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 WINFS OF PALESllNE j 
 
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 WINES OF PALESTINE ; 
 
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 TBE BIBLE DEFENDED, 
 
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 A MINISTEE €«• THE M. E, CHUECH, I«ANXD1. 
 
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 PREFACE. 
 
 . TsriiPEaANCB men aro qii!«o (oo lox in their »dhcsi«i tolh« 
 work ns;,ignod them, and aubmit quilo too much Icrritofy to 
 thb " foe of all nmuUiti'd." \ " .' 
 
 Tcmporuuco tnon llo not gcncrany understand the tru^ro- 
 Ifttldn vhioh Ihu Dibij SM.-jtain^ to thirir ciiuir. ^ V . 
 
 Tc'n>i>wruiico men, thercbv, yi<Ml ihcii- si rongcst' weapon Xo 
 .Ihcir enemy, for llie Wnl of thi^ knowledge of its intriii»»4 _ 
 
 va-I.no. • ' \ .\; ., • , ■ ^ ' "\ 
 
 Nor do ih'J most sanguiiio. hopes of'thd Author presume \q -^ 
 grnsip 111 •. idcu, that ilic f.jlh)\vin;x pnpes will fully HucidntQ 
 all )ho facts conhoclc'l with tho IJi'ihcJ history of Intoniper- 
 anod.nndihc) rchiiii'n which t!io IJiI.h) Kustain* to it. But, 
 whijy it einiiirfcps tnt a sm.iltp >rtibn of the iiitercstinSr mTi'tet 
 Ihut mi'.dit ho addii|j|||tirc()niirc.tiun with Iho snhji'ct, iI»o 
 /kiilhor isqtiito s'.'..o^''«\vill Irav'c a tendency to remove that 
 mint aferrstr, whichlMs long obscured tho true rchilJAtn of the 
 Bihje t,j.tho cansc of 'roin|>ofai»co. It '.vill be discovered, that 
 tne hoilv i)f ihis worlv j-; couipo^ed of estivists from tlio most 
 popular A iilluifs!,boih of ancient and modern date. His object, 
 in pursiiinjj tin:, course, is simply to present, in a condersed 
 form, ns n.uch a<>li(l maltei: as ppssihle j and to do this, he half 
 siippo«icd that (he ;oiiinioiis of pjpular Authors woiild. weigh, 
 quiio as much, asjuaov/.r assertion.. And it.will be discovered 
 that cv^rylead|n^ idea that i^ prescAted, is aubstantiated 
 by the fcstimoiiy of one or more ppputar Authors. It will, 
 also, be discovered, that the definition given in,conBeotion wilh* 
 the nine Hebrew words, to which reference is had, are ia 
 jstrict keeping with thb opinions of the most' popular Hebrew^ 
 ichplarB of tjie day. The Ai^thor has $\vMh many of Iho^e p^*- 
 
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 iftfM in ftill, in whioh thota 'terms aro employed which oir 
 Englbh trmiulaton have rendered, Wine; and, it will be 
 found, that those do not express a fermented liquor, when 
 they are used commendatory. 
 
 And, if the following pages succeed in arresting the atten- 
 tion of any, and of calling the same to an investigation of the 
 subject, bia most san£uine hopes will have been realized } for 
 he is Confident that none will thoroughly mvestigate the lub- 
 ject, and still charge the Bible with giving countenance to the 
 u«e of intoxicating liquors as a bevemge. 
 
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 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Error, unmixed with troth, would lose much of Ttt -popu- 
 lar influflnce. Its haggard form, unmasked, would soon dis- 
 gust even its votaries. But its union with truth, veils muoh 
 of its deformity ; and its influence is, to somo degree, oom- 
 mensurate with its association and appearance. Muoh of the 
 evil which the history of the world unfolds, originates in this 
 amalgamation* . V 
 
 To say that man his no pr«dlleotlonf to obscure the beauty 
 of truth with tho mask of error, would be to4isputo thn history 
 of his conduct. To say that he has no inclination to sensu- 
 ality, would be no less than accusing him of acting without 
 any motive to stimulate. Following these indlinations, men 
 have inyolved themselves in dilTioulties, and a sense of guilt 
 has driveu to various sources for just iftoation. ^ 
 
 Among tho many auts of sensnalit/, meh have resorted to 
 . ' the use of intoxicating liquors ; some to " cause the heart to 
 be merry }** and othen, to <* sustain tho drooping spirit.** At 
 what time intoxicating liquor was invented, or its use as a 
 beyeragelbecame A praotioe, is not easily decided. But, as 
 early as Lot and Noah, we have melancholy examples of its 
 use and effect. Subaeqaently, other fearful examples present 
 thems^lveS) as ip the case of Nabal, an inhabitant of Maon— 
 the Amalekitetf who harrassed the children of Israel in the 
 borders of Palestine— Amnon, tho son of David— and Elah,, 
 king of Ismel— who were all examples of intemperance, even 
 in the earlier history of our world. Gyrus— though a phoseh 
 instrament in the hand of God for punishing a riotous nation-^ 
 it is believedi was finally ovexocme with the idea^ of unrivaled 
 
 
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 power, and was ebgnizant to the introduction of licentioiu 
 indttlgences into his dominion, and thereby laid tho fuunda- ^ 
 tion for the overthrow of the Medo-Persian Empire ; and in* # v 
 temperance having began to sap the foundation of the ^vorldo 
 wide empire, soon the warlike Persians became weak and ef- 
 feminate, like the MedeS| who had bpen so easily taken in aa ' 
 
 ';- apt ofriut. . ' ■'"■;■>'■ ''■■'-■. ^.f^'' 
 
 And it appears tHat, frfm this time, in particular, the culti* * 
 Vation of the Grape, and the production of Wine, became a ^ ' 
 tkvourite pursuit of the Persians. 
 
 Sir J. Chardin, who has travelled extensively in iPerria, 
 remarks* " We may assert boldly, that there is no country 
 where they drink more or better Wine*'* 
 
 "'The Macedonians, also, became, to some degree, contami> 
 Bated with the bane of intemperance. Philip, though cou- 
 lageous, and successful in many warlike enterprises, was at 
 last overcome, by his wily foe while engaged in one of his ' 
 irequent bacchanalian riots. . 
 
