IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGFT (MT-S) 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.1 
 
 US 
 
 1^ 1^ 
 
 ^ IIIIIM 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 U 1.6 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^> 
 
 /. 
 
 J 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 -!S^ 
 
 ^- 
 
 '/ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 s. 
 
 -b 
 
 ss 
 
 v 
 
 4^ 
 
 O 
 
 xs 
 
 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STilEET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. UStO 
 
 (716) 873-4S03 
 
■^ 
 
 ^.f^ 
 
 />>^ 
 
 t <^^<^ 
 
 y. 
 
 4^. 
 
 % 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICIViH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 origiral copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 □ 
 □ 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 I I Covers damaged/ 
 
 Couverture endommagee 
 
 □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaur6d et/ou peilicul^e 
 
 Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 □ Coloured maps/ 
 Cartes gdographiques en couleur 
 
 □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 n Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Relid avec d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la marge int^rieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes 
 lors d'uno restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas 6t6 film^es. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaiids suppl6mentaires: 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les ddtails 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage 
 sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. 
 
 I I Coloured pages/ 
 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagdes 
 
 I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 
 ui 
 
 Pages restaurdes et/ou peliiculdes 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pages ddcolor^es, tachetdes Du piqu6es 
 
 □ Pages detached/ 
 Pages d6tach6es 
 
 r~>^Showthrough/ 
 I— J Transparence 
 
 I I Quality of print varies/ 
 
 Quality in^gale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material/ 
 Comprend du materiel supplementaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 D 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc., ont 6t6 filmdes d nouveau de fagon d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 Tl 
 t< 
 
 T 
 
 P 
 o 
 ft 
 
 
 b 
 tl 
 
 si 
 o 
 
 fi 
 
 •I 
 
 o 
 
 Tl 
 si 
 
 Tl 
 
 dl 
 ei 
 b( 
 ri 
 r< 
 
 IT 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous 
 
 10X Wk 18X 22X 
 
 
 
 
 26X 
 
 
 
 
 wm 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12X 
 
 
 
 
 16X 
 
 
 
 
 20X 
 
 
 
 
 24X 
 
 
 
 
 28X 
 
 
 
 
 32X 
 
 
Th« copy ffllm«d h«r« ha* b—n raproducad thanks 
 to tha ganarosity of: 
 
 Library Division 
 
 Provincial Archivei of British Columbia 
 
 L'axamplaira filmA fut raprodult grica A la 
 g4n4rosltA da: 
 
 Library Division 
 
 Provincial Archives of British Columbia 
 
 Tha imar«aa appaaring h«ra ara tha baat quality 
 posslbia consldaring tha condition and laglbllity 
 of tha original copy and In kaaping with tha 
 filming contract apacifications. 
 
 Original copiat in prlntad papar covars ara filmad 
 baginning with tha front covar and anding on 
 tha last paga with a printat* op illustratad impras- 
 sion. or tha back covar whan appropriata. All 
 othar original copias ara filmad baginning on tha 
 first paga with a printad or illustratad impras- 
 sion. and anding on tha last paga with a printad 
 or illustratad imprassion. 
 
 Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha 
 shall contain tha symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or tha symbol Y (meaning "END"), 
 whichavar applies. 
 
 Las images suivantas ont At* raproduitaa avac la 
 plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition at 
 da la natteti da I'axempiaire film*, et en 
 conformiti avac las conditions du :ontrat da 
 filmage. 
 
