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WITH THIRTY-SIX FULL-PAGE COLORED MAPS PKEI-AKIU) nV J. BARTHOLOMi:\V, F.K.G.S. TORONTO: C. BLACKETT ROBINSON. 5 JORDAN STREET. Entered acconlinR to Act of Parliament of Cana.l.i, in llie year 1S85. by William C. CAMri,F.l.i,. in llie olTue of llie Minister ol Acricniliiie. '&< PREFACE. TlIK best method of tcnchitif^ p^eofjrapliy is a qucstimi whicli has ciiya^cd the attention of leading educationists for some time past, the object in view bein^j to secure the iiest results in the simplest and most practical manner. To accomplish this — the old method of givin;^ lonj,' lists of names and fij,nires to be committed to memory has been discarded ; and that of crcatint,' familiarity with the maps, physical and political, induced by the necessity of careful and accurate study, has been adopted. Maps, therefore, now become the primary, and the letterpress the supplementary study, to be amplified by the intelligent teacher according to the time at his disposal. In this Geography the aim has been to supply in the Maps and Illustrations thcinsclvcs the greater part of the geo- graphical knowledge (physical and commercial) that any pupil might be required to learn. In order, however, to facilitate the labor of the teacher as well as the .study of the pupil, a certain amount of letterpress is necessary, wherein are given — Sliiiistics in tabular form, to be used at the discretion of the teacher; certain elements of /W///Y a judicious combination of study on the I'hjsical and Commercial Maps the causes of the growth and position of cities as sea-ports, manufacturing-, mining-, anil distributing- centres ; and the dependence of political and commercial position and progress upon the phj-sical features of the countries are made clear to the pupil ; and valuable prac- tical knowledge will be gained fu- more rapidlj- and with infinitely better understanding than can be attained by rote- learning from the text. Particular attention has been given to the various routes of travel by .sea, rail, or caravan, and to the submarine telegraph .system, by which commercial com- munication is carried on .all o\cr the worlil. X'aluablc lessons ma>- also be frainid from the relation of the isothermal lines to the climate and products of countries, as well as to the ocean currents and land winds. The illustrations will, it is hoped, materially assist the pupil in forming an idea of the various industries and modes of travel* in foreign countries. Physical, Industrial and Commercial Geography thus form a distinctive feature of this book as compared with those hitherto in use. PRKFACE. lOxiKiiciHc tlui> ^'iiincd will enable i)U])iis tn read books ol histdi)' and travel, as well as the newspapers of the day, with an intelli^'enl understanding' of the places mentioned, ol the peoples and their condition, of the physical features of the countries, and of the general condition of civilization in any part of the world. 3. To provide in the text, in as concise a form as possible, a summary of the most imjiortant features of a nation's position in civilization, its extent, resources, industries, com- merce, and go\ernment. ]\y miNUis of the numerous illustrations an accurate idea is yiveii of the various |i( culiarities and charticteristics of the different parts (jf the earth ; each picture is capable of being made a study in itself, and is not intended merely as an ornament to the book. Great attention has been given to typographical execu- tion anil arrangement, — ^I. By variety in the size of the tyi)e used : those paragraphs which are of most importance being in the largest type ; those next in importance being [ in the second size of type ; and those which may be omitted in the junior classes in the smallest type. II. Hy printing [ the salient features of each paragrajjh in Clarendon type, whereby the teacher is assisted in framing question.s, and llie attention of the pupil is arrested in the preparation of the lesson. 111. Hy the large, bold, and clear character of the tyjjc^a very important ilesideratum to the pupil who has to study at night. The maps liave also been prejiared to avoid the neces- sity of the pupil straining the eyes to read small names. Although a smaller sized book might be considered preferable for handling, yet this could be .secured only at the cost of those features which exiierience has shown to be much more important. A short sketch of Ancient Geography is appended, together with a map. These cover all that is required for the Ontario High School K.xaminations. To make this Geography as complete as possible, a COUNTY Map, showing every township and p(JSt-office, is supplied with each copy of the book. No exercises are supplied for these County Maps, as it is deemed best to leave these to the discretion of the teacher. An iNDK.x, giving the pronuncia- tion of proper names, is also appended. As map-drawing is now such an important feature in acquiring an accurate knowledge of geography. Outline Maps in two series, for drciwing and coloring, arc published, cor- responding in size to those in this book : the first series gives the outlines of countries, leaving all the names to be filled in by the pupil ; the second series gives the geographical lines only. LIST OF MAPS. POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL. 1-2. 4 5- 6-7, 8-9. 10. 1 1 12. 'i- 14. i5' TiiK WoRi.i) (Mcrcator's Projection). North America. Dominion oi" Canada. Ontario. Quebec. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. United States. Mic.xico, Central .\merica and West India Islands. South .\mekica. El'UOI'E. 16. England and Wales. 17. Scotland. • 18. Ireland. 19. Western Europe (France, Spain, Portugal, etc.). 20. Central and Southern Europe (Austria, Italy, Turkey, Greece, etc.). 21. German Empire, Holland, and Belgium. 22. Asia. 23. Africa. 24. The World (as known to the Ancients). PHYSICAL. 1. Western Hemisphere. 2. Eastern Hemisphere. 3. North America. 4-5. Dominion of Canada. 6-7. Ontario. 8. South America. 9. Europe. 10. Asia. 11. Africa. 12. Australasia, Map d islothi.' coiirso w plcaiiure The ch with cor general t and with and villa, of the va A.S sooi drawing, the map, first be t then the in as the In the use the r portant n the ruler To acqi tions will absolute s as prcpei position. Let the the greate: that in or board, it Supposinf it is not d by 300 in( three feet. ^ board by 1 to each o other. If assist the % each foot < jj3 seating 10 position of the diagra Mark th S 2? Pupils s neinch in MAP DRAWING. 1 clear character in In the pupil avoiil the neccs- ad small names, iidcrcd preferable ly at the cost of :o be much more ppcndcd, to}jcther d for the Ontario ^ssiblc, a County _•, is supplied with supplied for these :ave these to the ig the pronuncia- ortant feature in )hy, Outline Maps re published, cor- ic first series gives ps to be filled in by aphical lines only. tugal, etc.). ria, Italy, Turkey, lUM. Map drawing ir. .1 nec«ss,iry .net omp.inimrnt to the study of geography, and is .is iniiiortant to thr latter as composition is to tht- St 'dy of language. There is no branch of thi; school course which is more readily .iccpiired, or which gives more pleasure to the pupil. The chief object of maposition, distance and direction; the general shape and surface of .1 country in whole or in part ; and with the relative positions of the principal cities, towns and vill.ages, as well as the mountains, rivers, and co<-ist-lines of the various countries. As soon ,is the pupil has mastered the principles of map drawing, the study of geography ought to be identified with the map, upon which the lesson is given. The outline should first be carefully prepared (or copied from the book), and then the names of the different features and places written in as the lesson progresses. In the first lesson on e.ich m.-ip it is best to let the pupil use the ruler for measuring. In the second and more im- portant review, the map should be drawn from memory, and the ruler used only for drawing the straight lines. To acquire facility in drawing a map, the following sugges- tions will be found useful ; but it is to be remembered that absolute accur.icy, especially at first, is not essential, so long as proper attention is given to direction, proportion, and position. FIRST STEP. Let the teacher, with the assistance of the pupils, measure the greatest length and breath of the school grounds. Explain that in order to make a representation of this upon the black- board, it is necessary to reduce the size proportionately Supposing the ground to be 300 feet long and 200 feet wide, it is not difficult to show that 300 feet may be represented by 300 inches, or by substituting one foot for each 100, by three feet. The outline can then be placed upon the black- board by first drawing two, faint, dotted lines at right angles to e,-ich other, then measuring off three leet on one, and two feet on the other. If the ground is rectangular, the outline can now be formed. To assist the eye in determining position, other dotted lines may be drawn at each foot of length, thus subdividing the drawing into six spaces, each reprc senting 100 feet square. The size and situations of the buildings, and the position of trees and out-houses should next be ascertained and marked within the diagram. Mark thecardinal points, and explain that the topof the map as a rule is north DIAGRAM t. Pupils should now copy the diagram on their slates, making the squares ne inch instead of a foot, and using the ruler. All that has been represented DIAGRAM 2. « on the blackboard should be placed in the same respective squares on tho slate. As it frequently happens that sides of the school-ground do not corres|iond with the cardinal points, draw the plan first as though they did, as in dia- gram I, and secondly, within a rectangle the sides of which arc north, south, east and west, as in dLigram 2, Much can- and frequent repetition an necessary at this j/e followed by a map of the Township, reducing the relative proportions or scale. Roads should be shown by means of two parallel lines, and care must be taken not to let these lines cross each other where the roads intersect. By this time the pupils will understand the principle of drawing to a scale, al- though that term has not hitherto been used, biackam 3. )kl A r 1) it AV\' 1 \G—Co»tinufJ. \y/ ,n TIIII(1> STKI'. Thoilrawinjicif (ounly ni.i|« forms tlio nrxl sl.im', Iu't:iiis ten inilrs These may he representoil by ai'. or twelve inches on the blackboard, oi by one or two inches on the slate or paper. Turm a reclanijle, and divide into sjiaces ten miles siinare. These spates may be again subdivided, if necessary, by draw- ing parallel lines in each direction through the centre of the squares. In the accompanying diagram the map, which is five by five inches, will show wh.it isreijuired, and if drawn on a larger scale may be subdivided into one hun- dred instead of twcnty-fivo spaces. In drawing a map, always liegin at the iijiper left hand side, and work as much as possible from left to right. Note care- fully the direction of the lines forming the boundaries, f.nd the iwsition they occupy in e.ich square. Next draw the rivers, also from left to right, by nuansofirregularly waved lines. Mark and name .all the cities, towns, and villages, then arrange the letters forming the names of the county and of the vari- ous townships in such a way as not to interfere with those names already writ- ten. This exercise should be repeated until the pupils are thoroughly familiar with the map, and are able to draw it rapidly, with reasonable correctness, and without the assistance of the squares. Those counties which are most easily drawn, as Halton, Grenville, Dundas, Stormont, Glengarry, and Russell, should be taken first. Groups of two or more counties may now be taken until the pupils understand the relative bearing of all the counties in the Province, and more especially the position of their own and the adjoining counties. FOURTH STEP. By this time pupils may be fairly supposed to take a lively and intelligent interest in the exercise, and be prepared to enter upon the next stage, that of drawing countries and continents. Having formed the outline, the details should be filled in only as the lesson proceeds, and no attempt should be made to complete a map at one sitting. For school tests, f.acility and rapidity in sketching proportionate outlines, without mechanical assistance, is more desirable than very fine work, and scholars should be practised in drawing on the blackboard, subject to the criticism of the class. Copy-book Part i contains blanks for the first exercise, and Part 2 blanks for the finished copy. Further copies may be made on different scales as an exercise in proportion. The order in which^the maps should 1)0 taken, after completing the province, is:— Tho Dominion, North America, South America, Europe, the British Islands, Africa, Asia, and Australasia, PERTH SCALl 10 Mills to I Inch. d;.\gr m 4. To secure true corners to the map and to the squares, a piece of cardboard not mere than sis inches long may be cut as in the annexed figure. DIAGRAM 5. A good pencil and a piece ol India rubber are necessary, and India Ink is preferable to the common ink. When colors are used only three are required : red, blue, and yellow, and from these various combinations can be made. The colors or India ink should be rubbed down with clear water, and a flat brush is preferable, except for outlines. Until the maps can be drawn neatly, and the letters be well formed, no j color should be employed, and even then only in home exercises. A well-drawn map in black and white is much preferable to one with tawdry display of color. * Campbell's County Maps are all drawn on a uniform scale of ten miles to the iacb. ';* \\(J of 111 &^'> .-"ri-\>T'f>'^' S9.0' Inch. res, a piece of cardboard nnexed figure. ■ ■rl i scessary, and India Ink is ;d only three are required : nations can be m.idc. The ;ar water, and a flat brush letters be well formed, no 4 jme exercises. ;h preferable to one with s Jl aitteiifife ij Geography is a description of the Earth, or World we live in; its surface, its countries, and its inhabitants. Geography also treats of tlie ICarth in its relation to the Sun; of the air or atmosphere that .surroimds it; of the plants, animals, and minerals that are fomid upon it ; and of the divisions made by man, with their different governments, institutions, industries, and commercial relations. Geography is divided into three parts, and is classified as follows: — 1. Mathematical Geography, which treats of the shape, size, and motions of the Earth; the methods of determining the position of places, and of representing on globes and maps the surface of the Earth in whole or in part; together with those particulars which relate to it as a Planet, or member of the Solar System. This branch of Geography is connected with Astronomy and of Mathematics. 2. Physical Geography, which treats of the natural features of the Earth, the divisions of land and water and the particu- lars which refer to tiiem, the atmosphere, the climate, and the distribution of plants, animals and minerals upon the earth's surface. This branch of Geography is connected with Natural History and Natural I'hilosophy. 3. Political Geography, which treats of tli<: ICarth as the abode of mankind, of its division into countries, of all jiar- ticulars that relate to these countries and their inhabitants, in regard to cities, commerce, mainifacUues, religion, ])()pulati()n, and government, and of all ni.itters ]Hrtaining to man as a politi- cal or social l)eing. This branch of Geography is coiuiected with History an us li> ki'ijf lUv watiT i»ii an ii|i|>.il( III level. • 'I'lie j^.irlli ineaMiies lu .illy S.odo miles in diameli v, ;mil lie.itly aS.iXK) miles ill (iri'lililferenee. 'I'lie elllire Sllllaiu of the I'-.irtli comprises ne.irly 2o(',o(mi,ik)i) si|ii.iri; miles. Till- IC.irlli is tml ;i |Krfrit Hpliiri', lnil is slitjliliy fl.illriucl at thii polfs, cir. ill jiliai"' siinil.ir to .iii cpi.uinc It is tlicrrftirii ralliil ,.i\ (iiii.Mi-; si'iiKmiin ; sphiroiil. ini'.iiiinK ///i- .i '.pliiri;, and tihliiU , tlattuntil at t«ci ci|i|Misilc siilus ^o„. ^-i -?"/ "', - In wliatev. I direction llu^ eye is liirneil, tlu'n; is a limit beyond wliii li olijects on llic surface are hidden from view, on account of the roundness of the ICarth. The lioundary of our vision seems to form a line, which can he most plainly ol)served at sea. This line, called the Horizon, forms the circmiifer- ence of a circle, of which the ohscrver is the centre. It is Dwin^' 111 llic Krf.'t sizi- nf the Kartli that thi; small part wo can taki> in al I'lic view api" irs |i> lu- Hal; nm\ it is (uvinK Id what is callcil tin- Attraction of Gravitation, liy wliiih oviry dlijict on tlu; siirfaro is ilrawn towards iho iriitri', that nun can retain thiir foothold on opiHisitu sides of the (MoIm:. DllINiriON ol- Tl-KMS. A Sphere or Cilohe is a liody bounded b) a cm vixl surface, ever)- point of which ise(nially distant from a ])oint within, called the Ckntrk. The Diameter of a Spluri' is a strai^lit line passiiif; throii(,'li the ("entre, and teiminatiiiK at oi)i)ositc points of the surface. The Circumference of a Si)liere is a line jiassiiij; round the surface, and dividing.; il into two eiiiial parts. (See illustration, p. j.| II.- Till-. Sol.AK SVSTKM. The I'Jirtli is one of a luiinhcr ol hoilics similar in shajH', 1)111 varying in si/.c, thai nvolv(; roiiiul the Sun at ihtfrrciu ilislanci;s. Tht^sc IkkHcs arc called Planets, and they re(|uir(: a greater or less time to make the revolution, accortling to their distance from the Sun. These Planets, which we see at ni|,'hl as Stars, h;!ve no heat or litjht oT their own, bnl, like the I'"arth, derive both from the Sun. The rianets form onlv a small proportion of the Stars we see; the others ,tre c. tiled Fixed Stars. They shine with their own lif^ht and are siipjwsed to be centres of .systems similar to ours. The Sun is the centre of what is termed the Soiar System : it shines with ils own linht. The Moon revolves round the ICarth, anil has a double nio- Hon, as il follows the i;.irth while the latter moves round the .Sun. The li«hl wi- net from the Moon is not its own, but is the relict lion of the Sun's light upon its surface. III. DiKKCTIoN. In order In indliile in what direction one pl.tce is from another, certain words are tiseil: North, South, l':ast, ,ind West. These are called the Cardinal (chief) Points. The Sun apparently rises in the East, and sets in the West. In this ( (lutitry at noon it is in the South, and the direction in which the shadow of an)' object is cast is North. To any one facing the North, thi' ICast is on the right hand, and the West on the hft. .\t night the North may be found b)- means of the North or Pole Star, towards which the Axis of the Earth always points. When neither Sun nor Stars arc visible, the c.irdinal points may be fouiul by means of the Mariner's Compass. The the north sT*n. (aril attached to the magnetic needle shows these points, and this needle being delicately balanced on a pivot so as to swing freely, has the property of always pointing to the North or nearly so, and carries the cartl with it. When North is found, all the other points can be read from the canl. Till Intermediate Points are : North-East, half-way between East and North; North- West, h.'ilf way between West and North; South -East, half way between l'";ist and South ; and South-West, half way between West and South. These jxiints are again subdivideil, as may be seen in the accompanying illustration. 1\^ — Motions oi.- thk Eaktii. The l'",;irih is commonly said to havn- two motions: the Daily, or Diurnal; and the Yearly, or Annual Motion. The Daily Motion of the Earth is the rotation or turning round upon its Axis, so that each part of it is I alternately turned towards the Sun, and then away I from it. Owin al the f. MAI IIKMA 1 U Al. Clor.KAlMIV las it (liiulilt^ nto- inovcs niiiiiil till' ;s iiw n, l>iit IS till- n a\n: placi' is Xortli, Smith, the Cardinal ORTH STAR. tliL'sc points, ami ,'ot so as to swiiif,' to the North or 1 carries the card Ml North is foiinil, loiiits can he read ediate Points are : iialf-wav hit ween th; North-West, ween West and 1-East, lialf way and South; and half way hetwceii iuhchvided, as may vit two motions: rly, or Annual s the rotation or each part of it is and then away I lie Axis 111 I he ICaith is its sliorlest diaini'ter, the e\lreinilie>. Ill' wliiih are called respectively the North and Soilth PoIeS- OwinK til ilH r.ipiil mution tlii' Karlli lia» iHCdinu mIIkIiIIv Lvpanilt'cl at llui l'.<|ii.4t>ir anil iiirrrsiNiiiilinHly llallt'iiiil at lliu imlis, thu (lifUriiuu in iliainutL-r al tliu I'lili'H as compared with thai at (hu Kipiator IwiiiK alxnit 27 mlleif. This daily rotation (aiiscs llii' succession of Day ami Night. 'i"he (llrcrtion of the motion is from West to Kast. and this makes the Sun appear to risit in the I'.asi ami set in the West, allhoiiL;h it is the ICarlh ih.il movt-s ami not the Sun. The Yearly Motion of the hlarth is its rexolution in its Orbit, or, path round the Sim. I'laeh revolution ri'<|iiires aljoiit 365^4 days, which we call a year. The h'.irth's )'early ri.'vohition is inadi' with its axis inclined to the Plane, or level siirfaci,' included within the Orliit, and always |)ointii.^,' in tlu! same direction, towards the North Star. Thisca'ises the change of seasons, as the ilirection in which till' Sun's rays strike; any part of the Ivarlh is constantly cli,inj;inf;. I Sec p. 2.) The inclination is 23J degrees. (See Def., p. 4.) According as these rays are more nearly perpendicular, the more heat they impart. liMUKlit willim thiM irili'.)( illiiniinalion !■> Iti.- I itlh 1 roi.ilH'n. .iml iirnri' liavu a ni^ht .') li'Mirt liuii^ In tliriiJinontln tlio l:,irlli i.mc1i.< /. (s,|.i .•jn^li Tlii- Sim Hr.i> •< iiimi.iw pi'rpt.'ndkiil.ir U> tlin tM|u.ii.ir, ami day-t and niKhts am fverywhero e<\u.\\ . iIih I4 llie ixriiid of tliu nnrtluTn anninin and Miullicrn nprinK Three montliH nioru lirinn the ICartli In •• (l>r(sinted by straight or curved lines, always indicates diu; East and West and that of the Meridians, due Nyrtli and South. Njjj. They are named according to the dilTerence in tlicir tem- perature. As the Ileal diminishes according to the distance from the Equator, the Zones are distinguished as Torrid (parched), nearest the e(iuator ; Temperate, midway between the Ecjuator and Poles; and Frigid (frozen) away from the Eqnator. round the Poles and farthest S. FRIGID Definitions. '% ,.*^' K**' Degrees. — Every circle, wiii - tlier great or small, is divided into 360 equal parts called De- grees, and marked thus, 3G0 degrees — 360 . Each Degree is sub-divided into Go equal jiarts, ^^ called Minutes, ' marked thus, one minute — i'. Each minute is divided into 60 equal parts, called Seconds. marked thus, one second — i ". Kkiht Angle. A Right .\ngle is formed by two lines perpcn- (see Illustration), constructed for the use of mariners and named after its ilistmguished inventor, shows all parts of the Earth's surface at one view and in their true bear- ings, but as the Meridians arc drawn parallel to each other, and the Parallels of latitude are placed slightly further aiiart. as they recede from the Equator to the Poles, the form of the continents and oceans is distorted by tlieir expansion towards the Poles. Figures showing the latitude are placed at the sides of the map; those showing the longi tide at the top and bottom. The exception to this is in the maps of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, where the longitude is marked on the Equator. ANALYTICAL REVIEW. 1 1. fine Geography. ( 1 IIVISIONS \ Matheniatical. Physical I'oiiiical. Matiikmath m, ( ihlKiR.M'HV. Shape (I. I'Koors 111- Sii.vi'i;. b. c. I. The Earth. , (1. Hiametor Kxlenl of Surface. nl>la;,' Spli.T.iid, lliiriziin, Appari'iit tl.iliii'ss rif ^ Attraction of Cir.ivit; the liarth. tion. I To THE Tkachkr.— Lfl the |iu|ii:s t.ich Ire.it .-l Inpic, usiliB their own l.inuuaKn, qikI ikiI lullowinu luo closely ihe words of Ihc lexl. This .iriil similar fulurc reviews may also form noo(l cotiipositioti exercises. I'llVSK Al. r.i-.or.RAPiiY a I'lCTiKi: OF Tni! Pkincii'ai. Natural Divisions of Land AM) \Va'ii:k. Thi- 1.111(1 nil till- liulil is part of .i ("ontinent. I Inland. -'. rtiiiiisula. S. Hill. etine. II >irection. Ch.'inye of Seasons ^.., . , ,. 1 Tropics; \\h\ nam. il ? Pol.,r < ircUs ; vliy I nam. i • I lAinxest .mil short 1 -.t ^ da\s. V. Geographical 1 Dcline Circles. I Cireal Circles. Ill FINITIONS VI. Zones. ' Degree. I Kight .\nKle. J How diviiled. I How named Position. ; ClIVKAiTKR- I ISTUs. ; Use. j Deline. l.\ I rirni:,. Pri^id. Temperate. Torrid. VI. Latitude and Longitude. VIII. Globes and Maps. I.ONGITI'Ili:. ITsiv (O.ol;i: Mm . j Define I low marked. , Hif^hisl l.alitiide. ( I.eiiKth of De^rei's. I Define. Prime Meridians. How marked ? [ l-eiiHlh of Denrees. Describe. I I lescribe. I .\fciirac\ . I'orm. j Mercalor's \ riyures. PHYSICAL GEO- GRAPHY. SUKF.\CK OF Till': K.\RTH. Ihe surface of ' the earth consists of Land and Water. About one-fourth is land and nearly threi'-fourths wa- ter. Tlic cntiri; area of Land oil llic i^VAin is estimated at 53,000,000 square miles, and that of Water at 144,000,000. The masses of Land are so situated that in repre- senting tlie'm in maps they are usually shown in two groups, which are called re- spectively the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The larger group lies in the Eastern Hemisphere, and is often called the Old World. Tiie smaller lies in the Western Hemisphere, and is called the New World. If the Earth's surface be divided into Northern and Southern Hemisjiheres, about three times as much land will be found north of the Equator as there is south of it. (See maps of Hemispheres.) 1. — Divisions oftiik L.\Nn. The Land is distribu- ted upon the earth's sur- face in irregular ma.s.ses, which, according to their size and formation, are known as Continents or Islands. A Continent is a large mass of land divided into countries. There are six Continents, viz.: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. 4 I PHYSICAL (;K()C,R.>- IV SICAL GEO- }RAPHY. M'K OF i:arth. THK surface of ' the jnsists of Land ^ater. AIkhii rth is land and .hrc(.:-fourths wa- ntire area of Lanii lobe is estimated at x> square miles, aiul /aterat 144,000,000. lasses of Land are ted that in repre- them ill maps they dly shown in two whicli are called re- ly the Eastern and n Hemispheres. arger group lies in stern Hemisphere, ften called the Old The smaller lies 'estern Hemisphere, called the New Earth's surface be into Northern and ;rn Hemispheres, irce times as much 1 be found north of uator as there is f it. (See maps of lieres.) isioNs OF THK Lanii. Land isdistrilni- )n the; earth's siir- irregiilar masses, according to their id formation, are as Continents inds. jntinent is a large f land divided into c are six Continents, ^lorth America, America, Europe, frica, and Australia. Soni! Rpogr.iphers consider North .ind South Amcrici .ns one coiilincnt, anil Aiistrali.i as an island, thus reducing the numlxT to four. The Coiitincnls mav he grouped in three pairs, n.inuly: North and .South America in tlu- West; Lur()p<- and .\frita in the Centre; with .Asia and .Vuslralia in tlie E.ist. Each pair stretches from the .\ritic Regions to the miildle iati tildes of the Southern Hemisphere, and terminates in a com- paratively narrow point. An Island is a portion of land entirely surrounded by water, as Newfoundland, I'rince Edward IslaiKl, or \'auconver Island. Islands are of two classes: Con- tinental, or those wliicli are situated near one of tiie continents, of whicii they ajjpear to be detached portions, as the Hritish Islands; Oceanic, or those l\ing far off in the oceans, and ;ipp;ireiitly having no connection with ;iny continent, as the Bermuda Islands or St. Helena. An Archipelago is a group of islands situated near to one another, as the West India Islands. Both continents and islands have a Coast-line, the different parts of whicli are classified according to their shajie into Peninsulas, Capes, and Isthmuses. A Peninsula is a portion of land ■: almost surrounded by water, as Nova .Scotia, and ■^^ the south-western part of Ontario. A Cape is a portion of land whi( h juts out intc the sea or into great lakes, as Cape Sable, Cape Gaspe', or Cape Ilurd. A mountainous or rocky cape is called a Promontory. An Isthmus is a narrow neck of l.inil coniu'cting two j larger portions, as tlie Isthmus of Chignecto, or the Isthmus 1 of Panama. l II. — Elevations of the Land. ttountafnr A Plain is a tract of land, which is level, or liroken only by slif^iu elev.itions. Tlmse portions of a pi. nil .iiljoinmg moiinlaiiis .nc generallv more I'iev.ited ,iiid liill\ tli.tii ollu 1 [arts, as the rialns of the C.ina. -'' I The. land of both continents and islands is divided, according to its elevation, into Mountains, Hills, Table-lands or Plateaus, Valleys, and Lowland Plains. rile height of these elevations is measured from the surface or level of the sea. Those parts of the earth's surface in the great continents whicli are not more than 1,000 feet above the sea level are called Lowlands; those above that height, High- lands. A Mountain Range <>r Chain is a connei'tid sines of inoiiiitiiins, which usu.illy rise abrii|)tly from the surrounding (ouiitr). .is the Rocky Mountains. The Ti

*i 4: III. I )i\ isiciNs 'IV rill \\'ati:k. • 'I'hc \val(M-s on the surface of llic carlh an; dividec into Ocean Waters, whicli arc sail, ami Drainage Waters, which art; Irish. Tht; continents an; sun-oiin(l(;il by a vast hody of salt \vat(;r, which covers nearly threc;-fourths of the ICarth's surface. This is called tin; Sea, or the Ocean. This hody of water is divided into ri\-e principal parts, called th(; Atlantic, tin; Pacific, the Indian, th(; Arctic, and the Antarctic Oceans. Tile .\rctic ami .\iit;ircti(; Oceans dilTcr from the iniurs in not licinj,' f,a<';it Ocean I'.asins; the fornur is projjerly a con- tinnation of the Atlantic Ocean, and the latter is the central lio(l>- from which the great oceans diverf,H; northward. The Ocran is tr.ivcrsed bv ciirronts, or vast striMiiis, wliicli keep tlic waters in constant circulatinn. Tho boil of tlio Occm, \\\n- iIk: siirf.icc of tin; land, lias its lieit;lit3 ami hollows, tho (.TLatist doplli hitherto souniloil boinj,' about 5 '4 miles l\'.— Co.vsT Watfus. The irreojiilarities of the coast cause \arioii^- smaller divisions of the Sea. Larof arms of tin; Ocean e.\- teiidino; into tin; land are called Seas, Gulfs, or Bays. .V Sea Ml. IN' he t nclosed within the f;<'neral form of a conti- nent, .IS the Mediterr.un .lit or the lilack Sea; or it may he part of the Sim on the borders of a continent and separated from till- Ocean bv a bell of isl.mds. as the Caribbean or tlie North Sea. IS ,1 ]i;irt of t li ,,^ .sea, whicli is almost siirrotinded by lantl, as the Oulfof St. Lawrence or the Ciiilf of Mexico. .\ Bay is a p.irt of Se.i, ()(;ean, or Lake, iisii- ally less enclfised than a Cinlf, as the Bay of Naples, Bay of Biscay, Bay of Fundy, or Georgian Bay. The terms Gulf, Bay, and Sea are frequently applied to arms of the Sea indiscriminately, ;ts in the case of Hudson Bay, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the Caribbean Sea. .\ small, deep bay. so sheltered by land as to be safe for \essels in time of storm, is called a Harbor, as H.ilifax Harbor, or St. John's (Newfoundland) Harbor. .\ Roadstead is a larger area of water ftirnishing sheltered anchorage for vessels. A Bight is an open ba)-. Some Jinall, shallow bays are called Inlets and Coves. River months, wlien broad and deep, are called Estuaries, and form excellent harbors, as the St. Lawrence, the St. John (New Brtinswick), or the Hudson (New York). A water passage, usnally narrow, connecting two bodies of water is called a Strait, Channel, Sound, or sometimes Gut, as the Strait of Belle isle, the English Channel, Long Island Sound, and Gut of Canso. 1^ ^: &V PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. ,*^a»^'»^- ^^ ;iy, liay of Fundy, itly applied to arms if Hudson Bay, the a. 1 as to he safe for as Halifax Harbor, Dadstead is a larg< r age for vessels. A low bays are called called Estuaries, iTiiice, tile St. John k). rting two bodies of , or sometimes Gut, anncl, Long Island >:V M-i The cnpravinR pictures water in its thne fnrms: as a Liquid, in the river ami cataract ; as Vapor, in the cloiuls; and as a Solid, in the p g'.at columns uf boil- ing water, sometimes to the height of 140 feet. | I A River is a large stream of fresh water, flowing down the ofiish slope of tin 1,111(1 to :i L.'ikc or to the Sea, as the Grand River (Ontario), ami the Si. E.iwrence River. Rivers arc formed bv the imion of smallir streams |iroducfd li\- sjirings, rains, and ilie melting of snow ami ice upon high uinuii t.iins during summer, or by the overflowing of lakes, whose superalnuidant w,itrr they carry to the Sci. Small Rivers are called A'(V/,s, Riviiliis, Ilronks, and Creeks. The beginning of a Rivtr is called its .So/ori' or Ileml : the termination is called its Mniitli. Some rivers h.ive two or iiion- mouths. The land between the mouths is called a Delta, owing to its triangular shape and n xinblanco to the Greek letter A, as in the case of the River Xili . The meeting of two rivers is called their Conjliieiue. The bottom of a rivet is called its ISed. ami the land on e.ich side is ciUed its Ihiiiks. The liauks an distinguished as liiglil and Left, acconling as they are situateil to an observer looking ddicH the stream. A Rapid is the descent of the w.iter over ;i steep slo])!- in the bed (if a stream. .\ Fall, Cataract, 01 Cascade is the descent over a precipice, as llie I'.ills of Niagar.i. .V Tributary, or Affluent, is a sm.iller stn-.nn which flows into a larger one. The Basin of a river is the land which is watered and drained by it and by its tributaries. The Basin of ,1 river is always bounded on three sides by the Watersheds, which separate it from the adjacent b.isins. Rivers are useful for navigation, f(jr water-power to turn in.achinery, for the irrigation of land in the absence of rain, and for affording us certain kinds !;: ii I HI ( : ID PHYSICAL GF.OGRAPHV. Glaciers ;irc vast river-like acciiinulMtions of ice. They are formed in liit;li inouiitaiii \aliiys by tlie snow, wliicli, from allcr- naU' melting' and fr(•(•/ini,^ liicoincs a solid mass of ice. This mass, hy its own wii^jhl, slowlv ^ninds its way down to lower and warmer re},'ions, when it liiially y wilhcmt support, curls 1 a vast scale and e action of the Sun i.andaflectin},' it to MOON. on opposite sides of irdwitli ihiMipl'iirciU vals of about twelve ,'rcalcst influence in the 1 Moon are in a line, so the hiKhest titles, called at new and full moon, lifferent directions, and le lowt'st tides, or Neap ird quarter of the moon. tide, that of receding about six hours in of vast portions of waters remain coni- ivers flowing through nly by difiercnces of IS, and by the action These currents are of tlirce classes — namely: the Polar Cur- rents, which are invariably cold, flowinf,' from the I'olar ie^,'i(ins towards the Eipiator; the Equatorial Currents, flowing; from liast to West between the Trojiics; and the Return Currents, which are warm, flowini; from the M(|uaturial regions low.uds the Poles. (Set' Maps of Hemispheres.) Th(' Polar Currents of the Northern Ilomisphere jjcnerally flow towards the south wisl, along the mslifii sht)res of tin- continents. Those of the Southern Hemisphere usually flow towartls till' north-west, along the vcslvni shores of the (dii tinents. The Pohir Ciimiil of the Atlantic is much more oxtensivi^ than tli.it of the I'acific. hcL.'iUst: of tht; tleep, brt)a(J p.'issa^es from the .\rctic ( )cean to the Atlantic; while the Arctic Ocean is only connected with the I'acilic hy .i shallow strait, about lifty miles wiile. The Return Currents flow towards the norlh-easl in the Northern Hemisphere, anil towards the south-east in the Sotith- i!rn Hemisithere. When the Pular anil liiliirii Ciirriiils meet in midtllc latitiidt's, the former, being colder and con.se(iU(Mill\- heavier than the latter, sinks and becomes an ii'ider-ciirrent. The best known are the Currents of the Gulf Stream in the All.intic, and the Japanese Current in the Tacific. Tint (irst (lows in a norih-e.isterly direction from the C.ulf of Mexico to Newfonndl.md, the l.itti'r t.ikts the same directiim from Jap.m towards .Vl.iska; then, both continue towards the ICast until they reach the land, where they diverge southwards and rejoin the Kijuatorial furrents. The centre spaces are called the S.irttasso or (Ir.'issy Seas, as they are coveretl with a dtMise mass of tloatin;^ seaweed. In the northern part of the Indian Ocean the course of the lupiatorial Cur- rent is interrupted by winds, and b) the great peninsiil.i which projects into that part of the Ocean. I'roin March to September the Current flows lowanls the north-east, while from September to March it flows towards the south- west. ANALYTICAL REVIEW. I Surface of the Earth. How divided. .•\rk.\ I. Divisions of La:id. ( Land. \ Water. liow shown on Maps. Eastern Memisphere. Western Hemisphere. Northern Hemisphere. Southern Hemisphere. How distributed. II. Elevations of the Land. 4 CoNTINKNTS . . Island .Vrchipelago. COAST-LINI-: .. . I'eninsula. C;ipe. l*romontt>ry. Isthmus. Name. How distinguished. Plain. I'lateau. Varieties of I'lains. ( Define. Name. I How grouped. ( Define. I Clas.ses. I Define. I N.inu' parts. II. Elevations of the Land .•■nt I To THE Teachrr.- -This cxcrci'^o shoulil hv. nmde the biisis of ii thorough review, l.el c.ich pupil lre.1t .1 topic orally in liis own lanfjn-iue, and write otu tlie synopsis of ilie (iilferent ^^ec- lions. As a further exercise, an iiue drawn on l!le lil.ack-boani, or a wall-map may lie used, on wliich tbu pupil sliuuld poiot out aud namu the natural divisions of ttie laud and water. Mountain. Hill I'll MS ofM.U \ 1 VlSs V-I.' \So \M.i i:v W.ltrrshrd. Ilou divided Top name parts Slo|H' .Hid H.is<- D. line reriili.irity Iielinc I ithrr names. III. Divisions of the Water. Describe the Sea. N.ime 1 >i\ isioiis I Ice. Ill H.isins .\rctic and Aul.irctic Oceans tiirrents. Hi'd of the Ocean Divisions. IV. Coast Waters. Sea. (Milf. li.iy. Harlmr Koadsiead Hinhl. Illlrt. Cove. ICstuary. Strait. Channel or Si Define and name How formed How applied. iind. V. Inland Waters. Si'KISOs Cievser RlVEK.s fll-ACIKKs. . IcKliliROS , Lake. I Dilinr How luruied. ( Where iiiiist luimerous Define How formed N.ime sill. ill rivers. Source .Mouth. Delta. Bed. Hanks. Kapid. I'.ill. Cataract or Cascade. Tributary. Hasin. H,isin - how bounded. Vnlue of Kivers. I Descrilx;, I Wher'! most numerous. / How formed. ' What becomes of them. -, Icebergs of (ireeiil.ind I Icebergs of the Antarctic \ Ocean. Define. Salt Lakes. Foot. He.'ld. Shure-line. VI. Oceanic Move- ments. Define. Waves. Wave motion. Tides. Tid.al Wave. Neap Tidi- l-lood Tid.;. "•;bb Till.-. Spring Tide. OCEA.V CtlKRENTS . Describe. Cl.assify. I'olar. All.inlieand I'.acific com)i.ire. Kiturii (,'urrents. fiulf Stream. Japanese Current. Indian Ocean Current 12 I'llYSICAL C.KOGRAl'HY. \l If i? PHYSICAL WESTERN HEMISPHERE. I I. — Questions on hip; Mat. Continents. Wli.il Iwo rnntirienls .iri' in the Weslcrii Ilomisplicrc? Ily what isiliiifii' nrv. lliiy coniiciliil ? Wliat three oii'ans wash lh(^ shores nf North AiiHTica ? Which ocean is on the north ? On the east ? On the west ' What ocian hnumls Sniilh Vineriija oi\ the north and east? On the west ? What ocean on tlie south ? Islands. — Wh.it latno Isl.ind lies northe.ist of North Americ.i ? What isl.inil is east of it ? What archipel.i),'o between (;re<.nlan(l and the continent ? What island is lear the eastern point of North America? What Krotip southeast ? What archipelago li<'S lietwein North anil South America ? Which ari' its two largest islands? What large island is west of North America? What Kroup north of ('ul)a? What group northeast? What island ,-it the southern end of South America? What group east? What group in thi^ I'lcilic Ocean near the parallel of twenty north ? Of fifty north ? Of forty south ' Peninsulas. -What peninsula is in the nnrthw(^stern part of North Ainenca ' In the eastern part? In the ••vestcrn part? What two near the Island of Cuba ? Capea. -What cape is at the southern point of Greenland ? At the eastern point of .Newfounillaii.i ' At the southern point of California? What cape of North America is near Asia? What capo is opposite? What Ciipe is the northern point of South America? The eastern point? The southern point ? The western ,.^int ? Mountains, —What chain of mountains is in the western part of North America? In the eastern part ? In the western part of South \merica? In the eastern part ? On which side of South America are there many vol- canos? (Sou red dots on the map.) On which side of North .\merica ? Plains and Plateaus, -What plateau is in the northern part of North America? What low plain in the central part? What high plains west of the central plain? What pl.iteau west of the Kocky Mountains? Wh.it is tho name of its southern part ? What plateau is in the eastern part of South America? In the northern? In tho western? What plqins .are in the southern pan ? North of the plateau of Guiana? South? Seas, Gulfs, and Bays.— What Kay is west of Greenland' What bay in the Arctic Plain' What gulf west of Newfoundland? South of North America? What island and two peuinsuhis nearly close that gulf? What sea liiw south of tho West Indies ? Uetween .Vlaska and .Vsia? Straits.— What strait connects Uehring Sea with the Arctic Ocean? At lh(t entrance of Baffin liay ? Of Hudson Uay ? I'.etweun Cuba and I'lorida ? lietween Tierra del Kuego and the continent? Rivers,— Wh.at river flows through tho northwestern part of the Arctic I'lain? Into what ocean does it fall? What river flows into the Gulf of St, Lawrence? Trom what lakes? What river flows through the central plain? Into what gulf? Wh.it branch has it? What rivers of North America flow into the P.acific Ocean? I>oin wh.at plateaus? Into what ocean do the rivers of South America flow? Which is the greatest river of South America ? Through what plain does it flow? What river is north of the Amazon ? What river is in the southern part of South America ? Ocean Currents,— W'l'^t current flows from the Gulf of Mexico? Across what ocean? In what direction? What current flows from Baflin Bay? What current flows northeast of South America ? Southeast ? West ? What current crosses the I'.acific near tho Equator? Near the par.allel of fifty north ? Zones, — What circle crosses the northern part of North America? In what zone is Cuba? The Sandwich Islands? The Mississippi River? In what zones is North America ? South America' What continent is crossed by the ecpiator? Through what waters and past what capos and islands would you sail in going from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico? From the Gulf of Mexico to the Rio de la I'lato? From the Rio de la Plata to the G.alapagos Islands' From tho Galapagos Islands to Vancouver Island ? II. — Riivii;w Exercises, Continents, —//u I.' Imiiiulnl? Moiii:i. iciK sTATiM. noiNiiAHiKS. -South America is liounded on the north by thi' Caribbean Se.i, on the east by the .\tlantie Ocean, on the south by the Southern Ocean, and on the west by the I'acifle t)ce.in. North America? South America? Islands. — 1» urlmt liirnlion from llu- lunrisl liiiiil .' liy wliat wntcrs mr rmiiflitl } Model. — Newfoundland is east of North America, and is surrounded by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the .\tlantic Ocean. Arctic Archipel.ago ? Greenland? Iceland? Newfoundland? Azores? Bermuda Islands? Bahama Islands? West liulies? Cuba? Hayti? Jamaica? F.alkland 'sliinds? Tierra del I'uego? Graham Land? South Victoria? New Zealand Islands' Sand viih Islands? Vancouver Island? .\leutian Islands? (Veanica? Peninsulas. — Vrmn vlnit part nf iUc continent thni it project? Into what UHlter, or between what tenters .' MooKi..— California projects from the western part of North America, between the Gulf of California on the east and the Pacific Ocean on the west. I^brador? Florida? Yucatan? Califcrnii? Al.aska ? Capes, —From what laml dues it project ? From lulint purl of it .' Into what liody of uuiler? MoDicL — Cape R.ace projects from the eastern part of Newfoundland into the Atlantic Ocean. Farewell? Race? St. Lucas? Prince of Wales? Gallinas? Horn? St. Roque? Blanco? East Cape ? Mountains,— /m what part of the continent are they ? In what direction do they extend? Model.— Appalachian, in the eastern part of North America, extend northeast and southwest. Appalachian? Rocky? Brazilian? Andes? Plains and Plateaus,— I F/nrc situated? MouiiL. — The Arctic Plain is in the northern part of North America? Arctic Plain ? The Great Plains? Central Plain? Plains of the f)rin(x:o? Plains of the Amazon? Plains of La Plata? Arctic Plateau? Western Plateau? Me.xigan Plateau ? Plateau of Guiana? Plateau of Brazil? Pla- te.iu of Bolivia? Oceans. — Of what continents does it wash the shores? Or, around what pole is it? MoDF.i., — The P.acific Ocean washes the western shores of North and South America; the Antarctic or Southern Ocean is around the South Pole. Arctic or Northern ? Antarctic or Southern ? Atlantic? Pacific? Seas, Gulfs, and Bajs.—lVhat coast does it indent or wash ? Of what ocean or other body of water is it an arm ? Model —Hudson Bay indents the northeastern co.ast of North America, and is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean. Baflin B.ay? Hudson B,iy? Gulf of St. L.awrence? Gulf of Mexico? Caribbean Sea ? Gulf of California ? Behring Sea ? Straits.— Bettoccn what lands? What waters does it connect? Model.— Behring Strait, between Asia and North America, connects the Arctic Ocean with Behring Sea. Behring? Davis? Hudson? Florida? M,agellan? Rivers,— /« K'hat continent does it rise? In what part of it? In what mountains? In what direction does it flow? Into what water? Model.— The Missouri River rises in the Rocky Mountains, in the western part of North America, and flows southeast into tho Mississippi River. M,ackenzie? St. Lawrence? Mississippi? Missouri? Columbia? Fnaser ? Orinoco? Amazon? La Plata? Ocean Currents.-/)/ what ocean? In what part of it? In what direction does itjluw ? Model.— The Brazilian Current, in the northwestern part of the South Atlantic Ocean, flows towards the southwest. Polar? Gulf Stream? Equatorial? Brazilian? Peruvian? Japan Stream ? I BO i PHYSICAL MAP Of ^,.j,^rfi^LSl£^'.?^ en is Imundeil im lln' Atlantic. Ocuaii, on llii' y the Tacilic Ocean. flv li'liiii wnlen siir- and is surrounded by I. vfoiindland ? Azores? es? (■ul)a? Hayti? Iraliam l-and? South i' Vancouver Island ? // project ? Into what art of North America, he Pacific Ocean on the sl Tlic niM in si/r ' •|lir sni.illrst ' Wliu li llirrr aru iiiiiti'il inlii iitiL' unal liitul mass' Whal isilimiis is In Iwi-imi Asia ami AInta } What (Kian Ixiiimls KiinHK' ami Asia on the nurlh' What iicran lii-H I'.isl (if Asia' What Ihrrc iioians lioriliT im Australia' What ihrco mn- tincnls liordLT im llir Indian Ocean' Whal ocean lies west ipf Kiiru|«> and Africa ? Iflandl. — What twn groups of islands arr I'ast of Asia ' What archip. Iani> Wh.it island iiorlli of Australia ? South' Soutlu'ast of Afrii a ' Southwest' Whal j;roup west of ICunipe ' Whal island northwest ' What Islamls in the Arctic Ocean' What islands west of Africa ' Northwusl ' Whal island soulh of Hindustan } What lands in thi; Antarctic Ocean ? Peninsulas. What peninsula is in the northeastern part of Asia? In the easlerii part ' Soutlieasti'rn ' Southern' In llie soiilhein part of Indo China' What peninsula is in the southwestern part of ICurojM'' In the noi >hern part ? Capes, — What cape is at the northern point of ICnropi' At the norilurn point of Asia ' At the southern [xiint of the Malay I'eninsiila ' At the southern JHiinl of lliiulostan ? At the eastern point of Africa ' At the southern point ' The western point ? The northern (loint ? Mou.itains. —What mountains are in the southern part of Kuro|ie ' He- twien lOiirope anil Asia? In the southern part of Asia? l"or what are the Himalaya Mountains remarkable ? {Tluy un tlii liinlint in Ihv Jivr/i/.) How hi^;h is the highest |)eal< ? {.tliatil 5,J miUs) What mountains are near the centre of Asia ? In the eastern part of Africa ? In the western l>art ' In the northwestern ? What archipelago contains many volcanoes ? Plains, Pli-teaus, and Deserts. -What is the chief jilain in Ruropc' What plain Is in the north of Asia' What plain south of the Arclic I'lain? What plain in liastern Asia? In Southern Asia' What plateau north of the Himalaya Mountains' South of the Altai? What pl.iteau in the western part of Asia? What plateau soutliuest of the I'lateau of Iran? What other peninsula of Asia contains a plateau ? Which contint^nt is nearly covered by pliileaiis? Wli.il desert is in the plateau of Mongolia? In what part of Africa is the Kreat di.'siTl of Sahara ? I'or what is it remarkable' (It it ///.■ liir^ist dcsirl ill tlu- -iinirhl ) In what other part of Africa is there a desert ? Seas, Gulfs, and Bays. —What sea is west of Kamtchatka? Of the Japan Islands? Oft^orea? Of the I'hilippine Islands ? In the Malaysian Archi- pela;,'o? West of Hindostan? Of Arabia? Between Africa and ICiirope ' Kast of the ilritish Islands? What inland sea is northeast of the Mediter- ranean? Kast of the North Sea? What f;ulf west of Africa? IC.ast of Arabia? What bay east of Hindostan ? West of Euroixj ? Straits. --What strait between Java and Sumatra? lietween Tasmania anil Australia? lietween Australia and New Ouinea? At the entrance of the Mediterranean Sea? At the entrance of the Red Sea? What channel between Mada|,'ascar and .Africa? Between Engl.ind and France? Rivers. -What throe rivers of Asia How into the .Arctic Ocean ' What three rivers rise in IC.islern .Asia? What river flows into the China Sea? The Hay of Bengal ' The Arabian Sea ? What river of .Africa flows into the C'liilf of Ciuinea? The Mediterranean Sea? From what lakes in Africa? What river of Europe flows into the Caspian Sea? Lakes.— What lakes in Africa aie near the equator? What two lakes in AVestern Asia are called seas ? Wh: t lake is in Australia ? Ocean Currents. — What current f.ows westward through the Indian Ocean ? ■"^ What current southwest of Africa ? Northwest of Europe ? Zomt, NXTial circle rrnnMii ihfl northern part of A»in ' What circle ( rossis the desiTl of Sahara' What (unlinenlH iIcks it crn-w ? Wh.it xriMl I in le I rosws Horniii ? Whal contiiuMit iKmh it cru Ca|ie of (mkhI H. The MuUitur- ranean Sea ' In wli.ii zone • in Africa > A»u> Kurupt: ' .KuMruliit? Throiiuh what waters, and past wh.il rajus and iil.imli would von mil in Koinx from l'ji»(l.inil to the Ca|»' of (mhi.1 Ho|>f ' Ironi the Cajie of timxl Ib.p.' lo Siiej ' I'mm Suei to Ceylon ' I'rom Ceylon lo Tisiiiaiiia? from r.isniania to Japan ' II. Ki-viiw r>:i;Kf ISKS. Continents. Hku- l'„nH,l,,l > l.urnpi ' Asia? Afrii.i' Australia' Islands, In wlnil iliriiliun /rum Ike Htiirnt liinti > liy ivhiil witttrt S'.tr- ruiimliil .' Japan Islands' Malaysian Archipcl.i|{n > I'hilippinn Islands' Java' Celebes' Sumatra' IlorncH) ' New Ciuinea ' T.isinania ' MadaK-vtcar ? t'eylon? British Islands' Icel.ind ' Spit/N'riien ' .Nova ZembU ? Ma- deira Islands ' Canary Islands ? St Helena ? Peninsulas, I'mm what p^irl of Ihi- lonlintiil iluti il prujul' Into whal Wttti r , ur hi t h-it n wfuit cii/iTi .' Kamtchatka? Corea ? Indo-China ' MaUiysian ? Scandinavian^ Hin- dostan ? Spanish ? Capes. 'I'mm lohiil hiHil if.i.j il pmj,il .' Fmm wlinl fiiirl nf il > litlo tehul h„ily ,'/ u.ll.r > North? Northeast? Romania? Comorin ' Bon' Ciiio The Step|K.s ' .\rctic Plains? SiUTian Plains' I'lain of China ' I'l nn of the 'Lm^es? Aiistr.alian Plains? Plateau of Mon Kolio' Plateau of Thilx-t ? Plateau of Iran ' Plateau of Arabia ? Desert ul Gobi ? Arabian Desert ? Sahara Desert ? Oceans, — Of whul iontimnls iluis it wash thr ihurii? Or, iirnHni/ whnl pulr is it ? Arctic' Pacific' .Antarctic? Atlantic' Indian? Seas, Gulfs, and Bays, — U'Aii< romfs ifixs il indtnt ur uunh' l)f uhul uiian ur utht r huJy c/ wtitir is il tin arm ? Okhotsk? Japan? Yellow? China? Java? Bengal? Arabian? Red' Persian? Guinea? Mediterranean? Bl.ack ' Biscay? North' Baltic? Straits. — lliluui-n what lanih? What wntin iloii it conmcl ? Sunda? B.ass' Torres? Gibraltar? Babel Mandeb' Mozambic|ue? Rivers. — /'! ie/i In what muuntaim ? In what direction does il flow? Into what water ? Obi? Yenisei? Lena? Amoor? Hoang Ho ' Yang tse Kiang ' Ganges' '".ambodia? Indus? Niger? Nile? Volga? Danube? Lakes, — Il'/i<« situated? Whal oullel has it? Allien Nyanza ? Victoria Nyanza? Caspian Sea ? Aral Sea ' Eyre? Ocean Currents. — In what ocean? In what part of it > In what direction does it jiow ? Equatorial Current ' South Atlantic Current ? Gulf Stream ? I "4 I'lIYSICAL GKOGRArilY. 11 1 1; ATMOSI'IIEKE. It-: TIk; Atmosphere is iIk; vast ocean of air surnniiul- injf lh<: I'Larlh, and in llv lower sirauini of whicii we live. 'I'll'- Height < if tlif Atiniisplicrc is supposuil to cxkiul about fifty iiiil< -, aliovc tli(- surface of tlir Ivartli, so tliat in coinparisoi) till' atinosplicrf is only like a tluii covirint,' not iiMir than ()iic-liiiii(littli part till' radius (half tlic iliaiiutcrl of tile ICartli. Till' Air is a lii^;lily ilastir body, tlii' lower layers of wliieli become more dense, accordinj,' to the anioiiiit of pressure upon tlleiu floiu the upp( I Atmosphere. The wcIkIii "I tlic .\iinns|iliirc is mcisiiri'il liy tlu? Barometer, ;in insiru- mi-nt willi .T sliiiil. I ,4!.i-,s lulu,' iiintaininj; .i colnmti nl imrciiry thirty iiKlics in tiii»;lil. rising frutii a rl.isi'd Iwiwl at thu linttom. Acronlinj; to tlio height of till- Atiniispliitc ril-Dvi' till' si'.T level, its weight ilecrL'.isus and tlir mercury (alls in iimiKirtion. until ,-it the lu'ifjlu of lUly inilis the iiierciiry is supposed to sink entiri'ly into the howl. Then' is also anoihox and the sprint;, motion is (;iven to an index wliicli ret;isturs the variation of the atmospheric pr''s-Mri'. The Greatest Height .ilt.iined by anyobscrver was that re.nchcd in rdaislicr's lialloon, nearly seven miles above the Karth. In the ^^luntains of Tl.'lut a hiitjht was re.iched of ov<'r four mih s In both cases the suffering u.is v^ry ■;real. as the extreme rarity or lit;htni'ss of tin- air p;oduced intense cold and great difTiculty in breathing. The Atliiospluirc derives but little heat (hrecliy from the Sun's rays. It absorbs the heat .ind vapors caused by the action of the Sun upon both laud and water; and tlirouj,'h the medium of the winds carries moisture and fertilizing ruins from the sea to the parched l.mds. Air is necessary to the existence of all forms of organic life, and it is in tlu- lower Atmosphere that the highest forms of Vegetable and Animal Life, including in.in liimself, find the proportions of oxygen, heat and moisture re, Winds are Currents of Air, and bear the same relation to the ! in the same latitude the shores of rirernland and I-abrador are swept by tht- Atinospliere as a cnrrrnl (Iocs to tlie Ocean. They are m.linly j did winds from the iHiLirreKions, ,ind are washed by the icy waters of the. irctic oc.:asioned by dilTerenccs in temperature, and by the .iinonnt of '^'"''-'"'^ "•■"^•■' W.st.m i:uro,K- h.is a mild climate, moist on the sea shore, , ,, ■ • 1 .1 • ' while (Ireenl.ind and Labrador are frozen wastes scarcely iiihabllid. vapor helil ni suspension by the air. i The Hritish Islcsarr nearly in tlu: s.ime I. tlilude .is Labrador, and owe (heir In the vicinity of the Equator, where the aver.i},'e annu.il t. in- ,„ii,i , ii„uie to the inthieiice of the warm Return Trade Winds and the (iulf perature is liighest, the .\tuiosiihere is at its least density; and [ Stream tills density gradually increases, witii the diminishing temjiera- ture, from this region to the polar latitiules. Heat causes the air to expand and thereby become lighter. By this expansion the light air rises, and that which is colder and denser rushes in to supply its place. Tills motion produces two currents of air, wliich blow from the i^olar regions towards llie E(iuator. These currents become what is called the Trade Winds. Owing to the velocity of the revolution of the Earth on its axis, these winds take a westerly direction as they approach the Eqn.itor. The Trade Winds exttMid between the p.irallelsof 30" North .ind jo''South. They carry immense quan- tities of vapor from the .\tlantic, racitic, and Indian Oceans, and are inv.aluable to the mariner, as their direction and force can always be de- pended upon. The cold currents of air, as they become heated in the Torrid Zone, rise and form counter currents flowing towards each Pole, to fill the spaces left vacant by the polar currents. They gradually cool and settle beyond the latitude of 30" N. or S., where they form the Return Trade Winds, blowing towards the North-east in the Northern Hemisphere, and towards the South- east in the Southern Hemisphere. The Trade Winds and the Return Trade Winds are similar to the Ocean Currents both in cause and general direction. Winds may be grouped as Constant, Periodical, or Variable. To the first belong the Trade Winds of tropical latitudes; to liie second belong the daily sea and land breezes, and the monsoons, occurring chiefly in tropical regions; and to the last belong the temporary or local winds occurring in temperate or high latitudes. When a warm ocean wind strikes the side of a high mountain chain, it passes up the slope, growing coUIer, anil gradually losing most of its moisture In the form of rain or snow as it ascends; it then passes over the range as a dry, cold wind. The warm and moist Return Trade Winds of the .\tlantic blow upon Western Kurupe, and the warm waters of the Gulf Slre.im wash its shores. III. — MoisTrKi;. The air always contains more or less Vapor, whiiii we call inoisuin;. The warmer the air is, the more moisture it contains. If, when fully ch.irged with moisture, the air is suddenly acted n|iiin by cold wr Is, pail of the \,i(M)r Is lluown off. Tile /'/•(I //'I tiilioii, as it is calKil, may be in minute |)arllcles (lo.illnglnlhe air, for 111 ing fof^ or mist, or in drops forming rain. The v.ipor, before condensing into drops, may be frozen ill the ii|)- per.iir Inlo.wioii' ,• or tliedrops, after being formed, may be frozen in- to liail. The Rainfall of a country Is the quantll)- f)f w.iler that fills upon It as rain or snow. The quantity of water that falls annually at any given pl.ice v.irles little in a succession of years ; but the amount of ralnfill varies greatly according to the jiositioii of tiie place, bi'lng greatest In tiie tropics and diminishing towards the poles. The greater the distance from the sea, tlie less the rainfall. In the Torrid /Zone the aver.ago annual rainfall is about kxj inches, but in some pl.aces it is much greater. In the TemiH^rate Zones it is from 35 to .(o inches. In the Krigid Zones it is much less. In Ont.irio, theavi.Tage rainfall, including melted snow, is about 3.! inches: at Toronto it is about 35 inchi.'s. Tile Tropical Rain-belt is a b. /ad, movai)le bell of dally rains extending round liie world. It is about 1,000 miles wide from north to south. This zone of daily rains moves with the sun, and as the pl.ices where the sun's rays fall vertically have the greatest heat, the evajior.ilion there is conse- quently greatest, and the rains most freciuent. In those regions which are open to the Trade Winds a heavy thunderstorm begins early in the after- noon, and continues till near sunset; the sky then becomes cloudless till the next day about the s.ime hmir. After some weeks, the sun Ix'ing no longer verlicd, the rains become less frequent, and at last ce.i.se for months. ueUiI the sun again becomes vertical. I6 rilVSlCAl. GEOGK.M'HV. In till; Tiirnil Zoin; ilur tcinfHTatiiru varies but lillle all tin- yi-.ir roiind, and tlie only chanf,"^ df SLason is frnm llii; wil pi riinl while iii ilic zon<; cf daily rains, t" (lif dry [K-riocl wliin the Snn has passed llii' ziiiilh. riaci's near lln; eipiator liaM; llierefore two rainy and twii dry Reasons; while sonii' pans of the Torrid Zone have only one rainy, and one dry season, the latter of which is niucli longer than the fornic r. When the Sun is north of the Kqii.itor - it is tliu r liny siason in the northern half of the Torrnl /.one, and the dry season in the soiilhern half and the reverse when the Sun is south of the liqu.itor. A Krc.it Belt of Deserts strctclifs across the Old World Ikuii liic Atl.iiitic to t!ie Pacific ( )cc.iiis. 'l"li<; L'.\istfiicc of tllesi; distrts is owiiij,' to the ahsciici' of raiiidicariiit; winds. Tin; rains of the Torrid Zone are called /•iriinlical . Iieciiise they oceur al regular [x^riods : those of the Temperate Zones, which are more irre;;iilar. are called viiriiililf. The study of the weather has now K'en reduced to a scienci', called Meteorology. (Jhservations of the teniiieratiiri'. the moisture ami density of the air. the velocity ami dinction of the wind, and soino minor particulars, are taken simultaneously at many p 'ints in this country, in the United States, ami in Eurojx'. The reixjris of these oh.ervations are telegraphed to certain centres in different countries. In Canada they are sent to Toronto, and from theai weather ch.irts are constructed. From thest; ch.irts the weather probabiliiies for the ensuing twenty-four hours are forecast and telegraphed daily over the country. These Probabililus are useful to the farmer as guides in his operations; while the cautionary signals of appro.aching -»orms. displaycl at the various ports on the l.ikes and on ti se.al)o.ard, are of still gre;iter service to the sailor. Notice oi advancin;; storms has frequently lieen telegrapheil from .Vmerica to Europe, and h.as saved much disaster to shipping. II -Winds i'lit. III.— M(j ture. -, ANALYTICAL REVIEW. The Atmosphere. Di-line. Height. Density. Harometer ( Mcrcuri.al Climate. I-Heat. 1 1. -Winds. ( .\neroid Height attained Meat and vapor : how useful ? Why necessary ? . Organic life: where found. f Define. -, ("auses of variation. [ Isothermal lines. ' How dependent on latitude. Krigid Zones. Torrid Zone. How de|x.'ndent on the height of the land. Snow -line. rro|v)rtion of heat to altitude i:ifect of the proximity of the sea. DiflTerence littwecn s»?a - d land heat. .\tinosplierc of sea and land Inlluence of the sea on the tem- [XTature of the land. Kdect of the length of the day Summer heat in I'olar Ki-gions. f Kflfect on temperature. I Describe. I )ensity of atmosphere. Ktlect of heat Tk.ade Winhs ( How produced. Directiim. llMent. ( L'scfulness. KiiTURN I How produced. Tk,\uk ■ Where occurring Winds — ( Direction Compare Trade Winds and Ocean ("urrents. \'ariety of winds. Cuiisttiiil : gi\t.' example. I'lriiitliiiil : give example. Viirinlil, : where occurring Kffect of a mountain chain ICflect on climutu; compare. f Describe. Precipitation K.MMM.I. Describe. .\nnual quantity. V.iriationofquan- tity. K.MN-IIEM... I •t"'^^"'/ I Describe. Seasons in Torrid Zone. Belt of Deserts Periodical Rains. Variable Kains. Wl-ATMKI! Oll.sEKV.MlONS PLANTS. / Meteorology 1 1 o w observa- tions are m.ade. How reported. Use. Plants (flora) include the trees, shrubs, and vegetables of different countries. Plants have life maintained by organs — roots, stems, leaves — and thus differ from inorganic matter such as rocks and metals. Plants arc necessary to man's existence, Besicies stipportinj,' the lower animals, many species furnish mankind with footl ; as, wheat, rice, corn, barley, and other cereals, the po- tato, the manioc, the breadfruit tree and sago palm, and the various fruits. From others, beverages are made; such as tea, coffee, and cocoa, from the latter of which chocolate is prepared. A third class supplies fibres, from which va- rious fabrics for clothing and other useful pur- poses are made; as cot- ton, flax hemp, and jute. Others, furnish drugs, gums, oils, dyes, spices, and wood for building and manufacturing pur- poses. Of more than 200,000 species of plants supposed to exist about .( -00 are cultivated for their product?. PHYSICAL GEOGRAi'HV. '7 .Vindsand Ocean MetcornloKy. The wool of tlie shcip ami nlpara is wovon inin clnih Silk is m.uli- of the tliriMil of the silkworii: Thi- furs of soiiil- animaU arc worn as iloihini; the hiilcs of othiTs are tanncil. a nl lonviTtoil into liMlhir licsidcs ttusf. aTiiTiial U(i) siipphos a K'r<'at varii-lv of other proiliicts, such as milk, and lliii biKKT and cheese made from it. oil. ivory, tMine. feallur-, .ind h,iir .\niinals, like plants, arc >p •ii.tlly a.l.ipte.l to certain ron.Ii tions ol I liiiiatc and food, winch u;,'ulatc their ihstnbiition over the earth's surface. As we reach the sever.il flrand Ilivisions of the K.arth. thir ch.ar.icteristic animals will he shown. .\s a riiU-. the hoi regions .are thcalwdeof the larKfsi, siroiiKest, and fiercest animals, the most venomous serjienis and the liri«htrsi. lined birds , mil insects. The largest water-anim ds — the whale, w,ilriis, and seal -frecinent the colder seas. The domestic animals thrive best in the tom- perate zones. Heat aiid moisture are essential to plant life, and as the Torrid Zone has most heat and moisture, it has also the most luxuriant vegetation. The vei,'etation of different re;,'ions depends to some extent on the soil and other conditions, Imt mainly on the climate. Tropical rcKlons are characterized by enormous creeping plants, palms, spice-trees, the bamboo, the India-rnl>l>er tree, the breadfrnit of Oceania, the banyan of the Kast Indies, the orchitis (vi^kiils). and tree-ferns with their lonK branchless trunks crowned with immense tufts of leaves. The cactus, indigo, cotton, coffee, su^ar-cane. rice, millet, and tropical fruits, flourish in the Torrid Zone and in the regions adjacent to it. As wo leave the tropics, the rich distinctive forest vegetation of the Torrid Zone, green throu',;hout the year, gr.idually gives pl.ace to ,i less luxuriant growth. Soon, deciduous trees (those that shed their leaves in autumn) prevail. f'assing from the Torrid to the Templer regions the apple, ])lum, pe.ach, and cherry take the place of the former. Cotton and sugar-cane are cultivated, but gradually give place to tea, tobacco, hemp, and flax. Rice, maize, wheat, buckwheat, rye, o,its, barley, is the gener.il order i i which grains can be cul- tivated, .as we proceed towards higher latitudes. The potato has a wide range in which it is culti- vated, extending into the colder parts of the temperate zones. Here the oak, beech, maple, ash, and elm, mingle with the pine, hem- lock, cedar (arbor vita'), and spruce. .