oxi-lainiiig those of sensation, breathing, digestion and generation. SECTION II OltOANS OK SENSATION. The chief organ of sensation is the brain. The "«ice of the nerves is to convey to the brain intel- hgcnco of the seat of injury and pain. It is thron-Hi ho nerves that we experience the pleasure of anv of the senses. They are in fact the telegraphic cmn- inunicution between the several parts of the body and tlie brain, the seat of iiitelligonco. EUNCTWNS OF THE NEBVOUS SYSTEM. riie functions of the nervous system are 1st, sen- sation, 2d, voluntary motion, 8d, co-ordination of motion, ith, reriex action, Cth, the motions con- i.ccted with the process of nutrition, secretion, etc. btimuh applied to nerves first increase and then depress their excitability. .Narcotics have the power deadeinug or of entirely destroying the excitability the nerves. The action of the nems is also atrected by temjicrature. IN.-L.;ENCE ok THE NEUVOLS SYSTEM WITH KEFEIIENC,.: TO DISEASE. Very little is really known of the agencies at work in this system. Nervous influence is the most im- portant, and yet the most mysterious influence in life Ihe nerves themselves wo can trace. We know that they are given off from or, as others think, run to the brain and spinal cord from all j.arts of the bodv Wo know that sensation felt at one extremify of the body IS transmitted with an electrical like rapidity to the brain and thence retransmitted to the point at wmch the sensation is felt. The point of tho ncrvo alfected has no sensibihty except as connected with tho brain. Nerves aro merely conductors of nervous impressions. They have no power of themselves of generating force. They require a stimulus iu oru waste, to build up bono, muscle, sinew ^^, etc. and to convey away a portion of the waste of the body, by the return of the blood through Uie vems to the lungs, there to be again oxygenated, lo accomp ish tins, commencing with the capil- aries on the general surface, it passes through the veins, which finally end in the vena cava, and enters the right auricle of the heart. From this it is pumped mto the right- ventricle, which, contracting m Its turn, forces it on into the pulmonary arteryt spreading out upon the lining membrane of tho lungs, to form the capillaries of that organ, from which It 18 returned to the left auricle through the pulmonary veuis. From the left auricle it is driven on to the left ventricle; and this, by its powerful con- tractions, forces the blood through the aorta, and the arteries of the whole body to the capillaries. But though the heart is thus made up of two val- vular parts, they are united into one organ, and the two auricles and two ventricles each contract at the same moment, causing only a double sound to be beard instead of a quadruple one. when the ear is apphed to the chest. Though we commonlv call the one venous blood and the other arterial, tli^ distinc tion only applies to the general circulation; for that of the lungs is exactly the reverse, the pulmonary artery containing dark blood, and the pulmonarv veins bringing it back to the heart after it is purified and has again received oxygen sufficient to dovelon the scailet color again. Between the auricles and ventricles, and again at the openings of the latter cavities mlo their respective arteries, valves of a form peculiar to each arc placed so as to allow of the free passage onwards of tlio blood, but not of its re urn by regurgitation, if they become diseased, the Hction of the heart is impeded, and the circulation of 89 the b ood is more or less seriously interfered with bo also, il the muscular fibers, of which the walls of the auricles and. in much thicker layers, of the ventricles arc composed, become weak by want of proper exercise, or from the deposit of fat in their intei^paces, a corresponding degree of mischief is flfec ed in the passage of the blood. The force with which the left ventricle contracts may be estimated f.om the fact that if a pipe is inserted in the carotid arteiy o a horse, and held perpendicularly, the Wood will rise in it to a height of ten feet; and the rapidity o his circulation is such that a saline sub- stance will pass from the veins of the upper part of tl.e body to those of the lower in little\Ure than wcnty seconds. Now, as this transmission can only take place through the current that returns to the heart, and passes thence through the lungs and back again, afterwards being forced into the lower vessels brough the aorta, it follows that every particle of his fluid passes completely through the whole circu- lation in the aliove short period of time. S1.;CTI(,N IV. -THE liliKATHINO OROAXS. The lungs are the organs of breathing by which , Jm blood IS kept in a state fit for the support of life. I In he horse they are of special importance, and th wd apply to all animals of speedf since the ac "^ of the lungs prevents clogging, enables the circula- tion to lie thrown to the surface during violent cxt- tion and lessens the danger of congestion. To quote from Stonehenge : ■• The essence of the act of breathing consists in the absorption of oxygen from he air. and the excretion of carbonic acid from th b 00 which IS circulated through it. In a state ^f res this interchange must go on with regularity, for carbonic acid is constantly developed by the decay of he tissues arising from the pecuhar necessities of the muscular and nervous tissues, and by the con version of the carbon of tlie food which appears to be required for the development of heat. But when the muscles of the whole body are called into play with unusual rapidity and force, the development of carbonic acid is largely augmented, and thus, not only IS there a necessity for extra means of excreting the carbonic acid, but there is also a demand for more oxygen to unite with the carbon, which is the rcsu t of the disintegration of the muscular fibers employed. Hence the acts of respiration are more complete and rapid during exercise than in a state of rest, and while mucii more carbonic acid is given off !)() THK l-'AieMKlisS' HTOCli H(JOIi. f a greater volume of oxygou is absorbed from the air wliicli is iusjurod. It liiis been fouml by experiment that if venous blooil is exposed to tlie action of oxygen, tliroiigh a thin membrane such as bladder, it absorbs a jjortion of that gas, and changes its color from dark red to a bright scarlet. This is in accordance with the recog- nized laws of endosmose and exosmose; and as the blood circulates in very fine streams within the ves- sels of the lungs, whoso walls are much thinner than an ordhiary bladder, it may readily be understood that it is placed in more favorable circumstances for this interchange of gases than when tied up in a large mass within a comparatively thick membrane. On examining the structure of the lungs, they are found to be made up of a pair of cellular sacs, com- municating with the trachea, which admits air into them; and these sacs are furnished with a fine net- work of capillary vessels distributed on their walls, and on those of the numerous cellular partitions of which they arc comj.osed. Thus the blood, as it enters the lungs in a venous state, is submitted under ver, favorable circumstances to the agency of atmospheiic uir; it readily absorbs the oxygen wliile it gives oil large volumes of carbonic acid gas, the result of the combination of previously absorbed oxygen with the carbon given off by the various organs of the body already alluded to. The exact chemical changes which have taken place in the atmospheric air exhaled from the lungs and m the blood itself arc believed to be as follows: 1. A certain portion of oxygen has disappeared from the air. 2. It has received a considerable volume of carbonic acid. 8. It has absorbed fresh nitrogen. 4. It has parted with some of the nitrogen of which it was previously made up. The pulmonary apparatus of the horse consists of four parts: 1st, The nasal cavities, destined to pre- pare the nir for entering the larynx; 2nd, Of the larynx, which acts as a portal or guard against the admission of noxious matters Hoating ,:, it; 8d, Of a set of tubes, consisting of the trachea and bronchi, which convey the air from the larynx to the air-cells,' and Ith, Of the air-cells tliomaelves, where the changes are ellected in the blood, for which the lungs are specially designed. SECTION V. THE DIOESTIVE OBGANS. It is not necessary to go into the anatomy of the abdominal or,r„„s. The u-.itmo nf the j,™ec.sscs carried out by them is, however, important to every one. To do this the food must bo traced from the time It enters the mouth unt4 the portion not taken "p IS expelled by the anus. Commencing with the mouth, the food is there ground down by the teeth and mixed with the saliva, winch acts in converting the starchv mat- ters, winch form so large a proportion of the liorses food, into sugar, and, with the aid of the gastric juice, into the proteine compounds nec- essary for the formation of flesh. Perfect masti- cation and insalivation an^ therefore highly impor- tant processes to healthful digestion. When it reaches the stomach the food undergoes still further changes by the agency of the gastric juice and of maceration; but this organ being small in the horse It can not remain there long enough to be converted into perfect rhyme (the result of the first process of digestion), but is passed on into (he duodenum for tlmt purpose. Here it is further elaborated and receives the bile and pancreatic juice, which are poured out througii their ducts opening on the internal surface of this intestine. The nutritious parts of the food are now gradually converted into chyle, and as it passes into the jejunum and ilium it IS there absorbed by the bicteals, whose mouths open upon the villi thickly lining this part of the canal. These unite into one duct (the thoracic) and the chyle is by it carried into the veins tlirouo spernrntjc conl which suspends them to the in'^u- •nal canal through which it passes. This conl s mded ,„ castration, an.l it is well to ascertain i component parts. They are: 1st. The artery which supplies the testicles with tr ; n ° pT''^''''-'^^" -" -1 t'-tuons in its course. 2d. The artery of the cord, small and important, ad. The veins which accomp" .cse artcr.es. -ith. The nerves and ahsorhents tbe d».s.on of the former giving great pain and ' ausmg a shght shock to the svstem. L Tl e as deferens or duct carrying the semen to the f els' m ^T"'^'"^r^^' "' "'^'' ""^■'--« *J'''t t feels hlo wh.p cord under the finger. These everal parts are connected together bycellular n>em- brane and covered hy the two layers of reflected p - , >tone„m, namely, the tunic, vaginalis and tunic, S: -«exa. hy the thin layer of crem^ | S^o;:, " ^'^/°"''' investment, a contin- uat on of l,e supcrhc.al fascia of the abdomen. All readied, (or operating in castration. ' The female organs (,f generation are essei tiallvtho b d m which the embryo is nurtured to maturity, rhe o are two small oval bodies, about tlfe Mzeof largo walnuts, situated behind the kidneys aud having the fimbriated extremities of the fallo 2n -s hanging loosely adjacent to them. TI.ee bes, one on each side, terminate in tbe uterus,' «>8ts of a body and two honis. The body has a «..mth which opens into the end of the v 'L wlideinit..,,.H,soblong,andintheunin;;.^ na to'l state It IS entirely contained with.n the p Ivi! Anteriorly ,td.v,des into two horns (cornua), which -erge toward the loins, turning upiard, an yi^, un er U.e w.ngs of the ossa ilii. They term...ate t bounded extre,n.t.es. Each eornu receives the fallo I inan tube of ts own .side, th. opening heing so sma^, ^^ carcely to admit a silver probe. Th; va.ina I " '"^"'"•" ^'"^ '^'^^'^J'-'r and rectum, and is about i eighteen inches in length; it Ih h.i^7^,^n,eo„s inembrane, and surrounded with muscular libers winch form tl.o sphincter vaginic. CUAPTER XU. KXTERNA,. EXAMINtTKKVS »F THK nOKS,;. SKCTIOM I. -TUK UKAI) AND NKCK. The head Of the horse is the seat of intelligence, il'e neck gives flexibility to the head, by the various positions It assumes, enables the head to assist in preserv.ng the equilibrium of the horse in various stages of speed, and in preserving tlie distinctive ele- gances of c,.rriage so much coveted by fashion. 1 n.m the illustrations given the breeder will be able to infonn himself as to the various features and traits of disposition in the horse, and in connection with the st.,dy of the quarters, and position of the bmbs aiid feet, correct and otherwise, will constitute one of the most important series of object lessons presented in this work. Fid. l-Tnnnouoiinnrii Head, Fig. 1 sbows a very good head, and that of thoroughbred horse. Fid. •_' -Tiottini; Form. Fig. 2 shows a goo,l head of a trotting or road horse, and also a most excellent neck, sloping finely I'ut m a muscular manner to the shoulders. ■■IM f A THK K.VRMKIiW STOCK H<>t>K. 93 Fig. 8 shows a Kood head, but with tho neck too thin, deficient in strengtli. A modcratoiy tliin ueck Fl'i. :!-Ne('k TooThiu. assists pliabihty. If too thin tho animal will never drive jilcasantly, and even in ridin.,' will bo unpleas- ant and often diilicnlt to manage. Tho setting on of tho ]ie;ids"of all tlie precedin-' \; correct. Prom these all tho way through the n"cxt column aro worse and ■worse, until that in Fig. 4 is about as bad as it can be. A horse with his head in this position is nearly uncontrolla- ble when friglitencd. For purposes of draft riti. I— stubborn. Dad Farm, ii i , n . the neck should be very much thicker than for uses of pleasure, but the head should nevertheless l)e .set on properly. To illus- Fin. .1— Sli.ipc'ly mill Jliiscul.ar fur Dr.aft. trate this we show two forms: Fig. 5, with shapely muscular neck, somewhat thick at tho sotting on of the head, but nevertheless well proportioned, since the head is broad, strong and with a rather large muzzle, not a fault even with driving h(!r.=.os, tlmugh with large flexible nostrils tiio muzzle may bo exceed- ingly fine. Fig. (! shows a bad neck, and also a badly disproportioiiod head, 8uch a horso will be a hard feeder, and genersilly wottlilcss altogether. The next cuts, Figs. 7 and 8, are both Fill, II— Altou'otlicr Dad. bad. Fig. 7 is ewe-nocked, tho head set on too high, a regular star gazer. Tho dished face, tho shape and position of tho ears, and the wild eye denotes a vicious and dangerous horse, and at the same time one with little stamina. The Roman nose also denotes stubbornness. Fig. 8 shows a strong, muscular, but at the ^"- "- An Ewo Nocked Brute. same time unsafe horse. Tho position of the ears ; tlie eyes high in tho head and with surly expression ; the pronounced Roman nose, thick neck and jowl should prompt tho buyer to refuse him. Such a horso, if properly kept in hand by a competent driver, may be Flit. S— A Troachfirona Rogno. managed in a team. You never know, however, when he may become vicious and intractable. Such a horse should never be driven single. The dolt or fool is sho^vn in Fig. 9. Ho should be discarded as only fit for tho cart, the" scav- enger wagon or tho tread-mill. 1 lii' Fl. wide iipiirt. a that a k,„„1 ho,.«o. ,vlmt..vor J.is breed, must b.. "",^'th in the back is, however, essential to speed Though shortness of back is an item in strcngt i. Is , regards carrying weight, yet the reader must remen,- bcr that oo much must not be sacrificed to any on,. roint. The chief use and value of a horso is 1 lK.wer of locomotion. Again a Iiorse with a v " hort back IS apt to overreach, unless his should u-e very oblique and his action good. Moreov canno get his hind legs sufficiently under him Backs, winch ,ue in their original formation hoi- low invariably Rive way and become more hollow under the influence of weight and age. Horso however, with hollow backs have usually good crest,' and one weak curve is to a certain degree eomTe .' «atod for by the counter curve. All backs, wo Lav mention, though originally straight, become more or less hollow w.th ago. This eflfect is due partly to tl^ ordinary mechanical effect of weight on .. .iven lin^ and partly 1., wasting away of tho muscles with a-re' '.' i* ?uro as 1^ 11 THK In yonnR horses the muscles along the hno oMho back should Stan,] hs l„gl, or hiKhc. tin n Z l.roce.es of the vertcbr^. of ^he'tcU:.' •^^"°" A horse w.th a roach back is gcnernlly rour,h an.l "n-«y>" his paces aud apt to overreai I / . omation ,s /avorai.lo to strength, and if hi o dors and quarters are good and he is w 1 ro3 t n Hnnnal will generally ho found to he v 1 1 I! .; " gar.ls power and endurance See illustration. The Back of the Horse. The ton i"itk and the lower figure a roach back. TUE TAIL. The hair of the tail in the well-brnd Im«» • 7- tin«'-i.od by its fineness „„d sta it'^T; 't -rse or curly tail generally indicate™; Of W In the well-bred horse the tail is carried firm and OoodtoBadHlmlduarters. well away from the hind quarters. There is a„ appearance of force and muscularity abou ts Lt It 8 set on almost in a line witli the back-bone W> J! A tail weU set on is a great ornament to ahorse The Arab carnes it almost straight out in a line from e spme. In the underbred animal the tail is T cl.ngs to the Innd quarters, and altogether look^ , oftfn"for'?- ''f " "'^'''^^'""'^".y. "■o.>gh not very of on, found n. the tails of even thoroughbred horses ' Hi dlustrafon of hi,,,, ^,,,,,,,^ ,^^, "' ; • j oxpla,n our moaning. ^^'" TUE IK.vr, miAUTEnS. Iho Innd quarters are important. They should be ong deep f„l,, ,„„„,,, ,,, ^^^ 3; « 'd b ' r^^^^^^ '" ""'"• "' """"''y- The best tlu - I °!'"T T'' "'' ''™'Slit and long in that nor uj^ from the pelvis to the tail. «o should ^v' I otlei good horse, whatever the breed. The iZ Tthe right. "' '"■" " '' "'^ ''^"' "-^ '^^ --t Let us now show how a horse should stand when looked at sideways behind. Fig 1 «how« fi, -only received idea of correct ;?sition. "^ ""^ """ It IS not correct. Fig. 2 is the correct position . In the next illustration Fig. 8 shows a hors tand ing too straight. Fig. 4 show« th. "• "orso stand- bent. ""^ ''"'•^s '00 much Fig. 5 shows the hind leg too far behind Again at Fig. we show a leg with a bad y developed tip of the hock. The bock ,8 not "well let down." Fi^r 7 shows a well developed os calcis. The liock 18 " well lot down." KEAIi VIEW OP LIMBS. Coming now to the rear view of the horse, we find that Fig. 8 has the hocks too close. He points his foot out too far, '8 in fact splay-footed. Fig. has tlie hocks too wide-is parrot-toed. The horse should stand with the hocks an.l the hoofs square. Then he will step straight A close study of the object lessons here given ought to enable anv lofwhatahrxirr-*"^----^^ . THE FOHE QUARTERS. willgTve'!l":yV'"/7 '•"■^'^'''^ "- '»-'-«on 'andFL liL f r^°™''"°" »nJ carriage, j nna j^ig, 11 bad shape and position. } Viewed from the front Fig. 12 show., tl.n ' position of the feet *"'"'"=* wmc ajiart, and (he horse straddleq Figure 1. 8I10WS the fore limbs front et'with he toes turned out, and figure 1« v.-ith the " ^'"--1 in. For the correct position look again , 'igure 12. Now if tl.o |.„rHo sUudH a« iu ii.„,e a on H «uiu viow. Jjc wiJl Lu eorroct. HIDK VIKW OF KnoNT FKKT irf,o knee f.,r tl.o kn.o „, c.ui.uo.i with all joints -Ji.o,u..o..,.,,ro.ainent. It i. shown /.i 7 '■"in fV fetlock 13 shown lit li.riuv •'„ o„ , ;pk f.;nthooti.eM.an.rih;;i~j ve': :; o,iiiea. iMjjuio li2 hIiowh a .'oo,] li,„i, and 111 coriec't i.ositinn. l.>„ro "! I "'"'"^"3'' 't Jstoo rigid in the nastcrn -ak kiico and fetlock, th S ^.^S'tl J T 'J l"-«ition on account of weak.L l^? ""'°^ «i-.vi.w,w..»..o.,,e74:':,,;'iw''''""''°' ■••Ml.! i'.VUMMUB. BTO.U ir,„,K. iiii^i ciiAPTHu xirr Vh le the horse s teeth are a correct index to age -.^"i.io:i:;;i;:,;';r':--:;-'7- tain y Li ' I , ' ' "'"" "^'i--'"""-" to cer- ^ »»%. aiul fnrthor ex.wnii.atioii will make him ex- Oinun (ItllDKH TO AOK ;;;;;=:■"■ -" "■• -- >»-» rt,:.':,;— y..,™™.^ „.„,,.,„„, „ ,„ ,^^^^^ Homewhat modi i 1 L t to « r"':'" """"'" ORAUY Oil MILK INCISORS. Tlio foiil is born with his teeth in a rudimentary state 111 the gums. At various periods during the fh'st ten months the dillerent temporary incisors 'IIIV. tlmtofrLot.vo.you....l,l. xho t^.th at il.is ,..,,0.1 ■AU.MICUH' HTOCK IH, uii. Tw" li of tliu Yuarll IK. hIiow iMltliUlpHJ,,,,^ f ,vi.ir Tl X , aiorc .shells l,.,v.,? ■ "' '■""''"■ '""'J' '»'-o IL lil tldrtc JIIXtll|IOti|tloH, At two yours ol.l, tho innrr wall „f tl, teeth luiH frrown un level u.ifl .1 ''"'"'''' MuwH uji level with tho „||t^,- .„ n ,n, ,^ «M Tiotl.ofthoTw„-iV,u Ol.l rflE PEKMANK.NT riETII 'w.'i zi;:,.!;:^r;'s,^-'r",°'''' ''■«•■»'■" """• iI'Ms tho jaw JH „ow f.irui^he,! Wtl.' „ ' »:r\S'::-::r- «; -■■■r-'^^- Vh a -enoral rule, wo may a.Kl th t. \, '«»'-.:;»r:;: * s;r, ■7-" - - i"H«orH, hut they are rare. I'cruianent Thorou.'h-hred horses date their a..o fro.u tl,,, i , «'f January, whilst otlier hornos Jl i ^ tlio l«t of Mav TJ, , '^''^•''""c.l from Jlifjii feeding encouragea tho growth of ,),.. t. *i ;n common with tho rest of the a le r ' l.n.ongh.bred« (independently of tlLi :;..::; ■'i"iff' nros.-.uewhut moi . forward in i , «'"ni,.lilr.,; animals. '"'^^"''^ '" ^'-"- '"onths UBAWWO OK JIILK TEETH 111 horses rising four vears ol.l fl,., rary incisors are J„l,ed T^ n j ed ir"'"' ':'"»'- liaston tho growth of tL ' '" ""'"' '" wonhuntho^Lii/ttjnrih-r^:^"'; '^I'ltcr period, and thereby give the iZL t "^ pearaneo of rising five years old "™ "" "P" ■Tiiero IS, however, no need for anyone to bn ,ln ceived as to tho real age of an anLTw ie , '" '^ It Hi\ jicr- -9» + rWI-: KAltMKUH' M1«H|4 li,)<>K. 101 poriimm-iit tooth i^ iiHimlly dimihiecl in iu iilvtulii . c.r Hockrt !)>■ tlioviol.Mro iih, t in piiiidiiuK' "ut IImj IKTiuniHiit tootii. A-,iiii. tli... ruiiiovdl .( tlif uiilk t.iulli l» |„i.. its iii„„ ,|,.|,iiv.s tlu) ii|Kou,i„g jM.nuii- iiciit tooth of itu imtiiml unuU) to tho diirfiico of th.i juw, ami fiiiiHi'H it to inaku Hh ii|i|N now tooth, liotii ImviiiK h''on liroii^'ht into uso Loforo iiH nutmiil time, is not [proimilv conHoIiilntcd nnd hfuuu pa'- Hunts iin irn'f,'iil,ir ui.iMnritiict', i|mi< .liHircnt from that of thi! niitiinilly ilovulopcJ tooll In nnilcHthiH trick nmy \w ut onrr IctuctiMi hv (he iihsonco of tiio tiiHk, which will not c(, no up Mvri: lU propir liiuo; in numa wo Imvo not tl; i;, assibtunue. 'IMK MAllK OK Tni-: TKKTH, Jliflierto wo hiivo tiiken no notice of '10 «'in ark" or infiin(':")iiluni. Wo Imve iibntiiini'd from doin^ 80, not beuimso tlio murk.s in tlu) yonn« month do not alTord Bomo indication of tho a-,'o; buf, bocaiiso fuller and nioru satisfactory cvidonco up to a years old if alfordod by the structiwal chango.s l.uilc.l above. After mix, however, we aro oonip-lled to have recourse to tiio indications given by th mark.) and other Blight, but ,!,Maduul alterations wli. h take place in tho form of tlie teeth. A satisfactory explanation of the niatk cm, ..t be fjiven without entering at sonio len','th ini , tho Htructuro and organization of the teeth. The lark or infundibuluni is a jpeculiar hollow extei ing, when tho tootli iir.st comes np, about li,,|f an -ich down the temporary and rather deeper down the ,er- manent incisors. ^.See page 105, fhowmg sectii,.- of tooth and also removals of sections by the saw.) Teeth practically may bo snid to consist of two nuiterials, namely, enamel and deirtine. Knara*l, which is very hard, sharp, and originally of pearly whiteness, covers tho oulside of (ho teetii, and alwo lines the sides and bottom of the hulLiw or infundib- uluni. Thus in the tooth, as it originally appears, tljere are four walls of cuamel. Tho remainder of tho tooth consists chiefly of dentine, ii substance of considerable, but Ifss liardness than enamel, and more like ivory. . . dl quantity of crusta pctrosa is also found on tlio , , (.side. When an incisor first comes up the hollow aflfords lodgment for tho debris of tho food and the juices ( vpresseil fi,,,,, it, un.l tlierrforu noim looks black. Ag the twiti, we«/s down, (Ii.. lioliow. of course. fang-hole is shown at B, mark hole at A. (See section of tooth.) I'UllTHKIt CHANGES INDICATINO AIJE. It will be seen that about nine tho " marks" entirely fail us, and indeed after seven or eight they can hardly be said to alTord any very reliable data. From eight years old and upwiird the best indica- tions of the age arc given by tho gradual alterations which take place in tho shape of tho teeth from wear and in tho closing of tho month. The teeth originally are broad laterally at their upper surfaces, otherwise called their crowns or " tables," and thin from front to rear. They narrow gradually toward their necks and fangs. Hence, as their upper surfaces wear off, the teeth beconio nar- rowev year by year. In very old horses there is oftca a positive interval between the teeth. The gradual elfect of wear in producing this alter- ation is fully shown on page 105, where successive portions of tho upper surface of tho tooth are repre- sented as having been removed by the saw. Tho amount of wear on the upper surface of tho teeth is greater in tho young mouth than it is after- ward, because in youth tho teeth meet, more fairly than they do in after years. The rate of '.v,>ar grad- ually decreases as years increase, because tho teeth do not meet so directly, hut on the contrary project more and more forward in something like two par- allel lines. For example, a quarter of an inch will usually he worn off tho surface between five and six years old, whilst probably not more than that quan- tity will be worn oS between twenty and twenty-five years old. TRIANGULABITY. A further vtry well-marked indication of increasing age is given by increasing depth from front to rear in thr upprr surfaces or erowna of the teeth. This increase of depth should bo noticed and carefully compared. . Further wear causes tho crowns of the -P i»i ii'i I 101 ■vuh: i.'.viiAiicu.s' srociv nooii. teeth to asaumo a triangular form. Tlic cause of this will bo clearly aeeu on reference to the illustra- tion of sawed portions of tootli. The teeth, though tliey (hniiui.li in lateral breadth, increase in thicic- nes8 from front to rear all the way from tlie crown to tlio fang. This is shown in the illustration, page 105, removal of successive portions of teetli by saw iind coincides witli shape of teeth of various ages. At six and up to eight years old the teeth are all broau laterally at tiieir upper surfaces. Ui> to this time the exact year is i.retly well Iniown by the " marlis." At nine, when tlie marks fail, the alterations in the crown surface or table come to our aid. The two center teeth, which came up at three, become some- " slope" of the teeth, as regards their closing. Tliis IS due to the effect of wear. The original form of the tooth IS shown ou page 103. (Section of t..oth', A and li.) Its upper portion, it will be seen, is nearly rrpcndicular, wiiilst the lower part lies in a more liorizoiital position. Hence iu youth the teeth meet At Ten Ycirs. wliat triangular. At ten the two next teeth show sim- ilar signs. At eleven the corner teeth have become somewliat triangular. At twelve the triangularity has mcreaeed in all the teeth. This alteration continues to increase in all the teeth, until In vcrv old horses tlie d«pth from front to rear exceeds the lateral width of the teeth. The next cut shows an average mouth at sixteen years old. The next liguie represents the AtTivi'lvc Years. directly, whilst in extre „ age they can scarcely be said to meet at ail. Their stumps project forward in two almost parallel .hues. (See page 100.) The various changes which take place in the posi- tion of tlio teetii ill reference to their po,sition or " slope" are shown iu the full page of cuts, (1(W), fig.s. 1 to 4, and also the closing of tlio teetii as between tlie four-year-old liorse and the one in extreme age. At two years old the gums are full, fleshy and prom- iiient, and the teetii are nearly perpendicular. The gradual changes which take place in the slope with At Klevcn Years. appearance at twenty. The next figure shows tweiily.four; whilst the last liguie may serve as a specimen of tlio teeth in extreme nge. (Page 105.) As age increases the teeth, notwithstaniliug they really wear down, become apparently longer. Tliis effect is due to tlie llesliy jiarts of the gums recedin" faster than the teeth wear down. In extreme age", however, when the gums have receded as far as tirey can, the effect of wear causes the teeth to liecomo visibly as well as really sliorter. SLOI'K. All alteration also takes place in tlie i.osition or At Sixteen Yeurs. increasing years are shown, perhaps, more clearly in the plates than could he e.xplained in words. Up to twelve yciirs old tliero can scarcely be much diiriculty 1,1 forming a pretty correct judgment as to tlie a.ge. After that time it requires more time, proc- At Twetl.v Yi'iirn. tice and opportunity than nio.U people have at dis- posal to obtain the recpiisite knowledge. It would probably scarcely 1111010^1 the iion-pr6- fessional reader to trace very minutely tlie chan-es which take pln-co after twelve years old. Suffice i^to say, tliat the gums continue year by year to recede •fr- losiii!,'. This ;iniil I'onu of ion of tootli', t'cn, is iiciirly w in a more 10 tc'otli meet scarcely be t forward in iu the posi- position or (10y some ahnoruiul apiieuriiiico of the tcetli. Tlio young liorse is fles'iy about the gums and licad, and the liollow over the eye is shiillow. Year by ye.ir, as nge increases, the gums lose their fleshiness, the head becomes more lean, and the hollow over the eye deepens. The shoulders lose much of their thiclinrss and become finer, and assume an appearance of greater length. The hind quarters in like manner lose some of their roundness, and the animal generally gains an appear- ance of more breeding than he had in his younger days. The back becomes more or less hollow, a result partly due to the effect of weight, especially in long-backed animals, and partly to loss of fleshiness of the muscles which run along the spine. Again, us the horse becomes old the fullness of the chin unJer the mouth disappears. The inferior margin of tiie branches of the bone of the lower jaw also becomes thin. Lastly, the general appear- ance of tiio aged horse is much iullnenced by the Avork ho has done and the treatment he has received. Ago m:;st not be judged by any oiic sign, but by a moan judiciously struck between all the signs, and by a careful consideration of all collateral circuiii- stances. It never happens that all the signs combine together to deceive a carefid and well-mforracd observer. Thoreader will perceive that after six years olJ, i. I'., after the structural changes in the mouth ate completed, it is impossible to lay down any one single delinite rule by which the age can be ascer- tained. Still, with a little trouble and attention there is nil real difliculty in a-quiring a knowledge of (ho horse's age up to a comparatively late period of his life. CHAPTER XIV. DISAHIMTIK* AM) IJNSOUNUNKSS. SEOTI;):; I. WUAT CONSTITIITKS UNSOUNnNKSS. That which docs not or docs constitute unsound- ness is so often a question of variance, and is so important in view of the ever recurring tricks, subter- fuges and deceits practiced by disreputable dealers and owners of horses, that we reproduce a litt with noto.i of the several diseases and disabilities, not con- sidered nnsoTmdness in England, and those so con- sidered, and which are received generally as correct. DKFINITION OF UNSOUNDNESS. The definition of unsoundness is, " the existence of disease or alteration of structure which does or will impair the horse's natural usefulness." Vice also may be defined, on a similar principle, as " the prev- alence (if a habit that interferes with the horse's natural usefulness." Jlut these definitions must be taken with some modifijalions, for there is not one horse in a hundred which docs not possess some disease or vice likely to impair his general usefulness to some slight extent; indeed, the proportion of strictly sound horses may be considered to be much smaller even than this. A bad feeder is so gcner illy from a disordered state of stomach, and such a horse cannot stand work like one which will consume double the quantity of food, yet ho would not be con- sidered unsound; nor would a horse be returnable as vicious if he showed the usual symptoms of being "fresii," though they miglit impair his usefulness in carrying a timid rider. ]5ut subject to such modifi- cations, the above definitions may be accepted os sufficient to make intelligible the terms unsoundness and vice. SECTION II. niSABILlTIES. The following diseases and accidents are generally considered not to render their possessors unsound : - Bog spavin, in a slight degree only. A broken knee, unless the joint is injured so as to impair its functions, is not considered to be unsound- ness. Capped hocks and elbows do not produce any lameness, nor do they in any way interfere witli the action of the joints to which they arc adjacent. Contraction of the foot is no evidence of disease, and, taken by itself, is not sufficient to prove it to be unsound. English law authorities say: Crib-biting was decided in the cases of Broennen- burg i'.s'. Haycock and Bcolefield rs. Eobb, not to lie unsoundness; but Baron Parker ruled in the lattei that it came within the meaning of the word " vice." Undoubtedly this is a habit which is genera ly at- tended by impaired digestion, and, as such, it conies strictly within the definition given above; but the law is as I have stated it. Curby hocks, though experience may tell us they are likely to be attended by curbs, are decided not to be uiisoundnoss. In Brown r«. Elkiugtxm, tlio atten- tion of the vendor was directed to the hocks by the purchaser before the sale, as likely to spring curbs; 4~ but ,n the ,tet,on on the wnrrnnty it was held bv 1.0 horse, whu.l, h,.,] „ot occu«io.o.l huncnes« at H^o ^^'■« V'ovv of tho law, I,v rcf„M,g , ,„,, f,, , ,^^^ (''^t(in^^ o„ tho «a.no principle, is no I,roaeh of ,,,. ,"""""■" '» »»*> til" l.or,o ,„„„ I,,,; with safety.. ' '•"• """'fo'o, not to ho warranted Mio.t nvst, >,s not accepted as nnsonnd- J'lolien wind. ('iitaraet, in any degree. -S:w;s::;;^i''"'''7''"''''oyshonid H%ed , ; r^ '':■" '^f *'- -'^ - it >"ay 1,0 misLn!;:;n!!:i''''"'''''^''''-'"-^''.vsnhsoi„t Cough, as long as it lasts. A horse wi.i i • congh is clearly re(nn,.,hle. '' '''™"'^ UUIK J-AUMiCU.^. STOCK IJOOK. ^.j).s.ases of the organic land, in any of the internal F.u^cy, incipient glaiulers, is mortally conta^iouH •'lul of course unsoundness. ° ' noIi^^noM;'!""'''?^'"'''" '' ''^"''"-^ '-^^^ iichf, or not. if It miiiiifcst y h„s existed w t > i ;;ci'^y a veteriliary^^geo tL horse is returnable. .v .■.urf,eon, tlie Ossificatioi. of any of the structures adjacent to the jo.n^ IS unsoundness, and honco ossi-icati^ o^ biter,!! cartilages will bo considered so, withou; rinniced foot, as evidence of laminitis Quiddiiig. Qiiittor. Kinghones, and sidebones, whether large or sm.j] r,:r'°"'''"^'^^"'«<='-'*° --«'"'- bo^un-' Koaring, whistling, etc., as evidence of contrac ^".>;; "f tbo rima glottidis, and therefore ii terft n ,' with respiration. '""-utring Rni.tures of all kinds. . Sp.avin (hone), although it may not have occa s.o.K.d lameness, if it is clearly tho'diseaso so ,,; . " ^tnnghalt has been decided to ],e unsoundn s (Ibompson ... Patterson. Knglish Law Record. T ck ,,„„, „, ,„,,^^,,^^ ^^^^ impedin^ent to res- ■riii-: i<' ^v It M Kits' sTocic uooic. 10!) Tlirusli, wIk'u it is in one of its scviro forms, and not caused l)y niisiuiuiageimiit. Tliickening of the Imck sinews, or susiiensory li.trn- nient, when existing' to any extent easily iipprtciable, is to be received as a i>roof of iinsoiinducss. lU'CIDKI) Vl( K. Ileturnable viets are coniiirelunded in tiie follow- ing list: Biting, when carried to any uiuisual extent. Uolting or running away, (!rib-biting. Kieliing, when more than usual. Ucstiveness, or refusal to i)roeeed in tlie desired direction. Rearing. Shying, when marked. Weaving in tlio stalde. When a horse is jinrchascd, with the conditions that he is warranted sound, or free from vice, or quiet to ride and drive, the warranty must cither he in writing, or given in the prcsenee of a disin- terested third person. The Wiirraiity is as follows, to l)e properly filled in, and it is hi tier that it should be on the sumo paper as the receipt, tliou;,'h this is not absolutely necessary if it is show) that the receipt is jji'operly given : Date. Kcceived of , fifty pounds for a bay gelding, l)y , warranted years old, sound, free from vice, and quiet to ride and drive. res- KEC'TION IV. — now TO KXA.MrNR A HORSK. Whether the horse undt^r examination is to bo warranted or not, the intending purchaser should never omit to look over every point wheve nnscuuidness is hkely to occur. To do this ctlectnally it should be done regularly, by which there is less chance of pass- ing over any serious defect. The usual mode of proceeding is as follows: Under no circumstances, if it can possibly bo avoided, should the horse bo looked at immediately afterliaviug been out of doors; and it he is of necessity brought to the purchaser, let him be put in the stable and quietly r. sted for one or two Lours at the least, by which time the effects of most of the "coping" tricks will have gone off. Before the horse passes the stable-door, stop him with his head just inside, and iu that position care- fully examine his eyes. The light is exactly suited to this, and the sensibility of the iris may be well judged of. Any specks or opacities are also hero readily seen. Then let him be led to a level surface, and then proceed to look over every part, beginning with that nearest the one alre:uly iiKsjiected, namely, the mouth. Then "cough" him by tightly grasping the larynx, l)y which some idea may be formed of the state of his respiratory organs, after which the usual maneuver with the stick may be practiced if there is no opportunity of examining into his free- dom from roaring in the saddle. When thefo points are satisfactorily disposed of, look to the position of the fore legs, that is, whether they arc turned in or not, and if the latter, feel the elbows, and seo if they are confined or "tied," that is, too close to the ribs; also look for marks of cutting and speedy cutting. Pass the hand down the back sinews and suspensory ligaments, txamine the knees for any marks, and then carefully feel the coronets and heels for any marks of exostosis or ossification. Lastly, take a good look at the front of the foot, and then lifting it inspect the frog, heels and sole. This will complete the front half of the body, after which the form of the middle and loins should ho regarded, and then, lifting the tail, the openness or otherwise of the space round the anus will give some idea of the strength of constitution, while the resistance af- forded by the dock will lie a sign of the muscular .strength of the hack. Then look carefully at tho hocks, examine tho spavin and curb places, and finish the whole by passing the hand down the hind cannon bones to the fetlocks, and feel them in the same order as in theforolegs. Now let the horse rest a minute if his groom will let him, with his head quite at liberty, and you will bo able to judge of his ordinary habit of standing, when uncxcitpd. At the conclusion of this careful examination while at rest, the action must be as minutely investigated, by first having the horse walk with a loose rein, and then trotted in tho same way slowly, when if he is sound he will put his feet down regularly and firmly. Grooms, when they want to conceal defects, will not let the head he loose, nor will they trot slowly, but hurry the horse along with their hands as close as possible to the mouth, so as to prevent any nodding of tho head as much as they can. A voiy good judge will be periiaps able to .select a pleasant saddle or harness hor.se by seeing him thus run, and after- ward ridden, but u far better test is to ride or drive him yom-self, when his freedom from vice or disease i I >.my I... asfcrtuincl, as well as his ,„annors. an.l tlio Oiisc ..f )ns viiriouM i,a(.t..s. No tronl.lc .h.,nl.l 1,„ Bparcd to got this ro„l trial, which is worth ton „cr cent on the purchase nio.u.y. for many a horse which looks to {,'„ well docs not fed so, an.l it is well "■..rth that sum to he saved the trouhlo attending "i;o., the possession of a h.,rso which does not snit When, however, after such a careful exan.ination hy H conipetent jud^e, and subse.p.ent trial in the sad "l ASMS »Ni, ,„K,„ ,„„,;k,„N,. HKCTm.V i. -O.KKKHKNViO ..KTWEKX TUK HOKSK A.N,. ASS IJorscs, Which constitute the j-enus E,,uns of L.nna.„s and are the sole recent representa.ivcs of 1.0 fa ndy l^pn-la.. fall naturally into two sub-genera. /.rs shown by Gray in 182._J.:,uus and Asinus. il>o typical liorses (/•;,/„,,.) are distinijuishrd from l.r asses (.,../„.., ,,, t,„ j„,,,„^.^ ^^ ^^.^,^.^^ ^^ ^^^^ i.'ul legs, as well as upon the fore legs, hy th,.ir ..■oad, rounded hoofs, and by their tail^ begin to throw or long hair from the base, instead of hi": inK these hairs con.ined, as a sort of pencil, to the enntyofthet..il. Up to a recent Uod all the able to the second of these sections-that is, to the sub.genus Asinus known from Equus by the absence ^ arts or callosities on the hind legs, by the con. ti.icted hoofs, and hy the long hairs of the tail being restricted to the extremity of that organ. THE ASS AN-n HIS Il^•.l,^TrV^■S Of this group the best-known s.-ecL;. commonly ailed wild asses and zebras, are (1) the wild ass o'f Upper N„bnwA>»,s. ^../,v,„.s.., probably the origin . of he domestic ass; ,o, t|,e wild ass of Persia alid iM ./... .,,„„„,,, („ t,„ ,,^,„ij,p^ ^^ ^^.,^j ^^^^ the Syrian desert > /■:. Un,,!,,,,,,. ,.. (1) the kian^ or ^^■'^'^''^^"fThihet./.;. /„.,/„„,,,,,(,;„,,„„ J;;' .»«,-./«. cf South Africa; (,), the BurcheU^ebr;; (.. ImrMIn, of Southern and Eastern Africa; (7) the .ebra f P:. ,,./.r„j, of Southern Africa As character of the second snb-genus Asinus as above . vcn. and no recent species of horse referable to the on the earth's surface, except M.edescend^nntsof such ns had been formerly in caplivity. A NKW WILD SI-KOIES. The nearest aj.proach to the domesticated horse found truly wild, was by IVeviUl-^ , ' ntnin from his third gr;iii;:;;S; (^2.:;;: .ronghthackwithhimtoSt.lVtcVsburg^^^^^ t^^^^^^^^^^^ of a new species of .vild horse, which belong ' ome of ,ts characters, at least, to true E^- ' Jb Pr.evalsky's wild horse has warts on its hind le.s <1" true horse. ]5ut the long hairs of the ta .nstead of commencing at the base, do „ be! .' 1 or '^ 77 " '"'•"•''"^'li'^te between the true "rse and the asses. It also differs from typic 1 ivi .us in having a short, erect mane and in hay ,. ho man . falling down over the forehead. Nor has Pr^ovalskys horse anydorsal stripe, which, altlio gl '.y "o means universal, is often found in t lo typS ■orses. and is almost always present in the a its whole general color is of a whitish gray, paler and whiter beneath and reddish on the 1 ead T, J down to the hoofs. It is of small stature, but the logs are very t^.ick and strong, and the head is large and heavy. The ears are smaller than those of E SECTIOV n.- WHAT IS A MII.R^) ant'!!"''; ''''''^y'^r^^^S, in a hybrid between two animals of a genus, but of a different species The produce between the canary and the linilet are" mu mis oT The produce between two ani- •aals of he same species are not mules hut crosses. The produce between animals of ditTereut species are rarely fertile Ti„..ni . ' iin-rcui; tl,„ = ""iiy lertiie. 1 hose between animals of the same species are fertile together. They are properly termed crosses, or yarieties. The produce toe ;; ' "'' ?'I '""" '''''' "^'^ termed' mulat- CROSSES V. HYnniDS. In plants the same rule follows. The crossing of between plants of a given species arc crosses or vari- f ' t \l ■VUl'. h'AU'MKRS' H'lOCJv lUJOIv. Ill 4 cties. Yet following the great law of nature to pre- vent tlie indiscriminiilc- mixing of Hpocics, even vari- eties are loss fertile than those of pure or uncrossed lineage. Ilyhriils of plants are, with very rare exeeptioMH, infertile, and never permanently fertile. Mules arc so riirely capahle of hreedmg, even in warm conntries, that it is looked on as a great euriositv. Varieties and crosses are in fact partially infertile, even iii a species so elosejy related as the black and white race, though the resulting cross may bo more than ordinarily athletic and long-lived. In the case of mules, thry are notably long-lived. Mule linnets live to the age of thirty or forty years, nud the mules of the liorsc kind li.'o to three times the ago of tlie horse. This constitutes, in connection with their docility at labor, the chief exceileneo of mules, and th(> warmer the climate the more valu- able do mules become. SECTION III. ~SI>r.CIAI. HSKS (iV MIII,KS. It is from the fact tiiat mules ai'o strong, muscu- lar, little liable to disease, long-lived and patient at labor, which has made them sought as beasts of bur- den and animals of draft since the days of the patri- archs. Tiiey are especially smooth and easy under the saddle, and anciently were much used for this purpose. Their use is now pretty much confined to the cultivation of the soil, and for use as draft ani- mals on the road and in cities. In time of war as draft animals they arc especi^.lly valued, from the little care necessary in attending them, the ease with which they may be trained, their a.iaptability to coarse fare, and endurance of hardship. It is a peculiarity, however, of the mu'e that tiiey must be taught the precise thing they are intended to do. If changed from their usual work to tliat of another kind thoy are awkward until carefully shown what is expected of them, even though they may have per- formed similar work before. The horse, on the other hand, quickly accommodates himself to the changed conditions, yet never performs woil; that the mule is capable of so trustily as the last named animal. The reason probably is that their higher intelli- gence causes them to bo more cognizant of what is going on about them, and consequentlv thevarc more heedless of their work. The mule] for' instance, once carefully trained to plow corn, follows the row,' seldom stepping on the plants, even in coming about. They may be more easily driven with a single line, or without lires, than horses, and in muny other ways their superiority as drudges is evinced. Tiieir special uses, thorofore, is as draft animals in tj,c country and city. SKCTION IV. — CM.MATKS AUXPTKI) To MlIi.KS. The wild ass is more strictly an intertropical ani- mal than the horse. In domesticity they never ac- climate themselves to cold climates, and if not kept warm in winter become liable to rheumatism ami other disabilities and thus woithless. So with the mule, its working value steatlily decreases as we approach the north, far inside the limits where the horse successfully withstands the rigors of the cli- mate. In cities where mules are warndy clothed in winter, they .stand fairly well; but north of the latitude of K) degrees wo lind the uso of mules in- creasingly small, and as we go south proportionally greater; It is said that the reason is that they will stand the abuse of the negro help better than horses. Tiio real reason is they will work in a summer heat to which the white man and the horse would quickly succumb. On a farm in central Illinois, where some years ago we worked forty mule teams and six teams of horses, the horses would out work the mules in win- ter. In summer the mules would be happy in a heat that distressed the horses. When turned out together in hot weather, the mules would lie down broadside in the sun, while the horses would seek tiie shade. In the winter time we kept tho horses steaddy at work and tho mules were kept loose in warm (juarters, except such as must be worked. These were always kept more warmly cli)thed in the stables than the bor,ses. In summer they were seldom distressed with the heat. Horses often wore. SKCTION v. —now TO UKKKI) Mri.F.S. The successful breeder of mules must therefore pay especial care to the comfort of the animals. Years ago we bred mules near ( hicago. For the reason stated in the preceding section it was un- profitable, except in the sense of getting experience. Hence mule breeding is confined to Missouri, south- ern Ilhnois, Indiana and Ohio, Kentii ky, Tennessee and regions south. In tho breeding oi mules tiiere must be no guess work. As much intelligence and care must bo used as in tho breeding of horses. It should be unnecessary to say that there is never profit in the breeding of mu!, s from undersized jacks and small, inferior marcs. --3« THK KVVItMiCUH' MTOOK I10l>K. *r- A llllKKIlKn's KXl'HIllKNlK. A .sMnthcrn gontlcman wll vcmci' i,, iuul.> rais- lug, writes lis follows iiium raising' iiiiil,.s-. "In tlie fan,o<.8 l.h.o-^Mas. re«io,i, which sprculH over u largo portion <,1' tlio great baain Htyle.l the val- h'y of tl.o Mississij-pi, tho weli-selected jacks and jonmes have been almost natnrnliml. aii.l mnlvt tho ml nence of abiuulant food and a snitablo elimate will, jud.c.ons care and skill in their broodiug. they haw really improved upon o.ir hands since their in- troduction among „s; and tho American imiles 'na.iy of winch may claim high hlood on the side of their dams, will c„n.,,ar.i most favorably with those I'f any other portion of the worl.l. In the mnlo wo I'Hve the size au.l activity of tho horse, combined with the form and hiirdihood of tho ass, while he surpasses both his parents in .smv.footedness and 111 longevity, and has more endurance and .rreiter power of rccujieratioii from fatigue and exhaustion when excessively woike.l. Well-bred mules arc as spirited, and etpia ly active, or even quicker thai- liorses, if perfectly broken. They \vill walk fast, au- ill the draught thoy pull even more steadily. Their mtelligouco is so great that they may bo trained very readily either to the lino or to the word, and many splen.hd. large teams are driven, even over rough ground where there is scarcely any road, perfectly guided by the voice of tho teamster, aided only by tho loud crack of his whip, which thoy understamlas a sound of cncoiiragcnunt ratliiu' than as an intima- tion of impending toiture. SKl.KJ^TKiN (IP TIIK JAfX. ''1.1 breeding, tho selection of tho jack is of the hrs importance. Great improvement has been made in the mule since the introduction of the .Span- •sb jack into this country, which has resulted in giving ns animals that come tomaturity earlier than 1.0 old Maltese stock, besides having more size and better action. In the production of mules the iick should bo from fourteen to fifteen hands hi-li, with a good length of body, depth of chest, and with a round barrel, as in.licatio.is of a good constitution, lie .should have heavy, flat-boned limbs, a Ion.', thin f.tce, with fine, thin mider jaw bones. His ears .should bo carried upnght, and they must not be too thick. The animal should have a sprightly temper and appearance, as those qualities will almost always ho tiiinsmitted to liis progeny. "Tho jack must be f..d wUb 'i v^r-v t-. ti 1..1.1. ,1 \,r.\ to the main- — ^ tenance of the groatoBt physical vigor, so as to pro- '1..C0 an even lot of colts, and to this end ho should I -rely bo allowed to servo more than tiftyi™^^^^^^^^^^ "'7 "" "."i^'""' "f "'■•'-■0 •"o.iths. Ho should bo pro- I V. ..d with such food as will giye him str .^ tot producing fevorishness. Natural exercise. I th the freedom of the grass lot. should always b^ """"■.'■'l- -'■'■" l.raeticabi,.. Animals designeu fo I -ossing with mares should bo kept from ar^ i„t ait idy us less for cross-breeding when allowed con- tuct with their own species. "For the pn.luction of mules, mares should be s looted that have largo, roomy bodies on snort Htrong hmbs. They should have good, spri'd , "•'"I'ors. and. when attainable, tho more tli y iZ "f-ossw.th the thoroughbred Imrse, the befter. j -the mare bo lu season, bacauso mares will often a oh a,, ,„ ,,^,^ ,^^^^^. ,^_^^. _^^ ,_^^__ ^ofto 1 by.' lose, when their natural timi,i;ty would have — them to refuse any .approaches \y the j^i^^^^ bout such preparation. Moreover, it saves the ck fron. an nndue excitement in trying to overcome antipathy w .cli some mares have to tho very sigbt of nm. Mares should bo bred to tl.o ja,ck c,.rly ,n the spr.ng, so that tho colts may liavo .suffi- eient age before winter sets in. Besides, if they are all weaned at tho sr.mo tiino, they will have the ad- vantage of beginning their feeding alike, and they will remain more uniform during the winter." ""''""N Vr.-THKATMK.VTAN-DTrtArNW.}. Mules are timid animals. pos.sessing also a great amount of curiosity in their eompo.sition. Alfection strongly characterizes all their actions; but they possess. xpocuharity unusual in most domestic ani- mals (hat of resenting any injury. F.^.^ ^,^3 ^.^_ cumstanco thoy have received the credit of vicious ncss and stubbornness, which, by a proper study of lie.r characters, and by proper treatment from the l^ogmning, can. in most cases, bo overcome. It is much easier to train up a mule in tho way in which It IS to go, and to fit it for tho i„,rposes for which it IS .nte..ded. than to overcome any bad propensity arising from years of mismanagement. lien co mules are often bought as colts by mi.ldln men c-ll-d feeders, who rear them for .sale. Therefore, upoii the ' ? ^ they 'I'li I : 'AUMi;ws' r, and, after a very fcN'. days, the feeder will be in perfect safety from injiiiy. If during the first siinunor any of the coha should have been taught unruly tricks, eaie iiiii^^t be taken to avoid reeeiviiiK harm from them; aiel before uiuiiy months, if tiiey bo kept iiway from the bad aasocia- tions, tlic tricks will bo forKotieii, Feeders succeed best wlien tlie colts arc collected about the same time, early eii(>iij,'h for them to be- come accustomeil to the change of food IkIoio the setting in of cold weather, and late enough to avoid the great annoyance and injury which young stock suffer from the flies. Tlie period usually considered best fur gathering mules is from the 2()tli to the end of Septembei" When the colts are collected and brought together in this way, they form mutual attachment i which last until they are separated. They should ),.• furnished with good pasture, and sliould be fed with grain once a day, which usually consists of oats, mill feed or green corn. If obliged to con line tlicm when first collected, green corn cut up with the stalks sliouid bo given frequently in small quantities at each time, so as to entice them to eat, and encourage their njjpo- tites. This may he alternated with dry oats or mill feed. A constant supply of pure water is very desir- able; for, though the mule is capable of enduring greater irregularities in feeding and vicissitudes of the weather than the horse, still success in feeding depends upon having food and water convenient and accessible to the stock. When these arrangements are properly provided, the mule is a very light feeder; but he wants a little often, and should be furnished a variety of food, so that he may partake of it ac- cording to his fanoy. Many prefer a wood-lot for wintering their mules, if the ground be firm and dry, and not liable to be- come too muddy. They assert that the multss iire less likely to suffer from colds and coughs, which run into distemper, than when confined to stables or sheds. FKKlilNO, At all times their food should be given in such proportions and of sueii nature as to insure a free puss.ige from liie bowels; for constipation brings on fever, as well as colds and distempers, wiiich is a very prevalent disorder among colts during the lirst winter; heme the importance of taking care to work It off with loosening foc.d. Corn is the great food for all kinds of stock in the west; but young colts require a portion of their food to be of a more digest- ible character, producing more growth of muscle and less fat: therefore, after the grain has be-jome hard and the stalks have dried, tiie colts should be pro- vided with wiieat bran mixed with corn meal, or the riciier kind of ollal from wheat, generally sold by the millers as "middlings;" and for the "nmghnesa," as we term it, give them all the cLau wheat straw or corn fodder they ^viil eat, with an occasional change to clover hay. Colts will consume an average of about six or seven pounds of middlings feed each day through the lirst winter, ff there be a tendency to constipation, unthreslied Hungarian grass, cut when the seed is nearly ripe, is the best food to relievo the dilHculty. A portion of this hay placed where the colts can have easy access to it, insures a good state of the system, and many feeders find it to he invaluable. Salt mixed with ashc3 in equal proportions, should bo placed under shelter, where it can be at all times accessible to the colls, for nature will direct llicm as to (he quantity ai:d periods when it should bo consumed, and if given in this way, it will never be taken in excess. If colts bo stabled, care i-aust he taken to provide clean, dry bedding, and if tlioirfeet become diseased, as is frequently the case, where they arc exposed t . wet, a strong solution of sulphate of copper in vin- egar, applied after .i thorough washing with soap- suds, will almost always effect a speedy cure. This disease must not be neglected, for if it be allowed to continue, the general healtli of the animal will suffer, and its hoofs becoming deformed, the value of the mul'""« it is a ...:,xi,„. t,„u ,,,,„t i, ^,„i„,,, ... .mo..s.savc.li,.th..a,.,o,,,,toffoo,lc.o„s,..,,c.l. »<-.'l0Htl.,,s, f,n,,,.fc..l.l,,,,V.tl.o(Iysoaso,,i,,s,,,-.s| tl.at >t sl.0,.1,1 always l.o oi.tai..c,l if ,,os.sil,lc Hy t .0 iHt of Sept,.„.l.or, yoarli,,,, colts aro very "1". " .0 ivsMcHH. „,„1 if tho enclosures aro not very Koo.. l...yw,llK.co,uol,rcacl,y:it is u.ercforo ij "t that ,,cr,o,l to pm then np for thrir r,...„l,r fall -"•-'.tcrfcodin,. Tho stoi shonh, 1,0 p :./ ; 'JS.-11I otoropc.,.sl.e.lan.lfo,lwi.hwholoco,n,-; .lerp w»lo troughs, which shonl.l l.o four feet across a.i.I c,,H,toon or twcn.y inches .loop. nn.I raise! fn„n tl.e gronn.l so that tl.o si.Jos shall bo thi-eo foot hi.h rho stalks ,..:,y bo throw,, into those troughs",' they con.o f,on. tho /iol.l; or tho fo.l.ler may bo out ..p, an.l n,:.y he continMcl as long as tho st'.lks are soft. After thi., if stableJ, thoy should ho fed with corn from tho sbock, with tho addition of n.ill feed rach day. Besides this, Hungarian grass and wheat straw should at nil times bo kept within their re,icl. for tho sake of providing a variety of food, for tho greatest success depends upon keeping up a ^-ood appetite by constant, regular feeding. During the second summer, if soiling bo prneti- cable ,1 largo amount of food may be saved by adopt- ...K th.s plan, for at this ago mules aro very restless aud ,,neasy, and aro constantly roving about, and tlnis destroy more food than they consume. By giving them a regular food in a good lot which .« sufficiently largo for exercise, they will make a better growth and are less liable to the injuries to which thoy are u,cide,.t who,, running in thopantures. ■ram or n.ill f.od nhould bo provided, ,.t least l.rough that part of the eummer when Hies are troubleson.e if „ot, indeed, ll.nM.ghout tho season; otherwise, they will not consun.o enough lood to koep them in good condition. The second winter the same troat.riont is rennirod '"«." tl.o hrst, but as they are older, corn a:o,?owil '".Hwer for their food, because it is desirable to push I"'... forward for an early market when they have beconio two years old. During this period it is necessary to walch th.ar ^^ot car..fully. b..causo while we are pushing the ""-I 'o an ea,Iy maturity tho lower part of (1.0 ' f ■; f '"' 'I'^'ig'Tod, becauHo its growth is in ev coss of tho wear, and will re.p.ire to be pared „ir. SKCTK.N VII. -TIIAININ,, to I.aiio,,. I'.l.rnakingmulesf„rf,u,„use.itisbesttobogin hen they are coming two years old, and by using '"".at light work during tho third year they will .avoa,]u,ol<1\ 1HM)U. Hi- nIiow iMuro intoUiguucO m huiuo rotipvcU thuii tlio bone. CIIAl'TKU XVI. ■ ■AKAMII'l-^s Ol 'TIIK IIIIIIHI':. SKC'Tlci.N I. -|.|.1KS ANIl Momjl ITDKH. FlicH arc uiiKiiij; tlio imwt (liHtrt'ssiii;,' toiiiit.'nU of itll oiir (Idiiii'Htiu iiiiittiiilH, and of none laoiL' tio thuii tlio liortic. In 111! tho prairiu regions of thu west stock iiiuKt 1)0 fully [iroteiti'il from I'liuin, l)y covi'iins or other moans, an to tlio woriiint,' tcaniH, iiiid past- ures ainst bo jirovided with dark shelter where the stock may retire during.' tho heat of tho day and when tho weather is sultry and dull. K.All FI.IKS. In the oponiuBB luid about groves tho littlo black ear flies, or deer (lies, as they are called, are jjarticu larly annoying,', being especially poisonouH. As a (,'imrd against these the head and neck must be especially protected, since they render active, nervous horses frantic. Tho many preventives said to .vard oil tho attacks of flics and mosrpiitoes wo luive found not practically available. There is but one sensible protection against either biting flies or nios- quiioeH. That is to fully cover tho animal with thin cloihiug. The cost for a team will be repaid in a week's use. The little black house flies which appear late in tho summer are equally distressing as tho earlier ones, and the same means of protection must be U8cd against them. SKI'TUIN n. — SKIN I'AKASITKH, LICK, ETC. It should be unnecessary to write upon lice and all that class of paraeites sometimes infecting animals. They are the result in nine cases out of ten of want of cleanliness and care. It is triio n stable may become infested from strange animals being kept there or from lousy fowls roosting near. Yet this again may bo prevented by care. If a stable becomes infested with poultry lousiness, or with tlie mange insect, it must be tiioroughly cleaned. Take out everything having life ; clean oiitall litter of every kind; thoroughly wash all surfaces and crevices with the dilute carbolic acid of gas works; then close all orilicos tight and fumigate thoroughly with the smoke of burning sulphur or tar; afterward white- wash all surfaces with lime wash, thinned down with the dilute carbolic water of gas works. MAN(iE INSECTS. Mango is produced by a minuto insfict which bur- rows ill the cuticle of tile skill, Tho tent (ur mango iH to scratch tlie mane at the roots, when tlio liomu will stretch out his lieiul mid open his lips in tho enjoymoiit of this relief. The remedy is to thonuighly wash every part of the animal in warm carbolic soap-hiids and thoroughly cloanso tho aninMiI with comb, brush and whisk when dry. Tiini niako the following wash by measure: / Animal glycerine, one part; / creosote, one-half i)art; oil f of turpentine, one part; oil i of jnni[ier, one-half jjiirt. \ It will re(piire about one and one-half iiints to be .; , .,,.,, „ tlioroughly worked into every nmi.i. |iart of tiie horse's coat. Let two clear days elajise Then again wash the animal witii the warm siiap-siids as before directed; kee[) in a warm place until dry, thou again th ii and apply tho wash once more. .\t tho end of two moro days repeat the washing with soaj) sud,), diy and again clean. Tho person who att^'mi-. the animals must not come near tho otliers until fallj disinfected, and every article used about the horses must bo thoroughly cleansed and fumigated, and for the reason that mango is intensely infectious. THE HORSE LOUSE. To rid colts of the liorso louse when found, a decoction of two ounces of stavesacro seed to a quart of water, applied to tho infested parts when cool, will rid them of the vermin; but tho animal must be BO tied that it cannot lick the parts. In ordinary cases two ounces of Hcotch snulT, inti- mately mixed with six ounces of lard, will tFice. Hub the ointment thoroughly into all tho uuected parts. The surest iilan for destroying lice is a decoction of tobacco. It is apt to make the animal very sick if applied thoroughly, but it soon recovers and v/ith- out serious consequences. A tobacco wash may be made by steeping two pounds of rough tobacco in three gallons of hot water for two hours. When cold apply with a sponge so as to thoronglily wot tho skin. If nits are present a second application at the end of two days may be necessary. -9. ir'i h in '5 t i Wc lu c cLssod niaufjc aino,.. the external para- sites. Ihcso iiLscets. us heretofore stato.l, do reullv burrow ,n the cuticle, and one species rather doepU c^ Zff ' "''™"' "Pplieations, as is the suiij insect in sheep. AUOUT ,.:XTK.,NAL J.ARAS.TKS OKNKRALLY. -Ul animals are snl.jcct to lice, and every -enus W pa^.,l„. «,,,,, ,,^,,^ ^^^^ ^,, J^-- nstcts Two, ,/,v.,.^,,,/,.,,„,, ,„^,„. „„^, ,,„,,„„„,„J,. J^ .y,,. burrow on the surface and are nu.re easi y Jestroyed than the specie. .,n;,,u. ,.,,„i. This latter burrows n, the deeper layers. Lice, on the " ! raiy, live on the surface. The true lice infesting he W are the hen louse, the hlood.s„,.,.n " . 1, un.l tlie hen louse approaches nearer to the contagious mange insect than either of the others. liI.N(;-Woli.M. There is another parasite disease of the skin rinjr- wonn cau.sed. not by an insect, but by a Zl (vegetable parasitic growth), which aris.:^ from C care and had feeding. It i. contagious, and^v he found no time should be lost in eradicating There are two forms, the common ring.worm°an d auother which lorms the scab in the center, af^r Tl le nuo' i.as receded. The best means of erad c t;' ''oap, and then to paint tlie part with iodine sKrxiux 1,1.-- ,.,„,,„,, ,„„^,^ ^,,_^ ^^^^_ ^lio ..nly parasite wo know which hatches and matures under the skin is the W. of the hor"; fl>. ommon m England, but rare in this coun^ A gad fly . common m cattle and tlieir wwk „r; duces warb e.«. The ...r„ ),„f,.i,„ , ^ ° „l.i„ , . ■, .; '"^ '-" '"'^ches, burrows under (he Hiwn, umle It grows, living upon the pus forme] t on When (ound s.p.eeze the pa. t stron-lv between be two thumbs. If the breathing hole iX;, " -y -0 enlarged with a lancet or knife blad o that underpressure the larva- will ■. pop ou,." T, e ml i\y IS not largely found in pastures and is more prevalent .south than north. " ' "s moie SK.T.O.V 1V.-,.VTKR>,A., rAliASlTKS. Uic internal parasites of animals, occunvinc the stomach and bowels, are many, but iilstea'^I^ apos,iveinju.y,,beyarenowkm.wn„ottoint.S '^■U. the ammal economy seriously, except they be of he migra ory kind, as trichin,o of swine, liver and 1-1'H.y fluke of sheep, etc.. always dinicult to man age, even by the profes.sed veterinarians. If .uspec d competent advice shou^.! always be sought C the tape- worm, and intestinal worms nnw « ;-ted by the ..rmer when they ocrinZ: hers as to require attention. Hots. This is tiie larva, of an insect which lays its cl^^s ui-on the hairs of the legs and Hanks of 'hL.te rom which they are licked and swallowed T ie v attach themselves to tiie coats of the stomach, .3 "less present in such numbers as to interfere, tb tbe as.similation of food by the horse, they do no jniury. Eubbingtbeeggsofrbyhand.\/^^^^^^^^^^ the hair of the parts is a preventive. Their „resence .s known by the horse turning up his upieh," red and ,ery. Another species of hot fly deposits its e.gs on he hairs of the lips andunderthe jaw. rom whence they drop into the food and are swallowed Animals kept in the stable are not subject toZs unless they have run to grass the previous sumn'er ' cotl "'T '"''1 ""''" '''°''" "'-•'''«■ ""'"li««. "ar- cotics and mineral poisons. When nearly grown tbey may be expelled by giving one drachm of sul I'bate of copper daily for three days. At the end of this time give four drachms of aloes. Repeat both TomT "r "\ "" "" "' " ^^'-'^' 'f -~y. "ring he growing state. When mature they let go tbeir hold of the stomach and pass off naturally. TAl'K-WOlillS. Three species of tape-worm have been found in cits, and also m full-grown horses. Every link o" tbe tape-worm ,s a distinct creature and capable of propagation The eggs are found general-y tl , heces of camne animals. When these are deposite :ois:/:!;T'"^ For a full grown horse pour three quarts of water upon one pound of q„assia chips. When cold strain -Uvide into four .loses for the full grown horse. To a d^sc acid four ounces of turpentine, blended with yolk of egg to cause it to mix, and add one scruple of powdered camphor, (i.ve a dose each day for f""r days. The proportional dose, according o age TiiK i'^V14M.JflltS' Wl'OCIi. UIi.. 117 I 4 Lunibrk'UMorin- testiTial worm Vi iiusul f'izu. of animal, of turpt'iitiuc iinil which will apply to the other ingredients, is as follows; Colt, a foal, two drachms; colt three months old, half an ounce; colt six months, one ounce; colt one year, one ounce and a half; colt two years, two ounces; colt three years. three ounces; colt four years and upwards, four ounces. The small intestines of the horse arc sometimes infested with a largo worm (luuihrici) which some- times enter the stomach. When pre- sent in considerable numbers the horse will be found to rub his nose. The appetite will bo ravenous, and a, whitish exudation will be found at the anus. The best general vermifuge is in the following formula: Siilphate of iron, one drachm; tartar emetic, one drachm; linseed meal, two drachms. Mix, form into a ball with molasses and give a dose morning and even- ing for a week. At tl.c end of that time give at one dose, spirits of turpentine, one ounce"; law lin- seed oil, one pint. If necessary repeat the whole formula at the end of three or four weeks. I'lX-WORMS. The small piu-worms may be ejected in the same way, but they lie so low, often in the last bowel near the anus, that they are better met with injections. The following will be a good injection, to bo repeated every day for a week: Oil of turpentine, two drachms; raw linseed oil, one pint. It will be better to aid the injection with a purgative given ou the fourth day. Form into a ball, with molasses, the following: Sulphate of iron, one ounce; aloes, four ounces. The pin-worm is less than one-fourth the eize of the intestinal worm. CHAPTER XVII. COMMON MISEASK.'S ANI» TKKATMENT. SKCTION I. — -CONTAUIOUS DISEASES. Contagious diseases are those that may be spread by the contact of one infected individual with others. We have already treated of mange, a parasitic infec- tion. The principal contagious diseases to which t!ie horse is liable are glanders, bud or button farcy, charboa or malignant typhus, and strangles or colt distemper. GI.ANDEHS AND FAIICY . Either of the two first, glanders lU' button farcy, once cstabhshed, tho only thing is to kill, bury deeply, and ihoroughly disinfect every portion of the stable, and to burn all clothing. There is no known c\irc, and the disease being communicated to man is more quickly fatal than in the horse. TUK TEST Foa (1L.ANDERS. The sure test for glanders is shown in the opened nostril of the horse, given in tho cut, showing the ulcerous spots on the membrane. The primary discli:irge, early in the disease, is a thin, watery flow from one nostril; later, while retuiuiug its clear appearance, it becomes of greater consistency. Then it cli;inges to bad pus, from suppu- ration. The smell of gliiuders is less pungent than that of gleet, but more sickening, and it is deadly. When the disease Fmry UmiH on insido has progressed as we have of'liiiKii. shown, it soon terminates in general ulceration and death. We have also described the incipient ul- ceration in the nostril. If glanders is suspected, the state veterinarian, if there is one, should be sent for at once. If there is lume appointed send for a thorough veterinarian. Avoid quacks and tlieir cures. 'I'lu'iv is tm run: The same remarks will apply to farcy. CHAliUON — HIH)TTED EEVEU OU MALKiNANT TYPHUS. In its malignant form cluirbon is infectious. It is loathsome and quickly runs its course. Fortunately it is rare in the United States. It is supposed to bo caused by blood poisoning, and usually follows pneu- monia, influenza, catarrhal fever, etc. The form exhibited in cattle, sheep and swine is more serious than in horses and tho disease should bo treated by a competent veterinarian. STRANGLES OR COLT DISTEMPEJi. Ii" its light form strangles is not serious, but yields kindly to good nursing, warm clothing, hot femeuta- tious or iioulticing of tho parts, with, in addition, an oimco of saltpetre in tho water daily. Bather soft but nourishing food should also be given. In its malignant type nursing and supporting the strength of the animal are absolutely necessary to success. TIic Hpoondary Hiatfo of (:Um- aorH. h :ii» II if' If ; Ml Si)'' II 1 ■ i r 118 Oliill^r. " '" "!'' '" I'-'SUlt Hi blood poi.S- to gi-out diffi ITS '^'"r"'-'*-"- -I'l-i ^^«m;ei.«. stock hook. l'illl.l;.lllll„. -imit.v. Xl'iiit.s (,!■ .•a,„,,l„„., . J';''''- Apply this thrco times a day wit]i ' l' , i:i«lit Tailed Jtan,ia«i., P'lrts Wiirm witl. flannel held in ,-I„.a i "" 'iglit tailed bandage IftJ J , ^^ •'"'""' °^ it >-,y bo lanced. Z; .' . n "1 f T ''""^^^ ''*-''^.-o..ed:b;rtij-r! under the skin. But nuless it is I'airiful let it break itself. If the bow eli lire costive re iJievo with injec tions. ((ii,.,. „„ l-»s,o,„„.of,hena„„a«. r^'V'tir,. J. To, -;;-r^f.. temperature of i;S-.::^ '>!■ if then there i. ., t i " ' -^ ''" ^''^'''"• follownag: ""'""'^ '" '^"°f"^'^' give the <'<)(l liver oil, ., lo'line, :'"■""■«• Shake thoroughly in a ,,inf ,f -'^"'"'.'T- before the food UvL aT ,7,"' ""' ''"" , -al.und.how,.o.n.esh^oL;t'n :tlT"'' .. '^"' with Juuar i caustic or apply powdered hiii^i^T^ili^iTl^T^,,,, ferred. the part may bo dressed with the follow^ ^"lid-M-r nu.n.ur3-, 1 anu.,nn. wl^l r"'!'"' ^^'""' -^^ '^ !''-'-■ -"^ apply. .•^'■^7"« "—1:HDKM,C DISEASES. i^pidem.c diseases are those pervadin- a wi i in™":; ::;r'r'"'r" "-'"-"■-- ^° ».«"».»siono,e„,,,,,,a::;;vixr" Mir„ .,., . , • ' ''O'lstipatiou IS rrener TRKATMKNT OP I.WUBNKA " ""»"• "I'"!"" form. b..i,i.. II,. „„, ", ™' most carefid nnrsin.. ,>„7 ^""''' *''^ «^''^>»owiiiborSt:i;r;?r^^';f'*''' your horse. "ei^^ng to if you would save Every horse in the stable or on t).A f- • i- i , to he attacked Tf , 1 1 "'"' '^ ^'al''^ ____2;™^Jfpo8s,blo send for a vetc.inarian. / I ■I'iiiHj i'^VXiMEltW «'r(}(JK HOOK. 110 If not, iivoiil nil depleting incilicinos. Siistiiiu tlio .stivi)j,'ih by ull possible means. If tbc bowels refuse to move, give injections of warm water or linseed oil. Tonics and stimulants are good. A good tonic would be: Ciirl)()iiiit(^ (if iinuuiiuia. 1' oimces. I'owaen'il geiitiioi. L: uuiices. Mix with linseed incal and niolasseu into eiglit balls. Give one night and morning. If the cough is distressing prepare the following: Extract of licllmloinia, .', nunre, rowilcri'd (ipiuni, 'j drui-liiiiH. Powdered eiimiilinr, ;i di'aelims. Powdered licorice, ij cmuces. Molarises, A jiint. Mix thoroughly and smear a spoonful well back on the tongue twice or three times a day with a smooth wooden spatula. A proper anodyne and soothing draught will be coiniiosed of Hweet .spirits of muMinuiu. L" nunces. Solution iieetiite of anniKiuiu. li (iiini'es. Extract lielliidoMKii, .1 di'acluii. To be given in a pint of water as may seem to be needed. t)uly soft, nourishing food should be given, and it will bo a good plan to dissolve half an ounce of salt- petre in a pail of water once a day for drink. If necessary this may bo increased to an -nmcc. To allay the cough, sore throat and catarrh give as a dose, two or three times a day, the following: l'"liiii'. L'O grains. Iodide of iiotassium. 1 draclim. Kwc'et spirits of uitro, 2 ounces. ■\Vater {ATuel. J i,ii,t. If good nursing is given, and the air of me stable is kept pure (free from stable and animal odors), there should be small loss from tho epizootic. Recovery is sometimes slow, and complicated with several local affections. These must be met if tlioy occur. All catarrhal diseases and all colds may become epidemic. As a rule, however, they are local in their character and will bo treated as such. Tho series of cuts show the magnified fungus forms found in the mucus of a horse with influenza. See Figs., 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, page 120. The figures relate to specific conditions not interesting to the general reader. SUCTION HI (iENICliAL DISKASES. We propose only to designate some diseases of which horse owners can understand the symptoms, and carry the animal through to a peiuumcnt cure. Wo place pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs first, and for the reason that simple cases may be treated; but in this, and indeed every serious disease, a V(ter- marian should be consulted if theie is a competent one near. I^•l■•|.A^tMATION OF TUK I.UNOS. Whatever may be the cause of inflammation of the lungs, or pneumonia, hard driving and a sudden chill after, or any of the various causes that produce it, congestion is followed by inflammation. The disease must be promptly met. The earlier symptoms are rapid pulse, seventy or eighty beats per miimte, tem- perature high, l(i;-J to 101 or more degrees, according to tho violence of the attack. The breathing is not rapid at first, but as tho disease progresses it increases in rapidity. A sure sign of pneumonia is detected by applying the car behind tho shoulder (called aus- cultation). Healthy lungs give a soft, murmuring sound. In pneumonia there will bo a fine crackling sound, like the indistinct rustling of silk. So also when tho disease has progressed so as to more or less fill tho lungs, instead of tho resonant sound heard in health, upon tapping the chest with tho back of tho hand the sound will be dull. Those are sure signs of pneumonia. Professor Williams has given such careful rules of action in pneumonia that wo reproduce them. They are as follows; Place tho animal in a well ventilated loose box, but where tho air is not too cold. Clothe and wrap the body, extremities and head in suitable, but not too heavy cloths. Give it as much water as it will drink, adding to tlio water, if there is much f(;ver, about an ounce of nitre or 21) or 81) dropi of tincture of aconite to the bucket fuU. If the bowels are bound, loosen them by injections of oil or warm water. If there is much weakness, give two drachms each of carbonate of ammonia and camphor, in the form of a ball, twice daily. Let tiio food be simple, laxative, cooling and nu- tritious, as bran, boiled linseed meal, good hay, or cooked carrots or turnips. If moderate diarrhoja or profuse staling come on they are on no account to bo checked, as this is an elfort of nature to throw off the disease. It there is great exhaustion, moderate doses of whisky may bo given, but therfi is no use of pushing them, unless their good elTects are soon seen. i ■•.I i 'fl p ■r,sr ! 'rHj.; i-'^viiMKiis' srociv hook.. 121 (A gill of whisky in a jiint of wiitor is ii uiodcrate ilose, to bo incrwiscd to liitlf a jnut if iieccssiiry.) To rtiJiico fcbi-ilo symptoms in the curly stage of the disease, the following will be indicated, 'repeating every two hours until the fever abates: Sweet sjiirits of nitre, 1 o/,. Solution of uuetute of aninionia, •; oz. Euin water, i; ,,^ Later, if there is a strong pulse and great oppres- sion of the lungs, give every two hours, commencing with the least dose, twenty to thirty drops of tincture of aconite in water; or, give one or two drachms of tincture of veratrum in water every two hours. But as soon as their depressing influences iiro noticed in the pulse, sweats, trembling and anxious eye, dis- continue at once. COUdllS, COLDS, CATAHRIIS, SORE TUHOAT, ETC. All this class of diseases are rcHoved by good nursing and simple remedies. A cough is one of the attendants of uV aflections of the throat and lungs and should be treated accordingly. A cold in the head is catarrh. The symptoms are sneezing, running at the nose and eyes, with redness of the eyes and lining membrane of the nose. There is slight fever, weakness and dullness. The dis- charge is tiiin and colorless at first, but later becomes yellow. Ill the chronic stage the discharge becomes oflensivo. The remedy is to place the animal in a well ventilated stable, and keep warmly clothed in winter, and in summer free from irritation by flies. Give an ounce daily of saltpetre dissolved in the drinking water. Good nursing will generally effect a cure. As an assistant the following will be useful. Extract of la'lladouDa, 1 ilraelira. I'dwdered eamplior, 1 dnieliin. Mix and make into a ball n'ld give twice a day if necessary. If the -cr runs high give, in half a pint of gruel. Spirits of annuonia, Ether, - drachms. 2 drachms. These remedies should be given each night and morning according to the symptoms. If there is a sore throat, it may bo fomented with warm water, or apply a bread and milk poultice with a little mus- tard added. Fjr the discharge inject into the parts daily, for three or four days, of the following: Sulphate of zinc, 2 drachms. Tepid « ater, -1 pint.s. As the symptoms abate, to improve the appetite, make into eight ballw with linseed meal, and give one ball night and morning of Carbonate of annuonia. 2 oz. (ientian, jiowchu'ed, 'J oz. The injection recommended will be proper also in cases of nasal gleet. JiUON'CIIITIS OH CUno.VIC COUCH. The cough is at first dry and ringing, but later hoarse and loud. The animal is dull and listless, often with high pulse. There is thirst, the head i.s carried low and a ropy mucus drops from the mouth. As a rule the bowels are constipated and the urine high colored. When the disease is likely to prove fatal the breathing increases rapidly, j, bloody froth runs from the mouth, and the animal dies in convul- sions.' Sustain the animal's condition with good care, nursing and soft, nutritious food, so long as he can take it. While the cough remains ringing, give a full dose of opium, or preferably, say, one half drachm, repeated evei-y four hours until four doses have been given. Later, to soothe and relieve the cough, give three times a day the following dose, made into a ball with linseed meal: Carbonate of ammonia, 1 drachm. I'owidered eaniplior, I " Extract of belladonna, 1 " Allay fever with half ounce doses of nitre in the water once or twice daily, or use sweet spirits of nitre in the water, say, two ounces, twice or three times a day. Relievo costiveness by injections of linseed oil, or tepid soap-suds. CHRONIC COUOH. As an external remedy, to be rubbed on the throat and windpipe once in ten days, use the following: Crotim oil, 1,5 to 20 drops. Glycerine, 1 oz. Sometimes a chronic cough is relieved by a blister on the chest. A fly blister, however, is not the best in this case; use the following: Croton oil, 1 drachm. Sulphuric ether. 10 drachms. Alcohol, 10 " .Vpply with light friction, so that it fairly enters tho skin. A chronic couglj is sometimes diffKult to deal v?ith. Hence we give a number of formulas; if one fails another may reach the desired end. Prof. 12-2 II- III William's DfiiHcriiiti,,,, ;,, to tl,obr.;s;;r: ''■'"'"'' "'^''■'•^'-^^ li;n.N.i..,.,.i,l ,lii,„„, .„,„,,,^^^_ ' ' ' J HZ. Hl-i'lirlMilmlr nf n,m|,i, 1 ,,;, ^^'"'''''' I 1 I '• -t ■\ a,.„„.l .sol„(,o„ ,„ dJay the violc.,co :; «)Mgli, ,)n.,mro ll,o l'.,]lov,i.,fr: N'ili'i'. , , 1,,,,, I , ' ■•""""<•■• full „„■....'■;;:::;;:;:;:■ '""""•""' AnoU.er Ko,„l wiximo for ehroi.ic cough i«. i;mv,(..,,,,(,,., ,„„, 1. „,,„,„„_ iM.".'tl„.|la,l„„„„, lar:u-Uin. ""i'i't.si.int.siii(iv. •>,,;, <'.-;... a pi.t or .•oM^nu.ls..v.™,,ii,.,„ ,..,„,. '^•IXK i<'^ieAiJCK«, s-ro.K J.,,.,K. <'"i'l'oim(oof„„in„„iia. rowiicivd caiiii)!!,,,-, Kxlract on„.|i,„|„„;,„_ ■^J'-^ «itl, ,„.)!asN,..s a,„l ]„v '■iii^'iii.liviiii '.inn, to tin,,,' Or take: 1 I ili'acliiii. lIlVU-lllll. ' 'F^H^ion of the co.tntonauco foot and is ..xcitoii . ' ^ '""""'^ ''""'I'^ ^"s I>oW(]eiv,lel,l„n,te„f ]„„,„), ''""'''■'■'■ilKUaiacuiii, ^lolassesi, -Mi-x.i.ial lay .some of it several tim. '<'>'KiUMv,tUH«,„„l..,i .spatula, tf the animal can swallow, and is feverish ^iv, -pcaung three or four times a day, the fZwn"*"' l>ow,lere.l ipecac, , .„,,el„n. •Solution of acetate of aiii- uioiiia, . Mi.xinaiiintofeol.lliii.see.lte-i t^I. animal, atid changed tlircc tiu.es a da/atW rhofood, when the animaHvill eat, shouW be 2^ft nml succulent. Koaring, ^vhistling, and vlri 1 c. rente comi,Iication.s ari.e from a rv, lit c'lironic, tlio difficulty n„,.st he nut Iv n H.f -ansonly A..efulemhrocattont''n' r to be rubbed in daily, is.- °'"' Oil of tiirpiMitiue, ^"'"'i'l'iiif liiiiuionia, Olive oil, -n , ^-t.oroug.y,,,s,jsrufir- ^A^iedicne to be laia on the tongue seveiul times Tincture of luyrrli, ., ,^.^ <'aiiii)lior mixture, 7 " Honey. l"''- ■ .'^tirailtl,oroughl,vtof..etl,er. ™" ^ 4* •\ •vii !•; 'A It M i;itH • TOciv llooiv. l'j;i HKAVES, BnOKEN WIND oil ASTHMA. This is producuil hy biul food, chronic iiuligcstiou !iml a variety of other cimses. Clironic, it is incurii- lili', 1111(1 tlio nnimal must bo jiut only to slow, light work. Tiic treatment must lie iialliative. It is caused hy the rnpture of the small cells of the lnngn. Mild, recent cases may be cured by turning to grass where the animal has access to the rosin weed or comjiass jilant or other resinous weeds of the iiiai- ries. Dr. Law has been successful in the treatment of this disease w ith the following; jireparatioii : Fowler's sohitiiiii of iirsriiic. 1 ,,/. Extnict of liflluiloiiiiu, I (li-iiclini. Tincture or •,'iiiKi.r, \ dniclini. Us(' as a clrciicli. mixed in u jiint of water, daily, I'or OIK! or two luoiitliH. liO.VUINO, Tilll'K WIND, WIIISTI.INO. These are all iucurable, being the result of other diseases. Thick wind may bo improved liy giving a liall of the following once a day before feeding: Towdered nitre, 1 dniclini. Powdered oiiiniii. ] d:-ui'liiii. Powdered ciiiiiiilKir, 1 dracliiii. Make into a Imll with molasses and linseed meal. The veterinary surgeon would treat many cases successfully, where the animal would pay the cost. LOCAL INFLAMMATION- 1\ AND AROUND TIIK MOUTH. Dr, Tcllor, iu "Diseases of Live Stock," has grouped and presented the following facts and treat- ment for various disabilities of a local nature: "The general symptoms which indicate that a horse has some painful swelhng in the mouth are a champ- ing of the jaws, ii return of his food to the manger without swallowing it, and a loss of condition in con- .sequence. Ho is restless and uneasy, and sometimes there is a dribbling of saliva from the mouth. "The principal forms of these inflammations, with their jiroper names and treatment, are as follows: — "lampass. "An active inflammation of the ridges or fleshy bars in the roof of the mouth, generally occurring in ft young horse while shedding his teeth ; sometimes occurring in older ones from overfeeding. "The 'bars' swell so much that, sometimes they project below the level of the nippers, and are so tender that all hard and drv food is refused. W^0' "The proper treatment ia to scarify the bars with a shari) lancet; and should tiiis not reduce the swell- ings promptly, they should bo touched with the stick of nitrate of silver, or swabbed with a strong solution every diiy until they disappear. In this connection we here take occasion to impress upon horse owners never to allow burning of the mouth of the horse with the liit iron, for lampass or aiiyinllamiiiatiou of the surfaces. It is brutal and practiced only by ThoBarlmrous Practice of Imm- ignorant quacks, or hy in.,' the Mmiili fcr l.anipors, persons misinformed of the true nature of the alTec- tion. Common sense will show to intelligent men that simple inflammation of the bars of the mouth, often produced from teething, or Jocnl causes con- nected with the teeth, is not assisted by the barbar- ous practice as shown in the cut. "^^VEs. "These are chronic enlargements of the glands of the lower jaw, encroaching on the cavity of the mouth. They are hable to become tender and to discharge in the mouth. "The treatment is by applying to the skin over where the swelling can be felt, an ointment of bin- iodide of mercury, one drachm of the liiniodido to the ounce of lard, repeated daily until a free secre- tion from the skin is established. This will nearly always disperse them. Or they may bo painted with tincture of iodine ; or a tartar emetic ointment may be used, as: — Tartar einotie, 2 draplims, Olive oil, 1 drachm. Lard, ] „;,. Hub together the tartar emetic and oil until smooth, then add the lard. For a pu,stulatiiig ointment! "bAUHS and PAI'S. "By these and other names are known the swell- ings caused by obstructions (if the ducts of tlie sah- vary glands. Their position indicates their origin. "The treatment is by an incision over the swebing with a sharp pointed knife, or by holding a pencil o nitrate of silver against it every day for a moment or two. The horse should have a moderate dose of a laxative medicine (three or four drachms of aloes), and his food be changed for a time. i u llfl ^MJ^ i.'.VliMiOU«. H-POCK iM.c.K. '''''■■'*'"■•" AND 11LKKI>I.\(1 (ifJiH I" yoiuis ...Hi scrofulous, a.ul in quit.. ol,l l.orscs ' 'H,.ot unusual to find tho,.„„.s « J„cn, u„.l to2 ^-^-of.s,on.vHn.I,.,oHin,ca.],. S„„,, .^ i«.ivo US, ally wi.,0 spaces betwocn tho trc.l,. whid, '''•oo...ultohofullof,,a..tly.locomposcaf.K!:i. As tl,o act (,f mastication is painful, tlio animal lorforuis U nuperfoctly. which becoua-s i.sil.ioT, i ' : 1"« '1 ..ig, which will consist in part of half .lj.'c.ste.l food. The breath is unploasa. t nd si!^ of nidiKostion are present. " reZ'V"''"''' ^"'""^ '"■'"•''''" "-^^<="' «l.onld he I'lc pint). A sjioonful of the following shonM tiien be smeared on and around the t.eth : ^ l'"w,l,.r,.,U.hlorato„f potash, 2 ,lru,.|,ms Jfi'.ley or mulusse.s, ",v/ Mix. ~ "''• _Tho space between the teeth can then bo filial with gutta percha tilling. '"^'^ i. 'Z^"'"'!!T'"'' "' ^''^ "^'^ ''"'«<=«. tl»s condition tC 'S™'.°°^y 1.0 alleviated by cleansin-- the ricir ^'^"^ '-'' ''°' "^ - -% ^'seitib;: "nECAVED TEETH. 1- lUIII ,„ ,„1,„„ „,,!,„„ l,y .„„f,l,,|.„ . ,,, . ™i«*l::, :';;.= ».».., ..,r„.„ J- P^ce of a black spot upon it. ^ «. Wmrp pain when the tooti, is .smartly rapped - A fetul. sometimes excessively foul breath r>.»OHr.EH.S „E THE TEETH. m the teeth properly is a delicate task; and if done improperly the result is worse than remo v"l " llie chief objection to extraction is tl,.,t fi,„ TOOTH ColUill. Horses at four years old arc very subject to a dis- cssm. paroxysmal cough. The anim. 1 wi 1 some The ,,ound of tho cough is loud, sonorous ana'pro': mout?!' eT'"r °^ ""' '°''^^ " '"^ i™"»tion of tho t. King last in the row. and the replacement le -^t."^g:s::;d;- h hculty in chewmg the food properly, and the i,. tation It consequently causes. ''Treatment consists largely in dieting; hav not "^-SinT'^'r—- ^'---th^ho wawicd in some cooling mixtme, as: Borax, ,ral,nn,i,,«v,l,.,v,l, i „z. Water, if 'thoT'?'''' " T^'"'^' l^ative should be given bicarbonate of soda, say one ounce, in the wate" ' I.VPI.A.M,IAT,0. OK THE BOWELS ANr. COLIC. It 13 necessary to present these diseases together •since the symptoms of one must in no event hfth!' ^r another IJ-ese have both bcei^^IirtSh: gently by Stonehen"o in " Tl,« ir • ., '" .«H.,U,„,„„ „, „,, ,„„,,._,„,„,„_, ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ITIS. There are two divisions of the abdominal serou- -c. one of which lines tho walls of tho a t^rd I'e other covers tlie viscera which lie in f t li.unanmod.c,ne, when the former is inthm d th - But though ,n theory this distinction is made " ''""^"° -^ '^ ^"""d tl'at the one seldom e^s ^ i 1 I t 'J'HI-; l''^V K M KU.M' t-l-r witliout tlio other bciiif,' (lovel()i)eow"; "leneli .slioiild bo trivcn ovow uU- i .-,, . .,*„ 1-1 , b""-" tvny SIX hours till it onor- ■;tos.^wlneh sbouh, be hasteued by injections of ZL eusc, so as to eoi„„ar<. the two together. <'OI,|<'. i rmu- ,„■ Uusee,! oil, , j,.„^ ivllllilll,);i||,, ,, If thoiirst bleeding does not give rdief 'r;,^ or U'A\t hours It n,„st be repeated to the extent of three ;' -rqn,.ts. a,,datthesanaoti,,,oeolhm. '''•«ter nmy be rubbed into the skin of the ,ll -Uinun,gU,efo.„entations,atsh:"^ '3;; at part, which will hasten its operation Tl', hould be co„f,ned to thin gruel or bran mashs ad Anoi;T ulekoi.vo. la tl,is eonnection we w,sh to impress the advice : ' ^""^ *'"^ i'tirpo.su ,t will i),. of ^"^'"•^'^'f'^'^'' *''«'■'■■ i««l"tsn, „f the .nuscnlareoat of the ,ntest,nos, generally ..on.i„,.d to the Cc ;;;;;,::"; ^'-"- --- "-^ bee,, g- :.'^: iiiUeient f,„„,s, such as the fret the .-,■;, -He colic. ...ulentcohc. etc!:;!;; t.^:i,X I'o above feature, and are only n,odilic,ftio„s , i ' l.end,,,g ,.,., u.e ca,,so wi,ich h,.s prorce ' -l.asn,od,ccohc, the bowels are ,,ot\,n,^.^^^,^^^^^^ ''"^tended, but .„ tlatulenfc colic their diste,' ! .;b bnngs on the spasm, the n.uscular lib: i " stictched to so gre,U a„ extent as to cause then, to contract irregularly and with a ,„„rbid c , Sometimes when the bowels are very costive r ' >n ..ses .bhshed as an elTort of .nUure t ;, re chsodgmentof the impacted f,ecal .nattcL , thus a tlnrd cause of the disease is discovered T 1 xact nature and cause are always to be a ertained ro,n t history of the case and its svm 1 , ^ . - th treafnent will especially be conduced w V. n to .t removal of the cause, they are of the li , St nnportance. The sympto,us i,..,!! cases li by wi, chit may bo dist,nguished from , [ described disease, ar,. as follows: I,, botl ,J,1 panj IS nianifested by stamping, looki ,. , Juiks. .u,d rolling; b,it in entor.tis the pail, icon tan . while n. colic there n. intervals of .^ . Xn horse see,,,s quite easy, and often begins to Id I" both the poor animal strikes at -lis bellv; but i vlalein the latter (colic) he will often brii„, the b 00.1 by h,s desperate efforts to get rid of his nn ance. In enteritis tho belly is hot and exouis tl colt't.ri ""'/""'"' ^'""-^ "^y -'-••' <^ ease of coh may be distinguished from inflammation of t b„,vels but beyond this it is necessarv to i„ve t .a to wh„ther it is pure spasmodic colic, or prodi'd by flatulence, or by an obstruction in the bowel In spasmodic colic all the above symptoms are men, andiftheh.story of the case is gone into, it •I'HI': 1''' M MRS' MlOCli IK KIK. I: will bo found tlwt after coiiiiiig in laiitcil tliu horse has luicii allowfd lu drink cold water, ur Iiuh lieen fxiioscd ill nil exhausted stiito to a druiii^lit of iiir. In lliitiilent colic the abdomen is cnonnousiy dis- teiided; the attack is not ho sudden, and the pain ks not HO intense, being rather to bo considered, in the uvera!,'e of easen, as a liit,'h decree of nieasiness, occasionally amountint,' to a sliarj) piinj,', than h'iving the idea of agony. In aggravated attacks the dis- tension is HO enormous as to leave no doubt of the nature of the c;ii:iting cause. Here also the spasins are often brought on by_ drinking cold water while the horse is in a heated and exhausted .state. Where there is a, stoppage in the bowels to cause tlie spasm, on qu stioningtho groom, it will be fouml that the dung for some ilays has been liard and in small lumps, with occasional patches of mucus upon it. Ill other respects there is little to distinguish this variety from the last. The treatment must in all cases bo conducted on a totally ditfercut I'lau to that necessary when inflam- mation is present. HIeoding will be of uo avail, at all events in the early stages, and before the diseas(! has gone on, as it sometimes will, into an inilamma tory condition. On the other hand, stimulating drugs, which would bo fatal in enteritis, will here generally succeed in causing a return of healthy mus- cular action, Tlio disease is indeed similar in its essewtial features to cramp in the muscles of the human leg or arm, the only difference being that it does not as speedily disappear, because it is impos- sible to get at the muscular coat of the intestines, and apply the stimulus of friction. As soon as a case is clearly made out to bo of a spasmodic nature, one or other of the following drenclies should bo given, the choici' being made in proportion to tlio iotensity of the symptoms: I. Suli)liurie etlier. I omiee. Lauilanuiu, 'j iiunces. r'oiii|iounil ileciic'tiim lit' aloes, r> imiices. Jlix anil ^ive cvci-,- liall' limir ipitil relict is all'orili'il. 2. Spirit <>t turpi'iiliiii'. l ounces. Ijinsci'il oil, \'2 ouiice.s. Laiiiliiiium, IVoniice. Mix anil {,'iviM'vi'i-y lioui-uiitil th" pain cease's. '.i. .\roiimti(! spirit of aiumoiiia, UdMuce. Laiidumini, '2 uunees. Tiiu'turr i,r KiiiKi'i'. l.j (miu-c. Hot ale, 1 (juait. Mix and Kivi' i'\ crv hour. Murk oC I'lmctnrnlii I'l itii- lailt Cnlll'. Hot water slioiiKl also lo a|)plie(l to the abdonun, as described under the head of enteritis, and if an enema pump is at hand large quantities of water, at a temperature! of lOD' Fahrenheit, should be injected /"»■ !(//»///, until in fact the bowel will hold no more without a dangerous amount of force. In llatuloiit colic the sanu.' remedies may be employed, but the turpentine mixture is here e.-qieci- ally benclicial. Tiio use of warm water injectious will often bring away largo volumes of wind, which at once affords reiief, and the attack is cured. Some- times, however, the disten- sion goes Ml increasing, and the only clmnec of re- covery consists in a iiitnc- tiirc of the en uim, as it lies high in the right Hank, where, according to French veterinary writers, it may often be opened when greatly distended, without dividing the setmis covering. Tlu! operation, however, should only he performed by an experienced hand, as it is one of great danger, and a knowledge of the anatomy of the parts concerned is required to select the most aviilable situation. The point of puncture is indi- ated in the cut at the top of the patch (c(don). If necessary to a.gain puncture, it should not be at the formeropening. The trcatniont of ii .paction must bo completely a jitisli'riori (by injections), for all anterior proeeedings with aperient medicines will only aggravate the spasms. Injection of gallons of warm water, or of gruel containing a quart of castor oil and half a pin t of spirit of turpentine, will sometimes .iueeecd in producing a passage, and at tho same time the spasm may be relieved by the exhiliition at the mouth of one ounce of laudanum and the same quantity of sulphuric ether. If there is any tenderness of the abdomen, or the pulse has a tendency to quicken, it will bo better to resort to bleeding, which alone will sometimes cause the peristaltic action to bo restored in a healthy manner. The case, however, requires great patience and judgment, and as no great giod can be elTected, it is highly necessary to avoid doing harm, which imu liavdly be avoided if the renuidie.s employed are not at ouco successful. [I^xcept in the most extreme cases bleeding should not bo l^iH ■111 I'. 1' A iv- M i.:i{M' '< »< • \i lie )< ) K . rcHottfd 1(1 excel)!, by iiiiviee of a coiiii.eteiit veteri- nnriiiii. i:ri, When (he urgent syiiiijtonis (if eohc in uny (if IIh foniiH arc relieved, ^reat eare must ho exercised that a relaj.so (hies luit take jdnce from the use of imjiroper f'Mid. Tho water shouhl hiivo tho cliill taken otl, and a warm hran niasli given, containiii^' in it half a feed of hriiiscd oats, Ndlhini,' Imt these at inddenitu intervals, in the shape of fudd or drink, Khoidd he allowed for a day or two, and then tlie horse may ^'radnally re turn to his customary treat- ment, avdidin-, (if course, everylhinj,' which may apiiear to have coutribntcd to tho development of colic. To still further exhibit tlio importance of dis- tiuguishin;,' the symptoms as hetwecniiillMiiihialioii (if thehdwels and colic we give the following tabulation ffdin a competoMt Knglish authority: SYMPTOMS dl- ((irilC. Sudden in its attack. I'ulso rarely much (]uickoned in tho early part of the disease, but evidently fuller. Legs and ears of tho natural temperature. Ttelief obtained from rubbing the belly. lteli(f (ibtiiiiied from motion. Intervals df rest. Htreugth scarcely allected. SYMPTOMS ill- INKI.AMMATIdS or Till-; lldWl:r,S. firadual in its approach, witn irevi(iu.s indications j of fever. ! Tulso very much (piickeucd, but small, and ,iften scarcely to be felt. Legs and ears Kikl. Belly exceedingly tender, and painful to the touch. Motion evidently increases jiain. Constant jiaio. llapid and great weakness. SeiiATCIIKS, WKKD, (iliKASE. These are names given to denote indamtnation of the absorbent vessels, known among veterinarians as lymphangitis. When tho inflanuniition of the lym- phatics, extending to the cellular tissue, becomes clironic, it produces jiermanent ((Tusion and swelling of the limb: sometimes tho su.lling extends from the hoof to tho body, and in some cases the consti- tution is seriously impaired. The nostrils are di- latP". sweut rolls from tho body, aiiscesses form, break internally and run along the skin. Li less advanced stages tho swollen limb is favored and held from tho ground, and tliii inner surface is fduiid swdlhn. There is heat, and tenderness to the touch, and often tho glands will be greatly raised, swollen and lumpy. Simide scratciies or cracked heels may lead on to this, lleiice tho time to combat the disease is in tho early stages of the malady. For cracked heels, if bad, tho animal must rest, at all events till tho parts aro improved. When slight, always wash (hem WJIk/i with tepid water and mild soap, upon tho animal's return to the stable; dry (hem (hdrouglilv with soft cloth; thendampdi them with tho following: Animal glycerine. Half a pint. Cliliiriile (if zinc. 'J iliaelniis. Strong sdlutidu of oak liai'k, 1 piiit. Dissdive tlui zinc in water, mix. iiMil use threi^ times a (la.v. Should sloughing and ulceration have commenced, forbear all exercise; allow rest in the stable; give a few bran mashes, a little cut grass or similar food to open the bowels; but do not take tho horse out, oven for exercise. Ulceration is too irritable and painful and necessitates inaction for its relief. Apply the following to tho heels: luil Htllto (ifdl'lipcH. Hlidwitiu (Irupc'* or lldlrvMniiK^lit'H. 2oz. i oz, •'I O!!, 2oz. ioZ. ii oz. Aniniiil ^jlveeriue. l'criiiuiiL;auate of |idtasli. Water. Mix, aijil ii|.|il.v six limes daily. Or the fulinwing; Pliospluiriu acid, Creosote, Water. Mix, and apply six (ir seven times a day. Upon tho ulceration being arrested, tho last pre- scriptions may bo discarded, and tho first recipe re- sorted to; with these, however, it is always well to attend to the constituti(m. A drink, each day, com- posed of liquor arsenicalis, lialf an duiuo; tincture of the muriate of iron, one ounce; water half a jiiiit, should ho given every night. This is upon tho authority of ilayhew, and is among the best. I'.ven np(m tho slightest attack of groa.so or scratches, the constitutional habit of the horse must be attended to. The form shotiid be of such a nature as to keep tho bowels somewhat loose. Bran mashes, roots, boiled II mn Mm^jimkmKJ'if^ > ■ilil'i I'AUMK.UH srcKl. HOOK. I'i'.t f,KHl, anil fri?sli, Krccn urann will be inilii'Mid. It lUiiy l)u iiuccHHivry even to wivo a inoatratti imr(,'n- tivo. If HO, fouf ilrai'lmia of pDWili'ird alors iiiul one drachm of ciiloiml may 1»' UHitl, to be mixed with inolasHes and linseed meal to form a Imll, and wiven as one dose. If tliere in a de.ided ebill of Uie body, the following will bo a good htinndunt ; (iivo one and up to two onncea of tincture of arnica, an the case may scorn to demand, in a pint of tepid water, UKl'n)K.I) (iUl'.AHK. In the moro serious stafe'cs, it may bo ncccsHary to j;ivo a tonic and alterative Ukc tlie fnllowiiiR: Lliiuor uvscniiMilis, 1 o/. Tiui'ture of niiiiiatc of iron, 1 !, «■/.. porter or iilc, I 'I'lart. Mix. anil K'^i' 'ii'i'-liall'at iiinlit, anil llic -.mI wire, rial in the world. The edges are then to be brought together by interrupted sutures, taking caro^not to include tho hair between the edges of the wound, for that would cITectually prevent union. Nothing more is needed but to secure tho animal so that he^cau not get at it. If he is to be kept in the stable, without exercise, for any length of time, he had better bo put on half diet. Pure air will not hurt him. foNTlHKP WOUNDS. Contused wounds are generally occasioned by rilK I'.VKMKliS' STOCK HOOK. hooks, or some blnnt body connected witl. tho hai- JK'ss or vehicle.. Tla.y .^eiwraUy ]oavo a gam„. wound with bruised edjres. We have o„lv to ro! member that nature possesses the j.ower of repairing .njnnes of tins kind_of tilling „p ,,0 par s and covenng them ..th new skin ; all we have t!, do is, to attend to ho general health of the animal, and k^.e,, the wound ni a healthy eondition. A usual appliea"- tion and a good one, is tho compound tincture of myrrh. If ,he parts assume an unhealthy aspect, a charcoal poult.ce wzll rectify that. If such cL not I'o apphed, owH>g to the situation of the ,vound, dress It with pyrohgneous acid. LACKUATEI) WOITNDS. Lacerated wounds are generally in tho fo.m of a rent rather than cut. inflicted by the calkmg of u shoe tearing oif the integuments and subcellular tissue, leaving a sort of triangular llap. In these onres wo generally employ sutures, and treat them me same as incised wounds. PUNCTUHKD W0l;>fns hody, as a nail m the foot, point of a fork, or splinter *t- UiUnterrupteil .Suture. Suture N',.(.,i|p Of wood. These arc the most dangerous kinds of '".d locked-jaw. In the treatment of puncture wounds, first e.xamioe by probe or other is ,1 I i^mcve any foreign body that may be present m ' then poultice with llax seed, into which 'stir ^mU , quantity of fir balsam. *■■ small PIVCTfRE OF Tlrii FOOT I la puncture of the foot by „ail, iu.,teaa of plaster- ' "'V;/"*'' •■■"■• -''f'-cing a tent into the o,S i '"-I then covering the sole with letuher. as nn ": ' persons tire wont to do. h.tve the shoe taken off the foot wtisheddetm. and a moderately warm ;ou^ t CO applied, tind renew dtiily. until the suppunxtive ■stage oommencos. Tlitit once established ve may consider he animal safe; for many men. as wel^^ annmils. have lost their lives from the a sorp" , Tf INJURY TO THE DO.VK. When a bone is injured by the point of a nail, or oi„. the cure is rather tedious; the prin:arv metu.s however, are the same. The poultices ,„,.> be f:;.' lo^^ed by astringent injecti.ms, as alum wtiter, etc ' cid"trbe";r"''°'r 'r' '^^ "^•^ p>-'i^'"-us acid to be thrown into tho wound bv means of a small syringe. If extensive disease of 'tho bono sets in, the services of a veterinary surgeon will be re- quired A very profuse or unhe.ilthy dischttrge from a jMinctured w^und must be met by eonstirution" remedies. Sulphur and sassafras, to the timount of of th.ee or four doses, will arrest the morbid pho- nomenon The local remedy in ,dl eases of 'this kind ,s diluted acetic or pyrolignoous acid. PENETP.ATINti WOf.NDS Penetrating wounds are inflicted by the horns of cattle stakes shafts, etc.. and have to be trotitod according to the nature of tho case. A ponotratin. wound of the walls of the abdomen is generally fol" lowed by prolusion of the intesthies; this has to be roturne,] ; ,ho wound is then closed by str.mg sutures. and the belly must be encircled with a ong bandage. I,, such cases, keep the I'owels soluble with sctilded shorts, well seasoned with stilt, and empty tho rec- tum occasionally by means of injections. A quart of soap-suds or simply wafer, inn 7 ^'!^" '" '"^ °*' ""' temperature of !>() to ^ 100 degrees of heat. [ .^ Sl'RAl.VS. I -" the treatment of sprains rest and nuiot is . necessary. Reduce tho early inflammtition bv h',t or cold water fomentations or cooling lotion's, ,is tlie case may seem to retpiiro. If hot water fomen- ahoii IS employed it must be continuous until the , . lamnitUion sub.sides. Cold water is intended to j reduce he infltimmation by coolness tuid evapora- t o„. Cooling lotions have the same tendency. Affer this there must be firm and steady pressure by -andtiges to prevent infiltration of the parts, and if stiffness IS hkely to ensue then counter irritants tmd gentle exercise must bo given. To return now tore.no.lies in lieu of the hot tind cold water applications: Tincture of arnica, in the proportion of one-half an ounce to a pint of wa.er, htts a gretit reputation. it has been, however, .piostioned whether its chief I* I 4* Till'; !■' A It M l';it« ' STlX'Ji HOOK. 131 value does not lie in tiic alcohol contained. One of the best lotions is: Spirit.s of oiimiihor, 1 (luiicc. Vinc),'iir, I imuufs. Soft Miitci', I [)iiit. The iuOitiumation bcin TKKATMKNT. SECTION I. — SY.MITO.MS AND UOW TO KNOW TIIE.M. It is not necessary in presenting symptoms of dis- eases that are to be treated l)y unprofessional prac- titioners, to do more than give the general symptoms —those easily distinguished, sinc3 accurate knowl- edge is required to fol,' nv minute changes in a dis- ease, as indicated by changed symptoms, In ani- mals incapable of expressing themselves intelli- gently it is only in a general way that obscure symp- toms aro known. Pulse, position, expression of countenance, breathing, auscultation, percussion; all these are a part of the regular examination, as among those that may be understood generally by direction. It is practice, however, that perfects the .senses in detecting these. There are others that must be Icarn.^d by personal examination, under the direction of an expert. Hence in the alphabetical list of diseases and remedies which we give, and in which we follow Mayhew's English work gener- ally, we briefly summarize the principal symptoms, and several remedies and appropriate doses to be selected from. Diseases that are incurable will be so stated; also those that should be treated by a pro- fessional veterinarian will be indicated. Incurable diseases are rare on the farm. Diseases tlint can only be treated by the professional surgeon are not common. The long list of diseases found in large and crowded stables are mostly coulined to large cities, where veterinary advice may be procured. Wo advise such assistance to be sought when pos- sible, and repeat that in those neighborhoods where veterinary advice cannot be had, the family physician should not disdain to give advice in serious cases. It shoidd be needless to remark that the advice ought to bo as cheerfully paid for as though the patient was of the human raco. Those properly requiring the attendance of the veterinary surgeon will be marked with a *. Those incurable will bo so stated. It is often merciful to destroy. In all contagious diseases bury deeply, first covering the animal with quick- il 11^ 182 If I 'X'HJH ii^^VItiVlKIis' «'rocK uooii. Ume. When specific names arc used tlio reader is referred to the glossary for cxjilanation. AUCEHS OK THE BHAIN. ^//w;'^'w.s^— Dullness; refusal to feed; a sli-lit oozing from a trivial injury .ii)on the skull; prostra- tion and the animal, while on the ground, continues knocking the head violeuUy against the earth until death ensues. Deatli is sure to follow. * AliDO.MI.VAl, IVJtiniES. Uupturcd diaphragm generally piodiices a .soft cough; sitting on the haunches or Icning on the chest may or may not ho present; the .ountenaneo IS haggard. Unptiu-ed stomach is characterized hy excessive coiic, followed by tympanitis. Introsusception possibly may bo reliev.xl by the inhalation of a full dose of chloroform; but the result is always uncertain. Invagination is attended with the greatest possible agony. '■ Strangulation is not to he distinguished, durin- iife, from invagination. "^ j Calculus causes death by iinpactment; but how- ' ever different the causes of abdominal injury may be I they each produce the greatest agony, which con' ' ceals the other symptoms, and makes all such injuries apparently the same while the life lasts All these are, as a rule, deadly, and should be treated bv a surgeon. •' , * ACITES, on DKOPSY OF THE AUDOJIEN. i .s:v»V,^„„,,s. Pulse hard; head pendulous; food I often spoiled; membranes palhd; mouth dry. Pres sure to abdomen elicits a groan : turning in the stall alls forth a grunt. Want of spirit; constant lying „■„t.-Dva^v the skin to one side, and with a lancet p.erce the lower surface of the tumor. Treat the wound as an open joint. * I'ATARACT. S!,n:inoms.- -When partial, shying; if total, whit* pupil and blindness. high up or low down. ^'/'"/"'"".v— High choke-rniscdhoad; saliva' dis- cliavge from the nostrils; inflamed eyes; ha.-a,,! countenance; audible breathing; the muscles of neck tetanic; the flanks heave; the fore feet paw and Htanip; the hind legs crouch and dance; perspiration • agony excessive. Low ehokc-the animal ceases to feed; water returns by the nostrils; countenance expresses anguish; saliva and nasal discharge- abored but seldom noisy breathing; roached back; tucked up flanks, while the horse stands as thou..h it were desirous of elevating the quarters. 7>,.,,/»„.»^_Make haste when high choke is pres- ent, lerform tracheotomy, if necessary to relievo the breathing; insert the balling-iron, or,' with a hook extemporized out of any wire, endeavor to remove the substance from the throat. If the choking body is too firmly odged to bo thus removed, sulphuric ether must be inhaled to relax the spasm. Low choke is .Hcldom fatal before the expiration of three days (nve a quarter of a pint of oil every hour; i„ iuo intermediate half hours give sulphuric ether, two ounces; laudanum, two ounces; water, half a i.inf and use the probang after every dose of the last medicine. Should these be returned, cause chloro- orm to be inhaled; then insert the probang, and. by steady pressure, drive the substance forward. After the removal of inipactment feed with cau- tion. CHRONIC DYSENTERV. ^v»,/'^;//.^.-I'urging without excitement, always npon drinking cold water; violent straining; belly enlarges; flesh wastes; bones protrude; skin hide- i)ound; membranes palhd, weakness; perspiration; -standing m one place for liours. At last the eves assume a sleepy exi)ression ; the head is slowly turned toward the flanks; remains fixed for some minutes- the horse only moves when the bowels arc about to act; colic; death. Tn-atuu'„t.~Gh'o, thrice daily, crude opium, half an ounce; liquor potassie, one ounce; chalk, one ounce; tincture of allspice, one ounce; alum, half an ounce; ale, one quart. Feed lightly; dress fre- quently; give a good bed and a roomy bos stall i 4- Til JO ilo. Sliould tho pain lin£?cr iifter thu lulniiniMlmtioii „f tlie eighth drink, ui)i)ly an am- nionical hUaU'r. Sprinklo on the tongue, if any Hyniptonis declare tho disease still lingering, every Heeond hoin% calomel, half a drachm; ojiinm, one drachm. Fend very carefully npon recovery, avoid- ing anything jmrgative c ■ harsii to tho bowels. KXCOI(IATKI) ANdl.KS (IK THK MOUTH. Tm,tm,;,l.~\],iAy the following lotion : Chloride of zinc, two Hcruplen; essence of anise seed, two drachms; water, two pints. FAhSK QUARTEH. Si/mi,tomn — No lameness, but weakness of the foot. The soft horn of the lamin.e, bein- exposed, is apt to crack, nieeding ensues. Sometimes granulations sprout when the pain and lameness are most acute. Tir.umnii. In cases of crack and granulations, treat as is advised for sandcvack. Put on a bar shoe, with a clip on each side of the false quarter. Pare down the edges of the crack, and ease off the point of bearing on the false quarter. Apiece of gutta-percha, fastened over the false quarter, has done good. * I'AUlY AND I'AHCY miDS. S,im/,iom.s — It is at lirst inflammation of the super- ficial absorbents. Lumi)s appear on various parts. If these lumps are opened, healthy matter is released ; but the place soon becomes a foul ulcer, from which bunches of fungoid granulations sprout. From the lumps may i)o traced little cords leading to other swellings. Tho appetite fails, or else it is voracious. Matter may be squeezed through the skin. Thirst is torturing. At length glanders breaks forth, and the animal dies. There is a smaller kind of farcy called button-farcy; the smaller sort is the more virulent of the two. There is no known cure for tho disease. Kill and disinfect as soon as the animal develops the disease. * KISTULOUS WITHKUS. .\'//«/-»,/,/„„,,._Staring coat; lungs or air-passages always affected; desh fades; glands swell; spirits low; appetite bad. A lymphatic gland adheres to tho in- side of tho jaw; the membrane inside tho nose ulcerates; a slight discharge fiora one nostril. This becomes thicker, and adheres to the margin of tho nostril, exhibiting white threads and bits of mucus; then It changes to a full stream of foul pus; next tho nasal membrane grows dull and dropsical; tho mar- gins of the nostrils enlai-ge; tho horse breathes with difficulty; the discharge turns discolored and abhor- rent; farcy breaks forth, and the animal dies of suffo- cation. Tiratm,;il.~K\\\ the animal at once, bury deeply, and diiinfcct every thing with which tho animal has come in contact. OUTTA SERENA. S,im,,toms. -Fixed dilation of the pupil ; a greenish hue of the eye; total blinduess. Active ears; rest- less nostrils; head erect; high stepping; occasion- uily a ro :■: coat in summer and a smooth coat in winter. Treatm<-i,t.—Eo remedy is available. * IIEMATUlilA, OR BLOODY URINE. .S.vMi/Xows.— Discolorntion of the fluid. When the bleeding is coim..,s, breathing is oppressed; the pupils of the eyes are dilated. Pulse is lost; head is pendulous; membranes are pale and cold. Lifting up the head pr luces staggering. Back reached" flanks tucked up; legs wide apart. 7V,.a/»„.»<.-_Be gentle. Act upon the report given. Give acetate of lead, two drachms, in cold water, one pint; or, as a ball, if ono can be delivered. In a quarter of an hour repeat the dose, adding laudanum, one ounce, or powdered opium, two drachms. Re- 1" it the physic till ono ounce of acetate of lead ash been given. Leave the horse undisturbed for two us, Ile- lead ash for two < > , rs A -9» 'J III'; l-'^V KM Kits' H'l'CJCIv UOOli. 1B7 hours, if the symptoms justify dohiy. If not, tliish pailfula of cold watrr upon the loins from ii height, (live copions inji'ctions of cold water. Pour half ii pint of boiling water upon four drachms of ergot of rye. When cold, add laudanum, one ounce, and dilute acetic acid, four ounces. Give two of these drinks, and two cold enemas, at intervals of twenty minutes' durati(Mi. Su.spend all treatment for eight hours, when the measures may ho repeated. HVDBOPUOIIIA. Si/iniituiiix. — The hor.sc is constantly licking the hitten place. A morliid change takes place in the appetite. Eager thirst, but inability to drink, or spasm at the sound or sight of water is exhibited. Nervous excitability; voice and expression of counte- nance altered. More rarely the horse — when taken from the stable — appears well. While at work, it stops and threatens, to fall. Shivers violently, and very soon afterward the savage stage commences. The latter development consists in the utmost fe- rocity, blended with a most mischievous cunning, or a malicious pleasure in destruction. I'li'ittiiii-iit. — Couhnc in a strong jtlace, shoot imme- diately and bury. LUXATION OK THE PATELLA. Siimjitoms. — The horse stops sh-'^rt, and has one of the hind legs extended backward. A swelliLg upon the outer side. The pastern is flexed, the head raised, and the animal in great pain. 'rrcatiiinit. — Get into a shed, and with a rope, one end of which has been fixed to the pastern, have the leg dragged forward while some one pushes the bone into its place. A man should be put to keep the jjone in its situation for some hours. Give strength- ening food, and do not use for six weeks subse- quently. JIALLENDEliS AND SALLENDESS. .s'l/i"/''"'""- — Scuif upon the seats of flexion; mal- londers occurs at the back of the knee, and sallenders at the front of the hock. 7V(«/»it»^— Cleanliness. Rub the parts with this ointment: Animal glycerine, one ounce; mercurial ointment, two drachms; powdered camphor, two drachms; spermaceti, one ounce. If cracks appear, treat as though cracked heels were present. * LAM1NITI9 (sub-acute^. Sumptomn. — First noticed by the manner of going upon the heels of the fore feet. Tri'flmfnt. — Get into slings. Remove the shoes. If costiveness is present open the bowels with soft or green food, hut do not purge. Allow two drinks per day, each consisting of one ounce of sulpliuric ether and half a pint of water ; half-drachm doses of belladonni!, to allay pain; sound oats crushed, for food; no hay. Stinmlants, a quart of brown stout, morning and evening may be allowed. MEdRI.MS. SiimptiiiHu. — The horse suddenly stops; shakes the head; strange stubbornness may be exhibited, fol- lowed by a desire to run into dangerous places. Then ensues insensibility accompanied by convul- sions. Tiratiiifiit. — Give a long rest, and avoid excite- ment. An ammal subject to megrims is worthless and dangerous. * NASAL OLEET. Sijtiiptoiii.'i. — Distortion of the face; partial enlarge- ment and softening of the facial bones; irregular dis- charge of fetid pus from one nostril. The discharge is increased, or brought down by feeding oil the ground, or by trotting fast. Tirutiiiiiit. — Surgical operation, with injection of a weak solution of chloride of zinc. Also give daily a ball composed of balsam of copaiba, half an ounce ; powdered cantharides, four grains; cubebs, a sulh- ciency. If the foregoing should affect the urinary system, change it for half-drachm doses of extract of belladonna, dissolved in a wineglass of water. Give these every fourth day, and on such occasions repeat the belladonna every hour, until the appetite has been destroyed. * NAVICULAR DISEASE. Si/mptnius. — Acute lameness; this disappears, but may come again in six or nine months. Acute lame- ness is then present for a longer time, while the sub- sequent soundness is more short. Thus the disease progresses, till the horse is lame for life. The pain in one foot causes greater stress upon the sound leg, and f om this cause both feet are ultimately affected. The foot is pointed in the stable. The bulk dimin- ishes, while the hoof thickens and contracts. The horse, when trotting, takes short steps, and upon the toe, going groggily. Treatment. — Feed liberally upon crushed oats Sosik the foot every other night in hot water. After- ward bandage the leg, fix on tips, and having smeared the horn with glycerine, put on a sponge boot. Rest fene tlireo ni.mtli.. easy work „„ soft lu.ul. In bud ™;««vt,,;;:';,":;;.r"''''''"''''^-''"' "■'«■ '■•UlTlAl, JUli.U.Vsl.S. '"'"""■"<— A loose hox- wi.