 Les exemplairas originaux dont la couvarture en 
 papier est imprimAe sont filmAs en commen^ant 
 par la premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 darniire paga qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'iilustration, soit par la second 
 plat, salon la cas. Tous les autres exemplairas 
 originaux sont filmAs en commonpant par la 
 premiere page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'iilustration et en terminant par 
 la derniAre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 derniAra image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbols — »> signifie "A SUIVRE ", le 
 symbols V signifie "FIN ". 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate tha 
 method: 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvant Atre 
 filmAs A des taux de rAduction diffArents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre 
 reproduit en un seul clichA, il est filmA A partir 
 de Tangle supArieur gauche, de geuche A droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'imagas nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la mAthode. 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 32X 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
NWp 
 
 SIEUR DE LA VERENDEYE 
 
 \J 
 
 AND HIS SONS, 
 
 THE 
 
 DISCOVERERS OF THl-: 
 
 ROCKY MOUNTAINS, 
 
 By way of Lakes Superior and Winnipeg, and Rivers Assinelioin 
 
 antl Missouri. 
 
 " If I succeed, as I hope, I shall have the pleasure and consolation of having rendered a good 
 service to geography, to relii,'ion, and to the state " — Hoheto DeL' Isle, xManh, l-jlb. 
 
 BV 
 
 K«v. KDWAIID I). NKTT.T.. 
 
 Pi'e.><i(lout of lM:ic'al«'f-i((M' (.'oUeae, 
 
 Cor. Mem. Mass. Hist, Soc, Author of "Virginia ("ompany," "Terra Marlae, 
 " English Colonization of America,' " History of Minnesota," etc. 
 
 MINNKAI'OI.IS, MINN. 
 
 JOHNSON k SMITH, I'RINTIKS. 
 
 1875. 
 
JlIN 2 '67 
 
 ;) 
 

 ;) 
 
 SIEUR DE LA VERENDRYE. 
 
 Three-Rivers, at the confluence of the St. Maurice with the 
 St. Lawrence, ninety miles from Quebec, is one of the oldest 
 hamlets ot Canada. A wedding here took place on September 
 26, 1667, which received some notice at the time. On rhat 
 day, Marie Boucher, the daughter of the governor of the village, 
 and rnly twelve years of age. was made the wife of Lt. Rene 
 Gaultier Varennes. 
 
 The son-in-law soon succeeded Boucher, and for twenty-two 
 years was the governor of Three-Rivers, and one of hi . sons, 
 I'ierre (faultier de V^arennes. was the Sieur de la Verendrye, 
 the subject of this paper, and the first European explorer of a 
 northern route to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 When a young man, he joined, in 1697, a war expedition 
 against New England, and in 1705 was fighting with the French 
 army in Flanders. Returning to Canada, he identifi-d himself 
 with the o ening of the great unknown West. 
 
 In 1 7 16, liobe, a learned priest at Versailles, who had exposed 
 the deception of Lahontan in placing Long River on his map, 
 was constantly urging the French government to search for a 
 northern route to the Pacific. On the 15th of xMarch, 1716, he 
 wrote to De LTsle, geographer of the Academy of Science at 
 Paris : " They tell me that among the Scioux of the Mississippi, 
 
 I. Parkman's "Old Keyimc in Canada," p. 227. 
 
 k.ii7tiim 
 
tluMc arc always l''rcnclinicn tradinLj ; tli.it tlic Cdiirsc of the 
 Mississippi is from riortli to west ainl from w c^t to south ; that 
 it is known that toward the source there is in the hii^hlands a 
 a ri\'er that leads to tlie western oc an. " ■'•■ ■"'•■ ■" * h'or 
 tlic last two years I torment exceed inijly the (lovernor-Cleneral, 
 Mr. Raudot, and M. Duche, to endeavor to discover this ocean. 
 If 1 succeed as I h.ope, we shall have ti(linL,'-^ hefore three years, 
 and I shall have the pleasure and the cfinsolation of haviii;^ 
 rendered a good service to geosTra[)h\', to rL-h'u;ii>n, and to the 
 state. 
 
 . Mis importunity received its rewdrd, and in 1717, the post 
 erected by DuLuth in 1678, at the head of Lake Supeiior, near 
 the mouth of the Kamanistigoya, was re-established by Lieut. 
 Robcrtel de la None, and, in 1727, another built among the 
 Sioux, with a view to pushing westward the power of France. 
 
