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WILLIAM McDOUCtALL, C.B. y'li the lulilor of tJu- " .)r,>ii/r,;i/ Jf.ni/,/ :" Tlic puhlicity givim in tlif L'nitwl Siati's, as well as in Canada, to the views expressetl \)y iiic in an olt-lianil iiili;r\ it-w with a member of the Ottawa press, on the proper construc- tion of the Convention of iSiS has occasioned some incpiiries fnjm abroad anil sonu? ad\t;rst; criticisms at home. The straineil predicament of our international relations is un- doubtedly a serious ([uestion for Canadians. I have betui, as you were good enough to inform your readers, a Minister of the Crown in this, my nati\e country, and claiming to be a loyal subject of Her Nlajest)- (whose hand I ha\e kissed and whose personal hospitality 1 have enjoyed), I am e.xceeilingly an.xious that no misajiprehension of nu:aning or misrepresen- tation of motive shall be possible in my case. Will you, therefore, kindly pul)lish the following re-statement of my views as to the true interpretation of Article I of the Convention of iSiS, iiicludiiitj; a few of the authorities I rely upon tf) sustain it. The intluential position and wide circulation of the Herald, as well as my sympathy with its political i)rogiammi!, incliiu; me to ask this favor. The following are the material portions of tlu? text to be construed : "Article I. Whereas ilifferences have ariscin respixting the liberty claimed by the Unittal State's for the inhaliitants thereof to take, ilr)', and cure hsh in certain coasts, bajs, harbors and creeks of His Britannic Majesty's dominions in America, it is agreed between the high contracting parties that the inhabitants of the said L'nitetl -States sh.dl ha\e for ever, in common with the subjects of His Hritannic Majesty, the liberty to take fish of every kind" on certain specified parts of the coast of Xewfoundlanil, the Magdalen Islanils, Labrador, &c., "with liberty forever to dry and cure fish in any of the unsetded bays, harbors and creeks," &c., of the described coasts, but reipiiring previous agreement with the settlers, if any, for this purpose. "And the United .States hereby renounce any liberty here- " tofore enjoyed or claimed by the inhabitants th(;riM)f to take, "dry, or cure fish on or within three marine miles of any of "the coasts, bays, creeks, or harbors of His Hritannic Majes- "ty's dominions in America not included within the above- " mentioned limits; provided, however, that the American " fishermen shall be [jermitted to enter such bajs or harbors "for shelter, and of repairing damages theinnn, ol purchasing "wood, and o*" obtaining water, and for no other purpose "whatever. But thej- shall be under such restrictions as may "lie necessary to previ'iit their lakin.i^-, drying;, or ciirini^ fish "tlierein, (ir in any oilier manner \vhale\er aiiusin.i,'- tin: priv- "ile-cs lierel)y reserved to diem." (Convention I Si S. ) Th(; Canadian contention m:iy he stali'd as follows: 1. That hy .•enoiincin.L,^ foreve-r any liberty therelofori' (■njoyed or claimed to take, dry, or cure fish on or within three mari'iK' miles of the coasts, hays, creeks, or harliors, ^cc„ the I'nited .States renoiinci'd, also "forever," die liberty thereto- fore enioyeil "bv die inhabitants thereof" lo enter the bays, harbors, ^;;c., with lishini; vessels for die puqiose oi barter or trade in ia» hIs or commodities of any kiml e.xcejit " purchasint;- wood." . , 2. 'I'Ik'-I b)' reiioiincin.'; the liberty to take, dry, (ir curt; iish within the three miles, the "inhabilanls of die United States" also renounced the ri-ht of "innoce^nt passa.nc^" in vessels used for fishin.L;- purjxises over die lii.^h seas within diree miles of tlie coasts, iS:c, .. . V lliat fishin,!.,^ vessels within the three-ir.ile limit_ may lawfully be sei/.