-m ,.l.,l • ^"•".'mi.,; warmth to ]oia« r ™ ^ '""' """i' '"a.shes ,unJ greeu .-r.ss .,1 '"'f ^'^° '^"^v''^^ with i'-iloNV tliKs will, .uiotlur bloo.l.k.tti„.., i ;~ry,.nd.sa.np]o closest l"lf-'l^'-'H;>.ml nin.st ho infused in a ,,int of il it ia boiIUlL' W;lli.l' .,,,.1 ...1. twist .oaoM it ia boiling water, and. when cool and strained, a o„giu f^ j^ j i-1 'our till the annual heconies ,;.iet Tli prohahle result, however, is detUli. ind in anv case the ani.nul is unsafe. ^ *ri.Kuiii.sy. .S.v»7.'-".s-. Those arc .juickly develo,,. ,1. The IHilse strikes the linger; pain continuous; ajoi.y never ceases; horse does not feed; body hot; feel old 1-rtial perspirations. Muscles corrugated in plac . ■' cojh when present, suppressed and dry; auicu.' the chest. Pressure between tho ribs produces great I'u.n or makes the animal resentful. The head is ..niCHl very often toward the side; the fore foot pi tho breatlug is .short and jerkin.. ^ ' ^''•'■'""'■'"-Should be active." Place in a loose O^ -'1^'SO the legs; leave the body unclothe One, cvry quarter ot „,i hour, a scruple of tincture of aconite m a wineglass of warm water. When ru se has softened give, every second hour, sulphuric : c'hei and kuuanum, of each one ounce; water, half I 'I Tint. J)o nothing for the bowels. Place luke- warm water within ea.sy reach of tho hoad. and give , direction subsides, blister throat and chest. If- the J'orse ,s costive, a.lininister enemas; or feed cut Krass with tho other food; and feed carefully tor some time. -^ N..V,.,.,.,. The noso Lspnitrudcd aiul ,l,e bead vtpt as motionless as possible; the animal han^s l-ack wlieii It ,s feeding from the manger. Pressure or enforced motion excites resistance. .Swelling 'ou 1 h.stulous discharge. Pus has been secreted- -■"■ncmeiit has caiused it to decay, wliilc m ti n' and ntscia have occasioned it to burnnv ..„/;,'"'";'■"'• -^'""' "'« l'»''t lightly with tincture of •antharucs or acetate of cantharides. Do Ibis ,b d K ^1 vesication IS produced, then stn:,. When the swd- "«cnlarges,openthei,rominentorsoftpL,ces. AlKnv be pus to i,ssue; then cut down on the wound till the ''Cat , f the d,sea.se ,s gained. Use a proper knife and nicludeasinain-pipesaspossibleinoiocleancul" Ui«. should join this. Empty out all concrete ma tcr. Wash the cavity with cold water. Excise all loose I..oces of tendon and m.iiealtliy flesh. Moisten 1 o .sore with the chlori.le of zinc lotion, one grain t Z omice, and cover the wound with a cloth dipp d • tlH Hol„ ,„„ „f ,,^_ If (be disea.se has burs st -cludetbe pipes in ..e smooth incision; ;;„" //.7-^.,«.-Itchine.ss. The horse rubs off hair- bu a dry, corrugated surface is never sliown /'•-^.-./.-Take away some bay; allow grass- ,^ne two bran nnushcs each day till the howefs a e :;:• ;/'''■>; ^'"-' f-"--';-^^ ^^mu^. ..id, : at, water, ten parts. Or. acetic acid, one part- ^^ater, seven parts. Drink: Liquor arsenicalis on ounce; incture of muriate of iron, one ounce and" feh . Withdnuv tho drink a week after the diseasT -as disappeared, and feed on sound otits, and if f! I'oi^o IS weak tillow a quart of porter every dll;. I'H.MICK FOOT. %../-/..».v. Bulging sole; weak crust; strong bars and good frog. • ° i — K mmmmmmmm . Place luko- liciul, und jrivo 'H. After thu chest. If- the or feed cut ciuefuUy lor iii;il the liciul iiiiiuul ]iuiif,'.s -1'. Press iiro Swelling; tlio liicli exudes ii en secreted; 'liilf motion li tincture of >o tiiis diiily Dii the swoll- 'tces. AlJpw Jiiud till the erlvuife, (lud 31111 cut. Ail iiicreto niut- •ise nil loose Moisten the ?i-iiin to the I (lipped in I'lirst, still ; clean out II directed, nunc; and iiir liuir; vn. ow grass; )()wels are ucid, one Olio jiurt; icalis, one lice nnd ii ven every 10 disease lul if the day. ong hars V [ TJii'; I'.vij mj;k'is' mtociv hook. i:(ii 'ireatmciiV. — Tiie only relief possible ia alTorded by a iiiir shoe of the dish liind, and a leathern sole. The constant use of eipial jjaits of animal glycerine and tar is bcnelicial to tlio lioof. •pUnrUIlA IIKMOHHUAdrCA oil INIVKIiSAI, -■'''''''■'''• -Homovo the shoo. Probo tl.o fissure. r t UrMr^'""" ^"'"-^vallthoso„urat.i ^n.st Lnt.lthorom.n, i portion 1ms .-rowi u-aiu fccdhhoruily, but .10 not allow labor. " ' KI.MI'l.i: Ol'IITllAI.MIA. XW,,.„.v._T,ar.s; clo.s. I ..v.Im; tl.o ball of the e^o hccoMius entirely or partially white. //vv,^,„.,,,. ^^Ri,,n,„vo any foreign body; fasten a ^lM.ross the f,n.ehea.l; moisten it w?th a dioc as been added. It a sn.all abccss should appear on ... surface of the eye. open it and bathe with chloride "f /.Mc lotion. Hbonld inllammation ho excessive punctureeyovein. (the vein runnin.up tho side o; tl.o face) an.l place some favr.rite food on the ground. SITKAST. .V,/.,/,M,„. The hard, bare patch is surrounded bv a circle of ulceration. ■ skin''''""r''r~;T"', "" ^'"^'^ '•'='"°^-" "- ""'«''«"-' Hkin. Apply chloride of .inc. one grain; water, one ounce to tho wound. Attend to the bowels. F ■borally; exercise well; and give, night and morning. .a-.orar^nicahs.liaifan uce; tincture of mnria?; ^.f^iron. tlireo.auarter.s of an ounce; water, one pint. *SI.AS.M,)F)IC <'0LIC_|.-|iKT— (JHIPKS. S,nn,,t,„n.. _i,st Stage.^ Horse is feeding; becomes uneasy; ceases eating; hind foot is raised to strike 1.0 belly; fore foot paws the pavement; the nose is turned toward the fl.mk, and an attack of fret is recognized. 2d Stage. -Alternate ease and fits of pain; the exemptions grow shorter as the attacks become longer; the horse crouches; turns round then becomes erect; pawing, etc., follow; a morbid fiio now lights up tho eyes. 3d Stage.-Pains lengthen; action grows more wild; ofte,r one foo stamps on the ground; does not feed, but stare.s at t^oahdome,i;at]ast, without warning, leaps „p and falls violently on the floor; seems relieved ; rolls about till one leg rests against the wall; should no assistance bo now alFor.I.-d the worf n-, ' — '• f'lc \vor,E consuquonces may be anticijiated. /■'•'""";■"<— Place ,n a loose box. Kuarded by trusses o( straw ranged against the walls. Give one ounee each of sulphuric ether and laudanum in a . of cold water, and repeat the dose every fn min- utes if the symptoms do not abate. If no improve- c.t e.d.servedWou.^^^^ t.o peiods stated persevere with the medicine. A p.. of turpentine dissolved in a, p.art solution of n In"' 'hi "T"' '"" '"'" ^'"''- ^''" — l-'ent e. suing, dilute some strong li.p.or ammonia with six ...cs.thuof water, and saturating a cloth with 1 ' Huid. hold It by means of a horse-rug close ,„ the b'".uen. It is a blister; but its actk,n must 'tehed or it may dissolve the skin. If. after all. b. symptoms continue, there must be more than siuiplocohc to contend with. *HPAVI.N. •;'//"'/'"""---Any bony enlargement upon the lower ...1 .nner sale of the hock. Prevents L leg being Wed. Hinders the hoof from being turn;! out' ard. Causes the front of the shoe to be worn and tbc toe of the hoof to be rendered blunt by dra-ging be foo along the ground. Leaves the stlble hm^' ing; returns bettered by exorcise. '/■'•'•'""-"f.-View the suspected joint from before rem Mun. and from either side. Afterward f;.; to be fei; ^^"^""'"'""'^'"'■'""I'on the soatof disease, to be felt or .seen. ,s a spavin. Feed liberally .nid 7lZ^ ^^'-V"^l-tishotand2,: .t uith belladonna and opium, one ounce of each to - "uuce of water. Apply a poultice. Op 'P....U and camphor on the poultice. Or rub the . od 1. The heat ami pain being relieved, pply tl.o following, with friction: Iodide of lead, one ounce ; simple ointment, eight ounces. Only d uZ the earlier stages can it be cured. ^ *SPECIFIC OPUTHAHIIA. 'S'/»V«-«.s.._A swollen eyelid; tears ^ a hard pulse- sLarp breathing; a staring coat; a clammy motl .' lo nasal membrane is inflamed or leaden'colorcd ;' be Id can only be raised when in shadow. The ball of eye reddened from the circumference ; the pnpi dosed; the nis lighter than is natural. The die'; may change from eye to eve; (be du-tion „. -^ visitation i^s very uncertain; the attacks may be "re- peated, and end in the loss of one or both eyes! If I 4- ± •V II J l''.\. K M l«;UH' HTOc'lv HOOK, 111 ffiWHlod by la. Give one iiilaniim iu ^ very ti'ii iiiiii- 111) iiiii)rovt'- [onts, and iit Qodicino. A • solution of llllHMKllHunt Jiiiii with six a I'loth with : closo to till" on iiiiist 1)0 If. after nil, more thiiii n the lower lc« being turned oiit- worn imd ).y drugging table h'lnp- 'om l)oforo, irwfird feel of disease, orally, tnid ender, nib if each to Or j)ut r rnh tlio caniiiiior- red, iipply lend, one ily during rd pulse ; ►' mouth;' colored ; w. Tlio the impil i disease of nu-y y be re- yes. If \ 1,'cnornllv one eye only is lost, the remaining eye Htrrngtiieus. /V'((/i;((/(/— Place in u, dark shed. Open tlic eye vein, and pnuotnro the lid if needed; put, a lIoUi saturated witli cold water over both eyes. It the horse is poor, feed wi'll; if fiit, support, lint do not cram; if in condition, lower the food. Hustu.N iipon a diet whicli rcipiiios no nmstication. (live the fol- lowing ball twice daily: Powdered colchicuin, two drachms, iodide of iron, ono drachm; cnloinel, one scruple; make up with extract of gcntiiin. Ho soon as the ball ulTects the system, change it for liquor araeuicalis, three ounces; iniiriated tincture of iron, five ounces. Give half an ounce in a tumbler of water twice daily. See the stable is reiulered pure before the horse returns to it, since the disease is often caused by the fumes of a tiltliy stalilo. *Sl'Lt\T. Siiiiijttnm, — Any swelling upon the inner and lower part of the knee of the fore leg, or any enlargement upon the shin-bone of either limb. On the knee they arc important, as they extend liigh up. On the shin they are to bo dre.ided, as they in tcrferc with the movements of the ten- dons. All are painful when growing, and in that state generally cause lame- ness. The cut shows three serious vari- eties of splint; viz: 1. A splint involving the bones of the knee-joint. 2. A splint interfering with the action of the back sinews. :>• A small splint situated under the tendon of an extensor muscle. Tmiliiiriit. — Feel down the leg. Any beat, leudeiiicss, or enlargement is proof of a splint. If, on the trot, ono leg is not fully flexed, or the horse "dishes" with it, it coniirms the opinion. Time and liberal food are the best means of perfecting thcni. When they are painful poultice, having sprinkled on the surface of the application one drachm each of opium and cam- phor. Or rill) the place with one drachm of chlo- reform and two drachms of camphorated oil. Per- iosti otomy is sometimes of service. When a splint interferes with a tendon, the only chauco of cure is to open the skin and cut off the splint, after ward treating the wound with a lotion composed of chloride of zinc, one grain; water, one ounce. To Three rih- clmenH of Si)lint. check the growth of a splint rub it well and fre- (piently with iodide of lead, one ounce; simple oint- iiicnt, eight ounces. Periosteotomy HJiould l)e performed by a competent surgeon. The operation consists in cutting the periosti^um (the memi)rane covering the bone) with a narrow bliided bistouri. SPUAIN- OF TIIK 1IAi:K SINKWS. ^■////l/l^)/». ■ ririltlllilll. an operation -Gradual heightening of the hind heel. The only possible relief is afforded by -"division of the tendons," ST.VdOEltS. ,S'l/Hly/^J//(^. — Excessive thirst; dullness or sleepi- ness; snoring; pressing the head against a wall. Some animals perish in this state; others commence trotting without taking the head from the wall, and such generally die, but sometimes recover. Other horses quit the sleepy state; the eyes brighten; the breath becomes quick. Such animals exhibit the greatest possildo violence, but without the slightest desire for mischief. Tirutiiiriit. — Allow no water, (five a quart of oil. Six hours afterward give another quart of oil, with twenty drops of croton oil in it, should no improve- ment bo noticed. In another six hours, no amend- ment being exhibited, give another q.iiart of oil, with thirty ilrops of croton oil in it. .\fter a further six hours, repeat the first dose, and administer the suc- ceeding doses, at the intervals already stated, until the appearance changi indicates that the body has been relieved. Sleepy staggers and mad staggers are diilerent stages of the same disorder, for the full development of the mad ^tage no remedies are of the slightest avail. A horse subject to the disease is dangerous to ride or drive. HTllAIN OK THE ''l.EXOR TKNDONS. Si/mptiiiiiK. -The animal goes strangely, not lame. The defective action will disappear upon rest, but stillness is aggravated by subsequent labor. Any attempt to work the horse induces incurable lame- ness or contraction of the tendons. 7Vrt(()/(/»«.— Allow several hours to elapse before any attempt is made to discover the disease. A small swelling, hot, soft and sensitive, may then appear. Bind round it a Hnen Tiandage, and keep it wet with cr,: ": water. Ilavc men to sit up bath- ing this for the three first nights ; afterward apply moisture only by day. Allow no exercise. Give I i !!•; ■iUK I'AKMIflUM' MP,,, ^r^S" f ''r. """"'""•■"-"Umt allow iioti.iii (,- Hcrlv till Mioro than recovor..,!. HTIHNdllAl.T. .S//»V./",».-l{aisi»K „„. hin.IloK.orono „ftcr tl.o otiicr. jin vioMs („ nUntin^. ''■•«>"" "t. -So i„>mhlo tmitracnf, can rdiev-. NUKFEIT. J'' ■'''''' '''r~^! tl.o ,,„l.so is not affected the nymp- "t. no of ,„„nato of iron, one o„„co and a half: water, one (luart. Sflv r;,- i j ""' " JmJi, dose If tl 1 <"^" ''"'ly. '>ne,,intfor a « . ™»l,,«lo,l. A,l,„i„i.t,,u,.d,i„k ,o,,,„„,,° b Jr;:,!", ?""","•■■ " ™iv .:, ! ijuni ,t fctail to a loose linv yi. 1 1 ^i ; '■''lvsi,,l«.*'- >--l to drop f,..,n> th no • Appc ite capricious: sometimes ipi.it j, displ • '"' ""^ '""-• - -l"''lly .lojeeted The too, di ~ i'eo,.pos,n, tooth .rows Ion,. The opp ' S,' ^.,n.vo..nas;;:;;^''ti:x;;-:i;;;-;; consult a veterinarian. "«pccte(i * TilOROTJOH-PIM. olc,M„d appearing anterior to tho point of ,he I- k. It is nearly always connected with l.o, snavi , ''.'■""""'"-^'■ver attack tliorou-di-pin uid bo ^ «P-n at the same time. Relievo tl^ ion Ip^ ^^ ;i";:;r "":• '"''• "■"' - 1-"''-"^- u.iiKi.ige, cut so as not to nress on (i„. i Tf 41 1 I'lcss on tlie 1)0" snav m K the corks occasion constitutional .symp.oms us ' Sto:/';"::,r"t^-''-i'i-^'wnch h^^ 'Stroked, ..ppi^ytpetfet bandage and wetted cloth'J • •(>«)K . the bo« «pavi„. \Vh ittemptiuB to c„re bog ....however, continue the remedy to tho thor ;;;^l...^..orthec,.reofonea.Tectionmayroprodu^^ • TIIRUsll. Of ■£'/""""'■ T,''^- '?' '"'''•'""■*^'" '•""""^« ''"'" t'"^ Cloft •^ t . frog. 1 Ins .lecon.posiH tho horn. Tho surface vc'.ted into a whito powder. The affection does not «llyl,u,ie; h,itsho,.ld tho horse, .eado^^^,^^^^^^^^^^^ '"«Htone.Um.iy fall as though it were shot. U,'"T'''-~^''''' '"^"^ "'^- f'"« ";i only sound '•""~.«.or until the llesh is exposed Then t-K .... the shoo luid return to u clean stall. Apply o M r-to the deft of the frog by means of so.no . lapped ro,,nd.is.nan^ When the tl'ocu.e. For contracted feet pare the f,„'. „nd ov^^nu-rningdiess once with the chloride :;.;;;' lotion, I'Mt do not strive to stop the tlmish. Tl;.MoUH, Those are so various 1 of such different natures tluit m every case a surgeon sliould ho consulted. There are tl.r.eld.Hls",fw^rts. 1. Contained in a uui... lar sac and ,ipon this hei,,g divided, shells out. -. Iho cartilaginous a.ui vascila.-. These grow to «omoH,,e,ndarerough on tho surface. Tl'ey a e apt to ulcerate. «• A cuticular case, inclosing a s," ,1,'raniilar substance. Wh.j of tho lirst Kind sht up and squeeze then. iron f, to T'u ,'"' "" "'^ '""' "••'''>■ -^ ''^"t-' rou to top the bleeding. The third kind (fully red) had better bo let alone. l"iiiyrea) Wl.NDV COLIC. N,/,.;,,v,.,.,._U,.easi,iess; pendulous head; cessa- r te ,'"'• ':^'"'^'""^"'^'-rious; ,i.lgets; rock- ing the body; enlargement of tho holly; pawin.. ^t...iding ,n 0.10 place; sleepy eye; hntvy pulse- ■nSN<'.. fast; pulse very feeble; blindness; tl.o ani- ma walks roun,l and round till it falls and dies / rn,i„,.,>. __Threo balls of sulphuret of ammonia t-od..chms. with extract .,fgentia,i and powdcS ; Llf r %^"'""'-'^y- '-'^y '-" given, one .10.1 with sulphuric cither; two ounces sho..ld be tiZd I L iiii; 1' A KM i; Its' Slot u JU)uK. I i:i i I iliiwii. Ill Hii liDur'rt tiiiii', Iwi) oiiiicts fiicb I •■ "iiil- liliiirio ctlur iiiiil cif liindiiiiimi; liiilf an ouiao of ouiiplioniU .1 spiiitH, out) (Iriu'liiii nf ciirliimiito of iiiuiiioiiiiv limy lit> lulraiinstirc'd. S'o Kootl tlli'ct liciii^' pioduci'il tliiow up It tobacco-sinoku cnoiiia. As a last roHorl, piiKiiro a Htick of lirini-itono and liLjIit it, lUluaiu in tlwi Htalili^ while it, Imriis, or tlic Hnlpliiiron.-i fuiacM m:iy l>oc,oini! too powcifnl tor life to iiilialt! tlicm. Coiitiiiiio thin racasuro for two lioiirs; then repeat tlio roinedicH previously rccom- iij-nded. All hcilif? fniitltss, pinii'tiiro tlio al)doiiitN III- iti:MKi)ii:s \mi i-hki-ahations |!NI>KIE IVIIH II TIM'; SICVKItAI. rOIOllII.AS MAY IIK ADMIMSTKItKI). SECTION I. — TIIK eol.I.KCTloN ol' KORMtlLAS. The collection of formulas requires careful atten- tion, that they may bo strictly correct, and appli- cable to the necessities of a case. In all cases when tho farmer or breeder is in doubt, ho should, as bi^- foro stated, apply to a veterinarian. If he bo a true man ho will not find fault with tho remedies which may have been usod, but will proceed to combat tho special requirements of the case. It is only the quack who holds that only tho special formulas are correct, and the simples of tho fanner, or the pro- scriptions of tho boU surgeons, hero formulated into connected shape, of no use. In nine cases out of ten . i' 114 nature of the svm ^ "' '"'"'''' *" "'« '"'o "-^ "ear, 1 1 " T ''""^ S^oo.l veterin. :=.^:;~-^^^^^^^^^^ SKCTIOV n.-ALTlCli.VTIVKS. J-"i8 term is not very scieiitifi,. i„,f •* • • I general „sc. and eas,]y exp a L ., '' '" '''' tlionsh the »„»/,. . f.^Pj«»ns its own meaning, -.ri,i:;;r:;;;^-y;;''n.«s employed;:;' unhealthy action hv „ u, ^J"'' '' '" '''P'^ee ".»-*» T,,M.„j.i,,f- It,;;;::.;: Mn.l,sor.l«.,.,l.stut.sof.hoslun- l-Anvtu; Tartar, r I'owdcred Ginger, t"^ Oliiuni, 'j'"'- Syrii)) enough to form ir, ),a|ls- ''.L , > , -'• Simply cooling— liar! . allocs Aloos, i „, fastile Soap, , ^ " (Jiugcr, ^* "" ■ ' 4 oz '~'r*''' *"'••••'"''•«"«=''■'" 'to bo giv..a < >ci y nioining, or ■^^-fa'v.n •i- Barliailocs Aloes, i , ,. , E.Mcfic Tartar, l* '";'"" ,,. Castile .Soap _^ .•ach„,.s, Mix. - 'Iraclim.s. U^HI.: I..VltMKii3, STOCK noOK. •1. Alterative ball for general usc- «^S..lplmrctofAntmK.ny.to.,.,racln,.. Nitre, ' :; ;,;;"','""'^- Lin-seea n.cal aa.l water enougirto '.■orm'Tl.all. ' ■'• For generally .Icfc.ctivo .secretions- Howcrsof Sulplmi-, ,; „j. Emetic Tartar, .-, .„';, , , C^orro.sive.SubliM,ate. 1,,^,' '" Li».s..ea n...al nn.xea with hot water,' ■eMn„..h to ";"";=;:;;■ :i-'"" > '"*"■"- C. Ill ilebility of stomach- Calomel, , Aloes, ';'"'"1""- I Ca,scarilla Dark, 1 ^ ''''""'^'"' enough to form ii ball, to b(! dissoIv« uraclinis •Vroinati,. l',»v,I..r ' 1 "■"'''"»• Oil of (■,•,„.„,.,• l„w,I,.r , *" •"' '''•"•'""■<■ (iin),'i'i ' - '''ai'liiJis. "il oM'arawuy. ■^jl-'aHuM Ari.a,.„,.„„,„^,,_^,^^^,,^^^^__^.....ro,.s. ■^•"K J.'.VUMKKS' ^-roci, i.ooK. •'( to I (Iracliuis. 1 fo 'J (Iracliiiis. 1 dradini. 8 oz. •T to (J oz. 3 to 5 drai'liiiiN. '-i dracliiiis. H oz. •I oz. .'i 111 ") (iz. - loots. •1 oz. •I oz. I pint. ili'ac'lini.s. r llarliadocs Aloo.s, Rluil)arl», ftinH'i'r, Cascaiijla Powder, Oil of Caraway, ('arl)i)iiati. of .Soda. Di.ssolvv the aloes as in \ oflier inu'ri'illeMtH. L'l. Plirh.M;,Mi,i|ls, with ealoniel - liarhailoes .Vloivsi (.'aloiiii'l. Rliiibarlt, Oiiiffor. f'iislile Soap, ^fiv as in V ■'i draeliiiis. ii dracliuis. ' diachni. 1 draclini. lj"> droii.s. 'i draclnii.s. and then aiiil (|j„ 3 to t) drachms. h to I drachm. 1 toL>drachnj.s, 5 to I drachm. '^ dracliiiiN. --• Laxative drench— liarhadocs .Aloes, CanellaAllm, 'Salt of Tartar, Hint Water, Mix. 23. Another laxative ,Ironol,_ Castor Oil. Uarhadoes .VIoes. Carbonate of .Sodji Mint Water. iiiKre.Iieiils aoding the ot||,.r ■^- '^ '"*''! "l«'ninf.^,irench_ Castor dil, ElKoni .Salts, ({riu'l. Mix. ^•■'- A very mil,] laxative- Castor Oil. liin.secd Oil, Warm Wat.'r or Crni'l Mix. '•'■ fxedin tJn> statrfr<.r.s— Jiarl)ado(is Aloo.s, t'oinmon Salt, I'lonrof ilnsfanl Water. -Mix. -'• A Kentl.v coolin. i.l.l- Epsoni Salts Whev. Mix. ■ -S. l'nrf,rative clyster <'onnnon Salt, Warm Water. '"^oz. Rf-cTFOKT ,.. ''^ '" '•' pints. ShCTION VI.- -ASTIilNOENTS whether immediately applied," ''"^^■" "^"^ the circulation, lint S ' 1 > ""^'"'P""'' ^^to exact n,ode in whioli^'TcV:? '"^'^ ''' '" ''"^ cases, we are obii,,ed . ' '" '"""-^ """^•• ! effects, and o r^cri U """'"■^ ''''' "'-' I divided into St e, t ' ' '" •''"'''"'""^- '^'^^'^»'° wonnded snrfices. "' '-''"'™"' "^"^"^'^^'1 or -'••• I'or bloody urine— I'ow.lered (^atechn, Alnm. I* "'^'■ '•"scarilla Park in Powder. /.'.'f:, ,. , '• ' toJdraelinis •'iioiiffh to form a 4 to (i to S oz. - pints. ■-f 'VHhJ .1 .A-ltMICIiW HTOOli UOOli. U7 iH). Vor .liubutos— Oliii'.iii, \ (Ivacliin. diiij^'ci', powilonul, '2 ilnicliiiis. Oiik liai'k, [h)\V(1(-i'(h1. 1 oz. .Vliiiii. us iiiiu'li us the tea will (lis-.c)lv(>. CaiiKiiuilc Ti'ii 1 piiit. Mix fell' 11 diviu'h. ;il. Kxttn-nit! iistriM.'^i'ut i)ii\v. secretion of scrum between the cutis mul cuticle, by which the latter is raised in the form (iV small bladders; but in consequence of the presence of tlio hair, those are very imperfectly seen in the horse. Tlioy consist of two kinds— one, used for the sake of counter-irritation, by which the orig- inal disease i.s lessened, in consequence of the estab- lishment of this irritation at a short distance from it: the other, commonly called "sweating" in veterinary KurKery, by which a disch.irRo is obtained from the vessels of the part itself, which are in that way re- lieved and unloaded ; there is also a subsequent proc- ess of absorption in consequence of the peculiar stimulus applied. 'M. Mild Blister oiutmeut ( counter-irritant)— Hog'.s lard, l oz. Venice Turpelitiiie, 1 ox:- Powdered CantliurUles, C drachms. Mix and spread. Its. Stronger blister ointment tcounter-irritiint) Siiirits of Turpentine. 1 oz. Sul|)liurie Acid, liy measure. '_' dnicliuis. Mix carefully in an open place, and add — Hd^'s liUrd. 1 oz. I'owilered Cantliurides. 1 oZ. Mix anil spread. ;i!». Very str(iii<^ blister (eounter-irritaiitl— StroiiH' Mereiirial Ointment, 1 oz. Oil (if Origanum, .'. oz. finely iiowdered Eupliorbiuni, ,'1 drachms. Powdered Cantliurides, i oz. Mix and s|)r(!ad. HI. Uapidly acting blister (counter-irrituiit.l — ISest Elourof Mustard. s dz. Made into a paste witli water, .'vdd Oil of Turpentine Sti'duj,' Li(inor of Anuiidiiia. This is to be well riiblnMl intd the back, ill cases i>( acute inllauimation. ■ 11. Sweating blistiu' — Strong Men.Miriid Ointment, 'Jo/.. Oilof Origunniii. 2(l:aehnis. Corrosive Snbliinute. 'J druelims. Cantharides, powdered, ;{ ilraehiiis. Mix. and rub in with, the hand. ■ i'i. Strong sweating blister, for splints, ring-bones, spavins, etc. — Biiiiodide of Mercury. 1 to Udruelun. Lai-d, 1 oz. To be well rubbed into the h>gs after cutting the. hair short: and followed iiy the daily use of ar- iiieu. in the sliupe of a wush. as fdUows, which is to be I inted on with a brush: L' dZ, 1 oz. •Iiest. belly or Tincture of Arnica, 1 oz. Water, l'_' to 15 oz. Mix. •13. I;i(piid .sweuting blisters— Cunthurides, ,?,. Spirits of Turpentine. Methylated Siiirit of Wino, i imit. MiXi'und digest fora t'ortnight; then strain. 4t. Powdered Cantharides, 1 oz. Comniereial I'.vroligueous Acid, 1 pint. Mix. uniUligest fur a fortnight; tli(>n strain. SECTION VIII. CAUSTICS, 0« C.\UTEKIES. Caustics are substances which burn away the liv- ing tissues of the body, by the decomposition of their elements. They are of two kinds, viz. : iirst, the actual ca 'y, consisting in the application of the burning iron, and called firing; and, secondly, the potential cautery, by means of the powers of the mineral caustics, such as potaasa fiisa, lunar-caustic, corrosive sublimate, etc. 1 I '™.-r:i:r:„-s::,-^;„;rrT'' «IiiMill>. «i>lnfinn of nitrate of silver T t > i- tli'' o„un. of ,listille,l water. ' '■•"■'■""'■^ t" 57. Solution of i,i,j,. vitH,,i <■ - "i'ove .strenfTf.,. ' """"* ''"'"'I" tli ">S. CliloriUo of zine 1 »,, ■» water. "-' ^ *" ■' f^'rain.s to tl.e o„nee of SECTION IX CH,Ui(iK.S r>0. Ordinary cliarj^es- Burgunar ritoli, liarha.loes Tar "^' Beeswax, ' '' "^• KedLea,], ^ "Z- Tho three first ur.. to I,e melted to.^.th '"" , w.i.M th<. lard is to I,.. ,„, ! " -r "'''' '""' '*"'"•- ' ' ill.' mixture is to i'HK ^.^.Vlt^lKIts. STOCK 1,00K. be keju eonstantiv stri-v,.,i ,. T^ ^■• b.Mu.|.iied. I, t V ' .■'^',''"'''*^"''-^- '•"'«' I "P..n the weather ma .l"'" ^'"' "l-"""'! I '''•'-'"..nUittlelardo":!,.""'"""^-^ ■ Ai-niea charge— j ''I'h'idaUal.sam, ,, i'nwderedArniea Leave,,. ^^l' Wl.en thorouthlv n L d T ,', ''' "™' -^"■•.v. i '''''"•'-''''•■«:*.. a Sa;;':;,:;t.7''''''''^''''' over with thetl...,.,.,. V -,> ^" '"' '-"vered •'"-aoandaJtt:!;';:^:^:,^'-""'''^ " restorative to the weako,^ «, Th' "■ " " oxct-llont application. ' '"" ''"* "" proper]; ,;,;^:,^"f «-ffe--t.sorv,co when syn..e provide, .itl. valve, un.l ll^I; tf^' ino^L"'"^^"'"''^^^^'«-'^-"c,«ee ant' spaa. Aperient clysters, see aperients. 01. Anodyne clyster in ,i„i • - 'iraehms. 1 quart. - 'Iraehms. SKCTION XI — conniALs ri.e.au'ini"zrn:r:7r.r-;"- P-so.,. as after over-exeSnTnlr "'^"^ "" \.ii >r j-uis' wroc^ii iiooii. 14!) CG. Liqnorico Powdur, J oz. (Jiiiii Aiiniioiiiiiiuiii, ;i 'VUm: l'',V.ltMici4,.^. HI. SwvnthiK ..|Ml.n.,.|Ui(,n lor wiu.l.r.uis ,.t.. M>„n« >l.'.v„nai oi„„„^^^„f ""'o»IK . t. .- ' IIMl|p|l(i,-, ' "il HI' i!,..,.|,i,„.v. ••ll 111' 'I'liiprMtiiii., Mix. idZ. - il,,|(),.^r|,||,,||, I'llWlll'l-cl (•,,|i|l,.!l-i(l,..s, .Mix. ■''•'i. \ iiio.st iiciiv,. ,\v(.,itiii IliliiiMJidi, 111' .\I,.i,-i:;v. I'i"uli.|vil .Vi-iiicuLi.iivo.s l^".i|' l-iiiiiMi'iil, .Mi.v Si:(Tl().N .XVII. -K.MUI.SI()NS. ^Vi..^.n r% m..u...r3 luvo thdr f^lobulcs l.rokeu '■'"H.. 'py fncn.m xviih mucil-.ginon.s substunccs, .such - ■rm.u,alno.,ry,.lkofo,,.thcy.,-ocallc..lci.,,l. sr. .. , ul.a...i,ocmlly useful in «oc,tbin. i„it.tion .'.0 '"..coii. mombmno, of the tmcliea, uiul broucln J^i. >'imi)li!ciiiiilsiiiii— Liii.si'cd Oil, „ lllPllI'V. siiii wiitci. ; '"'• MiNn,i-|».imt<. „l]>„t„.s.s, , ,ir.,cli,., I'.ssMlv,, ,h„ JMH.i.yaiMl ,,ut„.s.s iii tho wa.i.r/n.on -uUl (Ikp iMi.si.cil ,,i| livilcMvci,, T I,,. •'"tn. 111,1 i, „l„„,i , ■ ' ""'^"'•^'•"Wiiiorfiir, when KivcuniKlilui,, inniiiig. ^ xr,. AMi.llu.ri,...n,.iofiv,. vumUiun- «imi)l() Kmiil.sinn. N,,. .s|, - ('iiniplior, , ,'■ Ol.iUM.. i„ povvil,.,.. ! "'""•!""• <>iiofAMis,...s,.,..i, .ifr'""- "^;,;;'""" ''-*">^-"i-tsto«.-ta;r;:';:r:i,.,ar HK.-riO.V .Will K.\I.l:CT()li..\.VTS. Jvxpoctomnts excite or pro.noto a disclurgo of .JU.S rom tbo Ii„i„, ,ue,ubru„o of the bron' bid tubes, tl.erd.y rolicvini- inflammation and allavinfj «'i. Kxpni'lomnt hall i„ „,,,i„a,.y ,„„.„ ,,i,„„„j -'^. A htn-iifr e.\j)c,'t(./aut bull— Euiotic Tiirtii r. <';l\i)iii, 1, fyi'r'itni.s. I'ow.lcrocl ,S(,Mui| i ilracliiu, l"i grHin.s. i ilnicliui. j ilriicliiiK h i.z. 1 tlnicliiii. - llVlll-||!lls. ilillillriiiiatioM- 'iiiiii Aiiiiiiiiuiai'iun, I'lnvdcriMl Squill, <'iiMtil() Soap, "iiiir.vi'iii.M-li (,, |',,niia hall. X7. fi"'lilMaM,Uiign,uglustoMiaW,)- Aiiifii'tida, ., , , iiiU'ii , uii, , , Cm-, , . . f . ' ''''i'^'bm. ;;'" ■■ '"f ^"""""i", ■, dnirhr,,. '''". ' lilt ulicyriloiiKli(,,r,,n,i a hall. ! '^';-;;;--;'..->wah.r..n,,„,,.,.,,,,,;';~;,.,, <« not tu he rr,„.ah.d willuMit grmt euro. j SECTIO.N .\IX. -IKUIUFUOES. : iobnfuKes or f..vor nae-licines are ,Mvon to ullav thoar tena and «e,vous excitements .bieh ace Z ••3' febrdo actK,u. Tboy do this partly by their ZZ''':T TT''''''''''^''"''^^^-'^^^"^- TX: "■'''l^:fy ^y ■"'^^oasius the secretions of the bl,;ii and Itidncys. h!). Fever hull- Nitre. , , ('..mpl.or. Iilnu^h,,,... I ,. •''"''■'"■""'"•pn.m.ofeaeh. «!;;;;;|;:''- ^,.,,.p,a,„dl^,wder..rTra„.h:^:dri:• Linseed ini^al as ahove Or """iims. !»l. Nitre. < 'miii)lior, ilix as ahove. 02. Coolingjiowderfor mash ■ Nit:-e, May he given in a hniu ma.sh. l»;i. ('lulling dreiieh,— Nitre, •Sweet Spirit of Nitre, Tineturo of Digitali.s, Wliev, Mix. kk:;tion xx — lotions voii w.^siifs consist in liquids applied to the external parts, either to^eool them or to produce a healthy acLt in tl^ '■'^::;;!::;:iSS' "'•-'-"' ^-■r-"t-'- Vinegar, ' ^ "^• .Spirits of Wine or Gin, -t ,' Water, |,"'': Mix and ap,,ly with a eoltnn bandu.^. "' '""*' •"• •V"-'l...... usemi , or i„„aMiedleg.s, or for galled Mliiiuldersorhaek- ^ Sal Annnoniae, Vinegar, Spirit.s of Wine, Tincture of .Vrnica, Water. Mix. !»i. Lotion for foul nleer.s— «nlphat(!of Copper, .'i ilraclini.s. '■i ilraehuis. 12oz. bHwii r H !■; ^V li M J^JltW H'l'tJlJlv JtOOK. ir,i i ilrucjjiji. 1") gruiiis. A (Irucliiii. ■J ilrai'hiiK iialiiill, wliicli L'lirc. veil to (illay liiuli accoiii- rtly by thoir 1 the nervous ic'uretions of -■/.. iracliius, lint. irts, either on in the latloii— lint. for{,'ulli'(l U'hms. it. '_'( ) til LTi Kl■aiu^ (! ij/. he I rip|)|)i'cl ill — Mil M {,'raiii.s 1 (1/., (•7. Ijotioii 1(11' thii eyes — Suliilmtc iif Ziiio, WlltlT, Mix. ',)S. Very .strong one, mid (inly li Nitruti) of Silv(.'i', nistilii'il Wiitcr, Mix, aihl use witli acuiinl-liini- linisli. NAUCOTIC'S. A distinction is somutiiaes made between anodynes and narcotics, but in veterinary medicine there is no necessity for separating tliem. (Sec anodynes.) liKnUIHCliANTS lower the animal heat by contact with the skin, the ordinary ones being cold air, cold water, ice and evaporated lotions. (See lotions.) SECTION XSI. SEDATIVES. These depress action of the circulatory and nervous systems, without atTccting the mental functions. They are very powerful in their cllccts; and digitalis, which is the drug comiiionly used for this purpose, has a special quality known by the name of cumulative; that is to say, if repeated small doses are given at intervals for a certain time, an effect is produced almost equal to that which would follow the exhibi- tion of the whole quantity at once. Besides digitalis, aconite is sometimes used to lower the action of the heart, and by many it is supposed to be equal in potency to that drug, without the danger which always attends its use. They are better used under the advice of a veterinarian. SECTION XXII. — STIMULANTS. By this term is understood those substances which excite the action of the wliole nervous and vascular systems; almost all medicines are stimulants to some part or other, as, for instance, aperients, which stimu- late the lining of the bowels, but to the general sys- tem are lowering. On the other hand, stimulants, so called, jiur crccllcmv, excite and raise the action of the brain and heart. Old Ale. I (luurt. Carbonate of \iiiiuouia, \ to 2 draohius. Tincture of ( iger, 4 drachms. Mix and give as a drench. For other stimulants see Cordials. SECTION XXIII. STOMACHICS. Stomachics are medicines given to improve the tone of the stomach when impaired by bad manage- ment or disease. StoinaeUie ball — I'liwdereil (ieiitiaii, Powdered (linger, ('arboii;ile of Soda, Treiu'lt^ til foriu a bull. Or, Casearillu, powdered, Myrrh, Ciistilo Soup, Mix, witli .syrui) 102 till Vllh) I'.VK.MKllta' isrtJCK UOOJv. ii II who keeps a liorse. If 1r. l,avo .stiulied the foie- Koin- carefully it will l.o found more eouveiiieiit soraotimos to use tliim prepimitious of vurious dru-H. We ilierefore append ti.e list of kucIi ms nuiy jins- 8il)ly 1)0 necdeut„m A, -se, 1 ounce to '.> ounces; or a.^ n diuretic, .1 ounce to 1 ounce. VEHATiicM Amicm; Wiiito llellcbor.v -Sedative ; for which purpose it- is highly lauded by Mr. Perci- vall, who gave it in doses of 20 to ao grains. J^xter- nalh forms an ingredient i several ointments. Zinc, Carbonu,. of; Calara.- —Used externally in the form of an ointment. Zinc, Oxnle >,i. Usedoxteraally ,- a mild, sooth- nii,' ointment, mixed with lard. Zinc, Sulphate of; White Vitnoi.— J>i9Soi' od in water to lorui a wash for tJie eye^. Zinc, Chloritie of — A strong caustic and aui ;ic. CHAPTER XXL NOMK TIIIN; i-'vVii.M icitH' HTcjcK uuuK. 1.-,., with tiirpcD- tic, onJy used .— Sedative; >y Mr, Perci- liiia. JCxter- lintmeiits. •il externally mild, sooth- i'iSSii' d in id anil tic. JLl) KNOW. niSKAHE, th is strong, oxc.'ileuient; a vibratory !j abnormal, il3e indicate rms of this ^mall pulse. ihty; great (prevented o, three or short time, ating func- heart dis- i case. All irrcgularitieH and inlcrniissionM, it ii. i rkud, indicate dihease of the liuurt, Irri/ Sliiif /'«/,s,'.— This indicates disease or injtir\ to the lirain or sjiinul cord. .1 riiri,litiin,i /'(//.sr.— TliiH in the region of any part, intlanud or congc«tcd, iiidicat.>s the nature and ill a degree tiie intensity of looal disease. Till Oji/iri'HKi-d /'/(/.«'.— Here the iirteiy i,s I'ull, hut the heat is indiHtinet. It shows congestion and intlainiuation of the lungs. /■/((■ ir/i-i/ /'»/,si. This is a hard, small pulse, as indicated hy its name. Where found iiillaiuniatioii of the serous incnihrancs. and of the unite (ihrous tissue may he suspected. I'll!- I'lirniilii /'»/«. —This is a small soft pulse, as its name indicates, and is f(uuid in great dehility. If tile pulse IS quick, feeble, llutteiiugand almost imper- ceptible, speedy death is indicated. VAIilATlO.NH OF TMK IMLSK, The ))iilse varies, under ditlerent circumstances, in disease from twenty to 12() per minute. The pulse m.iy differ in the two sides of an animal. If it cannot bo found at the left suh-!»ia\illaiy (under the jaw) artery it may be felt on the right side In disease, when dilliult to liuil at the jaw, it may be felt at the arm, above the knee. In health the pulse of the fully grown horse, with the temperature of the air at about sixty degrees, is frorii thirty-two to thirty-six beats per minute. It is quicker in young than in aged horses, and slower in cold (low bred)' than in well breil horses. The Hmit for the pulse beats in health may be stati d at between twenty-six and forty beats per minute. Hence the necessity of knowing fli. normal pulse action, in health, of a particular mal t' i- curately deter- mine diseased conditions. SKCTIO.V 11. "ON l.l.fcl.Di.Vci. Bleeding is only to ho practiced in cases of ex- treme necessity. In the majority of cases it is un- certain in its effects. It is a certain and powertul depressant and s.dative, lessening the action of the heart and lungs. Bleeding should only he employed in the early stages of the disease, and when em- ployed, blood enough should be taken to cause a marked alteration nf the jiulse. Never lileed when th. pnlse is quick and at the same time weak. It is worth repeating: ■.mless in desperate eases, blood- letting should be abstained from, except under the advice of a competent veterinary surgeon. Modern practice disciaiiitenanees lileeiliug, i"vcept in a few classes of disease. SKCTION 111. \HOirT ei.YSTKliS (Mi INJECTIONS. I'nifessiiuially these are called elieiiiata. Tiiiir action softens and loosens hardened e(Uitt uts of the lower bowels, and by distention causes evacuation. The (diject of an eiienn is to rouse the powers of the intestines to action. The excitement of the lower intestines siuiietimes extends to the smill in- testines, rousing these also toactimi, A simple pur- g.itive for the horso is a half gallon of water, blood warm, or at a tem|)crature ol iiiluty-six degrees. Clysters must not he given violently, hut gently. S. bladder or gutta ixrclia and rubber tube, six inches long, may hold tiie liquid. - If stimulation is re- quired, add a little eominon salt to the warm water, and before administering, it is better that the Jiorse be baik-raktd. Thit is, so much of the hardi'iied dung, as may he, is removed by the widl-oiled hand. Care must be taken in this operation. A nutritive enema consists of a quart of gruel or rice.' water. .Vn astringeut enema I'nv checking diarrluea may be made of two drachms of catechu and two drachm^ of opium in a gallon of water; or, a quart of starch in three quarts of water, blood warm, may be first tried. An enema for allaying spasms of the intestines may be made by dissolving two ounces of oiiiuni to the water u.sed. T(d)acco smoke is sometimes IjIowu into the intestine through the stem of a pipe hy way of the fundament. It is not of special value. .\ii enema f(n' eNi>elliiig worms from the large in- testines is composeil of two (mnces of oil of turpen tine in a pint of olive or of lard oil. Injections, either for relieving pain or for expelling worms, are not generally satisfactory, a;id their utility is d(uibt- ful. SKCTION IV. — DKODoalZKRS AND IIISINFKCTION, There is nothing more important during the jucv- aleiice of contagious diseases than disinfection to cause chemical disorgani/ation of tlu^ germs "f dis- ease presi i!t Deodorizers take up and eliminate noxious smells. Disinfectants destroy germs of dis- ease. To destroy noxious odors in sinks, drains, stables, etc., a large handful of sulidiate of iron (copperas* dissolved in a bucket of water, is cheap and etli. t. One more effective, is an ounce of chloride r.i zinc, dissolved, to each four to six quarts of water used. Sawdust, pulverized dry clay, pow- dered charcoal, gypsum, copperas (sulphate of iron). ^ \r,n rilK KAItMIOUH' H'lcxK llOOlv. "ilErr:;,?:;:::; '"- ■•" -" « ■ , f < "-•""i^.^ i... »»;;;. ^^^ A ,, .l,«„.f.o(,.nt and wood .l.o.lori^er i. ,„a.l. F<.r diHinfoctin« Ht,tM..H. uho: •■■'1.P.TUS ,.„„.„,.,„,„ ,„,„, n'TW.!,,,-!..., „ni„„, . ,„.,,,. •l.vpNiim (Kriiiiuili Ciiriiolic lu'iil Mix Well tnjjpfhor Hiiiiil uliim, piilvcrizr.l. 1 purt. 7.-. |m,i, A liowflful diHii.ffctuiit f(.r tl„. Hill,,.. i.iin)OH0 in ' l""t i mildoLytakiliR; ' A f?....d .lisiMlVi.tant for s.,U,l..s tlmt iimv ho cloHed <'"""""" «"''• '-' I'-hu-I.. H-i-tmriuTiN.. Partk nu I'OINIM .,f thk iroiiHR 1. Mil/.zl.'. 'J. Nii^trtl. :i. liiri'hi'ail. 4. .Miw. .''t. I'lill. (1. Ol'Mt. 7. WIlHlplpO. «. Hhiiiilder hlmlp. !l. Point of ahiiuldrr I(». Itri'iiHt. 11. Ann. lU. I. 'I. 1 1. 15. ir,. IT. IH. lit. •Jll. •-'I. Elbow. Porcrtrni. KiK'c. ('niiiuin bono. Mac^k Hlni'H, I'Vilock or paKicrn j.iini ' oroiiet. llcK.f. Ilcd. WleliiTs. Iliuk. •;:i. itiiiK. l!l-'.;i. ilirth '.'.".. Loliix. CroUTi. Hip. Kliiiik. Till' Hlieath. Hoot of thp tall. Illpji'liit. HtlHo joint. liowcr tlilKli. •J(>. '-Ml. .'Id. .'11. :iL'. :i:i. ;m. :ix :w. ;i7. :ix. :i!). 4(1. 11. '1" III 11. *i- If tho iininiiils urc to ho fnmi<,mt,od, take-: Klowers of siilplmi'. i- piniinl. I'ino tar, 1 (pinit. Mix witli tow, and Imuii (.sinoki.i-) „„til tho ani- maLs sliow .signs of .Jistro.ss hy slight couKhinK: th.'i, ventilate at once. A di.sinf(.i'tant for wvs.s pools, drains, sowrrs, etc infected with .,mi:y/u,n^ .or.as, may he made ns fol' lows : Snliiliati! of iron, 2 parts. Kii!p!ia(i' i^f ziiu'. I i)urt. White ouk l)ark, ilr.v, in powder, 1 part. Tlio (iimrtorM. Tholioek IMintoftliPhcck, When, ilii'ciirii fornix. » Knnnii lionc. IliukMlnt'n-. K'tloek ur ps,' roiNTS OP TIIK „ohsE. si';(;Tio>f i.-TiiK POINTS OK Tin-: poksk. The technical terms used to dcsiRnato tho several parts or points of the horse, as seen npon a snperli- cialohservatimi, are ftiUy shown hv tho illustration annexed. Explanation of parts rts or points of horse in diagram. I if t f nil nriitiKn. •' piir|ioHp in my lid tiikrn )k. foriiiH. ni jcilni. ill, one (if K. K. B sovoral I Rupcrli- istnitioii liiWaiii. I 'fill: I'AUMKUM' MTIXK IHioK. ir,7 HBCTIiiN 11. -Till! RilNKH KflU TliP.llt Vl.MKH, Tlif illnstriitidii of tlif Hkili^tDii iiml tlii' iiiiinBM of t,li(3 lumi's will fully uiiawcr imr piniioHc TIiih will sorvt' to show their poHitioii iiiiil iiniiortaiioc in tlio niiiiiiftl pconnmy. If the brcodcr wIhIich to mnki' tliuHP iniittprs II Hpcciiil stiuly, iiud ciiii Hpoiid tlu- iiec'CHHary tiiiio iiml liionry fur Hpcciiil iiirttructorH luul buy Huch tcxtliiioJiH as tiiiiy lie ncccNHiiry, well iiiul jnintrd proccHHCH rt'^pci'tivply of tlic nock, liin'k ftiid tail. .1 is tiio .si'iipiilii, or HlioiiUlfr liliidc; K, IIii- MicrtiM, mill iS, slioiildcr joint; L, radius or bono of tlin arm; M, earpiiHor knoo; N, trapcziiini; (), motnciir- pal bonoH, or bones of the Icr; I', oh flntTrii(,'iniH, or K'ipat pHHtcrn; 11, os corona-, or Hinall paiitorn; S, oh pcdiH, orcotVm lioiii', the outlinu beiii^; tlio hoof out- side the boue, T-T, the ribs. Tnr: Framk Woiik ok Iioneh and Oi'ti.ine op the noBSE. good. It may not be time and money badly invested. Our idea here is simply to give a genera) idea, cor- rectly illustratiil, of the principal lioncH and their naiufis in connection with the outline ol the horse. EXPLANATION OF BONKS OF TIIF, HOUKK. Commencing at the head, C shows the atlas; F the withers and below the dorsal vertcbrii', the withers being formed by spinous processcB of the anterior dorsal vertebrre; G, himbar vertebric; H, sacral ver- tebrio; I, cacygeal vertebra;. These constitute the Coming now to the figures, 4 shows the pelvis, consisting of three parts; 1.4, tho ilium; 14, the ischium, and the pubis, hidden in the illustration; 5 is the patella; (i, the femur; 7, tibia; 8, stifle joint; 0, sesamoid bones; 10, fetlock joint; 11, ulna or point of elbow, and 12, the costal cartilages, or cartilages connecting the true ribs. The small letters show at a, tho great metatarsal bones; b, the great pastern of the hind leg; d, the small pastern; f, the dorsal ver- tebrie, and y, the expansion of t'le tibia or leg bone. pi ■hi''' j ' I )! *t ir,H 'rHK FARMKRs. STOCK BOOK SKCTK.N m— STRUCTURAL ANT. HISTORICAL POINTS Ilio following is the basis of points for huh'ius tlio fjualific.tions of horses iuten.led for brce,'^i„r, imn.oses to ho .sul.mitte.l to the National Association "f IJottm^-Horso JJrceders of the United States for amendment, modification and liinil action witli a view to their adoption, as vahiahie in tlie hreedin.' «'f road liorses and horses intended for the other l"f,'icr j^eneral uses. These embrace twelve struct- ural and three liistorical points as stated in -Wallace's Monthly." STRUeiriiAL POINTS. //'•"'/— Tlie size should he in proportion to tno size of the animal. The form siiould be after the Arabian model, wide between the jaws, broad be- tween the eyes, with prominent brain development- clean and bony, with lips neat and compressed, and nostrils active and delicate. /■>■ «»'/ /-.Vn— Character is shown in these or- gans. Not only the size and fullness of the eve. but Its expression must be considered. The ear 'should be active and thin, and generous in len-lh. AVr/,-._This i,oint will include the setting on of the head, the length and shape of the neck, and the lee development of. the wind-pi,>e, especially at the tlirottle. Sh,.„/,l,rsu»,l r„n;n-m.. -This point will include ho slope and strength of the shoulders, the height of the withers, and th.. form and muscles of the fore- arms, both inside and out. n.mrl Co./.li,,, „,„, r,.„„^,__This embraces t],e length, depth and roundness „f the bodv, with the Btrength and spread of the loin, and the'propcr ele- vation of the croup. Jlij,.-, ijiiarln-s, S/ijI,. ,„„l ( M,hi..~Thc svm- metry of the hip, the breadth and trength of "the quarters, the spread of the stifles, and the muscdar development of the gaskins, inside and out, are to be considered in this point. //"r^-.v. Knr.., I.,.,,. ,„„( /'„.s7,.;«.v.-This point in- cudes the strength and clean-cut articulati.m of all the members of the hock and k.ue joints; the angle of the hocks; tiie character and strength of the can- non bones, and the angle, elasticity and character of tlie pasterns. /•''■'■'•-The general shape of the feet; their posi- tion when at rest; the width of tbe heels; the «trength^u,d healthy growth of the avails, as well as !• evidences of internal troubles, will be embraced in tins jioint. ' ■"'"'•• -According to public taste the leadin" col- ors may be classed as follows: Hay, dark chestnut, hrown, black, roan gray. All white markings beyond a star, and one or two white feet, are objectionable. .Vv.--Thia will be d.^termined by tlie class to Avh.-b tln.s scale is applied. The model park horse stiien.ode farm horse; and he should be sixteen l.am s, weighing twelve hundred pounds. The road and trotting horse not less than (ifteen and a half iiaiKls. ^i/iiiiiii ■tn, ,,H,I .Vv/-—This embraces the natural and unrestrained carriage of the head and tail, and the outline of form and ilgure, as presented in a state of animation. Artio,, n-ii,,„„t .s>„,.,/._This will embrace the action and use of the limbs at the walk and at the •slow trot, ,n which the diflerenco between a drag-in- uiction and the quick, trappy lifting of the feet^will b" considered. The right use of the knee and hock IS a necessity. insToiiicAL I'la.vTs. /',,/,>,.,.,. -This is the most important sin-le point in the whole scale, and yet it is the one that las received the least attention. Consi.ler well what < 10 sire and dam each has inherited, what <.„ch has -one as a performer, and w],at ea.h has produced in Me stud. Then consider fhe qualifications of the wogr.uids.res and the two g,.;a,„3i, „,,,., „^ y^. If the animal under nu.,ment is running ..ed. consuler the running qualillcafons of his unces" tors but If trotting-bred look only to the trottin- q.:alihcations Thevalueofapd.greeisti,emei^ of the nnmediate crosses, view..] in the light of inheritance, performance and production. /', '/..,»„.,r.._Ability to perform well compensates ^^r a number of shortcomings in the inheritance Not nng but technical -....0.^^^ on this point. Any record is better than no record r-very ammal intended to ,,roduce trotters should have his or her speed developed to some extent. lie cl.mtcter and precision of the gait, with freedoar from a 1 artihcal appliances, must enter into the value of this point. ri,ura^.r „f . V/^,,/-,,,. -This point only applies t. aged and trie.l sires and dams. The credits will be awarded accordin^g to the number and class of fast ■^ .v.- .' f 5 '4* + ■rili; I'^VUMKUW HVOCK IU)(_)K. 1,-,!) pi'iformers from ii given animal — the age anil opjior- tuuities of compotitors being considered. CHAPTER XXIir. UnKRDING OF SOMK lASKH'S IIOIiSKS. SECTION I.— TIIK KTUDY Ol' I'lOUKHtKKS. The value of pedigree, the history, in fact, of an animal, showing its breeding for generations, con- sists solely in the fact tliat thus one may liud from history what these animals had been, and in what their value consisted. The value of a horse as a sire must consist solely in his ability either to get ani- mals capable of great muscular exertion in the several directions of running, trotting, speedy or slow draft, as the case may bo. If to this is added style, good temper and strong constitutional health, the value is largely increased. Thus the study of a pedigree is intended to show the precise lines of blood from which the animal is descended. If to this the his- tory of the sire, dam and tlieir progenitors is known and studied it will assist greatly in forming an opin- ion. The structural and historical pointt thus both conduce to represent value in a sire. This is given in section III, chapter XXI. The reading of the pedigree of Eclipse, for in- stance, shows tiiat he was foaled in IVt! t, tliat his sire was Marske, and his dam Spiletta. The sire of Marske was Sipiirt, and liis dam the daughter of Mutton's Blacklegs. The sire of Siiiletta, the dam of Eclipse, was Ilegulus, and the daui of Spiletta was Mother Western. Ho the l)reoding may be traced directly back, step by step. In the stud books the record simply is given— the name of the sire and of the dam with their registered number, if there be one. Hence in studying a pedigree one must take the number of the sire and dam successively and construct the table for himself so far back as he wants to go. lie must see how the lines mingle to pio- duco the probability of continued g>">• Noy.'s. Hi'llH.nvor. I, ,„ -,-', Sw,.,.UIo,„e, cl.uV ■'• m ' '"""•"«■"• Dcvtor, lir. ,. N.^tfi... I,.,,,.;;;:; Oniiii;,. (ii,|, I,, in '.■.'.■. ilnwil,.. I, ,„ Jn.v '''liild, I,, h'.'.'...',', "'■Ms, I), m... <»'■". Wilkes. I„; ii I'i'iicHliuii, li ii.. Miitiii', h. m YniiTiu' nniiiii, iVr i; iM'iy HaiikiT, I), m "" Miidiiliiii., li. m 'trcifDi- nroe/.f, h. ir hfflo nciiMH. I,. Ill . ■ hllii Miid.len, l>. ;n Hlriall Hi)|,„s, Ii. i, '" ." C'lic-itur, li. ur '.'.'.".'" Jenimo, h. u Luitery, m-.,,...; •;;;;• ; KIsliar, Ij. h " J^hark, 1).!.'. Isnildi,., " L'lrtii'flOnmia 10 :iim'' H.rotiaiid .Ataid, li. ni •" Alma, lir m ' ," KiiHidd, li. h,'.''.".'...'.'," MarKucrlfc, h. n, I'iftiirvdirl. I,, 111" AdininiHtmtiir, h. u .AMtoria, It. m iii:ciinji. ....-MTii ■ •.■-'••.'(> ■•-'I .■•-'I ';. :'.-J't :•-':! :■_',■) I.. !:l7i;. :-JI :L'I :-'.". I-. ■_'7:'l L'!) Bruno, hr. ir.... H'lmimrlori, h. h" "^"•e-'i'iii'-en. I. ■„.. I'rift (NorvvoodI li. |i Maud. Ij. m... Senlliml, li. li. .',.'.'.'.'" I'ady AuBiiHia, b. m".'.' It will bo seen that he and P.Gllfounder blood ■.•:-.'.'li, .•J:'J!M.. .2:2:ii._, ■ ■J\-l:ti.', •J :•-".)', ■-':'2l»:ii l'..ll_,- MdU by S...iys American Lady^Sanf„rdl,vSeoiy„\'i^:,.'H':an I.iii.y M,.Maiin l,y .Tnplt.-r. •n!^;i;rt;i:;;-.j[™-c.ay. KaJir^'visL/;:;""'""''^"-"'-- "aldlDllOr.f 'I'll,,,,,,, „|,„.|j \n hcoley s Anierlcii 1 Star. Iv.lt.. Iiy lielialre. kI'V,','' ,'^"y«')y XavrosII.arrvClav - j^'" li" I'y Lonit rsi;,i,d in k iia„k' t liy IJrewH llamhletoiilai . ' : uiikiiowii. •I..IU JIarhroo l,y SoeiyH Amorl- ■/''". '^!'V;""l'"ll'-'r«Mi„k„„«:,i. Htar •'■ '^'^■'■'""''' Anierloan •'"',, ^''■KiriKtry maro. 1 Ust> hy \,,ilni; .,st( Clara liy See y^ .1 Jiilia .Wielireo 1. can Star KateSmitli hv AhdaHal ly I'reenV (l.illvar. l>y Mainliriiii, ciiii.f Haia, d,am of nu.^iter. Aiii.Tleaii Star. Ivate liy Ilellalre. pedlu'rei^ not traced, iiv Sei.Jy's American Star lennle >fntwo.id in Siltiam ^Si'f^lJ ';v «-lvUnleS, Sta is strong both in Messenger nuan Star ■^.fly's Amerl- liF Seely'.s ll'o vaJno of a trotting hor,.., like any other property. ,s what he is worth to sell. Let „s « junme s,,me mteresting fact, relating to the Hamble- ton un family m relation to their money vtilne We quote from the Turf Fi,-/,l , i r •\""'"^- >*e tlie matter m condensed shape : ch,'.?7" ?f"/°" '"'"-^""f (Hitmbletonian) wtis p„r- tee .> (,,,7.0. Thirty.sixofhis gofc h.avo trotted hi ^.3 or bottor. and th.. prices for which they were or ould have been sold for in their best days a^-e alol n.^ onf :•• '^'''"""= '^'^ ^^°"'^'' Am^oit tie $-2r,,(m; (feorge Wilkes, ,^25.000; Oa.ello S20 0: ella|,.,^0;Mattie,^10,000;iw:S:: S Oom f ?r^' ^^'"■"""' '^'""^^ Howell. Jr., ?10,)10,H,«vestQneen, ^8,000; Lottery, ,S8 000- ^ ,000. Madeline, .^.i.OOO; Jreezc, §0,000; Admin J^ja^, §5.0,,.; D,,f, §5.000; Effie Deans So- hlh Madden. ,§1,000; Lottery, §t,00,); Loti e S ' 000; Scotknd M«,l. .§f, 000; Chester, $8,..0 H^m" ponon §. 500; Factoiy Oirl, §8,000; J rom . §8 - Lady A,,„,sta. §2,.500; Marguerite. §2.500. T.isis a^^a.of^83,000. as a fair estimate of the ,iX;; Tlu^stillioiisii, the list which have won renown "> l'<^ tud iire Sentinel, (tcorge Wilkes, .fay frould an -^ nnnstritor. Their miited progeny is wlS .; .^' <.,,t m. ny thoiiHan.l dollars. George Wilke. for ...ling Wilson. 2.1.!.; U,,,, Wilke.s, 2:181-. ,. «..nker:10|;So.S,., 2:17.; and May Hird.'2:21 ••flit,, If) ii;,.; (,,„|ji 2.;j{' **#-^HAHfff«iH^,^ ,, -+ His Tiiii; i'^IlMEltS' STOlJIv HOOIi. Kil The fiistost of Jiiy GouUVh >,'et is Adelc (rould, 2:19, ami the hcst duc from the hiins of Adiiiinis- trator is Ciitehtly, 2:10. The eutire sons of Ham- l)lct(.niiiii which have no jihiee in the 2:30 circle, but which have l)een successful in the stud, are very innnorous. Alexander's A.bdallah was sold for about §8,000, but he ijot Goldsmith Maid, who made a record of 2:14, and whose turf winniu,L;s foot up close to §i2r.0,()()0; Thorndalc, who gained a record of 2: 22|, and from whoso lohis came Edwin Thome, 2:U)^, and Daisydale, 2 : W\ ; vUmont, the sire of twenty- two 2:80 trotters, including Fanny Witherspoon, 2:17; Piedmont, 2:17|; and Aldine, 2:1!^; and i'.el- mout, with nine sons and daughters with records of better than 2:30, among them Nutwood, 2: IKi, and Wedgewood, 2 : 10. The descendants of Alexander's Abdallah are worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. Volunteer stands in the very front rank of the pro- ducnig sons of llarablet, HAM. Cclia, ak'rey marc of iiiikiKiwii bliHKi. Sllverella, salil !■> lio by IMloi ,1 : . tliB (lain of Milft C, 'J :2i\'-2. by I'ctc (Irlttlll bv Sir Lt'slic. KilviTcttii, ilaiii of Sllvorldii. by Alexanaur'H Aliilallah. liv.Iini Monroe. by lirov.iiK Tom Crowdcr. the ilani of Mai fie II., •.;;-'!>'!!, bv Daw Crocket. liclle Wilson, oh m 2 ;'JH la. I.oniiliaffln, b. * '.i;'.i;i>-j. Ina (}.. b. ni -:'M. KateHr.ll. b. m 'Ji'Jl'j, Florence M.. cli. in '.':'J."i'i, HusHell, Kr. .r 'J .■je., lilaneheH., bik. m ■^:^ii>i. CommaiHler. b. h -:'Jb'i. MllaC..cli. in -.'^'Jii'..', lierlie. isr. m •J;'J7. Horn I'edio, \i. a... '.i:'-'7. Doctor FranU. ni. K -:-"*■_•, Mollio Ki'KtIir, 1 1, ni ■Ji'JT''.', (leneral Uuss. lm. ^r 'J:-a'i, Kate Hennetl, ru. ni l;:'JIO|, Matlieli.b. m ■_':-.'!)i-, F.d, Wllihr.ch. g '^Am. Klla Wils.iu, 1). in -■::lO, Little Wuiidcr, cli. Ii •2::M. Mavliinl, b. in ■-IMit. I'urllv, cli. in 'J:;!!', .lames Ilaifiieiiny, b. n — '.J ::io, One more, that of Dictator, the sire of the now faiiKUis .lay-Eyo-See, whose record is already 2: 10, who has forced Maud S. to a record of 2:0J, and who, when he gets age enou.gh, may become the fastest horse who ever trod the trotting turf. Dictator, br. h., foaled lH(i3; by Eysdyk's Hani- liletoniaii, son of Abdallah; dam Clara (dam nf Dex- tei 2:17}) liy Seely's American Star; 2d dam the McKinstry Mare (dam of Shark 2 : 27^| ). Sire of Nellie M by Viinm: ITond AiniTica. nnkntiwn. by Tom Hal. thedamof Zoelt, 2:20ii. by lirown's Tom Crowder. nnknowli. nnknown. by Oenoral Taylor, (tliedaniof KateMcCall, -:'-':i> by llavy Crockett. Fanny ISeiison by .Terry. Folly liy Soyeroiiili (Uencoe. Susan Ijoderbv Daniel Hoi ne. by the Fearsall Horsi.'. .lav-Kye See, bik. «... IMiallas. b. Ii Fdrcetor, bik. ii... .... Code, b. Ii RKCOIII). ....J 10. ....■-M.'ii-J, ....•i:17. JJAM. 5Iidnli;lit by I'ilot, .Jr. lletsey Trotwooii by Clavk Chief. Dolly bv Miiniln-Ino Chief. Ci'oi, by Pilot .Ir. the liireh >rare by Drown Annie 0.,b.in .... 'J ;:.'«, rilot. Annie Laura by Harris' Ilnm- l)letonian. I'rincss, bik in "J:'JI>'.|, S.IMK TROTTF.IiS IN 2:20 or hkttfu. The dams of the horses that have trotted in 2:20 or better and whicii may betaken as authentic, are as follows: ,Tay-Eye-See has trotted in 2:10, and Maud S. in 2:0^, thus reducing the record as given. How fast cither of these animals may yet go, as well as some others in the list, remains to be seen. Wc ii Si ( K u Ii in >'^vii.\ip:i4w X'VfUli !!()(, K. nLT^flT"" ""'■'■'•"'"' ^''""- ^'«1'— that "cul^ J,„]f tlu. MHMnds in tlu. list ,v.,o direct .Ic- -•e,ul.mt« ,„ tiu. „„.],. Ii,... of Hy.s.Ivk'« Han.Woto- - ^-•It-ttluM.tlu.s, with sow exceptions a,s to 1. scarcely n.,„ccal.l., can.e from .s,.nu,. reco-- |">^-l t';",'tn.,tr fanuly. Of ,he lliM.orses tliat are ^.^.l,oron.hlM•e,l stallion. A,,ain, of the 110 horses "'tlu'^.O list, the sires of the dan. of nolo '-' twenty-seven arc nnhnown, leavin, ninetv-two .1.0 accounted for. The da.us of twentv-ninc r, tlH'.M were s,red hy (en h„r.se.s, as foil .w.s -the ;;;-•■;•; ^''•'■-i.t of each and the fastest reel made l,y prodm.o h.^n- also ^riv,.n : NV^rK. H(i,vn-» llan-yC'lav . ™;i''V; AiTUTiciinStiir. .' Pilot .Ir. Clark rhicf IiyH:l,s ..•J.lsi, ■ ■■^-.iH-h Sa.vres Harry Clay, who has ),ve i„ the list, the ...... ,,o,,,,,le, M,ehein. Flora (the danH,f, St.. 7uien, I ..alula and St. l!e,„o, all in the 2:80 lis,, wa ^...1.-1 .n 18.8. and is still ahve. II.s sil' : WsCassn,sM. Clay.7r., asonofCas.si„sM. C , and h,s dan. was by in.,,. Bollfo„..der; further l"""l..sl...shreed,n,Ms,„,known. The onlv o,„er k.H.wnele,,.e,,t,n the,,edi.,.eeofS,.y,,.,■Henrv Clay .s the Idoodol IMlfo,„.der.ahorstMvbo«epro.' euy, when d,st,n,„isl.ed at all, were made pron.i- .ont l.y tl.e.r capacity ,o trot fast and „o a lo',„ di^- tance. ^ Hedy-s American Star, who stands on cjnal tern.s He,n,y Clay ... the .......herof Lis dan^terH who iMu.J.en the dams o, 2:2.. trotters, sired the dam i'ilot Jr., althonK^h h,.vin. h„t four d.^Khters in he h.st, ,s the s.re of daughters who produced M..d^.2:..,a...,.lay-Kyo.Soo,2:10,tl!;far^ tz t te.. hy the record that have ever worn Inzrncss. 1 lot Jr was or pacin, o.i.i... h.s sire heing Pacing r.lot, a ].orsc of unlu.own blood, but he got trotters 2 21 "Si :r'«!'^^'"^«^ "f '''--'"v. John Morgan 2 21 ftlot Temple 2:24^; T..cla.y. 2: 2<;;Tatth.r, 2 2. Qu.e,, of the West, 2:20];, ;ene.,,ISher,..an 2.28.| and J).x.e. 2:80, hoh.gto his credit. Clark Chief, son of Mambrino Chief, sired thre- man; that ^vfre the dan.s of horses in the 2- 20 list- they hemg Betsey Trotwood, da.nof Pl.,.llas 2 1.5. • Mi.s too,.s dam of Wilson, 2:1.;.; „..d Jessi.: K k da.no Jajohca, 2:17 -a gr..,.d showing for . horse that d.ed..t the age of ten, .u.d wash, the stud o.,ly seven seasons, leaving, besides the n.ares ...t-.it.o,.ed,.s,xtohiscrediti,.the2:80 1ist The l.o,.ses that have e:.cl. sired two ...ares that 1>.".1..«'. 12: 20 trotters ..ro Rysdyk's nan,hleto..i,.n, Henry Clay M.unhrh.o Chief, Ma...hri,.o Chorister. Jlan.hrmo Patchen and Scotfs Hiatog,.. The i.st ...nued horse was of pacing blood on all sides, being . i...s la a do.. . so,.s and daughters in the 2:8.. s . All these h..rses. s.tve Scott's Hh.toga, it will be .ot.ctHl .t,.e n.e,„bers of recognised trotting fan.ilies. Is ..o timt why their daugl.ter.s. when b,x>d to trot- tn..^sU,ho..s, p,.oduce so ma,.y trotters and such RKC7.0X .V.-,>;.„„K„. OC-T-BHIC, AN,, ,ASK ,.,.K,.:„.vo cIo.sely related-that .s, with.,, the relationship of s.'cond eoHs.ns. 0„t-h,-eed.ng, or out-c„,ssi„i is .e pam,.g of ....i.nals ..ot allied at all. He.^een the.se extremes there are ...any degrees. Lin. breed- ...K is the un.on of a..i,„,l, „f ,, ,,istinc.ive fa.n- > or of tl.o,se having ,. co,..,non fou..dation. a,.d ^.thout a vnlent out-cross on either side. I.. ,.ttle .ne breed„.g is carried to a g.-c.t extent, as l.roed.ng of duchess co,.sta,.tly on duchesses, pr " -ss on pr.,.ccs.se.s. etc. In the breeding of l.Ls .- l.re«h,.g ,s not so exactly followed, though in the breeding of trotters results are now being s-M.^ht in tins direction. Lh.e breeding really is but an- oUu. name for h.-breeding. or rather as distin- g.usl.ed fron, close in-and-iu-hreeding. As to •, -mipanson of the advantages of either system the whole matter has been so carefully di'dl d' ,! btonehenge that wo quote from lu,„. At the tin.e The In.es o blood a,-e now so diverse that there is yvide f.eldo the blood of runnh.g horse t ch..o.sefro,n. I'l.o.. this ph.,, of lu-eeding we extract from htonehenge to form a synopsis: iN-HKi:i;i)..\(j. "Lot one ask what ho.ses h.u-o been the ,„ost roniarkable of late years as stallions, and, with "y ri.::r'^'T;';'^' '" "■" '""^ "-•>■ ^^-« -..^norabiv uu n, f n "7' T'"''^'"^ ''"^' *'''' Touchsto,,; .".<1 Uefence Wood almost always hits will, th 'riJi-; j''AitMi':us' htocjv hook. lua till' I't'iison lip is IJiiietli'iK vi'i-y Kolim; Imt it is for-ottcn tlnit tho on.' was already ' oxactly the reverse of ni-l.reean.K, Un- crossed ^vith that horse, ami the other %vith his that au ahsohue freoaoui from relat.oush.i' is '">t to brollur Ilnbei.s. Ou the other ha.ul, the Whisker he f.mml. or, if so, extremely rarely blood in the Colonel has not succeeded so well, it often fancy that they put two anmials together which bein.' made up of much crossed and more distantly are withont any eorrespondm- lines or strains related particles, and therefore not hittin- ->■"■ -1 " l'"""'l "^ 1'"-''^ c'Hm...s.tu.n; whereas, ni pomt ot witli tl.i Jrichni and Castrel blood, like his cousins, Toudi- Ktoiio and Defence. It has, however, partially suc- ceeded when in-hred to the Waxy anil liuzzard blood, as in Chathain and l-'Mglennm, who both re- uniti' these three strains. The same applies to Cor- onation, who unites tlie Whalebone blood in Hir Hercules with that of llnbens in Ruby; but as Waxy and Buzzard, the respective ancestors of all these horses, were both grandsons of llcrod, and t,'reat-f,'randsons of Snap, it only strengthens tlic argument in favor of in-breedhig. This conclusion is in accordance with axioms which embody the state of our i)resent knowledge of the theory of gen- eration. Purity of blood is intimately connected witli the practice, liecause the nearer it is to one standard, the more unmixed it is, and by conse- ^ queuce the more fully it is represented in the prod- ; uce. Henee, it is doubly needful to take care ; that this pure blood is of a good kind; because if b.id, it will periietuato its bad qualities just as closely as it would the good, or perhaps still more so." OUT-CKOSSING. Between in-and-in-breeding and out-crossing there are numy degrees; but as, in the tlioronghbred horse, there are scarcely two in the stud-book whieli can- not be traced back to the same stock in one or miuv lines, we do not generally understand " a cross" to demand absolute distinctness of blood. For in- stance, says Btonehenge, Teddington is generally considered as tlic result of as marked a cross as we ever meet with in the modern stud-book. For live generations the same name never appears in the pedigree tables of his sire and dam; but in the sixth we find the name of Sir Peter occur three times on the side of his sire, and twice on that of his dnm, besides six other lines of Ilerod blood on the part of the sire, and eight on that of the dam. Here, therefore, there was a return to the original lines of blood, which had been in-bred twice each, after five siicessive departures from them as far us could he effected in this particular kind of horse. These hist are called •' crosses-," though not being lilood in their composition fact, the relationship exists only four or live degrees olT. The horse and marc are, prrliajis, fourth ox- liffli cousins, often second or third; but, in ixamin- ing the stud-book, the blood of the sire, grandsire, and great- gnindsire is apt to he forgotten, because it is not given, the name only being mentioned. To illustrate we give the pedigree of one of the later stallions of trotting blood, taken at random, not only to show the manner in whicii pedigrees are l.ibulated for special use, with foot notes relating to any fact worthy of notice, but also to show the read- ing of pedigrees, etc. *t Abiliillnh. ^ I |;=r: : •^""""'' , l):iu«ht..r of , ,,,,„y|„L.,„t i.aot,,h-. - :;.CV [ Mmi(ji;i;ini, <>y Jliiiuliriiu) Chluf. ■/. I I llysclyli i Hu:iil)lL'toinan. I Warrim-, liy Yonnn Aleweni-'er. liy I Madiilii I.oiimor I I iluui i>f I'ii-'k Luomcr, 'J:31't» Wintliru|> .MosHClii!er, Sy "np. ! .Mos.-'i'iijji;r, I Au Kniiiisli .Miin.'of lui-'li luceil- i iiit' ami torm. il i Maiiilirluo C'liief. 9.1 Mamlffino ratclieii j,,,,,, ,,( j^^.jy ■I'honi «— I l)u\iu'hl.iM- nm>. fi)U»tfrnati(in. ,. , . 1 American EulU)S.' Pauiilitcr -, ^.(,; \ liamj, I etc. NoTE:-nay coU, star, lilack piiiiUs, liuavy tall ami mam-, lulcir ilfepvcd liay, lull of l)om; aii'l sulistancc, snmid, li'vi'l liniilml, I'vcii tcmiicreil, Hi IuukIb ami ovit, fualed May :)1, ISvl. Si vur i-uiit Mamliiim) Clik-t, l-^^'i ikt cent IIaml)li;tijniaii,3'8liorci!nt Pilot. .Tr. To follow this or any other pedigree for blood lines look in the appropriate stud book register, etc., for pedigree of sire, dam, grandsire, gninddam, etc., etc., as far back as may be necessary. These may then be carried out on a. chart for lefereuce. SUM.MIN» UP. In relation to the ndv.mtages and disadvantages of each pl'n our a.uth(U'.ty says: In the first phice, it ii./,v •! laid down that nearly an equal number ot / \ horses have lately been bred by adopting either mode of proceeding; but no lirst- riite liorte lias appeared whoso parents were incestu- ' ously allied. In the second place, it may bo gath- I ered from experiments with horses and other domes- tic animals, that very close m-bieeuing, continued for any length of time, is apt to develop the weak 'r^j^ i'.viiMicu«' .M-rucui aooic. «? ft= .; .'liii uif t'"- i:'-ti... though, .t th. .uuoti.ueJ, 3:Li T' 7'" "■'"'/ """"' ^''" -*-" '"...Uie : ■'H- ..un.l that ,t is „,nvi., to sa^ificeul! X' ^''T^'i^^^'''' ^'--- ^ ^'•'- ^-■"•atio,,; l-nt wuh tlu. vi..u.. J.;.„.,i..,u.. tolls ns tl.atU Sv L " '' " ""l"'"''^ ""'' '^ ■""- ''-" "-" tv in II,.. „„v. : \ iroi>trt.\ oi q,,,,]. ( „j,„„ j,,^, ,,,.„„i^,,_ ^j^^^,^ ^j^.^ y IUMU.X ..„.,,,tio,,,l,yi,„ttinj,afcmalJ™. t.n.|y .l..,.nv..,l of u to a „.ak. winch possesses it '■^■•■" "''^ "-•)-'' 'Wn... Sun.0 instances of ;„ "r i ""'""^ /'"^ '"''"^'"" "' ''"« -"--' 1"- - - U.:,,n,otl,e n.li...l on in the majority of in- '" " '", ^■■'■;^ '•' • '" )'"• l-li/,'.v., will not he likelv ^ -;aasteol,.,,o,,,hpnt,oativin,stan^^^^ ^^l '..- l.Ioo,l ,s notstont in a consi.lera],lo proportion ;; - aueestrv. Two or three conscc.tivo crossed ^^"'' 'l"- .siune or snnilar bloo.I will ahuosl of , -•••U-eireet the ohjeet; hut the lirst will rarely -»^'iiin, we 1;mow, if siiid to (lejjt'iid , , . ""'""■ ""n't occur in all cuuii.^' -^wat.connnontoallcannothoinsta^ : ; "'Uicular cause of any suhse.juent resulr,. It , , ^ '0 ren,o.„herea, however, that this w s .r -ly-p.rteroface.tu,^„,o;novcrti:i:^^'^^ f.ict a e receu-e.l to-day as essentially correct In ::;;";:, '7' "'''^^'^"^''■^^''-^'^oiwd' »sm,. the best measure of success. , li'e fact really is, concludes Htonehon-.e -.s -v.Il.y thousands of examples, that hvpi;^;,;' J^.jjoter,thepr.a,uce.notneces;^^^^^ ' r " ^" '''r ^^■^•'■•■"1 "'^■'"iH.rs of n Ion,, line of lo -■ A,an,. w.: know, if we put two animal/ to- anc^C H """'^ ""'"'"■" "^ " ^-^ Ji"e of «alar. e,ually .n-hred or e,„ally crossed, the pro.l- a J if" '''"' "'" ("'' ''""^"''^'^) -"y l>"-iblv he "ce ,s, on tho whole, as likely to resemble th ■ one . "r •''?'-""'^''i"-"P-t--<'f ""t^mi^nt l.;.v:,t as the other, though theren.aybea d,.fcre " 1 , "^"'''"! "' "^ ^•*'-- I^ ^-'-ll ha l'^u-e:,t as the other, thou,^h there naiybea ditfcrenc. "f"l'nuon as to particular points. But, if not thus -IMHliy .•,anpos..d of similar elements, the more in- -dparentwillhe represented in a, reater prop . t on than thucrossed one; and hence it follows, La >f It is desired to keep up the qualities of the horse or umre m Ins or her descendant, tho mate must ],e selected. ,1 possibh, less in-bred than he or she is. WHAT IS A MCK? A "hit,- or "nick," in hreedinj-is understood to ~ ";.,'"'""" "'.'^•"«'"^='"'^"uu„h it often 1-- that if there is any conside;.ablede^:,,„„ siiiiKUiintv, orcven -1 rr,v„f ,., ,, '-="-'■ '" i-on- some of 'fl , ^ resemblance in form, to •y.ao of the ancestry on each side, the ..roduce will -V together those dements, and wil/be n e " ""^ ^'''"mctenstics peculiar to them in a e , ' ■■■•" ""iiif^u ic orten occurs tli<. reason f.,r it is not always very clear Tt I i i • , , "" ".-..sume irom Heli, 4- ■fl.c horse, of late years, has admitted its truth), t)mt the rouchstone and Sultan Mood have aim., ;-.nahly h,t. The reason, ,rantm, the premis^^ '■iring lieverage was drawn on the niemoraiile afternoon. With a demonstration so convincing I need not say that 'I tumbled to the racket.' "But a still more remarkable coincidence has come to my knowledge. On the eve of tlie fourth of July, some years since, the eldest boy of John Asa Fisher ■2d exploded a fire cracker under the mare of Peter Starbuck Jr. as she w.is standing hitched to a box- wagon on the corner of Wlialo and Main streets. The mare did not appreciate the act as an ebullition of youthful patriotism. To her equine understanding it was intended as ii joke on herself, and that she did not appreciate the joke was manifest by the fact that she ran away, broke the wagon into ultimate suuth- ercens and knocked down and ran over Jonathan David Myrick. Tlio injured man was carried into the store of Eben< > i- Paddock ith. Obed Gardner 3d ran for Dr. Pitman, who came at once, but the man was so much injured that, in spite of surgical aid, he died in a few minutes. 'Squire Cotlin held an inquest on the body. Frederick William Folger made the mlfin. Elder Macy preached the funenti sermon. Roland Bunker Ilussey wrote and pub- lishsd an obituary in the [luiiiiri-r and Mirror. Ja- bez Chase 2d dug the grave, and Washington Irving Coleman furnished the headstone, and an orthodox Qusikcr who never urawy on iiis iinagitiation at less than ten days' sight, told m(! that every one I have f ,vyii r m :h " ill THK I.'.VIiMKIiH' B-roOK HOOK. f uamctl, inclucling himneU, was i„ thedegreo of fourth cnsiu o every one except the nmre, aud how it hap- poaed that .ho co.ddn't cl,.i,„ kiu.ship to the rest was a question winch confused the i.]„nd for over six '..onths for the mare was a native and had a pedi" ffree as lon.Mus the how (hat Mr. Hwain had drawn /<..• n.V cd.lH.a.ion." Tl„,s it would seen, that there .« some prett.vch.He in-hret'dingin the hnnian family outs.de the grandees of Spain, and wilhnut physl HI) degeneration. Wliy not then in animals^' chapt]:r XXIV. ■.I.T.OXAKV ,„ ......SKMKNSTKKMS IN ,„„,,«V Csi;. SKCIION I. -TEILMS IN U.SK IIY noltSllMK.V AND TIlKn; KXPLANATION. 13Ai!s.-Those portions of the erust (,r hoof of liorses that are reHecte,! inward, and form tiio arclies situated hetweeu the heels and the frog Baus o,.- Tin.; .Mo,:TH.-The Heshy rows that run across the upper part of the mouth, and reach almost to the palate. They form that part of th<. mouth on wliicii the hit should rest, and have its effect. J5ai!.s„ok.--.A particular kind of shoo sometimes used to protect a tender frog from injury, the hinder part of the shoe being thickened and hollowed over the frog. JiisnoriN-o.-A term used to denote altering the I siiape and appearance of tlio teeth of the horse to ' make them seem younger than they arc-so named from the scoundrel wiio invented it. j BLK.MrsH.-Aiiyimperfection in a horse orother ani- >ual. In horses, blemishes consist of broken knees i<'«.s of luur m the cutting plncts, mallenders and' sallenders, cnicked heels, false quarters, sjJints. or excrescences which do not occasion lameuess. and wnul galls and bog spavins, where they prevail to «av great degree. " ^ Bo.vK SPAV.N.-A disease of the hock joint in horses, brought on by over exertion. Wliilo formii,.' there IS continued lameness. Spavined horses are°useful tor .low work; they are most inconvenienced in the I act of rising. I BoTTo.M..^-Th« quality of endurance in a horse Bui-.M.._A term aj.plied to the bowels, to indicate \v«Bl of natural action; to the skin or hoof, to indi- caw tightness or constriction. Break,n«, -The training of horses and other nni- ::uii8. It snouia n„(, cominfiice too young, or they I want spirit; or too late, or they become unnnuiage- Bm.:ASTP,.ATK. A strap running across the chest of the horse, to hold the saddle tight. Bheechino 01, nar.Kenm.-That part of tho horse's liarness attached to the saddle, and hooked to tho sliaf s, w Incli enables him to push back the vehicle to winch h.! is harnessed. JhiKKi.iNo.-As applied to live stock it denotes the manner m which an animal is bred, as lines of an cestry, etc. 'm in of winch he is driven. The several parts of I bridle are the bit, or snafHe; the head- fall, ol ather from the top of the head to the rin.; o i at; the fillet, over the forehead and undent j "uMop; the throatdund, which buckles from the -ul-band under tho throat; the nosed.aiids, goi l-u..h the loops a^ the back of the head sfal^id ! -eldod under the cheeks; the reins (Strips of lealiS ^ .|.t eoine from the rings of the bit. and held in the I iiiler s hands. Bkekolno iN-ANo-N.-Denoting the breeding to I uousliT '''"*'°"''"P'^"'"°'"«'='>««''ril.Vineest- in mZ™""~^""'" ''" ''""^ '"^"^y *° ''"^ ^'^^^^ Brokkn-wim.,.;... -Denoting the pecuHar motion in r t^ ng and the accompanying noise, tho result of iiijuiy to the respiratory organs. Calks, ok .■ALK,Nos.-The parts of a shoe turned to g'vc grip to the shoe in pulling loads, or in traveling on shi)pery places. " ^ C'ANTKH.-An artificial slow gallop in which the I Z-H ,'? '=""'^J^-"y»""=l' ""r the animal; considerod elegant, but excessively fatiguing. Clkfis.— Cracks in the heels of horses. I Coi.T- '^''^' 'nale young of the horse, ass or their I'.vlirids up to the age of three or four years. ^^ExAMEL.-The hard, ivorydikc portion of the calSiT''^'"'""'^"^ "nnatural growth, tumor or FiLLv.-Young mare up to the ago of three or four years. Fleam. -The blade used in bleeding animals. Fi^exok..- The mu.sek.3 by which the limbs are be«t or moved. i*3ii5«WSy«la.*.j^i;. •1' II I ' A I.' M !•; US' STiX'K HOOK. 107 f Foal. — The young, of citliei hox, cif the lioiac, ass or ihcir hjbriilH, ami of the ^ritiiis cfiiiiw gwiumlly. FoAi.iMi. — To 1)0 ck'livert'd of u foul. Fiioii "!•• TUK lIoiiSK. — A triungnliir iiortidii nf horn lUdjt'ctini^ from tlio solo iilinost on ii level with tliu eviist, luid ilcfeudin^' ii soft mid tlastic siiliNtanco called tlio scnfcililc frof,'. The seiisihlo fro^' oefupics the whole of the hack iiart of the foot, aliovi: tho lioniy frof^ and between the <.'ui'tila,i,'cs. (l.M.Ls. — .\s aiiplied to animals' wounds ))iodui'nl hy the friction of harness. The little tumors formed under saddles arc called warbles. (See Wind-galls i. (iiiiNDKKS. — Tho molar teeth, placed next behind the incisors. (ii'Li.KT. — Tho cs()iihagus(ir swallow of iiu animal. HiriKiioL'Ni). — A condition ol tliu .sidn of animals when it seems to adhere to their bones. It is usually the result of a want of care, or a symptom of dis- ease. Hook. — Tho solid horny covering (nail) of the foot of the horse. Its composition is similar to that of horn. Horn is indurated skin consisting princi- pally of modified albumen. It resembles hair in its chemical ijualitics. Instki' of the Horsk. — 'iiie part of tho hind leg roachiug from tho ham to the pastern joint. MuLK. — In horsemen's languiige offspring of the ass and the mam, or of tho slio ass and the horse. In the latter case tho produce is called a jennet, and is much less hardy, and therefore rarely bred. The terifl mule is generally applied, in tho animal crea- tion, in the same sense with hybrid in the vegetable world, signifying the intermixture of two distinct species of a genus. lNcisous.---The sharp cutting or nipping teeth placed in front of the mouth of animals. They are sometimes called nippers. NosK-HAO. — A bag containing food to bo tied to the horse's nose. NosE-HANn. — That part of the headstall of a bridle which passes over the nose, sometimes called mas- crole. Pastern.— The distance that intervenes between the joint of that name and the coronet of the hocf. Points ok a Horse. — External indications showing aptitude for speed, bottom, labor and general char- acteristics of strength. R," .'iLiNG. — A male animal half castrated. Thf' {. ildin; ji ridglings must bo performed by ouo under- standing tho anatomy of the parts, since one or both testicles are situated in tho cavity of the belly. lliMi I'.dXK. -A callous growing in the IioIImw cir- cle of the little piisteru of a horse, just above the ixiroiiet. Sand Cuacks. — Fissures in the hoofs ol horses from which mutter exiiiles. Si'MNT.— \ Itunl excrestuice growing on the shank bones of horses. It appears first in the form of a, callous tumor, and afterward ossifies. Also a mcchanicul arrangement to sustain a broken limb. Htuains and SiMiAiNs.- Injuries produced by over- stretching of tho ligaments or muscles. Wimu.iioNE. — In the horso tho articulation i arnab- Ilium , of tho thigh honi! and pelvis. Wind (iali.s. — Smull tumors near the fetlocks of horses, produced by strains and over-driving; they contain a serous ihiid. WrniKRs. — Tho high portions of tho back of the horse, over the shoulders. They assist to render the horses active r.nd safe on their feet. Yeahlino.— A colt or filly between the age of one and two years. In racing the ago of an animal is dated from a fixed day iu tho year (.January 1). Hence the time of foaling is an important integer in animals required to curry weights on tho turf. f.ECTION n. — lil.oSSAIlY OK TER.MS IN USE ON TUE TURK AND TUEIK DEKINITIONS. Added to the List. — A turf stallion gelded. Aged Horses.— Running horses past six years of ago. Beefy. — A soft horse; a horso carrying too much flesh ; not trained down. Harxev. — A race where there has been a "cross" or " sell-out." Barred. — When a hor.io is prohibited from run- ning or trotting iu a certain class or entering for any special purse. Beat Out. — Beaton by a distance or from the start. lioi.T. — Giving up tho race by running to one side. Hoots. — Leather or canvas to protect the ankles or knees. Break. — To change to a run or skip in trotting. Broke Down. — When the back tendons give way tho horse is said to bo broken down. Brush. — A short contest on the road or track. By a Turo.vtlatcu. — When a horse wins by a head ho is also said to have von hy a throallatch. ■i 7i! H ± 108 •I'HK I'.VltMKHi HlUfK IIOOIC. Colt.— Usmilly ai)plio.l to a stullion or gelding until ho has tdini.lcti.d Uih foiiitli ycur. Ci)i,i,.\ii.— To (liiiw iij) (III nil antii^'oiiiKf C()U)ns. -Tlif c'lijisor costumes worn bv joekeys or drivers to distiugiiisli one from another. " CoMiuNATio.v,_A pool loriM..! hy jockeys or drivers to fix an event. CoNKKiiKiiAcv.— An iishociation of u nuiuher of owners of racc-horsos. CoNVK.iT. -To change a liorse's .!,'ai(, siuh as u pacer f" a trotter; a term used liy trainers. Chack (To). This is said of a horse that Rives way and fslls hchind llic moment ho is caught up with. ' C'K,,ss.-K,,uivalent to harney. A doul)lc cross, where tlio party who a-rees to l.iso either wins or tries to win without -ivin- warnin- to Ins confeder- ates. CViirAJoN.— A racing' tour tlirouKh tlie ountry (hir- ing the season. Catch. -To fall (piickly into the proper stride. r!M,'Tio.N.--To admonish a jockey or driver ai,'ainst an UiiffMon of the rules. v.*o- r.f.— A numher of tracks associated together, ;• . -iie ' rmnd Circuit, Kastern Circuit, etc. < ;i,Mji — To protest ; to claim a nanio for any horse. Cf.i-iK — To make a clucking sound to encourage a liorso to greater exertion. CuP.-When a track is .so moist that the horse's feet mane distinct impressions it is saul to " cup." CiT JJowN.— To run a horse into another and in- jure his limbs so as to disable him. Cut In.— To take advantage of an opening. CuTOeT.-To lead the others from the start; to set the i)ace. l)Aisv.CrTTEH.--A horse that keeps his feet near the ground in trotting or running. DiOAD U.Ni:. A horse that will not run, or has no chance to win, or is not meant to win. ])asii — A single heat of one or more miles. Dead Hkat — Beaten to a standstill. Dead Heat.— When two or more lior.ses cross the score at the same instant. Distance.— In races of mile heats, eighty yards; of two mile heats, loO yards; of three mile heats,' 220 yards; of mile heats, three in five, 100 yards. Doi'Ei..— Temporary improved appearance thrcugh use of drugs. Dosi t When a horse has been drugged to cunso liim to lose a race ho is said to have been dose.]. DiiAWN— Withdrawn before or during a race. J).ni;ii.-A horse which loses heart or will not exert himsilf during a race. I'lNTav.— To post the names of ,,n owner mid horse to go ill u race. Km- to Eno.-A race in which the pace is f.uced from start to linisli. 1''katiikuwi;iout.— Seventy-live pounds. If all the contestants in a race were privileged to " feather" it would be a race at catchweights, although ordiuanly •'catdiweighf means that the owner of a horse can J.lace any weight upmi him that he chooses, and ho IS presumed to choose the lightest practicable. I'lM.v. -A maro until she has complete.l her tourth year. Imxki.._A race which is decided, before couiiii.' oir, to go n certain way is said to have been " fixed " Ff-Ao.-Tho signal used by the judge to hut ou- or distance a, horse. Fi.t'KE.— When a horse has won a race through an accidout. ., "scratch." Fhke Hani.icap.- a free handicap where tho owner, if he dees not like tho weight imposed by the handicai.per, may withdraw his horse without pay in" forfeit. >■ J o lAm Blood. When the horse is driven to win. Fmifeit.— To pay forfeit; uoufulfillmcut of tho conditions. Cad.— To whij) or lash a horse. Get Awav.— To rush from the score. Go AS Thev Pi.easi.:.-To wagon, haniess, or under saddle, as the owner pleases. GoNK WiKiNo.-Out of condition, oil th(> feed, or incapable of further turf use or training. Gentleman RiDEii.-An amateur, or one who does not ride for pay. (ioT At.— See "Nobble." Hands Dow.n.-A horse that wins without tho aid of Ins jockey, and by the sheer force of his own speed IS said to "win with (his jockey's) hands down. Hull Dowx._In its ajiplication to the turf, a liorse that is so far behind that he has no chance to win. disti Uandk-appko. Weighted according to age, or the mce to be r un or trotted. HBiS • ..U- J_J. 1 coiuiiif,' "fixed." ' hut our TilH: K'^VllMMltH' H'l'dt'li IIOOIC. Kill t ilAitsEHH.— When II liurso trotH ti> sulky ho i» Hiiid to go ill "hivruL'ss." Headko. — To loiul the way by a head; to lie hil liy a liciid. lli,;(r, — A (hvisiim nf the distuucu "f i\ race, as half-iuilo heats, iiiilo heats, etc. lIii'wiDKoMK. — \ rate that aims at ;,'"•'-• iiiouey only while ]>r"<' iiig to be for a stalie, jmisf, or jiiize. IhiMK Btui - i'he last fpiarter of a tniik. lliiiDLE. — A feneo-like urraiifieiueiit used in hurdk- races for liorses to junip over. I\ Condition. — A term used by traiiicrH to express a horse'ti being in good l-irni for racing. Jockey. — Driver or horsedeulcr. .Too.— Used where u horse lias won easily. " He came in on a jofj." LKAni:iis.--Tho first horses in a race of many. Left at the 1'ost. — Where a horse scores for race, but refuses to go ou. Level-meadki). — Steady. The opposite of fli^'hty. LiKT.— Manipulatin;,' the reins to rouse a horse to greater exertion. Maiden.— A horse that has never won a running race. Match Race. — One made expressly between horses, usually not more than two, in contra-distinction to a race for a purse. Mile and Repeat. — A race in which a mile is trotted and then repeated, the horse winning eacli mile being the winner. MixEi)-(iAiTEi). — When a horse changes fioni a trot to a pace, or runs in front and trots behind, he is said to be mixed-gaited. Mount. — A jockey who is engaged to ride a horse in a race is said to have been given the mount. Musician. — A liorw' that roars. Nobble. — To poison a horse on tiie eve of a race, or otherwise unfit liini. Na.mino at Post. — Naming the starters at the start- ing post; used on the running turf. Nomination. — The entry or naming of a horse or embiyo foal for a race. Off. — Out of condition; off the feed. Open the Gap. — To draw away from the others. Office. — Secret infonnation as to the condition of a horse or the imrposo in the race of those who have him in charge. See Tip and Straight Tip. On. — To be " on " is to back a horse. A person is also " on " who I'anciis ho knows what will he the oiifeome of a men thiit other personi* believe is to be eoiuhicted sfjuarcly. OiTsiDEHH, Persons who do not, in 'ine way or another, thrive liy means oi racing. " I'lodiicer," has a similar meaning. Pi'LLiNo A House. -Uiding or driving to lose. Erroneously called " bipiiodroming.'" PiiNTiNo. W'bt n a man backs a horse for small stakes he is " a punter; " if he uses the money won on one race to bet on the one next sue ceding, he is " playing on velvet." That is, ho cannot lose iiKne than he wins, Peii.mission, — Assent from tlie judges to dismouii' or get out of the sulky. Plates. — Light sluies worn by horses in a race. Play or Pay. — Start or lose the money paid for entry. Pole. — The inside in a race; inside fence of a track. PoLE-uousE. — The near Ik'Tso of a double team; the one having the inside of the track. Pool. — Combining or aggregating liets. .\ cliipie. Poo. ino. — To combino in betting. PiioTEST. — X compbiint made to the judges for having been fouled or otherwise obstructed; a com- plaint against a horse, driver, or jockey who is not (jualilied to enter in the race or go upon the track. Pilled. — A horse prevented by his driver from winning a race is said to liavo been pulled. PuLLEK. — A horse that draws by his mouth. QnAUTEii-iioiisE. — In running-turf parlance, ahorse good for a short distance only. QcARTEH-poLE. — Tile fii'st dividing mark of a mile track. Quitter. — .\ horse that loses heart in a race. Racker. — A horse having a gait between a pace and a trot. Rattle-headed.— -Unsteady, dighty, unreliable. Rec/Vll. — A call back after a false start. Record. — The time made by a horse, under the rules; specifically, his best time. Right Off the Reel. — Winning in straight heats; which sec. Rinuer. — A running or trotting horse tlmt is entered for or participates uiuler another than his proper name in races slower than those of his class. Road-horse. — A horse used for road-driving; a gentleman's driving horse. ^, rv> vvj i>V. - .0. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) fe // A^^ ^ /. Ui % 1.0 I.I 11.25 ^1^ i^ 1^ 12.2 III Ui us 14,0 2.0 1.8 \A. IIIIII.6 V] <^ /a ^. 7 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 "H V :17 <^ % S \ 'oplexy. — An effusion of blood occurring suddenly into the substance of an organ or tissue, but f enerally used with rofcrcnco to an effusion of blood into the substance of the brain. Approximation.— Placing parts together; generally I .■8. f i! 1h i ' i If''' m ■It TPIli] I'-A-ItMEUS' STOCK UOOK. applied to tlic reduction of fractures ; synonymous with apposition in soft parts. AiiTKiiii.;s._\-ossels whicli carry the blood from the heart to the various parts of the system. AiiTuxLATio.vs.-Tlie fastenings of tlie various bones of the skeleton in their natural situation. They arc divided into movable and iumovftl)le. The jonits arc also called articulations. xViuoniv— Wastin- or emaciation, unaccompanied by fever. AuscrLTATto.N-.-Tho act of listening to sounds given by particular parts of the body when struck, or to the sounds produced by the functional move- ment of the lungs or heart. B.uK Eaki.nc. -Introducing the hand into the rec- tum to extract the ficccs. IUks.— The bars of the hoof are two ridges of horn, passing from the heels of the hoof toward tlie toe of the frog. Those of the mouth, transverse ridges on the roof thereof. lii.ooi) Spavin, lio,; Spavin-.— See spavin. JioTTH.-Larva of the bott-fly found attached to tlie horse's stomach. Bkoken \Vim,._A disease caused by constriction or (kformiiy of the windpipe. Callus.— A substance dciiosited between the di- vided portions of a fractured bone; also uni,.,tural hardness of any soft part; thickening of the cuticle. Cankku.-A foetid, colorless discharge from the fi-og, and having an olfensive odor. Cappk,, llocK.-A sweUing on the point of the hock. Cartiuwe.— A solid of the body between bone and ligament. Cataka(t.— Aa opacity of the crystilliuc lens or its cipsule, causing partial or total blindness. Caustic- A substance which, by its chemical properties, destroys the texture of organized bodies. The pure alkalies, the concentrated mineral acids, lunar caustic, etc., are caustics. Oauti-.kv.— The application of a caustic substance, or of a hot iron; the latter is termed actual cautery. CmcuLATioN. -Vital action by which the blood passes from the heart througii the arteries ; diminish- ing in size they end in minute rainiilcations on the entire smface, where they arc connected to corre- spondingly minut* veins, which, increasing in size, re- turn the blood to the heart. Uence wo have arterial and venous circulation. Clystkh. — A liquid thrown into the iarge intes- tines by means of a syringe or jiipe; the nozzle of the syringe or pipe being introduced into the anus. • Colic. -Acute pain in the abdomen, aggravated at intervals. Colon — That portion of the large intestine ex- tending from the ciccum to the rectum. It was once supj)0sed tf) be the seat of colic. Contagion.— That which is communicated by act- ual or near contact, as glanders, contagious pleuro- pneumonia, etc. Champ — Spasmodic and involuntary contraction of muscles. CuuH.— A swelling, first soft, then hard, on the back part of the hind leg, a little below the point of the hock. Dkntitio.n.— The development of the teeth, of which there are two sets, the temporary and perma- nent. The former arc twenty-four in number in the horse; twelve incisors and twelve molars. The per- manent are, in the horse, forty in number, in the mare, thirty-six, owing to the absence of the tushes or bridle teeth. DiAiJKTKs. — A disease occasioning great increase and alteration in the secretion of urine, witii excess- ive thirst and progressive emaciation. I J)iA(!Nosis.- Signs or symptoms by v one I disease is distinguiblied from another. I DisiNrKcTA.vT. -Agents tiiat neutralize .^^orbific ffHuvia; also agents cajiable of removing any septic condition of the living body or any part of it. Dkastic — Purgatives which operate powerfully. DiiKNcii — Liquid given through the mouth by means of a bottle, etc. K.voLLiKNT— An agent softening or soothing an irritated surface, or one harsh from dryness. Ejipiricism.— The knowledge of physic acquired by experience alone. ENDK.MIC. -A disease that is general in a locality. Endermatic— Medicines rubbed into the skin, or sprinkled thereon, where a blister has previously been formed. EMi.r.Mic.-Aiiy disease which alTocts animals generally at one time. (See Contagion, Endemic, Sporadic, etc.) Flstula — A deep, narrow, chronic abscess often extending to the bone. Fomk.ntation.— Bathing by the application of hot one •nil-; I'vVitMU'.iis cloths previously saturated with hot li(jaid, or by the hot liquid itself. (lANdiiKNi:.— Incipient mortification. Attended wth intlamumtiou it is termed liot; inlhimmation absent it is termed cold; if the part alToctcd contains more or Jess of decomposed fluids it in termed liumid. It is also called moist and dry, according to the ap- pearance and the exciting cause. Glandeks.— An incurable and virulent contagious disease, equally destructive of human and equine life. ILdk-boini). — The adherence of the horse's skin to the ribs, etc., from wasting disease. Infm K.N/.\.— An epidemic disease characterized by the suddenness of its attack, general depression; heaviness of the eyes, and by a distressing fever, sometimes called epizootic. Hkavks. — A disease due to rupture and enlarge- ment of the air cells of tlie lungs. | In.ikction. — Any medicated Uquid tlirowii into a natural or other cavity by means of a syringe; a clyster. .rAUNDin:.— Disease characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin and urine, with general languor and lassitude. .Iirca-LAU. — Relating to the throat. Jugular vein; the throiit vein. Laxativk. --A medicine to gently open the bowels. LivKK. -The largest gland in the body. Its ollice is to secrete the bile. Malaria. — Infectious gases from decayed animal or vegetable matter. Mammauv Gland. — The organ which secretes the milk. Mamie. — A contagious disease of the skin, caused by the presence of parasites (iicari). Memhuane. — A skin-like tissue of interwoven fibers cov.riiig some part of the body; sometimes it forms a secreting surface. Meninoitis. — Inflammation of the membranes of the brain. Miasm, Miasma. — Impalpable germs of disease, the ])roducl of decay or putrefactiou of animal or vege- table substiuiccs. Milk Fever. — Fever accompanying or preceding the secretion of milk soon after parturition. NAacDTif. Ail !igent that produces sleep or stupor. OuoANic— Relating to, or acting by means of organs. Used to express a disease of structure, the roc'iv HOOK. 17;< ■?* word functioiuil being used to describe one of func tion. Osseous.— Of the nature of bone ; bony. Palliative.— Relieving but not curing. Pleuha. A serous membrane, divided into two portions, lining the right and left cavities of the thorax, and reflected over each lung. Pneumonia. — Inflammation of the limgs. Poll Evil.— A disease occurring on the summit of the head, causing inflammation, resulting in suppu- ration and the production of abscesses round the at- tachments of the ligaments near. Puoui) Flesh.— Fungus growth of flesh on an ulcer, or excessive granulation. Pus.— A cream-like fluid in abscesses, or on the surface of sores; the matter of sores. Qi;rrrim. — A chronic abscess in the hoof; suppur.i- tion setting in, a sinuous fistula is formed. IlEMiTTENr. -.\pplied to symptoms which abi.t; considerably and then return again and again. RoAHiNii. -Tlio disease termed by English authors "broken- wind," in the United States is called heaves. The disease recognized in the United States as l)roken- wind is named roaring in England. (See Broken- wind.) Si'Ait. —An incrustation which forms upon a sore, owing to the concretion of the fluid discharged tliere- from. Sedatives. — (See Tonics.) Sinus.— The cavity of a sore; a long, hollow track leading from some abscess, diseased bone, etc. SrAviN.— Bone spavin is an exostosis in tiie region of the hock. Bog spavin occurs in the capsule, be- tween tlie tibia and astragulus. Splint. — .Vn osseous deposit between the large metacarpal, or cannon, or shank bone, and the two small metacarpal bones. SroiiADic. — Apt)lied to diseases not epidemic, and attack few at a time, from causes peculiar to each case; tontincd to a locality. Si'iiAiN. —Shifting of a joint further than the i. nal conformation of bones and ligaments allow, bu^ not so as to produce dislocation. Staggeks. — A disease resulting from some cerebral lesion, and implying a loss of control of voluntary motion and want of sensation. SxiMULA.Nis. "(See Tonics.) SiiTUKE. — A scam ; the union of flat bones by their margins, as in the skull; mechanical means or sub- r t i if y ii 171 VlLl'i if^j\.IlM.I to ^'id. I„ relation to the application of a very hot Much It IS apphed, the shoer must undei>.tand that 'ore IS danger of the heat ..enetrating deenl ." ez ho he,.^s,oe is withdrawn. In th^ cut ' ^i:!:^ the eat of too crack. I, the seat of quarter crack At h, top ,s the juncture between 'the hair and iiuol, or tlie coronet. I Hie story o the barefooted boy whose sole had j hccomo horny from constant contact with the ground I and. w len stepping ou a piece of hot iron, so . '"""od for some time, unconscious of tho danger .ashe..oft.,,.tcld,andmayserveasillustratfo: , I'ue When the burn Im.l actually reached the -..sitive parts, the acnnulated heat in the li rl Hk.n continued to enter deeper and deeper, ami .serious a'.'l long continued lameness ensued. It is a parallel case with the hoof of a horse. The actual burn may not reach the .sensitive tissue until the hot shoe is withdrawn, and yet tho injury from burning may be Hovere. A heated shoe, therefore, must be applie, with caution and for a specific purpose, and ailvays ^^■ltll a knowledge of cau.so and etTect SKCTM.V m.-STHircTrKK AM, LlmcKSSKS n, T,,,, THE HOUSK. Jlr. .John Palmer, a shoer of valuable horses in Clncago. writes as follows from a practical standpoint upon this subject: To a common observer the foot may appear a mass of insensible horn, but it is com- posed of an assemblage of springs, especially when considered ,„ relation to the forele.: which wonderfully adapts it not only to the n«o of the animal itself but to tho use of man ^so and so ,uef„lly has it been guarded that were the animal employed only to supply the snnple necessities of man his feet would last as long,evcnifnotshod,asanypartofhisb;,d: ihe.mmoderato exertion in which ho is now genomlly employed accounts for the great num- nolice. '"''' ""' "'"" '^""^'""tly under oi.r In the examination of the foot we find in its hornv eovenng another simple and effectual sp, n^ s mple to Us construction, and eiroetualas t!> the p .^ ^^luch It answers; this is that of yielding to tl ;;"P" so of the animalVs weight, and therob^bred^t The hoof is a secretion fr(,m tho livi„„ „art of H,n foot, not wholly f,.om the coronet, i.ut from th ^v ."g surface wliieh U covers, named by Proles cI >nan. the laminated substance of tl e ?; Id bt others the elastic lamime or processes o'lieL^' ^-oa. distributed to u;::S;:^-:str ^jjggH Ill I'. !■ A i: M !•■ !>' H • STOI'K lti)()K. li plied by two liirjje luU'iiis which )>iiss down (in eiich j nid<) of till! piistern. These give oil considerable branches to the fro;,' curtiliiLjeH and eoroniiry rin^. but the trunk of the artery enters in at the posterior and inferior piirt of the eollin bone and deviates into eight branches within the bone, wliich pass out at the circunifereneo or auglo of t'le toe. (T\irii to the pages relating to the limbs and feet of the horse for a full elucidation of the subject. I'ages HO to H7.) niHTIlllU'TION OK IlLOOI) IN TUK Fool'. The distribution of blood to the frog is remark- able. There arc several branches of considerable size, that do not give olf branches as in other parts of the foot, until they arrive near the surfaces and spread into innumerable ones, supplying the skin or secreting surface of the frog, and communi- cating with those of the skin of the sole, so that the frog and sole form one continued surface of skin of muscularity nud sensibility, but grcp.tly inferior in both respects to the laminated vessels and nerves in any other part of the body. From this view of the foot it will appear that when the horse stands in the stable without exercise, the veins of the fore leg do not return the blood freely for want of the press- ure which exercise occasions. (See cuts and matter relating to dissections of the foot in previous pages.) OAllTILAOl-; AND HONE. The blood, therefore, accumulates in the foot. The vessels of laminated siibstance, from the press- ure of the hoof, admit only of a determinate quan- tity, especially at that part where the horn is remark- ably thick and where elasticity is not so essential. The lateral cartilages are two elastic bodies attached to the coffin bone at its upper part, and proceeding backward like expanded wings terminate at the ex- tremity of the heel. They assist in expanding the heels and quarters. The navicular or nut bone is placed behind the coffin bone, and is attached to it as well as to the small pastern bones, and affords a slippery surface for the flexor tendon to move upon. This bone, with the coffin and small pastern, forms the coffin joint. The small pastern thus articulates with the coffin bone and the nut bone below, and with the great pas- tern above. These are all the bones comprehended in a description of the foot. The coffin bone is completely cellular tliruughout, and has more blond within it than any one in the body, though not far from being the smallest of the whole. The great •S- llexor tendon is inserted into the bottom of the coffin Ixme and the extensor tendon on its front and upper jiart. (See ligures 11 and 1"), page H7.) Thus the sensitive foot is composed of the pastern, the navicubir and the coffin bone, the lateral «arli- lages, the sensitive frog and sole, and the laminated sulwtance at the upper part of which there is a hard cartilaginous ring, named tlu; c(uonavy ligament. CllAl'TKU II. ■rilK I'lt.lCTH'K «>l' SIIOi:lN wi.i.h until it an- l-roaches the heels. Toward the luels. whoro the <"inees IS heavy enough for the heaviest farm and eariia!,'o horses. Never have a shoe reset when worn thin The «^ear will he h„t little on the ordinary earth roads of .0 w-est and so,.th; on n.oro gritty or stony roads t IS cheaper to pay for a new shoe than to force the i.orse to carry a great mass of iron. Try the dilfer- ence yourself hctween a medium, well-fittin.. shoe and one with an inch of leather and four oun.es o^ nails m tho soles. SlrxiON IV.— TUK tJPPKR SIIUFArF, OP TUK SIIOK. The upper surface of tho shoo should be ilat so it may rest on the entire surface of the crust. Tliis crust .s what nature intended as the sustaining sur- face winch hears tho weight of tho horse. Unshod It does so, when tho foot is norma!. If the wohd.t is "o so sustained the horse eventually goes te:.,ler- .0 ed. Hence a shoo sho.d.l never he seated out (I'ollowed frona the crust and sole) so that tho shoe only rests on a portion of the crust. If tho crust is "■Hluly rasped, or cut away, its weakened condition causes it tog.vo way under the weight o. the horso and the stroke of the toot. The blacksmith who un- 'I'll.v cuts away the crust .and then hollows out the solo, an.I c tuses a shoo to he seated out to remove tho pressure, has to learn the first principles of his pro- fession. It stands to reason that tho didusion of weigh IS most perfectly preserve 1. when tho widest possible bearing is obtained for tho shoe. But this •e inng must come only on the crust. Tho unshod J'"rso goe^ perfectly sound and natural on his feet •so long as the crust is not worn down, allowin.^ the solo to bear on the ground ; then ho goes lame, and ho does so If m shoeing tho weight is not borne on the crust. SKCTIOS V. -TUK ,im.>,.N-„ siHiKAeK OK TUK SHOK. The under surface of tho shoe should be concave; 1 10 natural hoof is so. If the upper surface of the Hl.oo IS seated out, the under or ground surface can- not bo concave, since tho shoe would not have suffi- cent strength. Double seating would weaken tho «hoe. Tho concave form of the ground surface of a letter B.) the shoo must also come to a rounded point, the inner edge of its heels exactly following and resting ou tho bars. (See bars in sole of foot." The narrowing of tiie web of the foro shoe at the heels may seem wrong to those not accustomed to it. iJut It is the shape which nature has chosen for the crust at Its junction with th.. bars, and hence must not be a tere.l The ordinary „,p,aro heels are objectionable, because that part which overlaps either the crust or tho bars, rests on nothing, hence ■s useless, and in fact affords means for wrenching w\ the shoe 111 miry jilacos. SECTION III TUK WKKiUT Ol" SIIOFS. The thickness of a shoe should be just that which will not spring unduly. Every ounce added thereto tells ,„> the strength and availabilitv of tho horse. ^osL„e should b,. made with a view of being worn out on the hoof. It is this that causes nearl v all tho disahihties of tho foot, allowing, of course, U.at tho slioes have been properly put on. A month is tho -U •e-- Tili<; li'^VIt M l«)li. Vi shoo Kripa to tho sround, awl iivoiils tliu liiibility to slip. (See cut, coneiivo shoe.) HKCTIOS VI. — l-KNlinl OF AND IIKKW OF TIIK SIIOK. Tliu l(Mi.!tli of till' cniiit (suo cut of thf ^'imuikI Bur- fiicu of thu hoot) aeteruiiiH'S tlio lcn!,'tli of Ww shoe. If sliurter tliaii tlio crust, thu huola of tho shoo inviH upon imd biuiso llio sunt of corns. If longer tliin thu cruat tlio himl shouH arc iipt to Htrikc ami catch the heel of tho foro hIioch. If just tho Kn^'lh of the crust they will not catch milcss in the case of tho natural clicker. Huch horses must ho specially aUocl. Increascil weisht iu the fore slices will gener- ally ohviato the ililliculty. FITTINCi TUF, Slloli. Use the knife as littlo as possible on the hoof. Lower the crust only so much as needed by the rasp, bring it perfectlv tl it and true, and round oil the outer edge only slightly. Never apply a shoe smaller than tho crust, and rasp away the cru=t to it. It will soou destroy the integrity of the crust. If larger than the crust, it" is apt to cause treads, and other injuries may result. Fit the shoo so its outer edge corresponds exactly with the crust. Tho smith who tits tho hoof to the shoe, should never be allowed in a shop. It costs lime to fit the shoe properly. It should bo cheerfully paid for. The horse owner cannot alTord to have his stood go with had fitting shoes. It is dangerous to the rider and driver, aii.l will surely de- tract 111 many ways from the value ot the horse. I.et tho shoo be tried on sutliciently warm to mark the erust. It is dillieult to correctly lit a shoo without such marking, but this must he no excuse for burn- ing down the crust. Do not bo led into error by tho assertion of ignor- ant men that ii close fitting shoe will not allow for expansimi of the foot. The nails must inevitably he driven and clinched to hold the shoe cpiito firm. The shoe, of necessity, must befitted accurately to the in- side of the hoof to prevent treads, cutting or inter- fering. There is no proof that there is either coii- tiactrmi or expansion of the hoof when bearing the weight of the horse, lioth of tiiese directly opposite theories have been advanced. There is a certain degree of elasticity to horn. There is no proof that there is expansion. Tiiero should bo no contraction of tho feet if the horse ia properly shod and the shoes removed often enough. The feet of racing and trot- ting horses are proof of this. A hoof butcher is nevc'r allowed to pick np the hoof of one of these horses, SKCTION Vll. AllOt^T lIonSF, SIIOK NAILS. In removing a shoe, cut the clenches of the nails carefully; ease the nails down by careful racking of the shoe with the gripe; then draw each nail sepa- rately. The tearing of the hoof by violently wrench- ing otT the shoe, is dangerous to the crust. Kxamine the nails frequently after shoeing to know that they remain tight; ii not, have them tightened. TIIK NUMIiKIl AN1> SIZK OF NAll.S IN A SHOE. The weight of tlio horse, size of the shoe, tough- ness and thickness of the crust, and the nature of the work must determine this. For light work and a tough crust, five nails to a shoo. The inner crust is thinnest. It is the seat of contraction, and hence one nail less sliould be used on the inside than on the outside. The shoes should be examined daily, and if a nail is broken it should be replaced. Heavy horses and heavy shoes require four nails to the out- side and three to the inside of each shoe. One great cause of the breaking of nails is that they do not fit the countersinking of tho shoo. The heads of the nails' should fit exactly, and they should not extend below the level of the shoo; then if properly driven and clenched they will "stick." Tho nails should be brought out of the hoof about an inch above the shoe. The nail holes of the shoe II !K I'JIK I'AU.M KWH HI, UK llODli, -h Hh..u),l ,0 „..,.,..,■ ,|„ i.i.i., ,|,a„ tl.o insido 0/ tlu- Hm..,vlun.lK,c..„.t,.sm,rnml. If tl.o n-uHt in vc ry ertist i« ,n,l„cc.l liy tl.o vicious practi... „f mspi,,^ '"' . r.v..a •luu." tn prevent i^nckin.-. Tho outer ' n>8t ol tho hoof should ijover ho rHspod. The HJjoer wlH. does ihiH f„ ,„,.ke a „e,.t joh shonl.I never be t'uimoycd. <'i.i:.N..ay bo prevented. Khoes will seldom bo lost fron> .so...id feet except from wear, if they have been I'laced as directed. 1..' accurately litted. There ar... however, some points "f .iKTereiue between the hind and foro-feet. Tho •rust .,r wall of tho hind foot is more upright than that of the fore-foot. It is akso thinner. ,Vs it is tl.inner-mirrowor-thowebof tho shoe must also h" i.arrower. It should not much exceed half an '..'■h. which is the normal width .,f tho crust. (S.r hind shoe.) ^ 'I'ho height of tho shoe should bo the same at both licols. It IS eomnion to make tho outside heel t.' whu-h the calkin is usually applied, higher than' tho msulo heel. Any deviation from tho arrange- ".-'.t of nature will bo liable to cause disease, os- lllllll HiKJ SKCTIO.V IX. -T.,,.; n,N„ Kn„T .UN,. s.IOK. he general principles are the aamo as those wliich ug.date the shoeing of tho fore-foot. TIio cms. must not be ras,.ed. the sole must not be pared out tho trog must not be mutilated, and the shoo must prcially m the hocks. To prevent over-reach, the "...lor miier rear edge of tho hind shoe should bo rouiiiled oir. (See hind slice.) SKCTION X. — CAl.KI.NS. Calkins are used generally as a stay to tho foot winch may bo neo.led in heavy draft work or on slip. I'ory ground, and sometimes for tho purpose of effect- ...f,' .... alteration in the action, and also in certain diseases. Calkins, though sometimes necessary, are in all cases more or less of an evil. They are not required for ordinary riding or driving. They are usually worn away long before the horse is re shod, and BBaa—fB llii; I'A I.' M lOU ■<■ STOCK IIOOK, IHl (Iriviii!^ tir fiiriu liorso i. Oiu' bIioiiUI be inserted in Unm'H Ru no worno toward ti>., .nd ..( M net of .shoe, clips ...r h„nanrr.d down B»mrp. bfins of iron, tla- than at the i,c.,.nn.nK. M., th. iun.o.„,nt int..,,. in u.u.dun, noon wear CaliiinH are an evil, l.cc-auHU they interfere with ' didl. It .h MM.al, for workm- on ice, to bteel the the natural hearing' of the foot on the Kronnd; 1.- ; heel, an well as the toes. Kv.n then on trosty roads eiUHo thevdeprue the hinder portion of the foot of they soon Kft s.nooth. Steel studs are without douht it. fair share of work and pre-.ure; hee.u.se they the n.ost pra.lical means of Kivin, foot-hold to either uudiily raise tho hind (piarter and thereby tend to increase the risk of sprain so comiuon in tho hock; hecause they aro a fre(|uelit eaiise of injury from tieada and kicks, mid beeaiiso they make both treads and kicks, when they occur, more severe tiian tl.ey would otherwise bo. Calkins on the insido are especially apt to cause injuries from treads. If, however, it is tlunit^lit necessary to use calkins, the better plan is to apply them to the ouside lieels only, iiud tho heels of thu shoe on tho insido should Hhnu ami C'clk. each heel and one iu the toe if necessary. (Sec cut illustrating tho idea.) Mr. Flemin;^', a veterinary surgeon of England who iias given particular study to the horse's foot, recoiiiiiuiidi* them, and we always used them for working on ico and slippery roads in winter, when managing a farm. In Itussia and some other por- tions of northern Kuropi tliis system is quite com- mon. Wo liave illustrated the shoo and studs, and give the system condensed from Mr. Fleming's stale- mert. This plan consists in driving a steel .stud, slightly tapering at one end and pointed at the other, into holes in the shoo— these holes being two or three in number, one at each lieol, and one at the toe, if necessary. (See shoe and calk.) The method is apphcablc to any kind of shoe and for any kind of work. The holes are punched when the shoes are being fitted. Heavy draft horses should have three holes in each shoe, saddle horses two, one at each heel, and driving horses the same number. Tho hole ia made by a slightly tapering sipiare punch, which is about one fourtli of an inch in size at the point; the punch is driven into tho shoe as far as possible on tho ground or lower sur- face, and a very light Ir.iek-puuehing cuts out t.lie scrap of metal and leaves the hole clean. Tho hole be proportionately thickened, so as to give a level bearing to the foot on the ground A calkin sliould be turned up wide (See a giound surface of fore shoe) and made of steel. If made, as is often the case, narrow, or little more than a spike, it soon wears down and ceases to be of any use, SECTION XI. — KOUOHINO SlIOKS. Shoes should never bo roughed except for travel- ing on ice or ground made slipiiery from sleet. If } , l1 ■ nil ill ill ill *t 1N2 'JIIM I'A K- M KKS' I'OCIv KOOIi. IS .1 littli. lai-w „„ tlic grouiiil tlmn on tlio npj.er or foot siirfauc. It must uot I)o diHtortod by subsfqiicnt iiuinmi'riiig, as it should l)o exactly square like tlio liiii]c!i. ^ ^ Tlic stud is made from a tlirec-ci,L?liths steel rod. Tlie poiuf is drauii out on the olf-sido of the anvil, then the rod is cut n.'urly throuKli at ahout an inch from tho end, and the sli-ht taper of Iho portion whu-ii lits into the shoo is given bv a few blows of ilie hammer on th.. near side of tl'ie anvil. Tho stud is brokeuolf rculyfor use -no lihng or other preparation being neeejsary. With very little prac- tice 11 smith can make seventy, cigiity, or ninety in an hour witiiout any gauge but merely the eve. The stud varies from one to oue and a hiilf incii, but of course it may be of any length or .ijie, so long as the punch is of the same liiiikne.'-s. No jirecaufion is icqiiired to keep the lioles clear when the stud is not in use, as the pohit of a nail or an awl will free them from dirt, when necessary. Tho stud should (it llio hole tightly, but nnist not pass quite tlirough the shoe. Wliea inserted, it should be fastened in by one or two sharp taps on the point; the horse's weight then drives it home. The studs, of course, need only be inserted when the horses have to travel on icy or slippery roads. They can be removed by a tew taps on tho face of the slioe, when they juiup out. When worn very low in the shoe, a hai.iiuer and "bulfer," or chisel, may be ne.d d to start them. A set of studs will last for a number of days, (io- iiif,' ( ■ K lit >< > K . IHIt stiiliUc field, Iliad ciioiigli t is incasnr- lliistratcd tlic Ifiir. Thcro imy bo ii.srd loet railway rill allow the 'I'actidn and id work (lie what longer 'xtcnd more ri(ir iKirlidii bars are left 1 it. The < than half rally uiade J little else the many tijis have • secured to at of eon- ip cannot ssion, and be greatly on of the ^e against strength - actively 4th. The with tips liecls per- forin their functions moie perfectly when iiroiiglit in contact with the ground than ivhun elevated from it liy a shoe. The frog and bars are, from their struct- ure, the natural stays of the foot iigainst slipjiing." TJic objections urged against tips, tliat tliey do not allord snificient jirotectiou to the fool; iliat a horso [ cannot travel safely over stones, and that on hard i roads and with hard work the frogs and heels will be worn away, has been amply disproved, except in the case of heavy draft horses. The long or modilied li|i 1ms been in constant use over cobble and granite liiock pavenieut for more than a year by the North Chicago City Kailway Coiupany. IIAU SlIOKS. For tender soles, when it is necessary to 'eit sole and frog, the liar shoo is sometimes lu It is liable to objection, and many devices to obviate its Jtar Kluic not Naik-tl iuiil rortion of lluot'. the Knot. }ih i-'ulU'riin; ami Nail IloU-fj. Dullums IIoi'ls Use have been invented, but not successfully. Tlie bar shoo consists of a simple ring of iron, similar in shape to the ordinary shoe as far as back of the quar- ters, but from that part bending inwards to meet the web of the opposite side ,with which it is welded. It ia used for two purposes exactly the reverse of each oth^fr In the one case the foot is so prepared that the frog shall touch the shoo, while the heels are quite free, and are thcnby relieved from all pressure. In the other the frog docs not come in contact with the shoe, which is solely supported by the crust and bars. It may thus be made either to defend the frog^ or tlie heels, wiiichever may bo in fault, and is one of the most valualile aids to veterinary surgery. Should the frog be more prominent than the crust, the shoe may be made thin in proportion, at tlie part where it covers the former, and by this means it may bo made exactly to lit the two when it is desired to divide the weight iietwcen them. There are many weak-heeled harness horses which would do their work far belter if they were shod in this way, and but for the danger of pulling these shoes otT, and the little hold which they taki' of the ground, a modified form luigiit be used witli advantage. Many horses might sometimes be advantageousiy shod with the bar shoe. It is' iinsiglitly, however, and generally marks the existence of some disease, but its use is to relieve disability or di.sease. ClI.\l>TEn III. WHAT (iUOl) .XI'TIIOIClrlKS SAV. SK. Select nails whicli will fit exactly into and com- pletely iill the nail-holes. 10. T\vi.,t oil tlie clenches as short as possible, re- hammer the nail-heads, tiien turn tho clenches down with the li.immer, and let tho pincers during this time be firmly pressed aganist the heads of the nails. The clenches must not be filed either licforo or after turning down, nor is u ledge to bo made in the crust to receive them. nntKlTlONS Koa SllOKlN(t llOItSKS WITU OIlOINAaV niNl) FKET. 1. For ordinary hind feet tho pittern of shoe in common use is recommended, but witli a clip on each side instead of a single clip at the toe. 2. The web should be made soine\\nat wider at the toe than in the other parts, in order to allow space for the thorough sloping olf of its inner edge and for tlio prevention of over-reach. a. iSix nails, viz., three on each side, are needed to hold a hind shoe securely in its place. From tho pe- culiar action of the hind-quarters and tho greater length of tho hind leg, tho hind is more liable to get twisted than the fore shoe; and, again, it is more apt to be displaced by stamping and kicking. 1. The other directions given above, as regards lowering tho crust, rounding oil its inferior edge, ac- curate fitting, clenching, etc., apply equally to hind as to fore-feet. KOHM OF Tin-; T(IK Of Tinc I'OHIi-SUOE. If it be desired to maintain in the shod horse the natural and really level bearing and tread of the foot, it will be necessary to turn up the too of the shoo in the same manner as tho toe of tho unshod foot would be naturally worn away and turned up by friction with tho ground. Most persons must have noticed how badly numy horses go when newly shod, and how apt they are to stumble, and that it is not until tho shoes have been worn some days that they seem again to go at their case. The reason of this is simple enough. The horse has neither ease, comfort, or safety in travel- ing, until by friction with tho ground ho has worn olf some portion of the projecting too of the straiglit shoe. ]5ut the relief gained by wearing away tho too of the shoe is only comparative, and is very in- ferior to that gained by the use of turned-up shoes, adjusted to fit the crust, previously sliortcned and lowered to represent the natural rounding olT of the toe by wear in the unshod horse. Tho evils occasioned by the ordimiry straight shoe maybe summed up briefly as follows: 1st, stiun- bling and inconvenience to tho horse inaction; 2d, a tendency to contraction of the heels and shriveling up of the frog from absence of a duo and natural proportion of wear at the back part of the foot; 8d, loss of speed from resistance of tho too iigainst the ground; Ith, imduo strain on the flexor tendons, whose office is to raise and ilex the leg; .'ith, undue stress on the suspensory ligament. In action, when the foot is brought to the ground, a great portion of the weight falls on this hgament. Straight toes, by interfering with the fair and natural bearing of the foot on the ground, have a tendency to throw an un- natural stress on it. Straight toes have a tendency to prodjice these re- sults, but they do not produce them to tho extent which might be expected, because the animal frame has been so beautifully and aptly constituted by nat- ure that it will stand a good deal of mismanage- ment without sustaining any material injury. Many objections have been raised to the turned-up shoes now recommeuded. Among t.ho most proiiii- neut are:— 1st. That the hoi-e, when so shod, can- not get ft fair, level, and natural beaiing on the —4-3 ■rilK I'^VKMKKr oaii. HOOK. 185 fcrior cdgo, uc- (luiilly to hind i-SUOK. shod horse tho treiul of the the too of tho of the unshod I turned up hy 'W badly many ijjt they iiro to IOCS have hcen to go at their enough. Tlie ifety ill travel- he has worn :)f tlie straight, iiig iuvay the ;nd is very in- iied-mi shoos, iliortcned and ing off of tho straiRhc shoe : 1st, stnin- u action; 2il, md shriveling and natural the foot; 8d. ngainst the !xov tendst secret in lioiscsiiocing is good prac- tice, common sense, good judgment and good, sober men. One of the greatest evils of our business is slioeiiig too choai). Unless a snfKeient charge is made to warrant taking ample time to prepare the hoof and shoo properly, the result is sure to be a " l>otch." The owner of the horse may profit tem- porarily, but the poor beast has to sulTer much pain, and will, in a very short time, become comparatively useless. SKCTION- IV. — TO SUOK A KICKINII HOKSE. In answer to the (piestion, a blacksuuth notsd for bis skill in shoeing unruly horses without the use of straps, said if a horse is found a determined kicker, proceed as follows; — Take a strap one and one- (juarter inches wide and about live feet long; pass the middle of the strap around the front to the back part, below the pastern ; then cross the strap on the back of the leg, holding the foot up in proper shape for driving on the shoe; next buckle the strap securely above the hock, and the horse cannot kick uor can he strain himself. SKLTION V. — IVrKKFEHINU AND CORNS. Mr. M. Braunan, an accomplished Chicago slioer, says; — A horse that interferes can be prevented by proper shoeing, without altering the hoof, and in most cases better the condition of lameness. I level and straighten the foot, then lit the shoe cold with- out burning the hoof at all. To prevent interfering, I shape and place the shoo so that the foot when raised must spread, and in every case iind it does its work, though one must vary the shape of the shoe more or less to meet the requirements of the horse in question. In case of corns or quarter cracks J, under no circumstances, trim the trog, but keep the foot as close to the ground as possible, for they, as man that feels, suffer. Another correspondent, in relation to interfering, says: — Ankle cutting behind is caused by improper balancing of the foot, and to cure it the foot should be leveled and straightened. If the horse cuts with the too, apply a shoo having a long calkin at the heel of thj inside branch, and a calk attached to the inside curve of the toe, and the heel will serve as a brace to keep the foot from tilting inward. If ho cuts with either heel or quarters cut the shoe off at inside too or shoe light. The same styles of shoes will serve in almost all cases of ankle hitting. Hut it sometimes happens that the interfering trouble is not relieved by the expedients first described, and then special kinds of shoes are necessary. In eases where the horse bits with the quarter or heel of the shoe use a three-cjuarter shoe. Duess. I level lioo cold with- Jilt ill tcrft-rin^,', ;lio foot when iiiid it docs its [10 of the shoe 3 of the horse liter criiciis i, J, but keep the le, for they, us to intcrferiug, d by improper he foot should lorsG cuts witli calkiu at the ittiiched to the will serve us a uw.ird. If ho the Khoo otf at styles of shoes hitting. 