 Alexander, who succeeded bis father to the Maccdon crown, 
 was more licentious, if possible, than his predecessor. This 
 fact will bo discovered from one act, which, alone, would stain 
 his' whole life. After having entered Persia, he introduced a 
 sceniB of riot near the tomb of Cyrus, offering a prize to him 
 who should succeed in drinking the most intoxicating liquors j 
 at which feast, we are informed that no less than thirty of the " 
 devotees of Bacchus died on the spot, and six, afterwards, died -j 
 in their tent. But he^ too, soon fell a victim to his folly.-^ 
 ^hile drinking a pledge with Proteus, from the cup of Her- 
 ienles, he quaffed the fatal draught. « 
 
 And Seneca passes thi«e remarks updntheftill of this illus- 
 trious hero, who so suddenly sank from fame to an untimely 
 grave:** Where* itflPhis hero, invincible by all the toils of pro- 
 digious marches, by all the dangers of sieges and combats, by 
 the most violent extremes of heat and cold 1 hero he lies con- 
 qneted by his intemperance, and struck to the earth by the 
 c^^tal eop of Herettle8.*r It is oteervuble, in aUnost every page 
 
 
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 of history, that, although wars and deTattatlon may apread 
 theii dark shadow over a nation, and roll like a monntaiq ^ 
 avalanche otcr silent glen, and busy mart, frotu the days 
 of Lot until tho preseftt, nothing has been so Successful in sap- 
 ping the foundation of judicial, political, or religious prosperi- 
 ty, as intemperance. In proof of this; reference need only bo ■ 
 had to the Thracians, Scythians, Germans, Thebans, Parthi- 
 ens, Tipperarians, Illyriahs, Carthaginians, Lydians, Cambrians - 
 and Byzantins, who||jfere been lamentable examples of Bac- 
 -chanalian riot. EnglanU, in the earlier part of her history, as a 
 nation, suffered much from licentiousness. It is stated by Sir J. 
 
 Fortescue, while speaking of the comforts andprivileges of the 
 Englisl) nobility, that "they drink no water, except when 
 they alistuiri from other drink by way of penancp, and from a 
 
 « .principle of devotion." this will be further shown by thoj^' • 
 fint fl.nf, in a feast given by tho Earl of Leicester to Queen' 
 Elizabeth, in Ken il worth Castle, no less than twenty-three' 
 thousand gallons of Beer, Jjin addition to the ' ininiense 
 store of other intoxicating liquors,] were consuniedv And 
 the feasts, which were frequent lit this period in England, 
 were olmost invariably scenes of debauchery ; so much so, that 
 it might well be remarked, they were sacrificing to devils for 
 a thinUsjriving to God. ^ '• 
 
 But, while Eng!J>nd. and other nations, have suffered from 
 the reign of BacchtiSj America has not been exempt from hia 
 swny. Thehistory of tlio tribes of North America is a fear- 
 firl one. The free Use/of intoxicating liquors has made ftar- 
 
 , fill ravages omMng the various tribc.«. It was soon discovered 
 by the Freiieh,tobefar easier dealing with them while in a 
 state of intoxication. Tho Rev. Mr. Andrews describes the ef- 
 fect upon the Mohtltwk Indiiins as being fearful. He remarks, 
 « they grow quite tiVad, burn their own little huts, murder 
 their own wives and children , or one another, S9 that ^heir 
 wives are forced to hide their guns and hatchets, and them- 
 selves, too. /or fear of mischief." And Charlevoix states that, 
 in the earlier history of Montreal^ husbands and wives, fathen 
 
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 weHi frequently seen m 
 
 «n4 mothers, brothert and Miters, . 
 
 the ,tieet,iiithe.tateof intoxication, ^^y**? ?"V*^^*- 
 Anditi.;nrpa«ingly.tninge,theextent^towhichwdiv^ua^ 
 
 Mdntrtioni,tavemdulged this^P^^ gratifioa- 
 
 ^isfiict Willie ihrthers^ Pf «««« . 
 
 of «>meof themany nations who hava not been favored with 
 tiradvantages of civilization. It is weU known that the , 
 inhabitants of China are fearully addicted to the practice of 
 Singopium asa stimulos j but, notwithstanding this possesses 
 ^strong stimulating property, it does not fully «»^^: 
 sensual eraving J and, in the province c^ Quang-Tong, they 
 distil a liquor from the flower of the lemon tree, which ^^s 
 strongly intoxicating in its nature. Some of the natives of the 
 Sandwich Islands obtain, by fermentation and distillation, a 
 ' very strong liquor from the root of the tea. Tha Tartars «> 
 tnS a very strong liquor from the flesh of^esheep^ 
 of course, is fermented, and subsequently distilled.^ Thw li- 
 quor is called, by tha natives, Yan-yangstkew. The natives 
 of Kaintschatka have astiong liquor which they call *mka.- 
 It is produbed from a species of grass which they call, *slatka- 
 ratrava' It issteeped in warm water until fermented, and 
 forwards it is distilled, This liquor is said to opemte di- 
 'rectlyupon the nervous system, and is very destructive to 
 vTeiiltU It is said that the Nubians indulge freely w a^liquoi 
 ■J^ichthey extmct^^ ?»® 
 
 Esyptians, also, indulge in the use of a liquor which they 
 TxWf^bm barley, com, ahdjice. The Abyssin^ use a 
 fermented liquor, which is highly intoxicating, and is^com^ 
 «osed from a species ofbe^r and honey. The principle bever- 
 S^bf the inhabitants of Tartary is prepared by fermenting 
 jwres'milk, which they call * koumiss'. The Caffres,^ 
 prepare an intoxicating liquor from aspeciesof corn. Btoiiy 
 of ttie nations of the torrid ^one use a liquor obtamed from 
 the palm tree, which, when it is fermented, is highly intoxi- 
 . eating. The inhabitants ofAffghanistan ferment the milk of 
 
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 she^p, which produoesa very str<mg liquor* But the Swedes 
 axoel most other nations in the extent to which this pusion 
 leads them. They distil with their Bmndy a hirge species of 
 black ant, which oontains a quantity of resin, and oil, and 
 acid) which gives their liquor a high flavour. These ants are 
 found in abundance > in small hills, at the foot of fir trees. 
 