 Verendrye, in 1728, was stationed at Lake Nepigon, whose 
 waters How into Lake Superior from t!ie north." While here, 
 the Indians were so positive rel.itive to a rix'cr which flowed 
 toward a sea of the west, that he resolved to make an explora- 
 tion. .\t Mackinaw, while on his way to confer with the Gov- 
 ernor of Canada uj)on the subject, J^'ather du Gonor arrived 
 from the post which had been established among the Sioux, 
 nearly opposite Maiden Rock, on the shores of Lake Pepin. 
 After an interchange of views, the priest promised to assist 
 him, as far as he could, in obtaining a permit a. id outfit for the 
 establishment of a post among the " Cristinaux," or the 
 " Assiniboels," from which to go farther west.^ 
 
 ■J. Historic;il .M;iH:iziiie, Now N'ork. Au.s^ust, 1859. 
 
 3. For many of tlie facts oi this article, I am iiidulitcd to two articles of Pierre Margry , pultlislied 
 ill " Monil'.-nr I'litTcrse/." 
 
 4. Thcjesiiii (hi < lonor, with his associate Guignas, came to I^aVe Pc'iiiii with La Perriere Roiicher, 
 who had made himself notorious in Massacliiisetis, by leadiiiL; the Iiulian attack on tiaverhill. They 
 arrived on Sept. 17, 1727, and erected Fort Heaiihariiois, opposite Midden's Rock on a low point. In 
 the spring of 17.'8, the water rose two feet and eight inches al)o\i: the lloois of the post I'clow Lake 
 Pepin, ill 1683, Perrot established a post. Above Lake Pepin, on Prairie Isl.iml, a stockade was 
 erected in 1695. On a creek of the Blue I'.artli, not far from Mankahto, LeSiier had a post in 1700. 
 
■ Charles dc Hc.iviharnois, then Ciovc-nior of Canada. <^avc him 
 a respectful hearing, and carcfnll\- examined the inaj) of the 
 region west of the great lakes, which had been dr.iwn In 
 Otchaga, the Indian guide of V'erendrye, Orders were soon 
 given to fit rut an expedition of fifty men. It left IVIontreal in 
 1731, under the- conduct of his sons ami ne])hew, he not joining 
 the 1 art>- till 17:53. in conse(iuence of the detentions of business, 
 in the Auttimn of 1731, the part\- reached Raiii)- Lake. b\- 
 the Nantouagan, or Croselliers ri\er, now called I'igeon. 
 r'ather Messa\er. who had been stationed on Lake Superior, 
 at the Groselliers river, was taken as a spiritual guide. At the 
 foot of Rain)' Lake a post was erected and called i'\)rt St. 
 Pierre, and the next year, having crossed Minnittie. or Lake 
 of the Woods, they established L'ort St. Clvaies on its south- 
 western l)ank. I''ive leagues- from Lake W'i'Miipeg they estab- 
 lished a post on the ,\>siniboine." The river Winnipeg, called 
 by them Maurepas. in honor of the minister of France in 1734, 
 was protected by a fort of the same name. 
 
 About this time their advance was stoppeil by the exhaus- 
 tion of supplies, but on the 12th ofyXpril, I 735. an arrangement 
 was made lor a second e(|uipment, and a fourth .son joined the 
 expedition. 
 
 In June. 1736. while twent\-one Oi the expedition were 
 camped upon an isle in the Lake of the Woods, they were 
 surprised by a band of Sioux, hostile to the French allies, the 
 Cristinaux, and all killed. The island upon this account is 
 called in the early maps, Massacre Island. A few days after, a 
 
 5- Groselliei-s and K'adisson, aclvciUuroii^ fiii- traders, aljniit tin; year i6().., went li\ lln- (hand 
 Pormge to Lake \\mnipcg, and were the first Kiinipeaiis lo yo troiii thence to the bottom of Hud- 
 son s May. It has been s.iid that tlie river was called after the trader, but it may be after the wiUI 
 gooseberry biish, {hiiscillicy. 
 