\t last, few forest-trees .are found save the hardier pines, the trailing cedar, the birch, fir, and willow. Mosses and lichens mark the exlrenie regions tif veget.ible life. As elevation above the sea-level ^iiERiCAji. modifies heat, so it affects vegeta- tion. If we .ascend a luountaiii in the tropics to a h('ight of ifi.ooo feet, we meet with a succession of climates ,.nd pl.ant-beltssimil,ar to those met with in | ^,^,„j. originally from the Cati'castis, Let ween the lilack and the going frcmi the I-.iiualor to the .\rctic Kigions. The engraving op|)osite illustrates the variety of vegetation in different Latitudes. CAU|,.\S1AN. MO.NGOLIAN. M.\N. Man stands at the lirad of the pniin.d kniRdom. ^!rin^; .ible to ad.il>t Inmself to extremes of climate, he is not, like the lower animals, hmiteil to p.irticiilar rc^jions. }Ie is more or less affected, how- ever, bv liis siinoimdint,'s, and .attains the higliest de- velopment in temperate cli- mates. Within the tropics, his wants are so easily sup- plied that he lacks stimulus to exertion; while, in tin- polar rej^ions, his lifi' is s(X'nt in a constant strn!.;^,'le for food .uid clothing;. The htmi.iii f.iimly is sup- posed to mimber about i,4<3y machinery, as the manufactures of wooii, iron, cotton, wool, and leather. Commerce, which consists in the exchange, or purchase and sale, of commodities. Commerce is called Domestic, if it is carried on between parts of the same countr)-; Foreign, if carried on between different countries. I'roduce or goods brought into a country are called Imj^orts; those sent out are £;.r/>«r/s. Transfurtatiuii is the business of carryins; commodities (called Freight) from one place to ano.her, by road, by rail, or by water. Mining, or digging into the earth for coal, metallic ores, or precious stones. Taking stone from its bed is called Qmirrxhn;. Lumbering, which consists in cutting down trees in forests and taking the logs to market. 2, NaticMis less advanceil in these respects, yet having a written laiigua.ue, some regard for education, and not without skill ni agriculture and manufact tires, are ilistinguished as Half-civilized. J. Nations whosi' inhabitants have no settled aboile, .ire with- out s hools or literature, that pay little attention to agriculture or manufactures, and live inainlv on the products of their herds and flocks, are known as Barbarous. 4. Tribes, indolent, degraded, fierce and cruel, ignorant of laws, and subsisting on forest products, or on what the-y can gel by hunting and fishing, are classed as Savage. III. — Rki.igions. All nations, except perhaps the lowest savat^es, have some Religion — that is, some belief in a Mi^^her Power, and a system of worship. 'I'he different religious sys- tems are embraced iiiuKr ftJiir heads: — 1. The Christian, which tiaches a belief in one God, the liiblc as Mis revealed word, and Jesus Christ (whence the name Chris- tian) as the Son of God and the promised Messi.ih. This faith prevails among civilized nations, and includes about 395,- 000,000 followers. 2. The Jewish, which inculcates a belief in one God, and the < )ld Testami nt alone as His word, but rejects Christ. Then; are .diotit 7,000,000 Jews, scattered for the most part among civilized nations. 3- The Mohammedan, whose followers acknowledge one (iod, and Moses and Christ as |)rophets, but In lieve in Moham- med as the last and greatest prophet. For the iiible it substitutes the Koran, containing the revelations which Mohammed claimed to have recciveil from I leaven. This f.iith has about 232.ooo.(xx) their condition in life, provided with educational facilities, and ^ followers, including many lialf-civihzed nations in Asia and proficient in the arts and sciences, are said to be Civilized. i northern Africa. Fishing, Hunting, and Trapping. The chief fisheries are those of the whale, seal, cod, herring, salmon, and mackerel. The capture of fur-bearing animals is tl). special object of ihe trapper. II. — Social Condition. Four grades of social condition are recognized: — I. Enterprising and industrious nations, ca])able of improving 20 I'Ol.ll KAl, (il'.OC.UAl'llV. /J. 'I'll' Pagan. I'Ihs ( l.is. .ipiicai-- in (lirfcKiit fciriii'^, .ill of wliii h \V(.rslii|) t.ilM' Kods oticii idols of wooil iiiui slonc in j.larc of tli<- Cod of tlic' I'.iMc. More llian half (lie iiiliahitanls of liic c.irtli arc Ta^ans. The most nnnicroiis class is the liii(l,l liy xvarf.ire over tlie neiijhli.iiinKcoiinlries llniliiiKiiiiuii is lli.il form of ri liKioii or mylhi>loj;y folloueil by most of the inhal)it.inls of India. ,ind lliiililliiwi. another form of the s,ime, by most of the Mongolian race 'l'hr-,r number about 500,000,000 followers, or more than onethiril of the uliolr hum.'in race. IV. — Govi.KNMIlNT. Government is that .system accordin.fj to which a coiiiitry is niicd. Savai^c and l)arl)an)us tribes havtt c-ithcr no oosernment at all, or art; ruled by chiefs whose will is law. Anionjf civiliz(-d and half-civilized nations the prcvailin.L,' forms of !,r()vernment are those of a Monarchy or of a Republic. A Monarchy is a country in which the supreme ruling power is held l)y one person for life. Monarchies are called ILrcliUtry, when the power descends from father to son ; Eledivi-, when the monarch is chosen by som<' body of electors. There are .also Ahwliile mon.irchies, or Dn/'dtisms. in which the monarch's power is unrestrained,— and Limit, il or Cuiiililiitiviitil monarchies, in which his power is restricted by ,1 constitution or by laws. In the Eastern (Continents, the gov- ernments an: chiefly monarchies. Monarchies and their rulers have certain specific names. .\ Kingdom is a monarchy under a Kin^ (or. if the sovereign be a wom.in, a Oiieen). An Em- pire is a monarchy (usually large, or composed of different states) under an llmperor or ICmpress The Kmperor of Russia is called the Czar. A I'rince is the re.al or ntimin.al lie.itl of a Priniipitlity ; a Duke, of .a Dttcliy ; a (irand l>\ike, of a Grmul Diijiy: an Elector, of an Eliclonilc. A Republic is a coimtry in whicli tlie laws are not only made l)y rejiresentatives of the people as in a limited monarchy, hut are administered by officers elected by the people. The chief olTicer of a republic is a President. Most of the countries of the Western Continent are republics. V. — Divisions. The Divisions of countries are variously known as Provinces, States, Districts, Counties, Shires, Town- ships, and Departments. A Village is a small collection of inhabited houses. \ Town is a larger collection of liousei, and in which a regular market is usually held. In Ontario, a village or a town may become incorporated when they con- tain 730 and 2,ixxj inhabit.'ints respectively, but they do not receive the same privileges as a city. A City is a large town which is incorporated; that is, invested by law with certain rights and privileges. .\ city is usually governed bv a Mayor and .\ldermen. .\ Seaport is a place near the sea, h.iving a harbor for the accommodation of vessels. The Capital of a comitry is its seat of government, the place where the laws are madt', and wlure the chief officer of the nation resides. The Metropolis is the largest city. I The Growth of villages, towns, and cities results from their becoming central positions where people collect in small are.is I to carry on tiieir occupations, whether in commerce or manii factmcs. Commercial cities are generally thos(> having a good I harbor on a sea-coast, lakv' or river, at which goods can be j readily received and distribtited. Manufacturing towns or cities are generally those where rapids or falls in the course of a stream siipi)ly eMeiisive water-power, or near which rich mines of coal, iron, or other minerals ,irc found. ANALYTICAL REVIEW. Name. .\gricnllure. Stock-raising. Dairying. Manufacturing. I. Occupations of Man. II. Social Condition. III. Religions. Mining, yuarrying Lumbering. I'Mshing, Hunting, and Trap- ping. Chief Fisheries. Civilized; define. Il.ilf-civilized ; defini' liarbarons, define. Sav.agi:, tiefine. Define. Domestic. I'"»jri-ign. Imports. ICxports. I'reight. Divisions IV. Government. Christian ; how dividetl ? Mohammedan ; origin. Hr.ihm.anism. Buddhism. Define. Prevailing forms. Where general ? Christian. Jewish. Mohammedan. I'agan. MONARCIIV Republic . Define. Hereditary. Elective. Absolute. Limited. Where chiefiy ex isting. Various names. Names of Rulers. Define. Chief Officer. Where chieHy ex V. Divisions. Nam(;s of l")ivisions. Village. Town. City. Seaport. Capital. Metropolis. Describe growth. Commercial Cities. Manufacturing Towns. GRAND DIVISIONS OF THE WORLD.— REFERENCE TABLE. Akka in Sg, Milks. Poi'ia.ATION, 1'krsoss to A Sy. Milk. North America j i South America Asia . . . . Africa. . . Oceania . TOTAL SizK coMl'AHr.n with TiiK Dominion of Canada. 8' fconnects S.*. it* ■ ^ds nearly ' "'*)ut less t ^s only tin lis from llicir in small arisis ■icu or mami- liaving a (,'oo<.l goods can he ng towns or ihu course of a lich rich mines noincslic [■'ori'iKii- Imports. l^x|Hirls. l-'ritiKlU. rhristian. Jewish. Mohainmiulan. I'anan. Define. Hertditary. l-^lcctive. ,\bsi)hiU'. Limited. Where cliietly ex- isting. Varions names. Names of Rulers. Dotnie Chief t^fficer. Where chiefly ex- ,iK. iENCE TAI5LE. .Size comparkd with TiiK Udminion of Canada. Aniiiaui of Muktii Aukkica. In the centre picture wc li.ivc a M-ciie f.prnieilv common in iinfre<|nented rej.;inns of the rircit West - Indians hiiiitiii^ llic bison : a liisoii lalf and an antelope arc with tlie li'rd in rroiit In former times the bisons are said to ha been so mimeroiis .-is sometinn'S to d.im the rivers when they crossed. ( >n the left of the centre pictiin' appears llie Koiky Mountain shi'op, i biK-l:ini In the vi(,'neltes below may be seen tlie liut;e (;riz/ly Invir (leMiuriii); its Jirey ; the prairie-d(iK. especially abundant west of thi' Mi-.- souri Uiver, with the burrowing owl and the rattlesnake, whidi share its sub. terranean hime; and the bald-headed eafjlu spreading dismay amonn a y' flock of wild turkeys The turkey is a native of .Vmeric.i. I On the rij;!it we have in succession the musk-ox, which roams in .Vrctic .\merica to within ii of the North Pole; the moose (the elk of Kuropi'), with its enormous horns and lont,' swin^inK trot, an inhabitant chiefly of the Canay many large arms of the ocean. Its length, including that of the slands, is about 30,000 miles. The Rivers of the Central and Atlantic Plains are generally navi- ;able for the greater part of their cotirses, and open up the interior ocean as slaves. The Arctic Regions. are sparsely inhabited by Es<)uimau (/-.'j- ke-ni(j) IriUs of the Mongolian race. The Natural Advantages possessed by North .America are: — its mmierous valuable products (such as sugar, cotton, tobacco, and wheat); its minerals (gold, silver, coal, iron and cojiper); its posi- tion, lying in three zones, but chiefly in thi' temp(r,il(; zone; its vast area of fertile soil; and its numerous navigable lakes and if the country to commerce. The streams of the Great liasin in I rivert, and fine harbors. 'i 22 Aiaric: Ki'.dioNs oi- Nokiii amI'.kica. aj'io xMarMam k-At* '£l.V(Of„V SKA • -^^fli^^' 1^ ,>\» Ajtcir/c sx>i.9}(siris ■"'^-^ Si.i:i)i.i;-j ill irregular masses. REGIONS. Itehring Sea, .is the .Mcnti.an Islands form a barrier I" their further pnigress siiuthw.ird. The Inhabitants of tlie .Arctic Regions arc the JCsiiiii- niaii.K (A'.s />'i-»(e.sl, who .ire few in niiinber and rovo along the i-oast. The \vhak', seal and walrus, which are niinierous, furnish iheiii with both food and fuel. 'J"he ))riiici])al land animals are the reindeir, musk-ox, i)olar bear, and the sleigh dog, the latter being used for drawing the sledges over the frozen snow. •Sinci' the discovery of America frequent attempts have been m.idf to find a " North-west passage" for ships through the .Arctic Ocean from ISaftin P.;iy to Hehriiig Strait, with a vi^w to shorten the distance to be traversed from Eifope to Asia, but all ha\e eiuleil disastrously, and many lives have been lost in the attempts. The most noted ex])editii)n was that of Sir John Franklin in the .ships linbiis ,ind Tiiror in i,S.(5. Several years having elapsed without any tidings being he.ird, nnmeiims parties were dispatched in search of them, notably those of K.ine, Koss, ]!elcher, McClintock, ,ind Mcriuro. In 1S35 McClintock dis covered proofs that the whole of Sir John Franklin's party had perished McClnru succeediKl in establishing the fact of a continuous water-passage, but had to .ib.'indon his vessel in the ice and then make his way overland. Similar .attempts have also been made to find a "North-east Passage," but none wero successful until that undertaken in i.SjS-ij by the Swedish explorer, I'rof. Norden.skjokl, who sailed from dottenborg in Sweden, in July, iS7,S, and passing through Hehring Strait reached Yokohama in Japan in Sejitember, I.S79. The latest expedition was that of I. lent. l>e I-ong in the 7.(i»Hi7/i-, which resulted dis.istrously, most of the party being frozen to death or having perished from hunger. .Another aim of .\rclic explorers has been to read, the North Pole, and various well-eipiipped expeditions have been fitted up for the purpose, the principal being under the command of Kane, Hayes, Hall, and Xares. Com- mander Markhani, of Nares' Fxpedition, in 1S7G, reached the most northerly point yet attained, latitude 8j ' .;o' jo", only 400 miles from the North Pole. The route usually taken is shown in the above engraving, by way of Baffin Hay, Smiths Sound, and Kennedy Channel. Many of the waters and islands are named after their explorers, as Hudsvi. Jia\', IliiJJiii H.iy, KtiHt Sea. lluru is sliiiwn imc jf the natives tli:U tro seattcrril in small L:omiiuinitiis alciiii; Ihu coasts cif Arctic America. lie is walcliiiin for .1 seal !■! appear tliroUKli a liolr ill llic ice. The Ks- i|uiniaux are shor' and thick-set: their Hannents are made ■ar, or reindeer skins. heir further progress ; are thi' I'^stitii- id rove along tin- mimeroiis, furnish ipal land animals he sleit,'h do;,', tlie the frozen snow, tempts have been ships through the ait, witli a vifw to ope to Asia, hnt ail e been lost in the din in the ships /in'fi/*.': hont any tidinKs bein;,' them, notably those of i,S55 McClintock dis s party had perislied lous water-passaKC but way overland. Morth-east Passage," -S^S-ij by the Sut^dish i;rt,' in Sweden, in July, 'okohama in Japan in Jeiit. I)e I-ong in the party being frozen to . the North Pole, and p for the purpose, the tall, and Nares. Com- led the most northerl)' roni tile North Pole, ving. by way of Baflfin ir explorers, as Hiuisui. ^'-^J T t f * \ / -\ iT^^sffTife'^C^- i. : -vr::?^-^ 5>. Ms el ? \V !joI..,. / PHYS I CAL M AP OF bAi.:ri. :.. v} ■ >«i .1 145- 4iB 11 M.l-s i HrW'M t.iriritt!. rv,;i II" " •::i«'--Sa5 i - liV.-iui.^,* • 1 -- 120 iin lOO lon^. W nf nrrrnwirk 80 \VI,,lt .K-, northern the nortl' the mom rivers tir ' 'innectei 1 'lain ? ilie Kaste ilrain the rih >|( ,\l MtKlll AMI Ul( A. »s il.— yi'l-.>rit>NS (IN 1II1-. I'llNSliM, M\l', Outlines. -Wliai ihriH- iki.ih- wish ihc slmrrs nf Nonli Aim lii .1 ' \Vli.ii ^ri.ii l' iinrili'i .1st of tlui (unlini'iit ' Wli.it an lii|ii l,ik;o li loiwui llum ' Wtial is itu- (jfiii r.il ilini tKni nf llir An lie. masl' What nrral liav liriaks this nasi '' What i^laiul is at its iiilraiuc? What ittrail h ails in that Uiy ' What l>a> at lh<- smilh ' What islaml is m ar the rast. rn (xiiiil of thr continent - W hat nulf and strait ciu ii oil ? What is llir niiu r.il dirri lion of idf Atlantic coa>t ? What t«o )h niiisiilas (virily cni lose thi' (inlf of Mi sic ci ■ What strait and «hat chaniul load lo that yiilf ' What I irt'i' island is at ili.- entrance' In «liat arihi|Mla({o? What ocian tiiiniU p issis throimli iIum- waters ? What is the (ji lural direttion of the I'acifir coast ? What peninsula is near its northern extremity ? What im- l>ortant islanor- df.r? What plain forms its ea-|ern part ' What moun- tains separate this plain from the rest of the hi;;lilands ' What plateau lusin is near the centre? In what direction does the Kastern Highland extend ? Where dc»s its north- ern limit l)ei:in ^ What minor highland extends across the continent to l^ibrador ? (Tin H.ight vf Liiihl I What moun- tain system dms the Eastern Highland contain ? Near which coast of North .\merica are there volcanoes ' Where is the greatest group ' Where the nurtheni ? Name one in each group. What volcano is in Iceland ' Lowlands and Drainage. -What plain lies between the two liighl.uids' \Yhat ocean lies north of it ? What gulf south ? What name is given to its northern p> Ttion ? What nam^ os southern portion ? What river drains the northeastern plain? What lakes does it drain? What isl.uids are at the mouth of it ? What low plateau liis east of the Norlhern Plain ? What rivers drain the Northern I'lain ' Where do they flow? What lakes are connected with them ^ What river drains the gnater part of the Southern riain ? Name its four chief branches. What lowland plain lies betweiii ihe K,astern Highland and the .Vtlantic Ocean ? Name the chief rivers which drain the Western Highland. I'lli.sll M. VU.W Ocean-currents. Whit o In what /one ii ihe northi rn p.irt ' I hi' Miulhern p.irt ' Through how many degtn s of I. ililude dues North .\inerii.i extend (approximate estimate)' Through how nt.iin 'Il ^n . - .'f I.Mgiiude ' Climate and Products. Whai do ihe nd lims on ilie m.ip show ilHgm with the most northerly) .' What i-. tin 11 gi lur.il diniiioii. iKginmng from the lasl ' Wh.il inlluenee do ; I lie iman currents have in the direction of thesi' lines' Where does wheal grow f.ir thest north' Name two i\ tensive forest regionn Wh.it p.irls of North America are notiil for the prodnclion ol whrit • I if m.ii/e ' I'f lob.ic- CO ' Cotlon' Siig.ir' ColTee' In wh.il p.irts is gold found' Silver' ('o)>p<'r' Iron? Coal' 111. SCKIMI AM) I iKAiN m;i . North America is natunilly tlividitl into fiiur |iiirts: tlif Western High- land, till- Eastern Highland, tin Low C'liilr.il ri.iiii. .111(1 tlif .Atliiiitic i'l.tiii. The Western High- land, or (ill .ii ri.iti .III llill, tiiiins a wiilo iiiiil lofty talilc-i. 111(1 fxtciidin^,' friiin tlio Aictic Ocean to the Isthmus of Ti'Iniaiitc- |)i( . rill Sierra Nevada, Cascade, ml Coast ranges an- mi its wcsti 1 II lionli r, .Mill t lie Kim kv M omit ,1 1 11 s ill \i(lc it k'notluvisc iiitotwoiicirly (■(lual p.irts. 'llic loiiK narrow strip faciiij^ sonic- wli.it sli.irplv tow.irils thr West is called the /'Hiijii. The Rocky Mountains may be regarded as the bai kbone of the continent. The inas~iw lIi.ui.s of iliis r.ingo rise from a plateau wliii h graihi.illy incn .i-. feet, in the broad niidillc region of the table-land. .\t the ends of this highland are many voU anms Of these, Moniit Si. I'^lir.s in the north ( i7,'>oo feel), ,ind I'oiHKatepetl (17,770 feet), in the soul li, .ire the highest (X-aks on the continent. The long and rmiintainou, isthmus of Central .Vmerica may !« regarded aj a continuation of the pl.iteau belt. Noli 111 A.MhKlv. I'llVSICAI. NokTII AMI'.RICA. The Eastern Highland > Mends frnm the I'l.iti.ni of I.alira dm IU:,lll\ til ill! Iiilll "I Mi'Ml'o. Its IllulllltillllS ,ll<' till' low raiiK<* "f tli< Appalachian system, wliidi .uc (died by various liaiiiL'K, and e\:i ml ...iilli wislu.nd fmiu the (lull of St. Law- niice; and tlii' Laurentide Mountains aionu tin north shore ol the St. I.awri ni i K'lvei . 'I'll!' I'.isiirii llii^lil.iii'l Ills M ry lilllc lalilc-l.iiul, The lii«liisi |M',ikHar( frnm fi.iMiii to 0,700 in lirtL^lit, iintl the average elevation is aheiit ^ooo fet^t. The Atlantic Plain is the siii|. of low l.md l.eiueen the .Appal. i< lii.iii .Mount. tins and the oee.in. It is ^I'licrally lew ami level, ixrepl ill New liriiiiswirU and Neva Scoti.i, wlii re '.ciiiH' Midi r.iii'^'rs i.f hill-, riso, The Low Central Plain lifs lietwi f the pl.iin by a lii« swell c.illi'd the Hii);lit itf Ldiiil. This cMends across the Continent from the Horky Moun- tains to l.alirador. and forms the watorsheil siparatinf! the rivers that tlow into Iliidsa\ ; Those that How into the (ireat '..ikes and ("iiilf of St. L.iwrence: Into the .\tl.intic; - Into the (iiilf of Mexico;- And into the r.icil'i.- Oce.in. North .\iiiei i( .1 is reni;irk.ili|i for the nimurons depressions iu tts surface, more es[ieci.illy in the northern half of ihe Cire.'it Central Plain. These depres- sions (.iiisi' the formation of Great Lakes, the hottoms of whii h are often far lielow the level of the se.i. The I, ikes that li.ive no outlet, siich as the Great Salt Lake, .lie hiieely iinpreKn.iled with salt, and contain no fish, while the others alionnd in fish of various kinds. The .Missouri ,iiid ihe Lower Mississippi (li.(;ellier .\.20o miles in length), form the lonKesi water-course known, and the C.re.it Lakes drained by the SI, Liiwrence are ihe l.irijest fresh w.-iter lakes on Ihe ^hibe. except possibly Ihe Nile .-in.! its headwaters, llu' precise lentjth and e.xtent of which are not yet acciiralely explored, IIl.--ri,iM\Ti;, \'i;c.rT.vno\, Awm.m.s, Minkk,\i,s. riic West Indies, Central America, and thtj lowlands of Mexico, liavc a ti-opical or constantly warm cliniaK.:, MolNI l'olMC.,^1 lil'KTl,, SlliXlC j The se,ison of tropic .d riins lists many weeks (see pn((i! Is), itie ri'st of |li» year bein^; dry. The vei^et.ilion is luxnri.uu roKee, snj'.ir, in.iize, cotlon. and tobacco, aie exti'nsively cultiv.iteil, and Ihe b.mana, pineapple, liinon. or.inne, .-ind othc r iropic.d fruits, are proiliii' d with little labor spent in their 1 nltiv.ilion ICnru. , pean Rr,iins are Krown on the plateaus. The forests abound In m.•lho^■■ln^ . ronewood, and p.ilin trees Tht; Northern Part of the coiuincnt has a very colli cliiiiait; in liiu north and t.:ast, Inil is warmer on the western coast. The coldness of the east is cnusnd by Ihe Polar Tiirrent, whii h passes aloiv; the eastern co,ist to Newfoundland, and bs the ice which iie.irly closes tlir bro.id entrain e to Itallin Bay. Hudson Hay, however, is said to be open l^r four incmths in the year The western co.isi in the same l.ili- inde, from .Maska to the I'olnndiii River, has a much milder climate and freiiuent r.iins, the rifecl of the w.iriM Japan Current and the Kc'turn Tradi' Winds of the I'.icillc, The influeni e of this climate is also felt on thecorre. spondiuK e.istern slope of the Kocky Mountains, The moist rejii'ms of the west, in the Rocky Mountains, on the western slopes of the Sierra Nev.ula, and from iho Columbia Kiver to .Maska, are covered with forists of nif^aiitic pines, cedars, ,ind othiT everKreeus, The Central Part of the coiuincnt has a more varied climate -warm in the south, coklt-r in the north, and very dry in the Great Western lli<.,diland. Moist winds from I he Atlantic Ocean and the Ciulf of >'exico cinse frequent rains in the l-asiern ItiKli- land and in the Southern and .\tl.intic Plains. liast of the Missi- ippi, the country was orit(inally covered with one vast forest of oak, chestnut, pini'. and other trees, of which a lar^e p.art in the lowlands has been cleared away. This forest extends into the Northern I'lain, where the trees are mostly pines and firs; beyimd that, mosses and lichens are the only vegetation. The wild animals are shown on paf,'e z '- . Besides these, there are the polar bear, the wolver- ine, the wolf, fox, beaver, and allif,'ator. Great numbers of do- mesticated animals, such as the horse, ox, sheep, and hog, art' r.iised by the civilized inhabitants; these were originally intro- duced from Europe. Cotton is the chief production of the lowlands near the Gulf of Mexico; maize of the southern, and wheat of the northern portions of the low central plain. Most of the cereals, such as wheat, oats, barley, and rye, are not indigenous to the New World, but were introduced from Kuropc;, The most char.icieristic native cereal is maize, or Indian corn, which is extensively cultiv.ited from Central .\merica and the West Indies to high latitudes in this granil division. The rainfall upon the western slopes of the lofty mountains bordering the tireat Wesleru Highland leaves but little moisture to be carried over to thtj I isl, till- ri'si iif lilt in. .'inil tiiluictci, ,111' I, iir.'iM^'i', ;inil c>tli< r I iilliv.itiiiii. ICiini. iiiitwl in nialiii^.in\ , t has a very is wanner on , wliii h pnnitcs alnni; h nt'.irly closes iln s.iiil to \n' optin V>v !■ ycir Hist in t)\v same lali- a to the Colnniliii 1 milili'r rlimatf ami !• c'llccl of till' warm (1 the K('tiirn Tradr i(ic, Tlic infliicni r Iso felt on till! corn . slope' of the Koiky [ions of the west, in ains, on the western ■a Nevada, and from ivor to Alaska, an' stsof niH.intic pines, ■ everKrt'cns. tral Part of U has a more ;ite -warin in roklcr in the •cry tlry in the jrn I li^'hlaiul. from the Allanti( alf of ^'exico cuisc till! l-astern HiKh- mthern and Atlantic the Mississippi, tin- inally covired with oak, chestnut, pine, if which a lar(,'e part sheen cle.tred aw;iy. Is into thi! Northern rees are mostly pines that, mosses and ly vegetation, ini.ils arc shown )i-'ar, the wolver- iiumliers of do- L'p, and liog, arc originally inlro- ds near tlic (iiiil of the iiortiurii , are not indigenous '■ most char.icierislic ely culti\;ite(l front tiiis grand tlivision. tains borfiering the carried o\er to the 1; DIVISIONS OF TIME.— Owing to the difficulty cxpcrienceil by travellers in regard to the Time-Tables of the different railways in North America, a Railway Time Convention wj- >eld in Chicago, III. (L'.S.), on Oct. nth, 1883, and a Standvd Tim* was decided upon for the Continent. I- ilonial Time is taken from the doth meridian W. of Greenwich; Eastern Time Vom the 75th meridian, or one hour slower than Intercolonial Time; Central Time from the 90lh meridian, or another hour slower; Mountain Time from the 105th meridian; and Pacific Time from the 120th meridian, or 4 hours slower than Intercolonial Time. Note — Tit red litKS en 'he map shvw the limits of tht difftrtnt lime Jivitiom. I'OI.I riCAI. NORTH AMKRICA. 25 table-lnnds: tlio l.nt- 1 tcr, incliiiliiiK tliosf j parts of tlu' plateau •' of Mi'xico tli.it arc not vis- itnl liy tlie tropical rain-bi'll, art! tliorcfnru uxlri'iiu'ly dry. The whole rcjjion is noarly | (Institute of \'e^'('tat ion. except 1 in llie northern part, and the saye-busli and cactns are the principal jilants which the parched soil produces, ' .^1 WHALINu IN UAFFIN UAY/ Rc:iKi.\viK. ^••', • 1^ y-^i Ij , r-' The Eastern part of i'^huntinu the car'icou' i^ Xortli Ann'rica is cxccc(linf,'ly rid' •!< tlicj . netful iniiii'rals: — coal, iron, (•o|)pcr, lia'i..? South-cast of Mexico? Name tln' rmintries of North America. I Danish America. — To what country in I-airope does it belon.!,'? i r>,iiii(irli.] Name its two principal islands. What cape is at the southern point of Cireenland? What is tlie chief town of Iceland? (Sec map of ruro|H'.| What towns are in Creenland? What is the most northern town in North .\menca? British America. — What f;roi.;- of islands is on the north ol the con- | tinent? What islands are west ? At the entrance to Hud.son Hay ? In the I Gulf of St. Lawrence ? What country is on the south? On the north-west? ! What larf;e peninsula is in the eastern part? In the south-eastern? What : capes on the east coast ? What straits on the east coast ? On the west ' What mountains are in the western part? In the eastern? Wha' ,;r' at river is in the eastern part ? In the north-west ? Inthewest? In hecentre? What volcano on the borders between Alaska and Canada. What large cities are on the St. Lawrence Kiver? On the Ottawa Kiver' ( 111 Lake Ontario ? On the east coast ? In Newfoundland ? What pn.icipal cities in the interior? On the west coast? On Vancouver Island? United States. — What country lies north of the United States? South west? What Kulf south? What islands south-east of Tlorida? Name the capes on the east coast of the United States. What cape is at thn south- eastern point of the United States? What capes on the west coast ? What mountains are west of the Sierra Nevada? What two bays arc on ilie east coast of the United States? What river flows into the .Vilantic Ocean lu'.ir I-onR Island? What river flows between Mexico and the United Slates? Into what does it tlow ? What mountains does the ("olunibia break through? What lake is siiuated between the Colorado and .he Col- unilii.i? What two cities are near the hi'ad of Chesapeake Hay ? What is Washing ton ? ( Th,- cij'iUil of tin i'tiilcl Slulis.) What city is north-east of Daltimore ? North-east of I'hil.adelphia ? North-east of Now York ? .\t the mouth of the Mississippi? Near the mcnith of the Missouri? On Lake Michigan? On the Pacific .oast "• On the north bank of the Ohio ? "inic Convention To uh It country does .\l.isk.i bi l.uiu; ? What i^ ihi- name <•' its chief river ? Where does it rise' Into wh.il chx's it llow ? What island is in the soulhern part ? What town is on it ? What peninsula is in the south-west ? Mexico. -What peninsula and gulf are in the north-west of Mexico? What ca]H^ at the end of the peninsula? Wli.it niountains in Nortliern Mexico ? What is the chief town ? What volcano is near it ? Wh.it city lies east ol Mexico ? Central America. -What waters w,ish the shores of Central .\merica ? What lake i, in Ceiur.il .Vmerica ? What city is in 111 north-west? Name the two largest islamls in the West Inilies. What c ity is in I'ub.i? What city is in Jamaica ? '\i;vii-.\v l';xi;ucLsi;s. I l"or models, see Review of Wistern Hemisphere, page ij.) Countries. — \Vh,ri- is it > //«,•.• Iminulol ? Wluil is the chi,-/ town or lily .' M(M>i:i.. — Mexico is the soiilh-wi'stern part of North .\merica. It is bounded on the north by the United States, on the east by the Ciiilf of Mexico, on the south by Central .\merica and the I'.iciiic Ocean, on the west by the I'.acitic. The chief city is Mexico. Oanish .\merica ' flominion of Canada ' t'niti'd St.iti's' Mexico' Cen- tral .\nierica Islands. Whii; sUhhIhI ' .\rciic Archipelago? Cireenland, I ) ? Soiith- anipton. I! ? Icelind, I).? Cape lireton, H. ? Newtonndl.iiid, H ? Bermuda Islands, H? Long Island, U.S.? West Indies? Haliama Islamls, H? Jamaica, li. ? Cuba. S? Hayli, 1 ? Lorlo Rico, S ? Vancouver, H. ? (.Hieen Charlotti', H. ? Haranov, I' S .' NoTK. — The countries to which they Ixlong are thus indicated ; Den- niark, 1),: Great Britain, B. : Spain, S . United States, I'. S , Inde- Jiendent, I. Peninsulas. — I'rum u-hal f^nrl ■■lull K-iiltrs ? Labrador? Nov . alifornia ? Capes. I'riiiii n'hatamst tloi-s it /•riiji;! .' I'arewell? Race? Sable, .V. .' Cod? Ilalter.is? Sable, .S? St. Lucas? Prince of Wales ? Mendocino? I'laltery ? Isthmuses. — Wlml countries Joes it connect ! Trhiiantepec ? P.anama? Isthmus of (Central .Vmeriia ? Mountains. — ir'icr.- ctrc they} .\ppalachian ? Rocky? Sierra Madre? Sierra N'evula ? trascade? Coast ranges? Poixjcatepell (v ) ? Hccla (v.) ? St, Elias (v.) ? \orth Ainericit ttocs it project ? Bclieeen .-icotia? I'lorida? Viicat.in ? .\laska ? 36 rOLITICAI. \ORT!I AMERICA. Seas, Gulfs, and Bays, ll'/i.r, is i/.'— Unffin? Hudson? James? Si l.auniH..' I ini>l> ' I ). l.iu.irc ? rhi-sape.ik.- ? Mexico? Campeacliy? Hondiir.i- ? l!i:liriii«? CiritilH-an ? Cilifcrni.-i? StraiU. liilifiiii ;,li,il liiml^ .' W'IkiI leitltrs iloes il {onntcl ? Davis? Iluilson? Hillclslc? I'lorid.i ? BehrinK - San Juan dc I"uca"' Rivers. —11 'A, V, i/.<, ■, it fis,- ? In what ilireclioii ilo.s il flo:,- ? Thnni^h :,liiilGran(Ie? Colorado? Columbia? Fraser? Lakes. -Whir, silimlnl > What oitlUI hm il • CreatHear? ( irrai Slave? Athabasca? Winnipeg? Superior? Michi- gan? Iliiron ? ICrie ? Ontario? Great Salt? Nicaratjua ? Cities and Towns. -/« wluil cuunlry is it? In :.luil I'orl ? Oil iir luiir •..:.'! i.i'ttr ? Keikiavik? IiMrnivik? St. Johns, Ntld. '• Halifax? St. John? Olliwa? Montreal? Oueln-c ? Toronto? Winnipeg' \'ic loria ;■ WashiUK'ton? I'hilarlelphia? Hoston ? N'.MIMC1.\ (II- (aNAHA, (l-.MkAI. .VmI.KICA, \i;wi'oc\iii„\Mi. \\'i:sr Indu.s. |).\ X I Sll .\ M i \ Danish Ann;rica c -iisists of (ircen- laiul and lh(j Islaiul of Icclaiul. Itiie- loiiL^s, as the naiiii' sliows, to Denmark, a kiiindoin of luiro|K:. Greenland is tiilui- one large island, or a iiiiiiil)ir (jf isl.inds connected by vast masses of ice. The iiortlu'rn extrt initv has never vet lieen reached, and its e.\tent is unknown. The niterior is an iininense ice-tiekl, and is unexpiorcd. \ iittle liarliy and .i lew garden vcfjetablcs are raised in the soiilh aloiiL' tlie coast. A oevsER. Iceland, an island about ito miles east of Greenland, is about 42,000 S(iiiare miles in e.xtent. It is evidently volcanic in ils formation, and several volcanoes, of which the principal is ?ilt. Iliria, now exist, and from time to time have violent ernplions. The surface i:. inountairions, and is covered with glaciers anil great lava helds. Tlie Geysers, or boiling sjjrings, of whicli there are a hinidred within a circuit of two miles, are a great natural curiosity. The Climate is milder than that of Greenland, owing to the warm south-west winds and currents that bathe its shores. The Inhabitants (about 72,4001 are de- scendants of the Norwegians, who setlled on the island about i .000 years ago. They still sjieak the old N'orsc language. The Government is mulcr the control of Denmark, but the people have the right of making their own laws and of administering the affairs of the island. The chief Commerce is in eider-down, col- lected from the vast (juantities of eider-ducks which frequent the island, wool, Iceland moss and stock-fish. Pasturage is abun- dant, and sheep and cattle are the chief de- pendence of the people. Reikiavik (stcam-Um'n, so called from the hot springs mar it,) is the capital. It is a collection of one-storey wooden buildings, but has a college at'd a public library. .\ L A S K A . Alaska, formerly Russian America, was bought from Russia by the L'nited States in 1S67. In e,\tent it forms nearl)- one-sixth of the area of the •whole I'nited States, but contains only about 30.000 inhabitants, incJjJing Indians and Esquimaux. Mountain chains extend along tin? whole coast, and through the islands. They con- tain many volcanoes, of which the greatest is Mount St. Elias on the border of the Dominion. The Inhabitants (about 10.000) are chietlv Esquimaux, who subsist by li^liing and seal luinting, anil aliont 300 Kuropeans ! barren desert with a peaty soi (Danes), who cany on a small trade in dried, unsaUed codfish (called stoi! fisli), seal and reindeer skins, and whale and seal oil. In the south are forests of large trees, and garden vegetables can be raised, but tlie north is within the .Arctic Circle, and is a Their villages are sc.ittered along the west coast northward fiom Cape I'aiewell, and the ditVerent districts are governed bv Danish directors. r,recnla:.d received its name about 900 years ago because the southern part looked Kncn and fertile to the fir^t comers from Iceland, and when it is prolwble the climate was less severe tlian at present. The chief iiniiorlance of .\laska is derived from its fisheries and furs. Great numbers of fur-.seals and sea-otters arc captured. Sitka is the residence of the collector of customs, but th: territory of Alaska is still uiiorganized. Tlie Aleutian Islands, which belong to Alaska, arc volcanic in formaluiii. They are inhabited by the .\leuts, an uncivilized tribe, similar to the Esquimaux. ilaiid, is about olcaiiic in iis ; principal is have violent h glaciers and ngs, of wliicii s, arc a great , owing to the currents that !,40o) are tie- , who settled s ago. They age. the control of e the right of administering ilcr-down, col- of elder-ducks vool, Iceland rage is abun- ; the chief de- illed from the pital. It is a en buildings, ibrary. in America, the United nt it forms irea of the )ntains only i n c I .k1 i n g ng lh(? whole . They con- Lint St. Elias ■n vegetables rcle, and is a 1 its fisheries ;a-ottcrs arc 3nis, but th; arc volcanic n uncivilized IB •' "'■ t ^ ->J ^' r^ \ ;:(ii-)viUf-v ■ill: POLITICAL NORTH AMERICA. a; DOM IX ION ()!• (• AXAD.N , I. - I'OSI riclX AND IC\ ri-.N 1-. The Dominion of Canada occupies the whole northern p;irt of Nortli America, with the exce-ptioii ol Alaska and Greenland, previous!)- mentioned. It extends from the Atlantic to tiie Pacific Ocean, and from the Unii-ed States to the .\rctic Ocean. Its Lcrealest extent from I^abrador to Vancouver Island is about 3,100 miles, and from Lake Erie to IBaffin Ray about i.goo miles. The Area of Canada is about 3,470,000 scjuare miles. This is about the same as that of the United States, including Alaska, and is almost equal to that of Europe. II. QUF.STIONS ON THE PHYSICAL MaP. Outlines. — Wh.it country is south of Canada? What throe oceans wash the shores of Canada? How is the western half of Canada separ.ited from the United States? (By tli<- ^<^th paniU,l of latitutlt.) What lakes form part of the boundary of the eastern half? What great bay nearly cuts the country in two? What is its southern extremity calleil ? How is Hudson Hay con- nected with the .\tlantic ? What great peninsula forms the eastern part of Canada? What country is on the north-west of Canada? What large Danish island is north-east? How is it separated from Canada ? What large island is ofi' the extreme east ? What gulf does it nearly enclose ? How is it separated from the mainland on the north? \\'hat peninsula is south-west of it? Name islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence? What island is between N'ova Scotia and Newfoundland ? What bay is between Nova Scotia and the mainland ? What important island is off the west coast ? How is it separated from the mainland? From the United States? What group of islands is north of Vanriiuvir Island i" How are they separated from the mainland? To whom do the Islands ,ind strip of coast land north of Ouein Cliarlotlo Islands belong? (To III, L'liil,,! SlaUs I Highlands. —Which is the great highland of Canada? In what rlirt( tion does it extend ? At what ocean does it end in the north ? Into what country does it extend on the south ? What mountains form the eastern part? The western? What is the central part called ? What other liighl.md is there in eastern Canada ? Of what mountain chain is it a continuation ? What is the general direction ? What are tlie highlands of the dreat Ceni. d Plain called ? (Hiii;htof I.aml.) What heights of land extend from the Kocky Mountains? In what direction' How far? What basins do ihev seuarate? What vo' rano is on the northwestern bonier of Canada ? Lowlands and Drainage. — Wh.u great plain extends between the two highlands? What name is given to the north-western portion? What low plateau is in the extreme north? What is the southern portion called? The central portion ? What great river drains the eastern part of Canada ? What lakes are formed in its course? Which are its three principal tributaries on the north? What one on the south? What lakes does the Kichelieu dram ? What river flows from the eastern highland into the Day of I'undy ? What is the principal river of the (Ireat Southern I'lain called? Where does it flow? What groat river drains the Arctic I'lain? Whii h are its principal tribu- taries? What lakes does it drain ? Where does it flow? What rivers flow into Hudson Hay? What lake is drained by the Nelson River? What rivers flow into Lake Winnipeg? Which are the principal rivers that drain the Western Highland "' Where do they flow? Geographical Circles, etc. -What geographical circle crosses Canaila? In what zone is the greate.' part of the country? What ocean current is Idwit coast-land it lx.comes I navigable river fur abonl njcj miles to New Westminster. The Columbia has its suiirces on thit eastern side of the central plateau. The head stn.un >( rtixnl. and forii a fall of sixty feet in heifjht. In the lower part of its course, the Stekin it navi- gable fur abinit 150 miles. Tli(' Yukon Kiver also rises in the ccMitral plateau, and flows nort award into Al.ask.i, and then westw,ird into llehrin>; Sea. It is the l.ari!c-st river of tile Western IIi|{hlaud, but is valueless for commeice, as it is frozen oeer for the greater part of the year. The Peace Kiver has its springs in the Peak Mountains, erne of the central lieights of the plateau, on the opposite side of which the Stekin has its sources, riowing in ,a north and eastw.ird course, it pa:>-^es thiough a gorije in the Kocky Mountains, and joins thi Athabasca, which rises near Mts Hruwn and Hooker, to form the Mackenzie River. Like most of the riverr. uf the North-west, these flow through a depression of the land ranging in depth from Ooo to Soo feet. The sediment of the Frazer, Upper Columbia, an-' Stekin rivers, ami of their tributaries, is in many parts rich in gold dust, worn out of the rocks in the mountains where they rise. V. — E.vsTERN Highland and Atl.xntic 1'i..\in\ The Eastern Highland is small and low in com- parison with the Western. It consists of a ridge called the Notre Dame Mou~tr.'.r»a (which is an extension of the .\ppa achian Chain), and anotlier lower ch.ain called tlie Lauretltide Hills. The Notre Dame Mountains, which extend from the Green Mountains of Vermont to the extremity o( thepeninsulaofGaspe, and across the St. L.awrence Kiver through Labr.ador, nowhere exceed 3,.Soo feet in hei.i:ht iMt. L^ogan. i.-OS feet). The low range of the Laureniide Hills extends from w.st of L.ake Su- |)erior to the St. Lawrence, and then to the plateau of L-abrador, where it joins the height of land which divides the tributaries of the St. Lawrence from the rivers that flow into Hudson Ray. Their height does not exceed 2.000 feet. These two ranges enclose the valley of otir noble River St. Lawrence, which is the outlet for the Gnat Lukcs and forms Canada's great water highway to the Atlantic Ocean. East of the Notre Dame Mountains is the small Atlantic Plain, sloping gradually toward the Atlantic Ocean. It li.is an undulating surface, varied by short ranges of low hills round the Bay of Fundy and on the north shore of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. The Cobequid Mountains (i.ioo feeti in the north of the Nova Scotia Pen- insula, an in,iy be considered as iminense basins. None of them have any gie.it trilmt.try rivers, so tli.tl the w.itirslied is never more than too iiiiles from their siioies. .uul in soiiic p.irls as on the soiltil-Wesl of L.ike Mirhigali .111(1 oil liie soutli ol l,,d\e Erie — it a])proa(ius verv close to tlu: eo.isi. .V canal conmcts Like Miehig.in with the hi.id I'f sle.imbo.it ii.ivig.itiou on the Illinois Kiv( r. inn: of the tribut,iries uf the Mississippi, ,iiid two cm. lis connect L.ike I'.rie with the' Ohio Kiver. Below the i.ikis the dl ,lill,lf,'e oil the south is still from a 11.11- row siiip id 1,1 111 I. lull on the wist and north it is more extendeil. Lake Superior is, su fir w i^ known, the largest l>ody of fresh water on the surface of the globe. It is )'io miles long from east to west, and I'm miles across at its widist part Its depth is vari.ible but very great, the mixinuim b.-ing about lui.) to ucki feet. Isl.iiuls are niinirruiis. especi.illy along the north coast Michipicoten, in the east, and Isle Royal 1 1' S 1, opposite Thun- der H.iy, are the princip.il. The north shore is high and rocky, while the si'Uth shore is sandy, intersected with limestone rocks. The lattir hive been worn by the .action of the weather and the waves into f.int.istic forms. ,ind in one pl.ice form what are called the Piiliiml Kuch L,ike Sujicrior is (1J7 feet .above the sea-level. The overflow of Lake Superior is carried off by the Sir Murii Kiiir. u\x)n which is the Sault tSua) Ste Marie, or Tails of St. Mary, a rapid al)out two miles long, with abunt .'-' feet fall. This is sur aounted by means of a canal on the United States side. Helow the rapids the river divides into several channels enclosing luinierons islands and forming small lakes, .\fter a course of about too miles it enters L,ike Huron. Lakes K 'on and Michigan .ire of nearly equal extent, and are connected bv the St(}il of M:ukiiiii:,\ Tlu y .ire similar in form, each h.iving a number of island: in the northern part, and e.ich having its shores in the south remarkal.l) regular and rounded, without any islands. The shores are highest and most abrui,' on the north, but are nowhere of great heiglii On the east side of Lake Huron 's a Large arm called the Georgian Bay, r.ad on the west side of Lake Michigan is a similar arm c.illed Green Bay. On the opposite side, in Lake Huron is Sdfiinnw liny, and in Lake .Michigan, Griitul Triivcnc Bay. The greatest depth of these lakes is from .Soo to 1000 feet, and they are 578 feet above the level of the sea. MiukliKiw SIniil, which uniies the northern parts of these lakes, is ,S miles in width and 35 miles long. It encloses the island of M.ackinavv, which li.is been made one of the public parks of the I'nited States. The river SI. Clair flows from Lake Huron, and expands into I.uki- SI. Cliiir. Contracting again, it forms the i.inruit Kiiir and connects with l.nki Krii . The whole length is about 100 miles. Lake Erie is the shallowest of the great lakes, having an average depth of only 73 feet (nowhere exceeding 200 feet), and is 5^13 feet ,il>ove the sea The coast is generally low, and at the western end there is a number of small islands, famous for their vineyards. The Xitii;iirti Kin r connects L Erie with Lake Ont.irio It flows swiftly, and 14 miles from Lake Ontario , rms, after a series of rapids, the great I'll! Is of Siii/rara, a cataract about i,)oo y.irds in width. This waterfall is divided into two parts by Goal Islaml, the larger, on the Canadian side, being called the Horseshoe from its shape, falling 154 feet . and the smaller, on the side of the United Statis, falling 103 feet. From this the river rushes through a rocky chasm, and at a point where it takes a rapid tiend forms the Whirlpool, flowing afterwards with a smooth but rapid current into I..ake Ontario To overcome the rapi.ls and fails of the Niagara Kiver, a canal was built, accomni.Hlating vessels of 500 tons, and in 1SS2 a new and much larger canal was opened, which is capable of carr\ing vessels of 1,500 tons. Lake Ontario is the smallest of the (Ireat Lakes but is very deep 1 1 has a maximum depth of (> 3') feet, so that the deep<;st part of its l«-d is 374 feet below the level of the sea. The surface is i(ji feet above the sea. . «l i'.':' \m ^o I'OI ITK \I. Nr)RTII AMl.klCA. Till' shore is low ,inil unbroken iinllJ th« pn\nt of oniflnw i< riMchi-d in tin- niirlli iMslirii pin, wlutri' the St Lawrmii' as a rivir lifKUn .■ind wluri'tlir ii|i|u r |>iri /./"./. ill.- latur Ihiiiw aliuiil |S mill's lonw Till' St l.illt'tilUf priipir may In- sliil In liri;in it llir Lakr nf tlir riioii saiiil Islaiiils, altiT which ihiMhaiinnl brnimi's ii.irniwii- aiiM tlu' sirciiKlh nt till' iiirrnit Increases A siTics of rapids thin (iniir whii h ari' iiavi^alilr fur sliaiiirrs Kniiiu ilnwn tin- rivir. ami arc iivinnmi' liy canals fur mssiIs ,1 .1 iinliiiK lliliirr n.K liiiiK thr Inland "f Mnninal Ihi- rivir has srviral lake i-\paiisiiins, as l.iiki SI /Vii/iwi and /.iit. SI. t.iiiii>. and Iwlnu Muntrial is l.iik, SI I'il.r 'I'lir livir ii irossi'd at Mniitr'-al In llir nia^nilii iiit \'i( toria Hridyr, marly Irtii miles ill li'n);lli, Iniilt for tin; ( iraiid Triiiik Kailwa> llilim' Montreal there is no inlerniplioii to tin- navigation, ,ind ilie l,ir«ist ocean steamships can i ome to the lity 1 he tiiU'. however, is not seiisilily tell alioM' Three [o\e the sea level. The principal Kiver is the Mackeiuie, one of the l.ir«est im the 'oiitiiient wliii h ilr;iins most of the eastern sI,.]h' of the Ibvky Mountains It is broid .md rapid, but is not avail.dile f'lr n.'vi',; iiion. i.wimj to numerous rapids ,ind s,ind li.inks ;iiid to its In im; Ir.i/, 11 the greater |Mri of the year. The Great Southern Plain forms a vast stntih of Kvil prairie l.ind. intersected lo miles from their sources These flow through a depression in the level prairie from 150 to 300 feet deep, and from one to two miles wide. The Red River, which rises in the height of land in Minne-sota, near the sources of llie Mississippi, and flows inio l-ake \Vinni]vg, has a course of nearly 71X) iiiles, and is valuable for navigation The Assiniboine is an im- portant trilnuary, draining the southern jvirt of the (ireat Southern Plain. Hudson Bay forms a j,'reat central I>asiii into which the waters of the central region flow from the height of land which extends all round at a distance of from 400 to (00 miles. It also receives the draina.ge of the great plains of tlv Saskatchewan direct from tile Rockv Monntains. Tlie Nelson River which drains Lake Winnipeg is the inc.: important river of the Hudson Hay Basin. The Churchill is the next in importance, rising north of the height of land separating the -Vthabasca from the north branch of the Saskatchewan. On the western side of Hudson Bay the Lakes and Rivers .ire larger and more numerous th.m on the eastern side. Lake Winniptg King as large as Like Krie. The rivers flowing into Hudson Bay .are interrupted by numerous rapids and are not jjeuerallv ^nailable for navigation. DOMINION OI" CANADA. }l \'II.— Climatk, Vkuktation, Animals, Mim kai.s, Canada omipirs llu- ncirtlum half (if tlif 'I'diiiu ratf Zone in N'lMili AiKiric.i, and ••xtimis tn tlir Ariti<; Oican. 'I'lic CU- tn&te, tlurt'forf, v.irits ar>"iiliii;,' lu ilu- poMtinn, or to tlic j)lij>ical formation of the (lillVriiil jiarls of tin; iDiintiy. Tlio whole iif Iho Southern Part "f runadii. uvi-n thnimh varyinn lo (InRreen Inin !■» fiiiimt , iiw* .«i li.in llilln. whiih fxlrml from i.nVr Snjvrior |i» Itie Si. I..i»ri-nij Ki\rr. ii'TIIi i^f like (liiMrio. anil in lint ('ii|k>.ihii| Muiiiil lint. io|i|< r on Ihi- »horr< of l..ilo> Siiccrior .mil ll;ir m . hiImt on llir ncrih sliori- of Uike Siiin'rior, Rolil in llii- I'liiinHnl,! of Noia Sioii.i , coal in ('a|i« llrrt.in Nlanph.ii<-irwliiini .uvl nail in t,,j5 nul.O in lalii.i.!.-. !,.„ a r.n. arkahl,. av. ,n«.: h.at in sun.mtr, «l,il.r local "'" I-"'"'"';' 1« i»;.-.t, l..k« Huron an,l l.ri.-; WM, . marble. ,.luml«.«o inlliu'iive* crrale a lonsiili-ralilc ditforcnci! ii'. th ; cold of wint r. Thin is diii' mainly to the ocean cnrnnni and windn. I •. iln> cast, r wia ; t ■ t'lo jxilar current from the.Vtlanlic Ocean. On- Kolh.rni.il I.ini', or lini.- f ninal .iveraKO heat, ia summer is lower than in ihe west, «lule in the (ire.it (\iitr.il I'l.iin it rises hitjhor than in i ither. Thi' Pacific Coast liis ,i mucli tniKh r i lim.itc tli.m ihc .\ilan- tic Coast. This is owim; to thn int1nen-e nf iln warm J.ipan or Nnrlji rarllir I'lirreni, and lo the Keiurn Ciirrenl which (lows northerly from V.iiuouvir Isl.iml. The-!e the (Inlf Stre..m of the .\il.intic, and with their .arc.mipanying winds )>r>slu> ■• ihe same rf-nli on tin' western coast of Canada as ilie ("lulf Stream and the Kclurn Traili^ Winds do on thu western coast of Europe {)>• f. Ml. The Western Highland is covticd with dense forests, es- peciallv cm llo. >iiiiii> lu ..k si the I'.uilic. The most notalle timlxT is the I ' lujjlas I'ini', which urows to an enormous size and furnishes the ls.st masts for ships. Thi:i is j.irnely exp' .ted .Mtliouoh the mountain jvaks rise Ijevond liie Hinil of jur- petii.d snow, it is rcniarkaiile th.it few ),da'.ieis .ue lo be found Ml the inunntain .alleys. This is accounted for by reason of llie moisture from the oce.in lieinn inter- cepted by the ("oast .and Cascade K.ini;es of Mouni.iins, ilonn the western slopes of the latter of which the );re.Uest rainfall occurs. Except in \'ancouver Island and .don^,' the lower valley of the Fraser River, the laiul is not inii'li cnltivaled, ;ind is not vet mica, an a eliin-.te whuh dill'ers jjre.itly liniii ih.it of the West or I a St. In summer the he.it i-> equal lo ih.il of ili,. m.i-i s.Miilierlv p.irl .^f ihe country, but in winter the cold is intense, the ihcrmometrr ofieii filling lo 40' below zero As the rainfall on the prairies is too small to support tree life. .1 rem.irkable provision of nature cki urs. bv which, the surf.ace of the l.ind lieiiiK of .i loose', porous n iiiire. resliuK on a sulistr.ilum of clay, becomes fro/en lo .1 deplh of sixoreiyht f^il. The summer heat tli.iws Ihe surf.ici' and Kr.iduaily pene- tr.iies the );round. and thee^cipini4 moiami- risin ■ to the surf.ice supplies the roots of the growing crops wiih aliund.int iiuiirislimeni. The (^.asf ade and KiKky Mountain-, absorb ne.irly .ill ihi- inoisiure from Ihe winds of Ihe racilic. and the climate is thereture very dry, so ihit 1 .itlle cm Kr.ue out all winter as f.ir north as the I'cace Kiver and west to ihe Uotky opened w.i for settlement. The Products are cereals.— wiieat. Mountains barlev, ■*'' I The valleys of the Fraser and Ujiper Colninhia are rich in f,'old; coal is abundant in \'aiicoiiver and Queen Charlotte Is- l.mds, and other valuable Minerals are found b t are not yet worked. Tile Fisheries are important; s.dnion .iliouiids in the rivers; sturjjeon, herriU!.; and lialibm on liie coast; .iiul seals .ire nu- merous. The Eastern Part of the Dominion has a more generally equable climate than the western. AL^nf,' the- .\tlantii: Coast, it is moist but !;ot subject to e.Mremcr., except in Labr.idor. wliert- the Polar Current makes the winters Ion;,' and severe, while llu- summers are short but warm ist'c /■. 14). From the Lake of the Woods i" ilu- Atlantic Ocean the country is covered with forests of pine. oak. spruce, cedar, and other woods, except where they hive been cleared for settlement. In thu peninsula between Lake I-".riu and I. .ike Huron, b'..ack w.alnut. chestnut, butleniut, and oak are abundant ; and farther east — pine, hickory, cedar, basswood. beech, maple, and ironwood. .Vs far as the extreme north of Labrador are to be found the spruce, poplar, bals;im, birch, and aspen. The climate and soil are well adapted for Agriculture and Stock-raising. The best variety of cereals, as well as root crops, tlourish luxuriantly. The principal afTicultura! proihicts are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes and roots. Minerals are largely distributed, alciiough as yet they have not lx;en much developed. Near the Rocky Mountains the country issubii>ct lo Variable Winds -cold winds from the summits of the mountains which briuK suiniui r frosts, and the warm Chinnoolc Winds in winier which seem l.i sweep round the northern extremiiy A ilie mountains from the racilic Ocean, and in a very short lime melt all the snow fr.mi the );round These chani;es are often sudden, and the thermometer at l-"orl Udmonton hi- fallen from .);' above zero to ij' below within twelve hours. Tiu- Principal Products .ue whe.u and root crops. The Prairies 111 summer are ^i ner.iily covered with wild roses and other prairie-tl.iwers. but it is only in the river valleys that limber is found, chiefly b.il=.ani and jxiplar. North of the prairie re;;ion the spriiie, larch, canoe-birch, balsam. [>oplar, asixn and lianksian pine fjrow- almost as far north as the inc uth of ihe M.ackenzie Kiver. The Coal Region b.-tween tiie .Xthabasc.i and Red Deer Rivers near the Ivuky Mountains is supposed to cover an area of not less than 25.000 sipi.ire miles. Co.il is also found in tiie south near the Souris River and in otiier jiarts. North of the .\thabasca River is the desolati- Arctic Plain, extending from the K-icky Mountains to I Iiidson I !,iy on the e,ist, and to the .\rctic Ocean on the north. Mere the only settle- ments are the Hudson Bay Forts, establisiied for the collection of hirs; and tlie onlv inhabitants arc a few Indians, and in the far north tiie IC-quimaiix. I Labrador, and the territory east of Iliidsfin l!av. i.s chiefly I valuable for the seal fishing on tlie .\tlantic coast. The southern part is wooded and is inliabited by Indians, but tht; northern part is desert and is almost uninhabited. 4 DOMINION 01* CANADA. Indian Kn< ampmknt in tmi: NoRTii.\Vi.br. POLITICAL CANADA. The Political Divisions of the Canada arc: — Dominion of ( >N I AKIO. nii:i!i;c. Niiw Uki'nswick. Nova Scoiia. Princk IChWAnn Isi.ASii. Manitoiia. Dhlriit of K II' ',.■11 1 ill. DkITISII Coi IMIilA. Ndklll-WI SI 'riUKlTORIES — AfliilhiiSiii, Allhrlii. Siisk'(il(lic'„.'(iii. A.ssillihiiid. Ill .idclitioii tu the 'I'l riitorjcs .ilicich l.iul oin in the Xdrtli- wcsl. tluro is a v.ist IimcI of land Imth cast and \v( st of Hudson JJ.iy not yet oif,Mni/i'd. The Population in iSSi was nearly 4.500,000, .md ( irli year it is lieiiifi l,ii-;,'ely ineri'ased liy imini,i;ration fioin Kiiioiie. Of this nmiiher over 4,01x5,000 ,ire in the iMstern part of the eountrv. In lliu rrovinceof yuebec Ow pinple .nro chiony I'rcncli, (Uso.nil.ints of 111.- larly settlers from I'r.nnce, .iii.l still speak the French lanKu.ijje. In ihe other provinces, they are mainly of Uritish descent, or immi«rants who have come from Oeat Hritain, Germany and other countries. The Indians thronKhout the Dominion are snjipose.l to miinlier about i.io.KK), .Old the Chine.-,.' (eliielly in liritish Cilumbia) about 5.00.). Agriculture and Lumbering are the leadin.L,' industries on hind, and the Fisheries on h.ith the ( ast ;ind west coasts. Grazing is also an import. uU .nenp.ition in the .i.u'riciillural distriets. In tlie Xortli-West, Kie^it atteiui.m is Lriveii lo the raisinj,' of e.iltle, and hir;,'c ranches or |),isture hniits have heen formed on the prairies near tin; Rocky Mount. iins. Th.' Ao^ricultural Products exported ain.mnt to .d)out 35.000,000 dollars annually: Cattle .md Timber e.ieh t.> about J3.o , M.iiui.li.i l^r v.li.Mt .iml r...i|s, i'rini'i! I''.il«.iril Isl.in.l for ..a's ami |).il.iloe^ I'.ir iinil..'r ih.' north. rn p;irt of ( inl.iri.), yui'Ur, N.iv lining will*, an. I Hrllish ('.iluinbla. l'.>r th.' (iiln'ries N.na Scotia, New Uruns- wieli, Trill.. I.luir.l Ishin.l, (.lu.U. , .iii.l llrilish (".ilumbia The Fisheries are inv.iinaiile as a Irainint,' scjiool for seamen ,is \V( 11 as f..r the limduet llley r.'llirii. In th.' \V."-I s.dmon-r. inning' is ;in in. ..rl.int imliiHlry, and seal-skins ari^ .lai">;.'!y .•xp.irli.l. In ill.- I'.asi, the ciirinK nf cod-fish nnd .IwtiTcanninK form lar^e inilns. tri. . in Trinre I';dw.ir.l lsl;inil and on the s iilliern shore of Ihe C'lulf of St l..i»r.ne.-. These, with the salmon from ih rivers, form imjiorlant articles of .-spurt. Mining is ,ils.i ,111 impiirt,iiii in.justry, Imi h.is imt \i-i receivi.l till- .ill. iiti..ii il ili'^.ii \ IS. ■j'hi Manufacturing Industry has (,'ro\\n iinmensely within till' i.isi lew \e.irs. It, prim ip.ii se,it is in ihi' hir^;er cities, and on till- li.inks of rivers or cau.ils, where w.iter power is .iliuiiilant. Thi' iiriiirip.il inanufactiires arc cottons, woollens, ajjricultiiral nii|ilemenls, iLuir ,iiiil liiinher. ihe Commerce of Cin.ul.i is of two kinds — domestic and fi.n i;,'!!. I'ln- Domestic Commerce is tlie distriluuion within ils own limits of dimiestic manufactures and iiiiporte.j .trticles in e.\cliaiit,'e for ,iL;riculiurai, gr.i/inj,', mining;, forest and W':tcr products. To c.irry ilie frei^'ht, passenj,'ers and mails for the inknd, co.isiinj,', and forei;,'ii tnide, an immense lleet of steamers and s.iiiinK vessels is emplojed, an.l Ciu.ula ranks amonj,' the first n.itions of the world for tin: extent of her shippiiif;. The principal Interior Water Route f.'t Canadian cmmerce is by the Ore.it Lakes and the St Lawrence Uiver to the .Vllantic Ocean. This, .-dlhoUKh passing mainly thr.iii);h Canadian territory, is allowed also lo bo used by the vessels belonKinK to th.' I'liili-d Slai..-s. The diliieullii-s of this rinito are ..vere.nne by can.ils— at Saiilt Sie. Mario l.i-twe<-n l-.ikes Superi..r and Huron; tho W.'ll.inil Cinal betw.-'T. Lakes Erie anil Ontari.i, p.ist Ni.iKara Tails; and several smaller canals on the St. Law- rence River between Laki- Ontario and Montreal. .\s Ihe St. Lawrence River is closed by ice for five months in Ihe winter, this route can only be use.l in tho summer season, when Montreal and yiiebec ,ir<- the sh'ppiiiR p.irts. In winter, IIalifa.\ in Nova Scotia, con lecleil by the lntere.>l.mi.il R.illw.iy with Montreal, and Tortland in Maine (t'.S ) connected by tho Grand Trunk Railway, then liecome tho sea-ports. ^, Cattle Ranchbs on the Praipib. wIitMt, lints anil nil fcir lints anil III-, Ni vv Hriin-. ia, Nuw Unins "1 fur seamen 1(1 sralskins art; rin lart!r iniliis- tlin fiiilf of St. i|inrtnnt articles t yet nrciM'il I'lisily within fer citii'S, and ' is almnilant. i, agricultural loniostic and iiilion wilinn ted articles in ^t and w'-.tcr r the inland, steamers and long the first incTce is by tlie 111. , is allowed also Saiilt Sic. Mario vi'iT. [,allaii -?• V r^£ '^M^^ /Ml mrr DOMINION OK CAXAnA. 33 Other Routes of less importnnce an-: Hy th<; Ottaw.i Ki' T from Ottawa til ^!>^i. trial ; tin: kiiliau Canal lx;t»jen Ottawa and Kin^sinn on Lake iint.irii>; tlv^ Kiiliiiicu Kivir with the Chanihly <'aii,il, c nimctinK the St. I..iurith Lake Champlain in thi> I'nitcd Staii-s. tin; Si Jnhn Kivir in Ntw :.rnns\vick; the Saskatchewan Kivcr in the Njnh-wesl, and tlir Fraser River in British ("ohiinbia. Tlie principal inturclianHi; of commorlitics lx;twri-n the provinces an- " iniifaciarcd articles— cuttons, wiiiillens, IkkUs nid shiies. and aK'riinltiiral implements fr.ini Ontario and (._>nel>ec to the olh.r provinci-s: flour from Ontario to New liriinswick and Nova Scotia; coal, fisn. anil West India pro diice from Nova Scotia and Ni-w Hrnnswick to (Jiieli-e and Ontario. In addition to this trade, all the imjxjrtant cities are centres for the (li-.tril)niioi: iif ini]iorted goods. \t the entrance of harbors, on cajx-s and on daii(;.T)Us shoals of the lakes ,uul on the "cean, the Dominion (lovernment maintains lignthouses to guiile and warn mariners at nit;lii • The Railway Routes arc imi.li moru nuiiiLruiis and com- )ilic.itt'(l. Tin: i-riiuipal tnmk lines ninniiit,' tliroiif,'li Canail.t arc: — The CsJiadian Pacit'iC (only partially constructed! Ix.tween Montreal ,ind Victoria, Vancouver Island, with various branches. The Grand Trunk, between Portland on the .\tlanlic coast in the Utmed States, and Chicago on Lake Michigan, with its numerous connections. The Intercolonial between Halifax and <,)uelx'c SSOV. -SlIKl) ON TIIK In 1 The Canada Southern between Huffalo and Detroit. The Ontario & Quebec, including the Credit Valley Road, from Otta.\a to St Thonias, ( iinnec '.ing with lines to Montreal and OucIk:!-. I'he Northern & North-Westem, from T >ronto and Hamilton (with br.uichesi, to be coiitinia I to L,ike Nipissi.ig. Besides these ar3 many minor lines tvh-ndiig from Halifax, St John Quebec, Mon'real, Toronto, and ot!;er places The number of miles of railway n. w In ojK-i-ition Is 7,5)0, and of those in course of construction, i.jjS, so that before long liiere will Iv; over 11,000 miles of railway iii the Dominion A complete net-work if telegraph lines covers the country and connects \.ith the l'iiile(l Statis and with the .\ilantic submarine cabi' s to (ircat Uritain lia Newfoundland and Irel.iml, an'l to rr.ince t/it Massachus»lts Old the Isl.ind of St I'ierre, near Newfoundland. The nunilicr of miles now in use is npu.irds of ^ j.ooo, exclusive of the railway telegraphic lines. Foreign Commerce is the cxchaiifjo of commodities between difVerent comitriis. Thi; foreign c.minerce of Canada is chiefly «ilh (Jnnt Hrrtain and the I'nited Slates; anri to a \erv miK h smaller extent with .Newfoundland, the West Indies, France, and South .Vmerica. The principal Exports an' wheat, barley. i*-as, cattle, limlirr (loRs and sawn lumber), and li-.h 'I'lii' Imports arc chieliy manufacturol gixnls from Circat Britain and the Cniteil State-., colonial prod ico (coffee, sug.ir. moUi.si's. rice, tea, etc), and raw m.Uerials (iron, cotton, etc.) for manufactures The greater part of the foreign commerce centres in the cist, in the st-a- ports of Halifax, St. John, (.JueNr. aU'l Montreal; sea-going vessels cannot asiend the St Lawrence Kiver bi^voml Montreal, in ih'. wes(. in Victori.i, Vancouver lsl,ind. Numerou- lines of l.irgi; steamships run l>etw«n Montieal, Halifax and Si. John to Li .crpool, (ilasgoH, .\utwerp, Havre, Bermuda, the Mediterranean, and South .Vmerica, A largo proportion n( the railway traffic from Ontario, ami of llie lake traffic in siiiiinur, is helween Ontario ami the I'nited States. Grain is received in bulk and is lifterl into elcvato.-s by buckets running cm an endless chain, and mieraied by powerful steam 1 machinery. It is after- wards emptied into the hoIrN of vesseb; by means of si«iiits. When grain is shipped in ocean-going vessels it is usually packed in b.ags. Timber is loaded on ships through ports in the stern , thcs«; are afterw.-«rds lightly closed before the vessel goes ,)n her voyage. Cattle are carried by the railways, chiefly to Montreal, and are there shipped on the ocean ste,inu'rs to Kuroiie. Timber is usually rafted to (,)uebec by the St. I-awrence Kiver, and car d to Lurope in sailing ships, sawn lumber is shippeil by sailing vessels and b.irges, chiefly to the L'liitid State., and from the .\tlantic Provinces to the West Indies and South ,\merica, Ciovi KNMP.NT. The Dominion of Canada consists of a Confctlcr- atioii of virions I'roviiiccs and Districts, iinilcd under ont; (ienenil Gov(;riinit;nt ami siil)jc-ct t<. the British Monarch). Tin General Government is m principle similar to that of Cjreat Hritain, a Limited or Constitutional Monarchy, that is, the power of the Monarcli, or in tlie case of Canada, of the (lovernor-General, is limited or defined liy the ronstitiition. Tin- Constitution ol the Dominion is the agreement l)etween the ppopin of ("anada and the Sovereign of Cireat Britain, emUidie<.ri,'il act called thi! " British North .\merica .\ct of iS*",-/.' This forms it-; oasis of all legi'ilation, but may be varied with .hu consent of all parties concernel. The General Government is composei' of the representa- tive of the british Crown — the Governor-Cieneral, ami a Far- liamcnt in which the people are represented. K.ach Province has its own separate Ix>cal Government based on the same I'rinciple as the Cieneral Government. The Governor-Geneir' of Canada is appointed l)y the Im- |)K«e» new .Minis- ters, appoints Senators, gives or refuses hisasscnt to any .