 This fact of extreme sensuality is not less visible in the his- 
 tory of America. When we take into the accountj that no 
 less than sixty millions of gallons of alcoholic liquors are con- 
 sumed annually in the United States, and that this quantity 
 will supply every man, woman, and child, with five gallons 
 each, we shall be prepared to admit the statement before us.-— 
 It is stated that, in the United States, there are not less than 
 two hundred. thousand paupers sufTpbrted aannally— one hun- 
 dred and fifty thousand of whom have beggared themselves 
 by the use of ardent spirits. Again, it is authentically stated 
 that no less than thirty thousand are annually trained, by their 
 djBvotion to Bacchus, and marched io an untimely grave. It 
 is farther stated that, taking into the account the tax for the 
 support of paupers, the amount paid for alcoholic liquors, and 
 the time wasted directly and indirectly, by its use, would 
 amount to a tax of not less than one hundred and thirty mil- 
 lions of dollars annually, confining oUr calculation to the 
 XTntted States. In this account, "^e have not noticed that 
 fatal scourge, Tobacco, " which, doubtless, lays the foundation 
 for the premature death of thousancfis yearly, and creates that 
 morbid appetite which leads to all subsequent stages of intem- 
 perance." And it may be a matter ojfsurprise to numy, toknow 
 that tliese morbid cravinga are caijri^ to a still greater ex- 
 treme. It is believed by many, till 
 beverage, is becoming, to some exte 
 States. A quotation from a late nu; 
 Post," will throw light upon the sulg 
 '<The importation of the drug has inc 
 the increase of population. Th'e amcbnt now passing through 
 the New York custom-house annually, falls but little below 
 
 the use of opium, as a 
 
 common in the United 
 
 r of the « New YOTk 
 
 t: It runs this-wise:— 
 
 ased beyond the ratio of 
 
#.' 
 
 10 
 
 OB* hundrdd thonnnd ponndt ; and the ports of Botton, Phila- 
 delphia, BaltimoT8,and New Orleaiw, must triple that quantity. 
 Mot a'tentb pirt of it can be fiequired for medical prescriptions. 
 The average to the population equals, If it does not exceed, 
 that used in China, and the Indian Archipelago. ** Strange de- 
 Totion to sensnality, eren in Christendom. And yet, at his' 
 smoking altar, the bleeding victims are thickly prostrated-^ 
 the acute philosopher, the noble statesman, the otherwise 
 able divine, and men and women of all classes-^and yefhij 
 cry is like the insatiable horse-leech, "Give! Give!'* And a 
 sense of guilt, |^rowing out of this devotion, has driven men to 
 various extremes for justification , and, amongst their pleas, 
 they have cialled the Bible to theif aid. and attempted to jus* 
 tify a licentious praotioe even from its holy page. 
 
 ■I 
 
 -■-;';/: ■^■'' ■■.::v- cHAPTERi... ■■;; ■ 
 
 Tai BiBLB OOB8 not* REC0MMENT> THE iTsn OF IirrojcicATiira 
 J- Liquors as a Beveragb ! 
 To suppose that the Bible does recommend the practice 
 alluded to, would be to destroy the great object of its mission. 
 Some, however, have taken advantage of the fact,, that thei 
 Bible does not refer to this practice more Yroqnently than it 
 does and have endeavorel to wield it against itself ; but, 
 when we tak^ into consideration the fact, that the Bible was 
 ffiven to a temperance people, we think it will tond to remove 
 the difficulty, and prejudice, to a great degree, which might, 
 otherwiso embarrass the subject. . Although there was 
 intemperance among the Jews at the time the Bible was 
 given yet drunkenness was comparatively in its infancy. 
 The nations with which the Jews were surrounded, werQ 
 particularly addicted to intemperance. The city of Atiens 
 was particularly noted for her devotion to Bacchus, the god of 
 wine. The Romans had similar scenes Of debauchery and 
 crime. It is stated that, at soma o.f their feasts, no less than 
 feyen thousand of both sexes were promiscuously engaged. 
 
 t 
 
 ■r 
 
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 AmoDg'the Heentious of thoso feast of tho ancients, ai*e tbo«e 
 t)f Catylria, the goddess of debauchery, and Comus, the god 
 of feasting and revelry. But such was the rigor of the 
 discipline of the Jews,, that they retained compamtively a 
 temperance cUaracter. Yet, there are quite a number of 
 precautionary injunctions in the Biblo relative to |hose 
 bacchanaiiau usages— quite enough, we think, to disproiF©-*;^ 
 the practice. It is observable that, at some periods, the; Jews 
 manifested considorable religious declensionft,and, perhaps, no 
 cause is more prominent tlian|:hat of intemperate indulgences, 
 in the followiiig passages, we think the subject is distinctly 
 alluded to, and not less clearly detested : Exodus, xxxii, 6, 
 
 * The people sat down to eat, and to drink, and rose up to play*^ 
 We think the fact intended to bo conveyed in this text is 
 quite unmistakably clear in our favour. Also, thero are 
 numerous admonitions against such indulgences, somtp of 
 which it may be proper to mention here. Mgses, warning^ 
 the children^ol Israel lost they should ibrget the Lord, says, in 
 Deut. viii, 12, 13, 14 : 'Lest when thou hast eaten and art 
 
 >full,and hast huilt goodly houses and dwelt therein ; and 
 •when thy herds and thy flocka multiply, and thyigilVer and 
 thy gold are multiplied, and all " thou hast is multiplied ; thfiu 
 thiae heart is lifted up, find thou forget tho Lord thy God.* 
 
 And. we' find that these prophotic fears were soon verified. 
 And; Moses alUides to the departiire from the living God, thus, 
 
 * JTeshurutt waked fat and kicked ; then he forsook God which 
 made him, and lightly esteemed the ilock of his salvation,* 
 Dent, xxxii, 1 5. These indulgences proved to be a growing 
 evil ; and in succeeding centuries, the Prophets of God 
 breathed divine disploasuie against them. One of the Prophets . 
 thus expresses himself, * And they lay themselves down upon, 
 clothes laid to pledge by every altar ; and they drink the wine 
 of the condemned in the House of their God,' Amco ii, 8. Also^ 
 ia the 12th verse of the «arae chapter, we discover a still more 
 striking passage, * But ye gave t£e Nazarites wine to drink.* 
 Wha bat those who are wilfully bliaded, can fail to discover 
 