 '>. Named troni the As^inetboins. a separate b.iiid of the Sioux, or O.ikoialis, and known anioni; 
 themselves as I lohays Kisii .Setters. The Chippeuays e.dl them .Asseen.iv liw.ms, Stones Siun.v. 
 laving on the wide pr.tiries. tliey were tor tlie want of fuel obliged to cook their fish by warmiiii' the 
 w.iter with hot stones. 
 
 A Jesuit Relation written more than two hiinrlred years ago, says : '• .As wood is very scarce and 
 siiiali with them, natme has tan^iht them to burn stones in pi. ice ot it', and to cover their wigwams with 
 skins. .Some have built mud cabins nearly in the same manner as sw.dlows build their nests." 
 
party of five Canadian voya^eiirs discovered their dead bodies 
 and scalped heads, bather (~)uneaii the missionar)-, was found 
 upon one knje, an arrow in his head, liis breast bare, his left 
 hand toiichin|^ the ground, and the riijht hand raised. 
 
 Among tlic slauf^litcred was also a son of V'erenchye, who 
 had a toinaliawk in his back, and his body adorned with <jarters 
 and bracelets of porcupine. The father was at the foot of the 
 Lake of the Woods when he received the news of his son's 
 murder, and about the s.ime time heard of tlie death of his 
 enterprising ne[)hew Dufrost de la Jemerays, tlie son of his 
 sister Marie Reltie de Varennes, and brother of Madame You- 
 ville. the foundress of the Hospitaliers at Montreal." 
 
 It was under the guidance of the latter that the party had, 
 in 1 73 1, mastered the difficulties of the Nantaouagon, or 
 Groselliers river. 
 
 On the 3d of October, 173J?, they built an advanced post, 
 Fort La Reine, on the river Assiniboels, which they called 
 St. Charles, and beyond was a ^ ich called St. Pierre. These 
 two rivers received the baptis name of Verendrye, which 
 
 was Pierre, and Governor Poauharnois, which was Charles. 
 The post became the centre of trade and point of departure 
 for explorations, either north or south. 
 
 It was by ascending the Assiniboine, and by the present trail 
 from its tributary Mouse river, they reached the country of the 
 Mantanes," and in 1742, came to the upper Missouri, passed the 
 Yellow Stone, and at length arrived at the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 7. The Indians have a tradition of thi'. occurrence. Tliev state that early one niorning a French 
 canoe with eight men. left a trailing; lioiise which the Frem li liail l)uilt about tlie middle of tlie Lake 
 of the Woods, and slopped upi ii an island near the last pass to enter the river of K.iniy Lake The 
 atmosphere was so still that the wind coidd hardly he felt Having hnilt a fire, the smoke was per- 
 ceived by Sioiix warriors, who approached ami landed, nnperccivi.'il, on the opposite side of the isle 
 and nias.sacretl the missionary and paity. — lieli otirt in Minn Hist. Soc. .liinuis, /Sjj. 
 
 8. The Mandans, or White Beards, of the Dakotah fannly, are noted for beinc grey-haired. 
 SoiTictimes children si.\ years of age have this appearance. I'hey were nearly destroyed by Small 
 Pox in 1837, and in 1874 they lived near the Arickarees and Oros Ventres, in the vicinity of Fort 
 Bcrthold, on the Missouri. Fornierly all ilwelt in mud cabins siirrotnuled by ditches. .'V few yet live 
 in dirt lodges. 
 
 t;\ 
 
<A 
 
 ; 
 
 The parly was knl by the eldest s..n an.i Iiis brother the chewv 
 h'cr. They left the Lake of the Woods on the 29th of April, 
 1742, came in sight of the Rocky Mountains on the 1st of 
 January, F743, «"cl on the 12th ascended them. On the route 
 thcv tell in with the Heaux Homines, I'joya, Telits Renards, 
 and Arc tribes, and stopped amon<r the Snake tribe, but could 
 go no farther in a southerly direction owing to a war between 
 the Arcs and Snakes." 
 