\ct. appoinlsjudge. and l.ieutenant-CJovcrnors to the Provinces disallows Provincial Acts, liesides performing other dutic , All his .acts, although in the name of the Sovereign, are done by advice of his Ministers, who are virtually responsible to the Parliament of the country. The Parliament is composed of the Governor-General, t ■presenting the Crown; tiie Senate, coinjKisefl of Memhers appointed for life hy the (!rown, and not exceeding seventy- eight in number; and the Commons, numl>ering, according to the (xiisiis of .S81, Jii men. Iters, elected jiy the |>eoplc for otic Parliament, wliicii c ,niiul lubt for more than li\e years. ;*i e 34 DOMINION OF CANADA. • i' A Senator must be M Irast thirty years k! nKr, hi; a Hnlish snlijrct, l>o worlli *) ).«! or upwarils. and n-siili- in lln' I'rovimc fur wliic li li<' isapjiointcd, iinl''ss \n: is a Minister of the Crown. Mo in.ny forttit hissi.it fur nnt pos- si'ssiii({ any i.f ihisi; rcfpiirLnicnis. nr upon l«ini{ convictLil of irinic. cjr for abscnci! from I'arliatmnt during two consecutive sessions TIk- House of Commons is tliu rliief power in I'.iili.imcnt, and tin: Minisli s nl tin- ("tduM ;in; hsiimII)- cIkiscii ftdiii il^ lucmlicrs, altlu)Ut;li up niIkts of tin- Siii.ile arc ciiually ilii;il)l<'. N(i (|ii.ili(i,'laiid, I'ariiaiiicn' nuiiisls the (io\t_riiimnt of the coiintrs' to a select U\\ . win) ,iri- known as tlu' Ministry, or the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. Tlu' Premier or Prime Minister is the chief of the Mniistry. The Ministry base the real power over the country in their hands, but .all the members mi. si also be members of I'arliamiMit. ind they are responsible to Parliament for their .acts. If tlu'V f.iil to satisfv the members i.i the manane nient of aft.iirs, so that a ui.ijoritv of the House of Commons dissents, the ^ inistry are reipiired to resign, .ind the (lovernor-Ciener.il appoints another I '"ime Minister who forms a new Ministry, or he ni.av di^^sohe the House and ordiT a new election. No Act ''an lieconie l.iw wilhotn the eonseiu of I'ai liaiileiil. BO tiiat while in lluoiy the i cuintrv is ruled by ihe Crown, in pracficc it is ruled by the peopU' ihioii','li their representatives. w'u) have af,:'iii delejjated their powers to the Minislr\-, subject to .iiiiirov.il. Cert.aiu Acts which may bi: considered iloubtfnl. but which an' passed b\ the local Kovernr ents, may Iw restu'ved for ihe dei ision of llie ( ieneral ( lo^ - erument, and t'los, of tln' latter m.iy be .dsr> n-.. .ved for the: ili'cision of the Kritish (iovernmeul, aim if considered contr.irv to the Constitution they may be disallowed. The Parliainent of lln' i)oiniiiion provides f •' the pe.ici', order, and pi./d governnieiit of C.m.tda in all niatleis not spe- cially assij,Mied to the Lef,'islatiil(S of the Provinces The Lenisl.itures of tin: I'rov'nces pnvide for .ill loc.il ni.itteis. As the Ministers are tiie representatives of P.ii liaineiit, the\ are responsibli' for all .\cts p.isseil. This is calli'd the Legisla- tive Function of the (iove-.niiuilt. The Ministry are also responsible tot the carr\in^; cuil of sik li laws as are p.issed b\ the i'.irli.iineiit. This is called the Executive Function, and is of two kinds, tin Judicial and the Administrative. The Judicial consists in the establishment of Courts .and the .i|ipoii:lmeut of Judges, who .ire the iutiTpreters of the l.iw The Administrative is to sie th.it the l.evs m.nle by I'arliamcni ire properl\ carried out This is ilone by the ollicers of ihi' Courts or by llw ollicers of the various departments of State. In the l)ominiind. KeiK f-dlN speaking, has the control of the (in.inces of iIk^ Dominion. To each of the Provinces a Subsidy is p.iid accordiUH to the number of the popul.itiou. The annual subsidies now amount to i^.(y2, divided as follows; — Ont.irio >i.io".S7..'.N, (.hlebec 7l.2j Nov. I Scotia .VM.r.i.t ni 1' !■; Island "''I.'';! 'v M.anitob.i --7. 1 5(.itt llritish Columbi.i jo^.ijepi a, lOTAl Sj.(KjonniIary in the northern part of the I'rDvinci'? Hctwet ii what waters docs it estend ? What fireat I^aki-. are south of Ontario' What is the ontlet of I. ike Ontario calleiP What ivninsiila extends into the east of Lake Ontario' What bay nearly separ- ates it from tile mainland? How is l^ake Ontarii> conmHTted s»ith I-ake Krie' I.aki^ l->ii; with Lake Huron? What large bay is in the e.ist of I^ake Huron? In the west? To what country tliKss the latter belonj: "' What islands are in the north of 1. ike Huron ? How is Lake Huron connected with Lake MichiK'an ? Does any part of Lake Mii higan Ixirder on Ontario ' How is Lake Huron connected witli Lake Sujierior? What falls occur on the Ste. Marie Kiver? On the Niagara Kiver? What islamls are in I^ke Superior? To what country does Isle Royale Ijelong? What rivers and lakes form the boundary between Ontario and the United States from I-ake Superior west- ward ? What meridian nearly forms the western bi>undary between Ontario and Manitoba? Trom what point on the Lake if the W.vkIs does it extend '• What rivir forms the north-western bouuflary of Ontario? What lakes does it form in its course? Into what water does it flow? Highlands, Lowlands, ani U.ainage.— Where are the greatest heights of 'and in Ontario situated? What direction does the north-western height of land take? Into what river do its northern waters flow? What lake is near Ihe highest point ~ What large lake is east of I„-ic des Mille Laci and north of Lake Superior' Wli it river drains Lake Nipigon ? What river Hows into Thunder Ha) ' What rivers into James Hay? What river into the north- eastern part of L.ike Superior ? Into llie north-eastern part of Lake Huron ' What l.ikes does the !-'rench Kiver ilrain ? What mount. iins are on the north coast of Lake Huron ? What hills arcon the south shore of the (leorgian Hay? Hetwfen the Georgian Hay and Lake Krie ? What lake is between the (icor- gian May and Lake Onl.irio? In what direction and by what outlet do its waters flow ' What river flows from the height of land south of the Ceorgian Bay into Lake Krie ? Into Lake St. (lair ' Into Lake Huron ' What rivers flow from the eastern height of land into the Hay of (.Hiinte? Into the Georgian Hay? Into the Ottawa Uiver? What tributary flows into the Ottau a Kiver near < )ttawa ' Of whit river is the Ottawa a tribiit iry ? Where are the two lowland districts' What height is Lake Ontari ) above the sea? Lake Erie ? Lake Huron? Lake Superior ? Lake .Nipigon ? Lake Nipissing"' LakeSinicoe? Lac dis Mille Lacs ? Climate and Products. -What do the red lines show? What line shows the greatest variation? What mean annu.il tempi-rature has Lake (Ontario? l-ake Superior? Lake Nipissing? What do the blue lines show? What trees grow farthest south in Ontario? Name the trees of Ontario in their order from the chestnut northward? Which are the principal districts for wheat ' H.arley "' Maize? Fruit? Cattle? Dairy products? Petroleum' Salt' Gypsum' Iron? Mica? Phosphates? Plumbago' (oppj-r? Silver? Lead ' Zinc? Nickel? What flsh are caught in Lake Ontario? Lakelirie? I.akr Huron? Lake Superior ? GrNKKAl, I)i:scuiPTio\. Ontario occiipit's the most southerly part ol the Dominion of Canada, and from its position, honlerinj,' on th;e.cTal business. Ontario is the most important Province of tin- Dominion. In Extent, Ontario ranks fourth among the ProvincLs. not taking the ur.or ganized I'.ovinces of the North-West into consideration, but in Population it is first. T'l.e Surface is generally flat, or imiiiilating. sloping eastward towards tlif St. Lawrinrr ivivcr, ,tn mini ) , liny arc then li)\Ky HliMnu-rs acro>.s Itio lakes li> lliu sawmills. Sqiiaru tinilMT, «lun liniiiuhl by rail cir walir In a naviyaMi' ixiiiil. ii (••nniil iiilo drams, . 14.; The chief Industries of tiie cotiiitr\- are .iKricitlture. slock- raisini,'. and liiinlierinv;. Lumbering is chiully c.irtied on in the districts adjoining the CicorKi.in Ha; . and Ihencu west to the Ottawa Hiver. The principal Exports are wheal and barley, mainly to the fniieil States (1 r lo the Maritime Provinces; sawn lumber and cattle lo the t.'nited Stales; stpiare timber, cattle, .and uhe.al lo (ire.at llritain. The total annu.d value of the direct exports amounts to about jj, 000, 000 dollars: conslstin^; of: ■ (jrain, 13,500,000: lumber. .S, 000. 00,1, cattle, ().5oo,ooo, manufactures and othei articles, 5,000,000 dollars: but as a lartje amount is shipped tlirout,! ihepor, sof Montreal, (,_)uebec. Halifax and I'oaiicook ffor Porllitiul, Ml- Sii p. jjy, these fiKures should be larjjely increaseil. Manufactures are carried on to a considerable extern, chietU of articles for domestic consumption cottons, woollens, boots and shoes, agricultural iin|)lements, inachiner)', and wool-work. Ontario is divided into Forty-four Counties and Five Dis- tricts, which may be divided into seven sections -nine counties and districts borderin;,' on Lakes Superior and Huron; six bordering on Lake Erie; seven Central Counties in the South- western Peninsula; eleven bordering oil Lake Ontario; si.x on the St. Lawrence; six on the Ottawa; and four Central Counties between tlie (Ottawa and Lake Ontario. lCa< h I'ounly is subdivided into Townships for local purposes oidy, and is j;overned by .a bounty ('ouucil. bJach Township elects a Reeve. ;iiul a'.corilinn to ]H>pulation one or more Ileputy Keeves. These form the County Council, .and from the members Ihev elect .a Warden or I'resideiit Ql'F.STIONS ON Till--. PoLITIC.M. M Al" Ol- 0\T.\KIO. What province of ("auuja ailjoins llnlario on the north-e.ist? How is it separated from Ont.irio? What country is south of Ontario.' How is it separated from Ontario? Whit stale is south-east of Ontario? West of I.ake Huron? What states south of l.:ike i:rie? (.S,Y Muf: e/" llu- Viiilnl Sliiiis) South of l.aki' Suixrior? South of tlie l.aki' of the Wr |.> the I'rovinci.il V>s.iiibly, but the; township, -I which they are ciim(>us4d >till form (url of the original counties for munici|i,il and other pur|v>. ~. Bothwell, Monck and Cardwell are I'arliamcnt.iry l f r iiiunn ip.d piirp' .c^ o;il>, Toronto, ihe i.ipit.il.on L.ike Ont.irio. is tin l.irgest city ;iinl the pinn ip.il >e.il of ni.iiiiif.iclures, coniinirce and eihic.itio'i in the Province; it coiilains the Parliament P.nilding:;, I'roviiiciu rniversity, N'orni.il School. OsL;. 351. It contains the Dominion P.irliament I!iiildiiii;s itid Dej)artincutal Offices, and, from its position aiul wiltt.tbli water-power, is an iinj»ort,iiit centre of the sawnlumher tradi'. It is coniiicied by tile Kide.iu Can.il with Kingston. The Go\ t riior-Cieiiertil resides there at Hideait 11. ill. Hamilton, on Fturhn-^aon Bay, at tlie head of navigation on L.ike Ont.trio, is tiie second cit\ in si/.e; it is an imporlaiu ni.iiiiil.u tiuing city .itid cominerci.d ceiiiri'. Kingston, near the outlet of L.tke ( )ntario, is the imini where grain is lranshi|>iM'il from the lake \essels to barges, which an towed ilown the St. Lawrence and through the canals to Mon- treal. It is one of the oldest cities in ("aiiada and was formerly known ,is Cataraipii {Kiili-l. where tliev connect with the lines ir Micliio;;in to the xVestern Lnited States. Paris is the centre of the gypsum country : Woodstock .mil Ingersoll are centres for dairy jiroducts; Goderich l"i salt: Petrolia for petroleum. Port Arthur, on Thunder Bay. I;; tlu' most westerly port of Ontario, and is tlie connectinu' point betwieii the Canaili.in Paciho Railway and the steamer liius to (■oUingwood, Owen- Sound and Sarnia. Niagara, at the mouth of the Niagar.i kivef. was one of the first settlements and the ancient capit.il of I pper C:iiiada iOiituric). It is now iiiiim|>ortant. What district Imrders on Lake Superior? What is the chief town ? What district is north of L.ak» Hur.m? What is the chief town? What district borders on the ("leorjiian Hay? What is the chief town? What six counties border on the (ns>r>;ian Hay ami l.;ike Huron ' What .are their chief iow ns .- What six counties bor'' — on I-ike Krie ' What are their chief tow ns ? What seven central count : are in the south-western [xninsula? What are their chief towns? What eleven counties Kirdir on 1-ake Ontario? What are ' Ridings < r Electoral lo:! ..I iiu'inlx I -. Ill Ml , liiil till! (i>wnship-> III cnuntirs fur nuinici|';il rell .11, ■ I'arliamciu.ir) iMinly. till- l.ir;,'i'st city ainl I- ,111(1 ciliic.iliip'i III lildinu's. I'liiviiii'i II (the I..IU ("olill^i. ii'Miitiftillv sitiLitiil I' l-'alls (,<((• IViistrn- iliaiiunt liiiiklini^s lilioii and \ .ilii.'ililc '.IWII-llUnlRT tr.lllr. nf,'ston. The Go\ il of navii^iition on it is an in)])ortaiii I, is tlic point wiuTc ) half,''!*, wlmli an lie canals to Moii- 1 anil was fonnfilv is the centri' of a cf city ill the wist. I till' centre for the ".in.il. hatham .ne m.-mn and barley, cliietly ;, on the St. Law- li and Lindsay are e Ontario; Owen- L'orfiian li.iy ; Port ini of the Wellan ' ^ are the termini i with the lines ii' a t i '■ U w : Woodstock and Joderich tor sah; )st westerly iiort of cell tile ("an.idi.m )lliiij,'woo(l, Oweii- "cr, was one of the )f I'pper C'anada iL' chiof tmvii ? What town ? What district 1? What six counties are their chief Cowns ? r chief towns? What t^t tuur BtVi^ita V' «». y*^» .l.n .i . i^ ♦-^ fe A -4— ■ • >*i9 r'ttn dArt** r4r iVur y.' ^y 'V,i/fMij»>j./t./i^ I tttu^itn\ '■•'"• 'T- ^r-W/T" \«~' H„y'' I 1 i.,.-^,\ \ ^ J. ■■■■'■■■■yd T ^'H*A '■ ' i^,,L \TO*-"".i* ■^'i'-/fcir»i*\ •■^:r'fn , • n /Ton Uirf .'>-'■'■•■ J>. ...... ft,. ^^.r^^.n^iJ, iKONTO I ,.1'" ■\ ^.•:^^ a; /.' / /•; ^ -*,. : A H!J( v'^'^flu^ Di s I ticl\ , M'KrUu f^i i h '''^/4iJ^-i]&'4'.+'../"^'' t2S4?&:5l N. •F.KIS ^^' *>;i^j sHr.iV Hbu ,::^^"xw> r««'^'M /'t*k'' in.tt i P \ .1^ n n. tJf. hinnwunt \ i( 4; tm)&» ■*j/i: f'*^.»'"' < ( '^ '3 f^ V v.- 0. , .«..'. latiNi'-s ^$uriia/fK y\n\s\Y\y LK^;i r3 .,y.-;Oji(*' # .'''^•./. ' \ TT!J»ft{ MUM 'Till, W 'Vrti-Au fr?^' ~M^* '■"/- ^^ir*^*' rt,NT(AilIIJ "^^S' >^» ••^>' ^: ■*"^":/;.i r^. »4 .•*/^.?-' , IMi W^WAHP i^/lC ,»I)> ' <■ ^«^. "Af "•->,;■"■ '••'w. bfiONTO X.. K ir:-)^' ^Ky ■J-.^ **"• -f a K. J tX^r^' / .-.I"' ,.«" ./ /■■ ^T --.p-fffifr? *-^-r ■/) rr-- -rtToC!/ Bod ^~ ■sT' 1, ',C COMMERCIAL MAf- 011 TAP. ro c % V ^» J«' --^ \ VavX Birtu '«1^ ,r;^ ^\ \ ,^ N ■'J^ ';•--,' ''*«f)^ rV***- At-' .■■*•■ •^' iB;(ai*n • Pn#f«, us T t p'^*-- s r * T t s I. r It COMMERCIAL MAP QUEBEC I'V r/ii- •'■ •', V. .- :- , ' IN [Li iii D'lMlMON (tl- CANADA 37 lh«f chirf ln«ns? What six on ihi- St. Ijiwrcncr? What arc iluir ihir! ■•>vin What arr ihrirrhiff towns? What ilt>irH t i> "11 thf r|i(«r Ottawa? What fciiir tcntral cimniirs art- Im'Ihitii |jk<- < intario ami the < tttawa Kiiir? What aro their chief limns • Wh.il is iIm' capital of Ontario? of the Duininion uf Canada fun tli< (>llit:,;i Hivtr)- Kf.VIKW ICxi-RCISKS. IslajldSb — /" %hal dir«{ioH /rum thi miirnt tittui ' TuUHiit li ? |s!f koyale- Michipicnten? Si loseph- Maiiitniilin ^ (' \ii:ti.r-l? Wolfe? PeninsalAS* -h'fom \chot part of Ontnrnt liuti it prujiit .' Inltt Oiunty lirucc? l^mKl'oint? '.'rinci- IMwaril? Capes and Points. -Frum uhnt purt uf th, liunl iln, i il pro/nl' hiln •..•lull -..■•tl- ' - M.iimanse' tVircantua? Hiinl? I'elei ? I.cmi; I'oini i /.n*. (»V'i/iirii"/ ' li\ u'liiit :t'(i/( T stir iKkluirii? IVlet" '.// ;,,il,i I'liutt V iiri till r ' ,liill llooatains and Hills.- ■/» :'liiii part cjnmt 1 1 vr Jittrii l> ' l-iiifentian? I., '"lothe? Blue? (aleilon? Bays. ' ll'ftat n'tist ttots it iitttttit .' What oiiiiitiis nr iliitriits lims it u-iisli .' <)/ -hat buiiy iif ualtr ij it tin iirin ? J.im<.->? Thunder? Nipiuon? Miihijiicoten? Wlilietisli? (iiiiruir.n? Nuta«iasa(,a? Matchetlash ' I'iKcon? lAin^ I'oini \l.iiki I'.ri,)} Kiirhiik' tt-n? yuinte? Rivers Wlnr, iIkh it risi ? Thrnhgh nr fiatl ukal inunliit ur ihilriilt Jofi I ;'//":.• ' Into .. hill i.iilii > Alljany' Mi«ise> \l)liitit>lie ' Ualnv? l'i(;i'on? Shobandim in ? Kamin- i-xi'iuia? Nipiifoii ' m . Miiir> Mn .iipieoten ' I'rem h ? Maiianeti uaii ' ^•I'lrii? SaiiKee:!? Miitl.inil.' S( Clair? l>i'troit? Thames? Mailawaska ' I Kiileau? (iranil ' Niatjara? Trent? \loira? Ottawa? I'etewawa St I l.iwreiHi-- Lakes. - ir//,r, m/hii/,,/' 1I';„iN.i(//W A.u 1/ ^ I Lake of I III- Wc, Is > Kaiin l-ake? Ihinter s Uike? St'iil' St J.w«-jih • I lies M'lle l,aes' Ni|iii;ii:i.' I am iKaiiiinK? TeiniitaminK? Alibitililn- ' Nipissint;? SinuiH ? Miiskoka.' Silicon; Thous;inil Ulcs ' St. Clair.' I Cities and Towns. In uhut ,oiint_i .' tin or n,,ir ■..■hut uatir i I Oit.iu.i? r.'ionio? ilaiiiilion? I.ondo;i ' KinKston ' St Catharini-*? ! (;iielpli> Sir.uloril? SI Marys> llalt? (ioileri.h? St Thomas? < hat- I ham? I'oit llojM'? Colxiuri;? PeierlKirouKh? Lindsay? I'ort Arthur' I Sault Ste. Marie? Tarry Sound? Jiraicliridi;e? Itarrie? Newmarkit' ilwen Sound? CnlVuiKWi""!' Orilli.i ' Walkerton? Sarni.i? I'etrolia' I S.iniKvich? Windsor? .\niherstliurK? Holhwell - I'ort Stanley ' Siincoe ' ! I'ort llover? Cayii»;.i ' Welland ? Tort Ci-lliorne - l>unn\ille' Port I).ilhoiisie ' Niaijara - liiiiidasf Milton? Hr.inipton ' Holion ' Whitli> "' I Tie ton ' N.ipanee' Jl.iih ' ilrockville? I'resioit • MiirrislmrK ' Corn I wall? .\le\.iinlria ' LOrijinal.' Kusscll ' Terth - Pembroke* Mat- tawan' .Minden - Hi'lleville' ( Ir.mKeville • Klora ' Herlin ? Preston' WmjJstotk - InnersolP Hrantford .' Paris' Sirathroy? ,« ( ) I yCESTIOSS (IN Till-; M.\l'. ^Si.- iiliii Miip of thi- Diimiiiiiin. I Whai proxince of Camda is southwest of OiielMt ' What riier forms ilie lir>un>lary ' What territory is north-west ? Wh.il l.iiid is north east ' Wli.ii l>ro\ince adjoins yuelicc on the east ? What couiitr) ' Wliirh of the Cniteil Suti-s' What mountains art- on the northern boundary' On th ■ northern bank iif the St. Lawrence? On the southern ' Which is the >;reat central riier of (Jurliec ' Which are the three principal tributaries of the St. Lav. - reiKc on the north? Through what lake on the boriler of Ontario diH-s the Ottawa flow "' Nam- •.!..- of the principal tributarii's of the Ottaw.;. From what lake does the S.-i(juen,\y flow ' What is the ;;eni r.il direction if the northshorc rivers' What is t.ie principal irilmtary of ilie St. Lawreme on the south? From what lake dit-s it How? Where is this lake situateiL' What two rivc-Ts flow into Lake St. "eter ' What one into the Si Lawp nee a little alxjvc yuebtc ' What thre • lakes arc formed in the St Lawrence' What lhr«- in the tittawa Hiver ' Whit two likes are in the southeast ..f (._>wl»T ' What one in the ("• .mty i;f Temiscoii.ii.i ■ What lariie Uiy is in the east lietweeii the Counts of Hcm.ivi-ntur<' ind the Prmincc of New lirunswick ' What iwi> bays at thi- easii rn jxiint of (;as|H • Name two islands in the Ottawa Kiver ICi^ht isl.inds in llii; Kiver St. Law- rence ' One largi- island in the (lulf of St Lawrence? ' >ne small .daiid ofl the eastern coast of (iaspc? A group of islands east of the Hay of Ch..!eur - What strait is l»etwtx-n the north-eastern part of (.Mieliec and Newfoumllaiid What |»>int is on th:; north shore where the Kiver St. I^-iwrence widens into the (iulf? What cape on the op|X)sile shore' Wli.-it caiie at the eastirii • uremity of the south shore ' .\t the northern extremity ' What (icninsul.i Ii<-fns the eastern extremity of the south shore ? What nine counties of Oueliec are on the Ottawa Kiver' I'mlnil,- Smi lamgii amJ the lil.iHili vf .MuHlr.nl. liisiim, unil ft ins ) What a c llii-ir i hief I fwns? What (ourtcin .ire on the north bank of the St Lawrence' What iri their chief towns? What einhleeii are on the boii'li bank of ilic St L.i» r>T.:e? What are their chief towns' What nineteen are i-.isi of tlusi- • Which twelve counties form what is What countv is on the Hav of Chaleur ' call.-d What Wh-il — s their thief towns The ern Townships ' i» iis> ;o«n ' What two lariie cities are on the Kiver St l-iwrcnce ' What city is at the mouth of the Kichelieu ' .\t the mouth of the St. Maiiriie' Wh.it town is -;i|iifsite Ottaw 1 on the Ottawa Kiver? What town ill SherbriM)ke Count) is ■ nthe St. Francis Kiver? Wbat city is on the Y.im.iska Kiver in St. Hya- I mtbe C ' Hirthier? Kiviere du Loiip' Hatiscan ' Cap Same* Chateau Kiiher? Murray Hay' Tadoiissjic ' Huntingdon? ChateauKuay ' Heauharimis' L.iprairie> l.onKUeil ' Verchi-rts ' lli-y the ilci^'ht of Land, separalini^ it from the North-i'iast 'I'crritory, and on llu; south i)\ the lleiLjIu of Land .separalin;..,^ jt from the Uniteil States and tile l'ro\ inc(,' of New Hriinswici;. rill- Area i^ r.illiiT li's<, than that nf Ontario (iiulmliiit; tli, Dhful^'l T,i- riliiryj. iiii.l ih. Population onu thinl U-.s, yiifl>t(; is ((iMir.'' rii.illy im|i()ii.inl. .is it roniruK tlio f,'rc,it iiortlitrii w.iti Ttoiilf it N'liitli AiiiirK ,1 r//r ,S7. /.,r..'iiiUi A';.'r;;. ami (xiaii \i -.scls t.iniicil |i,i^s llic |i(iii ot Monlnal. Tilt.' Surface, anliko thai of Ontario. i.s;;tii( r.illv iiuiiiiUainoii-. altli(Hi;,'li ill till- siiuilii-ast tlicru arc .sonic I m] tr.n is. Thr Lanrentide Hilts im thu north li.ink n till- Nontli liank of the St l..i« rence tin- mountains arc hiijhcr .-inil more pri-tipitons 'i'hey form a contiiuiaiion of the .\ppalai lii.in (h.iin, which eMrniK thronKJi tin- r.i^lrni p.o : of ihe I'l-.inil Sl.itis, iinil .-ire known in ('.inaila .is tin- Notre Dame Moun^air.s. llu > t-\t<-ii(l to iln-i-Mi-i-inliv of tlii- I'rninsul.i of (iah|H: (ii. /■. j.ji. tin- hi:.:hi;^i siimriiit i-. Mt. Logan ( (.7(j.S f.-i-t) {Jti(-l)i-c- i-, not ii( li in Minerals, I m lii.tfinclic iron-on- is ' fninul tlniiti;;lioiit tin- I..inii iiti.iii Hills noitli of tin Ott.iwa ' Ui\rr ami near tin- Si. l-.iwniKc; plio .i)li,ii(-s in llu- Lk-mi- IiliM-r liistrii t ; pliiinliaKo in tin- Count)- of Otiaw.i ; j^olil in tln- Cli.miiiJrc \'all<-\ ; (ii|)|icr ,iiilc — tln- Richelieu to l.,ik.- ( li.nnphiin; iln Sa^^uenay to il.i ha liay |(io/;/(/aper'niaking, and wood woi kill),'. o of the {,'real(jst III till- Si I.: fly clills .Mul furin {s,r III f Sli, ,<;,'ii(iiay River; s()iii!>-east ; lake ;ka flows into tile ' Ottawa, border I ictive as tliat of >. rtsof the Prov o )t and flax are iiliji'et to f,'reatcr ; ai (1 s (Jiulw— |, inj,' tin- rH-eansliippini; I'roviiuj' fni Mini h cif tlif products of ()nt;irio ami tin- North- wist, . ire laruf, ;li. iiosc of any of tin- Provinces. Thi-y .imoiinttMl in iH.S) ii> niM'ly n.ooo.txw ilolLirt, inrliijink'. .imoni:sf iiti' r arlicli ■ -Animals i ml iln ii prodnc.., ii,uu,}iioi> . th.- Produce of the Forest, ..• ckioikhi. Agfricultural Produce, i^.ooo.umi Som.- i!..i miv thu- hi t .mud i>( till! vnst tr.itlic im llu; St. l-attri'iiciv < if the whole ainuunt no lt~. ill. in n.ixKi.iHio (loll.irs in v.iliir w.is srni t^ (In'. it llrit.iin ouiiicc is iliviiicil into Sixty-one Counties, which may Ix • ; 1 1 111) nil into; — nine on thi' Dtt.iw.i Kiwr: fointici) on the north iMiiknl tiic St. Lawreiuc; ii^litfcn on tht- south bank; ninctctn i.ist of the latttT (of which twelve in the south-east arc known a ilu Eastern Townships t; and otu- on tlie Hay of ChaUnr. Montreal, on the isi.nul of tlie same name. iKtween the Ottaw.i ami St. Lawrence Rivers, is the lartjest .ind we.iithiest citv of thi' dominion. lieinif at the head of oi-i',iii t, ivt;,Mtion bv the St. i.iureiice, it is the point of transhipment front the oce.--ii to ihj iiili rior. It contains mimerotis line l>iiiidin};s and h.is extensivf iii.iniifactnres. Ihi- St. L.twrt^nci.' is hero crossed li) the f.iinons Vutoria Umlm . .in iron OiKsrioNs ON TiiK Mm-. New Brunswick. Wlint provinci- of Cin.nl.i ail;oin-i New Hrunswick on llie iiorlli ' Willi «liat proviiue is it lonneeiid on th.; e.ist ' What waters are lietween New Urunsw ii k .mil Niiva Scoii.i - Whit isthmus- Wh.it coiiiitry is west of New Hiiinswjek' What siati- Whit l.arjjt- l.iv forms part of the north-eastern lioiiiulary ' Name two bays in the Hay of l"h.ileiir Three liays on the lastern enist. Name two inlands on the e.istt-rn coast Two .It the month of Mir.uiiiehi Hay Koiir capis* on the eastern coast. What hay is in the soiith-west ' What two isl.imls? N.ame two cajx-s on the U.ay of I'linily coast. What nioiiiitains .iru in the northern jvirl of New Urunswirk? What river forms part of the northern Ixmndary • What two rivers form part of the western Imiiiid.iry ? What river flows into Nepisimiit H.iy? Name three rivers flow ill'.! into the (iiilf of St (.awrence. One into slie|i,isl.iii|| for thelir.ind riniik Kiilw.iy. Quebec, also on the St. l,.iwreiice, is the iMpit.il of the Prov- ince, and is one of the oMi st 1 ilus in (■.111. id. 1. It is noted lot its pii'tnri'si|ni' sitn.ition on a lui^'ht ("onnn. Hiding .1 ni.i^iiitn'i lit \li\v, .md 1ms Imiii the scene (if sever il li.iltles Ixtweelt the l"rench .iiiil linuhsh. It is a fortified ri!\-, ,ind the cit.idel which crowns tin- In i^ht is < niisjili red the strongest fortified position ill North .\tiii 1 ic.i. Levis, 1 'pposite (.hielx-c is one of the icMinni Hull, on lumber a 1 ■ >• ( irand Tri'iik Kailw.iy. le ■ IW.I Uiver opposilr Ott.lW.l. Ii.is extensive wi I iii.inufntnn s; Three Rivers h.is iron mamifactit s- ;'n .ports hiniliei ; Sherbrooke h-is \.ihi.ilile water-!>^ ■I'l "I l,iri,'e f.utories ; St. Hyacinthe is ,111 important city w..'. CM- lii.ilile 111 inni.iitiires; Rimouski is the port of c.ill fill the I, I' m.iil sie. liners, and h.is , I l.u'^i lmnl)er trade; Sore' 'I t'l..' month of the Uiiheheii Kiver. liar, important m.iim- fai ti. r.iughnawaga ind St. Regis 'ire Indi.m Mll.e.;i s. Anticosti in.l ih Magdalen Islands, m th,- >;iilf of .si I oMince, belom; to yuelxc They ,Me rm Ky and li.irreii. Imt .ire valu.ilile for tho lisherii-s, they are almost uninhahited except in the lishiiiK se.aso,'. Prince Edward Island. — In wli.ii w.iters is rrime I'dwird Isl.md ' Mow IS It si'p.ir.ilid from Niw Hriiiiswu k and Nov.i Scnti;. ' Wh it two i nx-s are It the northern extremities of the island - What two at the southern ' Wh.iJ lue ti.iys .mil harliors are on th'' north shore' Wh.it three on the i-.iit? Wh.it three on the south ' What i.slaiids lielonnin^ 10 the |'ro\ im e of Oiii l.i-c are north e.ist "f I'rilue I'.dw.ird Islaml ' Name the lluee louutii . "f Trince F.dward Island What are their ( hief towns ' 1 r 11 it nil iinii > I"unily? t"liieKnecto' (■iimberl.ind H.isin ' Chaleiir? Nepisinnit ? (ara- Unette ' Miramielii ' Slndi.ic ' ilayVerti? I'ass.iinaipioddy ? St. (ieorKe s.' I'ictnu H.irbor - ( Indabncto- Tor? Jeddore? Halifax Harlior? Mar (•arets? Mahoiie - Liver]xiol ' StMary's? .\nnapolis Hasin ? Mini-. Hasin' Cobeqiiid- St. .\nn's' Mire? fiabarus? St. Peters? Hr.i . d'Or' ('asciim|Hi - Kichmond? (irenville? Kustico? St. I'eters (/'/•;/ 1.' Souris? Uollo ' CardiKan? Hillsboroiiijh? Hedeipie? EKmont ? Straits, liilifi I M lilitil liiiiils or itiniiliis ' What inittrs ilois it comircl I NorthiimlH-rl.ind ' Canso' Hijjby' Minas ("hannel ? (Jreat Hras d'Or ' l.itth- Hras d'Or? Isthmuses. — ir/iiT,- J/V/m/i'i/.' Hilu.tii uhnl ;.ii/,rs.' l"llle,i;iiiito? St Peters' Mountains and Hills.- /n u/m' f-.irt 1/ Nepisinnit ' Miramiihi? Kichi buito' Huctonchi? I'etilcodi.ii ' Tobiipn' W.ished' nio.ik ' Saltiion ? Kennelx-casis' .\roosti)ok? M.idawaska' Lakes. U7i,i-, .ii/mii^-(/..' What imllct k.n it! Grand? Kossignol ? ii,ln ' .\m),i|i.)l:i? Kintvllli I rclrrictiMi' Si Jnlm- Carl.-ton ' lialliiirHl N.w.mmI, ' lrt ir.K..I' Ha,j h.nlicsiir' ll..|«.»rll.' Si \n(lrr«\; KiiiKMnn • (iaK.iimn' ( komocto? | (link = Syilnr)? Arichat? N.->v <-.lasKi.w ' CharlotU-iown > rjuorKetown WuiMlstuik' C.iMM.I lalls' i;,lmiinilsi,.n? Chiihini? Moncion' St Stu- ! I'riiKil.nvn' Si. Eleanor" Sumim-rsi.lc > Tiunish ' Sohr!-.' Ni:w |;K1 New Brunswick <)ciii|)ics tin- western \>,in of tin- Atlaiuic slope, exteiulinL; Iniin the Notre I ).uiie Moun- tains to tile Hay of l-'iindy, and is connected witli Nova Scotia li\ the Istliinus of Cliicj,MU'cto, uliicli is aljoiil j sixteen miles in widtli. Till' Area i^ .iIhuu one se\( nth ..f tlnixttiii nf Oniario, .iti.I tin Population about onu'sixih. New Mninswu k has mii extensive Coast-line lal.ntu joo , miles); the niotitliN of the rivers aiitl the iiiiiin iiiii> iiidentations I of the coast fiiinish many liaibors, and are invaluable to the fishermen. Tlic Bay of Fundy is rcm.irk.ihli- for its lii(;li lidis uhicli rise at spring tidi's lliirn li.t .11 111,- miiiiih nf the Hay. ami increase tn sixty fti-t at tin- hi'ad, whili: ill llie Oiilf ef Si [..iwrt'iu i- llicy do nnt ixcwd livi' feet. This is caiisiil |.\ the |i|i ssiiri' nf tin: (lulf Sin ain (s,, /• mi Till Surface is somewhat simil.ir to th.il ul ( )iu,irio. lionif.; uently i.iiilul.itinK and slopinj,' grailiially tVom the niomitains in the west and north towards tilt; ("uilf of St. l.awreiue in the east ami the May of Fundy in the so.uh. A slight clfvatioTi riinnm« from north-wosi in si)uth-c.ist forms a water- shod se|i,ir.ilinK the riv.rs tlnviii^ iiiio the (iiilf of Si [..iwreiuf fnmi those llowiiiK into the I lay of Kiindv. the latter of whirh. xvith tin; exception of the I'eliteodi.u . are .ill Irilmt iries of the St John Ki\,r. I'ar.illel with the shore of the Hav of l-iiiuly are also some slight el<-\atioris, whieli forms the w.iter shells of the river- . the coast rid^e is Keiier ally rocky and precipitous on the «. Iter side, ,ind is broken only |i\ llie Si. John Kiver. Ill the north ,iie tin- Blue and the Bald Mounl.iins, .niil in the ui ^t Moose Mountain, but these do not exci-ed .-,000 fwt in lieinlil. Thei)riini|>.il Minerals aieeoal and tjvpsiim; iron, m.moanese (iisiil lo iliinjy f;/iiii ,ii.ermen in lloatinR their tiinlnr to St John, C'haiham. and other sea-ports. All l!ie rivers of New Hrunsuiik possess picturesque scenery The Lakes "f New Hrnnswick are niiinerotis hut small, the only one of .in\ size bcin>j (iraiul Lake in Otieen s ("oiiiuy. The Soil is fertile, and esix-cially in the river-valleys is verv productive, \ieldin-,' most of the grains, fruits and veKClahles of the North Temi>erate Zone. A largo part of tho country is covered wiih dense- forests of pine, spruce, hemlock, 1h-,h h, birch and other woooit uil sinp hmldni^ louiis ; .nul Res- to.'st; three in the interior; four in tlie west; and one in thi- i tigouche, Shediac, St. Stephen ^'inl St. Andrews art- the uortli. ! principal tuwn^ t"t the (islii til s. N'()\'.\ SCOTIA. Nova Scotia I'orms tin- most tiisii-rly prov Inct; dI' tlif i loin in ion. ;iiul with it is iiicliitUMl ilu- Islinul of Cape Breton on tlu- north-fast. It is ilu; sin.illfsi [irovinct; cxccpi I'rincu lulwartl Ishiiul. The Area .imounts to ,-ihotit oni--fifth o! ih.u nf Ontario, ami r,ithi'r l.-ss ih 111 Nvw Hrun.swiik: the Population i-. liovMA.r. Kre.iter than that uf .New Hrimswick, anJ is nearly one-fourth of that uf Out irio In form. Nova Scotia is a peninsula connected witii the main- latiil liy the Isthmus of Chie^jnecto. It has, tlurifore, in pro- portion to its si/e. the greatest e.xtcnt of Coast-line ^allollt 1. 5110 iiiilis) of any of the provinces; and the niimcroiis indentations, t--[x-cially on the .\tlantic coast, f.irm valuable harbors, whicl. are j;enerally o|H-n throu^'hoiil the year. The co.r->t is penerally rocky .-inil precipitous; on the .Vtl.intic siile, reefs I'Mtnil. parallel with the shore, at a distamu of from two to si\ miles; .m ih.- liu . 29). The ^en- i ral sloj>e is towards tlie .\tlantic Ocean. Th,' prin-ipal ranges ,-ire the Cobequid Mountains noiili of Minas Hasiu, ■mil the parallel chains of the North .ui.l South Mountains aluii),' tin- slion- of the l{.iy of Fundy. The height of the former is about i . joo feet, of the latter .dioiil Tioo fec-t : tlie highest summits .ir.' in i'.iim- llri-ioii, lUpiit .••««! f.i-t. I'aiH- Knfumc is .vioofi-et Nova Scoti.t is very rich in Minerals. In proportion to its extent it is unriv.dled in the pro large Rivets 111 Nova Scotia, the longest not exceeding' (ifly mih-s. No part of N.na Scotia is m.ire than thirty mil.s from th.- s.-,i Th.- mouths uf the rivers form excellent harlwirs The Lakes <'f Nova Scotia are inimcrou iiid generally occur in groups; tlu- largest is Lake Rossignol m Oueen's ('.)unty. Bras d'Or Lake in ra|ie nr.-ton, en. -losing tin- Islin.l of Boularderie, i- more an inlet .>f the ocean than a lake, and n.-arly divi.l.-, tli.- I .l.iii.l uf Caix.- Hret.m into tw.i pirts. A c.m.al now c.mnects Hras dt )r I.,ik.- with St I'lter s Hay on the .Vtlantic Ocean, a distance of less than li.ilf a mil.-, ■... ili.it mi 111- ally Cape Hreton Island forms two isl.amls. The Soil of Nova Scotia in the northern )>,irt ami in tin- v.il- leys between the mountains is fertile, but along the .Atlantic coast it is rocky and sterile. The principal Products are th.- hardl.r < .-r.als ...its, li.irley ,111. 1 ry.- an.l hay along the river l>anks The most prmbutivir p.irt ..f lli.- ..ninlry is the valley l)etwe<;n the North and South Mountains, when- appl.v-, iiid maize are cultivated. I iV DOMINION OF CANADA. I Till- Climate "f Ndv.i Sioiia is luultliy and tcmpcratr; al- ihoiiK'li siili|i liirnlnT. i.f«»).ii<»i axrl niltnr.il piiiiliiiis, hvi.oiyi. niiil manuf.icliim, 4i(i.a "i" "" *'"' .\tlantic roast, four on thr Hav <( \ .St. !,.i\\ niK I-. .111(1 is the siiiallfsi |in)\iiicc (it llie Do- I ininioii. It is rrcsc('iii-sli;i|n'(I, and is separated Innii Nova Si( I.I and N'ew Mniiiswick liy Northiiniiierland St-.iit. rill' Area i-; .1 liiile nvrr j nim sipiarr iiiilrs, anil its Population uxjstixi The Coast h.is iiiinieroiis imiciit.itioiis, wlmh form >;ood harliors. Three of tliiiii i'.^'nionl l!.i\, Ki( limoiid I'l.n, .ind llillslioroiif,'h I'l.iy m ,iil\ di\ide llii- isl.iiul into three ji.iils. Till Surface of I'rince ICdw.ird Isl.iml is t;eiilly UMdul.itiii),', except 111 llie 1 riitre, where soliir low hills forill a w.itersheil lietwei II till- sill. ill streams llowiiij,' ( ,ist .iml thosi! Ilowillfj west. Lakes .ire iiiimeroiis. The isl.md coiu.iiiis 110 Minerals. The Soil IS remarkalily fertile and well adapted for a;,'riciiltlire. (,_)i'KSTl(iNs OS nil: M.\r. ^.S,, Ciiiiiiiii riiiil Miip I'f t'liiiiidii.) Manitoba and Keewatin. What pnninrr of ('an.ul.i ailjnins Manili>l).i un till 111 .' Willi luii s |,.r Ml p.irl i.f ilii- tiiiimil.ii V of tlir Iiispiiti'il Trrritiiry.' W li.il .Miriili.m nearly' (.13 \V 1 Wli.it Disiriit is m.rili uf Mmitnlia? Wlial Dislriils west' What Trrritory north r.isl? Wliiili of lliit fnitril Stall's ailjuin Manitoba on tin- soiilli - What iiioiintains .nn; in ihr south of Manitoli.ii' In thr wist' Wh.il ri\rr risrs in thr fnitril St.itis anil Hows north tliroii)jli Manitolia.' Wli.il tiilmtary does it riirivc from the west? What two triliiitaries ilois the .\ssiniboine receive? What three larne lakes .Tre in Manitoba? What lar^e river Hows into Lake Winnipet; from the west? W'li.it river ilr.iins Lake Winnipit; ' Wh.it lar^e river is north of the Nelson Kivcr? What l.irtje river enters the .Srctie (leean in the north of Keewatin? What two l.tr^e inlets .ire on thi west shore iif tlmlsoii H.iy? N.inio three lanils north of Keewatin in the .\rctic Oee.in? What peninsula forms the northeastern pari of Keewatin? How is it separ.ilnl from Halhn I. anil' What K'llf is lutween Hallin Land ami Hi>iitliia ' What strait betwei'U DiHithia ami I'rinee of Wales l.anil ' Hetween I'nncc of Wales l,an(l ami I'rinte .Mlx'rt l.aml? Wh.il fimr sonnils ami straits iMMween H.iHin Hay ami the western part of the .\rctic ( leean? What is the eapil.il of Manitoba ? What two towns are on the Assiniboine? What one on he Keil Kiver? North-west, Northern, and North-East Territories. Which t«o Districts adjoin M.inilolM ' Willi h i«o |!rili-h ('.'lunibi.i ' What two Rre.it ri\ers flow north westw.ird into the Arctic ( Icean ? Wh.it two l.ir^je rivers join and form the Slave Kiver? Name four large lakes drained by the Mackenzie River' What b.iy is .it the southern extremity of Hudson 15ay ? How is Hudson Hay connected with the ocean? What is the eastern part of the lonntry called ' What large island similar in shape to Newfoundland is at .\ k I) ISi..\ N I). and the Climate In .illhy. not subject to so f,'re;it extremes as (in the maiiil.iml. The chief Industries are af,'riculture, li-sliiiig, and ship building. The principal Exports are pmitoes, oats, ships, cattle, and canned Inli- sters: the .1111111 il \.ilin- of the .ik'ririiltnral prodi. lsi\|)oried is .ib. mt .|o,i«io, and of ' ips. iHo.ooo dollars. .\ railway has Ix.eii built ihronghniit the leiigtli of the island from Tiv!ni-.li to Sonris, with branches to ('h.irloltetow'ii and (ieorgitown ; and a snbni.'iriiii' li'legr.iph table connects Capi' Traverse with CiiH^ 'I'ormentine in New Uriinswick III winter the ni.iils are carried lietween these points in ice Inials. riiiiii- ICilw.ird Island is divided into Three Counties. Charlottetown is the cajiital and principal centre of coin ineri e. Summerside is tlur second town in importance, and e\|iorts f.iiiil pimliiie and o\ sters; Georgetown exiioits farm priiduc.e; Tignish and Souris are the centres tor the fisheries. the entrance to llmlson Itav? What country is northeastward of ('aiiad.i How is Cirn nlaml sip.ir.iled from Can.ida ' What is the capital of the North West Territories (iii Assiiiiboiit) ? British Columbia.— Hetween what parallels does Hritish Columbi.T e.xlend ' Which of the fnited States adjoins it on the south' Huw is Vancouver Island separ.ited from the mainland ' From the tiniled States? What mountains are in the eastern part of Hritish f'ohimbia ? In the western' Name three principal rivers .\)winK into the Pacific Ocean. One passing into the t'nited States. One towing northward into Alaska What islands are north of Vancouver Island ? How are (Jueen Charlotte Islands separated from the I'nited States Territory ? Name three chief inlets on the coast ol the m.iinlanil. Two on the west coast of V.ini ouver Island? What is thi c.ipit.d of Jiritish C'olumbii (in I'miKiinir hliiiid)' Wh.it other town of importance is in Vancouver Island? Wh.it town is near the mouth of the I'raser Kiur ' Newfoundland. How is .Newfoundland .separated from I.abr.ador' What giilf is west of it ' What is the northern point called? The south-eastern ' The soiith-wislern ' What ocean formation i> sonlh-e.ist of Newfoundland' What peninsnl.i forms the south-eastern part of New foiindland ? What is the i.ipital? What islands are south of Newfoundland? To what country do they belong' Kl:Vll-.\\ IvXKRCISKS. Countries. Districts, and Territories, //ii.v /miiii./,-,/ •' Wlieri- is it > Norlliern- North-eastern' Keewatin' .-Vthabasca ' Saskatchewan' Alberta? Assiuiboia? Hoothia ' King William? I'rince of Wales ? I^b- r.ailor - Cireenland' Haflftn' I'rince .Mlicrt? nOMIMON .>|- ( AS \|),\ 43 cxtrciius ,iN E'.X ^. S!.*aL^, Islands. l» ulnil ilirnlinii Inmi III' iiiiir,)/ Imnl ' llv i.'linl wiihrtiiit ,.„n.lul> Suiiiliiiiipl'iii ' (.)ii( 111 ('liarlottf ■' Si. I'icrri' • \lii|iii-liin ■ Peninsulas. /•>«<" : liilimr lulumi ..lull -..■ilt.rs? MuUilli' l..il!r:i(lor:- Av.ilon? Capes and Points. -/'Vnm whul friniiin- nr nlniiJ iA/.> il (•mjut' l-'mm :,luil f>,irl .' Inlii U'hiil uiilir? HauliP K.ici'^ Hay? Inlets, Gulfs, Sounds, and Harbors. — IIVki/.hiuN/dii )///i,/i»/' ()/ ulml Iniily of iiiilif ii it iin iinii ' ('hi'slcrtifld ? WaKcr UniT? llii.iilii.T' llalliii ' Jamrs' Dixun Kn- 11.URI ■? lUirrariP llilti' llnwu? Ii.irrlay' Si l.a«rrncc? Straits, Channels, and Sounds, -liitunn wlial liiiuli ur isliinil>.' U'lml U'ulirs tliui it iimiiiil .' Lanciislcr? Harrow? Mclvillf.' Uank^? llccla and rur> ? Tranklin? I McClinirHk' Davi*' Hudion • <_>ii.fn fharUittr (it-ormi' |uan ■)<• I l"ll..l' lllllr M.> I Mountains and Hills. In .'1.1/ fiiri nf >Ai .unntry ,it, M. 1 ' In i.h.ii /ifiij iih I ^ I IVmliiii.i ^ Tunlr"' Kiilirn;' Win k> ' Ca-nMiU' WixnI ■ Rivers. — llViin i/m /f m< ' ThruH^k uhm I'r'inuii ur Ihilritli i/iwi it jinu- ^ Into liluti t.iitir? .Mliany? Fnnlir-h' KnP AHsinilHiini-? (._>ii a|>|»lli' ' Scnirii' Saikal chewan ? Churchill.' (ircit lish? Yiikmi.' M.ukriuii'i' I'eaci? Aiha liasca? Slavi? I'rasi'r? Siikin? Sktrn.r' «">)lninliia? Lakes. WInr. uliull.,! ' Wh.il .•lill.l h.K it' \Viiiiii|i.-;; ■ WiiiniiHxosi',? M.iiiilnln? AiImUim .1 - (Jrral Sl.ui- • < irral ItiMr - I,. ■.>! r Sl:i\i' ( Cities and Towns.— /« .-. /m/ />ri>iiii..- a it' In uhin' Urandon^ roriatir l.i I'ralrit- ' Eiiutvmi - Viitnria' Nr» WiMminstir ' KtKiiia ' Hallltfunl? I'rincu AlbcrU l"I,' for i-o miles, the Albany Rivei ' i' minx part of the bo' nd.iry Utwnu M.initcpl/.i and Ontirio . the Wiiuiueg; River, ilr.iitiin^ lii Lake of the Woods, Rainy Lake, LiiC Seu!, .-n. .I'liirs, the Nelson R. '.t (in Ke< .i.iiini drunui^ lake Winnipeg; am! 'ae Churchill -and S«v>:rn Civers, also in Keewatin. The last four are not ;•' jircsent avasSaM' lur 11. igaliun, uwini; lo the rapids in their courses. The principai Lakf-sof Manitoba are — Witmipeg, Manitoba, ami Winni- pegosis, the first of which is iSo miles . -m;. and ihr iilurs about ii»j ,\ person cm tr.ivel, 1..1 the Saskatchewan River, frciii. \Vinni|M>; 111 Mani- toba to lulmonton. near the base of the Rocky Mountains, by steamer, a ilistance of i,soomile>. The Soil of Manitoba is remarkably fertile. sieMinn l.ii^v returns of wheat, oats, barley, and rcxiis. Tin Climate, although severe in winter is remarkably dry and hi.ilthy. The jMiiicipal Industries an- af. culture and stoc:k-raisin;(, and the Exports, which at present are small, consist chiefly of cattle and their products. I .\lmost all the grain is consumed in the cottnlry, allhoUKh thi- prospects i are that in course of time, a large iptantilv will ha available for exportation i 44 D(^MF\ION OI CANADA it II It Manitoba is .Iivi I. 1 ini.i Four Counties, .ui.l ilicse are siiti- iliMiJi.l ml.. 25 Electoral Divisions, > " li <>f wlmli elects a m< iiihi I 111 til" liM .il 1 |(.ii-i (if AsMinliK . Til. District of Keewatin i^ at pKMiit uMiiniMntaiit, liiit m till ( \i III lit .1 i.iilw.a limit: limit 'kuii \Viimi|> rui.tc isialilisln-.l from lint piiit t" (ill at Itritaiii ^wi C'i"'/»"i n ci/ Miip '/ "'■ I)''iiiiiiloii ), the sdiitli- I'lii Jiarl. wlii'li liMiiililis Maiiitulia m lis |ili\si( al ftaluns. may 111 nia tin- .\riiic < )('-.iii. !"rum this liiiiluiy Four Districts h.i\e heen fornuil ainl or(;ani/t(l fur st iiliiiit iii .u.il f,'u\c rnmcni. Tlu sf .-uc Saskat- chewan, Assiniboia, Alberta anl Athabasca. Tlu n ni.iimit r 1 .1 llir ti 1 1 ii' 11 \' 1^ -111! uiiui ^.iiii/nl. .iiiil as \i I is onlv ucc iipieil |iy .1 fiw liiili.ins. lluilsun H.iy <"uni]).iliy traders, ai .1 iiiissiuii- aries liiloii;,'in;; lu dilkreiit relij;ioiis ileiioiniiiaiioiis. Till- Area <>f «icli o tliu urK.ini/ud Oisiricts is .iNnit half ili 11 .if Onlarii>. bill till' iMipul.ilioh is small, nhhoiiKli ■.\Ua\h llit.' Iin. -'uii il'i::!,,! St,'l,>) jitivirs. In Ailialiasci arc the Cariboo ami Birch Mountains, «liiili furm tint v\ airsln Is fur the IV.aic Kivtr. Nurtli of the S.iska'' lu'«.an tlu'rc is a lici^^lit ef latul Imt tlicrt.' arc iiu hills uf any cun- bvtiuinc... A rLMn.irkalilc fcatiirc al the . . ji j, aliliui^h ii.icis of (;')1(1, iron, and f,'ypsuni are found, chielly on the North Sask.i''hev an, near l-^ldinoni .. Cual i-. of s|<ity of the winlcr cold • lit Rivers in- nunuruus, Imt with the exception of the S.isk.Ui lu u.ia. .Ill- of nu coiiimen. i.il \ .iliu . There ari' also many extensive Lakes, espcci.illy in the nnur;,Miii/i'il li rrilory, wlii'-li are dr.iiiii d li\ l.ir(,'c rivers lluwiii;; into the .Vnlu- Ocean, n iiiM lludsun li.iy. Of tlicsi; Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake .m l.ir;,'i r than L,ik< ' ini.ii 1 1. ,md Lake Atha basca is m-.irly .is l.iroe. Till' Climate of the North-West Territories, .althouoh si \i ii in winter is ( \ceedin^'lv hcillhy on ,i •count of its exln im di , ncssfsw />. 31;. and .ilthoii>,di the :'!er!iionieter may fall to pi below zero the cold does not seem more intense th.iii it wuiil.i be ill Ont.irio at zero. Blizzards or cold liene westerly «iniK, occur in «intiT, ,'nd ,ire desliii' me t ■ 1 iit'i' .md proptrtv. The Musk-ox (i't niiiilriitii'ii, /I. JI) is iieciili.ir to the Cinadian Nnrlh- West, .ri'l IS f.jiind nowhere else in tlut world; it inhabits the b,irren pl.iins ,iriiiiM 1 IJiidson 111), .and r.irely c;ri?/ly and bl,ick, iie luiiiierous, ,is are also othi r wild ;iiiiin,ds The Canadian Pacific Railway now traverses Manitoba and the Norih- West Ti rnl.'iii s from 1. ii Anhrr on Lake Suinrior to the Kinky Moiunaiiis, and when completed will f.irm a continuous line from the .\tlantic to the racilic Deem lhroir,;h (anadim territory. The chief Industry uf the Nurth-West is .iirricultnre and stock raising (sti: p. 32;. In eutirse of time v lu 11 the vahi.ilili- co;il mines are opened up these will form one of the ureatesl resources (if the country. Regina, in the district of .\ssiiiiboia, is the priiuip.il luwii, ;iiid rcsideiuo of the Lieuteii.iiii-Ciuvernui . Prince Albert, near the confluence of the two br.iiiclu s uf tin S,isk.it( In w.iii, is ;i cumpar;itivi ly old settlement. Battleford, Fort Calgary. Edmonton, ami other jilaces un '.III' hill ut tlu' r.uiiii K;iiKv.i\ m.iy in euurse of time develop into towns of im])orl.iiice, as iiiiinif,'rat ion increases. NoKTii- 11 \s r TiKuiruKV. TIic Nofth-East Territory is sittiaiid on the eastern shores of 1 hulson iinl JaniL's Ma\ s, and iaclndes all the land north of the I'rovincc of Oufhcc to FUidson Strait, t-xcfpt the t-astcrn part ( l.alirador) wnich is under the jiirisiiiction of N<'\\toiindl.iiul. It is of no value for agriiiihir. .il purposes, but idiitains man\ val iblc minerals — coal, iron. iii.i!it,'aiK se, j,' deii.i. and others, bin as yet they are Hut worked. The princip.il n-oion where these a,'e fuiiiid is in the vicinity of the Cireat .ind Little Whale Kivers. The Inhabitants are few, consistini,' only of ser\.ims of till- Hudson li.iv (\\. and Indians. The only trade is in furs, which are barlired bv the liu'i.ms. at the Iludsuii li.iy CompaiiN's forts, for provisions, ammunition and cloiliin;;. NoUrillKN TlKKITUKV. The Northern Territory includes the small I'e- tached portion of land e.Mendint,^ from the Alban • River (the hound. iry of ( )n; trio) no. diwards to 1 1 udson Bay, ;ind is separated on the west from Manit.'lia In the (SQth Meridian W., and from Keewatin by tlu; 91st Meridian \V. This term >tj is as yet almost uninhabile.l, ami, like the rest of the land surronndint^ lludsun and J.imes Hays, is of liitlu v.duc ni^riculiurally ur commerci.ally. ii DOMINMitX Ol- (WAD A 4": 111 arc clc8iru iiKirisii ( British Columbia comprises {he. frn-aicr p.iri of the \\'csl( ; Hit^lilaiul (A C;iii;ula, cxlcndin^r fniin tlic jiiih Parallrni part of tlir Trrrit .if Alaska, bflonniriK to the I'liitcd States, Tlir Coast-line of tlic inaiiil.uul aiul of tlio western shore of Willi <.ii\ir I>i.iiiil is deeply iiidciitL'il by numerous narrow iiilris, with piriipiloiis rocky liaiiks. Into tlicsethc rivers wliirh make thi if way throii},'li the Cascade Ran^jo on the nuiiiiland ami thi ("oast Ranj;e on the Island flow to the orran. Till! priticijial inlets are Burrard Inlet, Bute Inlet, :inil Howe Sound on tile Tiiainlantl; ami Barclay ami Nootka Sounds on Vancomer liilaml. Tliese all form safe ami valuaMi; harUirs Till' Surface of the mainland and of tlir islamls is, nionii- 'ainoii (,si(' />. 2.S). The outer slopes of the mountains nf the inaiiila id ale covered with tunlier— Douglas pine, Menziis (ir, 111 Miloi k, tialsam. cedar, and other woods, while the interior lilattaii 'ontains vast tracts of land siiitahU: for {,'razing, rile K< ky Mountains on the eastern horiler are crossed by several Passes \iliich are fri. 'I J.ikk) to fi.ooo feet in hei^;lit alhive the level of the se.u The • 'uiailian I'aeiho Kiilway will cross through the Kicking Horse Pass, then ilirounh the Selkirk Range ami along the Thompson and I'raser Rivers i I New Westminster ami Hnirard Inlet. The Rivers t>f Hritish Colmnhia are r.ipid. and atTord .ihim- daiit water |)Ower ..s Well as a plentiful supply ol w.itil in those rif^ions "vhen irrigation is required. The principal commercial rivers are the Fraser, on which steamers run from Nuiv Westminster to Yale; the Skeena, navigated by steaiiu rs from N.tnaimo (VI.) on the route to the gold mines of Ominic.i: thi' Nasse, on llie upiK-T p.irt of «hiih gold is found. These are .ill .ilso vain dile lor tlieir fisheries. The Stekin, Peace, Thompson and Columbia Ri' ers, althongli ! irger. have at present b'.it litile commercial value. The Lakes, i>uth on the luaiiilaiid and islu.'ids, uru mmietous. liut 1,'enerally small. The Climate of N'ancouver Island is imsiirpassed by tli.it of any p.iil of the Diimiiiion, and ailhouj^h the isl.ind is sitii.ited much farther to the north tli.m ()nl.trio, m wiiili r snow r.uely lists more than two or three d.ivs t.stt- />. 31 1. The mainland is subject to greater ixtremes; on the coast lie.i\v i.iins occur in spring and aiitmnn, but between the ("asr.ide K.uige and the Roi kv Mmnit.inis the i.iins are light and the rlim.ite dry; the ceiili .il regiiiii. owing to ii , elevation, is colli ill \\ inti 1. The chii I Industries of liritish ("olumbi.i are mining and fishing. Gold is found thronghmt the whole extent of the Province, cihtl, bitumin- ous and antlir.icite, in Vancojver Island, in 'Jueeii ("harlotte Island, and on the inainl.iml; silver and iron in variou.s parts The guld is obtained chiefly by washing (si-i illiislriiticii nhiivi 1. The co.il mines of liritish Colninlii.-. are probably even imire valuable tli.in the gold mines. The coal from the Nanaimo mines now leads the market in S.m I'rancisco and on the I'atitic coast; niul the supply is of inc.ili iil.ible alvaniage, not only f. r the in' bit.ints of the country but also for the Im- peri.al Navy and the mercantile marine Salmon-c.inning is an import.oit industry on the Krasej- River, and yields the most valuable item of British Columbian e\|)orl. Agriculture is confined chiefly to the lower v.illey of the Fr.iser and to parts of V.incouver iHlainl. the produce consists altogellur of articles for home consumption. Tin- Exports are larger in proportion to tin; poimlation than those of any other province. Tliey amounted, in i.S.Sj, to ne.irly 3,.(ooi)oo dollars; includ- ing gold and coal, 1.300,000; lish, I.jo<>,orxj; and timber, .|.»»i«xx British Cnlumbi.i is divided into Eleven Districts for elec- toral and municipal ptirj viSes. Victoria, the capital, is the princi)ial centre of trade in V«n- comer Island, and jxtssesscs an excellent h.irbnr. NanaimO is the Centre of the cual-miniii;; ngioik Esquimalt is tlj British n.iv.d st.ition fut the North racific. New Westminster, on the Traser River, is the priiicip.il town on the mainlaniL Lytton, Yale .iml other places on the l-"r;i.sor River are as yet onl) sin, ill \ ill.ige.'>. Burrard Inlet, on the Oiilf of Georgia, a lew miles from Xrw Westminster, forms a safe and i 'inmuKlions h.nboi, and is the Jiort fr.m wliirh the lu:ilber tr.idi. is chiif'y ( irriejl on. Port Moody on Burr. ird. Inlet is inteiidi.'d to be the Icriiiitiiis ,J tiie Canadian Pacilic Kailw.iy. 46 I'oi.niCAi. M>krn amkrila. NliWl-OLNULAN |). I Newfoundland is the only British North Aim-rican l'i<)\iiicc which is not iiuiiuh:il in the i 'omiiiioii of Canada. It is sitii.itf.l ;it tin iiKniili (,!' ilii- (iulf iif St. F-.i\vr» lire, aiicl is sc|)af.it(r Popu- lation i< s'' iii.iti "IK' h.iir. Tin- Surface is liilly, with niiininiiis lakes ami ri\iTs. The liit,'ti(st ticvatluii Is ill tin- western p.irt. wlR-n tlnj Long^ Range Mountains fxtind a'oiif,' the coast, foriniii;; part of a low ranye par.illi I tu thf .\|)palacliiaii Chain, and extciidinj; through Ca|V' IJreloii til Ni)\.i Siotia txn' f<. 2 indented with numerous bays, is f xially on tlic noilli aiiil cast, and is ;;epi.Tallv rorky and I' i( ipi'oiis. Cape Rice f'siv lUitilniliun) iv.is formerly the calling [wint ul the Atlantic stt.iiii:.!ii|'^ l.ir the Iraiisiiiiisiou of nc«» uni.! the subm rint leK-^aph cables wi-p; l.iiil (liiwii. Now the coast is av lideil on account if the numerous cur- rents iMusid by the nieetiii); of ihi' Ami- Cirnnl ami tile tluU Stream. Xewfouiidlaiid is rich in Minerals copjKT. Sliver, lead, and others, Imt they arc not as yet much developed. The Rivers are small, nut e.\cei-din;{ loo miles in length, and are of no value for iiavig.ition. Thi: iwo |osscss( s i-j)ort ot Xoitli ill iinjiurtaiK I . :irc lishiiit; crn- ants. Heart's ij{ place of the lliL' south coast, stations. 'J'hi,' jiu lircst to Si. t the hottoni of .1 of the island' tic ("iirreiit and rth have lutii dcjiosited in the :lo\v the surf.K r of thecoii-tisli ; II l.'O ir ^ i •'"-« *-fJ''^'\^']\ f Jilt IT I s u ( () 1. 1 ■ i n I A mmmifX 5^"- 2%:^^'^ Ik. . ^v \imm* 'f-'-; t \ /r .smi''::^*' — tL^"*"- „.^' -■-•■A fer.;^.;M*tv. j^„ > ^- frnrAUr ^♦/'j,. All .,.' jif.tBi**' ^ ! I oa »• f' /J Jv.' ,r».-« COM M ER CI AL MAP OF 1 '"J? • ^j'»u"' ''^ t( — *> — w .1»f *•»,# I I I <» ■^M o . mt.^ 00 i (tfi an J f I i 16 IP 1 ! i POLITICAL NORTH AMKRICA. 47 rmr.F citii-s and Touxs m- r.vwDv wd NfF,\VFot?Ni)i.\Ni> iiij!li rciirhiiiiiiiuli .. ., Winilsor INscx I'orl lln|«: I''rh.iiii U ixidsKick ( )\f(iril (iait Waterloo LiniKiy \iclnn.i <'<>lxiiirK j NdrlliiiiiilMrlrinil ll.irric 1 Simciiu (ipilrricli ' lliiriiii fiTiiwall Stormimt ColliiiKwodd Sincou (iwrn Suiiiid (Iriy I imirsoll ( )xfcird Hrrlin WatrrliMi Sir Ilia 1 l..iini>luii l>iMidas I \Viiil«iirili IMroliM I l.ainhlnii Poi'i-r.A- 1 ION. .)''.'" ' t<).7-\r> 'I*'.)' y.('ii6 '(.5«6 «.3i O.JIJ f>.5C>I 5.5S5 5.i7.t 5.1 1*7 ■».957 •1.851 4.5''l 4,^(.S ■|.(I5 t •!■!'■> •t"34 J7"0 J.4''j I'lIV .IK T..WN. <'ii(sn. Quebec ' Muiuri'.il Ilivhrl.i(!.i . ^)ul.|m'c I <.).i..l>. I I hriu Kivprs St. M.uir l^^vis I ivis. . . Shi-rhnvikf . . Miintmaijny . lliichclaKa .. II.hIk'I.ik.i .. Ruh.-li.ii.... S| lly.iciiilhc ■M Ji)tin » St J.. tin SI John \ H" ll ...ll. / S'>7 7 "7 ft H.„, (> 4'5 .s '*74 ^ 7'" \ l-'i 4 l'4 .-r, '-•7 1^ Hl^ (1 -•IM i ".W \f' list I 1 ;Vi I'M 1 1 I'*.! ••• (liMI .s .'J-'5 ii .IMNI yUKSTIO.NS 1)\ llll. M.\r (Coiiiiiiirtiiil .l/ii/. .;/' C'li'hii/.i ) What prmini-c is sitiinti'H altoj;cihi'r on or near the Great Lakes? What pniviiHi. on the St. I.awrenre? VVIi.it t«o pruvincis .m thi! .Vllaniic coast ? What small pnniiue in tin (lulf of St. Liwrence? Wli.it proviiui! and dis- tricts are lietweeii Ontario and tin.. Hii.r- What one in New Mrunswii k VVh.it One! <•<- ' Wh.ii onns-<.s ihroiiuh Hudson Hav ' Through tth.il «, iters dix-s it j>iu.s ? Mo..v < an a (irTson tra\el from I'ori Hoix! Ill Winnipti,' ' How can j;o» I"' ship|xd from VViiini|Hn l.y sleaim'r to Tort Edmontoi: ■ VV'li.it snhmarine c. lilies eonneit r.mada with I iirnp<.' Onwiiii isl.inds are they l.mded ? Why does their toiir!>u dutlcct so much to the wjc'.ll c.jst of Ni wloundlniid ' yUKSTIONS ii'M THK M.\P (UlltUil SlilltS ^ New England States, vvii.n states He farth<'st .i-st " (.Sn sttiiistinil Tiihl. , /.. 51 ) VVi'.ich IS tfu; lar^ost ' Which liord-rs on New Hriinswick? On yiiclxic? On the .Xtliritic Ocean ? VVhicii one h is no ^ il>oaril ' What river rises in Maine ami flows through New Urunswick' What two rivers form part of Ih.vlioundary Iwiween Maine and New Hnmswick' W'h.it river flows throUKh the New l.:nKlan!rniip (s,, Slutistioil Tiilih.f ijii' W hat St. Ill' Uirders 0.1 Canada? 13y what lakes and rivers is New Yo.k separated from Ontario? What slates border on I.ake lirio? On the Atlantic Ocean ' On tliB 1 ihio RWer ' W'hat three lar^e hays are on the loast? What river flows into Now York n.iv ' Into nelawave Bay ? What four rivers into rhesapi-ake li.i> ' What larKe isl.md is at iheenlr.iiice to New- York Hay? Mow is I.'in;; Isl.ind »epar:ited frmn the New KnKland Males? What cap«« is at the entrance lo New York lki\ ' What two at the entr.iiiie to Drlaware B.ay? Wh.it two at the eiilrame to t'hevi|it;.ike ll.iv ' What niountains traverse lluse state.-. ' Name the c.ipit.ils of <.a. h Bt.ite What l.iii;e tiiv is ;ii the nioiiih of the Hudson KiM-r? Whatciiv is at the he.id of l><.|au.iri> Bay? .\| the head o( ('hesa|ie.ike H.iy ' What city on the I'olomac Kiver' What two 1 iiies are oil or ne.ir I.ake Ontario' What city at the enlr.ime of llie Niacai i Kiver ' What cit) in Pennsylvania is on I.ake I'm. ' Wli.it feder.il .lislrii t 1.. mi the roloinac Kiver ? Southern Atlantic States. What st.ite-. f.inn this iiroiip' ^s.r Sluliilunl Tiihli.l' ii y ll' uh 11 dirivlion dothe mersiit these states flow ' I'mm vth.ii hi»;hlaiid ? Wh.il mountains form the Imiindary liclwi.>.u North ('arnlinaan 1 I'ennnsee? Which is the most southern stale? What c.i|>o is the mo-it easterly point ' The most southerly ' What islands are south e.tst of l'°lnrid.i • What lar^e irianil is south >if I'lorida? What K<^"up of nm.ill islands is \x- Iwecn I'lorida and t'liba? (^ft Map vf MrtUu.rlt ) Whit town is >>n nun of them' Wh.it siiaii sipni.iles I'l irid.i fiuin the Hahanias' Wh.it current I'd! UK AI. NdKIII AMl'KICA. I J flnwH ihriiiiKli it Wli.il miUii.Is .irr iiii llii- i ir.ist uf N^.rlli < .irdliii.i.' Wli.il Kri-.il sw.iiii|.i an- in llii' hoiiiIiitii pari "f I'luriil.i' What luy Miiilh nf i'liiri'l.i in tin' (>ul( cif Mi xioi' Wliat i ilirs arr tin: tapilalHiif ihr Suiitlivrn Allnnlii Miitrs' What si-a|«irt is in Nurtli t'.iriplina im (,■((><• I'rar KixcT' (In till' mast of Siiulli Cariilina ' In I'lnriila, nn rmsamla lla> .' I >n tlir SI |i>lin KiviT? Wlial river furinit Ihu fantrrn iKiunilary nf (iuorKi.i? U'll.ll < il', I . IX II ll . Illollltl ' Southern Gulf Sutet. Wli n sin. •, f.inn ilii. »,'i"ii|'' ' I"'" ^'''''' K'l" ''" tin V Imiil.i ' What larj^c rivi r dims ilirnuijli Luuiii ma ' Of what Malis il intu Mnhilr lta> ? Wli.it < ily is mar Its nnnilli' What rivir forms 111!' Iiiiiiiiilary Ixlwiin Truas and Mixicn? Into «liii siatr (In tin' Vpl'alai III III M.MiDi.iins ixii-nil.' Where is the Llano Estacado istukul I'liiiiii ' What river furnis tin- iHiiinilnry Iklvveeii e\ is ml lln Imli iii I'ri rili>r> ' What sea |xirt is in Texas? What purl at the inuiitli I'f the Kin 'iraiiile' What jmrl in Mexin> Which nf tlnni IwriItT nil the (ire.it l..ikis.> Which nf them lim n ilireclly on CamnLi > ily wh.it riMT.iinl I. ikes is Minnesut.i separ.ileil fn. v'' Wh.il i;ri Ml river Ills iis Sonne in Minm soi.i ? Wh.it hills .ne in llie sinith «i-.| nt I i.ik.il 1 Si mil llie , ipii ll, ,.| e nil of the NorlhiTn Ccinr.il stales Rocky Mountain State and Territories. Wli.n sine ami territories form this Kronp' In ulial diredion do tin. Kocky .Moiminins eMi-iid t'lrouKh lliem ? Wli.n territories linnlir on ("an.id.i ? Wli it Kre.it river h.is iis sources in .Monlnn.i? Wh.it im|K>rl.int Irilnitary of the Missmni flnws llnoiiKli Mon I. Ilia? Wh.il river flows ihrmiKh New Mivico? Wh.it river forms part of Ihe western honndary of Ari/nn.i? Wh.il Iriliiil.iry of the Missouri has its source in Wyoinim;? What railway crosses Wyi)inin« and Utah? Wh.it four naiiir.il Parlu are in Color.ido? What mount.iin ranfjo in in ri.ih? Wli.it I. ike in the iinrlh-west? N.iiiie the c.Tpii.ds of Colorado and of each of the !• rritorios. Pacific States. What states and wliai ti rritnrv form ihisgrnnp? Which St. lie does imt |i..rder on the I'.ieilic Ocean? Wli. it two r.inj;es of nioiinlains eMi ml through ilnso mates? What Miiwes are luir the coast ? Wh.it liiuli (H-.ik is near the Imimilary of liritlsli Cnliimbia? What nre the two chlif rivers of I'aliforni.i? Tlironnh what f.inmiis valley dues a hrancli of llio San JiLKinin (..ii/i'ii.ii) Ilnw ' What river forms part nf the northern Ixiundary ofOri'.!nn? Will re dm s It rise ■' Willi like is in I ■.iliforni.i ' What cipu is al the nnrili western eMriiniiv of WisliiiiKlon I'lrritory ' Mow is WashiuK- tnn (/.I.) sep.iraled frnm N'.incoiivi r Islmd • Wli.il sound penelralis the nnrllierii p.irl ' Wh.il islands are sniiili nf Cilifornia ' What sir.iit is at the eiiir.inieof S.iii fr.nii isco ll.iv? N.iiiie the i.ipitalsof e.ich sl.ile. What lar^e sea [Kirt is in Cilifornia? What town sniith nf S.acranieiitn ? What cil\ is n.irth of ("arsnn in Nevad.i ? Wh.it iwn towns are in Ihe south of I 'ilil.'ini I ' Whit tnwii is nnrth of S.ilem in OreKmi ' On wh.it river ? Travels Whit prim ip.il cities would iniip.iss in iravellinn liy rail from Toronio III New York li\ vv.iy of Niat;ar.i I'.dlsaiid Alhany ' Throiich what si.tlis .iiid past wh.il lilies from Toronto to San I'rancisco. hy w.ivnf Chicago' Troiii SI l^iuis to ll.illimore? I'roiii ChicaKo In I'hiladi Iplii.i by w.iy of ritlsliiirnh ' I'rom Montreal In I'orllamI liy tirand Trunk Railway ? riimiinh wh.it waters and past wlial stales v mild you s.ij| from rhlr.ie.i |.i lluflalo? From CIcvel.nnI to Osweun ' Troin 1 Mllulli In InlliiiKwuoil (ii i , I'rom St. Paul ti. New Orleans' Irom Sin I'r.imisi.i in Viilnri.i |l ;,. I'rom S.m I r.iMcimoln I'.inama? l-'rom New V.nk in St Jnhn (,V /I i I i.,ni New Vnrk to Savannah > I'rom Charlfsiou to New Urlcan-s? Kl.vil w MSIKCISIS. States and Territories. Ilu:.' hoiniiliil.' What i^ iln iliii/ lnun or nt. > M.niir ' Ni u ll.imp.liire? Vermont? Ma»».nchuseiis? Khnde Islni.T' Cnnnectii 111 ? New Vnrk > New Jir»»-y ' Pennsylvania? Del.iware? M,r». l.ind > Virninia^ West V'irninia ? Hisirici nl Cnluinliia ' .North Car.' i? Souih Carolina? (itornia' I'lorida ' .Mah.im.i ' .Mississippi? Loiiisi .n , • Texas' \rkans.is? Tuuuessen ' Keiiliicky ' Missouri' Kausnit ? Ulin.' Indiana' Illinois? MichiK-an' Wisconsin' Iowa? MinncMita' Nr. Iir.iska' liakola? Colorado' .Montana? Wyoniini!? NewMexico? Iilili..' I i.ih ' .\ri/ona ' Oregon? Californi.i ' Nevad.i' W.ishiiiKlnn ? Indiiiii' Islands. llVirrc >ilmil,iril' llah.imas? Cnl.a' riorid.i Keys ' IsieKiy.de' Sania ll.irli.ira ' Peniniulas. /•'mm whol fiin nf Iht (nuolty ilms il frujitli liilifiiii u-lml Willi rs .' I'lorid 1 ' MichiKail' Capes. I'ri'iii U'h'il iiiml iliiis it finijiil .' (11.1 ' Sandy Hook' M.iy? llinln|Mii? Ch.irles ■ Henry? Il.iller.ns? Sil.l, ' Ki weeiiaw ? I'lallery ' Mountains. 11''.. r..ir< /A. i .' ihriiiit;h ti'hul ilnlu, iln lli,v i \l,ii,l> Cireen' While? Adimnd.irk ? C.iiskill - .MIiKliany ' CumlH'rlainl ' Itliie? 0«ark ' Hl.n k Hills' \\.ili,.iii li? Cisi.ide.' Sierra Nevad.i.' ('.Mist U.niKe' Mt Maker? Valleys. -Wlur, iilmit,.! • Nnrlli ' Middle' Sniilli? S.inl.uis? Vnseiiiile ^ Vei<«ii-c-/; Island ' I'.iinliro' AILe- ni.irle • I'ensacola' .\ppalachie? Mesico? (Ireeii? Siinin.iw ' Piitjel ' Straits. Ililwiiii wlnit liiinh > W'hul t.nlin ilmi il u'liiii,!.' 11 111. 1.1' M.ickinaw ? Juan de I'lica ? (iolden C.ale? Rivers. Wlirrr itois il riti / In wlnil ilir,\liiiti i/.., i /(//..;,•.' Thii'iigh ,>r f',i\l i.liiil iliili \/ liilii If hill u-iilir / SI John' St Cpiix' Connci lii in? Kiihelieti ' Niajfara? Si Lawrence Ohio? llmlsnn? Delaware? Siisi|nehanii.i ? I'otniii.ic? K.ipp.ihannnck James? Savannah? Mississippi? .Uabania ? Kioliraiide? .\rkans;is' K'l.l (i.)ii/A|? Missouri? Ohio? Uaiiiy ? Pinenn ? Sle Marie? Kid (iiurlln Yellowstone? Colorado? Platte? Sacramento? San Joacjuin? Culunibii.' Wrii..::'.ll. ? Lakes. \\!,.ri.iliiiil,,l.> Wlml miltil h,n ,l ? Cli.iiiipl.iin? l\rie? Ont.irio? ICverKlades? Iliiron? Superior? Michi ■.;,in? Kiiny? I.ik.' of (he Wnn.ls? Cre.itSall? Tulare? Cities and Towns. I» uhol sUil. i.\ il.' In :,li,il /;irl .' On or iinir IiImI Will, I : .\ii(!iisl.i? C.iinord? Moi.ipilier? Hoslmi? I ro\ ideine? Ilirlford.' I'.nll. 111.1? .\lliany? Trenton? llarrisbnrH? Iinver? Anii.iisilis? Kicliiniuid WInsliiiK? New Ynik? riiih;de!phl.i? Il.dtiinnre? W.ishiiinlnn? Km his ler.' Oswenn? lliillalo? I'.rie? Kiy West ? K.ilei);h? Cnliindiis; All.iina? Wilininnlon (.VC'I? T.dl.ihassee? Charleston? Peiis.n ol.i ? Jacksonville? Sav.inn.ili? MonlKniner) ? J.nksnn? H.iton KoliKe? Austin? New Orleans? Ci.dvesinn ? Hrownsville? M.ilainnr.is? NaKhe/? Yiikslmrn? Mobile? Little Kink? N.ishville? Iraiikfort? Jeflersnn City ? T.i|ieka? Si. I.nuis? Louisville? Memphis? Colmnbiis? Indi.iiia|x>lis? Sprinnlield (III.)} Lan- sing? Madison? I'esM lines? Si. Paul? Lincoln? Yankton' Cincinnati? T.iledo? Ch'vel.ind? Sandusky? I'etroit? Chicago? Milwaukee? Min- neaixilis? Doiiver? Helena? Cheyenne? S.iin.i I'l;? IJ.iisuCiiy? Salt Lake City? Prescolt f.^rll.> > Salem? S.icramentn? CarsnnCity? Olvm- pi.i? San p'rnncisco? l^ja AuKeles? S.ir Diono? Stockton' Virginia ('ily? Portland? VOl.mCAl. NORTH AMI.KICA. 49 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. rinr? Miclii I "<■ II,, ir i,li,il Ciis'i- K\t. Dkscrii'tiox. The United States of America, cvclusive of Aliisk.i, already dcst rilnd, occupies the central part of tli<' N'orih American Coiitineiu, ami is the most ixipu- Iniis aiul important country of the Western Hemisphen:. I.iki' Caiiail.i, il rxlriuls friim ilii: Atlantic tn the r.uitic Ocean; from Caiiail.i (111 lilt: nurlli it rxIcmU tii .Mcxicii ami thu (>tilf uf Mcvicu un thu !>uuth. Huin},' wliolly witliiii tlio No.''i TLinjxTati; Zone ^.\la!>k.t (xccptfdi. tlic Unitcil States jjosscsscs the mtni valii.ilile pro- iliiclivi' ]>ait cpf tiic contiiU'tit, ami has a chiiiatc most favor- alili! for ili'Vi'lopiiiii tlic fertility of liic soil and the industry of thtt |)(lc. AllliDii^li in Extent it is aliuiit tin; same as the Dominioil of Canada, yit il ( (iiitaiiis a Population twelve- tinu's as ^rcat, and lakes rank among thu must |Hipiilous, |K)ui ilul, ui-altliy and progressive nations of the world. Tile Surface prisouts two nearly iijual parts of w:dcl\ ilillfrtiit ( haractcr -tile liij,'h W'lstciti IIi;{hlan(l. itirltKlin-.^ tl.i- iii(,'li W'fstcrii I'laiii cast of the Koi;ky MountairiN; and tht- lowir ICastnii Highland — including tiic j^cat Central and At- l.iiilic I'laiiis. Tlirse Highlands amf Plains are a continuation aoathward of ih>; ICiKli- I. mils and I'lains . jj) contains three principal plateaii'^. h is ril)l>t'(l with niiinerous short parallel chains of iiioiinluins, and lias been likened to a sea filled witli waves many thousand f 1 1 1 liij^h. Tin- Wahsatcn Moiintainii m I'taii fotm tiie loftiest interior ran(;e. Tliir Great Basin. <y inoiinl.iin chain-i, oCLiipieii the central p.iit ,,( tlii: I'late.iil Ilelt. hhI the Colorado Plateau the south- eastern |>art; in the north is th<: Plain of the Columbia. The r.r. at It isin encloses tln^ Great Salt Lake, and other s.ilt lakes whii h art! fed l>y llx.- luuiint.iin stre.iiits, but havt: no outlet to the (He.in. It is sepa- raloil from Ihi: Tolor.ido I'lateail by the lofty rannu of the \Valis.iteh Moun- tains, .mil is from j.ooo to .