15iit ring trouble is leseribed, and iiry. In cases or heel of the Cattle Breeding I Cattle Feeding. CIIAPTEll I. INTIfr<'TION OIM'ATTI.I': INTO Till; IMTKU ST ATKS. SKa:TION 1. (llildlX OK A.MKUICAN I'VITLK. The introduction of cattle into the colonies of trreat Uritain, in Aiuericii, and wliich suhseqniiitly liecaino the United States, were from various sources. The Dutch, who originally held Now York, sent cat- tle from the Nctherliuids, and thus what we now call Holstein and Dutch Fricsian cattle, but which really should be known as Xetherland cattle, were auKUig the first nitroduced. The early English settlers brought cattle from their respective localities, and thus all the tiien known English breeds obtained a strong foothold. In the New England states the Devoiis early formed a nucleus, from their several qualities of ability to forage, great working quahty, rich milk and excellent beef. The hornless cattle of luigl.and also were introduced and became favorites in other localities, and the presumption is fair that all the known superior breeds of the sixteenth and seventeenth and eighteenth centuries became fully localized prior to the outbreak of the revolutionary war. CANADIAN CATTLE. Ill Canada the French early obtained a foothold, and with them, Norman and Percheron horses; then, Breton, Normandy and other excellent breeds were introduced. When Canada came under the domiiation of Great JJritain English cuttle followed and at length a mixed race here arose, which wore freely distributed over tho border. THE CATTLE OF SPAIN. The Spaniards, though not a colonizing race in tho sense of settling a country for the development of its agricultural resources, liavo neynrtholess been a most important integer in introducing what now constitute vast herds of the descendants o 'panish cattle, either pure or mixed, throughout the gulf states, Texas anil California. These cattle range throughout Mexico, Central America, and crossing tho line wo find, s juth of the equator, in tlie temper- ate and semi-tropical plains or pampas region, count- less herds of these long-horned semi-wild cattle. SECTION 11. INTUODUCTION OF SIJPEllIOU IlllKF.DS WEST. Upon the settlement of the country lying west of the Alleghenios the mixed breeds of cattle in tho eastern states, made up of Devon, Galloway, Nether- lands cattle; those brought to America by the Ger- man (Hessian) settlers of Pennsylvania, and tho Teoswater and Herefordshire and other cattle of the various emigrations; all found a homo and were inter- mingled. In ail early day late in the last century tho Durham, or Teeswater brood, was introduced into Kentucky, being known often by the name of their introducer, as tiie Patton for instance, celebrated in the early settlement of the west for size, fine feeding and uniform high milking qualities. They wore essentially what we call Shorthorns, and as we knew them forty-live years ago, better cattle than many short-horn families of to-day, that have been bred simply for style and the show ring. THE KENTUCKY IMPORTATION. The Kentuckj importation of 1817 added o the value of western cattle. They were ])uro Short- horns, great milkers and beef-makers, and the best of their day. Their descendants, of our time, are probably as good as tho best where both milk and boef are desired. THE OHIO AND ILLINOIS IMPOIiTATlON. In 1881 an association of gentlemen in Ohio im- ported Shorthorns of the best English blood. This was followed in 1835 and 1830 by further importa- tion. It gave a great impetus to the breeding of these admirable cattle. In 1858 the distribution of m". I i^l IP p! ^r'f H IHH •1' II !•; .Kit M i<:i< Slidiiliorna o' more or less inixi'd UcmuI Imil liocomo ^'C'uciiil tliroii,i,'ii(iut Iiidiiiiiii, llliimis mid Missouri, luid li;id extended to .Miciii_i,'im, Wisconsin, lowii luid even into Minin'sotii, In tliis year iin iissoeiiition Wiis formed under tlie name of tlie Jllinois Imiiorta- llou t'ouiii.iny. In July of tliat, year the conuuittee nlurned finm l',UL,'lantl with twenty Shorthorns, be- sidt.'s horses, sheej) ami swine. Sinee tiiat time other im|i(irtati(ins have lilled the west with the descend- ants of these admiralile lieef cattle. MKIiKJ OJIDS IN rnK wi:sT. lleicfoiil cattle were early hrousht to the west, the first imie cattle? lieing hrou!,'ht into Ohio in 1H.V2-.",:i \,y Thomas Aston and >Tohn llumphries, twolaiu'ii^ii farmers of Klvriii. Others followed, and later breeders of Illinois and Indiana licLTan to malic direct importations. To-day they have heeii gener- ally dislriiaited ovei' the wh(>le West, have been car- ried to the ,1,'reat plains and the valleys of the Rocky Moiiiitains, where they fully holil their own with the Shorthorns as lieef-makers, as they do in the show rings where exliii)itiMl. ii.\n:v CATTi.i:. The great dairy interests of the west called for distinctively raillviiiLT cattle. Ayrshires and Alder- neys (now known as .lerseysl early found ii place. Later tlie lloistein and J )utcli-Friesinn— really Neth- erlands cattle — proved themselves at homo in the great prairie region, and they are now widely dissem- inated, jiroviiig as valuable as great milkers and as cheese jnoducers as have the .lersej's for the exceed- ing richness of their milk and the quality of the i)ulter made therefrom. Tlie west has become the great center of tlio beef making, aiul the great dairy breeds of cattle, and nowhere can be found such herds constituting in their outcome all that goes to make up excellence in the jiroduction of either beef, milk, butter K. igrants who successively first settled the viiricais states of the union — Floridii under Sjianish rule, Louisiana under Spanish and subsecpieiitly under French rule, Texas and Mexico under Spanish rule, and Canada tlrst under French rule and afterward under Fnglish rule. Siianish cattle have made no impress, except in ('alifornia, Oregon, and the western plains, outside of the countries where originally introduced, sinee they have not been elsewhere used for breeding. Our native cattle, therefore, are a mixed race, made up principally of the (dd Devon, Hereford, dalloway, Yorkshire, Ayrshire and Teeswater cat- tle, the next strcuigest intermixtiue being Nether- lands cattle, and the last, of all the French breeds; and this for the reason that the cattle of the early French emigrants were almost entirely localized when first introduced. Li New York, New Jersey, and portions of Peim- sylvauia, the Notherlauds infusion is strongest seen. In New England the J)evon blood was sti'oiigly marked, as it also was in Jlaryland. In N'irginia the Durham early got a foothold, was curly trans- ferred to Kentucky, and hence Shorthorn blood naturally became diffused all over the west, and until within ccuuparatividy a few years, were tbo only improved stock, and to-day they largely pre- dominate in all the western states. CILVrTIOR II. I>II>KOVl:i> llliKICUS OI'-CtTTM!. SIUTtON I. — Tin; I'OIUI (UIKAT OIVISIONS Ol- CATTLE. Originally cattle were divided into three great dis- tinctive divisions, arising from the appearand^ of their horns, and designated Long-horns, Middlo- h(u-nsaiid Short-horns. Wemustadd now a fiairth distinctive division— the pidled or hornless cattle. Of these the short-horned cattle comjirise the great- est number of breeds eitlier uniting both milk and beef excellences, oi as embodying one of these (jiiali- ties in a most eminent degree. Those showing the best combination, early maturity, milk and beef, are sub-families of ilie Short-horu breeds. Ayrshiresalso combine milk and beef-making qualities, but are of later maturity. The Dutch or Netherlands cattle, variiaisly called ILdstein and Dutch-Fricsian. are the greatest milk-producers known, and their im- mense frames arc well adapted to beef -making, but i 4' tlie viiriims Spiiiisli nilo, iii'iitly uiidiT S|i;iiiish mil', 111(1 iiftcrwiird 'ss, except, in iiiiis, (iiitsido (iiliu'i'd, siiii'i! irci'diiiu;. iiiixi'il rncp, 11, Ili'i'i I'diil, 'dsWiitcr ciil.- ■^•ill^' Ncllicr- ■('iiidi Ijni'ds; (if till' Ciiily I'ly Idi'iilizcil )iis of Pl'IIII- roiiRcst .si'i'ii. V118 stniiit;ly In \'ii;,'iiiiii oiirly tnin.s- tluirii blood ic wi'st,, and rs, were till! litigL'ly pri'- 15. OF CATTLE. •L'l; ;:;iTiit, dis- HiL'iiiiinco of •lis, Middlo- low 11 fourtli nlcss ciittlo. <(' flic (,'rciit- li milk mid tliuso qiiiili- ■iliowiiii,' till' 111(1 lii'(_'f, lire yrsliircsiil.sn s, but arc of IiukIs Ciittlo, L''ni'siiiii, iiro d their ini- luakiu'', but 'i'iii<; i''/V K M I'; K.K' .-s'l'oi'iv i;<><>i\ IH!) I i i I W) M 'I 4 IJKI UHiU FiVIiMKUH' HTOCIC llOt>K. they lack early maturity. The same may l,o said of m... la.r Short-l.on.ca tribe-tho Channel Island fiUtlo. tlif tw,) prinniml .liviHions of wl,i..l, „ow an- nanu..! Jerseys and (inornsrys. I'rccocity of growth >s ahv„ys antaj^'onistic t„ the full dovdopmont of •'"lli-only found in a fully mature animal of any Kind, •' In eonsidcrin- the several divisions, therefore, we sha 1 do so only in th.Mr ...pacity either for milk or "^^ef, smee within the last forty years eattle have been hred exclusively for three special purposes, -beef, richness of milk or ^reat quantity of n>ilk. In considerni^- the principal breeds I shall also -ive ;.' bis cha,,ter the characteristics as they were known m the early part of the century, and from the best »"thor.t,es extant at that time. The consideration "f the more modern in.proved breeds bein;,' confined 'mly fo the •Shorthorn, Hereford, Devon,' Ayrshire (.nernsey, .Jersey, Netherlands (Ilolstein and' Dutch-' l- r>es.an), .Swiss cattle and Poll..! cattle, as eonstitut- ui-A all the breeds of especial value in the west. Of these the distinctively beef breeds are Shorthorn, Hereford P.dled cattle and Devon; and of milking breeds, the Netherlands cattle, AvTshire, .Jersey Guernsey and Swiss cattle, bein.Hu-eedspre-ennnen; for nn k, rich in butter and cheeso-makins con- stituents. SKCTIOM II LOXo-HonNKD CATTLE. All the .lon.estic v.arieties of cattle were probably .lenved rom a lon,,,.hor„ed race, since the almost ."Hversal type of tliose which escape from .lomes- tu'.ty or winch are allowed to run in a semi-wild ;-"'l>t>on, as on the ^reat plains of Hungary, Russia 1" iMirope and Asia, and the Rreat plains 'of North and South America, are of this type. On the other hand the improved breeds of the day are all of the Middle, Short-horned, or else of hornless breeds. Of the senn-wild breeds, like the Toxans, nothing .oed here be said, and of the Long-liorned superior breeds of England of the beginning of the century, "'.tbmg more will be written except a description of some ol theni, as they existed, with the exception of lie West Iligliland cattle of Scotland, which per- imps may have some merits h, an mmsuallv inhos- Pitoble and ni<,in„aii, country. In the United States iiow.'ver, the Devoiis may w.-ll take their place. f nnsii cattm;. There have long been two breeds <,f cattle i„ Ire- Jand-the Long-h.n-ned and a Middle-hoined race. The Middle-horns seem to have been the original breed, native to the forest and mountain regi.m. llie otlier breed seems to liuvo been tiie larger re- sembling the Lancashire or Craven, thought to be the original of the Long-homed varieties of British cattle. ENGLISH LONa-IIOKNS. The Long-horns of England came originally from Craren ,n Yorkshire. Their name was derived from tjieir great length of horn, often cumbrously so. ihey were successively imjiroyed by such great breeders as Pakewell, Ci.lley, etc., but their success was short-lived. The Short-horns, in their im- proved forms, gradually superseded them. LANCASIIIKK CATTLE. Tho Lancashire Long-haired breed wore distiii- guished by the thickness and firmness of their hide tlie length and closeness of their hair, large hoofs' and coarse, leathery, thick necks, deep fore-nuarters and light hind-quarters. They were narrow in shape were said to weigh well, and their milk, tl.ough deficient in quantity, was rich in cream, riiey are also reported to have been more varied in color than other breeds; but whatever the color, a white streak along the hack, termed by breeders hnched, and a white spot on tho hock, seem to have been constant. SECTION in MinDLE-noKNEn iinEFns. The Middle-horned cattle were, it is probable, ongmally the predominant improved race of fh-eat I ritain They are found in all tho milder districts of England. Scotland, Ireland and Wales. Of the improved Middle-horns, only the Devons. Sussex and llerefords are considered valuable in the United States. Of these cattle we give the following ac- count as contained in various writings of the latter par of the last and the early part of the present century. THE NORTH DEVON. The following synopsis is from Yountt and other contemporary writers: "Of this breed the bull should have yellowish horns, placed neither too low "..r too high, nor bo too thick, but growing gradually ess toward the points; the eye clear, prominent and bright; the f<.rehead small, flat, and indented; the muzzle hue; the cheek small; the nose of a clear .vellow, the nostril high and open; the nock thick, and the hair almut the head ciiiled ^■micd. The head of T tlio orifriiiii] itiiiii rcfifioii, lit^ liirf,'or, re- 'loUKlit to ho es of British crinally from liirivi'd from iihroiisly HO. Hiifli f,'ri'iit licir Mucct'ss 1 tlit'ir im- 1, fcre (listih- tlieir hide, iirf,'o hoofs, irc-qiiiu-tiTS narrow in tlieir miik, in crciiin. ■e viiriud in he color, a ly breeders 'ni to Imve ■)s. lirobiihle, ! of Great 'r districtH ■ Of tlie 8, Sussex lie United )\vini,' iie- the latter ic present md other the hull !• too low ,'radually nent and tod; the r a clear k tliick, head of '-3» i M THl i<'Ai{.M icKs' srocjv UdoK. lUl the ox is smaller, otlierwise he dois i„.t, diifer mate- rially from tliu Hhapo of the Imll; his iK.ti„ii is fn-c, and lie is quicker in his movements than anv of our oxen; hut his le^s are apparently placed too much imder his chest for speed, yet ho possesses this property in an eminent dcRree; his le^s aro strai^'ht, the forearm is larf,'o and strouR; the hones of'^tiie IcK, especially holow the knee, very small; the tail is set hi!,'h, on a level with the hack, rarely nmch ele- vated, never depressed, is long and taper, with a hunch of hair at the end; the skin is very elastic, mellow, and rather thin; some have smooth hair, whicli should 1)0 fine and flossy; some curly, and these are ratlier the most hardy and fatten the hest; red is tfle most favorite color; many, however, are brown, and others are approaching,' to chestnut. Those of a yellow color are reported to he subject to the slfdt. (diarrhnna). " The Devon cow is much smaller than the bull; she has a full, round, clear eye, the countenance cheerful, the muzzle orange or yellow, the jaws free from thickness, and the throat from dewlap. On all soils, except the very heavy, the Devon ox is very superior at the plough, for its quickness of action, docility, good temper, stoutness, and honesty. It is always worked in yokes. Four Devon oxen'are con- sidered equal in their work to three horses; they are commonly worked from two years old until they are four, five, or six, and then in ten or twelve months, on grass and hay, they are fit for market. Neither corn, cake, nor turnips are needed for them during the first winter. They fatten faster and with less food than most others ; their llesh is excellent. Some comparative experiments between the Devon and other cattle were made by the Duke of Bedford, of which the following table gives the result. They were fed from November 10, 1797, until December in, 1798. their milk is rich, hut deficient in quantity; hut there arc many very superior judges who i>refer them even for tiie dairy. Ot the calves, those which are drop- ped about Michaelmas time are preferred to those which aro calved in January or I'Y'bruiiry. They allow the calf to suck three times a day for a week; then new warm milk is given it for three weeks longir; then it has warm scalded milk mixed with a shiall portion of finely divided linseed cake, ami its meals are gradually lessened, and at four months old it is entirelv weaned." — Viuuitt mi i'dll/r. THK IIKUKKOHnS. Hereford.. Devon... . SUHHO.X IjelccHter. . First Wcl«ht. Gained. „„ |,j,„^. , Cuke. nips. 1 cwt. qrB. U)». li)8. 11)8. 17 I 21 :t — 2700 IS 1 41 r, 4'JH 2712 II I T ■l.-> 4 V.tH 200S 11 ii 4 lit li 44'.' 20.">(> 1 Hi 2 45 1 4:fj •Mr>r, i LI 2 14 40 a 431 aii.vj 1 Hay. Il>s. IH7 i:i2 2(»5 442 3(12 400 to " Thei-e is much difference of opinion with regard the fitness of Devon cows for the dairy, it being •etty generally asserted that, their acknowleilgcd •azing qualities render them unfit for the dairy Miat The Ilercfords, as compared with the Devons, I were much larger, the color, as reported l)y the older : writers, being of a darker red, some a dark yellow, and a few brindled, and they generally had white faces, bellies and throats. They are a' o recorded as having thicker hides than the Devons, as being more hardy, shorter in the carcass and leg, and as being higher, heavier, and broader in the chine, with more fat, and rounder and wider across the hips, the thighs more muscular, the shoulders larger. Marshall has described them correctly as follows: "The countenance pleasant, cheerful, open; the froi)ensity to futteii. Tho"^iueat is equal to tiie Scotch. They will tlirive, says Mr. Youatt, where others stan-c, and tiiey rapidly out- strip most others when they have plenty of' good pasture. The Pemlmike cow has been called^ tho poor man's cow. Tho Pembroke ox is a speedy and and an honest worker, and when taken from hard Work fattens speedily. ( 1 11 with the llttC'llill',' HO ced. Wlicii 111, 11 li^ilitcr' tivitv, uliilf lliir tii'iiiiiif. i •111 I ; I A i; M i,:i.'s' ^ r( h U 1 1< >< I Iv . III!) ii-l i< I nil '111'; '■•AWMWI.'-*' HT«> ■> T I '"■ 'ilnM,n,wa,K|,f^. I^^rxl ,v.w „,.«> lu.hl in ^ruut .-nnmnn,, Tin. .-.UH,,, O'. , , ..rtl.eu, Cmlw.,,. Itnn.,,, ,UM ..sia..ially Ua.huu, ai. pro.l.uv ,n„ny .•xc..H,.nt hluek cHttl... wl.id. l.uvo i^..,, .nuUnnily "."l"-"v<"l l-y th. iMtro.l,„.,i,„M,f.„lu,.|„v...l.H, ..«,,.. HMl >• l.v m,HHii,^: will. (lu. n...vl„nlH, of N„,t|, \VmI,.« th.. c.ttl.Muv rafluT ..i.u'on,,,,rnafl.inK to tJu- I.iM,f,'.h.,n,s (li,ui tl.os. of tl.. m.Mth. Tlu. ..Mtil,. of An^.l..H..,. «,u.s Mr. Vonatt. arc Hinall a.ul Ma.K, ;■'"' """•"'•"t'^I ". '1-|. c■lu.H.,rMtl.,..•|„.MvvshonI- ;l'■l■^..(■no^n^„s.l..^vlal.,,„„u,l hnnvl. lu^.|, an.i«,„VM.|. >n'A Im.uuh.s, lla. fuco, horns l.,n«, almost invariaMv '"•'m„M,|,wanl;tl...h„ircours..; t\w 1,1,1., „mIIow'- •'■"■'Iv. n.sy to rear, and well .lispoM.! to fatten "I";" t.a„s,,lante,l to l.tter ,,a,st,„vs than those of """• ■""■ve island. Ti,e cattle of the other Welsh eonnties. hre.l atnon^st the rocks of Carnarvon, and lie hdls of M..rion..,l,. Mont^'o.nerv and iVnla-h " little ns forward, and neither fleshy, low hung, nor loose- the nnlk-veins are largo and pi.uninent; teats short all pointing outward, and at considerablo distance from each other, skin thin and loose; hair soft ami woolly; the head, bones, horns, and all parts of least value, small; and the general fig .e compact and well projiortioned. The qualities of a cow, adds Mr. Alton in another place, are of great importance. Taineness and do- cility of temper greatly enhance the value of a milch cow. S,,me degree of hardiness, a s,u,nd constitu- tion, health and a moderate degree of spirits, arc quahfw to be wished for in a dairy cow, and what those of Ayrshire generally possess. The most val- uable qualities which a dairy cow can possess are that she yields much milk, and that of an oily, buty- raceous and caseous nature; and that after she has yielded very large quantities of milk for several .years, she shall be as valualde for beef as any other breed 01 cows known; her fat sh.all be much ino.v mixed through the whole flesh, and she shall fatten faster tliau any other. AVllSUIRK cattm:. Ayrshire has long ,,rod,iced an excellent breed dairy cattle. The following descrijitiou of the 01.1 Ayrshire cow is taken from the writin.rs of Mr. Alton. „, his treatise of the dairy breed of cows. 1 he most approved shape, says our authoritv. is small head, rather long, and narrow at the niuz- Hle; eye small, but smart and livelv; tlie horns small clear, crooked, and tlu ir roots at considerable ,lis-' t.uu-e from each other; neck long and TUE VOIIKSHIRK COW. The Yorkshire is as much a Short-horn breed as ay other. I„ Mr. Yoi.atf s time tliey were geiier- nlly found in the great dairies in the vicinity of Lon- c on, and in these the cliaracter of the Holderness and the Durham unite, and hence the Yorkshire was a Kood nnlch cow, good for the paU as long as she is wanted, and then quickly got into marketable con- dition. 8he should have a long and rather small head; ,a large-hc.,ded cow will seldom fatten or yield mud, milk Ihe eye should be bright, yet .ritli a j.eculiar placidness and quietness of expression; the chaos thin, and the horns small. The neck niav be thin toward the head: but it must soon ],egin to thicken aiid especially when it a,,proaclie« the shoulder." The dewlap should be small; the breast, if not so wide as m some that have an uiiMsnal disposition t„ f-.t' THK i'WliMKItS' STCJCIC TJOOli. li)7 t shmild project before the legs; tlic cliiuc to a ccrtiiin (li>^'ioo Heshy, and even inuliniiig to fulliioss; tlie Hirth behiiul the Hhouklcr should lie deeper than is ustiully found in the Shorthcu-ii; the rihs should be Bjiread out wide, so as to give as globular a form as possible to the earcass, and each should project farther than the precodhig one, to the very loins. She should bo well formed across the hij>K, and on the rump, and with greater length there than the milker generally possesses, or if a little too short not heavy. If she stands a little hmg on the legs, it must not be too long. The thighs somewhat tliin, with a slight tendency to crookedness or being sicklu- hammed behind ; the tail thick at the upper part, but tapering below ; and she should have a mellow hide, and but little coarse hair. Common consent has given to her large milk-veins. A large milk-vein is indicative of excellent milking qualities in any breed, since it indi;atcs a strongly developed vascular system, one favorable to secre- tion generally, and to that of milk amongst the rest. The udder should rather incline to be large in pro- portion to the size of the aniunil, but not too large; its skin thin and free from lumps in every part of it, and the teats moderate in size. It is not improb- able that the great milking qualities now claimed for some English Short-horns, may be traced to this Yorkshire or Ayrshire branch of the family of Short- horns. The above, as condense .om Youatt, is valuable as sho\>ing the superiority of this valuable strain as one of the jmigenitors of the Short-horns of to-day, and especially so as a matter of history. THE DUTCH, HOLSTKIN, OB DUTCH PKIESIAN CATTLE. Whatever may be said to the contrary, the Short- horn breeds of cattle owe fully as numy of their valtialJo qualities to the cattle introduced many cent- uries ago by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Fricsians, who, uniting together, migrated to England in the fifth century. To nuike die whole matter plain it is necessary to quote history; from this we get a defi- nite idea of this, among the most ancient of domes- ticated cattle. This has been collected in a valu- able paper by Prof. Ilengcveld, of the Netherlands Royal A'ct^irinai-y Institute, Utrecht, from whom we quote. Ho says in a conimunication to Mr. Charles Muel- ler, United States Consul at Aiiisterdain, ■uiioiig otlier matters, that, first, the Dutch race of cattle date from an older descent than those of IJolstein, while, probably, second, the Ilolstein cattle IKK«' S'loi'lv Jt()()Iv I'jy t (Ici-mau cuttle was quite lost. This is, however, iiK/iu than one hundred years w^o. According to Schnialz's stiitiiiuiit, cattle, ad'ijit- iiii,' Striiui'.s classilicution, may lie distiiiirui.shcd in the followini; niaiiuer: A. Lowland race— Primi- tive cow; Dutch Fricsiau cow. ]>. Mountain race De^'enerute; quite the contrary of A; Swiss cow. C. Middle race — Highland race; foruis the transition from A to B; Frankisli cow. Sclunalz .says: To the race A belong the Dutch, as rt'iiresentative, the Fricsian, the Oldenburg, and chiefly all lowland races, bearing the jjeculiar characteristics which identify it with the place of its sojourn. This is a purely natural division, and there is not the least aiTogance in asserting, what history points out, that the Dutch cattle constitute the typo of the oldest, purest and best breed. All other varieties are of less intrinsic value; they are coarser or smaller, possess less productive quiilities, though of local excellence in their native places. If cattle of the genuine breed are bought, imported elsi'where, and thei'e Ijred, why is it not caUed by its native name, and why must an appellation lie given to it quite foreign and unlaurvn to if? One hears in Europe of lowland cattle, but purchases of them for the purpose of improving otlier breeds have, for the last hundred years, been only made in the chief Netherland provinces, wheie the choicest cattle of the lowlands are found. Thus, thousands of Dutch and Fricsian cattle are annually sent a!)road under the name of Dutch cattle. Finallv, Dr. (leorgc May, director of the agricultural estali- lishuient at Weihenstephan, who visited Holland about ten years before Prof. Hengeveld v\Tote, says the Dutch cattle constitute the type of the properly so-called lowland race, which extends throughout Netherlands, Flanders, Normandy, Oldenburg and Denmark. Furtlicr on he says: The Oldenburg cattle descend from the Dutch race, and are likewise distinguished as East Fricsian cattle, as still par- tially found in Hanoveriiin Friesland. lu the adjacent parts of liremen tiiey are < ailed Drenu'ii cattle. The Ilulsteiu and Brcitcnburg cattle in the Wilster aiul llempner marshes arc equal to them, but with re- spect to their square l)uild, the Dri'itenl)urg cattle are, in their properties, more like the finer Dutch cattle eilANXrL ISLA.SDS CATTLE The Cliannel Islands, lying l)etween England and France, have long been celebrated for cows giving exceedingly rich milk. They are probably of Franco- Genuanic origin. .Tersey is the largest of the group, and the cattle known to Youatt asiUderneys, are now called Jerseys. The Guernseys are the larg"st of the Channel IsLmd cattle, and in the west are gaining in favor. Mr. Youatt was preju- diced against these (.-Vlderney) cattle as he knew theiu, but Mr. Youatt's .-Vlderneys were veiy ditl'erent cattle from those imported into the United States. We do i.'ot mean the importation of Mr. Nicho- las Biddle — these were probalily Uuernscys— but those of Mr. IJoswell Colt, of New .lersey; Mr. Motley, of Massachusetts, and Mr. Taintor, of Connecticut. JKliSKVS KOIITV VKAIiS AGO. These were of various intermixtures of f;iwn color, fawn and white, yellow, mouse color, brown, and even almost black, the color darkening witli age and the bulls being darker than tlie cows. The muzzle of these tattle is descrilnd by Mr. L. F. Allen, a careful observer, as being line. The nose is eitiier dark brown or black, and occasionally a yellowish shade, witJi a peculiar mealy, light ccdored hair, running u]) the face into a smoky hue, when it grad- ually takes the general color of the Inuly; the face, slightly dishing, is clean of llesh, mild and gentle in expression; the eye clear, full, and encircled with a distinct ring the color of the nose; the forehead bold; the horns sliort, curved inward, waxy in color and with black tips; the ear thin, sizable and quick in movement; the ueck is depressed but clean in the throat with (Uily moderate dewlap; shoulders wide and somewhat ragged with [irominent points, run- ning down into a delicate arm, and slender beneath. The fore-quarters stand rather close together with a thinnish, yet well developed brisket between. The ribs are Hat, yet giving play for good lungs; the liack depressed and soniewiiat hollow; the lielly deep and large; hiiis tolerably wide; rump and tail high; the loin and quarter medium in length ; the thigh thin and deep; the twist wide, to accommodate a clean, good siz(;d udder; the Hanks mediuni; the hocks (gambrel jouits) crooked; the hind legs small; the udder capacious, square, set well forward and covered with soft, silky hair: the teats fine, standing well apart and nicely tapering and the milk veins promi- nent. mw' 200 'rill-. l<^vli.■vITCl^^ TIIK Ar.DKli.NKV. Mr. You.tt describes these cattle r.s l,uvi,i.- heeu >n Ins lunv small i„ «izo un.l of ms b.ul a form as co.iJ.i i,„ss,l,]y (,o described, the bellies of ,uauy of them as being fonr-lifths of their weight, the neek von- thm a,>d hollow, the sho„lder standing ,,p and tlie. h.glHst part of ,hc animal. They were hollow and n urou- behind the shoi.ldors, the chino nearly without (lesh. the hocks narrow and sharp at th'e t;nus, the rump short and the brisket narrow and 'Kit. Mr \ouatt adds that this form is about as 'H'l iis could possibly bo described; but yet all these one. The haj.py medium seems to be preserved in he Jeg, si^eunng hardihood and disposition to fatten WiMi the same cleanness and shortness of shank there IS no breed so large and muscular above the' knee, while there is more room for the deep, broad and capacious chest. They are clean, not line and I slender, but well jiroportionedin the neck and cliaps; a tlnn and delicate neck would not correspond with he broad shoulders, deep chest, and close, compact form of the breed. The neck of the (Jalloway bull IS tlnck even to a fault. The Cialloway has a loose, nKllow skin, of medium thickness, with long, soft «ilky hair. The skin, which is thinner than the Leicester, is not so fine as the improved Durham; it liandles soft and kindly. Their color is commonly ..lack, but there are several varieties; the dark-col- ored are preferred, from their being considered to in- (licatc hardiness of constitution. I'OLLKl) A.\(il;s. Another valuable breed of polled cows, says Youatt .s bred in Angus, which much resemble in appearance those of Galloway; they are, however, rather lir^er and longer in the leg, Hatter sided, and with thinner shoulders. Srri-OI.K CATTLE. ^ In Norfolk and Sulfolk, says Wr. Youatt, a polled breed ol cows prevails which are almost all .lescended ^ from the Galloway cattle, whose general f(,rm they retain, with some of, but not all their excellences; j hey have been enlarged, but not improved, by a bet- I or climate and soil. They are commonly of a re.l or ; black c<,lor, with a peculiar golden circle around th.. , eye. They are taller than the Galloways, but thin- { ner in the chin,., flatter in the ribs, and longer in the > egs; rather better milkers; of greater weight when fattened, though not fattening so kindly, and the meat IS not quite equal in quality. Tin: sn-roi.K nrx. The Suffolk dun cow, which is also of (ialloway < oscent, IS celebrated as a milker, and, there is little doubt IS not inferior to any other breed in tb.' ,n,aii- tity of milk which she yielus; this is from six to eight gallons per day. The butter produced, how- ever, is not in proportion to the milk. It is calcu- lated that a Suffolk cow produces annually about J ' cwt. of butter. - * L'ds. They are ill the shiink- •o iiioscrvuil ill 1 iitioii to fattai. less of sliuulv, ular iihovc the he ileci), broad I, not line and )ck and cliajjs ; rresiioiul \vitli -•lose, cdiiijmct (inlloway bull y li.iH a ]oi>.sf, itli lung, soft, icr than t\w, 1 Diirhaui; it is toinnionly tlio darli-cdl- sidered to in- i says Youatt, u appearance rather Jirgei- with thiijiiur latt, a, jiollcd illde.socndi'd d form tliey excellences ; ^'d, by a bet- V of a red or ' around the s, Init thin- 'nger ia the ■eight when y, and the f (^dlowiiy icre is little > the (inan- rom six to Iced, how- It iii culcn- y about l] -* !^ HI v' M •CI — ^02 'I'll I' A K- .^i i:kh' xrocK ikjoic. The Suffolk liuiis derived the J«st p.iit of their niiuac fro,,, their us.i.tl pale yellow eolor. Many. llo^v•evcr. ,ire rod, or red .vnd white. They are i.n;. riably w.thont horns, a„d s.nall in size, seldom wei.'h- mg over 700 lbs. when fattened. The male and"fe- malo are nearly of the s.ime heif-ht, and seldcn ex- cecd four aiul a quarter to four and a half feet. They are rather rough about the l,ead, with large ears. Uioir bodies are long and legs short, hip-bones hi^li, and generally delieient in the points of the finer breeds. Still many of the cows fatten well, nnd l.roduco beef of superior quality. In proportion to tlieir size the Suffolk dun cows yield a great abund- nm-c of imlk; an.l ,is a dairy stock there are very few breeds that are preferable. sKCTioN VI.— A s,:jnaN.a vv Of nr.iTiHit ni.EKns. As giving concisely and connectedly ,. view of nritisii breeds of cattle as they existed in the latter part of the last century, I condense from Loudon and other authors named, and principally because it tlirows light on the origin of certain breeds. The authorities given wrote from 80 to 100 years a-o. Necessary to remember lest names be confounded." LO.VO-HORXS. The long-horned or Lancashire breed of cattle is <]istii,guisl,ed from others by the length of their horns, the thickness and firm texture of their hides the length and closeness of their hair, the lar"c size ' of their hoofs, and their coarse, leathery, thick necks • they are likewise deeper in their fore-quarters, and lighter in their hind-quarters, than most other breeds; narrower in their shape, less in point of weight than the Shorthorns, though better weighers ni proportion to their size; and though they give considerably less milk, it is said to afford more cream m proportion to its quantity. They are more vanediii their color than any of the other breeds; but, whatever the color be. they have in general a wlnte streak along their back, which the breeders term hnchcd, and mostly a white spot on the inside of the hock. (Culley, p. 53.) Li a general view this race, notwithstanding the singular efforts that have been made towards its improvement, remains witli httle alteration; for. except in Leicestershire, none of the sub-varieties (which Uiffer a little in al- most every one of those counties Avhere the Ion"- horns prevail) have undergone any radical change or any obvious improvement. The improved bre°d of Leicestershire is said to have been formed by Web- stcr. of Caulcy. near Coventry, in Warwickshire, by nicans of six cows brought from the binks „f the lr.-iit, about the beginning of the eighteenth century ; which were crossed with bulls from Westmoreland and Lancashire. liakewell. of Dishley, in Leicestcr- slnro. afterwards got the lead as a breeder, by select- ing from the Caulcy stock; and the stocks of several other eniiiieiit breeders have been traced to the same source. (Marshal's Midland Counties, vol. i., p. ai8.) shohthohnh. The short-horned, sometimes called the Dutch breed is known by a variety of names, taken from the districts where they form the principal cattle stock, or where most attention has been paid to their improvement; thus diiferent famihes of this race are distinguished by the names of the Holder- ness. the Teeswater, the Yorkshire, Duriiam, \orth- umberiand, and other breeds. The Teeswater breed a variety of Shorthorns, established on the banks of the Tees, at the head of the vale of York, is at pres- ent m the highest estimation, and is alleged to be the true Yorkshire short-horned breed. Bulls and cows from this stock, purchased ,it most extraordinary prices, are spread overall .he north of England, and the border counties of Scotland. The bone, head and neck of these cattle are fine; the hide is very tun; the chine full; the loiu broad; the carcass throughout large and well fashioned; and the flesh ana fatting quality equal, or perhaps superior, to those of any other large breed, ihe Shorthorns give a greater quantity of milk than any other cat- tle; a cow usually yielding twenty-four quarts of milk per day. making ihree firkins of butter durin- lio grass season; their colors are much varied" but they are generally red and white mixed, or what tlie breeders call flecked. The heaviest and lar-ost oxen of the short-liornod breed, when properiy fed victual the East India ships, as they produce the hickes beef which, by retaining its juices, is the best adapted for such long voyages. The oxen commonly weigh from CO to 100 stone (fourteen pounds to the stone); and they have several times been fed to 120. 1;«, and some particular ones to up. wards of 150 stone, the four quarters only. rCulky p. 48.) - ^^•^'-y< In comparing the breeds of long and short-liorned cattle Culley observes that the long-horns excel in ne thickness and firm texture of the hide, in the length and closeness of the hair, in their beef bei,,.. -9« ■.*? iSSi; * wicksliirc, by li.iiiks of the I'litli centiirj', i^cstiuoreland ill Lciuostcr- er, liy selcut- ks of scvcrnl I to the siiiiic >l.i.,p.818.) tlio Dutch taken from iciiml cattlo paid to their )f this race ho Holtler- mm, North- ivutcr breed, he banks of ;, is at pres- wl to bo the Is and cows traordiuary igland, and bono, head ide is very ho carcass d the llesli iniicrior, to Shorthorns other cat- quarts of iter dnrinf^ h varied, 1, or wliat ud largest >l)er]y fed, oduce tlie ics, is the Die oxen (fourteen ■I'al times lies to lip- 'CuUey, rt-horiicd excel in p, in the lef beini' I Till-; I'AUM JCIiS' •i'<)('K nooii. 20.S finer-grainod and more mixed and marbled than that of the Hhorthonis, in weijiliinf,' more in proportion to tlieir size, and in giviii;,' richer milk; but they arc inferior to the Shortliorns, in giving a less quantity of milk, in weighing less upon the whole, in afford- ing less tallow wdien killed, in being generally slower feeders, ami in being coarser mado and more leath- ery or bullish in the under side of the neck. In few words, says he, the long-horns excel in the hide, hair, and quality of the beef; the Shorthorns in the quantity of beef, tallow and milk. Eacli breed has long had, and probably may have, its particular ad- vocates; but if we may hazard a conjecture, is it not probable that botli kinds may have their partic- ular advantages in different situations? Why not the thick, firm hides, and long, close-set hair, of the one kind, bo a protection and security against those impetuous winds and heavy rains to which the west coast of this island is so subject; while the more reg- ular seasons and mild climiit(Mipon the east coast are more suitable to the coastitution of the Shorthorns. MIDDLK-IIORNS. The middle-horned breeds comprehend, in like manner, several local varieties, of which the most noted are tlie Devons, the Sussexes and the Here- fords; tho last two, according to Culley, being vari- eties of the first, tiiough of a greater size, tho Here- fords being the largest. These cattlo are the most esteemed of all our breeds for tho draught, on ac- count of their activity and hardiness; they do not milk so well as the Shorthorns, but are not deficient in the valuable property of feeding at an early age, when not employed in labor. (Loudon, p. 1010.) The Devonshire cattle are of a high red color (if any white spots they reckon the breed impure, particularly if those spots run oiio into another), with a light-dun ring round tho eye, and the muzzle of the same color, fine in tho bone; clean in tho neck; hornsof a medium length, bent upwards; thin- faced, and fine in the chops; wide in the hips; a tol- erable barrel, but rather flat on the sides; tail small, and sot on very high; they are thin-skinned and silK-y in handling, feed at an early age, or arrive at maturity sooner than most other breeds. (Culley, p. 51.) Another author observes that they are a model for all persons who breed oxen for tho yoke. (Parkinson on Live Stock, vol i., p. 112.) The weight of the cows is usually from thirty to forty stone, and of the oxen from forty to sixty; the North Devon variety, in particular, from tho fineness ill the gi liii of the moat, is held in high estimation in Smithlield. (Dicks(urs Practical Agriculture, vol. ii., p. 120.) Lawrence says that the race of red cattle of North Devon and Somerset is doubtless one of our original breeds, and one of those which havd preserved most of their primitive form; tho excellence of this form for labor is best proved by tho fact that the fashion- able substitution of horses has made no progress in tho district of these cattle, by their high repute as feeders, and for the superior excellence of their beef, which has been acknowledged for ages. They are, he says, the speediest working-oxen in England, and will trot well in harness; in point of strength they stand in the fourth or fifth class. They have a greater rcscniblanco to deer than any other breed of neat cattle. They are rather wide than middle- horned, as they aro sometimes called; some, how- over, have regular middle-horns, that is, neither short nor long, turned upward and backward at tho points. As milkers they aro so far inferior to both tho long and short horns, both in quantity and quality of milk, that tiny aro certainly no objects for tl't^ regular dairy, however p'easing and convenient tlicy may bo in tho private family way. SUSSKX AND HEKEFOUDSmUE CATTLE. The Sussex and Herefordshire cattlo aro of a deep red color, with fine hair and very thin hides; neck and head clean, the face usually white ; horns neither long nor short, rather turning up at tho points; in general they aro well made in the hind-quarters, wide across tho hips, rump and sirloin, but narrow in tho chine, tolerably straight along tlie back, ribs too flat, tliiu in the thigh, and bono not large. An ox, six years old, will weigh, when f.it, from sixty to one hundred stone, the fore-quarters generally the heav- iest ; the oxen aro mostly worked from three to six years old, sometimes till seven, when they are turned oil for feeding. Tho Hereford cattlo aro next in size to tho Yorkshire Shorthorns; both this and the Ciloucester variety are highly eligible as dairy stock, and tho females of theHercfords have been found to fatten better at three years old than any other liind of cattlo except the spayed heifers of Norfolk. (Mar- shal's Economy of Gloucestershire.) POI.LEn or. IIOKNLKSS BKEEDS. The most numerous and esteemed variety of these is the Galloway breed, so called from tho province of -fi. t 20i I'll W. I 'A If M |.;ii S' M'luilv lUXtli. T tC:_ 'I o V in it O H •i u O >'. 1 t H H fl K H i'wi<; i'.,vi4M i-;ks' simxk hook. 205 "r that name, in the Roiitlnvcst of Sootland, wiicrc they most abonnil. Tlio tiiio Hiilloway hulldclt "is straijilit and liroail on thi' bacii, anil nearly Icvtl from the head to the rump, broad at tho loins, not iiowcviT, with hoolicd hones, or projectinL,' knoiis, so that, when viewed from above, tho whole body appears beautifully rounded; ho is long in the ([uar- ters, but not broad in tho twist; lie is deep in the chest, short in tho leg, and moderately line in the l)one, clean in the chop and in tho neck; tho head is of a moderate size, with largo, rough ears, and full but not prominent eyes, or heavy eyebrows, so that lie has a calm though determined look; liis well pro- [lortioned form is clothed with a loose and mellow skin, adorned with long, soft, glossy hair." Tho prevailing color is black or dark brindled, and, though they are occasional ,y found of every color, tho dark colors are uniformly preferred, from a belief that they are con- nected with superior hardiness of constitution. The (ralloways are rather undersized, not .very dilTerent from tho size of the Devons, hut as much less than tho long-horns, as the long-horns aro less than the short horns. On the best farms the average weight of bullocks three years and ii lialf old, when the greater part of them are driven to the south, has been stated at about forty stone, avoirdupois; and some of them, fattened in England, liavo been brought to nearly 100 stone. Tlie general properties of this breed are well known in almost every part of England, as well as in Scoiland. They are sometimes sent from their native pastures directly to Smithfield, a distance of four hundred miles, and sold at once to the butcher; I and i:? spring they are often shown in Norfolk, im- j mediately after their arrival, in as good condition as, 1 or even better than, whoii they began their journey; with full feeding tlioro is perhaps no breed that ' sooner attains maturity, and their flcsli is of the ' (incst rpiality. Culley, Loudon says, was misin- formed about the quantity of milk they yield, which, though rich, is by no means abundant. It is alleged ' not to bo more than seventy or eighty years (early : part of tho eighteenth century) since tho Galloways \ were all horned, nnd very much tho same in external appearance and character with tho breed of black cattle wliich prevailed over the west of Scotland at that period, and which still abounds in perfection, I the largest-sized ones in Argyleshirc, and tho smaller in the Isle of Skye. The Galloway cattle at the time alluded to were coupled with some hornless liuils, of a sort which do not .seem now to bo accu- rately known, iiut which wert\ then brought from (!ninberland, the ellects of which crossing were thought to lie the general loss of hornsin the former, and tho enlargement of their size; the continuance of a hornless sort being kept up by .selecting only sudi for lirceding, or perhaps by other moans, as by the practice of eradicating with the knife the horns in their very young st ite. The Sulfolk duns, according to Culley, are noth- ing more than a variety of the Galloway breed. lie supposes tliem to have originated in the inter- course that has long subsisted between the Scotch drovers of Galloway cattle and the SulTolk and Nor- folk graziers who feed tlicin. The SiilTolks are chietly ligiit duns, thus dilfering fromtnc (ralloways, and are considered a very useful kind of little cattle, particularly for tho dairy. From tho black polled cattle of Scotland liave dcocended tho admirable Aberdeen-Angus, shown in the illustration. TIM'. AVUS1I11;k DAIIIY COW. The Ayrshire breed, according to Alton, is the most improved breed of cattle to bo found in the island; I'ot only for the dairy, in which they liave no parallel, under similar soil, climate and relative cir- cumstances, but also in feeding for the shambles. They are in fact, a breed of cows that have, by crossing, coupling, feeding and treatment, been im- proved and brought to a state of perfection, which fits them, above all otiiers yet known, to answer al- most in every diversity of situation, where grain and grasses can he raised to feed them, for the purpose of the dairy, or f<.r fattening them for beef, (.Viton.) Tho origin of the Ayrshire breed of cattle is to bo found in tho indigcnoous cattle of the county of Ayr, " improved in their size, shape and qualities, chiefly by judicious selection, cross-coupling, feeding and treatment for a long series of time, and with much judgment and attention, l)y the industrious inhab- itants of the county, and principally by those of the district of Cunningham." (.■\.iton.) The whole dairy breed in the county of Ayr is of mixed white and brown colors. " The size of tho Ayrshire improved dairy cows varies from twenty to forty stones English, according to the quality and abundance of their food. If cat- tle are too small for the soil, they will soon rise to tho j lilM lilMi ■lilM l''^VK.MJ01{S' Hlociv JlOOJi. --* sizo it ciiu iniiiiitaiii; ami tlio rovvr.su if ili^v iuc livr^'or Ihiiii it is ciilciiliitcil to support. " (Aitdii.) The slmp.'S most npprovc.l of uro uh follows: "\lv.ul siiiiiil, l.iit nitln'r loii^' luiil narrow at tiio luii/zlf; llio cvv small, Imt smart and liwly; tlio horus, small, clear, crookcl; and their roots nt c:on- sideralilf distance from each other; neck lonj,' and slender, t^perin^' toward the head, with no'loosc sliin helow; Khoudcrs thin; foreMpmrters li^'llt; liind-.piarters Inrije; hack Htraif,'lit, broad l.ehind, tlio joints rather loose and open; carcass deep, and pelvis capacious and wide over tiie hips, with roiiml, fleshy lailtocks; tail lonj,' and small ; le,L,'s small and short, with linn joints; iiddcr capacious broad and square, stretching forward, and neither llesliy, low Imns, nor loose; the milk veins lari,'e ami prominent; teats short, all jiointinf,' outward, and at consider- able distance from each other; skin thin and loose; hair soft and woolly; the head, bones, horns and all puts (if least value, small; and the general li,i,Miro (■(Mupact and well proportioned." SCOTcai I'ATTl.K. The cattle of the Highlands of Scotland arc di- vided into annmber of local varieties, some of which ditler materially from others, probably owing to a dillVrence in the climate and the rpiality of tho'herb- age, rather than to their being Kprnng from races originally ilistinct, or to any great change eirected either by .selection or by crossing with other breeds. It is oidy of lato that mnch attention has been paid to their improvement, in any part of this extensive <'mntry; and in the northern and central Highlands tiio cattle are yet, for the most j)art, in as rude a state, ami nnder management as defective, as they were some centnries ago. Those cattle have almost exclnsive possession of all that division of Scotland, inchiding the H<>brides, marked olf by a line from' the Fritli of Clyde on iho west, to tbeMnrray Frith on the north, and bending toward the cast" till it approaches in some places very near to the Oennan ocean. Along the eastern coast, north of the Frith of Forth, the Higidaml cattle are intermixed with vavions local breeds, of which they have probably been the basis. There are more or less marked dis- tinctions among the cattle of the different Highland connties; and, in common language, \vc si)eak of the fnverncss-shire, the lianlTshire, etc., cattle, as if tlicy wore so many separate breeds; bnt it is only neces- sary in this place to notice the two more general varieties, now clearly distinguishahlo by their form, size and general properties. The most vahiai)lc of these are the cuttle of the western Highlands and isles, commonly called tb.' Algvleshire breed, or the br. I'.l of the j'sle of Sky.', •'lie of the islands attached to the comity .,f Argyle." The cattle of the Hebrid.'s arc called kyl'oes, a name which is often applied in the south to" all the vari- eties of the Highland cattle, n(,t as a late writer has imagined, from the district in Avrshiro called Kyle, where very few of them are kept, but from their crossing, in their progress to the south, the kvloeH(,r ferries in tlio nniinland and Western ^lands', wIktc the.se cattle are found in the greatest p.^rfection. The cattle of Orkney and Zetland arc of a most ''"'"imtivo size; an ox weighing abont sixtv ].oun,ls 11 quarter, and a cow forty-five poiimls. Tliey arc of nil colors, anil their shapes are generally bad; yet they give a quantity of excellent milk; fatten rapidly when put on good pastures; and, in their own dis"- tricts, are considered strong, hardy, and excelhait workers, when well trained to the yoke and so jden- tifiilly fed as to enable them to siippor. I: ijor. Of the Fifcshire cattle, Cnllcy obsorvos, you would at lirst imagine them a distinct breed, from their upright white horns, being excecdinglv light-lyered iind thin-tbighed; bnt I am pretty clear that' it is only from their being more nearly allied to the Ky Iocs, find conswpieiitly less of the coarse kind "of Shorthorns in them. Notwithstanding this opinion, the cattle of the northeastern counties of Scotland require, for every useful purpose, to be mention..! separately from the Highland herds; and as all of them have a general resemblance, it will only ho nec- essary in this place (o notice the Fife cattfe in par- ticular. There are vari.)ws traditions about tb.. origin of this variety. It is sai.l to have been much improved by ].:nglish cows sent by Henrv VII to his dauglit.i'K lliMiK. liiiT S o a f" w "1 I w K / n « o o T 4- ^OH ■IIII.; I'A|..M KifM' MIO.U IK.oii. llM' |>.vvM,lmK .'"lor of tl„, Fif.. cittk. is |.lftd<. tl"0M;;l. Noiaciunos N,.,>tto.l „r Htrmk.'.l with whitr. iiii'I H.„.,o „f tl„.,u ,i,v ultoKotlicr f-niy. Tlir horns are minll, whi.., «.,,c.r,tlly lavtly .T.-.t,. ,„• at Inint tiirncl i>i, ,.t lUv ,,„iutH. hfiulin;. n.tlicr forward, ati.l not w„l,.s,,ri.a,l Jjko the LanntHhiro Ion-horn...! I'rml. I hi, bono i.s Hun.ll in proportion to tii,. car- cms; tho hmh8. clean, hnt short; un.l th. ^kiu soft, rhoy arc wi.Ia l,otwct.n tho liook-hones; tho rih. ";i'row. wi.lo HW. un.l huviuK a great cnrvaturr. Il...y fatttn quickly, and fill „p well at tho choice pnm(.s; arc hardy, llcrt. and travi well, and are c ccllen for lal.or, both at plouKli „nd cart. A good cow of tins hreod gives fron. eighteen to twouty-fonr -i'lurts of milk j,cr day, yielding from sevci t,. nin.. pounds of butter, and from ten to twelve ,,ounds of cheese per week (twenty-four ounces to the pound) I f..r some mouths after ..alving. (Fife Heport, p. 2r,l and 25;). ) The cattle of Aberdeenshire, the largest of which ..re said to have been produced by crossing with Fife bulls, have been long highly esteemed in the south- '■>•" •"."•kets. It IS observed that every succeedim- genorm.on of them has increased in size for tho last •li.rty years; and that the native bred has d.u.bled Its former weight since the introduction of turnips (AlK'nleenshire lleport, p. KJH.) The color is com- monly blaclc^^ but there are many of a rod and brin- die color. They are thinner in tho buttock, in pro- portion to their weight; and deeper in the bellv in proportion to the.r circumference, than the west HiglandcTs. and they yield a much larger quantity „f milk. Many of them arc brought to the south of I iScotland, and kept during winter in the straw-vards for which they suit better than smaller cattle, as they arc not so impatient of confinement. The ordinary weight of the middle-sized oxen, at from three te live years old, is from f„rty to (ifty stone; but after bein- worked for some time, and thoroughlv fattened, they have been known to reach doublo this weight. WKLSII CATTLK. Of the Welsh cattle there .seem to be two distinct kinds. Tho large sort arc of a brown color, with some white on the rump and shoulders, denotin- a ' cross from the long-horns, though in shape not the least res,mibling tliein. They aro long in the legs stand higii accordinj- to their weight, are thin in the tlngh, and rather n.rrow in the chine; their horns arc wlute and turned upwar.ls; they are light in lluHh, and next to the Devcujs, well formed for the yoke; Imye very Ko„d ho„fs, »,„! walk liKht and nimbly. Tho other sort are much moro valuable- I'olor black, with very littl., white; of a good useful form, short in the b-, with round deep bodies; the hi.le IS rath,.r thiu. with short hair; they Inve a likely lo„k. and a good eye; and tho bones, though not very small, aie neither large nor dumsv; and tho cows aro considered good milkers. (I'arkinson I on Live Stock, vol. i., p. ijt.';.) Al.llKaNEVH. Tlie Al.lerney cuttlo aro to bo met with only about the seats of a few great bindhol.lers, where thev are keptchielly for the sake of their milk, which is' very rudi though small in quantity. This raco is consid- ••rec , by very comi,etent judges, as too delicate an.l t^'iider to bo jiropagated to any extent in (irrat Uritiun. at least in its northern parts. Their c.dir ' IS mostly yellow or light red. with white or mottled faces; they have short crumpled horns, are small in size, and very ill-shapcd; yet they are line-boned in gnioral. and their href, though high-colored, is very wel ( av,.red. I have seen, says Culley, somo very "seful .Mttlo bred from a cross between an Alderne"y L'ow and a short-horned bull. To prevent confusion it will be iiroper hero to re- «»ark. that the Channel Islands cattle dilTer very lit- tie, one from the other, exeej-t in minor joints, 'such "H size, ,,,l„r, etc. The cattle of Aldeniey, although Ins islan.l ori^-inally gave celebrity to the Channel Isbind cattle, are now in less rejiute than those of •Jersey or (iMemsey, pn.bably fi„m the fact that the fMttl.. of these islaii.ls have been more carefully bred than those of Ald.-rney. They are all undoubtedly I <'f Normandy origin, and are now divided into two I principal sub-families, the .Jersey, and (iuernsev. On p.ige 2,., ,,,, ,1,,^,,, ^,j^,^,j^ ^^ portrait of a hi-l, caste young (iuern.sey bull, and hero sliowa p.u-trait "' '"le ol the best breeding lines for milk and Gen- eral excellence. ililsir CATTLK. The Irish cattle, Culley thinks, are a mixed breed between the long-horns and the Welsh or Kcotch, but more inclined to the long-horns, though of less weight than those in JOngland. liNOMSII WILD CATTLE. The wild breed aro now found only in tho parks of a few great proprietora, who prosciTO tho animals as curious and ornamental, or for the sake of their ! Till'; I-A U.M JQltH' H'I'OCK IIOOK. •id', I ]H very titi Bir J lii^'l-lluvoii'd lietf. TluPHi' kept iit t'liilliiii;liiiui ('as- lie. ill Nortliiiinlicrl 111(1, a Mciit lH'liiii^iii>; tn tlio I'iiirl of TiiiiliiTvilli', Imvo been vny iiceiirately ileserilicil ill till! NnrUntlillieilmiil Iteport, iilnl in Ciiiley's Ixiuk on live Htock, ko oflni (iiiotoil. 'I'iieir eolorifi inviiri- iihly of a creimiy wliito; iiiiizzKi liliiek; the whole of liiu ihsiile of tiie car, mid alioitt oiio-tliird of tlio oiitsidi', from the tip dowiiwaril, red; horim wliite, witli liliuk tipH, very line, iiiul lient iipwanlH; Home of the biillrt liavo a tliiii upri^jht mane.iibont an incli and II lialf or two inuhcH lon)r. Tlio weight of the oxen is from tliirty-live to forty-tlvo stone, and the eowH from twenty-live to tliirty-live Htono the four (piarterH (fourteen iioiiiidn to tiio stone). Tile beef in finely umrliled, and of cxcollcnt Uavor. From tlie nature of tlieir imHtiirc, and the frequent agitation they are put into liy tlio curiosity of HtraiiRcrs, it in Kcareely to be expected they Hhould fjct very fat; yi't tlie bix ycarw old oxen are generally very f;nod beef, from which it may be fairly supposed that, in proper situations, they would feed well. The linbits of tlicw iiniiiiiils urc entirely wild ; at the 11 rst appearance of any person they set ol! in full pillop, and at the distance of about two hundred yards make a wheel round and coino boldly iipaRain, tossing their heads in a menacing manner; an a sud- den they mako a full stop, at the distance of forty or fifty yards, looking wildly at the object of their sur- jirise, but, upon the least motiou being made, they all again turn round and tly olT with equal speed, hut not to the same distance, forming a shorter circle, and again returning with a bolder and more threat- ening aspect than before; they approach much nearer, probably within thirty yards, when they again mako another stand, ,nnd again lly oil; this they do several times, shortening tlieir distance, and advanc- ing nearer and nearer till th.cy come, within such a short distance that most people think it prudent to leave them, not choosing to provoke tiieui farther. The foregoing descrijitioii of British herds 100 years ago is largely from " Loudon's Kncyclopiedia of Agi'iculture," a work as valuable as it is now rare The authorities quoted are those the most practical of the last century, and W(U'ks now rarely met. OLD KNOLISll .ILDOMENT OF CATTLK. The criteria of cxcpHcuco in neat cattle aro thus given by .Tolm Wilkinson, an eminent breeder, in 1820; "The head ought to be rather long, and muzzle fine; the countenance calm and placid, which indicates a dispositiiui to get fat; the horns tiiio; the neck light, particularly where it joins the he:>d; the breast wide and projecting well before the lugs; the shoiildeis niodi nilely broad at the top, and the joints Well in, and when the animal is in good condi- tion, the chine so full as to leave no hollow behind it; the fore Hank will tilled up, and the girth lieliind the shoulders dee|); llie back straight, wiile and llat; ilie ribs broad, iiiid tlie space between them iiiid the hips small; the llaiik full and heavy; the belly well kept in, and not hinkiag low in the middle, hut so formed that a cross section of it would resemble an oval, whose two ends ari^ of the same width, and whose form approaches to that of a circle, or of an ellipsis whose eccentricity is not great (the whole forming, not a round or barrel-like carcass, as some have expressed it, for this would leave a deliciency both in the upper and lower part of the ribs); the hips globular, wide across, and on a level with the back itself; the hind-qu.irters, that is, from the hips to the extremity of the rump, long and straight; the rump points fat, and coming well up to tiio tail; the twist wide, and the scam in the middle of it so well filled that the whole may very nearly form a plane perpendicular to the line of the back ; the lower part of the thigh small; the tail broad and fat towards tlio top, but the lower part thin; the legs straight, clean and line-boned; and when the animal is in high con- dition, the skin of a rich and silky appearance. These appear to bo the most material points for the formation of true 8yi'>metry in cattle; there aro others of a minor consiucration, which will readily be suggested by attention and exjierience." The criteria of an ox well adapted to Ial)or differ from the above only in requiring long and strong logs, and broad hardy feet and hoofs. The criteria of a beautiful cow, according to Wil- kinson, is thus expressed: — Slii''s long ill lier face, slie's Hue in lier liorn. Slie'll iiuickly get fat, without caUe or eorii, Slics elc'iir in lievjaws. ami full in her ehiiie, She's heavy in Hank, and wide in her loin. She's liroad in her ribs, and long in her rump. \ straight ami flat back, with never a liuiiii) ; Slie's wide in her hips, and calm in her eyes. She's fliii> in her shoulders, and thin in her thighs. She's liKht ill her neck, and small in her tail. She's wide in her breast, and good at the pail. She's line in her bone, and silky of skin, Slu's a grazier's without, and a butcher's within. m-'i" "* \m m ^ -U Tlih) J<"vVli."\lli:ii.S' Wl'tJCiv Ijooji. 211 *i Callt-y'.s luiu-ks of a good cow arc these; Wide lionis, a thin head and ucek, dcwhip large, full breast, broad back, largo deep belly; the udder eapa- eious, but not too ileshy; llio milk-veins prominent, and the bag tending far liehind; teats long and large, l)uftock3 broad and Ileshy, tail long luid pliable, logs proportionable to the size of tlio carcass, and the joints short. To these outward marks may be added a gentle disposition, a temper free from any vicious trick, and jiorfectly manageable ou every occasion. On the other hand, a cow with n thick licad and a short neck, prominent back-bone, slender chest, belly tucked up, small udder or fleshy bag, short teats and thin buttocks, is to be avoided as totally uulit for the purposes either of the dairyman, the suckler, or the grazier. The most valuable, ho says, are those which are bred in Yorkshire, Stairordshiro and upon the strong lands in other parts of England, and in Ayr- shire, Scotland. SKCTION VI. — now HKKKDS AUK KOHMKI). A breed, or sub-family, is formed by tiie union of two animals, one of wliich, it is hoi)ed, will supply certain excellences lacking in the other. Thus the bull Ilubback imiiarted to the Shorthorns compact- ness and good feeding qualities. A careful system of breeding for generations fixed this quality. The American Mermo breed of sheep was formed l)y the union of two fannlies of Spanish Merinos. Careful breeding and selection, notwithstanding the mistalfcs conunitted from time to time, have resulted in iixing certain characteristics, until they now stand the peers of any other iine-wooled breed on earth. It has taken half a century and two generations of men to bring them to their present staudiird. FOllMINCi A UliKKD VS. llllEKOlNcf fp. F.xperinients in this direction will continue, it is probable, while time lasts. The failures we seldom hear of; the successes are widely heralded. Failure restdts from many causes ; success only from a nat- unil taloit tor and correct knowledge of the anatomv and physiology of an animal, perfected either by long practical experience, or else by careful study and experiment. It costs time, perseverance, acumen and a longlife, to establish a new breed, and gencra- ti.s. SKOTIO.V r. — l.-AVOKITK IIKKF IlIiKIOOS (IK Till; rNlTKJ) STATES ANO CANAOA. Tlie two gre.it and distinctive beef breeds of the United States and Canada are the Sli" - t HVE. Pmmln.Mif, liriRhf. nt,.! ci.ur: "iin.inliiViii,'" 'tr. ■.;,',■ ■,,',; ^ teiij loncy to lay on fat ; " l.rlK'lit," as „„ ovi.lmrcu ot" i m ,1 ,Ub* position; "clear," ns guaranty of nooil health.. ....... ... 2 :i Honss Asn K.tn.— Tho liortis should he liitht in sulwtnnop, wa.xy in color, iinhoui'l' the rumps nL' "',"•'• •""'• ""•' ■■"111 (.'lossy in summer liin ( .uiituiiE.-Of an animal cives stvio ami h'e'anty- " the walk shonlil he si,uare, the step ipiiek, ami the he'iil up ^ i! the v.iiM,TrrH " "''■" "'," 'l-'''"'"'''"'' ""^' fP«li"(-' properties ami mamv n .^L ? '""""^' 'i"l«ifl: ami upon the touch of this 1 lern^, I'f " •■;';"' '','•■':.■■';'■• "'" t-'razier-s ami the Imtchers .nKlument. It the "tomMi he itom , .some (Icticienev of form ,"e,7s. loT^'s"'; ""'"■>• .'"''"rH ami st'.,. .lotK 'ea, J,',- pensato for so nnproinisin;; a leature. In raishiL' tlie skin sme'nfl le ' ',"'''r.'''"'''''''^^'''; "'"' "'"" ''eneatli the ont- snff ,,.iJ..'nn '','"'''' !''"™ ™»"vwlth it, as if resting on a lllll POINTS OF THE SIIOUTIIOIiN BULL. In relation to the bull the committee say: Most of the points desirable in the female ure generally BO in the male, but, of course, should be more mas- culine in their character, as insepiirable from a strong, vigorous constitution. Even a certain de- gree of coarseness is admissible; but then it must be so exclusively of masculine description as never to be discovered in the females of his get. In contradistinction to the cow, the head of the bull may be shorter, the frontal bone broader, and the occipital flat and stronger, that it may receive and sustain the horn ; and this latter may be excused if a little heavy at the b:ise, if its upward form, its quality and color lie right. Neither is the loose- ness of the skin attached to, and depeudiug from, the under jaw to bo deemed other than a feature of the SOX, provided it is not extended beyond the bone. t I. PI •f- 21 TUi-; I'.viiMKiiw arociv mcok. Imt ii'iivcs tlKi -iilk't i.iul tlin.iit dear un.l fivf from Ul.'\vlll|). Tin. upj.rr i.ortiuii „f tJie neck should bo fiill and nuisciil.ir, for it is im indifiitioii of stroiiKlli, jiowor and constitution. The spine should be stron.', the l)<)ncs of the loin Ion- and broad, the Kenitul or- Kims hir-e, and the whole muscnliir system wide and thorougliJy developed over his entire frame. A SUJIM.UIV Oi' l^OINTS. Pro.f. ]!rown, of the Ontario College of At,'rieult- ure, has sunnuarized the Shorthorn points for the use of the Toronto Live Stock Exhibition, as fol- lows : iJaLES.— ni'a CATri.l;, The Aberdeen-Angus or Polled Angus, as they are also called, are perhaps the most widely known I of any of the polled breeds hi the United States. I All that will bo necessary hero will be a brief de- scription of tlie several breeds. Where they may l)erliai)s become especially valuable has already been stated. As between the Polled Angus and Gallo- way it has boon authoritively stated that the breeds are alike in that tlu.y are both Scotch breeds, both l)lack in color, and l)oth hornless. The points of difference are: The Galloways are coarser boned and heavier haired than tiieir Abcideen-Angus rivals and the latter breed matures earher than the Galloways, and are generally finer. The poitrnt group, page 202, shows individuals of Aberdeen- Angus of tiie highest possible excellence. OALLotVAV VS. I'OLLIil) ANGUS. As a foundation cross for plains cattle, Mr. .J. H Sanders, in a letter from England, gives his impres- sions as fcdlows: "I am rather disposed to question the desirability of the Galloway as a cross for our western rancli- mcn. Hardy they nudou!)tedly :ire, and of most admirable form in carcass; but I have a fear that this cross ui)on the foundation stock in f,se on our western plains will be found coarB..-boned and slow m reaching maturity. I ventiiie this as an opinion based entirely upon the prevailing type of these cat- tle as I have seen them in tiieir native country When mature I am inclined to think they are supe'- nor m shape of carcass, judged from a i)eef produc- ing standpoint, to their rivals, the iiner-boned iiner-haired, and earlier- maturing Aberdeen- Angus;' but as a cross for the purposes above indicated 1 certainly look for much more satisfactory rpsults from the latter Iireed, unless it lie upon herds that have already been improved by several crosses with the earlier maturing breeds." ANGUS AND TEXAN CliOSS. ' Yet we must recollect that no cattle can rea-h early maturity that are obliged to subsist upon tlio dried up grasses of the plains in winter, comparatively rich thougli tliese grastes are. The fact of the wel ^- t t itivc'ly lio wel r 'Jiij<: ii'^vitMj.:its' w'r<5cjc xiooiv. 215 lii.owM lmr(liii(>Ha of tlie Giillnwii.y.s, „ii.l their „),ilit,y to foni-u loi- tlii'iiisdvus, will in 0,11 oi)iiiion count, for iMoro thai, e.uly iii.iturity, iilv/iiys procluctd l)y lug), iiiKl iirtilicial l.rccdiiiK, mul tlioHtiirdy mnncn of tho (lallowiiyH Hhouia nick iiioro liiiidly ^^■itll tlio Bcnii- \.ild 'IV'xaiis imd other i.iodilicd, relative hreeds of tlie iilaiihs and moimtaiu valleys of the far West. My owii iiupressiou is, as rreviously stated, that the Galloway will he fonud valuahle in regions where c^ittlc must of necessity forage largely for themselves. We douht the advantage, forinstanc(', of crossing' the horuless, early-maturing, highly hred Aherdeen^An- gus uiioii Texana with a view of inducing early ma- turity and fineness of bono. The same rule will 'iJTly to all highly hred animals. Early maturity Hiid great fineness of hone, do not and cannot be- long to animals that must shirk for themselves and witiista.ul the inclemencies of the plains' winters, w nle feedmg Tii-on the dry grasses of those regions. All the finer breeds of cuttle have been made by c.uelul care and shelter combined with high feeding We should look for better success on the plains, in lexas. New Mexico, and the mountain valley regions of the west thnuigh the use of animals well bred, I.ut not combining excessively early maturity and delicately fine points. These are the animals natural to fat pastures and superior winter feediii" and care. " " CHAPTER IV. DISTINCTIVK MILK IIKKKD.S. SECTIO.V I.- CHARACTERISTICS OF MILKINC, BREEDS. The characteristics of all cattle noted for large quantiies of milk are, lino heads and horns; thin necks; a wedge-shaped body, lighter before than hc- Innd, rather than a rounded or square form; large udders; great milk veins; and a prominent and large bandof up-growing hairextendingalong the back part of the udder well up to the root of the tail and even encompassing the vulva. Aside from this each breed has its special characteristics, which may be fully recognized in the head, horns, and general ap- pearance, while all breeds conform to the general rule as stated. SECTIO.V II.— CHANNEL ISLANDS CATTLE. Those are now generally comprised under two distinctive breeds: The Jersey and the Guernseys, named respectively from the islands of those names. The Jerseys are smaller and more delicate, the i (fiiernseys larger and more shapely from a beef- making standpoint; hut both excel in the excessive richness of their milk. THE JERSEY COW. Whether the Jersey will ever become a favorite cow for the general farmer is luobleniatical. Hhe is essentially a cow for butter, the milk being esMii- tially rich in cream. For the butter maker who has facilities for high feeding and the perfect manufact- ure of butter, the Jersey is the superior of any other cow. Where cheese is the object, or both but- ter and cheese, other breeds will supply tiie place of the Jersey. E.specially where the carcasses of the young stock are to be converted into beef will this 1)6 as a rule indicated. For the family requiring rich mUk and sujierior butter, the wealthy individ" nal who can alloid to keep a herd tiiat will he an ornament t<. his lawn or meadow, the Jersey will always find a place. The American Jersey Cattle Club consider form and poiats so essential that a scale of points was adopted embracing thirty-four smgle points as perfection in cows and heifers and thirty-three single points for bulls. These points lor cows are as follows: Head.— Small, fine and tapering. Cheek — Small. Throat — Clean. Muzzle — Fine, and encircled by a bright color. Nostrils — High and open. Horns — Smooth, crumpled, not too thick at the base and tapering. Ears.— Small and thiu; and of a deep orange color within. Eye.— Full and placid. Neck.- Straight, fine, and placed lightly on the shoulders. Chest — Broad and deep. "^RREL — Hooped, broad and deep; well ribbed home, having but little space between the last rib and the hip. Back.— Straight from the withers to the top of the lup; straight also, from the top of the hip to the setting on of the tail. Tai^.— At right angles to the back; the tail fine; and hanging down to the hocks. Hide.— Thiu and movable, but not too loose; hide covered with soft, fine liair; hide of .-ood color. ° Fore-legs — Short, straight and fine. 21(i ■I'll !•: l-AK-M KU-r^' SIO.Iv 11(),,K. -f'f ■rilh: l-'^VltMiCliw HTOCJJv iJOOIi. 217 'a F.)iiE-AnMs.— Swi'lliiiir mill full iilmvc tliu l>iu'i\ iliM>-ijL-.\iiTi:iis. -From tliu hock to the iioiiit of tiir rum;) well filled nji. HiM,-i.i.;iis. -Short iiail straight (hclow the hocks) iiml lioi.e.s rather fine; Kqimrd.v i-hiceil. not too eh se tojretlu'r when vicweil from iichinil; and not to lie ci'o.ssed in walkiiij,'. UooKN. - Small. L'DDKii.— Full in form; well in line with the hclly; nddcr well uii hehind. Tkats— Large, Ki|Uiirely placed; liehiud, wide miart. Mir,K-vKi.NH — Very prominent. (iltOWTll, GeNKIUL Al'l'KARANCK ANn CONDITION.— These count ,us one point each. The ear.s count two points each, hiirrcl two point.s, Ijack two points, tail two points, hide three points, hind-le-s three points, udder two points. Twenty-nine points are necessary to a prize in cows, and twenty-six are required for heifers. But a heifer will he considered perfect at thirty-one points, since their udder (two points) and milk-veins (one iioint) cannot he fully developed. In hulls one point is given for pedigree on the male side and one for iiedigree on the female side, otherwise the poiuts do not vary, except as to mas- culinity. OUERNSKY COWS. The Cruernseys are larger than tlie cattle of the otlier Channel Islands, smoother in their Iniild, hut with the same general characteristics. The Guern- sey is more quiet in temper than the Jersey, their teats lire of a good size and hence milk easily. It is claimed that the Guernseys have heen hrcd for over a hundred years with reference to distinctive hreeding. In 178it it is said a law was enacted for- hiilding the im lortation of any animal for lireedin.' purposes into the island of (iuernsey. As we have seen them they are ci^rtaiiily distinct from the Jer- seys, and should not he classed with them at fairs. They are generally of hroken colors, vellow and orange-yellow and white predominating in the United States. Their skin is exceeding yellow ana the Imtter of a very deep color. They stand ex- posure well, and will weigh when fat 1,200 pounds and over, and certainly are worthy jf cxtcuded trial for the dairy. As to differences between the two breeds, a Guern- sey fancier describes them us follows : "The Jerseys are darker, more gray and dun col- ored, with streaks and points of black, and light, crumpled, and black-tipped horns. The (iiiernseys are larger; are orange and fawn colored, with bars of red; have straigliter liaeks and horns; are not so liollow before the hips, and are hardier and richer looking animals. They have not the delicate, di- minutive appearance of the Jerseys, and are not a liony breed. They have plenty of bone and niusch; their udders are larger, and the milk-veins more prominent. Aside from these differences, the two lireeds closely resemble each other in app.'arance, and have long been indiscriminately and inaccu- rately classed together as Alderneys.'" The following description of ai'i excellent repre- sentation of the breed will convey a correct idea of a line triiernsey cow: "She has the long, slim head, lino and tapering nose, high and open nostrils; clean, straight throat" with a small dewlap; smooth horns; broad and deep chest; barrel round and deep in the flank; short front legs, stout and well muscled in the fore-arm, trim and shapely in the lower arm; has squarely-placed, wide-set hind legs, giving plenty of room for the ud- der; and with small, trim hoofs. Her udder reaches well up behind, is evenly in hne with the lielly; the teats are smooth, wide apart, and squarely placed. She has an almost uniform orange color, deepening m the slim, shapely ears; a rather loose, mellow hule, with soft, fine hair; and large and gentle eyes." The illustration of (iuernsey bull Sir Champion will give a correct idea of a sujierior liiill of this breed and the cut of the Jersey bull, Peoria Chief, will show the characteristics and differences between the Jerseys and Guernseys. SECTION HI AYRSHIRE CATTLE. The Ayrshire, a composite English l)rced, has been known in Scotland for more than a hundred years as a superior race of milking cattle and as fattening kindly when dry; as models of what a good dairy cow should be they may be taken as the type. The perfect dairy cow is thus described by Dr. Sturtevant formerly of Massacliusetts, but now connected witli Cornell University, N. Y. As Dr. Sturtevant was an admirer and large owner of Ayi'shires, and a gentleman who had given the physiology of milkin.r stock particular and scientific study, while the dc" scription will apply especially to thcAyrshire, it will If- •: 21« THIO l^'AUMEXiS' STOCK HOOK. n iiIho ii].|.ly inpnsnral)]y to all oflifi- niilldiif,' cattlu iiiul cspt'i'iiiliy to Khorthorii.s mid Dutch nittlc, tliL'sc all haviu;,' pr.ibahly been ori},'iiially derived from the same aiieesfry, Ileiiee the Kt'iieral eliai- acteristics will aiii)ly to all dairy eows. Tlie state- uieiit is us follows: The usefulness of any dairy cow is in her udder, aud toward the udder, its shape aiul its yield, all the eapahilities of tiie eow should lie direeted. Viewed lis 11 reservoir for the milk, it must be larj,'e and cMpaeious, with Ijroad foundations, extendhi^; well liehind iind well forward, with distant attauhments; Iiroad aud s(iuare, viewed from behind; below level and broad; tile lobes even-sized, and teats evenly distributed; the whole udder firmly attached, witii sjiin loose and elastic. The glands' should he free from linnps of fat aiul muscle, well set up in tlie body when the cow is dry, and loosely covered with tiu< soft and elastic skin, without trace of flah- biness. Such a coverinj; allows for extension when the animal is in milk, while the glands are kept in priiximity with the blood-vessels that supply them. THK LACTKAL (iLANI)S. The necessities of the lacteal ^'lands are larger sujiplies of blood from which milk can be secreted, and this harmonizes with the demands of the udder as a store-house. For broad attachments means l)road belly or abundance of space for the digestive organs, fnun which all nutriment must originate. The blood is furnished to the glands of the udder iiy large and numerous arteries. As secntion is dependent on the freedom of sujijily of blood to the part, and a copious How, we iind branches coming from different arterial triuiks and freely anastomos" iug with each other. Although these arteries arc internal and out of sight, yet fortunately the veins which carry the blood from the udder pass along the surface and from their size and other characteristics indicate not only the quantity of blood which they carry awny, hut which must have passed through the glands" from the arteries. These return veins pass both back- ward and forward. Those passing forward are known ^ as the milk veins, and the size of the.'^e superficial ; veins on either side of the belly, and the size of the orifices into which they disappear, are excellent poinds to determine the milking pndjability of the crw. Still better is it to find, in addition, the veins [n the lierineum, which also return to Hie ixldcr, promi- nent and circuitous. The escutcheon is jiow gen- erally conceded to lie a good indication of milk m the cow. I think tlie broad escutcheon is full as good a sign as a long one; that e!ow, which should have a degree of flatness, thus alTordiug more siiace for a full udder; the flanks well letdown, but not heavy; ribs, behind, spring- mg out very round and full, affording space for a largo udder— the whole carcass thus acquiring increased volume toward its posterior portion. The points as given are those of utility, and wo see the udder points and body points are correlated. In eonnection with the body and the udder, the skin is of great value in assisting our judgment. Between that i)ortion of the external covering used for leather and the muscle, there occurs a layer of cellular tis- sue, which contains a larger or smaller amount of fat cells, and the mellow handling caused by these cells indicates a free circulation throughout the meshwork. The skin varies from a thin, papery hide, covered with silky hair, to n thick, supple, elastic hide, well coated with hair, on the one hand, and a similar variation, with harsh hair and coarseness on the other. The thin, p ipery hide indicates quick fatten- ing and a delicate constitution; the thick, tlastic hide cushioned on fat, and which, on the flank comes into the hand almost without grasping, indi- cates the height of vigor, accompanied by the°fatten- mg tendency, and the possessor of tliis liandhn.' endures climatic changes, low quality in his food" and neglect, with remarkable hardihood, and quicklv responds to full feed and good care. The harsh handler is a dull feeder, consumes much fond, and generally contains more thau a just proportion of oiLil or waste. In the Ayrshire cow wo desire neither of these extremes, for it is in the milk product tliat wo wish the food to bo utilized, and it is almost an unchang- ing law of naturo tiiat deficiency in one direction mu.st be coniponsated for by excess in another direc- tion, and vice versa. At any rate, the cow that lays on fat too quickly is seldom a first-class milker, and how well known it is that the cow of large yield milks down her condition. A cow that has a moderately thin, loose skin, of sufficient elasticity and suppleness of toucii, without being fat-cushioned, as it were, with hair soft and mossy, or woolly, if of correct form otherwise, will usually milk a largo quantity, and when she becomes dry, will rapidly come into con- dition. In truth, the handling of the Ayrshire cow must bo good, it cannot be too good; but it must not bo of exactly that quality sought for in tho grazing breeds. There, as everywhere, the dairy- man must keep to his line; milk, not fat, is his profit; and iu seeking excess of both, he will bo liable to fall below the average of either. It is an axiom of breeders to diminish tho useless parts of an animal as much as po8sil)le; or, in other words, to reduce the proportion of those parts not conducive to profit to as great extent as possible. Applying this rule to a dairy breed, wo should desire a small neck, sharp shoulders, small brisket and small bone. Moreover, small bone usually accompanies thrift, and is universally found iu improved breeds. Let us now look still further for other points, which are hero quoted: Shoulders lying snugly to the body, thin at their tops, small at their poiiUs, not long in the blade, nor loaded with muscle'; brisket light; neck of medium length, clean in the throat, very light throughout, and tapering to the head; tail long and slender; legs short, bones fine, joints firm. If tho dairyman's poHcy were other- wise, ho would have to supply extra food for the supports of parts useless to him, and whoso larger development is of no e?..ocial value. Tho head should be small, in shape either long and narrow, or broad in the forehead and short, according to the type of the animal preferred by the breeder, gen- erally preferred somewhat dishing; the nose tapering to an expanded muzzle, with gooi, clean nostrils. Opinions differ as to the general shape of the head. A broad forehead and short face occurs more frequently in bulls, and is generally esteemed " i:i '13 2-J( I •1 11 !•: I'.VIt.M KKS' STOCK HOOli. a misuuliiie chiinictcristic; u more fluiif,'aU(l I'nec is iiillcil fciiiiniiic. Vot some families of weilbred and Rood milliinf,' Ayrshire rows Imvo tlio li:oad and short lu'iid, and siidi were, at one time, if nut now, the Ciivoritcs of tho sliow-yards in Scotland. Tin; oyc should ho moderately fall, lively yet plaeid- loolciii','. The eye is the mirror of the disjiosition, and interprels tiie eharaeter of the cow; a fretful, irritaiile aniimil is seldom a (piiek fattener, aud usually disappoints at the puil. it also f^'ives expres- sion to the features, and physio^'nomy aids our niaturityand a tendency to thrift. The limhs should lie tine in the bone, .hit rather than rumid WUnv iho knee, and with joint." of moderate size. On the for- ward iimhs the cow should stand low. The teats shoul.l he of medium lem,'th, evenly set, and project sli^'htly outward when the bag is full, be of even thickness throu^jhout, aud of line texture, AVIISMniK Col.oliS. The colors of the .Vyrshire are brown-red and white, or yellow and white. Jilack sjiotson the skin, 'larely (lerceptilile throu-,'li the hair, often occur on ,„,. , „„ , ,; ,• ' ■' J ,.. ..-.J.!,...!, ill. ,,,,-11 uio nair, oiteilocciU' on ulK>nent. Iho ears should he of a pood si/e, but the b..st cattle, htrawberrv-blotched and red and tlnn, and their sk,n of a rich yellow color. Coarse white are the mo.t counnm colors, thowU these ears are usually found on ill-bred aninnils, and thus extend from brown to almost pure white " may be comsiderod, to a certain extent, indicative of i naTio.v .v. -i.uxen .■att>,,.; ,no,.s,K,N, nn'rs.sN m- ) genera "oarseness. The color of the skin, as shown ' We have already given sonu.thing of the h'istor'v n.s.da the car, .s usually considered in.licative of the , of__. these adnurable .nilking cattle, whose fran.es r.chness of the nn k n, butter ._,-- ^':"r^ -'^'"'I'.V '•^'""-' -'"■' "<'t i" ."ilk. Thev are Ihe horns should be omednnns.ae,^f-ih50-tcxt- theref.re the dairy cattle of the west .spe^iallv ure. With an outward and upward turn, or inchning I where chees.. is an ob|\.ct, but thev also prodrnx but- upward and turnmg slightly inward,^u«Hmltn^ to ter in large quantities and of' hiWi excellence the taste of the breeder. They ^tould be set ou | These or the .-Vvrshin.s we do not hesi'iate to sav will rather widely apart. A coarse liOrn may indicate a eventually' hold the front rank in the .'leat 'dairv coarse and thick hide, as there seems an intimate I districts of the west, the probabilitv lviieM,lto.'etlicV relation between the comiu.sitiou of the horn, hair in favor of the Dutch cattle. Tliere ai^e no "cattle and l.ido; andthe mlhienco of ch.uato ou the horn ; that uui compafe with them in the enormous mmn-' and iiair gives an appcaraWe oftentimes of correla- tity of .hUk yielded daily. We have sec'ii two Ihrc.- tum between the two. 1 ,^.e,k„.,.ia ,,ives fully .satisfy themselves from a cow The neck should be of medium length, very light of this breed, and then have seen milked an ; •riii.; i.AKM Kijs' M r,,,K i.,.,,ii. •JJl ii'l 'l|''1■l:;;!'l:rj'''^'t1!!li||l|i|| ^ * t •6- in !•; l-'AW.M KU-S' H 1 ,« vy,n, y.t « ,tl, l.„.„| „iilliild -ive K"<)d milkers iind fair ni..s.s..s of rich milk, and the steers of these an.l tisp.cially the .Vyrshire and Xeth.rlan.ls (llidstein an.l Dutch-Fricsiaii) cro.ss would furnish 111 the steers (.specially lar-e and -oud heef cattle. CIlAl'TKU V. IIKKKII.S (.O.MIIIMXi l,.»||(»H, l«Kl;i. ,tM( MII.K. Hl:..rio.N I.— THK yllSTION OK .MIXKT> ,^1 ALITIKS. Whil.. wi. tlo not advocate the eiid.avor to c.uii- hine t.)oinanyiiualiliesin th.. sani.. -. -limal, it should he admitti.d that the farmer niii he actuated hy iliir..nnt niotiv..s from that .)f the hreeder for sia.cia'l purpo.ses. Tlu' farmer must have cattle that when tho cows ar.. .Iry they will make -oo.l carcass, s of heef. It is necessary that th.. steers he capahle of hiinj,' turn..d oil t.. C.e.Iers, or hotter that they ho fatti.n..d on the farm t.> roihI weights. In aoni.. sections of tho c.mntry the lal)or of the stcrs is yet an important inte-er. Here ci.oss..s of Diitcji c.ittl.. woiihl ..ertainly ho indicated, siiin. iliey iir.. faithful, do.il,> and stroii- ut tile yok... Tiio Dutch ..little will V. t he found to comhilie as many qualitii.s as can lie .lesired, in one animal, ex- ■ I'pt, perhaps, tho Devons and tlit.ir near n.lativ.'s- til.. S11SS...X. IJnf.irtuniitely the Devons in the United States have hecn s.i loni.- hnd .-xclusivtly for heef, that tiioir oriKiimliy roihL milking .jualities li(M|e 4- ii I A i; M |.:H^- Ml (X iv ii< )()iv , :i-J.'i I *t •r 4- a, 3 it III : l-'.VIv- M KKS' f^vocji XSOoiv. — 4-«« *t- lifc:i null iii.Lrli Imil out, as Im.s been the ciise with the Siidrtiiorns, exi-cjit in i>ii iticuliir fiimilios. Wo ;,'ive thi! cliiiiMctoristic-s, therefore, of some breeds, more from the latent kuo'I'il'ss that reiiuiiiis, rather than for what they now contain. The real i)lace of the JJe- vons is, as previously stated, ratlier in a Jiill and mountain re^'ion tliau upon tlie liiisii pastures of a country of ,L,'ood arahle land. sKCTiox n.- — iiKvo.v cattm;. The Devons, as !)red now, are divided into two separate classes. One sniiilJ hi.i^'h-strun^', of ,!,'reat activity, travelin.t,' at a walii hut httle inferior to that of the horse, and when required will easily reach a speed of live or six miles an hour. They are now coiup.ir.itively rare, found mostly east of the Alle- Khanies', and in some of the hill rei^'ions of the south. In the west the lari,'er aiul sturdier class are preferred, hut retainin;; tiic same general ehar.ieteristics as to style, activity ami high carriage. As beef cattle, and as working cattle, the Devons are mu'xcelled, and have i)rolitahly moditicd the common cattle of every section of the country most favorahly. As purely milking cattle they are not to he recom- mended, though particular strains have given fair milkers, anil the milk, like the eggs of game fowls, is of the highest quality. Tiieir heef is especially fine, being muscular and well-marbled, lait the oxen .should be at least four years old, aiul from this to live (U' six years, before their full excellence is at- tained. There isno doubt hut that on hill and other sliort pasture more may be (ditained, per acre grazed, than from any of the larger breeds. Hence the favorable consideration they are there held in. In fact, to-day their beef sells in the tSmithlield, Kn- gland, market, at a higher price than tiiat of any otiier, except the .Scottish (llighhindj breeds. SKCTIOX in. — SfSSKX CATTLE. The Sussex is a close relation of the Devon, being derived from the same (U'igimd source. I'he cows can hardly he recommended for dairy purposes, but their increased size, the excidleiice of their heef and their good qualities at the yoke, have always gained '•"■m admirers in England, and of late years they have attracted especial attention in America as beef- maker,s. It has been .said of them, enlarge the Devon, make him a trifle coarser, with stron-er lu.rn, and thicker, harsher hide, iireserving, perhaps. Mil his good qualities, and you have a fair descrip- tion of a Sussex steer. The cows have the re]iutation of being unquiet at pasture, but when hardiness is required, we "think them superi(U' in the west to the Devons. The illus- tration on page 1!)3 gives an admirable likeness of one of the best of this breed, and exce|it that the Sussex are larger and heavier, will serve to illus- trate the Devons. SKCTIO.V IV.-— I'OLLKn eATTr.K AS Mir.KKIlS. The (ialloways arc fair milking cattle. They arc good lieef makers, and thrive where the Shorthorns and llerefords would Feiiously shrink in Iksh. They are abundantly able to take care of thcm.selvcs where- ever they arc kept, and they are fair woiki.ig cattle. They are, however, not dairy cattle in the strict acceptation of the term. The other polled cattle are as distinctively beef-makers and not milkers, as the Sliorthorns or llerefords. The red polls, however, are of late attracting con- siderable interest in the west. They are not dairy cattle, but the average of them give fair messes of milk, an.l the milk, like that of the Devon, is rich in cream and yellow in color. In size they arc larger than tlie Devon, or about the size of the Sussex. The illustration is given to show a first-class cow of this bleed and one with good indications for milk. SKCTION v. — A SfMMAHy. To summarize the whole matter of breeds, it is only necessary to repeat; Know what you I reed for. If you want beef, do not try to get great heel points and superior exceilcucc in milk mixed up in one animal. It was never yet compassed, never wilj be. The su])crior beef animal is square, or <-;iould be. There is an appearance often of licavyness in front. The .suj)erior milch cow is wedge-shaped. There is an appearance of lightness in shoulder and l)osora, and a corresponding eidargcmcnt behind. 'Ihere is also a slmriuicss of outline not found in the beef ranker. The point of the shoulder will be sharp rather than full, and along the back (sijiue) behind the withers, there will bo cups (depressions) well known to careful oliservers, and jiarticularly evident in the Holsteins or Dutch Fricsians. The dairy cow is longer in the face than the cow inclined to make flesh. There is greater capacity of the udder, and the thighs, althongh deep, are flat rather than round. hi tlie casa of cattle noted for their ability to pull a load, or to (rave! on the road, as in the Devon.s, for instance, there is a roundness of outline rather 4- ■in 1-; i-.\ i:.M Kifs' s l<)(lv 1 < X ) ic. --* V ^■li I-I i'^' t i m'.-ii I Ii I; Its Ii i! II 220 •miij n'^viiMicit«' wrocuc hook. than squareness. The withers, or rather the tdp of the shoulder, whicli corresponds to the witlicrs in the horse, ishigli; the shoulders arc ohhque; the liciul is carried high, and there is a generiil uppear- iince of activity not found either in the animal emi- nent for flesh, or in one adapted for milk. Never- theless, the OS well adapted to work, is hy no means illy suited to the prodifction of beef. On the con- fiaiy, suuh cattle produce heef of the highest quality, that is, excellent ieiinflesli, well marbled with fat, but lire slow in maturiiig, us is well known to be the ease with the Devon, and especially with the Scotch (Highland) cuttle, but which, nevertheless, bring the highest price iu the London (Hmithiield) market, wliere beef is sold upon its merits. But in the breeding of cattle for flesh, the farmer IS actuated by dilTerent motives from that of the specialist who breedsdi.stinctivelyforflesli,ordistiiict- ively for milk. The farmer wants ii cow good at the J>nil, and also cattle that the steers will lie available for heef. This being admitted, he must seek them in those families of Shorthorns noted for milk, in the Ayrshires, and in the Holstein or Dutch Fries- ian. These will any o." them give satisfaction as sires when both milk and beef is the object. CHAPTER VI. lIKKKDIXfi C:ATTM; I«)a DEFINITE ITSES SFX'TION I THE TlillE AIM IN liltEKDINT,. One of the most constant and costly mistakes made by those who enter the domain of breeding, as a distinct branch of hush indry, is the supposition that the improvement of animals lies more in chance than 111 well-digested eiTort. Chance never produced a permanent improvement in anything, much less in stock breeding, where so much depends, not only upon the physical qualities of the animals paired', but upon tlie vigor and constitutional characteristics of ancestors. rill'l'OTEXCV. The reason why a superior blooded male imparts Jiis breed characteristics strongly upon his progeny when bred to the common mixed stock of the coun- try is, he has descended for generations from animals uniting superior and definite qualifications. On the other band, the dams have been bred without a fixed puriiose or idea, generally from sires as inferior as the dams, and in the case of. cattle never twice to a superior bull; often from yearling " scabs," whom their owners were too indolent to geld. In the case of persons who have really sought to improve their stock it is the exception, and not the rule, that the' superior cows of the herd are selected to bo served by a pedigreed bull of known excellence, and excel- ling in those pomts or characteristics in which the females are deficient, as in early maturity, beef-mak- mg characteristics, qualities for producing mUk rich in cheese or butter or both. As a rule, the breeder is apt to consider the grade hull of his neighbor good enough. It is a mis- take. The grade bull is certainly better than the bull of no particular blood, and yet he may be the exact reverse of what is wanted. SECTION 11. —A (.OMPAlilSON IN DREEDINO. Let us see where the two systems of using a grade sue and a thoroughbred sire will land the breeder in ten years. Farmer A buys a thoroughbred bull t\,-o years old, for which he pays, say $300. This will buy a bull fully good enough to breed to the very best cows of mixed blood, whether the bull be Short- liorii, Hereford, Holstein or ,7ersev. Two hundred doUars will usually buy a first-class bull of anything except the high-caste pedigree sorts. The resulting calves will contain half the blood of the sire and half the blood of the dams. They will be half-blood grades. THE DREEDINO AOE. At two years old the heifers may be bred, and the next year (the fourth year from tiio start) we a<'ain get a progeny containing half the blood of the'siro and half the blood of the dam; or one-half plus one- fourth pure-:=three.quarter8 blood, the dam being a lialf-breed, contributing one-half of one-half one- fourth of the pure blood. We now have three- quarters bred grades. When these heifer calves are two years old they arc again bred to a pure bull. The next year (the seventh from beginning) we have seven -eighths l)lood grades, rs a study of the previous figures will show. When these heifers are two vears old they are again bred, and preferably, uniess there are strong reason for changing the bull, t-, the same sire used from the first. nion ORADEB. The progeny will c.n»f„in fiftecnsistccnths of pure blood as against one-sixteenth of mixed blood, and •Vlll<: J-'^V KM Kits' S'l'OCJv HOOK. 227 f the ten years will have brought yoii a herd so select that the best of them will show fully up to pure blooded animals except under the examiimtion of the tiiost critical judges. The three-quarters and spvcn-eigjiths bloods will bo quite as valuable for feodiu,!,' purposes, or for milk and butter as the average of pure bloods, but not uniformly so. STAUTINO WITH A fiUADE IIUI.L. l"'arnier B thinks a half-blood bull go-d eiunigh for him. Let us follow him for ten years. At one year he gets one-quarter grades, that is half the blood of the sire, one-half of one-half pure blood, equal to one-fourth, and one-half of the blood of the dam. Simply one-fourth blood, just one-half as pure as the thoroughbred bull's urogeny. The next generation gives one-fo" I 'lius one-eighth, equal to three- eighths; tht ,(>.,. encration one-fourth plus three- sixteenths, i->'-./ ! t.-: seven-sixteenths, and the next gen- I cration one fourth plus seven-thirty-seconds, equal ' to eleveu-thirty-seconds, or equal only to onethirty- second part better than one-third bred. In other words, Farmer B has not so good stock at tlie end of ten years as Farmer A had at the end of the first year's breeding. Now the longer he continue in this line the worse off is he relatively, yet far better off than those neighbors who believed altogether in scrub blood. SECTION III.— OOOD liUKEDINO FROM A CASU liASIS. It will not be necessary to follow Farmer B further. Let us see how Farmer A comes out. He buys a bull for $200. He has ten select cows, of the com- mon mixed breeds of the country, worth §30 each, value $800; one bull value $200; an investmeiu of SWIO. At the end of the first year ho has ton calves, five of them heifers. They arc worth five dollars more than common calves, and when matured will sell for ten dollars more each. The second year he has ten calves and ten yearlings. The third year he has ten calves, ten yearlings, and ten two-year olds. He now breeds fifteen females to his bull; the fourth year twenty; the fifth year twenty-five; the sixth year thirty-five, five of them calves of the firs. calves. The seventh year he has fifty cows and heifers to breed. He now Bhould buy another bull to serve particular animals, for fifty cows, unless under exceptionable circumstances, are enough for one bull. He will also have had ten steers, worth an advance over com- mon stock in any market, of $-100. His heifers are worth the same advance (really double), but say $400. Hero is a clear gain through the §200 orig- inal investment on the bull, and he still capable of paying for himself before the expiration or the ten years. ; I.\C1!EASIN(; I'liOKITS. The calves and two and three year old heifers on hand at the end of tiie tentii year, highly bred as they are, may safely be said to be worth an aver- age of $7o each. The farmer will find himself with a herd, the admiration of his friends and the envy of the advocate of scrub bulls. Is it strange that really good sires command high prices? No! There aro enough sagacious breeders— always will be— wlio understand the value of superior blood. SECTION IV.— BKKEDINO PUKE CATTLE. Suppose the individual at the time of buying his bull had additional capital to buy three or four thor- oughbred cows to start a herd, selecting such ani- mals as would " nick " (breed well) together. Sup- pose four cows were bought, in calf; the average of bulls and heifers as iirogeny, is about equal for a series of years. On this basis, at the end of one year, the owner would have two bulls to sell and two yearling heifers to raise. At the end of the second year he could sell two bulls, and his herd would con- sist of eight females, old and young. The third year liis herd would be twelve females, the two heifers of the first having bred meanwhile. A I'liOFlTAPI.E INCREASE, Regularly thereafter his herd would yearly in- crease by an additional two females, and as the progeny of the two heifers were of breeding age, proportionally faster. Ten years would see him with a large herd. The sale of the bulls, and some heifers not up to a high breeding mark, would pay the expense of keephig. COMMON SENSE PRACTICE. There is no theory about this; scores of the most valuable herds of the country have started in just this way. It is simply a question of a first invest- ment, and, whether the foundation be one or more cows, it is a safe and practical outlay, rsppcially if the owner have a herd of ordinary cows, to still fiirtiier supplement the service of the bull. i, It * < it ' '. r\ I' 1 228 'VST.K l-'^lIlMKItS' STOCK BOOK. 4* SKCTIO.V V. PUACTICAL STUDY OF PIlINCIPtES. No man slioiild unilcitako any uew iiidtj ry wiMi- out duo i)roimration. No iiinii ever madu the best Kuccess ill thu breeding of commoa stock at random, iniicli less can he liopo for success in breedinj,' fine stock without iu-oi)or system. It is not enough Uiat lie be II good, tliat is liberal, feeder. It is not eiiougli that he bo a good general farmer. He cannot even bo this witliout study and careful thought. He must acquire a knowledge of points; must bo able to recognize sui)erior stock by their apiiearance, ; uid- Jing (the feeling of touch); must bo able to detect good points from bad ones, and ought to be able to proscribe for and administer to an animal in ordi- nary sickness and disability. DKCISIONS ON LMIHIRTANT QUESTIONS. The breeder must be able to decide why, or why not ft certain bull or cow should be bred together, or why a certain bull will be iipt to nick with a majority of his herd; and an animal not doing so, on trial, ho must have decision sufficient to discontinue this line of breeding. Another thing ho must disabuse himself of, that in-and-in breeding, the breeding of close relations, is not injurious. It will bo one of the practical uses of this work to bring facts to- gether, and assert as facts what close reading of facts have substantiated. If any one wish to puisne those back to their origin, the literature on the subject is wide enough lo give an abundance of study. and Indianapolis. North of these points tho Here- fords fairly compete the palm of excellence with them. Still farther north the Herefords are the fa- vorite cattle. Kpeaking from our individual stand-' point, wo think tho Herefords the peers of any cattle for beef up to latitude forty-three degrees, "as far north as Minnesota, in regions of flush pasture, Shorthorns and Herefords contest the meed of su- periority in the hands of their respective breeders. LIMITS OF SUCCESSFUL HKKEDINd OF SIlOllTIIOHNS AND lIKIiEFOIlDS. The scope of country embracing the State of Ten- nessee on the south, and the northern line of Illinois on the north, may bo considered the limits for the most profitable breeding of Shorthorns and Here- fords. Tho pastures are flush, the winters not espe- cially severe even in the northern district, and the region lies within that best for successful corn growing. SECTION VI. — CLLVATE AND IIHEKDINO. Chmate must bo considered in the selection o< a breed. Tho uses for which animals arc intended must also be given careful tliought. Tho Devon and Sussex are best adapted to hilly or broken regions. They also stand cold better than other breeds of im- provid cattle. The Herefords probably stand next m hardiness, and are equal to any good grazing cattle. SO.ME FACTS AND COMI'AlilSONS, Shorthorns have the earliest maturity. No cattle attain greater weight or have stronger powers of as- siniiiiition. They are capable of m.iking a favorable impress upon whatever mixed breeds they are use;' upon, and south of f(uty degrees are undoubt- edly tho best cattle for the general farmer to breed from when beef is tho commodity intended, Soutli of the Ohio river they are in largo majority, a!)d hold their pre-eini)ience uj) to tho latitude of St. Louis THE DAIKY REGION OF THE UNITED STATES. North of a line cutting through Central Ohio, In- diana, Illinois, and west, lies the great dairy region of tho United States. Here the milking straiirs of the Shorthoni race compete with the beef-making Shorthorns, Herefords, Devons, Sussex, Galloways, Angus and other beef breeds, and tho distinctive' milking breeds, the Jersey and (iuernsey, for butter making, and tho Holstein and Hutch Friesiaii as tho two principal varieties of the Dutch breeds are named by their respective fanciers. That noble En- glish breed, tho Ayrshire, also find here their most congenial home in their capacity for butter and cheese-producing milk. Here the proposing breeder need not go astray in the selection of stock once he has mastered the capabilities of tho several breeds for the purposes intended through a careful study of points and qualifications as laid down in this work. SECTION Vn.— BAKE well's nULES FOR HIIEEDINO. That eminent biecdor of England, who became celebrated for his wonderful success in improving the long-horned English r^ce of cattle to great perfection in a comparatively short time, and whose name is also identified for distinctive success in improving tho Leicester sheep, is credited with certain rules a'a his guide in breeding. They have boon called hakewell's ten rules. Our version is as follows: First — The eye and judgment must be correctly •6- THili l^^VIiMKKS' STOCK BOOK. 229 tmiueil ill tho iiniitoiiiy iiml physiology of the several animiil pints. yccoiul.— The .scvcTul parts, one to tho other, must be 111 corroktioij ; that is, there must he a rc- eiprociil relation, coiifoniiiiig to a ceit.uii iixed standard. Tiiird.— The selection and breeding together of animals must ho toward the developnieiit of the most valuable characteristics or (|ualitu,'s, according to the use for which the annuals are intended. I'ourtli — Selection of breeding animals must espe- cially embriicc qualities inducing correct form, sym- metry, eminent feeding quahties and vigor of consti- tution. Fifth.— The food must be such as to insure the best development of the animal, thus inducing early maturity, aiid this from a well-known law of heredity. Sixth — Shelter and warmth (equable and mild temperature) BakeweJl held to bo indispensably necessary to the best development. Seventh.— Variety of food, and this in accordance with the age of the animal, ISalvewcll asserts to be indispensable. It will be seen that rules live, six and se--eii are really but divisions of one primary rale. Eighth.— The strain (peculiarities) of blood once established never depart from; Unit is, never take a distinct cross outside. Why? Constancy in a line of breeding gives prepotency. Xinth — Perfect regularity in all that pertains to leednjg and stable management must be strictly adhered to. Tenth — The inheritance of courage, combined with docility, tractability and absolute dependence upon the will of the master is only attahied by kind- ness and careful training. To this we add that firmness in the trainer is one of the esaentiaJs of kindness, and especially .so in con- nection with training. It must never be mistakc-i for harshness. A careful analysis of these rulesi will show any reader of the best works on breeding that the v arc founded not only on correct judgment, but that the orifiina' mind of JSakewell easily grasped them at a tnii^- when tho rule of blind force was the predomi- nant one in the common mind, as it is !:;oncriilly to day. Until the reverse came to be accepted by tho few there was no permanent improvement in the training of animals. Until the law of correlation came to bo accepted there was no permanent and distinctive imiirovement in breeds. A SPECIAL STeUY. From what we have given, the reader will have seen that the breeding of live stock cannot be suc- cessful from any hap-hazard standi)oint. The lireeder, in fact, must make as careful a study of tho lu'eed he intends to devote his attention to as would any business man of his special occupation. For this reason the farmer should undertake but one breed of a species; or in the In'eeding of grades he should eonlino himself to one line of crossing. That is to say, m cattle the farmer should not use a Short-horn l>uli on his herd two or three years and then change to Hereford, Tolled Angus or other beef breeds. If nnlk is the object stick to one particular milk breed after a careful study has allowed a decision to be foruied of t)ie reLitive value. The question of climate will also need special con- sideration, for hardiness ondthe ability to withstand climatic changi's liere becomes a matter of the first consideration. Obsci-vatioii will go a great way in deciding this. A fairly correct .q.inion may be formed by inspecting the nearest herds of the breeds contemi)lated. CHAPTER VII. IEl;l)lXa AS CONNKCTKD WITH liKEEDIKG. SKCTIIIN 1.— ABOL-V DIGIISTION. In order that we may form a correct idea of tho value of food we must understand the process of digestion. We have already stated something of this 111 the hor.e. In the horse and hog the stomach receives tho food and the real process of digestion commences at once. All tliis class of animals us a rule thoroughly grind (chew) their food before it enters the stomach. (See Page 2K!.) The domesticated birds, as well as others, swaUow their food whole; it enters tho crop, where it is soft- ened. From thence it passes to the gizzard, where it is ground by means of pebbles and other hard substances swallowed, alter which it is finally di- gested. Hence we see the necessity of a thorough grinding of the food before being swallowed. Tiil; (ll-FICE OF THE SALIVA. But simple grinding of the food is not sufficient, lu tins act, saliva is profusely poured out, tho food r 1 2ao •riip; K^vitMiciis' wi'oc'K book. beiug not only thoronglily sofioiicd thereby, > ut the sahvd acts ns a Idiul of ferment one of the prepara- tory acts to digestion. Now digestion is not entirely carried on in the stomach. Digestion is simply tlio conversion of food into blood, throuj^'h which it is given oU to ncurish every part of the animal system, producing growth in young uniniala, and in older ones the accimiulation of liesh and fat. Now since the animiil is used simply as a machines to conveit grain, grass, liiiy and other fodder into a nioro concentrated and valuable form, and since wo have seen that thorough grindins is one of the necessary, in fact indispensal)le, preparations to complete digestion, wo see at once the vnluo of assisting the animal in this respect, by cutting and grinding, and in the case of hogs, cooking the food. The only question in this connection for the farmer to determine, is. Will grinding or cooking pay? This depends entirely upon the relative value of the food and the flesh. It will pay to grind grain for animals when corn is over forty cents per bushel. It will pay to cook food for liogs when corn is over fifty cents per bushel. In fact, in the final fattening of swine, it will pay to grind and cook food, whatever the price of corn : for the fattening process may thus be carried much farther than when fed grain without this preparation. It will also bo seen that a large amount of fluid must be given, since only those parts soluble in the fluids of the body (pure water, in con- nection with the solids held, saliva, for instance, being ninety-nine and one-third parts water in one hundred), is taken up and assimilated. SKCTION II. — THK NECKSSITV OF STKO.Nr. FEf:DI,N(J. By strong feeding wo do not mean stuffing. Strong feeding is simply providing full feeding of nutritious substances. A pasture of mixed grasses constitutes a perfect food. In summer, animals on flush pasture fatten fast, and, for the reason that the weather is mild, grass is easily digested and animals consume a larger quantity of the food. The best feeders, however, allow also somo grain daily, even on jmsture, to produce the best results in growth. If the animal is being fattened to ripeness, tliis additional food is economically necessary. That is, it pays. Why.' The aninnil is simply a machine for con- verting grass and grain into lleah. A certain portion of the food consumed is required to supply the daily animal waste. All else that can be digested adad gained in the summer. This we have fully shown. But there is a difference betwoen feeding fully and stuffing. The precocious animals shown at one and two years of age grossly fat, and of extraor- dinary weights, ore not to bo taken as standards of excel cnce in feeding. They are often standards of exceUenco simply in stuffing. Nevertheless, while this IS true, one may learn, as heretofore stated, good lessons from such feeding. One of these lessons is: The average gain in feeding animals is constantly decreasing from youth until they are killed. This is best shown by com- parative tables from actual experience, us exhibited at our fat stock shows. As iUustrating this, we give several tables showing ages of different classes weights, and average gain in weights, in pounds and decimals of a pound, per day, from birth. A com- parison will show more than could be contained in many pages of descriptive print. They are from the official reports of Illinois. HUORTHOUXS-stcer or Spayed Holfor .1 and under 4 years. No. Name of Animal. ] King of the West ■• Uwlnlit. . Ohio iHt. OliloL'cl,, Curiioral . . Average. fK 4- + 282 THK r'^VTlMKUS' STOCK IJODK. 55! 1 IS c s f« o B a fa s s 9 4 ^mio F.VItMKUW SIC) civ HOOK. 2!)8 8twM,r Spiiycil Ilelfor ] and iintlnr 3 yc. Namcdf Aniiiiiil I'Uf*MiUM Tiih I'liMsliiH Itli .W',' \'\mnwK KlikluvliiKtc' Avu Cow, ,'l years did or over. Niinii'iifAiiiniiil. I. Itusll ]1,.|| Miiinii of It.ilw iV.;.."" I.aily (i.ulifld AiiifiiCih Iti'Viil CliiniiKM-lill'i'.'.'.''.'.', I.ily D.ilr -.M . . lii'iinlys Miiid... Itli I'lhu^fSH of Tlionuiaiu Averfttfo CowH ;; ycarH old or over. No. Namo of Aulnial. lili Itrlu'ht Hpot •Jll l'riiiuc»»,\:iL-,.M,i„,i, li)i;Vi'. ^3 ;i,!m:i ,'a» 2 !5H "5a 1,515 ],H(K) Ave -.xMo J,(i7a (iliADMS Oil CUOSSKS.- Name of Animal. 0.W5 0.15 -Hteur or Hpayud Ituitor, ■I yoarH. ;i and under Urccd. M? t'2 ' &; •' r^ ■ 'a • ti ; -a !°3 3 2B. - - a i 5-3 .. Uradu llcii'fiinl. J":l','':'i!i[i'!;i- *•"'•'•'' '"• ^'"V"' II""'^'-. :' »nd under 4 years. .N'arni' of Animal. L-5' ■'X 2, : >! : ,*t • o * M : w ITSii-.Jili.liard | j jgj l,7(i5 > 35 2 1.57 'J I Hroad Horns, -."■i/Foni'M !-'(;( 'unadian Cliani,'! (irailc. shorihorn 2ii!^i;;;;i.v;;. "^'^^ '<-,.,.,/;■ Steer or Spaycil Heifer 2 and under H years. Ill H-J lill III ;iii :i Its III) 10 .11 ■l'.' ■l:i 11 45 41 4: Tom lirown Sliernmn \ Siiot l''ace Duke ■ Diamond .... Wild Indian...;; Coinet Clincher ;;;;; t'hanee '. ] Storm ; " ' • lailield ;;" Artliur •lolin Hhernian..!' Cash , chui) ;• Nets. Morris. . Major • irade Hereford. (iradcHhorthom. Average. \:i\^ 1 l,ti2(l I. HO l,l!( i,K()r 1.02 l,'.'(i5 l!,.|lll I.IIO l,H55 l,il!>( l.K! I.H7X 1,H7( ].;i5 l.'JIK LMl,- Mill 1 1(11 a.dd.- 1.17 1,171 1,!M5 1.05 l.'-'IK •j,l:r 1.75 1,115 1,H|5 ].;«) 1 ,L':t!) ],H(;5 1.50 1, •-';«; 1,11.5(1 1.5.S 1,1111 •-'.(115 1.55 1,1 K5 'J.O.Sd 1.75 I„'«iM LM05 1.511 I,15U 'J,!li(l 1.H7 I,'J7!I L'.dCO ].(il I, •.'711 L'.dlMI l.OH l,'27!l '_',(>( 15 1.01 I,'-' is '2,2:i5 1.70 l,:iiw 2,250 1.04 1,1X7 2,100 1.77 1,170 2,015 1.75 1,(1! 15 1,!H5 1.81 2,034 2,o;i4 1.61 .Name of Animal. *2 >=3 /. E • S! ■ o .' ."' I u : 9' I r. < fi SIS No. Steer or Hpaycd Heifer, 2 and under .T years. Name of Animal. llreod. ix Wahash 10 Kxcelslor, 1720 Hurtle .\v(.TaKe. 1,077 1,010 l.so i,o;i2 l,(i,i0 1.5S 7511 i.yio 1.71 i)5-l 1,020 1.70 5f Steer or Kpaycd Heifer I and uiulcr 2 years. < .Tim Blaine • Handv I .lay Jerri* iiVoniii,' Alierdeeii! !lHrlnncll !Col. Moott |Heiinett Harry West ! Hoan Hoy Jlammoth .Tesse iHaidwin. ..;;;;■■ Tip Toj) Conqueror It illeccher Hlirhlandl.ad.... Wallftf,- King William...! rt| . * 2 Orade Shorthorn. Ora-ie Hereford. Orau ' Shorthorn. Orado Hereford Average. o;i;i| oil I) 001 002 1,011 i,o:ii l.O-iO 77( 1.0.50 05H 040 OiM HS7 KOO 000 072! 07Hi 070 nSl 1,753 1,825 l.or, 1,0,55 1.70 l,7.i5 1.7,s 1,7.50 1.7(! 1,740 1.0.1 l,8.-,0 1.8;f 1.005 1.8.1 1,785 1.05 1,585 2.01 1,0,50 1.57 2,220 2.50 1,700, 1.80 l,7l5l 1.80 1,505' 1.80 l,705j 1.07 1,815 1.88 l.fiso! 1.7;! 1,720 1.75 1,655 1.71 i.a5 t su l» V ■f ■i;n 'I'lii'; I'' A n ;u JOIJH' sTociv Jiooi\ T X H 3 H a ? I'iH-; l-'-VUM lOl^.- Sl.rrniHi.ay,.,! ir..lf,.,', I ui„| uiulcr^ yciim. ■rA Nil. NiiiniMif Aulnml. nciitnn B ('irm|)ii ' Hrjiilre 'I'lirlv .llm ilohln ■,. Miisoii ll.'.llMnj.ir I'lvperliiu'iit .... Drift Willie lliiuk Clmniiilon nf Ihmh T. KiiHi mail , Wiil.\el .1, AiIiiniK I'nilnver SlrTlidiimH, . St. I'niil KiKhtj-uiie. . 1 ree.l. Itrnde Herefui.l. nmdefihdr Ikmii. (Itlldo }(ereliil'il. liraileHhcirlliniii. flrncleUerefmil. liracleHliiiillM.lii. (Iriulo Herefiiril. Avemifo. ' 37 S r.Ti .■idi "iii:i li.'rj (il.-l Tl.-i 1 7.-1 (I'.'d T'Jii 71 lis;! I.-. I .-il!l Ti'.':) 71 I ."il!i 1,110 l.'J.Vl I .■-•ari i.ML'ri l.l'.'O l,i;iK|: l.d'.Ti l,:i!i(i i.lT-i 1 .liri,"! I, Mill ■ .■-'.■111 I.L'III 1,'J7(1 l,:i«(i 1,'JHJ 1,15.-1 l,:)l-i :^3 2.ir. 2.'j;i M.IT 8.ii:i l.SJ u.ii'. !!!«.". '.'.;ii 2.711 'J.'Jd 2 r.' I.M.) '.'.Jl V.'JIl L'.'.'ll Sl.er(ir,4,„ned lleil,,-. 2 lind Ml Ill veul-.. 2»'> Nil. Niiini- III .\Mliiiiil. lliwd. > "'i 5 ft i ■A S.*1 -•at '^ •I? Ill liL' lid i;i ii.'i nil ."i.-i .■ir liii .'w "ill ■llin IMhIiio... Hiinih Wiiliii^l ! ,'■ KNieli-iiir47'.'ii... I iiMllUelor II 11 hel- Iliitliliiiiil Lttd.... VViilliieo I'luikmili ••riiiiioll lii'iinutt Uiiiui Buy KIlIK WlillBlll... ■ iiuiiif Alienleen .Muiiiniiith •Iiintiu JeHSo * 'Irijile SlHirlliiini lliTefiird. • iiiide IIiTi'l.ird. OmdeSli.iithiin (liiide llirelnrd (trade HhiirllKiiii .\vermri Pow, !l yearn old m over. Nil. 1 Niiiiii'i.lAnhiml. llieed. I 1" -T sa ' ' 3 iik {■? • 'A • o : '^, ; .-) : w 3i^ ■ 5 — xd liiiily i'eerlesn. s\vi;i:i's'i'AKi.;s uimi V -Si eiTiirSiiayud Heifer, ;) and iiiidir | years. N.j. N'.inio of Animal. 27oSii;;;:::: I«'sj<'h™'- -"< I'vthiiiH ;j Owiuht ..:..!shorthr.nL :idl.iirln!r dl Tom Hrown.. • 12 Sherman ■'2 !*l'f X"-^" ■ ■ ■ 'f'l-nil" Ilerefiird ^ ||[||;; ,',|'rd. •urSlV, :|Grade Shorthorn, •II Cash.... ■.'.■.■.■ Hid Cttiit. Jac'k Steer or S|i,'iyeil Heller. 1 iiiid Nil. N'aiiie of Aliloml. ' Ilieid ijCiiHNlim .-ith Sliorthorn.. iiC-aMKln.s Itli IITI I ^ Denton H Chainii-drado Hereford Siinire !!.!!' ■* '■ 21 .MyMiirvliind 1721 Hereford i^,Uud Major ... limile SMorthorn. ",_, lliiL'ton. __|Uarenco Kirklev- Slmrlhorn. i.'.i f- .t;'''^'""'" ,<-lrade Short iiorn. 12, ,1. Wood '» •> x(i Conover ! " "•',2!'"','""','""' ■■■ ""»'" Hereford. x2 St. |-;iul " .'ti Chaniiilonof Iowa. Qrado Shorthorn AvoraKe. I'ow, 3 years old or over. •Viime of Animal. Itrccd. ^ ^lUo-'aBell .'Short horn. noyal CharnierOth 1(1 .Mlanmof Uew'd. '■ 2;U'r. AlieoMad 1020 Hereford. 