 On the 19th of May, 1744. they had returned to the upper 
 Missouri, and in the country of the I'etite Cerise'" tribe, they 
 planted on an eminence a leaden plate of the arms of hVance, 
 and raised a monument of stones, which they called Beauhar- 
 nois. They returned to the Lake of the Woods on the ^d of 
 July. 
 
 North cf the Assiniboine they proceeded to Lake Dauphin, 
 Swan's Lake, explored thj river " Des Biches," and ascended 
 even to the fork of the Saskatchewan, which they called 
 Poskoiac. Two forts were subsequcntlj- established, one near 
 Lake Dauphin, and the other on the river "des l^iches," called 
 Fort Bourbon. The northern route, by the Saskatchewan, was 
 thought to have some advantage over the Missouri, because 
 there was no danger of meeting with tlie Spaniards. 
 
 Governor Beauharnois having been prejudiced against 
 ■ Verendrye by envious persons, 1 "e Noyelles was appointed to 
 take command of the posts. During these difficulties, we 
 find Sieur de la Verendrye, Jr., engaged in other duties. In 
 August, 1747, he arrives from Mackinaw at Montreal, and in 
 the autumn of that year he accompanies St. Pierre to Mack- 
 inaw, and brings back the convoy to Montreal. In February, 
 1748, with five Canadiaps, five Cristenaux, two Ottawas, and one 
 
 IlpI^V.l ^ M 7^^ ^^' '*"= ArK:arecs The Hrst attempt to trace the Upper Missouri is 
 Thll^t .\^h '' ''"|"^''-"'='' ^'"J,"" t 'he " Aricaras- are n.arked as dwellinK m.rtl, of the Pawn 
 1 hey speak the same la.igi.age. In 1S74 tliey hved i.ear Fori ierthold, ai.d wereabo 
 
 on 
 
 iiwnees, 
 ill nniiiber. 
 
 10, Petite Cerise— Choke-cherry. 
 
 697898 
 
^aiitciir, he .ittackcd the Mohawks near Schenectady, and 
 rctiirtiLil to Montreal with two scalps, one. that of a chief.' 
 ( )n June JOth. 174S, it is ri'corded that ("hevalier la \'c:-ench'>'e 
 departed from Montreal for the West Sea. M.i^rv states that 
 he perished at sea in Noveniher, ijf'i. hv the wreck of tin- 
 " y\uj;iiste." 
 
 I'ortunately, ( lalissoniere the successor of Iieauh.irnoi^, 
 althou<;li defornied and insit^Miit'icanl in apiKMr.uKc. w.is fair 
 minded, a loxer of science, esi)ecial!y l>()t my, and anxious to 
 push discoveries toward the i'.icit'ic. \'erendr)e t!.e fatlier 
 was restored to la\(ir, and made l"a])tain of the ( )i(ler of St. 
 Louis, find ordereii to resume e\'[)lor.ilions. While planninjr a 
 tour uj) the Saskatchewan, he died on Doc. C)[h, I 749. 
 
 The Swedish Professor Kalni met him in Canad.i, not loni^ 
 before liis decease, and had intere.tinL; coiuersatitjii-. with nim 
 about the furrows on the plains of the Missouri, which he 
 erroneouvl}' conjectured indicated the former aboile ot an at^ri- 
 cultural people. These ruts are faniiliar to iiKHlern ira\elers,, 
 and are onl\- buffalo trails. 
 
 I^'ather Cocpi.u'il. who had been associated with V'ereiidrye, 
 .says th.it they first met tiie Mantanes, and next the Brochets." 
 After these were theCiros X'entres,'" the Crows, 'the I'^lat lieads,'* 
 the Black Feet,' and Dog hY-et, who* were establisheil on the 
 
 11. IVrliMp* tho I'ldchct or Firth trilic, Miay l>o lln; A-i'liicluiins. 'I'hi- DjUotiih'- ■. ,ill thtsi' Huliays, 
 or !• ish iicltcrN. Fish were cotpkeil by lieatiiii: llie w.tter with hoi si. -lies. 
 