 •M: 
 
 
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-T 
 
 
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 \ 
 
 '■.<»■ 
 
 lil 
 
 the bittar indignation breathed in this text . And yet, with 
 .this fact glowing with divine truthfulness, a id burdened with . 
 holy displeasure, the flowing bowl j>asses i a merrily around 
 fVom father to son, from mother to daughter {ind frum compa- 
 nion to companion, aS though it were favor id with the divine 
 benediction ; and the greater wonder .is, thpi the gehieirations of 
 the inebriate are not more fearfully withaed, blighted and 
 scathed than they ore. I'he Same sacred v riter subsequently 
 alludes to, and depicts the deleterious eifectfl which are prdduc-* 
 ed upon the ciiuse of God by this vice, ' Ye that put far away 
 the evil day, and cause the seat of^iolencelto come neajr ; that 
 clumt to the sound of the viol, and invent to themselves 
 instruments of music like David ; that drink wind in bowls, 
 and anoint themselves with the icliief ointments; but they 
 ard not grieved for the affliction of Josepn,* Amos vi, 3, 5, 6. 
 Another of the prophets expresses himselfiupon this jubject in 
 this-wise, *;Ephn\im is joined to his idols jlet. him alone. Their 
 (drink .is sour ; they have committed wHoredom continually.' 
 Isaiah expresses himself in the most emphatic language iu the 
 denunciation of the use of strong drinkJ ' Woe to them that 
 rise up early in the morning that they may follow strong 
 dyink-; that continue until night till wjfne inflame them. Woe 
 to them that are mighty to drink wine; and men of strength to 
 miugle strong drink,' Isaiah v, \^^ 12/ If the Bible were silent 
 upon this subjecti with the excteptiouof the passages to which 
 we have referreid, \ye think that / the evidence is quite 
 jQOndusive, that the use of intt^xioating liquors is not 
 recommended by- the Biblev 
 
 But there is another class of scriMute which, if possible, is 
 more conclusive than those to whicpi we have alluded. The 
 restrictions which were laid upon the Jews were of a strenuous 
 nature. Those feasts which were ordained by the Almighty 
 '^ [though subsequently reduced to sseues of debauchery] were 
 of a nature decidedly restrictive ;]and, although wine may. 
 have been allowed on occasions like those, we are quite 
 certain that it could not have possessed an intoxicating quality. 
 
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 ^ the feast of the Passover, which was initituted in 
 oomwemoration of the miraoujous deliverance of the children 
 of l^el from the land of bondage, the use of fermented liquor 
 otany kind was strictly prohibited. Tkis wil| be clearly seen 
 by referring to the injunction laid upon the Jews as it is found 
 in Exodus xiii, 7, 'Unleavened bi-ead fthall bo eaten seven days j 
 and there shall no leaven bread be seen with thee, neither 
 flhall there be leaven seen with thee in all thy quarter^.' 
 Recent attempts have been made to show that this passage has 
 i^ierence only to unleavened bread. But we think that a careful 
 reading bf the tfext will «.einove this difficulty. The text Mys, 
 'neither shall there leaven be seen within all thy quarters,' In 
 snpport of this, we insert the evidence of Gesenius, a 
 celebmted Oriental scholar^ Who says that thf Hebrew word 
 '■eor,' which the English translators havo tendered leavon, 
 applies to wine as well as bread. The Rev. C* F. Frey, an 
 in/ividual who was intimately acquainted with the customs of 
 t^e Hebrews, remarks, on the ^ajwver, as follows, * Nor dare 
 ihe Jews drink any liquor made from graini nor any liquor 
 ,4hat has passed the state, of fermentation.'] It may not be 
 jamiss to adduce the testiniony of some of thk ancients upon 
 I this topic. Leo, of Modena, states, « That sojstrictly did some 
 1 of the Jewsobserve this precept concerning the removal of all 
 1 leaven from their houses durinj^ the celebration of the Paschal 
 solemnity, that they either provide vessels entirely new 
 for baking, or else have a iset for the purpose, whicli are 
 dedioated solely to the service of the Pajsover, and never 
 brought out on any other occasion.' AliP, Galmet remarks, in 
 i reference to the Passover, *They examine all the house with 
 scrupulous care, to eject whatever may have any ferment in 
 it;* R. H. Hershal, a writer of Jewish birth, and one well ^ 
 acquainted with Jewish customs, makes the following 
 statement, * The word *ho)mitz' has a wider signification than ^ 
 is generally attached to the word »leaVen,» by which it is 
 rendered iti the English Bible. <HgiAitz' signifies tbe 
 fermentation oioorn in any shape, and applies to beer, and all 
 
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v^%*r> " ■ ""^ 
 
 V . ' 
 
 1* 
 
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 \l 
 
 h\ 
 
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 •piritaoua liquors diatilltfd IVom corn.* And Uie rame author 
 remarks, ' I must do my breil.i. m the justice to say, that they 
 do not attempt to evade the l .ilotness uf thli oommand. to put 
 away ail leaven, by an ingenious shiA, but fulfil it to the very 
 letter. I knew a person in tiade "who liad several oasks of 
 spirits sent to him, which ar.ved during the tim« of the 
 Passover. Had they come a few days sooner, they would 
 have been lodged in some pl^ico apart from hU house, until it 
 was over ; but, during its continuation, ho did not think it 
 right to meddle with them, and after hesitating a little while 
 what tot do, he at length poured the whole out into the street.' 
 Such testimony as the foregoinjg we think conclusive, that the 
 wines recommended at those occasions did not possess aa 
 alcoholic quality. V 
 
 Dr. Lightfoot, with reference to the I'assover, says, ',Tho 
 guests at the Passover, being placed around the table, they 
 mingle a cup of wmo with wat<^r, over which tho master of 
 the family gave thanks, and thou drauk it off. Of these cups, 
 they drank four.*. EabbiClmya states that * these Cups 
 contain an Italian quart, and are four fingers square, and a . 
 finger and a half deep.* 
 
 Now, upon the supposition that those wines th^s employed 
 at those feasts possessed intoxicating proiicrtieuy it would 
 •necessarily render those occasions, which God had desigued tp 
 commemorate his goodness in their deliverance and protection^ '* 
 scenes of confusion and riot. 
 