11 jLady (larHold Shorthorn. Aoom flth " 8-|l Ohio liollfi Grade Shnrtlir.rr, •^o l,iiiiy I'eeriess. ... " MiLllyDale2d Shorthoru. !f acE M5. "■^ :? : K : .1 ■ o : S" m 3|l 1,S89 2,0,-1(1 2,171 ;i,!M:t 1,(121 1,404 l,63fi ),(il4 2,3il(i Avoraire 2,0.%] 1,800 2,0,-15 ],(illo I,HIIOi ],(iH5i l.lli I.IK) 0.77 O. 15 1.0 1 i,sor,< 1.30 1,^13; Ml 1,8«I0! ] 14 1,7()0| 0.7;' l,81(i O.iMi r J !i IIh' ^ f. HUlLi 1 \ 111 iili ! ■-'i»i if! I ii ■ 1 .'jiii 'Vllhi I'AliM lOKW H'lOCIi lUx.K. 1 *t ! a 2 t 4- ■illl.; I-AHMICUS- STOCK HOOK. ',i!)7 yKlTMN IV. -CH.KKIi, HTKA.VKr. AND MIXCl. FOOD. It Will not hu lu'coHsiiry to cmsiiiuo niiicli Hp.icoin 'llHCM.SHiUK tlif qilrNtion of cooku.l aiul Ht.uni.'.l foo.l .xuq.t to say that for vnuiff hii,1 p„wiii,^. tuiiiuiil,' Hiid i'.s|)fci,illy for hrmlii,^' ,miia„l.s, ,t slioiil.l ncvci !"■ iis.mI. ri. the fiittciiiiif,' of iininials, aial in fml- Mi^'cows wlior.^ it is riMiuirud l"'.v to us.. I kfd food. It may vim pay (do. .;. • o heat, tho stall!.' artilicially in wiiit r, i i particiil,/ •■ .•"HI'S, binco II proper tomporaturo, my »,v(v d.'tjr. •„, coiiHPrv..N wiisti! that must ..thcrwis.! I.o „ .^\^y,\ |,y (txtra fo.iil, MIXKD BATIONH. 'I'll.! f.'t'.liiif,' of mixed rations is quite a, dilTcrcnt 'hiiik'. N.) animal will thrive n.ir remain healthy ..11 a sin-le food, however rich it may he. Oats are pn.hal.ly the n.arest t.. lami- a perfect sranivorous lood. smeo they eontaiii largely of tlie elements of iiiUriti..ii and the husk acts partially as a distendor of the stomach, rrof.'ssor Stewa'rt Kivc^ rations from an eastern feeder' .liiee, as litin>,' Th..y are those nutritive vahles : ■r's standpoint, which wo ropro- valiiahl.. east ..f the Alle<,'liimies. which theoretically preserve fair or s fee.liiii' FIUST KOIlMtlLA, f'orn fod.ier Wheat liran (■(ittoii-s,.,.,! meal! . orii lui'al lIlH. .18 . .S . 4 4 Jii."t.^ad of 1 Ihs. cotton-seed meal, 5} lbs. linseed Tiieal may he used. SECOND FORMULA. Corn fodder ., Oat straw '\ Linseed iiicaj \ Mall .-iproiifs . ', .' Oat ami corn nieai! Dm. .1(1 10 . 7 .10 THIRD FORMIXA. Ills. IM Wlii'ut straw. Corn siih'ar meal '.W 'i,", Cotton-seed m.'al '..'..'.'. \ .. FOURTH FORMULA, Oat .Straw '.''*!• Wheat l)rati { - <'orn-suirav!!ienl ......'.'."... .iji From a wescern man's standpoint, good liay- with ear com, or better, meal of oats and corn Kf Mind together, in eqiinl qiiontities, make a practi- cal ration lor yoiim- stock in wint..r. Flush piistures in siniiiner will carry eatfl.. properly. For faffniiiK, e.un ..r corn nnal, with sullicient hay to pn.perly ili ,■ I tend th.. stomach, will meet everv pra.^tical require I meut, except in the case of yoiin- st.ick intemlcl for I lireeiliuK imrposes. ^ KHCTl.iv Vn.— srALL-FEEDINO. ( Tli.i original meaning of stall-feodinK, "W its name implies, was tho c.nlinenient of cattle in stalls with r.'L!,dar ami full l.rdint;, until they w.iv thnrou-hly h.tteneil. In cohl elinnites shelter is necessary ii'i winter, ami lieiic.. warm stahl.'s are us.'d, with' the st..ck standini,' as closely together as possible. Tho cost of -are and attenlioi, is h.n. reduce.l I., a mini- mum. With frei-hts reduced to a point far loss than that by which cattle could bo driv.^n win.' ani- mals must have exorcise, else the muscle (eatable tlesh) is flabby and watery. It may he accepted that the longest period that animals may be entirely confined, without exercise, during the linisbing process, is six months. If led on sloppy food, like distillery slops, tho Hesh is solt, vapid, and shrinks in cooking. The Hesh also partakes of the nature of the food given. Honco tho reason why the grain-fed cattle of tho west have firm, sweet, well-hardened, and yet juicy, tender Hesh. Tins may bo produced by a small allowance of meal, daily, with the grass of summer, keeping the animal constantly growing in winter, with the fattening process finished in close confinement, for the last three to live i:onths of their existence. The proper temperature of a stable is between fifty u m iiii* r*'!' * 4- •2HH rilK l<'.VItM JCIirri H TO Civ UOOIv. iuul sixty derives. If it ,l-;() iiuioh below the frcoz- ill^' iHiiiit, iiiiiiuiils .sluiiild he ullowed exercise for siiiue i.ortioii of tlio twenty-four lioiirs. The writer, liowever, never liiul better success iu fiitteniufj cat- tie nir of <,'r;iss, thun by tyinj^'in warm stiibles in tho nutunni, wiiere tliey reniiiineil for live nuuitlis, fed on licet imlp mixed with corn meal, and with about (en p. lids of hay, each, per day. As they became very fat, the liay was decreased to eijjht pounds, and tlie corn meal increased. The water was conducted (iirou.L,'li tlie stiililes in pipes; tramways carried the forage; much of the cleaning,' was done with a scra- per, ami the cattle (lot) Texans) produced only nine- teen of the number not prime stall-fed steers, and lirou,u;ht the best ;,'oin!i; price in New York, whence they were directly shipped from Illinois. It is needless to say that tho cost was less than f.'eilin.i,' iu tile open fields or ..i closed yards. If they had been native cattle they mi','iit have boon {,'iven exercise daily, and tiiis would have been pref- erable. We should, however, never fiive exercise in tiu' finishin-j jirncess. The viscera, of tJiose cattle were (juite healthy, and the tlesii sweet, firm and solid. The lack of exercise, however, may not lio iudeiinitely carried on. SK'TION vm. -I'KHDIXi; I\ TUB OPICV ^'Ii. Tiiat it will jiay bi'fter when food is specially pre- pared for stock to feed tinm in stables there is no doubt, Vast numbers of cattle are fed, however, yearly, ou ear corn, corn stalks and hay, and in open Init sheltered fields. The question of economy must be carefully settled. . acli person for himself. North of forty degrees, in the west, shelter is absolutely necessary. It u so south of ♦'lis point, except in peculiarly favoreu localities. Tliere open air feeding may be succsssfuUy carried on. In blue-grass re- gions especially, and in mild climates, cattle will get what rough feeding they require, except for two, three, or fcnir months in the year. Hero the fatten- ing of stock is a sinipiO operation. Tho steers in- tended for linisliing oli are given jerked corn (corn with tho husks remaining over tho ear, ear corn an neai-tiie earth and thus create a measiu'ably still atmosphere. SECTION" III. — r.OL'GlI SHEDS. The ij king of rough sheds is the first attempt at shelter. So far as warmth is concerned, a double lino of stakes set one foot apart, in a trench, and the space between filled with some kind of deail litter, that stock will not oat, or so lined out- side that stock cannot get at it, the framework of posts or poles, with a good topping of hay or straw descending well down over the eaves on each side, makes the perfection of shed shelter so far as warmth is concerned. It is also the cheapest shed shelter that can be made where poles and slough hay may be had for the cutting. The stakes containing the tilling should slant con siderably from the ground to the eaves, under the hay roof, so it may come well under the same. Then, if the hay roof is properly made, the material will keep perfectly for years with slight mending, and may even serve to eke out the fodder in the spring in case of an unusually hard winter, other forage be- ing consumed. It is not necessary to follow the subject, except to say that every farm should have abundance of thed room, and the sheds should conform in appearance with the other farm buildings. Every pasture should also have some rough tem- porary shelter, that may be boarded up go as to be made partially dark in fly time. This should be suf- ficient to amply accommodate all the stock when at pasture, and should bo located on the highest point of bind, with sufficient egress so that stock may not in- jure one another. It will pay better than trees plant- ed for shade; as a protection against storms, and against flies in summer, is of the first importance. SECTION IV. CATTLE BARNS. The question of barns is one of the first importance V 11 « i 240 TH*: l.'.VUM10U... ^...o.K Ju.oic. -r I. «■ 'J-'HK l<^-eV14M;KRS' STOCK UCOK. 241 to the stockmau. If to be used for hay ami grain tlio br.ikliug should be lii^'li— not loss than two full stories, besides the basoiacnt. Howovor simple the structure, the question of height is important. The same roof space covers a high structure as is re- quired for a low one. The present improved ma- xrliincry for unloading and carrying hay enables all this space to be taken advantage of. In building a simple square or oblong burL-, an intelligent master carpenter can make the plan, once he gets the ideas of the prospective owner at. to size and intended use. The internal arrangements are of most importance. Hence, in our illustrations of barns, we only give tliose most complete in every re.speet, and combined in their use for a variety of piuposcs. On page T.l we give one viiw of a complete three- story barn, with full description. We here illustrate two other views of the same barn. The description, in connection with the view on page 71, will enable any architect to fully carry out the idea, or to so modify the whole as to meet the particular wants of individuals. In the construction of a perfect and costly barn, it will pay to employ the services of a competent architect, but he must be one famihar with the con- struction of farm buildings. Then, after receiving the ideas of the stock master as to apace, and its uses, cash outlay, etc., proposed, he can work under- standiugly, and save the farmer far more than his fees. BASEMENT ttARNS. In relation to barns with basements built partly into and partly outside the slope, or when tlie base- ment abuts against a slope, if the bank against which tlie barn is built has sullicient elevation so the team may be driven directly upon the second floor, it will be proper to build with reference to this. If not, do not waste money in an expensive causeway. An apparatus for elevating forage, etc., will bo much more economical. A very slight bank will enable the team to be easily driven upon the first floor above the basement. In the views we give are shown the two principal yards, and also the enclosed and unenclosed liasomeut of the barn. The northwest view, as given on page 75 shows the embankment to the floor above tlie basement, with facilities for lifting, storing, etc. In the engravings, the doors are all shown suspended on rollers upon which they slide. The windows are all hinged at tb.e tops, so as to swing inward. This barn stands upon a hillside sloping east. It has three distinct floors, and the barn con- sists of a main building tift^-iive by eighty feet, an cast wing lifty-six fcut long and thirty-one and a half feet wide; the south wing being lifty-six liy thirty- live feet; the total length from nortii to south being one hundred and thirty-six feet. THE BASi:.MENT. A basement plan, a diagram of which is shown, fully explains itself. It is thus given so any one in- tending to build a barn diilerent in sliape and con- struction may easily adapt the means at hand to his particulr . wants. It is figured for a building seventy- JXB? SfiXSQ 7X100 80X30 3If A 34X13 B 34Xt3 Ground Plan of Stock Darn. five by one hundred feet in size. A, is the horse stable; B, cow stable; C, C, main passage way; U, D, side passages; E, E, E, E, standings for cattle; F, F, F, F, troughs at heads of cattle, to the stan- chions of which the cattle are tied ; and the stock may be watered from the points, F, P, F, F, by means of faucets from the water pipes running through the stables. SECTIOV V. — IXTEUNAL AliRANOEMENTS. These must depend entirely upon the particular requirements of the owner, and must be adapted to the special wants of the stock kept. Above all, the ventilation must be perfect. Cattle may stand in stanchions, but they are better tied by means of chain tic„ about their necks. These are now kept by all hardware stores. The floors upon which the cattle stand must be of such material that no moisture can soak in, and the dejiression behind them for manure must be so graduated that the excrement will not lodge on the platform on which the cattle rest. Hence the necessity of having different lengths for stock, one or two years past, and also for full-grown steers. Cows should always, of course, be kept by iif IP h ''if P •.';: IF N-1 Ij • ri^ ■ 1 1 1 ^1. ' 1 .4 il Til I ; 1 A iv- M i-:ks' •OtK HOOJC. 243 ^ i tliciusolvus. A rcli'it'iutf to tlic diiif^ram of the base- : ineiil of the barn will oxpliiiii our intiuiiug. SKCTION VI. — (aitm: iastf.ninus. Tliero is no duiibt but timt foiii-iiich iron rings to | slido iij)ou three-inch smooth stiiu's are the best con- nectioii for cattle ties. These stakes (.smooth tlirco- ! incii sapHn^'s) may bo throe feet iipait for cows and tiireo foot three inches, or — for very large oxei} - three feet six inches uiiart. These are sliarpened to two inciics ut each end. Posts seven foot apart, pro- jecting three foot above ground, may be cut in one foot from toe ground to receive six-inch scanlling, bored at pro])er liistancos, to receive tho ends of the standards upon whicli the rings slip. Pin tho scant- ling firmly to the posts, drive tlie standards tight, and ])in with half-inch hickory pins. Slip on the rings, lay another sixinch scantling bored similarly to the first, on top of the posts entering the standards which should bo shaved at tho top so they will enter easily as you proceed. Pin the ujiper scantling also firmly to i,he posts, and the whole is then ready for the ties. These ties may bo may I-and or otherwise when it IS desired to release tbe cattb " niI:o;,;:;SHM'^^:r'"'"^"-''''^ o' iiic \eiticai Jeftliand fasteninu rai! ..f il,-. «ou..rrieswitbitbotboftbefasC^^^ to t,f 1 ',""'' ^''''" '>'i'-'S'iownitaIIow..tlH... tiicm more freedom and comfort." TlIK .MAVLKY STANTHIO.V. poi!^ 't.i;:" :f-°'"' »~'"^= '-t tiio pivotal Ponif.s midway between tbe f.steniug rails Tb„ • "— laon. 11 turn as freely lu on; dirttiof;: tbo occupant of tl.e stanchion, the inner end „( ,1.. ck falls oelow the bar that holds it in place. L oMg, ud.nal groove-not shown-whici, forms ace,/ fnua ion of u groove in tbe cros.-head u, M^Z "Ij.'-t'ug bar of tho staachion slides. vC ; J-ejl to release cattle f. ,bis stanch lb c OSS l,eadsaro,.vung into 1.. Mitb the supporth. trmgers; una so. also, that tbe groove i.tl^f ut ,v;th the groove m tbo upper i-irin.,. iw thro;.v,ng up a hinged block on the stri. ' io J -tm, bar is released, tbe top of which C ; tl ," 1. ou-n out^vardly tbr,.,igh tho groove in he cros - into tho groove in the upper stationary str LTr f- .'i>y keeping the whole stanchion in nos"tio ,' ^;^.re^ethe animal wheu It comes /:;;::: . TIIK MANV STANTHIOV. IJus device also employs the rotary principle en abiing cattle large liberty of motion. \l Z^^^y^: Tho Manlcy Stancblon. m the other. Tbo pivots are formed in cross-beads "f -"ch IS elongated at one side to providl for t oscillating movement of one of the Lsteniii. ,a ' The end of the groove in the upper cross-he^ufh shown m the cut., as is also tbe trigger- block, hi I : 'f "r^:''°'\''' '^^^ - «o arranged that, when U Moft hand vibrating bar is shoved inwardlv tn i. ' Tlio Mann Stanchion. "llyon journals, and is adjustable to difTerent size, """uals. whether standing or lyin. down Jt eooiposed of two horizontal bars, 'a rFgi onnectl bar. and a movable bar. The verticaJy-mo "" -bing.W .the lower horizontal bar, Li " llTl '^^'1 '"•""' '"''''-^"W-'-izc.: :.. A pa V I „.ed in this ^lot sei-ves to bold ti. ■ .Z'. ablc.asteuingbarinparallebsm with the ad,;,,., -A..i. mm THK 1<'^V It M Kits' HTCJCIi HOOK. 215 stationarj- bar. By raising the pawl tLi- fasicuing bar may bo moved ho as to admit tho head of uii aiii- inal into tho stancliion, or to removo it therefrom. Tho journals of tho horizontal eonncctinL; bars enter bearings in the uiijier and lower stringers, i.nd admit of the staucbiou being revolved or turned laterally. TMK r.ATKU SAl'FORD STANCmoX. In 18G8 Mr. Sallord devised an improved stan- ehion, which consists in hanging tho upright parts of The Later SafTord Stanchion. the stanchion loosely in the top stringer, and securing tho bottom of tho stanchion to tho lower stringer by a rope or chain, so as to give a limited pendulum-like movement to tho tanchion. This arrangement and construction results in freedom of motion, so that the stock may turn tlieir heads from the feeding place when lying down, and does not confine their heads in an unnatural position. Tho vertical stan- chion rails being hung loosely, and revolving in the lower horizontal yoke, may twist to the right or left to a degree that would bring tho lower yoke nearly or quite in a lino with the length of the stall. A rope or chain is connected to the lower horizontal yoke at one end and to the floor at the other, to prevent too great a swinging movement of tho lower ends of tiio stanchion rails. Tho whole is clearly shown in the cut. This patent expires in 1885, after which time it may be freely used. SlU^TION vn. — '. TF, WATER SUPPLY. Every person who stock, however few in numbei, must bo assured of a permanent and ample water supply. No animals can thrive that have to be driven a considerable distance once or twice a day, to drink out of holes cut in tlie ice. Cattle will drink out of stagnant pools in summer. It is not, however, good for them; and in no case should it bo allowed for mikli cows. The best water for stock is pure well water, unless a miming stream passes through tho farm. From either of these the water may bo elevated by a wind-mill at tho barn, so that a constant supply may bo had. IMPORTANCE OF WATER. For cattle that are confined it is better that water be led to every cue by means of pii)e3. They should bo olfercd water three times a day, and mileh cows especially should ho induced to drink plentifully. No cow can possibly bo a good milker unless she bo a large feeder, and however good a feeder she may be, unless supplied with large quantities of water, she cannot secrete milk' largely. The same applies measurably to fattening cattle. They must have water enough to tiike up and hold every particle of nutriment in tho food; for remember what wo have already stated, food is only converted into flesh and milk by first being rendered soluble in water. Milk is nearly all water, and tho flesh of animals is over seventy per cent water. CHAPTER IX. ANATOMY ANI> I'lIVSlOLOOY OP CATTLE. SECTION I. — HONES AND THEIR ECONOMY. The bones of an animal constitute tho frame- work which supports the whole animal economy. Tho finer theso are, without being fragile, the better tho animal. By fineness wo mean density of structure as opposed to porosity. We say a horse should have a flat Jog, but the bones of the leg are really round, or nearly so. Tho flat appearance is given by the small bones of the leg and the back sinews. In tho ox wo only see this appearance com- paratively, even in the hind legs. Tho fore-legs have not the flat appearance as seen in the horse. Tho reason is, tho ox is a heavy, slug- gish anil il, not requiring high speed. Hence tho bones siu^ply have to support tho weight of tho ox, and groat sinew and firm muscular development are not needed as in the horse. SECTION U. — MUSCULAR DEVELOPMENT. The muscular development of the better kinds of beef cattle lies in the largo distribution of succulent 4> ■%• 2M I'H !•; "r MlK'i, tlmt of a ron.ulc.l i-araJleloKrum. This wIno.„tl,oShonhon.UuM,,,ear„„coof.,„:: ucucU f.ou. hcfon; h1„,wh a .sonunvliat wcL-c-sliant. '4nK-ira,K.o. .vi,l. „.thor Jargo belly, great tl , ->.uy u.l.k.r. IVacticallv. (he«e 'nro tho .n^ tl.o early pat of ,i,o cmury, .ill „,str„et bth cousftutes vvell.formea cattle, ami which u.o " mod ern obscrvatrm has not chaiigod. SK,;Tr..V I..._THK lUi^MTHINO OHOA.NS. the t u"' Th ""'" "" •""""■ ''"^"^ ^'"- ^''« l^""' "f .'.'•'• , ^^'y '''<" ^'^l"'"''! to a,.ruto m„,.h blood - It KS only through the office of tlu. blood th t t .nuscle, s,„ow. fat. bono and other parts of t « «alocono„,y are bnilt up. or la„t intact. In fact , J- v^scera of cattle arc large, since, their tu, food being grass, a large quantity n.u.st be cons n "border to lay on a large amount of flesh an Bun,u.er. to serve during seasons of scarcity, a so iron, ho lungs th.t n. cattle „,uch of tJe wat of the systen. is expelled, hence when heat... , J., hoir souths in order to give relief to hi eased ac ,on of the lungs, in the e.Tort to obviat 1 clogging of the system. s..;.T,oN iv.---„„;,,sT,v,.: onoANs. Iho digestive organs of (ho ox, and in fact all muinating animals, are complex. The ox a,,d he ' a rumiiiatrng animals; that is. their hoofs Z pared and they chew the cud. All the geiius b" .ncluding t he buifalo of the lOastein hemis' he a ,' Ue bison of to Western hemisphere are rJmi ,1 Tl deer, antelope, ell, moose, caniel and some oZ .vil herbivorous animals are also ruminaiits. All such animals in feeding, simply gather the food and swallow it. without further cLVitg tlL , , nioisten it and gather it into masses. All thes " i u..ds 1 ave four stomachs. The food passes into the '"" f .7^''; ''"•« it is furthern:oisteiied; is then e P-Bedmto the second stomach, where t re el UM Kits' HTOCK HOOK. Ht.ll further .noisturo. and in worked and rolled into "als. it n then raised and rechcwcd. This is '•ailed chewing the cud. or runiiuation. Again being XtT • ■' "'"i^'"^"^ '"^° ^"° ''-''«tom3 ^M' le it IS prepared for final di,-, stiou i,, the f.u.rtl or kststo.nach;a,.dfro:u thence it is passed .10 tl.e bowels, whence all those soluble portions ne" nary for nutnti.ui arc separated and passed to every pu. lie systeiu where it is iiicorporated With. a.ul a fac luvomes bloou. The bloo.l. therefore, in all an.ma s. is the direct nieans of nutrition. In -•-"als winch chew the end. cessation of runl tH.n -called loss of the cud -indicates loss of 1 ? J'.^t as loss of appetite does in other animals. r>i(iKsrivt; ohoanh ok thk ox lu order to present this clearly we illustrate the ^.^c ive organs accurately figured. In tJie suckm. calf the organs here sh.wn largest, are smallest f .; '-reason th.t,)icc:ilf does not ruminate 1^^^^^^ xj...., eat s,didf,.d, and the niilk passes d;^tly -"to tlie true digestive stomach. As the calf in ureases in age the abomasum, or fourth stoma .rows relatively less an.l less while the ot ler .' ereaso m size relatively until at length their re u e Size IS as ligurea below : luativt niKcstlvp Orunns of llic Ox, n. the Rumen, or paunch. ^^^^HeUcuhmi, or second stomach; sometimes called '1. Ab-unasum, ren,:. 1, or true digestive stomach THM ^'AltMHIia' WrofK IIOCJIC. 247 t* i c, Ksoplinffiifl, or Riillot. I, I'yldiiia, or eiitriiiico to the intPHtiiioa. HKCTION v.— ANATOMY AND I'HYSIOLOOY IIY PliINTSI. This wo ^.'ivo from tlio pxporicuce of tlio best I'ji. •llisli iiutlioriticH (sifted down) for tlic reai^oii tliiit they Imvo been ciirefiil ohseners, dealing,' in niiit- ters iii)|iiiciihle to nil breeds iii-ed for lieef. First we quote f,"oiii Youutt, who wiis not only a scientitic man, but keen, ciireful luid I'ceuriite. All cattle intended for beef, says our authf)rity, sliouldbe wide and of deep f,'irtli aliout the heart and luiij^'s; and not only about these, lint uhont the wh(de of the ribs must we hiive lioth depth and roundness; tlie hooped as well as the deep banel is essential. The breast should also be rihited home; there should be little space between the ribs and the hips. This is indis- pi usable in the fattening,' ox, but a larijeness and drooping' of the belly is excusable in the tow. It leaves room for tho udder, and if it is also accom- panied by swelling milk-veins, it t,'encrally indicates her value in the dairy. Tiiis roundness and depth of tho barrel, however, is most advantageous in proportion as it is found behind the point of the elbow, more than between the shoulders and legs; or liiw down between the logs, than upward toward the withers; for it diminishes the heaviness before, and tho comparative bulk of the coarser iiarts of tho animal, which is always a vei-y great consideration. Tho loins should bo wide, for these are th'j prime parts; they should seem to extend far along the back; and although tho ladly should not hang down, tho Hanks should he round and deep, the hips large, without being ragged, round rather than wide, and present, -when handled, plenty of nniscleand fat; the thighs full and long, and when viewed from behind, close together; tho legs bhort, for there is almost an inseparable connection between length of leg and lightness of carcass, and shortness of leg ami pro- jiensity to fatten. The bones of tho legs and of the frame generally should be small, but not too small; small enough for tho well-known accompaniment, a propensity to fatten; small enough to i)lease the consumer, but not so small as to indicate delicacy of constitution and .■^ri"''ty to disease. Finally, tho hide, the most impo. i, ..t thing of all, should be thin, but not so thin as o indicate that the animal can endure no hardships, movable, mellow, but not too loose, and particularly well covered with fine and soft hair. MR. JAMES DICKSON ON POINTS. Wore an ox of line synniictry and high condition placed before a person not a judge of live stock, his opinion of its excellences would bo derived from ii very limited view, and consequently from only a few of its (lualities. He niight observe and admire the beautiful outline of its figure, for that would strike tho most casual observer. Ho might be pleased with tho tint of its colors, the plumpness of its body, and tho smoothness and glossiness of its skin. Ho might be even delighted with tho gentle and complacent expression of its countenance; all those properties he might judge of by the eye aloiu'. On touching the animal with tiie hand, ho could feel tho softness of its body, occasioned by tii;> fatness of the Hesh. ]5ut no man not a judge could rightly criti- cise the properties of an ox farther. He could not possibly discover without tuition those properties which had chiefly conduced to produce the high con- dition in which he saw tho ox. Ho wouldliardly believe that a judge can ascertain . lorely by the eye, from its general aspect, whether thi ox were in good or bad health; from tho color of its skin, wb'ther it were of a pure or cross breed ; from the e . ; , _ ,un of its countenance, whether it were a quiet ^ jucr: and from tho nature of its flesh, whether it had arrived at maturity. The discoveries made by tho hand of a judge might even stagger his belief. Ho could scarcely conceive that the hand can feel a hidden property. Tho touch, which of all tests is tho most surely indicative of tine quality of flesh and of dis- position to fatten, can find whether that flesh is of the most valuable kind; and it can foretell the jirob- ablo abundance of fat in tlie interior of the carcass. In short, a judge alone can discri?ninate between tho relative values of tho ditferont p.M: t^, m- appreciate the aggregate value of all tho i)oini.i of an ox. JUnoiNG BY POINTS. "Points" arc the parts of an ox by which it is judged. Tho first point to be ascertained in examin- ing an ox, is tho jjurity of its breed, whatever that may be; for that will give the degree of tho disposi- tion to fatten of the individuals of that breed. The purity of the breed may bo ascertained from several marks, the color or colors of the skin of a pure breed of cattle, whatever those colors are, aro always defi- nite. Tho color of the bald skin on tho nose and round tho eyes, in a pure breed, is always definite, and without spots. This List is an essential point. ;! MM •ill !■; i''.vi:.MK ws' li 1! M»J^. Wlion lionis exist, tlioy should bo smnntli, HmnM, tiipcriiij,', imd Hlmrii-puintcil, lon^^or sIkhI, iiccDidi!]', to tlio l)ivfd, and ot ii wliito color throiij^'lioiitiliHoiuo hieuds, imd tippi'd with l.lack in otlici'H. Tlic hlmpo of the iioi'ii is 11 less essential point than tlio color. Ai)i)lyini,' these remarks on tlio dillerent breeds in Heothmd, as ilhistrations of the iioint which we h;ivo been oonsiderinR, wo liave the delihite colors of white and red in the Shorthorns. The color is either entirely white or ojitircly rod, or tho one or the other predominates in their mixture. Tlie skin on the nose and around the cyis is unili'jjdyof a ricli cream color. The Ayrshire breed, in its purity, is also distinu'uished by tho red and \v''ito color of the skin, but always mixed, and the uiixturo consists of spots of t,'reater or .smaller size not I lulcd together. The color of the skin on tho nose and around the eye is not detiuitc, but generally black or eieani colored. In other ])oints, these two celebrated breeds diller from one another more than in the ehai ctors which I have just described. In the West lUi^'hland, Angus, and Galloway breeds, the color of tho skin of the nose and around the eyes is indicative of the pure Idood of black colon d cattle, but a cream colnnd nose may frequently be observed amoni.'st tlio other colors of skin. Tho characters above "jjiven will certainly apply to the purity of the blood in the (Shorthorn and Ayrshire breeds, if not to the West Highlanders. XHK CAIU-ASS. The second point to bo oscertfiined in an ox is the form of its carcass. It is found that the nearer tho section of the carcass of a fat ox, taken longitudinally vertical, transversely vertical, and horizontally, approaches to the tij-ure of a parallelo- gram, the greater (juantity of ile.-li will itcarry within tho same measurement. That the carcass may fill up the parallelogram as well as its rounded fnmi is capable of filling up a right-angled figure, it should possess tho following configuration: The back should be straight from the top of the shoulder to the tail. The tail should fall p' ipendii iilaily from the line of tho back. Tho buttocks and twist should be well filled out. The brisket should project to a line dro|ipcd from the miditlo of the neck. The belly should bo .straight longitudinally, and round later- ally, and tilled at tho flanks. Tho ribs should be /ound, and shou'ld project horizontally, and at rigiii angles to the back. The hooks should be wide and ;lai , and tho ninip from tho tail to tho hooks, should also be iilled and well tilled. TliO(piartir from the edge-bone to the hook si ould be long. The loin bones should bo long, broad and Hat, and well Iilled'; but tho space betwixt the hooka and tho giioii, ribs should bo rather short ii'rl • '.' ''hed over, v ith a thickness of beef I" weeutiio hook,. A King la. How from the hooks to tho short ribs indicates a weak constitution and an indillerent thriver. From tho lom to tho shoulder-blade should bo nearly of oi:e breadth, and from thence it should taper a little to tho front of tho shoulder. The neck-vein should be well tilled forward to coni))leto the lino from the neck to the brisket. The covering on the shoulder-bl.ido should be as full out as the buttocks. The middle ribs should ' •> well Iilled, to complete the liiic! .roin the shoulders to the buttocks along the projection of the outside of the ribs; those constitute all the points which are osiiontial to a fat ox, .lUIKilMl A LKAN ox. A round, thick bone indicates l)otli a slow fecdi r and an inferior description of tlish. A flat bone, when seen on a side view, anil narrow when viewed either from behind or before the animal, indicates the opposite properties of a round bone. Tho whole bones in tho carcass should bear a small proportion in bulk and wei-rht to the flesh, the bonis being only ie(|uired as a suj.port to tho flesh. Tho texture of the bono should bo sniall-graiuei'. and hard. The bones of the head sho id bo fine and clean, and only ivorod wiMi skin an auscle, and not with lumps of l.'i and Hesh, which always give a heavy-headed, dull ajipearanco to an ox. The fore-arm and hock should also ho clean and full of muscle, to enduro traveling. L:^e J. lilts indicate bad feeders. Tl)> neck of an ox bii mid be contiaiy to that of the sheep, small from the back of the head to Mic middle of the lucK. A full, cle:ir, and promir t eye is another point ui bo considered, becM ise it ia a nice indication of good breeding. Itif vs nttendant on line bone; the expression of tb is excellent index oi many properties ill tlu .. A ...11, heavy eyo clearly in- dicates a slow feeder. A rolling eye, showing ;: uch white, is expressive of a restless, capricious disposi tioii, which is incomiiatible with quiet feeding. A calm, complacent expression of eyo and face is strongly indicative of a sweetand patient disposition, and of course kindly feeding. Tho eyo is frequently a faithful index of tho state of health. A clieerful. -3» I 15 THK 1<'.VI>' M KltH' MT()(;K HOOK, •Jli) •%• •6- cleur eyo ivccouiininios good liealtli; a constiintly tliill ono provca (ho invhul)!.' existence of some internal liiigeriuf,' discaHe; the ihilinesH of eye, liowevcr, aris- ing from internal diaeaHO is (juite different in eiiaracttr from a natural or conatitiitionnl phlegmatic dullness TMI; SKIN, The Ktate of tiio skin is the next point to he asccr- tained; the sliin aifordn what is teciniieally anl em- phatically called the touoli—a criterion second to none in judyim,' of the f( cdinj,' properties of an ox. The touch may he t,'<)od or l)ad, lino or harsh, or, as it is often termed, hard or mellow. A thici; 'Irm skin, which is generally covered with tliiclv t,ct, hard, sliort linir, always touches hard, and indicates a had feeder. A thin, nieaKcr, papery skin, covered with tliin, silky hair, heiiif; the opposite of the ono just descriljcd, does not, however, afford good touch. Ku(!h skin is indicative of weakness of constitution, though of g. nd feeding properties. A jierfect toucli will ho found with a thick, loose skin, floating, as it were, on a layer of soft fat, yielding to the least press- ure, and springing back to the finger like a piece of • oft, thick chamois leather, and covered with thick, glo: v, soft hair. It is not unlike a bed of fine, soft ""> and hince such a skin is not unfrequcntly M.vled "mos-. ." A knowledge of touch can only he acquired 1 ng practice; but after having acquired it, it is of 1, I snflicient means of judging of the feeding quahtv of aij "\, because, when present, the properties of symmetrical form, lino bone, sweet dis- position, and purity of blood are the general accom- paniments. niK OENKIIAL AI'PEAilANCK. There are otlier and important considerations in forming a thorough juu nient of the ox. The head should be small, and set on the neck as if easily car- ried by the animal; this shows the animal to advan- tage in the market. The face Jniig from tlie eyes to the point of the nose. The .skull broad across the eyes, contr;uted a little above them, but tapering considerably l)elow them to the iir,sc. The muzzle line and small; the nostrils capacious; the ears large, ii little eicct, and transparent; the neck short and light. A droop of the neck from the top of the shoulder to the head indicates a weakness of con- stitution, arising frequently from bro ling too near akin. The legs below the Ur.o: . rO^-;-.!;! be rather short than long, and clean made stand where they apparently bear the weight of the body most easily, and wide asunder. The tail rathei tliick than otbcr- wiso, as that indicates a strong spine, and a good weigher. It should be provided with a large tuft of long hair. lllSTIillUrTlON ol' TlIK FLKSII. The position of the flesh is important, The fore and middle ribs, the loins and the rump, or hook-bone, are of the finest quality, and are generally used for roasts and steuks; con.sequoiitly the ox which carries the largest quantity of beef on these points is the most valuable. Flesh of fine quality is actu- ally of a finer texture than coarse flesh. The other desirable objects in a fat ox art a full twist, lining the division between the hams called ■the closing" witli a thick layer of fat, a thick flank, and n fnll neck bend; these generally indicate internal tallow. The last points generully covered with fat are the point of the shoulder-joint and the top of the shoulder; if thcsi' parts are, therefore, felt to be well covered, the other and better parts of the animal may bo con- sidered ripe. It is proper, in judging of the weight of a fat ox, to view his gait while walking toward you, which will, if the ox has been well fed, be ac- compauii d with a lu isy, rolling tread on the ground. SECTIO.V Vn. — TK.Klll AND TlIK AGE OF CATTLE. Tho ago of cattle may be accurately determined by the teeth up to the age of eight years, but tho wear will be more on gritty pastures than on clayey ones. Wo state tho appearance of tho teeth as seen untd tho age of tiftcen years, yet cattle are not kept longer than from four to six years old, except in the case of cows, and these not longer than eight years, unless valuable as breeders or as extra milkers. JI L\a lii niK TEETH. A calf, when first born, has usually two front teeth, or they will ap-. ir \n a day or two after birtl; In a fortnight he will have four, in three weeks sis, and at the end of a month eight. After this, these milk-teeth, as they are called, gradually wear and fall out, and are replaced by the second and perma- ,ncnt teeth. At two years old the two middle teeth are re- placed; the next year there will be four new teeth in all; at four years there are six permanent teeth, and at five the whole eight are replaced. Tho milk teeth do not always fall out, but are sometimes pushed back by the second act; and in this i;u8e they should be removed with an instrument, as they impede mastication and irritate tho mouth. * 250 III I'AW.MKIKH' Hl»>( U 1UH>U. After nix yeiira dlil tlio vd^vH of tliu ti'ttli \wniu tii wear Hat, and uh tlicy wear oil' tliii root of tln^ tootli is imshnl up ill tlu) Kouki't, iiml tlio wiiltli of the tiiiliis (liiuiuislii'J, 1 aviiitjiiitt'rHticcs bet Willi them; this ht'giiid in tlio mimlle tooth and oxtonds yradmiUy to tlu) foniors. At ton years old tlio four middle toetli are conuid- orai>ly diiuiuisliod and the mark worn out of them. Aftor tiftoon yours of ago fow oowh can ki'op them- Holvoa ill cuiiditiou hy imHtiirinf,'. JUDOINO llY TIIK IIOIINS, Cattlo have rings at tho root of thoir horns, hy wliioli tlio ago may also bo known. Tho lirst ring ai)j)oar8 ut tliroo years of ago, and a new one is formod betwoeu it and tho skull every year aftor. But this mode of asccrtaiuing the ago is not so sure as by the toetli, deception being much easier by liling oil tho rings. SECTION Vlll. — KI.KSIl I'OINTS OK Tin; OX Il.I.IIHTItATKll. The carcass of ii steer may bo reproHoiitod as in tlie diagram, us may bo seen on referring to tho num- bers. Flesli I'olntH of tho Or. riiN-n-(iiAitTE«. 1. Loin. 9 2. Ituiiip. 10 .'{. Eilgi' or ailzo-bouo. 11, I. Buttook. VJ. Ti. Hook. l;i, ti. Thick Hank. 11, 7. Tliiii flank. 1."). S. Foro-iib. l"OHi;-(/|-,ulTF.I!. Middlf nil. i'liuck rill. Jiri,ski'l. Log-ol -mutton piri'c, Clodaiid st'k'g and n'k. Sliiii. Log. Tho relative value of those dilTeront pieces may be stated thus- Thoir curn^it value, namely, when tho rumps, loins and fore-ribs of a fine ox fetch 10 cents a pound, tho thick flank, buttock and middle rib will fetch 12; tho itch or :;;lzc-l)onc, thin flank, chuck rib, brisket and log-of-iuiitton piece, 10; the clod and *t — sticking nnd nock, (I; and the legs and shins, i c ' is tt pouuii. HHTIMATINIl |.|.I,'UI l>IIINTH. Tho o\ or cow that will proiluco tho mont tlish in thoso parts niimbircd 1, •^, H, il, i, !», d, 7 iind Il- ls tho most jirotitabh,'. To do this tho ox must liavo II thick, Kott coat of hair, a ratlior thick but mel- low hide, a bead rather long than broad, tho bones line. The tail may bo rather thiik ut tho sotting on, but it should taper down small and carry a good brush at the end. The horns, dense and ta- pering to the points denotes a fine, strong bono. The ribs should bo well sprung, for this gives ampin room for tho heart, lungs, liver and digestive orgaiis, and hence insiui-i good feeding capacity and strong digestion. This also insures thick meat over 1, H, 1), (I, 7 and 11, and plenty of meat carried in tlieHo points ensures thick llosh in 2, !( and 4, and should give from fi.'i to (15 pounds of meat to 100 pounds live weight. Cows and heifers give less of valuable meat and more fat than steers, and this accounts for tho higher prico paid by liutchors for steers than cows. They cut nioro [irolitably. Tho grade steer, " Scratch," page 280, may servo as a gooil model. CHAPTER X. C'ONT.tlilOl S .\NI» KI-IIIRHIC lUNKANKN <>l « ATTI.K. MKrnii.N r. -CO.NTAUIOIIS I'LKUK0-1'.NKU.M0NU. This terrible disease of cattle, and ono for which no euro is yet known, and which from tho insidious, lasting and virulent nature of tho infection, onco generally esiablisheil over a country has not yet boon known to bo eradicated, has been twice introduced into some seaboard States of the Union. Kii.i, AM) mriiv. Once it has attacked a herd there is only ono course to jmrsuo; to promptly kill and bury with rpiick lime, deep down in the earth, tho dead ani- mals, including every jiart, being careful to slash the hide, that no one may dig it up for its value. ISOLATIO.N A.ND IllSI.VFKlTlON. The animals not known to bo infected must be fully and thoroughly isolated from tho rest of the herd and from nil other cattle for at least three months from the time of the u.uoval of tho last animal infected. Everything about the barn, stable. V'J** rill': I'AUMKUH' HTOJ'lv HOOK. 'iAl (.r |fIii(c wlicrr the HliH'k liiivo iicin kept iiiilHt lio tlioroiife'hJy (liHinfirlid, iinil nil HulistiilncH not of oon- Hidwvlilo viiliic, iiicliKliiiK ilolliiiif,', ih Ik iter hiiriicd. No jHTHcm Kiijiposcil to Ijiivo li.(ii with tlic inlVi'tod licrl must ii|i|ir(iiifli Hie Kii|i|MiN((lly well ohoh wjtli.iiit the most i:oiiiiiI(t<' dihiiifiiction, iijioatcd uftor ciiili visit to tlio Hick iiiiiiiiiilK. So fearful Inis tlio ((iii- tiiRiou been in (Imit Miitiiin, iind so fi(t;il tn piopfrtv, tlmt the t,'ovcriiiii(Mt, thidnf.'li |iro|)(i' olVners, iiniiic- (liiitciv kill infected iininmls where found, iind ijuiir- iintinu all otliers of the herd. OOVIieSMKNT INTKKVKN'riON. The saino i)liin is less conipletoly used in those States e.ist nf the Alleclienies in the triiitnicnt of this pestilence. Fortunately the disease jms not yet api)enred west of tho Alk>j,'lienie.s. It will ho only a ijueation of tiuif when it will do so, unless the general Rovevninent shall adopt the most strinj-'ent nieasun ■ l.> prevent it. Once introduceil to the herds of the West, tho whole rnitcd States will hetotno iufoctod, and hundreds nf millions of dollais will not cover the losis iiillicteii upon the cattle interest of the country. SKCTION 11.-- now TO KNOW I'I.EIIliO-PNKIIMONIA. Often a correct diaffnosis i.s didicult, even hy tho hest veterinary Hurgeons, until the fatal symptoms are pronounced. That every reader of tiiis wurk may get at important facts connected with tho dis- ease, in case it may ever come to ho suspected in his or a contiguous nei;,'hhorhood, we emhody important facts and syinptouis in connection with the disease. AlTKAllANCK OK l.NKKfTKn ANIMALS. From tho report of the commission appointed to diagnose tho disease in Xew York State, we con- ai;.\i). In conclusion, it .should only be necessary to add: The disease having appeared in your section of counny, or if you suspect its existence in animals brought from a distance, have them examined by a du'y (puiliiied veterinary surgeon or report to the jiroper State authorities at once, and in tho mean- time ksolate every suspected anin.al and keep them in (pnirantino untd the surgeon has passed upon them. SECTIO.N V. TKXAS (SPLF.Nle) KKVKli. T'exas, or to call it by its true name, splenic fever is never found outside the track of droves of Texas cattle, or where there could have been no cont ict with Texas cattle. It can only be communicated 1 v Texas cattle during their first season North, and the C(uita- gion is destroyed by tho first general frosts of au- tunni, not to reappear again unless Texas cattle arc again brought into the neighborhood. Native cattle contracting the disease do not communicate it to others; nt least there is no well-autncuticatcd evi- dence that such is tho case. In its mortality it is fully .IS fatal as the lung plague, ninety animals in a hundred dying, and remedial means, except in the earlier stages, proving of but little use. TlIK KVMlTO.MS OF Sl'I.KNIC 1T;VKH. One of the niaiked symptoms of Texas fever is a greatly accelerated pulse, from forty beats in a minute, the average for healthy oxen and cows, sometimes as high as one hundred and twenty beats in a minute. Anotlier symp- tom is a decided increase of the animal tempera- ture after the fever is fully developed ; but this is generally preceded by a chill. The excretions from the intestines and bladder are diminished in quantity and usually high-colored or bloody; the .secretion of milk is nearly suspended. A yellow mucus is dis- charged from tho mouth and nostrils, the auinuil has a dejected look, hollow llanks, and arched back, an uiistiady gait and a rough coat. Many of ihese symptoms are also common to other cattle diseases. There is no evidence of disease of the lungs or air passages; hut little that is unnaturarcan be found in the first three stomachs; the fourth stomach usually shows congestion, and the intestines are still Uiore engorged and blood stained. Tho liver is not often materially atfected, hut the gall bladder is almost always filled with dark colored and thickened bile. The spleen is always enlarged; in health it weighs in mature animals from one pound to a pound and a half, while in cattle that die of Texas fever it some- times weighs as much as eight pounds. The kidneys are congested and their secretion in the bladder is bloody or blood-stained. The organs principally affected are the fourth stom- ach, the spleen, and the bowels, and the period of in- cubation varies from four to six weeks. There is shght fever, dullness, drooping of the head, glassy and watery eyes, arched back, loss of appetite, cough, trembling, increased licat of the system, the urine becomes highly colored, and then very dark, tho mouth and rectum become a dark red or copper color, the dung is hard, and sometimes coated with blood. The animal continues to get worse and worse, and at lorgth dies in a stupor or convulsions. Treatment has not been found etfectual. If taken early, said tho animal removed to a clean pasture, it is recom- mended to give them two or three times u day one- half ounce chlorate of potash, one ounce tincture of chloride of iron, in a quart of water, and if there is ilk 2r,i 'ViLH: i<'^VIiMKli«' H'l'OCIi HOOIv. i! {* mncli weakness, to stimulate the system freely with whisl;v. As soon us tlio iinimal hcsins to meml, li;,'ht iiiul nourishing,' food should bo allowed, and the fol- lowing; tonii' twice aday : One-half ounce of sulphate of iron and one ounce of tincture of ginger, 'n a quart of water. Prof. ( iamgee, who made an exhaustive oxaniiiia- tion of Texas fever for the United States governmejit, upon the outbreak of the disease in the West in 18C8, advises shelter, friction of the limbs, the bow- els to be moved by injections and ounce doses of laudiumni during the first few days, to be followed by stimulants of one-iialf ounce of sulphuric ether, four ounces of solution of acetate of ammonia, given in a quart stable nmst be thoroughly fumi- gated, and every part that has come in contact with the excretions of the cow must be washed with pure carbolic acid, one part, to fifty of water: and after- ward whitewash. A cow once having al)orted it ia better to fatten her for the butcher unless she be more than ordinarily valuable. THE HULK IN CONTAOIOUS DISKASES. If a disease is suspected to bo contagious isolate the animal and communicate with a veterinary sur- geon at once. Aborti(ui may be successfully treated by any fanner. Tiio other contagious di.soases named are not successfully treated by the best veterinary surgeons, henco the advice is to kill, bury deeply and thoroughly fumigate, and disinfect otherwise, every place that may have been contaminated. SKCTKtN VI. (ITIIKU CDNTACilOUS DISEASK.S. The other contagious diseases of cattle specially worthy of mention here are rinderpest and foot and mouth disease. Rinderpest is a most dreaded disease, known from time immemorial on the conti- nents of Europe and Asia, but never yet in America. (The lato so-called outbreak in Kansas was not foot and mouth disease, but ergotism, deadly, but not j true foot and mouth disease.) It, is one of the most ! virulently contagious diseases that has ever de- i vastated cattle. BINDERPEST. Rinderpest is a contagious typhoid fever, the genns of which remain vital for some time in the clothes of persons, any offal manure or litter of any kind, the clothes of p(-rsous connected with the cattle, and even the dogs of the farm, rats, mice, and even game animals. Fortunately we have never had this disease introduced into the United States, state- ments to the contrary notwithstanding. The death rate in herds attacked is from sixty even up to ninety-live, and no remedies nave been found av.iil- ing. The fact that we have never imported this dis- ease is probai)ly duo to the fact that it has never ,ip- peai'i'd in (freat liritain of Iat(! years. Since we have imported cattle largely from Ivirope the various countries have used the im tringent means to jire- vent its being re-establishi EPIZOOTIC APHTHA, oli FOOT ANIi MOUTH DISEASE. This is another dise.iso that, although introduced not long since on our scal)oard, was eiadicati'd. It may be as easily introduced again, and if it bec(unes once disseminated it will iio dilliciilt to eradicate, since it attacks sheep and .swine as well as cattle. For this reason u, pretty full description of the symp- toms as well !is the cunUivo measures will !><- •,\c-c- ossary. In this and other cattle diseases treated of ♦ iiiless slio bo iKS. iijious isolate jtcrinary siir- ssfnlly treated senses nnined st voterinarv ry deeply and erwiso, every luoutli be examined vesicles will bo observed on the tongue and membrane generally. These vary in size from a jiea to half a crown, and in a few hours burst their cnntents with an admixture of blood, giving color and consistence to an aggravated flow of saliva, while the raw and sensitive surfaces cause great pain and smacking of tho lips. Jn -.oine instances tho feet are attacked, and this may occur befori' any signs of disorder a))poar in the mouth, or not be ob- served except in conjunction with or until that pe- riod has passeil. When vesicles form on the coronets and between the digits, great jmin and swelling ac- company the disorder; the animal kicks or shakes the feet when made to walk, or lies persistently and suffers for a time from acute fever. The vesicles soon burst and discharge their contents, and the various surfaces are }iosscssed of an increased sensi- tiveness, -wlrile severe lameness adds greatly to tho embarrassment. In ordinary cases the raw surfaces are speedily covered by epithelium, their sensitiveness rapidly de- creases, tho lameness and flo^\• of saliva gi'adually disappears, the pulse becomes slower, fuller, and softer, breathing regular, temperature gradually falls to the standard of health, the appetite returns, and general functions restored, except, perhaps, the milk, wiiich frequently sulTers permanent diminutltiu; and from the tenth to tho fifteen'' lay after the attii.d< the animal is convalescent. Thif is the course of common cases: now to notice the aggravated forms. Milcli cows frequently suffer violently. In addi- tion to the oriliiiary signs already (diserved, the sur- faces of tlie teats and udder are involved in tlie vesic- ular eruption; the gland within is also affected by the animal poison, and is hot, tender, and swollen. In tho process of milking, or through the sucking of tlie calf, the vesicles are burst, raw surfaces are ex- posed, and the ojierations prove a source of irritaticui which the iiiiimal resolutely endeavors to avoid. This leads to a retention of milk within the udder, and it becomes an additional cause of irritation, and even iiiHanimatioii. In common with the (U'dinary febrile signs, pain and agony, consequent upon the disease, located in the mouth and li ct, the lungs an- apt to become congested, breath firtid, eyes blood- shot; sloughing of parts within the mouth, and even on the lips and within tho nasal passages, ni( iirs, and blood is mixed with the discliarges; abscesses I'nrm ill the udder, sloughing occurs also there, or portions of the secreting parts are destroyed by the deposition of lymph, becoming what is termed " a blind loiarter." In other instances mortification takes jilace, and the part comes away. The feet snlf'r no li ss ; swelling, inflammatiiui, sloughing, etc., proceed, and expose the bones, etc., beneath, while all attempts at reparation are slow and abort- ive. During the development of these states the animal loses condition rapidly; tho assimilative organs are more or less involved, and nutritive material is no liuiger passed into the blood; it tliere- fiire becomes tliin and watery, and, in c I I 4- '>m 'Vlih: l<'vVItMEIiH' 8TOCIC HOOK. Hlumld, if possil.li., I,,. l,„il,,l, liy wliich its pmiicidiis projiorties will he dostroyt'd. TliEAT.MK.NT. Ill the simple ernptivi' form, us soon as tlio vesi- cles lire observed, let each receive .'i dreiicli composed us follows : Tuke of Kpsoiu Salts. ,s ,,1.. (Hii«craii(l(ieiitiaii powdi-red. of eaeli. L' «■/.. Mix these witli oue-hiilf poiuid of treado and a quart, of strong ale, and give to a lar-o cow, etc.; three-fonrtlis or ouo-lialf may he -ivcn to lesser aui- mais and yeiir-olds; one-third for calves up to ei-lit or ten months; and oiie-fonrth for sheep. This" is of great eonsequeiiee: large doses must he avoided, as purgation cannot bo endured. 'flic month is to be washed twiee daily with the mixtur< thus arranged : Take of Cliioride of Ziiii' Tincture of Myirh, Water, or. Tuk(! of Cryst.illized r,irholii' Acid, Cil.vcerine, Dissolve, and add T'iueture of JfyiTh, Water, or. 2 (U-s. I «■/.. I pt. i OZ. (! OZ. 1 OZ. 1 l.t. Tak<' of Alum in Hue i)owdi.! action -tvithin: 2 ilrs. I »■/.. I pt. ■5 (tz. (! «■/,. I (IZ. I pt. acnpful. qt. Ill, niul isnsc- ii-omotiiit,'tln' 10 otlit'i' for- iike iiourisli- ik'd; niiislu's i.secil to pro- re also of iil)- ! hiul, grooii V. iilfio viiln- ftirnisli suii- ii'il to nutri- stipation, or iklings, with nf Aiiiilj-rtiK tilt' liiorhiil I I'liJ'; j'".,v liMwiis' s'l'ocjiv ijoijjc. 'lake of ('urboimtc of Soda or rotUNli, h dr. \\'"'<'I'. S oz. Mix, 1111(1 wliiiu (IJHSolvwl tlic solution may In.' usimI. It is iiot uci'cssary to inject a lurj^'u ipiaiitity, tlic syriiif,'o iliscluirged ouco or twice be- ing Kiillicieiit for each teat. A little practice is necessary for the operation, as the iiiovemeiits must be delicate, otherwise total failure results. The .syringe being lilled, the teat is care- fully held between the lirstand second lingers of tlie left hand, so as to turn tlie jioint and orilice toward the ope- rator. The syringe is held in the right hand between the first and second liiigers, while tiie thumb rests upon tlie piston-rod in order to push it downward. The point of the syr- inge is then placed liglitly upon tlie orifice of the teat, and by pressure emptied, the fhiid passing readily into tlie gland-ducts. If the udder is niueli inllamed, com- mon elder ointment with camphor may bo rubbed in ujjon the outside. The extract of belladonna also is an efVi- Tott Syiihiin. cient remedy. It should be thus com- pounded : ■rak(> of extract of ISelladniina. 1 oz. Hog's Lard, (i oz. Mjx by means of a spatula on a marble slab, and anoint iho parts daily, with as much friction as can be iiorne. Indurations may be treated afterward by iodine or mercurial ointment, as preferred. SECTION VII. — KI'IDKMie mSEASES. The principal epidemic diseases to which cattle are subject, are catarrhs, colds, and other diseases of a like nature. iMalarial diseases sometimes beccune so rife that they are called epidemic, but they are really confined to narrow localities, and when found, stock should bo at once ri'inoved to higher and dry past- ures. INl'LUHNZA oil O.TAHHH. Catarrh is an inflammation of the lining membrane of the nestnls and sinuses of the liead, and in severe casea extending to the eyes, throat and air passages, Itn ;'.'i,n?,."H are principnlly atmo-plieri;', but the dis- ease is intensified by badly ventilated and dirty sta- ii'^»iiu«» SImiilo Catarrli. bles, deficient drainage, or exposure in unsheltered situations. KY.Ml'TOMS OK <,\T.i.RlU( OK INFLUENZA. The mucous membranes of the eyes and nose are at iirst dry and reddened, but in a few hours they lie- come moist and discharge a tliiii watery secretion, which is eventually dense, opaque, and copious. The eyelids are tumefied, and increased lieat is luauifest in the bones of the foreheid. The an- imal sneezes, and not unfrequently there is cough. Febiile symptoms sometimes run high, and a repe- tition of such at- tacks terminates in pleuro-pneumo- nia of the spo- radic form. A simple state (>f diarrhrra Bometimes occurs. The progress of the disease is accurately betokened by the nature and rapidity by which the discharge is promoted. If it is scanty and tardy, the fever is generally severe, consisting of diflicult breath- ing, loss of appetite, suspension of rumination, rapid and hard pulse, constipation, deficient urine, etc., all of which are doubtless preceded by shivering-tits and a staring coat. If in a day or two the discharge in- creases, becomes purulent and copious, fever is dimin- ished, and recovery speedily follows; but if the sys- tem is still exposed to the causes that induced the disease, the terminations may bo chronic nasal gleet, lualignant catarrh, or sporadic (uon-coutagious) pleuro-pneumonia. TREATMENT. If diarrluca is present, administer at once the fol- ow ing : Infusion of Quassia. 1 pt. Tincture of Opium, 1 ,17,. Ai-oiuutic Spirits of Anuuonia, 1 '• Mix. Wlien the bowels are constipated, a genilo laxative will be required. This may be composed of the sub- joined ingredients. Epsoui Salts. 12 to 1(1 oz. {iiiifferaiid (teutian. !),'.wd(>rcl!i;SKNTATI()NS. Presentation of 'he hind-quarters is the nu)st diffi- cult to handle. The fu'tus is dillicult to turn, aiul the best way is to bring it into a position by which the calf will lie as in the natural presentation, ex- cept that the hind feet are first. Tlien deliver by dis- ending the pelvis as much as possible with th(^ hands, aiul drawing them back gradually when the cow strains, an attendant nulUng meanwhile on the cold. There are a number of backward false presenta- tions, as given in the forward false presentations. Before delivery is attempted, the piesentation must be made to correspond to that given in the paragraph preceding this. In every case of difficult labor from false presentation, water in the head (hydro- cephalus), or water in the abdomen (acitos), the ser- vices of a competent vetenuarian should be secured if possible. In the first case the head of the calf must i)e pierced to let out the water, and ni the other case the abdomen must be pierced. UKTKNTION (II' THK I'LACKNTA. In healthy, parturition the placenta (called after- birth) comes away naturally. It may be more or less delayed, and if so the parting maybe assisted; with a dry cloth hold the umbilical cord, and at every throe pull gently, and hold what you have gained, until the whole comes away. To assist this let the cow be littered down with her fore feet considerably higher than the hind feet. The proper way to remove the placenta, wUen it is retained from abortion, weakiie:is, ur other un- natural causes, is to pass the well oiled right hand and arm into aiul through the passage into the uterus, keeping the ends of the fingers well together, the back of the hand up, covering the membranes. Then, holding the placenta in the left hand, with gentle pulling, pass the right hand to the several centers of attachment (called cotyledons) of the placenta to the womb, which should be gently pressed with a rolling motion of the fingers to disengage them successively, but violence must be guarded against. If the coty- leddiis arc torn from the womb, fatal bleeding may result. I'LOODINO. This is cii.ied uterine hemorrhage, and is entirely distinct from the vaginal hemorrhage, occasioned by injury to the passage in parturition. In vagina hemorrhage the stream is small and trickling, and if it continues unduly after the removal of the placenta, cold water injections will generally suppress it. In Hooding, however, the blood is discharged with force and in large ijuantities. The animal strains, standing with arched back and feet drawn together with moaning and grinding of her teeth. The blood, when expelled, is in a semi-coagulated state from lying in the womb. The first means to boused is to hold the hand in ice water until quite cold, and then, upon being passed up the orifice, contraction will follow and the bleeding cease. If not, try in- jections of cold water and apply ice to the loins, or pour cold water slowly over the loins and inject cold water into the womb. SKCTION IX. — DISKASES FOLLOWIN(i I'AKTtUilTION. — IN'VKK- SKIX of TMK WOMli. Sometimes, from various causes, the womb is in- verted or turned inside out and protruding. Place the animal in a stall with the hind feet much higher tha.i the fore feet. Tlien, by the exercise of gentle pressure, the fingers surrounding the mass as much as possible, press the whole Ixick. If it has become dirty it must be fully cleaned with warm water arul with care before putting back. A truss or compress should be placed over the parts (with an orifice to al- low the escape of fiuids), to hold all in place. This compress may be prevented from slipping by side lines and H band along the back running to a surcingle and breast strap. Unless the cow is very valuable, she had lietter be fattened rather than kept for further breeding. r-KCTI'^N A, — PT'KRFKmA'i FEVHK. This and parturient apoplexy are difficult to dis- li » f- 'V1L1-: I.' A li M h:k- 'I'Ot-K Ilooiv. tiu-nisli OHO from tlio ..tlur, except by a profcBsional vi'tciiiiariiui. If there Ima ln'cii (JiHinilt calving, ex- tremes (,f tcmpemturo, retc.itioii of the iilaceiitii, or overexcrtidii l.eforo ciilvinj,', pneriieral fever nir.y lie suspected, csiiecially so if the cow lia.s hcen 1,'iveii extrii food, before calving. The disease is an erysi- pelatous intlammatioH of the uterus and abdominal organs, and occurs from twelve hours to four davs after calving. The early eymptoms arc susiiension of ruminali„n, restlessness from fever, pulse full, liard and rapi.i! iho temperature liigii and urine and ficcca checked. Later thcro will bo clicky pains, Icicking of the belly, fre,]uent lying down and rising uj., with rest- ing on the knees, and when down tholimhs will bo frequently drawn up and again tlirust out. The bead will bo turned to the flank, respiration quick and nervous force excited hy hypodermic injections; but this must be done by a professional veterinarian. In two hours after giving the purgative drench, give Aei'tate of auiinouia, -I iiiinces. ■J'iui'tuii' (if iieciiiiti', liO (IniiiK. ilix, and give in a i.int of warm gruel. At the end of four hours repeat the dose, and every four hours thereafter until the pulso is improved. If there is coma (stuiior) and a very quick pulso the cow will probably die. KKOTION vn PAliTUIllKNT Al'OI'LKXV. This is a blood disease often mistaken for puerjie- ral fever. It is connuou in deep milkers and heavy lleshed cows. If immediately after calving the cow is disinclined to move, if there isftstariu" look out of thocyes, it tho milk secretion is ciiecked, if tluiv is quick('nod pulso and respir'ution, with increased Pc:.,irturi™t Ai„.pli..xv. the pulso small and wiry. If the cow is o( hill habit take away some blood, if the disease is known m its earlier stage, but do not reduce the pulse. Put a mustard plaster over tho belly, and give the follow »ig drench: Kpsiiiii salts, Calolllrl, Troton oil. I'ulvcri/cil gmgcr, llolasses, G.'uel, - I ounces. - ilr icliins. L'(» drops. 2 ounci's. I jJiiit. - quarts. Mix, and give by letting it trickle down the throat slowly. Follow the drench with copious injections of weak soapy water. Keep warmly clothed, ard rouso the action of the skin with rul.bmg. IuJik^ pur.-ation by every possible means. If no openttion ol medicine is had iu teu hours, from a pint to a nuiirt nf u.if,.5. ....... 1. Ot- ir^TrCLCU ito thr; Vijus una heat generally, lose no time. It is the first sta-e of the disease. The Seeond stage, except to experts, is the one first noti<-..d. The cow diakes htr head, totters and staggers in walking, and .shortly dr.q.s to the ground unable to rise. The eyes are bloodshot, hxed, and glas.sy, and almost insens'-hle to the touch --she IS nearly blind-tlie pupils are dilated, and the eyelids twitch violently; the pulse is full l,„t soft, with a frequency considenihlv below thatfound in tho first stages. Animal heat is not above 102 or lO.S ' F. The third stage rapidly succeeds. The mucous membranes assume a dark purj.lo hue, and the ani- nn.l 13 totally hlnid. The head is probaHv turned backward on the shoulder, or is dashed f.v.m side to side, m great danger of breaking tho lH.ru« ov of bnnmg those in atleudaiicc. The puke becomes < > --%, ■«• • > -V tioiis; l)nt iriiiii. Ill ), givo lU'CH. 4- i AU.MKliH' HTOlK ilooli. •^lil slow, tiirdy, anil iiifrcqiifiit, Ni-iucily iiiinilirriiitj 111(110 tlmii twt'iity-tivi: or tlirty bunts, iiiul then j,'iM(liially riiiiid, fci'lilc, Hiimllur, uiid at tho ciul iiu- perct'ptilih'. Tlii' lux'iitliini,' is slow and rduriii),' (^stertorous) and cviu dillicnlt, and thu imiiils aro now t'ontraetixl. Animal heat l^ajiidly di'dincs, ruacliin^ as lnw as !t5' F,, and tlio liorns, cars, and extreniitioH are cold as clay. The luUlur is no lonsfr soft and Haceid, but hard, tnrKid, and unyicldiii;^'; convulsiiins sot in and duatli cnsat's. Jii tliis disL'asc) jiri'Vi'ution is better than curative means. Cows iircdisposed hliould not bu stimiiJated before calving', neither should they he allowed to be costive, a 'id tho udder should bu kept drawn when it tills. At the first syinptom lileed, but not if tho secondary or real symptoms are really piMiiouiued. ■\ttend eiirefully to the nursing' mid comfort of tho cow. About two and a half hours after ^i^'hi^' the cathartic f,'ivo the followinj,', and reiieat it at tho same intervals until a chan^'o for tho better is iiidi- cateil : Aniiiiatie S|iirits of AiimioMia, I oz. (leiitiali. |iulvcrizeil, I oz. (riutjer, imlvei'ized, I ilnichiii. Ale or cold (Irilel, 1 piMt. We have tile same advice to f^'ivi! in this as in the preeeilin;,'. Cows, ouco recovered, fatten for tho iiiitchcr. swrioN vin.— NKKVoi s iiKiiiLrrv. This is often confounded witii parturient ap- oiilexy. As a rule it is not fatal. It does not nec- essarily follow })rotrai-ti il labor in calviiij;, and is quite as often seen in le lu, but ^'ooil miliiers, as in * Milk Fiivcr and Nervous Dchlllty. 'i"!ie bowels must bo acted upon at once. Givo tho following; dose for a cow of tho larRost size, and ho sure it roaches the fourtli stomach by lottiiifj; it tri;'ilssolvo in lu,t WMt.r, .111,1 wlu'i, e„ol ,,., 1, to administer, mix with c.,i..i,,.r|, ^-arm liiiM..,..! tea or ^'.,,..1 (o i.iila. two ,|„arts. K.v,. tiie aninml warm Willi l.laiiluts; ai,,,ly iilon- tile spin., from tli(. withers to tlie hijis tho following euihrocition: .Soft Soaj), ,, ^ Extra,aolli,.|la,l,„i„„, L' .lra,.|,m.s. Kilb to^'fther ill a iiioitar and acM, Apply this as diroctud, will riihh.d in alon- tlie •spme twice a day; or better, heated in l,v passiii" iot Hat-irons over tho Imek wh..., cvered with a I'lanket. The driiilcin- water should ho tepid, and .sh ppy hilt niitritiiais food shiaild he allowed. Hay t.a is excellent in jilace of water if the cow v.J\ drink it. SKCTIO.V IX. — .MAMMITIS oli OAIiflKT. (fai-fret if t.ik.Mi early yields -enerally to tniHt!«"''•• 1 oz. ;V,"'"™'''^- 1 pound. Next institute fomentations; hot water should bo .■i|iplied incessantly for three or four hours, and at tlie clo,se let a large liot liread and milk jioul- tico (110 to 115 F.) bo ready for aiiplica- tion to cover the «''m)ort for the l ,liiiiii(l. 1 (IZ. I iiiiiiikI. I (|uuit. r should bo 4 I elder. of a, bnmd bo iiiiiiixed c Cdiitiniies IIU'CS. I'lip.s. int. M lepeiUcd, od of four iiiue qimii- itoiniist lic! and Kvniji- dritcluii of drau(>lit lately, and ted below. 'Iiiii. s. mis. I. t syidioii, utioiis (if. a small f extract oudueivo III I'.VU. .M KIv'.M' f-^'l'ocK HOdlv. 2li8 t to u ffivornb'o lermination in the omly stages. When IHirtion-s beeonm liiirdniid. tjic foilowiiit,' ointiiiciits may be ii.sod with ii t^uoil deal of fl lotion: Soft Soiiji, J i.onii.l. Jli'i-curiiil oinliuiiil, 1 ,,/,, Caiiiijlior Oiiiiiiiciit. I I,, Extnict of l!,.llii,l.piiiiu. I .hH.'liinN, Mix, iiiid ii|i|i|y oiu;r a day; or, in lini of tlii.s: 'J'illCtliri' of loililll', (I ,,;;, 'Ciiictiiioof Oiiiiiiii, 2 oz. Soil]) LiiiiiuiMit, 1 oz. .Mix, Mild apply with hand riilibiiij,' two or tluvr tiiiie.s a day. It iiiiiy bu ai.so advisiililc to ■livo tiic followiiif,' internally iiiorniii',' iiud eveuiii;.': 'I'akoof loilido of I'otuNsium, 1! ilriielini.'s. (H'uul, 1 ,,i„t. DlN.HolvC. Ill all eases tlie milk .sliould bo drau ii re.!,'nliirlv and eiruetimlly, and wlu'iv praetiealile and the iii- llaniniiitiou is not great, the calf may be put to siu:k. Soiiietiuies, whi ii the udder is liardoiied in one or more quarters, dry friction -will cause it to biconio softer; but caro must bo exercised in order not to ex- cite a fresh iiillaiiiniation. The milk duriu^' this disease is not lit for liunian use, and in iidvaiieed Kta;,'es not so for luiinials. A cow once utlected had better bo fattened us soon a.s possible. CIIAPTia; XII. I'AK.ASITIOS wood. Dark shelter should bo provided wlui. gad lly abounds. When the warliles 11.10 found tlieymaybe forced out tiirough the skin by squeezing uiioii each side with the iliiimb.s. A little tincture of aloes and myrrh may or may not be injected into tlie orifice. SKCTION III.— I.N-TKSTINAI, WOUMS. Sometimes cattle are troubled with intestinal worms. This may bo known by the general uii- tlirifty appearance of the cattle, principally uiider- aged cattle. Often they will be found in the excre- ment. Salt should be given such animals liberally, for a week or ten days. Then give the following", and repeat in a week: I.iiiseea Oil, 1 pint. Oil of 'riiriientiiie, 2 oiiiicos. Iiifiision 111' (^uassiii, ^ jiiut. Mix, aiiil j,'ive in tlie ijioriiiug, lieforo feeding. This is a dose for a full grown animal. Yoarhngs will requiro half tho quantities, and six-months' calves one-third. SIXTION IV IUN0WOH3t IX TATTLE. This 18 rarely found in cattle, but is communicable from one to another. It is generally found on the head and neck, especially on tho forehead, face and eyelids. It shows an irregularly circular form, having broken or stumpy hairs, scales and imperfect- ly formed scales. The cut shows the appearance correctly. Ill's toiisiiranif. The cure is to separate all afflicted animals from the well ones, to cleanse the sores with carbolic soap and water, and apply chloride of zinc, or oxide of Ringworm in Cuttle. It is caused by a fungus, ho- i * IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) h A A f/j fA 1.0 1.25 |jo ™^« iniiiH 1^ 12.2 1 1^ ■;& 12.0 u. U III 1.6 ^^ W ^ s* s Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716) 872-4503 m \ N> 'q> '% s- ^^\^\ >6^^ ''b 'Hii 'riii<: I'^vitMKKs' HTOcic noun. Sicpr rrcirau'il for Dlccdiiij:. zinc ointmi'iit; or wasli the ringworm with solution of nitrate of silver. CUAl'TEU XIII. Tii:: ( (niMON i)isi;.vsi;>i oi' c.vttli;. SKCTIIIN I. — AliOUT HLKEDINU. It used to bo the rule years a;^o to use the ileam ill ull cases wlicrc iiillanimatiou was suspected, or lilcthora, and iu the spring it was not unusual for the farmer (o iuliIm a general pr.ictiyo of bleeding tlic farm stock generally. It is not now used, ex- cept in eases ■fthero it is necessary to reduce the action of tlie licarl. Formerly cattle men 1 iled where u vein could be found. Now only the Jugu- lar vein is used for bleeding, and a largo ileam is used to pro- mote a rapid flow, and tints get rapid depression of the action of the heart. Since bleeding is only bo to used in a very few cases, it should, if possible, be done under the advice of a veterinary surgeon or the family phy- sician. Since tho jugular vein in cattle is loosely situated under tlie skin and largo, it is not easy to secure it witli tho lingers for bleeding. Hence a cord is used, tied next tho shoulder to raiso the vein, and so tliat it may bo instantly freed when desired. The figure shows tho preparation of tho iuiiuiiil for bleeding. Tho horns are held by an assistant, iind as soon as tlio requisite conditions are established, tho blade of th(> ileam is placed in lino with tho vein upon the skin at the spot indicated in tho drawing, and being struck smartly, entets the vessel, and blood flows at once. A largo ileam should always be cni]iloyed, that the essen tial rapidity and abundance of How may be secured, wliich, when nccomplishcd, is arrested by removing the cord. Tlio next step is to close tho wound by tlio common twisted suture. This is done by passing a pin through tho lips cf tho oritice, in the skin only, and at the center, and winding round it soft twine or tow iu tho form of a figure 8, as shown on page 138. SKCTION' 11. — CAXCnno.TS ULCEUS. 1' here aro various cancerous ulcers and tumors of Canocntua Ulcer or IJltf Hfinl. the head— some movalilc, some fixed, and others implicating the bone. Theso generally all go under the name of big head. The true big head, however, is whcro the bone is involved. These complications arc known under tho various names of astfd sun-diiKi, xliiiia iTnliixa and libro-plastic dcgenerition of the bone. These aro long in forming, and often a simple tumor may become can- cerous by bad usage. Any tumor of the head or jaw, if it do not yield to simple poulticing, as iu the case of boils, and shows signs of pei- manency, the animal had better bo fattened at once. Cancer can- not bo cured ; and once the horns are involved, speedy ^vorthlessness follows. Pu'ceding animals especially should be fattened, for there is good ground for supposing that the taint naay extend to tho ollspring. Tho cut shows tlu^ formation of the tumor wherein tho superior max- illary l)one is implicated. As a means of bettering the condition of the ani- mal until it is fattened, cleanliness, ventilation and attention to tho food is necessary. An iron tonic ■will also be indicated. Take. Saccliavizi'il Carlioiiatf of [nni, I'owdei'cil Ciillliubo, Mix, and give twice a day in the early stages of tin' disease for ten days or two weeks; omit for a week and then recommence. If there is an abscess it should be opened. Then take : 2 drai'Iiiiis. 2 (Inu'hiiis. liuttcr of Antiinimy, Tincture of Myrrh, 1 oz. '2 m. Mix, and inject from a glass syringe oiico daily. Ii should bo unnecessary to state that in tiiic cancer, or big head, the flesh is unlit for human food. SIXTION III. ANTUHAX OK CAIilU'NOTTr.AK KEVEIt. This disease, known as charbon by the French, and by t!ie many common English names of muri::''i, black- leg, quarter ail, inflammatory fever, black quarter, and many others, is common to sheep as well as cuttle. Upon tho first observance of the syiiiptonis, given further on from Clatcr, the auimala alfected should be removed to high, dry, fresh past- I i- aiiil others all go uiuler 111, however, )mplicatiou3 sli'ii xarcdiiKi, ,tii)u of the ten a simple mS^ ^ IICSS follows, fattened, for at the taint it siiows the iijiorior max- of the aiii- itilation and u iron tonic .'aclmis. ■aohiiis. stagca of the . for a weciv lu abscess it nz. dZ. nee daily, it lie cancer, cr >od. It KKVKli. French, and of mnri:''i, fever, black to sheep as unco of the , tliC animals ', fresh past- J * THiO l<'.,^riMKUs' KTOCK HOOK. 26£ urea, and all yoiiiig cattle, as being particularly liable to attack, should bo put on ch'an pasture. The fullest lleshed animals are most likely to be attacked. We give the symptoms and remedies in detail as .stated by Clater, for the reas(.'n that the di.^ side by side, showing the dissimilarities be- tween the two diseases, to contrast their points of identification: KI'OUADU! IT.F.rUO - I'NT.r- MDXIA. f'oiimioii to man auil all animals. SmcI'.Ii'U anil acute in its attack anil pi'ogrrss. llai no incubative or la- tent stage. first signs visii)ln in a lew Imui's from (In) opera- tion of known causes. Gn-atly inllnern'oil ami even imluci'il by I'limafi', temperaturi', exposui'i', ill ventilation, bail drainage, bad management, etc. Krmoval of these is at- tended witli a iciluction of disease and mortality. Affects the same animal more than once in a life- time. El'IZO- riRt:KI)-I'XEtT- ■NIA. llilhii;. contlned to bo- vine animals — cattle. Insidious in its attacks and tardy in progress. Has an incubative' sfa^i' of forty-two days gener- ally, sometimes much long- er. First signs not visible until th ■terminatiiinof the period of ineubatlon. viz., I'orty-two days gmierallv. N'one of thesn i)roiluce epizootic pl(>uri)-pnenmii- nia; by debilitating the sys- tem they may causn its progress to be moditled. but in nu case to hasten its attack. The same elfects no re- de.ction of either disease or mortality. N'ever aft'ects the .same animal twice in alif.^time. ' following is (miu'cs. ilnii'liiii.s. OUIICI'S. artlicu vessel rtU up, pour I reluiise the irry the wiisli y be touolied in addition, vcep secluded :N(r FKVKli. plcuro-piieu- No retuediiil leult for the m simple and vs something ifeeu the siiii- a of pleuro- if the two af- iillliirities be- icir points of riEi;iio-i>Nnti- NIA. )Ulllll'll to 1)1)- — Olittll', u its tittivi'ks pro^'ri'ss. iil)ativ(i stiiK'' (liiys }j;<'ii('r- csiimoh loUH- I nut visibli' iimtiiiu 1)1' tlii^ iil)iiti()ii, viz., s tji.'iu'rally. ii'so i)rc)i1u(!o UI'D-PUCUIIICI- iitiiiKtlic.svs- ly c'liUMu its 1)0 lUoiUtloil. Li tohttsteu its I'tTi'i'ts no ri!- lier cUsuasi! or ^'ts tlin sumo ill a lifetime. 'I'iiK I''^VI£M KliW rf-l'ocK litxilv. 1^1,, Solilom moro tliun oiii), two or tlirci! out of iiiiiiiu- l)(U' uro afFi't'ti'il; tin i-rst sulfcr from otln'r oaturrlml lltfi'clious. Tlio attai.'ks are simulta- UI'OUS. Is Lji'iicrally suppnissi'il liy miti,^^•ltioll of oausrs. Is markciUy amcuabl,' to meilical trca'mi'iil. Not tisuulls- fatal. Prevails in io(!ali(ies ac- eordiuf? to .season, and is found in districts wlicro rattle are hredamlnootli'T allowed to enter. Not pi-iina'-cati'il by cdu- taf^lon. Not i)i-odneedl)y tile dis- eas;id|)i'()diii'tsortli(! body, as .saliva. exerriiient, ur;"e, ete.; nor conveyed to dtliiT animals o(•l•n|)yin,^' t li c plaiv 1)1' tUo.so dyiu;.,' or disi'a.s(^d. Is niiaflfeeted l)y inovi'- m;'iit to and fi'oni fairs and mai'k(\ts,as far as propaija- tion is eoiiecM'iied. Not eoutlued to lnr<;e Icrds or d;iiries of cattle. I'reiliiently more lliaii lu-o (ir tlin>i> are .seiz(>d— j,'cniTally 111.' wliolc at va- riable i)ei-i(ids. 'I'lii' attai'lcs arc in .■^nc- cession. .N'li cilcct occurs here fi'iim the ail.iptjdu of the sami', bnl continues tn pre- vail for W('eks mill even mouths. Is all'ected by uo kind of treatmi'Ut. (tcnei-ally fat.al. evc^n tn tlio extent of llfty i)er cent and upwards. <'ontini'd to none where cattle are <'onveyed, and prevails with. lilt ri'sju'ct t.i s.'asDn; wli.uv eattl.' ar.' Iu'imI ami loue an' tnken it is ui'vi'r witni'sse.l. Is propagated by eou- ta;,'j.)U. (;attli\ oi'dipyiiiLC tli.' stalls or stabl.'s whi'ri' ani- m.-ilsili.seas.'.l .ir.lyinf^'hav.' Iiei'n stan.liujj; beconi.' af- f.'.'b'.l with thi> disi'asi'. Till' .'.JiivcyaiUM! of f.id.l.'r, porti.)Us of excrem.'Ut. .u- disi'aseil produi'ts usually generate tlii> disi'ase in oth- ers, .ill. I an animal allowi'd to sm.'ll at one diseased bi'- eomes alV.'i-ti'.l. Is fi'r.'atly aiiLtm.'iit.'d by .■attl.' tralUc. T.-rmiuates in about a week or t(>n chiys. .\iiimal ri'f^'ainsitsfornii'i' health in m.ist eases. I'.irtions of till' lunt^fs ari^ usually callable of resolu- ti.ui. Ilyilrothorax imt com- mon. Death in four to eij^ht days. Always prevails most in the dairies .if towns and of tlio.se i)roprii'!or.s who u.se tlii' marki'ts. rro;,'r.'ss liufiferinf;, fr.'- qui'Utly exteiiilint,' over .some wiM'ks, Afti'r r.M'oviu'y tli(> aui- nial is frei|ui'i;tly wiu'thl.'ss. Om> or Imtli luiiLts arc; tfi'iierally destroyed ornii- abli' to taki' on the pnicess .if resolution. Ify.lrothurax v.'ry com- mon. neiitli fri'quently delayed to the fifteenth dav. Tiie symptoms common to .simple or sporadic plcnro-juR'uiiioiiia are as follows: A shivering' lit may lie ohserved, and shortly afterward the secre- tion of milk is arrested. .Ventc .symptoms imw (liiickly succeed, consistinc; of rapid pulse, which ;s iirmcr, harder, and not so full as the pul.se of siiii]ile pneumonia. Wo* therefore observe at lirst a loud uiuriuur throu!,'li the lungs, rpiickly succeeded by a erackliufT sound, which rapidly disappears us the lungs are invaded. The friction sound of pieiiiisy also is heard, and percussion gives a dull tcuie in the alTected parts; pressure in the intercostal spaces, or on the spine, gives pain. The bowels are consti- pated, urine dclicient and highly colored; cat.iiihal signs, as discharge from the nose and eyes, are pres- ent; membranes injected; legs, horns and ears cold; coat stares, and skin becomes harsh and ijiv. PoBltl.iii in I'liiirii-Pin'iHiiMiia. The nnimal in many cases never entirely lo.scs the appetite, nor is rumination suspondeil, and the signs enumerated gradually disajipear, (he pul.sc ac.piires fullness anil becomes softer, breathing is regular, se- cretions natural, general warmth is established, and the animal becomes convalescent before the exten- sive wasthig occurs that cliaraeterizcs epizootic pleuro-pneumonia. Throughout (hero is nor, ob- served that soreness of the windpipe and dilatation, and flapping of the nostrils, as in the contagious form; and, lastly, these signs are usually absent about the tenth day. The appearance of the animal in plr ro-pnoumo- nia, and it applies to the contagious for as well, is shown in tlie cut. SECTION VI -SI'KCIFrC SYMPTOMS OF THE CO.NTAOIOIS FOUM. Wo have, in chapter X, given the sprcidc char- acteristics of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, a better name for which would be, deadly lung plague. We have in the article Pleuro-pneumonia (generally called lung fever), given a comparison of the specific dilTorenccs in the two diseases, followed by detailed i Mti 'I'llJ'J i'WliMlCIl«' S'l'tiC.'Jv itooiv. symiitoms. For the iciihou that thoro is fear tlmt, for iiiiiuy years, ilciully lung i>l,i;'iu' will ilociuiatL' tiio licrila of till.' United States, we give the si)ecilic symp- toms as detailed to ns by Dr. llnghcs, of Chicago, a gentleman who lias had large experience in this and other contagious diseases under the liritish govern- ment, as stilted by his observation of a late case at Elmliurst, III., and from a post-mortem. These are : "It is a contagious febrile disease producing char- acteristic changes in the luug tissue and pleura. The incubatory period commences when the poison enters the lungs. The disease may attack a single lung, or both, or only a single portion of the lung. Symptoms were: dry cougii, increased temperature, hair erect, rcfusiil of food, labored breathing, struct- ural changes in lungs, pulse (piick and weak, nostrils diluted, fore-legs wide apart, head low, grunt emitted, soreness of chest wall on pressure, and, on ausculta- tion (listening), sounds arc heard with wliieii the practitioner should bo familiar in order to make u diagnosis. All symptoms more aggravated as dis- ease ajiproaches a fatal termination. Death ensues from blood poisoning, from suffocation, or failure of heart's action, duo to non-aeration of blood. Some animals recover after presenting acute symptoms for one or two weeks; others are so slightly affected that only the closest observation can detect any indisposi- tion, while others resist all attempts at infection. "Post-mortem shows lesions almost entirely con- fined to flioracic organs. Diseased lung adheres to chest wall oi; diaphragm. On cutting lung, various stages of disease manifested; some portions con- gested, some in stage of red hepatization and some in stage of grey lie})atization, showing the disease to be a slow, progressive one. Pulmonary pleura, ad- herent to costal pleura over all patches of inflamma- tion; abrupt line between diseased and healthy lob- ules; wide, marbled bands between lobules due to thickening of interlobular connective tissue; non-ad- herent pleura over diseased part, rough, thickened and covered with dirty, yellowish colored lymph; quantity of effusion in chest cavity; sometimes great, sometimes little. Animals that get mild attacks and ajiparently recover carry about with them a consoli- dated portion of lung. In a few weeks a well marked line of demarcation is visible between the diseased and liualthy portion, tlic hcpatized part acting as a foreign body, owing to the vascular and nervous sup- ply being cnt oil. A well-marked capsule or cyst forms around it, and it gradually shrinks, becoming smaller and iiarder with age. Frequently lime salts are deposited in the mass. "Eocovered, or apparently recovered, animals re- main a .source of infection for an indefinite period. When all the inflammation has subsided, and the diseased portion thoroughly encysted, they may be considered safe, Imt when this occurs it is not oiisy to say. The fact of the disajipea ranee of the cough and febrile symptoms, and the resumption of all the norma] functions and secretions is no evidence that the animal is incapable of communicating the infec- tion. When the disease breaks out on a farm where it has not before visited, it is hard to make a diag- nosis. Learn the history of the affected animals, and slaughter one before giving a decided opinion. Isolate suspicions animals. When oxposuro has taken place no medicines will prevent it manifesting itself. The administration of preventive medicines may modify the effect, but a highly nourished con- dition of the system will do inoie to resist its inroads and make it assume the benign form. "Attend to general hygienic conditions. Pursue a course of thorough disinfection, and isolate all sus- pected animals. When fully developed, cspcciiilly if both lungs are involved, the animal dies. An ani- mal will live and thrive with one lung consolidated, but such an animal is by no means desirable."' We may add that, as a rule, the attack being con- sidered sudden, and if the disease yields kindly to treatment, or if the animal gets worse and soon ches the liresumption is that it is common luug fever. Any animal, however, dying, ought to be examined l)y the state veterinarian, if there be one in a state appointed to that office. kk.ction vn. treatment of non-contagiol's pleuiio- pneumonia; In the treatment of this disease, the most the stock breeder can do is to watch symptoms and pal- liate them. The advice of a professional veterina- rian should be sought when possible. The bowels should be kept regular by injections, but if diarrhoea is present it may be checked, if severe, by Alnni. powdei'cd, J oz. ^nik, 1 quart. Mix for a dose. i s iipsnlo or cyst iaiOUS PLEURO- i I'll i-'A KM h:kw TOCK ]1()<)K. 200 If the iliiirrlKPii, is slight, liowuver, do not intcifc.Tc with it. For the pleuritic symptoms, if the chest fills with water, apply mustard plasters back of tiic fore-legs and on each side. Every six hours give the follow- ing: CiiiiililKir. Ihicly 111. Will rnl. ■_' ilmclims, Xitrir Etliri', 1 to L' nz. Dissolve the camphor in (ho ether and add a pint of gruel; then uV. the saltpetre linely powdered. Slialio until dissolved and give immediately. For the inflammatory symptoms, or pneumonia, if constipation is present give a laxative as follows: El)si)ni Salts, s (,, jj i,^^ GiiigiT, piiwdcri'il, 1 ,,/.. (Jentian. |io\viIitim1, ] ,,■/„ Mis in a quart of gruel. Do not forget injections as previously stated in connection with the medicines it the bowels are cos- tive. Blistering will bo indicated as soon as the acute symptoms are passed, as indicated for the pleuritic symptoms, and it violent, a strong blister may bo used. Croton Oil. j p^.j Sulplinric Ether, lo jiiu-fs. Alcohol, lOiiarls. Shake all thoroughly together, and rub strongly ou each side of the chest, and also upon tiio breast. The effect will be soon observed, and when the sweUing is considered enough, wash olL For bronchical symptoms, cough, high, full pulse, the following will be indicated : 4 oz. 20 drops. i pint. Solution (;!' Acetat" of Ammonia, Tincture of .\couite, Water. Mix, and give at once. At the end of four hours give the same dose, ex- cept that only ten drops of aconite are to be used ; re- peat every four hours, but as soon as the pulse is nuioted, cease at once, and give Solution of Acetate of Ammonia, 4 oz. Extract of Belladonna, J drachm. Administer twice a day. Thus we have included in the remedies, those in- dicated in pleurisy, bronchitis and pneumonia, siiicc often all the symptoms are present, the bron- chial tubes, tho pleura and the lungs being all fitlected. Sinijijo pneumonia is rare in cattle, and I wluii it. is simply inllammation of the lungs, the ani- I mal will generally do well with good nursing, warm ! shelter, soft, nutritious food, and a nmstard plaster, l)erhaps, when the acute symptoms have subsided. CIIAriER XIV. niSK.ASKS Of Tin; IIIUKSTIVl; <)IS(i,\.\S. sr.CTION- 1.— TYMPANITIS, llOVKN oil MI.IiWV. On page 21(1. we have given an engraving of tho several stomaciis of the ox with explanations and comparison witli that of tho caJC. The disease known as hoove, hoven, bloat, blown, etc. yt>im,„ini. ti») explains itself. It is distention of the stomach by eating too nmch green food or other fermentable food, causing distention of tho parts and often rupt- ure. Never allowing cattle to remain long in a flush pasture when hungry, and care in feeding is the pre- ventive. If tympanitis does occur, at the first in- timation give something to stimulate nerve action, restoie secretion and tho action of the stomach; Take, Liijuor Ammonia, Esseiiei! of (linger, (old Water, Mix, and give without delay It is necessary in all eases of impaction of the rumen that tho bowels he freely moved upon the subsidence of the most h OZ. . Joz. 1 (luart. symptoms. A pound. L'dilrops 1 l)art. dangerous Give, Epsom Salts, Croton Oil. I.iusced Oil. Jlix. Injections of warm wat- er, temperature !l(i to 100 degrees, will assist in re- lieving the bowels. In every case of severe imi)action no time must be lost. If the animal be not discovered until the dilliculty has consideraldy progressed, there will be great swelling of the abdomen, moaning, and prom- inence and wildness of the eye. The gas may often I'"Iil. l.-VViiciik'llG,li;,Allpllo(l when Usiiii; rroliimK. 1-ij.iia-iiiLminjui Ill i ff' '■: 1 270 Tiij.; i<'^viiM;B:iis' stock hook. bo ivlicvod by pMssiiin; tlio probiiiiK tbrou^'b tho month luul into the stoiuiich. The tube of a atom- acli iiiiiui) woiilil of course bo better. Any firm Kuttii-jiereha tube will do. Tlic auuexuJ cuts show, Fi;,'. 1, aRiig for i)reveiit- iiif,' the animal from ob- strnetiug the tube with tlio teeth, and Fig. 2, the j,'ag in iiosition. In caae the disease bus progressed so far that rem- edies do not give relief, or there is no time to use them, the paunch must be liuncturcd. A trochar and eanula is tho proiior instrument, but even if one of these is owned, it is iierhaps not at hand. Then l-"l'i. li. Tliu Oa« Fl.\u(l, tho animal by tlie noso, and with tho right side against a wall of the barn or shed, plungo a sliarp kuifo (SCO cut) into tho paunch (rumen) starting mid- way between the last rib and tho hauncli bone, and live or six inches from the loin hones, as tlie caso may bo. Without withdrawing tho lahfe, con- tinue the cut downward, forming an opening large enough to admit the hand. (Mal,'iie iiruinulos; cyta atariua und blooilsliot; the iiuiimil giiiiiU mill moans iinil giiiiJa tho tucth in iiroi)ortiou to tho diatreaa iniiioscil; iibdoniiniil piiiiis uriaf, luid tho nnso is rqicutcdly cairit.>d to tlio li'^dit lliudv.whilo tho hind ](%'siin.' moved or twitcliei. lip frequently, und the tail lashed fmui side to side; the uuiirn is oftiii much swollen, which adds to the distress; vision ia impaired; the eyes are amaur- otic, and will bear the touch of the llu- f,'er without evincing pain or closinj,' tlii- lids: imperfect movement is evident; the animal stat^gers, and, if tieil, falls forward and rolls on the side, wheiie it lies with limiis rigid and convulsed throughout the attack, until death ensues. If in past- ure, it runs about wild and furious. When vertigo and delirium arc delayed, obstinate constipation will be apparent. The foeces are dis- charged at first with some straining, iind in small and frequent quantities. They are also nuire or less fluid. Injections fail to move anything away, the straining grows more severe, and blood passes with mucous at each attempt; tho urine is highly colored, deficient and hot; the small intestines are irritable, and colic increases. The pulse, at first tolerably full and of natural frequency, becomes rapid during the spasms; and, as tho brain is influouced, it is slow and oppressed, eventually snuiU, feeble, indistinct, and at last imperceptible. Apart from aflections of the nevous system, it hecomes frequent, hard, wiry, small, feeble, and with dissolution indistinct and nt last imperceptible. Tho disease may have a duration of only two hours, or it may extend to several days. Favorable states arc indicated by a delay of brain atlections, tho pulse retaining a degree of strength and volume, solid (lakes of ingesta being discharged with other frecal matter by the rectmu, relief from pain, etc. A declining pulso, continuance of constipation, vertigo, and pain, are signs which are highly unfa- vorable Treatment should be prompt and persistent. \ full cathartic must be given at onco : ll|iMini Salts, 1 piiiiiiil. I'liHclclCil AllH'S. I ilnicliijis. Tcuvileii'd (linger. 2 dnichMis. Ili't Water, 1 i|uail. Mix wiili warm linseed tea, say two (juarts, and give at once, when cool enough to be taken. Oive, every half hour, copious injections of warm walei, say two quarts every half hour, until the medicine acts. TCP iHVl; IN.IITTIONS. In lieu of a proper pump, attach a gutta percha tube section nf small liose to any vessel having a faucet, and holding a gallon. This must bo raised aliout three feet above animal. Introduce tho tube well into tiie rectum not less than six inches; turn the faucet, and liie liquid will be forced into the bowels. The .second day, if the medicines have not acted fully enough, give: CarliiiMule nf Aniiiiiiiiia. ', ilracliiii. IJusri'il Tia, 1 quart. Mix, and give by the moutli two or three times a j day. When tho appetite returns, give nourishing succulent diet until the ajipetite fully returns. In ligliter eases the following will be found good: 'riuetUI-i' (if Ai'dliite lidof, 'Ji) (Inqis. Lime Watir. | ,,unees. •Sweet Oil, or Ccittoli Sei'il Oil, | , unices. .Mix ill a ijiiai-t ol' warm milk, ami jrive tin times ii (la.v. ■ ';.-TIO\ IV, — KIIOOTIS.M. This is jiroduci ■'. by eating the smtit of grain or smutty hay, but generally by cattle running in stalk- lields infected with smutty ears of Indian corn. The treatment may be like that for imiiaetion, since re- lieving the stomach and bowels is the jirime neces- sity. Stock seldom suffer from ergotism, if plenty of water is always near where they may drink. Fields known to ho infected with smutty ciu-n should never be f, d olT, SKCTION- V — -DKn WATKIt OR H.'E.MATURIA. This is usually considered a blood disease, arising from imperfect digestion and assimilation, causing degeneration of the jdastic materials and cor|iuscles of the blood, discharged through tiic kidneys in an altered condition. It is peculiar to both enttlo and slieep and tho treatment is identical, except in the administrring of medicines the ylieej) should not re- ceive more than one-tenth to one-twelfth the dose ¥t '■ .-, ll ''\> 272 for III! iiauu's, and ia ■VllK I'AK.MKIiH' Hltxiv llotJIi, ud ^vatc.J lack water, hloody water, etc.. , tion of the ,aany-ta.led bauday. ready for d , wi„« u. ,«.m.s to Hr.,ht H disease in the Innnan : to.etluu- and tyin, in the case of open wounds Tj , il..d«eu.eKs characterized by the i,a«.a«u foul in the feet nee i.a.e 2.0. \,tUa-:;JZ cases muy be cured witli a strong solution of copperas. *T~ A|p|.4amiiLT ,if Ciiw wllii lii'il Water. of a ldoody,eh„e„lat...eoh,r..d, or of very dark, cvcu blaeli urine, containing,' albumen, and without inllam- niatioii of the iddneys. 'Die symptoms are great IM-o.strution, palpitation of tlielieart, rapid, tremlding iml.se, withdiarrlKCii, followed liy most obstinate eon" st.pation. There will also be loss of milii, in cows, nndnnnsual frothin- in tlie jmil, and upon standing a red sediiaent will be deposited. TKK.ATMENT. Give the animal good quarters and abundance of nourishing fo.ul. Do not cheek the diarrh.ea, but avoid strong purgatives. Give every two or tliree days, until three or four doses have been administered : Ca.stor Oil, .j t.z. Linseed Oil. ^ ^ ' Mix, and give at one dose, and if constii)ation fol- lows relieve it with the same remedy and injections. Give also twice a day: Chlorates of Potash, ^ ,,^^ Tinetiu'e of Ciiloriile of Iron. l „x. Mix in a pint of thin gruel and give the dose twice a day. As soon as the urine is changed give the fol- lowing tonic moriiiug and evening: Solution of rorehlorido of Iron, i dr. Infusion of Quassia, f, j,t. Essence of Ginger, j oz. Attend scrupulously to cleanlinos.'? and ventilation of tlie stable. Keep the skin liealthy witli careful grooming, and allow for drink largely of linseed tea. CHAPTER XV. IXJCRIE.S. SI>1{.1IN.S AND HISLOCATIONS. SECTION I. — INJUnrES FROM WOUNDS. The same general directions given in relation to wounds, of various kinds, in the treatiriont of horses, Mnny TiillcU liaiiiluKi; f(ir Use In Open WoundH. As a rule, fractures of the bones will not pay for treatment, uidess in the ease of very valuable breed- ing animals, and then a veterinarian must be em- ployed. HKCTION II. — SPR.\INS. In case of hruiscs, sprains, etc.. the inflammation must be first reduced with emlirocations of warm water applied constiintly for three or four hours, or cither of the linaments given below nniy be used, especially in the case of sprains of the tendons: Aleohol, Water, Mix. .\leoliol, Acetate of Annuonia, Water, Mix. Sal Aminoniao, llilute Acetic Acid, Alcohol, Mix. 2oz. 1 pt. 2nz. 4 " Iqt. 2 oz. l(i " 2 " In such cases a linen bandage ia to bo applied to the part and kept constantly wet with the mixtures, or they may he applied with moderate friction. The use of these lotions should be persistent, or no good will residt, and in case any difKculty attends this mode of treatment, hot fomentations may he sul)stituted, if, as heretofore stated, applied with diligence. As soon as tiio high vascular action is reduced TIXK i-'AItMWltH' H'1'«»(;K liOOK. 278 mill cdoliicss is iKitici'iililc iJi ihi' [iiirts, ii .sliiniiliiiit. may lie iiiiplii'il, as thf lolldwiii^;; Simp I,iiiiiin'iit, H oz. Sillutinll 111' AllllllOlliu, 1 •• Tiiu'turu 111 Hiiiuiii. ;i ■• Mix. T(i hv mnilicd (luc'o (ir twice a day with .smui-t fric- uim. KKCTION III. — niShOl'AXlllNS. J)isloL'iition (if the jnints iiuist ht- rcdiict'd. In i;iiso there in no veleriniiriau within reacli, apiily to yiiiir family iiliysiciaii for iis.sistaiuc. Tlic most usual ditlicuky is the dislocation of tin; viitiHa, tlio joint iihove tliu hock, culled stilled, in the liorse. The evidence of this is uiiiiareiit. Tlie liiul' is thrown hack and usclesb from tho dislociitiou, and a deines- hion is .seen lit the front of the joint. Tiie aiiiiiiiil f.'oes on thret^ left's, while the iilTected liliili is dnij^'j^'eil afterward, the foot and even tlie fetlock toiuhiiij; the t,'round. Pain and heat, with some unumiit of hwelliiif;, is present at first, but ns time juissch these disajiiu'ar, tho lij^'aiiients eh)nf,'ate, and the outer lip of tlie trochlea is worn hy the fals(! |i I'lit.'lla firasp firmly the muscular part of the leg with one hand— pulling outward — and with the other placed securely ujinn tlie patella, push inward, lleduction is seldom dinicult. A collar should now bo impro- vised, either an old horse-collar cut open at the to|) so as to admit of being put on, and afterward tied with rojie round the place where the hanii'S rest, or one of flat webbing, rope, etc.; and to tliis secure the rope from tho foot, which should bo so short as to cause the iifTected limb to bo considerably in ad- vance ol the sound one, and this hopjile should be worn until the animal is again sound. ■MHm 11 ^Bl'ili li i 7 I 271 Till'. I Al.'MlOKM HTOCU IIODK --9. i £ X SJioc3|) and SlK^.e|) 1 i iisbaiidry <'ll AI'TI.I; I. ><)\ii: iii>.r<)ii\ III iii(i:i:i», Si;CTIIlN I, -iPllKilwl, 1(11 NTIIV liH' KIlKll', ■ iiiitivo fdiiiitrv I'niiii \v clly I'ciiiilpini' cMriiiinliiiiiry liiiriir.-..^ ni' unnl uiili li'ij.i;tli III' .>tii|>li'. SI.CTIiiN III, V VMM. OK TIM. I.I I' IMil>.TI;V. ifiH'c wiis ilcnvril (.iir IlilllVl' .slit'Cjl IS lost, III (ili.sciiniv. It. Ill 1M7(I a (irriiiMU r.stilllillL' (iliici'il llir ill |i|iilial)lt; tliiit tiny Uiiv till,' lir.st, iiiiiiiiiil ilniiicsti- liitiil, wlli'li liiiili iiiiir^'i'il I'l'oiii tile savi tlio doj,', iiriiliiilily, liiiviii;,' \ivvH lii.s lii'l|irl-, I |.l'IMllU't III' lilt •Ui \viirlilii[iiil'l),IKII),l)lll) till llilllllil.'. (i| will il; (I IV, 'Jill),! 1(11 1,(1(10; V ■llllCt', nav, us \vf Ki'u iiiuv.T.sally iii uU imnly Hiivii-r trilir.s. i:<;t,iiii(,,u()(l; Spain, rialviiiiil I'lnHi.'ai, ll!»,(l(lll,(l()(); Tl 111 mill : VfVir, wilil riici'S of slii'i'i) in Imtii tliti ; ]. iilil mill iii'W wiulil. The true shci'ii in it.s iliniiisti- raliil .stall', Imwi'Vcr, liiivi' sn littlr in ciiiiiiiiiin cillii'l' witll tile Mllllliili, till) .siliijiiisiil nri'^'iliiil 111 lilir iln- nii'Slicatt'il sheep, ("i/s Mnsiiinii,) of Allien iiiiil tSimtlierii Kuro|ie, or the ArL;iile, {'h-is Aiiniiini,) of Siln'riii, or the J!i^' Horn or ItoeliV Moiiiitiiin shei|i, (Oris Mfiiiliiiiii,) that they are interesting to the imttiralist iilone. SKI'TION II. — I111K.\K!NU I.l' INTO llllKKIiS. The hrealiiii),' up of sheep intodistiiiet lirieils, anil which preserve their ehnnicteristie.s jierleitly, i> of iinite nioilern diite, thoii^;h S[iiiin has liiiil a hiei il eelehrateil for their line wool, siiiee hel'ore the Chris- tian era. Yet, even these sheep niiiaiiuil eomiiaia- tively unknown over the world until the hrealun^' up of these eelehrateil lloeks in thu hef^inninj,' of the presi'iit eentiiry. Kn^,'lanil sent wool to sonlheni Miirope, espeeially to the Florentines, as early as the fiftceiith century. Every country of I'hirope has loiij? kIiico hail its .special lireeds, Imt they liave not lieeii, until within the last hundred years, exeeptin Kn,i,'land and Sjiaiii, hred witll special refertnee to purity of hlood and distinctiveness of wool and flesh. America profited most larj^'t'ly liy the hreakin^,' up of the Royal Kiian- ish floi^ks, and frniii this reunited what, is now known distinctively as the American Meriuo, which confess- ipean U 1; ;.-,, 111111,01):); iiiakini,' a total e-,ti iiiiite for Hiirope of 827,0011,000 pounds; in ,\ustra- lia, Hoiith America, and South .Vfrica, iri7,()(H»,()(»0; the United States, !).".,000,0()() (too low;) the Dritish N'oi'th .\iiieriean jiroviiiees, I'i.OOO.OOO; Asia, at a. very L," ueral estimate, 170,000,000; northrni Africa, HI, 000,000; the a'.,'ure,L,'ate annual prodiii'tion of the world heili',' put at (.(110,000,000. In IHHO the nuinlier of sheep of the woilil was es- tiniated in round niimliers at (100,000,000 and tlui lleeces at 2,000,000,000 pounds of wool. The aver- ilfju of wool to the sheep in the riiited States, is hi,i,'lier than that of any other cimntry on the illiilie, aveiairini,' over live pounds per head of clipped wool. Knj,'land is credited witll an avera^'e of four and tliree-ijuarler |iimn(ls of wool ]ier tieece, with 02,000, 000 iiimiids for wool of sheep hutcliered diirini,' the year. The iiumlii'r thus disposed of is usually reckoned at tliree-eii^htlis of the staniliii'^' niimhers of the llocks. In the Geriunn iJnpire the averaj,'e is placed at three anil two-thirds pminils. with (),()OI),()i)() tlueces of three iiimiiils from slaii;4htered sheep. Iluu^^arian ileeces are li^,'liter, and in Austria-Hungary the extra lleeei's are as- sumed to hriiit,' tlio average nearly to three pounds for each .sheep, France produces heavier slieeii and tireces tlian the (rerniati HtiitoH, more mnttun-sheeii, with a larjj'er proportion annually slau^'htered, mak- *t i7(j •riiKj ip are especially adapted to high, rolling lands and dry plains. The improvement" of tho flock may soon n.acli a high grade simply by employing i)ure males of the bree.l recpiin-d. Ewes often produce two at a birth. The best should al- ways be selected in breeding up a flock. Ewes hreed at one ye.ir old. llencc the shepherd in a very few years of caivful breedinu', produces animals in every respect as good, practically, as pure blooded slu'ej.', except in this: The wo.d will not he so even in its' textuiv, 11, ,r will they be so valuable for bret'ding as a pure bred: but, they will he strong constitutionc'd, comparati'.iu' even in ijnality of flesli and wool, and' the breeder will have acquired his flock at comjiara- tively little cost. SKl"no\ V. -liA.NUK OF CLIMATK OF SllKEP. The range of climate. f,,r slieei. extends from thos.. intertropical, n.u'th and south, tlirougliout tho en- tiro temporntc zone. In tho tropics, however, sheep thrive only at high altitude. The best flocks and fleeces aro found upon upland pastures of the temperate zone. The evenness of fleece in sheep depends upon the couditi.)n in which tho animals are kept during the season of principal growth of wool, which is from September until shearing time. If sheep aro allowed to get thin in winter, the fleeces will bo weak in quality. If subjected to storms of ram, snow, sleet and freezing winds, by which they lose liesh at such times, and then again take oii flesh in mild weather, each one of these jieriods will bo marked by weak places in the wool. In fact, the profits of sheep husbandry dejieiid almost entirely upon the care given to keep the flock from being worried by dogs, to keep them in good growing con- dition, in keeping them from disease incident to all stock kept running in large numbers together. Hence, unh'ss the flock-master can give careful at- tention, especially in the winter and in lamliing time, he had bettir devote his attention to otiier stock. CHAPTER II. MNIO M'OOLKI) SlIKKr. KKCTIO.V I. JIKIilNO SUKKP. Some observations on tho introduction of Spanish Merino sheep into tho United States, and the means used in adapting tliem to the requirements of the country, is contained in the hitter jiortion of this work, "Principles in Stock Breeding," Chapter 11. Our fine wooled sheep are now styled, distinctively, American Merinos. There aro many varieties of Merinos in various parts of tho world. The En- glish Merino is a mixed breed, and inferior. The Saxony iiud Silesian have exceedingly lino wool, but aro not at all adajited to our climate. Where the French Merino, a modided Spanish, have' been .'■ossed (ui our Merinos, it has always degraded the quality of the wool. Tho Merinos of Australia are also a composite breed of English, Saxony and Spaiiisli origin. Tho wool is fine, close, and infer- ior only to the American Menno in weight , ill li78 'rii>: i<'^\.Jiijvij<;ii.s' s-rooic mook. Spanish sliocp have proved valuable anion,;,' the f'nio- woulod sliL'L'ii iiitroilucL'd into tho United States, wo (,'ive a short co.upilcd account of some Eurojjcnn breeds, all of them easily traced to the Spanish as the foundation stock. Kl'A.NISI! SHKKP. The line-wodled sheep of Spain have been famous for centuries. Those of Castile and Leon, the " Traiishuiuaiites," or triivelint,' flocks, bear tho laix'est and finest fleeces. Those of Soria have very line wool upou an inferior carcass, while those of Valencia have ii fiiu> wool of short stajile; in both of these districts the Hocks are stationary. Jorvcllanes, a Spanish writer, estiiiiatin,^,' the migratory sheep at u,()()(l,()()(), has deplored the injury to husbandry by the monopoly (under royal protection) of all tho best pastures in tho kiii,i,'doni, the enjoyment of special privileges in traveling to and from these Buniiuer niountaiii pasture's, and the consequent baii- i.shnient of stationary flocks and flic dejiopulation c f tlio jountry; and all for the advantage of a few aris- tocratic pro2irietors. This superior breed of traveled sheep is divided into several familie,.; the Escurial, with wool of excelling iineness; the Guadaloupe, noted for syiuinetryof loriu, line (piality and good quantity of wool, with an awkward enlargement (jf the throat and a hairy aiqiearance in the lambs; tho Xegretti, tlie largest and strongest cf the luigrateuy sheep; the Infantados, Aqueirres, Paulars, Moutarcos, and others. The Jlerinos vary greatly, not only in Spain, as miglit be expected with so many dilfirent families, but in the dilferent countries into which they have been introduced. Still they retain, in a remarkable degree, tho prominent peculiarities of the breed fineness of wocd, comparatively small size, sluui legs, a fine eye, a bold step, hardiness, and lon- gevity. Compared with recent improvements in mut- ton-breeds, the legs, it is true, might seem long, but they are shorter than the unimproved sheep. Tiie cut shows the Spanish Xegretti, as modified in France. FliKNCII MKKINOS. Coming now to the French Jlcrinos, a family cst.ihlished from the Spanish, under imperial pro- tection and with peculiar management, were largi r than their progeiiit(U's, with good but not the best wo(d, a loose skin disposed in iieiidnlous folds, and a very heavy fleece, very yolky, witli little external gum. In 17S)0 the average weight of fleeeo was (! lbs. 9 oz. ; in 1797, 8 lbs. ; 179«, 7 lbs. ; 1709, 8 lbs. ; 1800, 8 lbs.; IHOl, 9 lbs. 1 oz. In later years rams have sheared from eighteen to twenty-four pounds. These fleeces would shrink one-hiilf in washing. 3Ir. Livingston made the shrinkage sixty per cent. High feeding, and a general forcing pro- cess in their subsequent development, while it gave larger animals and niorowool, resulted in diminished hardiness, jioorer quality of wool, and unevenness of fleece. French Merinos are unpcqiular and are very generally discarded, so that traces of their blooil yet remaining in the country are rapidly disappearing. On page 279 we jiresent two cuts, showing the im- provement in this French breed in tlie last 100 years. EAX0.\ MERINOS. The sheep of Saxony, originally introduced by the elector of Saxony from Spain, are regarded as a dis- tinct breed, yet are properly a braiuh of the :\rerin(i family. They are remarkable for the exceeding fine- ness of their wool; but their fleeces are so light and thin, and their ccuistitution so fragile from extreme tenderness of treatment, tliat fhey are not generally regarded as a ri'liable or prolitable breed f(jr tii'e rough sheep husbandry and rougher climate of this country. Their fleeces average little more than two pounds. See page 277. They were first introduced into this country bv Samuel llenshaw, of Boston, in IH^H. In 18^1 the Messrs. Searle, of Boston, iiu]iiu'ted Hevenlv-soveii ; and in the same year, in ciuinexion witli Mr. llcnry 1). (h-ove, nearly 200 more. In the following years, up to 1828, numerous importations were made,\vlu n their popularity began to decline, and to-day they are nowhere found, except in amateur breeding. SILKSIAN JIERI.NOS. This oifshooL from the Spanisli stock, originating some fifty years ago from a fb>ck of Infantado ew(s and Xegretti but! s impculed into Silesia, has becnme a breed of considerable note, bearing wool of an exquisite fineness. Mr. Randall, in his most valu- able treatise on lino wool sheep husbandry, deems them ])eculiarly fitted to tho ofllco of improving coarse families of Merinos in ovenmss and fineness of fleece. They are as large as tho American Jleriiios, the fleece yolky and dark-colored, but destitute of gum. They arc moderately hardy, have been bred 4- 1 littlo external of llcece WHS i.; 1709, 8 lljs. ; 111 later yeiii's tu tweuty-fdur ik one-half in sliriiikuLio wixty •al forcing pro- , while it gave 1 ill dimiiiisheil . niieveimesH of ir and arc very of their lilood ydisapiieuriiig. lowing the iiii- last 100 years. rodueed hy the arded as a dis- of the Merino exceeding fiiie- re so light ftud J from extreme :) not generally breed fur the 'liniate of this more than two is coiintr}' hy In 1S21 the sevenly-soveii; ith Mr. Hniry dlowing years, I'eniade, when d to-day they hreeding. '1;, oriL;inati}i^,' ifantaih) ewes la, has lu'coine g wool of an Ilia most valii- •andry, deems tiroving eoarso d (hieiiess of ican Jleriuos, t destitute of vo lieeu bred I'll !•; I 'A K' M Kli.- Tot Iv li( )( ) K . 279 KAMUOUILLET (rreiicli> lUM Ol' 178r. •"*«c:i»v.i::5; KA^mouILLET RAM OF TO DAY, ♦ t* H 1 ' ,11 1 h Hi ji ' ■ h Ml n * 2H0 I'lii-; j'^vii.viKiiS' tsruc'iv lu^oii. *t with wkill 1111(1 Ciirr, not imiiiiicroil in fuciliii.i;, Imt iiro not vaJiiiililf in tlio Uniteil iStiites. SECTION II.— AMEKIl'AN MERINOS. 'Die Auuiic'iiu Merinos uix', or slioukl bo, do- MCL'iuk'd from pure ypiinisli slit'cp without iidiuixtiiru. Tliey iiro divided into I'aiuilies. Those of tlie At- wood and llannnoud strains, from their tariful hrcedini^', may bo regarded as the best, and are the direct deseeiidants of tlie Ne,i,'retli and Infantado im- portations from Spain in the early part of the cent- ury. The descendants of the Infantados arc the true American Merinos, as rccoj^'iiized to-day. The Paulars are smaller than the true American Mer- inos, liut fully as hardy iu constitution, and by their breeders lield in as liij,'h estimation as those of the Atwood and Hammond stock. I.MI'IiOVICn INFANTADOS. Dr. Randall describes the improved Infantados as follows; The improved Infantados are a fourth if not a third larger than their Spanish ancestors, and are the larifest family of American Merinos. Full- grown ewes, in their prime, wcij^li about 100 pounds, and some of them 120 and 190 pounds. They are much rounder in the rib, broader, fuller in the quar- ters, shorter projiortionally in the limbs, and stronger in the bono than were the Spanish sheep. They are indeed models of compactness and of beauty when judged by fine-wool standards. Their hardiness iu respect to locomotion, or, in other words, their ability to travel, is not probably as great as it was sixty years ago; for, having no neces- sity to drive his sheep 800 miles a year, as did the Spaniards, the American breeder, in the place of that useless al)ility to travel, has developed those (pialities which increase aptitude to take on tlesli and produce wool. The improved American Infantados appear to l)e quite as hardy in other particulars as their ancestors, are more pr'ilitic and better nurses, and when iiropcrly fed, resist other vicissitudes equally well, and endure cold even lietter, but pro- bai)ly demand ])ctter keejiing. They will thrive, however, where none of the mutton breed.'* above described would find snfliciciit sulisistcnce. Choice Infantado Hocks with the usual number of sheep of dilferent ages, yield from nine to ten pounds of wool per head. The fleece is longer, thicker, and covers fl'.e difl-ciTiit parts of tjio animal fav better than it did on the Spanish sluep. niruovF.n amkkican patlarr. The improved American I'aulars are smaller, con- sume less food, and perhaps can better endure de- privation of it. Accordingly they are the sheep for cold, meager soils; for the scanty herbage of mount- ain districts, and for plains subject to periodical droughts. They have about the same general im- proved points of form as the Infantados, but are shorter-bodied. As breeders and nurses they arc equak Their fleeces are of equal quality, but are u pound or two lighter to the head. For that reason, and on account of the greater size of the former, there is, at the present time, a prevailing inclination to cross the Paular Hocks with InfaiitiHlo rams. This produces an admirable result for the wants of many fanners, but it would be very unfor- tunate if the present mania for great fleeces should lead to the loss, in its essential family purity, of a class of sheep so well adapted to extensive regi(uis of our country. SECTION III. — OTHER FINE WOOLEI) lUiEEDS. The other line wooled breeds are the French .Me- rinos, not adapted to the climate of the United States, being inferior and tender. The Silesians and Saxon sheeji produce wool of the very finest quality, but they are tender and delicate. The fact that excessively line broadcloth has gone out of fashion, probably never to return, has caused tlie interest in these iireeds to entirely die out in the United States. The Merinos of Australia, as here- tofore stated, are a comiiosite race of very tine wool, and of excellent herding qualities, also special char- acteristics of American Merinos. The Australians, however, have not been so carefully bred as our sheep, and hence the increased inquiry of kite years for Merinos from our best flocks to breed upon Aus- tralian liuely bred ewes. CHAPTER TIL ISRKKDS VAUAIILK FOH MITTON AM» WOOL. SECTION I. — CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS H'lEEDS. The Down sheep may all of them be classed as medium wooled, as distinguished from longer co.nb- ing wooled and iino wooled sheep. The middle wooled breeds of Great Jkitain are the white and luaok-faced Highland, the Cheviots, Dorsets, the WcIpIi iVrninitaiii, and tlie Mountain slicr]> of rrelnnd. Those that have become noted in the United States i Is. RS. irc siuiillcr, cou- etter endure de- ri' the slieci) for ■rbii^^'o (if uKiiiiit- ■ct to periudii'iil line general im- ntiidos, but iii-L' nurses they iirc ijnulity, but iire eiid. For tliut iiter size of tlie uc, ii iivevailiuj; ; with Iiifiiiitiiilo .0 result for the 1 be very uiifor- it fleeces sliouJd lily iiurity, of u susive rc^'ioiis of :i) HKKKns. the i'reuL-h Me- of the United The bilehiiins the very finest twite. The fiict IS f,'ono out of bus Ciiused tlie die out in the stralia, us here- F very hue wool, Iso special ehar- 'lie Australiiuis, Uy bred as our I'y of late years jrced upon Aus- ANI) WOOL. ;inL'S uiKKns. u be classed us ui buif^er eo'.nb- I. The middle the white and 3, Dorsets, the hce]>of Irrl:)iid. ! United States ■III I-. I'A !.• M l.;i;s' .-ilocK HOOK, ■iHl r'^ TKXKL, '\IOlTON FLANI)I!I>; Oil 1 liUiSLANI) KWK. m ^^aBfe- ■0-;:r':i:'i^Xj, MODIFIED COTSWOLU. I -r i J|: .1 I Mi 'M-Z i'liJ'; i'^vit.vij<:j4!-i' !-!'i'()c;iv iioDji. •6- 1111(1 Cuuiulii iiri! thf Uiiiiipsliirc, Sliropshiru, Oxford ami llic Soiilluldwii.s. 1,()N(J \V()01,KI) SlIKKP. Of liw long wook'il hrcL'd.s of JOhkIiuuI, also csti- iimk'il liotli for wool mill iiitittoii, iimy be iiKiitioiRil ; Till! Lcirostur, ('ntswolil, KoMiiioy Marsh, liiiicolii, anil till' now Oxfonlnluro, which lattiT, however, has nuit with little favor in the United States. TKXKl, SIIKKI'. A Notiii'rlaniJs slieep, the Texel, Moiitoii Flan- driii iir Frii'slaiid shciji, has been iniiiortcd lait not found vuluablo. They arc, however, hif^'hly tliimi,'ht of in the Xetliirlands and sonic portions of Franco and (lermiuiy for medium wool and for mutton. The ent, an ewe of this breed, will servo to convey an idea of the general appcaranec of the breed. These sheep are said to have originated in the seventeenth century, throngli the introduction of the 1 African or (iiiinea sheep into the Xetlierlands, by the \ Dutch, and modified by subsequent crossing on the ' native sheep of the country. ''Vcnderful accounts of i their i xcelleiice and jjrolilic breeding caused their iuijiorlation into the United States in 1H23, 1821, and again in 1H(18 (o New England; but they were not found valuable. The ewes were stated to weigli from 14") to 17o pounds, tin,- rams going 'JOO pounds, They are prolitic, liardy, amljiroduce rather long and i medium fine wool, pure white. They are reported to be prolific as breeders of twins, and sometimes as i Imving bred twice a year. | SKCTION II. IIAMI'KIIIIIK IIOWNS. | The llainpaliire Down was originally formed from the white-faced, horned Hampshire and Wiltshire sheep, crossed with Southdown rams of the darkest faces. In time the horns were entirely bred off, the faces darkened, and compactness was secured by care- ful selection. As we knowthcm now they may be con- sidered as among the most valuable of the Down va- rieties ever introduced into the United States. Tlie il.impshire Down of to-day, although classed as ft middle wooled sheep, hears a tie'ece longer than , the Southdown, but slightly coarser. The ewes are ' prolilic breeders. Ivirly lambs will weigii, dressed, seventy to eighty pounds in May. Two lambs dropped in January, out of a hundred shown in En- gland lately, weighed, respectively, lii) and 178 pounds. HKCTION in. — OXFOlil) DOWNS. The Oxfords are ipiite a modern bleed of sheep. Their history is given as follows: They were produced by coupling Cotswold rams with llaiupshiro ewes, occasionally using the South- down to perfect the cross. By such a course of breeding, skilfully and care- fully continued, an animal of uniform character has been produced, characterized by hiirdiness of consti- tution, good size, heavy Heecc, facility of laltening, and excellent mutton. OHMIAITHUISTICS OK OXKOni) DOW.NS. The Oxford Downs have gray faces ami legs, not quite BO dark as tlio Southdowiis; head line, and well set; small hone, deep brisket, round hams; good, Hat , backs; hips wide, and tail set up high; belly straight; j buttock square; legs rather bhort and fine, and twist full; the loin is very wide and deep, and a wide j spread between the hind legs for the development of the udder. They are exceedingly gentle, quiet, and I orderly, never jum|)iug and not inclined to ramble; . they are hearty feeders, and will thrive on anything given to them, and bear, bettor than any other large sheep, scanty pasturage. The ewes very commonly have twins, and suckle them both; the lambs thrive ! very fast, often reaching one hundred imuiids in live months on notliing but milk and grass. This breed yields a very desirable quality of thick and heavy wool, weighing about .seven iiouiids to the lleece, according to the experience of breeders in this country. Mr. Spoonor considers it tlio result of the most successful attempt at cross-breeding ever made in England. lie adduces from certain exper- iinents in feeding of Oxford Downs with Cotswolds, Leicestors, llampsliire Downs, and Southdowiis, the apparent fact that these cross-bred varieties surpassed the others in quality and productive value of their mutton, compared with the ll.joce and flesh of short wools. The Oxfords may really be classed as between the medium and long wooled sheep, but the Southdown and Hampshire blood being so marked in their make-up, we have placed them among the middle wooled sheep. SKCTION IV. -SimoPSIlIHl', DOWNS. This admirable hornless mutton and wool sheep is the old, horned sheep of Shropshire, improved and modified by crosses of Cotswold and Leicester, and later with the Southdown. Careful selection has ir- NH. Iiiecil of .slii't'p. Colswolil rams lain},' thu Hoiitli- Ifiilly iiiui ciiio- 11 chiiriictcr liius liness of foii.sli- ty of laitfiiiii^', lOWNS. M ami IcgH, Hot, 1(1 iiiir, iukI WL'll liaiiis; Kood, Hut i; lit'lly straifi'lit; fine, luul twist, ip, and a wiiln ilovclopuioiit of 'iitlo, qniet, uiul ncil to raniliic; vo on auytliinL; any otlier liirgo very commonly lambs thrive . pounds in iivu IS. ]uality of thick 1 i)Oinuls to tiu' [)f breeilois in t's it the result is-brt'cding ever certain exiH'i- ntli Cotswolils, Jiitliilowns, thn iotiesHurpasHi'ii value of their ilesli of short as between the ho Southdown irked in tluir ii;^ tile niidille I wool sheep is , iiuiiroved and Leicester, nnd selection has ■I'll l') !