 12. 'I'he Oros N'eiities aiul tji'ws are haiiiis of ihr Miiiiielarees, ami beliiij^ to llie l>akotalt 
 faiiiily. 'l'lu;y are Iciiiul on the tiiliul.iries of the l.'i>|ier Misv.uri ami Wllmv Stone. riu- Crows arc 
 called .Ahsar.ilsis or I'psaroka. The (jros \'eiitres are said to have formerly lived on the .Vssinelioine 
 r'-nd Red Ki\er. ( lov. Kaiiisey olMinnesot.i, in a Ri;|jort in 1850 to Com of Imliai. \lTairs, .says ; 
 " llie I hiefof Keil lake l'hip))e\..iys ol Miimesota 'some yi;ars ayo met a villayeol ! iros Ventres' 
 tow. ird the sources of the Miss'Hiri, I'hey learned that the smoke of the (Iros \ e'ntres' lodjjes onee 
 arose at Sandy Lake: that they had a large \il!.it;e of e.irthen houses at the month of the Savanna 
 river, whieh empties into the St, l.uiiis." " (Iros N'entres now mimher O',io. 
 
 I ^,. I'he River Clrows roam between the .Missoiui and M.ui,!* riveis, and nimiber i2oi>. The 
 Moiuil.iiii Crows are in the valley of the Yellow Stone, and aie estimated at 3,00 1. 
 
 H. I'he I'l.it HeaJs live west of the Roeky Mount.iiiis, in the vii inily of flat HL'ad Lake anit 
 River, 'riiey are estiiiiated to be aUmt luii. Are nnieh diminished by wars with the I'laikfeet. 
 'rhey hunt lot IjufT.ilo on tlie [ilains east of the mountains. 
 
 1;,. I'he Black ^'eel, or Satiska, are divided into (iloods, i:;6o; I'iueou, or Pheasants. ^4-0; and 
 Klack I'eet, I5<ji). Some of the ( iros Ventres are now incorponited with them. I'hey are between 
 ihe Missouri. Sun, and Marias rivers. 
 
IMisscniri, even up tn the I'. ills, and that about thirty leagues 
 beyond thi:\' tuuud a u iricnv' pass in tlie mountains,'" 
 
 Hou;.TaiinilIe ^ives a inf)re lull aeeount ; he sa\'s : " lie who 
 most advanced tills discovery was the Sieur de la X'ei.mderie. 
 lie went iVoni j-'ort la Keine to the Missouri, lie met on the 
 banks of this river the Mandans, or White Meards, who h.ul 
 seven \ i!!a;j;es with piui, stockades, st,ren;4theni'(l 1)\- a ditch. 
 Next to thr-^c wen- the Kinon;j;ewiniris, or the Hrochets, in 
 three \illa<^es-. and towartl the upper part of the ri\i;r were 
 three villa^^es of the Mahantas.'" All alon;:; the mouth ^-^S. the 
 Wabiek, or Siull'" river, were situated twent\--three vill.ii^i's of 
 the I'anis. To the southwest ol this ri\er. on tin- banks of tin; 
 ( )iian iradeba, or I.a (irais-^e,"are the llectanes, or Snake n-ibe." 
 The)' extend to tlie base of a chain (»f mountains vvh'ch runs 
 north northeast. South of this is the river Kavoskion, or 
 Ccrisi' I'elee. which is sujtiiosed to llow to California." 
 
 W 
 
 I'i. I 111' I'liiirr M'lii.-iiir, lis i|iinic'n)y M.'.'^ry ill .1 IrtiiT d.iloi I July -\\\ i77i, ri.Miis, '• rr<iu\<;iil 
 Itrs (iiiruTs ilf» Ml ■ iii i-iuic lilt .\l.Mil:i>;in.'< it l<- Mi-.'-niiii c»i iii dci li:irm- (III I.;ii; 'ml on lie 
 I nliiiiiil p;i> riiili'iulip;." 
 