(;d b\ Canadian cruiscn-s, or vessels ol war, and, r('fusin-- tosulmiil, may be pursueil, fired upon, and cap- lured bv force. 4. 'I'hal vessels so capturt'd if lound [by a Canauian court] miiltv of ['0 "fishin.L;-." "r [/'] " preparing- to fish " or [(■] "to have been fishiiii;-," williin three: marine miles of any of die coasts, lSic, or [re- amble, which our champions seldom ((uok.:, expressl\' limits the article to this one subject. Courts and lawyers, sinc(! tlu' time of Coke, have rej^ardcd the pre;imble of a statute as "the key" to its meanin;^'. (Coke, 4th inst.. .i;,'^-' '''■ '""' days preamble are not much used m statutes, but they are still ileemed c:ssential in treaties and con\eiuions. t.S',->- the Treat)' of WashiuL^ton, 1S71,) 2nd. liecause it is a well set- tled rule with jurists and leijjal tribun;'.ls that wortis are to be understood accordini^ to the subject oi them, llu: rule was thus c;xpressed by the civilians: / 'cr/hi ^i^r.wrii//,! /■(■s/ri/a; /:////!,•■ ad habililatcni rci vcl ap/i/iidiihiii pcrsoisir. Itienend worils must be restricted to the nature of the subject-matter or the aptitude of the person.) Bacon, .Max, \\.v'^. 10. ^"rd. lie- cause distiiiLjuisluHl writers on intr/si>/s over tlu' iiu-'anini;' of an inci- dental phrase in a contract about Jix//. to be followetl by a war of blood ? I leaven forl)iil ! I submit tliat we are estopped by the jud^nient of the Halifax Commisssion from ciaimini;' tiiat commercial inter- course was interdicted to American fisjiino- vessels bj- tlu; words "for no otJier jiurpose whate\er" in tiie Convention of iSiS. Amonn' "the prixilej^es secured" to the L'nited States by the Treaty of Washiui^lon, for wiiich Canada claimed compensation at Halifax, were: "Access to the siiores for the " purjjose of en^as^ini;- sailors, /myiiio su|iplies, transferrins^ •'carjroes, ami trajjic s^enerall)- in Urilish ports and har- " bors, etc," In the British case before the Commission it is averretl that "these advantaj^es are indispensable to the "success of foreign llshinL( on Canadian coasts." Now, if trading' pri\ ilei^es are neither alloweil nor prohibitc:d by the Convention of iSiS, but owe their I'xistmice to the Treaty of 1794, and other subsecpuent treaties of commerce and naviga- tion, as I contend, they were certainly not "accorded" by the Jj-eaty of Washington. Therefore . they could not be the subject of compensation. And therefore the Commission deciiled : "Thai it is not within the competence; of this tribunal "to award compensation for commercial intercourse betw(!en " the two countries, nor for die purcli.'isini.;- of bait, ice, supplies, " etc., nor for the permission to tranship cargoes in British "waters." (Protocol No. 33.) l'2ven Sir Alexander Gait, the British Commissioner, was compelled to rejjudiate this preposterous claim that "com- mercial intercourse" v.as a thing to be Ijought and paid for in hard cash. It is true he ai)pendetl an argumentative apology for not dissenting from his co-judges, thougii in view of tl:e solemn declaration he had taken to decitle according to "justice and ecpiity," I would, as an ex-colleague and friend of that gentleman, have; been better pleaseil if Ik; had omitted the apology. Let us have done with shams and pretences. Let us frankly admit that we are still a colony ; that we are minors ; that we have no flag which maritime nations are bound to respect, exce[it the Hag of I'jigland. Let us not forget diat a Canadian cruiser firing upon an i\merican \essel while navi- gating the "high seas" in time of peace is violating the law of nations and incurring very serious risks. And, finally, let us confess that neither the cjfticial interpretation nor the enforcement of ancient treaties and conventions between Great Britain and the United States ha\e been assigned to us by the high contracting parties, I am,