•' A !>• M I<:Ks' S'liXK HOOK. )>HS + ) n:^<;iv. IM m " ',1 1- i ''! t '"ii ■ .ii 1? II II i •4 wt 111 I'' A IC .M M IJr S'l'i )t ■ Iv H< X ) U. SI) iiii|iii>vc(l I lie hr 1, tlmt, it- is iiiiivi'i-SMlly iiiliiiiird wliiTt' iiiliodiirtMl into Uic Tiiitod Stiitos. Tim fiu'c iiiui Ic'.'s ;iH now lind, urc ii pri'iiliiir tipoUi'd f,'riiy. Till- llfccc is loll;;, i;liissy, of iiicdiiim (iiu'iicss, mid will iivcra^'i! iilHiiit seven poiiiulsof clean wool. Tlie lieicesler and Soiilliilown have liotli lieea stroii;,' in- teKii-. in I lie iiiiiiniveineiit of Slinnishires. It is noticeiilile of the Sliropshiiva, tli:it the.,- talie kindly lo a, ,L;reat variety of Nitiiatioiis. Heiiee it. is not, siii|irisin!,' that, they have niiide so many friends ill the I'liited States, both in respeet to lleeco and Wool. SJ-.CTION' V. SorTllllllWNS. From the faet that, the Southdown has hoen the stroiii; inteijer in the nialie-ii|i of all the modern lireeds of iiiiitton slieeii,, and the added fact tlmt its nnittoii eontiinies to hrin.Lr the hif^hest priee in our city marliets, it re(]iiires tlmt we ;,'ive a full dosciiii- tioii, notwiihslandiiit; (ho fiiet tlmt Soiithdowiis are really hein;,' less iind loss soti<,'ht hy breeders in both lai,\'liind and America, This is tnidoiihtedly from the faet that now the ra!,'e is for size, as it is found to be ill every other deseription of live stock. Xuvertheless, when luvoss may bo had to the larger cities, Siaith- ni(;nF..\Nns. lilack-facod Jlighlauda are remarkable princijially f 1 -ff t r > "TT nose imrrow ; LM'iirs (olcriilily r(in'lli';l(l Ills.!, well |iiii(t'i'liil lie vyv full mill of the cvi'. the lull' it iiiiiv nut riio iicc'k (if 11 , liiit ('iiiiii'f^'iiif; lie liroiiil mill iibovo and hv- 1, 1111(1 jirojccl- ifiitiiij,' 11, ^;(i(iil '. CorrcspniHl- (ill a level uilli vy hIiiiiiM lidw t, ill(li^•at.ill^' a 1111 for it. 'I'lic ' s|iiii(' mill cx- ril) iirojcciiiij; I flic .slioiildcii, ii'oad uud lint; igli mid iiciiily iilo; ilic sinu'c cr .sido lis iiiii'- y lucsciiiiii;,' 11 as Htraifjiif ns nor too Kliort; o tlic foot, not, iiliii,!,' far iipiirt iiii,' a direct ion ic nicetinj,' of ill; llio lioncH ncsH, mid of 11 defended wilJi ro mid Ix'liind )1 short, close, ijcctili.tj; lilieis. II iiiiiii'.ns. Wales are one I, tlioiii^'h the id are credited . The white I, rusty brown, ing about two its quality of ble principally Till': I'A li M i; K M ' r-'MMxIv H(>()lv. '2»r, I I^P' f iiH(; ■viii<: j''^viiM.iCiia' sTocic jjuuu. ::'^i for tlicif hiirdiness, Hocking' i|ualitio8, docility and iliiii lluvor of thu mutton. Tlio tliruo follo\viiij» breeds we doacribo from tlio writiiif,'s of tlio luitbors us noted: niisii siiKKi'. Tlio Irish slicep bavu been much improved by the importiition of l';ii,i,'lisli rams. Culley describes them lis ii'^'iy and ill-foimcd. Bodies lari^e; let,'s lon}», tliicii, crooiied, and of a j^riiy c(dor; faces ^ruy; heads lou^'-, Iur,i,'e, lla^'^'iiig cars; sunken eyes. Neck long, and set on below tlio shoulders. Breast narrow, short and hollow; fiat-sided. sniTI.ANO SHKKP. The Shetland shec[i arc dcscribe■ M h:ii)li>.i;i' iiAM. tOTSWOI-D OF THE LAST CKXTIKY, -a* k*' ^S|r -* •^HH •I' HI'! IWlt y. IIH' S'lf >« -K IK )« » K . '■Imlcil wlipn we rximiiliu il form lif hail, tlnmrf''*^' , ; tllll Wddls, 'i. Till' Ziirkchvdol.-— Wlnii tlio hIkmjm'duil's iiili> more.' iinrtlii ni I'c^iniiH, iHiicciiilly into tjiicli iis liiivu I'diisiiU'riililt' wiitii'v |iri'i'ii>itiiti(>iisiii certain HcfitjoiiH, II fiinii (if liair i^ funiicd uii llu' slici'i) "liii'li, with- out iiii(hiliilioii, liaM tiiic-cs of Hcali's, mid is toU'rahly triiiiHimrt'iit — ii form of imir which, like tiio liair {liiiiil; tlirn- till liii'^'i r ill fvv /iiilaiiil; (li('i'|i, V liii'h Mill (liNtrii'tH ri'i|Mciiily ex- lilllllK', tllK m its ildwny I'll into mill- ti'iiiU'd witli to tile Cii|ii' lliii, 1111(1 ilitii wool, IioIiIh (IdWll wooIh u of Miililli', iO those |iiii- t'liatiiii iior- Kiiii; iiiiimu'i' ri'liiiitl, wlnii of Kiif^'liiiul. c'i^jlit iiifliL'n cluiii<{(.(l, be- lt iic't'il not (if the wiitor. II, iiMtnn! iil- iW the Idli^'l'V r one; tlunu;- L'Ht liiiii's are iicrefoiT, tlio lu that L'"''i^' ■i arc divided (tiirin,!-! 1 111'- lu.iy ',)<> , i.iin read — coiiili- hifitcT of tile iiootli Iiiiir — siiiootli and iirojitr I'oiiili- and require 'ccssiiry dcn- ,0(~dri. ly for felting, TU i; I , KM Kli.^' >. 1 ,,, i> IKX.K. mt ^^m^' U *f t ^'! H t J! 290 'l-tiii; i<'^VJiM JCliS' STOCli XU)OK. 4 without hoiuj; simii proviotisly, which f,'«-'iiL'i'iill.V I'oriu 11 niixtiire of short uppw hiiirs uiul ilowiis. The value of the wool for the luiiuufiictiirer is con- ditionod : 1. Cliic'tly hy the qiiiuitity of char wool (iher con- tiiiiicd ill a given quantity of raw wool. 2. liy the iiiitiuc of the dirt in it. 3. Ly the leuRth of the luiir. 1. By the luster of tlie same. 5. ]?y the hne- iies.s of the wool. (i. ]?y the soitjiess of the same. 7. By tlie jiower of the hair. H. J!y the rcKuhir structure of the fleece, it. By the color. 1(1. I5y the niannfacturiui; |uir]iose. It is needless to show to what extent the value of wool is conditioned hy its quantity of clear wuol-liher eciiitained in a given quantity of raw wool. The inainifacturcr and the wool dealer have, through long experience, acquired so great a skill in judging tliis property, that the price of wool of the same (|uality as to the wool-liber varies hut little, whatever m:iy be the dirt contained in it. SECTION II. LINCOt.N SUf^EP. The Lincoln is essentially a fat sheep, but has also plenty of meat. This breed is also the largest of the various English breeds, weighing up to 100 jioMiuls at two years old, and occasionally dressing to weigh ninety pounds per quarter. Thewo(dis often nine inches long, exceedingly lustrous, and weigh- ing someLi.'ues twelve to fifieen pounds per lleocc. Lincolns are hardy, prolific, but great feeders, and hence tliey require tlie liest pastures; and, also, high feeding in winter. They have been known in the United States for fifty years, but have not become widely disseminated, the Cotswolds being generally preferred. It is more than probable, however, in consequence of very long wool being more and more called for, that, wiien tlio necessary care and atten- tion can be given them, or when high farming is practiced, they may be found vahiable. As mutton slieep their great size will, iiowever, be against them in American markets. The fat of the Lincoln is more intenial, however, than cither that of the Lei- cester or the Cotswold. Hence, as mutton sheep, tiiey are supeiior to either of these breeds, l)ut on thi! other haml the Cotswold and Leicester breeds combine the essentials of Lincohi wool. The cut will show the type of this Lincoln sheep. Tlie west, witji its dry summer and autumn cli- mate, and its dry hut cold winters sliould prove ad- m.rably adapted to tliesc shceji, as indeed it has proved to be to sheep generally, and certainly in no other part of the world may be found so luxuriant and cheap food. SECTION in. — LEICESTER SHEEP. The old Leicester sheep, before the experiments made to improve them by BakewcU, of Dishley, com- menced in 1755, iuid continued until they became the most famous sheep in England, was an animal of large frame, with heavy bono and coarse-grained meat, a Hat-sided carcass, and legs large and rough. It was a slow feeder and necessarily late in reaching maturity, weighing at two or tip. • years old, 100 to 120 pounds. Let us compare this description with that of You- att, who knew them after they had been brought to their high state of excellence. This accurate writer gives their points as known in bis day as follows: "The head should bo hornless, long, small, taper- ing toward the muzzle, and projecting horizontally forward. The eyes prominent, but with a quiet ex- pression. The ears thin, rather long, and directed backward. The necJ; full and broad at its base, where it proceeds from the chest, so that there is, with the slightest possible elevation, one continued horizontal line from the rump to the poll. The breast broad and round, and no uneven or angular formation where the shoulders join cither neck or the hack; particularly no rising of the withers or hollow behind the situation of these bones. Tlie arm llesliy through its whole extent, and even down to the knee. The bones of the leg small, standing wide apart; no looseness of skin about them, and comparatively bare of wool. The chest and barrel at once deep and round, the ribs forming a considerable arch from the spine, so as in some cases, and especially when the animal is in good condition, to make the apparent width of the chest even greater than the depth. The barrel ribbed well home; no irregularity of line on the hack or l)elly, but on the sides; the carcass very gradually diminishing in width toward the rump. The quartery long and full, and, as with the fore- legs, the niuscles extending down to the liock; the thighs also wide and full. The l(>gs of a moderate length; the pelt also moderately thin, but soft and elastic, and covered with a good quantity of white wool." From the fact that the Leicesters have been one of tlio most noted of English breeds in the improve- ment of the long-wooled modern breeds, wc introduce -.<• ccitninly in no d HO luxuriant 10 experiments ' Disliley, coni- l they Ijeciinic •ins an auiiuiil conrse-grained L\t;o and rongli. ito in reaching irs old, 100 to li that of You- :cu brought to iceiirato writer ' as follows: ;, small, tapcr- g LoriEontally ith a quiet ex- ;, anil directed I at its base, ) that there is, cue continued he poll. The en or angular her neck or the hers or hollow Che arm fleshy i'u to the knee, k'ide apart; no comparatively oncedeej) and arch from the ally when the the apparent e depth. The ity of line on ! carcass very rd the rnmp. vith the forc- tho hock ; the if a moderate but soft and itity of white lave l)een one 1 the iniprove- I, we introduce jjj ||! 'I W ,' 1 , 1 1 ' ; 1 fi ; ' ll mi If J %fi ]i ;■ jJ a92 'lll^: li'^VliMWltS' HTOCK BOOK. a condonscil history of the breed in tlio Uuitoil states from the Eucycloiiedia of American Agriculture • "The earliest record of thin breed (Leicester) in the United States is a mention by Ciistis of the Bakewell ewes on the estate of Washington, from which, through a cross by a Persian ram, was derived the somewhat famous Arlington loug-wooled sheep. The influence of this and other long-wool flocks of Virginia gave a lioimlarity to the English races which has continued to the present day, though tlio preference at present appears to be given to the i\Ierinos, especially since the war and its accompanying destitution and lack of thrift. Kentucky also gives a preference to the Lei- cester, as a fit companion to the Shorthorn bullock upon tiie bhu'-grass pastures. Tliey are to be found in small nuniliers in the middle and Oliio Valley states, generally in a semi-degenerate state, not bred up to the moderate standard of the perfect Leicester in liis Englisii home. The mutton of Leiccsters is too fat to suit American taste, yefc that of grades is quito i)alatable, though coarse-grained, witli too much outside fat. Even in England meat of ani- mals two years old is less valuable than tliat of lambs or sliearings; and the price is always materi- ally lower than nnitton of SoutLlowns and the mountain races. BounKU i.Eirr.sTF.ns. "More than a century ago Bome of tho sheep-folds of the border were reinforced by Liecestershire sheep of established repute. Early in tlio present century rejiresentatives of tlie Disliley stud began a contribu- tion to tlie improvement, which has jioen continued till they havo won a distinct position in the show- yard and in popular esteem. cnAllAtTERISTICS. "The characteristics of this breed, as given by Mr. John Wilson, are extraordinary aptitude to fatten and early maturity, lie says: The most marked feature in their structure is tho smallness of their heads and of their bones generally, as contrasted wiih their weiglit of carcass. Tiiey are clean in tlio jaws, with a full eye, thin ears and placid counte- nance. Their backs are straight, broad mid flat; the rilis arclie;!, tlio lielly carried very light, so that they present nearly as straiglit a lino below as above; tho ciiest- is wide, tiie skin very mellow, and covered witli a beautiful fleece of long, soft wool, which weiglis, on tlio average, from six to seven pounds. On good soils, and under careful treatment, these sheep are currently brought to weigh from f ighteen to twenty pounds a quarter at fourteen months cdd, at which ago they are now generally slaughtered. At this ago their tiesh is tender and juicy, liut when carried on until they nro older and heavier, fat accu- mulates so uniluly in jiroportioii to tlie lean meat as to detract from its palatableness and market value." SKCTION IV. — COTSWOLO HHEfU'. There arc no representatives of the long-wooled breeds of England that liivo been received with greater favor, <:r bien more widely disseminated in tho United States, than the Cotswold, and especially so in tho west. Tho reason is they are of great size, strong of constitution, fairly prolific, and seem to have the quality of adapting themselves to a greater diversity of soils and situations than any other of the long-wooled breeds introduced. Tho engraving of Cotswold rams are portraits of this famous breed and shown in ordinary flesh. The history of tho Cotswold breed has been buiu- inarized as follows: The Cotswolds, of the county of Gloucester, Imi- gland, aro of great antiquity, but have been greatly modified and improved within twenty years. They are sometimes called Gloucesters, eometimes New Oxfordshires, There has been a variety known liy the latter name, made by crossing Leicester bucks upon the Cotswold ewes; but tho distinction between them and the Cotswolds is not now recognized in England, the original stock being nearly extinct, and tie new breed being known as improved Cotswolds. They arc greatly superior to the Leicester in weight of wool, size, hardiness, vitality; arc much more pro- lific, many of them habitually bearing twins, and ex- cellent as nurses. Their fleeces are somewhat heav- ier than the Leicester, usually averaging eevou or eight pounds. They are possessed of a good llguio and have a portly gait. The rams sometimes attain the weight of itflO pounds, and one is known to havo weighed 374 pounds. The wool is of moderate fine- ness, long, white and strong. They have a long, thin head, well set on, broad chest, well rounded barrel, and straight back. For rapidity of growth they vie with the Leicester, can scarcely bo excelled for docility, and aro unsurpassed in size and weight. Their mutton is coarse-grained and very fat, but better intermixed than the Leicester, which has three or four and snmetimes live or six inciiea of fat upon the outside, as fed in llngland. They are now ex- from riKhtceii ;ii moiitlis (lid, y Blaughtcrfd. uicy, liiit wliou avier, fiit uecu- le leiin iiKJiit iih market value." Iio long-wook'd . received witli iisseuiinated in , ami cspociully root great Bize, ', and seem to ves to a preater 11 any other of The cngraviiiL; a famous breed has been Biiui- Crlouccstcr, Eii- vo hceii greatly y years. They iometimca New variety kiiowu Leicester hucka inction between I recognized in irly extinct, anJ 3vcd Cotswolds. jester in weight much moro pro- g twins, and ex- iomowhat beav- raging Beveu or .)f a good fignio amctimes attain i known to havo ■ moderate fine- y havo a long, t, well rounded idily of growth cely bo excelled izo and weight, id very fat, but which has three lies of fat upon cy are now ex- 'I'llK I'AK'MKUS" STOOK HOOIv. 211;! teusively used for crossing with other sheep, to ohtaiu early lambs for market, both in this and in the mother country, and arc rising rapidly in public estimation. For rich pastures, in regions where grain is abundant and cheap, they arc invaluable, and especially to be preferred in view of the rough- ness and negligence characterizing the American system, or rather want of system, of sheep bus- bi'ndry, to tho pampered and delicate Leicesters. Thoy have been in the country for fifty years or more, and are now largely imported from Canada. The history of the improvement of tho Cotswolds we have condensed as being valuable: As a breed it is of the greatest antiquity, and one of the largest of the English breeds. Tho improved Cotswold is smaller than tlie original race on account (if the influence of the Leicester element in its ameli- oration. It has gained in fleece and form, and comes to maturity earlier; is more prolific than the Leicester, and has greater strength of constitution ; is often fattened at fourteen months, yielding lifteeu to twenty pounds per quarter, and twenty to thirty if kept till two years old. Tiio lleecc is six to eight inches in length, and sometimes much longer; is strong, somewhat coarse, of good color, ami yields a heavy fleece. Tho mutton is superior to that of the Leicester, with a smaller proportion of fat, and the thcep arc also superior to that popular breed in weight of wool, size, hardiness, and vitality. They are possessed of good ligui'o, have a largo head, well set on, a broad chest, a well-rounded barrel, and a straight back. They are often used for crossing upon otlur breeds, and for obtaining cariier market lambs, both in this country and in Europe. They are moro widely (hsseminatcd in this country than any other long-wool, and preserve well the popularity which they have attained here. The fleeces are heavy, reaching eighteen pounds, and tho wool, from the absence of grease or gum, loses comparatively little in scouring. The wool is well adapted to combing from its great length, and the nmtton, although very fat when the animal is mature, is nevertheless of good qmility. Tniii:K .MAllKKI) OIIADKS 01' I.OXG-WOOL. To sum up tho whole matter of long-wooled sheep it is regarded in England, where tho humid climate is favorable to the production of fleeces of great length of wool, that the best representation of nice combing wool is the Lincohishirc sheep, and it is one of the largest sheep races in England. Tho next in rank for a long-wooled sheep, hi England, is the Lei- cester, which is the most generally distributed comb- ing wool race of that country. It is also the most tender of tlie large English races, and its early ma- turity and great fattening propensity are its chief quahties. The tliird in rank of combing wools are the Cotswolds, which arc a vigorous and hardy race. SKCTIO.N v. — OTHKU LONG-WOOLED IIIIKKIIS. A breed of sheep called Improved Kentucky sheep, is localized in some portions of that state and Tennes- see, said originally to havo been found by breeding a large Merino ram upon thirty selected sheep of the com- mon mixed blood of the country. The ewe progeny were then bred to an imported Bakewell (Leicester); the owls of this cross to an imported Koutbdown; tho next cross used being a three-fourths Cotswold and one-fourth Southdown ram. In 1855 a mixed ram was used, .said to contain Cotswold, Oxfordshire, Tecswater and Southdown blood. In IH'iO a Cots- wold was bred to this mixed race, and since that time, or from 1800 to 1805, the date when the ac- count was written, Cotswold and Leicester blood was u.scd. These sheep look much like Cotswolds, but of course with such incongruous breeding, little .liform- ity could be attained. Wo make the statement of tho breeding to warn others not to attempt to produce a valuable breed by such means. There is, in fact, no chance of making a bettor than existing breeds by commencing with counuon mixed ewes. Their true place is to brood half and three-quarter bred sheep from any of the improved breeds selected. In the meanwhile the farmer should be breeding to one, two, or more pure ewes, that in time ho may have pure sheep of whatever race may be eelected. Had the originator of tho Improved Kentucky sheep pur- sued, this plan, while ho would have secured most valuable animals for wool and mutton, at a day when good animals wero scarce, he would also have bred up a piiro ra;e, at the same time the descendants of II pure race that would to-day havo stood foremost with those in his state. Tho average farmer, how- ever, wants to breed up his common sheep. It is easy and simple enough, and tho rule will apply to all live stock. HOW TO IIRKKI) (iliADKS. Many persons hesitate to buy superior male ani- mals for two principal reasons. One is, they imag- ■9» ;i -31 204 VlLh: !• ..VltMKItS' t^'l'OC.Iv UOOIv. ine that the iiuprovcment is not markoil; and the second is, they iiuiigine that their stock wiJl always be something far below the pure or thoroughbred stock. Botli of these propositions arc g'ave mis- takes. Tlio iniprovemeut is marked in the iirst cross, really more so than in the succeeding ones, and the fourth cross will give animals that none but the most criticil judges can distinguish from pedigreed ones of higli caste. Li't us examine tiiis (juestion, the facts of which arc welI-J;nown to all experienced breeders, and, as an ol)ject lesson, place it in tabu- lated form lil'StI,!-. ITlli; IILOOD. SI III'. DAM Kirst ^,'eMfratiiin 1 S ml Ki'iiciiiliou. . 1 ', rhir-!(! In all these generations the sire is of pure blood. In the lirst generation the result is a half-blood. This, if a female, is l)red to a pure animal, and the result is a three-fourths blood, etc. HOW LoNd WILL IT TAKK? Suppose you begin with your flock this fall, next spring you have your half-bloods as the progeny. The next autumn the ewe lambs may be bred, though it is not altogether good practice to be followed up, but you want a flock. In 1H85 you have three- quarters bred lambs. In 18'-t(i, seven-eighths; and in 1887 iifteen-sixteenths bred sheep. If you allow the ewes to bo eighteen mouths old before breeding them, then the second cross will be had in 1880, the third in 1888, and the fourth in 18!)0. Seven years is not a long time to wait for a flock of sheep that , will grade handsomely with the average of a given pure breed. But yon want good mutton and good wool thiit will sell quickly'.' The first Cotswold cross will give you fair coml)iiig wool, so will tlic l.ciccs- ters, the Lincoln j, the Oxfords, or tlie Komney Marsh i sheep. I If mutton is to be ii distinctive product, select as sires any of the Downs that may seem best adapted to your locality. liOMXKY MAHSH SIIKKP. The only other breed of long-woolcd sheep that seems necessary to notice hero is the Rumney Marsh. [ They are little known in the United btates, and will probably never bo particularly sought after, j It is described as a large sheep, not very symmet- rical 'u form, having narrow fore-quarters and Hat sides, and coarse bone and muscle. It has a white face, a long aud thick head, and a tuft of wool on the forehead. The wool is of more value than the mut- ton, jierhaps, (but would not be proiitable without it,) being long, line and lustrous. The ewes are pro- lific, about thirty per cent of doubles being expected in reproduction. The lambs come late, after the severity of the winter is over. With good feeding after the lirst wintering they can be brought to seventeen pounds, sometimes to eighteen pounds per quarter; yet they are more fre- quently kept a second winter. They are not very early in niaturing, and grass is the main reliance for growth, if not for fattening. CHAPTER V. CARE ANI> MANAtJKMKNT OP SIIEKf. SECTION I. — A WOOL ANn .MUTTON PROBLEM. The preceding chapters have given a detailed ac- count of the derivation of breeds, classification by texture of wool, and including the characteristics of sheep both as wool and mutton producers. The space devoted thereto was considered absolutely necessary in connection with the important matter following, relathig to the management of sheep and lambs, flocking, shearing, marketing, shelter, feed- ing, treating and breeding. The study of wool and its i)roper classitication is of the lirst importance to breeders, since whatever the breed of shee)i, whether they bo distinctively mutton or distinctively w'ool breeds, the wool is always the second important in- teger in prolits, and in all fine wooled breeds the most important. (JL'IDINO PBINCII'LES. The breeder of sheep and wool nmst bo guided by many considerations in the selection of breeds. Fiin' wooled sheep, esjiecially the .\merican Merino, may be kei)t in large Hocks. In the Ihiited States no other valuable breeds have been found that would do well in iinmense Hocks, such as must be kept in all the great plains region of the United States. They are also the most valuable of the line wooled sheep for the farm in thicklv settled regions adajjtedto the growth of wool. Near cities, or contiguous to mar- kets where Hue mutton is sought, the breeder must carefully study the relative dilTercnco in price as be- tween lleeee aud carcass in connection with the cost of keeping, of the relatively inferior nnitton of the 4. I u I'-VK'M Kits' srO(, K JiOOK. 2!ir, inoniK. ,is compaicMl with t\w i„.st n,„tto.i l,iv, ..Is uud tluH m connection with the Vi.hio of the llecco,' ■■uicl ,/,■,. nrs„. It is «iniply a q„estion of stn.ly and iifruriiig, un.l this ,.„cli one must do for himself NKl-TKiN- n. — SM.\],1, ri.ocKs. The inana-onicnt of small llooKa of shrq, on avcr- a-<. farms i.s i.'xv,-cdiw^]y sinipl... TIkt arc not s.ih- jcct to dhscasos, ..specially contagious diseases, as in t '.■ case of lan,'e lloel.s. Tlu.y eat nmch lierl.a,-e tli.'.t other animals refus., are ^nvat oxt..rminators of weeds, tlu'ir maimre is espc'iallv valuahlo, and f.,r (lie reason it is easily ahsorhe.l where it is droppe.h SOMK FACTS IN- SIIKKI- HtSliANDav. Khcei, may run witli cattle if holli drove and lloek are snnill. Flocl;s are not so suhject t,, -J,., depreda- t'nns of ,lo-s in thickly seftlcl nei.i,d,horl,oods, and lor this reason; .so many half-starved curs ar,. not licpt. If a hell to each ten sheep is w<,rn, the ring- m- will caution the avera-o dog. When Kept witli <'a(lle and u.sed to tii.mi, sliccp instinctively seek their company when frighteneil. ni tlie wool. Th.y should not he t.io nmch crow.led ""'1 the w.'thers shotdd he separated from tiie ewes' ■"I'l tlu. weak from the strong. If .,nlv llfty are' kept; divide them i,, the winter into two tloeks. *r KXA.MINATI'JV n,i: IIISAIJII.ITV. Wiiether the liock he large or small, whoever has •har-e of the Hock should examine them daily, espe- cially Sor lameness. If a sheep is found lam,, from uny cause, t!io time to assist it-even from an ..conom- ical ^'tandp..int— is as early as possible. Catch i,. It, may ho gravel in the cleft of the hoof. It is easily removed: If it ho f.ail, or inciim.iit rot, the time to give rchef is immediately. si:mmku ano wintkii manaoioiknt. Any pastiir.! dry eno.igh for cattle will ,lo for «hccp; tiiat is, dry i.astures. Sheep should never he kept on wet land. When the ordinary pastures are soft, remove them to the dryest on the farm. If the pasture contains botli wet ami .Iry lan.l, slieei) will naturally s..ek the higiiest and lirmcst portions. Jn winter sli.ep must bo sheltered from storms and .scv.re wind, ye.fc they must have plenty of air. Th-y do best in open, low, well-littered sheds where they may be i^ecurc from wind an.l wet. The shed must be iirovidcd with a suitable rack for hay, and with a trough underneath to catch the waste. In this the grain and roots alloucd may also bo fed. Khcep must be kept nniformly well. They nmst not be allowed to fall luvay. It injure; the wool. Sheep that arc kept uniformly thriving have no weak places MANAl.K.MI.xr OK HAMS. -Vcver all<,u- laiiis to run with the. ewes except in 'I'lTHig tmi... Tli.y aiv among the m.,st brutal ..f tl". animal creation. The proper plan is to keep rams alway.s by tlienis.lves and allow them with the ewes but a short period moining an.l night. As soon as one ewe is serv..d mark it and tiun it out , from the rest, and mark the date in the register. If served again, re-mark, and note the last service in th.. register. It will assist very nmch, not onlv as n.lVr- eiu-e Ironi time to lini.., but especially wlieii th.- ,.wes i an. nearly ready to y..an. It is abs.dntely nec..ssary , "> all large tloeks, and especially so in those of j purely bred Ihicks, wbatev.r the minih..r. The rams j lierc are too valuable to he aliow..d their ]ib,.ny, and I the ewes and their progeny certainlv slionid n'ot 1... teased hy their brutal pcrtiimcily. llence no -<,o.l [ flock-master allows such rams tlu.ir liberty. Thiii. I is no in-acfical reason why any ram should not he kept separate from the flock. JiATlOXS I-ril; SIIKIJ.. ■ If roots are f,.! daily, .,n<. bushel, clmpped line, llfteen pounds of grain, .,ne hundred pounds of .'„ud liay and what straw they will eat will keep fifty ineri- nos in go,.d condition if they come to the she.ls in -o.xl llcsh m whiter. It will be nrnst ecnomical toleed j the i-oots in the morning. If th..,.: are n.. roots I ensilage may be su]>stitiited and the grain fed .it night. Hay should be fed three times a day. : S|.;CTION III. -MANAm.:.MI.:N-T OF I,AIi01.: FLOCKS. j The master ..f large fl.icks will of course be -uided by circumstances. There is no profit in ke,.pin,r sheep as the exclusiyo st.ick .,n fenced farms The groat value of sheep in well-settled districts is in their economy as a part of the farm stock. In this : day of strong demand for lino mutt.ui there is : more profit in the mutton breeds than in tho hue wooled bree.ls, and the wool brings about as good a price as that of the fine wooLs. The sheep industry of tho plains has grown into such great pro- portions that the small firmer can compete less and , les3 with tho growers of line wool on largo ranches. : There is money, however, in such a number of sheep fts a fami may carry in connection witli other stock. If { i! i' ■:l •it p ■ 1 1 1 ,'■ ■ j. i ^ 290 ■r II I'.VltMRliH' S'l'OfK UJ\. \ Tho proiitH from iiiutton slicep will increaKC from year to your as population ami tin: wealth of cities increase. UNl; WOOLKI) II.OCKS. Keeping of slieep on an open ran^;o is a very dif- ferent industry from the keeping of sheep on farms. Let us sec wliat the experience of tlie best llock-mas- tera of tile world says. One of the best of tiie large llock-masteis of tho West, the late S. P. ]'>oardman, one of the early largo flock-masters of central Illi- nois, at a period when great tracts of territory were uncultivated, testified that sheep brought W('st, from the East, would increase considerably in the weight of their wool. This is our own observation in north- ern Illinois, thirty years ago, where flocks of 1, ()()() to -0, 000 " in a bunch " were kept. The reason was the summer pasture was ample and unrestricted, and the winder feeding and shelter tho very best. sr.MMEU MANAOKMKNT 01' A LAlidK FLOCK. Mr. Boardmaii was a most experienced and prac- tically educated sheepmaster. His methods wore adajited to a prairie region, and a modification will easily be suggested to the practical man, to suit his particular circumstances. liANIlK. As to range, it may be high, rolhng prairie or dry plains, with never-failing water running through it. The same territory, with the wild grasses destroyed and set with blue and other nutritious grasses nat- ural to arable land, is a better range, of course. TlliNIMl OIT IN TIIK HPIUNO. Our authority says: In the East the first thing which properly comes under the head of summer management is tho oiieration of tagging, which is performed on the entire flock before they pass out of winter quarters on to grass. In pasturing sheep on prairie grass, this is unnecessary except with a few sheep. The reason is, that tho prairie grasses are more binding in their nature, so tliat relatively but a few sheep scour. In the West, as soon as the prairie grass starts, the sheep are put on it, no matter how short it may be; foi, if the range is wide enough, tho sheep will, by travchng over a large territory, and by dint of busy feeding become filled by night. ]5y rea- son of the wide scope of ground, they can bo put on tho grass some days before one unused to it would think there was even a sheep bite. In lierding, the shepherd turns the sheep out of the fold as soon as light in hot weather, and /'ii//ii»-.s them till dark, when they are brouglit into the fold. Folding is necessary only where wolves and their cousins, curs, are trouble- some. IIKHDINO. All that is necessary in herding a " dry flock " is to have a trusty liaiid who will get his flock out early enough in the morning, keep them out late enough in the evening, and who will not " bunch " tho sheep with his dog too long while he is idling. liefore turning out of the fold in the morning, if the shep- herd discovers sheep which are scouring, lie catches and tags them. The flock is to be salted at the rat(^ of about fcu'ty pounds of salt to the thousand, once a week, choosing a particular day, to which day they soon learn to call the shejdiord's attention by unusual bleating. If one has many sheep, it is better, if compelled to r.tiso lambs on tho prairie, to herd breed- ing ewes by themselves. LA.MHINK. Haisuig lambs is tho most important, and requires tho most skill, caro and attention of anything con- nected with keeping sheep. When we arc compelled to raise lambs on tho range, wo prefer not to have them commence dropping before the first of May, or until the worst cold storms are past, and there is a good bito of grass. It requires much labor to raise lambs on the prairie, especially when all must be folded every night. When from twenty to sixtv lambs are coming every twenty-four hours, the shep- herd needs assistance in getting the flock to the fold in tho evening, and it is necessary, also, that ho should be up with them occasionally through the night. It is a good plan where one is compelled to r.iise lambs under such circumstances to have some panels of portalile picket fence, the pickets to bo five or six feet high (which will turn any dog or wolf), with which to make pens, into which may be driven those ewes which have dropped lambs through the day. This avoids tho necessity of driving or carrying such lambs up to tho fold. If there are twenty or more young lambs dropped during the day, it is better to put them in four or five pens, for ewes having lambs dropped about the same time, if i>ut in tho same pen, are frequently puzzled to tell their own ; and some- times two ewes get to owning the same lamb, and by morning the cast-off Iamb is dead for want of milk. Ewes, as shepherds know, tell their lambs by the 4- I till (lark, when iiig Ih ncccHsiiry lus, aro troublo- iliy flock " is to i ilock out curly out late ou(iuf,'h llcll " tllC slu'CJ) idling'. Ik'forc ig, if the slicji- •ing, lie catclica Itwl at tlio rate lousaiul, oiico a wliitli day tliey tion liy unusual it is better, if e.toherdbreeil- it, and requires ■ anything con- arc oonipollcd "er not to liave first of May, or , and there is a ) labor to raise o!i all must be ■.vcnty to sixt\ lours, the shcp- flock to the fold ,', also, that he rough the night, upellcd to raise :ivc some panels to be five or six or wolf), with bo driven those rough the day. u' carrying such twenty or more Y, it is better to 33 having lambs II the same pen, iwn; and somc- 10 lamb, and by r want of milk. ' lambs by the t •VILK. i'^VIi.M JOIi.-s' srociv n () ( ; Iv , li!l7 i 4 scent till they aro two or thn-o weeks old, after which thoy loarn their bloat. Eu-e.s wliich drop lambs through tho night in the fold aro left in it tl,o next day. liaising lambs on the range requn'cs tlie best knid of a shepherd- one wli,. is never at fault to tell which lamb belongs to which ewe; who can catch uuy sheep (,r lamb without yarding tiie flock; who fan go with but httle sleep, and who never gets tired Flock-masters should be prepared witirpastures, sheds, yards, and other conveniences, which make 'lambing-time " less to bo dreaded than formerly although one of no less labor and watchfulness tluin m past time. Where prepared with sheds and pastures do nob send tho ewe Hock oil to tiio range till tho lambs aro dropped, and all able to tiavel. Have a largo shed into which to put tho lambing .lock in bad nights, and other sheds into which to put the ewes having lambed. Those ewes which lamb at ni-ht are put with their lambs in a yard or pasture bvtheni- selves; those lambing through the day are" put by themselves, and so from night to day, and from day to night, as long as there aro fields enough to keep them separate. SKCTIO.V IV THK SHKPIIKIuVs ART. The groat art of raising large flocks of lambs con- sists m keeping them separated as much as possible while the lambs aro young. When aU the fields have got a bunch of ewes and lambs in them, the oldest buucljea are doubled to make room for younger lots. Tins arrangement makes it easier for tho sliei^herd to keep the run of them. It is his business to visit these difTerent bunches two or three times a day, to see that all is going right; th.it all the ewes own their lambs; that none arc claiming others' lambs; that all tho lambs suck, and if any of them are becoming "pinned," to clean and rub some dry dirt about the anus. The greater part of the shepherd's time is spent at the largo shed in which the lamliin-' takes place. On turning the flock out in the mornin.r lu, finds (depending on the number of his ewes) from fifteen to fifty lambs, which have dropped through the mght. He has now to slip them out of the flotd; and see that each ewe owns licr lamb, and must also watch tiU he sees every lamb suck. Frequently a ewe's teats are so stopped that a weak lamb canno't draw tho milk, in whidi case the shepherd catches her and starts it, suckling tho lamb at tho same time. A lamb which gets up when dropped and suckles it- self is half raised if proper watchfulness is observed afterward. I'OSTEK .MOTnEIiS. Ill the "factory" are a number of small pens into which to 2.ut ewes whicli will not own their lambs or to put ewes having lost Iaml)s, to make them take a twin lamb. This is done by skinning the dead lamb an.l putting the skin on the livo one. As soon as tho ewe can be made to own her lamb she is put out with one of tho small bunches, first bavin- been marked on some part of tho body with red kcel° tiio lamb receiving a corresix.nding mark. When a ewe owns a "jacketed" lamb .she is put out, tho jacket hungup(,ver her pen, and, if on trial she proves refractory, the jacket is again put on the lamb, when a second penning for two or three davs will gener- ally break her in. With a flock of one thousand or more breeding ewes, it is customary for the slu pherd and his assistant to be up by turns ii great share of the night. In pleasant weather the lambs are al- lowed to drop in the feed lot or pasture; but even tiieii the shepherd should bo with the flock con- stantly. WATCllFri.XKSS .Vi:Ci:sSAliY. When there is not pasture on the farm sufficient to keep the ewes till after shearing, they are sent of! to the range under tho care of a trusty slieiiherd. A ewe-flock requires constant watching to see that no lambs lie down behind a stool of grass, got asleep and so get left by the flock. A good many lambs may be lost by a careless shepherd from this cause; for a lamb, on awaking and finding itself lost, starts and runs in whatever direction it may happen to take. l)OC'KI.N(i AND CASTIiATlNG. We generally make one job of docking and cas- trating, although, where a largo number of lambs aro raised, it might be better to make two of it, pro- vided the ewes have been kept in two or more flocks so there need bo no danger of mixing ewes and lambs. The lambs are first caught out from the ewes and put by themselves. The shepherd performs the castration, another 'land doing the docking. Throe or four iiauds catch the lambs and bring them up. It IS best to commence early in the morning, and have help enough so aU may be attended to in tho forenoon, as they bleed less when it is cool. With one hand to dock, and help enough to catch, an active 4* 'I ♦I ill! ;f-!ii hi I i I Si i( 2i)H Til l'^\.K.M Kits' W'lHJCK UOOIC. I uuidrcd iu a Ion;' shuplierd ciiii iiltcr four or live half (lay. WASIIINCI. It is not often that wo can f,'t't a runiiiug brook witli fall Kutlicit'iit to cnablu us to wash in a tank, as is practical in many places Kast. When! one has such a branch on Ills own farm, and can tlms have jieiiaa- nent yards and lixtiires for wasliinj,', be is very fortu- tunatc, as frequently in the West a Hock lias to be driven five or ten miles to a creek. The most j,'en- eral practice is to drive to some creek, make a yard on tlie hank, and wash after tlie old manner. One thousand arc commonly washed in a day; and those who have Hocks from two to five thousand, generally make from two to four wasliin.^s, from a week to ton days apart, depending on their shearing force. This is in order that the wool need not get dirty, as shear- ing lasts from two to six weeks. It is best to wash the ewe Hock first, in order that it may he sheared first, since carrying a tleece late in June is particu- larly severe on ewes suckling lambs. If the ewes can all be washed in half a day, it is best to leave the lambs at home, either shut up in a shed or small field, so they may be found by the ewes readily when they return; but if it will take all day to wash the ewes, it is best to take the lambs along. The Hock is driven into a yard which has a cat 'hiug-pen on the brink of the stream, into which fifty to one hundred are driven, then caught and tossed iu by two men as fast as six to ten can wash. WASIIINCI VKUSUS I'NWASIIKII WOOL. In relation to washing wool, when Mr. Boardmau wrote washing was almost universal, now it is not so. The cheapest place to scour wool, unless in the case of long and expensive transi)ortation, we believe to be at the factory. It .saves much discomfort and dis- ability to sheep. Flock-masters arc finding that they really get more per fleece for unwashed wool, if hon- estly sorted and packed, than if washed. The price per pound i.i less; ))cr fleece it is not. Washing in clear water never does away with scouring. KKCTIO\ V. — WINTKRINO TIIK FLOCK. There should be some provision for winter feeding of sheep, oven in those plains regions where food is plenty ( ?) the year round. Northers, blizzards and other storms must at least be provided against. There should also lie some provision of succulrnt food for weaned lamlis, until they take to dry food readily, as the season advances. The Hon. T. H. (irinnell, of Iowa, who has had largo experience with sheep, gives common sense advice on wintering. We use it for the reason that we had rather give the experience of good practical experts, condensed, thiin what we have learned ourselves. One thing, however, sliould bo kept in mind, let the flocks be well prepared for winter. It certainly is half the wintering, £()r it has come under our constant observation tliat tiic man who allows his Hock to suller in autumn, seldom feeds well in the winter. He generally shears bad Heeces in the .spring, lint to return to our au- thority. Mil. (illlNNHI.L's Ain'ieE. The early frosts will destroy our native grass, and then oats in tlie siieaf may bo fed, and the stubl)le- land may be pastured, but to make it certain that the fat taken on in the summer is kept there at the latest day possible, cultivated grasses should be laid down, and be resei-ved for the Hock after the prairie grass is frosted. Eye, too, may be sown as a substi- tute for grass. For lambs it is most admirably adapted. It may be sown among the corn, and on the approach of Winter it will ho -found that the lambs have learned by degrees to oat the corn and to have attained an astonishing growth at late autumn. Winter being upon us, it is the time for sorting. Lamlis should always be folded separate. Yearlings having weak teeth should, if there is a Hock of over one hundred, be fed by themselves. Large wethers should he sorted out from the ewes, and the breed- ing-ewes put in a pen of such dimensions, with gates, that they may be handled with ease, and when in season, served with promptness and marked, that the time of tlieir lambing may be known, and the sire of their olIs])ring. Once in two weeks the teasers may bo turned in, to Jind such as may have escaped impregnation. It is never a good practice to let the buck run at large with the ewes, but where there are no more than thirty or forty ewes, after the lirst week, it will do. If economy and care are used, a fidl-grnwn buck will serve from fifty to one hundred ewes. Every good shepherd will have a hospital flock, on which he will bestow extra attention, and to which he will add from time to time such as are drooping, or are pushed aside from their grain, oi arc doing poorly from any cause. I ■f Hon. T. li. B C'XpUlilillCC 111 wiiitoriiif,'. licr give i\u'. dciiscd, tliiiii ig, however, veil prepared iig, ti>r ii lius lilt tiie luiiii mil, seldom f shciu's had to our lui- ! grass, and the stuhhle- ccrtaiu that Jiere at the jilld he laid ' the prairie lis a siihiiti- ivdniirahly irn, and on ul that the corn and to ite autiiinii. for sorting. Yearlings ock of over ,rgc wethers the hrced- isioiis, with 0, and when larlved, that 111, and the weeks the i uiily have Dod practice s, hut where es, after the are are used, line hundred ital flock, on d to which ■e drooping, It arc doing III .Vlt.'M I-; US' S1()(K IIDOK, 2!lil f wiNTKit sin;i,Ti;ii. Sheds which will keep out the wind and rain am essential. Wlieii hoards arc not to he had, pules anil a good covering of straw will ho a sulistilute for one or two winters. 1 am not partial to close con- iiucincnt in tight sheds, except it is a necessity to keep the flocks from wolves or dogs, or to kei'ii the ewes from exposure in lauihiiig time. Li't ilie sheds he low and open on the south side, and if the ex- treme cold for a long period pinches and impoverishes the Hock, increase the feed of grain and you restore the warmth and arrest the decline. Cold is favoralile to a good growtli of wool, hut to economize food and insure the health of the flock the more even the temperature the hotter. A good feeder will have hay-boxes and grain- Irouglis. The flocks may live if fed on the ground, hut nothing less than keen hunger will force so deli- cate an animal to take its food from the wet and filth of the yard. The racks will more than pay their cost hy a saving p'' hay in one winter, and if grain not in the sheaf or ear is fed for more than one-half the season, troughs will he an imperative necessity. VAliV Till-: FOOD. It is a part of good management to indulge the tastes of the flock. Why should the sheep be confined to the same variety of food from month to month, a treatment which we would deem a hardship? Every pioneer farmer can cut prairie grass, which is a suit- able, well-rehshed food, and Hungarian hay cut early is very nutritious; then ho may make up a variety liy feeding oats in the sheaf, timothy liay, and corn cut before frosts and fed in the bulk. Many well- wintered flocks have subsisted on cut-up corn mainly, which has increased the weight of Iho fleece above that attained by ordinary keeiiing full twenty percent. There is no excuse for having poor stock, if they are fed three times a day, and furnished with salt and good water and such varieties of food as our country readily furnishes. DO NOT TURN OUT TOO KAHLY. So soon as the snow has passed off in the Spring, there is a strong temptation to let the flock out on the ground and effect a saving of expense in fcodin<'. This is a ruinous practice. Fasting becomes a neces- sity, if there is not grass, and the flock is returned to dry hay, wasted in flesh, and with a, loss of appetite, when the breeding owes especially should have re- ceived extra attentions by a daily feeding of roots or bran, that there might he an ahundaiice of milk for the lambs. if the lambing season docs not begin before there is a good bite of grass, the shepherd will he spared much of vexatious care, hut under the most favor- able circumstances it will be found the poorest ecoii- omy to forego personal attentions for a single day. Occasionally a ewe will sink under the labor of par- turition, and must he relieved. Often the best sheep will refuse to let the lamb suck because of the dis- tension and inllainmation of the udder, and for sev- eral days the milk must be drawn away by hand. In the case of abortions, malformations and the birth of twins or the loss of a mother, there will bo found enough of nursing and mating to give a profitable employment. SKirnoX VI, — SlIKAliINO AND MAHKKTINCS WOOL. Boys should learn to shear. It i* not common for a man advanced even to middle life to take up the business successfully. The learner must be patient, and content to clii) a siiiidl amount of wool for tlio first few days. Neither violence nor a great amount of strength will be required if the sheep is kept " on end," and practice will soon show that the position is tiie natural one, preventing successful struggles on the part of the sheep, and the only sure protection against torn fleeces. The barn floor, in preparation for shearing, should be as clean as the house floor, and a platform made of jilaned plank should set about eighteen inches high, so that the neck of the sheep may rest on the thigh of the shearer, having one foot on the platform. Sheep, to shear well, must have a full stomach, and have a good covering of flesh on their bones. It is no object to take the last ounce of wool, for in the process clips of hide are usually taken, and the animal is exposed to being sunburnt, and will more readily take cold on ex- posure. A second platform, built as high as the waist of the folder, is necessary, and this should bo smooth, that the wool m.iy be put up neatly and in compact form, exposing the shoulder, the best part of the fleece, "of course." A folding box on which the twine is laid is preferable; by bringing up the sides and ends fastened by hinges, you have compressed fleeces of uniform shape. Prairie wool has a dark color, given to it by the soil and burnt sod, but this does not de- tract from its value ; and if it is a long staple, grown njmjc. — ^^ ;i()(i rilK l.'A I{ M IG WH' Hl'lXU IIODU. oil a lu'iiltliy ,slu'('|), yitldiii^' (n tin.' tiiiu'li iiiiil nuKy, it. Iiiis n iciil viiliic wliii'h will l)riij;,' av^vr imrchiistTM till' (lisliiiicc (if II Idiif^ jiiiinicy, si;rri(i\ vii. a sim.i'Iikiid's iifi.K.s. Von Tliiicr, I lie awiit Ciiiiiiiui luitliority on tiiii' wIi' to the iuti'icstH of llock-uiiiHtcrs cvcrywiuTi', tii:it, wc rcjiro- (iiirc tliriii cntiri', iiotli iiM ii ciitiitiil Kliuiy foi' all ilocK-iiiiist( IS, luid for liio addetl reason that tiu'y liiivc not bi'i'n incoriioriilud into the trade booits on sheep. First. Take ^'ood eare that your .shee[i are never hrongiit niiDii low, vet ground or inoi'a.ssea. Second. When the localities jierniit it, there shoidd lie a ri;,Milar clian.tje in the iiasturo lands. l''or instance, brin^ yonr Kheep- {ii) In a wet, rainy season or day, npon mountain- ons or hilly itidund. (//) When the weather is ilry and clear, feed them upon flat lands or valleys. [!■) In cold, stormy weather lead them under the cover of forests or bushwood. (■I) In winter, when there is a dry frost, and when the t;r('und is free from snow, you may lea( Iv IKM.K c(.ini.otcnt ptrsou nH to the maiinor of holdina tlio Hliiq.. tiK' iu;in.irrof „mKi„K tl... HtrokcH with tho M iciiLs, UI..1 „| luTiMiitj tl..: Ilfccu fro.n tuii-liug in tiio oporiitKin, will Hoon bo ncqiiiml. Tlifiicofor- wiinl, pructico oloiio will make ii fast bliuuiur. HKCTtOV III.— SOIillM* AND TYIN(J WOOL. Ill thd Kortiii^' of Wool, wlu'n ouch kind is to be pliiad mimiMt(,'l.y, miicli jiult,'im'iit in tvqniteil. In tho Uuiteil Wtutos this ia only ilono ut Urn iuiIIh, and liy nil cxiJirt. In Sjmin, it is tho custom to Hwoat tho hlwvp tho tho iiiglit before Hhearinff, by kcepin-j iis largo a niimher as can bo crowdi'd toRcthcr in a hut. Tlin wo(d is removed tho next day without lieing wanhod, thiit oii.iatioii bciiiL,' conducted afterward. Tlic wool iH lirst sort.'d iiitothree parcels; in somo places these parcels contain tiio dilloront qualitios. Ibt, Hujjcrfine picklock (njin,,), taken fioiu tho back, flanks, and sides of tho neck. 2il, line {ji>„i), from the breast, belly, sides of the haunches, and upper part of the neck. »d, third kind (/.■nr,v/),froin the cheeks, upper part of tiic throat, file fore-legs above tho knee, tho hums, HMil hack of the hannches. 1th, fourtji f|uulity,or niiiiln, is refuse, mid is from the tail, rump, lower parts of the legs, and between the legs. Tho assorted parcels uro thence treated separately; first, they are beaten on hurdles; then placed in vaU containing water heated to 120 degrees Fahrenlieif, where fliey are stirred with sticks; then removed to drain, and transferred to a rmmiiig stream; here tiio wo(d is pn ssed by tho feet of tho workmen, and finally thrown out on tho grass to dry. In a few days of hot, dry weather it becomes sutlicieutly dry to pack. We give this jilan for the reason that on tho plains and in other territory far from market it may prove advantageous, where largo Hocks are kept. TYIMl TUIO Kl.KKCKH. The ordinary manner of tying the Heeces is as fol- lows, when frames for tying are not prepared: With each flccco the loose locks arc taken, but tho hair of the legs separated and jilaced in a bag or else- where. The fleece is carefully spread out on tho tho table; tho ragged portions on tho edges arc sep- arated, and, with all the loose wool, tlirort-n into tlio middle. Tho workman next jiresses the sides in- ward, so as to cniideuse the wool; th uro then turned over, so that tiiu folded fleece forms an oblong two or throo feet long and one and a half feet wide; this is drawn to the front edge of the table and rolleil, during wliich tho assihtance of a bov is necessary to press tiiu wool together and condense it. Tho roll is finally tied with a stout twine. SBCTIOJ* IV MTOIIINO AND IIAMNO. In storing, tho fleeces should bo piled regularly in IV Kift, ftiid as compactly as possible, liniling'the whole together as in laying bricks. When ready to ho packed, the sacks may bu made of burlaps, a piece a yaril wido and three yards long making a bale. Tile top of tho bag is kept extended by ii hoop even with tho floor, tho sack being let down below. A man enters the sack and packs the bales regidarlyas they arc handed to him, tramping tho whole iis soliil as possible ns ho proceeds, until tho sack is full, when tho top edges uro brought together and strongly sewed. SKCTION V. — MAnKi;TIN(t WOOL. In this connection there are so many things to consider that wo ndviso the woid to bosnll at the ! wool barn, if possible, the buyer attending to the packing. Wool certainly bidks better carefully ricked than after being [lacked in sacks. There is ii far better chanco for a thorough fxauiiimtion. Another advantage is, if the price offereil is not sat- isfactory, tho wo(d reniaiiis iutact. Hence, if von have not a jiroper place to keep wool, make oue. A tight apartment in which water or dust cannot en- ter, is absolutely necessary for the presoi-viition of the fleeces. Wo(d is a safe property to keep, if insured. It gets better rather than poorer. Tho only thing to be con- sidered is that tiie holder must keep posted on jirices, and whenever s(dd, tho owner should be a sulllcieiitly good judge of a fleece to be able to combat any spe- cial plea of tho buyer, as to quality, evenness of fiber and cleanliness. CIIAPTiai VIII. ANATOMV AM» Til VSIOI.dti V OK SIIKKP. SKITION I. TIIE nONY HTRUOTIIUK. The anatomy and pliysiology of sheep is not es- pecially necessary to be entered into lure, since tho general rules as applied to cattle will siifllce. The bony structure is identical, including the parted sides and ends | lioof ai.d the arrangement of the teeth. One of the -3« ■'""• '••■^'>'MK"H' HT,„.K ,,....„ ''-'''■''■;■«. ^•Mn,.,l..s,,,,,,l.a,,.|..v.M.l,uva.v.lu...,. ;;:;'';;"?"" ""r"^"' ^"""-"■^tiu.f.'ntai HUi.Ms ml,..-., a.al OIK,.; tl,...s|.nll !,.,„,,, ui,l,. a, Ml c ....... . thu orl..U arc ...ore lateral t)a... ..nt.,.!, Mk.,lw.tl. fo„r,st,.„.a..h.. Tl... wla.l,. vi,s,.....al u,.i ott ,,a.-tsa,x.l,„t lit,!.. .li.,si...ila..... u..,„ in , ,,..,„,... ;;;,""• ^'.'" '■'•"""■".V of .•,„..i,a,tio,. is i,k.ntin,i. '"' '■"r''";"."'"'^'""i"'..i. 1.0W..V..,-. is.iiir.....,,,. llu. ox li..H ).,.„■. tl.o Hi.,.,.,, has w.M,l. What coosti- !! mt r "■'""" "• """ " '^ ^'•""•"•''- '""' '"- '- ".V "I " t,„,, a.Hl, a.s a .•„]... tia.s.. ,,„aliti..,s of ^^"•> 'no.t My cri,„,,,,,l ,,o.sh..s.s M.c l,...st f,.lti.,K ;i";;'"""- >""«itl,st.,..,li,., t,,at .si,,.,.,, a,.,. cl.,tl.c..l 'm..'Hl.s,..l.,,t,,.th,.|,..u..,l,,......l.sitl.ask.c..,Llal. m.ist coijijik.tt.ly awav. Till'. sKi.v OK MUi:i:i', Tla. sKi.. of .h,,,.,, is ooMipos,.,! of tl.,.c.,. tc.xtnrc.s- .,.c.„t.,^l,.,.„u..,sl•• fitting eloselv to the ho.ly. an.l perfectly .\ .■him^' t.) ev..ry .notion of the ho.ly. Al.ovo I..' outer skin is a layer of what is ier.n...l the oik a s,,bsta..co which will saponify with wat,..-. i" l.^ft, It .s a kin.1 of soap. It .liffers i., qual...V ... .liffere..t hree.ls, bnt is fo,.,..! .nost l^l'Mu.lant about the breast ami shoulders, but i,. ^I'.anish a,.a Anieriean Jlerinos pervades the wlioh. I">; y, UU.I ,n pr.,i,ortion to the ai,u.„la..ce of this yolK, iiro n.erinos h..l.l in repute by their breeders. 1 <■ fiber .„ the wool having pe.ietrated the skin a..d e cape.l fron. the yolk, is of a circular fo.m, „ener- 'ill.V liu-er t.,ward the extre.uity a.i.l also towanl the rmH, a..d ...some i..st:.nces very consi.lerably .o ' *VU(.n the ai...nal is in good -I-. .Il^ state .,f Mie .^^^^^^^ ''^"' lli.m...-a.u.e,and..i,hera«an.paleli..ht. '" -m. times searcely any. is rellected. >*>''n>IEI4s. STOCK BOOK. 807 t* ilesliy part of the foot should bo cut away, drawiiiR as little Wood as possible; cleanse the sore, aiidiipply to it a .siuiill quantity of a mixture of red lend (due- toxideof lead) and blue vitriol (sulphate of eojiper), pulverized, in equal quantities by wei-ht, addin- enough nitric acid to the powders to make tiie con" sistency of thick paint when nnxod; and ordinarily three applications within two weeks will banisli the disease witliouteven changing' the slieep to-new past- ure. The sheep should be kept dry— from rain or dew— for at least twenty-four hours' after beinj; doc- tored. SHEEP ROT. Sheep rot is caused by a liver fluke, or rather two njiccies of tliem. The loins will be tender, liie body swcdlen, tlie eyes yellov <^rom inaction of the liver, and if the skin i)o taken up between the thunil) and tinf,'ers and rul)bed, it will be found soft and flabby. Hfiuove the sheep at once to a hi^di and ihy pasture — the disease is con- tracted on low, wet lands. The first tiling to do is to rej,'uhite the bowels, and alter the secretions. The follow- ing may bo given : yulphatc of magne- sia, two ounces; water, one half jjint; mix these togetlrer in a bottle, and tlien add oil of tur- pentine, two drachms; sliako until well mixed, and give this dose every other day until two doses are given, always sliaking well before administering. \h: Clater says he has had great success witli the following, and we append his ),rescriptis, ;j ouiic.'.s. Give this in a pint of linseed tea, and if it docs not move the bowels in ten hours, repeat. Then con- tinue tlie use of the saltpeter anil inola'sex, without the use of the magnesia, so long as fever lasts. OAIUIET IN EWES. The symptoms of garget, or enlargement of the udder with heat and tenderness, must bo promptly met. The udder must he thoroughly fomented with iiot water, and a sheepskin dipped in hot water np- 808 %-J THIC iWItMIBJRS' STOCK BOOK. lilicd. If the case is mild f^'ivo iuk-nill.v, as ii laxii- tivo, luixL'd ill t,'niel — Sulpliatc (il'MiiKiii'sia. ;i (luiiccs. Flowta'.s of Suliil.iir, 1 (Jiiiicc. Mix in ft pint of linseed ton. Koc'i) tlie teats ilrawii as often as possible. If the trouble is more SL'vere, give tlie followiiiK- Sulidiato of lIii},'iio.sia, I ouiku's. I'owilii't'd (riiif,'!'!', 1 ounco. Oil of Turiieutiiic, i CONSTIPATION- IN I.AMllS. Inject tlic following three tablcspoonfnls of i-'-lted binl; or, as a, substitute, one tablesjioonful of Cic-tor oil. This may be given with a common syringe, holding thu lamb up so that its fore feet just touch tbc ground during the operation. If the laih!. Lontinucb didoping after an operation of the iiowcls, give three or four .spoonfuls of strong bone- set tea. PTARltillEA. Th.s is somutiines very iiital, since it often takes an epidcniic for!u. It is d'e chiefly to exposure and iiiiproper diet. Prevention is better than cure, by removing the predisposing cause. At all events once diarihiea is faidy est.ibhshed, it is often difKcult to cure. The iumbs slmuld have a warm, well-venti- lated stable. If the attack is slight, give I npared Clalk. 2 ounces. Oin-iT, ^ ^ ounce. Opimii. powdcvcd, l (li'iiclim. Mix this in a pint of pcpiiermiut tea, and give a tablespoonful nigiit and morning un'il the bowels are i egular. If the case is very se . ere, add to the above or.j ounce of jiowdered catechu, and adminis- ter as directed. RUEU.MATISJI OR PALSY. This is not a common disease, but yet is some- tiniss found, and esjiecially in weak lambs. The preventive is good (luurters and good feuding for the ewes. As a laxative and stimulant, take of Sulpliate of Magnesia, l> ounces. Powdcrt'd Ginger. \ dunce. Mix in half a pint of thin, warm gruel, and give a wine-glassful until the bowels are regular. In or- dinary cases, a strong decoction of willow bark, 1 pint, 'J ounces. sweetened with molasses, and given in tablespoonful doses, and often repeated, has been found elfuctive. If the limbs and joints are Hwollen, apply only soothing liniments, never stimulating ones. A lini- ment of oil and laudanum would be indicated. Take Sweet Oil, Laiidaiiuni, Mix and apjdy. Attention must lie given to comfcu't, and the ani- mals must not be exposed to cold or storms of rain. BRAXY. This is a blood disease of sheep. The animal will be excited and staggering in the gait; the eves v,ill be bloodshot, pulse rapid and full; respiration quick, mouth, Innbs and body hot, and the urine scanty and high colored. There are two forms, on^ with diarrhcea, and one with constipated bowels. These must be met v/ith astrin- gent or laxative remedies as the case may be. If consti- pation be present, give four to six ounces of Epsom salts, to which is added one-fourth ounces cacli of powdered gentian and ginger. Administer in )ialf-a-pint ol" warm gruel. Bleed at once from the facial vein. This may be raised by pressing the vein at the lower jaw, unless the jugular vein in the neck can easily iie found. APOPLKXY AND INFLAMMATION OF THK DRAIN. Fat and plethoric sheep arc often subject to apo- plexy, and, as a secondary result, iiiHammation of the brain. The sheep will leap suddenly into the air and then fall. Death will ensue in a few minutes unless relief is given; sudden and copious bleeding from the jugular vein is the first means. Then give two ounces of Epsom salts in a gill of water, and follow every six hours with half tlie quantity, until thorougli evacuation of the bowels takes i)iace. Klieep subject to apoplexy should be immediately ( -Id, when in good ;;ondition. Tlio Facial Vein in Slieop. + Swine and Swine I3reecLin"-. CHAPTER I. nd white fetlocks. The Berkshire is the highest re|.ie,sentativo of the medium sized black breeds, Hie Essex holding similar rank as the highest rep- resentative of the small black swino. SK.TION I|. KNOLlsn AND A.MKIMCAV M01)|F1CATI,)NS. The English Suffolk is simply a moditication or variety of the Yorkshire. The Calehill, the Manchcs- ter, Middlesex, S.itfolk and Windsor are undoubtedly mo. ifications of the Yorkshire breed, built up on \orksli,re-Cnmberland stock, and really without marked distinctions. Our Cheshire are lineiy bred and modified Yorkshire swine, and given to lieayy weights. The Victoria hog of New Y.,rk is a nunhlied Yorkshire, of the middle breed. They take fat easily, assimilate promptly and their flesh is del- leate like their constitutions. The Western Victoria, liowever, IS a hog of medium weight going „,, to 400 or ^.IH) iiounds, and stronger iu constitution than the V ictoria of New York State. SECTION IV. — DISTI.N'CTIVE AMKRIfA.V BUEKDS. Of tlie valuable breeds distinctively of American origin, the Poland China ammig the black, and the Cheser White among the white breeds, have been most widely disseminated in the great corn zone and stock- feeding, .cgion of the West, embracingall that portion of the Mississippi Valley lying between latitiule forty- four degrees north, down to latitude tliirtv-five de- grees, and extending from the Allegheny slope west- l^lcied. ""'' ''°'°" "^ ""-^ 81-cat plains is The Jersey Bed and Duroc, now united under the ".me of the Duroc- Jersey, a large, rod breed, ha. ately grown mto tavor, displacing in some measure 'l.ecoarscr variety of the Chester White in the more ■""■tl'^n. districts. The origin of the J)uroc lies. und.Hil,lcdly, in the Herkshire of forty-tive years a-o a.^ we then knew tliem-a sandy hog, vith more'or less black. The .Jeisey Red <,rigiiiated m New Jer- , «ey. the Duroc in New York, the l"..lai„l China in : Ohio, and the Chester White in Pen„.;vlvania The Cheshire and tlu. Victoria of New York originated in that State, and the Victoria of the West originateil m Indiana. SKCTION v.- ei.ASSlKlCAUlON AND .iri.OMKNT ol- sWlM:. The National Swine Breeders' Convention at its f'Hlmnapolis session, November 2f). 1870, appointed a select comniitteo to determine a scale of points perfection representing 100 points, reported the fol- lowing scale • 1. Back, 10; 2. Long-ribs, H; ;i. Short-ribs, 7; 1. Shoulders, 8; .j. Ha,,,, 12; ,;. Length of body, .1; 7. 1; ace, ;j; 12. Ear, 2; 1!!. Neck, 1; 11. ]!ellv, 1; 1.' Wvin, .'J; l(i. ILiir, !l; 17. Bone, 3; 18. Lc's a- V> Feet, 2; 20. Tail, 1. o . , i.. Tlllll!ii|-(;nil,'l:D SWINE. On the subject of thonu.ghbred swine the c.mimit- tee report that only such breeds as are recognize.l in authentic history as of sulliciently remote ori-in when bred m a direct line, to result in the estabhsh- ment of a fixed type, capable of reproducing then, selves with uniformity, should be regarded as thor- oughbreds. I'l.ASSlFlCATlO.V AT KAIIiS. On the classification of breeds of swino at eounty and State fairs, the committee recinmend the adoption of t!ie following: C!lass 1, Berkshires- Class 2, Poland China; Class ;j, largo white breeds,' to mclnde Chester White, Large Yorkshire, Lar.n- Lancaslnre, Cheshire, or .letrerson County, and other similar breeds; Class I, small, white bree Is. to in- clude Sutlolks, small Lancashire, small \'orkshire and other similar swine; Class r,, small, bl.ck breeds Essex and Neapolitan; Class ti, cross br-eds, and all not eligible in iitlier classes. SKCTION VI.-cllAltAeTEHlSTICS of „VR ENGLISH miEEDS. From elaborate reports of the several special com- mittees appointed in reference to these breeds, we give the following condensation as authoritative: BEEKSHIUES. Color, black, with white on feet, face, tip of tail and an occasional splash of white on the arm; while 1 1 i If IS i^ I.,. iil2 • MiJ'; J'^vitMKiia- H'loaic uuou a small spot of white on sonic other pint of the body dojb not tiigiie iin impurity of blood, yet it is to hv discouraged to the end tlmt uniformity of color may hy attained hy breeders; white upon one car, or a bronze or copper spot on sonic part of the body ar- gues no impurity, but rather a re-appcarauco of orig- inal colors. Markings of white other than those named above are suspicious, and a pig so marked sliould be rejected. Face, short, fine, and well dished; broad between the eyes. Ears generally almost erect, but some- times inclining forward with advancing nge; small, thin, soft, and showing veins. .Jowl full. Xeck short and thick. Siioulders short from neck to middling deep from back down. Back broad and straight, or a very little arched. Ribs— long ribs well .sprung, giving rotundity of body; short ribs of good length, giving breadth and levelness of loins. Hips, good length from point of hip to rump. Hams, thick, round, and deep, holding their thickness well back and down to the hocks. Tail, line and small, set on high up. Legs, short and line, but straight and very strong, with hoofs erect, legs set wide apart. Size, medium. Length, medium; extremes are to bo avoided, Bone, fine and compact. Otlal, very light. Ilair, fine and soft; no bristles. Skin, pHable. The Berkshircs are hardy, prolific, and excellent nurses ; their meat is of a superior quality, with fat and lean well mixed. NKAPOLITAN SWINE. Head, small ; front head, bony and flat; face, slightly dishing; snout, rather long and very slender; cars, small, thin, standing outward and forward, nearly horizontally, and (luite lively; jowls, very full but not large; neck, short, broad, and heavy above, with small dewlap; trunk, long, cylindrical, well-ribbed back; back, flat, and ribs well arching even in very low flesh ; belly, horizontal on lower line ; hind-quar- ters higher than fore, but not very much so; legs, very fine, the bones and joints being smaller than those of any other breed ; hams and shoulders, well developed and meaty; tail fine, curled, flat at ex- tremity, with hairs on each side; general color, slaty . or bluish plum color; that is, dark blue, with a cast of coppery red; skin, scft and fine, nearly free from hair, which, when found upon the sides of the head and behind the fore-legs, is black and soft and rather long; flesh, to the feel, line and elastic. msyUALlFlCATlONH. 1. — Any color except uniform black, slate color. plum color, or coppery slate, more or less dark. 2. A coat of coarse hair. 3. Any evidence of impurity of blood or a cross. 1. Any deformity or malfor- mation. SUFFOLK nnEED, Head, small, very short; cheeks, prominent and full; face, dished; snout, small and very short; jowl, fine; ears, short, small, thin, upright, soft and silky; neck,very short and thick,the head appearing almost as if set on front of shoulders; no arching of crest; chest, wide and deein-elbows standing out; brisket, wide, but not deep; shoulders, thick, rather upright, round- ing outward from top to elbow; crops, wide and full; sides and flanks— long ribs, well-arched out from back, good length between; shoulders and hams, flank well-filled out, and coming well down at ham; back, broad, level and straight from crest to tail; no falling off or down at tail; hams, wide, and full all the way down; legs, small and very short, standing wide apart, in sows just keeping belly from the ground; bone, fine; feet, small, hoofs rather siueading; tail, small, long and tapering; skin, thin, of a j.ink- isL shade, free from color; hair, fine and silky, not too thick; color of hair, pale yel'owish white, per- fectly free from any spots or other color; size, small to medium. ESSEX BREED. Color, black; face, short and dishing; ears, small, soft, and stand erect while young, but coming down somewhat as they get age; carcass, long, broad, straight and deep; ham, heavy, and well let down; bone, fine; carcass, when fat, composed mostly of lard; hair, ordinarily rather thin. The fattening qualities arc very superior; as breeders they are very prolific, and arc fair nurses. SECTION VI HISTORY AND CHARACTERISTICS OP A3I-.RICAN HRKEDS — POLAND CHI.N'A. The Poland China swine were originated many years ago in the Miami Valley, Ohio, by crossing the Russian hog and the Byfield upon the native breed of the country. The Bedford is also stated as one of the crosses. As early as IHKi China sows were introduced there by the Shakers of Union Vil- lage, Wairen County. They were designated "big- boned China." Subsequently others were used. In 1835 or 1880 the Berkshires were introduced. In 1838 or 183!) the Irish Grazier was introduced and liberally used in crosses in connection with the Berkshire. ■* 'rillU i^'^VUMKltiS' HIOCK HOOK. !)l!t CHESTEIt COUNTY liOAK. GROUP OP SUFFOLK SWINE. ^?^ •ji ! t I !■ i. i:: i^ t 1 If' i ^ 1 Ir ! 1 i; ■ 1 P *^-^ 1 .'ill Till; !•' A !>• M i; I{ S STOCK II<)t»I\ "6 — From tlicsc iK'^'iiiiiiiigs tlic (irii,'iiml stock, hy jiidi- tioiia sili'i-tioii 1111(1 I'o'i'tiiiii,', wt'ii.' liroii^'ht tolii;^'li jicr- fi'ctiou. Tliu swiiic were iliKtiuutivdy wliitu and liliicli. Liitcr, altli(iii},'li not ho stilted, iiifiisioiis of lU'ilisliiiv lilood \vi re judliiiljly used, mid tlic liest n'|)- rt'si'utiitivcs arc now qiiitu black except small, dis- tinct niiirkini,'s of while. CIIAUACTKlilSTUS OF Till: I'OI.AND CHINA. The best Hpoeiuiens liavc good lonf?th, short Icrs, hroad, deep buck, deepjiides, fiankiiif,' well down to (he lei's, l.road, full, s(|tiiLre liaiiis and slionlders, nodorately drooi)iiii,' ears, short luad, wide between tli'j eyes; the whole animal black, except mcie or I s8 spotted white, iis the fancy of the brnedor seems I I direct. As model liofjs, when fat, wo have seen f w sti])eriors. As heavy weii;ht, witii constitutional vigor, tluy will compare with any of the modern Irccds. SKCTION VII. — CHEHTKU WllITK Tiic Chester White are said to have originated tliroiigh the ini))ortiition of swine from Bedfordshire, i' iigland. These were crossed with the best native si'ine. Later the HulTclk and lierkshire wire used ill crossing in iiidividiiul cases, but some discarded tliis progeny. Seleidon, and jierhaps a Siillolk cioas, has mneli rclined the original Chester Whites, \l liich were inclined to be coarse. CIIAHACTKItlSTlCS. Their characteristics are: Head short and Ijroad bdweeii the eyes; ears thin, projecting forward and loiiping at the point; neck short and thick; jowl large; body lengthy and deep; back broad; haius fnll ai;d deep; legs short and well set under the iiody; hair thin, white and straight; if a little waved it is not objectionable; tail should be small and without bristles. SKCTION VIII. — DlHOC-,JKRSEy. The poiitivc origin of this now fashionable breed, as improved within the last twenty years, is un- known. The distinctively red hog of England is the Tamworth. There is, however, no recoid of the importation of speciiuens of this old breed, but it is more than likely that individuals were brought over by settlers from England to New .Jersey. As a i)oy, more thnii fifty years ago, we remember that red hogs were common in New .Jersey and thought highly of. Yet the Taiiivvrth Reds were not highly prized in England and were localized there. The most pridiable soli. 'ion is that the Durocs wioro the early value to the I'urkshire, which even now will show its original sandy color in rare cases, even in the purest bred. The original Jersey lied, however, was a course hog, as wo uow nnderstiind the term, rather high on legs, coarse hair, inclining to bristles on (lie back, and with liaiiy tail and brush. They were valued especially for their strong constitution, capacity for making heavy weights and freedom from mange and other constitutional swine diseases. IIIAI!A(TKmsTICS. The Durocs as bred in New York for years com- bine fineness of bone with large size, (piietude, a])ti- tude to fatten, freedom from constitutioii:il diseasHM and capacity for growth. SKCTION IX.^CMKSIintK SWIXK. There is some obscurity as to this breed having originated, as claimed, from a pair of swine brought to Albany, N. Y., from Cheshire, J'.iiLdaiid. There is no breed distinctively known as Clusliiies in I'.n- glaiid. Neither is there a record of the importation. The Yorkshires have, however, been long known in New York and Canada, and the breed is undoubt- edly made uji of such crosses on the best white hogs of the Empire Ktiite, early famous for superior swine. CIIAIlACTKIilSTles. The Cheshire should be pure white in color, skin thin and with a ])iiik tinge. They should have but little hair, though pigs of the same litter may diller much in this respect. Snout long but slender and fine, with jowls plump and eai^s erect. The slioul- dcrs are wide, the hams full, tiie flesh (iiiegrained and remarkable for the amount of mess jioik to the otiiil. Like the finest-bred HufTolks, tiiey cannot stand exposure to !'ie sun, and like the SulTolks, tails of the young pigs are inclined to drop off. For the pen, however, they arc admirable swine. SKCTION X. VICToniAS. The Victoria swine, of New York, are represented to have descended from a sow called "Queen Vic- toria," and to have been originated by crossing a strain of Irish Graziers with JSylidd, and by subse- quent crosses with Y'orkshirc and Suffolk. They are mediuin in size, good feeders, fatten readily at any age, and they carry a fair coat of hair. CKAHACTERISTICS. The color is pure white; hair fine and soft; head ■I'll I-; !■' A W M Kits' t- he does feet in length around the hody; depth of body will be four-lifths of his height. CIIArTER II. ItllKr.lllNfi .\M> I'DKIIIN); (,|- s«IM:. sr.i'Tiox 1. — I'luNrii'i Es ok swixk auMoiMi. The principles involved in the breeding of swine, generally, are those applicable to the breeding of other farm aninials. Swine, however, are bred \»itli a view as much to their fat as their flesh. In cmii- parison with other anmials, but little is eaten i a frcsli stnto. The great hulk is eaten baited, or cured in Hoino other way. Next in importance to the tlehb, and nearly e(|uiil in value, is the lard, as a coniniei- cial proiluctioii. Ili nee, those breeds that will pro- duce the gieatesl proportion of lean meiit in the hams and shoulders, with large development of fat about the kidncy.s, back and sides, and with wellstreaki'd lean with the fat of the Hanks, is what the In, nler seeks in connection with ii luoderatesized head, line bone and light olbil generally. Another dejiarturo from the priiici[ilcs of high bleeding as now established, is that inbreeding of swine must he followed with great care. The hog is naturally inclmed to scrofula, tubercles, and iil.so, from bis oiunivoroiis feeding, to parasites of the flesh. The taint of scrofiil.i is (|uickly intensilied by close in-and-in-bre-'ding. Ilenco while purely-bred hogs are the foundation of usefulncds, and require to be iicpt intact, the best success, so far as meat is con- cerned, is found in the haif ami three-quarters bred swine, using striuig, roomy, healthy sows of mixed blood for the foundation stock, or else cross-bred ani- mals between two puro breeds. The bulk of the best swine in our market are, and will always be, probably, from thoroughbred sires upon the mixed stock of the country. There are now so ni.iny ]iiiie and compos- ite breeds, as noticed in Chapter 1, that tl:e practi- cal market breeder need not err. SKCTIOM n. — CROSS llllKn AND <11!\IIK SWINK, The breeder for pork, bacon, hams and lard, where the highest quality is desired, will, of course, seek pure-bred or cross-bred swine. Cross urcd swine are the proiliirt of two distinct breeds. I uro bred swine arc the produce of two animils of a distinct breed, as the IJerk.shirc, Poland-China, Duroc, etc. (irades, liko those of any other animal, are the jirodiice of any two iinini:ils of a species, one of pure and the other of mixed blood; the grade also being estimated as in other breeding by the amount of pure blood con- tained; as fir.st cross, one-half; second cross, thne- qnarter blood, etc. SUCTION HI. SlIKLTF.n FOK SWINK. There is no one of the farm animals so susceptible to cold /ind also to heat as swine. They are essen- tially without covering, since the liairon all well bred swine is thin, and in no breed is it well adapted as a protection. In ii state of nature swine seek the densest thickets, where a bed is iihide, which a loim- bor (if individuals occupy in common. In the sunl- it i J I'lil'. KAIt.MKUH' MTOCK IIOUK. f / lll'ROC-JKHNKV l HOAR. nUROC-JEKRFT RKn SOW. ;ii8 'I'HP: K^VltMKKS' STOCK BOOK. luer water is sought for its cooliug ( llccts, and as ii protectiou ngaiust insects, aiul sldu ami other scrof- ulous diseases. The animals wallow iu or encrust thiniselve.s witli mud, as a protectiou against heat, [)arasites and skin diseases. Hence tlic sagacious luan will ho able to meet these necessities intelli- gently. HANUE FOH SWINK. Jf swino cannot have sufKcicnt range in summer where they may find mud and pure water, tiiey must be washed often. In winter the shelter must be— however it is made— of sucli a nature that the ani- mals can be made comfortable without too many of them crowding together. Four hogs arc as many as ought to lie together. When swine are kept in hog burns, they should be so arranged that the cleaning, feeding and otlier required necessities may bo accom- plished in tlio most economical manner. nOG BAKNS. On a large scale we have found a two story build- ing, twenty-one feet square, with wings to contain tlic feeding pens, the upper story of the central building to bo devoted to grain, ground feed, etc., to bo delivered lielow liy appropriate chutes, to bo the most economical. The first story con- tains the boiler or steamer, feed car and other necessary arrangements. T.'io swino are kept in pens contained in wings (as previously stated) I twenty one feet wide and as long as'necessary. This ! will allow for a passage-way five feet wide between ' the rows of pens, and four sucli wings may be ex- i tended from tlic central building with yards attached to each pen. SU.MMEU JKF.ni.NO. The summer feeding of jiogs is a question upon wliicli many practical feeders disagree. A very large innnber believe that pigs may be put in'.mediately ui)on meal at the time they are- weaned, and thus fed until they are turned olf fat. Others again follow an entirely opposite course. They allow the pigs to shirk for tiiemselvos, on sometimes indilferenl past- ures, perhaps grudging them a little corn when the grass is dried u)) in .luly and August. Thoy winter them on jusf, what corn will serve to keep them alive during the winter, pasture the succeeding summer, and turn tlicra off some time during tlie succeeding winter, corn-fed, or else sell them in the autumn to feeders who fatten them. TO liAlSK nKALTIIY SWINE. Neither of tlicsu classes over made any moiicv off of pork, and unless the pigs bought of the l.uter class came at a very low price, the feeder who buys them makes little or no protit. The middle course is the correct one; there is no class of farm stock that pays so illy for wintering as swine, unless the owner have so much timbered range that the animals can pretty much get their living summer and winter. Such cases are very few. The proper system of sum- mer feeding is when the pigs have been fairly weaned, to put them on pasture where thoy may have plenty of young clover, and to feed them in addition, what mixed food or grain they will eat. Mill feed and corn meal in equal proportion, will form the bono and muscle necessary to make the growing frame what it should bo. Whatever milk and refuse there is from the dairy should, of course, be fod, but this really goes but a little way in feeding a drove of hogs. After harvest the swino should be turned into the stubble to consume the gleanings. Here they sluuild bo allowed to root. Wo believe that much of the loss in swiuc from that large class of diseases, mis-naimd "hog cholera," arise from disordered digestion, from ringing swine, in connection with the exclusive feed- ing of corn. The weakened system also renders the stock liable to lung diseases, scrofula, and the attacks of internal parasites, to which swino arc predisposed. THE GROUND-WOHK OF BONK ANO .MUSCLE. If the pigs are fed liberally upon food of mixed grain, giound together, or if peas, where this crop may bo grown, or some rough grain should be sown in which the pigs could be turned to "hog it down," it would be better. But the most economical feeding in tho prairie region of the West, at least, is to sow oats or rye, to be ground with corn, or to use the light grain of these cro))s together with the light grain of wheat, and such barley as may not giaile'^in the market for malting. Where mills are near, or in districts convenient to railroads, mill feed is the cheapest food that can be bought to mix with corn meal. By mill feed, we mean all the ground refuse of merciiant mills exccjit bran. StI.MMER FEEniNO, When pasture l)ecomes dry, a field of clover should bn reserved for cutting iind feedinrr. As soon as com begins to glaze, or as soon as it gets too hard for t* Till-; I'-AK MJ-Clits' f-TocK HOOK HI!) T Ijoiliiig, it makes exsellent food to keep pigs thriving. In fact, the summer feeding must be so managed lliat the pigs, in September, may ho put on corn, and turned otf the same winter, weighing to average, 200 pounds and upward. KCOXCl.MY OK (■(MllU-.n KIKII). If the pigs liave l)con kept growing tlirough the sununer on grass and grain, and if facilities are had for cooking — and no farm wheie liogs are kept is complete without it— pumpkins and windfalls of fruit, parsnips, beets, small potatoes and other roots may bo economically boiled with corn meal, or other ground food used. All these not only servo to keep the digestive system in good condition, but they also furnish, the organic and inorganic matter neces- sary to the full development of the animal system. Among garden vegetables, none are more valuable than cabbages, and the entire head may ho used, in- cluding the outside leaves. SECTIOM V. — WlNTICa FRKOINO. The winter feeding of swine should only be em- ployed to carry through tlie breeding hogs, the fattening pigs to bo turned oil in the .'spring, and such late pigs as will not make suiEcicut wo^giit to bo fattened during the winter, but must be reserved for the clover field the next summer, and to be fat- tened all the way from -Tune until September. Some succulent food is necessary. Pumpkins may bo kept until .fanuary with little trouble, if piled in a dry place and covered with littcr suiliciont to keep them from freezing, llutabagas may be fed after this time; parsnips are alsocxccllentfood. andcjst less to raise than most people suppose. They may be har- vested by plowing deeply close to the rows, going around the entire patch, and then following with a sub soil plow deeply underneath, going the reverse way from the turning-plow. This cuts or loosens the roots so deeply, that what little tap root is left in the ground matters little. KCONDMV OV AUTIUUDKKS. An ample field of artichokes shoidd be raised each year by every hog grower. Small jjieces may bo dropped at any time in the spring, at distances of one foot, in pretty deep furrows, throe and a half feet apart, or they may lie dropped in every third fur- row in plowing and covered by the next furrow. Cultivate the same as corn, one way, until the stems are three feel high, and tiiereafter they will take care of themselves. The hogs should bo allowed to root out the crop as they will, at any time after the first of October, and during the winter when the ground is not frozen, and also in the spring, until the jdants again start into growth. Thus artichokes will remain in the ground and produce a crop each year. Iiut the most economical way is to replant the same patch each year, and cultivate down such as are not in the line of rows. liOILING FKED. Many persons suiipose that the boiling of feed is expensive. It is not so. Wlicre boiling is followed, the mistake is in using too sniidl a kettle. Nothing .Mualler than a four-barrel kettle should bo used, and it should have a tight-fitting covering of boards to keep in the steam. This is made by clinch-nailing or screwing three-(juarter inch boards across each other securely, and sawing to a true hovel to fit the flange of the kettle. If such a kettle is filled with ear corn, three-quarters full, with water enough to fill quite full, the cover fitted close, and brought to a full boil, and loft to cool, the corn will be found en- tirely soft, and m.ich of it cracked open. Hogs thrive wonderfully upon corn so boiled, and fed warm. If a steamer is u.sed, the barrels or tanks must be closed figiit, and with water enough so the feed is cooked by moist stoim. Cooking by dry, su- per-heated steam should never bo allowed. It docs not moisten the food sufficiently, unless it has been previously soaked, and then it is apt to become caked. We like better than any other plan, sufficient tank room so ear corn can be cooked, using one set for one day's feeding, and another for tlie next. CHAPTER III. ^^\Rl•: and mana(;kjii',nt of swine. SKITIO.N I. — THE FAKUOWIN'Ci OF SOWS. The general management of swine is a nuitter that requires careful consideration. The time for farrow- ing of sows must depend upon the facilities for car- ing for the pigs. If a proper hog barn, with a warm fire-heated apartment eontiiining farrowing iiens, has been provided, February or the first days of March is not too early for young pigs; but if some place where pigs may be kept warm has not been provided, mild, settled weather must have arrived before the time of farrowing comes. Young pigs are more tender, if possible, than young lambs, and if in the lenst chilled will not attempt to suck; and, unlike ewes, the sow will not allow interference with the !i20 •riii': i<'^KM;iGii53' stock book. 4 pigs. Tlic cost of ft proper farrowing place and fire, liowcver, is so little, that it should form a part of every hog barn as well as of every sheep bam. This being provided, pigs may come at any time dating tho winter, safely, and will be ready for clover in the spring, early feeding m the fall and make heavy weights early tho succeeding winter or when eleven or twelve months old. SECTION II,— CAKE OF SOWS. Hows should be placed in the farrowing place at least a week before their time is up. It is an instinct with them always to seek one jjarticular place of rest. It is an instinct with them, also, to proviilc a suit- able nest for sleeping, and ePi)ecially so for furrowing. They should have such food as will conduce to allow free exijansion of tlie parts necessary to the expulsion of the foetus. Vegetables, especially cabbage and potatoes, cooked with their food do this. At farrow- ing time, and, indeed, a month before, it is well to feed them some animal food. Any refuse flesh food, cooked; greaves from the rendering tanks, or even a little fat pork in lieu of other flesh should be given. The refuse of fat trying estajlishments is probably best, and may form a portion of their food once or twice a week. After farrowing, they should be fed liberally with rich and varied sloppy food, beginning the third day after .'arrowing, and increasing the feed- ing as the pigs begin to grow. You cannot expect good pigs without good feeding; and after danger cf mflamiuation and puerperal fever is over, the food slionld bo constantly, but slowly increased until full feeding is given, when the pi'i".:T.<. : 1. — rnEVENTION OF DISEASE. The prevention of disease in swine is of far more importance than the cure. No animal is so difficult to manage in the forcible administration of medi- cines. Swine are subject to but few diseases ; of these those of an inflammatory nature are most prevalent, and these are chieHy confined to the vital organs and the viscera. If contagious or malignant epidemic disease attack hogs, the cheapest way to get rid of the difficulty is to send the affected animals at once to the rcuderiog tanks. This, and perfect isolation of all the healthy hogs, including a complete change in high, dry, airy pastures or yards, with pure well w.itcr for drink, a thorough disinfection of yards, buildings, sleeping quarters, and burning of all ma- terial of which nests were made, with some alterative that swine will take in their food, will constitute the best general directions to be used. SECTION II. — UREEmNO IiNFECTION. | Nine-tenths of nil the diseases of swine are pro- duced from filth and other bad sanitary conditions, and until these arc removed will go on decimating the drove until none are left. The hog is not a lilthy animal, whatever may be said to the contrary. Tliey wallow in filth and drink puddle water simply l)ecause they are forced to. They eat decayed food only when they can get no other, unless, indeed, tJicy have been raised on such; then the taste is a "second nature." Tiicy root in the earth to procure roots and insects, which with fruits and herbage constitute their natural food. They wallow in the mud of ponds in summer, incrustiug their skin to ward off the attacks of insects and to preserve their skin from burning by the sun. But when the mud is dry if they can find a suitable post they will rub them clean. If clean, cool water is allowed tlicm for bathing, they constantly seek it in summer and are seldom found wallowing in mud. Nuts, a com- paratively few succulent plants, roots and grain con- stitute tbcir food, and so delicate is their taste, that they discriminate far more nicely than cattle in their choice of food. If the coarser and the finer varieties of potatoes are given them, they first select the more delicate varieties used for the table and discard the strong and coarser varieties. They carefully make over their beds and air the material if allowed. From this the breeder and feeder may learn a lesson in their care both in sickness and health. ClIAI'TEU V. CONTAOIOI'S DISK/tSKS OV SWINK. SECTION I. — ON CONTAf.IDN. Any violent disease that attacks hogs epidemi- cally and fatally, is usually denominated hog cholera. The most of these are the direct outcome of liad feeding, bad quarters, and bad sanitary conditions generally. The only prevention is ckanUiiess in feeding places and yards, variety of food and abso- lutely pure water for drinking and bathing. Well water, if not contaminated with drainage of yards, or other surface water, ip best. Next, running water not affected witii wash from a higher source. Once swine are infected with nny deadly contiigion, remedies are, in the main, not available, from the difficulty ill adminihtcring nnitdies and the usually fatal symptoms before thu disease is to be combated. The only safe plan is to remove all animals not infected to a clean yard, or field, where they may get pure water, and, if possible, in summer pure mud (not liltli) to wallow in. This, and bathing in water, always grateful to swine, constitute, with pre- ventive leinedies, the most common sense treatment. Wlun actual disease exists, constant disinfection of premises should be followed. HOG HOLDER. Hogs arc among the most difficult of animals to manage when they are required to be securely held f ( noLERA. Contagious swine fever is that which nost gener- ally prevails under the various diseases heretofore denominated as hog cholera.. The incubatory stage lasts from three to fifteen days. There will be sliiv- orhig, prostration, the nose hot and dry; later, the animal more or less refuses food, lies under the lit- ter, the eyes are sunken and the gait is unsteady. The temperature of the animal, as shown by insert- ing the bulb of a thermometer into the rectum, will bo lOa to 105 degrees. There will be heat and sore- ness of the skin, with red patclios and black spots, the pulse weak and rapid, the tongue highly furred, lu'eathing quick, a hard, dry cough and soreness of tiie belly. There will be costiveness, followed l)y diarrhTOi, and when this latter is frctul, .slimy, anil especially if bloody, tlie animal pretty surely dies. If the symptoms are marked it is cheaper to kill and bury all such animals deeply. Get a clinical I thermometer and inserting the bulb well into the j rectum allow it to remain there half a minute and remove all hogs that show a temperature of 100 degrees or more. If there is constiiiation give two ounces of castor oil, with injections of warm water to a,ssist the operation. Give also, two or three times r,, day, the following: Nitrate ol Potassa, 20 grains. lii-sniplmte of Soda, i>() iriai„n Mix in one pint of gruel. If improvement commences give ten grains of quinine a day in two dosos, with nourishing food and good care. All the animals of the herd should receive the prescriptiou given under 8ection I. (:ONTA(iIOI'S P.NEi:,MO-ENTEKlTIS, OB PUIil'LES. This form of .so-called hog-cholera is occasioned l>y a minute organism (Imdlhis) found in the serous fluids and tissues of the body, and has its origin im- mediately in filthy quarters, low and wet feeding grounds during wet hot seasons, and is a conta- Kious inflammation of the lungs and bowels, and is i THid FA-KMBItS' BTOCIC IHJOK. 828 accompauied with red and purple blott^hcs oil the skill, whence its popular luiine. It assuiiies, often, the eiysipetiilous I'omi, and is aceoinpaiiied with mali^'naiit sore throat. In such cases th(^ bjttcr way is to kill iit once and bury deeply. Hoinetiines when this form is assumed the animal will die in an hour. THKAT.MKNT. One of the best means of procedure in all nialig- mint cases of disease, where the lungs and bowels arc implicated, is that prescril)ed by I'rof. N. S. Townshuiul, who s:iys In the first stage of hog cholera, wliile there are copious and dark dis charges from the l)owels, two tilings are desirable: First, to give some absorbent, or alkaline substance, to correct the irritating char- acter of the contents of the bowels. For this pur- pose one or two drachms of bicarbonate of soda, dis- solved in milk or mixed with a warm mash of wheat- bran, will be useful. Some secuie the same object by putting cinders and ashes within reach of their swine, which they wiii often eat greedily. Ears of corn burnt almost to a cli.ircoal are also a popular remedy in some localities. Charcoal and the small of stone-coal are also said to be useful. Tlie other indication at this stage is to give soiuc cathartic that will excite tlie liver to activity. For this purpose twenty grains of powdeied mandrake root may be given to a hog weighing from 100 to 150 pounds, or from ten to twenty grains of calomel may be used instead, and repeated if necessary. If the disease has passed to the stage of constipa- tion, the sulphates of soda or magnesia, in doses of half an ounce for hogs of the size above mentioned, may be dissolved in half a pint of water, and given once or twice a day until their effect is secured; or castor oil in doses of an ounce, mixed with a drachm of spirits of turpentine, may be substituted. Home- times it may be more convenient to give sulplmr with milk, in doses of an ounce or more. When difficult breathing and cough have come on, tho sides of the diest and throat should be inbbcc) with spirits of turpentine or some other strong lini- ment, and half a drachm of saltpetre, with a grain or two of tartar emetic, may be given two or three times a day, either with bran mash or dissolved in water, and pouro'l down the throat, the snout being first elevated by a noose in a small rope. It should not be expected that one or two doses of any remedy will effect a cure, or that any article, however valuable, will be equally suitable in all stages of the disease. CUAHHO.V, OU MALKiNANT ANTIIHAX. This fatal disease is often confounded with the foregtiing. They arc botli occasioned by liticilli. In anthrax the liorilhis iintlifaris are found in the blood, and tliis disease is easily transmissible to various animals. " Purples " is not transmissible to other species. The apoplectic or sidenic fonn of anthrax is wbtit is known as bloody murrain in cattle and is a malig- nant inflammation of the internal organs. Once it fairly attacks, t)ie swine arc lietter killed and buried. Then fully disinfe-.'t ail lodging places and burn all litter, as in other contagious diseases. The prevention may be found under Section I, includ- ing the prescription. MALIGNANT KPlZOOTIC CATAHliU. This disease may be known by ditliculty of iireath- ing, pawing with a lifting of the Hanks, and a shoit hoarse cough. The head will be stretche.l out but carried lov. There will be fever generally with constipation, but sometimes with diarrhd'a, and the ho;,' will be stiff and tottering in tlie movement. Another lorni will show less coughing, but with decided pa'''ilysis. Constipation is fc.llowed by profuse fcctul ("iarrha'a. The back will lie arched, the glands enl.irged and with scrofulous ulcers, and partial or total blindness will be exhibited. At the first symptoms give twenty grains, to a full- grown hog, of powdered white hellebore in half a pint of milk, to induce vomiting. When thi;i has operated give two to three grains of tartar emetic if the lungs GOem principally affected, Imt if the bowels arc thi^ principal scat of disease, give, instead, two or three grains of calomel. Give either of these in the half of a roasted but cold potato, if the animal will cat; if not, envelop in a little butter and place well back on the tongue, near the root. Wherever the soreness exists, whether lungs or bowels, a])ply one ounce of powdered cantharidcs, mixed with four ounces of olive or cotton-seed oil. This is to be mixed for half an hour over a very slow tire, with constant stirring and well nibbed. If it does not Ijlister in an hear, repeat. Wlic'i the hog s;ets relief, if the trouble has been in the bowels, give, every day for a week, twenty grn''is of sulphate of iron. If the liuigs have been if •&■ S2i TliK I-VVKMICKS. STOCK BOOK. Jf tlmv i« co.,«ti,mtio» Kivo ouc ounce of castor u.lk but ,f tlKTc is diunha... .„iou« a.u! dark, Kuo twenty granis of iH,cl„i,hyl]i„ „,,,, t,,„ j^^^,^^; 01 bicarljonatu of soda, lii this diseases as in all other malignant diseases, t IS altogether better to kill and b.iry tlmn to doc- tm;. In fact if every fat hog is killed whenever he re uses Ins llrst meal during the prevalence of epi- demics, it will be money in the pocket of .iie owner. SECno.V in. -CO.MMON niSEASES OE SWINE. The common diseases of swine are best met with good shelter, elcanhness and good nursing. Ho-s 2 ho most dimcult of any of the farm animals to " "'.ns er medK.ne to, from their stubbornness, and Wvwardness generally. If tbey will not take the a dicne :n then- food in all ordinary diseases, it is btttei to s arve them until they will. When medi- cine must be poured down it is usual to pass a cord, ^^■th a shpnoose ut the end, around the upper jaw -I twitch the hog up. A better way, hlwever,-.: he pen and trap, figured, and which may be used tor a variety of purposes. MANOE on HCAH. If hogs are infested with mango, use the prescrin- tion as given for the horse Lice ar. seldom found on hogs, except they are conhned m illy-clcaned pens. If so, sponge freely with equal parts of petroleum and skimmed m.lic s^^iaken together in a bottle, until well hicorporated.' bliake a so always before pouring on the sponge or soft cloth with which the hog is rubbed INTERNAL PAIUSITES, MEASLES, ETC. Measles is occasioned by the encystment of one of th. immature stages of the tape- worm in hogs. By exanimation of the skin, small watery pimjiles will be found of a pink or red color. There is no remedy for the disease, and unless tlie pork of such annuals is most thoroughly (comi-letely) cooked 10 meat is dangerous as food. For this reason and the few of eating pork infested with /,■,.,',/«„■, it should never be eaten unless fully cooked. LARD WORM. A worm about three-quarters of an inch Ion- sometimes infests the leaf lard, the kidneys, liver" nhab. s the kidneys especially. When present the 'iOK will sliow signs of weakness in the back. There is no cure for these except in medicines tliat will be taken np by the blood and thus enter the general system of circulation. If a hog is especially valuable as a breeder, .uieeigbth grain doses of arsenic may be ad- ministered daily for several weeks, the hog brin-^ dimng this time allowed access to the soU, where he may root. QUINS If, on iTRANOLES. This is an i.iHammation of tlie glands (tonsils) of the throat, and is often quickly .atal from suifoca- tion. It may be known by slavering, protrusion of tlie tongue, difficulty of swallowing, and by swelling under the neck and lower jaw. When found, cast and tie the pig firmly, and with a, lancet or the point of a keen knife, scarify the skin of the throat so as to draw blood somewhat freely. Foment the parts v.ith cloths wrung out of hot water. In the mean- time the following injection should have been nro- pared : '■ Sulpliate of Magnesia, 4 ounces. 0.1..llur„eutine, 2 araehms. boa,, Suds, ^ pj„j Mix ami inject at once. Swab the tonsils of the hog with equal parts of olive oil and oil of turpentine and If the hog will eat give, mixed in a little gruel' tablespoonful doses of equal parts of the oil and of turpentine, until relief is had. SNUFFLES. This disease is catarrli in the head. If the ani- mal be given warm quarurs and soft food, it will be all that will be needed. COMMON COLD. This is sometimes called rising of the lights. Eub the throat and chest with mustard moistened wi-Ji vinegar, and it will l,e a good plan to give it tar water to drink, or smear a little common tar on the back of the tongue daily. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. In the case of an attack of simple pneumonia, tliere will be quick and laiiored breathing, shivering of the body and limbs, loss of appetite, and more or loss cough. The treatment is to rub the chest witli mustard moistened with strong vinegar, and repeat If necessaiy. Internally give : Nitrate of Potash. 2 drachms. I.iaulphate of S.Kla, 2 .irachms. Mix in a pint of gniel and turn down if tlie ho-^ will J. + i * 3* -9» THU; l<'^VltM IflitS' WIMJCK JIOOIC. y2n not fiit. The iiuiiuiil luiiHt iiiivc warm, clean quar- j spoonful of the following; iirescription in the food of tera ami a good bed. DIARKIKEA. Young ])igs often arc .snl)jeet to diarrlupa, goner- ally when they are very young. It is generally duo to diseased milk of the sow. Upon the fir.st indica- the sow every time .sIk! is fed: Fenugreek, ixiwilircil. 1 pouml. Anise Seed. i)()\V(lere'^vjt.M toita' HToc'it iioojv. scinUcd, iind tho cnrriiiKo is iifri^'lit. In tlic hens tli(! couili slioiilil full to OHO n'uh. Tlmt of the coclt jicrfoutly upright mid without I wIkI. Tlioiilmiiiigo of the black variety must bo jet bliicU, without other color, and that of the white variety ))ure white. The ear-lobcH are largo, ])C'U(lulous aiul white. The tail is iao.st liaiulsome and orect, with very lougsicklo feathers, aud the logs blue or dark lead color. POLISH FOWLS. The Polish fowls aro chiefly remarkai)le for their iuimenso crests or top-knots. In tho hen it is glob- ular, in tho cock it falls down on every side. They aro delicate aud do not withstand our winter climate well, and their crests so cover their eyes that they aro neither good foragers nor able to protect tliem- Hclvcs from tho depredations of hawks. Hence they aro now not found except in tho collections of fan- ciers, and seldom there. SECTION II DISTINCTIVE AMEIlirAN BREEDS. All fowls, of course, unite the two qualities of egg produciiou and flesh. The breeds wc have men- tioned aro remarkable for their egg production. Those wo now mention are noted for fine flesh and at tho sauio time aro prolific in eggs. Those just noticed are remarkable as winter layers. Those to bo mentioned now commence laying late in winter or early in tho spring, according to tho warmth of their quarters, and if their eggs aro removed from the nest, vvill continue t') lay until sometimes fifty or sixty will be deposited before they become broody. THE DOMINIQUE. Among the distinctively American breeds there is none superior to the Dominique when found pure. On the page showing points of fowls wo illustrate this breed as the model for showing points. They aro among tho handsomest, as they aro tho most hardy of our barn-yard fowls, and without doubt are of the strong integers in the make-up of that other distinctively, though composite, American breed, the I'JymouMr f.ack fowl. The Dominique, when purr, has au undulated penciling of slaty blue, on light ground, forming bands of color all over tho body. Tho plumage of the cock is most distinct, often with golden hackles and bronzed wings. Tho comb sliould bo single, though a double comb is admis- sible. The iris of the eye is bright orange, and the bill aud legs yellow (;.• buff. Their eggs arc a'caty, tho flesh of the highest quality. Tiiey are hardy, prolific, healthy, glu)rt-leg;,'ed, active fowls, with light ollal for tlieir weight. PLYMOUTH ItolK I'OWLS. This breed has many admirers, and of late years they have gained in the general estimation of the public, since their breeding has come to be quite uni- form and excellent. '.. verthelcss, unless care is taken in mating, they will soon deteriorate in plum- age, as must arise from their mixed breeding, OSTHRH OU IU!CK-i COU.S I V FOWLS. This is another distinctive American breed, that originated in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Hence one of their names. They have, not, howevir, been widely disseminated, although they are the largest of American breeds. The cocks sometimes weigh nine pounds. Tho cocks are described as being dark blue black, 1 10 ends of the feathers tipped with white, the wings yellow or golden tinge, hackles dark glossy blue. The comb is double, of tho kind denominated a rose comb, and tho wattles are large. The hen is more sober in color and with a single serrate comb, but both are upright in statuie, with short legs. These fowls are good foragers. The hens lay largo eggs, of good flavor, sometimes forty to fifty before becoming broody, and the flesh of the fowls when killed is white, fir^i and of excellent quality. OKOIUHAN GAMES. Another distinctive American breed, although orig- inally bred in Europe, have so long been bied in tho south, and especially in Georgia, where they are highly prized, may now bo called a distinctively American breed. They are not only game fighters, but they aro also good layers, healthy, hardy, and well able to take care of themselves anywhere. Their flesh is of tho first quality and for beauty of plumage, lofty carriage, elegance of shape and stout courage they have no superiors. Tiie color should be pure white, without shade in any part whatever, neck, breast, hackle or tail. The legs should be yellow, since this indicates constitu- tion, but white legs are much prized. The comb, ear-lobes and wattles are of the brightest crimson, and the beak must hannonize with the legs in color. For the reason that liey are an American breed, wo have introduced them into this section, and in the next will give oharaeterjstics of some uLhcr of the more notable breeds. n- i / ■I'll 1': K.VH M KU^ t* s'r< X ■ K IK H > U , 1120 SI'.CTKiN lll.--(i.\MK KliWI.H, Tlio Game fowl is not u fiirraer s fowl Tlu'y can- not lio kc'iit in confinnmout without |iiiiiiic;, uiid tliey rcqiiiro II wide riui;,'0 to emiblu them to retain tlicir chiinic'terlHticH of foiini^'c, liardincss, and delicacy of flesh and c<;<;n. Vet wo know sonio fanners who prefer this lirced to any other, and it is certain that Oamcs cannot he kept widi iiiiy other i)recd and have the males of the latter Kurvive. It nuiat ho admitted, liowever, that near larRc cities the farmer who brce' layer, and, if she has a 'Mod run, eijual to any breed. The eggs, though of modernto size only, are remarkable for delicacy of flavor. Khe is an eNcellcnt sitter, and still more excellent mother. The chickens are easily reareil, rciiuire littlo food, and are more robust in constitution th.ui almost any other variety. "The (lesh of the game fowl is beautifully white, and superior to that of all other breeds for richness and delicacy of flavor. Tluy should never be put up to fat, as they are impatient of conlinornent. Mr. Black Brcmtert Ucd finme.x. "The Game cock is the undisputed king of all poultry, and is unsurpassed for courage. The Ma- lay is more cruel and ferocious, hut has loss real courage. Game fowls are in every resjiect lighting i)irda, and althougli cock fighting is now very prop- erly prohibited hy law. Game fowls are always judged mainly in reference to fighting qualities. But their pugnacious disposition renders them very troublesome, especially if they have not ample range, although it does not disqualify them for small runs to the extent generally supposed. A blow with his spur is dangerous, and instances have been recorded of very severe injuries inflicted upon chilihcn, even causing death. High-bred hens are ipiite as pugna- cious as the cocks. The chickens are very quarrel- some, and both cocks and hens fight so furiously, that frequently one-half of a brood ia destroyed, and the other half have to bo killed. Dui-l<-WinK (iamort. Baily claims : 'They are in no way fit for the fatten- ing-coop, They cannot bear the extra food without excitement, and llut is not favorable to obesity. Nevertheless, they have their merits. If they are allowed to run semi-wild in [the woods, to frequent sunny banks and dry ditches, they will grow up like them; they will have littlo fat, hut they will be full of meat. They must he eaten young: and a Game pullet four or five months old, caught up wild in this way, and killed one or two days before she is eaten, is, pcrhiips, the most deHcious chicken there is in point of flavor.' "The cock's head should he long, but fine: beak long, curved, and strong; comb single, small, up- right, and bright red: v.';itt!es .and faw bri^!-.*-- r-d; eyes large and brilliant; neck long, arched and strong; breast well developed; back short, and 4- :i;!(i liii'; i<'A K >j i<;us' M'l'otK nooii. broad between tlio Hlioiildors, h' tailoring? to tlio tiil; thij,'lis imiMciiliir, l)iit sliou cniiiiiiucd to tlio hIiuuKn; H|)ut' low; fuut ilut, witli iiuiVLrftil cIuwh, mill Ills carriii^'o erect. Tiio form "f the hen should resenibie tlio abovo on a suiahcr 'ak', with small, lino coiiil) and face, and wattloH of a lo.ss intiiiso rod. The fcuthors of both should bo very hard, linn and ulcso, very stronj} in the quills, and seem so united that it should be almost im|ioh iblo to riitllo them, each feather, if lifted up, fallint,' readily into its orif,'inal [liaco. Size is not a point of merit, from four to six pounds being considered Hiillicient, and better than heavier weights. Among the list of imperfections in (riiuo eocKs, Slu'tchloy enumerates 'llat sides, short logs, thin thighs, crookod or indented breast, short, tliinueck, iinperfoet eye, and duck or short feet.' n- tiebrlKlit Uantams, "The colors are various, and they are classed into numerous varieties and sub-varieties, of which the chief are— Black-breasted Red; IJrown-llod; Silver Duck-wing (irays, so called from the feathers resem- bling tlKj.se of a duck; Grays; Bines; Dims; Piles, or Pieda; Black; White; and Brassy- winged, which is Black with yellow on the lesser wing coverts. Colors and markings must be allowed a somewhat wide range in this breed; and tigurc, with courage, may be held to prove purity of blood though the color be doubtful. Mr. Douglas considers the Black- breasted Red the finest feathered (lame, and states that he never found any come so true to color as a brood of that variety. White in the tail feathers is liighly objectionable, though not an absolute disqualification. White fowls should bo entirely white, with white legs. The rules for the colored legs are very unde- cided. Ijight legs match light colo-ed birds best. No particular color is imperative, but it should harmoiii I with the plumage, and all iu a pen must agree. "The best layers are the Black-breasted Beds with willow legs, and the worst the Grays." SKITIO.N IV. — KANCV UllKEDH. - 1).\NT.\MH. There are few who do wot udmiro Bantams. Their diminutive stature and varioil forms, often grotesque, make them admirable oruaiuenls to IIk poultry yard or the lawn, and none are liner than tlic game Bantams. Although they will drive the large Asiatic and other broods wo have never known them to mix with the large breeds when they hud hen .f their own kind. In our deacriptiou of the vaiicius Bantams we have condensed from the best author- ities on the several biccds. OA.ME BANTA.MS. Game Bantams are exact miniatures of real Game fowls, in Black- breasted red. Duck-wing, and other varieties. The cocks must not have the stmt of the Bantam, but the bold, martial bearing of the (Jame cock. Their wings should bo carried closely, and their feathers be hard and close. The Duck- wing cock's lower wingcoverts should bo marked with blue, forming a bar across each wing. KKIlUKiUT IIANTAMS. The Sebright, or Gold and Silver-laced Bantam, ia a breed with clean legs, and of most elegantly spangled plumage, wiiich was bred niid has boon brought to great perfection by Sir .John Sebright, after whom they are named. The attitude of the cock is singularly bold and proud, the head being often thrown so much back as to meet the tail feathers, which are simple like those of a hen, the ordinaiy sickle-like feathers being abbreviated and bioad. The Gold-laced Sebright liantanis inhould have golden brownish-yellow plumage, each feather being bordered with a lacing of black; the tail square like that of the hen, without sickle feathers, and carried well over the back, each feather being tipped with black, a rose-comb pointed at the back, the wings drooping to the ground, iioither saddle nor neck hackles, clean lead-colored legs and feet, and white ear-lobes; and the hen should correspond exactly with him, but be much smaller. The Silver- laced birds have exactly the same points, except in the ground feathering, which sin mid be silvery, and the nearer the shade approaches to white the more beautiful will be the bird. Their carringe should resemble that of a good Fautiiil pigeon, ■* .1 lUJ-; I'AU.M H3UM* HTCX.K IIOOJC. tial IITIIKK IIANTAIIH. Tlio lilndi JliintiiiuH ahoiild lie iiniforiii in f..lor, with wfll-devrlopcd white I'lirlobcs, roHccoiuijs, full Imcldos, siclilcd 1111(1 (]ouii!« tail, and doep, slutc- <. Tlic Whitu ItaiitiiinH should Imvo whiti! IcgH iiud bciik. Moth Hlioiild bo of tiny size. The Nankin, or Cduimon Yellow Hantnm.io prob- iibly tho nearest aii|.roiuli ' ) tho oriKinal typo of tho fainily-tho "Itaiikiva fowl." The cod' -Imsii'irge piopoitioii ol red and dark chestnut on tho o.u;, with a full black tail; while the hen i ii ^mIo oran,;.: yellow, with II tail tipped with black, , :;d :ii;> hnch:, li,i,dilly penciled with tho wanio color, am' !■ ,ui k".-,, (.'oiubs vary, but tho rose is decidedly i forable. True-bred Hpeciiuens of tlicsc birds being by no means common, considerable deviations from the aiiovo description may consequently be expected in birds passing under this appellation." Tho Hooted ibiiitanis have their legs plumed to the toes, not on one side only like Codiin-Gliinas, but completely on both, with stitr, Ion;; feathers, which brush the ground. Tho most beautiful speci- mens arc of a pure white. "Feather-legged JJan- turns," says Mr. Jtaily, "may bo of any color; tho old-fashioned birds were very small, falcou-hocked and feathered, with long quill feathers to the extrem- ity of tho toe. Many of them were bearded. They are now very scarce; indeed, till exhibitions brought them again into notice, these beautiful specimens of their tribe were all neglected and fast passing away. Notning but the Sebright was cultivated; but now we bid fair to revive the pets of our ancestors in all their beauty." The I'ekin, or Cochin Bantams, were taken from the Hummer I'alace at Pekiii during the Chinese war, and brought thence to England. They exactly resemble the Bull Cochins in al' respects except size. They arc very tame. The .