 Mull. Ill 111 \l.i|) ni"., Milit.iry K(i:i(l fniiii Kort Hriit<'ii on tlu' Missciiiri, to Fnri W.ill.i W.tll.i on the 
 Ciiliiniliiii, iiiiiiUs i'l.it ll.iul l,.il.i.', ".liusL- w.ilcr> i;nli.i- ill.. I'.n ili'. by llic Ci'l'i.iilii;i Rivci , and arc 
 AiTV ncT ilic siiiiri;i.N of the Marias, a Iriluitary of the Miisouri. 
 
 Ai llii (late ofthc Rotky Miiiiiil;iilis liie Frii.kly IVar river e ter> (he Mi^Niiiii, «lu>^< litMil 
 waters (I iw lhroiii;li Miribii'> l'a>s, and arc iioi lar distant from the I'illei Koot Uiver. wliese waurs 
 enter the C^ihnnlii.i, 
 
 I'he Midlson liranch of the Missouri nearly iiUerloi ks with the disehargc of \'ellow Stone I.nke, 
 and the Je(fersoii Fork is a short distance from the head \v. iters of the Snake river, a Irilmtary of the 
 
 ( 'oluiiibia. 
 
 17. I'he Malias, I'r I 'in ihas •11 I •>■ l.'lslc's Map ol 1 oiiisitiia are m,iiki;d a- near 'he AJoiie/ 
 Ani^lici/ed loways. They live 11. nv on tlie Missouri, in eastern Nehraska, aiul niiiiiber ahoiit i,o.,<). 
 
 iH, IVrliajis tlie Mussel Slijll I'iiv er of inodein maps. 
 
 ic) I he I'aH lui s. on I 'e I. 'Isle's map are iiiarkeil on die Nfissoiiri, and on Panis, now Platte 
 river. JeilVys, on his map, m.irks a trihe west of I .li.e Wiiiiiipe);, called Cris Panis HIanc. iJrake 
 speaks of While Pawnees, Freckled P.iwnees, ami I'awiiees ot the I'lalle. I'liey now number ahoiit 
 li-ioo. and dwell ,111 a reserv.ilioii <iii .1 braiu h o| the I'latle. in Nelir.i'.ka. 
 
 -.?o. /.,/ (wif/.ov. 'Ihere is a shrub ealled (Jrease bu>h, like ihe enrraii; luisb, from winch the 
 Indians of I'pper Missouri u-ed lo make arrow sliafls. In the Wind River \alley is Urease wood 
 t'reek. 
 
 < )im.iraileba. perh.ijis deri\ed fn-ini the Dakoi.ih Wasiia 'Oiiasnat i;rease, ami Walpa (Oiiadeba) 
 
 21. I'he Snakes are known as Shoshonecs, Honaeks, or Dinners. The Hief.ins, Pad'mcas, or 
 r<Mnani lies ot I'exas, as well as the Utahs, are offshoots of this nation. In He L'Isle's map, the 
 I'adoiicas are iii.irk"d as dwelliri; from llie I'pper Missouri to the Arkansas. .Miont iS.,., Shoshonees 
 .ire on a reservation in Wind Kiver valley, Wyoming, and 1500 are aboiii I'ort H.id or Snake River, 
 in Idaho. 
 