|.i«>o feet hi(;h. Tlie Color.ido I'laleaii is from r>,oao to 7,ooi> feet hif;h, while llie I'l.un of thu Columlii.i is ludy aUiut .>,uao ff-et aKix «■ the se.i. The High Western Plain slojies ^jentiy e.islw.inl Irom the foot of the. Rocky Mountains, where it is from 5, ITHITKM, NolMII AMKKIfA. owirifjto thr wnni of rain, wliili the coast r«(,'ionHliavcnhun»lant rain, anil parlii iilarly towards tin- nnrlli atr cuvi nil with ilinst; forfsls, A l.irtjr |>.iil iif llii- llit;li Wcslcrn I'l.iin al l!.<; fuoi u{ tlm Kotky Mi nn lain* i» oiii! of llir riKj^l iliwilati- niul arnl rejjIonHnf \\\v, cutitinent. Wlicrtvrr I III! sIreaiiiH fnun llu; imlliiiK Mumsof llir iii.iurU.iinscan Imi iimjiI for irrigation, .iliiinil.iiil I rops I'.iii l>i.' raJM'il, Imt iiiiirctlian ftiur-fifllltuf tliu vntiru liifililainl IM ho|ii li.-^K I..1IT1 M Till' Eastern Highland is small ami Uiw in coinjiarison wilii till! Wrslirii. It riiiisisi-. iif till' "ivi r.il |>arallt'l ran^'is nf tin Appalachian Syttent, ami I'xt'iiilH (null till' I>i)iiiiiiii>ii of Tanail.t nlinusi to tin' (iiilf ct M>\icii Thr lilKhesI (Maks arr alxnil as IukIi a-, thi^ plains al thr foot of tin Ku ky Moim- tains. Il contains many drtilr < Irv.itcil villrys, Imt no iMimim' platiaii'.. Till ilillrnnt ranniMi ar^ kn..\\n in Ni « ll.inip'.hiri' as thr White Mountains; ill Virnujiit, ns tin' Green Mountains; in Ni » York, as ih. Catskill .>'i'l Adirondack Mountains; ni I vnii^> U.ini.i, as thr Alleghany Mountains; in Vir);iiu.i, .1 . Ill' Blue Mountains; ami in Kttilmk) .iml Tiiuu .n- n-i llu.- Cumberland Mountains. liiiiii this in;;hlanil _,^___ 111. Atlantic Slope rnis an important hinhw.iy of comnurcc. The Great Central Plain or Missiosippi V.ilic'y, lies liitwetn the two hij,'hl.in(ls, and extends from the Gulf of Mexico to tin. Great Lakes, where it unites with the Iwisin of llu; St. I.awrnicc in Canada. Asllu;avirat;<'fall of llu; Mississippi, tin- Missouri ami lii. ir chief l.r.inclios. as well as of the St. I.awrcncc, is only .ilwiit four inches to tin; mile, the wholo of this part of the country is ojieiuil to sie.im n.u ij^alion. from the lliilf of St, Lawrence to tin' dnlf of Mexico. A short c.inal coiiiucts the Illinois River, a trilnitary of tin' Mississijipi, with Lake Micliij;an, ami other canals connect llu; < )hio Uivir with Lake Krie. Tho general level (ace of the country facilitates tin; con>Hrnclion of railw.iys, canals and roads. The Eastern Half of the United States may be I ivided into two ref;ions, dilVirinf; ii'iiiark.ilily in veKct.ition. Dense forouls cover the Atlantic I'lain, the liaslorn Hi^h, ad and the ni'lKhlxirin); jvirtt of tin- lirral I'mirjl Plain, i-xcrpt where Ihey have l-.-n cle.irLiI fur the pur|>iMe »f I ullivalink! the i^ound. tmmensi" pr.iiries ivcupv iht- n acri> farther suuih, .ind furnish |»a«turo Mroumls for vast In 1 I, od.iltle, shi'i'p mil swine. The fertile soil, warm summers, ahunil.inl r.iins. and Rre.it ran^i; of l.m. nule, lU.iki; the e.istern h.il. ;,f th«! Unitisl St. lies one of ihi- richest siHtions i,( oiinlry in the world for variety, <|uanliiy .ind v.alua uf its nKticulturd proili' ;tions. The Climate of the low cistern half of the Uniteil States i^t in j;eiii'r.il much cooler than that of the Western Iliuhland m llu: same l.ilittlde. I II the east, fris]uent rains are lironsht at .ill :xMsi->ns liy the moist winds 1 ,f the (jiilf of Mexico, the Allantic and thefireat l.ikes. In the west, the hoiiiIi west and northwest winds of the I'.uitic dischar'.;i- most of their moisture ..11 thehiuh siininiitsiif the Sierr.i Nevail.i ami (r.-utrade KanKes. The rainfall ihi the .\llanlic ciust incre:ue;i low.irds the siuih: on the I'acific coast towards lliii north. The prairie nijion is '.nl'jisl lo frequent summer droughts, as the wimls lose till ir nioisluie Infore |s ne- tratini; so far inland. The le.idiii),' Indus- try of the Uniteil Si.ilis is a^jricultiiti'. Its chief seats .ire in tliu .\tlantic and Great Central I'l.iins, and in the small, rich lnwl.inds of Ciliforiiia and Orcfjon. It employs nearly one- half of the whole nuniKrof those who are en(,'aj;ed in industrial occupations throuf;hout the country. .\inonj! the principal Apicultural Products are rice, in li/e or Indian corn, wheat and other cer- eals, the other chief pro- ducts arc — suj;,ar, cotton, andtob.acco. Of the former, wheat and maize, and of the l.iiur. cotton, are commercially the most important. The corn (i«om •■(the .ihiimlini ■> •| .>l iii.iniir» iiir< -> .ir<- inii in. uuulliii, .iii'l iron K'I'I'K, If iiliir, iimU .iti. (lour, lumlar an>l ».ili. Auriruliurf. mininK anil Kr-t'ini: MippK iti",i ..f ihr r.i» iiiiliTJ iN fir Fishing I- I l<-.i rmtcil Si.nis isixti nsiv. , ami f'lr .iiii<>tiiit r.iiiks iliinl iii tin \\l -m with (irni llriiain. I'r.incc.irKl (icrm.inv in i;iir()|if; witli t".in.ul.i, Ihc \Vc»l lmlif«an>l Hr.uil in Aiiuriia, ami willi <'lijn:i iiinl J.ilKin in Asia. The numrr.Mi, in-lfnialion^ cm iht^ Atlantic m.ist .ill.ir.l ^!.Hl,I ji.irlN.r, wlhrc th<> .irc m t^l m-<.l>;riit iniUnialnint vvLipt S.ui l"r.in(.i»cii II •^ ami rii>;c l Sniiii.l. Th'- HP- Hit |ort ••( the furfijjn tra thirils uf all ihr. iin|«irls, aiiM II. .Ill) lint- half I •fall the i\]«irts, jmsh thrmiuli ilic: i«irt nf Niw York I hv ri nMiO'lir i« chit'tly ruomestic Commerce fai (xncds the fiiitit,'ii. Kailu iw I .r.-'it .ill tl;i' priiHip.il towns ami lilirs, ami tlions.imls of vt'sstU ply lntttiTa the pnn>.ipal |>orts on tin: l.ikcs or on tlu! co.isl. Tin- ii.it. n, !>u;:ar and toliaccu of the soiiili. tlu' ^jr.iin, Hour, citlle ami p.i< ki .1 p.rk of the »i-st. the lumKr of tlu- f.irist rf^'ions ami tin; prodiuts of iln- minei are supp'.iol to the more thickly scttKil maniif.icturint; ilisiritls. Tlir latttr scml Uurk Ihcir viri.ius m inuf.icinrrs; ami the commercial cities ill-,. Iriliiite |.) the interior the imiwri-- rrnivc I from .iliroa.l. Tlure arc tlircc- j;ri-at Water Highways iiimi ilir iiitiiim t.) tlic »x:L-an — 1 1 1 l>v tl»c Great L.ikcs ami tlic St. L.iwiiiici Kivtr throti'^h Canada; (2) liy tin- (irc.it l.ikis, the ICric ('.mil ami the iitiart. There are about 114.1x0 miles now in oper.ition, ami oni. ureal r.iilway .across the Wi-stem Ili^hlan.l to San IVanciseo connects tin.' commercial sys- tem of the east with th.it .if tile west. The main railway ront<-s .across the .\ppalaclii.iii ret,'ioii are the Grand Trunk "f <"ani.!a fr.'in <"hica^o to Il.ililiv, I'orilaiid and Il.isi.ui. ili.' New York Central .el Erie, K.ih termin.i.ri); u New York; ili.- Pennsylvania Central, t>rmin.iii;ii: -u I'liil.idelplii.t; ih.- Baltimore and Ohio, ii 1 iniii.itin.,' It Il.altlmorc. Of the southern r.iutis. oni' ir.i\crses Somhiin Tennessee and Virginia, tcrminatin); at Xcrf.ilk. and another is Ixlwun Memphis an.! ("harleston. Thcst all connect by \arious lines wilh the Central Pacinc, the only c.im- pleietl line to the Pacific <".>.isi. Tw.i mil. r roiiii , 1.. ili.- I'.u iiii- .ire in pro o-is of construction the Northern, from liiilmli on l.ike Shim n.ir . .and tli.- Southem, from St. t^uis.icro^s 1 1 \,is. Telegfraph lines extend all over tl.i- idiintr\, .nnl siili ni.it me cables connect the I'nited St.iti s with (irciil lliltain, I'l.imi, .iml the West Indies, civini; every fai-ilily for i.ipid 1 oiniininira- tiiin to every part of the wot Id. Till People -ire chiefly lite deHcend.ints of eiiiti;r.ints lioiii (ire It llia.iiii, Irel.ind .Hid ( lerni.iin . llesi.lis ihev* .irn 111-' NcffOC* nil Mulattoei, .1. si. nil.mis ..f sluen l'roiii;lil lr..m .\frua, now niimU'rimj ii< irly <• v*''**' (he IndiMW. or .Mm)- ri.;ims. »h.i are chiefly in the \Vi >tirn llinlil.iiid. or in th.- lull 111 I'ertitory Ml ,ip.irl f.ir Iheiii, an. I niiinUr aU.iit ii.i..iiii. an. I the CbincM, wli'> aiu III iinly on the t'acilic *°oasl. .in. I nuiiiUr almul iix>,oix>. Hill of lh» whole popntiiion of iipwar.U of ymuu.rxiu, lesit ih.in ^.uuu.ini .ire in the \Ve-t< rn Highland or west of the Kinky Moiint.iins. the rem.iin.ltr lain^ in the l.iw ami fertile 1 .isiern h.ilf of the tounlry. IIk I 'nitcil St. His I uiisisis 111 Thirty-eight States, Ten Territories, .nnl One District, uiuii il uikIi r .i |i iliril (ir • iLiu r.il ( io\i rimniil. \ Territory i-- a (lortion of the country not %. t .i.linitie.l .is i Si.iie. Ihi .ins«! It his not MiMuiiMt popiiliti.in . il is s.iid to 1.' Organized wli'ii a Ko%ernor in. I jii.Jijes an- ap|siint<.l bv the I'ri .idiiit. .111. 1 .1 I i>:i'.l.>liire elicited by thu |...p|.. The General Government -"id the si\cr.il St.iti (iovern- mints .iri .ill Ki puMi< .111 in loi m. The ('■iiier.il (ioMrmiient ronsjsis of .1 President, Vice- President, .I'ld .1 Congress I. iiiiprisint,' two ihsHm l ImmIics, the Si n. ill .111.1 the Moll., lit K. pnsent.lti\es. Till- President is the ihuf i xi i utive oHiccr, and both he and the \'liel'residi lit .He elcitcd to hojil oHii e for .1 tellll of four M.irs. Tliev are elioseii by l\liili>rs fioiii e.n h State, who are .i|)|Miinted by the vote of the {M'ople, and arc the s.inie in iinmbir .IS the nil iiib. rs of Con^^ress fniin the dilTcreiit States, The Senate consists of twi nienibers from each State. The memU'rs are chosen by the Sl.ite lajjisl.ilnres, and h.>ld odii e f.ir six years Their presint niinilH r is seventy six. The Vice.l'nsideiit of tliu I'nited States is the presiding; oihier of the House. Till House of Representatives consists of mem!» i s i host n direi tlv b\ tin |Kopie of tile dllleli lit States. Thi- inemlHTs hold otiice for two years. They nnmln r .11 th>. presint time (-•i. e.ich st.ile |iein>; entitled to one for every 1 51,1,11 j of its inli.ibitanls. The represintatives elei I one of their own number as presidiiix olli .r or s|ie.iker. K.ich Druaniz .l T.rritory li.is a dele|,Mte in ih.' house, he m.iy like p.irt in the discus>ion of .ill matters rel.>tinn to his Territory, but he has nu Mit.' The ExecutiTe Power is in the hands of li.e President, who is Com. minder ill I fm f .f the .\rmy and N.ivy. My ami with the consent of the Senile he api>.>inls the Judges of the Siipri'mi- Court, and lert.iin other < i\il .ind !nilit.i''y officers, c. includes p.Mce ,ind m ikes treaties with other nations. Tin- Leg^islative Power is jointly in the hands of Contjress and the I'resi .lent. .\ l.i« i> ni.i I.J by tlii! cinvnt of Ik .til lloiisi'i and with the approval of ihe President of the United Stales. If the latter returns a bill without his .ipproval. he is said to •••Ij it: it may afterwards liecoinu law if two-lhirds of the memliers if e.ach House approve it. The Supreme Court, the judicial department of the (lovernineni, consists of a Clui I Ja-l!i . ,1:1.1 i:ii;hl .\s>oti.ile Jiidi^es. The complete stat»!ineiit of this plan of government is called till- Constitution, which was adopted ill 17.S8, and divides tlu; (ioveti'.miiit into three branches: the Le(,'islalive, which makes the l.iws; thejiidici.il, which interprets the laws; and thu ICxe- ciitive, v;liich executes the laws. Neither the (ieiier.il (lovern- nieiit nor any State Cn)veriiiiient can make a law which isi 1 iinir.irv to the Colistitutiull of the United States, ^%. %.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V / {/ A O <° C^ .^:^^ s U. y ^ & %' 1.0 I.I 11.25 IM 112.5 !£ IM 16 3 IM 1.8 1.4 |||||!.6 V] <^ /^ ^M '^A ^ # ^ >? ^' '/ /A Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. USBO (716) 872-4503 '•' \ 52 POLITICAL NORTH AMERICA. Eacli State is a republic in itsrlf, and rcKulatos its own local affalrs—makos and rxc'CUli'S its own laws, leviis taxes, controls its militia except when tliey are in the service (.f the (icmer.'d CiovernnuMit, and h.is a cornpleti-' political or(;aniz,ition or constitution, similar in most resincts to tli.it of the (leneral ffovermnent. It h.is .1 r.overnor elected direcllv by the people, a I.e^^islature in two ile- p.irtments. and a Supreme Court. An ( )r);anizc'd Territipry h.is a (government similar to that of a State, except that th(' Clovern^r and Judges ;ire appointed by the I'rfrsiflent. T.ilicr.il jirovisinii is iii.idi.' liy almost every Slate for tlic Education of tlie ijcojilc. Common Schools are maintained at the public expense, and in some cases llinh Schools, besides Normal Schools for ]ireparinK teachers. 'I'hv.n: are in the country about five hundred and fifty ColIcKi's; two liundreT.\TIST1('.\I. KIU'ICKICNCIC T.Mil.K Stati-s. New England States M.iine New I lanipshire Vtrmont Massachusetts Hhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic States - New Vork New Jersey I'ennsylvania Delaware Maryland VirKinia West Virf;inia District of Columbia Southern Atlantic Statns- .N'ortli I'arolina South Carolina C.eor(,'ia I'huida Southern Gulf States — Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Southern Central States- Arkans.as (siiii'J Tennessee Kentucky Missouri Kansas Northern Central States- Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Iowa Minnesota Nebraska Ihtkofit (Ter ) Rc 'ky Mountain States- Colorado Montana (Ter ) Wyominf; ( Ter ) Next) Mc.xuo (Ter.) Idaho (Ter.) Utah (Ter) Arhtma (Ter.) Pacific Slates - Oregon California Nevada WasUinf;lon (Ter | Unorganized Territories- Iniliiiii (Ter ) . Al.iikii (Ter I riU'fl.ATlOX. n.i.s.o.jO 34''.'!') I 332..!.S5 i,7«3.o«5 5,082,871 1,131,116 4.2.S2,8iJI I4f),f)oS 934.943 018.457 177,024 1.399.750 99.i..577 1,542,180 -ti9,4 C.MTr.M.s .\Nii CiiiKF Towns. CiiiKF M.\nif.\cti;ki;s or Prodi'cts. AuKUsIa, Portland ' Shipdiuildint;, lumber, fishing. Concord, Manchester.. Montpelier, Kutl.ind. . , liostiui, Springl'ield... . I'rovidi'uce, Newport . . Hartford, New Haven .\lbany. New York Trenton, Newark Ilarrisburg, I'hiladelphia Dover, Wilmington Annapolis, Haltimore .... Richmond Wheeling WASHINGTON Cottons, woollens, carriages. Dairy products. Cottons, woollens, paper, shoes, fisheries. Cottons, woollens, iron manufactures. Rubber-goods, hardware, clocks. Grain, salt; cotton, woollen, iron, and Other manufacture; Garden products. Coal, iron, petroleum. Fruit, garden products. Grain, fruit, oysters, co.al. Tobacco. Coal, iron, salt, petroleum. R.alcigh, Wilmington : Turpentine, tar. pitch, tobacco. Columbia, Ch.irli-ston j Cotton, rice. .\tlanta, Savannah 1 Cotton, rice, sweet potatoes. Tallah.issee, Key West j Cotton, oranges and other fruits. Montgomerv. Mobile Cotton, corn, lumber. Jack.son, Vicksburg Cotton, corn. liaton Rouge, New Orleans Sugar, cotton, rice. Austin, Galveston | Cattle, cotton, corn, wool, cattle products. Little Rock Nashville I'rankfort, Louisville . . . leflerson Citv, St. Louis Topeka, Lesvcnworth. . Cotton, corn. Cotton, corn, tobacco. Horses, hemp, tobacco. Coal, lead, iron, grain, hemp. Cattle, corn, wheat. Columbus, Cincinn.ili Coal, wool, iron, fl.ax, grapes, pork, tobacco. Indianapolis ' Grain, cattle, hogs. Springfield, Chicago ! Wheat, corn, oats, hogs, coal. Lansing, Detroit. .Madison, Milwaukee. Des (liny) Moines . . . St. Paul, MinuFiipolis Lincoln, C>maha Yankton Luinber, copper, iron, salt. Grain, lumber. Live-stock, grain, co.al, lead. Lumber, grain, flour. Cattle, grain. Wheat, gold, cattle. Denver Silver, cattle. 1 lelena Cattle, gold. (Cheyenne Coal, cattle. Santa Fe Cattle, wool. Poise City Cattle, gold, silver. Salt Lake City Clrain, cattle, silver. Prescott, Tucson Gold, silver, wool. S.a'cm, Portland Wheat, wool, timber, cattle. .Sacramento, San Francisco Gobi, wheat, quicksilver, wine, wool. Carson City, Virginia City Silver, lead. Olympia, Walla Walla Timber, co.al. Tahlequah Sitka Seal fishing, furs. TOTAL . 50,442,066 POLITICAL NORTH AMERICA. 53 in some rasc3 rs. TluTct .ire ilrcil of wliii h •y few cast-,, is lations li c country, rmd nee, they may manufacturer Kaii.wav l!' Morxr WAsiiiNi/roN. Ihc New England S^'ates an; jrcmcrally rocky and iiimiiitainous ; th<;y are better aclai)ted lor ]).istiire than for tillage. '\'\\v Sea-coast is marktii by nunnroiis indcntntioiis, wliicii form cxcclkiit liarbors. These, with tlic various railways from tlie interior, afford unsurpassed facilities for ronimerco. New England is preeminently the Manufacturing Region of the United States. Its riviTs afforil abundant watorpoucr. and have busy manufacturini,' cities on their banks. The quarries of slate, lime-stnne and marble are valuable, and the forests of the north furnish lar^'e supplies of himber. The fisheries are the most important in the United States. Portland, in Maine, is tlie terminus of the Grand Truid< Railway of Canada. Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, is iliC metropolis of New En;,'lan(I. It is the seat of many noted literary institutions, and is tlie great eastern railwaj- centre and roinmcrcial emporium. Providence, the capital of Rhode Is- land, is the second city in population, and lias a large tradt^. The chief manufacturing towns are: — In New Hampshire, - Manchester and Nashua ( ■.^■<'Vfi} /nbrics), Concord ( c-nn-ingcx i .• in Massachusetts. — Lowell (collons clh-iis). Fall River tp"iiit.';), Lawrence [c-oltons, vnollcns ami pdpci), Lynn [shoes). Holyoke [cotlnns and pnpcrw in Connecticut, New Haven, Bridgeport, Waterbury, Norwich and Meriden [nihhcr- goods,firc-arins,vatchcs, clocks, jointed -'.^'arc and scciiii^ machines. ) New Bedford and Gloucester are fishing ixnis; Spring- field is the seat of a United Stat( s arsenal ; Cambridge is the s( ,it of Harvard College, and New Haven of Vale College; Newport is a favorite waterng pi. ice. The Middle Atlantic States lie on or near tlu: ."Vllantic Ocean, Ix'tween New England ancllhe Southern States. They consist partly ot the lowLinds belonRing to the .Atl.intic I'lain and partly of the mountain ridges belonginK to the .\pp.alachian Highlands. The coast is deeply indented with bays, whicli receive important rivers and ftirnish comnKxIious liarlxirs, as the Ilutlsnn, Ilelaware, Susipiehanna, I'oto- iiiac and James, flowing into New York, Delaware ami Chesapeake I'ays. The princip.il Industries are Agriculture and Mining. \ l.irk'e part of the ciiuntry receives sixvial attention for gardi'ii produce and fruits for the supply I'f the treat city marki'ts. The hilly regions aflord escellent gr.i/ing fur »hifr. and w.vl is an important product of thesi- States The chi( f Mineral Products t.ikr the ieail uf all the others. The gre.it commercLil cities of New York. I'hil.idelpliia and liallimore ship to foreign markets vast amounts of grain an 1 provisions constantly coming in from the west Iiy the various railways or other channels; and distribute to all parts of the country impe considered as forming part ol the city, lirooklyn is the third citv for population in the Union, and is con- nected with New York by the f;rcatest suspension bridgi" in the world ; under thi>. large ocean ships can pass. Buffalo, at the outlet of Lake Erie, is a leading l.iki'-port, and is the western tei minus of the Erie Canal. It is important as one of the centres of commerce between the east and west, and carries on an immense trade in grain, live-stock, lumber and coal. Oswego, on Lake Ontario, receives gre;it (lu.intities of grain and luinl)er from Canada and the west, and in return exports co.il. Albany is the capital of New York State, and is ;ui iiii|5ortant junibi r-in,irkrt. Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, situated at the junction of tlu^ Schuylkill (Skool'-kill / River with the Delaware, is the second citv of the I'nion in jKjpulation and extent of manufactures; it is the greatest coal dejx)t in .America. In Independi :i((\ Hall, still preserved, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence in 177O. Pittsburg h.is the most extensive iron and glass works in the country, .iiul is a great market for bituniinous coal and {K'trolcum. Paterson, in Xuw Jersey, has iinport.int silk manufactures. Baltimore, in ^L^^yland, is an important sea-port, and is a great market for tlour. tobacco, and canned fruit and oysters. It is a port of call for the .Mian (Canadian) line of steamships to Liverpool. Richmond, the capital of N'irginia, h.is an exteiusive trade in iron ni.inufactures and toiiacco. Norfolk is a leading cotton-port, and has the l>cst harbor south of the I'otonuic. The District of Columbia is a tract of si.xiy-four stjiiare miles on the left side of the Potomac River, 54 I'or.' riCM. XORTH AMI'.RICA. ccdc-il 1)\ llu: Si.iK; (if Mar\ 1.111(1 to tlKi Gciicnil v.j(jvcrn- niciit as a site for the n.illonal cajtual. The l.iu-mrikinH )«nv.. r for On: district i-. mMvA in C"onf;ress. Tin- executive ]xjwcr is inlriistuil Ui Ihrec; ('niiimissiuncrs ;i|i|«>iiuc-I l>y the I'rcsidcnt. Tin; rcsidunis of the Dibtrict are iieillier reiirebeiitetl in Congress nor are tlie_\ enlilli il I.I \nV . Washington, in the District of Coluniliia, is tlie capital of the I'liittd States. It contains— the C^ajiitul, wiicic Congress meets ; the While House, tlie resilience of tlie President ; and other , - ., fnii; liuilcliii;,'-s. C'cjinnurcialK'. it is of small iniportanrc. The Southern Atlantic States occupy a part of th(j low Atlantic Plain hctwccn the A|)|)al.u-|iian Momitains a.u! the ocean. ,Su.Tm|is aliuiincl on ihe coast — tlie Dis- mal Swamp, extendinK from Southern \iri;ini,i into North Cnrolina, and thcEver- glades of I'lorida, aro tlio most noted. They arc infested with alligators, rattle- snakes, and other noxious reptiles, and are co\ered with a dense vegetation of cedar, cy)iress, and creeping plants. Agiiciilture is the leading In- dustry. The pine forests of North Carolina yield large .supplies of turpentine, pitch, tar, and nisiu. The islands and CDnsts from South Ci'.rolina southward yield the most valuable cotton (sca-islaiid vr loiii;-sl,iphd), Kice is Largely cultivate*! in the lowlands, which ,arc suliject to tidal ovcrllow. Indian corn, w heat and tobacco aro grown in the higher l.mds; and fruits — oranges, lemons, and bananas are grown in I'lorida. Most of the labor on the plantations is l>erformed by colored people, who consti- tute a large proportion of the iwpulation. Manufactures are imimportant, and Minerals are still undeveloped. The Climate on the coast is hot • ind il.iinp, Inn in the higher regions is Iieallhy ami deliglilfiil. Long summers and mild winters distin- guish these states, anil every winter many invalids from the north seek the balmy air of the ("arolinas and I'lorida. Charleston, in Smith Caiolin is the lirst rice-market in thi- I'nited States, and ships large quantities of cotton. Savannah, in (ii cr- gia, is the second rutton-port in the United States. Pensacola in I'lorida, on the Ciulf coast, is an important sea-port. Aiken ill Soutli Carolina, St. Augustine and the towns on tin; St. John's Ki\ir in l'"loriila are favorite winter resorts for in\aliils. The Southern Gulf States occupy the low plain skirtini,' the Ciulf of Me.xico. I'rom this plain the surface in Texas rises to a table-land diversified in ilie west with mountains; in the northern part of .Alabama the .Vpiialailii.in Chain of Mount.iins terminates. 'I'lie Rivers are generally sluggish and are navigalile to the ridge through which they force their way from the uplands, where navigation is obstructed by falls or rapids. The gre.it river of this section is the Mississippi, navigable itself for j,.:uo miles, and having not less than .i hundred navigable tributaries, traversed by hundreds of river steamers. The Missouri, its principal tributary, is longer than the Mississippi, and like it is navigable almost to its sources. 'Ihe waters of the lower Mississippi are heavily charged with earthy matter, mainly received from the Missouri. These deposits have, in the course of years, formed a vas! delta, extending .along the Gulf for a distance of 150 miles. The elevation of the delta is so slight that embankments, or hv'cis, have been built along the Mississippi, Ked and other rivers, to prevent them from om r- llouing the country during the annual Hoods, when the water is several feet higher than the surrounding country. There are 1,500 miles of such embank- ments in Louisiana. .\ injnssi', or break in a levee, sometimes causes gri at dam.age. In the rice lands pl.anters are allowed to cut, through the levees, openings callid //hhiiS, carefully gnardcxl with gates, for the purpose of obtaining water, W hen the rice is ready for harvesting the water is draw n oft'. In the lower cour.se of the Mississippi and Ked Kivers many br.inclus separate from the m.iin stre.im and pass to the sea through (lat kinds in inde- I)endent channels. These are named Buyuiis (lii'uos). The chief Products of the Gulf States are cotton, corn, sugar, rice, cattle and sweet pot; toes. Southern Louisian.i is the prino'nal sugar region. Texas is the most im- portant State \n the Union for its cattle, horses and sheep; of cattle, more than four millions r.mge on its fine- p.astures. Mississippi is the principal cotton state. The plauis of Texas are called the "Llano Estatado ' or "Staked I'lain," from the t.ike-like stems of a plant which still grows there in abundance. A large part 1 if the people of I^ouisiana are of Trench descent, and still te some extent speak the I'rench langu.ige. In Texas many places retain their original Sp.mish names. Texas is separated from Mexico by the Kio Cirande River. New Orleans, situated on the Mississippi 115 miles from its mouth, is the business metropolis of the South, aiul the eniporiuni for the vast trade of the Missis- 'pi. It is the third commercial city of the fnion and the prin- cipal cotton and sug.ir m.irket. iah,in(",.(,r. Pensacola I'll- Aiken, S (111 111!,' Si. fur iii\,il;,ls. t low ])!,un ivcrsifud in Oiu 10 ApiiaUiLhian ,'alilc U> the the li]il,i]i.ls, itsi'lf fur j.juo s, inivi-rsiil liv iit.iry, is longer wiiirccs. Till! L'artliy ninttir, 1 the course (if icecif 150 mills. ■\'t's, h.ive lurn hcin from om r- is several fiit <{ siicli embniik- es causes gn at uvees, openings btaining water. iiany liraiichrs t lands in imle- , corn, sugar, is the most im- uf cattle, more s the principal listacado" or till ((rows there ■'rench descent, as many places 1 •■< I'OI.l'l'UAI, \()k 1 II .\MI,kl(. .\, ;.«. ^' tfr ^ ^^m- >^,-.*«firi--^' *.'««■ -r -y- MlssissiiTi STi:AMi:ii. Mobile (Mi>-!hi!' ) in .Mabania is a Kadiiif,' gulf" port, and lias .111 ;i(li\i: export trade in cotton and lumber. Galveston ia the chief port in Texas. The Southern Central States, with the exception of Kansas, border on the; Mis,si.s.sii)pi River. They all form part of the Great Central Plain. I'arts of Missouri and of eastern Kentucky and Tennessee are traversed by low mountain ranges—the Ozark Mountains in Missouri, and the Cumber- laud Mountains belongin;,' to the Appalachian Chain in the east. 'riie leailing Industry of this section is agriculture and cattle- raising. Ill the most southerly states— .\rkansas and Tennessee — cotton and corn are the staitles; farther north — hemp and tobacco; and in K.insas — corn, wheat an ' Jlttle. Kent ky is celebrated for its horses, mttlcs and cattle. The "blue grass " region, traversed by the Licking and Kentucky Kivers, affords the best of pasturage. It also produces more hemp and tobacco than any other state in the Union. Missouri has v.aluable iron and lead mines in the Ozark Mountains. Louisville, in Kentucky, on the Ohio, is the most important tobacco market in the States. St. Louis, in i\Iissouri, is the iiii'tropolis of the whole Mississippi valley. Situated near the junction of the ^lissouri with the Mississippi, it is a leading centre of internal commerce by water and also by rail. Mem- phis, in Tennessee, is one of the largest cities on the Mississippi. The Northern Central States He wholly in the Great Central Plain; five jjorder on the Great Lakes. The Surface is generally level or gently undulating, and for the most part is prairie land. Michigan, Wisconsin, Indi.ana and Minnesota, in the region adjoining the Great Lakes, contain large tracts of valuable timber-kinds, .ind Michigan ranks first among the States in the production of sawed lumber. The Prairie-lands are unsurp.assed in fertility. They are generally destitute of timber, except in the bottom-lands of the streams by which they are watered. ^linnesota, Wisconsin r nd Michigan, like Ontario, contain many small lakes. Agriculture is the chief Industry. The natural .advantages of a rich soil, ample f.icilities for internal commerce \n- railways and navigable streams, and valuable water-power, make his section one of the most valuable in the Union. It f'tnis ,1 pin iif 111,' i:ri.ii wluit belt win. b i M, ii.ls into t'.m.iila. tin- iii.tnufa. lure "f Hour is an iiiipKrlaiit industry. ('■■rn is raistil in enormous ipiaiitiliis, but uv'st of the imp is Used I, .r fieding livi-st..i k, \'asi iiiiinbirs of e.uili' and hni;s ,irr raised .-uid seiU to tlic I-.astirn St. lies or to I'.urcipe. Ohio produces a l.irge quantity of ci'd and uonl. .and is the leading stale west of the .Vpp.d.iehian MiMint.iins for luanufai liiu s. Two systems of canals lunmit Lake l.rie Willi the Ohio Kiver. and a e.inal lonnivts Chicago o'l Lake Michigan wilh I'rru at the lii'.id of sleaniboat ii.uigalion oil the Uliiuns Kuar, .a trilnil.ir\ I'f (he Mi si-siiipi. Ill tlir iiurili iif MirliiL,'.in mi the sli.ins i.f L.iki' l-^Upiihit .lie N.illl.iblr Mines of mpprv ,111(1 iinii; ill llir r.l.K k Hills 111 ]>.iUi>l.i. oiild isiuuiul; ill Iciu.i, Imliaii.i and W'iscoiisin — ro.il, inui and Icid. Xiarly all the l,irL,'rsl rlnVs in the riiitial St.ltrS west of .\ll.Ullir t ide-U.lttr .llr In be found in this srction uv clusib- ;idii)iiiing. Miiiiu'soia occupies the crest of the Croat Central I'laiii or Height of Land, from which the waters How by the Keil Kiver of ihi' north Ihroii-h ( '.inad.a into Hudson ]iay; by L.ike Superior and the St. Lawrence into the Atlantic Ocean, and by the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico. Tin: highest elevation is about 1,700 feet above the sea. The boundary separating this section from the Oomiiiion of Cau.T la is formed by the .19th parallel of l.aitude, the Lake of the Woods, K.aiiiy l\iver, Rainy Lake, Ciaiokid Lake and I'igeon Kiver. In Ohio, Cincinnati, one of the largest cities of the west, has extensive manufactures, immense ixirk-packing establishments, and large domestic commerce. Cleveland and Toledo are im- portant ports on Lake Erie, and have a l.irge tr.ide with ("aiiad.t. Indianapolis, the capital of Indiana, is tlie largest city of the Union not on navigable waters, and is a great railwaj' centre. Chicago, in Illinois, tlie metropolis of the wist, situ.alial at the liead of Lake Micliigan, issiirpassid oiil\- b\- Xiw Vnrk for commerce. It is the greatest grain in.akit, and the chiif ])ork packing city and emporium for live-stock in the United States. SCGAH I'l.ANTATION 5<5 l'(^I.['|-UAI. XORTII AMl'.RKW. Detroit, in Mi' lii^;:ui, on tlu- river of tlu; same name, is tlio ciiilic III the laiiuiiy s\sUin ((Hiiicctiii},' ("aiiada with the western stales. It carries on a larj,'c sliii)piii^' and nianufactiirin;,' trade. Milwaukee, Hk; principal city of Wisconsin, receives and siiiiis vast (luantities of f,'rain. St. Paul and Minneapolis arc the principal cities of Minne- sota, and < arr\- on an extensive trade wilii tiie North-West. The I'alls of St. .Xnlliony on the Mississippi furnisii Minneajwlis with unsnrjiassed water-power. Omaha, oil thc> Missonri River, is the largest city in Nebraska, and is the lerniinns of the Union Pacific Railway. Saginaw, in Michigan, ships large quantities of saU. Colorado and the Rocky Mountain Territories cn\- l)rac(! i)art of tiie lligli West- ern Plain and ixtend across the Rocky Mountains to the plateau between thcni and the Sierra Nevada Moun- tains. This is tlic most elevated part iif tlie lliiiteil States, ami the iiiuiin- laiii rei^iims are remarkalile for their canons, loii^ narrow gorges worn by the rivers to a^'reat cleptli in the tal)le-Ian(l, anil forming al- most perpendicnlar walls, between which the river riislies tliron^;h the dark abyss. The Grand Canon of the Colorado, in Arizona, is .ny miles ill leiif^th; its w.iUs rise per- j>endiciil.irly to a heij^'ht of J,CX)0 feet or nioru above the river. As the mountains near tlio coast deprive the winds of the Pacific of their moisture. Agriculture can only lie carried on by irrifjation; and in settled districts this is done by channels cii. ■lirouKh the ad- jacent country to streams, often m;iny miles distant. In some sections where "bunch f;r:iss " is found, stock-raising is an important inliTest. In New Mexico it is the principal pursuit. The extensfe fertile valleys of Colorado are called " Parks." Mining is the principal Industry, and in the Rocky Mountain region gold and silver are wiilel)' distributed and arc chiefly sought after. Color.ido produces more silver than any other State, and Montana is next to California tho most productive in Rold. Utah is inhabited princijialh- by a peculiar sect, called Mor- mons, or Latter Da\- Saints; New Mexico, b\' a mi.xed race descended from civilized Indians and the orignial Spanish settlers, speaking the Spanish language. Denver in Color.idtj, at the junction of sc- Tal railways, is the principal city. Leadville, situated nearly 11,000 feet above sea-level, derives importance from its rich mines. Gk.\M) Canon 01- CoLOR.\i)y. Salt Lake City, near theGreat Salt Lake, is the capit.il of the Murnidii Territory of Utah. The other touns ,ire small ,ind imimport.int. The Pacific States imrder on tile Pacific Ocean. exre| t .X,-. \ad;i, which is in the interior. Thrsi; :\iv ir.iversed by lofty mount.iins -the Cascade, Sierra Nevada, ind Coast Ranges. This sei tioii is iiHU'h inori' productivi' lli.in the Rocky Monnt.iin sccii -ii.,is the r.iinf.dl is i;riier.dly more abnnil.iiil. Th(^ valleys. especi.iUy ih^ ■ ..f Pi'get Sound in W.ishinyton, uf the Willamette in Oregon. ,ind the Lowiand of (".difornia, are fertile; on the mountains are forests of nKii^iiili- cent timber, chiefly cypress, jiiiic, and ri'dwood. Wheat is grown alnindaiulv. ind sheep and cattle are raised in 1 ui;e numbers. C.diforni.i is the priiui- pal Slate for whe.it and wool, c he- gon for catUe and wool, and Wa.^h- in.glon Territory for limber. There ,ir<' but two seasons, tho wet in winter and the dry in summer. The scenery is remar k.ibli'. Natural curiosities, among wliic li ari' the Yosemite Valley (.<. . /. 71, walled in by iierpendicnl.ir dills 4,oiKj feet high, from which numer- ous w,iterfalls descend, and wliich is surrounded by lofty mount.iins; the groves of Giant Trees (thirty feet in diameter), the Geysers and the Mud Volcanoes. The Yosemite Valley in C.ili- forniu, and the Yellowstone Park in Wyoming, with its ten thousand boiling springs and geysers, its many great waterfalls, deep can- ons, beautful bakes, and rugged mountain pe.-iks, have been set apart as national p.arks. Nevada has the most prolitable silver mines in the world, and Cali- fornia produces more gold and quicksilver than any other State. There .are many Chinese in Cali- fornia, and scattered throughout the I'.icific States. San Francisco, the largest city on the whole Pacific coast, has a magnificent har- bor. Connected by rail with the Eastern States and by steamships with Australia, China, Japan, South America, and other places, it is the commercial metropolis of the Pacific coast. Sacramento is the capital of California. Virginia City in Nevada is famous for its rich silver-mines. Indian Territory is a country set apart by the Government as a home for certain Indian tribes, most of whom once resided east of the Mississippi. It has no organized government. Tahlequah, the capital of the Cherokee Nation, is the chief town. is the c.ipit.il of •fan. cXLi'i 1 \c. Sierra Nevada, a:u\ .roimtain si'ciinn, as fspL-cially ih.,..- ,,f 11, and ilu: Lowland ai-L' fcrtili'; (mi ilu: fcirists iif iii,iL;nili- liutly typri'ss, |iiiu', wn aluiiul.iiuly, rind I.' are raised in 1 u};e ifiiriu.i is llii' prinii- lu'.it and wdol. i nc- nd woiil, ami Wii^li- y fur tiniliiT. lit two seasons, the r and tlic dry in is remarlli'. iities, anioiif,' wliicli ite Valley (.(.<■/'. 7), perpcndicnlar dills from uliicli nninrr- (U'sccnd, .and whirii hy lofty iiioiiiu.'iins; Giant Trees (ihiriy r), tile Geysers and inoes. ite Valley in Cili- i Yellowstone Park ,illi its ten thousand s and (,'eysers, its aterfalls, deep can- lakes, and rufjKed ;aks, have been set ial parks. the most prolitalile the world, and C'aji- js more (,'old and n any other State, any Chinese in Cali- :attered thronghonl tes. Cisco, the largest whole Pacific magnificent liar- ;ctetl by rail witii States and by witii Australia, i.Soiitli America, is of the Pacific h silver-mines, the Government lom once resided ;ed government. ;ion, is the chief m I s ^/t ssl ! I. ■d i, 13 ii I'OI.ITICAI. NORril AMKRICA. 57 scsjre ^.v ci'jfT./f^i ^a/£/i/ca. .'- -'.-i MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND THE WEST INDIES. (_)ri-sii() ns on rill-; Mai'. Mexico. What country is north nf Mexico' What riviT forms part nf llm liciMiulary ? What cniintry is south-cast? What prniiisiila is in tlir norlh-wcst? Wliat Kiilf separates it fnini tlie mainland? What K"lf i'^ '■•'i-'l nf Mexico ? What bay ' What peninsula is in thu sontli-east ? What cape forms the most northerly pcjint? What isthmus is in l!u' southeast? Wh it gulf What mountain chain extends throuf;li Mexic.i • Of what chain is it a continuation? What city is th(! capital' Name; three sea-ports on the eastern coast. One sea-port on the I'.aciric. Which city is near the mouth of the Kio (^■rande ? What city is south-i'ast of Mexico ? What city is on the Santiago Kiver? What city is north-east of (luadal.ajara? l'"ast ' What city is in the north on tlu' Kio C"ir.ande? What city is south of i;l I'aso? Central America. — Name the Divisions of Central America? Which is farthest south? What country of South .\merica does it adjoin' Which is farthest north? What Hritish Colony is north-east of (Inatemala? What is llu! capital? What state is wholly on the I'acilie coast? What bay is north of Honduras? What cape forms tlu; most easterly point ? What name is given to the eastern coast of Nicaragua? What two lakes are in Nicaragua ? Name the capitals of each state. The West Indies. What are the three principal divisions of the West Indies? (linhiiiiitis, Oriiilcr .liilitUs, Lissrr Aiililli's.J Name the four islands of the Greater .\ntilles. Into what two groups are the I.esser .\ntilles divided ? Which is the most easterly ? What group is near the South Ameri- can coast ? What small group east of I'orto Rico? What group of islands is north of Cuba? W'hat town is the capital ? On what island? What city is the capital of Cuba? What city is east of Hav.anna in Cuba? On the south- eastern coast? How is Cuba separated from Florida? Krom Yucatan' From San Domingo? How is San Domingo divided? What is the chief town of Hayti? Of Dominica? How is San Dimiingo separated from I'orto Kico ? What is the chief town of Porto Rico ? What island is nearly west of llayti? What is the capital? What other city is in Jamaica ? What moun- tains are in Jamaica? What large island is the most southerly of the West Indies? What is the capital of Trinidad? Which is the principal island of the Leeward Islands ? Its chief tow n ? What three large islands are between Antigua and barbados? Which is the principal of the Windward Islands' Its chief town ? Travels. — What is the principal port of call for steamers coming to the West Indies? What lines run from the West Indies to the mainland ? What are thi! ports of call betwcH'U Panama and San Diego? What telegraph cables connect -\spinwall with the United States? Through what islands do they pass? K t.\ ll-.w l".\l K( im:s. Countries. — ir//iT.- is il f llnw himmlal .' Il'/iil/ (\ III, .il/'l/il/' Mexico' Hritish Honduras C/),/i;, )> ( "■ualeinala? Il.induras? San Sal- \ador? Nicaragua? Costa Kihit * San Diego? San Lucas' Caloche? Crac ias a Di^is? I Isthmuses. Wluit lountrirs ilois it umiinl .' I rrhiiantepec "" Panama' 1 Mountains. /" ic/m/ l-iirl of tin- tuiiiilry 'ir, lh,\ .' In r. /m/ tlirntiim do Ithy lvIiiuI.' Sierra Madre ' P.liU' Mountains' Gulfs and Bays. — W'luri- is it .' California? Mexico? Cain|)eachy ' Ilomlura.? Ti huaiiliix-c ? Straits. I!,l;,;in :,'liiit Imuls > Wluil -u-iiUn ,liw^ it ,unii,,t ; Yucatan' I'lorida ? Windward? Mona ' Rivers. -11 VicTi (/cj<'.! i7 nir / In -„hiit ili'icliun Jvis iljtou- .' ihroiij^h uliiit iiiiiiitriii.' Into ■,oril(.Ti'cl on thu I'.ist and wust by niinnitain chains havinj,' the same triMid as thi; I'.n die ri.,ist. Jinth coasts are skirted l)y narrow hiwland plains. I'lii; Peninsula of California is travursud by a ridgu sloping abruptly to the water on either side. Across the highest (the southern) part of the Mexican riateaii there extends from east to west a series of Volcanoes, three of which rise above the snow-line. The loftiest of these volcanoes, Popocatepetl (sre llliislralioii, />. 24^, or Smoking Mountain, is the second mountain in North America in height; it emits smoke, but has had no eruption for ,i.|0 years. Within its crater, which is a mile across and 1,000 feet dei'p, are enormous beds of ])nre sulphur. l'"()r the piirixjso of obt.iininn this mineral, several persons make their .abode in the crater, ascending and descending its w.Uls with thu aid of ropes. Jorullo (Yo-rool-riiJ, another volcano of this chain, is remarkable for having bei;n thrown up in a single night (in 1731J) from fertile fields of sug.ir .ind indigo to a height of i.Gix) feet alxive the level of the plateau. Jorullo is further from the sea than volcanoes usu.illy are; it is now nearly extinct. Tiic Climate and Productions of Mexico present f,'reat variety accorduij^ to the difference in tiic elevation of the land. The Lowlands of the coast are hot, damp and unhealthy, yellow fever Ix'ing a frequent visitant; here, the productions are tropical, and the banana and plantain are largely used for food. Next in elevation are the Temperate Regions, " the Paradise of Mexico," to which most of the interior plateau belongs. The climate is here free from extremes, he.dthy, and delightful. At different heights, sugar-cane, cotton, coffee, indigo, maize (the most important grain of Mexico), tobacco, wheat, and luscieus fruits flourish abundantly. The Cold Regions embrace the loftiest table-lands and the mountainous districts, where the climate is severe and the soil less productive. The country is almost covered with a dense growth of hard and thorny bushes, called mesquit, chapparal and chemis.d. The plateaus north of the Tropic of Cancer are dry and Imrren; south of it, the year is divided into a dry and a rainy season, the latter beginning in May, and lasting from four to five months. During the dry season violent Northers, or gales from the north, frequently sweep across the Gulf of Mexico. .\inon}j; the Special Products of Mexico are i'dniUa, the fruit or pod of a climbing plant; the beans of the cacao-tree, from which chocolate is made; the agave, from the juice of which a wine called pulque (puU'-kay) is made, and sisal, similar to hemp, from the fibres of which cortlage and bagging are made. The cat- 1 IIS abounds in Mexico; and one variety is cultivated in large plantations for the .sake of the cochineal insect which lives upon the leaves. ICO. and which, when dried, yields the most brilliant crimson dye. The nn ,i, ,,( g.ithering the insects is shown in the engr.iviiig, p. 57. ^Vine, olive-oil, and tob.acco are important products; and the forests ; i,|i| rosewixKl, mahogany and dye-wixHls. The Minerals of Mexico arc inexliaustible. The siKir mines of tiu^ Sierra Maiire have been the most producti\r m the world, and still yield a large part of the world's siippK; gold, tin, (luicksilver and iron are also abundant. The leading Industries are agriculture, stock-raising, hkI silver-mining. Large fnHf/iis or f.irms with 20,000 to 30,000 head of cattle are common. Mules are numerinis. Miisliiiif;s, sprung from the horses introduced by thu Spaniards, rove in wild droves over the northern highlands. Manufactures arc unimportant, and arc chiefly confined tc sugar, tobacco, saddlery, earthen-ware, and other articles fur home use. Foreign Commerce, carried on mainly with Great Britain the United States, and France, is limited. This is due in p.art to the difficulty of transportation ; for, except between the principal cities, goods are carried by pack-mules or in ox-carts. The rivers are only n.ivigable a short distance from the sea. No navigable streams penetrate the interior, and the routes from the interior plateau to either coast across the mountains present many obstacles to traffic. An extended system of railways is now, however, in course of construction, and through the interior pl.iteau about 2,000 miles are in operation. The chief Exports are silver, dye-woods, cochineal, and vaniila. The Inhabitants are chiefly in the southern part of the country, and consist of; —Creoles, or white natives, descentkd from the early Sjianish colonists, forming nearly one-tenth of the population; Indians, comprising two-thirds; and Mestizos, half-breeds, derived from the union of whites and Indians. The Spanish language prevails, but among the Indians fifty distinct tongues are still spoken. The people are generally indolent, and education is neglected except in some of the larger towns. All Religions are tol >rated, but most of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics. Among the Indians arc some Pagan tribes. Mexico is a Republic, composed of twenty-seven States, the Territory of Lower California, and the Federal District contain- ing the capital. The Constitution resembles that of the United States, but the Government is unstable in its character, and revo- lutions have been frequent. It was for three centuries the most important colony of Spain, but gained its independence in 1821. Mexico, the capital and metropolis, is a handsome city, situ- ated in t)ie midst of the most sublime mountain scenery; it is nearly a mile and a half above sea-level. Guadalajara, Puebla and Guanajuato are the most im- portant cities of the table-land. Vera Cruz, a sea-port on the Gulf of Mexico, is connected with the capital by a railway, and is the chief seat of foreign commerce. Acapulco is the principal port on the Pacific. 5ii 1^. CENTRAL AMERICA Central America is a long isthmus, occupying the southern extremity of North America, between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. In Extent, it is alxjut the same as the Province of Quebec, but contains about double the number of inhabitants. Central America includes five independent republics, which are really military despotisms, and the British Colony of Belize or British Honduras. The Surface consists mainly of table- latid of moderate height, bordered on the Pacific Coast by a mountain range, which con- I'tM.n ICAI. NORllI AMI-.klCA 59 )ck-raising, mj I Great Britain tains many active volcanoes. From the niountaiiis on the west the surface clescunds i>y succtssivc tcrracis I'astwanl to the s|i(>ri' of tiie Caribbean Sea, which is low. like ilial ol the Gulf oi Mexico. ViiliMnic eruptions occur fnim time id time, anil I'.irtli.iiiakis .in- fniiucnt ami ili'struclive. The Rivers, like those of Mexico, are iiavi>{ahle bin a very shdit distance. The San Juan River .uul Lake Nicaragua are ihc: most iniporlant iiavi^alile wains. The Climate, Soil ami Vegetation aro very sinniar to those of Mi'xico. but the groat natural atlvaiil iges of the countries of Genual America are almost wholly nni'iiprovid. The chief Products are valuable cabinet and dve-woods; coffee, cocoa, indif,'o, and cochineal. Maize is the princijial ^;r.iin. The precious metals —gold and silver — are abimdant, but the mines are little worked. Tiie Foreign Commerce is chiefly with Great Britain and the I'nitetl States. Tlir Exports nrr r.iffoc. inrllRo, cnrhini-.il, shrrp skins, Incli.i-rilMn'r, ^nil The Inhabitants are mostly Indians and Mestizos, except in Cost.i Uica .md IJeli/e. The while race is chletlv of Spanisll descent. The Koiiiaii Citholn- Religion prevails. Imeri'Htinn rriiiiiins, consUtiiiK of ruincil ti'tiipU-i, srulpturcil nlols, talilrls ciivtrt'il «illi c.irM'il li«uns, t-ti-., the work of llir alxiri^inal inli.iliit.iiU^, aru fouml in (litlurcnt parts of Conlral Anu'ric.i (si-i- in^rnriiij;, f 57/ i'he capitals of the dilfereiit n publics .ire the princip.il towns r( th Lesser Antilles litloiii,' 111 (Irc.il liril.iiii; sniin' stii.ill islands iii ili( l.r--'.ir An- tilli's Im'Ioii^' III I'lMiii >', Ui'inii.iik and IInllMnd. Till' Itrili li I-.I.1II.I-1 fiirin sipirili' Kilniiii-^, rut) iMnli-r a Cinirndr :i|i INiliilril liy di' u llMi lin Jamaica, l\w inn,t iiiiporlanl. iiiLliKlinu Turk's aii>l ( aiciis Nl.iniK Trinidad, ilir rii'.i soiitlnrlv i^liiul. ilir Leeward Islandfi ! (iirrniiiK pari nf lln^ l.issiT AiUillii, niiil ituhhliun Aiilinua, It.irliU'l.i. MoiU- wrral, Si Clirl'.luphir, Nrvis, I i.iminii a, ami lln' Virgin l-.lanils, I lir Wind- ward Islands, .iImi fmininK pari <•( llii^ LcsmT Aniillr^, i i^nipriMiii^ ilarliailus. M \'jiiiriii, Ori'ii.hli. Tuliapi, anil St l.iii la ; aii>l iIm' Bahamas. Hayti "l ll"niiiiira w.ls cjlici' iluidi.l inlwiiu li.iiui' and S])aMi. It niiw consists n( tun inilc|KMiiliiii nci^r.i npiiMi' ■ Hayti ami San Do- mingo, Hi Pill (■iiviTiiini'rHsari' iiii-.rillril, anil, numj; In llic ili^mrluil puhliial runilitliin. tliu Kriat natural wi allli of tliu islaml is almost wliolly unilrvilii|Hil. Havanna, llu' iMpital of (."tllia, is the lar^fcst ( ity ill till' Wisi Indus and llu; K"at(st sn;,M|-|ll.il kc t ui the wmld ; Matanzas ami Santiago de Cuba an- ini|)uiiani I itio. San Juan is tin liriiicip.al ( ii\ I.I I'liilii Kii •<. Kingston, llu' caiulal ut Jam. ma, IS the I liii t ( lunnu n lal pull ol tin: I Iritisll Wist llldits. Itix- pints l.iiK'' niiiiiiii IS III tnilli s fiiiMi the iniKlihiiriiiK (-oasi^ aiiil i>iaiids. Port of Spain, lln: capital nf i'linidad, is oiii; ul ihr linist towns ill tlif Wist liidii's, willi a niajinilncnt liaili.r. Nassau, the capital of lliu Halianias. is ;i faNuiilc winlir n mt, on aciiMinl of its salnl'i ions i linialc Port au Prince, in il.iiii, ixporls (iill'i I', tolMi'co, inalio;,'any, and canipcai liy wood. Till' Bermudas arr a cluster of alionl Olio liiindri'd small is- lands ^of wliii'li oiil\' liltiiii or sixti'cn arc inhalutrd. tin i.si 1m III;; nil re rocks), situated in llic .\tlaiUic Ocean, ahont djo miles e.ist of C.i|)e llalteras in North Carolin.i. Ilennnda pos- sesses a stroii;,dy fortified dock-yard, and is ;i ilritisli ii.ual station. The novernnunt is vested in a (ioveriior and l^xecnlivi' ( '(linn il .i|)poiiiteil liy the Crown, .iiid a Le(,'islative Asseliilil), Hamilton is tin- ehiif town and seat of ( iuveinnient. Nuinii AMi.KiiA sTATisricAi. ki:ii;ki:ni"i-: rAUii'. ("lirNTKV Arka is Sy. Miles. Vow- l..\TlyN. r.M'ii \i.. I'opr- L.\rios. I'kini n .M. r..\i'oKi> Danish America l.rl.in.l (irri.'ul.iuil (fr.Y Jnmi i., / Dominion of Canada ( i ss 1 1 • um.uKi I (Pi^l'iil,,! r,r ) J yiulx'c New Hrunswick Nuva Scotia I'rincc lalward Island. Manitoba N. \V , N., anil N. i:. I'lrriion.-. Uriiisli Colunilil.i Newfoundland Si, rirrre ami .Miipu'lon (i'i,-iuh i United States - Stales ami Tcrrilnrii'S liulian Tcrrilorv Alaska .' Mexico Central America - (Miali'Ui.ila San Salvador N ic,ira),'ua Ilomluras Cosla Rica IliitiJi I londuras West Indies— Hrilisli Colonii'S- JlVIUlicil Turk's iviit Ctiit<>^ Triniittltl L,, :.;n:l I..l,vi,h ir/»./.v.i),/ IJ.iihh Ihthiuniis liirinit'tiis Spanish — Cuba I'.nl.i K/.i) D.inisli (siv/i. dill l-"rencli (sit' />. 7 t) „ . . I Ilnvli I Doininica .Sail I) oniitnn> ) 4 '■'.»> -I Coo.uoo I .Vi.-'l" I i"i. 7.1.1 ' loo.otxj I iS.S.dSS •!7.'74 .;o.ijo7 i.:j.joo -■..Vi5-!5.; .H'..i"5 .(O.JOO IJ5 -.'J54.4.SU 5.74" 577 ..VJO 7^1. Sjo 40.777 7..H5 3S, 000 47,1x1-: •:i.495 7.5IJ-! 4.1W --.^ '.7,=i4 70J S.iO 4' 47.5.1-' 3,7211 140 1,14-: 9.570 21.340 7-1.43^ lo.txxi 4,3J4,Sio I,9.:3.--.;.S I..159.0J7 3.11. -!3J 440.57-' loS.S.ji fis.i|=ll 511.4 1" 4').45'l r ■11,500 5.-:-:4 li 50 4.'.' ^5 Kuikiavik .. . UpcTuavik . Ottawa Toronlii . . . . ynuboc I'roiluricton . Halifax ("harloiletown. Winnipi'U Ki'Kina N'icloria SI John's , . . . Si. ricrrc 5". 1.55.7*^3 17'J.-!3-! 30.15'' ij,7S7,6j.j i.25.:.4')7 554.7^5 300,000 350,000 1.S5.000 -745-: 5S0.S04 4.77S i35.i.:S Uil.S.ld 3ij,(>S6 43.5-:' ! '4.434 1 i,4-:4,ri4.j ; 754.313 33.7"3 , 3.5S.::33 550,000 300.000 I W.ishinj^ton '3 30 0.: Ml- S 3.'- 140 .177 ,s 35.! 30 J04 241 314 57 >4 Ciuatrni.ila ... S.in Salvailor. ManaKU.i ... 'IV'KiiriKalpa.. San Josc- Ik'lize KinRston I'ort iif Sp.iin St. Jnlm (.lll//l,'H(l) , .. Hritlj;iliiwn {Hnrhiulos) . N.'issau (.Vi';,' Prnr'uittut) Hamilton I'.iikT-down, wool, Icfl.mil iiinss, .^lock-lish. Seal, riinik'LTskins, whali: ami seal oil. laimbcr, (;rain, cattle. Grain, cattle, lumber, tiinbiT. Timber, fish. I. umber, (ish. I'isli, lumber, coal, potatoes, ships. I I'otaioes, o.its, ships, cattle, anil canneil ( lobsiirs. faille, Rr,iin. ("mill, coal, fish, limber. Dried coil-lish, coil anil seal oil, seal-skins. I47,jii3 ('ir,'iin, cillle, cotton, tobacco, sugar, rice, 241,110 Silver, il\e-woods, cochineal, wniill.a. 55.7^S ij,ouu ('abinct and dve-wood.s, cofl't't*. indif^o, cnch- i^.oou incal, sheep skins, India-rubber, silver. 12.000 I 5.7f>7 J- 412 ,S(. .4 '5 (1-! 44^, ( .21.S 3" .054 1 1 .485 Ai OlX) 500 5 'J -'5 Ji ,000 35.0001 31 S58 IS 700 20 947 I Havanna 230,000! San plan j 18,132 i Si. Thomas {St. Thomiis)' \ Hasselerre (Giiiiifii/eH/i)., I'orl ail I'rince ' 27,000 San Ilominmi 16,000 j Rom, pinRcr, .allspice, supar. coffee, lobareo. cotton, tropical fruits, lurtU's. Sugar, tob.acco, tropical fruits. Rum, sugar, molasses, coffee, iniliiio. tropical fruits. TOTAL S.74G,o,sr> 72,065,361 I •The [lopulation of Can.ada in iSSt comprised 1.21 oilur nationaliti i.'S.ij2i) of French descent. 057.403 Irish, 8X1,301 ICnglish, 69g..S63 Scottish, 254,319 German, and 254,319 of es. Of these, 2,422,285 were Protestants, and 1,71)1.982 Roman Catholics. At lliu top (if till" tiilumn,(in tli^lfft, is slidwn tlu' jay'- nnr, thu lnrt;cst cf Anu-rican carnivn- rolls nniinals. I If is crumlud on the braiuhipfatririria lro|Mc,ill(iri-sl, try- •\^? /'/t''* iiiKtniirnvidrliim- si'lf with Ills favor- ilt^ ri'past : the niimkrvs lMii>jiist out (if reach. Siitli is the strength of thu ja).;uar that hu can even (Irag away a liorst; with comparative ease. I'assinK (h)»n thu cohinin, we have first, breaking tlie circl<\ two pec'caries. Uir midablc antagonists, small as they are, with their fierce tempers and laneet- liku tusks. Next comes th(' llama, a native of th(i shijies of the Andes, doinesticaled and used as a lieast of bur- den by the Peruvians; it is adapted lo mountain-travel- injj, and can carry a lum- dred pounds fifteen miles a day. Below is .1 group of chinchillas, from which we procure the delicate gray fur so called. They inhabit the higher districts of Chili and the adj.icent coun- tries. At the bottom of the column, the savages of Patagonia are hunt- ing the rhe'a, or American os- trich, with the bu'las (IxUh), in the use of which they are remarkably expert. On the right of the jaguar are the fl.amingo and the a'pir, widely distributed Anivai* ov Soctu Ahsrica, through the uuusi tropical forests (.i>i ol the .\iides The tt- rnble l«i.i-C(in, Htrictor of the Itr.izilian woods is preparing to sw.ilhiw .i frighleiied i.ipib'.ir.i. or wiler-hog; the boa is from twi^nty to thirty feet long, .ind kills its vi. tiiiis by winding around them and crushing them in its folds t)n the extreme right we have the .irmadillo. with its suit of plate .iriuor composed of horny scales, the ant-e.iter. which feeds on iusei ts ( (Pincved to ils moulh by its long, Mexible tongue, reseinblini; .1 grc.d ri d e.irlh-woriu a'ld the chattering toucan of the .\m,izoii forests, admired tor Us brdli.int plum.ige PHYSICAL SOUTH AMERICA. I. — GiM;|< \I. I )| SCKIITKiN. Soiitli .XniLTica tunns the .souilurii |mii ol' ilic West- ern C( niiUMit. It litjs soutli-c.ist (il the m.iinlaiid of Nortli .\incn\a, with whicli it is i oiiiicLtcd l»v the Isthnui.s of P.maina. Tlircf rmirtlis i>\' the fontiiiciit lit; within the tropics. In si/c it ranks Imirth ainonjjf the (iraiul Divisitjiis; in jiupiilatioii. si.sth. The area is about 'i.7(X),ucxj .s(|u.ire miles, .lud pupal, itioii about J7,.ioo,ooo lis greatest width, which is attained a few degrees south of the Ivpiator, is 3.a.iomiles; and its greatest length is i.7(J(j miles. It is about twice the si/e of the Dominion of r,in,ida. In Outline, Sotitli AnuTica is very compact, is))e(-iiilly "U the I'.'i'.:irK: side, liaviiij,' iiowluic any j,'iiat indcntatidiis i;i the ((last. Th(! Coast-line is ,ibout 10,300 miles in length, or (ji,ly a little more than hilf th.it of North .\merica, .ilthough the litter is but little greater in cMeiit. Tlie great Rivers of Sunt li .Airurica — the .\Mi:ix(>n. tlic Ori- noco, the Rio (le la Plata, ,ui(l their trilmtarii ^. - loriii an iiiijjor- tant feature of tlie coiintiy, anil .ilford (xcclleiit facilities for comiiuTCe. The .\mazon and its branches are said to furnish 5o,ixw miles of n.ivig.ible waters, on some of which ste.iincrs now make regular trips. The Natural Advantages possessed by South Anieric. are: — its valuyblc vegct.ildc products, such as coffee, cocoa and sugar; its dense forests of v.iluahle timber, such as rosewood, ni,iiiog- any, India-rubber, atid cinchona trees; its immense |)astitre plains, affording subsistence to vast herds of cattle ; ;iiid its rich mines of gold, silver, and precious stones. .\lthough possessing these advantages, the people, like all inh.ib't.inis of tropical countries, are generally indolent and slow in m.ikinu progress The roads are poor, and there are only about 7,000 miles of railway in the wbuia of this grand division. [W] (,2 I'liNsicAi. SOUTH ami:rica. r II. — QuKSTioss (.)\ Tifr-: Map. Outlines. -W'li.it occins w.ish tlic shnrus of Soiilli Amtric.i? llou is it ronnrcl('(l with North Ainurici? Wh.it sea is oa tho ni)rlh-west? What islands arc to the north ? To th(! south ? To the west? How does the r.hapc of the continent comp.iru with North America ' What strait is in the south ? I'rom what does it separate the continent ? Name the most northerly capes. I he most easterly. The most southerly The most westerly. What ocean ( urrents w.ish the shores of South .\tuerii .a on the north ? On the east? The south ? The west ? Highlands. — Wh.it are the three ureat highlands? To what may they be cotiip.an-d in North Ainei-ic;! ? ;\lon(,' whii h co.asl is the licit of highest mountains and ii.arrow pl.atc.aus? Wh.at n.anie is ^ivcn to the broadest jiart of the pl.a- Icau of the Andes > Wh.it lake s are in it? What niounl.iins ,iic in till' riateau of (Iniana? Of Urazil? In what part of South America are the volcanoes ' LowlanH"! and Drainage.— What n.iinc is),'iveu lot lie north- ern p.art of the (Irc.at Central TMain ? What rivers drain the Llanos? What n.anie is (iiven to the middle part of the (In.at Main ? With wh.at are th) fc.i.;i;_rii part? Wh.it two the southern part? Which of these is the m.iin river? Wiiat name is given to the forest re- gion between the I'.ar.igiiav and tlie M.idtira? To the plain be- tween the Matto I'liosso and the r.impas ? Where is the rainless coast ? 1 low far iloes it extend ? Geogiaphical Circles, i ic— Through wh.it pari of South America does the ICipiator pass? 'Ihroiigh the mouth of what river' Over what islands in the I'.acific? " ' I'livsicM. V:kw of Son II Amkiu * 3 'it — . In what zone is the greater part of the continent? What tropic crosses it .' Tliroiigli how many degrees of latitude does South America extend? Through how many degrees of longituilc' Products.— What valiiabh- woods are obtained from the forests of the \mazon and its branches? What anim.il products are rlerived from tlie l.lanos, I'ampas ami soiiihcrn Hr.izil ' What v.ilu.al.le manure from the rain- less coast ? l-rom wiiat islands is it ol.'aiued ? In what p.irtsof South Am.Tica IS gold found ? Silver? Copper? ni,ii,:onds? Other ,.recious stones? In what p.irts is coffir produced? Cotton? Siig.ir? Tobacco? Pepper? Cocoa? Rice? Cinchona? C.aoutchouc ( India-rubber) ? III. — SuKF.\CK AND DuAlNA(;i;. South America is miturally divided into four j; real rc-fions: -the Western Highland of the Andes ; the Northern Highland of Guiana, the Eastern High- land of \\r.\/.\\ ; and the Great Central Plain, com- prisinsr the //aiios of the Orinoco, the sehurs of the Amazon, and the />a>/t/>irs of La IMata and Paraguas. Tliu Western High- land consists of the Andes Moiiiilaiiis, which e.Mciid along the whole of llie western coast in one, two or tliree gigantic parallel ranges rising from a broad table-land, and enclosing elevated plateaus. The Andes form the longest unbroken mountain-system on the surface of the earth, and, with the exception of the Hima- layas in .\sia, contain the |-.i';liest peaks. They have a breadth of from 200 to 300 miles, in the wider parts of the range, aiul reach their greatest altitude near the centre of the system in Ho- livia, where several summits are nearly 25,000 feet high. Mount Sorata or Illampu is 24,812. Tlie outer ranges are called the Eastern and Western Cordilleras, and they enclose lofty vallevs or plateaus from 8,000 to 13,000 feet above the level of the sea. They are usual- ly narrow, but in the Pla- teau of Bolivia, extend to a width of 200 miles. The Andes contain sev- eral groups of Volcanoes, the most noted of which are Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, and Aconcagua (22,45j feet), and the whole region is subject to terrific earth- (juakes, which sometimes destroy entire cities. The Passes of the Andes are steep and dangerous ; some of them are ahoni three miles .above the sea-level, and can only be traversed with llamas or mules. Over some of the yawning chasms, travellers and even beasts of burden have to be slung upon rope-bridges. Like the Rocky Mountains, of which they may be said to be a continuation, the Andes are rich in mineral wealth. The Northern Highland of Guiana is a rugged region tra- versed by the moimlains that form the watershed between the basins of the Orinoco and the Amazon. From this plateau rise the Parime Mountains, attaining an extreme height of 10,000 feet. Thi! Sierra Acaray is ,1 lower range, on the borders between Guiana and Urazil. into. four >;rc;at k; Ancl(;s ; the stern High- Plain, coni- sc/vtrs of the 'anigua\. Western High- ists of the Ai}(ics , which exleiul whole of the 3ast in one, two jigantic parallel ng from a hniad , and enclosinL' ilateaus. •s form the longest lountain-systom on of the earth, .-uul, eption of the llima- , contain the i ■•■liust y have a breadtli of 300 miles, in the of the range, and realest altitude nuar fthe system in Jio- several summits are b feet high. Mount lampu is 24,812. ter ranges are le Eastern and Cordilleras, am! ise lofty valle\s s from 8,000 to above the level They are ustial- l)ut in the Pla- livia, extend to 200 miles. Ics contain sca- i of Volcanoes, loted of which irazo, Cotopaxi. caj^iia (22,45 J le whole region terrific earth ''ch sometimes ire cities, of them are about !d with llamas or d even beasts of be a continuation, ;ed region tra- d between the m extreme height borders between < Mft.l/btf'im^w. /.Win' '!.; m PHYSICAL SOUTH AMKRK^A. 6i Tlif Eastern Highland "fUra/il is a lirD.ulbut lowt.ihlt-l.ind, travirsL-d by ridges of mountains not ovtr 5.()(>() to fi.mio fcti hiu'li. I'll' -<■ riilRcs seem to spring from a ceiilral puiin, Mt. ll.u.nliimi, in the Sierra Espinhazo near the coast, ami ilivertjint;, form the watersheds fur the e.'i^it I n ri\cr>. of lirazil- Tli' Sierra Espinhazo is ctlcliratiil for its ilianion.l mines. Tilt Great Central Plain is tlic- vast k\i 1 lowland cxtiiidin'; cast friiMi the- Andes, and imliKlinf,' tin- tlircu inuncnsc basins of tlic Orinoco, Amazon and La I'iala rivers. The plains of the Orinoco are called Ltanos, and are treeless. In the dry season they become parched, and all vej,'etatiim is destroyed ; hut as soon .is tile r.iins set in (May. June. Julyl. the whole country heconies covencl with luMJriant (jrass. which attracts multitudes of wild cattle and horses Those of llie .\mazon are called Selvas, anize. is ilio highest large lake in the world, and like Great Salt Lake in North .\merica. h.is no outlet. IV. — CLiMAri;, \'egi:t.\tio\, .\mm.\i.s .\nd Mini-k.\lr. The Greater Part of South .Vmcrici lies within the tropics, where its broad low plains have a hot and moist and therefore unhealthy, climate. This great moisture is caused partly by tlie tropical rains, (See page 13.) md by the Trade Winds which blow steadily from the east, but is greatly increased by the large amount of river surface and the iminynse are.i covered with dense vegetation. The high and cool Table-lands of the Andes .ire noted for their healthful climate. It is mainly for this reason that a large part of the civilized iniiabitaiits of TiinlU Al. \'i.(jLIA1Ii. South .\merica have made their .lUnle in this regicm, where large and nii- mer .s cities ,irc t' 1 U.- !• ind from .'ne to two miles atiove the hwel of the se.i. Tile Extreme Southern Part of the continent, west of the .\ndes, is ( ontinu.iiiv -lirouded in clouds and drenched witli rains. These r.iins arecauscl by the return tr.ide winds of the Sonlh I'acihc. whic h lo^e their moisture on the »e«.tcrn slo}st of their ~treims dry up or end in s.dt lakes. .\i)oiit one half of the Wcstcm Coast is a dry, r.iinless desert. The tr.ade winds from the e.i-t in crossing the .\ndes s.-utli .if the ICipiator, lose their moisture, an. I |>as^ing down to the I'.acitic, c.iuse a rainless co.ist nearly .'.(Xkj miles hing .\ l.trge district of the high plateau of llolivia is called the ■ UespobUdo, ' or. the ■ Ininhabited," from the dryness and severity of its climte The richniss an.I variety of Tropical Vegetation ire indescribable. The dense forests of thi' plairrs and r; "iTiriin^ .ib.iund in lr<.. ferns, India rubber anil palm trees, ■ind in rose- wood, mahogany, and dye-woods. Other products, such .'IS coMee, I .ico.i . i nil igo, tapioca, otton ind sugar, are limited only by the amount of l,i- bor and cultiva- tion bestowed on them. T"he cin- chona, yielding " I'eriivi.inb.irk " from which ipii nine is prepared, is one of tlu' most \Mlll.-lble trees Tlu Inhabi- tantS'>fSouth .