 Bj^jt has been urged by sorae>-und nccepted by many. That i 
 althongh the Bible might not counlenQnce extreme iutemper.' 
 ance, it is, nevertheless, not strictly speaking,.a total abstinence \ 
 book^ and, therefQre> it cherishes and recommends the 
 * moderate* use of intoxicating liquors. If thiis be true, the ; 
 Preacher must have been M'^oofully mistaken in his conclusioa 
 about wine, andliislnjunctions respecting it. < Il^ppears from. ; 
 the following, that wine itself (which possesses an inebriating ; 
 quality) is. condemned. * Wiiie is a mocker, strong drink is ■ 
 raging, and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise/ Fxoy. 
 
 
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 an 
 
 J 
 
 
 IS 
 
 sw, 1. Alto, the injunction which he layi •poc all rtipeetinK 
 It, must be wrong. * Look not thou upon the wine when it it 
 Ted, when it givetli its color in the cup, when it moveth iUelf 
 aright,* Prov. xxiii, 81. Now we remark, that these passagea 
 denouneo both tho article, and the practice of using it, most 
 emphatically. And thus we conclude, that the Volume of 
 Inspiration is free from the charge of coutitenancing the use 
 of intoxicating liquors, and breathes througli every page, peace 
 gad good will to man. < v 
 
 y 
 
 A 
 
 CHAPTER II. ' 
 
 ThB WlNSa Ot PAttSTlNE CONSIDBRED, Ai TO TUlin NaTUBS 
 
 AND QUALITT. ,J 
 
 That the Bible recommondg, as possessing an exhilarating . 
 quality, a juice of tho grape, which tha English translators , 
 have almost invariably rendered wine, is a fact which we do 
 not wish to dispute. But Ihat it possesses alcoholic qualities, 
 or has been suly^ctcd to the prooesa of fermontationj we shall 
 attempt to disprovo. ■ , |„ . 
 
 AVe are n\varo thatthclap?»ogftirao,and the mist of ages, in- 
 volves this subject in many diftiouUies j but we think \ve shall 
 be able to show that Iho wines employed by the Hebrews on the 
 occasion of their feasts, and recommended by the Godof the He- 
 brews differed widely fiom tho wines used by the profane of that 
 age, and not less widely from most of the wines of the present 
 day. The mode of preparation follolced by the Jews may not be 
 easily determined j" but we are quite certain they had several^ ' 
 and that the grapo itself was frequently substituted for tho 
 wine of the same ; and, it is generally associated with bread, 
 ■ hbney, corn, and milk, and articles of food; It is thus employed 
 by the Assyrian king, in 2 Kings, xviii, 31, 32/ * Make an 
 agreement with mej«a present, and come out to me, and 
 then eat ye every pivjip' his own via^||||^Dd every one of his 
 own fig tree, and drink ye every oneor his cistern, until I 
 eome and take you awaiy ^to a land like your own land— a land 
 
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 4- 
 
 ./ ■ 
 

 ^ . 
 
 :| 
 
 ^111 
 
 of corn and wftisi ftltnd of bread and vineyards, a land o^ oil- 
 olive and honey— 'that ye may live and not die.* tt is simi- 
 larly associated where liaao blessed Jacob, when he said, 
 ' God give thee of the dew of heaven, and of* the fatnesi of 
 the earth, and plenty o| com and wine.' As, therefori^ fer- 
 mented wine does not possess nutritious qualities, it cannot be 
 iuppoeed that sooh wines as has boon fermented,^ or is ia 
 general nse at the present, could be associated with the idea 
 of richness and fatness, i^ere may bo some scruples in the 
 , mindi of some as to the foregoing assertiop, from ttie fact that 
 it is generally believed, that a moderate use of intoxicating 
 liquor is conducive to health. And this very idea has sapped 
 the foundation of many brilliant hopes, an4 wrung tho bitter 
 sigh from many a widowed heart, and y^t isofTerdl as a plea 
 for the nofaiious practice. Perhaps the conclusion to which 
 -Professor Moees Stewart arrived, may tend/to cbnfirmthis as- 
 aertion, * The Scriptures forbid all intoxicating liquors, in any 
 degree. The laws of our physical and mental n'&ture equally 
 forbid it, because both body and mind are injured by it. No 
 species of liquors which can inebriato,;6an be used habitually 
 without great danger of forming an excessive habit to it — for 
 BO the- universal voice of experience decides. No person, 
 therefore^, can indulge himself in the habitual, or frequent use 
 of any liquors which has an inebriating quality, without, at the 
 same time, incurring the dange/of forming a habit which 
 must prove injurious to him, ana may prove fatal.' Now, it 
 cannot be innodent, nor consistent, for those who are taugfit to 
 pray, ' Lead us UQJ^ into temptation,' thus voluntarily to rush 
 into it. It is a settled poiut-!-/one now "past dispute — that water 
 is the best and safest of mj^inks. No other liquor can, 
 therefore, be necessaryT^lSome medical cases only excepted, 
 which need not be, and s^re not here brought into the account 
 It follows then, since water is the best of all drinks ; and since 
 no intoxicating liquor/can be token, either habitually or fre- 
 quently, without darker, that it is contrary to the true spirit 
 and laws of our physical and intellectual nature, to indulge 
 
 'is 
 
 ■ •■ \ 
 
 ^^■^.: 
 
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■>■■ -,• 
 
 IT 
 
 in thu habitual or frequent uio of wine, or any other liquor 
 
 which oan inebriate.' . ' 
 