(apanese Bantam differs from most of the other varieties in having a very large single comb. It lias very short, well-feathered legs, and tho color , varies. Some are quite white, some have pure i white bodies, with glossy, jet-black tails, others are ' mottled and buff. They throw the tail up and the head back till they nearly meet, as in the Fantailed pigeon. They are said to be the constant cnmpan- j ions of man in their native country, and have a droll ! und good-natured expression. j All the Bantam cocks are very pugnacious, and , thoMRh the hens uro good mothers to their own chickens, they will iittiuk any stranger with fiirv. They are good lnyerH of siiiull, but exquisitely- lluvored ccfgs. lint no breed produces no Krcnt ii proportion of unfertile eggs, .lune i.s tho best month for hatching, as the chickens uro delicate. Thev feather more quickly than most breeds, and are apt to di(^ at that period throii;^ . the great drain upon the system in producing feathers. When fully foalhered they are quit, hardy. The hens are excellent moth- ers. Tho chickens require a little more animnl food than other fowls, and extra attention for a week or two in keeping them dry. niintiims are verv useful in a garden, eating nniny slugs and insects, and doing little damage. SK( TIO.N V. -MA.S.MIKJIFXT OK POltMllV, Some years since nn artide contributed to the National Agricultural Department, "Ibiising Poultry ■* rencllcil Ilanilmix's. and Eggs for Market— By a New Englander," n gen- tleman known for bis success not only in the pro- duction of poultry and eggs, but as a breeder of high caste fowls of pure breeds, contains correct ideas on tho practical management of poultry. From this we condense some essential points as follows: As to stock for breeding purposes, a selection is best made from tho short-legged China , Brahma or Cochin— Ed.j male birds, to be introduced to the common native female stock. From their chickens selected birds only should be kept for future breed- ing, and the cross thus obtained are best bred back to the China male again, reserving from season to season only the short-limbed and well-shaped pullets from this crossing for subsequent nse. In this way the better charatteriatif 3 of the fr.r.-ign blnod are more uniformly retai-jod, though it will be necessary constantly, as above recommended, each year to 882 TH-K I'^VXIMKIIW HI'OOIC BOOK. + select the most luomisiiiR fowls in shape, size, etc., for breediuj; purposes; for it is a well-known fact that all crosses deteriorate after the first one. For obtaining the greatest amount of eggs, or for tlio production of the best average quantity of Hesh, fowls shoii! 1 never be kept beyond the full age of two years. It is well settled that during the first year of her life a well-fed lien will lay more eggs than ever afterwards. From the end of her second year she begins to fail as a breeder, and chickens usually raised from old hen's eggs are never so vig- orous, so healthy, or otherwise so promising as arc those hatched from tiio eggs of young birds; that is to say, those from one to two years of age. Male birds are in their prime only down to the end of the second year, and should not ' o kept for prop- agation beyond that period of life. For ordinary breeding purposes a vigorous young male bird will servo advantageously twelve or fifteen hens, the former number being preferable, as a rule. wiiito Li'iihornt). The males should bo changed every season from one flock of females to another, and no male bird should be permitted to run with the same hens dur- ing more than a single season under any circum- siiinces. For the producing of tggs only, no male bird is necessary to be kept with the laying hens; and du ing the season of moulting it will be found of advmi- tago, decidedly, to separate the cocks from the pul- lets altogether. These hints are offered for the err sideration of those who desire to breed fowls system- atically and to tlio best advantage in moderate quan- tities. Where large numbers of birds are kept, it is not absolutely mx-ossary that these rccoramr.i l-,!ti»ns should be altogetlicr observed; but for the purposes of comparatively "good breeding," making no pro- tension to simply keeping up a purity of race, but rather for every-day purposes of the farmer, who is satisfied with fair profits, and who breeds for ordinary market, the hints proposed \vlll be found generally advantageous. "If it suits the fnncy or object of the owner, liis fowls may be of several breeds, without any risk of intermingling, the select breeding stocks being kept up by merely changing the cocks every second year; and not more thai' one cock to thirty hens need bo kept for the general stock, as it is of no consequence whether all the eggs arc impregnated or not." This has reference not to high breeding for the show rooms, but to the production only of poultry meat and eggs. The cost of fowl-keeping, first an I last, if all the necessary food is purchased at ordinary market prices, will average not far from ten cents a head )ipr month. With the run of the farm-yard, however, and only a moderate number of fowls, the cost is riuch less. In large numbers, say hundreds or thousands, the expense of keeping will reach the first-named estimate fnlly, if the birds arc confined to limited quarters. This sum is fixed for the food dealt out only, the add.'ional expense of care and interest upon investments for cost of buildings and fixtures, land occupied, etc., is not included, and must depend, of course, upon the extent of the establibhment, the taste and means of the poultry- keeper, etc. Where fowls are kept for profit, and especially when large numbers are present, attention should lie directed to saving the feathers taken from them (if dressed for market^ and al-o the manure from the houses— no incondderable item of value in cadi year. Wilson, in his "British Farming," says that "where a huh .rod common fowls and a dozen geese or ducks are kept, the quantity and value of the manure produced by them (but little inferior to guano), if kept by itself and secured from the weather, will surprise those who have not made trial of the plan." Wliero five hundred or a thousand fowls or moro arc kept, the importance of this item will bo worth remembering. In raising poultry, whether the object be to pro- duce chickens for the market, or to olitai :. a supply of t; ;s, the first principle to bo observed i^ absolute clontilinosa in and around the houses they ocnpy. During lua brief fattening process, if this plan be i ii > 1 4- XHK FA.KMKKS' STOCK BOOK. 3ya odopteil at all, a range for tlie birds intended to bo slaugbtcred is not necessary. On tiie contrary, for two or three weeks devoted to finally fitting fowls for tiic spit the more quiet they remain in their confine- ment (always supposing them to be kept cleanly and free from vermin) the better. For the London and Paris markets light even is also excluded from the fattening coops during the few weeks devoted to put- ting fowls ill their best condition before killing. But this process is of doubtful utility, and the "cramming" method in vogue among certain breed- ers is generally deemed not only inhuman, but is undoubtedly not remunerative. Fowls collected together in any number will get sick, and the query is often made, "How can they be Bhuk Spaiii^li Fowls. cured?" If the fowl houses are kept thoroughly dry and clean, and the poultry free from vermin, there will be but little sickness among the chickens. When the case occurs, however, remove the bird that droops ut once, knock it on the head, and bury it beneath the roots of the grape-vines. For botli laying and breeding fowls a range or walk is a necessity to their comfort, health and prof- itableness. Without this convenience, to a greater or less extent— and the more liberal the ra;'ge the bettor— it is futile to attempt to grow fowls to profit, and idle to expect them to produce eggs regularly. Good range, pure water, dry shelter, animal food, and entire freedom from filth, are all needful to pro- mote high health and continuous prosperity in the poultry yard, but more or less range for laying fowls is tlic first essential to their well-doing. To uCford this desirable accommodation space is required; and where a considerable number of birds is kept upon a single farm, the room assigned to each lot ehonld be as liberally accorded as possible, in order to prevent immediate sickness among the stock, for the crowd- ing of a large number of fowls into single enclosures is certain to generate roup and other diseases. CHAPTER II. KOKKIGN KKEED.S. RECTIOV I. — liRAItMA FOWLS. Of the largo Asiatic breeds the Brahma fowls and the Cochin China, and varieties of these breeds, combine the principles of excellence in the heavier classes of i-wls, so far as hardiness, great weight, egg production and nursing mothers are concerned, , The Brahma-Pootra fowls, as they were originally called, were first received in England from the United States, but their origin is not wholly known, although it is distinctly Asiatic. They are among the best winter layers we have. Early hatched pwh lets often commence laying at five to six months of age, when well cared for, and continue all winter. The eggs are more or less buff colored. The chicks do not feather early, but they aro not deficient in hardiness, and at from four to eight months old are in their prime as table birds. The woight of the mature cock will occasionally reach thirteen pounds and the hens two pounds lighter, but these weights are exceptional, ten pounds being a good weight for a cock, and eight pounds for a hen. In the old iiirds the flesh is coarse-grained, oily and often rank flavored. Nevertheless, their many merits quickly made them sought after, and they have continued to hold their own fairly among all competitors. There has been much confusion first and last over the name of this fowl. They have so many jioiiits and characteristics in common with the old-time Shanghais, that they may be said to have been derived from this stock, modified and improved by careful breeding. The editor of the ('HuwHan Pimltii/ Clirotiiil,; an enthusiaBtic but correct writer on poultry, sums up the quaUties of the Brahmas as follows: "The great size of the JJrahraa at once renders it an object of attention. In this respect it suq)asses all other breeds. Hens in their second year, with moderate care, will weigh from eight to ten pounds, and cockerels from tliirteen to fourteen pounds each. The quality of the moat is also good; when toler -i* i I ;)34 TJHi: K^VKMKltS' STOCK BOOIv. ably frd it will be found iiluio.st, and very often quite eiiiuvl to the Dorking. There iw probably ii little less nioiit on tlie breast; but this is compensated by the citra quantity of that on the thighs; indeed, many people think the leg of a Brahma cockerel one of the best part the bird. If the object of the farmer is simpij )roducc chickens for the table or mar- ket, then a cross between tiio Brahma and a Dorking cock will produce truly niagniticont fowls; the largest, perhaps, that have ever been reared. Chickens thus bred have, at the age of six months, attained the weight of eighteen pounds the couple, and over — no mean matter for the farmer's consideration. "As a laying fowl, the Brahma is, in onr opinion, equal to any other breed. There is no doubt that the propensity to sit interferes with the production of eggs. Notwithstanding this, the fecundity of the hens and pullets is very great. Brahma pullets will lay with great regularity at six to seven months old, and usually sit within two months after. They may thus be made exceedingly useful, where a regular supply of early birds for the market is desired. Indeed, no breed so eminently possesses the regular- ity and certainty in the time of incubation without carrying it to a troublesome excess. It is also remarked that the hen in her second year lays much longer than the pullets, and in this respect makes the fowl as a layer far superior to nearly any other. "After the second year the tendency to incubate becomes greater and increases with ago. Wo would, tliereforc, recommend that hens, after tiie third year, should be got rid of; nor, indeed, is there any neces- sity to keep them any longer, as pullets can always be had to supply their places. In connection with the production of eggs, we may mention another cross with the Brahma well worthy the attention of the farmer, that is, between a Brahma hen and a Hpinish cock. This cross produces a fowl which for average fecundity surpasses any and every fowl we know." The Brahmas are capital foragers where they have liberty, delighting in an extensive range, though they bear confinement well. The- will lay from thirty to forty eggs before becoming broody, and arc especially good winter layers. Wiicn the hens become broody a week's confinement will usually wean them of the habit; and in Kngland, as in America, they are a favorite farmers' fi)\vl. Afr. Pipor, nn Knglisb author- ity, says: The chickens are hardy, easy to rear. varying in color when first hatched, being all shades of brown, yellow and gray, and are often streaked on the back and spotted about the head; but this variety gives place, as the feathers come, to the mixture of black, white and gray, which forms the distinguishing color of the Brahma, They reach their full size at an early age, aiul the pullets are in their prime at eight months. Miss Watt."! noticed that Brahmas "are more clever in the treatment of themselves when they are ill than other fowls; when they get out of order, they will generally fast until eating is no longer injurious, " which peculiarity is corrobo- rated by the experienced " Henwife." The feathers Iiit.'ht BnUiiiias. of the Brahma- Pootra are said to be nearly equal to goose feathers. The head should have a slight fidlness over the eye, giving breadth to the top; a full, pearl eye in much admired, but far from common; comb either a sma!' uQgie, or pea-comb — the single resembling that of the Cochin; the neck short; the breast wide and full; the legs short, yellow, and well-feathered, but not so fully as in the finest Cochins; and the tail short but full, and in the cock opening into a fan. They should be wide and deep made, large aiul weighty and have a free, noble carriage, equally distinct from the waddle of the Cochin and the erect bearing of the Malay. Unlike the Cochins, they keep constantly to their color, which is a mixture of black, white and gray; the lightest being almost white, and the dark- est consisting of gray markings on a white ground. The color is cntirrly a matter of tasto, but thn bottom color should always be gray. THK FARM.TCKS' STCiCIi HOOK. 835 "After breeding Braliinas for many years," says Miss Watts, "through many generations and crosses (always, however, keeping to families imported direct from America), we are quite confirmed in the opinion that the pea-comb is the comb for the Hraiima; and this seems now a settled question, for Hingle-combed birds never take prizes when passnble pea-sombed birds are present. Tlie leading cha teristic of the pecuhar comb named by the Americans the pea-comb, is its triple character. It may be developed and separated almost like three combs, or neariy united into one ; but its triple form is always evident. What we think most beautiful is, wliere the center division is a little fluted, slightly serrated, and flanked by two little side combs. The degree of Hark liraliniaB. the division into three varies, and the peculiarities of the comb may be less perceptible in December than when the hens are laying; but the triple character of the pea-comb is always evident. It shows itself in tl^o chick at a few days old, in three tiny paralleled lines." It ie thick at the base, and hke three combs joined into one, the center comb being hi-jher than the other, but the comb altogether musl be low, rounded at the top, and the indentations must not be deep. Whether single or triple, all the combs in a pen should be uniform." The Brahmas are now divided into two distinct varieties, the light and dark, but diflfering essentially only in color. The logs are, in both varieties, strongly feathered to the toes, but the color of the skin of the legs is yellow. SECTION 11. — COCHIN-CHINA FOWLS. This class of fowls, introduced into England in 181:-), and immediately aftur into the United States, is now broken up into many varieties as exhibition birds, and have many admirers. The principal varieties of the Cochins are, White, Buff, Cin- namon, Grouse or Partridge, Lemon, Silver Bull, Silver Cinnamon, J?lack, Cuckoo nnd Silky-Feathered Cochins. The Buff Cochin and the Partridge Cochii. are the most widely disseminated, and in the best repute among farmers, although the White and the Black varieties have ruany admirers. Either of the last four named will give good satisfaction for hardi ness, winter layers and as good nursing mothers. There is no doubt that Cochins are among the most va)nai)le of fowls for a limited space, although they are fair foragers who:: they have liberty. Pul- lets have beon known to lay at fourteen weeks, and want to sit at six months. The eggs ore of fair size, two and a quarter ounces each, of a pale chocolate color, and of good flavor. The chicks rear easily, though like the Brahmas dicy fledgr Inte, but for frying, the chickens eariy acquire size. At the age of five to eight months they are fit for roasting or boiling, and arc juicy and of fine flavor. Old birds, Hke those of other large Asiatic birds, lack meat on the breast, and are dry and tough. They also, as age increases, accumulate large quantities of internal fat, and hence should not be kept longer than the age of Uiree years, even for the production of eggs. A peculiar characteristic, technically called "fluff," is a quantity of beautifully soft, long feathers, cover- ing the thighs till they project considerably, and garnishing all the hinder parts of the bird in the samo manner, so that the broadest part of the bird is beiiind. Its quality is a good indication of the breed; if line and downy the birds are probaby well-bred, but if rank and coarse, they are inferior. The cocks are freqmutly somewhat scanty in "fluff," but should be chosen with as much as possible; but vulture- hocks, which often accompany the heaviest feathered birds, should be avoided, as they now disqualify at the best shows. " The fluff," says a good authority, "in the hen especially, should so cover the tail feathers as to give the appearance of a very short back, the lino taking an upward direction from within an inch or so of the point of junction with the hackle." The last joint of the wings folds up, so that the ends of the flight feathers are concealed by the middle feathers, and their extremities are again cov- ered by the copious saddle, which peculiarity has caused them to be also called the ostrich-fowl. Il • ■ I 330 THK K^VIIMKIIS' STOCK HOOK. A good Cochin cook should be compact, large, and square built; broad across the loins and hind- quarttTs ; with a deep keel ; broad, short back ; short neck; small, dclicately-shapnd, well-arclied head; short, strong, curved jjeak; rather small, finely and evenly serrated, straight, single, erect comb, wliolly free from reduplications and sprigs; brilliant red face, and pendent watt.es; long hanging ear-lobe, of pure red, white being inadmissible; bright, hold eye, approaching the plumage in color; rich, full, long hackle; small, closeJy-folded wings; short tail, scarcely any oii some fino specimens, not ver erect, with slightly twisted glossy feathers falling over it like those of the ostrich ; stout legs set widely apart, yellow and heavily feathered to the toe; and erect carriage. Tiie chief defect of the breed is narrow- I!ii IT Cochins. ness of breast, which should therefore be sought for as full as possible. The hen's body is much deeper in proportion than that of the cock. She resembles him upon most points, but differs in some ; her comb having many indentations; the Hull being softer, and of almost silky quality; the tail has upright instead of falling feathers, and comes to a blunt point; and her car- riage is less upright. Cochins lose their beauty earlier than any other breed, and moult with much more ditficulty each time. They are in their greatest beauty at from nine to eight- een months old. The cocks' tails increase with age. In buying Cochins avoid clean legs, iifth toes, which show that \t has been crossed with the Dorking, double combs that betray Malay blood, and long tails, particularly taking caie that the cock has not, and ascertaining that he never had, sickle feathers. The cock o ight not to weigh less than ten or eleven pounds, and a very line bird will reach thirteen; the hens from eight to ten pounds. i>uff birds may have black in the tails of both sexes, but the less there is the better. IMack-pencil- ing in the hackle is considered objectionable at good sliows. The cock's neck hackles, wing coverts, back, and saddle hackles, are usually of a rich gold color, but his breast ai'd the lowui parts of his body should match with tlioso of his hens. Bull birds generally produce chickens lighter than t.-imj-^'v . M'ist birds become rather lighter at each m ..i.. In breeding. Grouse and Partridge hens should have a black- Parlriclce Ciieliliia, breasted cock. The Cinnamon are of two shades, the light Cinnamon and the Silver, which is a pale washy tint, that looks very delicate and pretty when perfectly clean. Silver Cinnamon hens should not be mated with a pale yellow cock, but with one as near to their own tint as can be found. In Partridge birds the cock's neck and saddle hackles should be of a bright red, striped with black, his back and wings of dark red, the latter crossed with a well-defined bar of metallic greenish black, and the breast and under parts of his body should 1)0 black, and not mottled. The hen's neck hackles should be of bright gold striped with black, and all the other portions of her body of hght brown, pen- ciled with very dark brown. The Grouse are very dark Partridge, have a very rich appearance, and are particularly beautiful when laced. Tltoy arc far from common, and arc well worth cultivating. The Par- < I i'lii': i.rViiM.JiHtci' fsroi iv J4(>.>ii. aa? tridge arc more mossed in their markings, and not so ricli in color as the Grouse. Cuckoo Cochins iire uiiirkcd hku the Cuckoo Dorkings, and difficult to Ijreud free of yellow. The White and Black were introduced later than the others. White Cochins siiould have yellow logs, and they arc prone to grc^'n. Tlie origin of the J51ac'- is disputed. It is said to ho a sport from the Wliite, or to have been produced by a cross between the Bull and the W) ite. By careful breeding it has been lixod as a decided sub-variety, but it is ditlicidt, if not almost impossible, to rear a cock to complete matu- rity entirely free from colored feathers. They keep perfectly pure in color till sis months old, after which age they sometimes show a golden patcli or red feathers upon the wing, or a few streaks of red upon the hackle, of so dark a shade as to bo imper- ceptible except in a strong light, and are often found on close examination to have white under featlu rs, and others barred with white. The legs in all the colors should be yellow. Flesh- colored legs are admissible, but green, black, or white are defects. In the Partridge and Grouse a slight wash, as of indigo, appears to bo thrown over them, which in the black assumes a still darker shade, but in all three yellow should appear partially even here beneath the scales, as the pink tinge does iu the Buff and White birds. Cocliin-Chinas I)eing much inclined to accumulate internal fat, which frequently results in apoplexy, should not be fed on food of a very fattening char- acter, sueh as Indian corn. They are liable to have inflamed feet if they are obljed to roost on very high, small, or sharp perches, or allowed to run over sharp-edged stones. They are also subject to an affection called white comb, which is a white moldy eruption on the comb and wattles, like powdered chalk, and if not properly treated in time, will spreiid over the whole body, causing the feathers to fall off. It is caused by want of cleanliness, over-stimu- lating or bad food, and most frequently by want of green food, which must be supplied, and the place rubbed with an ointment composed of two parts of linseed or cotton seed oil, one of turmeric powder and one-half part of sulplur. Six grains of jalap may be given to clear tiio bowels. SECTION ni, EXOLISH BREEDS. Of the distinctive English breeds the Dorkings in their varieties stard confessedly first. They combine all the essentials of a hrst-class table fowl, arc pro- lific in eggs, and good nurses. They are divided into several varieties, as follows: White, Silver-gray, tiray. Fawn-colored or Buff and Black Dorkings. The White, the Gray, and the Black varieties are the best of the class for farmers. Full grown cocks of cither of these will weigh up to nine pounds each and hens seven pounds each. They all have live toes, a dis- tinctive mark, generally single serrated combs, are full wattled and with long, sickle-shiiped feathers in the tail. Aside from the fact that they are all sen- sitive to cold storms they are hardy and in every way most valuable fowls for the farmer's yard. The Gray Doikii:g seems to have been the original of the varieties, and is undoubtedly the best, though it is a disputed point. Mi Brent, an English authority, claiming that the White is the only true and pure Dorking. They are certainly handsome, yet it is nevertheless true that white fowls are inclined to yellow fat. Mr. Piper, an English authority, says of the Dork- ings, that: "The Wliite Dorking must have the plumage uni- formly white, tliough in the older birds the hackle and saddle may attain a light golden tint. The rose- comb is preferable, and the beak and legs should be light and clear. "The colored Doiking is a large, plump, compact, square-made bird, with short white legs, and should have a well developed fifth toe. The plumage is very varied, and may have a wide range, and might almost be termed immaterial, provided a coarse, mealy appearance be avoided, and the pen is well matched. This latitude in respect of plumage is so generally admitted that the assertion, 'You cannot breed Dorkings ue to color,' has almost acquired the authority of a proverb. They may bo shown with either rose «• single combs, but all the birds in a pen must matci, "The Dorkiiij; the perfection of a ta'nlc i.-iul, combining delicately flavored white flesh, ■■x'wh/n is produced in greatest quantity in the choicest parts— the breast, merry-thought, and wings— equal distri- bution of fat, and symmetrical shape. Mr. Daily prefers tho Speckled or Gray to the White, as 'they are larger, hardier, and fatten more readily; and although it may appear anomalous, it is not less true that white-feathered poultry has a tendency to yellowness in the fiesli and fat.' Size is an impor- ruH'-JfJ' n ■gJWHtJfM BHUM ' — f-* 888 'mii; i*'^vKMKris' stock book. tant point in Dorkings. Colored p^izc birds weigh from eleven to fourteen pounds, and eight months' chickens six or seven jionuds. The White Dorking is smaller. "They are not good layers, except when very young, and are bad winter layers. The eggs are large, averaging 2f| ounces, pure white, very much rounded, and nearly equal in size at each .Jid. The hen is an excellent sitter and mother. The ehiikeiis are very delicate, requiring more care wLcn young than lu'.st breeds, and none show a greater mortality, no nuv)., | than two-thirds of a brood usually surviving ti." j fourth week of their life. They should not be j iiiitched before March, and must bo i-opt on gravel | i,i>il, hard clay, or other equally dry ground and j never on brick, stone, or wooden flooring. "This, ijreed will only thrive on a dry soil. Twy are f,nid of a wide range, and cannot be kept within a feuc Mif less l.'an seven feet in height. When allowed uulimiteJ. range tliey appear to grow hardy, and are as easily riMied as any other breed if not hatched toe early, 'f kept in confinement they should have fresh turi t^try day, besides other veg- etable food. Dorkings •logenerate more than any breed by inter-breeding, and rapidly decrease in size. "Dorkings are peculiarly subject to a chronic in- flammation or abscess of the foot, known as 'bnm- blefoot,' which probably originated m heavy fowls descending from high perches and walking over sharp stones. The additional toe may have rendered them more liable to this disease. It may now arise from the same cause, and is best prevented by using broad, low perches, and keeping their runs clear of sharp, rough stones, but it also appears to have be- come hereditary in some birds. There is no cure for it when matured except its removal, and this opera- tion fails oftcncr than it succeeds;- but Mr. Teget- meier states, that ho has in early cases removed the corn-like or wart-like tumors on the ball of the foot with which the disease begins, and cauterized tlie part with nitrate of silver successfully." OIUY DORKINIiS. That the Gray Dorking is a strongly fixed original variety is sustained from the fact that Columella de- scribed it perfectly during the first century of our era, aw the best fowl of his time, speckled in color, dark breasted, of fine plumage and wit!; live toes. He also condemns the White as comparatively tender^ well known at tho present day. The cocks of the Gray Dorkings ^\cigh from ten to twelvt pounds eacli when fully grown, and the heii'- seven to eight pounds. The true colors of tl:o Gray are The breast, taii, and larger tail fettth=2i-i pure blac! : iie head, neck, hackle, back, saddle and wing- bow clear silvery white, and across the wiurrs a well defined bi.ick b.ir. The neo': of tho hen is a silvery white, the breast salmon-red, modified to gray near the thigh . t'i)o wings a silver or slate gray and with no tinge of kh). Tho tail is dark, becoming nearly black on tbc in- side. m.ACK DORKINGS. •nosG brei' pure are jet black, tho cocks tiivrnd tiijoin the nock with a golden hue. In the hens tiiis tinge assumes a silvered hue. The comb may ho eiUior double or single; the wattles small; the iiil feathers shorter and broader than those of the Whih variety; the legs short and black; the fourth anil fifth too separate and distinct. THE BOLTON ((RAY OR CREOLE. It will only be necessary to give a passing mention to this breed, c:,'' for the reason that the liolton Gray, once fame . in England, and bred with great nicety, was, with the Dorking and the Ciame, the original integers that have been constant in all that great class of fowls of mixed origin, originally known as barn-yard fowls. The Bolton Grays were white about the head and toward the neck. The neck and body spotted with black, and with black bars at the extremity of the tail. They were plump, medium sized, short-legged fowls; great layers of rather small eggs, and tho hens were not inclined to sit. SECTION IV. — FRENCH BREEDS. , There is no doubt but where quahty of eggs and flesh is concerned, combinuig great weight with light offal, and where good care may be taken of them, that the rearing of French birds near large cities would become very profitable. The same would ■ ■' true where the eggs and poultry were con.signed 1. cnnr- ■ ion house or dealer who has a specialty tr -h with '.• class hotels and wealthy famiiie.-u Ndwi- tilde. ey have made their way very slo-v' • lira .-.g fanciers, and are seldom to be found in tht ; rds of farmers. CREVE C.EUR. The Crevo Cceur is the best known of the Frensl; ^W W^iiZ ± rda of ■I'lj i''^V K M lOKS' S'lMX'Iv HOOK. Xi\) --L3. fowls and is exceptioually peculiar in its charactcr- i.stics. TliO Cievc Cd'ur is large, black, or nearly no, but with age some white feathers will appear. The legs are sliort, clean and black, the body square and the chest deep. Of their extraordinary crest or comb Mr. Jacque, a well known French writer on poultry, says- "Various, but always forming two horns, sometimes parallel, straight and fleshy; some- times joined at the base, slightly notched, pointed and separating at their extremities; sometimes add- ing to tliis latter description interior ramifications like the horns of a young stag. The comb, shaped like horns, gives liie Crevo Cd'ur the appearance of the devil." The fowl is bearded and has a crest or top-kuot of feathers behind. They are quiet, scratch but little and do not wander. They thrive well in confinement or with limited space, with good care, are docile aud tractable, but, extojjt in a dry climate and soil, are subject to roup and allied diseases. Hence they must have, if kept confined, sun and ven- tilation. They are great layers of large, pure white eggs- The chickens grow so fast, and are so inclined to fatten, that they may be put up at from ten to twelve weeks of age, and well fattened in fifteen days. The Crevo C(Eur is a splendid table bird, both for the quantity and quality of its flesh. The hen is heavy iu proportion to the cock, weighing eight and a half pounds against his nine and a half, and the pullets always outweigh the c( jkerels. j LA KLKCHE. La Fleche is thus described by M. Jacquc: "A strong, firm body, well placed on its legs, and long muscular feet, appearing less than it really is, because the feathers are close; every muscular part well developed ; black plumage. The La Fleche is the tallest of all French cocks; it has many points of resem- blance with the Spanish, from which I believe it to be descended by crossing with the Cieve Cteur. Others believe that it is connected with the Breda, j which it does, in fact, resemble in some particulars. It has white, loose and transparent skui; short, juicy and delicate flesh, which puts on fat easily." "The comb is transvvsal, double, forming two horns bending forward, ur'' ' ' K their base, divided at their summits, sometime and pointed, some- | times having ramifications on the inner sides. A ; little double 'combhng' protrudes from the ujjper part of the nostrils, and although hardly as large as 1 ; a pea, this combling, whicli surmounts the sort of I rising formed by the protrusion of the nostrils, con- tributes to the singular aspect nf the head. This measured prominence of the comb seems to add to the characteristic depression of the beak, and gives the bird a likeness to a rhinoceros." The plumage is jet black, with a very rich metallic lustre; large ear-lobe of pure white; bright red face, unusually free from feathers; and bright lead-colored legs, with hard, firm scales. Ihoy are very handsome, showy, largo and lively birds, more inclined to wander tiian the Creve Cieiir, and hardier when full grown; Imt their cluckens are even more delicate in wet weather, and should not be hatched before May. They are easily reared, and grow quickly. They are excellent layers of very large white eggs, but do not lay well in winter, unless under very favorable cir- cumstances, and resemble the Spanish in the size and number of their eggs, and the time and diinition ' of laying. Their llesh is excellent, juicy, and resem- bles that of the Game fowl, and the skin white and transparent, but the legs are dark. This breed is larger and has more style than the Creve CVeur, and is bettor adapted to our chmate; but the fowls lack constitution, particularly the cocks, and are very liable to leg weakness and disease of the knee- joint, and when they get out of condition seldom recover. They are found in the north of France but are not common even there. IIOUDANS. The IJoudan has tho size, deep compact body, short legs and fifth toe of the Dorking. They are generally white, some having black spots as large as a shilling, are bearded, and should have good to[)- knots of black and white feathers, falling biick- wards like a lark's crest; and the remarkable comb is thus described by M. Jacque: "Triple, trans- versal in the direction of the beak, composed of two flattened spikes, of long and rectangular form, open- ing from right to left, like two leaves of a book; thick, fleshy d variegated at the edges. A third spike grows bcLween those two, having somewhat the shape of an irregular strawberry, and the size of a long nut. Another, quite detached from the others, about the size of a pea, should show between the nostrils, above the beak." Mr. P. II. Sclirooder is of the opinion that tlie Houdan surpassed all tho French breeds, combining tho size, shape and quality of flesh of the Dorking t If 4 i ;ui T u p; I'A i; M i<; Kr-i' s ri >< with curlitr niiitiirity; pidlilif Liyiii.^; of ^'(ind-sizcd (,'gijii which nro nciu'ly iihvays foriilo, ami on tliis jioiut the ojiiioHiti) ( tiio JioikiiiL;; iind curly aiul rapid fcatlir-riiiL,' in tho chickens, ■\vliicli are, not- witiistiiiuliii!,', hiirdicr than any hrccd oxcciit tho Cochin and liiahina. They are very liardy, never iiick, and will thrive in a small space. They are smaller than the Crove Cnmr or L,i Flecho, Imt well sliaped an.l phimp; and for combining,' size and (piul- ity of ilesh with (piantity and size of eg,L;,s nothing iliJlUijlIIS. can surpass thein. However (his )nay be, cither of the French breeds will i,'ive satisfaction, with care, where (juality is concerned. soJiK PKci.'i.i.ui niii;Kns. There arc a number of peculiar breeds of fowls, some having real merit, a.-i the old time short-legged breed called Creepers. Others are sioaply curiosities and confined solely to tlio yards of amateurs and breeders of special fowls. We have noticed all the breeds of practical value to tho farmer, but, as inter- esting, wc append one breed of value, and those that are purely fanciful. iii.'Mi'iKs, on cia'.K.rKiis. Scotch Dumpies, or Creepers, are almost extinct; fifty years ago they were common and much valued. They are profitable fowls and ought to be more com- mon, as ihey are very hardy, productive layers of fine large eggs, and their flesh is white and of excel- lent quality. They should have large, heavy bodies; short, white, clean legs, not above an inch and a half or two inclirs in length. The plumage is a mixture of blaclv or brown, and white. They are good layers of fine large eggs. They cannot be sur- passed as sitters and mothers, and arc much valued for hatching tlie eggs of other fowls. 'J'lie cocks should weigh six or seven and llie hen live or six. pounds. sii.Ks, on sii.KU s. The silky fowl is so called from its plumage, which is snowy white, being all disconiposeil and loo.se and of a silky nppearauce, resembling spun glass. The comb and wattles are pnr[ile; the bones and the [leriosteum, or membrane covering tho bones, black, and the skin blue or purple; but the flesh, however, is white and tender, and superior to that of most hreeds. It ifi a g term "frizzled" with Fricsland, is rennirkable from having all the feathers, except those of the wings and tail, frizzled, or curled up the wrong way. It is small, very delicate, and a shower drenches it to the skin. roNCLI'SIONS O.N I'Onr.TliY. It will be seen that the ]ioultty raiser must be eareful and watchful to the wants of his jioiiltry. They must be supplied with an abundance and vari- ety of fond, and pure water. They will not bear cmifiiied quarters in large numbers. Therefore, they must be pidvided with a run where they may scratch and Kiitisfy their natural instincts. If eggs are ex- pected ill winter a warm roosting place must be fur- nished, and the fowls must be f-u]iplied with s(uiu> animal food, and al-o green vegetables. The laying boxes must also be placed where there is no danger of freezing. Alany of the best poultry fanciers heat tlieir houses and feed warm food. In this way wc hiivo had early s]iriiig chickens begin to lay in .Tan- uary and February and even earlier, while late broods would commence laying about tlie time the first lay- ers became broody. I I'H I'. I'.V KM Kl CHAl'TKH HI. Tin: I'oiMH .VM> i-Lr.>i.\, Dntcli or Hamburg fowls; (;, Legliorn and bpauiab fowls; 7 Domtnlqae Cock, Showllng Points. Polish fowls; 8, Silky and Frizzled fowls; 9, Large Asiatic fowls; 10, Bantams. Or they maybe nat- urally divided into four general groups: 1, com- mon barn -yard fowls, to include English, Amer ican and European breeds; 2, Asiatic fowls; 3, Games; 4. Bantams, t ill„strato the points of fowls wc illustrate witb /, : Dominique, a portrait of which we give. E.ri,l„ii,iti«ii.~A, neck hackle; B, saddle hackle; C, tail; 1), breast; E, upper wing coverts; F, lower w'ing coverts; G, primary quills; 11, thighs; I, legs; K, comb (rose or doi'.ise); L, wattles; M, car-lobe. STOCK iKXJiv. an I'UINTS OK THI-; HKAIi. Coming now to the lu'ad wo siiuw the \w:u] of a cock with a single serrate comb. Tho explanation is as follows: 1, the conib lying over the skull; 2, tlie wattles depuii.lent from tile lower jaw; ;!, the ear wattles under (he cheek; -l, tho tufts of feathers covering tlio ear pass- ages; 5, the cheeks, commencing at tho nostrils, covering tile face and re-unitiiig at the back of the head; fi, the nostrils, at the junction of the beak and ■"///// i ' il l^k,^JJ^J)^'^ Ilciicl of Cock, Sbowlll, IV. ill! r). face; 7, the beak, consisting of two parts and corre- sponding to the jaws of animals, and consisting of the upper and lower mandijilo. The coml) is single wlien composed of only one piece. It is double when two like parts are united along the middle. It is triple when found of two like parts and one in tiie middle or horned as in tho Grove Cccur fowls of France. The comb is said to bo frizzled when it is tilled with granulations, and excrescence.s. It is called a crow:i wlirn circular, hollow or indented, and it is goblet-shaped when hollow, vascular and not indented. «r% i I; 111 l!:i! ;ti2 ■IIH'-. J.'.Vli.MlCIiH' HI iv IIOKK. Tlie i,lMM.u-.' of fowls is ahvuyH in lajvrs, on.. [ tufUiil fowls, wlien they ar. ilonKatcd int.. a toi-knol cov.iini; til.,' othtr, unil it iillnr.ls ii most iicrf.it oi cifHt. l.n.U.etion i.-ainst .-ol.l, .n.l to sli.d r.iiu. Tl.oiv H-liriBtlo-liko f.'ath.rs covering tlio spacu which 111., tiiiv.. iiiincii.ll divisions .if fuiitiiiis: First, thu separates tlio wattles. Lu-'o fcatlurs ..f the uin^'s and tail, Secoii.l, the , C-Tho neck hackles, cxt^mlinR fv^ . ■ the h.a.i lu.Jimu sizc.l featiicrs which cover tlio lar-e fcath- '' clown between tho shoiiM. ., hecomiLf,' Innf-cr ;'■,] crs, aiul fuini.l also m.on the win-s ami riinip. lon-er until they lai. over those of the back ,t the btitl Third, all those feathers that cover the ucek, the of the wing. Showini? the Plumage of I'uwls. h.ick, the sides, the throat, the should, rs, and j.arts <.f the wings. To give a better ii'i'lorstaudinK of the j.lunnigc wc have illustrated i. lowl, back and front view, correctly lettered to show the position ..f the plumage and feathers of the various portions .if tho body. Alphabetically considered they are as follows: A— The upper feathers of the head surrounding the skull. These are small, except iu the case of D— Saddle feathers. Thos, the back foiming regular layers, and of a similar character to the hackle feathers, exteudinf,' from tho ueck to the loin. E— The feathers of the back covered from sight when the wings are closed. l'_The breast feathers, covering the entire sur- face of what is known as the white meat on each side of the breast-bone. These feathers, together vith those of tho loins, overlap those of the sides. -3* I'lll'; I'vV KM lilts' HTOCli. IKJDK. ma (i Tlio Bidii fciitluTS, I'ovciiiipt tlio loins ftiid oxtciuliii;,' back t,) the riiini) ami dvcrlaiiiiiiij,' bcyoiul, cdvciiiiK tlio baso (if the fcatlurs of the tail; also ciivfiiiit,' Homo of the feathers of the tlauks, thighs iiiiil alidoiucn. H -The lii,'ht, IliilTy feathers of the Hanks, eov( r- iuf,' the upper part of the featiiors of the thiijhs ami intrriiiiii^'liiig with tiioso of the rear poriiuij of the lireaiit. on the toes ami not on the foot. Boars walk on the foot like num. M— The so-eaileil lej; (shauk) foathers, extemlmg iij hooted fowls from tlio heol to the toes. N— The feathers of the toes, found in Asiatic fowls. These and the ehank feathers are always in rows and on the outside. In vulture hocked fowls hui;; featliert, extend from tho le;^ diagonally downward behind from tho lower part of the thigh; Showln;? the PlnmsKe of Fowls. I— The abdominal feathers, light, silky, flufTy and sprcadiii,:*, and mveloping all from the end of the keel or breast-bone to the lump. J— The outside thigh feathers, covering a portion of the abdomen and Icj;. ! i — The inside thigh feathers, corresponding to the out' le, but smaller. L— Tho lower thigh or leg featix .cxandingto and covering tho heel. 'N'-TE. — The heel is tho joint Corr; ; ponuin.- to the liock joint in animals. Most animals and birds walk more correctly that which corresponds to tho calf of the leg in man. O— The middle tail leathers, enveloping' tho rump and covering the bases of the larger feathers of the tail. P — The larger feathers on each side of the rump, forming the tail. Q— The outside shoulder feathers, covering a por- tion of tho mng feathers. R — Xiu: liiside bliouldei feathers, thinner and more slender than the outside shoulder feathers. r 4- I i! ;ui I'HK J 'A i< M i>:i; HIOCK IIHOU S— Tlu) liirKor wing feathers, growing from the iiuilur Hulu of the piniiin, T — Thu oiitwido iiiiiioK ftuthora, stualli'r mid exti'iidiiiK fiDiu tho HhoiiKUir to thu pinidu, mmill iil thi' outer I'dgo iind iucrciisiiig to luudiuui size on tiic iuaide edgi'. I' — The inside piuiou fentliers, covering the buses of tho liii>,'o oiii's. V— Tliu liirge Ihsht featlicrs of the second joint of the wing, I)eing those which most assist iu tliglit X— Tlio oiitwido (lij,'ht ffiitliers, covering tho tnio Ihglit fciitiicrH HtilT and llatloncd tlitreon. V— The inside liiijht feathers, covering the bases of tiio lligiit fciitlicrs. Z— Tlic pommel of tiie wing, containing middle- Kized feathers covered with smaller ones, and increas- ing tho spreading surface of the wing. It is in fact a tinger-hko process of tho wing, seen in tho plucked hird. By turning to tho illustration of tho figured Dom- inique fowl, page 311, tho proper names of the dif- ferent classes of featlicrs will be found. In addition we may add that the primaries arc the fiiglit feath- ers of the wings used in flying, hut unseen when at rest. The secondaries are tiie quill feathers of the wing. Tlie wing coverts are tiie lirond fciithers cov- ering the bases of tho secondan, s or quills. Tho wing bow is the shoulder part of tho wing, and the wing butts tho corners or ends of tho wings. The tail feathers are the straight still feathers of the tail; tlio sickles, tlio curved feathers and the tail coverts, the soft curved feathers at tho sides of the bottom of the tail. CHAPTER IV. TrHKKVN, OKKtiK AMI IJt'CKS. SECTION I.- rHINCIPAL IIRKKDS OF TUBKEYS, The wild turkey was originally generally distrib- uted over the timbered regions of tho West, and is I the parent of the common bronzed turkey of domes- 1 tication. Hut three distinct species are acknowT edged, the common wild turkey > Mi-li-oiinsi/dHdiKird /, the Mexican turkey / M. Mri-irainm /, and t!ie Ocel- lated turkey /'-!/. ticfUatusi, a native of Honduras and Central America. , Audubon states that when he removed to Ken- ' tucky, in the early part of tho present century, tur- keys were so abundant that ti price of one in tho market was not equal to that of a coinnion barn fowl now; and that ho has seen them olTercd for the sum of tliri' iicnce eacli, the birds weighing from ten to twi'l\L- pounds. Tiic species are described by him as follows, and will readily bo recognized by those who, as we, Lave hunted and trapped them: The average weight is about fifteen to eighteen pounds (for the mature males), and the femair from nine to ten. Sonio gobblers have been known to weigh much more than this estimate, and instances are not wanting where individuals have been ob- tained weighing thirty and forty pounds each; hut this is rare. When full grown the male will niias- iiio four feet in length and nearly five feet in the stretch of its wings. Tho naked skin of the head and neck is blue, with the wattles red, as are also the legs. The feathers of the n I'k and body gener- ally are a eoppery bronze, changing in some lights to a greenish or purplish sliailo, and margined with an opaque line of velvet black. The back and rump are also black, with little rctlcctiiui, while the sides, together with tho upper and under tail coverts, arc dark chestnut, barred with black near the end, and having metallic reflections of a rich purplish hue, while the extreme tips are opaque purplish chestnut. The tail feathers aro dark chestnut b.irred with black, and tipped with a light chestnut. Near the end is a band of black, broadest on the outer feath- ers, and narrowing as it approaches the central ones, lietweeu the bars on tho feathers is a confused sprinkling of black. Neither upon the tail nor its coverts is there any white, and this is one of the wajs by which the wild bird can always bo distin- guished from the domesticated. From tho center of the breast hangs a long, coarse, hairy tuft, some- times not found in the other sex. The female differs principally in being smaller in size, less brilliant in coloring, absence of the spur, and tho small fleshy process at the base of the bill. SECTION II. — MANAItEMENT OF TUISKE^'S. The great weights to which thu bronze turkey has been lirought of late years has been the result of careful feeding and selection. Without these the breeder cannot succeed in keeping them up ',o the standard. In relation to the care and maiu'geinent necessary in thu rearing and management of turkeys, tho Encyclopiodia of American Agriculture brings tho whole matter into a nutshell, as follow ; ; Experience teaches conclusively that turke\., from two to fii'u years of age are much better for breeding f •rill'; I'vV w .M icuH' H-rdt.iv hook, :iir. than yiiuiij,' birds. Tlio i)crHiin wlio aiiuH ti> luci'd KDoil turkt'j'H Mliotild Holi'ct frmu two to six of tlio buHt fcinaleu that ho can prociirr, from two to tlircu years of n'^c; liioii iirociiru u maiu liiiiuy, not less t'laii hvi) yi'.irs of ai,'c;, uiid not related to I'illKr of his ht'UH. Itn td from tlio saiiio birds for three or four years. J)iiriiij,' tliis tiiuu suve a few of tht; liiicat yoiiU},' liens for ftitiiro breecUn;,', thou, wlieii the oM oiii'i arc discarih'd, procure auotiier mule turkey not rol.ited to the yoim^ hous. Afterward it will only be necessary to procure a male bird once in three or four years, but never mate liira with any of his own youu;,'. As to color, the breeder must select accord- inj,' to his own taste. Size of the you iii< depends ii much upon the hens as the cock. Hy following this Himple rule, with high feeding and good care when yoMu;;, llio breeder will most assuredly have the sut- isfaction of increasing the h,lrdilleH^i and strength of the young chiclH uiul the size of his mature Christ- mas roasters. The lien turkey possesses fair laying qualities, sits very steadily, and hatches in fr»m tweuty-oight to thirty days. As soon as the young poidts arc hatched eouHne the turkey mother or hen in a large coop ill a very dry, sunny place; never allow the young to run tdl after the dew is oil, nor during ruiiiy weather. One year old turkeys are found to be tlic best mothers, and gobblers shimld not be kept more tiian three years. The first day the chicks require no food. The second day they may have equal parts of egg and milk beaten together and baked into a custard, also what cracked wheat they will eat. This may bo alternated with boiled oat- meal and milk. CJrcen food must also be given theiu, such as chopped dandelion, lettuce, etc. They should be fed at least four times a day. The greatest care is required during the first two weeks of their growth, after which they may bo allowed to ramble at will with the hen, being ca'eful to feed them morning and evening. Du'ing tho grasshopper season they will pretty well tale car ■ of themselves. The usual plan in tlic West is to allow the lien turkey to select her nest, hatch her brood, and pretty much care for them. In dry, warm, sum- mer climates like the West, where there is plenty of range, we liave found this the best, being careful to feed twice n day. In the antutn!! they inny be fat- tened on whole corn, (U' better, be put in a tolerably dark place and fed th what corumeal and oatmeal mush they will cat, being careful to supply them with clean, pure water. In raiding turkeys they should be proportioned about ten or twelvi' liens to one cock. Six liens loone gobbler would be hi llei-. Kii. To save the trouble of watching lliem while seeking nests, prepare it yard of one-eighth of an acre for every fifteen birds, wherein nothing else is allowed to go. The best arrangeiueiit for a In'St is small Ikiumcs, about three fvet by three, gable-hhaped, and three feet high in the center. Nests should bo scattered about the yard, and if ccuivniint, partially hidden by brush. Turkeys, North, lay in April, and if two or three ineline to one nest, set another box at right angles and adjoining the one they covet. Take away the egg.s every night and place them in parcels of sixteen or eighteen. Ket several turkeys at the same time, as half a dozen flocks can be as easily cared for as one, and those hatched and taken off about the same time usually run together without fighting. As soon as they leave the nest they should have a yard twelve feet square for every two turkeys, by setting up boards, a foot wide, endwise. The mother must be washed with tobacco-juice, and the young chickens dusted with snull, to kill the lice, or sulphur and sniitf, mixed in ecjual parts, sprinkled over the nest somi after the turkey begins to sit, and, as opportunity alTords, dust the turkey herself. The young ones must bo fed sparingly, at intervals of an hour, with coarse-ground Indian meal mixed with scalded sour milk curds, and (iiic- chopped hard-boiled eggs; in six or eight weeks they will be able to master grains of corn. They require wnteliing for two or three weeks after being turned iutii the fields, lest they wander into heavy, wet grass and perish ; and should be driven uii every night and shut into a stable or barn. They will soon get accustomed to coming home, and in due time will a.spire to a roost. SECTION III. — -PHOKITABLE BREEDS OF OEESE. Of all the varieties of the domesticated goose, the most valuable is undoubtedly the Bremen; or, as they are called in England, the Embden goose. They are pure white in color and the feathers are the most valuable of any breed. Perhaps the reasiui why they are not so generally disseminated as the common griiy ami the Toulouse goose ia, that they require water for foraging in to roach the best results. The Bremen or Embden goose is very largo. mm Pn s-m 'Vil.l<: li^^IiMKIiW HTOCK UOOJi. weighing from twoiity-two to twoiity-six poumls, live wi'i'jlit, aud ocuiisionally fully thirty j-jnu'ls whoii in high llcsli, ami though so liirr;o, they iirc well proportioncil, hiirdy, healthful, showy, quiet and peaceable, and take on Hesh very nip-'dly with extra feed. The female lays about the same number of eggs as the common goose, but usually commences much eailier in the sjiring. Fully equal to the Bremen, except in color, is the Toulouse, first brought to the United Stales from the very quiet, fatten readily, and have excellent fli-sli. Tlicse, togetlier with the commou gray goose, gener- ally disseminated, are all supposed to have descended from the gray legged gooso f Aimer jii-nsi, which is still found wild in the north of Europe. There are several breeds of Asiatic geeao more or less disseminated. Of the Cliinese breeds tlio Iloug Kiing, a brown goose of the largest size, with a laigo knob or excrescence on the top of the beak next the head, which increases in size with ago. It is also EmlHluii or Bremen Goose. T south of France. (See Page .S47 for Illustration.) The Toulouse is distinguished from the common gray gno.se by the uniformity and conntancy of its color, which is alike in botJi sexes and darker ohan in the common goose, and by its very large size, being as heavy as the best bred Bremen. They are rather short-legged, have round, compact bodies, and a large development of the abdominal pouch, which, in the common goose, is a mark of considerable age, butcommennea its iippr t- auee iu this variety when but a few months nld. Like the Hieu)en, they lay early in the spring, are distinguished by a largo fold of loose skin under the throat, called the dew-lap. This also increases with age. Tho attitude of the Hong Kong goose on the water is graceful and swan-like. On land it is erect and ungraceful, and its voice is harsh, loud and fre- quent. Neither rs its flesh so good, we think, as either of the others named. SKOTIOM IV. — MANAORMKNT OF (iKF.SK. (rees3 may bo kept profitably where there is a rough pasture or common into which they may be turned, and the vsturage is not rendered bare; but even when ino pasturage is gool, a supply of o.its, I-'.V I." M h:ii STCXIv IJOOIi. ;ti7 barley, or otlior grain sliotild Ijc allowed every morn- ing and evening. Where the pasturage is poor or bad, tlio old geese becoiuo tliin and weal<, and, the young broods never thrive and often die unless fully fed at home. A goose-bouse forfour should not be less than eight feet long by six feet wide and six or seven feet high, with a smooth floor of i)riek. A little clean straw should bo spread over it every other day, kept to one gander. Their breeding powers continue to more than twenty years old. It is often ditlieult lo distinguish tiic sexes — no one sign being infallible, except close examination. The goose lays early in a mild spring, or in an ordinary season, if fed high tbroughont the winter with corn, and on the com- mencement of tlie breeding season on iioiled barley, malt, fresh grains, and fine pollard mixed up with "i Tonlousc Goose, Halo. after removing that previously used, and washing the floor. Kach goose shoidd have a compart, uent two foot and a half square for laying and sitting, as she will always lay where siie has deposited her first egg. The bouse must he well ventilated. All damp must, bo avoided. Although a pond is an advantage, they do not require more tii in a large trough or tank to bathe in. For breeding not more than four geese should bo ale, or other stimidants, by which two broods may be obtained in a year. The common goose lays from nine to seventeen eggs, usually about thirteen, and generally carries straws abo\it previous to laying. Thirteen eggs are quite enough for the largest guoi,.) to sit on. They sit from thiriy to thirty-five days. March or April is the best period for hatching, and thu geese should therefore begin to sit carlviu March. Goslings hatched after April are difficult to rear. II' 818 'i'Hn; I'^ij^iBjRs' si'ocK rtooii. Food aiul wiitcr hIiouIcI Ijo pLiced near to her, for she Kits closely. Slio ought to leave her nest daily and take a bath in a neighboring pond. The gander is very attentive, and sits by her and is vigilant and daring in her defense. When licr eggs arc placed under a common hen they slionld be sprinkled with water daily or every other day, for the moisture of the goose's breast is beneficial to them. She should be cooped for a few days on a dry grass-jjlot or meadow, with grain and water by lier, of which the goslings will eat; and they should also be snpphcd with chopped cabbage or beet leaves, or other green food. They must have a dry bed under cover and be protected from rats. Their only dan- gers are heavy rains, damp floors, and vermin; and tiicy require but little care for the first fortnight; while tha old birds are singularly free from maladies of all kinds common to poultry. Wlien a fortnight ol.l they m;iy be allowed to go abroad with their mother and frequent the pond. For the first range a convenient field containing water is to be preferred to an extensive common. After harvest the flock should have the run of the stubble fields to glean, which will keep them in fine condition until fatten- ing time. In fattening give oats and barley ground together, and finish with barley meal, just still enough so it will crumble. Meal and skimmed milk are excellent for fattening geese. If Indian com is used exclusively the geese are apt to be very fat inside and tlic flesh oily. Steamed potatoes, with four quarts of ground buckwheat or oats to the i)UslKl, mashed up with the potatoes and given warm, will render geese, cooped in a dark place, fat enough in three weeks. The French method of fat- tening consists in plucking the feathers from under the belly; in giving them abundance of food and drink, and in cooping them up more closely than is practiced with common fowls; cleanliness and quiet being, above all, indispensable. If killed immedi- ately after they have spent some hours in the water they pluck more easily, and this should be remem- bered when they are plucked alive. Our cninmon geese cross freely with the Bremen and the Toulouse, the first cross yielding birds nearly or quite as large us either parent, but the results of the cross rapidly degenerate by breeding among fhemselves. To keep up the size, the cross birds should bo bred to one of the larger geese. The cross between the Jkemeu and the Toulouse is even larger than either parent, but deteriorates by brecding-in. The time of incubation of these three varieties is from twenty-eight to thirty days. DISAllIMTIES OK GKESK. Cold foggy weather is most unfavorable to young geese, and they arc particularly subject to diarrhira and to giddiness. For the first hot wine, iu which acorns or oak bark has been steeped, may be given, and for the second bleed with a large needle in the vein which lies iu the sepiration of the claws. If the goslings are found with their wings hanging down and shaking their heads it is probably from insects in the cars or nostrils. To relieve them feed in a vessel of w.iter so deep that the goslings must completely immerse the head. SECTION v. — DOMESTIC DUCKS. There are many v.irietics of ducks, hut those of value to the farmer miy be summed up in three varieties— the Mallard or common duck, the Rouen a similar duck, but larger, and the Aylesbury, a pure white duck. All the ducks are prolific layers, oflen going to 100 eggs, but they require watching, as they are apt to drop their eggs anywhere about the run. The Rouen duck is the largest of any of the vari- eties and among the most hardy, decidedly as hardy as our common duck, and much more so than the Aylesbury. The Rouen duck closely resembles the wild Millard. These ducks have broad, cluinsily- builb bjlies, and when highly fattened they are very ungainly in their movements. They are remarkably quiet, easily fattened, and are most excellent layers of Ycrv largo eggs, and have no equal for the table in the domestic family of ducks. The adult not iinfrc quently roaches fioui twelve to fifteen pounds per pair. See page 111!). BLACK CAVtlOA DUCK. The Black C.iyuga duck is black with :i white col- lar on the nock, or white flecks on t' neck and breast— rarely black witliout white, and a^ the white seems inclined to increase, we usually select them nearly or quite black for breeding. Tlio dfick has a faint green tint on the head, neck and wings. The drakes usually show more white markings than ducks, an! thogreeu tint on head and neck is more strongly marked. When well led the duck begins to lay about April, and usually gives an egg every day until eighty oi' tiinety are laid, whoil she will !n:i!i;' her nest and sit, if allowed; if not, she will verier- ^ Till': I'^^iilMBJIlS' aTOCIi BOOli. 34!) ally lay a litter in September. The Cayuga ducks are hardy, of good size, and for the table aro supe- rior to other duL'ks; the Hosh quite dark und highly flavored. If well fed they become very f >»! ; cau be readily made so fat tliat they can not raise them- selves from the ground by their wings; twelve pourds to fourteen pounds to the pair would be a good aver- age weight. AYLESBURY DUCK. The Aylesbury is tlio largest, except the White Musk, and by far the best white duck. It is distin- guished by its large size, its cream-white plumage, j SKCTioN VI. — m.\na;>!;mknt of rittcKS. Ducks begin laying very early, and the < arlier they are hatched the better; like gcesc, late broods are unprolltable. They usually lay fifty or sixty eggs, and have been known to produce 2.5(). They require constant watching when beginning to lay, for they : drop their eggs everywhere but in the nest made for I them, liut as they generally lay in the night, or early I in the morning, when in perfect health, they should therefore be kept in every morning till they have laid. One of the surest signs of indisposition among them is irregularity in laying. h Boueu UuL-k, I^Iule, and its characteristic light yellow or cream -colored bill and orange legs. When well bred adult Ayles- bury ducks weigh from eight to ten pouiuls per pair, while the best specimens will roach twelve. This duck takes its name from the town of that name, where it has long been bred with great care. The Aylesbury is a prolific layer, it being not unusual for the duck to lay more tlian one hundred eggs, and in some instances more than one hundred and fifty, in a single season. Tlic average weight of their eggs is about three ounces. Early-hatched birds some- times lay in the fall. It is quiet and easily fattened, and fine for the table, its only drawbiic'^ being that it is somewhat tender. (Sec jiago SfiO. \ A hen is often made to hatch ducklings, being considered a better nurse than a duck, which is apt to take them while too joung to the pond, dragging them under banks in search of focd, and generally leaving half of them in the water unable to get out; and if the fly or the gnat is on the water, she will stay there until after dark, and lose part of her brood. If the duck is a good sitter, it is best to let her hatch her own eggs, tnking care to keep her and them from the water till they are strong. The nes t should bo on the ground and in a damp place. Choose tlio frosliost eggs, nml plivoe fr(un nine to eleven under her. Feed her morning and evening while sitting, and place food and water within her f 1 i i SCO THihZ F^VKMKKS' SS'lOCIi. UOOIv. reach. The duck always covers her eggs upon leiiv- iugtbcm, auil loose straw should be placed near the house for that purpose. Tliey are hatched in thirty days. They may gen- erally be left with their mother upon the nest for her own time. When she moves coop her on the short grass if tine weather, or under shelter if otherwise, for a week or ten days, when they may be allowed to swim for half an hour at a time. When hatched they require constant feeding. A little curd, bread- crumbs and meal, mixed with chopped green food, is the best food when first hatched. Boiled cold oat- ground will suffice for the first week or ten days, and this rule is more especially to be adhered to when they are under the care of a common hen, which cannot follow them into the pond, at.d the calls of which when there they pay little or no regard to. Rats, weasels, pike and eels are formidable foes to ducklings. A troop of ducks will do good service to a kitchen garden in the summer or autumn, when they can do no mischief by devouring delicate salads and young sprouting vegetables. They will search industriously for snails, slugs, woodlice, and milhpedes and other Aylesbury Diu-ks, *J~ meal porridge is the best food for ducklings for the first ten days ; afterward barley meal and oats, with plenty of green food. Never give them hard water to drink, but that from a pond. Ducklings are easily reared, soon able to shift for themselves and to pick up worms, slugs and insects, and can be cooped together in numbers at night if protected from rats. Ducklings should not be allowed to go on the water till feathers have supplied the plaae of their early down, for the latter will get saturated with the water while the former throws nil the wet. Though the young ducklings take early (c Iho water, it is bet- ter that they should gain a little strength before they bo allowed to ventuie into ponds or rivers; a shallow vessel of water filled to the brim and sunk in the insects, and gobble them up eagerly, getting posi- tively fat on slugs and suailc. Strawberries, of which they are very fond, must bo protected from them. In fattening for market the same food may be given as recommended for geese. Boiled potatoes and buckwheat meal is excellent, and if plenty of gr-^en celery le.ives is mixed witli the food tlio flesh will have the Havor of canvas-back ducks, for this flavor is imparted by the wild ducks feeding upon a species of wild celery found along the shorns of Chesapeake Bay and some marshes of the West. But, as in the fattening of all other foujs, when they are fat they must be sold, else they will quiclily lose condition. upon a lorcH ot rent. S, wllt'll qnii'lily n, < ■■3' > '^Vli.MiOliS' S-rot'K ItOOK. 351 CHAPTER V. DISEASES OF I'OULTKY. As a rule it is more economical to kill at once rather than attempt to cure common fowls showing symptoms of any troublesome disease, and so save trouble, loss of their carcasses, and the risk of infec- tion. But if the fowls are favorites, or valuable, it may be desirable to use every means of cure. See to a sick fowl at once; prompt attention may prevent serious illness and loss of the bird. When a fowl's plnraage is seen to be bristled up and dis- ordered, and its wings hanging or dragging, it should be at once removed from the others and looked to. Pale and livid combs arc as certain a sign of bad health in fjwls as the paleness or lividness of the lips is in human beings. Every largo cstabhshment should have a warm, properly ventilated and well- lighted house, comfortably Httered down with clean straw, to be used as a hospital, and every fowl should be removed to it upon showing any symptoms of illness, even if the disease is not infectious, for bick fowls are often pecked at, ill-treated and disliked by their heaiiiiy companions. Bear in mind that pre- vention is better than cure, and that proper manage- ment and housing, good feeding, pure water and plenty of green food, cleanhness and exercise, will prevent all, or nearly all, these diheases. APOPLEXY. Apoplexy arises from over-feeding and can seldom be treatid in time to be of service. The only rem- edy is bleeding, by opening the large vein under the wiug, and pouring cold water on the head for a few minutes. Open the vein with a lancet, or if that is not at hand, with a sharp-pointed penknife; make the incision lengthways, not across, and press the vein with your thumb between the opening and the body, when the blood will flow. If the fowl should recover feed it on soft, low food for a few days and keep it quiet. It occurs most often in laying hens, which frequently die on the nest while ejecting the egg; and is frequently caused by too much of very stimu- Liting food, such as hempsecd, or improper diet of greaves, and also by giving too mach of wheat or rye meal or other heavy food. I'UOP BOir.ND. Hard crop, or being crop-bound, is caused by too much food, especially of hard grain, being taken into the ciu|», MO Ibiit it camiot besofteuGd by macer- ation, and is therefore unable to be passed into the stomach. Although the bird has thus too liirge a supply of food in its crop, the stomacji becomes empty, and the fowl eats still more food. Some- times a fowl swallows a bone that is too large to pass into the stomach, and being kept in the crop forms a kernel, around which librous and other hard nuitc- rials collect. Pour plenty of warm water down the throat, and loosen tbu food till it is soft. Tlien give a tiblespoonful of cistor-oil, or about as much jalap iis will lie on a shilling, mixed in butter; make a pill of it, and slide it into the crop. The fowl may be well in the morning. If the crop still remain hard after this, an operation is the only remedy. The feathers should be picked off the crop in a straight lino down the middle and the crop opened with a knife. Generally sptaking, the crop will bo found full of grass or hay that has formed a ball or some inconveniently-shaped substance. When the offense has been removed the crop should be washed out with warm water. It should than bo sewn up with coarse thread and the suture rubbed with grease. Afterward the outer skin should be served the same. The crop and skin must not be sewed together. For three or foar days the p.itient should have only gruel; no hard food for a fortnight. The slit should be made in the upper part of the crop, and just large enough to admit a blunt instrument, with which you must gently remove tiie hardened mass. DlAinUliEA. DiarrhiTa is caused by exposure to much cold and wet, reaction after constipation from htiving had too little green food, unwholesome food and dirt. Feed on warm barleymeal, or o.itmeal mashed with a little warm ale, and some but not very much green food, and give five grains of powdered ch ilk, one grain of opium and one grain of powdered ipecacuanha twice a day till the looseness is checked. Boiled rice, with a little chalk and cayenne pepper mixed, will also check the complaint. When the evacuations are colored with blood the diarrluea has become dysentery, and cure is very doubtful. (}APES. A frequent yawning or gaping is caused by worms 111 the windpipe, which maybe removed by introduc- ing a feather, stripped to within an inch of the point into the windpipe, turning it round quickly, and then drawing it out, when the parasites will be found iiuhering vv-itli .slime upon it; but if tbi;; be not quickly and skillfully done, and with some knowl- 852 T H K I.' ^v TJ M K It f HXOCIv UOUIv. edge of the nniitomy of tlio parts touched, the bird may be killed instead of cured. Another remedy is to put the fowl into ii box, placingin it at tiio same time a sponge dipped in spirits of turpentine on a metal dish con- taining Ijoiling water, and repeating this for three or four days. Some persons recommend, as a cer- tain cure in a few days, half a teaspoonful of spirits of turpentine mixed with a handful of grain, giving that quantity to two dozen of chickou i elch day. A pinch of salt put as far b.ick into the mouth as pos- sible is also said to be effectual. LKi; WKAKNKhS. Leg weakness, shown l.y the bird resting on the first joint, is generally caused by the size and weight of the body being too great for the strength of the legs; and this being entirely the result of weakness, the remedy is to give strength by tonics and more nourishing food. The quality should be improved, but the quantity must not be increased, as the disease has been caused by over-feeding having produced too much weight for the strength of the eggs. Frequent bathing in cold water is very bene- ficial. This is best effected by tj-ing a towel round the fowl, and suspending it over a pail of water, with the legs only immersed. LOSS OF FEATHERS. Loss of feathers is alruost always caused by want of green food, or dustheap for cleansing. Let the fowls have both, and remove them to a grass run if possible. But nothing will restore the feathers till the next moult. Fowls, when too closely housed or not well supplied with green food and lime, some- times eat each other's feathers, destroying the plumage till the next moult. In such cases green food and mortar rubbish should be supplied, exercise allowed, the injured fowl shoidd be removed to a separate place, and the pecked parts rubbed over with sulphur (.intmout. Cut or broken feathers should be pulled out at once. PIP, OR T0N(il'K SCALE. This, a dry soale on the tongue, is not a disease, but tlio symjitoni of some disease, being only anal- ogous to "a fold tongue" in human beings. Do not scrape the tongue, nor cut off the tip, but cure the roup, diarrhoea, bad digestion, gapes, or whatever the disease may be, and the pip will disappear. Roup is caused by exposure to excessive wet or very cold winds. It bogijis with a slight. JioarpriiOPS and catching of the breath as if from cold, and ter- minates in an offensive discharge from the nostrils, froth in the corners of the eyes, and swollen lids. It is very contagious. Sc])arate the fowl from the others and keep it warm. Give from half to one tablespocmfulof castor oil, accordhig to the size of the fowl; wash its head once or twice daily with tepid waiter, feed it with meal, mixe.l with hot ale instead of water, and plenty of green food. Mr. Wright advises half a grain of cayenne popper with half a grain of powdered allspice in a bolus of the meal, to be given daily. Mr. Tegetineier recommends one grain of suli)hate of copper daily. THRUSH. This may bo cured l)y washing the tongue and mouth with borax dissolved in tincture of myrrh and water. I'ARALVSIS. Paralysis generally affects the legs and renders the fowl unable to move. It is chiefly caused by over-stimulating food. There is no known remedy for this disease, and the fowl seldom, if ever, recovers. Although chiefly affecting the legs of fowls, it is quite a different disease from leg weak- ness. VERTIOO. Vertigo results from too great a flow of blood to the head, and is generally caused by over-feeding. Pouring cold water upon the fowl's head, or holding it under a tap for a few minutes, will check this complaint, and the bird should then be purged by a dose of castor-oil or six grains of jalap. MOULTINtt, All birds, but especially old fowls, require more warmth and more nourisliing diet during this drain upon their system, and should roost in a warm, sheltered and properly ventilated house, free from all draught. Do not let them out early in the morning, if the weather is chilly, but feed them under cover, and give them every morning warm, soft food, such as bread and ale, oatmeal and milk, potatoes mnshcd up in pot-liqiu)r, with a little pepper and a little boiled meat, as liver, etc., cut small and a little herapsced .with their grain at night. Give thera in their w.iter one ounce of sulphaU; of iron and one drachm of sulphuric acid dissolved in one quart of water; a teaspoonful of the mixtn»eis to be added to e.ich pint of drinking water. This chalybeate is an exeellciit tonic htr weakly yosr.g chickens and young birds that are disposed to outgrow their strength. X Principles of Stoclv Breediii CILVPTER I. KNOW WHAT YOl- ItliKKD FOIt. SKCTKIN I. — BBKEIlINCi FDll FAST WOHK. The horse alone, of fiinii iiiumals, is bred lor fust work. The mule iiiiil ox iiloiie for lal)or. But the horse is bred not only for fast work but also for slow draft, or, as it is called, labor. It would seem to niiiny persons .who had not looked into the question carefully, that except in the greater weight of the animal the frame might lie alike whatever the work to be done. It wotdd be impossible, hence it is unnecessary to go into the full detail of why au ani- mal should l)e differently constituted for fast and slow work. An outline will suffice. WEIGHT-BEAKING. A bridge that is to sustain a heavy weight is arched. In pulling a chain straight suspended between two points, it is pulled up to a true hori- zontal position. Hence it follows that the animal intended to ean-y weight on its back unist not be hollow or sway-backed. The blood horse, the greatest weight-bearing animal for its size known, is power- fully constituted as to the spinal colunm. Small mules gotten by blood liorses are also well known for their sure-footed qualities, and great weight-car- rying qualities in mountain passes. The slow, lum- bering liraft liorse, instead of having his spine arched or level, is more or less hollow -backed. A well- formed man is "hollow-backed," but when a great weight is to be borne ho stoops his slionlders under the l)urtheu and thus forms an ardi to sujiport the load. The mule luis great flexibility of limb. The blood horse has this flexibility of limb in ai eminent de- gree. In pulling a load where the entire strength of the annuiil i^ recpurcu, they place themselves in a position to bring the belly as close to the ground as possible, thus l)rinj^..ig the spine in as direct a line with the draft as may be. Tlius tlie oblique shoulder is brought into a line with the collar. Tlie head and neck are thrown forward and the hind limbs are excessively bent, and the load lies in the direction of draft corresponding with the muscular develop- ment of the body, and especially so in relation to the spine. The same is tnie with the mule. For tlieir weight both the blood horse and the mule are there- fore better adapted for both weight-carrying and draft than any other animal. The horse or mule, miless really sway-backed, will move a greater load with a proper proiairtion of weight on his back than without, and roach-backed horses, unless deformed, are notorious carriers of weight. Yet no low-withered roach-liackcd horse should bo selected for fast work, and certainly no sway-backed horse should. High withers, a rather light and high crest, with strong loin and muscular rump, will give au appearance of " sway-back " to those who do not understand the anatomy of the horse. THE Mir.MAL SPINE. The normal spiuo is straight, or nearly so, the ajipearanee being only from the curves f( rmed by the withers and rump. This nuiy be seen from an examination of the skeleton of the liorse in the first part of this work. High withers and a high rump with correspondingly low top bones of the spine iietwecn, will uitensify the ajqiearance of a sway- back in the horse, when in reality the spine itself may be normally straight. SECTION 11. — BREKDINO FOR LABOR. The draft-horse is not so high in the withers in ju-oportion to his weight as the Idood liorse, his siioiilders are iiimh' upright, lie stands straightev on the fetlocks, the bones arc larger and less tine, and t li jif JiSl 'liil<; I^VIilVIiJIls' STOCK B 4^ OOK. 4 tlio iiiticiihilioiis of tho bones f,'oiifially luv tloHci'. In fitft tiikiiiK the raoinf,' liorsc as the nioilel, tlie Krada- tions ol'exee.s.sivf tiiieiuMs in this animal areinoditied, nil the way down through the trotter, roadster, Cleve- land Hay, Perclieroii, Clydesdale, and Shire horse, until we at last eonie to the toarse-hred, luniherin;,' mongrel, which, although he may have hulk, really lacks courajje, intelligence, and activity. All these Itreeds are distinctive, and all of them, excejit the trotting horse, have heen bred distinctively for gen- erations with a special view to the particular uses refpiired of them. BREKDINO KOn THE UOAD. The .special breeding of horses with a view to fast work in the trotting ring, extends buck but a few generations, yet the increase of speed, and hered- itary instinct to the trotting gait and disinclination to break, has been wonderfully developed. Among draft horses, great style, compactness, activity in trotting and trneness to color, have also been devel- oped in a comparatively short space of time. In the Percheron, Clydesdale and Shire horse, their special qualifications and appearance have become quite as fixed as in tliose of tlu! blood horse, und the color lines very much so as to tniiformity. Hence the practical nnm in the breeding of animals of draft, will find it profitable to employ these as sires, rather than to go outside of any distinct breed. HORSES FOR FAST WORK. hi tlie case of horses for fast work, the nearer the animal is thoroughbred the more sure one is to get a winner. Tlie moditications produced by the use of standard-bred sires of any of the draft breeds, upon largv* roomy mares, of mixed blood, will give superior liorses, but ii, this, ns in all other lines of Inteding, uiile.vsextremecare in selection is constantly practiced, the progeny will lie more inclined to breed back to tiio imperfections of the sire and dam, than to bit'od to the stiperior points. SEtTION III. — UKEEDINO FOR FLESH. Coming now to the breeding of animals for their ilesh, the same principles heretofore enunciated will apply. All these it will not be necessary to rejieat. Whati'v** yon breed for breed to a type. The btef animal must be compact, muscular, round -barreled, liue-b<,aed, with the development in those parts which produce the best flesh as strong as jiossible without compromising tfeo a$xier&! aymrnptrv r.' '^h- animal. The Hereford, Shorthorn, and Polled Angus may be accepted as tyjies of great excellence in lietf points alone. A mor(i composite animal will be fiund in the Sussex, the lied Poll and the Galloway. Tlie Devon is the most bloodlike of the bovine race, combining great muscular activity with emi- nent style, excellent flesh and ability to forage on short pasture. Accept any of these as the model, according to the circumstances in the case, and breed as near to the standard' us possible by the use of sires of pure blood. For mutton you cannot go astray either with the Southdown, Shropshire or Hampshire. Among swine the lierkshire, Poland China, and Uuroc are excellently adapted to the west, and for an exceed- ingly fine hog for special feeding, the Yorkshire will be indicated. SECTIO.N IV.— BREEDIN(i FOR MILK. In breeding for milk speciul characteristics, of which the Ayrshire is a modification, must, again, be sought. The time has long since jiast when great excellence is to he sought in many direc- tions in u single animal. There never was any tnith in the usserticm that great milking qualities and eminent beef points could be combined in a sin- gle breed. They are antagonistic to each other, and have never really been held as true by intelligent breeders. Inasmuch us you develop one you de- crease the other. Neither can you expect great mus- cular activity except at the expense of beef. The Devon has style, great muscular power, speed and bottom. Since the general introduction of horses and mules for fanu work, Devons have liteu less and less sought. They have gradually l)eeii developed of lute years in size and early maturity, but thev have equally departed from the characteristics of fifty years ago, when the labor of cattle was gener- ally sought on the farm. SELECTINO THE TYPE. Let us see then what wo should select as the type of a first-class standard for milk. Theuiiimul must of course be fine. Her head should be long, rather than short, and with a large muzzle, dear, placid eye. *nd rather small horns, the neck rather thin, arwi looking at the cow from before she shoul.l be w«lge-shuped. That is, there must be an appear ance of u gradual enlargement as we proceed back. She iiitist be rather Hat sided, because very deep, und for another reason, the hind parts especially must be ♦ f ■i'ni<; i-'vV K .M Kits' s'r<)('i\ hook. 3i)i" great to support tUo necessary udder to hold tlie milk hIio is expected to carry. Dr. Loriut,', the learned commissioner of nKricnlt- lire, who unites a scientilic and practical kiiowlcil^'c of agriculture in an eminent degree, in a discussion lieforo the Massaditisetts Agricultural Society, in IHl'), describes the Ayrshire (than which there are no lietter models for general milking qualifications, except capacity to eat) as follows: She should have that structure of head which indicates a contented, placid disposition and a pow- erful constitution; a calm and steady eye; a face that is as expressive as a cow's face can he; as much of an intelligent look as an animal of that descrip- tion can have; a liorn not too large at tiie base, but large enougli to indicate that there is a good constitution there; a head wide between the eyes and pretty high above the eyes to the root of the horns. 1 think a cow that has a broad base to her liead the liest. And if she has a large luxurious mouth that looks as if she were made for business, and can fill her stomach rapidly, so she can lie down and digest and repose, she will be all the better fitted for the Imsiness of the dairy. I would have :i cow's neck small enough to !)e graceful, but not too small, not a ewe neck— that is not necessary — but grace- fully, delicately and elegantly set on, without a waste muscle in it, but with muscle enough to make it a strong, vigorous and powerful part of the ani- mal's body. * * * * * The shoulder of a good dairy cow should be a little loose, with the l)lades not rising above tlie backbone, with stn ng, powerful muscles, and a good substantial base, with a fore-quarter under it as straight as plumb-line. Crooked-legged, knock-kneed cattle are never grace- ful, and oeldom profitable. The legs should be strong and well defined, and the cords ana muscles should stand out clean and i)rominent. The milk veins should indicate a good superficial vascular sys- tem, which means simply this: It is au organiza- tion in wliich the superficial circulation of the blood indicates that what are called the secretoi-y organs are active in the interior. The next sign of a good cow is an open, bony structure ; not a coarse or loose- fibered, bony structure, but a bony structure that is BO articulated or hung together that there is elasticity and case of motion about it. Now, where arc you going to find the indicative point that will tell this story '.' Put your finger into the point of the shoulder and sec if the cow has a cup-liko cavity there. If she has, ten chances to one she will l)e a good milker; but if not, if her .shoulder is hard and com- jiact, even if she is milking well to-day, she will be likely to fail to-morrow. You next come to the rii)s. Upon a good chest- development depends almost everything else in a dairy-cow. She must have a tinely-shaped chine, and the spring of her rilis, fmm the spine ilown through her heart, must indicate that she has a strong circulation ; but you do not want her brisket as deep as a steer's, or like a Shortliorn bullock ; you want the shajie I speak of, and you want it with a. certain delicacy of organization whicli indicatis that the circulatory .system is a strong one and that neither the heart nor the lungs are impaired. But go back to tlie ribs. You want a riii, not round, like your linger, but flat and wide. When yiai put your hand on it, it siiould fed as flat as a lath; and if you can get at the edge, you should find the edge sharii, and not a round bone, like the lib of swine. A rcnind rib will answer for a beef animal, but not for a good daiiy-cow. Her back- bone, moreover, should be open and loose, so that if you run your hand along it you will feel those little cup-like cavities. Let iier hips bo strong, not too wide, and her hind-quarters upright, substantial, vigorous. Let her have a long liind foot. I never saw a short-toed cow in my life that would perform the work of the dairy well. A long hind foot and a good, broad, ample forefoot. Then if, in addition to all this, you can get a hide that is elastic and soft, covered with a warm substantial coat of hair, with a good milk-vein and an udder which is packed up well between the thighs, and so organized that thtro is no danger of inflammation, there you have got a cow that will produce all the milk you ought reason- ably to ask, and which, when she has completed her dairy-work, can be so fattened as to produce in an economical way your SijO pounds of as good beef us can be fed on a mountain pasture or in a stall. SEeilON v. — BRKEDINO FOR WOOL. There is little to say on this subject outside the facts already stated in relation to feeding and selection in preserving a fixity of type, in which the rule will fol- low in all farm animals. The general farmer will se- 'i-ct li :^ breed best adapted to his soil and rit.nDtlr.u. A Ciirc "id inquiry among his friends and neighbors will ffoon enable him to come to a conclusion as to 1 i III !|l (too TIdK l-'^VItMJCUsj' MTOCIi HOOK. what viirioty of wool, or „f wool ,in.l mutton eoiu- bincd, is most prolituble for his climate, soil and sitimtion. One priniiplc, liowcvor, may he taken as hcii,;,' coiist.int. The large mutton breeds and loua-wooled «laei. will not ;,'ivo iirolit in open ranges when the tlocksareLu-e ami ohli-ed to subsist, during' drouths and in winter, iirineiijally on the natural lierhs of the eoUMtry. The Ion- wools and the special mutton lireeds arc animals to which constant «ood feeding is necessary, and there is no breed so well adapted to groat flocks and to forago for themselves, among the superior breeds, as the American Merino. Neverthe- less, no animal that is subject to a feast at one time imd famine at another, to plenty in summer and semi-starvation in winter, ever produced wool of a nniform quality. So, sheep exposed to storms in the winter will show a weak place in the wool for every season of shrinkage in tlesh. Therefore it may bo taken ns an axiom that only liberal feeding, winter and summer, will proilucc wool of a uniform quality, length and texture, whatever the breed. The farmer, therefore, breeding grades need not hope for success unless ho make up his mind that success will be in just propor- tion to the careful feeding, general attention and shelter from storms given. a weight not over three huudrtd pounds, ll wocd is desired, breeds must bo sought giving the d, sired quality, and those especially that tlock well, the Merinos, for instance, when large (locks are to be kept together. -It is well known that the mutton I)recdsund thchmg wooled breeds cannot be success- fully kept in large flocks, and for this reason wi have designated the Merinos, for this breed does Hoek well. If both mutton and wool are sought, some variety of the Downs will be indicated. But if great length of combing wool with hirg.^ size is wanted, Cotswolds or Leiccbters may bo chosen. i C0.\l'Ll;S10NS. It will be seen, therefore, notwithstanding that general principles may be given, valuable as a study, each and every lireeder carefully examines for hiin- self the special requirements of which he wishes to avail himself. It will bear rejieating, he must know what he is breeding for, and breed directly to that end and no other.. If for speed in horses, he must select staUions of great courage, fine bono and high muscular dovelojunent. If for draft, heavy, comjia vt, large but strong boned animals, with plenty of belly. For carriage, large, stylish, rangv, high stepping and rather short gaited animals."^ For beef, large, long, square bodied stock, with thick shoulders, broad loins and broad, deep thighs. For milk, long heads, somewhat thin necks, fine shoul- ders, the body gradually swelling back to the hips, and with thig'is rather thin, but excessively deep, great digestive capacity and, of course, amjile belly. In swine breeding, early maturity, with plenty of lean meat on tlie hams and shoulders, and the belly (bacon pieces) well streaked with lean, and to make I CllAPTEH II. SCIKNCK AM> .tltT IN IIKKKIIINO. SK(;tI(1N I.— selKNCK in hhkkdinu. The preceding chapters have related distinctly to the absolute necessity of knowing exactly what you are breeding for, whether for milk, laboiC flesh, fiber or flee, .. , ,i.r for a combination of two of these qual- ities. Rfin'.,;.; in breeding must also be carefully consid- ( '■■ .?, iiisd thu for the reason that, upon the practical applii!(i,ti..n of scientilic effort to the work in hand, rests succtss or failure, in any department of agri- culture. Thinking men are not afraid of the word science nowadays, as they used to be, when the general comprehension of it was supposed to be abstruse I facts, brought together, of but little use to the prac- tical man. Wo now understand the term to mean the bringing together of absolute facts which may I form a law correct and undeviating. There is not anything in nature which rehes on chance; natural things are governed by fixed immutable laws, and people are learning, day by day, that science is simply the correct establishment of that whicli is true. Certain knowledge! Hence, science is an as- semblage of general principles. Art relates to the prac- tice. The theory of agriculture is science; its prac- tice is art. This is all there is to it, and hence, again, as Playfair wrote, " A principle in science is a rule in art." SECTION 11. — PHINCIPLES IN BKKEDING. The principles of breeding must be a study, more or less deep, according to the particular use to which it is to be applied. Some knowledge of the laws of heredity, variation, early development, fecundity, correlation, anatomy, physiology, and the assimila- I'llK J'AU.MIOUK STCMK iiOol\ !).->7 tidii of foudu iiru uiuong tliu iiuportiiiit tliiu^'M to bo 1 iiowii by every lireeiler. Tliu great liieclors of the woiM liiivo kiidwii iiiiich practii'iilly of thme things. It will hiiii[ily liii our aim to present facts and oli|> ct IcHKOua, liy which the lireeder may easily make him self lU'quainted wilh the prineiphs nnderlyilig hi« art, and this without j^'oinj,' into an alislriise study of the seieneis underlyin;,'. The practical application of science docs uot make it necessary, for the iireedcrs' art liea iis much in u study hy the eye and toncli as in the deep tttiidy of principles. A life- time would he reepiired to get the knowledge, un- aided hy what others know and have known. With this (lid, plainly stated and correctly delineateti, it is easy; for it is hut to profit hy the experience of a greaf. nuniher of persons, lahorioujly brought together, and when possible, tabulated for review. This, so far as it may go, is science in breeding. SKCUoN in. nlK lUiKKOKli's ,M!T. The art of breeding consists in propeily applying correct rules to practice. As the study of (n'ii,'imil laws allows the scientitic man to discover still other scientitio facts and reduce them to principles, so the study of certain rules enables the worker in any branch of industry to apply tlu^ principles relating to his practical branch of industry most economically. There never was any great invention discovered by chance. There never was an invention, even of the most simple character, perfected except through care- ful study. Steam had hissed from the spouts of kettles from time immemorial; it ro(piired the re- Uective mind of a Watt to connect one scientitic fact wi.h another and apply the action of steam suc- cessfully H3 a motive power. Chandeliers and lamps had swung since the time of the era of Chinese civ- ilization, and yet Gahleo alone could realize that swinging iu circles would s< 've the true economy of the motion of worlds. The idea of the rotundity of the earth led Columhns to understand that sailing in one constant direction would lead him certaiidy back to the starting point, and thus "a new world was dis- covered." KAHLY KCIKNTIFIU BHEElJEUS. Bakewell, the CoUiugs, Tompkins, Davey, and many other eminent breeders, later, but .icted upon true scientific principles iu tlie improvement of the long horns, sheep, sliort-horns, llerefords and Devous. Thesn niiuda relied upon tlie law tliat " likeproducrs like," and that the selection of the best will give " survival of the tittest." Yet these \tuto scientilic truths, and the present nol)le and useful breeds of I horses, cattle, sheep, and swine wero steadily there- ! after improved. Will the masses of working farmeis refuse to prolit by tluir labors because a certain class of jjcdautiu sculiasts, even to-day, argue that seicueo should ufit bo used in the common every day allairs of lit' is too late, Scientitic endeavor — that is, ci.. , principles and correct rules has invaded the domain of practical art everywhere; hence the vast impetus in every department of in- dustry within the last lifty years, and especially so within the last twenty yi ars. Shall the farmer alone refuse to profit thereby.' The few never have. Many now lirndy adhere to what may fairly be called correct principles in prac- tical art. SECTION IV. — I'SINli >n'.ANS TO AN ENU. The policy of working without fixed purpose never accomplished any good end. The farmer who spreads his labors over all the domain of agriculture never succeeds well in any. .\ diversity of crops is necessary, but the farmer must confine his etToits to those which his land will best earn'. Clinnite, soil, situation, drainage, all are importanu considerations in their relation, to be studied. Varieties of the species employed, as adapted to the conditions of soil, cli- mate, etc., are no less important. Thus the man who cultivates the best varieties in the best manner, and with a definite idea of what the outcome should be, makes the most money. He does not raise half a dozen varieties of wheat, oats, barley and corn, mixed up in inextricable confusion. He does not seed his land with the same quality of grain designed for general sale. He selects the best, and only those varieties of wheat, oats, barley, corn, etc., that do best on his soil. If ho has a market orchard he does not fill it indiscriminately with the hundreds of varieties of apples, peaches, clierries, phmis, pears and other fruits of the great commercial nurseries. lie selects but few. If very practical, a very few varieties of a species, and such as will fol- low each other in season. In replanting an orchard he does so only from those varieties that have pro- duced the best out of the few originally planted. In the farm crops varieties are confined vci-y properly to a. single, one of a. sprcie;; — one of wheat, the fame of oats, flax, barley, and of other seeds; geucrally one only IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) fe /. fA 1.0 ^1^ 1^ I.I m ■^ illlM 11:25 ■ 1.4 m 11.6 Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 m \ \ ;\ ^ ,^ <^ ^^4. <; <^ Ua + 1 If 958 'in:i<: I'AKMfCies' stock book. DO NOT MULTIPLY BREEDS. In tlie breetling of unimals this niie must be an imperative one. If the farmer be both a beef and milk producer, the rule may be deviated from. A breed for milk and one for butter may be chosen ; but on the average farm this will not bring success. Ho must either become a beef producer or a milk producer. Above all, be should never allow himself to be carried away with the idea that he can com- bine great excellence in both directions in the same animal. It never has been done, and never will be done. An animal can only be .siij,ni„r in i„ic direc- tion. In this day of eminent superiority of breeds in a single direction it would bo the folly of supreme ignorance to step backward into the dark and imagine he can produce what never has been done and never will bo done— produce an animal at the same time superior in milk, beef and labor. Any cow will of course make beef when fed for beef, but aptitude for fattening is as certainly in an- tagonism to the production of milk, as the production of a large quantity of milk is against the most eco- nomical production of beef. It can be dcmonstni- tcd physiologically. The two animals must be dif- ferently constituted. A high beef-making form is distinct from a high milking fonn, and c/cc rcrm. SECTION V. — SELECTION OF MALES. The breeders' art has brought three breeds of cat- tle—two of them horned and one polled— to wonder- ful perfection as beef-makers. Four breeds contest the palm as milk producers. Other horned and polled breeds have special excellencies, as, for in- stance, the Devons and Sussex, as working oxen and beef -makers combined: and others, again, as tlie Galloway, for combined beef and milking qualities. Would it be policy to start to build nj) a breed from the mixed blood of a country? Would it not be bet- ter to use as foundation stock the superior animals already extant? There is no question about it. Neither is there any question but that it is the sensible plan in the improvement of the native stock of mixed blood of the coimtry to use such well-bred sires of pure or thoroughbied stock as possess the characteristics in the best degree for the purpose intended. And let th^tt purpose bo definite cither for beef or milk, mut- torf, wool, pork, poultry or eggs. COLLATERAL QUALIFICATIONS. Even collateral qualifications must enter. On hilly or broken lands of scant pasture, or in cold cli- mates, later maturity and constitutional ability to withstand climate must be accepted at the expense of early maturity. In dairying the question of but- ter, cheese, or both, must be considered in the selec- tion of a breed. And yet, in all this, the general farmer is most interested in this single question, Why does the prepotent thoroughbred or pure sire exercise so much greater and constant influence on the mixed blood of a country than on the pure blood of another breed? That is, why is it better to breed grades than to cross two distinct breeds? SECTION VI. — (illAnES VS. CROSSES. In relation to the breeding of grades from the mixed stock of a country by full-bred sires, what re- sults? The full measure of pure blood is prejiotent upon each integer of the mixed blood if it be made up of few or many mixed breeds, and they are in- dividually lost in the vast preponderance of' superior blood over any one of these integers. The fifty hun- dredths of pure blood in the progeny will have mod- ified all the other integers prepotently into a harmo- nious whole, and the purer the blood on the side of the sire the more marked will be the influence. But by purity of blood we do not mean that rare purity containing the greatest amount of the blood of some special sub tribe, or variety of a breed, and possessing the constitutional merits of the specific breed itself. Certain animals, really worth many thousands of dollars as sires to certain other females bred in the same direct line, would not be available to the market breeder. He can produce the results wanted from sires of the same breed ; nay, the same special strain, if need be, for an outlay of a few hun- dreds, and evei. as low as two hundred dollars, in the case of a bull. A CASE IN POINT. M. Malingie-Nouel, Director of the Agricultural School of La Charmoise, according to a trans- lation for the Jimniiit „/ tin- Jlni/dl Aiiriviiltii.- Siwirti/, relates,— and the onoinst.ince may be taken as conclusive, both from the care taken in the experi- ments, and the perfect authenticity of the relation. The fact that the animals were sheep does not de- tract from the principle as applied to other animals, except that from the greater prolificacy of sheep i:i? f !■ 1 'I'lIK K'^VItMJlUS' S rocii JlOOIi. 850 the experiment could reach results more (juicldy. The quotation is ns follows : When au English ram of whatever hrced is put to a French ewe, in which term I include the mongrel merinos, the lambs present the following results- Most of them resemble the mother more than the father; some show no trace of tlie father; a very few represent equally the features of both. Encouraged l)y the l)eauty of those last, one preserves carefully the ewe-lambs among them, and when they are old enough puts them to an English ram. The products of the second cross, having seventy- live per cent of English blood, are generally more like the father than the mother, resembling him in shape and features. The fleece also has au Enghsh character. The lambs thrive, wear a beautiful appearance, and complete the joy of the breeder. He thinks that he has achieved a new cross-breed insuring great im- provement, and requiring thenceforth only careful selection to perpetuate by propagation among them- selves the qualities which he has in view. But he has reckoned without his host. For no sooner are the lambs weaned, than their strengtli, their vigor, and their beauty, begin to decay as the heat of our sum- mer increases. Instead of growing, they seem to dwindle; their square shapes shrink; they become stunted; and, on the threshold of life, put on the livery of old age. A violent cold in tlic head completes their exhaus- tion. This is accompanied with a copious tlow of slimy mucus from the nostrils, constiint sneezing, and sometimes cough. At last the constitution gives way, or, if the animal lasts till autumn, the malady indeed ceases, but it remains stunted for life. The time lost was the.time of growth, and cannot be recovered, for Nature never goes backward. Henceforth he looks like a foreigner escaped from the mortal inducnce of an inhospitable climate, and remains inferior even to our native sheep, which at least have health and hardiness in their favor. The experiment has sometimes been tried with English rams in a third generation, and the symptoms above described have arisen even more strongly in propor- tion to the stronger admixture of English blood. PHEPOTEr.'CY. In relation to prnpotoncy our authority, after point- ing out some differences in English breeds of sheep, contiiuies: If you put a Leicester ram, a mixed New Kent (of Romney Marsh origin), or a Southdown that is not pure, to a pure ewe of any French race, very little English character is impressed on the offspring, never less than when the ewe is a pure merino. In this last case, it often happens that you can see no difference between lambs that are Leicester-merinos, Kent-merinos, or Southdown-merinos, and another lamb of the same age which is pure merino. In compensation, however, for this feeble influence of the .English sire, the lambs of such first crosses have no more difficulty than French lambs in get- ting over the first summer. If, on the contrary, the same ewes are put to very pure rams of the South- down or New Kent breed, the English character is more maiked than in the former cases. In both cases the offspring is reared; for lambs in which the English blood does not exceed one-half seem to be reared as easily as pure French lambs. But, then, since little improvement is obtained one is tempted to give a new dose of English blood — to put the Anglo-French ewes to English rams— where- upon the disasters described are sure to follow. Prof. Malingie-Nouel then proceeds to describe some new and final expernnents which eventuated in the production of the Charmoise breed of sheep, one which has retained its value in France, as related below, in which our authority states: Inasmuch as one could not increase the purity and antiquity of the blood of the rams, one must di- minish the resisting power, namely, the purity and antiquity of the ewes. With a view to this new experi- ment one must procure English rams of the purest and most ancient race, and unite with them French ewes of modern breeds, or rather of mixed blood forming no distinct breed at all. It is easier than one might have supposed to combine these conditions. On the one hand, I selected some of the finest rams of the New Kent breed, regenerated by Goord. On the other hand, we find in France many border countries lying between distinct breeds, in which dis- tricts it is easy to find flocks participating in the two neighboring races. Thus, on the borders of Berry and La Sologne, one meets with flocks originally sprung from a mixture of the two distinct races that are eatablisb.od in ihriiip t-vo provinces. Among these, then, I chose such animals as seemed least defective, approaching, in fact, the nearest to, or ;)(!() THPl ^VU.MKI4S' S'l'OCJv HOOK. + i ratlier (lopiirtiiig tlic least from, the form whicli I wislii-d iiltiiuiitoly to produce. These I united witli iinimiiLs of iiuotlirr mixed breed, picking out tlic best I could llud on the borders of La Bcauce and Ton- raino, which blended the Tourangclle and native iiuniuo blood of those other two districts. From this mixture was obtained an tttlsjiring com- biuiug the fi)ur races of Berry, Solognc, Tourainc, and merino, without decided character, but possessing the advantiigo of being used to our climate and management, and bringing to bear on the new breed to be formed an influence almost annihilated by the multiplicity of its component elements. Now, what happens when one puts such mixed- blood ewes to a pure New Kent ram? One obtains a lamb containing fifty-hundredths of the purest and most ancient English blood, with twelve and a half hundredths of four different French races, which are individually lost in the preponder- ance of F.nglish blood, and disappear almost en- tirely, leaving the improving type in the ascendant. The influence, in fact, of this type was so decided and so predominant that all the lambs produced strikingly resembled each other, and even English- men took them for animals of their own country. But what was still more decisive, when these young ewes and rams were put together, they pro- duced lambs closely resembling themselves, witliout any marlced return to the features of the old French races from which the grandmother ewes were derived. Some slight traces only might jjerhaps be detected here and there by an experienced eye. Even these, however, soon disappeared, such animals as showed them i icing carefully weeded out of the breeding flock. Cases by scores might be cited, br.t why supple- ment proof, already absolute, l)y other proof? SUCTION- VII. — ADAI'TINO A I'UIiK UHEKI) TO A COUNTliY. Let us take sheep again to illustrate the point; and for the rc.ison before mentioned, and tlie breed the American merino, now acknowledged as combining more excellencies than any other one breed of fine wooled sheep. The American merino is the result of careful selections from the progeny of five original families l)rouglit to America in the beginning of the century. In the two classes of American mcriuoa tiio Paiilar is the tyqie, in one, and the Infantado in the other family. In 1818 Mr. Atwooi] comraencod the breeding of pure merinos from what was then known as the Humphrey stock. Careful selection to a i)re-e8tablished typo and carefully good feeding and shelter were the means used. Mr. David Wadhams, of Connecticut, fatlicr of Mr. Carlton Wadhams, of Indiana, and Mr. Seth Wadhams, of Illinois, was early and piominently identified in breeding sheep from imported Spanish stock in New England as their sons were in the progeny in lifinois as early as 1818. To them and to Mr. Roswell Carter, wiio had largo moneyed investments in merinos, is largely due the introduction of this valuable breed i.i the West. SIR. iiA.vjioxn's hreedino. About the same time Mr. l^dwin Hammond, in : Vermont, systematically commenced breeding, select- I ing his stock from the Atwood family of merinos. Other breeders later followed in the same careful hue of breeding, resulting in the now world-famous American merinos, combining fineness and evenness of fiber, length of staple, thickness of wool, a loose sl-.iii, lying in "low, rounded, soft ridges over the body," offering no obstruction to the shears. Tliese are the direct descendants of the incomparable Iii- fantados of Spain. Tin-: I'An.Ali I.MPItllVK.MKNT. The Paulars, the descendants of "■" lar iniportati(m, were the strain possession of Mr. Silas Rich, and ed to his sou. They were markeu careful breeding, and constitute the smaller, or Pau- lar, breed of American merinos. This latter branch of the American merino were built upon the mixed Lione.se, or Jarvii, merinos. The I'aular influence, however, largely predominating. It is unnecessary to foUow the subject fartlior. It should be conclusive as showing in breeding that violent departures from a typo arc as fatal to tlic con- tinued integrity of a race, as careful selection and breeding to a typo is conducive to prepotency, as it is to the perpetuation of valuable quahties in the highest degree. But this fac; still remains constant in the im- provement of all stock, once the standard is reached there must be no idea entertained that the standard will lemain intact without still further and constant care. If the effort to keep the standard intact be intermitted deterioration is sure to follow and tlio animals will retrograde. The reason is simple. Disabilities have not been entirely bred out. They original Pau - imc into the iiim descend- by tlie same -a* 1 •I'UK l<\rVltMKliS' ST^'OCli UOtJK. 861 still rtmaiii in a degree but liitt'iit. Covered up but yet remiiiuiiig. Absolute aud stable perfection can only be approximately reached, aud one good quality only at the expense of another. As soon as careful .selection of sii-es and dams and high feeding is inter- mitted, these inferior quanties begin to shew and tiie further it proceeds, the more swiftly aud in- tensely. Hence a variety once brought to great superiority, through a generation of care and atten- tion, if succeeded by inattention to breeding points and lack of food, deteriorates far more quickly than it was bred up, and this from a constant law of nature. This is the law of compensation. In the bleeding of superior animals the bones become dense and fine and the whole constitution partakes of this consei-vatiou. In this warmth, good care and high feeding play an important and economical part. The digesti'-e organs may remahi unintp.iired, but high feeding naturally reduces the capacity of the stomach. Hence, if inferior food and inferior shelter follow want of capacity in selection, it will easily be seen that quick deterioration must surely follow. CHAPTER m. FOOD AND ALI.HE.NTATION IN BKESDING. SECTION I. — FOODS AND FOOD VALUES. Only general prmciples can be touched upon hero. The science of feeding is to provide such food as the animal requires as adapted to its nature, and of such diversity as will keep its appetite constant, and its digestion perfect. Hay, straw and other fodder crops are the basis of feeding. Grain is supple- mentary, to be used in such quantity as the price may warrant. In some sections it corresponds nearly in price per acre with hay. It will here be used more freely than in sections where, from long transportation, it is costly. The breeding animal, however, must be fully fed, ] and with a variety, else in time it will tell in deteri- oration upon the progeny. No farm animal siiould be stinted in food. It is not profitable, least of all is it profitable in an animal carrying young or giving ; suck. The male will not have vigor if starved ; the female cannot do justice to the foetus, and all young animals must be especially well nourished. The season of copulation among wild animals is at the season when food is most plentiful, and strength of muscle is strong from constant running and fighting among males. SELECTION OF BliEEDINf} ANIJIALS. However careful the selection of breeding animals, failure will be sure unless exercise is constant enough to keep the muscle hard and the appedto perfect. Then a diversity of food will round out every part, and perfect young will be the result. In animals in- tended for labor the exercise must be severe enough to keep down accumulations of fat. In sheep the exercise is sufficient in the gathering of tlic daily food. In cattle less exercise is necessary, and in swine least of all. Yet exercise ai^proachiiig that of animals in a wild state is neces- sary to strength of constitution, and here the breeder may take a lesson, to bo applied to all animals that, Uirough neglect in this respect, have had their constitutions impaired. In the horse the exercise should far exceed that taken in the wild state, and the feeding should be proportior,ally strong, since their work is exhausting. In the other animals the exercise is to be less than when wild, un- less extra constitutional vigor is desired. In the case of bulls tliis extra exercise may be at the end of the leading rope or in the yoke. With sheep and swine rather short but mixed pasture, but with special feeding at night. Attention to these facts will enable any breeder, while breeding his herd up, to keep their constitution unimpaired. Neglect in this direction is the chief cause of deficiency in constitution aud general deterioration of the stock. SECTION II. — ECONOMY IN FEEDING. In the appendix to this volume will be found tables worthy of most careful study relating to foods and food values. It will, therefore, only be neces- sary here to state priuciples. For fast work the food must not only be varied, but concentrated in form. All animals of speed have comparatively small stomachs. They require food often. In the horse digestion is always going on, but fast work aliould never be given within an hn r j-fter eating, and then the food should not have be .. in sufficient quantity to fully distend the stomach. For breeding, it must be varied, rich and nutritious. The cost hero is a secondary consideration. Hence, as a rule, the best stock, constitutionally aud in regard to flesh and milk, is found in the districts where food is cheap. VALUES op FOOD MATERULS. As to food values they are fairly stated in the fol- lowing table, prepared by Professor Tanuer, of En- ■* ^i ii I f ^ ill I + I ■» »()2 'iliP' I'^VUMKliS' HTOCIC IIOOK. Kliind, rcpresentinp; the eoniiK.^ition of various ma teiiiils used fur food of auiuuils, iiud their fcediug value us demonstrated in practice: Slalerials, Harley <)al» '■'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'," hl'hum !'.'.*.'. '!!.'.' I'c'tiM ■!!!.,!". LiliHct'd cake '.['.'." Liiisiicd eaku ami iiean, uiiuiii parts liapi' wike ',[', Cotton cake I'lcivor hay Swedes ]]' Jlamicilds ..'...!!! Carrots ComiiOHltlon. KeedinK value. r>ii r)-..5 4s.r, iy.5 HI. 7 II. :i Mo.l 41) H. I «.l! 10 c 9 l.'i 1,1.- 4'.'.! 74 ] I 1 1 5 ^ ' s 5 ft.o .^3 .» 14. H 14.1 S.li ii.;t ti.s 7.11 14 8lt 8 H i toli ■Ih *i li IJ l.-.o Ino KiO Hi. 7 1 l.:t l-.'.-i lli.7 l(i.7 111.7 .«.:i (l.liii (l.lili O.lili In actual application these estimates of value are modilied by various considerations. Some of these are stated by Professor Voelcker as follows: 1st. The af,'e of the animal; young animals, espedally, requiring t: large proportion of nitrogenized matter and hone-forming material. '21. The kind of ani- mal (die food best suited to horses ii not ahvays best for cows or sheep). 3d. The natural disposi- tion or temper of the animal. 4th. The purpose for which the animal is kept— as whether for fattening, or for work, or for milk. The digestibility of the food, also, demands attention. Professor Voelcker states a few of the conditions affeciing it: 1st. The kind of animal: cows more readily assimilating the nutriment of cut straw than horses. 2J. The 'iniount aud character of wooily fiber contained in the food. 3d. The amount of flesh-for:;iiiig sub- stances. 