\merica com- Jirise Whites, Indians, Ne- groes and Mixed Races Cleated iiy the blendingoftlie other races. The Whites are principally descendants of the early Spanish and Portu- guese colonists. They are the ruling class, but in most of the States h,ivc hardly kept pace with other civilized nations The general language used is Spanish, and in Brazil, I'onuguest- The Indians are descendantsof the abo- riginal tribes of S.juth America They are numerous, but are ignorant, indo- lent, and uncivilized. The N^Toes form a large part of the population, es]iecially in Brazil and fiuima. They are descendants of slav.s imfHirted from .Vfrica. The Mixed Races form the largest part of the population. Among the remarkable animals of South .\merica are the Llama, i beast of burden, and the Alpaca; they resemble small camels. The Condor of the .\ndes is the Largest known bird of prey. Insects are more numerous anrl brilliant than in any other continent. Horses, cattle and sheei) were first introduced from Europe, and millions of these animals r.jam over the vast plains. They form the chief wealth of the inhabitants of these districts, and provide their princip-il occupations and exports. South America is rich in its mines of the precious metals and stones, as gold, silver, copper, and diamonds. The silver, co.pper and diamond mines are among the most extensive in the world. 64 I'OI.rnCAI. .S(H'T1I AMKRICA, I ■^ ,|OGf. I« THtA' ►tDES .^','*' '''-.! I ^:^ ^5 '^ k ,^ jjifi' '^ra ./; 1*^*^ h^ '«>> B^T^^ .--»- ■m m KS'tii S^^ ^•N: gg^ '5PND WnsiiJj^ POLITICAL SOUTH AMERICA. (H'hSTKlNs ciN i III, Map. Countries. -Wli.it ( ipuiitriis of Smiil! Aiiniic.i inirdcr mi tlir Carililiu.-m Sr.i ' ( )n llii- \tlamir ( Iil:iii - l)ii llic I Vic i lie ' I'lirouxli wli.it cuiintrius do thi; Aiiilcs iM.ihl - Wli.it Liiiimric?, .iro drained liy tlu^ Orinoco and its branches? By tliu Aiiiaziin - Hy iliu l.a I'lat.i ? What countries arc crossed liy the Idinator ? l?y tile Iropic of Cipricorn ' Which of the South American countries are not within the frciiiii ■■ - Which is thi' largest ? Colombia. -What (cmntries border on Colombia ' What cape is at its norihern i\ii(init\ - What isthmus is ill the north-west ? Between what waUTs is it ? What is ilii' relative position of the (owns of I'anama and Colon {Aspiiih'dll) ? Which is ihi chief river? What city Is near its mouth.' What city is the capital ? Wh.it I it\ is in ihr south-west ' Venezuela. Wli.ii lountries border on \'encz'i<'la ? What sea is on the north ' \\ h.it mountains in the south ? Wh.it lake anil gulf in tile north-west ? What l.irf,'e river flows through \'enezuel.i ? Wli.it larf^e isl.ind is ne.ir its mouth ? Wli.it city 1^ the capital' Wli.it town is its se.i-port ? What city is west of Caracas? Its MM-porl ? What town on Lake Maracaybo ' Wli.u town is on the Orinoco ? Guiana.— llnu many divisions .ire in (iiii.ina - To whom do they belong ? Wh.at Miiiniries bolder nil C.ui.ina ' Wl;.it mountains are on the south i" What is the e.ipii.il of llritish (lui.m.i ? Of I Iuk li Oui.in.i ' Of l-'rench Ouiana ? Brazil. -Wh.it countries border on Urazil on the north ? On the west ? On the -ouih r Wh.it country of South America does not border on it ? What capes form tile (Mstirn points - The south-eastern ? What great river dr.iins the northern part ot Hr.izil ? Which is its chief northern branch ? What principal rivers drain the ..isterii part of Brazil? What island is near the mouth of the .\mazon ? What mountain ch.iins are near the northern boundary of lirazil ? Near the eastern 1 .MSt ? What branches of the La Plata rise in Brazil ? What city is the capital ? Uh.it city is south of Cape Branco ? On the I'ar.i ? Between t'ara and I'ernam- buco ? Between I'ernambuco and Hio ile Janeiro? On what bay ? Ecuador.— What countries border on Ixu.idor ' What ocean is on the west' What isl.inds? What gulf is on tlie coast' What volcanoes are in ICcuador ' Wh.it cily i., the capital ? How situ.ited ? What city is the principal seaport ? Peru. —Wh. It ccuntries border on I'eru "' Wh.it lake is on the south-east border ? \Vhat Kie.it river has its sources in I'eru? Wh.it cape is on the north-west ? What city is the capital' What city is its se.i-port ? What sni.ill islands are south of Call.io- What city is in the south-east ? What city is north of Arequipa ? What is the most southern town ' Bolivia.— What countries border on Bolivia ? What desert is in the south-west ' Into what . ither country does it extend ? What is the capital of Bolivi.i ? What high r.ioiiniains are near La I'az ? What cities south-east of it ? Which is theonly sea-port ? ^mi^-^m^'f'^ IIROWjNG'r)," ■J-.^ ■m -' *' 'i^ Or,, *^- a lnftOHJ, sVJi! .A iW 1 Jl Alien Muis arft ^ tUffl C'^Adiaf S.l'.i, ,,iu- •"' ''V^'^ (."Wml"'.^fl'l ' 8ivt1»'[ .Utt'l'o*" 1 I W'iio'A..,. /T""tmri,~ *>. vi/ll/"'' z; A \y '-— ^- Buraxoo ■I'utulr ill) Htu /» 4-., /, , f / " ^» J I ( \ i»iim..'-.Qyi ^j* - -4- A " ! / POLITICAL MAP OF _. / S©OT1 AMIEMUA I'lilkliijul 1? T Hi„ih»>, UUm _ . _ ___t:Yi fdo ?(ni aoH -t'lo jf»f/ I- / f ^J|Vil/ 'inrni* i^fWH timn ^ / -. ^V ^v.„ '.••".' / ' '"QX-HiMU M. rOLlTICAL SOUTH AMKKICA. '■'S Chili, — What coiimrirs lidrdor on Chili ? What is rcmarkalili! in thi' posiliiiii and sh.ipt! of ("hili ? How is Chili si'parated from the other conn- iiiis of Somli Anicrica? What is till' pindiaiily of the coast of the southern part of Chili? What sni, ill island is west in the I'acitic Ocean? I"or w hat is it celebrated ? (For /.-(iT'/j/;'* bt'tii till- solittirv ri-siili'Ht'i' of AliMiniUr Silkirk, ;e/i<).»c story 7,uis of'lt r;,'iinh n'rittttt iia tliiit of Hnhitisoii CrusoiJ What strait is in the south "' What !,'roup of islands is south of it ' What capo forms the southernmost point of South America ' What city is die capital of Chili ? What city is its sea-port ? What hif,'h mountain is near it 1)11 the north-east ? W'hat port is south of X'alparaisoi' What city east of Ciiiurpcion ? Argentine Republic. — What countries border on the ArRentiue Kepublic ' What ocean washes its shores ? What rivers form part of its lioundary ? What country is partly inclmled in the Argentine Republic ? iPatciguiiin.) To what other country does part belong ? (Chili.) What large islands lie to the south-east? To whom do they belong? (liritaiii.) What island forms the extreme south-east point ? What strait separates it from Tierra del Fuego ? What city is the capital ? What city is near the centre ? What city north of ('urdova ? What city at the head of the Parana ? Near the Andes, east of Valparaiso ? Uruguay. —What countries border on I'ruguay ' By what rivers is sepa- r.iled from thein ? What city is the capital ? Paraguay. — What countries border on Paraguay ? What rivers form parts of its boundaries ^ What is tiw. capital ? KhVIKW I'^XliKCISKS. Countries. -W'hcrf is it ? Ho;o homulid .' W'liot is tin- lIiI,/ tnu-n nr litr .' Columbia? Venezuela? Uritish Criiiana ? Dutch Guian.i ? IVench (luiana ? iirazil ? Ecuador? Peru? Bolivia? Chili? Argentine Republic? Uru- guay ? Paraguay ? Islands. — Whin sitiuitid? Trinidad? Joannes (or Marajo) ? Galapagos? Chincha ? Juan Fernandez? Ti.rra del Fuego? Falkland? Stnten ? Capes. — From what coast docs it f'rojcct? lv>int (lallinas? Saint Rociue? Branco? Isthmus. — What countries docs it connect? I'anama ? Mountains. -Where arc they ? Andes? Parime ? Acaray ? Kspinhazo ? Antisana (; ) ■ Cayambe (i') ? Pichincha (;') ? Sorata (or Illampiil ' lllimani Li Plata? Iruguay? I'arieii ? Panama : Venezuela' All Saints ? (luayaiiuii Straits. — /i'/?.i." :,hat lands What icalcrs does it connect? Magellan' I.eMaire' Rivers. — ir/irn- iloes it rise? -.chat direction does it jlo;e ? Into l.ody of water? Magdaleua ? Orinoco? Amazon? Negro? Madeira Para? Parana liyba? San Francisco? Parana? I'.iragnay? Pilcomayo? Lakes. -II7i,)-,' situated ? What onll, t has it Maracav bo? Tilicaca ? Cities and Towns. -In -.chat eonntry is i' ? In :ehot fart ? On or neiir what water? Bogota? Cartagena? Popayan "' Panama' i'lAim fAsfc,inal for the lar.gest vessels is in course of construction between the same towns, and will make most im|virtant changes in the course of the commerce of the world. The cost of this enorm(ms undertaking is estim.ited at about ijo.ckx) two of dollars The chief means of communication between the interior of Colombi.i and the sea is by the Magilalena River, which is navigated by steamers. The Products of 'lie lowl.inds are coffee, reniviaii li.irk, tobacco and coioa. The moniitains .tboimd in valiiaiih niin erals^^old. siU'cr, ])latiiium, iiiieralds, s.iit and co.-il. Tin r.uil, of tin; pl.iins snjiply jerked beef and hides. The ( hiif Exports are : — I'eruvi.in bark, coffee, tobacco and hides Bogota, nr.irlv i),()oo feet .-ibove the sea, is the c.t])il.il ami lar;,'esl ( ily ; Medellin is the second laroest city. Popayan is fi.uoo f(( t above the sea. Panama, Cartagena .mil Colon are the chief seaports. vi:Ni:zni:i,A. Venezuela is a country rich in tropical products, the most valuable trees, and inmeral wealth as yet undeveloped. \'ast herds of cattle find pasturage on the llanos, and hirnisli hid'-'s ami tallow for exportation. ColTee and cocoa arc the chief objects of cultivation, and that onlj' lu-ar the ctjast. There ari^ only about eighty miles of railway in the country, including ihe line from Caracas to l.a Ciuayra, ten miles, and scarcely any telegraph lints exist. The chief Exports ,'irc coffee, coco.i, hiiles and gold. Caracas is iju- cipital. La Guayra, Cumana, Puerto Cabello ii.d Maracaybo export coffee and tropical products. Angostura (IJolivari on the Orinoco exports hides aiul tallow. (H'lAXA. Guiana is a fertile rountry, with a hoi and moist l)Ut healthy climate. The cultivattid [jarts are confuicd to the sea-coast and to a short distance from the rivers. It prodtices the finest suo^ar, aiul is rich in tropical jiro- ducts and valuable woods. Tiuiana is rem.irkable for its phospbori'scent insects and birds of brilliant plumage. The m.ajority of the Inhabitants are freed negroes. The princip.il Exports are sugar, coffee, rice, indigo, Cayenne jiepper and other sjiices. Guiana is dixided into tiiree colonies belonoin^,' to Gieat lirit.iin, Holland and I'rance resjiectivelN'. Georgetown, the capital of liritish (iiiiana (/)i;;/(n'f/r((l, ex- ports sugar, coffee and other tropical prodiuts. Paramaribo, the capital of Dutch Ciuiana {SiiriiKiiii), is a pl.ice of considerable Ir.tde. Cayenne, the caimal of French (iuian.i, on an island near the coast, is ;i peii.il settlement. It is very unhealthy. KMI'lRb: OF 1!RA/. 1 L. Brazil staiuls first amonsj^ the countries of South America in size and importance, and is nearly as large as the whole Dominion of Canada. It has vast resources, at present btit very little developed: .1 fertile soil that yields colTee, sugar-cane, tobacco, rice and mai/e in great abundance: forests of valuable timber, dye-woods and caoutchouc trees; immense pastures, covered with cattle and horses; rivers that are navig.ible far into the heart of the cotintry; and stores of mineral wealth — tliamonds, gold, iron, copper and coal. roi.i iKAi. scn'Tii .\Mi-,Rir.\. <"'/- the capil.il ami ul birds of brilliant A LiiHrc-plantntinn is luro rfprusuntcd Tliu buslurs are partially pri>titLliil friim tluMiupical sun by palms and otliiT trius. There are two, ami soniu- linics three, coffee-harvests in a year. The berries, gathered by hand, or shaken from the bnshi s (jn sheets spread beneath, are gr,iilually dried, and the seeds ari^ then separated frc/ni the shells. The Population is chiefly on or near tlie south-eastern coast, where the climate is tlie most pleasant and healthy. The jico- jile are of three races — whitts, Iinlians anil negroes, a l.irtje majority helon^jing to mixed races. In 1S71 there were nearly 1.500.000 slave.-: in Hrazil ; but by law, every child born of slave parents since that date is free. Most of the negroes of South .\mericaare in Hrazil and fnii.ina Agriculture is the chief pursuit, and coffee is the staple product. Hrazil furnishes the j,'reater part of tlie coffee used in the world. Wheat is not cultivated, and all the llour used is imported from Canada or the United States. The great dependence of the people is on manioc-flour, the making of which is one of the leading industries. The banana, pine- apple, mango and other fruits abound. The manioc is a shrub with large roots. These are scraped to a pulp, which is prepared for use by being pressed, baked on a hot iron plate, and (hied in the sun. When well washed with cold water and dried, it becomes the tapioca of commerce. The Forest-products of lirazil are rosewood, mahogany and tortoise-shell wood (the most beautiful cabinet wood in the world), log-wood and other djewoods ; Hrazil-ntits, cocoa-nuts, wax from a variety of the j)alm, and caoutchouc frotn which India-rubber is derived. The latter is obtained in tlie same manner as maple-sap in Ontario, by making incisions in the trees, and the niilky juice which oozes out is hardened in the sun or over a fire. The Exports are : — Coffee, sugar, tob.acco, cotton, caoutchouc, mahogany, rosewood. Brazil-wood, dyewoods, hides and tallow; also gold, silver, dia- monds and other precious stones. About 2,000 miles of Railway are now opened in Brazil. One ocean tele- graph cable connects Brazil with Portugal, and another with the West Indies. Rio de Janeiro, the capital, sometimes called Rio, is the most important port and the largest city in the Southern Hemis- phere. It is the great mart for coffee. Other important ports are Bahia, the centre of the tobacco trade, and the second city in l!i.i/il. Pernambuco, the mitre nf the sugar region, and Maranhao. Para, u tin mnuih id the gie.ii n\( i s\>leni, is tile shipping pi'Hil hn 1 .niuli Imui', cuio.i, rice and coco.i-iuits. i:C r \ l>()K. Ecuador is iiMtid Icr its minicrDHs vnlcmocs, but is ol" little ( oinnicrii.il iinptirt.mef. Theiliiif Exports .lie iiun.i. M'grt.ijili- uurv. I'liuvi.in b.i-k .uiil C.liiiilchuiic Kci.id-, are aliii'i.i unknown. ,iiid only one short line of r.iil«.iy exists Quito, the ••City of the t'luuds," 'hS^i let! .iluive the sea, is tlif cipit.il, and Guayaquil the 1 lucf purl. 'I'lie Calapag;os Islands b(■ll'^^; to i.cu.ulor |'i;k r. Peru h,is hitlufto liccn ihiclK mitcd tor its Icriilizcrs — j^iiaiio .md iiitr.tlf (itMnl.i w liiih li.ixc l)(.(jii LXporliil ill iinini'iist: (|ii,mtitiis. i hit'lK to ( irt'at Hriliiin ami other I'liifopiMii einiiitries: aiul lor it.s faiiKjiis silver and (|Lmksil\ t.-r mines. More attention has latterly been given to at,'riiiilturc and tn llie de\eliipiiient of the coiiiitrv. Railways have beiii built, and I'eru has now j.ooo niiUs in oiieration. ( )ne line when cumpli tid will connect the co.ast with steamers on the .\mazon, and afford direct communication .across the continent This great railway running east from Callao, the principal I'eruvian port, crosses the summit of the Andes through a tunnel, at an elevation of nearly three miles alxjve the sea-level. It passes over a deep mountain gorge, on the highest bridge ' ' the world, as shown on the engraving. The construction of the road was a work of unparalleled difficulty. Travellinc; in iiit .V.ndes— 1'ack-Mule Tkajn and Railway 68 I'OI.ITICAI. SOUTH AMKkKA. 1 Till' Export* iri' (lii.iiin, nilralc <<( •.uil.i. suRar. rnitnn. rirr, wonl ni Ihii iilp.ii.i ■iiv\ ll.ini.i. .iii'l 1 hiiiLliill.i fiir Silvir ;iii(. (|iiii ksiUir .-iri! aN" l'Xl»il I. (I. Manufactures .m -till "I mimII iiii|)nii,iii(c. .umI Education is M(■^;ll•( led, iillli(iii(,'li Liin.i ((iiii.iiii-, ilif iilclot I'lilvi'isily i" AlllilK.i. \'.ilu.ilili' inillcl.ils alujliliil. lull lutli' liiillillf,' is ilolli' »ii('«|)t ill silver .'iiiii (|iii( ksilvrr. Guano i'^ nlpiMiiu'fl fnun ili.' CliiiK li.i Isl.iiids, and otIiiT islands aloMK tl»' cn,i I , ind nilr.ili' nf sinl.i frc.ni llii; MPiillicrii part nf ilic laiidr^s ciiasl. Lima, lln' '■,i|iii,ii, i^ tlic laij^'csl cliy, ami (allies on an ex- l(n ive Iraile ihi.m^li lis scapiiil, Callao, seven miles ilislant, Arequipa .hhI CuZCO .ne lar;,'e ciln s, llie latter celelirated as the site of the Teiniile (iT tile Siiii, the most si)lenilicl slnictnre ipfllieniw wcji III, w hen I'erii was eiiiKinered liv I'izarro. PasCO, ij,(i(ii> leel aliii\c the s"a, is siirroniKJed hv siKi r mines. Lake Titicaca, "H iIh ndirs cif |li)livia. and surroundid liy a mas-, nl »ii(j«ilad v.iltan.jr^, i, iin; lii)^lii-,t \iir)ii' niuntilain lakr in Ihe worlil 1 1(1 I.I \ I A. Bolivia, 11. 11)11(1 .iltcr IJoliwir, "ihcorc.ii Deliverer," has hilt little ((unmcnc, .is the productive ilistricts are (litruillt (it .Uicss. Iieilii^r se|),UMte(l tVoill the coast 1))' a desert. A railu.iy. now I" -iin, rtnind llic iM|>i(K ipf llic Madilr.i, will provide the Cdnnhy uilli .in i>nlli i liy way nl the Ania/nn. and thus drvulop its rL'so'irc':.,. The Silver Mines "I I'oiosi have lieen aiiKnif,' the me...i pro- fitahle ill the world, and silver forms the chief article of export. oilier Exports .'iru saltpelre, renivian hark, ■ offuu and cucua Sucre ( Soii-cniy ), oi'( Imiiuisaco. the capital, Potosi, Cocha- bamba, .md La Paz, the lai},'est riiy, .ire all on the J5ulivi;iii I'l.ileau, .ind are liuiii cj.ooo to ij.ooo feet above tiic sea. (Ill 1.1. Chili is the inosl enterprisino; ni' the .South .American countries, and has a lan^e proportiun of European in- habitants. rormiiif,' .1 narrow strij) about iod miles wide between the Andes and the I'.icific Ucean. it has a Coast-Line of over 2,000 miles. Minerals arc abundant, especially copper, saltpetre and silver, which are larj,'ely exported — tiic mountains contain pre- cious stones. Agriculture is extensively carried on, and great qu.intitics of wheat, as well as hides, tallow and wool, are ex- porteel. The trade is cliiefly with Great Britain, Atiout 1 .000 iniUs of railway are in operation. Education is supported by f,fovernment, and a flourisiiinjf l.^ni\ersily is isl.iblished in Sanliago. Santiago, the capital, is the lart,'cst city. Valparaiso, the second chy. is the lar^jest sc'a-jiort on the Pacific coast of South America. Chilian . and Concepcion are inijiortant towns. Co- piapo is tlie centre of the mining,' district. Soutli of Concepcion, the cr . ,ittio ■miiui K(|Mililic 1 till' WOllll. in(i|),il tr.hic is ail nations. iv(' ratlii- .111(1 (IrifJ rit)- ill si/i- in trio, Mendoza, lllr f,'l(Ml hail- .Ulclios (/;».•,'', 7/.I,', I. ioin>{and slaii^lncr- lliL' pampas in the Rc|)iil)lir in Ji'ds of liorscs >l llic tr.'ide is wiih cattle lirodiicts, of thci South :li lia.s no .sca- bctvvccn tlie ise govc-nnicni. tc- or raraf,'ii.iv I, tobacco and ilcs east of the o small islanils. sin;,' 2,315 feci : possession 01 fishorj'. The 1(1 wool, ■ast, belongs to s>)i; 111 wii Kh \ ->i'\risii(M Kill K' I Ml. r\iii I Cdiivtky U. S. of Colombia. Venezuela Guiana - lintnh />«/.// In III /l Brazil Ecuador Peru Bolivia Chili Argentine Republic llrupuay Paraguay Falkland Islands . . e ^i n ^ J \h\ \ IN S.,! Mll.Ks I'ol'I'I.MhiS- 1^ .M7:U7 3.000.000 - ■/. M>. ^■'i^■^ol -."".i.-l-i ..'.. 7Ci,oi)o J.|S.IIc) 1 . •t.v.i;'*i' fii).17'' I'l 1 .|'i, )Si) :J7.uSj 'j (,lN.|,Hi7 IO.IijS.'UI 1 ■IJ.-J" iJ4t',oj.i ■1 ,,-7,8.7 1.050,000 ; ■|||5..S.iI j..).'5.ooo I'j JuS.jo.i ■!."'<.(.4.1l lii'j l.'>'<(..l."l -•,5.10,000 - '2 71 -(I M •l.l^.-it.i f. 'It.u.'d -'.U.«-H .t ''..VXJ 1.. 1)5.1 < M'l I \l.. Ill 1.1 11H\ I'KIN. ll'M IXI'IIIIIH. It.ik'ota 40.S.H( r.ir.ic.is .S5.'>l''< Cii.iri'ctcnMi. .,,, 47,175 l'.ir:iin.trilii>. . . -'-'.ooo t'.iyi mil' 10,000 Km ill' j.ini'irn.. , J7.(.i)7J Oiiitii . , jj.ooo l.ini.i lot.^SS Siiire ' I J.ODO Santi.ii;.! 131). |ii7 Hili'mw ,\\rL'i .,.| .'"<.). ii.'i Miinliviilro I 7.(. t.i I .\sunciipn | ni. |Im I'miviiin liark, mtlfi', liil)ai'i'i>. Imlrs. I'lilli'i', (iinia. I'ottiin. liiiUs ami i;i>lil iilil lllil siKiT SuKar aii'l 1 .'(Inv ■ In i|,i Civrniii' |H |i|M r .mil spins I'lilli'i'. siin.ir. 1 .11 mil III nil i oiinn. toli.u en, liiilrs. wixnls. t'liina, I'rriui.iii h.irk. m ^;l■l.lhll' Uiir\ K'liianii, nilralf iif sml.i, siImi. sii^;.ii. mUcni. .ilp.u 1 I wiiiil anil furs SilviT. I'rriui.in liaik. roffii' .mil I IK iia • Ciipiwr. silvrr. s.illpitri'. hIiimI ami lli.iir Wool. lli(lis.l.illn« .illil'il liirl.i llllr.lluli lllli' proi I 111 Is C.llllr. ilniil It. I, lll.lis .inil w.ii.l l',ir.ii;ii.iv tra. Iiili.irin ami iir.in,;i's I III. t.llluU. Iliilis. sl-.llsklMs .iml M.1.1I. rillKI" CITIl^S .wo TOWNS Ol' SOUTH \Mi:K1C\ -KlMMCKIS'il IVlil.i; ( I IV III r.iwN. Buenos Ayres. Rio de Janeiro Santiago Bahia Permambuco Lima (■.IINTKV. TOIT- I..M'1'IN. l-i:. Ci I s' 111 Town Ni'i Mil I I'l M I UK- Valparaiso . . Montevideo . Caracas Georgetown. Bogota Valencia Para Callao Maranhao Arequipa . . Cordova. La Paz . . . Quito .XrK'i'nlini' Ki'p..' -'Sij,o>5 Brazil -71.II7-! I'hili j 1.50. jfi/ Hra/^il I i!:.S.i"i.'.| ilii ! 1 i().li7i I'lTll I 101.4SS <"liili ; 'J7.7.t7 UniKi'ay ' 7,)., (5.) Vfiu'zni'la , 55.0jS liritisli (luian,!..! 47,175 Coli.'nilii.i 40.SS j W'UL'ziiL'la J^'.i-t.T lirazil .i.T.ooo I'i;ru 3.^.1°- Brazil 31. '104 , IVru iy.-37 .Xr^'entine Rep.i ^8.5.13 i'.otivia j 26.000 I Kcuador 23,0001 Taiiital. -rnttli- traiU- Capital. -Cuiitru of cutli 1- truUv Cipilal. Criitrt' (if tob.icci) trailfiif llr.i/'il I'rnlro iif siit;.ir tr.iili' nf ISr.izil iCapit.il -siMt iif till' iililrst liii 1 vrrsily in .VnuTii'.i. I Sra-piirt for S.inti.inn I.i-.iil- 1 iiiK' port nf llu' li.iciru: co.i.,! C.ipit.il - Cattlo Irailt'. 'Capital —ICartlnpiake. in i"y rail and by steain- ( erson I.Titicacawith Bolivi.i. On overl.ind route to Chili. Largest city. (Capital. — 1J.543 feet alxne soa- I level. Maracaybo Paramaribo Guayaquil . . Medellin Asuncion . . . Chilian Clnli Panama....' r,ili„„l.ia. Colon Cuzco I'l rii Venezllel.l, . . . Iiiileli (iiliana 1 ,1 uailnr ... . Colombia .. . . I'.ir.iKii.iv . . . . Concepcion . . . Cliili Tucuman .... .Vrnentine K'ep. Cochabamba. Holivi.i Cumana N'eiuxiiel.i Sucre Holivia Copiapo Corrientes. Chili .\rt;entinu Kep. Potosi liolivia . . . Angostura ... \'eiuziiela Puerto Cabello do Cayenne IVeiicli Oiiiana. Popayan ... Colombia Cartagena . . . ilo La Guayra . . . Venezuela J J. -•-■4 J J.mxj ■JO. otto ■jo.otio 10.044 I«,37S 1«.370 1S...77 ■ 7-4.t« '4 705 I -'■.507 I.'. 000 11.43-' II.JI.S 1 1. 000 IO,>l'il 10. 1.(5 10.000 S.4H3 7. Hoc 7.4-:« Impiirl.iiit SIM port. Capital I'riiu ip.il sea port. Second lar,;est city. Cipit.d !■ \|Hirts iiiii/,''te.i I iiitre of ilie ,i;;rii iilliir.il distrii t I Terinini nf I'.ui.iiii.i U.iiluay 1 and C.in.il. .\ncient ( apit.il. I Sua-|>iM t cDimeeteil by r.iil with ( Chilian .and S.(ntiai;o. On overland route to liolivia. .\n iinpon.iiit t>i« n in the interior. I'riiu ipal shipping port. C.ipit.il -.Msiiialleil Cliiiipiisaca. Centri! of co[>i«'r mines. On route to I'.iraKiiay. Celebr.ited slher mines. I rntre of tri le on the Orinoco. I'm t nf \',lle!i< i.i. ' I .ipit.il Trench (len.il settle- I mi'nt (1.000 feel almve sea level. Seaport nf < DInmbia I Se.i-port of Caracas. Ciiffeu ( tr.iile r.KNKUM. (iri:sTi()NS Commercial. — ^Whicli is the most populous country in Smith .Vmerica? Which two rank next ' What four countries exceed OiiLirio sli^'hily in p ipulation ? Which of the republics has the smallest popul.iiion ? Which country contains the largest city ? What are its exports? How is it situ- ated ? Which country contains the next largest city ? What are its exports ? How is it situated? Which country has no sea-port? What countries 1 Ajxirt cocoa? Coffee? Sugar? Cotton? Hides? Cattle? Tob.icco ? Cinchona (Piriivhin hark}? Guano? Copper? Wool? Wheat? Caout- 1 liouc ? Silver? Diamonds? Vegetable Ivory? Timber.' Furs? What .ire the principal ports for shipping coffee ? Copper ? Guano ? Cocoa ? Caoutchouc? Sugar? Tobacco? Hides and tallow? Cattle? Which is the only monarchy in South America ? \\'hat three Kuropean countries have colonies in South .\merica ? What are they ? What nine countries of South .\merica are republics? In what parts of the continent are most of the civilized inhabitants? Voyages. —If a vessel sails from Mnntrial to Kio de Jaiuiro. what cargo would she carry ? What cargo would she bring bai k ' I'asl what ( ountrics would she sail ? If a vessel sails from Mariiili.io to ran.ima what countri(;s would she pass? Through wli.it waters' Wli.il cargo would a vessel from Ixindon, England, bring to Montevideo ? To C.dl.ao ? To V.alparaiso ? fCoiil iiiul iiiiiniifacturiS.) What cargo would she carrv b.ick from Monlevidrn? 1-rom Callao? I'rom Valparaiso? What cargn wiaild be sent from ll.ilif.tx to Kio de Janeiro ? (Fish, J What cargo would be sliippeil from Cieorgetnwn ( Dimiirani) to .Montreal ? What cargo would be shipped from St Joiin. N.H., to Montevideo? (Lumber.) What cargo would l)e carried back to the West Indies' n^ritil nual.) From the West Indies to Halifax? Rail and Telegraph. — How can a person telegraph to another, — from Kio de Janeiro to New York? To Montreal ? To Lisbon ? Tol^ndon? Between what towns is the f'anama Kailway? What railways are in Ftjru? In Chili? In the .\rgentine Kepublic ? i I i Nttar tlic rriiuU'cr arc two k'iiitiiiii);s ; iliuso little animals at tiiiits iiuive through Nurllu:ni ICiinipu ill coiintU'sstliousaiuls. (K'stroyiiit; wliati'ViTliis in llii'ir p.illi. llirds of prt'y, in (jro.it tldcks. accom- jiany tlii-i. On 111. ■ it, wi' liavi' iliL' spoitL-J lynx with Ills favor- ite hare .ml tlieernuiu. prized for its white fur. llcjow tlieiircle is represented tlij brown lie.ir. loininon in ,ill th<^ niouiil.iinous regions Thi. anini.d with the |Kiinted muzzle, looking; round ..t liruin, is the fo\, wliich. ,is well as tile badger sho\ n near it, is widely distriliutei In the .\lpine sceMi Ixlow, the laninnr^jeyer [l,iiiih- vnlliin) is ilriviny the frij^litened chamois over the prtv cipiee, th.it lie iii.iy feed on its eareass. The wary ch.imois (whose skin is made into soft " ilir coiisiilcrcd its a lifiiinsiila, |)rojt'Ctiiij^ wist- roiii Asia, the main coiitin- li(ul\, lictwccn tlic Arctic Ocfaii and the Mcdilfrraiicaii Sea. It is the smallest of the sis lirand Ilivisions, but is second in population, being the most densely popnl.ited in eomp.irison to its size. The area comprises .ibont (.780. ckh) sipi.ire miles, or a litllt^ greater than the Dominion of Can.ida, but iIk^ pojiulation numbers about jjij, 300,000. The Coast-line of I-;urope is about jo.ooo miles in length, which, in proportion to the area, is much ,j greater 'lan that of any of tne other grand divisions. The Rivers of Europe .ire most valuable for com- merce, and the Lakes, though small, are unsurpassed for t'.ieir picturcMiue beauty, .and form .1 favorite resort for the traveller .iiid tourist. Tin; Natural Advantages possessed hy Eiinipe are: — its central jiositioii, ami the excellent harbors ai'lbrded bv the islands ;in(l by the niinierot's indentations of the coast; the fertility of the soil; the variety of climate ; the warm Gulf Stream and moist winds of the Atlantic on the west; and its vain- ] able mines of metals and miner- als, more especially 11 of co.il and iron. In adtlition to these. j Europe is the cen- "^1 tre of civilization in reli^,'ion. arts, science, political influence, wealth and manufactures l70J JROPE. Kiri'iiiN. the north- 'lastcrn C'dii- nsidcri'd as a ccliiiij; west- main coiitin- 1 the Arctic •rraiican Sea. (Irand liivisions, , l)t:inH the most cm to itssizo. Thu 1) siiiiaru mill's, cir f Canad.i, Imt llic JO. lit JO, coo mill's ill lie area, is iiiiiih -T yr.iml tli\-isions. valuable for coiii- 1, are unsur])assed form a favorite 5 possessed by iition, ami the ihe islands and s of the coast ; ict)- of climati- ; 1 moist winds ; anil its valu- Ic mines of als and minur- more especially oal and iron. In lition to thesi'. rope is the ceii- of civilization religion, arts, ence, political iience, wealth I manufactures M f '%.~^- iy-- O'-N, _^/" ^^^v, .^ ' \y^>^si"^i'] i«^i /^ ./-^. «.y ' l-^-': .^-^ ^;^ J- .-r^^. J, '^^ 1 V) ^>. ' .' -^ s V , ' ■ V A ■, > . . . » J: S/w-i [ i JS V^ tfr ^ »>-■ .< --/■ C - ' ^ inp niVSlCAI. 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X 2 r ^ '5 "" i "** 7! -^ c rt p M 'J "" i c u X is ^J rt '« rt u 3 > s s y .^ 'J D X rt i -5 1; c 2 - 7; .Hi u tc c 75 u *f^ r y rt <^ ^ ■J u "^ .5 I- rt rt X u O. X a. •-• IJ c Ji f^ rt X H ?: 8,^ .-' rt. 1: rt rt. x 7) "J y •y u. 1> Q t 71 l-> ■*, •0 i « X " s- C 'J i: ■J X &j tfl ^ •0 -, ^3 H rt. -3 9- ■J t3 2 11 '2 C "c 3 ►J £ ^ Tc W ■i u ■c ;» PHYSICAL EUROPE. The Southern Highlands comprise two series of inoiiniaiii ranges diverging from the great central range, the Alps. Tliese are partially separated from each otlier by the valh-ys of the Rhine, the Rhone, the Po, and the Danube, antl may be termed the Ceitl nil :ind Son III cm Highlands, Tho Central Hig^hland com- 'u SItt.^Ek prises lli(' iii.iiii chiiin (if tlii' Alps uiih till: Cevennes, Jura, and ' ■• Vosges (vuhzh) Mdum.iiiison the west, .ind tliu Carpathians i Mi the I'asl, cnnnL'Cted with llio Alps liy tli(! lower ranges of the Black For- est (Stiucariz WiililJ anil the: Bo- hemian Mountains (Hohnier-walil, ICrz and Kiesen-gel)ir);i') curviii),' round the upper Daniilie. The Southern Highland extends from the Cantabrian and Pyrenees Mountains on tile west, to th(! Balkan and Caucasus Mountains on the east. Offshoots from this sides at the rate of about two feet a day. These gradnally dissolve as tliey reach tlie limit of the snow-line and form the sources of numerous moniiiain. streams. The .\lps are a favorite resort of summer tourists, and ari' crossed by r.irriaj;e roads and railways, through several passes and long tunnels In tin: C.iucasus Mountains is Mount Elburz, the highest summit in Rnrope (18,526 feet). The Scandinavian Peninsula comprises a series of hkiuh. tain ranges rising from a long, narrow plateau more abrupt on the west than on the east. It extends about 1,200 miles in length, and on the west is indented by numerous narrow arms of the .sea, c illi il Fiords, which stretch a considerable distance inland between high, precipitous, rocky banks. The Rivers of the eastern part of tlie Great Lowland Plain are tile largest in liurope, thuuLrh most of them are commerci.illv of less importance than tiiosc of western Europe. The largest are : — the Volga, which forms the chief natural channel of commerce in the east, and the Dwina in the north. A canal con- necting branches of these rivers completes the system of navigation between the Cas- pian and \Vhite Seas. The Dnieper ami the Don have extensive fertile basins, and are important ,) Commercially. , ^-^ ■ In the north- western part of thelCast- v em riain is the Lake system traverse the- three southern peninsulas, of which the Appennines in Italy, and the Pindus Mountains in Turkey, are the most noted. Mount Mlanc, the Irftiest peak of the Alps, has an elevation of nearly three mill's (13,7.^7 feetl. I'lie highest summits of the Alps are covered vvith per- petual snow, and in the intervening valleys are numerous great glaciers, luokiu); iike enormous frozen torrents, and moving slowly down the mountain Kegion, including Lakes Ladoga and Onega, the largest in Europe. The Central Highlandscontain the sources of the most important commercial rivers of Europe : — the Danube, the Rhine, the Rhone, the Po, and other large rivers, with numerous commercial and manufacturing cities on their banks. The Danube (1,800 miles long), the second in size of the European rivers, is the ch.i.mel of internal trade of Southern Germany, Austria, and Turkey. The Rhine (S80 miles long), is navigable for steamers to Basle, and is cele- brated for i's picturesque scenery, and for the many large cities on its banks. The Rhine drains south-eastern France, and is important commercially. The Po, the largest river of Italy, waters the fertile plains ol Lombardy. olvo as llicjy reach iierous mouiiuin- ^, and arc cnissed long tunnels summit in Europe uries of luniui- lore ahrupi on ;ngtli, and on the w arms of tlit; sea, sicieralilc distance 31IS, rocky banks. ;he eastern jiart I'land Plain arc Uirope, tlioiit;]! e commercially :e than those of 'olga, which forms of commerce in the rth. A canal ccm- ers completes the between the C'as- The Dnieper ami ve extensive fertile d are important ally. :^.» In the north- >, western part \ ofthelCast- r \ ern Plain "^j is the '"'^''la Lake C Keg^on, including Ladog;a and Onega, gest in Europe, iportant commercial Po, and other large es on their banks, he European rivers, Lustria, and Turkey. Basle, and is cele- citicK on its banks. ■tant commercially. s ot Lombardy. Western Europe, especially near the .Vtlantic Oce.m, has a niiiJer climate tlian is found in North America or otlier parts of tin: work! in tiie same latitude. The mildness of the climate is owing -rhietly to the influence of the r.ulf Stream which washes the western coast, and to the warm south-west or Return Trade Winds, which bring with them a p.irt of the heat they have acijiiired in the Torrid /one (see p. 15). Thus, Ireland, "the ever-green isle," with its iniM climate, is in the same latitude as cold and barren Labrador. r,r,iins, fruits, and vines are extensively cultivated in the western lowland plain ami in the valleys of the highlands. The beet-root is also largely grown for making sug.ar. The cod, herring, salmon and oyster fisheries on the coast are valuable. Central Europe shows some remarkal)le j)ectiliarities in climate. Ill winter it is coldest in the south, and becomes colder also with tile increasintj distance eastwanl from the r :oan. The variation of tem[x;rature is caused by the grc. elevation of the southern part, so that some cities in Highland Eurojie have much colder winters than ethers far north of them near the shores of the ocean. The power of the (lulf Stream and of the warm south-west winds also becomes gradu.'illy less as the distance from the .\tlantic f )cuan increases, so that while the Rhine is frozen over on the aver.age for twenty-six days during the year, the Elbe is frozen for sixty-two and the Vistula for alxiut eighty. Central Eurofie is rich in minerals — coal, iron, salt and others. It also pro- duces grain, hemp, flax and cattle in abundance. Southern Europe has an almost tropical climate. This is the effect of the general southern slope of the country, the warm winds from .\frica, the mild waters of the Mediterranean, and the high mountain r.inges which form a barrier to the cold polar winds. Figs, oranges, the mullxirry, almonds, rice and olives grow in the same latitude as the south-western part of Ontario, and the vine is generally cultivatiHl. Tile Spanish Plateau, owing to its elevation, has a cold winter and a hot, dry summer. The chestnut and cork-oak trees grow abundantly, and the vineyards are famous. The Great Eastern Plain has a varied climate; the wintei ire intensely cold, but in the south the summers are hot. The w inter climate is caused by the distance from the warm western coast, and by the prevalence of the polar winds, which sweep unchecked from the .\rctic Ocean to the Bl.ack and Caspian Seas. The northern regions are mossy, treeless swamps called Tiiiijras. with but few human inhabitants and onlv reindeer and other arctic animals. 1713 74 POLITICAL EUROPE CONSTANTINOPLE Another wiile trccli'ss rcRion strL'tclus across the southern part uf the plain liarren, salt plains, called Slip/recioiis Metals — gold, silver and ])latinuni besides an ahimdance of the most nsefid Minerals, such as coal, iron, lead, tin, zinc, and copper. POLITICAL EUROPE. Oti'.sTioNS ON TMH Map. Countries. — Wh.it country forms the eastern part of luirope? What cfiuntries are north-west of Kussi.-i? What countries ;ire washed by the Mediterranean Sea? Hy the Jil.ick Sea ? Hy the Adriatic ? Wh.it countries are l«.rdere»»/ what part of liiiruf'e lines it project ? Scandinavian? Jutland? frimea? Capes. — From :i'hiit const iloes it project ? North ? The Naze ? Mountains. — ir/ur.- arc they ? Kiolcn ? Dovrefield ? Hardangerfield ? Ural? Caucasus '- Seas and Gulfs. - Where is it? White' Caspian? .\zov ? Black? Baltic? Finland? Bothnia? Riga' Straits. Bi'/ii'i I H u^hnt hnuls } What waters does it connect? Skager R.ack ? Tattegat? Sound? Kertch ? Bosphorus? Diirdanelles ? Gibraltar ? Rivers. -I r//i-J^ 'i-v- '^ - 1 _ 2 ,.__^1 . L^^_ = K -' ;^ -,>| J ^V' Y te; r ? Dardanelles? Jloti' ? Through ")una ? ? Malar ? Ou or tit'ar what tockholm ? Gol- >taclt ? Moscow ? Xijni-Xovgoro in proportion to extent than that of any other ef the (ir.ind Divisions (see p. 20), especially in the western part, which contains about three-fourths of the whole (see Statistical Talile, ]). ). Tliu people are nearly all of the Caucasian race — off-shoius of the great Aryan family, who originally settled in Western Asia, south-e.ist of the Caspian Sea, and afterwards migrated into ICiirope. The L.iplandurs in the extreme north: the M.igyars (.l/d/j/ncs) in Iliiim'.\r\ and the Turks are of the Mon^,4,!o,ooo mon ; th.it of C.erinany to 1,400,000; France, 1,500,000; Austria, 1,000.000; Italv, 7,)4,o rOT.TTICAI. El'ROPK. If I'l.ix ami liiiiip Mi|i|)l\- ilic in.iicrials for tlii' prim iji.il Manu- factures, IS ciiiv.is, ^,iil(|i)tli, aiiil r(i|)c. Tlif <^\i.-A\ m.ijDiity ol the piiipli- .uf ciij^aj^icl in af^'iiciiliiiral pursuits; rye is tlu' stapl'' fond. Mm li of ill., iiilan.l ir.uli' nf Niissia is carrird on by tivans of yearly fairs, wliirli ari' friiiiiiMitiMl by immense numbers nf trailers from all pans of I'.iirope anil Asia . that lielil at Nijni-NovKorucl is tlie fjreatisl in the worlil. Tile Exports of Kussia arc wheat, tlax-seed. hiiles. tlax, heinp, tallow, anil wool. TImm' ,ire rn.iinly shippeil from the H.illie ports ; wheat is extensively expoiteil flora llie lilaek Se.i ports. St. Petersburg, tln' lajiilai, n.-micd after IVter tin- Gri-at, the tniimlrr 111 tlir I'.mplir, is tlir l,iri,'rst citv ami t,'rfatfst com- iiicri iai iintir. MOSCOW is tlie aiii'iclit (',i|>ilal ami ciiiporiiim of the inland tr.idc of tlif Ivnijiirc ; licsides hcin^,' the '^xvwX railw.iN' ccntn- of tlir ((innlrv, it is connected \i\ water with the ISlack, Caspian, and llaltic Seas. Warsaw is the chi»'f city of the rrovime of Poland. Riga .md Cronstadt (the sea-port of St. I'eti I shnij,'. and tlie chief n,i\,il station), on the Haltic, e.spoit i.;T.iiri. hemp, and lla.x ; Odcssa, on the IJl.tik Sea, and Taganrog, mi the Sea of .\/ii\, ,ire iitijMirt.int ^'raiii jjorts. Astrakhan, mi the ( 'aspi.m Sea, is noted for its car.iv.in trade with .\sia and for its lisheries ; it is also the i eiitrt,' of the mari- time commerce on the C.tspian Se.t. Archangel, on the W'hiti' Sea, exports linseed, i ye, ll.i.x, .iml forest products; in winter the h.irbor is fiozeii. Kiev, Kasan, ami Tula are important cities. ^()K\^■.\^■ .\x d s\\ i;ni:x. Norway and Sweden occiiiiy tin- .Sc;imlin;ivian Peiiinstihi; Norwiiy liiivintr tlic wcstuni, ;iii(.l Sweden, the (MsltTM piirt. Tile tjener.il boundaries between thiMii are successive ranjfes of mountains, which extend under various names throughout the the whole len^'th of the peninsula. Norw.iy is the sni.iller .mil more mountainous, ami contains less than one- half as many inli.ibitants .-is SweiliMi. Tii«ethir they ,ire alHiut eipial to the Trovinres of Ontario ,iuil (.Juebuc in size, but contain nearly double the n'lm- Ix-T of inl ,ibil,ints. Norway ,tnd Sweden form two separate kinf,'doms, and each is governed by its own laws, but they are united under one kinf;. The Climate is nmch miliU'r than in tlu' same latitude in North America (see i'hysical Mai>l. The soil is poor, except in the valleys and in the .south, and but a sm.ill part of the country is capable of cultivation. \'aluable forests of jiine and tir com- pensate to a f;ie.it extent for the sterility of the soil. These countries an; so far north tl'-.U there is a f;reat diflfcrence in the len.mh of the day at different seasons. At North ("ape the sun does not set from May 15th to July .'iitli. The princiiLil Industries of the people are mininf,', lumbering, and fishing,'. 'I'he rocky isl.inds, coasts, and deep fiords (Iohr, narrow inlets, with precipitous b.inks),of Xorw.iy ,ire inhabited by numerous birds, which furnish the eider dowu of comnurce: .ind the cod-fislury on the coast of Norway is only e.pi.dled by th.u of North America. The iron mines of Dannemora, and the copiXT mines of l-"ahlun in Sweden, are famous. Manufactures .uc limited, in consequence of the want of loal, but Swedish iron, smelted with charcoal, the product of the forests, is of superior quality and is in tlcinand for the manufac- ture of rutler\ . The People, no.irly all of whom are Prntestants, are a simple, but bra\c, h.irdy, iiidiistrioiis race. ICdiication is in a backv, .ird state, but elTorts are bein;,' ni.ide to jiromote it. The Niiwe. tti.ins are a se.i-farin;,' ))eopli', and their maritinit; coniineri o js considcr.ible. Ill Sweden, railways and a system of canals rrnin the I'-altic to the Catte^at unite the internal with the inaiiliine commercu. The lakes of Sweden cover about one-twelfth nl its surface. The Exports of Norway .are chielly lisli .uid limber: those of Sweden, gr.ain, iron, and cojiper. Christiania, the cipit.d of .Norway, .tnil Bergen, the lai-i m Atlantic port, have .1 lat•^,'e trade in timber and lisli. Trond- heim, or Diontheim, the ancient capital, is a place of consiili r- able comnuTce, Hammerfest is the most northerly town in liiirope, and has a considerable trade in stock-iish, whale-, ami seal-oil. Stockholm, the c.ipital of Sweden, is built on several siii,ill islands and peiiinsul.is, ,it the junction of Lake M.ielar with the r.,iltic. Its arseii.il is faiumis. Gottenburg ranks next in iniiiortance for commerce. Norrkoping is ,1 grain port. Up- sala is celebrated for its university. L.vi'L.wn. Lapland occupies the northern extremity of Kurope within the .Nniic Circle. .Vlthoui;h divided between Kussia, Sweden and Norway, it ni,i\ In; considered as one country, on .iccouiU of the peculiar habits and diameter of tho people. The whole population .''.mounts to about jo.ooo, but of these only about 7,000 an; l.,i]ilanders. The chief wealth of the Laplanders is the rein- deer. They lead .a wanderiuK and barli.irous life, and allliouKh professiiii^ Christianity, retain many I'.iKan superstitions. They are dwarfish in sl.iuuu, selduiu e.xceediu),' four .and .i-h.ilf feet in heit;lit. I)i;nmark. Denmark is the smalli'sl of ihc; Scandinavian Kino;- doms, and consists of tin; islantis ot Zealand, 1' tmeii, and others, ami of the northern part of the peninsula of Jutland. In Extent, Denmark is smaller than Nova Scotia, but contains about as many inhabitants as Ontario. The Surface is low .and the climate moist but healthy. The chief Industries of the people are raising' cattle, .imi lishiiifr. The Exports, chiefly to Cre.it Hritain, consist of cattle, (,'rain, and dairy products. Manufactures are unimportant, owiuj; to the want of minerals and water power. The Government is ,i limited monarchy. The people are of the Teutonic race. The Foreign Possessions of Kenmark are Greenland and Iceland, .md the Faroe Islands, in the North .\tlantie; and in the West Indies, tlii' islands .if Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John. Copenhagen, on the Island of Zealaiul. is the capital, and the residence of the King. It is the chief nav.il station. Oden- see and Aarhuus, on the Island of I'unen, have considerable trade. The Faroe Islands are iz in number, but only 17 are inhaliited, and the total population is little over i i,ooo. -■— « , rOLITICAT. FfROPK. 77 IIkisc of Swi dun. contains about ns iliabited, and the GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Ilu: British Empire consists of the United Kin^r- doni of Great Britain and Ireland, and of *;\tensive jK)sscssi(jns and colonies in e\ery (juarter of the globe. It is till! nri«ti:st empiri; that thi' world lias cvir known, lioth in tin- ux- ti'ni (if country it comprises and in the numlier of people nnder its fjovi^rn- niint. It is greater than the whole of North America in extent, and has a jKipiilation of upwards of joo, 000,000. The Centre of Government is in Great Hriiain, which thus rnles over an empire s^..' i'*.y times lar;,;er than itself. .V Viceroy or (lovernor is appointed liy the Cr .wn to the various coltmics or possessions. The latter are, however, pnicticiliy independent, inasmuch as they make and administer their own laws and control their own revenues. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- lanil includes the islands of Great Britain (in which are comprised England, Scotland and Wales), the island of Ireland and numerous small adjacent islands. In Extent the British Islands are one-third less in size than Ontario, but contain a population of a^- "t j6. 000, 000. The cliief Industrii. " f Grcit ISritaiii are its agriculture, ininiiig, iii.imifactiires, and 'Xtensive maritime commerce. Agriculture is carried to the liif;lu'st state of perfection, and in Irel.'tnd it is the leading oc(nii);ition. The Minerals of Great liritain form a most important source of tile wealth of the country — the principal are: — coal, iron, copper, lead .md tin. The Annual Value of the mineral products is about $400,000,000, and the mines of (Jreat Britain supply one half of all the coal, iron and tin used in the world. It is hardly possible to overrate the advantjiges Clreat Britain derives from its vast, and to all practical purposes, inexhaustible supply of coal and iron. In Manufactures, Great Britain s'.-rpasses every other coini- iry. The most important are those of cotton, wool and iron. l-'ive-sevenths of all the cotton imported intodreat Britain comes from the United States to be manufactured, and the export of manufactured cottons amounts to the enormous sum of over 30o,ooo,o(X) dollars ,'innu,'Uly. Great Britaiit builds iron ste.imships for the whole worhl The Maritime Commerce "f (ire.it I'.ritain is the grc.itest in the world, and tlie siiprem;><\' of Great llritain I'.iniiut liittcr he re.ilized than by knowing tli.it the British tl,ig tin. its in every sea-port. The Mercantile Navy IxlouKint,' to the IJniteil Kingdom and British |mis- sessions in iSSi consiste prai lically tli,' ri.il riilrr of I'l,' iinpin; ; if oppns, liu ri'sinns Ins |«isitioii, an,! llw SoviTi.i»;n appoints his siiixi.ssor. 'I'll,; (;,n,.rnmint 1 f ill,. Ilrilisli iMiipir,. pri.SLnts 111,. n,..iri.st .ipproa, li t,> .1 tni,. Coininoiniu.altli lli at Ilisi'vit t-xisi,.,., TliL- annual rcvcniu; of (irtat Urilain ilurivcl cliii'l'v ,roiii tliu customs ami rxcisd ilutics is aliout .jjo.ooo.ooo ,|.ill.irs, lii.si,!,', llial of Ilrilisli Imii.i •a|ij,)| .miounts to .ilniiit jjo.,*),),,*"! riiu Nati,iii.il !>ilil, iiu iirnil in tiinrs ,.f H,ir, wlun ill,. ,.\pi.mliliiri.,xiii-ilril tln' rc\,nuf, is iio.v alioiit .),.>( (iir.il liiit.iin lM■l(>ll^,' diifrty to tlu; Tiiiloiiir race, Imt m llu' Iuj^IiI.uhIn oI Sinll.iiid ami Wales the CIti.- racr iirciloiiiiii.ilis. Ill Irclaiiil tin' iiiain i)(>|)iilali()ii is Chi,. TluTc art' two Slate Cliiinlies in I'.rit.iin - the Episcopal, 01 Cliun li of Ijinl.inil, in ICiik'I.'ikI -'H'I W.iles, and tlie Presby- terian 111 Sioti. 111,1. Tlie Protestant l';|iiseo])al, wllK I, u.is foniieriy the State Church in Ireland, was in 1.S71 sep,ii,ii,,| from the State. .Ml ilenoniinations llirouf,'hoiit the empire li,i\c eijiial liberty. I coi.cNiis \Nii i'()ssi;ssi()\s oi-- (;i Straits St'ttlL-mcnts.. . . IIoiif^-KtuiK NorthtTii liiiriuM) \'ictoria 30 3" 11)0.402 150,000 3.-'jf* 20,000 -22,707 Sarawak Niciibar ami .\i»iia-i man Island^i i \,l<-n 910,10s 202,113,178 ln,lian SLili's umli. tish protuttion . . . Hri .W4.4'4 54.1,51.757 * Tlu.s,. tiij,ircs ,In not incliiile tlie K.irrisoli. I New South Walls.. .. Norf.ilk Island Vicloiia , , (,)iu;(.nsl,iii,l s'oiith .\u sir alia, I Nor, hern 'rem- lory I W<.st 'vustrali.i AI)ori,;iiiLS iasmaiMa Nl'w Zuai.inil MaoriLsofN. Z l-'ufjcc Isl.inds Sydney. Milliourni;, Hrisli.ini! . , Adi'Iaid,,'.., IVrth Iloliart.... Wi.|linKlon. Capo Col, my, incUnl- 1 in^' B,isuti> land, Transkii, C"irii|ua- land I Nat.il Sierra l,i;ont; an, 1 1 Ciamliia ; Ciolil Ciast Colony . . . . j .\ccra I-.1K0S ! Mauritius i'orl l.oiiis .. St. Helena James-loun . .\scension & TrisLiii i ila Cuiihu CiiiX!lown I'ieterm.irit/liur^; l''ri',:t,iwn .\ki'.a in S,j. Mii.Ks 3'"."»3S '3 8.S,l,j,S 00 I I uir .Huo.imo.ooo il'ill.irs to tlie Tiul'iiiic V.ilis tlif CItic llioll is Ci llir. '• Episcopal, ni ml till' Presby- pal, w liH ii \\,is l«7l se|),M,iti(l the ciiipiri' ii.ive \ IN I'di'i'i \. lI.ES rioN. .'J.iN 751.11 >< '.) ■fi .f)S SO.v (.,0 ,5 JO ■i'J i-3 ,0(jo ■i7'J>"3 ,000 JI.OIMl 55 ""<' .•i'5 Iii7"i .\)7o 4Sij.,)( 44,0.-) .034 i.'4>5.s .578 2,g68,i.jo 75'-' i.jfi^ 15... 750 413 K.y 537 7-, ^■•/> CXXI 408.070 73 75 ^70 713 377. i7( •17 505'J 7'J I!-; 'M'J 2,717yJI 901 6.016.077 IJ() 175. iSl) loS -•oj.ii J.17S 57s J,c/..s.nj#«/ I'OLITICAI. I rkOI'IC. ro nitRsrioNS ON nil- Mai', Vv'li.it iiiiiiilry is nnrili-wiml of KnKla'i'l ? ll\ uli.it liill-. ainl riviT-t :irc' tins fciiirii' il ? Whrri' it Wali'M >iiiii;ii"il > Wli.ii i niiiiir> i* •.milli nf I'iikI.iihI ,' |1y «liit Hirail anil iliannrl arr lliiy m ji.irali.l ? What sra Is in the r.\-.t} Kriiiii "I'-il ii'iiiilrirs Mms It srparair I'lmliii'l? What 1 irp' M iii'l i<«i'ii? lliiu i' il sr|iaratril fruin I'liHlaml? What MMiintaiiii ar<' in thr P'lrth? In the \M I ? What IiMIh in thr smith' What prim ip il riMrs llnvv into tin S.iiili Sia? Into the Irinh Sra ? Intn tin llri-i"! Chanml? What is tin jjini'iil ilirntiiin of ihi' rivrrs? What lakr-. arr in lln' nortli«i'-it ? \\ III. li ari' llir si\ nnrlhi rn i oiiniiis of I- mjlaml ' Tin six soiiihcrn? Thr liTi 1 iifili iniillainl ? Thr ti-n sonlliiniillainl ? Thr four ailjoininw Wilr,,' Thr I. iir rastrrn ? Wliiili arc thr six coiintirs of North Wales? Thr six of Sriiili Wairs? Wliii h nninlics liorilrr on Srotlaml .' (In tin' North Sra? (Ill ilir I'.nnlish Channi'l? t)n thi: Atlantir OciMii? On thi> Irish Sim? \\ hat hays anil cstuarirs arr mi llir rnst mast ? ( In thr south coast ^ < m till urst coast? What islanil is smith of llanipsJiirr? Mow is it siparatnl from llu iiiainlanil? What islanil is in thr Irish Sra? What islanil northvust of Wiirs? I low is it srparatril from the niaiiil.iml ' What islamls .irc off llin iraM of NnrthnniliiTlanil? What islanil wrst of AnKlrsoy? What islands suulh west of Torn wall ? {SivMiif'i'/l.tiri'f'i .) Which arr thr principal rapes on thi' rast cai^i ? On thr south? On thr wrst? What saiiils arr .it thr riilrancr to ilir Straitof llovrr? What andioraKi! hrlurrii thr Ciiioilwin Samls ami til. 1 oast of Knit ? What is Ihr rxtrrim; smith- wistrrn point of Mi'g- lanilcalluil? What larf;r city is on thr Thanirs? What lari^r city at the nioiilh of ihr Mrrsry ? On tliu Am Ml? On till.' Hum- lirr? On the Tynu? What larf;r city cast of I.ivrrpool, in Lanca- sliirr ? What lar^r city in Vorksl-irr on .!ir Oiisc? On tho Airr? (_)nthcI)on? What im- portant city in ('amliriilKrshirr? In I lanipshirr, oppositr thr Isir of Wi|,'ht? In thr smith of Orvonsliirr ? In thr norlll- rast of Warwickshire ? What larwe cilirs on the Trrnt Kivrr? What llirre larKU I ilirs in Cllamornanshirr ? What islamls off thr northern coast of h'rance lielonR to flrrat Uritain? What islamls in thr Mr.liirrranran ? Wh.it possrssimi at the rntr.ince to the Meiliterranr.ui ' Wh.it isl.iml mar the mouth of thr I'.lbr ? (See ICiirop,.) Ki vii.w ICm ki isKH. Countriet. Il'/nrr \iliiiit,>t' llniD liKHHilnl .' Ini^lMil Scotlanil? Irrl.ui.l? W.ihs ' IllMldl. ^l r.'ii;/ .fi>../i.i>i /rum thi- iinir. i/ /.iii./.' Ity whiil unlin tnr- u;,„.l..l > Wulii Man? Annlrsia ? Holy? I'arnr ' S lly? Capet. />r»i ■■A,it (■.irl nt' lilt .•iiiiilry ,1,'n it frojot > Inl'' iil'-il ic.W.r ' I lainliormmh llr.nl? North I orrt.iml ? Smith Tor. lan.l lli.i. h\ llri.P Si r.ithrrini. Point ' St.itt I'mnt ' Thr l.i/.iril ' I'orll.iml Hill ' I .iml s I n.| ' SI. I'ui.l - II, rl l|..Mlrl.l' SI llrr^llr.l.l MounUini and Hilll. In s.'luil f.irl „/ Ih,- ,„i,iitr<' .m th,\ > In ..lull ,lir, . li.'ii ./.I lliiy I il,n.l ' In -..lull runnXi ■ .' (Ti.si.ii' rinibrim' I'.iininr' Chiltrrn ' C.tswoM ■ Mm. lip? Seas, Bays and Estuariea. UVmf .,.,i>( ,iii./ .•./m/ irmi^i. i ./r. i i( in'-"' i" wii\li I Of' U'liiil olliir Ihuly II/ i.iid r II i( iiii tirm .> Solwav Tirlh ' North > Irish? Tns > lliiiiiLrr? W.i-h? Tliainrs ' Soul himptoii Water ? I'lymmith SmimI ' Mounts' Severn > Millonl llavin ? Carmarihun ? Cirilinan ? Dee? Mrr>r\ ' Morn.imlir' Carn.irM.n ' Straits and Channels. Il.li.i.n ulml lilil.h > W'li.ll ;• .!(. r ,(.., V ll ii'HHtil ■' D.ivrr? ICnKlish? St. fnorne's? North? liristoP Solent? SpithtMil ? Mriiai ' l>. iwiw ? Rivers. Il'/i. ri' ilmt it riu? 7'/iri.u/,'/i ii7iii/ iiiiinliis iliHiil lli:.? lilt" ■■'■li'il u:it fam- liriilKe ? I'ortsmmilh' I'lyinoiilh ' Stokt! liinTrintI? Nutlinnliam ' Oxf.ir.l' Mer- lIurTv'lvil? Suansr.i? Canliff' Wimlsor? British Possessions in Europe. W'lur,- iiiimlnl ? Channrl I ,l.ii.ils .' (libralt.ir ' M.ilti ' IIrli;;..laml ? J ItnrthJ.mfw fMn' F,N(-. T..\\n .\XI) W.M-ES. England and Wales occupy ilic .southern ]i.tri ot the island of Gn-al Hritain. Kii,i(lan(l may lie said to Ih; dividt'd from .Scotland liy the .Soiway I'irth, tlie Cheviot Hills and the River 'rwt/cd. It is till! l.'iroi.sl, must iio|)ulous, and wcaltliicst roiiiilry of liritain, hcino marly as laroc as tliL- whole of Scotland and Irt- land toi,'Lthcr, and containing' three times their population. It is. however, but little more than half the size of the Province ol Ontario. Tlie Surface of England, except in the west and north, is level or undulatinL'. It is virtually a continuation of the plain of I'raiue, the iiiotinlaiiis in the west and north forming,' as it wile a harrier to the ocean. Wales is moniitaiiious and has great mineral we.ilth. In the north are the Cheviot Hills an.l thr Pennine, or <'iiinl>ri.iii ran^r; ill the west are the Cambrian Mountains ; thrse selilom exceed j.ooo feet in height. The hinhest siiiiiniils are iii W.il.s whrrr Snowilon rises 1171 feet. Other minor ranges occur— as 'he Chiltern Hills, tin Cotswold Hills, .iml ihi' Mendip Hills. The Rivers of I'-iiol.ind .in- mimirini^ hut small. M.my .arc navigable for vessels, .mil tlnir mouths fnrm t \iillcnt h.irliurs, IS the Thames, Medway, Mersey, Severn, Tyne, and Humber. The Lakes, though insignifnant in si/.i-, are justiv 1 ilcbr.ited for their beauty, being situated anion{{ the highest mountanib in i' 80 POLITICAL KUROPK. ill KiikIiikI ; Derwentwater, Ullswater, Windermere, and Coniston Water .ih' ilir pniK i|i.il. 'I'lic Climate i>f ICnj,'laiul, llii)ii','li variable, and somcwiiat inoisl, particiil.nls in llu- wtstcrn pails of the isl.md, is, f^'ciieraily speaking;, mild and liraltliful. 'The Soil, <'sp((ially in tbc midland, eastern and sontliern coiinlies is distint,'iiislied for its fertility and for the liij,di stale of cultivation in wliii li it is kept. In lIu' north there are some barren trai'ts, ami ni tin east .ire extensiv(' fens or marshes. Tile chief Minerals of lui^land are co.il, iron, tin, lead, copper anf tin sc two ?n'at ilivislons of Scntl.iinl ,iro. ^'cnfr.ill\ spi akini;-, of diUrn iit race--; those uf ih, I |il;Ii1,iiii1^ beiny ot ("(.'Itic ori^'in and spe.ikin;,' tlicir iiiotlici ton,L;iic. ilu ];,M or (jaclic; and thosu of tlir Lowlands of Ti lUonir onu;iii, ,111(1 s|H.ikin.i,' a diali.Tt of tlic iCii-li-ili or An-|o.Sa\oii. 'i'lii' iiilialiit. lilts of tlir norlluiii islainL air rim ll\ (.f \or-.c. dc Scaii- dina\i:iii ori;,'iii. Tlu- principal in.nintaiii rani,'i' is lin- Grampian Mountains, «lii. Ii lunii (he ii.iliii'al ramp.irt LctwciMi the lli;lilaiil. .iii.l l...«l.iiiil-. . tlii. lii^lic a summit is limi M uilluii (4,.ijS fwt.) Oilier sinalliT raiv^rs ..f hills, oinIm, ,ts d'lli' Cheviot Hills, \Wiii-li diviilr S,.iilaii.l iVmn l'.iij;lan.l. .in- in ili.- -.oiiili niiii- inhaliitocl, ami of the Shetland Islands, nuinlvrini; \'^. iluTf are ihiriv fmir iiihibili'il Thf chiif imlnsirv is li--luiii; Stornoway is ih.- i hi, f t..uti r.f thr ilrliri.lis Kirkwall ■■(' ih.' mkin'v Islui'l.. ml Lerwick I'l' ilir >hi'tlanil Islaiuls rill' Climate of Sroil.md is s,,iii,wliat coldir and moic moist than thai of Ln-laiid. 'rin- Soil in the Lowlands is frrtlU-. .iiid av;iii iillinr is larrird to the i^'k atist |iiifrrtion; tlic 1 Ii^liiaiids, with till ,\,i [ition of a f> \\ liitili- \allr\ -, .no unlit for lailtlXM- tion. and air onU- a\ailalilr tor |Mstma;;c and foi hinilm.L,' lands. riif rliic f Minerals of Siotland an i-o.il, iion, lead and stone. Tin Manufactures of Srotl.md an- iiii|>ort.iiit, ispiri.dl\- in iron slniidmildiii!;. inarlnni r\ . and , niton, limn and woollen ■,hr Laraniernii'ir, ib.e Pentland ni'l Ochill Hills. 'rile Rivers of Snitland arc sin. ill, iikr those of i;nj,'l.i:id. hm 1 ■,'oods. main' li:i'"i' ini'.'id estn.iries. fonniii',' ini|iorlaiil h.uliois or Firths, ! Scotland is duided nit" Thirty-three Countries, oi siini .is I lie Forth, Tay, Moray, Dornoch, Solway, Clyde .ind Lorn iI'm n noriluin. nme imddl, . .md thiiii< n suniliein. Firths. Tile L,ik<.'s, or Lochs, o| Si.'otl.iiid, tiioni;h small, :iie ulelir.itid fi'r till ir pictiir- t'S'iUe sc. new ,iiid liistoric.il introst, .is Lomond, Ka- trine, Awe, Leven .md ethers. The Coast "f Srotl.'ind is (ltrl>l\ iiidented li\ lia\s. or Loi'hs, md on the \m st ,iml norili is sinronnded 1>\ nn- jiurniis islands. 1 'n the west cn.ast ale I.nchs Linnhe .ui'l Fyne, tin- Inner .iml Outer Hebrides Islands ; aiul on ill. ii^iiih. the Orkney nml the Shetland Islai. '.s, separated frem ihi in.iinlanil by the IVmland Firih The Hebrides consist ef al out i"u isl.inds, of which ■ nl\ are iii 111 ll,IMN<, nl l,JoN Slllls ON 1111: ("l.Vl'l Edinburgh, ilu i .ipit.il of Scdtl.llld. Il.ls lieell IoIil; know n .IS .1 se.il ol si u nee .Hid htei.itiiie. It 1 .lines on .111 e\telisi\e tl.ide throU^;h Leltll. its Se.l-port,, wllil ll IS .dioiit two miles _dist.int. Glasgow is the 1, truest litv. and with its snhnrbs ranks seeond in si/e ill dreat lirit- .lin. It IS the li ,idiii;j in, inn- f.ii'tinim,' ff ill,' norlli shore ? (Tory Islatiti is iisniilly llii' Jirsl Ititul siffhtnl hv ///<■ Ctitnuiiiitt sti'ijwsltips nilliiig lit Loiit;li Foylf.j Wh.il island is at the moiilli of PinKle Hay I' Tor what is it noted ? Which are the primipal capes on the w,st coast ' On th,' north? On ilie east? On llie south'- What is the most sontherlv point . nlled ' What large cit> is ne.nr Piihlin Hay - What is iis sea-port ? Wh.it lari;,- I ity is on the Shannon ' What important h irbor in Cork ronnty ' What , ity ? What city on I-ocli l'o> le ' Wh.it larjio city on Belfast Lough ? What city in Cialway? What cin on the Suir ? • KiA'ii.w i'l\i;i., //cn fmm tlu intiinltiiut ? liv whiit 7Ctitirs stir r:mu.!..l ' Toi \ K.iihlin ' \'.di nti.i ' Capes. I'niiii h'hill /'lilt I'/ IhtKiiiiilry p Head? fle.ir? Cirnsore Point' ll,)Wth II. -.id- St John's I'oinI' fair 11, -ad - Mountains. /" :;illirudilys Keeks "' I'onnem.ir.i ' I)oni".;ar' \\ ieklow ' Seas, Bays and Loughs. M'/m/ cmtsl n'n! liluit cuiniii^ itms it iiultiit or jnisli ? Of :.'li(il '■liur hotly of ;,iil,r is it on iirni .' Doiu'Kal? Sli^o' Kill.da "' I'liw'' (i.ilw.o- Shannon- I >inKle ? K.Mi mar,'' H.mtry - ( ork '- Wat,'rf.i'|- \\:\f Wliol oiitUt lins il > \ll.n? Kee? I )ert; ? NeaRh ' Krne ' Killarney ' Conn ' Mask? (.'orrib' Cities. —/'I :. 'ill' lotiiilry ? On or luiir •••linl icnlir .' I^nblin ? Knik'stown? Cork' Limerick? yiieenslown ' Ijjndonderrj ' Belfast? O.iiwav? Waterford ' 83 rOT.ITICAL EUROPE. I i iKi:i..\\i). Ireland is ;m island in liic Allantic ( )ccaii, siliialccl to tlic west ofOnal Britain, iVoni wliiih it is separated hy llic Irish Sea and St. ( leor^c's and North Cliannels. Ill Extent it i-- .iliiiia ihc smuu- ,ts Sidlliml, Iml is nmri: (Icii'.cly pcipul.itcil 'I'lic Surface "f Ireland is, ill j,'eii(r,il, flat or midulatiii),', with Miniiiiiius liilK. lisini,' in iletaclii'il ^,'r<)ii|)s ni'ar tlu' coast, as tlie Wicltlow Mountains iMi- Lii};nai|iiill,i, ^.i^cj iret liif^'ln; the Kerry Mountains iMi. r.r.cnildii. .5,1 2n fc(t liiKln; with Ma- gillicuddy's Reeks i(',irn TiliI, Mm lr( ; 1 ; tlic Connemara Mountains. .hhI iIk Donegal, Antrim ami Mourne Mduh tains. Till- iniildli' )i.iit of the ( (iinilr\- is ,1 li\( 1 pLnii extending,' fr>< 11I\.^ .IV I'll 1 im.vt t Wh.il country lo the west ? What ccnuineiit to the soiilh? How are they sep.iraied ? What inoiint.un ranges are in .Spain ? What four rivers flow ni-|:S]'lciNS (IN THI, MaI'. France. - Wlial eounlries are east of I'muce ? Wh.it eonutrv soutli-wi'st ? What l.irne isl.ind in the Micliti'rrane.in belongs to I'rance ? How is it sepa- rated from Sardinia? What mountains are on tlie borders of I'rance? In I tho interior ? W'hM two rivers flow into the Hay of mse.iv ? What one into tlu; l.iiKlish Channel? Into file Ciulf of Lions? Wh.it is the Keneral ! direction of the rivers? What c •■ s are (Ui the north co.ist ? What water is Oil the north ? On the west? W li.it Kiilf on the south ? Wh.it cities are on the Seine Kiver ? Which is the c.ipital ? What city is its sea-port ? What lart;e city is in the north iie.ir Hel^:iiiin ' On the Rhone? South-west of Lyons? On the (lulf of Lions ? Near MarsroJ,it .' I)e la Hague? I'oint du Sillon ? Cris-Nez ? Raz ? teg.il ? l-inislerre ' Creux ' Ciibraltar ? St. Vincent Seas and Bays. W'liol const docs it iiuiciit or icosh ! is it iiii iirm / Hnylish Chaiinel ? Biscay ? Lions ? liv ;cli(it wiitcrs sni- .Majorca ? Caiiar\ ? Into ;c!iiil u-iitcr' St. Matthieu ? i ii (>f:fli,itho,h'of:i;il.r i. ike those (if KfiL'- iircsqiic Ik .lutvof ■rry arc f.iiiuiiis. ■otlanil, is deeply 111(1 south, wliero I'aii. Till sc form ships can ride in li, hilt very wet, lo Soil is very irt'at Ihitaiii. tifiil verdure, whici e All.inlic, ;iiiil te ll^ rn .somli-west winds. riculture, stock- ml, iiiit arc not lc(]uatc sui)|iiv (if , althou^th il |)iis- copper and Icid-nrc, s very complete, . Thrcc-fourtlis whicli are a,i,'aiii r, niiio rounlies ; lit, five counties. \'iccrov or Lord :, is distant seven Cork, Limer- :enstown (Cork 11 for the oeeaii anean ? What Iwo nortli-east ? \\ lial le southern point ef north-east ? What n the ('luadahiuivir at islands are to the .'hat islands olf the hat nionnlain ran>;i: r the nionth of the i'hat cape is at the lieloiiK to PortiiKal 1 rica ? What is the r .\7/(i/ u'liltrs inr- lajorca ? Canary ' lutlt U'.'lttf li'lUiT ? ■t. Matthieii ? (h ' wliiit hotly of ii'iit< r I POLITICAL KUROPK. «3 Mountains. - /" i^hnt f'arl ii /In cvioiliii > .■' /"'" 1^'liiit buily iif iiHiltr I l.oiic ? riaronnu ? Seine' Klmne !' Kliine ' Doiiri iliana ? Ou.adalciuivir? Ebru ' Lalces. — U'/nn' sitiintcil 1 ( ,. isi.Liice? Geneva? Zurich? Lucerne? Cit es. — In U'lmt furt of tin' luiiiitry ? tlfw siltnil.il ) Pais? Rouen? Mavri' ? Lille? Lynns' St. I';ilenn('? Thnnii^k wlml TaKUs > Ciiia- Marseilles? (ienev.i !' Valencia ' Toulun? N.intes? Bonleanx? Toulouse? Cli.rhourj,' ? lirest / Basle? Znrieli? Heme? Madrid? liarceluna ? CartaKena ? Malawi' Cadiz? Seville? Murcia? Granada? I'alni.i? S.inta ("ruz? O"orto ? Lisbon ? I'unchal ? Anjjru ? FRANCE. France, one of the six grciit powers of Europe, occupies the western part of central Europe. The P\ n,;- nees Mountains separate it from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portusral), which extends to the south-west. In Extent it is abmit twice the area of Ontario, and contains a larj,'er popu- lation than the Hritish Islands. Tliu Surface comprises the Great Plain of Fianci' with tlie mountains of the Soiitliern Highlands on the east and south. Tlie soil is remarkably fertile and carefully cultivated. A{,'ri- culture is the chief Industry of the people. The Products of the north-west part of the plain are the usual ^'rains, routs and fruits of the North Temperate Zone, inclndinf; the beet, which is largely grown for the manufacture of sugar. In the central and southern parts, under a warmer sky, tobacco and maize are cultivated ; the vines pro- duce their abundant clusters, from which the celebrated wines of Trance are made (Champagne, Hurgundy, llordeaux anil others) ; the orange, the olive and the almond thrive, and tlie mulberry is largely cultivated for the food it furnishes the silk-worm. The engraving shows a silk-worm on loaves of the mulberry-tree. About five weeks after it is hatched, the worm begins to weave around itself its cocoon, which is formed of a fine continuous thre.id about i.ooo yards long, and is designed to protect it while in the chrys,alis state, before it emerges as a moth. The chrysalis having lieen killed, the threads from several cocoons are joined and carefully reeled off, forming "raw silk.' .\fter going through other processes, the raw silk is dyed and woven by different kinds of looms into various fabrics. South of the Claronne are extensive plains called Litiiilis, which, though unfit for cultivation, afford pasture grounds for immense niiinbers of sheep. France possesses a larjje supply of valuable Minerals— coal, iron and lead — which {.jreatly assist in proniotin;,' its manufactures. Tlii'coalmini". ne.ir Ilelgiuin and in the Civennes furnish an al'undance of fuel for stiam power 'riic Manufactures "l I't.u.cf are extensivf .unl import. int. Fur >lil%> 11 1. iiiuu.ilh d. Ii i^i ;ils<> i-cUbr.itid foi ii«ui m.uiii fatlun s, liir hno wooiliiis, inu^lins, hues and otlu r l,il>rh s ; .iiul for porcil.iln, ;;l,issw,irr, jcwilUry, cloiks, bion/.ts, .md other ariiclis of taste and f.i.sliion. Fr.inci,' produfts nion- wnic th.m .in\ (piiur lounits . The Commerce of I'rance is very extensive with all pirls of the world, ind i.iiiUs seioinl only to th,il of ('m.it !!iit.iin in \aiiie and in the nunibrr of vesseU iinplosi d. Tlieintern.nl cinninirie is facilit.ited by the w.ivig.ibl.- ri\«Ts, iiumirou- r.iil- wavs, ■■itliir till' propertv of tin- State or lo biromu so aft. i a slated conn ded time; aiidc.in.ils, of whii h S,cy«j miles art: in ojieration. Thepniu \\<.i\ Exports .ire silks, woollen... ami oiIut wiv, u i.ih rii s, wines, h-ilu rd.ishrr\ .oid .irtules of f.ishion , and the chn I Imports .ire raw m.iteri.ds for m.uiiif atiire, gr.iin and fnreiL:n produce for consuniption. TIh Government is .1 Kepub- lir. and iiiiisi^is of ,1 I'lisident, ( h.iinlier of Deputies and Senate. Tlie IVesident is electeil for seven years by the majority of votis of tho iiuinbirs of the Cliamlier of Oeputies and Senate uuitnl in a N.ilion.il As- sembly. The Chaml)er of Deputies is elected by univers.d sulTr.ige, and the Senate is p.irtly .lected by the jn'ople and p.irily by the N.ition.il .\^-.embly. Tin Educational System is fjovernnunl.il, and is presided over by a Minister of l^dncation. The expenses are paitly de- frayed by the St.ite. The est.iblislud Religion is the Kom.in tJ.iiholic, but all others have full toleration, ami Protestant clergymen are paid by the Stitr. The People of I'rance belon-,' ihierty to the Grit'co-Latin or Roman race; the Celtic family occupy Brittany and the north- west; :"ld the Teutonic the north-cast. They are nearly all Roman Catholics. The country is divided into eii,dity-si.x Ueiiartnieiits, iiuluding the island of Ct)rsir.i. The Foreign Possessions of Tran 'e e.xtensivt - In .