 Perhttiw the difficulty attending thiilnbjcot may bo farther 
 
 reniovod, when we learn more of tho history of tho grape. In 
 many of tlio countries of the East, the cultivation of tho grape 
 was hold ill high estimation. Nor was the cultivation con- 
 fined to as limited a variety as in the present day. One ro- 
 fercnco upon this point is doubtless quite sufficient, as it will 
 servo as an index for many of the Eastern countries. Niebuhr, 
 in his» travels through Arabia, remarks, • Fruits oro plentiful in' 
 in Sana. Hero are more than twenty diffijtcnt species of grape, 
 which, ns they do not all ripen at tho same time, continue to 
 afford ttdeficious refreshment for several months. Tho Arabs 
 likowisb preserve grapes by hanging them up in their cellars, 
 and eat them almost through the whole year/ It is.also stated, 
 that tho Romans produced from their grapes, at ono time, u 
 variety of no les» than one hundored and twenty different 
 qualities of wine. Tho grat)e, and its newly inspissated juice, 
 was considered by the Jews as an important article of food — . 
 so much !>o, that they invented different methods of preserving 
 them sweet and fresh for any length of time. Josephus speaks 
 of this custom, in connection with Jewish antiquities — Wars, 
 Book viii, Chap, viii, Sect, iv, < Tn a fortress called IVfasada, 
 built by King Herod, on a very high rock, near the lako As. 
 phaltitis, was laid up corn in large qnantities, and such atr 
 would give subsistenee to many men for along timo ; here 
 was also wine and oil in abundance, with all kinds of pulso 
 and dates heaped together. These fruits, all fresh and full 
 ripe, were in no way inferior to inch fruits newly laid in, 
 though they had been there little shoirt of one hundred years 
 when the place was taken by the Romans.* This practice 
 was, at onetime, to some exteini, cultivated in Spain ; but, 
 whether it is at present, we are unabled to state. S,winburn, 
 in his travels, says, ' They have the secret of preserving gmpes 
 sweet, and juicy, from one season to another.*. Bu't, while il 
 was a custom to preserve the grape itself, 'fresh and full ripe,* 
 
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 M 
 
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 firoi 
 
 for iny I«ng(h of timo, 
 
 !'! 
 
 MMon to another, 
 Alio tfa« outom to preserve Iho juioo ia on tinformontod 
 Thta wt» variooily termed new wino, fruit of th« gnwe 
 nait. Of this kind of win«, the Bible tpeak* fovorabl/.ji 
 ftrtiol* of nntrimenti and it wa« froquontly o«j»oci»l^d 
 
 lioneyand milk. - • «t , . 
 
 Thif praotio© of minffling wine with milk, as rlondelioaciea, 
 !■ alluded to in Isaiah, Iv, 1, • Yoa, como buy wino (or must) 
 ind milk, «co.' This construction of this Scripture, does away 
 with that harshness which would attend it, if we wore to 
 loppoae the wine rpfered to was fermented. This new wine, 
 or must, was looked^on by the ancients, generally as m 
 BUtritious article ofjfSa. Milton seems to hare been quite 
 ikmiliar with the eostoi* of employing it as an artiolo of diet, 
 
 •< Sbe gathers tribata Urge, and on the board 
 • Hesps with aoipsrlng hand ; for dfink, the gispe 
 bhe eraihes, looffensire mn«t, and meathi 
 From many a berry ; and, trpm nweet kernels pre^peUf 
 She tampers dulcet creams, then utreaAn the gronnd 
 With tose and odors from the shrub unl^m«i|." 
 
 This muat, eweet wine, or new wine, as it may with equal 
 propriety be rendered, was a thick subBt^e.in some respects 
 lesembling honey, jjiiloront mcthoda4||y| fc>|fe> y«d by thei 
 ancients to obtain it n>ut, we shall °SM9|Hf^'. ^^^ 
 Columella gives a receipt for obtaininPB^iSling it as 
 were n^w, • That must may continue olways sweet as if it 
 were new, manage it thus : before the husks of the grape are 
 r the press, take the very freshest out of the wino fat, 
 .it intda new amphora, and daub it, and pitch itcare- 
 raiat n^ water at all may get into' it ; then sink the 
 .eamphi^^ifa pond of cold, and sweet water, so that no 
 ,_I of it may standout of it j then, after forty days, take it 
 out of the pond, thus it will continue sweet for a whole year.' 
 There were other methods enaj?loy6d by the ancients for 
 preserving wino in an unfermentM state. It must be remem- 
 bered, Uiat all wiaos obtained from tho grape wore not as rich 
 as that w^Bh thoy called must, w^iich was obtained from th* 
 
 Uy thei 
 as u it 
 
 
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 .. *« 
 
 u. AMts^^Sb^ itttn. 
 
'f 
 
 
 Ik 
 
 , JHR 
 
 ilhnotei, 
 ir mint) 
 es away 
 wore to 
 w wine, 
 lly as »' 
 on quite 
 ) of diet, 
 
 pe 
 
 roond 
 
 ith equal 
 
 respeotfl 
 
 dby th©i 
 
 it as u it 
 ; at if it 
 ;rape are 
 wino fat, 
 h it care- 
 sink the 
 o that no 
 9itake it 
 oleyean' 
 iients for 
 9 remejn- 
 iOt asrich 
 from tht 
 
 1 
 
 ■>! 
 
 ':■-■■ .■.■■■Ml . . ■; . .:i.'- 
 
 of the flQe beAire It had be^n pressed la the (Iti, and, 
 Hiscqnenlly, the weaker wine was more subjeet to fdiOMatet 
 tion— for it is well known, the greater tho proportion of w*tei 
 the greater the liability to ferment, and the abaenoe of aqae* 
 ous fluid implies the imposiibility of fermentation. But tho 
 Jews had a method of preserving their wine, which was poe- 
 scsBo:! of ooUMidcmble aqueous fluid in its first state, from far* 
 mentation by the process of evaporiition. This tketti eorro- . 
 borated by tho testimony of W. 8. Brown, who tiavalled io 
 Ambia, Egypt, and Syria, from 1792 unUI 1798. This Aathor 
 states, * There is reason to believe, tha( this method of boiling ' 
 their wine was In general practice among the ancients, It la 
 still retained lu some parts of tho Piovince, where it is<»Ued ' 
 vincniito, or cooked wine j but there, the method is to lodge 
 tho wine in a large room, receiving all the smoke flrom several 
 fires on the ground floor— an operation moro slow, but answer- 
 ing the same purpose.* Demotricus informs us that the Lao»* 
 demonians were accustomed to reduce their winee one fiAh by 
 boiling, and. that it was diaok aiter a period of four yean |pl 
 elapsed. ^, .' ■•'■w ' 
 
 Pliny also says, that mnst was sometimes boiled down to 
 . one.thiNl: ita qnantity, and s<Hnetimes to one-half. With th<^ 
 facts belbre us, it will not be hard to conceive of the possibilili . 
 of preserving wine in an unfermentod state for any length of 
 time . 
 