4th. The bulk of the food. 5th. The form in which it is presented to the animal; whether cut or not cut, cooked or raw, etc. SECTION III. PERFECT FOODS. A perfect food is that article, or a combination of articles, representing in a proper ratio an approxima- tion of all the constituents retpiired for the growth or the fattening of animals. These are of less moment to the breeder than the fattener, except in locations where much food must be bought. In the west es- pecially, wliprp all griiin is chr.ip, the dit^t is easily varied, so as to insure constitutional vigor in the growth of the young iiiiimal or the fattening of the mature one. Nevertheless, something of this is necessary in a work inteiuled for wide circuliition. Grass, as found in jiastiires of mixed grasses, is a perfect food. That is, it contains all the constitu- ents required for strictly herbivorous animals, and with a due quantity of moisture for perfect digestion in connection with the fluids poured out upon it by the secretions of the body. Hay, being of compara- tively few vaiieties, contains the proportional aver- age, not only in a less natural degree, but there is generally large loss in drying. Tables in the appendix will show the ajiproxima- tions toward jiorfect foods in other farm I'loducts. Oats approach the nearest to a perfect food of any of the grains. Aud in practice it may be stated that equal weights of otits and corn ground together and given to the animal, in connection with half the quantity of hay naturally required, may be consid- ered a perfect food for all growing animals in winter. HAY AND (lliAIN CO.MI'AKED. That is, if the animal require thirty pounds of the best hay per day, to make an equivalent, furnishing all the elements of nutrition and growth, twenty pounds of hay and ten pounds of the meal of oats and corn ground together (equal parts) would be a feeding ration for perfect growth, and fifteen pounds of hay and fifteen pounds of the ground grains daily a good fattening mixture. HKCTION IV FORCINU AND STIMULATION. While it is of the first importance that strong and regular feeding be practiced in the improvement of breeding animals or in retaining the superior qual- ities already acquired, undue forcing, and especially the use of stimulating foods should be avoided. The man wlio resorts to condimental foods or artificial stimulation of any kind or too highly concentrated foods wirh breeding animals will surely find loss in the end. It is usually resorted to in the male to impart sup- posed sexual vigor. The effect upon the ftctiis is the reverse of what is hoped. When used upon both sexes the result is seen ji> increased debility. In particular anioials not breeders, to gain some special point in development, concentrated foods and con- dimental foods to spur the appetite may be admis- silile, but never in the line of practical profit. AH condiments and eiiecial foods and stimulants of any kind are to be used only as we should give them in J l\ f -«• THK K^VltMKliS' H'1H)('K HOOK. 3G3 m f disease, to tide over an ciuergimcy and for a special pnrpofio. They should never be employed with hrcediiip; auimiils except in case of siclaiess, and then only under the advice of a professional veter- inaiiau. BECTIOV V. — NATURAL FOODS. The natural food of farm uniuials are all the grasses, including all the cereal grains in their grow- ing state, leguminous plants, including peas, beans, clover, alfalfa, either in the grern or dry state, and tlieir seeds. Four elements are chiefly concerned in the production of the food of animals; these are car- bon, hydrogen, oxygeu and nitrogen. Practically the first and the last are the important productions in food, since hydrogen and oxygen is a constituent in all foods. Among vegetable substances gluten, including vegetable albumen, is the only one abounding in ni- trogen—the most costly of agricultural productions. Onm, sugar, starch, are constituted of carbon, hy- drogen and oxygen only. No animal can subsist for any length of time uiion food destitute of nitrogen. This is one of two facts connected with the chemistry of food. The other is that a certain mixture of food is necessary. WATEK AND THK ANIMAL ECONOMY. Water is simply a dilutaut of food, enabling the soluble parts to be taken into the blood and thence distributed to the various parts of the body. Hence whatever the articles fed, there must be a proper pro- portion of carbon and nitrogen contained to supply daily waste and promote growth. Grass is tlie natural summer food of breeding animals, the different forms of fodder being used in winter. But fodder alone will not keep the animal growing in winter, hence some grain must be used, and if straw is employed the grain \nust contain a larger proportion of nitrogen than with bay and well-cured fodder of other substances. VALUABLE COMPOUNDS OP (iRAINS. Now, in 1,000 parts, wheat contains of gluten or albumen about 225 parts; barley, Cfi parts; oats, 87 parts ; rye, 10!) parts ; the grasses from two to four parts, and straw only a trace. It is also deficient in every other constituent of animal growth, except fiber, this being the only constituent held in excess. It is, therefore, certain that straw should only be used to distend the stomach where concentrated foods arc given, as grain, meal, etc. KEtTlON VL — UPON FKEDINO IN OENERAL. Feeding must be practically carried on in accord- ance with the results sought. Wo have stated the necessities required in breeding animals. The same general niles will apply to breeding animals, that are appended in relation to growing and fattening ani- mals. There is a very great difference in the quantity of food which animals require, and in the time which they can pass without it. In general, those animals which are the most active require most, and those which are most indolent require least food. The cause of this is obvious; the bodies of animals do not remain stationary, they arc constantly wasting, and the waste is proportioned to the activity of the animiil; hence the body must receive, from time to time, new supplies in place of what has been carried off. Almost all the inferior animals have particular substances on which they feed exclusively. Homo are herbivorous, some are granivorous, and others, again, are carnivorous. From various experiments wo have the following result; — A horse will consume as niuoli food, besides grain, a.s S .sheep, A cow will eoiisiinic as much food, besides grain, as 12 " A t'utteniug ox will consume as nnu'h food, besides grain, as 10 " A three-yeur-old heifer will eonsunii nsuiuih food, besides grain, as - - - - 8 " A two-year-old lieilVr will eonsuiue as nnieli food, besides grain, as - . - - '• A oue->eur-old heifer will eoiisunie as mueli food, besides grain, as I " A ealf will consume as much food, besides grain, as 2 " RULES IN FEEDING. There are some rules which may be advantageously adopted in feeding animals, which, however obvious theyinay be, are too often neglected. 1. Food should be so prepared that its nutritive properties may be all made available to the use of the animal; and not only so, but appropriated with the least possible ex- penditure of muscular energy. The ox that is obliged to wander over an acre to get the food he should find in two or three square rods — the horse that is two or three hours eating the coarse food he should swallow in fifteen minutes if the grain were ground or the hay cut as it should be — the sheep h fl ' '• i / 304 THK I<'A.IiMiCItH' STOCK IJOOIv. tliat spends hours in making its wiiy into ii tnrnii), when, if it were sliced, it would eat it iu us many minutes— the pifj that cats raw iiotatoes or whole corn, when eithei cooked could bo eaten in one quarter of the tune, niuy indeed fatten, but much less rapidly than if their food were given them iu a proper manner. All food should bo given in such a state to fattening animals that as little time as pos- sible, on the part of the animals, shall bo required in eating, 2. From the time the fattening process commences until the animal is slaughtered, he should never be without food. Health and ajipelite are best pro- moted by change of diet rather than by limiting the quantity. The animal that is stulled and starved by turns may have streaked meat, but it will be made too slowly for the pleasure or tiie profit of the good farmer, nevertheless no animal should Juive food constantly lying by hiin. 8. The food should be given regularly. This is one of the most essential points in feeding animals. If given irregularly the animal will consume his food, but ho soon acquires a restless disposition, is disturbed at every api)earauee of his feeder, and is never in that quiet state so necessary to take on fat. It is surprising how readily any animal acquires hab- its of regularity in feeding, ai:d how soon the influ- ence of this is felt in the improvement of his condi- tion. When at the regular hour the pig has had his mixture, or the sheep his rations, they compose themselves to rest, their digestion is not unseason- ably disturbed, or their quiet broken by unwonted in- vitation to eat. 4. The animal should not be needlessly intruded upon during the hours of eating. All animals fat- ten much faster in the dark than in the light, a fact only to he accounted for by their greater quiet. Some of those creatures that are the most irritable and impatient of restraint while feeding, such as turkeys and geese, are found to take on fat rapidly when courinod in dark rooms, and only fed at stated hours by hand. There is no surer proof that a pig IS doing well than to see him eat his meal quickly and then retire to his bed till the hour of feeding re- turns. Animals, while fattening, should never he alarmed, never rapidly driven, never bo fed at un- seasonable hours, and, iibovc all thinss, never be al- lowed to want for food. CHAPTER IV. ilKKKIIITV IN ItKKKUlMi. SECTION 1. — IIKKKDITY OK DISKASE. The heredity inclination to certain diseases in the progeny, to that of ancestor, requires no argument. It is an established fact. Among the most common are consumption, scrofula, itone-spavin and other diseases of the joints, blindness, grease, and in fact all so-called blood diseases. This herechtary predis- position to, or actual possession, juay be derived from either parent, or from both. It may not be observed in individuals, or even a gener.ition, but its recurrence in a succeeding one, shows that under certain conditions it may remain latent. Irom favor- able sanitary eonditi(uis, and careful feeding or other causes. Hereditary disability may :'ven lie latent for generations ami then break out, and this even in collateral brtf.nches of a family. Liability to its recurrence is es])ecially noticeable in aninuils strongly bred in and in, which intensilies any hereditary defect or peculiarity. PHKOISPOSITION TO mSABILITY. There may be predisposition to disability from peculiarities of structure, that may be intensilietl by l)reeding successively to animals of like coid'orma- tiou. Immature and very young animals are quite apt to show constitutional deficiency in their young. They are delicate, liable to disease, and more subject to disability than those of fully mature animals. In relation to predisposition to certain disabilities, Mr. Finlay Dun, an English veterinary authority, says : Disproportion in the width and strength of the leg below the hock to the width and strength above the hock, predisjioses to sjiavin; a straight hock and a short OS calcis, inclining forward, gives a tendency to curbs; round legs and small knees, to which the teiuh)ns are tightly bound, are especially snlijcct to strains; while a predisposition to navicular disease is found "in horses with narrow chests, upright pasterns, and out-turned toes." Many farm-horses, as well as others without much breeding, are remarkable for consuming large quan- tities of food, for solt and flabby nmscular systems. and for round limbs containing an unusual propor- ti t 'I'JIM J''^V1{ .M Kits' MTOCK JlODJv. UiiiK'i', even uiuliv llu' l)tst iiiiiiiiij,'cnit'iit iind most c'llific'iit Hy.sti'ius of liri't'diiijj. tjudi cliiiriK'tciH indi- cate proclivity to t'ortiiiii diseivses, as BWcUcd lt'j,'s, weed, mid Kieiise. SKCTION II. — IlKUKniTV OF AllNollMAI. IIIARACTEBISTK'S. The ciiHOS iu wliieh iibiioniial ulmriicteristicH are IK'rpettinted arc too nmiurous, both in auiiiiiilH and 111 111 to require elalionitioii. It is esjieeiiilly seen in iiiiinials like the do;,', that is bron^dit in elose social relation to man, Doi^s of certain breeds carry instinct, or reasoning faculty in certain lines to an astoiiishinj,' decree and transmit it to their jirof^eny. The fear of man liy wild animals, on the other hand, is fully as interestiiif,' as an abnormal heredity. On certain islands, when lirst visited by man, the wild animals have no fear of him. In territories where they are hunted, the young at birth instinct- ively hide from him. In relation to the fifth too in dogs and in fowls, they are abnormal, but by long breeding they are reproduced with only rare excep- tions. The tendency to lay on fat in particular parts, excessive muscular development, extraordinary secre- tion of milk by certain breeds, and also the quality of the milk in regard to butter or cheese-producing principles, are all abnormal, but by careful breeding rendered measurably constant. The lesson taught by all this is, how important that the breeder be care- fully schooled in the physiology of animals, and in judging them by the touch and outward conforma- tion. SECTION in. HEREDITY OF NORMAL ATTRIBUTES. The heredity of normal attributes or characters, arc the natural conformation, characteristics, color — • ill fact, the general likeness natural to the breed. Wild animals are so nearly alike that it takes a criti- cal eye to distinguish between animals of the same sex and age ; yet no two are prc.'isely alike. Domes- tic animals of pure breeds have certain characteris- tics and pcLMiliarities that are more or less constant, according to the length of time that has elapsed since the original formation of the breed. These normal conditions are not only those of the particular spe- cies, or tiie genus, but also peculiarities of color, shape, size, expression, bone and texture of hair always more or less perfectly defined. These, how- ever, are so broken by interbreeding, feeding, selec- tion, etc., that it is quite unsettled just where the normal and the abnormal begin. SECTION n'. — IIKHKIIITV OF FIXED CIlAnAf'TERH. Fixed character may be said to exist where tiie abnormal, as contradistinguished from tlie normal, become so fixed as to continue measurably permanent. They then may be considered normal, so far as that particular breed is concenied. Wliiiiever an animal acquires form, color, substance or other pecul- iarity distinct from its jiarents, it is called abnormal. The continuation or cropping out of tliis from time to time, to a greater or lesser degree, still contimus abnormal; but, the peculiarity being considered val- uable, it is carefully bred to and animals are selected bearing the departure in the most marked degree. At length a peculiarity of form, disjiositioii to lay on fat or secrete milk, fecundity, early maturity, — when either of these come fairly constant, it becomes then what may be termed fixed, and in time iiuiy be termed normal to the breed or sub family, although abnor- mal or monstrous, to the species or the genus. SECTION V. ATAVISM, OR BREEDING BACK. Atavism, or breeding back, is the reproduction, in a descendant, of any peculiarity of ancestor, however remote. It is also called reversion, a really more intelligible word than breeding back. Atavism is generally met with in animals as the result of the crossing tif two breeds. It would undoubtedly be more prou eutly shown as the result of hybridiz- ing, were i i, t for the fact that hybrids are noto- riously iufertil ;. That this presumption is correct, is borne out by the impression left on female ani- mals through the bearing of young by males of a dif- ferent species as the ass, quagga, etc. It is more fre- quently noticed in animals bearing several young at a birth, as in swine and dogs, next in sheep, then in cattle, and less in horses than in any other animals. This 18 due, of course, to the more careful selection of breeding animals in the more superior races, but if the real facts were known it is due probably to the fact that it is more easily noticeable in the smaller animals from their prolificacy, and the less care bestowed in the selection of breeding animals. All this is only interesting to the breeding farmer, as suggestive of the value of a close examination of the animals selected in the course of breeding grades, that the more valuable traits may be ])er[)etuated, and also in the breeding of pure animals, to know that family lines are clearly established and transmitted in the progeny. t *t IN I i , 'Ml) ■Vllh: LAWMKUS' H'liXJi HOOK. CHAl'TKK V. VAKIATION ANI» < (>III(I.I..\TI()N. SECTION I OKNKII.M. lAISKS OK VAIilATION. Tlic j,'fm.riil c'lm.sc of vnrintidiM in niiinmls is iiii- (l()ul)tt(Ily the clmiiKcil |mliir in iiiiy (liatrict ilcvoti'd ixtlusivily to bt'cf or inilli. HEOTION IV. — I'ollllKLATKn HTRUl'TUHE. Ill luiiiuiils, till' Htrncturi' iiiiiHt lie in la'cordancc with till' sfrviot' ricinirt'd. For speed there will he 1111 uhseiieu of fatty tissue and iiii iihiiiidiuiut' of nervous I'lier^jy in eonihinution with niusculiir devcl- opiiK'nt. Ill tlio draft horHe. a more i)hlo(,'inatic dis- position, eoiuhiiied with iiliility to earry tlesli, loss lluxihility of tlie liinhs, hut with hir|,'eniiid less dense bono. In tattle tlifi heef animal will he developed into a square-rounded form, while milkiiii,' qualities will ho indicatud hy a more aiiKuhir organization. Ill sliei'ii the form will he modilied iiy the ahility to piddiue iiiiittoii especially or wool especially. In the Merino the ahility to produce heavy tleecea of very, tine wool is notahly at the expense of the hest mut- ton form, while in swine hrcd for many fjeneratioiis sidely for llesli and fat, the departure from the orij;- iiial form is j rohahly more marked in a single direc- tion than in any other iiiiinial. That is, excessive accumulation of fat, incompatible with eoutimied life in any wild species. SECTION V. — <:011HKLATI0N BY CIIANOED CONDITIONS. Cliiiiii_'ed conditions, as through climate, care, feed- ing, and the outline of a country, have already heeu touched upon. Animals adapted to a, hill country iiecome essentially dillerent from those of a plains country. The Devim, for instance, among highly- hied animals, and the Texan cattle among half wild ones, are iiotahle example Natural selection, that is, the survival of the liti' .1 )mve jiroduced wonder- ful adaptation of means to an end in wild animals, in various peculiarities of the same genus. Alan, taking advantage of this hy artificial selection and special care and feeding, has hroken up our domestic animals into sub-families, that unite in themselves the special ciiaracteristics that go to make up what we call breeds. They are not only adapted to special localities, but also to special wants. It is not unlikely that we are more than on the threshold of scientific breeding, that shall in the near future give results nearly exact in the ju-ogeny, as found in the line of ancestors. This is, in fact, sure to follow. Wo do not yet understand that nicety of breeding by which the correlation of parts shall be so nicely balanced, as to give the greatest perfection of digestion, assimilation, circu- lation, and such balance of other viscera as to give a perfect ciirrelatimi of one part to the otlu rs for the purposes wanted. It has, howi ver, been measiiriihly reached in the Shorthorn, Hereford and I'olled Angus for iieef, and in the Jersey and Ilolstein as milkers. The development of milking powers in beef-making animals, or of aptitude to take on fat among milking lireeds, will surely result in deterio- ration, in essential change in the really valiiahlu directiiui in which the animal has previously been bred. CIIAPTEIl VI. FECr.NIHTV AN» KAKI.V DK.VKI.OPMKNT. SKCTION I. — CATSKS OK KIICINDITY. The power of reproduction in animals is only shown ill the highest degree under imtural condi- tions. That is, give an abundance of food, free ex- ercise, the absence of exhaustive exertion from fright, excessive labor, and exemption from debility through excessive cold, will produce the greatest number of living, healthy young. Wild animals in a state of co:ilinemeiit rarely breed. Among domes- ticated animals, it is most noticeable among fowls, and for the reason that the natural propensity of all birds is that of activity. Mr. Darwin found that an animal generally sterile under confinement when it happens to breed, the young apparently do not inherit this power. For, he says, had this been the case, various quadrupeds and birds which are valu- able for exhibition would have become more com- mon. My observation leads me to think that the reason why, of late years, births have been more common among wild animals in captivity than for- merly, is that they are now more freely exposed to the air and receive more exercise, especially so with our traveling shows. The lesson here to the breeder is the necessity that to induce the greatest fecundity, as well us to give constitutional vigor to the young, is to be found only in allowing breeding animals as much liberty as possible in connection with varied and wholesome food. RKCTION II. — CAUSES OF EARLY DEVELOPMENTS. The early development of animals is entirely due primarily to artificial care — shelter, and regular, nutritious and varied foods. The power of heredity soon follows. The animal becomes constitutionally changed in the course of generations, and the trans mission of qualities leading to early development become more or less fixed and capable of sure trans- 4- i: * i! |i llliH I'UK i".,VUMWWM' Mioc iv HOOK. iiiiBsidii. liiit if tlip ciirr mid fcpdiiit; iirorsaiiry ti) produce tlii.s iiiily clcvi'luiiiueiit bo iiitfrmitttd, H tiiki's fur li'HK time to ciiiihu the aniiiuil to dcgciii'mif Hiid h'o back to tlii' oriKiiml eonditioii tlmn it did to liiiuj,' it lip to til'-' lU'ipiiix'd condition. A study of tlic liiwa of correlation will easily hIiow this, llenco it is not necessary to cite instances. The Reneral law will snlhce, ns previously stated. In all this the hrecder will see the luvcssity of careful feodini; and ttpccial care in all superior bred animals. Without this the investment is a failure. |t pays to give common stock Rood care. With superior stock and sujierior care su.'cess is assured. J!y care we do not mean pamperinf,'. (iood care means exercise sutll- cicnt to keep the ajipetite Rood, and the breeding qual- ities of the animal perfect, with such variety of proper food as will most naturally and quickly de- velop the essentials required. ClI.Vl'TEII VII. «>VT-III,(KI':i>IN(i AM) IN-IIKKKOINO. SECTION 1. — CLOSK llliKKDlNO VS. CllOSSlNO. Close breeding Joes not necessarily imply incestu- ous breeding; that is, the breeding of a sire to the progeny of a dam served by hiiu; the hreeuing of a male to his mother, or the breeding together of male and female, the produce of one sire and dam. This is, indeed, close breeding. But the breeding to- gether, what we understand by close breeding in the general acceptation of the term, is the breeding to- gether of animals so closely related, as what in the human family would be of uncle, nunt, first or second cousins. The closer breeding may be more properly termed iu-aud-in- breeding. CIIOSS liliKF.niN(». Cross breeding, in its fundamental sense, is the mixing of the blood of two distinct breeds, but of iho same species. That is, the pairing together of ani- mals having no blood lines in the pedigree in com- mon, except that extending beyond the time when the breed was originally formed. Thus the breeding togetiier of any two animals as Devon with Short- liorn, Hereford, Angus, or any combination of these would be cross breeding. The use of a sire of any of the improved breeds of a country on the common stock of a country is cross breeding. All these, from a standpoint of a breeder of thoroughbreds would be considered as violent crosses, and properly as damaging to his particular breed. Yet all exist- ifiL; breeds havi> originally been formed by croHHinK two animals of diHtinctivo characters, improvement by selection being the tirst step in the improvement of animals from the wild state, SUCTION II. — l.N-.\MilNHI(KKI)IVO. In-and-in-breeding is the breeding together of ani- mals of very close relationship, as parent to its young or vice versa, brother to sister, or in fact any ri'lationship as close or closer than first cousins. You- ntt delinos it ns, "the breeding from close afTiiiities;" Johnson, "the breeding from close relations;" lian- dall, "breeding between relatives without referi'me to the degree of consanguinity;" Bowley, "it should only be ap]>lied to animals of jireciHely the same blood, as own brother and sister;" Sinclair, "breed- ing from the same fam ly, or putting animals of the same relationship together;" Stoneheuge, "the pair- ing of relations within the degree of second cousins, twice or more in succession." Hence it will bo seen that the most eminent men who have written within the present century differ widely. The very closest in-and-in breeding is the pairing of brother and sister; the pairing of a sire to his female prog- eny is only half as close as this. That is to say, brother and sister would represent 100; .Mre to prog- eny, .'iO, or 5()-A, 50-]!; the pairing of cousins' would represent 25-A, 50B, 25C. That is, one-fourth of the blood of A, one-half of the blood of 15— be- cause it would follow in two lines— and one-fourth of the blood of C. Ilcnce this would also represent 50 on the scale, but not so potent, since it was bred jjartly through the channel C. To show this carried out it would be as follows: The sire A, gets progeny from dam IJ, which contains one half blood of A and one-half blood of 15. Suppose there are two fe- males as progeny. From another hne not consan- guinotis, there are two males. These are coupled with the fenuile progeny of A and 15, and are there- fore first cousins, containing one-fourth of the blood of A and j i j 15 z= i B, and also ] of the blood of C =: 100. That is, 50 of the blood of B, but broken, or scattered, by the blood lines of C and D. Now, if these two cousins are bred together the blood lines of the progeny would be precisely the same as that of their parents. The breeding of the progeny of these two, if continued in, would be as fatal in the end as the breeding "of the progeny of brother and sist^er, but would take lonf^r to produce the intense etTect as it would in the breeding of the produce of y * Till'; KAUMIfiUM' Hiociv liOOK. illlt) the Biro to diiin, or llio hrceiliiif? together of brotlier iiiiil HiHtor. Till! I'tlci't id t,i) ^'ivo ilclii'iicy to tliu uuii- Htitiitidii, to iiili'iiHify tliu lailk, lu'cf, lulior or utiicr (iniillticH iU thu cuuu itiiiy bu. At tliu haiiiu tiiuu tlio iiiiiiiiiils arc laoro liablu to disciiHO iiiul not ho well ciik'iiliitc'd to Btaiul cliiiiatiu mid otiicr iliuiiKeH. Iliiuo iMTsisti'iit bri'odinj,' in-uiidiii, oxccpt to lix ciTtiiiii viiluiiblo qimlitios of two brt'i'dH, is not desir- able iiud Mboiild not bo nndertaki'ii iitilusd tlio brooder liiive iiit'o diHcriiiiiimtiiiii mid tlic iibility to judge when UiIh breediiif,' in likely to bo carried too far. HKCIION III. — LINK UKKKPINd. Lino brooding is detined by hoiuc as breeding ono 8ul)-f,iiuily up oi. itself; as, for instance, In Hliort- lioriis, breeding Diloiiesson Dilcliess or Princess upon Princess. Hy others, tho union of sub-fianilies, or "sorts," having a common foundation without violent out-i;ross. liieediiiginlin", iia pojmlarly understood, is w'leii tiio selection of males is liniited toa particular Bubfaiiiily of a breed but without special rcferenco to (juality or uniformity of tho sires. If there is aiiy- tliiiig in the torin brccdiug-in-lii.-, it should ineiin the selection of aiiiiiinls of a coiiiiiion ty[io licloiigiiig to tiio same subfiiiuily, and having tho ehatactoris- tics of tho sub-family in an cminont degree. This ^ould not necessiirily imply incestuous breeding. To lix any (luality, distinctivo in tho sub-family, and which appeared to bo lessening or wandering, close brooding, even the incestuous breeding, of animals having this markedly, would certainly bo allowable. NKCTION IV. — CUOSS-miKHDINO. Strictly speaking, crosa-breeding is tho coupling of animals of two distinct breeds, and is tiio direct op- posite of in-and-in-brcoding. Instead of intensifying the blood linos of two animals it mixes the blood of two distinct animals, and to produce homogeneity thereafter, the most scrupulous care must bo taken to breed together such animals of the descendants as most ch)sely roseinblo the typo you have selected. In a more general way, the term crossing, cross- breeding, making a cross or out-crossing is used in contradistinction to tho term iii-andin breeding and lino breeding, as indicating such breeding as would produce a mixture of tho blood of two sub-families, or varieties, of the same brood, but whoso origin runs together quite remotely. In the breeding of animals when tho purity of certiin family blood linos are not essontial, as in animals intended for general uses, there is no objection to its use, if the particular breed is not departed from. It is nUo necessary when the , constitution is impaired from too close inbreeding, or from breeding closely in hno. In the establish- ment of new broods, cross-breeding is most valuable, especially in remedying some defeat in tiie course of ' breeding ill) Hubsei|Ueiit to tho first cross in thi! foun- dation stock of a breed. Tlio most iiotiiblo success in cross-breeding is in somo of tlio I'Jngh.sh breeds of shoe)), and also in swine, und for tho reason that, from tiioir prolilicacy, starting back to tho original lino IS c.)m|iaratively easy. It must, however, iie re- membered that no good can accrue in the crossing of I two distinct breeds, except it is by tin' deliberato : jiidginont of ono well vo'- ' I in tho [ihysiology of animals. HKCTION V. — IIUKKniNO ill' lllt.VDKS. A grade, strictly speaking, is thn produco of a cross between any pure bred animal und the common cat- tle of mixed blood of a region, (ieiicrally, liow';ver, a grade is understood to bo the progeny of any two animals, ono of whom is of improved blood, or of two animals of inixol blond, but each containing on ono side blood of |)uro lineage, and of the saino breed. Accepting the term grade in its true sense as tho progeny of an animal -male — of puro blood bred to a female of common or cold blood, the term low grade would bo used to dosignato an animal of less than one liii'f blood, and a iiigh grade an aniniiil con- taining more (Imn ono-half of pure blood. For further information the reader is referred to Chapter II. CHAPTER VIII. GUSTATION OK .VMMAI.S. SECTION I. — VARIATION IN UKSTATION. While the average gestation of animals is con- stant the variation from various causes is quite con- sidorablo. Tho average period of gestation in mares is eleven mouths. It may be diminished, according to Youatt, five weeks or extended six weeks. In cows, according to tho tables of Earl Spencer, tho average period in 710 cows observed was 285 days; tho least period 220 days; and tho greatest period 313 days. In sheep, according to M. Tessior, a French observer, 070 ewes, out of 912 observed, lambed to average li">2 days in gestation. The sliortesti average and longest period of tho whole number was as fol- lows: Shortest period, 150 days; longest period, 155 days; average time of gestation, 152^ days. '• ^HW li ' !:•!;' i 4 ^ !t70 ■I'Hh) b'.VK.MKKS' HTOC-IC HOOK. Tills woul.l give the ftvernge porioil as twenty-one weeks ,ui.l six ilajs. In slieoi,, Ci.refnl observations «liow that breeds diller in their period of gestation. iJarwin, on the uutliority of Nathiisius, states tliat the average period of gestation for Merinos is ino.S •lays; Sonlhd.,wns, llt.2 days; Merino and Sontli- dowii cross, UC.H days; three-quarter grade South- down and Merino, Ur,.r, days; seven-cigliths bred Soutiidown and Merino, 144.2 days. We give tlio decimals to sliow tiie exact eomput'ation. In swine, the observations are less full. Dar- win records tlie observations of M. Tessier, ns varying from 109 to 123 days, average, 110 days ^onatt states tlio varintion in well bred pigs observed as ranging from 101 to 110 days, average, lOHi days. In conclusion we may state that the probability i.s that higlily bred animais, and especially early matiir- ing ones, liave a shorter period than those of robust constitutions, and especially animals that mature late, and also that small breeds of a species gestate for a shorter peiiod than larger l)rceds. The table in the appendix will show the periods of all domestic animals. SECTIO.V 11.— l.NFLUK.VCES REliLLATIMi OESTATION OltSCUIiK. The influences operating on gestation are not well known, in fact, of tl.o law tliat governs gestation nothing is known nt all. An animal, as a rule, carrying male young will cover a longer period of gestation than if the young is a female. But of the cause why the young is male or female nothing is known. Season, that is, particular years, would seem to have an effect, and it seems to have an influence, not only in detemiining sex, but the period of gestation. Heredity, that is, peculiarities incident to families, also appear to influence not only the period of gestation but also the sex of the ani- mal. An animal not well fed in winter will probably have a prolonged gestation; and animals irregularly fed, irregular gestation. Digestion, assimilation, the genera! health of the animal, exposure to cold, J will all op. .ate toward prolonged gestation without ! doubt, since all these tend toward slow and abnor- I mal nutrition. A decision, ap^ roximately, can only I be arrived at through an extended course of careful j experiment, when the tondilions as to food, general j health, vigor of the animal, etc., are carefully noted. ' CHAPTER IX. I'llVSIOI.ddV AND FACTS I\ IIRKKDINIi. SECTION 1.— I'lilNCU'I.ES OF KliKEOINO. ^ As emlxidyiiig many facts collated from various sources, I find in an address before the Massachusetts I Board of Agriculture, much valuable matter, embod- ied by Dr. James Law, professor of veterinary science, of Cornell University, New York. Those ci especial interest 1 have taken the lil)erty of present- ing, and especially l)ecause of their physiology, and preferably give the facts in Dr. Law's own words: At the foundation of all excellence in stock lie the principles of breeding. Error here, however vener- able or deeply rcoted, is especially to be regretted, us, like the spores of the cryptogam in the planted seed, it will fructify in the growing product and blast the harvest, in spite of the most careful tend- ing and culture. He who avails of the rich expe- rience of the past hundred years, reaps his substan- tial reward in the yearly increasing value of his stock, while the man who ignores or despises it soon lealizes in liis barren fields and stunted, unproduct- ive herds, that what is not well done is not worth doing at all. SECTION II. PRINCIPLES OF LIFE. The better to illustrate tiie known facts and prin- ciples which enable us to control the breeding of ani- mals, let us ghiiice shortly at the organisms tlirough which reproduction takes place. In all the higher animals this is by the union of the products of the two sexes, the ovum or egg of the female and the siiermatozoon or vitalizing element of the male. In tlie female the two ovaries produce vesicles from birth, like those in which the ova afterward grow, but until they reach the bearing age these do not mature, nor are true ova produced. When the sys- tem has sufllciently matured to afford a surplus nutrition for the reproduction of its kind, an increased supply of blood and nervous energy to the ovary hastens the maturity of one or more of tiiise vesi- cles; they burst as a ripened fruit must fall, and the liberated ovum, descending the fallojiian tubes to the womb, finds that the new-born activities of that organ have elaborately prepared and fitted it as a home for its development in the immediate future. In healthy females, from the approach of maturity to the decline of life, when many otiier functijons as well as the rejjroductive ones are lost, this develop- ment and discharge of ova persists, and with it the ■» TIXK 1< AJtMJCIiW H TO Civ UUOIt. 371 f T liower of Ki'i'^'i'iition. Hciit or rut is the commitment of Bucli nipture iiiul escaiie. But without the udditiou of the mule or fertiliziuj,' element to the ovum, its escape is hut the prehule to its destruction, us it no longer retains iu itself the power of assimiliition and increase, hut is thrown off, together with the exudation iu the womb, as a waste and useless thing. The male semen is au alhunii- nous fluid secreted by the two testicles, and in health discharged only during strong sexual excitement. It contains myriads of minute organisms (spermatozoa), bearing a strong resemblance in most aninails when magnified, to tadpoles, and having a similar but much more active power of motion. These last ele- ments ajipear to be the true f 'izing agents, as Hpallanzani found that the fluid . dned by filtering tlie liquid had no power to fecundate the ovum, whereas tiic nuiterial left on the filter proved success- ful. Moreover, these are the only elements in the male seminal fluid having the innate power of motion, and sinceiu animals killed a day or two after coition the ovum is found in the fallopian tube, undi'rgoing that segmentation and division of its yolk which results from impregnation, and is besides surrounded by spermat(jzoa, there can be no reason- abl(! doubt that they alone are the fei-tilizing con- stituents. Further, the spermatozoa are found in the testicles, the removal of which destroys the power of procreation, and have not been found in the semen of mules and other barren males. SECTION 111. FORM OV THE OVUM AND ITS DEVELOI'- MENTAI, CHANGES, As discharged from its ovarian (Graafian) vesicle, the imimpregnated ovum is a globular mass, with an extermil granular layer of club-shaped bodies (gran- ular layer); within this a layer of transparent albu- minious nuitter (tona pellucida) ; still more internally the spherical yolk granules, among which lie the germinal vesicle with its germinal spot. Until fertilized it is incapable of change. The first indications of dev^pmcnt are shown in the segmentation of the yol"nto two equal masses, of these into four, of those into eight, and so on, the numbers doubling each time from the binary seg- mentation of each cell until the yolk is largely in- creased in bulk, and presents a unifomi mass of uniform gi-annlcs, and a smooth investing mem- brane. At the commencement of this segmentation of the yolk, the germinal vesicle and spot disappear, and in the mammalous ova has hitherto eluded all attempts to trace it, though it has been pointed to as the center of this work of segmentation and increase in the yolk. At the same time the spermatozoa can be seen in the membranes surrounding tije yolk, and even in the yolk itself, as may readily be seen in the rabbit's ovum, taken sixty hours alter connection with the buck (male). When the segmentation of the yolk is completed, there appear new develojimental changes at one jioint of its surface, and in the meml.rane (germinal mem- brane; investing it. This consists in a thickening of the mendirane in the form of an ovoid, in the cen- ter of which the rudimentary elements of the young animal soon become apparent. We have thus glanced at the main points of the phenomenon of impregnation. We have traced the stejis resulting in the union of two living elements, derived from dilTercnt animals, incapable of separate existence, but potent when combined not only to lay the foundation of a living being, but to insure that ■ this being shall develop the qualities of the male and female from whicli it sprung, alike in form, size, color, vigor and power of enduring hardshiiis, con- stitution, mental powers, and even proclivity to dis- ease. This point must never lie forgotten in connec- tion with subsequent developments, that here, in the initial stage of the individual existence, all the char- acters of the future animal are determined by the unseen but not the less real properties of those two simple germinal structures — the ovum and spenmi- tozoon. These have no less individuality and char- acter than the animals from which they sprung, and as the ovum and spermatozoon of the rabbit and horse do not appear to differ materially from each other, we are here i)rouglit face to face with one of the mysteries of creation, a mystery which we can no more explain than we can explain why in the adult being one cell or particle of living nuitter should always abstract from the blood and elaborate into tissue the materials of bone, another those of muscle, and another of neiTous tissue. SECTION IV. — MEMBRANES AND NUTRITION OF THE FIF.TUH. Our present purpose does not demand that we should trace the development of the ovum in all its stages into the foetus. But it is important to note the eonneotion of the foetua with the mother, and how it is nourished in the latter period of gestation. The fd'tus floats in one water bag (Amnion) en- %# I ! 3 ? 11 li if f 972 THK I^'.VItMIKItS' S'lOCIv HOOK. closed in another (the iillautoisi, which among otluT fuuetions fultill thai of i.rotectin- tlie young animal from being injiirLcl by the niovenieuts of the abJomi- Uitl organs, or by external objects coming in contact witli till' abdomen, and tliat of steadily dilating the external generative jiassages by a soft," e.juable^and yiekhng i.ressure, prejiaratory to tlie expulsion of thefd'tus. The amnidi; likewise receives anv dejec- tions in case the bowels act before birth, while the Allantois is the receptacle for the urine which is con- veyed from the anterior extremity of the bladder through a special channel (uracus) in the navel string. Outside the allantois and lining the wouil) is the vascular coat (the chorion), whose functions are the most pertinent to our present purpose. The blood of the fatus is comeycd to this membrane by the two umbilical arteries, branches of the internal iliacs, and nfter breaking up into capillaries in its substance is returned by the umbilical vein. Branches are given otf from these vessels for the nourishment of the three membranes, but the blood is mainly distributed on the villous process of the chorion to absorb the nutriment natters from the blood of the mother. NUTIilTION OF THE FCETLS. The inner surface of the mucous membrane of the womb, even in the unimpregnated state, is perforated by numerous orifices leading into two kinds of uter- ine follicles, one consisting in simple depressions termimiting in blind ends, the other consisting of elongated tubes, usually spiral, and smaller tiW^s branching otf from their sides hke the ducts of a compound secreting gland. These uterine glands lire abundantly supplied with blood by a rich net- work of capillaries in thin walls, but are functionally inactive until conception has taken place. Then they undergo a great increase in size, lieconie in- creasingly vascular, and secrete the nutrient matter for the support of the fcetus. 1 ne outer fo-tal mem- brane, the chorion, develops villous i>roccsses, on which the blood-vessels especially ramify, and which fit accurately into the uterine follicles. ' These villi may be seen in the afterbirth of the cow to have unmeroiis small secondary villi branching otf from their sides, and corresponOiug to lesser tubes of the uterine follicles. In ruminants, the uterine glands are not scattered over the entire surface of the womb, but accumulated at ai)out fifty points on little rounded elevations. connected with the wall of the uterus by u narrow neck, and known as cotyledons. These cotyledons increase to a diameter of (uioortwo inches after con- cejition, and the villi of the chorion are aggregated into an equal number of cotyledons, which "thus lit into the uterine ones. We have thus brought into the most intimate rela- tions, and over the most extended surface, the rich network of capillary blood-vessels in the uterine walls, and the equally rich network on the outer membrane of the f.vtns. The maternal and f.etal vessels are only se])arated by a delicate membrane and a single layer of cells. SECTIO.N V CAUSES OP STERILITY. One of the troubles of breeding is an occasional failure to procreate on the part of the male or fe- male, and this section would be incomplete without a reference to such an unfortimate occurrence and its more common causes. In the male sterility sometimes follows a too early and excessive use. The calamitous abortions in the dairy parts of New York have been shown to be i-lighlly more abundant where male and female alike have been bred for generations at too early an age- Confining our attention to the male, we see that the spermatozoa are developed in the secreting cells of the testicle, that they require a certain time for de- velopment, and that if sexual connection is too often repeated, these arc uo longer discharged, or are emit- ted in an immature condition, the lluid being mainly or entirely composed of the secretion of the seminal vesicles and other glands situated along the course of the urethra. This condition is likely sooner to occur in young, partially developed animals, in the very old, and in those in low condition and weak constitutionally, or as a result of overwork, starva- tion or other debilitating influence. Buch weakness is indeed oftentimes associated with an absence of spermatozoa in the semen. The case is the same if the testicles are but par- tially developed, ,mI in all cases in man or animals 111 which the testicles are retained in the abdomen or the inguineal ring, in place of descending into the scrotum, microscopic examination has failed to show the presence of spermatozoa. (Curling, Gouliaux.) Disease of the testicle or of its excretory duct, whether inflammation which permanently impairs the structure and functions of the secreting organ, or fatty change in pampered animals, which unfits it • 4- 'rili<; l-^^ItMKltS' STtX.lv UOOlv. B73 for secretion or cmissiou, is an insurmountable bar- rier to proereation. Fatty degeneration may some- times be overcome in its earlier stages by increased exercise and spiire diet. But starvation is not to bo advocated in ordinary cases. The animal, whetber male or female, that shows the most vigorous health, being neither too obese and plethoric nor too thin and weak, is likely to be the best stock-getter. I have seen two tlocks of sheep put to the same ram, kept in the same licld, and on the same diet, yet the ilock which was in the best condition from previous good feeding produced twins in almost every in- stance, and several triplets, whereas the poorer, but by no means low-conditioned flock barely reached the average of one lamb and a half to each ewe. The male, subjected to a severe drain by frequently repeated connections, demands a rich, nourishing diet, as well as a moderate amount of exercise to maintain his vigor, stamina and generative power. Local troubles sometimes lead to temporary im- potence in the male. Excessive and painful erection from a too frequent use or some other cause of irri- tation, such as catarrh or ulceration of the sheath of the penis or of the urethra, usually contracted from tlie diseased female, or from one served too soon after parturition, and while the consequent dis- charges from the womb or passages continue ; paral- ysis of the penis from blows or otherwise ; sprained loins, spavins, or other mal idy of the hind parts w^liich torture the animal when he mounts. Tlie female often conceives with difficulty, if she has not been used for breedin^' in early life, and liencc many follow the rather questionable policy of putting her to the male at as early an age as she comes in heat, no matter how young. The New York abortion reports show the danger of this, iu weakening the constitution, and above all the gener- ative organs, when persisted in for a succession of generations, and when the young animal is milked after the first calf. A celebrat' d Scotch breeder of Shorthorns, however, Mr. Douglass, of Athelstanc- forJ, asserts that neither constitution nor stamina suffer from breeding at a year old, provided the heifer is abundantly nourished during pregnancy, and is not milked during the succeeding year. A second cause of failure is serving too soon after parturitiou -in the marc, for instuiicc, two or three days after foaling. The womb has oftentimes not fully contracted at this date, a condition not con ducivo to conception; and it too commonly still dis- charges a muco-purulent matter. Now the presence of pus in the womb or passages is found to bo fatal to vitality and movement of the spermatozoa; so that until this has ceased it is folly to put to the male. Connection in these circumstances has theadditiouiil disadvantage, as we have already seen, of frequently inducing disease iu the male. Over excitement of the generative organs, whether from excess of highly stimulating fooil, plethora, or disease of the organs, may stand in the way of conception. Hence it is found that bleeding before putting to the male often calms such irritation and secures a successful result. Low feeding before and during rut in animals showing this tendency will sometimes succeed, a.id wailing until heat is passing olf will equally favor conception. A system practiced in Arabia of sweating a mare before presenting to the horse miy have been partly suggested by its in- fluence in distracting attention and thus quieting sexual excitement, though it may on the i, her hand have been resorted to with the view of calling out the full vigor of the dam at the time of conception in order to perpetuate it. Obesity in the female, as in the male, is a cause of sterility. Fatty transformation of the ovaries pre- vents the evolution of the ova, and fatty deposit in the Fallopian tubes opposes the descent to the womb of such as may be formed. This is above all no- tioc.ibic among our Shorthorn cattle, and may be prevcnte;] or even cured in recent cases by changing the diet and regimen. Captain Divy succeeded iu getting such heifer i to breed, by turning them out on a bare common with a young bull, or by using them in the plough, and Mr. Webb was eqiudly for- tunate with two v.duable barren cows, after walking them over one hundred miles to his farm at Bahra- bam. In animals disposed to the production of fat, any excess of hydrocarbonaceous food (oil, starch, sugar,) will endanger the breeding powers, but curi- ously enough sugar in man and animals alike has been found to be specially productive of sterility. Other diseases of the ovaries or womb besides fatty degeneration will destroy fertility. Thus cows with tuberculous deposit in the ovaries, though in continual sexual excitement, and ever ready to receive the male, arc incapable of procrcatiuu. The tendency to barrenness is increased by too close breeding, but this cause will bo noticed later on. '4ft' ^ i'Tl THii: IWIiMICIJs' tj-rocK BOOK. -^ A female is often steiilo beciuise of a rifrid closure of the neck of tlio womb, the result of s|.asnio.lic contraction or of .liscase. Mares previously barren liave been rendered fruitful by dilating the' neck of tlic woml) by the lingers and thumb drawn into tlio form of a cone, and passed throusb the opcnin.' just before putting to the horse. If too rigid to be opeiied in this way it must be incised with a knife iitttd into a grooved handle (a bistoury), and tlio opening niamtained pervious by a sponge tent until healing has been completed. In cases of tliis kind I have experienced the advantage of using the largest female speculum pioloiigcd by a tube of sheet tin. It is sometimes advised to allow repeated connec- tion in order to secure conception, and doubtless iu the natural state coition is usually rcj.eated a number of times. But as we keep animals in au unnatural state, and have changed their forms and functions to serve our own ends, this is no reascm why we should not conserve the powers of a valuable male, that we may multiply his value iu a more numerous progeny, if one service is found to be sutticicnt, rather°tha'u that we siiould be wasteful of his powers by squan- dering ihem unduly on a limited number of females The myriads of spermatozoa discliarged in a single act, ami)ly suffice to render the ovum or ova proliiic, provided there is no obstruction to (ho enterin- the womb and being there retained. At the same time, during great sexual excitement, such obstruction is at times met, or tlie semen is discharged after hav- ing entered the womb, and a second connection wlien tin excitement is less intense will prove more successful. But as seme females will take the male after impregnation, and as connection in these cir- cumstances often causes abortion, the female should not as a rule be presented to the male more than twenty-four hours after having been lirst served. Ergot, smut, weakened constitution, digestive and urinary disorders, resulting from improper feediu" of breeding animals, fright, mechanical injury and other causes of abortion, need only be meiitioned liere as additional causes of sterility. SKCTION VI HEREDITAKY TRA.NS.MISSION. To turn from the consideration of the mere i)ro- duction of va uablo breeds, we find that the founda- tion of all success lies in the common apiiorism, •• Like produces like." As the acorn develops into the oak, and tlie wheat into the wheat plant; as the horse, ox, sheep and pig reproduce their resi.cctivo kinds', so are the corporeal, constitutional and mental qualities of particular animals rei>roduced in their pro-cny Tlie rule holds alike as regards good qualities" and defects—the bone and sinew, the lire and vi"or of the race horse; the muscular deve!oi,meut and en- ergy of the trotter; the weight, strength and activity of the Clydesdale; the placid eye, loose-build, heavy hiiul parts and largo vascular system of the Ayrshire • tlie rounded form, early matmity and fattening qual- ity ot the Shorthorn; the sweet, juicy mutton of the Highland breeds of sheep; the line wool of the Southdown, or Merino, or the early maturity and fattening qualities of the Leicester. Perhaps no better example of the hereditary transmission of valuable qualities can be found than in the English thoroughbreok. try (Burnes). The European sheep loses all its wool L'xcept on the loins, aftrr the third generation, in Antigua luul the west of Atnca, appearing like a goat with a dirty door-mat on its back (Nicholson). In the lower liuatcd valleys of the Cordilleras the wool of the sliecp becomes thin and_ hairy, unless fre- quently shorn. Changes of a lesser degree take place in the wool of sheep kept in different localities in England, as well as ot tiiosc taken to Australia. These rajiid changes are but indices of the more extensive ones to which climate has largely conduced in producing the many widely distinguished varieties of animals native to different localities. INKLUENl'K OF SOIL. The influences of reeding and climate are closely allied to those of soil. A rich soil abounding in limestone appears essential to the full development of the larger and more improved breeds of animals. Mr. Thorn, Dutchess county, N. Y., gave up breeding Shorthorns because of the deficiency of lime in the soil. The same breed has been found to degenerate on the poorer sandy soils of Massachusetts unless allowed a liberal artificial diet. The good effects, however, of soil, climate and diet may be to a large extent obtained by careful housing, local drainage, a wrirm southern exposure of buildings and parks, and a liberal system of artificial feeding. EXCESSIVE USE OF PARTS. This, if it does not unduly exhaust the vitahty of the pait and its power of initrition, will certaiidy de- termine an increased development. This is indeed a wise provision in the animal economy, to strengthen an organ to perform the work demanded of it. We have a familiar instance of its effects in the black- smith's arm, or in the professional dancer's leg. The extraordinary development of one kidney when the other has been destroyed is equally characteristic. A patch of inflamed skin (.•. c, a pimple on the face) afterward grows long liuir; a cock's spur trans- planted to his comb grows to four or five inches lou{, (Hunter). Hard work increases the thickness of the scarf-skin on the hands; pads form on the knees of the Ceylon sheep, which kneel to browse the short herbage, and a new growth of bony matter is thrown out on the concave aspect of a rickety and bent bone. These may be all re- ferreil to the stimulus offered to nutrition in a more abundant determination of blood aud nervous energy to the part, and the changes seen in the whole body in other cases are equally the results of a more general stimulus to nutrition. Thus, in the horse we have the utmost exercise of muscle, bone, brain and nerve, and have produced animals with an extraordinary combination of these elements and of their legitimate fruits, speed and endurance. In the Leicester sheep, the Berkshire and Essex pigs, and the Shorthorn cattle, we liave fostered and stimulated fat, bulk and early maturity, till we have all the energies of the system devoted to their pro- duction, and in the Ayrshires (Ilolsteins, Dutch Fricsian, Jersey, etc., /•.'(/.) we have solicited the tlow of milk till the udder and accessory organs have drawn to themselves all the available powers of the being. DISUSE OF THE PARTS. Conversely, parts thrown out of use, waste, as witness the arm carried in a sling, the muscle on the outside of the shoulder joint sprained and disused in so-called sweeney, aud the wasting of paralyzed muscles generally. Tamo rabbits have the hind limbs shorter than wild ones. If Tanner is correct in saying that the lungs and liver of high-bred Dur- hams are lessened, it would merely indicate a result of the general tendency to lay up hydro-cariwns and fat rather than burn them up for animal heat. These live influences which I have named are well under our control; we can apply them on generation after generation, and thus increase or perpetuate many of those properties which we most desire. Other causes of variation there are which are less under our control, but whicn it is none the less importint that we should study aud avail .of when occasion serves. IMAGINATION AND VAIilATION. Under this head naturally comes up the question why the best of Laban's cattle jjroduced a ring- streaked and spotted progeny after Jacob had set peeled rods in trout of tlieir watering troughs, aud notwithstanding that all the parti-colored cattle had been carefully removed from the herd. How much was miraculous and how much a natural conse- quence, we don't know. That God took this means of blessing his servant does not necessarily imply that he made use of other than the already existing physiological laws, and iutensitied them as when he now cheers the land with an abundant harvest. Though It IS often attempted to throw discredit on the influence exercised over the child by the Till': l< ..VIJ M Kits' H'l'OCK HOOK. 877 .a of a more in tlio horso }, bone, bniin mis with an meiits and of durance. In 1 Essex pigs, fostered and , till \vc have to their pro- teins, ])utch solicited the r organs have lowers of the se, waste, as iiuscic on the and disused of paralyz'd ve the hind lor is correct ;;h-bred Dur- icnte a result -carbons and 1 bent. uied are well )n generation r perpetuate most desire, rich are less nne the less vail .of when the question need a ring- cob had set troughs, and .'d cattle had How much itural conse- k this means isarily imply mdy existing I as when he larvest. row discredit !hild by the imagination of the pregnant mother, yet the general opinion on this subject has undoubtedly a foinidation in truth, and its importance is frequently veritied by occurrences among domestic animals. Dr. Trail, Moiiynuisk, Aberdeen, mentions the ca.so of a bay maro which worked, was stabled and grazed with a black gelding having white legs and face, straight hocks and long pasterns, so that tlu; feet seemed to be set at riglit angles on the legs. Covered by a bay horso she iiroduccd a foal exactly like the gelding in color and shape, and especially in that of the legs. Mr. John McCiraw, Ithaca, N. Y., had a beauti- fully fornied trottiig mare covered by a horse of the same kuid. The marc pnstured during pregnancy in the next park to a mule, and the foal showed an unmistakai)ly mulish aspect about the bead, ears, thighs and gait. Mr. Mustard, Forfarshire, had a black polled- Angus cow served by a bull of the same breed, but the calf was black and white, and horned like an o\ with which the cow had pastured. Mr. McCombie, of Tillyfour, had twenty poUed- Angus cows served by a poUed-Angus bull, and all had pure Angus calves except one, which, threatened with barrenness, had been sent to starve on another farm, where she grazed with a yellow and white ox. The calf was yellow and white. Mr. Cruikshauk, of Littyton, had twelve white calves from his roan and brown Durhams after whitewashing his steading to ward olf pleuro-pneu- monia in 1849. He never before had more than two in one year and always sent them away. A similar occurrence took place in a Yorkshire herd the same year. Though this impressibility would appear to bo restricted to a very small minority of breeding ani- mill:?, yet its occasional existence should make us careful how we bring animals of improved breeds into intimate or exclusive relationship with stock of less desirable qualities. This impressible state of the mental faculties in the brute may assist in explaining another phenom- enon in breeding. TUE KFFECT OF TUF, FIRST SIItE ON SUCCEEEING PROGENY. Haussman long ago noticed that mares bred to an ass, and subsequently to a horse, had the quahties of the ass preserved in the second and third foals. Lord Morton put an Arab mare to a quagga, and two successive foals thereafter by a black Arab horse had striped skin, the dun color, and the siiori bristly mane of the quagga. bo with the Hampton Court nuires served by Colonel, and the following year by .Vctieon, the colts in the latter case bore a striking retiemblanco to Colonel. A polled-Angus heifer, served by a Durham bull, showed the cllect on her next succeeding progeny by a polled-Angus bull, the calf being evidently a cross in shape, ni color, and ill having horns. (Mc(rillivriiy.) Dr. Wells, (ireiiada, had a flock of white ewes put to a chocolate colored, hairy ram, and next year, though served by a ram of their own breed, they produced lambs allied to the chocolate ram in color and texture of fleece. Mr. Shaw, LochcU Ciishinc, Aberdeen, had part of his ewes put to a Leicester and part to a Boiitli- down r'lni, and the following year, though served by a liorujd Highland ram, the lambs showed extens- ively the stamp of the two polled rams in their dun faces and lack of horns. Mr. Giles put a black and white Essex sow to a chestnut wild boar, and this sow, breeding afterward with an Essex boar, had chestnut pigs. Among dogs the same result is notoriously fre- quent, though it must be confessed there are usually more sources of fallacy with these creatures. These remarkable results may be due to mental iniiuence alone, though it would be difficult to dis- prove the theory that the system of the mother is impregnated or inoculated by elements absorbed from the offspring she bears. We know nothing, it is true, of any function but secretion in the placental surface of the womb, but as absorption and secretion both take plarc frcm some other glandular surface, and as the organic germs of infectious diseases are taken up from the surface of tlie hings, we cannot consider an animal iiembrane as an insuperable obstacle to the absorption of intinitesimal particles of living animal (germinal) matter. A third explan- ation may be sought in the sympathy between the functions of the ovary where the germs of the next succeeding progeny ate then being developed, and the special processes going on in the womb and its contents. A striking example of this sympathy we have in the ruptured ovarian vesicles which increase and remain till after parturition in cases of preg- nancy, but rapidly disappear if conception does not take place. If pregnancy influences the empty vesi- ■* %\ I 'I'' ;!78 THl'} K^VIiM Kits' BI'OCK HOOK. clo wliy not tlic growing one, and witli this fact before us, it is iibsiird to sunposo that the i)cciiliar conditions of one pregnancy will ailect the ova then being developed. But whether this theory or that is the correct one, it will not change the fact that the earlier olTspring often stamps its character on ihe next succeeding. This is practically important to us, and knowing it we can guard against its possible evil elTects. SKCTION Vni.— ATAVISM oil REVERSION. ("BREEDINO DACK.") The tendency to this is seen in all families, human and brute. The child often resembles grandparents or great grandparents, uncle or aunt, in place of its own parents. Polled-Angus, Galloway and Suffolk cattle, which are hornless, occasionally produce a horned calf. The same is frequently seen among the hornless Southdown sheep. Even the purest bred Leiccsters will sometimes show patches of gray on the face, as if they had been crossed with South down. Black noses are far from unknown among the best bred Durbams. Rev. Mr. Cos had a flock of spotted Spanish sheep which always bred true among themselves, hut al- ways got black lambs when crossed with Leicesters or Houihdowns. Sidney saw, in a htter of Essex pigs, the exact counterpart of the Berkshire boar used twenty-eight years before to give size and constitution to the hreed. McCombie's Durbams continue to get white calves, though none such are ever retained on the farm. Every class of animals is liable thus at times to revert to its original type, though as shown in the case of Mr. Cox's sheep, they are more liable to do Eo when violently crossed than in the ordinary course of breeding from one family or from several nearly related. A second example of this was afforded in Mr. Beasley's cross between the red Highland cows and a roan Durham bull. The calves were white, with red ears, a close approximation to the aborig- inal cattle found in the Chillingham and Hamilton parks. Every breeder who would retain the special feat- ures of a particular breed must thus at times reject particular animals, however pure their jiedigree. And his mind must be ever open to the liability of his slock to breed back on an extensive sjale when other breeds are resorted to for fresh blood. Unless some very desirable qualities are to be gained by the cross, the improvement in constitution and stamina will be better and more safely attained by breeding from members of the same family, whose claractera have been modified by the ellects of a dilferent soil and chmate. SECTION IX. — I'nEI'OTENCY Ol' liACES AND INIilVIDI'AI.S. And this caution in resorting to foreign blood is the more necessary that certain races and individuals have au inherent power of transmitting their own characters and fixing them permanently in their progeny to the exclusion of more desirable qualities in the breed crossed. Orton raised many chickens from a silk cock and bantam hens, but only three had silky feathers. Darwin bred from a silk lien and Spanish cock, but failed to get any fowls with silky featjiers. In breeding Manx with domestic cats, seventeen out of twenty of the kittens had no tails. Among horses, Eclipse, King Htrod and others have transmitted their own characters to a very extraordi- nary degree. Among Durbams, Hubback, Favorite, etc., have virtually .reated the breed. But perhaps the most striking instiinco of the prepotency of qual- ities in one individual iS that reported by Hirsch- maun, of the crossing of Merino sheep by a native Cenuan ram. The ram had but ,'5,500 tilires of wool on the square inch, the third or fourlh cross with Ihe Merino (i, or ,',; German) had but 8,000, the twentieth cross (,„h,',.-,7(; German) had 27,000, whereas the pure Merino had iO.OOO to 18,000. In other words, though there remained but one part of Ger- man blood in the million, the wool was not half restored to the true Merino type. Violent crossing is thus seen to be beset with nu- merous pitfalls no less to be dreaded than those of the closest in and in breeding. But as this prepotency is especialiy marked in those breeds wlio^e charac- teristics have been long Hxed by a careful selection or an immemorial transmission, it can often be safely availed of for the amelioration of the races. The Durham bull which met his match, as regards force and fixity of type, in the ancient Highland cow, has much more potency of type than the less carefully selected breeds, and above all, than our nondescript native cows, and will transmit his own qualities to their ollspring in greater proportion tiuin ho has shared i:: their procreation, The question is merely one of relative tixity of character, and while to the ignorant or unwary it may offer many pitfalls, to the 'I'll I i'AIJ.MKKH' HTOCIC IlOOIv. ilTii giiiiK'd by tho 1 and Btamiiiii il by brt'i'diiif? OBu cl'iiriictcrs . dillereut soil I) iNiiivinrAi.s. ,'n biood is the dividuiils liiivo )wu churiicters ir progeny to ilities in tlio liiclccns from dy three hud silk hen mid wis with silliy loiiicstic cats, had no tails. id others have ery extraordi- iick, Favorite, But iicrhaiiH tcncy of qnal- )d by llirseh- p by a native 500 filjres of fourth cross but 8,000, the ,000, whereas )0. In other part of Ger- waa not half esct with nu- ll those of the is prepotency dioi'O chiirac- iful selection fteu bo safely races. Tho regards force and cow, has less carefully r nondescript 1 qualities to than lie has ion is merely while to the itfalls, to tho intelligent and observant breeder it becomes an arm of power. Crossing a highly improved breed with an inferior one, with the view even of obtaining more vigor and stamiiiii is a dangerous practice, but ernss- log a poor stocli with a male of select ijrced, with the view of raising tho character of the tirst, is a safe and rciunncrative proceeding. The progeny indeed, it afterward bred among themselves, rarely maintain tlie excellences of the tlist cross, Imt if steadily imt to thorough-bred animals, generation after generation, they will soon como np to the standard of that race. SRCTIOM X. — HHKKDINd IN AND IN — CLOSE UKKKDINd. To perpetuate and establish desirable qualities it is usnally necessary to breed from close atliiiitics. I'ut one animal may be found possessing the property desired, and by pairing it with another, a certain ])ercent:igo of the offspring will show the peculiar- ity to tho desired extent. To these the original pnreiit with the coveted possession must bo put, uud to their progeny, until the character has become surticient'y fixed. To introduce new blood, however good in other respects, is to diminish the fixity of character. To breed in close affinities from tiicsc selected sptci- iiiens is to intensify it. The advantiiges of such a system of breeding are patent to all, but the ques- tion arises wliether it has not also its serious draw- backs if followed too far'? And I fenr the answer must be tiuit it has. I have known certain strains of Cotsw(dd sheep and Durham cattle in which ex- treme excellence had been attained by close breed- ing, but only at the expense of a troublesome taint of consumption, and many of us can recall instances of deafness and web fingers or tots aiiunig the chil- dren of marriages lietween first cousins. Mr. Druce, a successful breeder of Oxford pigs, says: " With- out a change of boars of a different tribe but of the same breed, constitution cannot be preserved." With the enfeebled eonstitution which results from per- sistent breeding from father and daughter, brother and sister, uncle and niece, there is also a concen- tration of whatever constitutional taint of disease may reside in the family. Lafosse mentions a breed of small black horses kept by ii fanner in L'Aisne, and bred in and in. They were subject to specific ophthalmia, and soon the morbid taint became so concentrated that the wtude family, with scarcely a single exception, was blind. The doctrine that close breeding tends to sterility is supported among others by Sebright, Knight, Lucas, Natimsius, Yiuuitt, Hates, Darwin, Magne, Macknight, Madden, Spooner, Wood and Carr. The wild white cattle of Cliillingham Park, Xorthumber- bmd, whiuh have had no cross since tlie l'2th cent- ury, " are bad breeders," the annual increase being but one to five. The eq'ially ancient race in the Didie of Hamilton's park produce but one to six. Siiortlioni cows, proving barren when put to a near relation, are often fertile with a bull of another lueed, or even of a distant strain of their own. Among sheep, Jonas Webb found it needful to mantain five separate families on his farm that he might introduce fresher blood of the same family into each at certain intervals. Ihit pigs have, above all, shown sterility from close breeding. Mr. Fisher llobl)es f(unul it neces- sary to keep three separate families to maintain the constitution and fruitfulness of his improved Essex l)i'eed. Lord Western brc' from an imported Neap- olitan boar and sow, until the family threatened to become extinct, and at once restored the fertility by a cross with an Essex boar. Mr. .1. Wright bred from a boar and its dauglitor, gnmd-daughter and great-grand-daugliter, and so on, through seven gen- erations. The offspring in many instances failed to breed, in others they were mostly tot) weak to live, and those that did sui-vive were unable to walk steadily or even to suck without assistance. The two last sows obtained in this way produced several litters of tine healthy pigs, though one of them at least had been previously served by her own sire without success. This sow was the best formed of the entire race, but there was no other pig in the litter. This case is i'emai'kal)le, as showing a steady improvement in form and symmetry, advancing side by side with a steadily increasing weakness of the constitution, and of the mental and reproductive powers. Natimsius imported a pregnant Yorkshire sow and bred the progeny closely in and in for three generations, with the effect of seriously impairing the constitution and fertility. One of the last of the pure race, when bred to her own uncle, who was quite proHtic with other breeds, had a litter of six, and on a second trial, one of five weakly pigs. He then had her served by an imported black English boar (which got litters of from seven to nine with his own breeds), and got a lirst litter of twenty-one and a second of eighteen. li ;iHO i'lij'; !• ..vit.M icus' wrociv U()t>ii, 'J'lii' Si'liiij,'lit biiiitiiiUH closely bred weir very bar- ren, mil", thi.s ti'iidi'iify in fowls is rt iiiarluMl hy Wri'^lit, ('liiriv, Kytoii, Ilowitt, Jiiilluiii, Tc^'itiiicicr 1111(1 others. Jiilt it will be observed that theHc evil results iie- cruo from a perHintoiit breediuj; f rom tlio very elosest idlinities. I'',x|ierieiiee liiis sbowii, in the eiise of our liii,'li bred cuttle iind slieeii, tliiit coii.-ititutioii iiiul fertility uiny be preserved without sacriliciiig tho breed by iiitroducini,' inferior blood. The true course, in eiise these evil results are threiitened, is to select a male of tile same j,'eneral family, but which b.is been bred apart in a sul) or branch family for SI veral jjeiierations, and if attaimible, from a diiTer- ent locality, climate and soil. Constitution and fecundity may thus be improved withcaituvun a tem- jiorary deterioration in other respects. SKCTION XI. niSICASK, ACl lOKNT, AND INHKHtTANCK. That disease, or clianj,'es the result of disease or of accident, are inlierited amon;^ domestic animals, there camiot be tiie sli^ditest doubt. Simple chancres of stnicture from accidental causes are less fre- quently pei-|)etuated tlum those giviiif,' rise to dis- ease, and a transient disease is not likely to affect any of the prof,'cny, but those iu embryo at the time of its existence. Diseases with a constitutional taint, (m the other hand, are transmitted frimi ^grandfather to srandscui, though the intervening generation may have escaped. As regards accidents and transient diseases, though the pitting of small-pox, the absence of limbs from amputation anil the liiie, arc not hereditary, yet the accidental loss of the tail in the dog, cat and horse, has determined an offspring void cf tails, or with short ones. A cow which lost her horn, with snp- jiuration, afterwards, had three calves hornless on the same side of the head (Prosper Lucas). A preg- nant mare of Mr. Socrates Scott's, Diyden, N. Y., had a severe intlamnnitiou of the left eye, supposed to have been caused by a burdock in the forelock. She remained blind till after the birth of a filly, and subsequently entirely recovered. The filly, now a nine-year-old mare, has the left eye nndevelojied, represented by a small black mass about the size of a field bean, and quite ojjaque. The dam, after hav iiig recovered her sight, bore four colts with jrerfect eyes, and the marc with the midcveloi>cd eye has equally given birth to several whose eyes were sound. Pirown-Sequard foimd that (iuinea jiigs, in which he had produced epilepsy by an operation, afterward brought forth litters suliject to the same malady,- - which is otiierwise very rare in this species. Un- usual as such cases are, they show tho greater tend- ency to transmit a defect when accompanied by disease. Those diseases that are habitually trans- mitted are much mure important. TIk' specilic intlauiinatiiiii of the eyes in horses is notoriously hereditary. Its prevalence in Jlngland is nmch more limited than it was (iftv years ago, when less care was taken by breeders to reject ani- mals the subjects of this inlirmity. In many parts of Ireland and America iilindness seems to doom a niare to breed, nuiinly because she is less fit for any- thing else; and I regret to say that Iilindness is a remarkable feature of tho Irish and American horses alike. Stop the stream at its fountain and in ten years the land woidd be stocked with a sounder-eyed and more servicealde horse. I knew a Clydesdale mare with feet preternatu- rally small, and kept fender by faulty shoeing, and of her four foals two had feet so small and weak that they were iiractically useless, while the remaining two, though born with well-formed fn ;, afterward fell victims to founder and were ruined. liiiny growths on the limbs (splints, spavins, ring- bones, sidebones) arc so freqtiently hereditary that a rule may be laid down to that effect. This it; oftiii due to fatdty contornuition, as want of breadth, bulk and strength of the joints, tipright pasterns causing jarring and concussion, or to faulty direction of the limbs and feet, natural or acquired, but in some cases it appears due to an inherent constitutional tendency to bone disease, rheumatic or otherwise. Rheumatism in cattle and sheep is notoriously hereditary, and it is to be regretted that the taint is shown in some of our very best families. Heaves (broken wind) tends to be hereditary from want of chest capacity or a gluttmious ajipetite, as well as from a transmitted proclivity. IJoaring is often hereditary from the badly sot on head or want of breadth between the lower jaw, as well as from a constitutional tendency. An instance is on record of a stallion which got sound stock, till ho contracted roaring at ten years old, and nearly all bis stock, got after tiiis date, became roarers at the same age. To recount all the nniladies which nuiy be trans- mitted would be to enumerate nearly all the diseases which flesh is heir to, but chief among these as most ^ 'I'lll'". I-'AKMICUS' H'lOC'Iv 1I<><)K. 8H1 II, III tci'Wiii'd I' iimliidy,- - [ll'lit'S. Uii- ,'r<'iitt'r tclid- in]iiiiii('il liy .luilly tnins- ill llnl'SCS JH ill l'!ii^'liiiiil y yi-.n-H w/n, II lojt'ct iiiii- iniiiiy jmrts I to (lodlll II s fit fur iiiiy- liiidiieM.s is ii 'liciiii llOlSCH I luul ill till oniidiT-eyt'd liri'tcniatii- liiH'iiif,', mid III wt'iik tliiit ' ri'iiiiiiiiiii^' t, afterwai'd mviiis, riiig- itiiry tliiit 11 liis ii; often Tiidtli, Ijulk rns cnusiiifr Hioii of tilt' lit ill some iistitutioiiiil ' otlu'i'wiso. notoriously tlio taint is ditiiry from iijUic'titc, as lioaring is lad or want as from a 1 on record 'I'ontractt'd liis stock, ' siiinc age. ,• be trans- lic diseases esc as most likely to lie inherited, are tlioHC with a distinct tlioiigli iH'rliiips latent coiiMtitiitioiiiil tiiiiit, and to this class laloii),' rheiiniatism, coiisiiniiititui, acof- iila, specific o]>litliiilniiii, and diseases of the hones ami joints. It is rarely advisiilile to lireed fioni any iiiiiiiiiil sntTeriiig at the time from any active disease, Imt those points would he vahiahlc indeed which should persuade us to hrced from an animal in whose jiirsoii or family the tendency to any of the class of s])ecilic constitutional diseases named has licen strongly manifested. As to the mode of traiisniission it is perliajis idle to offer an ojiinioii. We know that the germs of the future heiiig, ovum and spermatozoa, have in them tlie eleiiieiits capahle of developing into elaho- rate organisms similar in nearly all points to their ancestors, and it is no more nor lessdifKcult to con- ceive of the re])r()ductioii from these elements of size, shape, color, functional jiowcrs of secretion, etc., than of the disease to which the ancestors were suhject. Whether, as Darwin supposes, the origi- nal genns are composed of myriads of infinitesi- mal living particles, many of which may remain quiescent and inactive during one or two generations but be roused into activity and reproduce them- selves in the third, or whether all the living germ- inal matter of germ and body is tainted with this hereditary malady, it boots little to inquire. That the germs contain it we know, and that it will reap- pear in the product of these genns or in his descend- ants we equally know. Knowing this we can safely strike at the root of die tree and prevent the develop- ment of the evil fruit. SKCTION XII. RESPECTIVE IXFLt'ENCE OF SIRE AND DA.M ON Tim PHOOENV. While all agree that both parents impress their re- spective characters on the progeny, much discussion has arisen with regard to the relative influence of the male and female on the young organism, and what parts and properties each most powerfully controlled. Whether the male wields the most potent intlucnce, as the common practice of breeding from otherwise tiscless females might imply, may well he questioned. We have already seen that that parent, of either sex, which has the strongest constitution, enjoys the more vigorous health, and belongs to a breed whose characters are more permanently fixed, will exercise more influence over the progeny than the parent in which these charnfters are deficient or wanting. And the customary attention given lo the selection of a sire uaiially secures these. Hut eliminate these and we shall see among our domestic animuls, as wo now SCO among the families of our friends, that the male parent must share pretty eipialiy witii the fe- male one tlie credit nf the family. The .Viubs indeed, no mean judges if ex[>erieiico and success allord any criterion, esteem the (lualities of the mare as much more important than those of the horse. Thorongh- brcd Arabian stiillions are common, hut whoever persuaded an Arab to sell his favorite marc? If we can obtain tolerable animals by selecting as one of the parents an animal of good quality and pedigree, how much better must they be if both are of this stamp. As regards the parts whose formation is controlled by the dillorent parents, the most generally rcct'ved doctrine is that the male has the most potent in- Ihicnce on color, skin, hair, head, ears, neck and locomotive system generally, while the female tends to control the size, the internal organs and the con- stitution. This idea seems to have been suggested to Buffon by the brown hair, short, thin neck, quadruple udder, and long legs of bis nine hybrids between the he- goat and ewe. Also to Flourens by the fur of his hybrids between the jackal and bitch. Richard Booth is said to have acted under this idea in pro- ducing his unsurpassed breed of Shorthorns. But Mr. Orton was the first to truly state the doctrine and defend it. Hfi saw that the mule resembled the jackass, his father, in his main external characters, but approaches the mare in size, stamina and energy; conversely, that the hinny is externally like its f.ither, the horse, but in size, shiggishness and want of vigor more closely allied to the donkey; that the cross between the hemionc and she-ass at the •hn- dill (Ifs ridiites had the external characters of the male parent mainly, and that the crosses between certain breeds of fowls presented the same characters. The exL^cptioiis to the rule arc neither few nor slight, yet results so frequently accord with it in the ordi- nary course of breeding, that we cannot, I think, afford to look on them as purely accidental. While withholding a full assent thus to the broad doctrines of Orton, I still think them sufficiently well founded to guard us agninst breeding from mnre, cow or ewe, with an insufficient developtucnt, weakness, or unhealthy taint affecting thu internal organs; or HS'i 'l-llh; l'"AliMKI. The full ago and greater strength and vigor in ono parent, wdl secure its sex in the majoiity of the ollspring. fl. The ovunr impregnated just after the ru]iture of its ovarian vesicle will be a female, while Unit im- pregnated later in the lt)wer part of the Fallopian tube will be a male. 7. The persistent selection of females, for breed- ing purposes, which yu^ld one sex mainly, will linnlly obtain a race producing mainly males or mainly fe- niilles. Concerning tho inlluence of tho mother's wishes, wo have some of us known instances of a strong con- viction and desin^ on the part of the lUMther, during pregnancy, being fullilled and verified in tho birth of a son or daughter. Hut how often is tho opposite also the ease'.' (iirou de finzareinguea alleges that more females are boiii when the mothers are well nourished and left iu repose than when woriiid and on spare diet. This question oiiglit to bo easily settled by some i.f our southern breeders, accustomed to tho forcing sy.steni. The supfiosod elTcct of the variable origin of the npermatic arteries and the alleged male and female chiinicters of the right and left testicles are unworthy of serious remaik. Kven the authority of the father of medicine, and his curious instructions fov binding up the right or left testicle according to tho sex de- sired, will not overrule the fact that males and females with single testicles and ovaries are capable of producing both sexes. Leroy, (rirou and Colin agroo thiit. tho mere fully developed and vigorous tho n I'l^ :u eoin|i,'cd with tho female, tho more males wdl appear in tho off- spring, and conversely, that a strong female served by a weak male will have more female offspring. This they observed on dogs, but much more conclus- ively on sheep. The full-grown, strong and vigorous ewes witli a young or weekly ram, brought forth a majority of females, and the imion of n full-grown, robust ram, and old, weak, or diseased ewes, yielded a preponderance of males. Ilofacker says he has noticed the same thing in the human subject, and Saddler's "English Peerage" appears confirmatory of 'I- UK !• MK.WM' HDXK ilK. HMB tho tlioory. liiirducli Iihb oliHrrvtil a Krentcr prnpnr- tioii of male jiroi^i'iiy tlntii (I'imiUs front the uioitt jirolitic woiiu'ti, l)iit wlit'tlioi fiiiiii wciiliuosg eftii«i;il by cliilil liciinii^', limy lio opi'ii toqiiCHtioii. rri'Himi- iiig tliu tlioory to liitvo hoiik' bimiB in triilh, it imty Burvo to oxiiliim ii pruiloLaiuuu'c of fciun'.o ollnpriii;,' ainoii){ (loiui'Hticiitt'd nfeS'irious HiiimulM, an tho fo- luiilt's iiro liottor fi'il iiiul liavc loHrtexiirtioii than their wild coiiipuer-i, iiinl tho imilo iiiisy be pivsiiiiiLHl to he, in many cases, weakenoil diiriuK tlio brecdiiii? bciimoii, hy excessive uko. LaHtly, I'rofeHHor Thiiry, of Gonova, upholds tho doctrine that tho ovum iiiipresimted lit an early and I'ompirativeiy iiiiilevolo[ied st;tf;o hcuomi'S a female, whereas if more fully develoiied before imprcRnation, the prodiuit is a male, lliiber's observation, that the iineeii beo lays lirst female eggs, then males, and lastly nt,'ain females, ho explains hy the theory, tho tirst Vii'^H are not lully developed when laid and im- pregnated, that tho second lot laid later have had more tnuo to ii-jderj;o full development, while tho last laid iiro but partially develoiied on account of the comparatively exhaustid condition of tl oviduct. Under his instructions, (lyorge (Jornnz, an intelligent agriculturist in V'aud, applied tlie principle to breed- ing cattle. He had twenty-two Swiss cows served hy a Durham bull on tho tirst signs of heat, and all brought forth haifors. Ho had six Hwiss cows served in tho last stages of heat, by the Biinie bull, with the view of raising work oxen, and all ]irodnccd bull calves. He had an imported Durham cow served, the last day of heat, to obtain a pure suc- cessor to his valuable Durham hull, and his wishes were crowned with success. This looks like solid grouiii!, but aliisl subsequent experiuients made by Coste and others, on cattle, rabbits, birds, frogs and fishes, have given uncertain and contradictory re- sults. It is dillicult to sot aside nltogother the re- sults obtained by Uornaz, and, on the whole, there is probably some truth at tho fouiulation of tho theory, but evea if so, it must he granted that modifying eircninstauces will often, if not usually, set aiido the rule. And lastly, the proposal to breed in and perjietuatc the tendency to produce young of one sex only, thoug'li exceedingly plausible in what it offers, will jirobably prove still nuiro worthless. I am not aware that the ulteuipl han bct h Uiado to perpctliitr- such a power in ihe lower animals, but my own ind sctvations on hnnian fatnilu's are altogether nufavor- ablo to its sWcrsR. One faiudy of six daiigiilers, all married and all prulitic, had each about an oipial number of sons and daugliterN; and another fnwily of St vt . (laiighterH and one son, have so far h-ul families equally wi . Iiabinc«>d as regards tho sexes MKCTION XIV, HUMMAHY oK tlKNK«M, l'HINtifl,K,H. To recapiliil ite, we have seen ; - 1. Tliiit a perfect development and a sound vigorous health, constitutionally, and abovi locally in tho generative organs, are '-ondition feitility. 2. Tint in tho niaintDnaiiio and iiiii ivemenl > a breed the tr lib that like prohices like, lint die re productive germ, ovuta or spermatozoon will stuni]' upon the anim ' developi'd from it the cliariictets ol the parent or^' ^uisin, is tho backbone of all success. !t. That we can, in a greit degree, at will, pro- duce vaiiatious. iid improvements in breeds, as b\ an abundant fee uig, a mild, salubrious climate, a rich, healthy soil i moderate use, education, stimu- lation or selcctioi, of desirable qualities. A disuse or rejection of undc •>irablo characters and judperties, by soliciting the W( 'ht of imagination in uiir favor, by allowing the br. .-ding animals to mix only with those of the stamp (!■ -iired, by crossing les^ improved breeds systematicall; by males of a better race, by crossing animals fan. v or deficient in some particu- lar point wit 1 others -ii which this point is developed in excess. 1. That the hcrdii ^ together of pregnant high- class animals and lo« iired ones, and above all, at- tiichinents foru)< <1 betw'on the two races, is to be specially avoided, as occasionally iitTectiiig the prog- eny injuriously, and tliii strong mental impressions from a new or iinusn condition of surrounding objects are to bo equally voided. 5. That if the valual, female is allowed to breed to an infeiior male she ca mot bo relied upon to pro- duce pure bred animals fi v several succeeding preg- nancies thereafter. Thro' i,'li a strong and retained mental impression, throngij an abscrption into her system of living jiarticlcs ( rminal matter) from tho fd'tus, or through some iiil: lonco during pregnancy on those ova then being ni( t actively developed, the good or bad features of the list sire arc perpetuated in tho progeny of tncceeding ones. (i. That, nil breeds show a tendency to lirecl ■* ;t8i riii<; I'.viiM Kits' sTocii. hook. ';.,;! ! ill \ liiicli 01- |.roiliR'(' iiii olTsprin^ iRiiiiiig the maiks of their less iiiiimivrd luid L(mi|)iiriitiv(.ly viihiclcss an- cestors, hi) that individuals of this kind nnist he re- jected from the hest hreeds if we would maintain their excellence. 7. That certain races and individuals have their characters more fixed, and will transmit and perpet- uate them in f,'reater jiroportion than others with which they may l)e crossed, so that if their qualities are desirahle ones, they prove lii^rhly valuahle in raising,' other stock to hi<,'her excellence. If unde- sirahle, on the other hand, they will, as in the case of the coarse-wooled German ram, depreciate the value of any stock crossed for many f,'eneratioiis. That fixity of type, however, is ahove all a charac- teristic of those races wliich have been carefully selected and hred up to a certain standard for many j,'enerations, so that in our best, longest established and nu)st esteemed breeds, we have a Icj^acy ol the most valuable kind left us by the successful breeders of the past, with which wo mtiy mold our inferior races almost at will. y. That while breeding ccuitinuously from the nearest relations tends to a weakened constitution, the aggravation of any taint of disease in the blood and sterility, yet that these may be avoided by in- fusing at intervals fresh blood of the same family, but which has been hred apart from this branch of it lor several generations. That, moreover, the highest excellence is sometimes only attainable by breeding very closely foi a time. 9. That diseased or mutilated animals are gen- erally to be discarded from breeding. That mutila- tions resulting in disease, that disease existing dur- ing pregnancy, and disease with a constitutional morbid taint, are above all to be dreaded as trans- missible. 10. That there is some foundation for the opin- ion that the sire tends to contribute more to the locomotion and external organs, nerve and vigor, and the dam to the size and internal organs, so that if we cannot ol)tain the greatest excellence in both, we should, at least seek to have each unexeeption- al)le in the parts and qualities attributed to it. 11. That with regard to the controlling of the production of sexes, while the Creator has made them at first male and female, and will jirobably con- tinue to do so irresjjective of our meddling, yet there is reason to believe that certain conditions of the parents influence the sex of the progeny to a perceptible degree. If the feminine element in tlie jirogeny is increased by rendering the system of tlie mother more soft, lax, and adijiose by liigh feeding and want of exercise, by the strength and vigor of the female as compared with the male, and perhaps even by having the females put to the male on the earliest symptoms of heat; and if the niaie element is increased by tlie greater strength and vigor of the sire as compared with the dam, and perhaps even by having the female served only as the heat is passing oil, we need not despair of increasing at will the ninnber of females or ma' s in our stock, but ordi- nary mortals must not expect the success which at- tended the efforts of Thury and Cornaz. CHAPTER X. THE VAI.|;K of l>EI>IfiKEE. SECTION I. DEFINITION OF PEDIGREE. A well authenticated pedigree is an assurance that the animal has been bred in the recorded lines. No pcdigre(', however, gives an absolute guarantee either of value or fitness for a particular purpose. It is an assurance, however, that an animal is desirable as a breeder, and just in proportion to the purity of the line in which the animal is bred. It is evidence of the known reputation of the ancestry, of the known honesty of the breeder, under the restrictions of the herd book, and hence to the buyer assures safety in his breeding, that the lines will continue as hereto- fore, so far as human correctness can accomplish. Yet pedigrees to ho good must produce good ani- mals. They will do so if discretion is used. What the farmer wants is good feeding animals that will mature early, and make heavy, fleshy cattle. He is not so nmch interested in show cattle; ho must have constitution. Hence in breeding grades he should select a sire with strong constitutional vigor, even at the expense of elegance. Then four or five crosses will bring his stock fully up to the standard of the ordinary thoroughbred. One s))ecial value of the pedigree or record is that in animals it shows distinctly, or should do, the par- ticular line of breeding hack to the two original ani- mals forming the artificial cross in the case of animals of mixed original breeding, or in the case of pure breeds, as in the Devon, for instance. It should descend through animals of well attested t ■I'lii-; I'^viiMTGHs' srociv HOOK. anr, imrity of Wood. Then tlie greater number of nni- iniils enibriiced of suiierior cxcellenco in certiiin lines the better the pedigree, PECULIARITIES IN liREKPS AND FANCY POINTS. Peculiiirities of color or form tiiatdo not represent value are merely fanciful. Specific breeds have not only speciiic forms l)nt also speeilic colors. The red ami white, or roan, of Shorthorns; the white faces of Uercfords; the dark, uniform bay color, and white ; switch of the tail of Devons; the solid color and l)lack points of Jerseys; tlie pure white with pure black in llolstein or Friesian; the solid black and polled characteristic of Aberdeen-Angus; the line liristles of swine— tlicse mark value. Special lines of color in a breed, and especially wrinkled Merinos; these are mere fancy points, in the latter especially injurious, as blending different grades of wool in the ileece thus diminishing the value of the tleccn to the manufacturers. Peculiarities, however, that are characteristic of a breed are of value as constituting positive excellence. It is valuable as indicating excellence through hered- ity connected in the breed or family and perpetuated constantly through the blood lines of the l)reed, as early maturity, excellence of beef, great milking qualities, or excessive richness of milk in cattle. Stoutness of bone and nniscularity; eminent style and action, or great weight in the horse. Aptitude to fatten and -igor in swine. And mutton making qualities r culiarities of wool in sheep. All these are valui blc and strictly hereditable quahties. SKCTION II. — FORMS OF PEOIGREES. Dr. Manly Miles, when professor of agriculture at the Michigan Agricultural College, in his work, "Stock Breeding," compiled from the various herd books and records accurate descriptions, which we excerpt as showing various f(U-ms of pedigrees, for those who have not seen his valuabL work. These are as follows: SnORT-HOBN FORM.— "(11837) LORD OF THE VALLEY. Red, calved August 30, IH^O, bred by Mr. R. Bootli. Warlaby; got by Crown Prince (10087), dam lied Rose) by Harbinger (1()2!)7), g. d. (Medora) by Buckingham (S-im, gr. g. d. (M(Uiica) by Raspberry (4H7r>),— (Wliito Strawberry) by Rockinglmm {'I'^^tl), —by Young Alexander (2077),-by Pilot ( i;)0),-Kv the Lame Bull (35!»),— by Kasby (282), by Suwarrow ^,i30). "—("English Short-Horn Herd-Book," vol, xii, p. 137.) "9798 DUKE OF AIRDRIE. (12730) rriic ori(iiiinl pinnviiitni- of tin- Aiiii'iimii ]>iih%f of Aiiilrii'. nilh;l in Kcnl-wkll ' Tin- Old Jliih:'} Red and white, bred by R. A. Alexander, Airdrie, Scotland, and imported to his farm in Woodford county, Ky., calved August 1. 1851, got by imp. Duke of Gloster, 2703 (11382), out of Duchess of Athol, by 2d Duke of Oxford (I)OIO), -Duchess 51th, by 2d Cleveland Lad (3408), -Duchess lOtli, by Short Tail (2021),— Ducliess 30th, by 2d Hubl)ack (1123),- Ducliess20th, by 2d Earl (1511),— Duchess 8th, by Marske (118),— Duchess 2d, by K()); dam Ducliess (IKJ) by Hun- dred Guinea (")(!); grandam Lilly, by a son of For- ester (4(!), out of Long-Horned Curly, bred by Mr. F. Quartly."— (Davy's "Devon Herd Book," vol. i, p. 2('). See page 149 for the same pedigree in tab- ular form.) "400 EVELEEN StII. Calved March 14, 1802; bred by the late Edward G. Faile, West Farms, N. Y. ; the property of Mich- igan State Agricultural College, Lansing, Mich. Sire Cw/ii,;,, (002) (."587 E); 2d sire, Tecumseh (507) (585 E); 3d sire, Frank Quartly (205), imported; 4th sire. Earl of Exeter (38); 5th sire, Baronet (0). Dam, imported Krrhrn (001), bred by Mr. George Turner, of B.irton, England, by Earl of Exeter (38); 2d dam, Buby (1035), by Fav rite (43); 3d dam. Pink (t)52), by a son of Pretty Maid (300), and Watson (12!)); 4th dam, bred by Mr. John Halse." — ("American Devon Herd-Book, vol. ii, [i. 105.) In Devon pedigrees "The figures in parentheses with the letter E, thus, (00 El, refer to Davy's third volume of 'English Devon Herd-Book.' The figures in parentheses, thus, (00), refer to Davy's first and secimd volumes, and Howard's third volume;" while in references to the "American Devon Herd-Book" the figures are not inclosed in parentheses. This comphcation in the numbers designating recorded animals arises from the simultaneous pub- lication, in England and America, of a third volume of pedigrees, tiie numbers in eacli being a continu- ation of the numbers in the flist and second volumes of tile "English Herd-Book." There are therefore two so-called third volumes of the "Devon Hcrd- Itook," one English, a continuation of Davy's orig- mal series, and the other American, known as How- ard's third Volume, After the publication of the latter an "Association of Breeders" started an America i "Devon Herd- Book," in which tin American pedigrees are now recorded. AVHHUIUE FOIor— "008 FKTTIE. Light red with ahttle white; calved May 13, 1803; bred by Henry H. Peters, Southboro, Mass. ; owned by Prof. Manly Miles, Lansing, Mich. Sire, Eglinton, 21. Dam, lluth, 103." (American "Ayrshire Herd-]?ook," vol. ii, p. 102.) The sire and d.im only are given here, and refer- ence to the record under their numbers is necessary to extend the pedigree. Tliere are now three "Ayrshire Herd-Books" pub- lished in America; but we need not give examples of pedigrees from all of them, as the system of record- ing is essentially the same, the cows as well as the bulls having a distinguishing number. JEHSEV FOli.M. The pedigrees in the record of the "Americai; Jersey Cattle Club" are published in tabular form; the sire and dam, each with a distinguishing num- ber, are alone given. The lieadings are: No.— Name— Color and distinguishing marks— By whom bred or imported— When dropped or imported —From what place, in what vessel— Present or last owner — Sire — Dam. SECTION III.- TO RE.U) AND VERIFY A PRIIIOREE. Li the record of the pedigree we first find the name of the animal, whom bred by, and when calved or by whom imported. Then comes the name of the sire and the number. To trace this the herd book in which tills is recorded must bo taken, and the jjar- eiitage of the sire traced; then of the dam, and so successively through each recorded ancestor back and back, to the original sire. The dam is to be traced the samo way, and all these blood lines tabu- lated for inspection and verification if forgery or fault is suspected. As a rule the fact that an animal is recorded in an authentic herd book is suf- ficient. There may be errors. These may be traced. SECTION IV. — (JOOl) AND UAO I'EDKiUEES. A pedigree shows or is intended to show exactly the blood lines of an animal. This will give value to the animal just in proportion to the value of those animals from whom it inherits blood. Some animals unite exceeding goodness with the prepotent quality of infusing their excellence for generations. This is the most essential, and if such lines run in a pedigree it adds immensely to the value of the ani- mal. If, on the other hand, an inferior animal has ces arc now lay 13, 1803; [ass. ; owned !. ii, p. 102.) 0, and refer- is necessary Books" pul)- exiuuplos of 11 of record- 1 well as the "Americar; bnlar form; isliiug niim- marks — By or imported isenfc or last 'EDIOREE. ■st find the .vlicu calved name of the icrd i)ook in md the par- lam, and .so eestor back iim is to be lines tabu- forgery or ct that an )ook is snf- y be traced. ;kks. low exactly give value iO value of lod. Home e prepotent enerations. es rim in a of the ani- aniiual has -4* l''A K M lOliS' ■( )( 'K lt< >C>ls ;iH7 been used whose propotencc is iu the direction of irrcfj;u!ar or inferior quality in the proj-'nuy, animals with this triK'i' should be carefully avuidrd. These points, however, interest the scieutitic breeder rather than the general farinor. CHAPTEll XIX. VMI.r.VUI.K TAIII.KS AM* ITKMS. KKCTKI.V I. — TIIH STUDY ol-' TAlil.KS. Tabulated matter is considered dry reading. The value lies in the manner in which condensed infor- mation is pivsontedto thecyeand the ease with which comparisons may bo made therefrom. I.i this light animals. It has been treated of in (he body of the work. In this chapter we give a table of the gesta- tion of animals. The table given below emliraces all the animals of the farm of both sexes, and some not generally kept. The a])propriate columns show — 1. The kind of animal. 2. The proper age for reproduction ; the period of the power of reproduction. 3. The proper number of females one male should serve in one season. ■1. The proper or :uost favoral)le season for copu- lation. i). The period of gestation and incul)atioii, incliid- they are among the most valuable in their practical I iug the shortest, the average and the lon^'cst period information in any special department of study to : observed in a great number of trials. which they pertain. Let us take the gestation of I TAIil.lO Or<;KSTATIOX, INCl'llATIOX, KKI'KODICTIVK I'OWKK, KTC. KINDS OF .VNniALS. ■*- 3 i'i |l t years. ;i '• ;i " 2 2 1 " 1 " 2 " 2 " t " 5 • Period of the Power of Ite- produetion. 111 ' u J « Pcrioil of (i SliorteMl Period. Days. 322 estatioii am Jlean Period. liifultu.itiii. IioimoHt Period. Years. 10 to 12 12 to 15 ,20 to HO 10 ' n ;-}otoi() ' 7 40 to 50 (; (i () to 10 May. DuyH. 317 DayH. 119 Cow July. 210 , 283 321 Itiill Ewe Nov. IK! i 151 Kil Tun How March. 10!) 115 113 Boar Hhe-Ooat Nov. 150 15(i 103 He-Goat 10 to 12 12 to 15 20 to 10 Shc-Ass . . . May. 305 380 3)11 He-Ass She-liulTalo.. 281 55 308 00 385 P.itch 1>"S Khe-Cai. 2 " 2 " 1 " (') months- I) (i H to i) H to !) 5 to Feb. 03 48 50 50 He-Cat.. i to 10 5 to at st raw j Barley stmw P. Millet straw It no k wheat straw DriiiiihiNid cahbaije Swedish turnip 1 Turnip, white ' Kield beet, niariirold l-'ield heet, Silesian Carrots Jerusalem artichokes, white Jerusalem artichokes, red I'otatoes Field Ijcaus White iK'as New Indian com Uuek wheat Itarley ]{arlev-meal Wheat , Ihau rt r r s £ " rt ^ £ ^ ' ri !< t 1 1.0 i.:il 11.0 l..-)0 is.s ii.lo ll.o 2 11 10.(1 1.00 10.1 1.70 70.0 •MM O.IKi 8.."> o.,-.:i o.l:i 0.1 l.l'j ls.7 :io I'-'.i; 0,."iO •Jl,(l ll.liO 11, o o.iin M .") l,o."» 10.0 0.00 11.0 0.,-. 1 0:.'.;) 11 70 01. o l.«:i 02.. "> 1.70 s7. ■.* 1.70 M.-|.0 l.l:! h7 •^.10 70.'.' l.oo (i.-i.O l..->o 7.0 .■).U0 s.o 1.20 IS.O 2.O0 1-1. -, 2.10 i:i.'-' 2.U1! i;t.() 3.40 10..-. 2.:i:t .■(7. 1 2. 1 Hi l.l.T i.:io 2.00 2.10 i.;iH i.rji 0.01 0.27 0.10 0.11 i.:i;f o.-JI 0. 12 O.IIO o. 1.70 7-< O. Ix 0.2S 0.17 Olli (1.2 1 O. !■< o:i(i O.liO 0. 12 o.:i(> .">. 1 1 1.01 2.10 1 7ti 2.: I 2.00 ].;t(i _73_ 1((0 o-* ,')S r>r, HI) I2(> 2;).'i 280 8(1 170 2,->0 ;i8:i too (il M7 210 111 (17(i *<^."( .■>l-i 0(10 :il8 271 ;t 1 !i Proximate principles of Indiuu com comjiared with the other cereal grains : HH) PAIITS OI' Whi'nt live lliirk'V Outs Itiiliaii coru. lUce STARCH. (i."i.(i."i (i.'-i. i;t (>0..~il 07..-1.5 MO. I ."> (ihitcn iinct : other jizu- tjzi'd nuittor. 22.7."> 1 li^.'-.o lli.OO 11.1(8 ! 12..'iO 7.05 lot) PARTS OF Katty matters. 2! 01 2. 1 5 2.7(i .■..50 8.80 .8(1 Cellulose. ■l.(MI l.io 1.75 7.O0 1 5.00 11.00 Doxtritie, (ilunise, etc. 0.5O 12.(HI 10.00 0.25 l.oo _ l.oo Miueriil matter and salts. 1).()2 ~ '^.00 .'I.IO :i.25 1.25 .oo EC0N0MIC.4L FEEDINfl VALUES. DRY STATE. Flesh fitrmers. . Fat forniers .Accessories ..... Slliieral matter. . Reil White Lu- Clover. Clover, ecriie I l.oo 21.0(1 0. I.- I8.7(i| 12.7(i lo.oii' n-i.oo iiii.do :io.(i(i 11.251 i;i.2l ECONOMICAL FKEDIXO VALUES. Water Flesh p/o{luclii;:ortiitroi;eiiize(l substances.. . Far prtiduciii:: or iinii-iiitrnL'ciil/4*(I siilisiaiicrs W. io.lv liher Ash..: Grass. .1..80 11,45 12.(iO - -ii^li KHl.OO Meadow I H..|,| : f.i.i;:; ! 27.10 __(i.i(i 100. (HI rnOXIMATE PRINCIPLES OF CLOVER- VALUES. -ECONOMICAL FEEDlNtl OREKN STATE. Water Starch Wood liber Sditar Albumen E.\trtteets Carrots Potatoes iteans Peas Indian com Harlev Rye Oats liuekwlieat Wheat Linseed oil-cake Value by Analysis. 100 77 .502 :i(i4 070 .■)i)l 412 324 20 ;io 70 05 ,)8 (iO 74 47 22 Value by I'|xperiinent. loo 05 ;t55 220 202 ,'U(> 2H() 105 4(i 44 50 51 4!) 50 04 i:i 04 PROXIMATE PRINCIPLES, BUTTER, CHEESE, ETC. DESIOXATION. Jersey butter... Factory butter-, Whey-ljutter . ,. Wacer. Ash. i Fat. li.Vi) ;i.20! 12.30 2.U8 I 81.70 83.41 ICaselnu etc. 0.75 1.25 S.S2 0.77 3.43 1.07 ' 87.75 88.5(i DE.SKiN.vnON. Water. Ash. Fat. Caselno su^ar. 31.41 Ti.riJ 37.88 etc. 1 &'"• .', 2718 New York fiu'tory-cheesc.. , vl!" T'. 35.08 35.24 3.(i0 3.23 35.1,'-, ;I5.(I8 25.57 2.5.85 1 No. .1 33 73 4.05 35.57 20.t>3 Mass. factory -cheese ■] JjlJ- ,', 34 18 38.5 3.02 3.73 33.02 31.10 28.88 20 58 Alaine factor>--clieese, Jersey milk.. 28. 1 1 2.71 41.03 28.15 Wisconsin taL'tory cheese 3.5.40 3.34 34.05 20.12 DESION.\TION. i 1 I Water. Ash. Conniou skim-elieest 12.38 i 3.03 Sealiled milk a nd buttermilk cheese. I il.lS '4.50 Fat. 20. ,55 15.22 Caselno etc. "33.41 45 80 DESKiNATION. Oleoniart^.'irinc-eheesc. Water. Ash. . Fat. K"".'''''"' I I I I >•■":■ ' 40..5(1 I 3.08 . 20.13 1)0 07 Vhitc I,n- lovor. ot^riio. Nd.d 7,").(l 1.0 2. 'J 11..1 M.:i !..-> O.K j.r, 1.(1 ;i.i It (i.'j ll.li 0.!l (l.s Vhlle (JVtT. Lu- ueriiu. H(M) lli) (l.'.l ^f-jTiT 1.9 a.« IS. 7 O.H Valiif ))>• K.xiieriiiiont. 1(K) 2'JO i;H() .|(i .'iti •Id .Id 111 III 0.7.'5 1.25 87. 7.5 88.5(1 C Ui. •.i7.18 •-'5.57 i">.H5 2(>.(!5 28.MH i(i.5S 2H. 1 5 2(1. 1 'J CoHeine etc. :i:).l» 15 80 f TiiJ-: I'^viiMKiiiS' arocii uooic. HHO TAIII.K ON CiKSTATION «)F C«WW. This table gives the number of reliitivc days of gestation, the number of cows calving on given days, also cow calves, bull ealvcH, twin cow calves, twin bull calves auil twin cow and bull calves : Niiml)pr iif (Inyn of gcatatiuii. i 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 Twin bull calve.''. 220 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 (i 3 3 5 5 15 U 18 32 35 39 •17 54 (16 74 (iO 52 42 45 23 10 10 ' i 1 1 "2" 1 ' 1 ..... .. ... 1 220 2;)8 1 1 2!!! 285 28!) 212 1 215 2t(j 2 218 250 252 2 1 253 251 255 2 1 2 1 1 2 257 258 259 262 2()3 i.. 2(i0 208 2 2" 5 1 2 ""2'" 7 10 11 10 15 20 20 30 33 29 22 25 18 20 10 5 1 20!) 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 2 4 11 20 18 20 24 83 43 38 27 28 25 13 11 9 1 270 1 1 271 272 1.. 273 274 275 ■ l' 1 3 1.. 1.. 27(i 1 277 1 278 2 27!) 2 280 281 1 282 1 288 281 • 285 2 28(i 287 288 1.. 28!) 2!W 21)2 2!)3 T. ■3 "F 5 ^ is ■* NumlxT (it (lav^ s Z SS of OfBtalion. 1 .« H ^ 294 8 7 2 1 3 2 1 i 1 3 1 1 ■ 7 i 1 1 2!)5 ... 2!)(i 2!)7 2!)!) 804 i 305 1 300 1 307 313 i I'KDXIMATE PIIINCIPLES OF 51ILK. The milk of the Holstcin cattle among the first imported is taken — first, because the analysis was made by the chemist of the Department of Agricult- ure, and hence authoritative; and, second, because it represents as nearly as possible the normal constit- uents of the average and milkers from native breeds. The analyses were made in 18()8-()9. One thousand parts by volume afford the following weights of constituents in samples : No. 1. No. 3. No. 11. No. 4. Water (producrd) CiiHoinu and albumen Toxe- laar. 850.^.'0 B.'>.4Q 44.40 47..TO 2..50 Lady M Id- would. STD.liO 38.1.1 44.(M SilKI 3.7.5 Zuider Zee. 874 40 48 01 43.04 33..'in 3.0,-) Maid otOp perdoes 86!l.,1 4!l.llii 3«."H 4U.33 Phosphates 3.7,5 1,000 1,000 1,000 OBSKIiVATIONS BY THE CHEMIST. These milks, and especially No. 1, contain a larger quantity of albuminous matter than any samples wliich I have analyzed. This substance, found in all good milk, cannot be separated from the caseiue 30 as to enable us to weigh it, and I have been com- pelled to include it with the caseine found. The albuminous substance is not only highly nutritious as a diet, but in the cases of these samples it confers a singular constitution on the milk, considered as an organized secretion. It divides tlie pure fatty part of the milk in a way to prevent it from rising in the form of cream copiously, and holds a part of it in what would bo the skimmed milk, rendering it neces- .snry, in order to obtain nil the butter, that the mil!:, instead of the nraiii, should be churned. But its olllce has a more important connection with the ac- ,;l :ll i\ II' 3"J0 Till; i<'^itM;iaii!s' H'l'cjtjjv noDjv. timl nutritive powor of the niijk. wliich it increases greatly in two ways: 1st. It is itself a liit,'lily uitro- gcnized product. 2a. It is in these milks so hal- tiucoil in connection with the butter as to be easily assimilated and digested without coagulation. These are valuable properties in their relation to the roar- ing of the young of the human or animal species, and I should expect to find these milks to possess fattening properties to an extraordinary degree, as indicated by the analysis. CONSTITUENTS OK THK Mir.K OP DIFFKHKNT ANIMALS. From a late examination of dilTerciit kinds of milk with reference to their solid constituents, it has been ascertained tliat asses' milk is most diluted, containing scarcely U per cent of sohd matter. Next comes human milk, with somewhat over 11 per cent, while mares' milk contains 17 per cent. The average is seen in the milk of the goat and of the ccw. In reference to the percentage of caseiiie and albumen, human milk is the poorest, containing only 4 per cent of cascine; cows' milk nearly 5 per cent, with more than i per cent of albumen. Again, goats' milk, with nearly G per cent of caseine and albumen, as far as known, has a larger amount of albumen than that of any other mammal. The smallest quantity of butter is found in asses' milk; that of the goat contains the largest, or nearly 7 per cent. Sheep milk is most nutritious, as it contains llj per cent of proteine matters and hydrocarbons; and while the milk of the cow contains only about 1 per cent of milk sugar, that of the mare has 8 per cent, which renders it very prone to alcoholic fer- mentation, and has given rise to its employment by the Tartars in the production of an intoxicating hquor known as quass. TlIK BEST KUNNINO TI.MK AT VAUIOLS DISTANCES. Half a mile— Ohtipa, by imported Leamington, Saratoga, .Julv 25, lH7t, 0.17^. Five-eighths of a mile— Bonnie Wood, by import- ed IJonnio Scotland, Saratoga, .July 20, 1878, 1.02-'. Three-quarters of a mile— First Chance, by Bay- wood, Philadelphia, Pa., October 17, 1870, l.lo. One mile— Ten Broeck, by imported Phaeton, Lou- isville, Ky., May 24, 1877, 1.8|. Mile heats— Kadi, by Lexington, Hartford, Conn., September 2, 1875, fastest second heat and fastest two heats ever run, 1.12], l.ll.j. One mile and one-eighth— Bob Woolley, by im- ported Leamington, Lexington, Ky., September C, 1875, 1,51. One mile and i\ quarter— Charley (h)rham, by Blarncystonc, Lexington, May 18, 1877, 2.08,1. One mile and tiiree-cigiiths— Si)ciidthrift, by im- ported Australian, Jerome Park, June 10, 1871), 2.2.5|. One and a half miles— Tom Bowling, by Lexing- ton, May 12, 1874, 2.8.4:|. This horse was permit ted to extend the run to two miles. One mile and live eighths— Ten Broeck, by im- ported Phaeton, Lexington, Ky., September !), 1875, 2.4!lf One and three-quarter miles— One Dime, by Wan- derer, Lexington, September 12, 187!», 8.05J. Two miles— Ten Broeck, by imported Phaeton, against time, Louisville, May 2!), 1877, ;J.27,i. Two mile heats-^Brandemantc, by War Dance, Jackson, Miss., November 17, 1877, 3.82|, 3.29 Doubtful. Willie D, by Revolver, Prospect Park, September 11, 1870, 3.3iA, H.;J5. Two miles and one-eighth— Aristides, by imported Leamington, Lexington, Ky., May 10, 1870, 3.45,1. Two miles and a quarter— Preakness, by Lexing- ton, Springbok, by imported Austrahan, dead heat, 3.50J. Two and a half miles — Aristides, l)y imported Leamiiigt(m, Lexington, Ky., May 18, 1870,4.271. Two miles and five-eighths— Ten Broeck, liy im- ported Phaeton, Lexington, Ky., 1870, •4.58). Two miles and three-quarters — Hubbard, by Planet, Saratoga, 1873, -4.58=1. Three miles— Ten Broeck, by imported Phaeton, Louisville, Ky., September 28, 1870, 5.20.1. Three mile heats -Brown Dick, by imported Mar- grave, New Orleans, April 10, 1805; the best second heat on record, and second best three-mile heat race, 5.80}, 5.28. Four miles— Ten Broeck, by imi)orted Phaeton, vs. Fellowcraft's time, Louisville, Ky,, September 7, 1870, 7.14-|. 1' our mile heats— Lecompte, by Boston, at New Orleans, April 8, 1854, beating Lexington and Beuljc, 7.2(i, 7.38|. Hurdle Races — Joe Rodes, by Virgil, mile heats, over four hurdles, St. Louis, June 4, 1878, 1.503, 1.50:J. Joptember 0, (iorlmin, liy I, 2.0H.!. llirift, l)y iiii- lu 10, 187!), , by LexiiiLC- WHS i)enuit- ooik, by im- ibcr '.», IHTr), 1110, by Wiin- t.Oi-)].' I'd riiaotoii, !i.27^. War Dunce, b.S2J, 3.29. , Soptembor by imported 870, ii.ir)^. , by Lexiiig- dead lieat, )y imported 1H7(!, 1.27]. Jccli, bv ini- ubbard, by id riiacton, (ii. portcil Mur- bcst second e beat race, Pbaetou, v.-. iptembcr 7, on, at New ngton and niiio heats, 878, 1.50^, Appendix. Tobacco and Its OultLvation. CHAPTiai 1. TOIIACCO AS A MONKV CROI'. HKCTIO.V I. WHY TOllAlCd Al'I'KAllS IN A STOCK HOOK. At the ro(nu'st (if a considerable iiuiiiber of intend- ing subscribers to this work, owning and keeping stock and therefore making birge amounts of manure — necessary to the successful raising of tobacco, these cliapters are added. Tiiis bus been undertaken moie especially, since some friends knowing me as a to- bacco grower in years past, and at a time when the ciUtivation of cigar tol>acco in the west was in its infancy, have also urged me to do it, the more cs))e- cially since my duty has recpiircd me to keep myself fresh in much tliat relates not only to the growing, curing and packing, but also in regard to its growing commercial importance. One otlier reason lias added weight to the request. Tlic large amounts of manure made by stock growers will enaiile such to apply freely of manure, so essential to the integrity of the plants, the soil being of that nature as to adapt it to the production of a cro)) that wlien raised on proper soils and in proper situations pays largely, but on inferior soils runs the cultivator in debt. For that class wlu) wish to undertake tlie cultivation, knowing little as to the special requirements neces- sary, this is intended, although it is hoped that the practical tobacco raiser will not leave the recital with- out receiving information. SECTION H.