\fric.i Algeria, Senegal and its dependencies, sittlemeni-. on the Gold Coast and Gaboon, Reunion or Bourbon, Ste. Marie, Mayotta and Nossi-Be off the coast of Madagascar; in .\merica— the islands St. Pierre ,111 1 Miquelon, French Guiana or Cayenne, and the islands of Martinique, Guadaloupe an.l its ile- pendencies, in the West Indies . in .\si,i Pondicherry. and .some r.m.ill set- tlements in India, and French Cochin-China ; m tin: I'acilic Ocean- New Caledonia and its dependencies, Tahiti and its de|H'nileiu ies The l'"rencli also cl.iini a protectorate oviT Cambodia and Tong-King, iu Asia ; and over Tunis .and the Island of Madagascar, in .\frica. Corsica is a large mountainous island olf the west coast of It.aly, celebrated a,s the birthplace of N.ipoleon. The soil is sterile, and the 01 cup.itions of the people are agriculture .and pasturage, it forms a Dep.irtment of I'rance. Ajaccio is the chief town. Sii.k: Tin; Wokm, Muth, and M.x.NUi-AciUKii roi.nicAi. la'RopK. i Paris, ill" c.ipital, is tln' sccoiiil city in Kiiro|H: in size, wealth anil 1 iininiin r, l>nt llif (irst in splinilor. it is ilic most JHMnii- fill and attr.irlivi; of < ilns, ami is tlii' worlil's (•eiitri- of nioiiiin art, fashion and pli asnn'. It is distinguished for its inaKniliccnt jiahicfs, ))uiilii' biiildint;;., i.roiiu'iiadcs and |)ia(:('s of ainiiSLiui!'!, as well as for tlur luiinhcr and liif;li char.Hlcr (jf its literary and scifiitilii" institutions. It is also noted for the inannf iiture aixl sale of articles of .lit, oi II. iiniiit and fasliinn. Verr.aiUes ^■'<''- savls ), lo miles frulii I'.iris is iiuled fur lis ni.';,'iiiliieiit [laiaee .mil gardens. Lyons is the second rit\' in l''raiii'e .uid !■> notid as '.he ceiilre of the silk trade; Lille is the se.it ot the linen, rulton and woollen niamifaetiiK s. St. Etienne IS ,111 iiiiiiorlaiit inaniifai- tiirini,' I il\- .iiul the i cnlie of the eo.il lieMs ol I'rance. The laces of Valenciennes and the i .tmlirics of Cambrai are f.iinous. Marseilles ""'"• .'■".I /. ns the most imiioriait shipiiin;,' port ;ind the iciitre for export ol .ill the |)loiliii'e .iml iiiaiiill.ictures of southern I'r.iiice ; iie.ir it is Toulon, the most iin])ortaiil naval port of I'r.iiue. Bordeaux is the I nt^est eity ill the west and the great emporiuin ol the wine kiiuwii in this euiintry as "claret." Havre, the port of Paris, at the nioiith of the Seine, is the most iiii|)oi t.mt sea-jiort in the north, and has a lar^je trade witii .Xnie.rica. Rouen, Toulouse, and Nantes on the Loire, are imjiurtiii't Cdninereial cities. Brest am! Cherbourg an- stroiiKly fortihed naval stations. s\\irzi;KL.\>;i). Switzerland is iIk: only cmiiury of iin|>ortanct; in EuropL' liiiving no .sua-jjort. It is the most mor.ntainoiis ref4ion of li^iirojie, haviiij; the Alps with their snowy jn'.iks and numerous ghic'iers, covering the (,'reater part of the country, and a liif,'h plain with the Jura Mountains on tlie north-west. Tor scenery it is iinsiirpassed, with its picturesque and fertile valleys, its mountain torrents, its cascades and its crystal lakes, contrastiiif,' v.ith the ru,(f,'ed grandeur of its mountain peaks and seas of ice. Ill Extent it is li.'ss in size lli.Tii N'nvri Scotia, Imt cuiit.iiiis .1 pupiilHtinii milv oiiu-tliiril less tli.Tii llif l)iiiniiiii)ii. The chief Industries of the people are, .iLtriciiltiue in the valleys, and pasturint; in the momitaiiis. Manufactures of cl(.''ks, watches, jewellery, carved-wood. and woven f.ihrics — silk, .'ace and cotton — are carried on. Tlu' miniLToiis r;i))nl inuiim.iiii striams .iflord clicip and abiiiulant w.itcr- powcr. Heing an inl-.iul country. Switzerland has little Commerce, except with th ■ neighboring coiintries, France aid ("lerinanv. The Export.' consist of tlic niaimfactiirc'. namcil al)ove, and d.iiry pro- duce and the I.iiports. of liread-stuffs .and provisions The Government is a I-Y'deral Republic, composed of twenty- two cantons, or small states. The Legislative power is vested in a Parliament, consisting of two Cham- l)ers, the Council of States (or Senate), and the National Council, both elective. These two combined form the Federal .\ssembly, which elects a Federal Council of seven members, in whose hands the executive power is voBted, The Population is formnl of ihrer diflcrrnt n.ntion.iliijc. distinit \i\ till II l.ingu.ige (iern;,iii, l'"reiicli .iiid llah.iii; tin first coiistitiiting the gre.it majority. Three-lifths are Tr.!,. taiits, and I he re- iiiainder Uoniaii Catholiis. Berne i^ the cap- ital. Basle, the largest city, has e.\- lensive ribbon and o t li e r ma 11 iifac- tiires. Geneva is the |iriiieip,il centre oftrade.aml isiioted Inr its watches and jew( llery, and for its liicturesqiie si 1 11, i- tion at the outlet ol I^,ike (leneva, Zu- rich has ni,imilac- liires ol cotton and silk gorxls, and is an educational centre, -j-iih Mahi.kiiukn SI'AIN. Spain, with I'ortiio'.il, (Hciijiics the wcsn-rn iicniii- siiiii ol I'LiiropL', or lliirian l*','ninstila as it is callcil. The people art: of the saint! race, the Roniaiiic, and speak kindretl lant^tiages. Ill Extent, Sp.iin is ;i little l.irijer t!i,in the Province of (.Hnbec. but contains ,'i populiilion of np\^,'irds of 10.000,000. It h.■t-^ ,1 co,'ist-line of over I,joomilis. Tlu! Surface is tin elevated table land nearly 2,000 feet above the sea, traversed anil surrounded by nionntain ranges riiiing to a height of from 7,000 to iiiarlv 12,000 feet, Mulhai;en in the Sierra Nevada is 11, '157 feel. Mount I'erdii in the Pyrenees is 10,994 feet, and the siimmits of main cilhers are above the snow- line (here S.ooo teet ). The soil is jioinlv ciilti\;ited but is gener- ally fertile, wlH ada]Hed to agriculture and to the growth of semi-tropical fruits — oli\es. oranges, lemons, almomls, hgs and pomegranates, Tlu; vine is giown in ever) pan : in tlu; south-west. Xrres, tlu; well-known sherry, ami in the south-east M.ilatja and Alic;int(; wines are made. The chestnut is cultivated to a large extent, and from the nuts Hour is made, which is u.sed lor food by the poorer classes. The cork-oak (.-in evergreen, the ouli r bark of whicli forms the cork of commerce), ,ind esparto grass (from which paper is made), are important products ; heni]) and Hax of the best iiu,ality an grown. The niiiies of Spain, the .\ndaiiisi,in hor.ses and the Merino sheep great flocks of which are pastured on the t,'ible-lands, ,ire famous, Spain is rich in Minerals, ^speci.illv iron, copper, quick- silver .iiiil lead, but the mines .ire not v.orked lO ,iny great exti'iil. The Manufactures of Spain are niiiniportant. the principal being silk. The Commerce of Spain is chiefly with Great Pritain and France. ("oiupareil with the extent of the country, and the position it occupies, Spain is far behind the other nations of Europe in maritime enterprise for whicli, in former times, it was greatly noted. 'rent nation iliiifs I and Itali.iii; tin ■filths arc I'r.tiv wcsn-ni lu'iiin as ii is ca Koiiiaiiic, anil (.Hiibrc, but cont^iiiis le of over i.joo inili s, y 2,000 feet al)(i\ f II faii<,fcs ri^iif,' to Miilliareii in tin n the I'vrenec.- is L' al)()\c the siiow- ated l)iit is goner- to tlie i;ro\vth of hnonds, tij^'s anil cros, tlio wcll-kiioHii nes are made. Thu flour is made, which everKrecn, the outt r 1 grass (from which f the best quality ari 1 thi' Merino sheep famous. . copper, quick- any great exttiit. nt, tile principal reat Britain and :ounlry, and tl;e otiier nations of :iier times, it was Inst III UI-, Killnllsl. rni 11 IC.M. ITKOI'K. «S Thf «.inl iif K,'est cily, iml is imted fur its 111, luiiilu lilt palaiH! (the ICseliri.il), and I' ils art collei tmn. Barcelona, llie si'cond city in importam i l.ir popiilatimi, i> tin- liisi III \waltli, ciiimiKrce and ni.inulac lures ^silks, woollens and iiiiiiiii>i. Valencia is imied for its fruit ami fur its silk ni.inii- failures; Seville for iis extensive' tohaeiD ni.iiiufaetiires and IniiN; Xeres lor its wine -sherry; and Malaga for its wine .ind ;;i.ilirs. Cadiz .Hid Cartagena are nav.il loriiried ports. Gran- ada ^'■as the r,ipii,il III till- Moorish Kin^,'s, and coiii.uns llie 1 1 li hr.iied jLiliiei- the Alliaiiihi ,i. Murcia, Saragossa and Toledo ne anions,' the most celehraud .incieiit . Sala- manca is noted for its university. Gibraltar, ai ihc enlr.ince to the Miiliturraneaii Sea. one of llic struiiHesi foili'^M'.- in till, wiirlil, li.is liiliiiini-il iiiOreat Drilaiii sliu e 170.). Till. Insular Provinces nf Sp.iiii arc tlie Balearic Islands, 1 .iiii|irisiii^ M:ijiin.i, Miiinria. Ivii;,!, I'Drinentera ami ailjai nil is], mil-., ami ilu- Canary Islands in lliu All.iiilic, oil' the west i'ii,i.st of Africa, of wiiith 'reiierilli., (irami ('.uiiry .iiul I'aliua arc the prilu ipal Palma in M.ijorci is thu chief Inwn nf tliu Ualc.iric lsl..s ami Santa Cruz ill 1 riurifl'i' the chief tinvii I if the Caii.iry Islands, I'hr Foreign Possessions of Spain are -ii. tlie West Indies— the ;...andi "I Cuba ind Porto Rico hi < i, . .uu i ihfm.iioritvef ih< PMH|ipiM Ulandt, PaUcs, Caroline 111 11, Ladron* |.-l.ind>. m Mm 1 Ceuta m < ii~ di inn ill 11 II'... opl ii (iiiiriliii ilii. i..laiids lit Ftmando Po m 1 Annobon nut Ihe Tt'rriliiry nl San Jutn m the ; iM riiim lit ..f l-'r.im e .md llin Klshnp ef I'rtlel It i-'tir) III. ill .ind III II. I iiniiurt.incu. I-OKTIC, \I.. Portugal iiiillliics (111 sniltll Wfstcril Ii.irt nl' till' Hurl. in I'l iiiiisiil.i, .iiiil in |ilusi(.il {('.ilnri's, clinuttc >iiil .mil |ii'(i|il'' rr-si'iulili'^ S|).iiii. I 111- Extent if 111!' Liiiiiiii) Is line I. iiirtli Kri'.iter than lh.it nf N''« jtriins whU. lull till' pnpiil iti.iTi is III .irlv lipid I'l ih.il nf ihi linminmn The ( hief Industry of the loiintiy is the I iiltiv.ition ot the crape, olive .iml >i iintiopii .d friiiis. The iAteiisi\e Imest , nl I hestnut and cork 0,1k furnish v.ihi,dile prodiu is, ,iiid tin Min- erals, of wlm li in.in;,'.inese, aiiliiuonv, h .id. eoppir. iion .md s,ilt are the pi iiuiiial, are \,ilii.ilile. Till' Exports are chietfy purl \sini'. fruits, niiin r.ils .iml rnrk , .iml ihe Inipurt^, I ' I'll . .iii'l ntliiT iirlieli's nf iniuiiiinplimi ITie Government i« a Constitution. d Miin.ireh) .md is snnil.u to th.il id Sp.iin. Till' relinion is Kmn.in '' •'•■lie. Lisbon, llie (.ijiilil. h.is a lim; h.irbor. ami is the piimip.d eoininerrial city. Oporto is the elmf se.it of the It. nil 111 I'nrl ll'n;! , to wliicli it ^;i\es its 11,11 in-. The other towns .in id iniiiur iiiiportanee. The Insular Possessions il rnrtn>;.il .ire tin Azores, m Uesiirn Islands, in the .\t! iiitii ill' Madeiras. eeli.lir.Uid fnr tlu 11 wwr, nil the west I nasi nf Africa, Angra 1 - ilu t.ipii d nf the ,\/ ires, .ml Funchat nf tin' Mi h ii 1- The Foreign Possessions nf riirtii>;,il ,ire : In .\irii 1 tin- Cape Verde Islands, ulT the ue,tirii en,i-t, seitliim ills in iniiiu.i 1 Senegambia, Bissao, I li .) . the islands nf St. Thomas ami Princes in the liiili nl dinne.i ; Angola (districts nf l.oandn, lienK'nela and Mnsn.iinedes) nn ihe west cnasi ; Mozam- bique, Sofala, etc , nn the east cii,i»t. In .\sia— Goa and nlliir sni.ill si tile ments nn tlncn.ist nf India, Macao, imir Ciiilnn. .and Timor in (lie.mi.i (,}i'i;sri()Ns o\ Till-. M.vp. German Empire. - Wh.it two seas are on the north of Cienn.iny - Wh.it kinmlnin ? What iwn empires in the e.ist ? What empire and republic in the suuth ? What three cmintriis in the west ? Which is the lar^esi state of the furman Empire ? What stales are in the south ? What stale is north of the r.ussian I'rovince of Urandenhurj; ? Wh.it state is hetwoen Prussia .and Bohemia ? What province borders on I'ranee ,' What live rivers, llowin),' northwards, cross Cierinany ? Which are the Iwn chief tributaries nf the Rhine ? Wh.it river flows e.ist through southern (iermany ? What iiiniintains sep.irate (lerinany from Hohenii.i ? Wh.it mountains are in the interior? What innuniains south nf Havari.i ? What mountains in liaden ' In Alsace? In ThiirinKia ? What cily is Ihe c.ipit.d of I'russia ? Of Ii;ivaria ? Of Saxony' (if Wiirteinberi,' ? Ofliailen? What cities are on the Rhine? What cily nn Ihe M.iin, near the Rhine? On the Danube' Ne.ir the month of the Weser !■ Near the mouth of the l-Ube ' Northeast of HambiirK ? Near the ir oiith of Ihe Oder? Near the month of the Vistula? North-east of Danlzic ? North nf Koenigsbert! ? In Silesia nn Ihe Oden ? What cities in Uavaria on Ihe .M.iin ? What city south of bambert; ? What cily in the north-west of Saxony ? In Rhenish I'russia, west of Cologne' In H.imiver, on the river Leine'? Wh.at islands are opposite the mouth nf the Odor ? What Inni; bays (Hafl') are on the IJaltIc coast ' Wh.it islands off Ihe west coast nf SchleswiK-Hnl- slein ? What bay nff ( lldenbnrK'. nn the North Sea ? Holland. — What cminirv is east of Holland? Snnth ? What water on Ihe nnrlh .and west ? Wh.it sea is ir. Holland ? What island.^ .ire nlf the nnrlh coast? What river crosses the eneniry ? What tribnt.iry does it receive ? What city is on the Zuyder Zee "' Wh.it cily south of .Vmsterilam ' What c itv is the capit.il ? What cily is near The II,iKne to the nnrihe,isl ? What city is ,it the mmith of the Rhine ? Belgium, Wli.it enunlry is east nf llil(,'iiim< North- Smith' What w,iler nn the west ? What Iwn rivers lln« thrniiuh Heluinni ' Wh.it mnun- lains are in the south-e.ast ? What city is the c.ipilal ' Whit city is .it the mouth nf Ihe Siheldt ? Wh.it two cities are nn the Ma. is ' Wh.il tun cities are in the western part of the country ? Kl'.Vll.W l'lxi;i'.CIS|..S. States. — Will re ii it I lli>\' lioiiihliil / W'luil is III,- iliiif lutiii or tily f Prussia? H.ivaria ? S.ixony ? Wurteinlx.rK? Hadeu ? Meekli nlmrg ' .Vlsii I ■ Lnrriine ? Islands, —In wlmt dirt\iiun fruin tlw luitrt-st liiitit .' liv u-litit ivntir siir- riniiutt'ii i Riijjen ' I'sedom ? W'nllen ? Nnrlh l-risian ? I'risian ? Seas and Bays. — IlVn// ie.'i)//rv lA'is il iiulnil ur \iish / l)f ulint hvily vf watir ii it tin iinu / Ualtic ? North? Dantzic ' Knrische Half? Irische Hill' Melliner Haff J.ide (r,j//'-,/,n)? Zuyder Zee ? Mountains. -In ■.^■IhiI purl uf the cmiiilry ,irt- llu\.' In t.'liiil ilirntivn Ju i lltiy CAlcnd f ' Riesen-Clebir^e? Mrz-r,ebirue? Hiihnier-Wald ? Il.iri/? Thnrin^lan I I-'orest? .Vlps? Black l'"orest ? Vosges ? .Vrdennes? Rivers. —I I'/'iri Jois il rise' I'l .■i'/iii( ,lir,\liun tlon il jlmc / Tliruiif;li j what coiinlrits I liilt> wliiil huilv vf witlfr I I Rhine? I-:ibe? Oder? Westr? Vistula? Danube? Main? Mnstllt? 1 Ma.is? Scheldt? I' If 86 POLITICAL EUROPE. Cities. Ill ii'lidl fiarl «/ t <• counlry ? How iil:uitiil ? IIitIhi' Miiniili' |)rus(ii:n? StiittK.'irt ? Cirlsnilif "' ^llr.•lsl)llr).''' M.iim- liiiin' Mayirid' Ciililin/.? Himn ? ColnKiii'? I liissclilorf ' I'niiikf.irt ' K'^itishim? i:iin? Hrr-,..c-n' ll.unlmrK? I.iiliick? Sirtlin? D.intzir? Kiiiiii^jslicrK? Minid' li-isl.-iii ? H;inilHr«> Wnrl/biirK ' NiircmbcTt; ? I.iipzii > .\ix-l.-iCMi.iixllc ■ II,ini)V.r' .\m-.l.-nlain ' Ilireclit' Tlif H.iRiui? I 1 yclcii ' KuttiTil.im ' Itirsi'ls: Anluiip' Nainiir' l.iuKu' Ghent? llruHcs? c; i:im.\\ iimimri:. 'I'lic German Empire is :i Confcilrraiion composcil cf Iwciity-six .Slatt'S (sec. Stalistic.il I'.iMc) iiiidcr iIk; Prcsiili'iitship of ilic Kiiij,' of I'riissia, wiio hears tlu: hiTcdilary title of "("icnnan l^nipcror." TIk; l.irtji'st of llust' Sliitcs is \\\v. Kiiiu''li>iii of rrussiii; the next ill iiiiporUincc mv. the Kiiit,'(loiiis of Saxonj-, I5;ivaii;i, and W'iirtcmlicij,', In Extent till' iinpirr is .iIhui! tlii' s.iini; size .is I'ranci', l)Ul contains onc- fifiii niDii' iiili.'ibilants. Tlu; Surface of Cn rmany is f,'encr.->.lly flat, foimin;,' par"^ of the Grtat iCastiii! I'laiii, and is boiiicR'd on the s aitli liy tlic motintains of the Cemral liigh- lantl. The only iiioinitainK in tile interior arc the low ran^'es of tlu' Hartz Mountains near the centre, and the Black Forest (S'-hwartz walil) in tli ■ south -wist. The rivers are nii- inerous and valnalilr for navi{,'.'i- tion. Till' Soil in tlie south and west is fertile, Ivit .i larf^e part of llie north-ea:;t coi^'sts of sandy stepiK's and liajrLH 1 eaths. The Climate is mild ii. tlie western or Khenisli districts; iiinist on the coast of the 1 alti'-; and culil ill the east. The I'iiicipal Pro- ducts are <^t;iu , ila; lenip, anil heetroot tor the niai.nfac- iJliKLIN: I'LACU DBS Gii.NS u'Ar.mhs. This Imperial power is resiricteil, in the exercisp of certain fiinnidns.lnihe ni^CL'Ssity of sccurint; the assent of the I'arli.inicnt (Kiichstag) coniiicised of npresent.itivi'S elected by the people. This Parliament has, in . irt.iin matters, the right of control, liach State is also a limited monarch), i xccpt. ing the three I"ni^ Citii's, which are republics, and i-.k h has its own iiiiirnil government. Alsace-Lorraine is an Im|x,'rial Territory, and is umler tlu> direct control of the Imperi.il Ciovernment. The jjrevailinj,' Religion is the Protestant, hut rathci more thanone-thiid of the popnlatioii are Roman Catholics. (K iniaiiy is noted for its complete and coinpreliensive educational system. The Universitier. are also famous. The People of the Gerniiiii Empire are of one nationaliiw The nuinher of (iennans in the surroundiiif( countries (Austria, Switz- erland, etc.), may he estimated at ahoiit 13,000,000, so that lliere is ill luirope a total of 58,000,000 of Cierman-spe.ikinj; iieMplc, Berlin, the capit.il of Prussia and of the German Empire, is a i)e,iutihil cit\', with exti'nsivi: manufactures ;md coinnierce. Hamburg, the second city in importance, is the leadir.;,' centre of comni' rce and shipj)int(. Breslau is iiotdl for its large tr.ulu and great wool fair. Munich, the capital of lia- varia, is rinowneil for its splen- did art-gallery and for its liti r- ary institutions; Dresden, tlie capital of Saxony, is celeiirated for its art-gallery and for its chiii.i; Leipzig for its i^'ieat fairs, attended by merchants from jillpartsof the world; Col- ogne, as the principal seal of conimerceon tiie Rhine, and for its cathedral; Frankfort, as a great financial centre; Koe- nigsberg, Dantzic, Bremen and Stettin, as large and im- portant shipping ports; Mag- deburg and Mayence as two of the strongest fortresses in Europe; Strasburg for . s tine of sugar; in the w, inner southern valleys, tlie vine, maize I cathedral; Nuremberg and Chemnitz for their manufactures, aiul tobacco are cultivated. Cattle .inil sliei j. are also raised. ^ Besides the above, Germany possesses many large cities ini- The valley of tlu Rhine is famous for its wiiii s. The Minerals of Germany, though not extensively distributed, are valuable - iio", coal, copjier and zinc. Amber is found on the coast of the ]...iltic. The chief Industry of Germany is agriculture and raising ca'tle. L.irge qiiaiitiiiiS of ;igriciiltural jirodi'cts are exjiorted. Manufactures are extensi\e and v.iried ; they consist largely of linen, cotton .iiid woollin fabric, ;iiid of leather, earthenware, glass, paper an 1 tobacco niamifactiires. l"or Commerce, Genn.inv r.mks third in the European States, Gre.it liiilain being (irst ;ind I'raiue second. The Exports .ire chielly textile anil felt fabrics, clothing, gr.iin. cattle, jiro- visions. leallier, wiiU', beer, nutal- and wnod-work; and the Imports, foreign produce fur Consumption and raw materials .'or manuf.icture I'he Government of the German Empire is a limited mon- archy and is in the h.-uids of the iMiiperor ;iiid of the Ecderal Council (Huiidesrath) composed of representatives from each of the States. portant for their universities, their trade, or their manufactures. ST.VTES OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE— ST.VTISTICAL TABLE. 4 Kingfdoms— Prussia linviiria Stixiitty Wiirti inhtfif 6 Grand- Duchies . . . . 5 Duchies 7 Principalities 3 Free Cities— I.iih.rk Ur,mcn ........ Hdiiihurts I Imperial Territory Alsiui-Lurruiiu.. , 28,(j;S 7-1 5" :S,7.i 4..VJ7 2.150 Jf« 5..''ti 206,^76 J7.V57i i3''7-!3 45J.SO9 45,234,001 Strasburg. tain fiinctiiMis, bvthe clistat-) <'.mii„,sfd of K'lit lias, iiTtain ■il nidnarchy, except- lias its own iiui-rnij ■y, and is imhUt the but rather mon. holies, (iclln.llly iicational 'iVsiciii. nationality. The :s(.\ii.stri,i, Switz. ooo, so that tliiTi' leaking,' inciplc, 111,111 litiipiic, is ,1 ;ui(i coiiiiiK tie. lie leadiiifj ccntru for its large ti.nle jI fair. le capital of lia- vned for its siiiiii- : and for its hti r- is; Dresden, the ony, is celeliraled Ucrj' and for its zig for its ^,'reat d hy mcrehants aft lie world; Col- ])riiicipal seat of ;hc Khiiie.and for Frankfort, as a il centre; Koe- mtzic, Bremen as large and iiii- ing ports ; Mag- Mayence as two est ■ fortresses in asburg for ■ s ■ir manufactures. >' large cities iiii- ir nianufactun s. iTIC.VL T.\BLi:. Q.I 11 Herlin. 4.77« Municli- 2,Su5 Oresdeii. I.iiS StultKarl. o.57 .1.571 l^7^i J.SOg 6,670 StrasbiirR. 4,061 i » i 14i, M ;r^ ! ^ POLITICAL KUROl'E. i^7 5> I '^ I 1 >v'C HOLLAND. The Kingdom of Holland or The Netherlands occupies the i.jwest part of the (ireat Lowland Plain. 1: includes .dso tb;^ Grand-Duchy of Luxemburg. Tn Extt.it it is lesF th.in h.-ilf the size of New Hrur.' wick, bin has a popu- lation t' ■,!• iy Lii'.iai to that of the whole Dominion. Tic Surface is intersected hy rivers ami by numerous canals, .— iii f.ict, a net-work of water-cour.ses. Most of ii is below the level of the sea, ^nd was formerly overflowed by the sea at hiKh» tide, but it is now protected by immense embankiients called Tile Soil is '■jrtile and is cultivated with great care, jroducin),' hcnip. fla.x, madder (I instead of coal. The streams have no water-power, but the Dutch make winil-miirsiierforrn ,ill kinds of work. 1 he canals which are frozen over in « inter sirve as hi(,'h- .v.iys for the people on their skates. The principal Industries of the Dutch are agriculture and dairying, but some of their Manufactures have a high reputa- tion — tlie fine linens of the nonh and the earthenware ( unar. flax, madder, cattle, and dairy products; thi- Imports, colonial produce, metals, and raw materials for m.inufacturi- The Govern.'nent is a limited monarchy under a King, and a Parliament cjnsistiiig of two Houses. The people belong principally to tlie Reformed Duich (Protestant) Church, but aboiit one-tl .rd are Ro!nan Catholics. Tliev arc of the Teutonic The Foreign Poaac ssi cn s f M.OIan.l ,ire cuisiilerable— I the l^.ist Indii'^, Java, Celebes, ir..t {. rii r- .f Borneo, Sumatra md New Guinea, j ilii' Moluccas .iriA vvtrtt >3i»;Vr iJnd- \n >. .uih .\iiuTic.i, Surinam, "r I Duiih (liiiin.^: and in the We^i Ir'ies Curasao and fi>eother small isl,inds I The Hague is the s*-.n of the Court. Amsterdam is the I c.ipital and rlucf comm«.-rrj.-i! rijy: it is noted fin .'s i aii.ils and for its diamond cuttins:. Rotterdam, the second city in ; imti-d fur its distilled lii;ui>rs. Utrecht and Leyden are in)j»< .riant cities. i iJELdHM. Belgium is the smallest of the I'uropcan States (e.\ce[)t .Montenegro), and is the most (.li;nsely popii lated. The Extent '•( Relgiam U little more than one-half that of Nova Scotia, but till population is one-fourth more than that of the whole Dominion. The Surface of the north is flat. Like Holl. iid, it is tra- versed by canals, and the coast is protected by Diiius, Imig hills of sand thrown up l>y the waves. In tin- s.Mith it is nuiic hilly and is rich in minerals. There is no country in the i«iorld in which ai;ricnlt»re I'.as atlaineil to a higher pitch of perftntion Iittie more than one-eighth bein),; uncultivated. The chief Minerals are r<al centre of for(ij,'n <-oniiiier( <■. Ghent is an important manufacturing city, noted for its ojuvrs; Liege, for its extensive ro.il mines and iron-works; Bruges for manu- factures; and Mechlin for lace. •* QfKSTIO.VS ON TIIK M.\l'. Italy. — What two r-tuntries are on the nonh of Italy? What mountains si'parate them from Italy.' What country is o;, the north-west? What mountains separate France from Italy ? Wha'. w.iter i < on the east ? On the uest? What islands to the south "" Mow is Sicily separated from the niain- l.uid? What str..it separates Italy frn the «^M ' What States on the southfast ? What water is on the south-west' What Kingdom iKcupiis the centre of the country? What mountains are in the mirth east' In the northwest? In the south-west' Near the eastern shore of the .\driatic Si'a ? What lake is in Hungary ' What two lai, - cities are on the Danul)e ? Whic h is the capital of .Vustria- Which of Hungary? What city is in the aorlhwest (in Hohemia)? What city is suuth-east of I'ra^jue? What city is in the iiorthea.st (in r,,alicia. ' What city in Oalicia is on the Vistula? What .'.ustrian sea. port is at the head of the ,\driatic Sea ' What two protected states are south of .Austria? Wli.it is the i .ipil.d of Bosnia ^ Roumania, Serria and Mooteneg^o. -What two proviuiis ((institute Kouni.ini.i.' H'A i- it silajte 1 - .Whit ri\er partly separates il from Hul- Karia? What river firms the north-eastern iMiundary ' Wh.it se.i is on the east' Wh.at city is the capital' What ciiies are on the D.inulic? What city in the north ? How is Servia silnatcul ' What is the capital ' What name is nivcn to the pass where the fVanuln.- l>ri-ai.s ihrmiKh th. ('arpalhi,iTi ininintains ? How is Muntene^.u situate*!? • >r' what sea ? Wh.it is the capital ? xs roi.iiicAi. i:uRO?E. 1 Turkey. Wli.it j^i niiu-c is inirtlir.i,t of Tinkry? nSnl^iirln i What si.nes ar. ;.iria? What port :ias ItukMri,! . th.- Hlack Sea? Greece. -Wli.it country is north of ( Inner? \\ h at u.itcrs on the west ami south? On the east? Wh.it isl.iiul is north-east of the niainlanil? What peninsula is in t. e south? Wli.it k'nlf is north of the Morea ? What t;r<'iip "f islanils is south ea ' of it ? Wh.it K'roiip of islae Is is west of Cireece? What cajx* forms the southernmost point of Cireece? What <"it\" is the capital? What town is on the ilulf of l.ep.uito? What two ports arc i:i the Ionian Islands.' What one in the lycl.ules? I\!-.\ll-.w I']\l.Krisi:s. Islands. — /m whnf tlirntimi t'niiit tlii luiifif.t Itiiiil / Hy . ttitt rcntt'rs sur- r'luinlt ti .' Sicily? I.ipari? Malta? Sardinia? Corsica? l-^lba? Cinilia? Ne- f:ropMit? <"\'cl;i»les? loiii.in? Capes, —i'rnm :,'li,tl f-itil of tli, niiiillry i/ee.s il f^rnj,, I : liitii ;,'liiil r.'.i/, c' [j-ur.if Siiartivento? I'.issaro? M.it.ipin? Seas and Gulfs Wlml ,;ios]ihorus? Dardanelles? Peninsula. — l-^nnn Ji'luil coiiutyy dot's it prujiCt i^- Into u-luit u'titiit,'e? lialkan? Kimliis? Rivers. — Whcrt- titits it riit'? In wlial tlirt-ftivii iltit-s It flow .' Through whttt ttiiiittrits ' Iillii 7,'htit Ittttly tif Welti r ' I'o? Tiber? Danube? Save? Drave? Theiss? Prnth? Lakes. — ItVn re situtilttl .' MaHgioro ^.Uii/i-yorvJ .' Como? (larda? Halaton (or I'latten See)? Cities. -Ill what piii-t of Iht- country .' How sitmittil .' Komt:? Turin? Mil.iu? lioloi^n.i? \'eiiice? I-"lorence? Naples? I.ei;- horn ? (lenoa? Palermo? Messina? t'.itania? Hrindisi? Vienna? Huil.i I'esih? rraRUe? JJriinn? Lembert,*? Cracow? Trieste? Hosna-Serai ( Strtijtvo) ? Cettetije? Hukharesi? (ialatz? Jassy? Belcrade? «'on stantinople? (lalliiioli? Saloniki ? .Adrianople? Sophia? Varua? .Athene? I'atras? forfn? Z.inte? Svr.i? ITALY. Italy lornis tlic inidtllc Mcninsiil.i of .Sdiitlurn I''ii- n>|)<'. .iinl inrliidt's tlif isl.iiuis uf Sicily, Sardinia, Elba, aiul alxtiil si.\i\- small islands. Italy is i.itlie"- l.ir^er til, III I inlario in Extent, but contains fourteen iinn-s the population. The coast line, incliidiiiK' that of the islands, is ,\.'t^Jt miles in Ien>;lh, far gre" . in proporlimi to its si^e than that of anv other country The roll, 'vv- is iiintiiitaiiunis Inil In .iiitiliil .i;ic| feiiili iintcil for its picliircsi]!!!' scfiuTV. Tlir Climat'" is drlii^'lufnl, .md Italy is a am^a wiiilor resort Im iiivaliils Irom iiiurt; norllierii countries. The heat of summer is in some places oppressive, and renders large tracts iininh.ibilible on .account of Miiltiriti, as ill the f'anipa.i;na di Konia. the I'on line M.irshes, .and the Tuscan Mareitime. in the iiiirlh is the fertile valley of the I'n, or I'lain of Loin liartK, lietween llie ..Ips and .\jierinines, and sotitli of that tlie Surface is a taliiel.nid, traversed liy the ,\pennines throu;;hoia till' lenRtli of the |ieninsiila. Fhe islands are generally luoiin tainotis. The average elev.ition of the Northern and Southerr Apennines varies from \.ooo In 3,000 feet . in the central part of the range several summits rise to the lieit,'ht of 7,cKjo to S.ooo feet, and Ml Corno is 1), 521 feet. Italy contains the only volcanoes in Europe, and is subjcc* to earthquakes. Mt. Vesuvius ^\ (lunoa? l;;.iik? ■/.•' U'litil ilirtitinn (III na (;•.)? Stmni- ■'■ Noric Alps? ialkan? Kiii'liN? / Tbroiigli uluil 1? ilttii See) ? ' Naples? LoK- \'ionna? I!u(i.i I? Hnsnri-Serai ?i'l),'ra(lc? ('(in- Varna? Atlien-? idtrs large trail. Kuma. the I'liii 'laiii of 1,011) til of that 111. •s tliiuufthom iiorallv iiiouii .|iemiMies varies ral siimniits ri^,' Italy ciintains Mt. Vesuvius roi.i iicAi. i-.rRoi'K. 89 inNapli^. Mt. Etna in Sicily, ami Stromboli (Upari Islands), are volcanoes. InlSSi an eirtli'inake destroyed tile towns on the island of Istdlia, near N'apl'-. and many lives were lost. Thr Products of Italy oomliiiu tropical fruits with tin; vcgu- laiioii of the warm temperate re;,Moiis. The I'lain of the I'o contains the chief rice-lields of Knrope. and Sicily proiliii I's abniulance of wheat ; the olive attains its ()erfeetion in It.ily. More raw silk is prodiiceil than in any other country of ICnrope, most of it hri.i^; exported to IVance. Italy is not rich in Minerals, I'ut iron, copper, le.nl, sulpluir, stoiK', salt, coal ami others are fouiul; the marbles foi statuary are famous. The most famous inirblu quarries are those of t'arrara. north -west o| Lucca. The principal Industry of the ])eoplc is ai,aiculiure. Manu- factures are chietly conlined to articles for liome consumption. althlMl,^'h the silks, artificial flowers, straw hats ami music. il instniinents of Italy are much esteemed ami are exported. The Fisheries, not.dily of the sardine (so-called from Sanlinia) and anc'- -vv, are of considerable importance. Spont;e and coral abound along the shores of the Mediterranean. The Commerce of Italy is smaller than that of any of the other ),'reat powers of Europe, and is princi[)ally with I'rance. Gil It liritain and Austria. Till- Exports consist chielly of silk, olive-oil, wine, fruits, iish, cattle, straw- hats, sulphur and marlile; the Imports, of cotton, wool and other raw mnlrrials. KT'iin, machinery, and manufactures of iron .and cotton. The Government is a limited mon,uch\, and the established Religion, Roman ("atholic. The People are of the Romanic race, and are distinguished for their love of art^music. sculji- tiire and ])ainting. Italy was formerly composed of independent .Uates, but in iNjo became one itnitetl kin;,'dom. The small reptiiilii; of San M.irino alone retains its iiule])endtnce. Rome, the capital of Italy and formerly the capital of the world, is still a maj^'iiificeiit city. Tlie splendor of its l)uildin<,'s and architectural ruir,'; attest its former glory as the most noted city of anti(]uity. Rome is the art-centre of tlii' world. It con- tains the palace of the Vatican, the residence of the Poi)e, tin luad of the Roman Catholic Church. St. Peter's Cathedral {sci ciii^niviiii;) is the grandest ecclesiastical structure in the world. Naples, the largest city of Italy, surpassis every city in luirope for the beauty of its situation and apiiearance. .Vmong its varied manufactures are macaroni and vermicelli, which are in.nle from flour and form the principal fo(jd of the people. Turin is famous for its silk maiiufact'ires ; Milan is a large and important city, with a famous cathedral; Florence, called the '• Magnificent," is ilistinguished as a seat of science and art, and for its collection of paintings and statues. Genoa ami Leghorn are the most important sea-ports. Venice, built on a hundred small islands, is famous for its canals, which form the streets of ilie city. Palermo, Messina and Catania in Sicily have an ( xlensive commerce. Cagliari is tl:e principal town in Sar- dinia. Brindisi is the port of call for the mail steamships on till' route between Great Britain and India. Besides these, tlu re art; many large and celebr.ited cities in Italy, as Bologna, Padua, Ferrara and otlu rs. The Republic of San Marino, situated east of ITorence, is a very small I'ut ancient republic, and still m.iintains its independence. The whole extent is less than thirty-ono sijuaro miles, and the population only amounts to 7,Sj6. The Principality of Monaco is situated near the frontier of l"r,iiu e It comprises ..111) . '.i.iut vi^lit s.juare miles in extent, with .1 jK>pulatioii of 7,04.) inhabit. lilts. .\rSTR!.\ lirXC, .\RV. The Austria-Hungarian Empire is, next to Rus- si.t, thr I. truest I'.iiriipf.iii si. lie, iiiul (■(iinprisfs tlic Aiistri.m .Si.itc i-i(I ihf I fiins^.iri.m ".Si.itc, c.uli li.iviiiL,' its own l';irli,Linciu. ininisiry .iiul ailiniiiisir.itioii inuii'r llu; siimc So\c'rLMo;n, wlio is ICinpcror of .\iistri;i ami Kinj.^ of lliini,rary ami Bohemia. The Turkish I'roviiui s of Bosnia and Herzegovina are also under the control of .Viistria. In Extent, it is not so l.irge as the united I rovinei'sof Ont.iri.i .mil (.Ulelu'C, but coiitai' s more than eleven times their {Hipulation, or about the s.iuie as i'rance. The Surface is in general mountainous, except in the Hun- garian I'hiin (j.c- Pliysual Map of Jiiiropi), and the Climate is mild ;iiid healthy. Ulu.V I'liSl 11 ; C.M'IT.M. OK IIUNOAKV. The Soil is fertile, producing gr.iin of all kinds, beet-root, flax, and wines, but is for the most i)art poorly cultivated. .\s a wine-producing country, Austria-Hungary is second only to France. .Austria is especially rich in Minerals — gold and silver in Transylvania and Hungary; iron in (^arintliia and Styria; cojiper, iron and lead in Galicia ; (luicksilver in Cariiiola ; ami the celebrated s.dt mines near Cracow. The principal Industries .ire agriculture and mining. Manu- factures are conlined almost entirely to the western part of the country, and coi.sist chiefly in beer-brewing, cottonspiiming ami weaving; glass-ware (in Bohemia); metal and leather-work. Commerce, owing to the small extent of sea-coast, is neces- sarily liiniteil, anil is chiefly carried on through German) . The Danube, navigable for Sou miles within the limits of the uiunarchy, is an important highway for trade. 't1 90 POLITICAL KL'ROPE. i Tin: cliii'f Exports [iri; wine, wlirat. fruits, and mnnufnclnn^s of U'atlur, metal, (,'lass, w(hi I^'k'islalive Assinihly composed of two Houses, hut the l.iw is at present in alieyanee. The provinces are ruled liy p.ach.is, and the whole country has suffered severely from had KoviTnment and finm the rapacity of the rulers. The Province of Eastern Roumelia, altlioU',;h under the ilirecl sovereinntv of the Sultan, has its own ^'nvernnient and administration. The I'rincipalitv I'f Bulgaria is .also under the sovereiKUly of the Sultan, Imi has its own );iiviriHnent, and the legislative (wwcr is in the hands of a (hamtier of Depu lies .iiid a hereditary I'rince. The Inhabitants belong to three r.tces the Si.uonic in iiiil i;aria and the north-west; the Mongolian (Turks) in the centre; and the Romanic (Greeks) in tlie south. The Turks are the ruling class and are Mohammedans. The others belong chiefly to tile (ireek Church. Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire and resi- dence of the Sultan is beaiitifulls- situated on the Bosphorufl, and has one of tli • I'lnest h.irbors in the world. It contains many s|)leiidid and gr.iceful-lookiiig luosqiic!: (or churches) and other buildings, whu h give it ,1 m.igniticent appearance from without, but til ' streets are n.trrow .md ilirty. and the houses low and ii.idly built. Adri.inople is tin; chief seat of the silk, cotton .ind woollen m.iiirf n tuns, and is noteil for its .itt.ir ol roses. Saloniki is the second cit\' in size, and is the principal seaport. The island of Candia, the .ircient Crete, in the Meditvranean, south of the Archiixilago, lielon«s to Tnrkiy. Kor'MANIA, SI'K\1.\ AND M o NT i: N' f.C. Ud. Roumania, Servia ami Montenegro, iornu-rly tributary to Turkey, hccanii: independent in 1S7S, after the Russo-Tiirkish war. In Extent, they are to>;ether one-third less iliin Ontario, but contain more llian Ihrer times the population. I'he Surface in the west Montencgrr) ,ind part of Servia — is mountainous ami is covered with forests, bill the e.ist comprises the fertile Wallachian Plain, where wheat, tob.tico, wine ,ind fruits art! produced in great abundance. In the mouiitainotis pai". of tin- country, cattle, horses, sheej), goats and swine are raised in large numbers. i ( I'or Continuation — s<<- nt.xl ptii^e.) KlKOl'H -STATISTICAI. KICIHRENCH TAIU.K. State. Russia l-inliin I'ariits luiil hcliiud . . . . i Great Britain— roi'ci.A- TION, Iiiif;liin.tjoo ^ ■' j.oiJ.OijS 40.5J7 ' 5S. (JO ' 25.968,286 C.M'ITAI., I'OI'II.A- TION. I'RINril'AI. l-^xroRTS ■t' '1 140 445 St. relerslinrK Christiania Stoi khi>liii CopenhaHen ] 87'^'. 575 : 'irain, flax-seed, hides, hemp. flax, '.allow and wool. 7fi,,S(if) 1-ish and timber. '7'''74.i C,rain. iron and copper. London. Ettroptum Pttsst'ssiuiis. . . . France Switzerland Spain I Andorra and Conorit's. . i Portugal I Aznrrs and Mudeira .... \ Germany Holland 1 Luxemburg Belgium Italy 1 .SiiH Miirino and Monmo \ Austria- Hungary 1 I.it'i'hti-nsti'in i Greece Turkey • Bulgaria i Roumania Servia Montenegro 30.4'''.l ijfi 201.015 15,81 1 ■ 'M-75 35.4<''0 206,476 •■3594 11.251 1 1 3.-! .(7 238,874 24,711 124.676 49.640 18.561 .(■45° 3735.573 5.73'''-!'4 175. "86 176 ! 1 37,672,048 186 1 1 2,846,102 I. So 16,629.084 ,S6 , 4.550.609 12S 45,234,061 219 4.323.647 3.H 5.5'9.844 4'^ l>linburf;h Kulilin I'.aris. Berne . . Madrid . Lisbon I lierlin | I .\msterdam (Com'l). (The tLaKue(l'olifl). Brussels 28,474,316 (.',7.''f'g.9.54t '( 9. '24 1.979.423 8,631,400 5.376,000 1.700,211 236,000 25' 158 80 69 108 91 68 Romt. ; Vienna i Athens ; Constantinople I Bukharest . . . . I HclRrade I Cettenje TOTAL. 3.783.,So8 , 328,751,789 87 234,850 3.SM.571 289.338 338.579 2.269,023 44.087 397,690 246.343 1,222,330 328,047 ) I23,4<)9I 162,498 272,010 1.103,857 6f>.374 700,000 221.000 26.651 2,000 Cattle, Krain, and dair\- products, (Coal. iron, tin, salt . inanuf.iclures of iron, wool, cotton, ( earthenware, etc (M.achineiy, iron ships, maniif.ictures of iron, cotton I and wool. Agricultural products, linen, copper and le.id ore. (Silks, woollens, and other wovc'n fabrics; wines and I articles of fashion (Clocks, watches, jewellery. I.ice and other woven fa- I lirics, dairy products. Wines, fruit, metals, wool and cork. Port wine and fruits. (Textiles, felt, grain, cittli-. provisions, leather; metal ( ar,d wood-wi)rk. Refincc sugar, tlax. madder, cattle and dairv products. I Flax, wrought iron, linen, woollen and cotton goods; ( l.ace, cutlery and hre-arms Silks, olive-oil, frnit, cattle, sulphur and m.Trble. I Wine, grain, fruits, manuf.acturesof leather, metal, glatis 1 and earthenwari'. Currants, oliveoil. (igs, lead, and skins of sheep and goats. Silks, carpets, attar of roses, tobacco. Grain, cattle and skins. S ! 92 POLITIC. \I, F.rPOi'K. Till- Commerce r)( thn country is chiefly by way of tlic Damibi;. Till- Exports arL- (,'raiii, rattle ami skin>, most of wliich ','0 to Austria and Great Britain. Till' Go\''enimentS r>f Rouinania and Scrvia are iiniitcd heredi- tary KM';,'d()ins, and the liTjislativc (xiwi-r is vi^tid in eieftivc p.irliai ;. .is; ihat of MontcnL^ro, ilic smallest stale, is an abso- lute hereditary monarchy under a Prince. The People belonj; chiefly to the Slavonic race, and the Greek is the national ( hiirrii. Bukharest, the capital of i'loumania, carries on a consulcr.ihlt trade m ^.'raiii, timber and wool. Galatz anil Jassy are import- I ant cities. Belgrade, a strontjly furtilied rily, is llie r,ij)ii,,| ,,f I Sen-i.i. Cettenje {Clut-fcn'-vny) is tin,' caiiital of Mim'.i ni ^jrn. Clllhl rn II. s AM> TiiUNS i)l-- l.rUOI'i: -KKIKKICNCI'; T.VIil.K. I r\ OR Town. London . . . Paris Berlin (TolINTKY. laiKlaiiil . France . . I (k'rm.inv Vienna . . . . . .1 .\iistri 1 St. Petersburg ... 1 Knssi.i . . Cop"tantinopIe .... Turkey . . Moscow I Russi.T .. Liverpool . . Manchester Glasgow . . . . . I IvuKlaml . ..' do . Scotland Naples . Birmingham Madrid Brussels .... Lyons Buda-Pesth Marseilles . Warsaw Dublin . ■ I Amsterdam . Leeds . . Hamburg Edinburgh i /-.■'"' I I Sheffield Breslau Rome . It.ily KnKl.ind . Sp.iiii .. HL'lKium . I'raiici! . . IFuiiHary I'rance . . Ku.ssia .. Ireland . . Holland . Kngland . Crennany Scotland . iingland . Germany . Italy Barcelona Spain Lisbon Copenhagen . Portugal . Denmark . Pope- I.ATION. .if*!-!..!?! I.I.'J.tJO i.Iof.Ss; 700.000 ''ii.'J7» .i5-'.t-'5 5'7vl' 5'i.5J-; »0.5.'7-- 4"".7.i7 i')~.fx)0 39-1.040 .t7''.,l'.l 360,099 .H9..?4i 3^S.047 NOTAI.I.K rK.KTCRKS. 309,1211 ■-•89.859 289.35S 284,410 2yi,gii 272,010 243. lo' -'46. .»H 234.850 ( ('aini.il l.ar«'st city in I till- win 1(1 ( Most iHMUtifiil cii\ of I'.iir ipe Notfd for in.inufacl'.ri's of I artii Ics of ai ; .;iifi fashion. jCipit.ll of the Ilmpirr -Man- uf.ictiirin),' anil conimcrcial ( crnlrr i Capital I'f tlir Ilinpirf Chief .si-at of in.'iniifartun-s and ci-minrrce -Noted for the m.ignitiience of its pnblii l>iiililint;s I Capital, and greatest ronimer I cial centre -Or the .Neva. I -Founded liv I'eter th ■ I Great Capital of theOttoman Kinpire I .\ncient capital. — Centre of' 1 inland trade. ' Ini|Kirtant .sea-jiorl. — Famous I for its docks. Centre of cntlon manufactures. I Important sea -port — Centre i of iron ship Imilding. 1' Largest city, and commercial I centre. — CcKlirated for ils picture.-iipie situation and manufactures of ni.acaroni and vermicelli 1 Celilirale.l for metallic manu- ( factnres, fC'apital — Noteil f ir its pal.ace "the Fscurial." .and its a*"I ( collection. 'Capital. — Noteil for l.u.c i m.aniif.acinres Centre of the silk maniifactur Capital of Hungary. I Iwirgest s<'a-|Hirt. — Centre for ( proiluceofsi>iithern l->ance ' Chiet' city 01 the Kussiai. ( Province of Poland. ' C.ipit.al and rsulenc- of the I Vi'jerov. (Commercial metropolis, wit!' large Fast Indian trade Fa- I mous for diamon; (U.ting. f Centre of woollen manufac- ( tures. (Centre of commerce and shipping for the German I limpire • Capital -Seat of science and I literature. ^.oted for cutlery and hardware. ' Import.int wikiI market and I manu' .cturim, ciiy I Ca[Mtal — Residence of the I Pope. (Most important city for "eal'l con^merce and I m.anu^aclures. 'Capital and principal seat of I commerce. Capital and chief naval station. City MiiP'ch, "^OWN. Country, Germany . I Turin Ilaly Bordeaux I'rance. . . Dresden Germany Bukharest Milan Newcastle . . inllcsh,.,-!. Bristol. . . Palermo. Odessa . Bradford Lille Stockholm . . . Belfast Antwerp Riga Prague Rotterd m Hull Stoke-upon-Trent. Leipzig Trieste Cologne Valencia Hanover Dundee Koenij^sberg Toulouse Genoa Frankfort ^eii) ///.• Miiiii) )" Seville Ghent koumania. It.aly ICngland . . do . . Sicily .... Russia .. . I'ngland .. France . . . Sweden . . . Irel.md , . . Belgium . . Russia . . . ,\iistri.'i . . . Holland , l^nj;land . . do . . Germany . .\iistria . . . Germany . Spain . . .. Germany . Scotland . . Germany . France ... Italy Germany . Spain .... Helgium . . Pope- I..ATUIN. Venice Italy Kherson .... Portsmouth Kiev Nantes St. Etienne. Russia . . . England . . Russia . . . Fri..,. . . . . do ,, 230,023 22f.,jJ7 -'-!i..io.i j2o,,SoH 221,000 214 004 211,101 206,503 205,712 '93.5'3 183,032 ■78.144 I7''>.74.'> '74.394 lf>9,II2 168,844 162,323 '57-:70 iM.^50 ' .5-:.4.S7 149,0s 1 144.844 ■41.772 143,8511 142,664 ■4--454 140.909 I40,!.S9 138.081 136,819 ■33.938 '3'.43' ■ 29,276 12' ,079 ■ ^7.953 127,^51 124.319 I.!3.8t3 NoTAHI.IC F'KATeRHs, (Capital of Havaria Nnieil for its art-gallery .iml Hiir- ( ,'iry instiliitions. Silk manuf,iclures. l•^\ports '■ Claret ' wine (C.ipitalof Saxony .Noii.l f.ir 1 its,irt-g.illeryand maniil.ic- ( ture of china. (Capital I'.xporls grain, tini- ( ber and wool. (Centre of silk-trade Ctlc- ( brated for ils catheili,il. Centre of coal trade. ( Important sea-(iort. — Tr.uli; I with .\merica. imiKirtant shipping port (Principal sea-porl on ihe Ulack Se,i .and most inip(.rt- ( ant wheat market. Manufactures of wnollens. (Centre of linen, cotton and ( wooUt'ii manuf.icHires. Capital — I'a minis arsenal. Centre of linen mannfaclnn s ( Imiiortant se,i-|x)rl.— Centrt- \ of foreign commerce I Sea-|iort - (.Lxporls gr.iin, ( hemp, and flax. Chief city of liohumia. ICommer- il city.- Noted f.ir , (iisiil!e(l liiiuoi: lSe.-|H)rt Triule .vith norih- I em I-Jiropean ports. Centre of potteries. Noted for its great fairs. The only imporiant sea-p.irl ( Famcnis cathedral. — I'rinci- 1 pal scat of commerce on the ' K':ine. Noted for silk manufactur.s I and fruit. ( Former capita' of the King- ( dom of Hanover. (Manufactun s of sail-cloll; ( Sea-iiort. (im|)ortant shipping port f"r i grain, flax, etc. Commerci.il city. I Most important shipping-pori ( of northern Italy. (Great financial centre of Ger ( many. (Toh.acco manufactures an I ( fruits. (Manufacturing city. — Noted I for gloves. (.\nc'ent city. — I'amous for in - canals and former wealth ( and splendor. ' \n important city on th.' i Dnieper. Naval depot and arsenal. (One of the oldest cities in t'le i Fmoire. Conimeicial city Centre of coal and iron t. ade. Liege . . . . Leicester. Florence . Lemberg . Danzig . . . Brighton . Rouen . , . Havre — Oporto . • Bolton . . Jassy \Vine r ^SV' POLITICAL EUROPE. 93 People lu'loin; |ii"n.il ( liiircli, ■ 1 <rt. I'raili; rira. i|ipinK pnri "■a-pnrt .III 111,' and inci^l iin|Mrl- inarkfl. of woollon.s. linen, cotlcm and laniifacKins. ncins arsenal, n niamifai Inns .sci.ixirt.— C.niro comincrce. I^xporls (,'rain. 1 lla.\. Siiliiniia. city.- Noli-il f.ir ipiiM. , "radc >vilh niirtli. 'ran ports. Icrii-s. [ruat fairs, inant sca-i'nri liedral. — I'rinti- commerce on the tlk maniifarlnn s ta' of the Kins,'. novcr. s of sail-cloth tiipping port for etc. )■• nt shippinR-jiori Italv. il centre of (".ir infactnrcs and K city. — \otcd -I'amons for ii^ former wealth tr. ; city on th.- 1 arsenal. lest cities in the nd iron fade. Cn\- ciH Town. The Hague. Liege Leicester Florence . . . , Stuttgart , . . , Sunderland . . Malaga Bremen Kichine7 Nottingham . Oldham Lemberg — Danzig Brighton ... Rouen Havre Oporto Bolton Aberdeen . . . , Strasburg . . . Blackburn . . . Bologna Kharkov . . . Nuremberg . Catania Chemnitz. . . Murcia COIINTRV. Jassy Popu- lation. NoT,\ni.E I'eaturei. Hollanil ... Itel^inni , . . England , . Italy Germany . . Kngl.ind . . . Spain Germany . . Russia , , . . EiiKland . . . (h) ... .Viistria . . . . Germany . . ICn^dand .. . I'rance . . . . do .... Portugal. . . England . . . Scotland . . Germany . , England . . , Italy [Seat of the Court, — Oistin- Kuishfil for its art-Kallcries ("iTv OR Town. Country. Popi'- I.ATION NoTABt.K KtATI'llKS. I-'.V.|OT I Russia Germany .. Sicily (lermany . . Spain Roumania. . i-i.t.'.ti i'7.103 I ir.,.;f,j I i3,s;6o 8i.57J 80.000 80,000 7S.64J 7X.t'i 7fi,S.97''> 7i.3.<7 f>«.J20 r>(),o<)5 r.5,o;s '■•.V7J0 63.374 Cj.ooo 6'. 390 57.7tt4 4«.S57 4S,i7''' 4S,iof> .44,o.S7 4.!.44' 26,970 I9.7.')2 1 1 .070 2,oao I Noli-il for its Kilh« .intl for two im|«>rtanl trcities of ( p<..\ce concluiled there. WiH'llen m.inuf.uturi's I Sea-port of Merthvr fveKil. '( — Coal .ind iron exixirts i I'rincip.d sea port Mjnii- \ fac lures leather Centre of >;r lin trade, ( .\n im|rl Smt'ltiuK copi^.r ores. (Capital -Noted for its an- ( cient splendor (Centre of silk, rarjiet. and other tnanuf.ictures —Noted ( for the attar of rosi's, (Ribbon and silk iiianiifac- ( lures. (Caravan trade — Centre of maritime commerce of the { Caspian Sea. C*oal and iron works. (Sea-port of St Petersburg. — ) Naval station F'xports wheat Cipilal Celebrated annual fairs (Capital.— A stronglv fortified I c't.v Capital. cio do Commercial. — Which is the most populous country of luirope? Which live rank nt v. ? Which four are ni'.irly ecpial in extent, ni'xt to Russia? Which countries contain a population about equ.al to the I )ominion of Can.ada ? Which less? What country contains the largest city? What three other cities contain over i,cxx),ooo inhabitants? What are most of the countries of Europe noted for? (Tli,ir ixliiisivc cnast-Unc.) Which has the greatest ex- tent of coast-line ? What republic has no co.ast-line ? What small kingdom ? What large empire has a very small coastline? What country is noted for its fisheries? What countries for fairs? For the production of raw silk? For silk manufactures? For (lax and hemp? I'or wheat ? I'rom what countries do He import cotton and woollen goods? Eace? Silks and riblxjns? I. in IS? Statuary marble? Cork? I'or' wine? Sherry wine? Claret Wire? Olive-oil? Currants and dried fruits? Att.ir of Roses? What (luntrics produce coal? \\.a7 Tin? Salt? Copper? l^ad ? Earthenware? What country builds iron-ships ? Which are the chief ports of Great Britain on the east ? Onthewest? In Ireland? Which are the chief ports im the Baltic Sea? On the Mediterranean? On the Adriatic? On the Black Sea? I'or what is London famous? (As the centre uj the icorld's commerce.} Voyages and Travels. —What cargoes are usually carried from Montreal GENERAL yUESTIONS. to LiverixKil ? (Wheat and cattle.) From Qucliec to GlasROw ? (Timber.) Throv.gl; "hat w.iters and past what countries would a vessel sail in going from St. Petersburg to Genoa? From I-j-ghorn to Trieste' I'rom Venice to Constantinople? What cargo would Ix; c.irried from Grewi to Montreal? I'rom Marseilles? From Bordeaux ? From Hamburg' Wh.-t cargo Aould a vessel carry fr"m Oi1e='-n to ! iverp. '"\ On 111.' nxlit 1-. till! iw..liiiin|«cl !!.» lii.in .aiiid, (iftwi call..| "ih.- rhip riiiii.T.nsa Ix-'ast of btinlni, as wrll as fur its milk ami li.iir. Tlic ape- siatuil .m llu^ trie Is tin-.. r .11 ■ _ oiilaiiK; it is nearly as lar^c as a man, ami iM-limt;- tu smiili-rastirn Asia, and to the islands uf ILtti."!) ami Sumatra. On tin- l.ft is tln' Imllan cli |iliai\t, lasily trained to \arioiis kinds of I ilmr. Ni.ir lil, fei't lies the zelm. or iloniestiiated saered Imll of India, marked liy a larK'e, fatly Inmp on thi' shonl.j. r' tin: Hindoos harness zelms and ride on them, l.nt consider it a sin to kill thera. Tliert conies tin' [■aroek, with his (^orKi'ons tail; he is also a native of India, The lu'U se.^ne repr.'sents a hiilfalo k.cpiiiK' at l>av a royal H.'nKal ti^cr. A sinxle -iKer is sometimes thel.rn.r of a iieiKhLorliood, pn.wliiiK aronnd the vllhiKes and earryiiiK off nnwarv natives, nil 1„. earns th,' title of " man-eater." Next is pr.'sented a nr.Mip of de,r; many species of deer, several of thi'in ecmrineil to this (Irand Oivision, .ire distrllMiled lhidiit;h .\si.i. finally, ue have a native of Tibet 111,1, ;ited 011 a yak, a p,viill,u- .miiiial of hlKh (iMitr.il Asia. Tiiu ;-ak K.'ts its II. line from the (iriiiil it is wont t.i utter, It li.,s .Aininely |,,n^. h.ilr, ,iiul /i thick, bu-liv nil, which is often cut off and sold while the aniiu.il is yet .iIIm'. Y.iks' tails are carried" Infer,' olfieersof slate, and their r.iiik is indicated liv the nuuihcr of Mils. The Cliiiuse dye these- tails r.-,l. and we.ir tliein .is 1 .ip urn/iinents PHYSICAL ASIA. I . ( ilM K M I 1|M HI I' I Ici.N. Asia tonus itic iiorth-fiisu m mass ot' iIk; l'],ist(.rn L'oiiliiiciu, of wliicli l^iiropc ami .Mrlca nia\- lie coiisiiliTcil as \asi peninsulas. it is till' iar^jcsl cif tlu' (iiaiul l)iv.- iiuis in size .itid tlic j^TiMttst in ])()|)til;i- liiin. It is tirsi in the iiimiliif .iiiil liciojil of ils iiKHinl.iiii s\slciiis; in llw txttnt .111(1 L'icvalioii of its iil.iti-.itis ; in tlu; .size of its pciiitisiilas, its s.tlt lakes or iiil.tnd .seas, ;iiui ils .■uciiipi'laj;oc's ; .ind- is rc- niarkahii- for the diversity of laci', laii- f,'u;ij,'e, reiioion ,ind civilization of it.s inliaiiit.ints. The Area of Asia is about 111,300,000 scpiari! miles, and its Population Is estimated ;it .ilxjiit Soo,ooo,ooa. ll comprise, about one-third of the land surface of the Klobe, .and mori' than one-h.ilf of the popnlatioii. The Outline of .\s-.i is very iik ^;nl,ir, hilt not so iiiucli as tli.it ol ICiirope. 'J'he eastern coast is indented hv iiuineroiis anus of the Pacific, and the souther urn coast ii\ dee)) litanclles of tile Indi.in < )e( .111. .\ reiii.irkalile feattiie is the ch.uii id isl.inds aloii^j the e.tstern coast. Tin Coast-linee.\(eeds35.iH)oniiles in leiif,'th. i'he j.iroe Rivers of .\sia are navi- ^;.ii:ie f,ir into the interior and afl'ord l.icilities lor roniiiierri.il iiaereonrse. I i'e Natural Advantages I'osses.sed liy -\si,i ate: its vahialile n.iliir.d ve^,', - t.tlile products, such as tea, rolTee, rice, iiuli};!), ,iiid spices; ,ind its e.xtensivi mines of the precivitis metals and stones. Asia is in ni.iny n'sp.vis the most interesting- of the Co.ind 1 1|\ Islons It u,is here ».!iat Ih. luim.in race was lirst pl.imcd. ami here that oc iiirrud mo.st of the interestinK events recorded in the Hibh-. It was the seat of early civilization .111(1 of the two great einpin-s of antiquity, the Assyrliiu and Persian. Here, too, orlj;inated the tribes that peopled Kuro;-.. and .spread the eh ments of society, civilization and learnlnR over the world. The descendant.-, of the tribes that remained in .\sia, however, instiMil of niakinj; pronrisb, haviMnther remained ftatioiriry or have sunk into the half-civlli7..(l or barljarous slate. N'i}.irly the whole population of -Asia is Pagan. called " the ^hip I Asi.i, TiU 1 ,„„) I! tri'i' is iliti.tu',^ isl.lluls lit 1;. TI'.., f I.itmr. Ni .ir In, poll thi'.sli.MiM, r; Then ciinu > ih. !iKor issometlnus ry natives, nil h,. iif clcer, sevir.il i.{ entral Asia. Tliu lul a thick, hu^hy re carried Kfi.r.> vu these tails re.l. of till' Inilian uic is tlicr and aflonl Iciioursc. ges ixissfssd ilalilial Virbarous state. l^:a is Pagan. (Ill «l»t? PMYSICAI, ASIA. ■t' i / /. ^ J n S . • ^ 9S II. (_>l I SIIONS OS Till': I'lnsKAi. Map. Outlines Wh.itihri.iiLiMiiM »,i li ilii^ sliiirr^ (if Aii.i } Til hIi.iI I nllllnrllls is it JKiiitil i>ll ihc ui'si i Wlial iithiniis inn III. 1-. Asia vvitli African Wli.it ittiul »ii|i.iratrs Alia frmii Nc'iili AriuTita? Natiif llii »i\sias prni'tratiiiKtiii'iaNlirii cii.i'l What islaiiiU anil [h n iiiMil.i lUMrly iiulcisc HiliriiiK Sri' (.S'.i' Miip i,f M'u/lMI //, /i(/>/|/iiCi ) Okliiitsk Sea - J.ij.an Si'a.' t'liiiia Sim ■> Wlial |ii iiin.Hiila is JH'lHii'ii Japan Sia ami Vrllow Sia ? What is- lamls aro cast uf ihr ICastirn Sia.' IIii« iHOkhulskSiai mi. miliil with J.ip.in Sra ' J.ip.in Si.i with the ICaslir n Sr.i ' Tin; IvasiiTii Sra with China Sia? Wh.it niilf is at ihi' 111 ail iif V.lliiw Sim? Whit is- 1 mil is liilwirn the l^.istirn Si.i anil China Sia' What iblanil is ill ihi; iHiriliLrn pan nl llir China Sta? What t«ii Kulfs an- iiinniTlril with tin; I hina Sim? What Kfal P'"' insiila is ai thr sl■nth■l■a^ll■rn ixtrrniity c.f \<\.\.'' \\ h.it sniallrr pinirisiila rxtmils Irnin it.' What isl.inils arr tu Ihr Nilllll of tlU'Si;? N'.inir ihr prinripal straits fniin tin- M.il- aysian I'lninsnla in ilic Knl Sim? What Krrat li.iy anil Mas are conniclnl with tin Inilian ( Icran ? Wli.it (^iilf i> mirth of thu .Vrahian Sia ' What gnlf wet? What fuin border seas are on the west of .Vsia ? W'h.it interior sea is in the west? Name ihe must nurtlierly cape. The three most southerly ca|x;s. What islands are in the Hay of Hin- Kal? In the Arabian Sea? What lari-e island is south of IIinilosi.,j. ' Highlands. What belief forms preiluminate in .\sia ' In what portion are the innstele- v.ited l.inds ? Name the pla- teaus of the Cireat Cenir.il I'latean Hell (besinninK frnin the west) ? Name the southern plateaus. Wh.it mountain r.inne is on the pl.iteaii of .Vsia Minor? Between .\sia Minor and KuroiH.-? What [K'ak is nu.ir the Taurus .Moun- tains? Ne.ir the lie.i.l of the Ked Sea? What ranges are north of the I'lateau of Iran ? Horder on the Plateau of Tibet ? On the I'lateau of Tur- kestan > The I'lateau of Monjjoli.i ? What two ranges are in the north-east of Highland .\sia ? In thesoutheast ? What is the loftiest mountain system of Asia? (Thi- Hinnilnya Moiinttiiiis ) Name the deserts in the I'lateau of .\rabia. In the I'lateau of Iran ? W'h.it great desert is near the centre of Asia? In wh.it part of .\si.a are the volcanoes? Lowlands and Drainage. — Where is the principal lowland of .\si.i ? What is it called ? With what ICuropean pl.iin is it connected ' What mountain system partly separates them ? In wh.it part are the tundras or mossy marshes ? What belt lies south of the tundras ? What plains south-west of I'm Ml Al. VlhW ill .\slA. the forest-lielt ? What three gnat rivers drain the Cireat Sibrririn Plain? Wh.it great river Hows into the Okhotsk Sia ? Wh.it ihrei- large lakes or sf the lij.u k ijufuiii ("urreiit ? What currents are in the Indian ( )ce.in - What variatiiju have the currents in the bay of Ijengal and .\rabian Sea ? ' i J ^ rin'sicAi, ASIA. I. i ! I I Geographical Circles. — Wlint ^riMt circle cr(iss;riati r p.ift iif Asia? In wliii li zuiic is tlu; iH)rtlila- la\si.in Archipcl.iHo? Of hi(,'hland Asia? What fisheries are carried on in the north .iiul northe.ist ? Where are the pe.irl lishuries? Where is the prii ip.d min- er.d re^jion of Asia? Name the chief niiin*rals. ^\'hat precious stones are found ? Where are they found ? III. — SuKi-AC , .\Ni) Dkain.\ge. Tht; Continent of Asia may Ih; divided into thrcci priiicijjal parts: - the Great Central Highland, the Great Siberian Plain, and tht; Southern Peninsulas. Ht;.sidcs these there is In- sular Asia, or the Japanese Islands, in the east. The Great Central Highland oxtiiuls from the Caucasus Moun- tains oil tlic west to the I'a'.-ilic Ocean on the east, f^radually expanding in breadtli until it embraces most of tlie eastern part of the continent. It consists of vast elevated plateaus traversed by lofty mountain chains. A belt of immense dry, sandy, or saline deserts extends tlironnh these plateaus from the Ked and Mediterranea'i Seas almost to the I'acilic Ocean. This belt is also continued westward through Africa to the .Vllantic Ocean. The high Plateau of Pamir may be considered as the cen- tral jioint, whence the mountain ranges diverge eastward and west- ward. Three great mountain ch;iins extend eastward. In the .south the stupen- dous Himalayas, separating the Plateau of Tibet from the Plains of Indi i. are continued in inferior chains to the Pacific; in the c"nlre, the Kuen-Lun, enclosing the Plateau of Tibet on the north, are continued in the Khingan and Peling Mount.iins; in the north Le Thian-Shan, and the triple chain of the Altai Mountains, prolonged in the Yt jnoi and other lower ranges, extend to the north-eastern angle of the continent and form the iiorllicrn slope to the tiiberi ■ . I'liiin, v-.-sSj^ Scene in tiih Him.\i..\va Mts The vast Plateau of Mongolia and Eastern Turkestan form, ,, Great Central Depression, surroumle.l l>y moimt.iins, estemling from th. I lii.n,. Shan Mountains on the west to the Khingin M.>iintains on the north r i i and encloses tlie great Desert of Gobi, j.cmxj mill's in length. I'roni the nipun- tain chains surrounding it, tin: slope is towards tin: four points of th,' , : ';mss .IS shown by the courses of the great rivirs. The Obi, Ycneseiai:,! Lena llow northward, through the \,isl jilains oi Siberi.i, into the .\ntie o, , -m. The Amoor, Hoang-ho and Yan^-. tse-kiang dcsc. nd the eastern sluix; through higii mountains, vallevs, aii.l alluvial plains to the I'.icilic On the south-east the Mekong .iml Irawady How between long parallel ch.iin, of mountains into the tnilf of Si.im ;ind Jiay of liengal. The "sacred stre.iins" of the Himalayas, the Brahmaputra, Ganges and Indus lUiw south imi die Indian Ocean, ,ind the Euphrates i;.i ■ the Persian tlulf. The Amoo ami Sir Daria flow westward into the Aral Se.i. In the great central lU'pression and pl.iin, the Tarim, .ifier .-. course of i,7ix) miles, disappears amid the sands of the desert of i:,istern Tiirkest.an. in Lake Lob Nor, the only outlet of which is by ev,ipurali..n. The Plateau of Tibet is the m,,st elevated region inhabited by in.in, being higher in most parts than the top of Mount lilanc. It in.iy be consid.red tin- nucleus of the mount.iin system of .Vsia, and is called by the orient, lis "ihe roef of the world ' it contains several lak.'s. the most remark.ible of which is Lake Palte, which forms ,i ring ol w,iter live miles wide round .i circular islaml. on which is a Tibetan temple. This lake is held sacred. The gre.it central de[)ression--the low Plateau of Easterri Turkestan and Mon- golia-is from j.ooo to ^,ooo feel abcue tin: sea, or from 6,000 to io,ooo feet lower than the neighboring Plateau of Tibet. The Himalayas contain the highest mountains known--Mt. Everest Inia^ over jcj.ooo feet in heiglit and many pe.iks in them and in the adjoining ranges are above ^5,000 feet. The sum mits of these ei.orinous mountains are covered with eternal snow; and to the Hindoo, viewing them from the burnim; plains below, they have always Ixjcn ob jecis of wonder ,ind religious venerition - "the S.icred Mountains." The Passes, of w hich there are several, are of an amazing elevation, and are e\ ceedingly difticult of ascent. Th.it of Ksrakorum is iS,ooo feet above the se.;. The Kuen-Lun and Thian-Shan Mountains are nji so lofty as the Hima- lay.as, alllip.igh some peaks are supposed to be from 15,000 to jo.ooo feet high The A'tai Mountains extend ,ilKiut 5,000 miks .across the continent, but do not ,iverage more than 5,000 feet in height From the Plateau of I'amir, the converging point of the great eastern ranges, t'le highlands arc continued westward in the Plateau of Iran, with its lofty and mountainous borders, ex- tending from the low plains of the Indus to the western extremity of the continent. The two mari converge tow.in and 1» ing prole the T.ible-land On the north and futher wi Itl.ick .iinl fast bftwr.ii lairop frt.t,,|„.ve thi Mt. Ararat, is |(.,.fO feet a aliipiit 15,000 fi alKne ihe se The Altitude or ^ •«>.> feet at 10,000 feel liigl Ol casional '. practical rout The principal near the norlh In the caste j,oo"» to 5,oi>j I to Mongolia, ,1 ■j'he great Turkestan Muimtaiiis I liic (ireat 1- tlie (Caspian It consis! those of the In the Nort dependant up' South and So neiii,'idic T.art Region is a v animals. Sot The Eastei Western Pai only about J-; The Sou division of tain the de They consi tan, south of Malay Penir miiderate ele Arabia for extends throi the fertile J/ comprises th it from the I t.iins extendi The River as they rise lively limitei rivers of An iivful for CO alile for nav tlio.se of the are not avai The Casp with each o they are rea is also salt. The Casp (.Insula niVSICAI. ASIA. 9f fnrni, ,, Great olll III, ll,i,|„. n..rili ,., I, and ■■"in l!n' iiiutin- llhr,, ;.;,,„, lesei.Hbl Lena Arc tic ( I, ,,,n. ami Yanj,-. tM-'tlTll slupe , v,illc\s, aii.l 'tilic I):, ilic 111(1 Irawady ^llil rliaiii.-i of f cf Siaiii ,inil icii.l .stn.ini,' Brahmaputra, »>iilli iiit,> [he Euphrates i.i . Amoo a 11.1 Sir y the Aral >, ,i. isicMi aiul pi, nil, I'f 1,700 liii!, s, s of thu ik's. rt -ake Lob Nor, )> L-vapor.iii,,!!, t is thu most liy man, l.ciiij; ail tliu top (,f considiTril 111,, iystiiii of Asi.i, U.ils "ill.' r,..-f s srvcT.-il lalifs, kliich is Lake K of w.itLT live iilar islaml, on lie. This lak.; •ssion-^thu low Stan and Mon- 000 fi'it .lb,,., J,ooofcct lower L'au of Tibi-i. n the hi.i;lu'st Everest iKii- 'it aiul iii.iiu the adjoining; let. The sum iiountaiiis ar,, v: and to tln' m the hiirniii:; nays Ixjcn ol, JUS veneritloM T'jaresever.il, n, and are i\ -•nt. That of nbove the se.:. hian-Shan as the Him.i are siipjioseil 100 feet hi(,'li lintiit. hut do jf till' KfL-at ard ill thu orders, c.v- » extremity The l«o marginal ssvells wliicli .are from vx) to 700 miles ;ipart in tin- i-.isl. converi;e towanls the west iiiilil tin y nirel south of tin- (".iniasus Mount. lins. and 1" "'li prolonged betuetn tin: MecKiurrane.iii and Ltl.ai k Seas, ihey form the Tableland of Asia Minor. On ilie northern side are tin- Hindoo-Koosh .ind ili.' Plburz Mountains; ,ind firlliir west the lower ramjis of ih, Taurup Mountains; hin,.ii the Hl.iik ,111(1 Caspian Seas are tin- Caucasus Mountains, forming the bound.iry bflHi, 11 Ihirope and .\sia. Occasional suiiiinits rise to the hel>;ht of 15,000 feel ,il„i\i.' llif se.'i. Mt. Ararat, a solitary mountain rising from tin- liinh I'late-.iu ,if .\rnu-ni.i. is ii'.'Aio felt above the se.i Mt. Demavend, in the I'.lbnr/ Mountains, is almiit 13,000 feet, and Mt. Elburz, in the I'.nic.isus .Mountain. i'<,5oo feet abovi- ihe sea. Till- Altitude of the pl.iteau increasi's from -',500 feel in Asi.i Minor toi, ixxj or > ■«*.! feet at its eastern extremity, whire the SuUman Mountains (s.ooo to 10,000 feet h\v.h) separate it from the low plains of the Indus. Oicasion.il Passes in this hi),'h e.astern mountainous Ijorder form the only praclie.il routes of tr.ivel between the interior of .Vesleru .\si.i uid Indi.i The principal are:— the Bolan Pass, near 'he centre, and the Khyber Pass nc.ir tile northern extremity. Ill ilie eastern part of the plateau a remarkable Depression occurs, fron j,t»Ki to 5.000 feet below the yener.al level. This rej^ion is similar in characti r to .M,'Ug(jli.i. and consists m.iinly of salt stepjies ann 'i.:;.,'rts. Till' gnat Siberian Plain, inchidinf,' the Plain of WPiitern Turkestan in the soulli-wcsl, extends fruiii the ICIlmr/ ai.d .\!tai Moimlaiiis northward to the Arctic Ocean, and is separateil from tlie (jreat Lowhiiid Phiin of luirope liy the Ural Mountains and the ("aspian Sea. It consists of Three Belts of country somewhat similar to those of the great j)laiiis of European Russia. In the North .are mossy swamps, called Tiiiulnis, inhabited by noin.ad tribes di|« ndaiit upon the reindeer and upon thu fish of the (jreat rivers. In the South and South-west are immens,, grassy regions, the home of barbarous nuMiadic T.irtars, who subsist chiefly on shee,> and horses. In the Middle Region is a vast evergreen forest, abounding in fur-be.iring and other wild animals. Some cleared portions are inhabited by Kuropeans. The Eastern Part is elevated and the surface is ruggeil or hilly , but the Western Part, including thu Slt/ about J50 feel in elt, which cMinds through Central .Vsia, and is sej ,irated from thi: I'lateaii of Iran by the fertile Mesopotamian Plains 01 Valley of the Euphrates. Hindostan comprises the Plateau of the Deccan, ar ' the Plains of India which separ.it, it from the llimal.iyas. Indo-China is .1 plateau tr.iversed by i.ingeaof nioun tains extending from the eastern end of the Himalayas southuard. The Rivers of .