 22. Near the southern sources of ihe Mis-.oiiri are fmnd the head-waters of the Colorado, whose 
 month is in the (jull of Cal.fornia. 
 
ro 
 
 " He found in the immense region watered by the Missouri, 
 and in the vicinity of forty leagues, the Mahantas, the Ovvili- 
 niock, or Beaux Hommes, four villages ; opposite the Brochet:y 
 the Black Feet, three villages of :; hundred lodges, each ; 
 opposite the Mandans are the Ospekakaercnousques, or Flat 
 Heads, four villages ; ojiposite the Panis arc the Arcs of 
 Cristinaux, and Utasibaoutchactas of Assinibocl, three 
 villages ; following these the Makesch, or Little Foxes, two' 
 villages ; the Piwassa, or Great Talkers, three villages ; the 
 Kakokoschena, or Gens de la Tie, five villages ; the Kiskipi- 
 sounouini, or the Garter tribe, seven villages." 
 
 Galassoniere was succeeded b}' Jon([uiere in the governor- 
 ship of Canada, who proved to be a grasping, peevish, and very 
 miserly person. For the sons of X'ercndrye he had no sym- 
 pathy, and forming a clic[ue to profit by their father's toils, lie 
 determined to send two expeditions toward the Pacific ocean, 
 one by the Missouri, and the other by the Saskatchewan. 
 
 r'ather Coquard, one of the companions of Verendrye, wa.s 
 consulted as to the probability of finding a pass in the Rocky 
 Mountains, through which they might, in c.moes, reach the 
 great lake of salt water, pei'haps l\iget's Sound. 
 
 The enterprise was at length confided to two experienced 
 
 officers, Lamarcjue de Marin and Jacques Legardeur de Saint 
 Pierre.'"" The former was assigned the way. by the Missouri, a;'d 
 
 to the latter was given the more northern route ; but Saint 
 Pierre in some way excited the hostility of the Cristinaux, 
 who attempted to kill him, and burned F""ort La Reine. His 
 lieutenant, l^oucher de Niverville,'"^ who had been sent to 
 
 23. St. ['ierre in 1737 w.is stationed at Fort Moairharnois on t.akc I'cpin. Tlu' Jesuit Coquard, 
 the old associate of Verendrye, was i)re>ent in Scptenilier, 1755, at tlieliaitle near Lake (leorgo, anil 
 in a letter to his brother, says : " we lost on tii at occasion a lirave olTicer, M dc St. I'ierre." 
 
 24 Roucher de Niverville in 1746 left Montre.il tn ainioy the New Kn;;laiid settlements, and 
 returned in Mayvith John SpafTord and Israel Parker prisoners. In I7.j«i he attacked the stockade 
 at Fall Mountain, Charlestown, Xev 1 1 inipshire, ami during this r.iid burned three churches. In 
 August, 1748, he was alarming the people at Williaiustowu. Fort .Massachusetts. I'hree years later 
 he is burning houses and capturing horses in Virginia on tlic b.iuks of the Potomac, 15 leagues from 
 Fort Cumberland Ho is next at the siege of Fort Willi.uii Henry, and then with Montcalm, in his 
 contest with Wolfe. 
 
11 
 
 establish a post toward the source of the Saskatchewan, failed 
 on account of sickness. Some of his men, however, pushed on 
 to the Rocky Mountains, and in 1753, established Fort Jon- 
 quiere. Henry says St. Pierre established Fort Bourbon. 
 
 In 1753 Saint Pierre was succeeded in the command of the 
 posts of the West, by de la Corne, and sent to French Creek, 
 in Pennsylvania. He had been but a few days there when he 
 received a visit from Washington, just entering upon manhood, 
 bearing a letter from Governor Dinwiddle of Virginia, com- 
 plaining of the encroachments of the French. 
 
 Soon the clash of arms between France and England began, 
 and Saint Pierre, at the head of the Indian allies, fell near 
 Lake George, in September, 1755, in a battle with the English. 
 After the seven years' war was concluded, by the treaty of 
 Paris, the French relinquished all their posts in the Northwest, 
 and the work begun by Verendrye, was, in 1805, completed by 
 Lewis and Clarke ; and the Northern Pacific Railway is fast 
 approaching the passes of the Rocky Mountains, through the 
 valley of the Yellow Stone, and from then.e to the great land- 
 locked bay of the ocean, Puget's Sound.