 In the Hebrew Scriptures there are but two kinds of wins 
 designated by a particular name, as the production of Pales- 
 tine. The first is that of Lebanon,- and it referred to in Hosea, 
 xw, 7, < They shall revive as the corn, and grow as tho vine : ' 
 the scent thereof shall be as the wine of Lebanon.' We aro 
 informed that the wine of Lebanon i^ made in the present day 
 precinely as it was anciently. It is subjected to the process of 
 boiling immediately after it is pressed from the grape. And 
 thus being deprived of its watery particles, it remains the pure . 
 juice of the grope— and. would remain for years without tho 
 possibility of fermentation. We remark that this was the 
 
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 f».' 
 
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 \ 
 
 .■\.:: ■''■■■:■■': %0 
 
 Mineral practice ; still there we initances to ^ch certain 
 SofThewiieofUbanoawaenotboiled^d ther 
 Z» fermenUtion. Volney. who trarelled ^extensively m 
 Zia and Egypt, remarks, while speaking of the wines of 
 Lel«non,thaJ'ke wine, are of threcsorts,the red, the w^^^^ 
 and the yellow. The white, which are the most rare, are so 
 bitter as to be disagreeable i the others, on the contrary, are 
 too sweet and sugary. This arises from their^be.ng boiled-- 
 which makes them resemble the baked of Palestme. The 
 general custom of the country, is to reduce the must to two- 
 ihirds its quantity. It is improper for common drmk at meals, 
 because it ferments in the stomach. In some places^howevei^ 
 they do not boil the red, which then acquires a quality almost 
 equal to that of hotdemx. The yellow wine is much esteemed 
 among our merchants under the name of golden wine, which 
 
 has been given itfrom its color. Themost'esteetoed is pro- 
 duced from th6 hillside of Zouk, a village of Mespeh, near 
 Antonna. It is not necessary to heat it,but it is too sugary- 
 Such are the wines of Lebanon, so boasted by the Grecian 
 and Eoman epicures. It is probable the inhabitants^of Leba. 
 non have made no change in their ancient method of making 
 ^ine, or in cultivating the vines.' We^ink that thui^uota. 
 tion decidedly favors the subject before us, and enables us to 
 discover thatv while the Bible speaks favombly of the wines 
 : of Lebanop,itdoesnot recommend a liquor resembling Port, 
 Sherry, Maderia, or any other of an intoxicating quality. An- 
 other wine is spoken of as the produce of Palestine, and it is 
 called the wine of Hclban. ^ Demascus was thy merchant m 
 the multitude of the wares of thy making, for the multitude 
 of all riches ; in the wines of Helban and white wool,' Ezek. 
 xxvii 18. This was produced by a similar method as that of 
 Lebanon, and was mucl^estdemed for its sweetness and wch- 
 
 "'r' R. Grindrod, an eminent Author, who gave much atten- 
 
 ' tion to the crfstom and tempemnce of the Hebrews, relative to 
 
 , wines of Palestine, says, ' These two ^varieties of wines of 
 
"S^ ' 
 
 it 
 
 rtaia 
 esult 
 ly in 
 
 BS of 
 
 irhite, 
 ire 80 
 jr,are 
 iled— 
 The 
 two- 
 meals, 
 wever, 
 almost 
 eemed 
 tvhich 
 is pro- 
 h)iiear 
 gary.— 
 Preplan 
 if Leba- 
 making 
 i quota? 
 es us to 
 e wines 
 ig Port, 
 ty. An- 
 lud it is 
 chant in 
 iiiltitude 
 l,*Ezek. 
 &s that of 
 ind tlch" 
 
 ich atten- ■ 
 elative to , 
 wines of m 
 
 .1 ■ 
 
 Palestine, in their unaudulterated and unfermenled state, un- 
 doubtedly are analogoi^to the sapa, or defrutum, of the Ro- 
 mans, musto cotto of the Italians, and other boiled wines of 
 similar description. Doubtless, they varied in colour, flavor, 
 and strength, according to the mode, or care employed in their 
 
 production*' 
 
 At this point in our investigation, our subject is involved in . 
 a difficulty wbioh it may not be in our power wholly^o M- 
 move, owing to tho fact that the Hebrew tongue is quite defi- 
 cient in those liberal terras with which our language so much 
 abounds. As a general thing, the JHebrew words refer to par- 
 ticular things, or the quahties of those things, and leave the 
 application to be otherwise determined. Thus the difficulty 
 and confusion arises relative to the kinds and quality of the. 
 wines employed by the ancients. The terms which were em- 
 piiJ^d by the^, Hebrews, and ancients generally, which the 
 English trantf?i<<ir3 have almost invariably rendered wine, and 
 associated witii the^ame, the idea of alcohol was not thus ori- 
 ginallyconstrued. There are no less than nine words in the He- 
 brew Scriptures which refe| to different preparations of the 
 juice of the grape, and, in our common version, are rendered 
 wine. And a misapplication of those terms has done decid- 
 ed injustice to the^ Bible. 
 
 The word ^yin is the first which we shall notice , and doubt- 
 less refers to the unfermented juice of the grape. Parkhurst 
 believes this to refer to « Wine which is made by squeez- 
 ing the grape--the expressed juice of the grape.* There 
 is little doubt but that this word referred to the unferment- 
 ed juice of the grape, and is rendered wine in the following 
 passages in our translation : Gen. xlix, 11, 'He washed his 
 garments in wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes ;'— 
 Isa. Ixiii, 3, 'Ihava trodden the wine press alone, and of the 
 '. • people there was none with me j and their blood shall be upon 
 my garments, and I will stain ail nay raiment j'— Isa. xvi, 10, 
 « The trcadcrs shall tread out no wine in their presses ;'—Jer. 
 xl, 12, * And gathered wine and summer fruit j'—Prov. iii,10, 
 
 -.1 
 
 ■V. 
 