\sia are large and are distinguished by their (,rcat length, but as they rise chiefly in the great central highland, their basins are compara lively limited and their tributaries are not so numerous as those of the gre.il rivers of .\merica. Those that flow into Ihe I'.icific Ocean are the most ii-iful for commercial piiriuises. The flanges and luiphrates are .also valu- ,ililefor navigation. Most of the other southern rivers are too rapid, and those of the north are frozen over for a great p.irt of the ye.ir, so that tiny ire not available for navigation The Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral .seem once to havi' communicated «illi each other and with the oceanic waters; now, cut oft from the ocean ihey are really S.1I1 Lakes H>ith contain sturgeon anil .seals. Lake Balkash I , .also salt. Lake Baikal is the largest fresh w.^ter lake. The Caspian Sea is about four times as l.irgc as I..tke Superior. (Insular Asia will l>u treated under the head of "Japan ".) i\'. — Ci.iM V n., \'i.erature produced by ihe intirposi ti,in of l.irge tr.icts of land, snow-cl.id 111, Mint, liiis and liciled pl.iins of sand, Ihe trade winds of the .\tlantic and Pacific are, -n the Imliaii < >i can. diMTIed from iheir course, ,ind are subject to great and sudden irregularities. In f.ut, there is no northern trade-wind in the Indian Oce.iri, allhoiigli the southern tr.nle-wind blows constantly lielwcen Australi i iiid Midig.isi .ir The irregularities produced in the tr.ule-winds give rise to the .1/,/iiiiicimi, which blow h.ilf the year from Ihe south-west, when Ihe snn is norlh of the eipiator, and from the north-east during Ihe rem,iining six months, when the sun is south of the eipialor. When the changes take pl.ue they are accom- panied by terrific thunder-storms, torrents of rain, anil furioii-, hurricanes. Typhoons .ire frii^hlful revolving storms which ixicur every two or Ihrei? years in the China Sea. Tile Siberian Plain has tin s.ime i h.iracteristics as tlie north- ern part of the great Lowland I'laiii of Europe. Thu winters are long and cold, and the summers are short. In the southern p.irt there is a scanty vegetation; beyond that aru dense forests, and north of them the scanty vegetation of the .Vrctic Zone. The Southern Peninsulas have a tropical climate. In no part of the world is the Rainfall Inivier than in districts ,.f Indi.i directly facing thu va|)or-beariiig winds from the Indian Ocean, but Arabia comes within the rainless desert belt which extends through the great Central Highi.ind. Thu plains to thu south of the Himalayas through whiili the (ianges .ind liralimapootra How, and the valleys of the rivers of the l^aslern I'eninsula. are to a great extent covered wilh sw.imps, jungles and f, rests The great desert IhIi is broken by the low and fertile Mesopotamian Plains or Valley of the Euphrates, where the date p.din llounsln s and win .it is l.irgcly cultivated Owing to the gre.il diversity of elevation and to the variety of surface, the Products of .-Vsi.i vary from tlioso of tin; Tropics to those of the north Temiierate Zone. The chief products of the warm tem|K'rate re»,ii>ns of the e.astern part are tea, rice and thu nuilberrv ; of tin; western, co'iee. gr.iins and spices. The fig, date and olive flourish, and hemp. flax, wheat, b.irley .ind otlnr grains, as well as the friiils of the Teniiier.ile /one, are extensively grown in the fertile valleys and .dluvi.il plains of the higliei litiludes The principal I'ro ducts of the Southern IVninsulas are rice, cotton, sugar-cane, coffw, indigo, and tropical fruits; thu [wppy (ci^i'«m) and spices; Ihe palm, bamlxjo, the widespre.iding b.iny.in, the aloe, ebony and sandalwood. The Wild Animals of .\sia. as shown on page S.(, are numerous Our Do- mesticated Animals; -the horse, .iss, go.il. sheep, ox, hog, our loniinoii fowls, all of onr grains incepting maize, and many if ur must inipurtuiit fruits and vcgotablai, were oriKinally dsrivud from Asia. ma 98 POLITICAL ASIA. !! r c a .0 3 - o •5 irx X « - Ef rt S ™ -a o V J3 t: tfl o c S -^ 2 3 I- i! •C.E c t: S o « rt c p. E. • - u i, . 5.2 5 ^ ■= - s^B S .Sf rt (/ ♦J e « t- n o ■- u ■^ E C 5 •J -i! J5 3 V) o S 3 - H - ,g u u B u p:, Ul H u n 1 s r; n j:: fe rt c «4 ;s \^z; '•J ?; ii&^ ';> h .y,\ \ '\ iV i\ L_. ■>. ? o 5 £ «^ -I „ :i 3 ^ ^ to r^- e ? "1 ^ — 'a a 5 ii J* = s-^ ^ n CU _ (J J in i .B U ID a: .. •5 > i: - ? ~ 3 Si ° t " ^ « i: - i -5. c ■= (J .~ 1^ c 5 § .2 S 1 ^ « - •3 J5 .li ^ a j; .s ~ &• f -s - S u a. V I- ;: .a " ~ 'i , i' i! ^ ■ i « ' Monarch those of ? The prev RppnblicB r The only is th;it of progressive The Ii Caucasii ihe conn Peninsul greatest ti- Tnrk • extr U. :an plains of f rich in nat thousands swarms of POLITICAL ASIA. 99 Mountains.— WAcrc are ihe\ ? Suliinaii? Altai? Vahlonoi ? Kiicn-Lun? Thian-Shan? Himalaya? PeliiiR? Nanling? Hindoo-Koosh ' F.lburz? Caucasus? Taurus? Seas, Bays and Gulfs. — Where Is it? Jap.in? Okhotsk? Persian? Red? Siam ? BenRal? Rchring? Yellow? Pechi'li? Eastern? China? Oman? Aden? Tnnquin? Straits. — Between what lamls? What wiitert tines it eonnecf? (".■na? La Perouse? Bab-cl-Mandeb? Palk? Tormosa? M.alacca? Ormiiz? Rivers. — Where docs It rise? In u'hut direction does it Jlote ? Throuf^h ichul tounlrics? Into what body of jroler? Ojii? Irtish? Amoo? Sir Daria? Yenesei ? Lena? Ar.'-r? Yaiu;- tse-'kiang? Ho-ang-ho? Ganges? Jumna? Indus? HrahmapcxUra ? Ir.i- waily? Mekong? Mcnam? Salueu ? Tigris? Euphr.itcs? Lakes and Seas. — Where situated.' What outlet lias it? V.ui? Aral? Baikal? Caspian? DcmiI ? Balkash? Cities aiid Towns. — In what country is it ' In what part f On or near n'hal red/, r ? Tuinsk? Barnaul? Tobolsk? Omsk,' Ekaterinburg? Irkutsk? Maimat chill? Kiakhta? Tiflis? Kars? Khiva? Bokhara? M.rv? Kh.ikan ? Tashkcnd? Samarcand? Kashgar? Petropaulovski? Okhotsk? L,a.ssa? Xankin? Shanghac? Pekin? Tien-tsin? Hang-chow? Hankow? Canton? Hong-Kong? Foo-choo? .\moy? Ningpo? Tokio? Yokohama? Kioto? Ozaka? Nagasaki? H.akodadi? Matsmai? Hue? Bangkok? Mand.alay ? Rangoon? Sai^tin? Singajiorc? Kandy? Colombo? Calcutta? I'.itna? HiMi.ires? Allahabad? Cawnpore? Delhi? Agra? Bombay? Surat ? M.nlr.is? I'ondichcrry ? Hyde.nbad? Amritsir? Cashmere? Lucknow? I'eshawur? Yarkand ? Kabul .^ Herat? Kandahar? Kelat? Teheran? Ispahan? Tabriz? Meshed? Shiraz? Bushire? Bagdad? B.issorah? Smyrna? Trebizond ? Erzerouni? Diarbekir? Aleppo? Damascus? Jerus.a- lem? Beyrout? Mecca? Medina? Jidda? EKiad? Muscat? Mocha? Aden? DIVISIONS OF ASIA. The Political Divisions of A.si.i an:: — British Emhirb iv India. Afgh..\nist.an. HkI.()OCHIST.\N. Pi:rsi.\. Asi.\Tic Rijssi,\. ClIINESK IvMI'IRK. Empikr of J.m'am. Indo-China — KiNC.DOM OK AmA\i. Tl'KKEY. KiNcnoM oi' SiAM. .Arahia. Emi'iri; or Ui'kma. These countries .ire all /absolute Monarchies, except Bntisii liidia, which is muler tlie lule of Grc.il Hiitaiii. .Vsialic Russia forms part of the Ri":Gian Empire under the Csur, ami .Vsiatic Turkey part of the Turkish limpire under tiie Siill^iii. The Monarch of Japan is called tiie Mikailn; of Persia, the Shah; those of Afp;hanistan and Beloochistan, Khans, The prevailing form of government in .\sia forms a marked cont: ist to the Republics of .Vmcriea ami to the Limited Monarchies of I'uropo. The only Native Government of ,\5ia making any advance in civilization is that of Japan, which, from being the most exclusive, is now the most progressive. The Inhabitants helonfj to three of tlie threat races: — the Caucasian, emhracinf,' tliose of the peninsula of ilindostan and ilie countries north-west of it; the Malay, those of the M.ilay Peninsula; and the Mongolian, which includes by far the greatest niimlier, all the remainder of the continent including t'- Turks of Asia Minor. ■ extreme northern zone is thinly inhabited, and the gre.nt centr.d pla- tt. ;an support only a nomadic or semi-civilized population. The fertile plains of China .mil tropical .\sia are the great seats of population, and are rich in natur.al resources In this region civilized nations have existed for thousands of years, but their civilization has long Ix-en sl.ation.ary, and the swarms of common |KM>p|r are poor, ignorant and degraded. Tlie leading Religions of tlie world all originated in .\sia — the Jewish, the Christian, tlie Mohammedan, as well as the two le.iding Pagan religions, Brahmanism and Buddhism. Till Christian and Jewish Relipors .are now reprcsentnl in .\si,i by very few followers, .\lviut one half of all the followers of the Mohammedan f.iiih are lobe found in .\sia. Indi.i alone containing alxiut soixx>.c«»i The pre- vailing religions are Brahmanism, wliiih has its seat in llindostan, and numlxTs alxiut I'xi.ooo.ooo of followers, and Buddhism, which has its centre in Tibet, with about 340,000,000 of followers. ASIATIC RUSSIA. Asiatic Russia comprises nion; than onti-thinl of Asi.i. It incliulcs Siberia in ihc north, Russian Turkestan in tht; south-wtjst, ami Trans-Caucasia or < ji;orgia l)ctwcL'n tht; IMack ami Caspian Seas. Siberia occupies the whole of the great northern (ihiin, and extends from the wocnled slopes of the .\ltai Mountains to tiie tundras or dry wastes of the far north, wliere, although there arc no glaciers as on the arctic coasts of North .\merica, the- grouiul is perpetually frozen to a great dqpth, the summer thaw affecting only the surface. It consists, except in the south, .almost entirely of steppi's and ni.irshes, .across which the Obi, Yenesei and I^na rivers pursue thi'ir sluggish course to the .-irctic (Ici-an. The chief Products of Siberia arc; its furs from i\w forest-lielt ; gold, chiefly from IC.ist Siberia; copper, iron aiieria, the Swedish explorer. Prof. Nor- denskjold, succeent out every wi'ek fr.im Moscow in convoys of two hundred or more, and the worst of these pre compelleil to labor in the mini's, which In-long to the (iovernment. The only inhabitants of Northern Silieri.a are native tribes of the Mon- golian r.ace -Samoyedes, a |ieoplo similar to tho Ksqnimaux. They are nomadic, and subsist chiefly on their herds of reindeer and on fishing, Irkutsk, the capital of Eastern Siberia, is the jirincp.il citv. Tobolsk i^^ the capital of Western Siheri.i. Omsk and Tomsk ;ire imporL^nt towns. Ekaterinburg has valualile mines, Ki- akhta is the chief point for tr.ide with China. Russian Turkestan includes most of the country between the .Mi.ii Mountains ;iiid the Caspian Sea. It contains a number of districts called Khanates, that is, petty si.ites governed by Khans or chiefs, and has several puiulcius cities on the gre.at caravan routes. Many of these Khanates h.'ive been annexed hy Kussia, but ! some, though under Russian control, are nominally independent. I 100 POLITICAL ASIA, , I I* ' It also incltulRH exlpnsivr stepjics occupied liy wandering tribes— " the KirKhiz llcirdis," AldiiK the l)anks iif the ri ^ra the country is fertile, but elsewhere it is ahnost desert. The Inhabitatits .ire Moh.immed.in Tart.irs (MotiRoh), .nnd they live on the prodme iif their sheep, Kci,. ,"nd c.imcls, ami by pluni'erinK carav.ins. The (iovernmeiil of the Khans is iK Motic. The staple articie;i and system of tradi' .iri^ the same as ihoscr of Siberi.i. The Kliaiiatis of Khiva and Mokliara and the h'lly tracts in thi; Miiilli, iiihahilid jiy iiari)ar(iiis 'rurcoin.ms, constiiUti; what is called Independent Turkestan. Tlic Khanate of Khokan be- l()n(,'s t(i K iissia. Tashkend, tlic second largest cilN' of. Asiatic Russia, is the capital of Uussian Turkestan. Samarcand was oiue the me- tropolis of a threat Tartar Kinpire. Khokan is a large commercial town. Khiva and Bokhara are large and important towns on the carav.iii routes, and the latter is the principal .seat of Mo- hammedan le.'iruing, and of the caravan trade lietween India and ('liin.i f>n the one side, and Russia and Persia on the other. Trans-Caucasia (the country beyond the Caucasus) in- cludes (jeorgia, noted ft>r the beauty of its j)eople. The trade of the country is small, and the chief Products are: — ■ ilie vine, the niullierry and cotton. The ;)eo])le belong chii(1\- to the (ireek Cli nch. In the southern pan, on thi' borders of 'I'urkey and Persia is Ml. Ararat, celebrated as Ihi^ restiuR-place of the Ark after thi' Deluge. Tiflis, llle largest city in Asi- atic Russia, is the capital, and carries on an e.\tensi>'e caravan trade with Persia. Kars is noted for the sit !;e it slood ini- der General Williams of Nova Scotia. Till': ClIINESH !•: M P I R !•: . The Chinese Empire occupies the j,n-(.'aler jjart of Souih-easterii Asia, ami he.sides China Proper, in- chicles the clepeiithiil Provinces of Til)et, Eastern Turkestan, Mongolia, Manchooria, and the tributary Kino-clom of Corea. Corea is ruled by a kin),', who p.iys an innual tribute to the F.mperor of Chir-a Eastern Turkestan K'.iine.l its in lei-endence under Jakoub Khan, but now attain forms one of the Chinese provinces. Soongaria (/.imgnrui) is a region of lo-,v mountains and open, fertile val- leys, lying lielw< are not from differeiit spe- cies of plai,*s, but are differently pre- pared. To 1 rodiice the former, ihe leaves, soon a^ter i^'ing picked, are exiiosed to heal L;r a f"<^- moments in iron pans over charco.al- fires, then rolled, and agair, "fired" l')r two or three hours, c(doring-mattet 1h ing added. In Ihe ca io of bhack te.i. the h-aves are ex|K)se< to the air ior soi::*' time before they ,ire (ired at all, and are then fired "nd rolleil seviral times. Te,i was fir^t introdu'-ed inlo Kuro|)e from China ibout 200 years ago. The art of rearing silk-worms and unravelling the thrt ids of the co- coons was first practised by the Chinese, and thence spread o' er the world. The Internal Commerce of the Chinese Ivmp.re is unpar- alleled ill extent. Its chief water routes are the hirge canals, and navigable rivers and lakes. The mountains, steppes, and deserts of the interior plateaus are crossed oy caravans of camels. The extensive Maritime Trade is chiefly in the h.inds of foreigners, to wlioin certain ports only are op:>n. The British have about three-fourths of the whole. A i;.eat CiLravan Trade is carried on with Russia an / Persia. T'le first h,is its (,reat depot 1 1 Maimatchin, near the Russian fronti.T south of IrKutsk; the latter at Cashgsr, in the west of Kastern Turkestan. Commerce wilh foreign countries was formerly r !stricted, but within a few years nineteen iiorts h.ive been opened to foreign trade, the principal of whii h ari' Shangfhac-, Canton, Tien-tsin, Foo-choo, Ha ig-chow, Ningpo and Amoy. The trade of Corea in rice, cotton, furs and roi k-salt is cliielly v.iili Japan. The princlp.al Exports are tea and raw silk . the chief Imports, cotton ,inil woollen goods, metals and opium, the latter to the extent of 9-tu,uou,ouo annually. POLITICAL ASIA. loi in 1kj,ii, .ind i„ I'lit Kfnrrally s of th,. ^,reat snutli. ilvcry ■rtilc sdil |,ro. provide large and rn.il, itiire, wliicl, is acroisciiliiv.-iic,! nly past.ir.il. ;i„,l 'y stepixjs (,f the food; t(-,i, t)„. ln'|)C()|ili live jfactures nx inijlahor; .iik! fsperi.dly fa- silks, s.ilins, ^ory rarxiiigs. lown in the nn- lieiKht of ;.l>,Mii ii's arc Katlicnd car. (Iri'cii ami mi diffcroh' spc- K> differently pre. • the fdrmcr, iho -einK picked, are 1 f.-u- snomunlsin ircoalfires, tliin 'ircr |wi)„r tiK-niattei licin^; of hlack tv,'., the I tlieair for soi:!<' ; fired at all, .irul rolled several : inlroddfod into ibout joo years silk-worms and i'h of the CO- ' er the world. • re is iinpnr- larf^e canals, steppes, and caravans of in the hands The British T'le first has of Irkutsk; the lit within a few 'icipal ..f whi. h fpo.and Amoy. with J.ipan. rts, cotton .inil "f S^u.uuu.uuu TIk Government <>f China is an absohite monarrliy, and the Emi" ror is regarded as the representative of the Deity, and as the supreme master of the live.s and fortinies of his subjects. Tin Religion most prevalent is Buddhism. Education is compulsory, and all adult males are able to read and write and possess a knowledge of the elements of arithmetic, Tli( I'diication of girls is neglected. f'icivernment officials of all jjrades Ixlow tho Kmpcror are selected by means ofpnlilic comix;titive examinations to test their scholarship, .and the hishest offiurs may l)c of the most humble parentage. 1 lie Inhabitants of the Chinese Empire all i)elong to the Mongolian race, thoiigli they present great diflfercnces of ajipcar- anre in the several parts of the I'"m|iiic. T!u! Chinese are not surpassed by any jwople in the world for frugality, industry, and skill in their v.irious occupations. They have a written Ian- Cii^i^e, anil a literature extenilinR back for many hiindrcwder, but did not m.ake use of it in wur. They are not a w.irlike jieople, .\monK the more important public works are excellent roads, great canals, and the famous wall more than I,JOO mili'S Umn, completed H C. ii\, to keep ilii Mongol Tartars out of China, The Imjxjri.al Canal connecting a branch lit the I'eihowith llang-chow is fioo miles long. No other country possesses so many great and walled cities as China. Their popiil.ition is variously reported, as the Chinese are very jealous of admitting foreigners into the interior of the country. Pekin is the capital and the largest city of .\sia. It is, like all (Chinese cities, iirty, tinpaved and iindrained. Shanghae, the chief jwrt, is the principal depot of the great Iiasin of the \';ingtsi'-kiai)g, and has three-fourths of the foreigti commerce. Hankow is the great centre of interior trade. King-te-tching is the chief seat of the porcelain manufacture; Ningpo, of the silk mainifactures. Canton is the second city for foreign trade. Foo-choo is the chief place for shipjiing black tea. Nankin, once the populous capital of China, is now nearly all in ruins. Macao is a Portuguese settlement at the mouth of the Canton River. In the Provinces are : — King-ki-tao, the capital of '.'orea: Lassa, 11,700 feet abovt; the sea, the capital of Tibet, and the residence .1 the Cirand Llama, or chief priest of the Huddhists; Maima-chin, the chief dej 01 of the caravan trade with Uussia, Cashgar and Yarkand, depots of the caravan trade in (Im- west ; ;iiid Moukden, the capital of Manchooria. The Island of Hong-kong is ,it the mouth of the Canton Kiver. It iH'lonirs to Cireat Uritaiii .ind is ;in important n.iv,d station for the I'acif' Victoria is the chief town. The Islands of Formosa ami Hainan l)c.c have Ix-en adopted, as well as all the modern inventions in steam, telegraphy and machinery. The People belong to the Mongolian rare, ,ind h.ive a similar belief to the Chinese, but ilifler greatly in l.int,'iiage ,md political institutions. They surpass the Chinese in intelligence and equal them in mechanical skill. The elementary Education of males is universal, systematic, and coiTipuLsory. Schools (jf science have been est.iblishcd under the instruction of I-lnglish and .\merican teachers. Japan is said to possess a written history extending over .1,500 years. Tokio is till! national c.iiiit.l and the lartjest city; it has an extensive commerce, and its sea-port, Yokohama, is the chtel centre of the foreign trade. Kioto, the second city, was formerly the capital and residence of till! lilmperor, and is noted for the in.inur.n ture of p(ir< il.iin and lac(]uered ware. Osaka is the priiK ipal ptirt of the domes- tic commerce of the empire. The Kurile and the Loo-choo Islands Ixlon^ to Japan. IN DO-CII IN A. Indo-China, the Eastern Peninsula of Southern I .Asia, extends from the Bay of Uenjral to the China St;a. It comprises the F.mpirc of Burma; the Kingdoms of Anam I (Cochin-ChiiKi) and Siam ; British Burma; Lower Cochin- I China (the most important colony of I'Vance in Asi.O; Cam- ! bodia, a small n.itive kingdom under I'Veiuh protection; .somt petty states in the M.ila\- Piiiinsula, ruled by native < hiefs; and the Straits Settlements on the same pt'iiinsula, l)elonging to Great IJritain I 1 r I02 POLITICAL ASIA. I- mate; , • ' I,. Till' Surface is riduc.l by a serifs of inountain-chaiim rovcrcfl with forests, t; prodiK tinns. It is one of IIk' richest re^jions in Asia for Minerals. Gold is found in the nioiint.iiiis; tin .iliouiids in liii' M.i- lay Peninsnia, in Hnrni.i, .ind in Yunnan; iron in the vicinity of the upper Menani: and roppe., lead, silver and zinc ar<' almndant. None of these are worked to | advant,i>,'e. rP<^t V. Agriculture is the chief Industry, hut is carried on in ^ >^,r:^. p very rude manner; such, however, is the lichness rf -x --^\n the soil th.rt rie.irly all articles of sustenance are pri)- ""r^, '/iii:. t'uced without ^re^it labor. Rice is the duel prwlutt. but inaize, suj,'ar, tobacco and s-pices are cultivated. Manufactures arc few and sim- ple, altlioiiK'li tl"' Murmcse show anno skill in bniMini; Imals, lastini; K'lls, and making K'^ld and sih'cr orn.amcnis. The Commerce of ilu country is chuily with (ire.it Britani .hhI China. The chii f Exports an- riic. in bilcco, snf;ar, spici"; .nid limber. Most of the People belonj,' to tlie Mon;;i)li.iii r.ice, and tin ir lanf,'u;ii,'e resembles the Chinese. In the M.ilay Pen- insula, the Malaj'race and the RTal.iy dialeits predominate. The native Governments are despotic, and tiie i>ireat variety of utensils is manufactured from its stem, and pa|K'r is made from its pulp. Dwe inpi are constructed entirely out of this plant. SOME OF TIIE I.SDCblKItS OF ASIA. It was in a bamboo cane that silk-worms' e^Ks vvi re sniiiKKled across the Chinese frontier and brought to lairo|io by two IVrsian monks in ihe sixth century. Indigo is a blue dye ob- tained from the haves of sc v- eral species of plants largi ly cultivated throuKliout the warm regions of Asia. The plants are cut in the floweriiiR ■■eason, and steeped, presseil, and agitated in vats, until the colorinn-matter is precipitated The water is nest drawn i>fl, the precipitate is boiled, and then pressed and dried Gutta-Percha is the con^::- laticl sap of a tree p-culiar In the i;,ist Indies Tin; natives have been acquainted with thi' t;iillii, or Kum, from an early period, and tliiy have pursued the destructive plan of cnllinj; down the trees, in oriler to ob tain it in the most convenient w.ay. Tappinj,', which is done without injury to the tree, is now practised to some extern I'hi^ milky juice which Hows from the incisions made is thick eneil bv boiling. in.iiuir.K lured from ihe pilh of the s.afjo {meni) lerlain axe. the tree is felled and cut into sec .ire '.plit. and the tissues of the trunk are sub process of washing and sievinp. hr «hiih llie Kramiles of stairh ;ire sep.irated. These, when drieil. consti tute s.iso-mo.d; if cranulated, thin- form the pearl-sago of Commerce. Three trees furnish a-, mm h food-matter as an acre of wheat. rOLIllCAI. ASIA I «o3 lov OF Tin? KAVIV.,, 10, ,1 ircn Ifko 111 a liiiKlii of ffit, lias Inen f Nature's iiKist s to uncivilized 'C(vclion of its slies a vnlu.ililo seiils aru a fa- and its temler ten like as]i,ira- inti> pickles .md A Kfcat v.iriity s manufactured 1, and pafKT is pulp. D»el|. ariicted entirely nl. 1 hambno cane ns' etJKS were 1SS the Ctiiiirse ■out;ht to lMirip|ie n monks in ihc blue dye ob- le leaves of s. v- plants lart;. ly ■oufjlifiut llie of Asia. Tlie n llie (loweriiij; eeped, pressed, 1 vats, until tlie is precipitated, icxt drawn oft; is Imiled, and d dried. I is the con;;;:- rci- p'.i. uliar in tinted will) tlie have pursued in order to ob wliich is done o some extent made is tliick- e saRo (men I) I cut into see runk are sni. br which tin dried, const! pearl-sago \A. Kesho (Hanoi\ is the capital of 'roiKium. Si in in lu>..s till, interior of Imlo-Cliiiia, to^'cther with the laiL^c r portion of tile Mala\ I'liiinsiij.i. Si nn is tin: .Hint proHressivu of the connlries of Imlo ('hln.i. t'onsiilir.d>le jittciilion h.is Ixtri (,'iven to uduc.iiion. and the arts and sciunces uf ICuroiK: h,i\. been introduced into thi' Kin^^dom to sonic extent, Bangkok, the capital, is a lar^'e city ami tin- ( liirf lomincr ci.il cmi")'!!!"!; it stands in a marshy ref,'ioii. and in. my of the liou^^c s arc hiiilt on piles or on r.ifts of hainlioo. Tiie liinpire of Burma oecnpies the nppcr and ini.'illc pot ticiiis of the basin of the li.iwady, and ((nit.uns some of tin ino-'t \ .ihiahle mineral deposits of the iieniiisiil.i. Mandalay, the c.iiMt.il, is snrronnded by a rich. hi;,'hly enl i tiv.itcd and lieaiitifnl <'oiintry. 1 Lower Cochin-China, inchuhn^; the d-lt.t of the M( koiiL; and the adjoining coast re.i;ions, |ieloii;,'s to l'"i.incc. Il.< resources are very iiuperfec ily ilevel.iped. ,dili.Mi«h considerable prn- (inss has been made since the I'rench .luthority ".is pennanentlv established in iSf,i. From the country beinn entirely alluvial the clinuile is very un- hcillhy and fat.d to ICuropeans. Saigon, a fortilietl port, is the capital. Udong is the cai)it il of Cimliodia. Yunnan, for a time inde|)cndenl. but now ,a(;ain a province of China, is our cil the richest mineral re^jions of .\sia. It <'si>orts ivory, niusk. ll,e> .iiid horses British Burma, a Province of IJritish India, occupies a Imif; narrow strip of tt rritory on the western coast of the IVn- insula. It includes Tenasserim, Arracan and l'e;,'n. The valley and delta of the Irawady are extremely fertile, but nwint; lo the « mt of j;ood roads, the province is thinly |)eopled and the conimerce is small Rangoon is the chief city, and exports petroleum, leak- tiinlur, rice and cotton; Moulmein, nssession of the Straits Settlements gives to r,reat Hritain the com maud of the Strait of Mal.icca, the direct route of communication between China, japan and the west. I \ D I .\ . India compristjs tht; vast C\;iural Ptniinsiila of Soiitlicrn Asia, extending southward from the Hima- laya Mountains. It includes British India, and a large nnnilxr of Native States, whose chiefs .ill .icknmvledge the snzei.iinty of (ireat Ihitaiii. The Island of Ceylon, to the south-east ol the [ in- siil.i, forms a sep.irate colony. The yueen of KuKland is Empress of India, .\bout three-fifths of the country is directly under Uritish rule, and tlu; remaining' two tilths is under British protection and control, excepting only the Imlepen.!. lit States of N'epaul and lihotan. It is the richi'st .ind most import.mt ilep. lency ever (losst^ssed by any nation. In Extent, India is less than half the size of the Dominion, but contains sixty times the population. The Surface ci sts of three great divisions — the Hima- layan Highlar. : ■ north ; the Plateau of ilu Deccan iJi the south, enclose .\ he Eastern and Western Ghauts which meet at tin ■>oii(liirn ixtremily of the country, .md th-' \'indh\.i Mount. ims on the north; .iiid the estunsivi" fertile Northern Plains l)etw ilu< I ,i,'re.it risers, the (l.tnyes, Kr.dim.ipooti.i .unl Indus. The Coast-line i-^ rcm.tik .hly nnhrokeii, .iinl tlnre .iie vei\ few h.illiois. .\l M.ldr.lS, p.lssrlioels .Illd lllerch.tlldue ll.l\ e to lie l.mdicl in hoats ,ind i.ifls tliroiiL;h the suri. The ^ null • i,ii rii couat IS c.illej the Coromandel, in I the south western. ill ' Malabar Crast. Tile SoiV ■ -, •'illy in the gnit river h.isins. is rem.irkalily fertile .llld 1 'mi' V adapted to the (^lowtll of the most N.dll.llile Veilet.lhli rodr ' ts. V'.ist forests of te.lk. em o.i. ImiiiImhi, li.in van .11: ■ ^ iois palms grow luxnri.intly m the higher regions. .\ l.T \ri ' the country is covered with jiini;Ks. inhabileil liy wild animals -th "i > .. eleph.tnt. Ixia-constrictor ami others. The V.ille^ i th (i.inues is one of the most fertile .md i«ipiil.in-. regi.ins in the w M. l)ein>! surp.issed only bv (Kirtions t^f I'hin.i the lower part ol Ihc I'l.li ■ 'i" ,lus is mostly desiTI Inii.a ,,ossesses extensive deposits of coal and iron, and is celelir.ited for Us gold, diamonds, and precious stones, Tlu! Climate of Indi.i, except in the elevated ilimal.iva re- trio;-., is tropi'-.il, with two seasons, the wet aiil the dr\ . In tin .ilhaial pl.iins it is hot and very iinhe.ilthy fur luitope.iiis. hut in the hill regions it is cool and s.iliihrious. The chief Industry of the country is agriruittire. Kice, the chief .irticle of fiH)d of the (leople. is raised in great .lliund.inc't. and in the proiluction of cotton Indi.i is surpassed only \<\ the fniii.l Stales Indigo, jute. Mix .and tea are extinsively cultivated, ami I irge <)ii.inlilu 4 ol • ipiuin, produced in the poppy g.irdens of thi fertile Cfanges V.tllcy, .ire sen( to Chin I silk is aKo .m univirt.uit arttileof culture. Ill Manufactures the Hindoos are Very skilful. The line shawls of Cashmere, woven from long silky goats' hair, as uell as the silks, mnslins, carvid ivory .iiul niet.il work of Indi.i. h.i\e ,1 world wide n pul.Uioii. The Commerce of India is very large, and is chicflv with Great 1 hit. tin through the Suez ('anal. The products of the interior are brought to the great st.M. ports 1.) i.nlways, of which there are now 1J.S75 miles in oiier.ition. Ste.iincrs n.iv ig.ile the principal rivers, but, excepting the (langes, which is n.ivigable to .\I ahabad, most of the ri\ers .ire too r.ipid to be .iv.iilable for anv dist.ince The chief Exports are cotton, opium, indigo, rice and silk, and the Im- ports, iii.iniifu lured goods. The People, who are calh d Hindoos, have sprung; fn in the same great .XrNan family, from which successive tribes went forth to colonize liliirope. They thus l«long lo the same parent-stock as most of the European nations • ind ourselves, and .ire similarly related to the Persians and .\fghans, who are .ilso of .\ry.in descent. The |xipulatiim averages one luiro|H'an to about t 500 natives. Most of the Kuro]M-.ins Ik long lo the army or to the Civil Ser- vice of british Iiidii. The army is torr.lJosed chielly of native suhliurs c.illed "Si'iMiys," with Hritish offv.'-r-. The Iliniloos of the higher class are learned scholars, anil have a rich litera- ture, extending b.ack for forty centuries, preserved in one of ilie most |HiIi>heil and harmonious langu.ages. the ancient Sanskrit. The prev.iiling language sjmi ken at the present day, the llindostanee, is a corrupted form of the San .kril The common jieople are pcntr, ignorant and su|ler^>tiliolls t)iily the wealthier classes are educated, and the women are not edu, .iti d at all. Brahmanism is the prevailing Religion of the Hindoos, luit there are many Mohammedans, some Buddhists, and some Par- sees or Persian fire-worshippers. The sacred hooks of the Ilrahmanic religion, called the N'edas, are said to have lH;t'il wTitten 2,500 years l)efore the Christian era. The Hindoos numlxir about 1 50.000.000. th( Mohammedans about 40,000,000. ..1 . (I ■If;. ;«t I«* POMTICAI. ASIA. Tlu- Supreme Government of Uriusli India is vc^tod in thf \'lic> ;i Lrxislalivi; Cmincil of iwilve iiu'inlK!rs (licsi.li'H ihe seven iiiiiiiImts (if till; I'.M'ciilivu Coiini il), (if «linrii oir- half iiuisl lie imcuiinccliil «itll llii- pulilic wrrvicf Hl■n^',ll. .M.ixj of dollars. The Arm" umbers about Kjo.ooo ollicersand ni( n (KurojK'aiis, O5.000; natives. 1.15.000,. I'or [xilice dtuies and frontier service this force is supplemented by aljont lyo.ooo ..ative Police, officered mainly by luiropeans. Calcutta, the cipital uf British India, is situated on tlio llu(i;;ly (//«;'/() l\i\( 1, the western mouth of the (lan^'(;s, fif,'lity miles from the li.iy of lietigal. Its cominercu is larger than that o( any other city in .\sia. Bombay and Madras an: the next most important cities. The) ate both coimcctcj with Calcutta by railway, and liumbay is the prinrip.il port for the EnRlish and French lines of ste mirrs riinniiiK from Kiirope to Asia by way of the Suez ("an il. Delhi, on the Jiiinna, was formerly the capital of Indi.i. Ben- ares, the centre of I!r,ihm.inii-.il liMiniiiK, is held sa.red Is the natives. Luclcnow is the capit.il of Oiidh, and has ,1 !.ir.:r river trade; Lahore is the capital of the I'lnij.mb; Allahabad of the North-West Provinces; and Jubbulpore of the ( . mral I'rovinccs. Patna has an extensive ti.ide in oiiitim and m e. There are many other lanje and Important cities: such as C.-twii|Kir. \ir- ritsir. Cashmere, Sural, Agra, llangaluie, Hyderabad, each containini; a |K>pulation exceeding 100,000. Ceylon is a lar).;e, moiinlainoiis, and productive island, foriniiiK a separate British t'oloii)', with its own (io\ernment. It |>us- sesses a milder and more healthy clim.ite th.m tlie m.iiiil.^iid. The natives are called Singalose, and belong to thi' same race as the Hin- doos. Their religion is lluddhisin. It is the most im|M)rtaiit collee pr.xlin ini; country belonging to Cireat Urilain, and in .luted foi its precious stoiiis pe.irl- fisheries and ivory. The forests yield valuable wood — teak, rose-wood, eboiiy. and sandal-wood. The princip,-il Exports are cinnamon, coir-slnlf. coircc, and cocoanutoil Colombo is the capital, and Galle the chief sea-jwrl. The Maldive and Laccadive Islands, we-t of India, are nnimpurtant. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in the Hay of lieng.il, are mountainous, .md produce valuable timlier. There is a (jenal settleineni on the Nicobar Islands. The French |xissess Chandernagore, north of Calculi.-. ; Pondii herry. Van- aon and K.irikal on the Coroniandel Coast, ami M.ilie 011 the .Mal.ibar C>..i,t The Portug^uese jxissess Cioa with a small town, Panjiin or New Ooa Set- tlement, on the western coast of the peninsula. AKI-.A AND POPll.AIION Op HKri'ISH INDIA .VCCOKUINd TO TIIIC CKNSUS <)P i8,Si— ST.VTISTICAI, KKI IIUI.NCK TAlil.R. PKOVINCKS AND STATES. Native States under the Government of India /ly'iHi »(■ H.nir Mywrt- Ciiort; Cintral htititl Kilif'lilililil lly,l,r„h,ul Hitroiiti Mioiipur Aiuliimiin mill A'lVo/mr liUinds. TOTAL . Bengal Assam North- West Provinces 1 Oudli I Punjaub Central Provinces British Burma Madras Bomt>ay U.N'DEK IlIRBCT HrITISII Administration. Area in Sq. Miles. 2,711 17,711 3.2«5 25,J.>) TOTAL FOR BRITISH INDIA 156,081 4f>.34' 81,748 24.^13 107,010 84,208 87,jjo 140-tJo 125,418 »77.959 Population. 460.722 2,672,673 178,302 26,198 3.3J7.« 30,839,181 9,818 16,454,414 66,319 198,508,793 1^594,464 I'opulation. 4,lSf),l88 8,000,000 10.269.3(0 ').I67.7.S9 2,185,005 i5o,(Xx> Total. Area in Sij. Miles. 2,711 17.711 1.5."<3 8901)8 1 3"'J''') 80,000 8.75" 7..V'*4 3.-!«5 33."J58.34-i 3'''^'.434 2.^53.49.' 745.&75 4,852,360 1 ,700,000 3.33f>.3C5 O.'JoS.S-iS 54. '5 '.757 i94,o(.9 46.. 14 1 86,873 24,213 2 1 1 .968 113.320 87,2^0 150.248 "J '.737 French Possessions .... Portuguese Possessions TOTAL OF ALL INDIA i,47-'.4.'3 178 1.086 I'opulation. 460.722 2.672,67) 4.I^!6,|.S,S 178.30-! 8.0OD.C00 io.26«^.3(kj 9.i67.7.S(.t- lAiii.r:. Population. 2.r>ji.f>-\ 4.I*!f>.|SS I7«.Jo.: Si,ooo,c iO,jf«J.j(>o 150,000 26,liJ>i J/.J-AiJ? (J9,I«}.Cnj 4.ijo«,.;76 JJ,4fi5,Hoj ".J«7.74i 2j,046.6.'o 11,500,000 3.73''>.77l 34.175.54'' .23.359.y37 .'5J,OOo,55o 276,049 444.987 253.38.1. 1S6 vrciU.wisT.w \\n iu-.loociiist.w. Afghanistan and Beloochistan oiiiipy the rast- crii jLirt of tilt; l)i:.s<;rt of Iran, a higli plateau tr.ivirsc<,l bv inDiiinain ridgt^s. .inri' eultivaii'.l in ihn nplamN -rirr, i.'lui cv ii'ilun ami imlixn In Ihilnw |.|.un. Thi' .Liir p.il'U i.< iiniviTs.il in the imm's. in.l lVr.iia j^ (.imuns U>r 11^ I Mrn^n I fiil.U iif r.iM-.. Tin- People .ire ciinip.ir.itivcly riiltiv.itr.l aii-l prr>)»ri'ssivi«. Thi-y have; a liter. ituic an imt it;iiiii.int of iiuhUti) impri>vr- .M^•llallistan is important Ixcaiisf it roinm.iiiils the approachos iiK'Hts and .a. .1 in mm r.il l.r.im li«s of ni.inuf.i. turc. Tliry arr to Imlia fioin tlio iioitli-wtst, 1 liiill\- M.ili.iinimil.ins. I!\i cpt in tin- town-, itini pursuits ate The country is Kciuraliy of iittli- value for cultivation, l.iit < lii'tiv p.i>ior.il. Tht; .Iim rts and o.imw h.ivc .t l.ii«.' nomadic contains some firtiic parts and rii It o.iscs, whi.h are inli.iliit.'d , pop"'-"""!. '""^'Iv liordc. of Turks. .\r.il>s an.l Kiir.ls. hy .. settled population, and deteriniiie tli'j route of the r.iravans ' Tlx' Manufactures of Persia— silks, siiawls, r.ir|H'ts, arms and iKtueeii liidi.i iiiid Persia, jewellery ,iie m lnuli repute. Till, inaj .rily "( llir People of bull rniintrii's Inl.inij in tifrrp. xv.inilerini:. The < hicf Export! arc Kilks, lob.icco, skins, sh.mN 1 .irix'ts, .ut.ir .if r.>«s, anl warlike trilws, w'lo livo in trnts .^nil ili.|iin(| f.i"- b-.isu.nic m.iinly nn o|iiniii anl «i>.i|, iht ir h'-rils of horsos, yoals, .issou and cami'U. Thi. Pwipli! amliviili'd into a nnm- txr I'f iril'is (ir Klianairs, rarli iiiulir its nwn kli.in nr chiif. Semelinn s thi V iwiittr iinilrr ono cliirf, but thi.si- unions rarely last viTy lon^ The Khan of Kabul is the nominal he. id of tin; ,\f^,'lians, and tile Khan of Ki hit of the H( l(x>chees. The Religion is Moliammedaii. The Trade of the towns is chiefly ill the hands of the Hindoos .md Persians. There a ^ no roads for wheeled vehicles, and intern.al toinmerre is carried on exclusively by caravans The only access to thu country fr nn India is by passes through the mdiiii- tains The most lainuiis nf iluse an- the Khylu'r I'ass and the Hiilan Pass throuKM the Suliman Mountains. Kabul 10.400 feet nliovo the sea) is the capital of .\ff,'hanis- t.iii, and Herat is an im|)ortaiit town on the c.iravan route l.etwecn Persia and India. Balkh, the ancient Hactria, is one of the oldest cities in tlie world. Kandahar is import- ant as a military station on the i'l route to India. Kelat is the capital of Beloochistan. KlIMitK l'\^S PERSI.\. Persia occupies tht; \vi;stires, but lias now sunk to very small iinjwrtanco. In Extent, it is about twice the size of Ontario and yuebec. and contains rather more than double the popul.itinn. The Surface of the country consists mainly of samiy, salt deserts bordered by mountain ranges. Wherever irrijjation can Ih; used, the soil is jiroductive. In the provinces bordering on the Caspian Sea. the inullx.rry and vine are ijrown ; and along the shore of the Persian Gulf is a fertile lowland. Wheal The Government is a des- potism under the Soverei^jn or Sli.ih. \sllo e\»ri ises the |M)wer I'l lili' ,ind de.itli o\er his bub- |i I ts. Teheran, the capital and l.il};es| 1 il\ . I nnt..ills the p.ll.ice 111 the Sh.ili. The citv ion ^l>-ls ot low lillld lliillses, .inil I rookt d. ill p.i\ed streets. Tabriz, the iie.\i iit\, is an in:)ioi l.iiit (eiitie on the coin- iiuiiial route Ixlween India .uul Russia. Ispahan, the fornter mo- tropoh.s, '.111! I uiii,inis many monuments of its former j;ran- deiii, hilt is fast f.illint{ into ilecay. Bushire i-- the chief se;i-port nil ilii I'll ..i.i n (1 II I f , and Reshd on the Caspi.iii. Meshed i-- tin Holy ( ity of l'< I >l.l. ITKKliV IN ASIA. Turkey in Asia coin- pris;s the most we.stern p.irt ofAsia. ami forms the liri'isl portion of the Ot- tom.iii JJiipire (see p. 90). It includes the seat ol m.iny ancient nali" .imong which are PhcvnicU, the lliily Land, ihe States of .\sia Miiinr, .\ss)ii.i .uul Chaldea. In Extent, Turkey in .\sia is nearly twice Ihe size of Ontario and Quebec, but contains nearly four limes the [lopulaliiin. It embraces the peninstil.t of Asia Minor between the Hlack ar.d Mediterr.ine.in Se.is; Syria lini IuiImil,' P.ilestiiie. or the H( ly Laiun on the eastern border of the Meditc riaiiean ; part of Armenia, in the north-east; a strip of Arabia borderinij on tile Red St.i; the Valley of the Euphrates; and the district of El Hasa (/.|i|iir, iiad and silver. Ill the f.iiii.- r.KiDiis ih. Soil i-' liik'ldy pnxliictive ; drains and fniils rail !•<• prolini-d in aluiiid.iiin-, l>iil .11,'rit iilliirf is iir- Hhctfd, fxcipt near laryc towns, owinj,' l<» tin- iKiiiiiiy 1«mii(,' iiifistcd with liaiids of roliixrs, and to the misnilL" of r.ipacioiis pasiias (riirKi-.li tjovcriiorsl. The li-adiii^J .irlicU's niltivatol arr llic olivi-. iiiiill)irry. white poppy, tobacco, lit,'S and other fruits. The Population is composed of various races separ.itev disceiil. l.inKiia(,'e. .iikI religion. Tlie m.ijority are Moli.iiiiiiied.iiis, inostiv Turks 111 .Asi.i Minor, .iiid .\ial>s in tile soiitlieni I'roviiiiis: the ( hristians are tireuks on the wostern coast, and .VrnieiiMiis in the north-east. W.iiidrrinK irilx's. |»issil the cunlr,!! t.ilili' l.inils (.f ihi' S>riaii disiri Manufactures of silk, cotton and leather are carried on. Imt, Heiiiially spc.ikiiii,'. there is a (,'reat stagnation of iiidiistr\ .ind enterprise. Maritime Commerce is in a low state, and is chiefly in the hands of the (Ireeks. I'or interior trade, there are few roads, and the chief cities are connected with .\raliia and Persia only liy the cara\.iii tratlic. Thf ctiii'f Exports .irt' npiiitn. tcilucto oil. attar of roses, dricil Iiks. dates. silk, If.ilhir ami s|xinK<'S Asiatic Turkey is divided, for purposes of Government, into a numlier of provinces, each under the control of a (iovernor or Pasha, and all subject to the Sultan at Constantinople, The carlirst Stairs iif wlilcli liistory tjivis .iny .iccniint. oxcrptinK K>!Vpl. were silii.itiil in tlw basin of the Tigris and Kuphraics Kivcrs. and in tin plains and mountains of Syri.i. lliTr j;ri'at and rich litii's, organized covirn- nicnls and si hools of Uarnini; uxistfd centuries lx;fore the dawn of civilization in KnrolM' In .\sia Minor:— Smyrna, on the .ligcan Sea, is the chief sea-port, and has the largest export trade in fifjs, sponRes, and other products of Turkey. Trebizond is the chief port on the lil.ick Sea. Brusa is the centre of an important silk trade. In Syria; — Damascus, the larpest city, is also one of the most ancient, it is celebrated for its manufactures of damasks, cotton, iron and jjlass ware, and maintains a profitable caravan tratle with various points. Beyrout is the chief sea-port. Jerusalem, the scene of the most important events recorded in Scripture, .iiid once the most famous cit\ of the East, is now a place of but 28,000 inhabitants — Mohaniniedans, Jews and Chris- tians. In the Valley of the iMiphrates:— Bassorah on the luiphratcs, Bagdad and Mosul on the ri^ris. .ire the principal cities. : valleys; of extensive sanily deserts in the north and south, wit In Turkish .\rabia: Mecca and Medina, respectively the ^ small oases; and of a narrow belt of lowland alonf,' the Rreatci birth-place and burial-place of Mohammed, are held sacred by his followers; and caravans of pilgrims come from all parts of .\rabia. I'.Xr.KSTINK. Palestine, nr the lioly Land, iH-('ii|iii-s the ^ istitrn C0.1SI of tlif .Mctlilcrraiicaii Sea Irnin llic Mduiu.iiits of l.<-l>ati()i) soiitlnvartls. The Surface forms .111 elevated plate.ni, stretchint,', with the Sin.ii IViiiiisul.i ,iiid the interveiiiii); i<^'ioii of .\r,ilii.i I'ltria, from north-east to south-west, from the .Mountains of l.< li.iiiijn to the (iiilf of Sue/. The plalcaii has a ronip.iralively rcKul.ir siirfair with occasional i,i'.ii|i'. .rr short riil)!es of inonnt.iins The slop<< are dei |>1\ liirrowcd liy the ■.Imrt and rapiil streams whiih drsi end to thi> Jordan and to thi' Miditerranc ii\ pre senlinK from north to miiiiIi ,1 conliniioiis succession of hills and \ ill< vh .\ narrow plain skirts the Jordan, .ind small pl.iins harder on the Meiliicrrane.'in shore. Krom this tentral plateau iht^ land ilescends on the west 10 thi- Midiicr. ranean, and on the ea-.i to ihi' Jordan V.illey. the Dead Sea and (liilf nf \l,.il),i The entire course of the Jordan, from the S.-.i of MiToni sonilm iil, lirs U'low the si-alevel. The siirf.icr of thi' De.id Sea is i.jSit fict lou, r than Ihe Mediterranc.in. and nearly .|.uoo feet IhIow the level of the surroimijini; I iinntry. The Sin>i Peninsula has an average elevation of not less than j.ocx) fisM. Th>' soiitluTn (lortion is a mass of mountains, of which Mt. Sinai is l» lie vnl to liv Ihe hiiihesl The Climate is hot, anil ill winter mild. Thei. ,ire two taiiiy seasons: the "early" from the beoinniiij^ of Noveiiilii 1 to tin end of December, ami the "latter rain " diiriii),' .Xpril and M.iy. Agriculture and Manufactures .ne neglected m I'.ikstiiie, as they .ire in all the countries under Turkish rule. The elevated tablc-Jands are barren, but the valleys are covered with ur.iin lields. vineyards, and plantaticms of olivi^. fix. apricot ami |vinu'|{raiiale In i» The slo|x.'S whiih form the iMstern border , h'ri-nch I India— Hriliih i ;•>.«. /i / l'urliiii Carpets? malic am Kiver' Strait of Voyag ^^SHE I'OI.I I ILAI, ASIA. •or Yemen, Oman .m.l Nedjcd :\tu ihf -.i Iniiilnl parti oiTlto ptniiioiil.i. HfdJM (Miiihr riirki..li riilr) !■• ihr lluly Liii'l "I ilii- M.ili niiini'ilan*, conuin in|{ III' I. ilii'S >i( Ml 1 ,1 .111(1 Mi'iliii.i Till Arabs ■>"■ partly dwellers in towns .tml p.irtly iiihithitaiits ofllu tlir iwci-ntitv of liml mx I'liiiiriiKC fur tluir llikks, Thir lli'iluiiins liHik with conlcmpl ui>i>n Ihr M.'iili li pumuita uf Ihosf who live in lownH, and art; muM r.ipaciuiiH rulil>fr» of the i.iravanH which iravrr'w thu country Tilt' Commerce <>r the roitntry is coiiiiiilLTulilc, anil is rarritil on liy incaiis of carav.iiis, Thi> Araln K'lther iho product* of Africa ami I'LTnia. ami cxchanKe thvin for I otton kooiIh ami othiT in.inufarlun t olilaincil from Imlia and Kiiro|N' Till' < anii'l is ihi' priniip.il U'ast of Imrdiii. .ml most of thu laimls nnployisl III ilii' caravan trade of wi ■.iirii Asia arc raistd in Araliia Nudjud is famous fur iIh' linusl breed of the lelcbratud Araliian hurstrs I III' I liK I Exports iri' iiillit'. dill's. KUin araliii , niirih immalii' an.l iiii'ilh inal 'liiikii. .iiid (aarls. The inml valiMlile )iiMrl h'.lKiv in Ihi' woild 11 al llaliri'in Island, in thr rfr<>iin (miii Oman \* liividi'il anionic itcvcral nativr iiilcrs, tin must iKiwcr- fill of wlioin IS till' Sultan of Uiiian ii oiniiionly lalli'il the liiiain (if Muscat I. Ne4jrd IS ruli'd by a Suit. in. iloth of these stall's lo.ilain a numrritu* mlllril |iiipulallo. .n i .iri' rnKiK'sl in aitrit iillurr and mmmiTci- < >m.in i« iini- of the inoa (siwiTtnl naval stairs in .Vsia, and one of the most loiiimen lal The lin ini < l.iinis novi-rriKnlv ovrr ■ he larifer part of the eastern ami snulhern masts of Araln. i and o\ir the .Vfriian coast from I'.ipe (iu.inlalni to I'.I|k< llelKadn Sanr is tin- rlncf nty of Vi'inrii : MuSCat, ill' < ipit.il of Oiii.iii, I- till' lari{t'st city uf eastern Araln. i, •iiiiirtant cualiiiK and iiipplv station for steamers p.issiiiK ihroiiKli the Sue/ C.inal to Indi.i. Pcrim .md some other miall islands olt ilie lu.isi also lielonii to (ircal Uritain ASIA— ST.VTISTK Al. KII'KKKNlK TAIII.I. Tea. silk, i arveil ivory. I Tea, silk, silkworms' eKRi. copper, dried fiHh, tac- 1 qucrcd ware. Asiatic Russia— .Si/>. skins, shawls, car|N'ts. attar of roses. , opiuri .mil »-K)l I < )pium, tobacc <>il, altar of roses, dried fi^s, dntei I silk, leather a:ore tu London ' From Singapore lo fiung-kong ? To .\ustralia ' J Anivm.s 111- Ai , K The clumsy 111] , |»,u. mils {riiitlivn, ) is i!., ,,.„ Ii.il lit;uii' ill till- ii|.|, r jMti c't llic iMij;r.ivin(; \i ,,.,, tiiiu' ttiminon in ...i ih,. l.iTKi' rivrrs of Afn. ,, jt k iiiAv rare cxci'pi in ,^:,f^ rr;;iiins. It is lunu. ! f,,r Its flesh, which rrsi inl.l,., piirk: lor ils skin, anil (..r its teeth, fnrim riy inu,h used in the m.iiiul.i, ture of ai'iilii ial hiini.in teeiii Thel.inlsalKJiit ah,:liiinK arc ibises, anrienll'. lul.l sacred in KKvpt as hirhin- KITS of pUiity. heeanse a|)(KariiiK just before the ri-.i' in the waters of the Nili-. Kiiually s,-icreil 1:1 the the crocDilile (shuwii near the ibis); 1 I(>Lodile^: were kept 11. ihi- t»;"';, Africa is a larnrf; pcnjiisulii. ()nnins.r tin- soiitlicni part of liitt I'lasttTii Coiuinciit. It is siir- rouniK-il oil all sides by tin; Ocean, c'.xccpt where it is connected with Asia l)v the isthimis of .Suez. PHYSICAL AFRICA. 1. ( 'iI:M-.1-; \l I )|-.MMI'rinN. The Area is .about 1 1.500.000 square miles, and ilii. Population about .;oo.o<».ooo. .\frica co,, I liiiina about one-half ,.f .ill the land in tli. I'orrid Zone. It is more than three times tin size cf the llominion. Tiif Outline, like th.ii of South Am i trica, is vciy ttiibrdkcii. ami in coiise iliifiu (• Aliica lia;s a siiiulk'r extent ol A canal liax in,!.,' Invn cut tliroi.ol, tl,is Coastline in pioportion to its size than isthmus to connect the Mc.litcii.incan , anv other Cian.l Division. 'J'hc Rivers of .Vfrjca are few in nimi )f little com visions and K'l il Sias. .Vfrica has licen thus artilii i.illv made into an island-contm- I 1,,.,. .,1,1, o ri, , r .11 ... Dei. lUiiuuoii some .ire of j,'reat leuL'tli. .nt It r.inks second m s,/.. and third |,;,,, ,,j n,^, v^-j,,. ,|„.^. Ill popiilauon amoii},' tju Cr.dul Ui- „iercial value , Afr ca is rein.-.rkable for its vast sandy deserts; .\frica is the only continent which , f'"" 'l"' ignorance and liarb.arism of its inhabit- Ilds across tlu' wliole width of tlle | '""^ (chielly neyroe,); and for the nunibiT, size and ferocity of its animals The want of facili ties for rearhinK the interior, such as numerous navigable rivers would afford, has livm an ob- st.icle to tlle growth of comnn.Tce and io fhu oro^Tcss of civilization. iorrid /„ta. rlivn, I i-,|!,, i,.|, ■iiuli,Mi]i|,ri.ari Kr.iving \t „„, iiiKin in .ill till' Ts of Afrii I. it j^ fxcrpt ill ^,.illar^ It is liiinic 1 f,,r wliiih ri ■■■ ;i,|,i,., its sUn. aiul fur foritiirly much 10 inaniif.uinreoi lumaii tcilii ilsalKJiit ali.hiiiiK i, anrionli;. Ii,.l,| I-^KVpt as li.irLiin- lly sacrtd iti ihi' WLTu ki'pi n. ih,- 1(1 cari;fnll\ |,rc. esim thihil. , ,ii,,l mrnitiK saii^U m' lirty mill's .i ,l.i\ s arc t'sc.ipin nr, 111 Central .\u .• .: I'sirahlc for I ..il l""ly of a linrv, in oni' ilin-i ii.ii, liam, founil Irum its Asiat'; km-, l»U is linntcil fcir nisli IJ3 |n)iir.i!s 1, till' lalli'st i,f lliLMliick-skiim.,1 Korilla, on ilic^ ■ilia isllii-laiti M mar the i-ipmi.r iccoi.lipK to ihr islalbarri'l u.ih k of a irci' I, nr r]uari' miles, ami oo, Africa con liu land ill tin tliree limi's tin f Siiiitli Am lid ill const- ir extent ot its size tliaii few in niim Llie.it len<,'tli. if little coin I sanely ilesurts; of its inhabit- c number, size ! want of facili II as niiiiierous IS bei'n an ob ce ami lo the :| N () \i T il A I I. A .S r 1 (• •^^^V-* J.! T H.iv Ml hisr V ^S; o r K A N /I. /v-^^ ?^^^S^^'\^':^ t'.iii-iiv Nl ui(f ^0 /&V « A H.AjR-^A 6R GJiTe A T q X VE R T I'lIVSU AI. AI-KIiA 109 II.— QrKSTioss .i\ iHj Mm-, rO""/ V" F.ipi/ilin Outlines. -What iicean wash*-* ihi- shurr?. nf Afriu.i mi tin- i-.ist? i >ii ih.' vicst Wlut se.i on the .-orlh.' l)i> tin- nortli-iMsi ' Wli.it (ir.iml DiMsi.m IS not ih of Africa ' Which cast' Whit isthmus r.iineits Alrir i with Asi.i • Whni .trail connect* th'' Mediterranean Sea wi.ii the Atlaiitii ( )( ean ' What fuif !■ oil the western coast of .\'\r::'- Wh.i l.irne island is to thi' south- L.ist Mow is it separated from the ci ntinent ? What nulf is in thf north a^v lluw is it connects.) with th>- KeJ Sea? Which is ihi- m wi iiortherlv c.ipi- 'if Africa? The m;>st easterly ' The n:.Iitary islands are west of Afric a • What (,'roups of inlands north-west ' Whit Kurop«:an islands nurili-weat of Madeira Isl.uid? What island IS opixjsite the Gulf of Adiii? What islands are nor h-»est of Mada- gascar? (,*ompare the- coastline with that of Soiilh America Highlands. — Where an the principal hii;h- l.ui Is of Africa situattsl ? Willi mountain range is in the north? In the west ? In the east? In the south ' What is the funeral direction of thc-se ranjjes ? What plateau is in the eastern part of Africa? What two jieats ure near the Kquator? What is the i \tent cf the (ireat Central Plateau .is slu>kvn by the cours<.-s of the rivers? What lakes ari' on this platc.au? Lov/Iands and Drain- age. WbaiKri.it d.-. ft Is in the northern ji.irt .' 1 11 the north-east - What clisert in the south? What Rreal river llous into the Mediterranean? Ill what lakes does it like its rise' What lirtje rivers flow into the Indian Ocean? Intoth<- Atlantic ? What lak.^ are couih of the K.jua lor? What lake is in Soudan ? Where ilo i!.- pressions of the land lielow the level of the sea cK( iir ' I'm si, M. \'ii.' Along the west coast? Alonj; the ,ast Ocean-Currents. — What c 11 r r <■ n t flow s alonj! the north-wfst cuast of Africa coast? What is their direction- Geographical Circle*.— What geoRraphical circles cross Africa? What lakes d.»s Uie l.'piaior cross? What circle crosses the Des.Tt of Sahara' 111 what zone is the greater part of Africa' In what zone is the northern part' The southern part? Through how many degrees of latitude dois \frica extend ' Through how many degrees of longitude? Climate and Products. What is tin- (leculiariiy of the Desert of Sahara ' (lli immms, txUnI ) What are the priiicip.il veget.ilile products of the north of Africa' f»f the Nile Valley? ( »f the wist coast? Of ihj south - 111 what part of .\(rica are the largest wild animals found > When- is the lion found? The cTucoJilr - Tbrcanrl? Tbeonlricli? The gonll.i • Where are ill' jiriiicipal minrrals (uand? What aie ihe i hief prodm Is ..I M.idag.iscar ' ill. S'.fF.^C K AMI l>K.VINAlil.. Africa, iinlik*- the o?her ("imiul Divisions, consists .ilinost tntirfly <>t" v.i>i plateaus ol' nioilir.ilc iltv.ilitm. I'host.- oi thf intenor arc alniust surroiiiiul 4.(X)o fiit, slopin;^ Kradii.illy towards the north whtr»- it is only alvjut 1.500 feel a' ovc the sea. The Mountains of .\frica form four systems: ihe North- western, thi WcsJem. thf Eastern, and llie Soiilherti. V ' lfll> tto rUVSICAL AFRICA. The North-western sysifm < oinpris;li. I'm lln- a\rrat;i- i-livalimi Is 7,iji)i> tn h.i«io In I I In Algerian Plateau avir.iyi-. at»Mit jcxirj (iri I almvu llii' si' i. anil the small Plateau of Barca may U- cun si(|i ri- faither east, separated li\ the \alli\ of the Ni;,'er. The hii;ln'sl summit nf tint Camcriiiins is i j.7jm fwt aU.vc' iht- sia. Tin; Eastern system inchnies the Mountains of Abyssinia and till- s.Mithetii extension of the- Abyssinian Plateau. It ronlaiiis the liiol„st smmiiits in Afrie.i -Mt. Kenia (.;2>j<) feel) ami Kilima-Njaro (.;u,oo;rou|)s of mountains. It is bruki-n by several deiiressions, lhrou)(h which rivers make their w.iy to iho Indian (Ke.in. The Southern system emhraees tin Nieuvald Mountains; the Snow Mountains; the Drakenberg Mountains, ami other ranges, rising' from a ))i.ite,ni .iiMnit 5,(>o<) feet hij,'l:. The loftiest summit. Compass Berg, in the .Xieuvahl Mountains, is io,joo feet hit;h. .Mrie.i has fewer vok.iiioes ami is less suliject to eartiuiiiakts than any of the other (iraml Divisions. The Rivers ol .Afrit ,1 are not nunieroiis, hut tliree of them rank anion;; the great rivers of the ut/'lil— the Nile, the Congo, ami the Niger; the first is the most iini>ort,iiit riaiiinereiailv. The (irst two di rive their H.itirs from the (re.iL t'l nlial I'lateau. and the XiKer from ihc I'late.ni north of the Koii),' .Mountains; thence they lind their way thronnh bn.iks in the bordir s'\ills to the (x;ean. The Nile is the oiiilit of the nn it eiinaiorial lake« Albert and Victoria Nyanza. it is almiit 4 (kx> miles hniK. and drains a basin of i.ckxj.ooo s<|ii.ur miles. I'o. i.7i«) miles from its month it does not receive a triliularv. The naviiialion of the river is inlerru| led by a series of cataracts {see Mnft. Liii alio\e them tioats can ascend for many milis The Nile is remarkable for the (;r,iilu.d rise of its waters, liet-inninK everv year in June and continnin« till the middle of September. Its hnver valley Uiomes inundated, and on !' c sulisideiice of the water, is left covered wiiii a thick layer of fertilizing inii^l, . .iliich Inxuri.int crops ar. raised. The rise of the river, which, lu.ir t. . ,r , ' is ' all. ii,,i Kss than forty feet, is aitrilmled to the torrents of wa. : -..'ncn I, II in 1' . upjier country during the r.iiin se.ison. The Congo, .:.'.KX) miles in length, discli.>,hes a volume of water f.ir larg. Ihanlh.it of eilhir the .Nile, r St i..-- •. , i iM-rsi,-,; .he reKion of equa Kiri.il r.iins. it dr.iinsa la-j: i • >m ai«.,:!:.iii|{ In l.jkei .in.', w-iier course . Til.! Niger is som.Avhat i.u; e fha • u, r.,,- /i,. l,;,; rai;;*, third in vo.u.ne oi water, ,ind extent of b,isjn. The largest river ilmviii ; i-itfH , 'niiiaii •.X-eaii istJieZjtn- besi, which drains a large e.\tei.' • co loi-y n. the ; ...ttire leoiuii of Suiitli .\friia. The Orange, the principal r \r ^ t). ^ueh. is so shallow as to ii.tve no eomnu'rcial importance. The Lake Region of Africa is situated on. or just south of, llie ICilualor. i li le, at allitliiles of J.7(k) to .j.,pou fe; t .iliove the I s«'a, lie tilt' vast liuihes of fresh w.itci which feed the gre.tl rivers Nile and Congo. The lakes of tlii.s region receive rivers from the Great Central riateau, as dues also Lake Chad m .Soml.iii. The lakes of the CiriMt ("entrd I'Litiaii, Albert Nyanza, Victona Ny- anza, Tanganyika, Bangwcola, Nyassa, and . thn . ti\.,l n iii, , ,,,,, surpass the i;nMt lakes of .North .\nierii.i in siie Lake Chad liiv. (.ii.e Salt Lake ,iiul Lake Titicaca, has no outlet. IV. - Cl.IM.VTK, \'|.GI;TAT10.S, .XmMAI.S ami MlNLkAl.s. Africa is situated almost entirely witlii 1 the Tropn,; il„. Climate is tlurefoie the hottest of any of tiie Grain! I>i\i>iuiis, ami in llii! lowl.iml parts of the coast is ver\ mihciiijiw The Northern Tiojiic (Ciiiiar) jiasses through the centre i.| tin- Sahara, -iiid the .Southern Ttojiic [Cnpriconi) throii^'li tlu Kala- hari Desert. Iktween these desert licl's the Great Central Plateau forms a hroad fertile region, most of it liein;,' i1i1u,m| with trojiical rains ihniiig several nioiiths of the year. This central part contains the greater part of the |iopulation and oi tin. vegetable and anim.il life in .\frica. \ smaller fertile lielt is fouiiil in the .\tlas region ami .ilong the coast of the Meiliterraiieaii Sea. ami anotlier in the txii, me southern jiart of the continent. The Great Karroo in the south is a low plateau similar in charam i 1.. the llanos and p.inipas of South .Vmerica. The continent, therefore, has Five Parallel Physical Belts three of them broad traOs of fertile land, .iiul two iiiteriiu iliate ones of desert. The Region of the Greatest Heat is in the eastern .section of the Sahara and south .>f it, but does not iMiiid to the eiiuator. there, the den.se growth of forest vegetation, supixjrtid by the heavy eqnatori.il rair.fall, protnts the earth from the sun's rays, ,ind the extreme heat is modilied. The Equatorial Rains are due to the moist winds from the Indi.in ( inan, but, between the parallels of if>° and 30° N., the prevailing north-i.i^iirlv winds, after sweeping across the arid wastes af .\sia, are compar.itivilv drv, and what little \aiK>r tiny retain is at once absorbed bv the healed air ri~in" from the parched sands; hence the Sahara is rainless. The Kalahari Desert is also without rain, because the easterly winds, before re,icliiiig ii. exiHiid their moislnre on the high binder of the plateau which fans the Indian Ocean. The Scorching Winds which blow acro.ss the Sahara Ii. ^rt soniitinus prove fatal to car.iv.uis from the sulloc.iting masses of sand tin v sweip bi fore them. They are known as the Simoom in .\friia, 1^1- Sirocco (when they cross the Me.lilerrane.in) in Italy, and the Harmattan in (oiim ., In the eijn.itorial regions no high, continuous momu.iin ranges lie air.i^s the course of the winds, and there are but two seasons (see p. 16), the wet and the dry. During the former it rains in torrents for weeks together, and the country becomes Hooded, owing to the overtlow of the rivers. This is fol- lowed by the dry season, in which all but the largest rivers t)ccome empty channels, and vegetation is burnt up by the long-continued heat. li.xcept on the northern coast and in the Great Central ri.i teau, Africa is almost c)ni])letely dehcient in Vegetation. Where rain falls veget.ition is hi.xtirlant, but the tropical f.-re'-irt, tli.iii,li covering a large part of the central belt, are less dense anil less extensive Ih.in those of South .Vmerica. Among the most useful trees are the oil-palm of (ininea, the d.ite p.ilin of the north-west ,ind of li;e oases, and the acacia, w hich supplies tha f;iiiii-iir(d>ii if commerce. Characteristic Features of African vegetation are the b.i'obab trees, some of which are supposed to have attained ^.ooo years of age, and in some cases measure twenty feet in diameter - huge cotton trees and mimusas, and niajes tic palms of nearly a thousand different si)ecies. The date palm Hourishes in dry tracts where no other tree would live ; men. horses and camels li\e on it-. fruit, and the natives inike a wine out of its sap. The chief Products of Trojiical Africa are— palm-oil, cotton. ivory, ostrich feathers, aiul indigo; of Eastern Africa— coffee, li.ilins, gums, and various aromatics. Xorihern Africa yields the jiroiiiicts of Southern Europe, together with cotton ami dates. The dry tahle-l.inds of Soiitlieri' Africa have a scant\ vegetation of hard ,ind thorny pl.iiits similar to tliose of tin Mexican IM.ite.iti ol North .\iiterica. Victoria Ny- It 111, , , ,,, had, lik> ( ,i,,,i M.KAI >. Ii'>l'i' -; ilif [thy. ccntn i.f ihf ^•liili, Kala- eat Central I'llil,' 'lllu^lll II. ion .iiiil III ill,. >■) and ,il(in^ tllC t-MlMlll' ;liaraiti mti IS of sanil 111, V na, iTi,' Sirocco ittan in ('■iiiiH .( iiiyt's liu at r, i>m If)), thf wet anil ij^otliir, anil llu' rs. Tlii> i^ l.:\. bcconio iiiiinv It. Ctntral I'la- Vegetation. f'r>M-,, lliMiJ, sixtinsivf ili.in tliL- oil-palm I'i uij till! acaci.i, liali trees, somo il in somo ca-i > sas, ami iiiajt^ lin tlourisht-s in tucls live on ii-. H-oil, cottnii. rict — cofln-. Utka yiilil- cotton aiht VL' a scant \ lIlUSC of till ■;'. TIic Inhabitants <'l ill'' S.ih,, .nd of , till' i-mintrics until an,l cast . it are iiu)stl\- (if till' Ciii'-.ii'i.ni i.ic, \! 'i antl Bcrlii rs or Kahyles— tlioii^'li nis. ' iikor in rulor liiaii the Europeans. Smitli of the Sali.ir.i, tlie X(>f,'r(i r.ue orrupies lit irly the wliolc i-ontineiit, anil forms much tli .'ri-atcr part of llio popul.itioii of tins (Ir.ii.,! Divis- ion, ^riie animals arc shown on p. ,)S.) .\frica possesses Minerals of av .it valm but they are compar.itnrly nnilcvelopi'ii. (nil, I iri fouiul ill SiMH'K'ainhia, u:\ the f,;ii-i. \ roa-.!. and in the rxlri'mi' s,iiilli lr,in, nipix,T,l. . 1 and sill occur in varions pLici-s. Tin; di,ini,)nd-n,'Ws on th,' Or.inj;,' and Vaal Kivirs are the principal sources from which dl.'iiionils are n.r.v obtain. 1. The Islands of .\frica li.ive a iin're healiliy climate •nan th.' 1 onlinent, owing I,) the sea brivje-i. Madagascar, thn Largest, supplies valuable cabinet and d>., woods, rii ,-. 1,'inKer, jvppcr.anil other tropical products, Mauritius and Bourbon .ire .,f v .Icani.. ori>;in, and from llieir (vviitioii are subject to terrific luirri .Ties; they prinluce chiefly su;; ir .vid offee. Madeira is a f.ivorilu resort for invalids ,ki accnnnt ,.f in d.linhtful c iniatc. The Canary an 1 Cape Verd Islands proUuce tropical fruits ia ainindance. Iif Western .\frica After its husky cov(Tin({ is lii,isened, the fruit is thrown into vats full ,if water, and nejjro women tread .nt the oil. The natives call the oil-palm their friend. They use the oil as butter, and inaki- from different parts of the tree various utensils and articles of dress Tho palm-oil if commerce is used in the manuf.iciur- of ]wrfumery so.ap, and candle;, and for liiliricating m.achinc v. .Xnoilxr valuable tree is the d.ile-palm of Northern .\frica In l-^ijypt, ih,' harvest of iis delicious Iruit ii celebrated every year with fe.isliiiK and merry makinfi. It furnish, s limber, thatch, in uerials for cordite, 'tr In .^Iada^;.ls^■ar, ih,' Nufia palm is no less useful I-'rom i!ie inner libri'S of its leaves dollis are woven l"rom ill- liraiuh"s of the .acacia, whose delicate liraves anil blossom .'ire shown above, Kum-arabic e.\udes; .anil senna (cassia-leaves) is used .is mi'di- -ine. IV.annts are raisi-d in lari;,' ipiantiiies m tho vi-esterii coast AmouK the char.tcteristic F-Kvplian plants is Iha lotus, a liiMUtifnl water-lily, the roots and siH-ds of which are e,aten. The p ipyViis formerly al>. iindeil nn the banks of the Xil.v and still urowsiii .Miyssini i. It is from this plant th.it ^ii/cr gels its nam", i he paper of antipiity hiving bcvn prepnrel from its innT Kirk. !r: t ' 112 POLITICAL AFRICA. POLITICAL AFRICA. Questions on tiik Map. Wlial Rct.cral nainr is Kivcn Id tho cnuntrii.s ocrnpyinR lhy llu! Atlanlii:? Hmv is Mariicco sopa- ralicl from Spain? Hmv arc iIk; Harhary Statics t>oriU;rcl on ilie south' What islli.-c.ipilalof Maro(Co' OfAl^rria? OfTnnis? Of Tripoli? What c ily is «i>st of I'vi > Snulh-wrst? Whit provincis ar« Ml Tripoh? What is Ihi' ihicf town of Hare. 1? f )f l"i'zzan ? Wh.it capo i' ii tht; northeast of Tunis' What >;ulf on the east' What town in Maroico is opposite (lih- raltar? Whit islamls are wist of Marorro' To whom ih) they belong? What mountain rhain extends throiiijh Marocco? What k'"'' is on the west coast of Harca? Sou'.h of Op|Kr (luineai Wliat Highis are \n the Gulf of (luinea ? What countries occupy the Nile Vailey? What two seas border F.Rvpt ' What art- the principal divisions of l-'.^vpt? \Vh.:t country is enclosed in tin south east of T.Kypt ' What is the capital of Knypt ? What port is at the western mi>ulh of the Nde > What three ports are east of Alexandria ? What cities are on the Nile in Is^vpt ? In Nubi.i ? What port in Nubia on the Kid Sea? What town at the confluence of the White and Uliie Nile? What town is at the head of the Red Sea > What is the capital of Abyssinia ? Near what lake is Ciondar? What port is on the Hid Sea, northeast of Abyssinia ? What country is iMirderid by the Gulf of Aden? What is the chief town? What country is south of Sonmli? What ra|K! forms the eastern point of Somali? What island is north-east of Cape (iuarUafui? What waters sepa- rate l'"t;ypt and Arabia ? What mountains are east of the Great Lake;? What coast country is east of the equalori il lakes? What is the capital > How situated ' What two coun- tries are on the eistern coast on the Mozambiciuo ("hanuel ? What are their capitals? What river divides them? "*''iat lar>;e island is east of the Mozam- bicpie Chaniiil? What is the capit; i ' Mi Hon- Guard. ifi,? Good lIo|ie? Spartel ? Agulhas? Ulanco ? Channels or Straits. —Wi-/a'i I'M jflial Imnls.' Wlmt waters i/ocs it umiui,!