— VALUK OP THE TOBACCO CROP. Tobacco, either for chewing, smoking or in the form of snufT, is used in every civilii,ed and semi- civilized jiortioii of the globe where commerce and trafHc extends, and is cultivated by barbarous tribes who have been aide to obtain ^,lio seed. The growth of tobacco increased enormously in the United States, from its first planting in the col- ony of Virginia. In 1017 tlio price in Virginia was from 87 to 75 cents per [lound, of our money. In 1()21 each colonist was required tn raise 1,(1(10 jilants of eight leaves each, equal tci 100 pounds of cured leaves. In 1022 the aggregate crop is given at 00,000 pounds. In 1030 the cultivation was so ex- tensive as to so seriously lower the price as to carry it below the cost of jiroduction. Since that lime the consumption and demand steadily kept pace with production, reaching 081,000,000 jiounds in 1877. Twenty years ago tin.' annual pro(bictioij of the world was rated at 1, 180,000,000 pounds, and r),.')0(),- 000 acres of soil were devoted to its cultivation. The production of tobacco Iins incrertsed wonderfully in the United States within the last twenty-five years, and especially so in the west, and including the Pacific States. In 1880 the total area of tobacco cultivated in fifteen States and Territories, was (J02,i')10 acres; the number of pounds was 140,209,- 88i); and the value of the cnqi was §30,114,015. The average prices of the toliacco grown in Connecti- cut and Massachusetts in 1880 was 15 cents per pound; in New York and Wisconsin the average was 12 cents; in West Virginia; 11 cents; and in Penn- sylvania 10 cents per pound. The average price of manufacturing tobacco — that used for chewing, for snutf and for smoking in pipes, ranges from to !) cents per pound; Tennessee and North Candiua raising tlie highest grade, Virginia and Missouri ranking next. While we liave thus tersely presented facts in rela- tion to the importance of the tobacco crop, it must be recollected that the cost of producing and curing the crop is large, ranging in manure, cultivation, etc., from 50 to 100 dollars per acre, and if manure is not yearly applied to the land in large quantities, the value of the land will soon be destroyed and the produce run far below the cost of cultivation, fn fact, the history of tobacco growing where manure has not been largely supplied, shows the wearing of sf:r •• I * Uj ai'1'i;n J)i X. till' soil uud a ecistiint tliim^'o of tol)iiieo-<,n'owiiii,' ceiitiTs. On very liili siiil to start with 1 was fim- l)l((l to ki'i']) the iiiinuiil luoductiou of Coiiiit'cticut and li'iif IhIwoih 1, ">()() luul 2,0(10 pouiiils por iicrc of iiU'R'liiiiituMt.' leaf, only hy thi' iipplication of forty lar^'c loads of liorso inaniuv pir acre, for oacli eroji taken oil. If cattle inaniiro is used, it must lie snp- liiunii'iited with 200 iioiinds of K'umo or 100 iioiuids yvr ai-rc of the dro|i|iiiii,'s of fowls. This hcinj,' the case, the cow^ luaniire is siiperior to horse luanurc. CHAPTER II. •ilri ATIONS .VM> SOILS AND iJKNKHAI. .'tt.VNAOEMKNT .VUArlKI) TO TOHACCO, SKCTION 1. — THE TKUE TOBACCO BELT. Tohacco requires a less amount of heat to riiieii it tor curiiiK than Indian corn. A summer that will ripen the Concord grape will ripen tohacco. Its eiitn-e range is from the ecpnitor to ,')(! digrces north latitude, it beinj? cultivated in this latitude in Russia. In the United States the lititude of 41 degrees may be taken as the limit of prolitahle ciillure fir cigar tohacco. In the United States it is cultivated from Florida in the south, to Vermont and Wisconsin at the north, upon suitable soils and situations. The true belt for the production acres are required to raise our inmicnse crop, it will be seen that the whole area is but a speck in comparison to the whole area of the country. SECTION III. — SOILS AIlAl'TEIl To TollACCO. Any soil that will produce from forty to fifty liushels of corn per acre under good cultivation, may with miiiiuring bring good tobacco. The soil, how- ever, upon which the finest quality of cigar leaf is raised is a rich sandy loam, containing largely of potash, or soils formed by the decomposition of gian- itic formations; such are the best soils in Wisconsin and Connecticut, both noted for the sii)ierioriiv <'f the leaves jirodiiccd. For this reason newly-clean d forest lands give heavy growths of tobacco, i)ut often of rather " fat " leaf the first crop. Any soil rcqiiiri d for the production of tobacco must bo rich in humus and potash, for such soils produce nitre, iiecc ssary to the crop. Rich humus loams are usually rich in the constituents necessary to tobacco. If deficient in the nitrates and iihosjihates, they must be suji- plied either by guano and phosphate of lime or else by largo applications of horse manuro that has not lost its ammonia by heating. The best possible ma- nure for tobacco is a compost of fresh horse manure and muck, with the droppings of the hen house, and the wash water of the house added. Such maiiuic, if turned three times, will bo quite free from the seeds of weeds. In the north, where cigar tobacco only is raised, the proper soil is a deep, rich, ■well-drained friable loam. If it be protected from hail and winds, the necessary nitrates and phosphates may bo added if the soil should lack them. SECTION III. — THE OENEHAL I'HlNt'IPLES IN TOBACCO (JIIOWINO. There is a certain routine in the cultivation of any crop that must bo attended to, to .scturo a ))rofitable return, and these are constant and determinate in f A 1- I' i;.N I) 1 X. IN TOllAC;'!) every case. In all the region north of forty (lef»rccH, the seed is better sown in a gentle liot-l)e(l, directions for niakin;,' wliieh will 1)0 given further on. iSonlh of forty degrees tlie seed may lie sown iu a siieltereil dry soil, us early hi tlie spring as the season will permit, and covered lightly with hnish to protect it from chill and especially against tli(! hirds. If on new soil, the heil slioidd he prepared hy liurning l)rush ujion it; if on (dd soil, by the adniixt- Mre of \vell-])repared compost iu nddition. Tlio sei'dheds should he narrow, three and one-half feet wide, in order tliat they m.iy he easily kept free from weeds. The soil is to he thoroughly pulverized. The seed should he mixed with dry plaster or ashes, and sowed broadcast. A tablespoonful of seed is sulllcient for a square rod, and this will give plants enough for an acre and to spare. If tlie plants stand two inches apart a square yard will contain i(,HO() plants; at three inches apart, l.iSSO. An acre l)lanted three and one-half feet by three feet apart will contain 1,1 IH plants jier acre. The seed should no* be covered, hut the bed ahould bo rolled (U' pressed with a board or with the hoe, and should be kept moist. The utr.iost care should be observed to ])revent tlu,' growth of weeds among the young plants, whose growth must be urged for- ward as rai)idly as possible. They should stand in the seed-l)ed from half an inch to an inch apart. At an inch apart the square rod will contain ;i!t,2()4 I'lants. If they all stand, this will plant eight acres, but do not forget the rule, a square rod per acre in- cluding paths. Great care must be taken to guard the i)lants from the late frosts of spring. They are liable to be attacked, in an early stage of their growth, by a small black tly, which injures, if it does not destroy them. On this account, their growth should be stimulated l)y the application of ashes, soot, ])laster, or guano, and they will soon get beyond its ravages. They should also be watered in dry weather from a common sprinkkr. In about two mouths they will have attained a height of three inches, and he large enough to be transplanted. An old tobacco-grower gives these general direc- tions for the cultivation of tobacco, which are appli- cable anywhere. A sandy loam is the best soil for growing tobacco. It slioidd be thoroughly nnmured the fall previous by at least thirty loads of good stable or barnyard ma- nure, and ploughed; should have a southern expos- Tho riiiiit und 1(1 (it Kiowinu'. Till' line hIkiwh whoro tJiu root amy l)ui)liicli- cil oti. ure, and sluuild ho ploughed and haiTowod, and thoroughly pulverized in the spring. Aiiout the 1st of .lune the [jlaiits should be set in rows three and a half feet ajiart, and in tliese rows three feet from each other. To facilitate the ubo of the horse-hoe or cultivator, the land should lie marked crosswise, and the pliuits set in the intersec- tion of the marks. Uefore setting, form a slight hill with the h of windward 11)1 wcatlier : tliirty-fivo fifteen f(!et d will store ilhislraiioii ve tiers of ^vi'P i: N 1)1 \ . tobacco, with shutterH that may be opened or cloned lit pleMsMI'i'. HTRIPPINO, Wlicii the phint iH fully cured, which may be ^ known by the stem of tlie leaf bcconiiiit» free from ' Hiij), it is to he stripiied from tiie stalks. A dami) i day should be selected, so tiiat the leaves may not crack and waste. It is essential that they lie pliant. As it ia striiiped from the stalk it is assorted into dillereiit (jualities, aeeordiii}^ to the uses to wliieli it is to bi apiilied mi inaiiiifaetiiriii^'. The broad leaf, wliicli is suited to form wrappers for ci(,'ar8, must be carefully laid by itself. A sullieieut iium rof leaves is tied to(,'ether to' form what is termed a liand, and tile leaves are bent over, fiu'iiiin^? a bead, around wliieli a wrapper is wound and tied. These are laid in piles, the bent ends outward,, and, after remaining for a few days, they will be ready to jiack. In the south, tobacco is packed in hof^'sheads; in the north in boxes ciUed eases. Heavy jiressure is used by which the tobacco is pressed into a hard nuiss, so that a hogshead contains from 750 to 000 pounds. Ju tiie north cigar tob'icco is more lightly pressed. In this condition it is sent to market. A si;MM.\Ry. The following, applicable everywhere, arc points on wliieh experienced growers strongly iiiList, be- cause they express conditions of success in cultivat- ing tobacco: 1. The land must be in good conditicui — well en- riched with manure. It must be ploughed in the fall, and again in the spring, and be thoroughly pulverized. 2. The plants in the seed-bed must be carefully weeded and guarded against the fly, and so thinned out us to require n hardy growth before being trans- planted. 8. During the season for the ravages of the worm the plants must bo examined twice each day for the purpose of destroying them. ■1. In curing, the leaf-sUilk must become perfectly freed from moisture. 5. Those who are commencing the culture of tobacco sluuild avail themselves of the services of an experienced man who can supply that knowledge which must come either by special instruction, or costly experiment. It may be proper to say a word in regard to the profit of the crop. In the first place, if the crop is grown on one field but for a single season, it leaves the land in good ((iiiditiiiii fur any crop the next year. It is highly manured and I ice from weeds. It may be followed by wheat, and tlu n by grass, and by this rotation remunerativi,' crops may be secured without exhausting the soil. The worn-out fields in some of the tobiicco-growing States should be inonitiu'y to cultivators, and teach them one of the most important lessons of modern tillage, viz: the necessity of a proper rotation of crops, SKCTION IV. — eoHT ot' I'lUmUCTION. The cost of the production of a eroji, and the price received deteriuines the profit and loss. The richness of the soil detcrir.ines the ipiantity, and the price the quality. To show cost as between a soil heavily manured and a virgin soil, I present two statements. Tlie first, that of a careful cultivator in Massachusetts, the other, a first-class grower in Wisconsin. KXIT.NSK, SIASSACHfSI-TTS STATF.MF.NT, TWII.Vi: ACHES OF LAND. Interest on laiiil. at .f 100 all acre )j( VI 00 ISO loailH (if manure, at !)<1 ..'lO 270 00 S.fOO iKiuiids lit' giiaiio. at :i eciitu 'I'^'l 00 ■J, 100 iM'iiiul-i(ilsu|ierpli(is|iliia(', at liA cents. liO 00 l'2iitii-e lalmr, nil twelve a(tres. (if preiiariiig laiKl, tetting, cultivutnig, and harvesting (iUO 00 i,:ti4 00 UF.TIUNS. LiO.'J.'iO p(nui(ls iniuie leaf, at I'J'o cents . . .ifi'i.TiUl 2.5 :t,()00 pounils •' llllers,' at 1 cents" Ill 00 2.(175 2.-) Cost l,;n 1 00 Net profit 1 .,'((1 1 25 The next season the field was sown to wheat and yiel.lcd a net profit in .grain and straw of ^i' W.IO. F.X1T.NSF,, WISCONSIN STATFMF.NT, TF.N AilSFS OF TOIlACrO. Kent of land, at if<10 per acre .>|<100 00 l'l(iiu;liiiig and preparing land • 2S 50 Slaking and sowing plant beds :! .■)5 Keiiciiig beds 1 50 Weeding beds 12 00 Watering beds 5 00 Setting iilaiits on '"ii acres 27 .'>0 Cultivating and first lioeing II 00 ('iiltivatiiig and second lioeing 17 25 Three days' W( inning It 75 Seven da.vs' topping S 75 Thirty days' suckering I!7 50 Si'ventv-two days' harvesting 00 00 Tcaiii-wdi'k. harvesting 10 00 Stripping and casing 75 00 luteiest (111 cdst (if isheil and lixlurus .'1.5 00 !)( -Kit) 25 ' V A !• N 1 > 1 \ . BETIIISH. I'liilitM solil I|< '-'•! (M> Sii(U Ncilit unci for Miilc 'J.'i 00 lAliM mill i 00 coNt it;t» •-'.■. NCI prnllt Iftl.lMl 7r> These stiilelUelltH cilliy witll tlielil nil tile I'dst of liiliDi' null otiier ex|icinlitiiris lor iiiaKiiik' llie iTuli in llie best iKissihle milliner, iind iiiiiy lie tiikeii n» uor- n ri, iiH tti the time luiil laiidi' iietimlly spent. Nuv- eitheless, we slioilhl nut lulvise iiliy jiersou to under- take till! iienimiicnt eiiltiviitiini of tdhaeeo unless there eoiiid lie jileiity (if ni.iiiiire niiliienil tiij,'ellier t(» 1,'ive flirty l:irf;e Imids per nere. Then, wheat iiiiiy folldW tdliaceii, iinii iiii'itiliiw mill imsturo fur three years, then liiiliiiii edru the next year, to lie followed a^jaiii with tdimeeo and manure. Thus a heavy hiirthen (if toliaceo may be raised every year, the same land only comini,' into a similar croii once in six years. SKCTION V. — TIlK (JIKSTIUN OK MANl UK. The question of manure is one of the most serious ones ill the whole category embraced in the cultivation of tobacco. Without manure, only the most careful and leii^jthciied rotation will keep the land in siiUl- ciciit heart to produce remunerative crops. The only dillercnce in the cultivation of an acre producing 1,000 pouiid.-i per acre and 2,000 pounds per acre, in simply haiullini,' tlie extra 1,000 pounds in harvest- inj^. The pajury lii,'lit small leaf will not briiii,' the price that the other will. There will always be more filler tobacco to bo sold ut four or five ceiitH per pound, so that aijiiiu it will be seen that he who ma- nures til bring the crop from 1,000 to '2,000 pounds, can really attorJ to spend the price of 1,000 pounds of tobacco in manure. Horso manure stands first for tobacco, next that of sheep, hogs comes next, ml the manure of cattle comes last. Sheep manure is nearly as good as horse manure. Of bug niaiiuro oue-httlf more is required, and double the qu mtity of cattle manure is necessary, than of horse manure, to give a relative amount of nitre. now TO MAKK COMPOST. Leached manure, that is, manure that has laid ex- posed to the weather, its aiumonia carried iifT by heatiuLT. and its other valuable jiarts leaibed away by the rains, is of very little more value than so much straw. Even compost, which is readily soluble in water, rannot act until saturated with rain. My experiments have shown that any crop may be for- warded immeiiHely by the use of liquid manure over tliv best comjiust, and as between compost and ordi- iiary mamiri' there is the same relativi dilTen me. ileiiee, the value of liipiid nianiire in the watiiiiig of the plants in the beds. It muit be applied in a very dilute state. To maki compost, prepare a iilace dishing in the miildle on an impervious soil, the center being a hogshead sunk to reeeivki all the drainage; cover the hogsbead loosely with boards and insert iieomiiion pump, extending to a height Hiltlicieiit to be above the top of the eompost heap. (!over the liotlom of the heap to the depth of say twelve inches with manure just as it comes from the stable, then cover with six inches of muck, sods m loam ; HO continue until the heap is carried up eight feet or as high as it may be convenient. The water that leaches into the hogshead or the depression at the middle may be pumped over the heap to keep it just moist, and until saturated, water may be throw n on as the heap is being formed. In making the heap, all the refuse of the farm, house wash, weeds, chip manure, and anytbiiig of a like nature may he used, and if the drainage of the stables can be carried to the pile so much the bitter. If wood ashes and bones are available, break the bones as small as may be by pounding with an iron maul in a bowl-shaped cavity made in a stump, pack these in a leach, two or three bushels (;f ashes to one of bones, saturate with water until it begins to run at the bottom and then keep it just moist by pouring back the liquor from time to time. In six months the phos])bato of the bones will have been rendered soluble and the whole may form a jiart of the com post, or be kept for special application. For using (m beds of plants, etc., set up a leach, into which hen manure, urine from the house, Bolid horse drop-, pings and aslies have been mixed. One I \ . til mill. Mv ji iiiiiy 111' for- I iiiaiiuru (ivcr [lONt iiiid (H'cli- vi- ililTfriiK'c. tilt' wiiliiinj,' t u|i|ili('(l ill II r('i>iiii' II [iliifc idll.H KClil, tlic ccivv 111! tlir witli IhhucIs t,' to II lii'ii,'iit IIIII|IIIN|, il('ll|l. ili'|itli iif siiy iiiu'H I'rciiu the IIIU'lv, W)i1h (I! iniril II j> i.'i},'lit. t. Tiic wiitir (Icpivs.sioii III, ii'iii> til kci'ii it iiiiy 111' thrown II iiiiikiii<^ thi! limiNc wiish, II like iiiiturc he stiibk's I'iui ttT. If WDod till! llOlllS IIH lull liiiiiil ill 11 ]iiick thc'su ill llOH to OIK' of [,'iiis to run iit ist by iiouriiit,' III Hix IlKllltllH bi'i'U rciiik'red •t of tlie com 11. For iisiiij,' h, into wliifli id horse dnnt- Ouc (Jnait ay bo mixed liii^' the bcdH ler miiy liave iicheH, ami he intervals of a to the nicest ill the sjiriiitr, liaviiij,' been ins aiitnmii. ClIAI'TKIl III. IIAItlMi I'l. WI'.S .\MI >KI TIN,'h to the yoiiiii,' iiliiiits to require not only the bes!, |ii)SHil)le eire Imt also tliiit il liU'K'e sin- |ilii,H of )ilaiit.i be riiiHed to |irovide iiL'iiin.st loss, and any eontiuKeney that may liaiiiieii. it by uny meaiis you Imiiiien to loHe your seedling- beds, jim muHt either buy your |i]ants or lose the season's eroii, neither of them iiieiisant eoiitin^'eiKies to be eiieoiili- tered. If yon liave a Hurpliis of ^'ood iiliints you will seldom fail to liiid eustomcrs for tlieiii. I have sent idiints hundreds of miles, Beasoli after season, by exiuess, lUdperly luuked. If you lose your seedlin^;s, we siioiild hardly advise biiyiiii,' the idaiits from loiitj distaiiees, unless you know I'xaetly the men you are deiiliii",' with, and tliat the seed is pure and ol the detinite variety you wish. For this reason, always raise your own seed, from |ibints of II pure variety, except that it is well to ehiiiiKo tho seed once in tliree or four years. When you do ehanu'e, know of wIkuu you buy your seed, that it is iiiiie, and in the Keleetion of )iliintH for seed use none but those liavinp; ail tiie ehiiriicteristicH of purity of the variety cultivated. Kxperiment as much as you please, in a xmalt ivaij, witli new vari- eties; never for the eroi), unless yiui have satislied, lirst yoiirsi'lf, and second, tiie buyer iiiid this is tlii' nuist important— that it is valuable. You must sat- isfy yourself that it will be more profitable than the old variety, and llie buyer that it will outsell it to to tlie nianufactlirer. C'ouneetieut seed leaf, and Uaviina seed are the only varieties that have yet {,'iven satisfaction in the north, for cigar tobacco. In tlie south varieties have a wider riinije, and local- ities have ill many cases one or more varieties grown exclusively in a district. The same rule, however, will a|iply south. Never change one variety for iinother, until the most careful experiments, both in tho Held and the niaiiufactorv, have decided its superiority. SK.CTION II. Till', KF.KI) lU'.n. My own experience warriints me in saying tliat dejiredatiiuis from insects, risk from frosts and chill- ing winds, and the various contingencies that out- door ellillViltioll of tile seed bed is lliible to, MiiiKes a gentle hot-lied or II cold frame the most econoiii- iual, and especially for the reason that, under glass, every plant will be alike, or at least there will be but two grades of iiliints, tilsts iilul seconds. The elieck ill the growth of pliiiils upon triinsplanting is almost nothing, for the reason that tliey are fur- nished with an abundai f librous roots, and during the whole season of growth this iihiiiidaiice of feeding roots i,^ fully kept up. This is of the 'rcllllCCO I'liUlt till- MCld. IT, tllO pilU'l' fur tiippinu fur luuf. greatest moment in the north where high piveii cigar wrappers arc grown, and will often enable (he grower to fully ripen tlie crop, when oliierwise iJie crop would lie so retarded that tiie cutting and cur- ing must take place in weatlier too cool for tlio per- fect ripen, ■; and curing of tho crop. In Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia and south, this net'essity is not so strong, nevertiieless, in these States cold frames are cheaper in the end tli:iii open air beds, SKCTIOX 111. -IIOT-HKI) SKKIILINOS. First, let us see wiiat is the reipiircd diineiisiiuis for a frame to contain plants enough for an acre; then any man can figure for himself the required space necessary for iilants f(u' his crop, allowing not less tliaii twenty-five per cent extra for eontingeneies. The sash should lie six feet long, and eacli should contain four rows of bxlO glass. This, with the side pieces two and one-half inches wide will make each sash about thirty-eight inches wide. The bed may contain licalthy plants to within six inches of the lower side. Hence, we have a space sixty-six ,1 ';'. vm iiulii's liy tliirtv-scvcii iiidios, pqniil tn 2,412 squaii! iiu-lifs. Till' pliiiits may stiuul in tliis .s])afi' 2x2 iiu'lics: (■(iiisc(|iu'iitly, oiicli ciiuipartnifiit, will con- tain I'lilly (i(l(l [liants. Seven sasli will contain plants cn(m,i,'li for J.iiOO j)lant.s. At 8x9 feet nn acre will contain 1,810 i)lants; at 12x;!() inches ■l,i)78. Hence, eji^'ht sash will prodnce plants ample for an acre even with the closest jilantini,', and to spare, lleatinj,' nianure is not needed except for tlie crop of minute seedliu' U 1 X . IX 1)0 lapped ill ith tliu l)L'st e fniiiu's iii'c iiirtitioiiH 1)0- >>• iiiiiv slid(^ tiun lioiit iiiul the iiisido of itiiij,' tlicro to 0, and will ho it ciili 1)0 i,'()t, do. ill this ciiso ) luiddlo. If lido, I would iiiclios widor iiR'lios deep, iiii; the sidos uiiidc on tlio iircli to April ?iidy to niiiko .short, shiiild to a ooiiipjiot iitoiidod, into thoroughly it Hid tiliort to- too dry, .suoli vliolo will 1)0 tioii dopeiuls lirco or four f in 11 proper brown color .ssnnie white forniontod .so 1)0 placed in shiikini,' ont iig and short t lint ,,;■( )id holes and rcfully iiiado nly, no after )ct. Always OSS of well- 2ient for to- niaiHiro and ll should 1)(! about si.K inches from the glass to prevent the plants spindling up. i The frames may now be placed on the bed, which should bo banked up, the glass laid on, and the boa i bo loft to sweat. So soon as the heat begins to rise, two inches of good earth should bo evenly spread over the bed, an 1 when a thermometer placed within, remains statioiniry at about eighty degrees or ninety degrees, five inches more of the best composted earth may be added. If your heat is too strong and rank, the first earth put in will have assumed a gray color. This is to bo avoided, and only the best and most friable soil should be used. A good compost for hot-beds is one-quarter sharp sand, one-quarter thoroughly decomposed manure, one-quarter good soil and one-quarter rotten leaf- mold, thoroughly mixed by turning together. Wher- ever t')o hot-bod is placed the greatest care should be liken to prevent the intrusion of dogs, as they are very fond of lying on the mats, with which the gl.is.s is usually covered at night, occasioning a work of destruction that is often very damaging. A cold frame is simply beds with frames around and covered with glass, containing no heating ma- nure, but live inches of the best composted soil. This conipo.st soil must b,3 carefully saved in a com- pact heap to bo used year after year, adding to as may he necessary. When the hot-bed marks an even tomperature of aliout seventy degrees, when covered from the sun, sow the seed, evenly, at the rate of n teaspoonful to each sash; simply press the earth tirndy about it, but do not rake tlio surface; but a slight sprinkling of wood ashes over the surface will be good. Sprinkle with the ti'iost rose watering pot tc settle all firmly and do not lot the heat rise above seventy degrees. As soon as the seed germinates admit air cautiously, but freely. Then endeavor to keep the heat 'moIow seventy degrees during the day, and by covering with mats or slough hay at night, not much below fifty degrees. The ranges of hot-beds and cold frames must bo iu a situation fully protected from wind, and the ventila- tion should be by tilting the sash so the wind will not blow directly in ; that is, the glass must be incHued by blocks towards the direction from whence the wind is blowing. As Boon ns the plants are up to show fully green, witli a thin case-knife, the end turned up ii quarter of an inch, cut streaks half an inch or less wide every two inches through the bed when the plants stand thick, and when the plants seem to need it do the same the other way of the bed. This is done by removing the sash on some still, pleasant day, and placing a board over the middle of the bed. The same plan is to be used in weeding the bed. When the plants are an inch liigli tiiey are ready for pricking out into tlie cold frames where thoy may remain from four to six weeks, according to the sea- son, the last ton days or two weeks fully exposed to the air except at night and during storms. No water must fall on the beds except that given with a water- ing pot, and the temperature of the water should not be below fifty degrees; that is, it should liave the chill off, and the growth of the plants must not be forced. The slower the growth, if steady, the better the plants KKCTION' v. — TIIF. COLD FRAMKS. When the plants begin to grow, or about ten days before they are to be pricked out (transplanted) to the cold frames, have those ready by carefully smooth- ing and leveling a proper space in some sheltered, well-drained spot; place the frames in ranges of not less than eight sashes to each frame, throw in roughly six inches of the jjropared compost, place on the sash, keep tlio earth moist and as soon as the weeds start rake all smooth; let the weeds start again, destroy them and the bed is ready for planting. SKCTION VI. PlilCKINlt OUT. Rake the earth in the cold frame level, smooth and perfectly fine, make it rather linn with the back of a shovel or hoe, and again rake a slight tilth on top. The oarth must bo simply moist —never wet. Prepare a board six feet long and twelve niches wide to stand on, also a marker by inserting in a rod, three feet six inches long, slender pegs an inch long and exactly two inches apart; with this, mark a row, boginning four inches from the baidi. Another hand does the same in the next compartment, and thus the board upon which you mark is kept from tilting. Sharpen a piece of clear, sound pine, eightinches long and tlireo- quartcrs of an inch thick, to a true taper for the last foil inches of its length. Take up the plants from the seed beds iu clumps, leaving alternate clumps to grow and spread. Place them in a pan. With the right blind make the hide with the spud, t ike a pli'iit lightly by its ti)), drop the root in the hide, ]uish the spud in the earth behind it and somewhat diiigoniilly, and press the earth up to it pretty firm, bidding the ■.UfL f ill A I'l' i:x 1)1 X. l)liiiit so it will stand with its leaves just above the f,'roiiinl Kurfut'o. If the plants are somewhat spind- liutr, I'lace them so the leaves will be iis heivtofore directed. So proceed, niarldng each succeeding? row reijularly two inches apart, and plantinf,', drawini; the board back as yon proceed, and plantinf? the last rows from the outside of the bed, and sprinkliiiji; from time to time with tepid water from a very tine rose water pot. If tlie plants wilt, cover from the suu as yon go, and in uo case transplant when the weather is windy or chilly. The operation is soon learned to be deftly perfomied and a good hand will jirick (.ut ten thousand plants in a day. Keep the bed suflicieutly shaded for a day or two to keep the plants fnuu wilting, give water sufficient to pene- trate to the roots after they are set, and brush the tops over lightly once or twice a day, only just to moisten. When they begin to grow give air rather freely in wann weather, but endeavor to keep the heat between sixty and seventy degrees during the day, and cover at evening so as to hold a heat of not less than forty-five degrees; fifty degrees is better through the night. So proceed until you have the requisite number of plants for your field, whatever it may Ite. SKCTION vn. WATERING. Water only when the plants need it; when first jilanted every day, later every two days. It is better when the plants get fairly to gro\\ing not to water until the earth becomes rather dry, and then Avatcr thoroughly. This gives the roots the vapor of water, just what they require, and keeps the earth evenly moist. Water always with tepid water, say nt fifty or sixty degrees, and preferably in the after- noon about half an hour or more Ijefore closing the bed for the night. SECTION VIII. VENTILATION. Give plenty of air. I'lants cannot grow healthy without it. When the weather is still and warm remove the glass entirely for some porticii of the day. Keep the glass closed only in cold, lowery, or vei-y windy weathc ! . Buy a good thernioineter and use this until you liecome acquainted with the proper temi)erature. Towards evening close all u]i, in time so the sun will raise the heat to seventy or eighty degrees. At nightfall cover with slough hay or mats, to conserve heat. If there is a good gardener near you, take his advice in connection with the direc- tions here given, and bart;aiii with liini t'> instruct I you in putting up the Ind, and in pricking out the plants. SECTION iX WEEDING THE I'LANTS. All weeding must be done in the original seed bed by hand. Place a board along the top of the frame, lie down on it and weed. This is the easiest way, and the least tiresome of any. A case-knife slightly turned up square at the end will l)e the best imple- ment for keeping the rows of jdaiits i)ricked out clean and cultivated. It is used lying down the same as directed in weeding. If you have prepared the compost a year ahead as directed, weeds will trouble you l)ut little. Nevertheless, the earth should be slightly stirred between the rows from time to time, say every four or live days; cut-wonus must i be watched for and killed; the fly and other insects which eat the leaves may be driven off by fumigating with tobacco smoke, or by dusting with ])yrethrum (insect) powder from time to time. If you have carefully followed these directions you will have iilants for setting that will be the envy of your less considerate neighbors, and when transplanted to the open air will make your field green before your neighbors' fields show signs of growing. SECTION X TRANSl'LANTIN(t IN THE EIELD. Here again, system will save money and time. Tlie field having been prepared and i)roperly marked, have a lot of light boxes made eighteen inches wid( , thirty inches long and with sides four inches high. With a knife or proper spud raise the plants from the bed allowing them to retain what earth will nat- urally cling to tlieni; place a row closely along one end of the box, then successively other rows slightly leaning against them and as comjiactly together as may be. The bed should have been thcuoughly wa- tered the afteriKKUi belore lifting, never just before lifting -the tops should be dry. When you have enough of the boxes ready to ser\'o the hands in the field, pack in a spring wagon, or, if near, carry what two men can manage on a hand barrow and so i)ioceed lifting and setting. now TO SET THE PLANTS. A division of labor will seiTO here. One hand lays a idant at each mark, two rows at a time, or, if tho lioxes have handles, one man may do both, jdant- iiig two rows as he goes. With tho Hngers of the left li.'uid make the place to receive thi" plant, drop the plant in with the right, and with tiie lingers of both liaiids flriri the earth to the roots, leaving a iekiiig out tlio \NTS. jiuiil Kot'd l)t'(l of the fraim', '. easiest way, knife sli,L,'litly a best iinple- lirickcd out iig down tlie lave i)repare(l I, weeds will ) earth should ^roiii time to ■worms must other insects ly fumigating h iiyrrthnim If you have >u will have of your less ilaiitcd to the heforc your ; FIELD. 'y and time, 'erly marked, inches wid( , inches liigli. l)lants from rth will nat- ly along one rows slightly ' together as iroughly wa- • just before Lcs ready to )ring Magon, lanage on a Betting, One hand time, or, if both, lUiint- iigors of the jilant, droj! le fingers of ■), leaving a ^^I'PllN 1)1 X. j* slight depression on each side. A hand follows with a water can and drops a little water from the spout so it will settle about the roots. Another hand fol- lows after the water has settled entirely away and draws the dry earth over all, and so it will just reach the lower leaves. A little experience and instruction will enable the hands to do all this deftly and far (piicker than it can be told. We have never waited for rain in any kind of transplanting, and have in this way never lost our transplants — except by frost, cut-W(unis, etc. Do not set your crop until the days and nights are warm, and do not wait for rain. Plant when the soil is in such condition that it will work nicely but not when it is iirt. The time for trans])lanting is after all danger of frost is over, or at s'lcli time as corn will germinate promptly and grow right along. sKCTioN XI. — ci;t-woums. The blacK cut-worm is often destructive to the crop. They must be gathered by hand very soon after daylight and killed and the plants renewed from reserve plants. It is sometimes tedious, but it pays. Thus I have given you ray experience both as a tobacco raiser and a general market gardener, that which I have been years in learning. SECTION XII OUT-DOOR SEED BEDS. All that is necessary to say in this connection, in addition to that already given, may be embraced in the following general rules: 1. Select a well-drained, light, rich, friable, level soil. 2. Raise it into, beds of finely-pulverized soil of any length, but not more than four and a half feet inside, for convenience in weeding. The alleys two feet wide, the top two inches to be thrown on the bed, and the whole thoroughly incorporated together. 3. Let the alleys be perfectly hard and smooth on the bottom, the beds to slope down to them at an angle not greater than forty degrees. 4. Give the beds a top dressing of au inch of the ))cst compost manure and rake all to a perfect tilth, drawing all lumps, sticks, stones, etc., into the alleys. 5. It the whide surface of the beds have been cov- ered with brush and imrned over, before they are formed, especially if the soil is new, the compost will not be needed. 0. Each bed, four and one-half feet wide and 1(10 feet long, should contain plants enough for one to two acres of tobacco, after the iilants have lieiu jiroperly thinned. To provide against every contin- gency, it is safe to make one such bed for each acre of tobacco. 7. Sow each bed at the rate of one tablespoonful of seed mixed with clean ashes, or jjlaster, to ensure even sowing. Press the soil firmly to the seed with the back of a spade and sow over all the lightest possible dressing of compost. 8. Cover witii brush to keep olT vermin, and to hold warmth. Let the brush lie on the beds until the plants require weeding. i). Fence the beds to keep out dogs and other animals. 10. Water the beds as may seem necessary; kee]i clear of weeds and thin out as may be necessary, so the jilants will stand at least an inch apart. CHAPTER IV. THE MAN.VGKMKNT Ol' THIIACCO. SECTION I. — CULTIVATION AND CUKINd SOUTH. One of the best Kentucky growers of tobacco gives his manner of cultivating and curing, which we make known as covering all the essential points in the cultivating and cure of manufacturing tobacco, or that riiised in the south. After transplanting, no frxther attention is re- (piired till the weeds and grass make their appear- ance ; these should be at once subdued with the plow and hoe. If the earth becomes dry and hard about the plant, it should be lightly scraped with a hoe, which will greatly facilitate growth. As soon as the plants arc of size to permit it without injuiy, the ground should be deeply and thoroughly plowed, care being taken not to disturb the roots, and the plant hilled up by following with a hoe. In land that has been kept clean this may be the last jdow- ing, the hoe being all that is needed to keep down the few weeds that may appear. When the plants are large enough to top, the leaves nearest the ground are to be broken off and the bud taken out, leaving on the stalk the number of leaves designed for the crop. This number is much a matter of fancy, yet it has more to do in forming the character of the future tobacco than most planters seem aware of. {''.xpevience has fully proved that ten or twelve leaves are sufficient for a plant, and this is almost the uni- versal number among our best planters. If the crop *- m A I'l- 1; v I) I X , iiiis !,M(i\V/i well, twelve icnves may be ivllinved at lii-st; the next tdppin^' it iiiiiy l)e ten, iiiul the iiuiuber thus lessened lis tlie seiisiiii lulviiiiees, (ir as the iiji- lieariinee of the erop luiiy iiulicato. This saves irincli liilmr, insures were unitoniiity in niiitiiriiiL,', iinil adds to the value (if the eroji, niakintr it more inii- form in (jimlity. At this .stage the attention of the jilantcr is almost constantly required in protecting the crop from the I'ut Hhowlnir I'liint with one Sucker left, unpinclii'd. worms and iiiseets that prey ii|i(in it, and in hroakinR ol:' tlie sr.ekers wliii'h soon apiieur at every leaf alom,' the stalk. T'lii.i will give ample employment to all idler.^ alioiit t;,o premises. As the phmt approaches maturity it liegins to thicken., 11, d iissnmcs a still, sleek, and motley appeal- nnce, which the most uiipracticcd eye will readily ohserve. .Should the weather ho dry and favorable, the first ripe jdants nay rci"iiin standinj; till a sufll- cienttiUiintity matures to make a reijulur cutting; but if the weather is unpropitious it is best to cut as fast as matured, as it is liable to injury if allowed to remain too long. The harvest time o the crop is an important period, as any neglect then on the part of the planter will result in depreciation of its future value. In cutting tho plant a shar)) knife is to be used, and the stalk to be split about half its length, tiiking care not to break the leaves or otherwise injure them. The jibmt is then to be set with the butt of the stalk up, exposi'd lo the sun. When it is wilted enough to handle without breaking, it should be taken up and laid in heaps of from seven to nine in a place, and then liiiiig as soon as possible to iireventits being : scorched by (ho sun. Tho latter part of the day is ' best for cutting; there is less danger of the plant ; getting sunburnt. The sticks on whidi the plants are hung are small pieces of timber aiiout four feet long, and of snfH- I cieut sti'ength to support them. These, wlieii filled, may bo taken to the barn on a tart or wagon, or may be jilaced on a scalTold in the field. If the weather is fair it is best to sun the crop, as it aids the curing and adds to the strength and elasticity of tiie leaf after it is cured. Care should be taken not to place the sticks too near each other if the weather is dam]) and warm, as there is danger of injury. After re- maining on the scaffold a few days it lussumes the color of a leaf in autumn; it must then be taken to the barn or curing house and phiced away, keeping the sticks far enougli apart to secure a free circula- ti(ui of air through them. If the weather is wet, it is best to take the jilants to the house at once and let the following process take place there rather than risk it in the field, as rain is always injurious to tobacco after it is cut, and esiiecially so after it be- comes yellow. The curing process is of the utmost importance to the future value of the crop, and too much caro can- not be given to it. If the weather is dry, and the tobacco is not too much crowded in the house, the action of tne atmosphere should be assisted by fur- naces instead of tires. Smoke from lire is very injurious to fine manufacturing and cutting tobacco; i all lovers of the weed greatly preler its natural flavor. Many accidents happen yearly from the use of fire. The difference in the sale of one good, ripe, furnace- cured crop will jiay for all the outlay for furnaces and lixtures for twenty years. The heating is more uniforni, and less fuel is used. Where fiirnatcs are not to he had, a small fire will effect tho object. If the weather is warm and damp tho atmosiihero wUl not aid materinlly in curing the plant, and units i firing is resorted to it is certain to bo more or less injured. It is always safer after a house is filled with green tobacco to rely mostly on the action of fires for curing. These should be small and slow at lirst, and continued so unti) the moisture engen- dered by the firo is dried out, and then increased till the leaf is nearly cured. Then the fires should be allowed to go out, and tho tobicco to come in case, or get soft again. The quality will be much im- proved by permitting it to come in case once or twice before it is thoroughly cured in leaf and stalk. Dry sound wood is best for tho fires. If the planter desires to I'ke a piebald or fancy article, care should be taken never to permit the leaf to get very soft during the curing process. To mako .V 1 ' r* !•: N ij I X . a rc'iilly funcy iirtide, tlio tiihiicco must bo thornu^'lily yelluwed lirst, luul tlici) 1)0 ciiri'tl entirely by fire. Tiiis particular description, however, is not more desirable or vuluable to consumers, iis the essential projierties of the jiiaut are frequently destroyed by the action of the fire. As a general thinj,', it is bet- ter to cure the weed by the natural process of the action of the atmosphere, and where the planter has room enough to house tlie crop without crowding too close, the object can be attaineil without much lire, saving wood and avoiding much danger. Having now reached the point wiien it is supposed the crop is secured and cured, we proceed to give some directions in regard to its future management and preparation for market, as many, after all their care and labor, lose their profits to a great extent by want of iaiowledge in this respect, or by inexcusable carelessness. VV iion the tobacco is thoroughly cured it is ready for the process of stripping, or taking the leaves from the stalk. The plant first passes through the hands of the most experienced laborer on the f.irm, who takes off the bad or injured leaves and tics tliem neatly in bundles of eight or ten. The plants thus culled are given to otliers, who strip oil the remain- ing lea ires and tie them in bands of six or eight, wrapping tightly with the tip of the leaf, used as a tie, so as to form a head of one and a half inch in length. These bundles should bo as uniform as possible in size and color, as it adds to the beauty of the sample by vvhicli it is to be sold. When the day's work is done, let the buiulles, neatly pressed through the hands, be put in a winrow — that is, laid straight in a bulk or pile long enough to hold the work of one or two days, and only the width of one bundle and a half, reversing each course so as to have the heads of the bundles out. Here it may remain till strip])ing season is over. Cold, winds, and frosty weather injure the texture and rich flavor of the leaf. The first ^ ' drying weather after the stripping get the smoothest and smallest sticks upon which the tobacco was hung, and hang it uj) again to dry. When the weather becomes moist enough to bring it in utise, take it down and carefully bulk away as before directed, only taking more pains to straighten the buiulles and make the bulk much wider; Hiis is done by lapping the bundles over each other like tihi'igiing a roof, the bulker having his knee iijioii the bulk, carefully lay- ing down the '^obacco as it is straightened and handed to him. When the bulk is finished, weigh it down heavily with logs jr some heavy weight. Care must be taken tha* the tol)acco does not im- bibe too mucli moisture, or get too high in case before it is bulked, as it would injure. Whenever it is soft enough to handle without breaking it may be jiut in bulk; and should the steins break a little under the pressure of the bulker's knee no material damage will be done, piovided the leaves do not crumble. A little attention will soon teach the most ignorant the proper order for safe keeping. Tho tobacco will be safe in bulk, and will wait the plant- er's convenience to prize it in hogsheads. In prizing, the different qualities should not be mixed, and if proper care has been t iken to keep them separated, no trouble will be had in assorting them. In packing, every bundle should be kept straight, and every leaf to its bundle. From a well-packed liogs- head any bundle may be drawn without injury or disturliance to others. Tlie usual way of packing is to coiuinence across the middle of the hogshead, placing the heads of tho first com'sc about eight or ten inches from the outer edge, and nuining the course evenly across; the bundles of the next course arc placed in the same direction, the heads against the side of the hogshead, and follow the circumfer- ence till the heads of the two courses come in con- tact. After that course is completed, tho other side is finished by nlacing the heads against the cask as before, so an to have three courses acrv)ss the cask, the bundles all laid in tho same direction. Tho next layer is reversed, the packer carefully laying each bundle as it is handed to him. When filled, it is subjected to tlie press or screw and pressed down. The hogsheads are from forty-four to forty-eight inches across the head, and fifty-eight inches deep. From 1,800 to 2,000 pounds can easily he prized in them. If tho tobacco is large, ricli and oily, tlie harder it is pressed the better, and the better price it commands. These remarks are especially applicable to those heavy kinds of tobacco grown where the soil and climate are peculiarly adapted to its produc- tion. In climates and soils not so well adapted to it, the same variety will assume a diilerent chnracter, the texture of the leaf being changed, being more light and bulky, and destitute of oil and substance. Tobacco of this description should be managed as above directed, but prized lightly in the casks, so as I -3« t- ii .1 • !► Mi T ' ' ■ ^VJ'I'KNIJIX. to mlniit of ii free ami opuu leaf, such l)eiiig mostly rcquirecl for uij,';ir leaf. SKlvnoX II. -Cl'LTIVATION ANT) CtiniNO IN THK NOUTII After traiisplantiui,', the cultivation must ho often eiiouf;li to kill weeds as fast as tlu y iijii)ear. The l)laiits may ho dressed with tiie hoe, and {^rass or weeds too near the plants for the hoe, nniat he pulled hy hand. As sooinis the tohaeco has beeoiuo too larfj;e to be cultivated without injuring; the leaves l)y the whiffle-tree, tlie lioes should pass through it, drawing n little earth to the i)lanta where required, and leveling the furrows uiado hy tho shovel or cul- tivator. Care sliould ho taken to loave the land level, for level culture is gemrally the host. When the plants begin to blossom, select the best for seed. One hun- dred plants will furnish abundant supjily of seeds for a crop of 40,000 pounds. All tlie otliers sliould be topped l)eforo they blossom — indeed, as soon as tho blossom is fairly formed. It should be topped down to the leaves tliat are six inches long, if early in tho season; but if late, toj) st.U lower. If tin! season is favoraljle, in two or three weeks after a plant is topped it will befit for cutting; yet it will not suffer hy standing longer in the field. The suckers are now to be pulled off, and the ground leaves saved. The suckers ought to be pulled off before they get two inches long, as they spring out a])undaiitly from each leaf where it joins tho stalk, (jround leaves arc those at the bottom of tiie stalk, which become dry, and should bo gathered early in tho morning, when they will not crumble'. Tho worms ouglit to be destroyed as fast as they appear, or they will destroy the crop. Turkeys are the greatest help in tliis warfare that tlie jJauter can get. CUTTING AN.O CIJHINO. When the plant begins to yellow or present the peculiar appearance indicating ripeness, it is time to put it ill the house. It is cut off close to the ground, by turning up the bottom leaves and striking with a tobacco-knife. The plants should lie on the ground for a short time, to fall or v.iit, and then he taken ii]) and placed in small heaps of eight or (en plants, to be removed in a cart or wagon to tho tobacco house, or to be speared in the field, and then carried on the sticks to tho house. There are various modes of securing it in the house- -by jieggiiig, siilitting, tying with twine, and spearing, tho latter now being con- sidered the best and most expeditious method. Tobacco sticks are small, round and straight, four and one-half to five and luie-half feet long. They may be rived out like lath or narrow paling, one to one and one-lialf inch sipiare, smaller at one end than the other. One end is sharpened to admit tho .spear. Tho spear is round, or like the Indian dart in form. It is made of iron or steel, iiright and sharp. These sticks are carried to the Held, and dropped one at each heap of newly-cut tobacco. The s])earing is done by pressing one end of the stick into the soft ground, the spear being on the other end, and with both hands running tho pLuit over the spear and down the stick, thus stringing the eight or ten [ilaiits in the heap on the stick. It is then laid in piles, or placed at once on the wagon to be taken to the house, and handed U]i to the person who hangs the sticks across the joists or beams, placing them twelve or fifteen inches 'lart, and smoothing the leaves down so as not to let them cntmplo in the curing, and adjusting the plants on each stick, that ono shall not touch the other. As the tobacco cures tho sticks may he pushed closer together, to make room for more toltacco and to exclude damp air from the cured tobacio. The tobacco houses should have many doors and windows, so as to admit light and dry air. and, hy closing them in liad weather, to ex- clude tho rain and dampness, which materially dam- ago tho tobacco, besides injuring tho color of it. After toiiacco has been cured and is dry, whenever tho weatlier is mild and damp it will become soft and pliant, and then may lie stripped. It is first taken off the sticks and laid in heaps, and then the leaves are stripped from tho stilks and tied in bundles of about oiiO-fifth or sixth of a pound each. The bundle is formed by wrapping a leaf around the up- per part of a handful of leaves, for three or four inches, and tucking tho end into the middle of the bundle. There should ho, if the quality of tho crop permits, four sorts of tobacco, second, bright, yel- low, and dull. When tho tobacco is taken down the cullers take each plant and pull off all defective, trashy, ground, and worm-eaten leaves next to the l)ig end of the stalk, and then throw it to the next person, who takes off all the best bright leaves (and if there be anv yellow leaves he lays them one side, until he has got enough to make a bundle) and throws the plant to the next, who takes off all tho rest, being the dull; and the respective strippers, as they get enough loaves in hand, tie up the bundles, ;n^ I) 1 X. mill tliiinv liit'Ui ii|):irt to kucp tho Bortn scpiirato for CDUVuuiuucu in Imlkiiif.',. Stripiiiiii? hIiouIiI not bo (Idiiu iu dry, liarsli wuathor. It is Ix'wt not to tiiku down more tliau can bo tied nj) in a low liours. To l)iilk toljaci-'o roquiri's jiidLjmt'iituud lu'atncss. Lof,'s Ktimild 1)1! laid parallel witli stii'k.s or boards across to Hupport the bulk, and allow frou pasaaj^o for air under tho bottom. Tlio bundles arc then taken, one at a time, smoothed and spread out. Tiiis is most eonvcniently done by puttinj? them against the breast and stroking the leavoa downward, smooth and straight, with tho h'lud. They are then passed, two bundles at a time, to the man bulkini,'. He lays them down, two at a time, in n str.iight row, and presses with his hands; tho broul part of tho bundles slightly projecting over t'.io next two. Two rows of bundles arc put in a bulk, and both carried on together; the head-i being tho outside, and the tails touching or barely lapping. Tho bulk, when carried up to a sufficient height, ought to h ivo a few sticks laid on tho top to keep it n place. It must now bo often ex luiined, ai I if it gets warm or his a nuisty, bad smell, it will require to be changed into another bulk, laying it down ono bundle at a time without pressing, so that it may lie loose and o;icn to admit free circulation of air. This is called wind-rowing. Aftjr it his become thor- oughly dry and his a strong smell it is lit to " con- dition;" that is, when the moisture or warmth of weather makes it pliant, it is bulked in three or four, or even six-rowed bulks, and covered with boards or sticks and weighted down with logs, etc., when it will keep ill nice order for packing at any time. SUCTION in. — INSEUTS HENEKICIAL AND INJUKIOUS TO TOBACCO. Among insects that destroy tho tobacco worm, the Yellow Jacket, is s lid to carry off tho young larva as winter food for its young. There are several other ir iccts, especially the ichneumon flies, which lay their eggs in the body of the tobacco worm. Turkeys are very fond of tho worm, but the only s ife way is to hand pick thorn during tho season of their growth, which is from .fuly or August until the crop is ripe, according to the season and latitude. TUK LAKVA OF THE SPHINGES. The great enemies to the growth of tobacco except tho black cut-worm, which cats tho young plants iu spring, are tho iarv ■. '.pf two moths, the larger larva of Macni:iila (Sjihin r) (^anilimi, w'nl^h. breeds up to about latitude !)H degrees. Fartiier north its place is supplied by a somewhat smaller, but no less dostruct- ivo worm, which also infests potato and tomato vines, and also egg plant ami other species of th(( salanum family. .Vbout the 1 ititiido of 38 degrees, the two insects are found in common, but they never breed together. Of the various insects injurious and bcn- elicial, the lOntoiuologist of the Agricultural Depart- ment at Wasliingt(ui, in 1H7!!, has the following, whicli wo transcribe in order that they may be well known : The tobacco hawk-mouth ov " liorn-bliiwer " of the south, Mtu-nisilu (S/iln'n.r) CitiuiUiui, Linn., is a large moth, tho caterpillar of which, ccunmonly known as tho tobacco-worm in the Middle States, and is very destructive to the leaf of the tobacco plant, when the worm is young, by eating holis in th(^ loaves, thus spoiling them f(u- use as wrappers for cigars, and when old by devouring tho whole of the leaf itself. Those worms api)ear of all sizes, during I ite summer and autumn, in the tobacco Holds south, the first brood of eggs hatch in May or .June. A description of their transformation from the egg to the perfect fly: Tho egg is deposited singly on the leaf of the tobacco or tomato plant, and tho young worm when first hitched out by the heat of tho sun, commences to eat holes in tho leaf of tho plant, and sheds its skin several times before attain- ing its full size; it then goes into the earth and the pupa is there formed in a subterranean cell, the late broods remaining as pupa' all winter, and com- ing out as the perfect fly tho following spring. Tho insect (Fig. 3) appears from Juno and July until Lito fall. It hovers in the twilight like a humming-bird over flowers, especially lioneysucklo and .Jamestown weed, (l)iitiini stramonium), sucking tho nectar by means of its long, flexible tongue, which, when the insect is at rest, is coiled up like a watch-.spring un- der the head. Tiie tongue when unrolled measures four to six inches in length, and the cateqjillar feeds also on the potato, red pepper and tomato, as well as the tobacco. This insect is almost exactly like tho northern so-called potato-worm in all the states of larva, pupa, and insect, and can scarcely be distin- guished from it by young entomologists; but in the " tobacco- worm " the anal horn on the tail , taki'u ti.'ri)iniir wliiii iit^iiiiist thcsi! hich proiliicL'.s hy ili'oiipiiif,' 11 ijists, or criidu 10 Jiimestowii ■,vh(.'a the lly oscis into thu iind iliu boforu ids it iidvanta- 10 Jamostown )isoii the bl( s- ;)vo-nientioncd s.ived a tjroiit land some to- ' drivinj:; thcni :;k the worms o pay a small llors or moths, of shinj,'lo or m the evening 10 Jamostown itink-weed, wo vo them to the B acre, gcttin;,' md poison tlio by dostroyiiif^ m layiiif^ their well north in ing forwarded hout the Melds, lis in the dusk 11 mistaken for cr to flower in The Lead i i ig Bi'eedei's of ( )] itaiio. 1- Pptor Foi'lian, of Wallaoplinrf);, is a 1)^0(11^ ofstaml- iird ln'cil roiulstcrs. lie has a lai>;i" lann ailjoiniii;,' tlio villa^,'!', on wliirli lie lia.-i iiiadc a lianilsdiiii' riict'- ciinrsc, wliero lie lias liis horses traiiiccl. Ho lias ten IliK! l)roo(lniaros and iiiaiiy l)roniisliii{oolts. His stand- ard lired stallion, rriiico Eihvard, ri'^istrr No. 1 )■_'!, 15/ hands liigh, weiKlit alioiit 1 , KM) |ioiiiids, is aorcdit to till) owner. lie lias several yiMiiig horses which iiiivi- done l)('tl<'r than tlil>'o iiiiinitcs. As a breeder Mr. I'orlian is a ri^presentative man of this part (jf (liitario. As a man of lionor and hiir dealing lie lias no superior. Parties in scareli of a f^ood horso wonld do well to eor- le.spond Willi him. Wlie(>ler ,t Smith are breeders, importers and exnort- crs of horses and cattle, also market men at Chatham. .Mr. Smith givi's liis attention more to the ex|iortiiif{ of eiittle, while Mv. Wheeler looks after the hist liorses. Mis stallion. Coaster, standard liy hrerdiii;; and Jier- foriiianee reeord 2:L!(!1; his jiaeini^stallioii, Chestniit Is- land, lired liy \V. C. Christy, of Kellerton. lowii, sired liy liliu! I'.iill; liis tliorcaiglihrod stallion Chiineellor, sired hy Terror, lie liy Kiiriek; and his Clydesdale stalliiiii, YoniiK Wonder, bred by .T. 1'. Wiser, of I'li'scolt, (Int., are all worth sooiiig and relleot credit iiiioii their owners. C. O. Keys ,4- Sons, ralmyrn, are importers and' liri'oders of French draft horses, Berkshire pij^s, regis- tered Shorthorns, Southdown sheep, IJronze turkeys and Wyandotte ehiekens. They deal in pure blood stock only. They now own I'egase, r>,;M7, ((iliSi Im- ported French draft stallion, wliidi cost them .'}i2.,")(l0. S. .T. Attridge, Highgate, is of the firm of Leo .^^ At- tridge, importers and breeders of Clydesdale liorses and Shorthorn cattle. They now own lloubt Not, :;,->(i!t, foaled ■Tnne 1, 1SS2, bred by David A. Hood, liiilgredan, Scotland. Doubt Not gained Hist jirize at Dalbeattie, In ]HS 1; first at Newteii, Stewart, same year, ont of a class of ;iSof tliehi'st in Scotland. He has been twice shown in Canada, carrying ott tlrst prize. Thomas Fairbanks, Chatham, is a well-known breed- er of hist hor.ses. He has the ])resent .seiuson the fol- lowingstallions: Old liookcr, Protection, lilenkiron, im- ported and registered in Amerii'aii and English stud books. Mr. Fairbanks has been a breeder for nearl.y twenty years and finds by owning first-class brood mares and using his own horses he is always sure of good colts. At his sale last year of forty-six head ho i realized over Sf^T.OtM). As a breeder his reputation has ' extJliiled beyond his own country. •T. II, Wilson A- Son, the oldest veterinary establish- , ment in Western Ontario, lioth father and son being ] Kiadnates of the Ontario Veterinary College, The sen- I ior of tho tirm settled in liondon in l^^(>s, and at tliat j time was the only legally (luiilitled V, S, west of Hamil- ton. His close attention to busincs-i and long e.vperi- I (Mice has won for him a name always to be remembered in veti'rinary circles, Olllce iHI', King Street, London, .lames Miller .V Son, Mocu'esville, are importers and bri'ecommend the use of the Clydcs"- dalo stallion lor the iniproveniont of our stock of farm hoi'ises." .T. D. Oneil, Veterinary Surgeon, London. Ont. Ex- rresidenf. Out. Vet, Med. .\ssociiition, Toronto. Ini- ])orter of Clydesdale luu'.ses, breeder of Clydesdale and carriage horses. First-class stallions nlwa.ys kept in the stud ill both the above classes. Horses bought and sold on eommiss'on. Tho celebrated stallions, "licn- ben Wilson' (.'{!•.■.'_') C, S, I!., Vol. VTI; "Xormandy' {'t'22'i) C. S. li,. Vol, IX; and the carriage and roadster stallion, "Highland I'.oy" (the winner of many first jirizesi are in the stud this season. Correspondenco from inti'iiding purchasers will receive ])rompt atten- tion. Satisfaction guaranteed. l'"ifteeii years' oxjieri- eiico in active i>iactici>. 'I'lii-; i<"A i;m i':u!-!' htoi^iv iiooiv. ^!t i; I. ■^■N II. A. I'lillcson, \\(.(mI I.iiwii SId.k I'lii'iii. I.oIm 101 1111(1 lOL*. 'r;ilhi)l Koiul Sdiilli, 'ri)\vii.slii|> llciwiii'il. iliiisj- licss iiitdifsM ( IjiiIIluiii, Util., is II liii'i'ilcr nf trnlliii;,' mill riimiint,' JKirscs. Ihinwiis utiilliini. Lcird Clii'slcr, isiT Aiiiri'ii'iiii Sliiil ISnoki ami Ai'itliiiin .stiillioii. lilack Kiii|M'i'iir cii' "Siiliaii." lie Im'i'ciIs I'nini liiari'S witlioiit lili'iiil-'ii anil lias vciiiiif,' iiiiili'Vclniicd stiuk iilwii.vs lor Mile. Mr. ralli'sdii, \\ lio is iiiiiyiir of Clmtliam I'^n' his .si'i'iiiiil li'i'Mi, i-t III! oiitlni'. instil' liiirM'iiiaM. anil tiiki'S ii Kl'i'iit iiilri'i'st ill lii'i'Ciliiij,'. He also liiTi'ils Sliorl'ioi'ii r.illli'. lliTksliiii' pi^fs tiiiil Soiitliilowii slii'r|i, but lii' j{ivrs till' niTatiT part of Ills iitti'iiliiiii to liorsc liri'cd- iiit,'. Mis fiinii is lii'aiitjfuli.v sitiiiitrd mid wcliwatcivil. Aliraliaiii Sniitli, iiii'irliiint tailor of and is now in the States. Kin^ (It the liominion. •lolin liiill, inn) many nioro eelehrated horses have lieen liroiif^ht out l).V him. His present farm consists of 100 aens, wliieli lie per- Niiiiiilly siiperinfeiids. William .1. \Veiifer, originator and leading linH^dor of the "SI. Clair" Strain, of I'ly month Itoi'ks. has also e.\oellent Wyandottes, I.iint^sliuiis, White Dorkings, and extensive .viirds situated on the shore of ],ak(' Huron, about two miles from the town of Sarniii; T. (). address; I'oiiit Edward, Lambton Co., Ontario. Canada. E. A. M. (iib.son, ]>elawai'e, AiU'lioneer and Land Agent. I'edigreed Stoeka spi^eialty. David rislier, owner of the liake Viow Stoek Farm, Ooderieh, is an Iiniiortpr, Exporter and lireeder of Clydesdale. English Jiraft mid Cleveland Bay ilor.ses. Ills present stoek consists of over forty head of pure bred and registered .stock, of which nuinbcr fourteen iiri^ stiillions. Twelve years since he adopted the plan of showing his stock at various fairs in the States. At the Centennial he was awarded diplomas and medals. He has never h^ft ii fair without takingwith him liisfnU ])roportioii of medals, prizi^s and lionors. When visit- ing the fairs he usually tak(}S two cur loads of hor.ses. Here he many times dispo.ses of liis iirize winners. Few men in the States or Canada are no well and favorably known, being thoroughly conver.saiit w ith Jiis business. Conseienti"Us and of a plea.sant disposition lionianages to derive more iileiisnre and iirotlt out of his busines.s than Usually falls to the lot of man. A. yi. Policy. Ooderich, for many years has been tho largest shipper of Ilor.ses in Ihis locality. Uo sells prin- cipally in the N. W. Territory, Chicago, llieliigan and I'eniisylvania. He has the best builtand equippeil liv- ery stable in Western Ontario. He rarely has less than llfty horses at a time. His stunihinl bred mare, Elsie (irolT. 2'J\!.. and his thoroughbred Sago mare, Eady ^tiiitlaiid. und his stallion. Ike Orotl'. will indi-'ale the ipiality of stock he is breeding. Few men an^ so t'avor- alily lir honorably known. Horses purchased on com- mission. J. r. Fisher, Auburn, Hotel Keeperand Importer i\nd Dealer in thoronglilired horses. .Mr. I'islier has been e, gaged in imporlint.' mid dealing in thoroiighbred.s for the past seventeen years. Among the stallionsln has ouned he stdl retains ilie imported stallion ,I-(.ril o!' I ho Manor. No. 2'.I7I. Vol. b. C. S. I!.(l. 11., sir d by Eo.li- rvaiu I 170) Vi 1. :i. He is aiilhiglish Shire and one of .he best i,i till' County. II' also owns ".Mossed," alius Dob (I'LinU. sire Lincoln ilil.'iOi and part owner of the blooded .stallion Wlialel In ISTH .Mr. I'ishcrexliiii- ited the celebrated I'liI .Miiloy at I'liiladelphiii Jvsposi- tion, wlieie he look two jn i/es and two diplomas. (leorge Whitely, Seafortli, breeder and dealer in standard bred hiirses, owner of Clear Or.r formally years prior to his death. I'resent owner of the iniporl- i'd standard bred stallion Carlisle, record '_': 1(11 at two veins old. He has Florence- ( i- , record '_'::ibl, by old Clear (irit dam by lilaek (ieorge, he by Jioyal (ieorge. liesides several standard bred colts lie also has the imported Clydesdale stallion, WtOcome which is siii'l to be the liirgi .s't boiiediind best lent In red horse in this country. D. D. Wilson, of Scaforth, is the largest I'.xporter of eggs in Canada. He anuiially. sends nbroinl 1 (iO carloads. Ui\ is also a breeder of roadsters, las stallion Voniig (irit. sired by Old (irit, being a promising young colt. He has a line liock of registered Shropshire Downs, which have been prize winners at 'iiiiiiy exhibitions. .T. r>. Whitely, M. D., is thislciiding physician of breed- er of road ter.-i. .Vt present, ho has ii •'Cleiir (Irit," and n stallion and some tine brood mares. Jle does not allow his fancy for lior.ses to interfere with his |irofes- sion. .lohii T. Dickson, Stiafiu'tli, breeder of registercil S. II. cattle and Sliropshircdow ii sheep, they being pure breils from imiiorted stock. .\t his last public sale his stock uveraged over om' hundred dollars per head. He is rec- ogni/ed as one oftlie best breeders. His travels in Eiiropi^ have enabled him to combine the most improvi'd ideas in his stock raising. (1. Irviii(> .V Sons. I'ldinyrii, importers and breeders of French draft hor.ses. Their stallion Athis,')'2S2 ((1771 i recoviled in France and America in the rcrcheron Stud books is one of the best of its kind. They have imiiort- ed several brood mares, but lately, losing one for w hicli they paid one thousand dollars cash. They have ollicrs on their place eipially good. A. H. White, lialeigh Tp.. Kent county, is owner of "Mapleton Orange Stock I'lirni. ' mid is a breeder of registered I'oUind China pigs. Southdown slieeii. dralt horses and roadsters. .Mr. White can alwii.VH be loiiiid at the I'rovincial and Dominion lairs, he being general superintendent of the rrovincial exhibition, which position he has held during the last live years. He has taken several diplomas, medals and tlrst prizes on his itock, and is personally known to all iironiinent breed- ers in Canada. His good stoek and good nature always insure him many friends and prominent positions re- lating to fairs. C. Walker, licensed auctioneer, Ail.sa Craig, and ewii- eroftlie celebrated trotting hor.se Victor, reeiu'd L':'J1 i.j. Victor has made the grand circuit of the Stales, win- ning many prizes, andis now in ]SS7 doing Canada. This record was made at Cleveland. Mr. Walker iind his hor.si^ Victor are well known to eveiy horseman in the State.sand Canada, where his dealings are extensive. John Eynoii, Ail.sa Craig, of the linn of Eyiion ,V Hey, imiio'tcr.s and breeders of standard-bred hor.ses, pres- ent owners of Western Spriigne. sired by Ooveiior Sjiviiiriie.l I I. record 2:20l.j. Mr. Eynon has a standard - bred inure. Lady Shepherd, dam by Itysdyk, sired by Chicago Volunteer. Mr. Eynon Iia.s owned some of the best horses in Cai.cda. 4- 4. I'HHi hAllMKUai STOCK H(>(»1\ M\ Impoi'tcr iiml liiinmniiliit'ds italliiiii^lii liUH u ,I.<.nl o!' Ill" ill- (iwiicr (if tim . Kishi'i'i'xliili- Iphia Kxpii.si- i|ll(IIILIlN. iiicl (tciilcr ill ( :r.( li'i' iiiaiiv 111' till' iiiiiiiirl- l 2: I(>1 at two inl 'J:;i(P., Ii.v , lie l).v liii.val culls III' also Icdiiii' wlucli is licri'il liursc ill st ]''.x|iiivt<'r iif 1 ItlOcarlciails, on Voiiii^ (Irit. ig ciiit. ill' lias lis, wliic'h have (iciiuiot liri'cil- li'iir drit," ami Hr (Iocs not I itii Ills iirol'i's- (^(jiHtcrcd S. II. •iiigiuiio hrcils sale Ills stock Mill, lli^ is ice- His travel-, ill most imjirovcil 111(1 breeders of isT.L'.Sli (tJ771 1 'ciclicroii Stud y Jiavc iiiilioil- [^ one for wliicli icy have ollicrs ty. is owner of s 11 lirccdcr of ^'11 slice]!, dralf ways lie found I' liciiifj gcneial liliitioii. wliieli years, lie has st jirizes (III his Diiiiiiciil hrecd- 1 iialiirc always it jiositioiis ]■('- IriiiK- and (mmi- . record 'JL' I Lj. he Stales, win- (loiiif? Canada. ilr. Walker and ly horscinan in ,s are extensive, f Kynoii .i; Key, (I horses, iires- 1 liy (lovciior has a sliiiidard- ysdyk, sired hy lied some of the siii;;lc and doiliile, and rcf,'i^li'rcd Short lloiii-. ('apt. •!. W. Stciiihoir, of WalliicclmrK, breeder, bunk- er, liiiiibcrinan and fariiicr, is the leading spirit of this plaiu'. He owns several sleaiiiboats and has his pnvate yaclil, with ten slate rooiiH. 'I'lic Capiaiii, ill every seii^e of the word, is a self-made ii.ali. He is just in the prime of life, and a more genial, hospitalde man is ninly foiiiid. His slave and hcndiii},' mill ems daily 7''.<'"ll staves, '_'■'>. OIMI hoops, '_',(M>0 sets of heading'. lieiiiK one of the laij,'e^l lalidhnlders in ihe( nty, and hav- ing! a ta .Ic for line stork, he i • doill^' more toward im- proving,' the breeds of cattle than any man in this local- ity. KiiiKit Son, Veterimiry Siir.iicoiis, Dresden, Ontario, treat all diseases of domesticated animals, (alls prolii|itly attended to. Olll-e-i opposite Methodist chiircli 'Dresden, and McCann's block, \Vallacelinrn'. 1). Macarlhiir, it. .\., N'ctcriiiary S.irKeon, t,'iadiiat(' (if (intario N'cterin.iry College, .Main street, .\ilsa CriiiK. Out. Special altention Kiven to veterimiry denti.itry; horses and colts trained to driv brokeli to saddle. Ureeder of I'rolirietor of .\ilsa Cniiy; livery, sale and e\ehan>,'cs ta- bles, .Main street, .\ilsa Craig. .V. !■'.. Thompson. Forest, Veterinary Siir^'con. gi''"'" iiiite Ontario Veterimiry College; all diseases of domes- tic animals treated on the most modern principles. Uaac .Vdams, Sarnia, is the reco^,'nize(l scieiitllc hors(!- sh ' T of the town, l-'ew men have liai) better oppor- I unities to gain a thoroneh kiiowledL'e of their business, he having been three years with lioiids \Cteriiiary and Shoeing Kstablishmeiit, Toronto, and having done the shoeing bir Dr. .\. Smith, the principal of the Ontario V. S. Colleg . Toronto. He was also foreman lioist'- slioer for the Toronto Street Itailway Co. Toe-weight- ing and plating done in (lilfcrent styles. .\ll di.scases of the hoof scientiUcally treated. .Joseph Kllison, Sarnia, proprietor of the l-'armer's KxchangiN importer and dealer in standard-bred horses. He deals ((iiite extensively in the Slates and is well and bivorably known to the sporung world. He owns Carrie C. c. 111., sired by lied Chief, he by Mani- briiio Clark Chief, dam by liichelien. second dam by .\le\aiidi r's IMwin Korest.' This colt was shown in the lilileOrass Itcgioii in ISHI! and out often fairs took ei'.ilit tlrst and two .second prizes. He also owns Iroii- wi'iod, s. g., Iiy Nutwood, dam Diielicss May Ilysdyk's Hambletonian. John McDoiigall. V.\M. P. I'oint I'.dward, caretaker at the (|iiaraiitiiie, is well and favorably known as being a carefiil and eonscieiilious man. He says all cattle and hogs for breeding pnrposesthat are brought into Canada must stop here or at (Quebec. 'ITiecattle remain in ipiar- aiitine for ninety davs mid the hogs twenty-one days, lior.ics and sheepare no detained. No stock is received in ipiarantine which sliowssigns of disease. The owners of the stock are charged with the keeping while in ipiarantine, Mr. McDongall liviw in a pleasant loca- 1!. Mc.Mechen, Sarnia. isa breeder of registered Sliorf horn Cattle, pure bred I'lydos ii'id Fren 'h Draft horses, crossed with the Clyde. He has over twenty head ol callle registered or eligible for registration. His bull. Ttli Duke of Mazurka, is recorded in three herd books- One of his cows. '.Uh Duchess of Moore. No. SO", vol. '.». will show the quality of his slock. lie always has superior breeds for sale. Thomas Hey. Chemist and Drnggis', .\ilsa Craig ami of the tlriii of Kyiion A Hey, importers and traders of Bt indard bred trotting horses. l.Tte owners of Chepacket. '-i'ilfO. and present owners of \Vi. stern Spragne. 'J'JS!), D.iic. Bay horse, lired by li. •!. Treacy, LexinKton, Ky. i!v Oovovnor Spragiic, No. t-IO, .") year old, record L'-L'Oi, sire of eleven, with records from 2:1S to 'J; HO. 1st dam ^lamte West by .\llie West. No. ',i:).">. ."« year old reciird '-'.'jri, sire of .lewett, '.',1 land lUe with records better than 'JIIO. -Mid dam .Madam Ibadley. liy IM- wlu Forrest, No. s.'.l. Krd (hini by Miiiiibriiin Chief. No. 1 I. sire ot l,iidy Thorn, '_':lsl| and six «ith records belter than 'J :iO.' Mr. Hey owns l'.goli..m bay mare, foaled IsSO, bred by It. S. Veeeli, I is\ill('. Ky,.sii(.d liy I'rinceps, No, ."ilitl, 1st dam Helle by \olniileer. No. ■Vi, '.'ml dam Flora llelle, •_•:•_"-',. Sunrise, chestnut mare, fouled I s"!!. sired by SIralliiiiorc. !••"'<. 1st dam hv .\ licmi Clay. :il, L'ml I'am by Aililaiid Chief, T.">l. Hay stallion foaled Mav IssT, bred by T. Iley, sired by (ie'neral llaiii.ock, ll(l."i, isoiiof (leo. Wilkes, .-il'.li, Kt dam Sunrise, liy Stralhiimre. Ihh, 'Jnd dam by .Smc'icHii Clay. ;il, old dam by .\>hlaiiil Chief, 7,"il. C. Darling, liidgetowii, importer and breeder of standard lired horses. He now has the following stal- lions: Ibinker Spiague.(i(l.'i'.», Nol. 7, Wallace stiidl k, r. S, sired liv (iovernor Spragiie. No. I I I, record, -"_'i.^; ami Abdalliili, imported in ISs], bred by (leii William Withers, Leiiington, Ky. He has several llm' brood mares and is doing much toward the improvement of the trottingliorses of Kent County. He i- alsoeugaged ill the hreeiling of short horn cattle. Nims liros.. Itidgelowii, are Impolleis and llreeders of Standard bred Irotliii;; slock. The niiiliy goiul horses tliev have owned have given them a wide repiilatioli. In ISSti they lost one imported stallion, liomiir, valued at ten thousand dollars. They now lia\(' .Mmeilinm, No. :i Is 1. imported ; Orontes, imported; and Norman Clay, bred by theniselves ; also several good brood luares. tioli near Lake llnroii where he call iiersonally super- intend the mamigenieiit of the stiH'k. He has made a reputiitiiiii for his ki'- .iiess and attention to stock nmler liis miinagem ul.and iisnally has about seventy-live head 111 iimirantine. K. I'. Westell, V. S., I'oint F.dward, is a government otlicJMl .lid an otileer of the ( Iraiid Tniiik li. 11., being the inspector of stock at I'uiiit F.dward iiassing ipiarau- tiiie; also stock shipped thriingh Canada by rail. I>y his good judgment, accurate diagnosis and courteous treat - iiieiit, he has.jnslly gained tlie contldeuce and respect of the importers and shippers of stock. HURON COUNTY. .\nios Fisher, of lieiiiniller, is a breeder of F.iiglish Shire and Clydesdale horses. For his imported brood mare Cambridge liiiss he paid tiv(^ hundred dollars when she was but two years old. This mare lias taken many prizes. Mr. Fisher has the reputation of owning gooii stock. •lohii liossiiu'. of ■'Ch('rrydal(\ l''ariii," lieiimiller, is a breeder of rcgistei-ed shorthorns and owner of the lliilnliletouian trotting stallion llnroii Chief. He owns several good stock hirms in Huron county and is also a large owner in Middlesex county. His farms are all well stocked. Mr. Kossier engages in stock farming (|uite as much for jilcasurc as prollt. (lordoii Voiiiig, of Carlow. has a herd of high grade .\yr.sliire cattle. His regist(>red bull Laddie is the only imre bred Ayrshire in this part of the country. Sir. Voiing has a dairy in which he makes seven tons of cheese aminall.v. its i|uality comnmnding the highest market [iricc. Mr. Young isoneof theearliest pioneers of Huron county and has lived over lift.v years on his lireseiit homestead. Donald Campbell is a blneksniitli and practical liorse- .slioer at Walton. .-VII his work is done on lie most ap- proved plan and diseases of the foot are made a sjiec. iaitv. .Vll his work is giniranteed. t I 'll! '■ .1' i>, 8 n n I il I'i il w. Till'. I'AWMIIUS HlOt'lx IIOOIv Will. llririJis. Vicldiiii llotc I. Wjilliiii. is 11 hri'i'ilir of ri.mUti'iM. lie ovmis Mcillic I!, niv il liv Clciif (iiit. Miillii' II is iiKilliiir dl' tlii'ci' pi'iiiiiiNiii^' I'liltN, mil' fi'niii Aliiliilliili. line Irmii Kciiliu-ky Slur, iiinl iiin' riMlii Ciir- lisli', Ki'iiliirky .Sliir lius .slmwii a '_'::((» f^nH. Mr. lic'inirs in ilNii llll r\|liTirnccil tniiiiii-, liuviiih' a llllr liiill'-iiiilL' Iriii'k on liirt lai'iii. W. 1'. Clink Is II viti'i'limi'.v mii'uriiii iit liiiiill IMilP.iilcil ( Ivilrsilalc stiilliiiii I'ollili. \>liii litis tiiki'ii pi'i/.rs liiitii 111 Sciiliainl mill t'aimilii, .Mr. Cliirk is ii ^'riidiiiitc ol llii' \'t'triiiiiii,v C'lilli'Ki', 'I'liriilito, anil ii ihihIiIii;; .ynniif,' liiisini'ss iiiiiii. Will. Mi'I.r.in. of (luilcrii'li, is nil i'\|iiirjrr iiiul lUalcr in ciitlli' iitiil riiailstrr.<. Miiiiy years' I'vprrii'iici' tcllH tiiiii flint liif>li Ki-inlr .sliurlliiiiiis arc tlu'iiiust |inilllulili) fnr iirniliicrr. Nhi|i|ii'r iiml I'linsiiiiii'r. His lliii! rcsi- ili'iiiv is iMiiiitlliilly sitimtcil ill tlio nililst of h'ri^i'ii lawns mill «i'll-kr|it llnwcr K''iilriiM. .T. .Mki'iiliniij. vctrrinary siir^^fdii ipf (rudcrloli, is a Krailiiatc nl tin' Dnlarin Vrtcrinary CuIIi'k ' "f 'rnrniitii. Mr is j^'iivcriimi'iit iiispcL'tiir of Mfuek I'lir West Uiiliiif^ (if lliinin. Mr. .Vikcnlii'ail Is a bri't'ilcr ainl iiwiii'r of Uoyal (li'iirj,'i' Imrscs. Kiilicrt .Siiniiijf, Ilitllctt toHTislii)), is a w iilc-uwnki' yniiii!,' larnii'r iiiiil owni'r of llir iiiiiioilcil .Sliirc slullion (lay I, ltd i;>i;!L'i. (lay Lad is a liainlsoiiii' dit|i|ili' ;jfiiy. srM'iiti'i'ii liands liij^li and wci^^lis 2,1 10 poiinds. Hols oiii' of till' lii'st liri'd stallions iu Ontario, tlieri' lioiiit; tliirti'on crosses on (ln' sink's side. Josi'iili Morris, ('olliornc lownsliiii, is ono of tin' ri'])- 1' si'iitativi' far.iirrs of liis towiisliip. liaviii}; u lliii' f.iriii niidrr a lii^rli slat ■ of i-iiltivatioii two and oiii'-half mill's from (iodcrii-'li. .Mr. Morris hclii'Vi's in kri'piiiH: np Willi till' tinii's, and is raiiidly iniproviii},' tin' j^'radi' of Ills stock both in cattle mid liorsi's. Holiert 'riioiiipson. of (lodcricli, a lioivse.slioer and farrier, lias the contUlencc and trade ol the iin|iorlcrs and lireeders of titi.s locality, lie is a tlioroiif,'li work- iiiaii and treats weak heels, sand cracks, i|iiarti'r cracks, drop soles, corns and iiiterf rin^; in a .scieiititlc inanner. J. A. l-'erfi;iison. Iilacksinifh at .\iilinrn, does the work of the iiii|iorlcrs and breeders of line horses in his sec- tion of the comity. .\ll diseasesof thehoof arc treated siicecssfnlly by liiiii. Isaac Kislicr. of Colborne township, (iodcricli Jiost- otllcc, is a breeder ami ilealer in registered sliorthoriis. .\ltlioii};li a beginner, he has started with a very choice herd. His imported bull .VIbcrt i.s rc^isl. led in tlu' r.nj,disli and liritish.Vmerican short horn held books. His imported cows, llosabid and CIcniiMiliiia's (Scin, show the ipiality of his stock. J£o has olio of (liob'st farms in his locality. .Vntliony .Mien, Diinloi) Corners, Diinlop poilolice. is an iniiMirter and breeder of tlioroii;;libreil horse, and owner of the clebrated youu;{ Clydesdale stallion Uanntless; ;i..")."i."i, C. ,S. Ji. He is a i(rifj;Ut bay and u descendant from the best Clydesdale horses of Scot- l.ind. Mr. .\llen and .sou are now arrangiiiij to briiij.; Home fine horses from Scotland this season, his sou be- Iiih; there now to make piu'cha.se.s. XUey haiidlo su- perior horses, Michael SoUwaiiz, of Colborno township, lieiimiller postolllee, is a breeder of shorthorn cattle and '^vrnXe Clydesdale horses. He owns the bull, Duke of IJridge- watcr, bred by H. Elford. of Holmesvillc. Mr. Scliwanz is ou ; of the progressive larmirs uf liLs township. .VIexauder Yoililg, of Colborne township, Carlow po.st- olllce. is a breeder of .shorthnrn cattle and roadsters. In \"--',i Mr. Voiiii- ^.^tt!...i r.-.. :.:, i>;.....!it !i,;;::-^te:t.!, and has seen the county Krow up and u Ki'^i-'ratiou [luss away. He owus lour luindre 1 acres of laud. t C. I'lslier, of lleiimlllcr, is a earria^'c and vtigon- iiiakor and Kdieral blacksiiiilh. He has large and eoiii- fortable shops and conimands the ti'Mile In hisneigh- borliood. lie keeps ready-liiade work alwiiys on Itiilid. l>. C. Stracliaii. of (lodericli, is a dealer In j.'roceries, crockerv and glassware. .Mr, Stiacliiin is one of the enterprising btisliiess men of the place and owner of a line blooded mare. She wiis sired by old Toronlo Chief: her dam from lllaek .lack. She has made a reeord of less than three iiiliiutcs, and has raised a iinmbcr of llm.' colts, \V. .M. (^nigley is a bliicksiiiltli aiiit iiractlcal horse- sillier at Kiiigsbridge. lie is a young pnsliliigincehaiiie who is thoroughly posted iu his busiiie.ss, and believes ill building np a trade ou the i|Utilily of work tiiriicil lint. He lias been located at his pri'seiit ipiarters since Ins" and is the "boss" liorHcshocr of his section of the coniity. 1!. J, II. Deloiig, proprietor of Uoyal Hotel, Tort Albert, Is one of the young cuti'rprising business men of Unroll coiinly ami for the past seven years has been pi'ii|iiielor of the jibovc hotel. He has a happy way of malviiig his guests feel (lerfectly at home. He Is also an auelioneer of the eoiinty and any letters uiailcd to liiiii will receive prompt attention. Alexander McNeil, Colliorne township, Is a fanner and breeih'r of registered sliorthoriis. Mr. McNeil has a line fariii of .'((Ml acres and has gi\en hlMatlcii- tioii to the breeding of tine stock. He now owns the line shorthorn bull, Kveiiing Star by Highland Chief, and a line thoroughbred heifer, besides a line lot of grades. He also pays considerable attention to sheep indiistry and owns some of the best grade draft horses in the countr.y. ■riioniuH Donglicrt.v, Sliepliardson postolllee, is a thriving .vouiig farmer wlio has just coninienced the breeding of registered sltort horns by crosses with heavy draft tlnirouglibreds. He owns the proinisiiig young registered bull, Duke of Ashllcld by Favorite. Mr. Iiiiilglierty and father have been ifiiite extensively engaged ill dealing iu catll'- for a nuiiiber of years, ■lohn McLean, farmer and stock breeder. Diiiigaiiiiou l"istol)lce, has a Hue farm of lilK) acres under a high slate of cultivation. :iiu| for the past twenty year.s has Inen engaged ill raiding high grades iu lioth cattle and horses. He liasal-o been extensively eii;_',iged in buy- ing and shipping nid owus a tine impoi !. 'I .shorthorn bull, which is r gistered iu the Doiiiiiii.ii shorthorn Iierd book. John Hewitt, of Walton, is a breeder of sliorthoriis. He bred the celebrate i Diieliess of Walton, Maud May and lilossom, sired by Lord Lome, dam Flora McDon- ald, Mr. Hewitt owns some thoroughbred Southdown sheep. Persons can coiumiinicata with liiiu at his post- olllee, Walton, o; can call ut his stock luriu, Mt. I'leasunt. .lam 's Hays, of Seafortli, is a breeder of roadsters. He has some tine lirooil mares, many of wlio.se colts have been sent to the States. Mr. Huya has held many public positions and Is now Reeve ol McKiUop tow ii- sliip. Win. Hawkshavv, of Seaforth, is the owner of the im- ported Clydesdale stallion. General (iorley; "lOlil. He iiui some line roadsters and one of the smallest Shct- lainl ponies in Canada. He is [iroprictor of the Hawk- sliaw House, which is near the depot and well patron- ized by horsemen. D. C. Dorrance, of Seaforlh, is principal of the Lead- bury .sel:"!)!. He is :t brciv.ier and dealer iu rnad.srcri, having several well bred young horses. Persons de- siring a g.iod stepper should corres;)ond witli him. ■r ^ I II I I'A U M I'ilO*' M'I'tX'K IUM>I\. liiKH mill viiKy crosNi'H with IS till' iiriiiiilsiiiK rill l>y Inivoiile. qiiiti' I'xtciisiviily ilii'r of yours. tnllT, IlllllffllllUnU res niiili'r a liiyli twi'iity yciir.s liiis 11 liotli cuttlu mill eiifiagoil in buy- [jortnl sliiirtliorii uliiiiiii Hhortlioru H' of sliortUiirns. iilloii, Miiiul May till I'Mora McDim- iliii'il .Southdown 1 liiiu ut liis ijost- .stoek farm, Mt. ili'r of roa(lstor.s. y of whose L'olts ys has lioUl many r MuKillop tow II- owner of tlic iiii- irlcy; aOltl. He lo smallest Slii't- tor of till' Hawk- aiiil well pittriin- ipal ot the Lead- akT in riiad.stcri, les. Persons (le- nd with liim. t John V, liale, ol Si'iiliiitli, owiht n( llu' Muph' llomi' stork farm. Is an iinpnrtir of Clyilcsihtli' liorses ami nil . spiirtrr of eatlli', Inn inn fnllowi'.l tlili lillsjiii'SS tlie lust tHi'lilv vnil's. Ill' Is lllsua lirriillT I'l liij-'li Kl'iiih' slioillioiiis Hiiil [iiiri' liri'il l.i'ii'i'stiT si p mill ll'iU sliii'i' mill Siillolk pih's. Ills Imporli'il mure Violit is a fair Miiiipli' iif Ills liiirsi's. .Iiilif Wiinl.of Siurort I, Is a maliufacturir and ili'iilir ill nil kinds of liurili'ss niiil lillliks. He is llie iiWIii'r nf till' li'ottiiiK stallion Muliuwk rliii'l.i d •-MTi'j. sired liy old Clear (Irit, lie hy l,upidist. He is roiisideri'il oiie of the llni'st stallions in these imrts. .lomilliuii Miller nlioiit si\ mill s from I loderiili on till' lianks of till' Mnillmid emi lir rmiiid that ipiaiiit elil vilhiKi' lieiimiller. Till' well kept liosllrry is presided over hy .loiiallimi Miller, s f tlie foiuidir of the plaee. ' Amid the noimiiI of e\er-t'alliiiK waters in this health-KiviiiK utmospliere tlie invalid nr tourist v'liii sei'iire till' ri'st itMl sieliisimi so iiiixiniisly siiiinlit mid so niri'ly found. Sprili;? lnooks and sperkled tioiit. liemitifiil rnvinesmid rniiiuiitie seriiery endear the [ilaee to tlie mi'iiiory of the sportsman and the loiterer. Will, riiikiiev, ol Seaforlli, is owner of lioliert llon- iier, Jr., sired iiy lioliert Homier, reeord '.'■Jl, a yoiint; Clear (Irit stallion, iliiiii liy a KeveiiHe mure. Mr. I'iiik- ney itlso owns mi imporled Shire horse nnil ranks us one of the horsemrii of the eiiiinlry. 'I'lionins f.npslie, of Seitforlli, owner of Knirview Park, is a lireeiler of stanilard liied roadsters. He Ims some of till' best yoiin^,' horses in this partof the eoiinlry and is generally i ogni/ed as one of the best lireeders. His hum joins tlie town. .lolin S. I'hitt Is the owner of the I'lntt Salt IJloek. The Imsiliess was estalilislied in ls(>7, Mr. I'liitt's father being tlie original di^eoverer of salt in Cmiadii. The works are sitiiiili '1 nn ll liiinks of the Maitli'id. The well is 1,laek«mitliilig and lior.se-slioeing and treats iliseus s of the hoof. .lames Mo'Ieoeh. of Egniondville. is the owner of tie' shorthorn hull. Ilmon Hero. No. 1 •-'.•J',l.">, vol. i», ( . s, 11 H 1!. This bull has taken iiiiiiiy tlrst inizes. Mr Mclieiiell also ovuis a good lierd of grade eat I'''. (ieo ]■'.. Ilender.soii.of Seafoitli.is a iiiiiniifMeturer and dealer ill all kiiuls of harness, and curries a large stock of trunks and hand bags of all sorts. He is agent of the Confederated Life liisiiranee Co., of Toronto, ainl sec- retary of the T'rottiiig .Vssoeiation of this plaee. Whilil y and .\liell, of Seafortli, me liverymen mid cluim to 'kee|i the best rigs in town. They furnish good rigs tor eommereial travelers, at moderate rates. .bimes W. Killer, veterinary surgeon, has liis ollleeand iiillrmary in Seafortli. He is a graduate of tlie Dntario Veterinary College, and muy be oonsiilted on all dis- eiises of domestic uuimiils. He examines horses as to their .soundness und buys iind sells on coiniiiission. ,Iumes Mitchell, ot (lodericli, is editor and proprietor ot the Slai- und Secretary of the Dominion Draught- ilorsn lircciicrn' Society, iiicorpoi:ttrd in ' '-•^•>'-. The society mis a long-felt want und meets with warm up- lirovai ami satisfactory oncourugement. I'atriek Ian, ol Dill din, is owner of the thoroughbreil stnllli Midirieh Chief, record, 'J 117. (loderli'li Chief was shed by lllill Cliief. Iir by lioMil lleorge. Ilisdam WHS an iiiipoiled in. ire, sister of I. ney. who sold in cii'selaiid for !)s7, vol. Ci; Meg ^b■rl■ilies d'SI, vol. li; l!rac<.'let ( I'.tT. vol. :ii. Ho also has many tine grades, and hisstock is among the very best in Huron county. •lolin McKay A Sons, proiirietors of Hillside I'arm. are breeders of regi.stered shortliorns and Clydesdale horses. The.v" have a line herd of shurlhorns. The following are the cream of the thick: Hr;eiiiar Prince, .Moss Itose L'd, Lady Dora, Lily Jhiud and liracclet. 1 Tliey also own a line mare sired by Ihiyal Itevenge and j a descendant of lilackliawk. Ibirgon and Messenger. ! They have a colt from this mare, sired by I'lillon. he | from iiniiortiHl stuck. .lohii StalVord, owner of Prospect Hill stock farms, 1 Wal'on postollice, is a breeder of registered siiortiiern [ cattle. Clydesilale and road hor.-es. Among his stock ; maybe found one of the largest bulls in the enuntv, Cota iKf.-Ndi. .Miss Webb (liTo. vol. .Si. Miss '.Valtoii. i lio.se of McKillop and ollnn's. .Mr. Stafl'ord is one of | the leading b eedcrs and is thorougly posted in veter- inary matters, and has performed some of the most j (lifllcult operations with success in this |iart of the | country. Heorge (ireen, (loderich, is a breeder of registered I'ercheron horses. His stallion, l?rilliant i(i L'L'it, vol. -1 1. and a brood mare foaled on board ship are tine ani- mals. He owns Tontine, .Ir.. sireil by old Tontine. In ISSd Jfr. (ireen sold a horse for twelve hundred dol- lars. Heisoneof the few breeders of ferclnron horses in this locality. ]'. .1. Uroen, Limerick postolHco. farmer, breeder and importer of ('lydii.sdal(> horses, recently imported a V ry line young mare. Forest (^iieen. bv King of Hie forest (I.ITO. vol, L'i, ,|i>,r, Mettj.- .;!,'_'r^. Vv!'. 7,; niso young Ktallion. Crown (inn, by King of the Forest : 1. 170, vol. li), dam Young .lean ( l.Olil . vol. ,")l. Andrew Drysdale has a line farm of Kid acres on the Huron road near (ioderich. He was for many years herdsman at flow I'ark farm and also mamiged Oak Hill hirm owned by Clniuncey Andrews, of Ohio. He is a thoughlful, intelligent man and a scii-ntillc hirnier. He ipiietly ai^coniplishes with his knowledge that which costs others inucli money and hard work. 1). Donovan, of Seaforlh, is a dealer in horses. He has been engaged in this business for tlii^ past seven years and is one of the enterprising horsemen of Kea- forth. I'ersons wishing to buy or sell horsca will do well to comnHiiiicate witli him. Alexander Davidson, of Seafortli, is the importer of ^hlgician, from which he has a line young stallion, dam by a Clear Srit mare. At Tliornlon Hall, his breeiling hirni, may be tound many promising colts and line brood mares. His registered herd of shorthorns are a credit to the land. He is known as one of the 1 Idest and best breeders in the country. .lolin XfcXevin. Woodhain postollice, present iiro- prietor of Imiierial Flouring .Mill at Woodham and breeder of trotting and road horses of the well-know n Hamliletonian and Tlppo breeds, and one of the owners of the imiiorted Clydesdale stallion, .loe ( 1. Itll 1. Thomas Derry, llensall ]iostorilce, dealer in horses and proprietor of a sale andexchange stableat llensall, owner of the imported Cly- esdale stallion, Auchen- cairii (\o .l,,Sl,">, vol.1)), foaled April 1."). ISS,"). color brown, with small stripe on face and one hind fool wliite. sixteen hands high, sired by Helled Knight (1.;i',t."), vol. ,'!i, dam iJai.sy of (iirdstingwood iL'.til ', vol. til. Jtr. Jierry is also part owner of two other im- iiorted slidlions. .Joe I l.'Kil. vol. 111. by ISelted Knight also, and (lood Cheer (l,ti7S, vol. lii'by Farmer iL'Sd, vol. 1 I dam Nell. Jfr. Jierry is also an extensive e.x- porter of cattle and slii>ep. JaniesCooper.JvippeniiostoUice, inn loiter and Jireeder ol Shropshire sheep, keeps on liami a large stock of sheep, all pure bred, and either imiiorted or lireij by liimself from imported stock. JIas exported a numlicr to the Western States: also lire 'ds heavy Iiorses, Thomas WooiJley, JirncetleJd postorilce, Jireeder of Clydesdale horses, owns inipoi ted and registered mare, (^iieen of Jieauly, wliicJi is his princiiial iirood miuv from which he is raising some good ones. JIugliMcDiarmid, JSruce'ieliJ postoUlee, breeding pure bred Clydesdale from imported registered stallions and his importeil mare, liebecca 1 L;!:i;i, vol. 7), sired by JvanJioe (,'i!M!, voj li; .ilso Jireeding idadster.s. ^^e.ssl^s. J'eter and .John Cameron, Jirucellehl post- ollice, breeders of Shorthorn Durhams, pure imported stock and all registered in N. D. H. J!.; al.so grade Hol- stein cattl(> and general purpose lior.se.s. Will. I!, Sinillie, lirncelield postorilei', of Sniillii> liros., dealers in horses and owni-rsof the |iiive bred Clydes- dale stallion, (ieiieral 'iordon iri.OiiO. vol, '.li. sire Lvon C.et iL'.llMli. dainlielicccu ( l.L'iilJ). Foaled May, |SS.|. a licautiful dark bay without any white marks, (iood lioiie, style and action. Wm. Sinclair. CliiM'lliurst posloltlce, is a proininent farmer and lireeder of lieavy draft Jior.ses and good glade cattle. Jlas an e.xtra line Iirood mare that has taken a numtier of first prizes. .Jolin(ira.v, Chi.sellinrst postolllc(>. imporlerof Clydes- dales. Jn Feb.. ISS7, iaiported .Jim Crow (4, l.'")7, \i,\. Si, sire Leslie Lad iLi.L'L'O, vol. I 1. dam Dainty ( i.()7(>, vol. 7), and a two-year old called "Ni,.'k-a-'J'ine; see VI I. 10. lioth very good horses. .John (llpiin, I,nml<^v posfoHle(<, breetls flr3t-cl,i.s,s registered shortliorn cattle, heavy draft Jiorscs niul Soullidown .ilieep. t^ 4 I lU'l'es oil the ■ iimiiy yi'tirs iiiiijii^'od Oak of Kliio. llr iitilic ruviiici'. <(■ tliiit vvhicli I lioivse.s. He 10 imst Kovi^ii I'liii'ii (if St'ii- (irsc'S '.vill do ' inipoitor of Nttillidii. (htm liis breeding,' ills iiiitl line i'lliorii.>s lire 11 of the ( hlest prcseiil ]iro- ciidhiiin 1111(1 I' well-liii(i\Mi if the owiu'i's I. Kill. ler ill horses ileiit Ueiisiill, ion, Auclien- . issr., eohir lie liiiid foot ,'lti'd KiiiKhf vood iL'.lil ', ivo other iiii- elled Kiiif,dit I'liriiier I'JSii, xteusive ex- raiidbroeder iVRe stocl-: of I or lired liv N'd 11 iiuiiilier lorses. ', breeder of islered mure, I brood mure iree(liiijr|„||-,. Ntiillioiisaiid il. 7), sired ulsters, eeliehl posl- ire iiiiported soKl'aiU' Hol- ■imillie IJros., iiied Cjydes- '.'1, sire I, Von il May, Issl. iiulis. Good 11 lironiiiii>iit I'H and K'Hxl Hire tliat has erof Clyih's- V (1, l,'")7, Mil. liiit.v I l.OTO, L-ii-'J'ine; see Is llrat-ela.s.s horsi'M titul t* 'III-; J'\VliMKPr<' srOC'Iv HOOK. XXIII, )l Thomas Coati s, Exeter iioatofllee. breeds i)ure bred shorthorn Diirlmm cutth' direet from iiniiorted stoeli of tlie bi-st class. Mr. C'oates' stock is reKistered ill th(^ , 1». r. It. II. ]!. Is largely eiif,'at,'ed in exporting cattle to Kntjland. Is a reliable breeder and dealer. .John Loadman, Exeter iio'stolllce, farmer and owner of the imiiort d Shire stallion. Jlatehless, imported from I.iiicolnshlre, England. Is a beautiful type of the Khire horse and comes of a popnlar family of pii/e winners. Sired by that noted lior.se Thumper and he by Waxwork, lliitehless has won a number of tirst prizes. r.ichard Delbridse, Winchelsea iiostollicc, breeder of ; imrelired lierkshire lioKs iindwhite liCgliorn poultry. j Septimus Hogarth, proprietcn- EIniihile fiirni. Exeter j jiiistolliee, has been u niiinber of years enRii.ycd in ; breeding pure bred shorthorn Unrhiini cuttle from re;;, istered stock; also Rood .grades; breeding good roadster horses from some of tlie best breeds, such a; Clear (Irit. lilackhuwk and Humbletonian strains of blood. .lames Eoadman. Exeter |iostot1h'e, farmer, iniiiorter and breeder of heavy draft lim's.s. Has lirst-class brood mares and raises good stock that he has .sold at good prices. .Tohii Doig, -Ir.. KippiMi postoHlce, breeds heavy draft horses and owns two good Clydesdale stallions imiiorted liy himself. Uoviil Toiismiin i:i.'.)Sl , vol. 7l; Young ]!on- ii'ie Scotland ili.dOtl, vol. lii: also breeding good grade cattle. E(Mci-ter and Slirop hire shec'ii and lierkshire swine. .Tolin Willis. Kxeter, horseman, of the tlrm of Col- (|iiolioiin, l>ow .\- Willis. Eeonard llnnter, I'.xeter postolllcc, is a prominent and well-known stock grower, breeds pure bri-d reg- istered shorthorn nnrliam catti', carriage and road-^ter horses of a good class, Sontlidown and Shroiishire sheeii and lierkshire swine. .lohn Delbridge, Winchelsea postoriice, furmer and breeder of jiiire bred Durham cattle, bred direct from imported stock of the best milking families; also good grades. Thus. liissett, Exeter, has long beiMi engaged in deal- ing in and breeding good horses; is the owner f the well-bi' 1 trotting stallion, Volo, ii beautiful dark buy, stands sixteen hands high, black points, sired by -lolm E. Kysdyk. be bv Wood's Knickerbocker, and he by Uyscivk's llainblctonian. Volo's dam was I-iicy Ken- ni'lt,'by Kennett ithoroiighbrcdi. sire of liarlow. who trotled'a trial in '_': I il and was sold for s^lL!.OIl(>; also the sire of Nettie, the greatest pi. vince-bred racing mare in Canada in his day. In Volo are eoutined many of the (>xcellent (pialities oi his illustrious ancestors, and with proper handling should distinguish himself us u trotter. 1'liis hor.se is certainly deserving the imt- ronage of parties wanting tobrced t nil ters or roadsters. Charles Wolf, Creditou postollicc, furmer and breeder of heuvv draft horses, owns an interest in two imported Clydesd'iile stallions, Hovston lioy LM I'J. (>:!:!, vol. 7l. and lleathen. sire Voiiiig Lord Evon I'.l'.Ui. Willium lieeker. liliike postolUee. in-oiirietor lieriie Hotel and ow iier of the eeleliraled stiindurd bred trot- ling stullioii, Fulton ir. cord L'lllOl. sired by Old Temp- est', and be by Old Hoyul (Icorge, diiiii not traced, but she wasthe d'umof Ere'd Hooper (record '_':'_':!/. Kiilton is well-known as a trotter and sire of trotters. (Icorge 'J'aylor, Kijipen postoHice, breeding heavy draft hor.ses from mares Unit are nearly pure bred CIvdesdales and imported horses, owuerof u line highly bred Clvdesdiile stallion, (lold Cup. foaled in May. lws,"i, sired by imported Stramier CJ, I 111, dam I'liy When Ready, by importeil Welcome. Francis Coleniiin, Hills Green postoRlee, importer and lireeder of English Shire horses. Mr. Colemuii is one of the most iironiineiit and reliable breeders of this class of horses in the counti'.v. He kcejis on hand u number of ilrst-dass horses, all of which are either im- ported or bred b.y himself frmn imported stock iind uU registered in thcCiinudian Shire Stud liook. He issues a catalogue that will be scut tree on application to iu- tcnding purcliiisers. Thomas Coleman, Hills (ireeii postoftlce.lior.se dealer and owner of imported Shire stallion. I'riiice Victor, foaled Jlay 1<», ISSl, bred by Henry Freshuey. South I'Ingliiiid, sire Kival i'J,SS.")i, dam Flower ivol. ;{, E. S. li.l, by Farmers' F'riend iT'.IS). This horse has taken u number of jiri/es, and his colts have tiikeii tirst and second jirizes wliereV(M' show ii. Prince Victor is reg- istered ill C. S. S. Ii. .Tolin Cochrane, Hills (ireen postolllcc. breeder of pure bred Clydesdale horses, owner of iinimrted reg- istered Clydesdiile mare; also breeds pure bred Ayr- shire cattle. I). Mcintosh, veterinary surgeon. Brucetield, grad- uated from the Toronto Veterinary College in is72. ami after spending ii year at Kincai'diue located at lirncetleld. Has been snccessfiil in the practice of his profession and now en,ioys a Incrutive jiractiee and the conti leiice of the comniunity generally. Has been (lUite extensively cii.gaged in importing Clydesdales. Is a thorough .iudge of hor.ses and tre(|Ueiitly acts in the eajiucity of .judge of Imrsesat the large exhibitions at Toronto und other places. David Keith, Ilcnsall postolliee, importer and breeder of heavy draft horses. In Issli imported two very tine pure bred Clydesdah^ stallions, and is now owner of Eord linchan'iNo. L'.il.'iti, vol. (ii, sire Earl of liuclian (l.lL'(i), (lain licssii^ Ece (770). Wm. Keith, Sr . Hensall iio.stottice, farms and breeds liure bred shorthorn linrhiiins. This herd ure of the liutes strain of good niilkin.g families and bred direct from imported stock and all registered in the I). 11. 1!.; I also breeds lieuv.v horses. i, James Cochriine, Hills Green postolliee, breeder of I pure bred Clydesdale horses from marcs iinporled by ; himself and registi'red in vol ,"i. C. S. 1>. Has a very promising young stallion called Speculation out of one of his importeil marcs and sired by imported Good Cheer (l,li7S, vol. 1). 11. Happel. Zurick iiostolllce, farmer, proprietor of tlax mill and breeder of shortliorii Dnrlium cattle from registereil stock of the best class. Is also a large ex- porter of cattle und sheep. Samuel Kaiiiin. Esip. /uricli postolliee, farmer and owner of .saw and shingle mill-, bree(Ier of shorthorn cattle from best rcgistiu'ed stock; also Shr(,isliire Down sheep und lierkshire swine. Thonipson Murdock, Hensall postoltlci>, proprietor of a tirst-class livery und siile stable at Hensall and breeder of trotting and road hor.ses. Owner of the fiimous standard iby iierforniunce) trotting stallion, .loc Gales, formerly Wi'st Liberty (record 2:2si under which iiiinie Ik; is registered ill Wallace's Stud liook. .loc (iules wus bred by .1. h. Wilson, of West Liberty, Iowa, sired by Waiisie' (tissi. the sire of General (irant {'_';'Jli, and Glcuwood i'J;'J7|'i. dam not traced. Waiisie was sired by General liushaw, the sire of .Iose)iliiis ('J:l'.>;i. and alinnibi>rot others tied trotted better than L!:lit». Sainu'l Smillie. Hensall poslolllce, importer and breeder of Clydesdales; iniiiorted and owns Lady Cors- wull, registere(l. Has a yoiingstullion. Top Notch, bred from iinporled stock and icgistcred in Cuiiudiaii C S. Ii. Sire I'ublic Oiiinioii, dam Liiily Corswall. t XXIV. TillO VAltMKliS S'l'DUIC UOOlv. h 1 Win.'ll. McT.ran. Ileiisall pdstdnk'c.nKont for agriiiil- tm-iil iiHlilcMioutfi ami lirccdcv (if wrll-hn-il vimilstcr lior.si's. Owiici- of II very line .viiiuij;' slalliim liy dil Cleav (ii'it, dam liy Sir Arlliur. ami lie l>y Whisker itliiirmiKliliri'd;; also 1ms two colt.s out of sami' maro, got liy Fnltoii. Simon Mi-Ki!iizic, liruci'fioUl iiostollU'C. lirccdcr of licavv draft and general puriiose horses. Owner of the imiiiirteil Clydesdale .stallion. Kenilwortli iL'.lsTi, sired by Sir William ,2. ll!»i. dam Maggii> lid (l.tilidi. Ken- ilworlh is a dark iirowi, with three white i)astern.s and white sti-ipe on faee: weight. 2.10(1. liobert MeMordie, Kipiien ijostolliei^ imiuirter and breed(^r of Clvdesdalo horses, breeding from stoek im- ported by himself; mare Nannie (vol, 2 1, stallion, Seottish Chief, both regislered in Seleet Clydesdale Stud liook. Seottish Chi( f foaled in .\ug., lSs:i(\o. I,"i2. vol. 2), sire Dandey (222. vol. 1), dam Maggie, by Ivanhoe. (leorgo riuvis, IlriU'etlekl iiostoltioe, imiiorter, ex- liorter and breedi-r of Suffolk and Clu'ster white hogs. -Makes a speeialty of these breeds and has beou very sneiessfnl. liobert MeC.owaii. Kipiien postollioo, importer of Clydesdale hor.ses and Shetland ponies, breeding from two verv line imported mares. Lass o' linte ivol. ill, sire blue liililion il.'.Mil. vol..">), dam Kdinburg .vol.'.tl, ami Keepsake in vol. 7. sire Knight of Suouilon (2.212. vol. ,".1. dam -lane ,'id (S."i',t, vol. I.l, Keep.sake took first prize at Western I'air. London, in Issti. Thomas Knssell. of Kiverside Farm, Exeter postoHlee. has for a number of years been extensively engaged in importing and breinling shorthorn cattle and Clydes- dale h -rse.s. Keep.s on hand a number of pure br<'d Durham cattle imiHU'ted by himself; also a uundii>r bied b.\ himself from imported" stoek, all of whieli are among the verv best stoek in Canada, and all registi red in the 1). S. H. H. li. Has been a very successful jiri/.e winner, having taken the herd luize wherever he has shown. His famous stock bull. Mariner, was bred by Mr. S. Cam)iliell, of .\berdeeiishire. Scotlauil. His celebrated importe.lcow. liracelet 2il. h;is taken many first prizes in this country, and none lowi'r than .secoiul. Slu' was one of the fan'iily prize group at the \(n-tliern show at .\lierdeeu in Issli. lireeds pure bred Southdown sheep and Berkshire swino. Messrs. Colqnohonn & Dow. Exeter i)ostoniei'. im- jiorters and dealers in Clydesdale hor.ses; in .\ugust. 1SS7, imported from ,\berdeensliire. Scotland, tvyo very tine horses, Ch;irming Cliarlii' ( l.'.MT, vol. '.ti. sired by liovid Charlie i727, vol. I l. dam (Up. of .\nchraed e (2.1(»;i, vol. til. Charniing Charlie was foah'd May 11, 1 ss;{. 'i'he other lun'se is called The Turk, and will be found in vol. Id. .Mso ouuers of the imported Clydes- dale stallion. Voung Itovei' (2..'i:il), sire Srratlielyde (l..'i:iS. vol. .'li, dam .less 1 l.;"«:i2. vol. .')i, ami are in- terested with .lohn Willis, of Kxeter, in Young Lothair, imiiorted and registered in Canadian Stmt liook, No. 20, vol. 1, \\\- the famous horse Dandey (2;22l. dam Kate, imported (No. 27, vol. I I, Ereedom imported. I'reedom won a nmnber of iirizos before leaving Scot- land and a nmnber since his arrival in thisconntry, and his stock is turning out well and being .sold at high liriees. Their horse Douglas was bred in Canada from imported stock and registered in Canadian C. S. li. Tipling liros,. proprietors of Talm (irove Earni. om'- hall mile east of Wiiigham. are brceilers of Clydesdale horses and own the lollowiug animals; (larnet (im- iiorted. No. 2,7!l.">. vol.:!i.a bcaiitifid dapple brown, llimlv proportioned, easy action ami a sure foidgelter; Kiwi, of i.iuabty, a dark brow n. mcdiiun and blai'k, has an enviable reinitation as a giunl stock-getter. li(^ has taken severid prizes and a diiiloma. Their brood marc .Joseph Copp, proprietor of the City Paint Shop, Clinton. Out., importer and breiuter of standard bred horses. He has been breeding some tine stock, liis first brood mare bein.g a Uoyal (Je()rgl^ from which he raised the wcll-knovyn ilo.val '(te()rge,.Ir.. trial record 2:2."ii. liiddv DiUMivau, a line Kentucky bred mare, sired by H:)nost .VUen, 'son of Ethan Allen, dam Agiu's D(Ui- avan. by Lexington, is the last importation, and is ouo of the best in Huron coiuity. Thomas Tipling. the leading hor.seshoer of Clinton and exporter ami deidcr in horses. Mr. Tii)ling has built u|) a lirge business in exp(n'ting heavy draft horse-,, an I being a good .judge of a horse, parties will do well toi;idl or address hiai when ill wiuit of anj'- thing in his line, or if they have stock for sale. T. Dun las, Livcrv au.l Silo Stable, in roar of Bel oliamber House. Telephone Connection. Wedding »nd Enne.rid outllts. Christina Street, Sarnia M,\ssrs. E, (l.iU'it .<: Som are proiirietors of the pie- turesipie farm, Willowdale, three and (Uie-hulf miles .southeast of Lucknow. This llrm are the champion breeders of shorthormHl cattle and Leicester sheep in this section. .Vt present lh(\v have nine femah^^ and two males, reg stored in I). H. 1! , the head of their herd being tlii^ celebrated Lord Lovell, which took second prize at the Western Fair, Loiidiin, in 1SS7. He is sired by liramiitou Hero (;i2 1 1, dam Matchless of Elmhurst 2d, Tliey also own a promising bull bred by tlu'iusi Ives, sire I'riuce of Willowdale; dam Lady Harper 2d. .Vmoiig their females aie; Miss liooth, sire I'rince of Sealiam, dam .Vgne;; Huckiugham, by Liberator, and contains the Criiikshank strain. Vacuna (1th. hired by liaron Stanley (2."i,(> 11). dain Vacuna 2 I, is of tli(^ Fashion family. Besides these are many others of the same strains .shown above. This lirni have been breeding Leicester slieci) for the past twenty years, the last live of which they liavi! been showing at thi^ Provincial and other large fairs, where they have been very successful prize winners. This ll>'ni well de- serve the name of model farmers. There is a business and courteous manner about each member which is commendable. Inspection solicited. Po.stofilco. St. nelen's, Ont. Thomas Agnew, Wi igham, Out., is proprietor of ~ lirst-class livery stable in the business part of the tow": H(! usually has about thirteen horses and always a go'^'' s ipply of \ 1 conveyances. For many years he \\a •'^ "■ breeder of thoroughbred horses, and atone tiineow"Cii Honest .lohn, alias Keal JIcKay. Ho owns a hands une team of cliestniits of the roadster class, one sired by Moonstone, the other by (Sold Dust. Dams of both were coach mares. This team has tidteu thirteen (list prizes, being the highest reciu'd of iiu.y team in the county. He also owns a team of carriage horses (dark liays),\iue sired by Whalebone from a Koyal (ieorge miire. .Vny per.sou doing business with Mr. Agnew will tlnd him courteous at all tiim^s. Robert Martin, Clinton, Out., breeder of registered Clydesdale horses and o'.vns om^ of the best lot of this breed in the county. His stallion. Ciiilan 's Model (It.liKii, is 11 choice animal and a great stock getter, while his imported mare. Kilkemau Nell (vol. 7i, is at the head of her class. She has raised a llll.v. wliiidi for her age has carried off more jirizes than any other of her class in this seetioi'. .Mr. Martin also owns numer- ous other good Clyde liorsesalid is said to be one of the best brceilers In this part of Ontario. Ceo. Swai'ts, proprietin'of the well-known and impu- Iiir Hotel I'riiK'c of Wales, Clinton. Out. Mr, Swarls is a hotel man of large exiieiience. ami Ins guests are loud in their praise of the fare of this well ki'pt house. t 4 Tin-; i<'Ali.MKliW STOCK IKXJU. II. (i. Iliblis, fiiriiior and brooiliT. Clinton. Out., inviior (if thf (•(^h^bnitt'd Shin' stalliiiii, I^inoolu.shiio Tom, a tliio liliu'k in color and stands bixtci'n and ono- liiilt hands hifili, with niano fonr loet Ions, -siiiHl by Old I.incDnshii'c Tom ^No. I,li(i7l. Tills is one; of tho lai'^L'st Sliiro lioi'sii in tlio county and has left .ionic vci'y choice stock. Diamond, has nii.scd two very fine colts, one from Gur- net, foaled in IS(S.'>. the other from Kiiij< of Qinility, foaled in I,S8(!. This fliiu also own a trotting nuire. sired by Ulackliawk Morgan, from which tliey have bred <'oits by sncli noted sires as Tom Campbell, Doc- tor ]5iitl>'r and Tontine. The Tipliiif; Bros, are young and enterprising, and as they arc muking a siiecialty of Clydesdales no doubt will keep to the front. I'ostotllce address, Wingliain, Out. S. (1. Switzer, farmer, liaylleld, Ont., owner of the imported stallion, Cashley I'rince, one of the best f'lydesdale horses in this i)(n'tioiiof Ontario (registered in vol. 1)1. sircHi by Jiaron of liueklyville (1,578, vol. , C. S. H.) Mr. Switzer also has some line young stock, sired by this horse, which are a credit to tiie sire. Wm. Koclie is owner of Maple Hill Farm, consisting of "JOO acres, situated six miles west of Winghani. The bnild ig.s are coinmodious and convcnientl.y arranged. "'•;■ Horhe owns the imported Clydesdale stallion, Oold ; . i ,">7l, which took two first prizes before he was ini- )ii! H^l and u tlrst ))rize and diphnna the only time ' < 'An in this country. Oold is bloeky and finely pro- portioned, has an abundance of vitality with free and ea.sy a tioii. He was liighly commended at the High- land Society'H show at Edinburgh, Scotland. All com- miinieations .sent to Mr. R. at Marnoch postoHlce, Out., will receive prompt attention. Thomas Taylor, proprietor of Fairview Farm, con- sisting of 100 acres, ten miles west of Winghani and nine miles soutli of Lucknow, owns two Clydesdale stallions. Huron Chief (impo;\ad, registered in S. S. H.i is a bright dapple bay of medium wi ight and has left some of the best stock to bo found in this section of the country. Mr. Taylor has rai.sed stock, sired by Huron Chief, that has brought liigli prices, -ieottisii Knight (importeil, registered in S. S. H.) is a bright bay with white liind feet. While not of the hcavie,st class, he is bloeky and has won a prize wherever .shown. Mr. Taylor is Ijreeding cattle which he is imjiroving by using thoroughbred shcu'thorn bulls. All communiea- tions sent to St. Helen's concerning stock will receive prompt attention. Messi's. Rutherford A Son are proprietors of Spring- brook Stock Farm, consisting of 2()0 acres, four miles smith of Lucknow. The farm lina .several sjirings on it, {.'iving an abundant supply of water the year round, thus making an excellent farm for stock raising. This llrin are lireeders of shorthorned cattle, among which are the following registered animals: Christina, sire Double Dee (KM. D. U. H.I. dam I'riiuro.se; Fugonia, sire Double Dee,dam .lenny: Hiawatha, a red and white bull, sii-e Diuible Dee, dam Cai)itola. They have n liull calf from their elioico cow. Christina, which )iromises to fully keep up the enviable reputation of the older stock.' Tliey liuve a number of high grades, many of them as good as thoroughbreds. This tlrm are lireed- ing heavy draft horses, having a particularly line niare, (iueen, with three (Jlyde cros.sc, l)e.sid(!» a number of line yimng animals. Comnuinicati(Ui3 sent to Belfast postofllce will receive pi'ompt attention. elms. J. Disney. Holmesville poatofflce, Maitland con- cession, (ioijerieh township, is a farmer and breeder of draft liorses. He is the owner of some superior stock, and his w(!ll-kept farm and flue nnimals testily to his skill as a farmer and bnteder. Wm. Lasliam. of Sallford. i.s proprietor of the Union Hotel at tie j lace. Mr. Lasliiiiu isa very poi)uliir land- l.)r>i. and giir.-ts always tlnd their wants well supplied at his hotel. Win. Dohcrty.of the lliinof W. Dolierty .t Co., organ inannfaclnrers, Clinton, is one of the leailing business men of the place and a reiiresentative horseman. He is the owner of some line liorses. among them the im- ported standard l.Ted stallion, Al Slipp ( 1,0'_'7, Wal- lace's Register). His name has since been ehiinged to Pilot Mambriiio, sired by Melborne King( 1. !((!'_'), lie; by Mambrino King (1,227), hti by Mambrino Chief, by Miimbriiio Paymaster, dam Lizzie .Tackson 2<1. dam Helen MeOregor. This horse eontains the best .strains of blood of tlie .\mericaii trotting families. .lolin Middleton i.-: one of tli('lai>',est farmers in Huron county, and a breeder of shorthorn cattle. He has a IliK! heri'i at iiresent, containing sueli st,obo. which will c mpare with any public stnu'tnre costing twice as much. Jlr. Rechler is one of the enterprising men of tlie county, and expects to make of his place the best brei'ding farm in this section. Eli Rateinan, Holmesville postoHlce, Ooderich town- .sliip. seventh concession, is a fai'Uier and also an ex- ])ort(U' of and dealer in horses. Mr. liateman's skill and exiierience enable him to make good selections, and his large business as an exporter i» continualiy growing, hi.s^ocd stock alwaysoiiening up new markets for him. P i!!" '■■;tl Ui 4- XXVI 1III-. I'AKA] i;i{S- STOCK HOOK, 4- n W. .1. liiKgiiiN. of Clinton, owner of ElniliiirHt Stock I":ii'm. is till' li'iicliiiK lii'('i'(''' '• of slioi'llmrn riitllc in tliis piivt of iMitiuio. His std' is very clioicc ami hvin^H t,'iioil )iri('('s. His imixiitc linll, I'Atvlsioi- i ")1 ,'_','t,'!i, is till' liii'j^i'st iif liis lii't'cil in Ilnrnn comity. He liiis two line cows, .\Iat<'li!('ss (piifjo 1127, vol. li. ('. H. li.i, and Matc'lili'ss of '•;inilnii'st ((iOi. Mr. r.if.'gins stands ycry liit,'li as a lirci'dcr. .lanii's I.aitlnvaitc. Clinton iiostoflicc, Mailland ooii- ccssion. (iodcricli to'-viisliip, is a farmer and l)reeder of draft liorses, and JLis staliles contain many tine aninnds. In addition Mr. I.aitliwaite is u bri'eder of re^'istered sln)rthorn cattle, of wliieli lie has a very fine herd. .Icdin Knox, of (todericli, is a *.") he importr.l Irin -e Napoleon iS,"i) aud lionis Napoleon iS(ii. In 1SS7 he went to Franco and brov.^'lit baid; three Norman stallions and three Freni'li coach stallions, one liaxing a iccord of 'J:',)^ at three years. Mr. Weis in an exiicricnced breeder, and as his selecl ions were made from a large nnmber. his cxjierience .secured him fi;ood animals. Per.sonsdesiring choice animals wonhl do well to call on him. A C, Hallnian A- Co.. New Dnndecarc importers and breeders of tlioi'onghiired Holstein-Frie.san cuttle. They have one of the lirgest, la st selected and nuist nnifo' 111 herds in Canada, with I'rairie .Vasgie Prmeo (vol. I, No. 2, H F. H. I! i at the head. Tiiis animal has been a great prize winner. His sire was l?ovnl .Vag- >rie (H. H. 1! . No. It, Iti;)). grand .^iro I)e T?Miter'(No, SS, N. II. li. 1 His dam was I'rairie Flower . H. H. 1!., vol. 1, No. |H')'_'; .\dvanced Ki'gistry, vol. 1 , No. I7>. with a but- ter record as a live year old of twenty ponnd.s ono ounce nn^alted butter per week. Her prand dam (N. H. li.. 2.:{27i. gave lif'y-two pounds of milk as a two year old. .\ll stock is selected willi care and best of peilif^rees. Their motto is "tonality." Their shiiiping station is Petersburg on tin? (i. T. 1!. -Vle.x. I'eterson, H:iwksville pi.stolllce, proprietor of Pleasanc Valley stock Jarm ami one of the well- know. i and reliable breeders of pure bred, registered shorthorn cattle, heavy draft luu'.se.'' and lierkshirc swine. Cattle are of the Crnii'ksliank strain and good milkers. .\ few of his cows ileserviii(>' special mention are I.ady Laura and I.,-.dy Iv.i. Iiotli by F.arl of Shrews- bury 2d, out of l>ucliess if Kent and Psyche by liaron llowton, dam Lady Clifton M.v I'eterson is extelisi ,-ely engaged in buying and exp irting horses ol all classes; is a member .f the "Clyde idal(> . .id Coach Horso Co.," of Waterloo, the owners of the celebrated imported i lydesdale stallion lioydston lioy ( I I 1 1. When Boyd.s- ton Boy was imported, in ISSl, he was saiil to be one of the liveliest bred horses then living. Is also the owner of a nnmber of well bred Clydesdale mares, ainoUo' them (ju- c;i ■.■!' t!ic \'allcy, I'C^'islel ed in C. C. S. li.. No A 7<). that hus a in- unisiiig horse coll liyltoyds- tou Hoy, I'oaled in 1887. Peter Itter, manager of the House of Industry and liefuge of the i-onnty of Waterloo, is breeding .lersey cattle on the 1 10 acre farm in connectiuii with the in- stitution, having at present eight head. The head of the herd is Young Canada .lohn Hull, of the tliiest strain of blood, and has won llrnt pri/.e wherever shown. Mr. liter buys and sells a iireat number of lior.ses and makes a specialty of liialching teams. }i • a" present has a tine draft team and a cairiage team, the latter be- ing the iiesl he ever handled, making'; twelve miles a;-, h lur at their natural gait. Mr. Itter isa tlioroiigh busi- ness man, and though his charge is great, he is well tilted Tor the position. .Vddrcss lierlin. Isaac li. CleiiKuis.of Fairview Farm, two miles north- east of Preston, is a breeder of shorthorns, having at jir.'sent. thirteen f.'iiiales and five males— Maid of Fair view, got by lliike of 'v,„,ii||iii, dam (inu'e, she by Howard (:i.")l I, dcm .losephine by Nieliol (I'.tli. His stock bull, Karl if Oxford, is got by Karl of .Vntrim (itli, dam Oxford (^neen by Coiistamu' 2d. Mr C. is uniting these two strains. He also owns a share in the trotting stallion Fred Lambert, got by HIack Lambert (2:27), bv I'anicl Lambert, sire of thirty horses in 2:;i(> list. .1. li. Hagoy. lu'oprietor of Itiverside l'\ivm, three niilc>s north of Preston, is a breeder of short horns, having at present eight females, among which are the following: Diu-hessol Waterloo 2.1. got by Dnke River liank (li.'.Utiii. dam Duchess of Waterloo; Duche.ss of Waterloo Ith, got by Woolwich Duke (!),.'):(7). All the r. st are of the strains here represented and are a credit to tlieir owner. Vou:ig .stock for .suh'. .1. li. liengi'man, of Cedar Spring Farm, consisting o( 2iMl :.(.'res, isa b eeder of shorthorns. Thi^ matron of till' herd is Melo.ly "ith. got by lioyal Prince (!t.;!l I!), dam Melody by Pilot; liloomingdale Itose, got by Ked I'lince. diim ^ielody ."ith. is another tine fomale. Mr. lieiigenian also breeds carriage and Clyde horses, using the most popular sires. He intends nuking a specialty of these two lines. Young stock for sale. .VII ini|uirie.s sent to liloomingdale postoHlce will receive prompt at- tention. .lohn Brydon. the popular horseman, is proprietor of tlii^ Clyde station Scalar (No. -l.ttlO. vol. 7. G. S. B.). sire (lencral \\'illi:iins(.'J27. vol. li. dam JIaggie (.'{.it72, vol. VII. I, tracing back on both dam's and sire's side to the (Hanccrs. This stallion is a light brown, medium and block,y, free action, aiul is a sure foal getter. He is considered to be the best bred stallion in Western Ontario. Mr. B. al.'-o owns the French C;inadian stallion Kmperor of France, sire Sir Francis, ho by Old Eni- jieror in France, dim oi the liivcr dii Lou)) breed. This stallion sta. ids sixteen hands ami weighs I,!!,"!!) pounds. He has great bone and mii.scle. heavy mane and tail. Jlr. lis postonice is Uo.seville. .lames Brown is owner of the beautifully situated Brownsville Stoi'k Farm, consisting of .'iOO acres, six miles southwest of Gait. .\ spring near stock buildings never goes dry. The buildings are commodious and convenientl,v arranged. Mr. B. is one of the most prominent breeders of .shorthorns in this section. He has eight cows registeriul in the I). H. B. Ilis in-esent stock bull. Waterloo. Duke 1-llh. was bred at Bow Park. He has four promisiiiif Lull calves, besides a number of young females, all of the best strains of blood. .\ny person wishing to purchase would do well to give him a call. As Mr. li. wishes to retire from business, his farm is for sale. PostoBlce address Gait. .lames (Chandler, Ayr postofllce, is i)ropiietor of the im|iorted Clyde stallion Cnstod'iin (No. l.Slil. vol. it, S. S. B.: Tliis-iiallion i.s dapple brown with four white legs, weighs 1, <)()(> pounds, has excellent stylo and action, heavy muscle and perfect limbs. He won first t ■U ■iiib; j'AUMioua' t^'ro(;K uofM\ xxvii. IiuliiHtry and rccdiiii; .Icrsny >n with tlic iii- . Tlic lii'iid of 111' lliicst stniin cr slidwii. Mv. of liorscs iiiiil If ■ If iiri'sc'iit I, tlio lilttrr lic- ivi'lvi' iiiik's a;; lli(ir(nif,'li liiisi- •I'lit, lit' is well i() iiiilcs Udifli- )rns, liiiviiiH lit -Miiicl (if Kiilr Ciriicc, s\n: liy 11.1 (I'.tli. His •".iirl of Antrim •_'i!. Ml- C. is a slmve in the liliii'lx Laiiibi'it ■ horses ill '2.'.W a Fiiviii, tline it' short lioriis, ; whieli are tile by Diilu^ River oo; I>iiehess of ',->:i7). Alltlie iiiil are a ereilit 1. coiisiatiiiR of Tlie iimtroii of t^riiiee lit.lii:!). ISO, sot I'y Iteil e I'eiiiiile. Mr. le liorses, nsiiii^ iiuK a speeiiilty . All iiiiiuiries live prompt at- is proprietor of ol. 7, C. S. IJ.). Miit,'>,'ie {;i.i)7'_', 11(1 sire's siili' to irowii, medium I t?etter. He is Dii in Western iiiiilian stallion m by Old Em- II Loll)) breed, weighs !,(>.")() le. iieavy mane ;ifnll.y situated .'!()(• acres, six stock buildings niniodioiis and 1' of the most is section. He !. His present d lit How I'ark. es a nninbcr of of blood. .\liy ell to give him u bUNiiics!), his iprietor of the . I. Silt. vol. <», vith four white lent stylo iind He won first t* prize at (iail, Ayr and Oriinibo and .second at Hamilton ill 18S7. when tlv years old; is a sure foul ^,'etter iiiiil is very popular where he liiis traveled. fieo. Edgar, of Kavenhill Fane, two miles uortheast of Ayr. is an extensive breeiler ot shorthorn cattle, having nsiiiilly about thirty head. His presi^iit stock Im'l, Lord Stanley iNo. (IS,",. 1>. H. B.i, sire Earl of tioodne.ss oth, dam Lady Stanley, is a credit to iti owner, .'.iiioiig his femiilcs are: lieaiity of the Valley, got by Constance's Hiike, dam lu'iiiity Itoan liiiip.i; Maid of Honor, got by llaico, dani l-'ai'iny by Howard. His stock all traces to the Heaiity tribe aii