} li lb el-M.iiideb' Mozambique? Gibraltar' Seas and Gulfs. — II'/i.t.- is it .' Cilus? Sidra? Mediterranean? Red? Aden? Guinea >■ Mountains. —When- nrc they/ Atlas:- Kong? Cameroons' Kenia? Kilima-Njaro? Snow? I'rakenlH-rg' Rivers. — W'hire ilois it risci' hi nlint liirectiun ilofs it jtow I Iniu ..hni hotly of iiiilir? Nile? Congo? Niger? Zamlx-si? Orange? Limpopo? Lakes. -ir/;,-r,- silnnlnl.' Wluil oiitlil h,i\ il > Dembea ? Chad? Albert Nyanza ? Victoria Nyanza ' Tanganyika? Han- gweol.i? Nyassa? Cities and Towns. — Ai. le/iu? ciiKM/rv IS I/.' In uh,il f,\rl? Horv .lilimltd/ Fez? Mequinez? M.irocco.' Algie s? Constanline? Oran? Tunis' Tripoli? Ceuta? Sue/.? Benghazi? Mourzonk? Cairo? Alexandria? Port Said? Zanzibar? Sofal.i? Mozambique? Tananarivo? Cajxriown? ''ietermpritzburg? OTrban? Hloemfontein? fHlmiiii/nn-tiiii) Pretoria? Herbera? Khartoum? Free' )wn? Monrovia? Coomassie? Port St. Louis? .\bomey ? St Piul da Loando? Timbuctoo? Thebes? Derr? Massowah? Gondar ? Magdaia? Suakin ? The Barbary States Marocco. A I.e. 1 1'. RS. Ti'Ms. 'rmPOI I AM> IV\Kl.\. The Nile Region I"i;m'1 . .\nvssiM \. The Sahara. Soudan. Central Africa. Countries of the West Coast. Southern Africa - (^\1T, < Ol.ONV. Natal. Oranc.k Rivkr Statk. Transvaal Stai i-:. Countries of the East Coast. Madagascar and other is- lands. Ml till- Xdtii'i Governments .'iri- ili-spotisnis, and < xccpt in Ef,'ypt iiiul tin Harhary States, arc of the rudest and siinplfst di'scription. The Population of .Africa is cstiniatod at 2cx).(x>o.- oixi, Imt it is oiilv williiii ni'ciit \rars tliat aiivtiiilit; lias lici-it U-ariU alwit tin- ]>i'oplc in the interiof of the i-oiuitient. The Commerce of Afrie.i, compared with the extent anil resources ol the couiitrv. is exceedingly liniil'-tl. and is in the iiands of tlie white race. Caravans cross the dreat Desert frniii the Harbary States by tiie lines of oases, and barter MiiropL-.m and Asiatic niantifactures for the noU\, f;nnis, ivory, and ostrw li feathers of (\-nlral .\friea. Similar articles are brouj^ht from the interior to the eastirn and western coasts. These caravans somet mes consist of thousands of camels, and take from thirty to ninety days to cross the Pesert. Railways, roads and tel;-^raphs.iM- almost unknown except in the British Colonies of the South, in Algeria and in Kgypt, where some progress in civilization has been made. The Slave Trade is still carried on in Central Africa, both on the east and west coasts, although strenuous efforts .ire made l>y Great liritain to prevent u THI-: BAUnARV STATF.S. riic Barbary States include Marocco, .'Mgcria- Tunis, rripoii, ami Harca. Marocco, Alf^eria and Tunis occupy the ropion of the Atlas Motmtain System, rich in fon-sts ami cultivable lands Tripoh and Marca oi-cup\ tin- Mediterranean region from Tunis to l-i^'yjit. The |!arli,ii\- Sates are so called fiom llieir ancient inhabit- ants, tile Berbers, a pastoral and agricultural people, occupying; the Atlas Mountain rejjion. .■■J.f ;,■':■:■' tin'' B.th.i-.A'M' .1 •"•I '> 'i'l"' inca? "''V ' ThrouKh n's arc > H.irc.i? Fez. ' S,.f,-.la- X|„. K'l! Uivir Stale? iDmi'v > 111, lira' ' (irain (dasi? Kascar ' Mauri- ra ? Ascinsion ? tlaiu'o ? s (/ois (( iomiiit.' «? I'rakiMihiT),'' iiiRnnyika? Han. ■' How sitmttiH Oraii? TiiniH> o? Alexandria? •o? CaiwTiiwn? liiii- ) I'nidria? I'Dft St. I.iiiiis> i-Tr? Massuwah? It Desert from tcr lMiro|)i..iii y. and osin. Ii brouKht from », nml take frdin I'l tcl'vraplis ,ui' in Algeria and in on I ho eaM and ain Id picvcnl il o, AJgcria, of the Atlas mils- -Tripoli ll!IS to lvn>l"' lent inhabit Ic, occupying' Oiher raccH no or niir the town \ I , , anr "Coumry of Oasos" whire the (late-palm al)oiin(ls. Tin: naini' "Sahara" k nlso kImmi l)y KcuKr.iphiTs to thv. CriMt DrsiTt Mi.iipyiiiK a lirni- p.iii cif nurthirii Afrii.i SiiiiuMif the oases are of great iM.nt, are i«rmaneiuly jnhabiled, h.ue their ^'lain fields, ilati' proves and (>!• Ii irds, and eont lin vill.i^jes and li>wns of several thousand iiihaliiianlt. Phi; ilatu is the uri it sl.ipli! of the plains south nf the Atlas and of Tripoli nr.d |l;irea So abundant are the date (jroves in the oases that this enliri 1. ion is freipientlv called "The Land of Dates," tliouKh this name is mote tniKcially applied to the low plains or Sahara of Southern Al>;eria. I'iie Products of the Atlas Region are ni.iiiily wheat, corn, and other (,'rains, and fruits especially dates, olives, fi^'s, and pomegranates. The chief Exports are —grain, olive-oil, ilatcs, wiinl, hides, esparto grass, an'! skins, MarocCO derives its name from the Moors. It is a semi liarbarous country, inh.ibiti- 1 by a numlier of trilies governed by a Sultan, whose authority is, however, lilth; respecl 'd. M.irocco has threi; c.ipitals: -Fez, the residence of the Sultan, and the western dei)ol of the cara\ an tr.ide hclwccn ICnrope .mcl Central .\frica; Mequinez; and Marocco, the old metroixilis. Algeria is a Province of I'rance. KuroiK'ans form but a siuall part of the popnlatinn. and arc mostly in the sea-port towns. The rest of the i'i!rd)it.uus ;»re about t; h.diileil by w.inilering herdsmen In Kordofa'i and i ■« ii.U the v.uih tin" tropii d run. i. nchr the vul fertde .md the \egel,ilion bnuri.mt The People . '■e chielly of .\i,ib descent. Soiiu lalong to the Berbers and other .\frican triU's, and a sin.ill iinmlK r aro Copts, ilescendaiits of the ancient l'"gypti.ins. The Turks an' the ruling r.tce, ,iiid Moh.immed.inisii) is the prev.iiliiig i< hgion. Agriculture is the principal occupation of the |Hople. The chiif Exports are grain and cotton. A HmTisii iHoN-n.M) passing TllKoriill 1IIK Sci:z r.\NAI.. The Suez Canal, U'tweL-n I'orl Said and Suez, connc-clinK the Mediter- ranean and Ked Seas, iK-dongs to l-gypl. althon(.'h controlled by f',reat Mritain it is the mo<,t Important maritime route m the world, connecting the commirce of Kiirn])i? with that of southern .-(nd eastern -.^ .\sia. The total length of the can.d i< aUm! one hundred miles. .\ railway connects Alexandria. Tairo, .ind Sue/, .iml forms an impetween ("ireat llritain an.l Indi.i. Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is the largest city in .\fric,i. Alexandria is the second city and the principal se.i i>orl. Port Said .Old Suez are towns ai the ends of tli<- Sue/. Canal. Khar- toom is the capital and centre of tr id-' of Nnbia; El Obeid is the (liief place ot Kordofan, and Kobbe of D.irfui. Abyssinia Is thc- twt'ii which .ire iertile x.illiys with liivnri.int \eget,itioii. M.iiiy of its mount. tin ix;uks arc covtred with snow during the greater part of tlu; ye. ir.. J 114 I'OLITICAI. AFRICA. Tlir rtninlry IS III .1 s.ini l),irl>.iri)iis < oiKliiinn.aml has littli'or I C" I". NT K \ I. \ T 1< I « \. • no Commerce. It is m ihf posMssloii nf > vii.il in lipiiili nt ■^ |j,„. ,,f European Colonies .uul Trading-posts ml.. „ wlioso nil.rs air . ..i.Manlly stru-«liM« for siiprrm.icy. ,.xtcll-: \ ml to tin; IJritisii Coloiiii-s at the Ciip«: of C'kmmI IIii|)i . ,. | iIkmui: iiloDj^ the eastern coast in Mo/aiiiliicpu'. Nuiili of llic inoiitli ot tile Dr.mt,''' Uimt tlu' west lo.i^i ii,( s.-viM Imnilnd miles is cntirrly ilisert, .md tlir iiiliiioi ,it tl,,. (irr.ii ('rntral I'lati-au south ot Soiulan I'l the /.iiiiIhsi Ka.r IS lint hltlc known. Till' li' St kiiiivMi purtinii iif ihi' I'liiintry is tlu Zambesi Buin, »lihli h.» liiTii t\|iliiriil by l.ivinnHliini! ainl mliori I'hi- lirxi! fri-sli-\v.ilcr l.ikrs iw ir tin: r:\i\ nur I ■rni ,i iiDi.ibli^ fr.ilnr.' ..( ihi, pirl iif Ihi- 1 iiiniry, .iiul llu' Victoria F«lls'in ilu- /.uiiIksi Kivcr ant \. .-. It.l lii >;r.iny tlmsu of Ni.iKira In tliu t'xtnMiie south i» thi' Kalahari Deiert, similar iii clinractvr to ilir Sahara. Thf People Ml li.irli.iroiis ,inil hvr in small \ illa(,'al ailii Irs ot cominiTi v. Coffee Is imliKiniiiiH im ihi-. n^iuii, ami fnTii luri' it was iniroilm rd inii Ar.-iliia Thi! chii-f Export! .if ..illn-, ivory .iml nurriH, wliiili .iri' vilil i>rinci|>.ilU III the Knypli ins al M,isso»ali on ihi' Knl Sr.i 111 I s ' II \i< \. ni (ii< i: A r |)i:si:k 1". 'I'lic Sahara is tin- inost iMcnsivf dcsirt nii the «!arlli. it loiins the wrsttTii portion of tht:on;at il<:s(;rl licit wliicli ixii'iids .11 ros-> tin; ICasti-rii llcinispluin- Innn tlif .\ii.iiitic ( )ct!aii throiij^ii .Africa ami .Asi.t to tlic I'.iiific. Il ritiisists of rm k\ plate. Ills ,ii|i| isi ij.iU I low inouiilaui liiK)s, .111(1 iiru siiiiil.ii in tiieii hahils to the Heilonin Ar.ilis. I Liberia IS .1 repiililie. with .1 eonstitnlioii niddelled on thai I't Soudan, or Land of the Mlacitcrly slaves, for whose fieiudil tlR. culoi.y was oriKinalU ,. , 1 ,• 1 / • IV 1 .• • estahlislifd. miniediatelv soiiih ot tlKtdre.ii I Jeseri, and lonniiiof a _ . ■ " I The coiiMirv 1^ pnidiu'tive. Melilinn 1. true harvests of Lotion, eoMce, imlit;'' transition hetweeii ihe desert and the hixiiriaiu \eget,i- | ,,ml sntjar .an. lion of the ('(pi.ttorial latittides. ' Monrovia is the capital. In its heavy ti-opical tains, evtensiv.. forests, fertile soil and '''"' '"'''' r.-ioiis fr..iii (ape I'alnias t.. (ape I'ri., are kn..uM ureal heat, Soudan somewhat reseml.les the selv.isof the .Vmazuli. , '''' Upper an.l Lowcr Guinea. . ' They are r.'n.nvn.'d lor th.ir natnr.i! wimlth in v.'^etalile iml minfr.d pr" A hirec ciravan tra.le from 111.' ini.rior lo 111. I.'.linir uiean . oasi iscarn.il , . , , i, r , • ■ .r <■ i . , .Inrtions. an.l ar.^ also nolabl.' for llii' injurions .Ifeets of Ih.ir . Iimal.' up. '^ Oil. th.' prim ipil Exports I. .ni; K'ul.l, ivorv. ..sinrh I. Uliers and enin-arabi. ' , , ' "^ uhlt.' p.'npli' Solid 111 ..■nt.iiiis a l.irf,'c iiiimlier of independent, popnioii rh.' eoists of I'pp.T (iiiin.'.i ar.' known as ili.- Grain, Ivory, Gold, .i^ semi li.irharoiis States. Slave Coasts, fro-i their principal exp.iris In Ceniral anil Wesi.rn S.indan Ihe inhabitants are chiefly m),'r.. irilu's, Upper Guinea i divided into a threat niimlu'r of iH^Vo kmu who are ih.' highest .'f th.ir race in civilizati.'n. In I'.ast.'rn S.unlan the . I. nils, all ot wliicli are in il very low slate of civilization. Ashan- nilinj! class is .if Arabic ,t, m ,iii. ^gg ;,,„1 Dahomey .ire the principal. Most of the Inhabitants ire Mohammeilans; tii.' rest .ire , S.nne ..f the towns .ire lar;;e ;iiid populous, as Coomassie, Pagans. Abomey .md Abbeokuta. .\ consideralilc caravan trade is The religion ..f ihe I'anan n.'Kr.ies combim s .. b.li.f in .vil spirits, witch- c.irrii .1 on with 'riliibiu t.io, Sokota, Kailo and Kilka. crift, .in.l m,it;ic .harms, ami is kn.iwn as "Fotichism." i Lower Guinea, With theeM'eplioil of Lo.lligo, is nominally The priiicijial St, it. ; are Bambarra, th.' Houssa States, I >^>il'.i''' 'o the Portnu'iese, wId have Iradiiit.' stations on the or (.".lUlitrv of ill.' I'"ellalalis. Bornu an.l Baghirti ,i loiiii.l Like coast. ( or N IK I I'is ol rill-; w i.sr co.vst. riu; Countries of the West Coast comprise SiMiej^Minhia, Liheria. I'pper and Lower (aiine.i. wiili nunutroiis iCiiropean seiileineius. Senegambia is tli.- f,'eiier.il nam ' given to the coasl region lietwcin the wi'stern p.irl of the Kong M.iniitains ,ind the Sa liai.i, dr.iiii.d l>\' tile Seiieg.il and (i.imlii.i Kivers. It cinsisis .if low. s.m.ly, c.mstpl.iin-. I.rlilc alliivi.il bottoms, and t.ilil.'- I mils, ri. h in forests an.l prairies. Thi- Exports ir.' iv.iry, beeswax, khihs. hi.l.s, ml (;ol 1 Th ' Inhabitants an' ni.ii'ily m'^roi's Souther In the iMt inces, antl ( N.iitll t asl publics >>l 1 1' .\djaniit t inhaliilants . iiiiiu'iit ol h .,ie the Bech Tiie Native 1 -\\v< \\ caltlc! .an ...ll forin.' I an I'liu nativ.'s I I -Lacks, of a l')v form a lari;e pr (had, an.l Waday, liisi.les Egyptian Soudan; the jirmcipal towns- Kano, Sokoto, Kuka an.l Timbuctoo. l-'rom Cape l'"rio to the Or.inge Uiver the .■o".;iiir\ is in th. possession of iiiuivilized native tribes, and is ainiust unknown Cape Col« It 111. hides ,lH'Von Thf soil Colony, ;is the Indian thi-' coast. The chief t>accu, an.l cultivated. Pieterr seaport. The Tr peopled li colonists and after I'OI.ITIC.M. AFKIl A IK in, ulii. h h.ii 1^. and i.ibk-- !!.• Britith Settlements on ihr wnt cniiit of Afrir.i an- Sitrra Leone, < :,>\ ny |km(>1< il i lin iK liy iii'^riH-., I.ikiii fnun »l ivr IridiTt i iplni. I l.\ IHm^li •iui'«r'», Freetown is llir cipitil Bathiirit, >m ilu- 1-1. m. I ,.| m M M at ih.r in.. mil i.f ilif (l.iinl.i.i Cold Coant Colony, imlii.liiii; L«fOt, m Ih. liillf i.f f.iini. 1 Accra in 111.' . ,i|iilil I he Portugueie Settlcmentli .ii. Biaiao, ..ii ihr Kio (Ir.mili-. .iiul mhrr MI ill Will. mini-, ill Sriii-;;iinlii,i, .iii. I Angola ihu lihliiiK llii- .li^iri. 1- ..| I" I I.I. lit'iKiii'l.i ami MiiNsaiiirdi's) in l.ww. i (iiiiiii'.i, nt hIikIi St. Paul dc Lnanda i^ Itii- < In. f l..«n France liis ir.i.Iin){ KiHliniiH .m llm Si'ntx.il. tli.- priiu iii.il ..iit- Ikiiik Fort St. Louii, .11 til.' iii.iiiili ii( ihi- ri\rr, .lU.i .ui iIh- Gold Coast -mil ..n th. Gaboon Rirer in Liamt (ininta. Spain |>.>sst'HMv. till' sin. ill tirriinry nf San Juan ..n ihi' ii>.i-i ..I I'liiim-.i SO I 'Til I'-. UN MKU \. Southern Africa lulonirs ihicily in lirtr.a IJrii.iin. In the t-.MrL-mc soiiih is Cape Cc'ony with its |»r«>\ iiiits. aiitl t Msi til tliai is Natal. Ni.iili ( .I'-i 111 (';i|ii- ( ulniiv .111' till' iiiiji'pi'iiili III Dutch Re- publics (it till Transvaal Mini tin Orange River States. .•\(lj;ii:i'iit to N.itiil ;iu' ti 1 1 ituriis .still ii<'.ii|iii(| |iy llifii natl\t' iiili:iliit;ii)ts till' Kaffirs, Basutos ;in.l Zulus iinii< r tlif ;,'i>v I riinu'iit >|H'aiis an.l thiir ilvscfn.lanis form .1 larKu |)ru|iurliuii of the iKipiilatiun lliry an- eitlit-r Mritish nr l^utch. '"m'I': Colony. Cape Colony is the must important Miitisli Colony in Afrir.i. It 111. liiilc'S tlic ailjoiiiiiiK trrritm ic'S of llasiitol.iml, Tr.iiiskti ilK-yoiul the Kti ( l\y I Kiver) or KafVraria, and (irKjiialantl. Uxn'pl in limlti'il rcj^i.ms m.ir tin; inasts nil. I riv.rs, llio l.in.l is nut will siiitt'.l t.> a^rii iiltiiri'; but thin; an' l.irni; areas of valuable pastur.: Kroiin.l Thi; chi.f Industry of tln' . ninitry m tin; raising of shttp. i.itlle. an.l i)-.tr idles. .\n cxt.nsixe Diamond Reuion, from uliicli lar^e niiniUrs of xaluablc (Jems are olitaini'il. c'\i-.l>on the iniildle and lower I'.iurs.' of the V.ial I. Tin- trade isdiielly with (;r.',it Hritain Capetown, tin; (.ipit.il, is a pl.u'c of j,'rcat coiiniitr.i.il ini|H^rt' ancr, lii'iii;,' tlio sti)pi>iii^;iila(:c fur vcssils trailing' round tin- Cajie of Ciood 11o]H'. It is connected by nearly l.ooo miles of railway with towns on tlu; coast or in the interior. These are. however, of small size and importance. Natal. The soil of Natal is more f,'enerally fertile than that of Cajie Colony, as numerous small streams run throu};h the country into tlie Indian Ocean; a rich coal-field has been discoveretl near the coast. The chief Exports an; wool, sugar. ii.(fi;e, cotton, and arrowriKit To- bacco, and tin; different grains and Irui'.s of the temperate zone, are also cultivated. Pietermaritzburg is the < .ipital, .md D'Urban the principal sea port. DlTCIl SlATKS. The Transvaal Republic and tiic Orange River State are peopled by Dutch f.iniurs {Uocrs), desi iini.uits ai the onuinal colonists who came from Holland to the Cain; of Cjoo<1 Hoik;. and aft<;rwards migrated into this region. Th.' Transvaal Republic «a« fnrmrrlv a part of fapr t'nlony but in iHUi Its in. 1. 1« 11. 1. 11. . u ., g.. ,1 mtied In I ir.'.il llnl iiii thi' l.itter .mlv ii >crvinKa suor.iinty in (..nun .ill.iirs, Theso coiinlrii's .in- ii.>| f i\or.ibl.' (oi iurn iiltiiH', but .il|..ri| uoo'l iMstur-IUf Thi- r. ariiig .•! -.Ii. . p. . .ml.; ami h.>r-« s i-, ih.- 1 hi. i Industry .-f tin i«sipU- Ih.- People b lung 1.1 III.' Iiiii. li Ui'lorni. ,| l't..t. -i ml ( hiin li Pretoria is the c.ipital of tin- Ti.msy.i.d St.ite. ami Bloem- I foiltein I llU'i>mti n. KN t ti \s r. I Ihc Eastern Region of .Xlrii.t ;ti.iy In- j;«iniMlly ' iliviili-tl iiuii iliirc iirriiitrit's: ilir Somali .iinl Zanzi- bar Territories, .mil ilif Portuguese Settlements. I III' Coast Region iioiii till Sti.iii ..I |:.>liil M.in.li Kt.. t .i|h- I )i'l);.ido IS >K I upii'il |i\ independent ii.itiM- IiiIhs ■ linlK' p.is- toral with .1 i'onsidei,i|i|i- Ai.d. pnpiii.itK.ii in llu lowiis .m the I'o.ist and isl.iiids. I'hi- Suit. in ol / iii/ibar ikiiiiii i proti'ctnraiu i-wx the c.>.tM toiiiilneH Ironi ( a|K; Ik-lg.i.l.i to M.ig.idox.i North ol ih.il i-. I'l.iinu'tl b\ tin Suit. in ol Oman, in .\rabi.i. Till' pi iinip.d towns .irc : Berbera, III S.iiii.ili, .iml Zanzibar, Mombas .md Quiloa on tin' /.ui/iImi • ..,1st. The NIands.if ZanzitMkr .iml Pemba .ir.; ,iiii.>iig tin- iiio.t lerlilu r.-giona ot the glolii-. ,1,1.1 > 1(1.1 I irg.; ipi.iiitiln s of sugar an.l rn.' The chi. f Exports .if the to.ist are ri. e, silf|ar, molasses .in. I hsh The Portuguese Possessions e\i. ml from ( ip. Pil^ado 1.1 I)rl,i^o.i l>.i\ .111(1 nil hide till' tiintoins i.l Sofala an.l Mozambique. The pmmp.il toun is Mozambique. M'UKAN ISLANDS. Madagascar is om- of the Lir^esl isLwnls on the ^;lu|l<', .'tiny more tli,iii tuKi- the si/e of the Province of Onl.iiio. The Soil is lertile, with nth p.istnr.ine, and m.iKmliceiit forests, alioundinj; in valuable trees and iiirdicin.il pi, mis. 'Jlie princip,il Products are rue, sii;,'ari .iiie, tobai t o, m.iiiioc, and all the fruits of tropn ,il r<'t,'ions. Copper, nieniiiy, noii and ioal are known to e.vist, and gold .mil siIm r are also found. The chief Exports are rum, rice, and cattle, an.l the trade is iii,iiiily with Mauritius .i;i. I uiili the I-"rench islands of Ste Mario and ilourlH.n. Till- Inhabitants are partly Malays and [wrlly a mixi-d r.ice, closely re- sembling til.' )Hiiple of the adjacent co,ists (if the ni.iinl.ind. (if l.iti- xears thev have m id.; considerable pr.igr.ss in civilization and l'liristi,iiiii\ The Government is ,i dispolic monarchy. Tananarive is the cipn.il .md lar^'i-'s* city, Tamatave, the < hu'f port, exports cattle and rice. Mauritius belonf,'s to (jnat Hritain, :inil ex|)oHs siinai. It is a slojipinf,' pi. ice for vi-ssels crossing; tin' liidi.in Oiean. f'.SV< Ciiiiiiiuniiil Miif' <■/ tin- W'i'ilil.) Port Louis is the i.iiiital. The Seychelles Islands. Rodrig;uez, .iml .i number ..f sni.ill islands adja cent, are d.'iK'n.Uiicies of M.iuritius Bourbon, or Kiunion, as it is ,ilso called, is ,i I-"reni li i oloiiv. Xt.ir M.nl igasi.ir an- the Islands of Ste. Marie, Mayotta ml Nossi-Be, also l)elo;iging t.. f'r.in. c The Atlantic Islands .ire of small si/c, ,iiid .m pn-i ipitous, volcanic rocks. The solitary islands. St. Helena, Ascension ami Tristan da Cunha In-long to Cir.-at Mrilaiii lb. Cape Verd Islands ami Madeira |.( I .-g t.. I'ortugal and the Canary Islands to Spun I In; 1. liter .'\|»irt wim- siig ir .iml coffi-e In the (iulf (f Oiiima, the Isl.inds of Fernando Po, .md Annobon belong to Spain, .ind the Islands ..I St. Thomas ami Princes i.' I'.irtugal Socotra, west of Caiie (iu.inl ifiii, is uml. r the c.iilrol of tin- liiiain o( MUM;al. an.l Zanzibar cuiitains the chief tuwii of l':..- X,iiuibar c.>a->l It J IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.! 11.25 ;f ilia iiiM n^ IIIIIU 12.2 1^ — 6" 2.0 1.8 1.4 11.6 VQ ^^ ■c^l '<^. "% .'it' ^#.^^ v: V /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 i' «> i ^J Il6 POLITICAL AFRICA. Al- Hie A -STATISTICAL REKKKKNTK TABLE. Statk. Area in Sy MlI.Ks, I'oplJ- I.ATKlN. (Eslimatiil ) •- 7) fAI'lTAI.. Barbary States .M,u..,.>, Almri.i (I'n ihli) Tunis Tripoli aiid li.irci Egypt Abyssinia The Sahara Soudan Central Africa Western Africa Suncj4;irni)i;i SiMK'K.il (/■>cm7i) Sierra Loom; and (iain)ii.i {ISritiJi) .. Lilieria Aslir'ntcu iJalioicy Guinea Coast — rortu^'ucsi! I Possessions (it)lil Coa-tt anil (ial»oon (/•"/■.h./O- . . . (iolil Co.isl and Lagos (llrilish) Southern Africa - Capc' Colonv {liriliili) Nalal {Urilnh) Orange Kiver Statu Transva.il Stalo Eastern Africa - I'ortiigiiusu I'ossL'Ssions Zan/.il)ar Somali, I'tc African Islands - Mad.ag.iscar Mauritius {liritisli) I'rcnclj I Possessions i liiiiirhoit {Kiiiiiiaii) ! Mii\Oitti Nossi-lir , SI,-. Maru- I Uritisli I'ossessions i .S7. //./, /;ii ' Aui-iisi(in Tristnn da Cttuha ) I'orlUKuese Possessions i Caf>,- Vtrd liUimls HI. Tliumns Princes J Spanish I'os.sessions — Fiiihiiiilii I'll ) Atinuhan Ttrritory tif Siiii Juan j iri.|,jrio •IS.-!.;') i5S.o4.i 1,072 -447.1° 18,730 4i,o()j 114.3'Jn 37S,r.i.j j67.5"0 3ijj,ooo jjfMjo 713 9-0 13.5 loS 04 47 34 45 1.471 3f)0 .5S X53 TOTAL . 11,568,076 6, 1 40, 2,867, 3,000 1,010 16,400,000 000 6j6 o4 140 306 40 ■4 66 3 80 5.i9 200 (JO 100 1 II 107 7 51 46 40 ( Fez I Marocco Algiers Tunis Tripoli ((',iiro(C'.'/i/7(i/).. I Alexandria {S-pl) (iondar I'OM-- I.ATIOS. Fort St. Louis I'reetown Monrovia (\iomassie .... Abomey St. PauldeLoanda Accra Capetown I'ietermaritzburg Hloemfontein . . . Pretoria Mozambique.. Zanzibar . . .. Hei bera Tananarivo . Port Louis. . PkIMM.AI. KxPORTh 100,000 I 50,000 64,714 [ 125,000 1 23,000 ) 3^7.4^.: ) >f'5.75J ) 7,000 Wheat, olive-oil, dates, wool, hides, esp.- gr,iss, and skins. Wlieat .and cotton. Coffee, ivory, gold-dust, musk, and guni.,. Gold, iv.iry, ostrich feathers, and gnni.,iiMbic Ivorv and ostrich feathers I Ivory, bees-wax. gum-copal and other gums, ,1 palm-oil, hides, and gold. 45.260 ' 10,144 ■!.5&7 30,000 75.000 .T 0,500'' ;;:;) Wool, wine, diamonds, ostrich feathers, sugar, coffee, and arrowroot. Sugar, rice, and molasses. Cattle, rice, sugar, rum, tobacco, manioc. Sugar, rum, rice, molasse; Fruit. Palm-oil, boes-wax, gums. ,1 FEBjei-ISlASt GENERAL QUESTIONS. Comme'"'al. — Which is the most populous district of .\frica ? Which ranks next? >','hich country contains the largest jiopulation? What three states on the Medite.-anean exceed Ontario in population? What island in the Indian Ocean? What British colony has .ibout the same population as the P'' ,ince of Quebec? What island in the Indian Oce. n exceeds New Prunswick slightlv in ]iopul;ition ? Which country contains the two largest cities? What couni ies the two next largest? What are the chief exports of Northern .-Vfrica? Of Southern Africa? Of ••Eastern Africa? Of Soudan ? ()f Central Africa? Where are diamonds procured? From what islands is sugar exported ? Fruit? Rice? Molasses? Where are ostrich feathers procured? Ivory? Hates? Coffee? Musk? Ciold-dust? B(!es-wax? Gum-copal? Wool? Wine? Wheat? Cotton' Esiiarto-grass? Palm-oil? What I'Uiropean countries h.ive possessions or colonies in Africa? Where are the principal li.itish colonies in Southern .-Vfrica? In Western .-Vfrica? What French colony is on the Mediterranean? What other colonies has France? V, here are the Portuguese Possessions situated? The Spanisli Possessions? What islands belong to Great Britain? To France? To Spain? To Portugal? Voyages. — What cargo would a vessel carry from Cape Town to London? From Mauritius to Montreal? From Zanzibar to Aden? From the Cape Verd Islands to Lisl»n? From Mad.ag.ascar to Mauritius? From Sierra Leone to Liverpool? From Alexandria to Marseilles? From Algiers to Quebec? From Bourbon to Havre? From St. Paul de Loanda to Lisbon? If a vessel leaves Halifax for Natal, through what waters and past wiiat islands would she sail? What .Vfrican countries would be passed in sailing from the Strait of Gibraltar to Alexandria? From Alexandria (through th,- Suez Cimal) to Madagascar? From Tamatave to Sierra Leone ? From Sierra Leone to Li-'".'.!o-. ? ;o, manioc. OCEANIA. ««7 :^aitaL icrft:=?iai3v? Coast. o.« New Guinea. FEUZc-IaiASP^B-' Maobj Villaoe Ksw Zealand. An Atoll. Native Austbalian. SCENES IN OCEANIA. Hunting the. Kanuakoo. Uyak VlLLAOt IN liOKNEO. WaBRIOB OF {ioRNEU. OCEANIA. Gener.m. \) Oceania, the sixth Grand Division, is composed of the numerous islands situated in the Pacific Ocean (sec ulfa/> of Western Ileinisp/icrc), and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans south of the Tropic of Cancer. To- gether, these islands form an Area one-si.\th larger than the Dominion of Canada and a little larger than Europe. Oceania ranks fifth both in extent and population among the Grand Divisions. Oceania includes the Largest Islands in the world— Australia, New Guinea, Borneo, ami others — and a vast number of small islands. Some are of volcanic formation, and contain active vol- canoes — as Java, Sumatra, and the Philippine Islands. Others are of coral formation ; and many of the volcanic islands are sur- rounded by coral reefs, dangerous to navigation. In 1883, an earthqu.iko in Java destroyed an immense amount of property, and 30,000 lives were lost. Coral Reefs and the foundations of coral islands are composed of the skeletons of minute marine animals called Polyps, myriads of which inhabit the tropical seas. These polyps secrete, from the sea-water in which they live, a limy substance, which serves them as a skeleton, and which is called Coral. They multii)ly rapidly, not only by eggs but by budding like plants; and out of the skele- tons of successive generations masses of rock grow up by degrees to the surface of the sea. Here the reef stops, for tho polyps cannot live out of tne water; liSCRIl'TION. but in some cases, under the action of the waves and from other causes, the upper parts of the structure :irc broken up into smiill fragments; these are washed u}) on the tup ol the reef and gradu- ally form a soil. Seeds are carried thither by tlie ocean currents or by birds; and inider the inlluence of a warm and moist climate, vegetation soon crowns tlie newlj-formed island, of which the majestic cocoa- palm becomes a characteristic ornament. Tluis are formed Coral Islands, particularly inimernus in the Pacific and liulian Oceans. They seldcjm li.ive an I'leViition of more than ten feet above the sea, and are usually circulir in form. In many cases they consist of a ring encircling a central lagoon, or portion of the ocean; vessels enter through a passaga in the ring, and find a secure harbor within. Such islands are called Atolls. {See eiigftiviiig abure.) Coral islands often form extended arclii|x^laKocs. Tlie Caroline Islands, for instance (refer to the M(if> mtd discribv llnir siliiilioii), einliraee no less than sixty groups o[ Atulls, scattered along a distance of twelve hundred miles. I^ng cor.il reefs sometimes run par.illel to the coasts of the isl.mds. Tlie Great Barrier Reef, on the ndrlh-easlirn co.ist nf Australia (see Map), rises from a very great depth, and is more than a tluius.ind miles in length. Against this wall of coral the breakers d.isli with tremendous force, with the roar of thunder, and form a continuous cataract of foam. The Natives of Oceania belong chiefly to the Malay race, but the Papuans and native .\ustraliaus have more Negro Ulan Malay characteristics, and are of the most degraded class, The greater number are Pagans, but some are Moham- medans and some have been ( hristianized. 1' i !# Jt^ Il8 OCKANIA. The islanders K(>n(;rally arc fonil of the sea and are gond sailors. Some of iliriii ari^ ({enlie and iiitillit,'i;nl, and li ivi- made consider.iljli- |iroj;resi in tivil- izalion, lillinK the soil and displayiiiK skill in varions m.iniifaclnres Others are tri'achcrons and rcvenjjefnl lannilials. Piracy is not iincominun Oci:aiii;i consists of Four Divisions: I. Malaysia, tlu; Indian or Malay .\rcliipelaf,'o, incluties Sumatra, Ja\ a, Horncn. anil the islands lyiiif^ between Asia on the north-west, and Australia and New (jiiinea on the southeast. 2. Melanesia inrludes New Guinea and the islands cast and sriuth-east to New Caledonia. 3. Australasia includes Australia, Tasniaiua, New Zealiiid, and the adjacent islands. 4. Polynesia comprehends the vast luimher of islands scattered over the Pacific Ocean, south of the Tropic of (dancer, which are not included in the above divisions. Ql'KSriO.VS 0\ THK M.M'. (Sif iihu I'lirsiinl Maps i>f the Hniiisfhir,s.l General. — Of what is Oceania composed? In what oceans are the islands of Oceania? What continent is north-west of the principal islands' What island-continent is in the sonth? Into what general groups of islands is Oceania divided? Wliat is the position of Malaysia? Of Melanesia' Of .\nslral.asia? Of Polynesia? What sea is between .Malaysia and .\sia? Malaysia.— Which .ire the chief islands of Malaysia? Which is the largest ' What is the southern group called? To what European ]iow.-r docs J.ivaand part of Sumatra belong? What is the principal city of the Dutch Kast India possessions? Where is it situated ? Name three seaports in Sumatra. What two sea ports are in Java besides Patavia? How is J.iva sep,irated froiu Suma- tra? Trom Borneo? Suniatr.a from the Malay Peninsula? Where is Banca situated ? For what metal is it celebrated ? What small island in the south of the Strait of Malacca belongs to Britain ' (.Si-c />. cj.j ) What large city is on it? What group of islands is nortli-east of Borneo? I low are they separated from Borneo? Which .are the chief islands? To what European power do they belong? What is the chief city ? On what island ? What island is east of Borneo? To what European power does Celebes belong? What is its chief town? What group of islands is north-east of Celebes? To what European power do they belong? For what are they celebrated? Which is the largest island? How are the Moluccas separated from Celebes? Celebes from Borneo? To what two European powers do parts of Borneo l)elong? What are the three principal parts? What se.is are in M.alaysia? What straits? In what zone is Malaysia' What islands are crossed by the equator? Which islands are mountainous? On which are volcanoes? Melanesia.— Which is the largest island? What s-.a and strait separate New Guinea from Australia? What two large islands are east of New Guinea? What archipelago southeast? What group is .southeast of New- Britain? What large island is in the extreme southeast ? To what European power does New Caledonia belong? What group of islands is north-east of New Caledonia? What sea is between New Guinea and New Caledonia? Australasia. — Which are the chief islands of .Vustrnlasia? Which is the larjrest? What group is in the south-east? What large island lies south of Australia? To what Euroircan power do the islands of Australasia belong? What sea is on the north-east of Australia? Betwcn Australia and New Zealand ? What strait is between Australia and Tasmania ? What ocean is on the west of Austr.ilia? What gulfs on the north? On the south? Where is the Great Barrier Reef? Which is the most northerly cape? North-western? Western? South-western? South-eastern? What are the i)rincipal mountains ? Where are they situated ? Name the chief river. Its tributaries. What is the general direction of their course? What lakes are in .\ustr.alia? Where are they situated ? In what zone is the northern part of .\ustralia? The southern ? What Tropic cros.ics it near the middle? How is .\nstralia divided ? What divisions are in the cast? The centre ? The west? What colonies does Victoria border on ? What river forms part of its northern boundary? What mountains are in the north-east? What city is thecapit.il? What sei-port is south-west of Melbourne? What city is north of Geelong? North of Ballarat? What colonies does New South Wales border on ? What are its chief rivers? Into what river do they flow? What mountain range extends from Victoria into New South Wales? What other mountains are in New South W'ales? What city is the capital ? What town is near Sydney on the west ? What sea-port north-east? What town i;i south-west? North-east of Newcastle? What colonies does Queensland border on ? What is the capital and chief sea-port? What town is north of Brisbane? What town is north of Mary- Iwrougli on the Fitzroy River ? What colonies does South .Vustr.alia border on ? What gulfs are sonth of it? What territory is north ? W'hat ranges of hills are in the sonth ? What lakes are in South Australia ? What island is to the south ? What is the capii.il ' What colonies dues Western Australia border on? What ocean is on tin- the west' What hills are in the south-west? What is the capital of Western .\ustralia? What port is south-east of Perth on King George's Sound ? What colony is south of Victoria ■ What islands are between Tasmania and Victoria? What cape is on the south? What city is the capital? What ciiv is north of llob.irt? Name the chief isl.mds of New Zealand. What twd straits separate them? What c.ipe is on the north ? On the east of North Island? What island is to the south of South Island ? To the west? What mountains are in South Island? Which island has a number of volcanoin? What city is the capital of New .'■Zealand ? On what island ? What city is in the north of North I.sl.iiid? What city is in the south-east of South Island? In what zone is New Zealand ? Polynesia. — In what ocean are the islands of Polynesia situated ' In what zone are most of the islands? Which groups are no.th of the Equator? What groups south? What principal group is in the no.'th-east? What is the capital? What volcano is on the Island of Hawaii? To what group does Tahiti belong? To what European power does it belong? To what European power do the Fei'jee Islands belong? The Marquesas Islands? RiiviKw Exercises. Colonies, etc. — Where is it.' Hoic hoiimUd? What is the chief town ? Victoria? New South Wales? Queensland? South Australia? Western Australia? North .-Vustralia? Tasmania? New Zealand ? Hawaii? Islanv^. — Where sitniited? To -tchat division iloes it belong f Sumatra' Java? Borneo? Celebes? Sunda Islands? Banca? Singa- pore? l'hilippi:'.« Islands? Luzon? Mindanao? Molucca or Spice Islands? Giloio? NewGuinea? New Ireland? I.'ew Britain? Salomon? Louisiadr \rchipelago? New Caledonia? New Hebrides? Australia? Tasmania N( .V Zealand? Kangaroo? Furneaux? King? Chatham? Marquesas.' Low .\rchipelago? Caroline? Sandwich? Feejee (or Fiji)} Friendly? -Navigators? Society? Tahiti? Capes. — From suhnt coast does it project? York? Londonderry? North-west? Steep? Leeuwin? Howe? South? North ? East ? Mountains. — Where ure they ? .\ii^tralian .■Mps? Mt. Hotham? Mt. Kosciusko? Liverpool? Blue? Gawlur? Darling? Flinders? Southern Alps (.V.Z.) ? Mt.Cook? MaunaLoa? Seas, Gulfs and ??ays.— Il'/itn- is it? China? Sulu or Mindanao? Celebes? Java? Flores? Banda? Ara- fura? Coral? N-w Zealand? Carpentaria? Van Diemen ? Cambridge? Great .\ustralian Bight ? Spencer ? St. Vincent ? Straits. — Between what lands? What waters does it connect? Sunda? Malacca? Molucca Passage ? Macassar? Torre,? Bass? Cook? Foveaux ? Rivers. — Where docs it rise? In what direction dues it flow ? Into what body of water ? Murray? darling? Lachlan? Murrumbidgee ? Lakes.— U'/i.rt situated? What outlet has it ? Eyre? Torrens? Gairdner? Cities or Towns. — In what colony or island ? How situated? Batavia? Bencoolen ? Palembang? Padang? Acheen ? Samarang? Surabaya? Singapore? Manila? Sarawak? Brunei? Bandjermasin? Macassar? Melbourne? Geelong? Ballarat? Castlemaine? Sydney? Newcastle? Port M icquarie ? Paramatta? Goulburn? Brisbane? Mary- borough? Rockhampton? Ipswich? Adelaide? Perth? Albany? Hobart? Launceston? Wellington? Auckland? Dunedin? Christchurch ? Honolulu? 1 '# if?-, V-iTi slands cast ami New Zcal.iiiil, "-•r of islands oi)ic of Cancer. llfs art; sdiith (if ii? '"'i? Wliai lak.-s at is the c,i|iit,il- t ocL-.in is (111 111,, apital of Western s Sound 'i in Tasmania and ital? Wliatciiv iland. Whattuo the east of N'oith I he west' W|,;„ lier of V(ilcano(.s.> ? What city is in of South Island? tuated ' In what of the Kquator? h-east ? Wliat is To what Rroiip lolong? To what iiesas Islands ? (K chief town ? stralia' Western Hawaii .' Banca.' Singa- or Spice Islands? "on ? Louisiadc 'a ? Tasmani.i 11? Marquesas .•• '(/■') .' Friendly ? Howe.' South? ■erpool ? Blue ' ^ ? Mauna Loa ? Banda.' Ara- ? Cambridge? Bass.' Cook? to? Into -.i-hiil Samarang ? Jandjermasin? le ? Sydney ? bane .' Mary- ny? Hobart? 1 ? Honolulu .' f) %. % OCKANIA. 1 1') M A r. A Y S I A . Malaysia consists of tin; \v(,'stt;rii islands .iind groups of islands situatiid Ix'twcen tin; Pacific and Indian Oceans, and south-east of th(; Continent of Asia, from which they are si'parattxl hy the Strait of Malacca and China Sea. They are entirely within the Tropics. Tlie Surface of all these isiaiuls i.s inouiit.iitious. Active and extinct voKaiious are nmnenms, and cartnciuakes are frcciiienl, (■specially in the Smula Islands. The suiT(junilini,' seas hcinf; shallow [sec Map), .Vsia and .Australia seem lo he connected hy a submarine plateau, risiiij,' above the general level of the bottom of the ocean. Except in the elevau'd regions, the Climate is hot; and in the moist lowlands it is unhealthy. Tiie Soil is exticinely fti tile, and owing t(3 the great lu'at and moisture, the former tempered by the seadireezes, vegetation is varied and luxuriant. Malaysia is the greatest Spice Region in the world. The forest-trees 3'ield a great variety of v.ilu.ible woods, such as ebony, teak, the fr.igrant sandal-wood, and dye-woods, as well as useful gums, of wliich gutta-percha and India-rubbvr an; the most important. Rice is the chief f,'rain cultivated; sugar- cane, coffee, indigo, yams, and a variety of delicious fruits grow in profusion. The cocoa and sago palms abound. 'SS The spicesofcommerceari-Iargelycultivatc'il ""*^»i<^" >_^^ V in the islands of Oceania, (loves are thi' Hower-buds of an evergreen tree; they are gathered when green, and smoked on hurdles over a slow fire. The nutmeg is incased in a black shell, en- circled with mace; the fruit is harvested twice a year. The great pepper- producing country is Acheen, in northern Sumatra: the vines are sometimes trained on poles, and attain a height of twenty feet. Among the wild animals are the elephant, tiger, rhinoceros, buffalo, orang-otitang, monkey, and birds of gorgeous plumage. The Population of Malaysia ntnnbers about 30,000,000, or about four times as much as all the rest of Oceani.i. The people are mostl)' Mohammedans, and in the larger islands are divided into numerous petty independent states. They are generally brave and intelligent; some of the races possess written lan- guages, but they are inferior to the Hindoos or Chinese in civil- i/.ition. The Py.iks, the l.irgest and mo-t powerfid lrd)e o( Horneo, are I*,i^;,ins. The Malays .ire good sailors, and in many caseH inveterate ;')irali's Tlieir w.irf.iro, like their ordinary pnrsuus, is gener.ally on the w.Uer, .uid their long /ViiAh!, or warcanoes, filled with arnuil warriors, are th<^ terror of the (mmh' ful I're.pienters of these seas. Thi'V wear little clothing . live cliierty on me. fruity .iiirl lish ; and dwell in bamtwio houses (KTched on pillars to r.iisi' lluui above the waters (iic' t-ttf^rii: ini; , /> 1 1; i, Malavsia is rich in Minerals. With tln' cxcoption of I,i..i, the larger isl.uuls contain ^;old, rts the coMee anil rice of J.iv.i; the tin of Hinca ami Horneo; t\w pep|ier, caoutchouc, gulta percha and cam- plior of Suni;itra; the clovis, nutmegs, and other spices of the Moluccas and Celebes; and other tropical products, Manila is the capital of the Spinish ICast Indies, and exports sug.ir, to- bacco, cigars, Manila-hemp, and iiuligo. Kdible birds'-nesis (tlu^ nests of sea-swallows) are important ,irlicles ol export from Java. H.irneo, and tli" I'liilippine lslanetitioned the Hritish Crown for leave to annex New Ouinea. I AUSTRALASIA. ' Australasia comprises Australia, Tasmaniii, New Zealand, and the adjacent islands. These an: all British possttssions, and form independent colonics tinder the liritish Crown. ACSTRALI,\. Australia is the largest island in the world, and may lie con- sidered as an island-continent. It is oidy one-seventh less in size than the whole Dominion of C.iiiada, but rout.iins littlt; more than one-half as large a population. The Area of .-Vustralia is calculated at nearly 3,000.000 s<)uare miles, and the Population about ,i, 300,000. I Animals ov Ai'strama. Thi: animnls of Aiistrali.i prrsont some ni.irki'il pcciiliarilii's. Tin- swnn, in ottiiT p.irH of the worH wliiti-, is licri' lil.icli, uilli a lilnuil-rcil liill. Near tliu lilac k swan in tin- (MiKra\ing is thu duckbill, i,r ornilliiirliyn'cus, wliicli can with ciinal c.isi! run on lan native ipiadrupeds an- pouched animals, and a doe-kannaroo is next shown, with her little one looking out of the remarkable pouch in which it is carried. The kannaroo, with the aid of'in lor > hind Uxn, cati leap fifteen feet or more. It is hunted by both the natives and the Knglish settlers; ito. The Natives of Australia are the lowest type of mankind, and are repulsive in their habits and appearance {sec p. 18). They .are supposed to num- ber about 50,cx)0, but are rapidly diminishing. The Minerals of Australia are rich and varied. The gold mines are equilled only by those of California, and there are also abundant supplies of copper, iron, tin, lead, silver and coal. The Maritime Commerce of Australia is nearly all carried on with Creat Hritain by regular lines of steamships and sailmg vessels. One line of Ui»J OCEANIA. IJI ■itramcrs plies brtuccn Sydnry nml San Fr.inrivn. r.illinK at Now Zcnl.iml anil tlio S.irtlwirh Isl.iiiils. K.iihvays ( | ioij mill s) anil tili'Kra|i|i linis ( ju.ixxj liiilfs) rnnnict tin- twi) larnt-st ciiiis Melbourne, llu; capital uf Viituria, and Sydney, the capital uf Niw Smith \V.ili s \uili other towns. Aiistr.ili.i ami New Zf ilanil art- ciinncitcil by a Mibniarini; tiliKraph cahli', .iml aru in ilinct teliKrajihic cominunicitiiMi with C.riMt Urit.-iin by means of a lim.' j.joo niiUs in Icntjth across the miiMlo of the Continent of Austr.ilia to the north-west coast; from there an oce;in cable cxtendu to Java; thence to Singa|X)re, con- necting with other lints ami cables to London (S>i- Comiiuriiiil Map uf tin- iViirlil ) The chief Exports aru wool, cotton, wheat, gold, and copper, and the Imports are chii lly Urilish manufactured goods. Australia is diviili.il into five colDnii s (a sixth. North Austra- lia, is ill proi tss of fiinnatiDii): Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, ami Western Australia. ICarli Ctiloiiy is iiukpciiili nt of tlii' otiicrs, but all an: siibjuct to the British Crown. The Government "f eaih colony consists of a ("lovernor aiipointril liy the frown ; ami a Legislative Cmin- ril and L(,'i;islative Assi iniily eierted liy tlio j-jople; except in Western Australia, wliich has only a Lej^'islative Council, soine of the members of wliieh are appointed iiy the Crown, and tlu' rest elected by the people. Victoria, altiioii),'h the smallest colony, is the most important in popnl.ition and commerce. Its chief Exports aie gold and wool. Melbourne, thu capital, on the Yarra Kiver, is the gre.it commercial and monetary centre of Australia. Geelong;, on the west side of I'ort Philip, has .1 large export trade. Ballarat is tlie centre of a rich mining and agricultural district Castlemaine is the centre of famous gold fields. New South Wales is the oldest of tiie Atistralian Colonies, and on its shores Captain Cook landed in 1770, when he took formal possession of the country in the name of Great Britain. Its gold fields cover a vast area, and have been the means of attracting a large immigration. It contains also vahiahlo coal, copper, and tin mines. The chief Exports are wool and gold. Sydney, the capital, on Port J.ackson, is the second city of Australia in importance. Paramatta, also on Port Jackson, is f.^-nons for its oranges and vineyards; Newcastle, for its co.-,l mines. Goulbum and other towns are centres of the mining districts. Queensland was formerly part of New South Wales, but was formed into a separate colony in 1X59. It contains valuable gold, copper and coal mines; cotton and the sugar-cane are successfully cultivated. Brisbane, on Moreton Hay, is the capital. Ipswich is the centre of the cotton-pn)oiilh \iistrali.i. NlW Zl Al \N|). New Zealand consists of tlmi- isl.iinis, two I.iivi! I I and (Mil- small, lifsidcs some sm, tiler ;nlj;iccnl isliiids. ; rii(! two larncr iin; ii.imcd Xnrlh ;iiid .South UlaiuK, i am! the most soiilherly is .Stew.irl Island. j Tlie Area o.'' the while is r.ithir le;,s tli.ni tli.it ol the Urilish Isles, .mil the Population, ;hmhhi. The isl.inds are about i.joo miles soul li-iasl of .\ustralia. I Tlu' Surface is ruggeil, and high ch.iins of moiintiiins extend through North and South Islands, some of the pi .iks of which are covered with J«rp( >iial snow. Mt. Cook ( 1 j. Jno feet I, ill South Ishind. is the higln st. The Climate is s.iliibriuiis and suitable for the ( iiltiv.ilion of every fruit, llowi r .iiul grain of Dntario. Thi' Sutivc Inhabit- ants are calleil Maories {^Miili'-nrlcs), a brave anil iiili Ihgi nt people f some imjKirtance. Norfolk Island, north of New Zealand and formerly a ccmvict station, C atham Island and other adjacent islands, are under the control of the flovernmcnl of New Zealand. POLYNESIA. Polynesia, meaning " Many Islands," comprehends the vast number of islands scattered over the Pacific Ocean south of the Tropic of Cancer. It is now geographically sep.iraiid iMio t a ) puts Micronesia, or " Small Islands," including the islands nuith of the I'.ipiatnr, and Polynesia, those south of the Equator; and is known also as the South Sea Islands. The islands are generally very small and low, of coral forma- tion, except the Sandwich, Society, Marqties.is and Fecjee Is- lands, which are volcanic in formation and nuiuntainous. The Climate is all that can be desired. Being situated within the Tropics, it is hot, but the heat is tempered by the sea-breezes. The Vegetation is luxuriant, and the soil ex- tremely fertile, producing a variety of indigenous food plants: — the bread-fruit (the main <1i/>ciuli:nce 0/ the idnndcrs), the yam, sweet potatoes, taro-root, arrow-root, banana, and plantain. Coffee, sugar, cotton, rice, and in fact most of the fruits and vegetable products of tropical or warm countries havi^ been introduced into these islands and art; found to flourish. The South Sea Islanders are of the M.ilay race, and have the same characteristics as tlie natives of Mal.iysia. They are a sea- faring people, and display great skill in the management of their canoes. Their total number tloes not exceed half a million. The Sandwich Islands form the most important group, and are situated a little south of the Tropic of Cancer. They are fifteen in number, but only eight are inhabited, and constitute the Kingdom of Hawaii. i !l •'.- 122 ()Ci:,\NIA. Thoy cnnlain many vnlcanoi's ( )ni' of those volcanic [icaks. Mauna Loa, is I !,(«« feet hiKli ; Kilauea, a Idui r l.itirnl rralrr iif Manna I.m.i. is nim- mill's in cirrumfiTiiic . . ainl is llic l.iru' si in llic' wnrM : its black lava wall soinrtiincs t.-ncloscs a sra of fire. Tlic rliicf Exports arr suKar aii•*'' l^v^ K;- ^'^^ ' Nmtli IJC* , ■•.*'-— iv^ South Ly •(nui^riijuTii MAP DIME ON MERCATORS PROJECTION [ SliMiiiiN- lto"t»'!» 1 . ^— • S liliu^AVsseJa ' It.tilM;t\-> I 11] ;ivNii niml<*« T.-l.-^;.h IV.U.-« , KKi VM> -«/T-s I B«i'«ijJLKtni'« Bd:/ This Map is d name of the invei have to be to coi of the actual glol The Meridian: allel lines, so tha readily dislingui minishing in pro uniform length ; proportion. Th north or south, with that of the much larger tha The exact Di cator s charts ar (In this map o North Ameri coast ? On the on the Pacific on the Atlantic Mexico. Two on the Caribbe; call for steame; ports does a stc sea-routes can i of Panama? .1^ from China act San Francisco routes from Nc are the princip tween North A from Toronto from Quebec t York and Aspi What subm; West Indies ? from Toronto South Ante) Sea? Name What steamsh ports in Soutl ports would a paraiso to Mo cipal route fr steamers to m West Inrl'is i How can a What are thi Europe? He Europe. — ^ White Sea. The principa ports in the ] where situate cipal steamer steamer routi steamers pasi India? Wh: steamers ? I the mails? 1 Name the pri continental p How can a Paris ? Froi Singapore? Kiakhta and THE COMMf.RCIAL MAP OF THK WORLD. "3 THE COMMERCIAL MAP OF THE WORLD. This Map is drawn on what is called "Mercator's Projection," after the name of the inventor. It represents the Earths surface expanded, as it would have to be to coincide with the surface of a holluw cylinder or tube, instead of the actual globular form ? The Meridians, or lines of longitude, are thus converted into straight, par- allel lines, so that th-' actual relative position of one place to another can be readily distinguished by the eye. The Degrees of Longitude, instead of di- minishing in proportion to their distance from the Eijuator, are increased to a uniform length; and the Degrees of Latitude arc also increased in the same proportion. The consequence is, that the size of countries in high l.ititudes, north or south, is greatly exaggerated, as ran be seen by comparing this map with that of the Western Hemisphere. In this map. North .\inerica appears much larger than South America, and in the other they appear nearly ecpi.il. The exact Direction of one place from another is shown, aud hence .Mer- cator's charts are used by na\'igators. (Ill this map only the principal stiamcr unit sailing routes arc shown.) Questions on the Map. North America. — What principal sea-port has Canada on the .\tlantic coast ? On the Bay of Fundy ? What two on the St. Lawrence ? What port on the Pacific coast? What port is in Newfoundland? Name six sea-ports on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Three on or near the Gulf of Mexico. Two in Mexico on the Gulf of Mexico. Three in Central .\merica on the Caribbean Sea. Four islands in the West Indies which are ports of call for steamers. What port in the Pacific is opposite Aspinwall? What ports docs a steamer touch at between San Francisco and Panama ? By what sea-routes can a person travel from Halifax to Victoria {VI) via the Isthmus of Panama? At what ports would he call? By what routes is tea brought from China across the Pacific Ocean? Why does the steamship route between San Francisco and Japan differ from the sailing route ? Which of the steamer routes from North .Vmerica to Europe is the shortest? The longest? What are the principal steamer routes between North America and Europe? Be- tween North America and the west ? By what two routes can a per.son travel from Toronto to Bermuda ? From Halifax to Hong-kong ? By what route from Quebec to Rio de Janeiro? What are the ports of call between New York and Aspinwall ? What submarine cables extend from North America to. Europe ' To the West Indies? To South America? How can a telegraphic message be sent from Toronto to Melbourne (Australia) ? South America, — What three South American ports are on the Caribbean Sea? Name nine Atlantic ports of South America. Five Pacific ports. What steamship connection has South .\merica with other countries ? What ports in South America are connected by steamer with Canada ? .\t what ports would a steamer touch in going from Panama to Valparaiso ? From \'al- paraiso to Montevideo ? From Montevideo to St. Thomas ? What is the prin- cipal route from Montevideo to Europe? What strait in llie south enables steamers to make a shorter passage than sailing vessels? What island in the West Ind' ;■■. is the chief point of call between North and South America ? How can a telegraphic message be sent from Toronto to Rio de Janeiro? What are the termini of the submarine cable between South .\merica and Europe? How can a message be sent from Havana to Valparaiso? Europe. — Name the most northerly sea-port of Europe. .\ port on the White Sea. Six ports on the Baltic, and to what countries they belong. The principal continental Atlantic sea-ports, and where situated. Ten sea- ports in the British Isles. The chief ports on the Mediterranean Sea, and where situated. On the Black Sea. On the Caspian. What are the prin- cipal steamer routes from Europe across the .\tlantic ? What is the shortest steamer route between Western Europe and Eastern Asia? What canal do steamers pass through ? From what port do the French steamers leave for India? What island in the Mediterranean is a port of call for British steamers? From what town in Italy do the British steamers to India carry the mails? Between what towns in Britain and Iceland is trade carried on ? Name the principal ports in Britain connected by steamer with Canada. The continental ports. {Havre, Antwerp and Hamburg.) How can a telegraphic message be sent from London to Toronto ? From Paris? From Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro? From England to Bombay ? To Singapore? To Hong-kong? To Melbourne? From St. Petersburg to Kiakhta and the Russian P.acific ports ? Asia. — What is the principal sea-|x)rt on the Mediterranean in .\m > Minor? On the liluk Se.i ' In Southern .-Vr.dii.i ? On the Pir^i.ui Gulf In the south-east of .\rahia? On the .-Vralii.ui Sea? What three in th.- li.iy of Beng.d ? What port in Ceylon? Off the southern evtreniity of the Mal.iy Peninsula? Name three piirts in eisterii Indo-Chiu.i ? Whi> h belongs to France? What are the chief ports of China? Which l)elongs to Great Britain? Wh.it are the chief ports of Japan ' Wh -t Russian [xirt is in the south of K.imchatka? On the Sea of Okhotsk ? What peninsula of .Asia is crossed by a railway ? Between what three large cities does it extend ? What are the principal steamer routes from the Suez Canal to the east ' .\t what places would a steamer call going from Suez to Hong-kong ? From Bombay to Calcutta? From Hong-kong to San Francisco? From Suez to Melbourne ? What are the principal caravan routes of Asia ? What towns are passed between Pekin and Moscow? Between Pekin and .Astrakhan? Between Bassorah and Constantinople? Between Damascus and Aden? Between Delhi and Damascus ? What submarine telegraph cables connect Europe with India? Between what cities? How is India connected by telegraph with .-Australia? With Hong-kong ? Africa. — Name three f-'ican ports on the Mediterranean Sea. Six on the Atlantic coast. What sea-port lulonging to Gre.it Britain is at the southern extremity of Africa ? What six ports are im the eastern coast ' Metween what towns are the principal caravan routes of .\frica ? How is Cape Town connected with Britain by steamer route? .\t what islands do the steamers call? What ports are touched between Cafie Town and the Suez Can.d ? What islands are passed by a vessel sailing from Limdon to Melbourne, after rounding the Cape of Good Hope? Why do sailing ships go so far to the westward to round the Cape of Good Hope? Oceania. — Name five ports on the east coast of Australia. Three on the south. One on the west. Wh.at jxjrt is in Java? In the Philippine Islands? What two ports in Tasmania? What four ports in New Zealand? What port in the Sandwich Islands? In the Society Islands? At which ports do steamers touch in going front Melbourne to San Franci.'>co? Why do vessels sail from .Vustralia to Londcm round Cape Horn, and from London to .\us- tralia round the Cape of Good IIoi)e? At what ports does a steamer touch in going from Melbourne to the Suez Canal? What islands does a ste.imer call at between Sydney and Honolulu? What lines of slc.iiners connect .\ustralia with Europe.' What telegraph lines connect Melbourne with India' General. —.\. steamer sails from Londim to Smyrna, with an assorted cargo, touches at Cadiz, Gibraltar, and the leading ports of the Mediter rancan: what classes of articles will probably constitute the chief part of her cargo? The same vessel sails from Smyrna to Montreal, stopping at the Mediterranean ports; what articles would she probahly bring? She then sails from Montreal to Liverpool : what will her cargo then be .' .\ steamer sails from Montreal to Rio de Janeiro, touches at Halifax, St. Thomas, and other intermediate points; what articles is she likely to carry out ? To bring back ? .■\. steamer sails from Baltimore to Liverpool, calling at Halifax and St John's (Nfld.): what articles would she probably carry? What would she bring back ? What cargoes would be carried from Pictou (N.S ) to Montreal? Fron. St. John (N.B.) to Porto Rico? From Montevideo to South. impton ? F'rorn Melbourne to London ? From Bombay to Hong-kong? From Shanghae to Sur. Francisco? From Porto Rico to Halifax? From St. John's (Nlld ) to Lisbon? From New Orleans to Hamburg? From Savannah to Liverpool? From Quebec to Glasgow? From Victoria (B C) to San Francisco? {Cval ) Where are the chief whale fisheries? Seal fisheries? Cod fisheries? Pearl fisheries? From what countries are the chief supplies of cotton derived ? Of wool? Ofte.i? Sugar? Coffee? Tobacco' Silk? Jute? Pepper? Spices? Indigo? CinchonUi {Peruvian Bark ^ Tapioca? Molasses? Wheat? Kicc? Maize? Flaxseed? Opium? Hides? Cattle? Furs? Gold? Silver? Copper? Coal? Iron? Tin? Petroleum? Ivory? Ostrich feathers? Palm-oil? India-rubber? Gutta-percha? Sago? Dates? Dried fruits? Attar of roses? Cork? Sponges? Guano? Eider-down' Timber? Gyp- sum ? Wines ? Olive-oil ? Salt ? Fish ? 124 COMMKKCIAI. Cr.NTRKS AND THEIR EXPORT? (■()MMI;K(1AI, CKNI'IUIS AND THEIK EXPORTS —STATISTICAL KEKEKENCK TAllLE. City or Town. PkINCIFAI. EXIMIRTS. Acapuico Adelaide Aden Alexandria . . . . Algiers Amsterdam. . . . Archangel Astrakhan Auckland Azore Isles. . . . Bahia Baltimore Bangkok Barcelona Batavia Belfast Bergrn Birmingham . . Bombay Bordeaux Boston Bremen Brussels Buenos Ayres Bushire Calcutta Callao Canary Isles . Canton Cape Town . . Caracas Cartagena (S.A.J.. Cayenne Charleston . Charlottetown .... Chicago Cincinnati Constantinople... . Damascus Dantzig Galle Galveston Geneva Genoa Georgetown Glasgow. Guayaquil Halifax Hamburg Havana Havre Hon°;-kong Honolulu Irkutsk iamair.T ■a Guayra Leeds Leipzig Lisbon Silver, copper, skins, cocoa, indifjo, in.ihogany, drugs. Wool, wllr.lt. CiippiT. Ciifli'L', indigo, datrs, drugs, j)earls, aromatic gums, (ir.iin, coilon, d.itcs, drugs. Cir.iin, \v(jiil, skins, ('sp.irto, cork, copper, dates. liiittiT, chemise, cittle, Has, in.idder, spues, f I'l.ix, hemp, linseed, rye, skins, forest-products, ■| tallow. I'isli, oil, lamb-skins. Wool, gold, lumber, flax, tallow. Wine, or.mges, lemons. Sug.-ir, colfee, cotton, tobacco, diamonds, nuts. Tobacco, wheat, jietroleum, oysters, coal. Rice, spices, sng,ar, gamboge. Wines, cork, iron, copjKT, quicksilver, dried fruits. I Sugar, colfec}, rice, indigo, tobacco, tin, spices, ] caoutchouc, gutta-percha, l.inen nianuf.icturos. I.iiniber, fish, ice. Met.dlic manufactures. Cotton, opium, coffee, spices, sugar, indigo. W ines, brandies, preserved fruits and meats. V.'iricd manufactures, prepared foods, ice Linen and woollen goods, glass, wine, beer, grain. L.iee manufictnres. Wool, hides, tallow, beef. Silks, sh.iwls, carpets, wool, drugs, dried fruits. Cotton, (tpium, rice, jute, indigo, silk, ((luano, s.altpetre, cinclion.i-bark, sdver, wool i sugar, alpaca wool, furs. Cocliinc.d, fruits, vegetables, soda. Te.i, silk, Cbine.si: wares. I Wool, hides, ostrich plumes, wine, copper, dia- I momls. Coffee, cotton, hides, gold. Cinthona-bark, eollee, cotton, tob.icco, hides. Sug.ar, coffee, rice, indigo, pepper and other spices. Cotton, rice. O.its, potatoes, ships, drain, ix)rk, lumber. Cir.iin, pork, tlax, tob.acco. Cir.iin, tolweco, drugs, fruits, carpets, silks, n.imask and iron manufactures, {ir.iin, lumber, beer, woollens, linens. Coffee, timber, pearls. Cotton, grain, wool. Watches, jewellery. Silks, olive-oil, wine and spirits, fruits. Sugar, eolTtje, cotton, indigo, .-pices. Iron aiulrf:otton ni.anufaetures, iron ships, machinery Coco.i. cinchon.a-bark, ilye-woods. Dried lish. coal, gypsum, grindstones, lumber. Linen and woollen goods, gl.iss, wiue, beer, grain. Sug.ar, colfee, tobacco, cigiirs. .\rticles of taste and fashion, wine, brandy, oil. Te.a, r.aw silk, Chinese wares. Sugar, eocoaniit-oil. (t'rutn C/ii'hi tit Russia) tea, fruits, porcel.iiii, silk. .Su,i,Mr, rum, molas.ses, coHee, allsjiice. Colfee, cocoa, indigo, cattle-products. Woc'len manufactures. Annual fairs. — Books, furs, Germ.in manufactures. Wine, olive-oil, fruits, minerals, cork. City ok Tow.m. Liverpool London Lyons Madeira Malaga Manila Marseilles Mauritius Island. Melbourne Mobile Monrovia Montevideo Montreal Marocco Maranhao Manchester Newcastle New Orleans . . . . New York Niini-Novgorod . ' Odessa Okhotsk Oporto I Ottawa I Palermo Panama I Para ■ Paris Patna Pernambuco Philadelphia Portland (.W,- )... : Portland (Or.) .. . j Quebec I Rangoon I Reikiavik I Riga Princii'.m- Exports. Rio de Janeiro Rome Rotterdam San Francisco Savannah Shanghae Sheffield Sierra Leone Singapore Smyrna : Stettin St. John (,V./i.) St. Johns (.V.F.) .... St. Louis St. Paul de Loanda . St. Petersburg Sydney i Tamatave j Trieste Valparaiso I Vera Cruz I Victoria (F./.) ' Vienna i Yakutsk I Yokohama Iron, cutlery, earthenware, cottons, chemicals, coal. Uritish manufactures, foreign products. Silk manufactures. Wines, fruits, nuts. Oranges, wine, raisins. Sugar, tobacco, cigars, hemp, indigo, cabinet-woods. Wine, brandy, sardines, silk, fruits. Sugar v.anilla. Ciold wool, wine. ( otton, forest-products. 1 'aim-oil, wax. |iepper, ground-nuts, gold, ivory. Cattle-products. Hreadstufifs, forest-products, dairy-products, cattle. Goat-skins, wool, cork, dates, maize, olive-oil. Sugar. Cotton manufactures. Coal. ' Cotton, sugar, tobacco. Grain, v.iried manufictnres. petroleum, provisions. .\nnual fairs. — Eurs and .\siatic products. Wheat, tallow, salt, timber. Eurs, fish-oils. Wine, olive-oil, fruits, cork. Lumber. Grain, fruit, oliveoil. Cotton, cotTee, cinchona-bark, tobacco Caoutchouc, cocoa, rice, sugar, tapioca, cjco.i-nuis. Varied Erench manufactures and products. Kice, opium. Sugar, cotton, colTee. Iron, coal, petroleum, machinery. I-umber, staves, casks, etc Wheat, flour, salmon, lumber. Ships, timber, grain, lish. Kice, teak-wood, ix.'trolenin, bamboo, cotton. Oil, fish, eider-down, feathers. Grain, hemp, flax, lumber. I Coffee, cabinet-woods, diamonds, tobacco, sugar, ( cottim, c.aoutchi>uc. rictnres, statues, and other objects of art. Distilled liijuors, sugar, spices, cattle. Wheat, wool, wines, precious metals. Cotton, lumber. Tea, silk, cotton, Chinese wares. Cutlery, hardware. ralm-oil, timlier, ginger, pepper, bees-wax, ivory. Tin, spices, rattans, gntla-perclia. Figs, sponges, raw silk, carpets, leather, drugs. Grain, oil-cake, wool, beer. I-umber, staves, fish, ships. Cod-fish, seal-skins, cod and -seal oil. Grain, machinery, manufactures. Wax, ivory, palm-oil. Tallow, flax, hemp, leather, furs, skins, grain. Wool, cattle-products, tin, copper, gold. C.ioutchonc, cattle, hides, w,ix, ebony-wood. Grain, flour, lumber, wine, oil. Grain, copix.r, silver, wool, hides. Coffee, vanilla, hiiles, tobacco, cochineal, indigo. Furs, timber, coal, fish, seal-skins. I^e.ilher goods, glass-ware, inusieal instruments. Eurs. Silk, tea, rice, Japanese goods. QUESTIONS ON THE TABLE. Whiit are the princip.al grain ports of thb world ? From what cities is whe.it shipped? Kice? Siig.ir? Tea? Coffee? Cocoa? I'Vuits? Wines? To- bacco? Molasses? Olive-oil? Spices? Salt? liairy products? Cotton? Wool? Silk? Saltp^o.? Coal? lr>n? Copper? Clypsum? Sponges? Fish? Furs? I'earls? l-:ider-do\Mi? Cabinet woods? Caoutchouc? Gutta-percha? Drugs? Opium? Cochineal? IVlroleum ? Cinchona-bark? Cork? h'lax? Hemp? Wool? Hides? Jute? Indigo? Guano? Timber? Where can wo obtain cotton g^ods? Woollens? Silks? Linens? Car- pets? Shawls? Leather goods? Glass-vvare' Earthenware? Ostrich plumes? Musical instruments' Porcelain? Chemicals? Where are ii;on ships built? From what ports do we receive iron manuf.ictures ? Machinery ? What city is the centre for metallic manufactures? Cutlery ? Hardware? What cities have annual fairs ? What articles are chiefly sold at tlusi' f lirs ? What ciiv in Canada exports cattle ? Timber? Lumber? Fish? Grind- stones? Grain? Dairy products? Staves? Eurs? Ships? From what British North American port are seal-skins, cod-fish and oil exported? r •mi^^^*^mim^# -/ifl'^ V t I ANCIENT GKOGRArHY. ^^S A SHORT SKETCH OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. (Fur the IIS,- 11/ C(iniliil:il,s fur III,- Intcriiuilitil,- E.iiimiiuitifns, Ti,i,-li,-rs' C,rtiji,,it,i. ,in,l Uiiivinily Junior Miilri,-iil,itiiin.) (/i;n'i:ir Lugdunensis in the north , and Gallia Belgica in the north e.isi. Chief Towns.— In N.ulxmi'usis -Massili.i (.l/rirs,i7/is), .\a//iii, or //'(/vi^ j oicupietl the Iberian Peninsula, or south-western e.sircmity of luirope. The principal Physical and Political Features of the coun- try were: — Mountains. -I'yrenai {I'ynnm). Rivers. - Durius (Donru), T.igus (/'ii^'ks), .\nas i(iii.ic/iciiiii|, H.eti-^ iCnuitliil- i/iii-.-ir}, IbOrus (Eliru). Promontories.— .\rtabruni (I'iniiti-rr,-), Sacrum {SI. r/H.iH/), Juimnis (7Vii- ' falgiir), Calpe (Giliriiltiir). Islands. - I'iiyus.r Insida' and Maleares Insul.a- {Il,il,arii- lilnmls). Political Divisions, llisp.mia Citerior (or llitlur), aftir- wards Tarraconensis; and llisp:iin.i Ulterior (or I'lntiici I, divided into Lusitania [Pi'rtiioah, in the west, aiul JJ.iIum i .-liiila- liisia) in the east. Chief Towns. — In Tarriconensis — C.tsar .Vugusta (StiriiguiMi), Sagnntum [Muri-iidru, iiurlli of I'liliiiliii), Carthago Nova {Curliigcini), Num.inti.i (u-nl of Cu-siir Aiigiistii), Calle (Opurlo), \ In Lusitania — Salmantica (Saliiinioua), Olisipo {Liibon), Kmerila .\ugusta j [M.,-i,l.i). In li:ctica — Corduba {Curilovti}, Ilispalis (Si-villii, Clades (Ciii,llo. a sin.dl stream Ili>wing into the .Vdriatic Sea a little south of Kavenna), Arnus (.-Iriiu), Tiboris (Tiliir), .\nio {Tt-iiroiu). i Lakes. — Verbanus (Muggior,-) L,irius (Conio), Ben.icus {(iiinln). Tr.isy- I menus (/Vn(j,'(ri). Gulfs. —Tergestinus {Triisl,), Tarantinus (7'cir(iii/»), Scyllrticus (,S(;h/7/i/i i ). Terin^eus (.S. l-.uf,mi,i). Laus (Ptiliemtro), I'iestanus {SuU-rno), Cum. mils (.Yci/'/rs), Cajetanus (Goiln), l.igusticus {Ginuii). Straits.— Fretum Siculum {Mi-ssimi). Islands.--Sicilia or Trin.icria (Siiily), .liolia; (Lipari lAniuli), .Kgusa- In- bulae {.JUgiiili-s hliiiiits, k;-sI of Sicily). Capes.— IVlorum iTuro, nurlli-iasl point of Si,ily), rachynum (Piimiro), Lilybxum [liueu, ucur Manilla). 126 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. Political Divisions.— Li«iiri;i ; Gallia Cisalpina ; Vtnetia. inchulinj,' Cariii and llistria; lururia ; Unibria ; Picenum ; Latiuin; Sainnium ; Sabimiin ; Campania; Apulia; Liicania; and I3rutii. Chief Towns. -In l.ijjiiri.i— (leiuia {G,iw:i). In Gallia Cisalpina— Pla- CL'nli.i [I'iliatiia), Mutiiia (.Voi/tH.i), l