y ■ ■ 
 
 !i I ■ ■■•■ 
 
 •And thy pw»esihallbuist with t,ewwlne.» TheWord^yiH 
 ia employed ia the i|p>going pwges 5 and w*think that, m 
 these pa3sagei, it is quite clear that it lefers to the jwce of the 
 grape iTanunfermeiiteii state. The Greek, also employ a 
 word which is synonymous with this, to express the same arti- 
 cle And thus Nicancjer remarks, *And (Eneus having 
 squeezed (the jnice of the grapos) into a hollow cup, called it 
 wine (oinos.)' Also, modern writers give it the same rend- 
 ering. Dr. Sander thus renders it, • Must, the wine or liquor^- 
 
 in the vat.' This, wo believe, to be universally considere(|^jM/f 
 
 :^.- 
 
 ':^-- 
 
 the general signiacatiott of this word. But, this word (^»«n)i 
 occurs about one hoodred and forty times in the Hebrew 
 Scriptures; and, in a very few inrtancesj it is quite evident 
 that it refers to the fermented juice of the grapp. Such are 
 the following: Prov. xx, 1, ' Wine is a mocker, strong drink 
 israging,&c.' Also, Prov. xxiii^ 31,* Look not thou upon the 
 wine when it is red, &c.» And there are a few others of this 
 class; but, although, it may .refer to the fermented juice of 
 the gmpe in some few instances, it is a fair presumption in our . 
 favor to knowithat it generally refers to the unfermented 
 juice of the g.-ape ; and it is only thus applied by the Bible 
 when recommending wine as adietiio article. 
 \ ' Shekar'—ihiB is ftequently translated • strong drink,' or 
 * strong wine.' Parkhurst, howeyer, considers it to refer to 
 intoxicating liquors in general^ and derives the word from 
 sftaifecf, which signifies to satiate, to satisfy, to satisfy the thirst, 
 or desire for drinking, and to admit of the free use of Wine, but 
 not to intoxicate. Some others conclude that it is employed 
 in either sense, as in the case of Lot, Noah, and Solomon, 
 « Drink ye, and drink ye abundantly.' However this word 
 may be rendered, it is quite evident that very wrong ideas are 
 entertained of the strong drink ofthe ancients. Some of these 
 
 were composed of intoxicating liquors, and drugs to make it 
 more powerful. In otKer instances it no doubt referred to wine 
 which did not possess any intoxicating quality, but was muted 
 with spices of diff<vent kinds to render it more agreeable. 
 
 ', 
 
 i': 
 
I }." 
 
 «8 
 
 » ia 
 the 
 y a 
 iirti- 
 iBg 
 d it 
 nd- 
 
 iUOf ^ 
 
 rew ' 
 lent 
 are 
 rink 
 Lthe 
 thii 
 50 of 
 tt our - 
 mted 
 Sible 
 
 k/or 
 fer to 
 
 from 
 tiirst| 
 I, but 
 loyed 
 
 »nion, 
 
 word 
 
 sara 
 
 these 
 
 ke it : 
 
 wine 
 
 nixed 
 
 able. 
 
 ■:s 
 
 \i 
 
 Something of thii kind if etidenUy referred to by Solomon l» 
 Can. viii, 9, «I would cauae thee to drink of spiced wine, of the 
 juice of the'pomegranate.' And there is little doubt but that 
 such is the Jtion^ drink wliich is spoken of in'Deut. xiv,26, 
 «0r wine, or strong drink.' This passage of Seripture has been 
 w^ngly applied j and it has been coiiisequBntly argued, that 
 the Bible recommends fermented liquor even to the people of 
 the Lord. Eut this could not haDfe been the case, from th^ ; 
 fact that it was designed pf God as a season of thanksgiving 
 and praise, and was appointed of God, even the place and 
 period, but once a year j and the custom and practice must 
 have been compatible with spiritual worship. Professor 
 Stewart'^ conclusion upon this subject may perhaps be as re- 
 liable as any. He says, * From the Wjiress, and altogether 
 intelligible testimonies, it is plain that the word rendered 
 strong drink throughout the Scriptures, does not signify a 
 liquor more intoxicating tiian wine, but lesa so in general. 
 None of the substances with which it was made afiord so much 
 alcoholic matter in their juice as the grape. And, with the 
 process of distillation, the Hebrews evidently were not ao- 
 ^quainted. Heuce, when drunkards cure desirous of highly 
 stimulating liquors, they put in them peppers, and various 
 aromatics, as myrrh, in oirder to iacrease their stimulating 
 power,. Wine itself, and all intoxicating drinks, may be in- 
 cluded, and, perhaps, sometimes were included under the gen- 
 eral name of skekar ,• but, in nearly every instance in the He- 
 brew ScriptureSi wine is mentioned separately from strong 
 
 ■ drink.'. v'- ^:-- . '.;;' ; ^^.'''■;'\''- ■■^^.■- ■•■/"'■^> 
 
 'Jlf^scifc*— this, as "a noun, is used to express wine. It is 
 derived from JMOsocfe, which signifies to mingle. These mixed 
 wines ysrete of two kinds; First, to mingle fermented wine 
 wilhdrugs to render it strong, and with water to render it less 
 strong. Second, to mix unfermented wine with water ojr 
 milk. This mixed wine is alluded to in the Prophecy of Isaiah 
 Iv, 1, < Come buy wine and milk withouWmoney, and without 
 price.' An allusion is alto made to it in Solomon's Songs, * I 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■#* ^ 
 
•/ 
 
 
 s» 
 
 '1 
 
 ha^e eaten my honey comb. I havedrankmy ^»nr^»^^^J 
 milt' The process of mixing wine With water has obtained, 
 ftom an early datlt At the feasts of the Tabernacles th« 
 imTtice ilfol!owed--forthe Jew.draw ^ater from thefoun- 
 iain of Siloam, which was mio«led with wine and then drank. 
 iTddet informs ns,lhat the Jews drink a third and fourth 
 cup of wine, in which water is mixed. Now, if these cups 
 ras we are informed) contained an Italian quart, and each in- 
 dividual dmnk four, even though they had been iningled 
 water and wine, if that wine had been fermented at all, it 
 must, from the quantity dmnk. excit^pa«.ions ^S^^^ 
 becoming the Sanctuary of God, where his people had met to 
 
 commemomte his gocdness. \ ., * 
 
 * Saveh^-This t6rm signifies td swili; to guzzle, or drmk 
 hard; Itisemployedsomething like ^,^'^'';^'^^^ 
 Scriptures. In Isaiah Ivi. 12. this term is emplpyed- Come 
 ye^ they. I will fetch %rine, and we wUl t'^'^^'l 
 J^lfX>ng^rink5 and to-morrow shaU be as ihis Jay and 
 I^re abundant.^ Nahum i, 10, ' For Whife they ar^ 
 folden together as thorns, and while they are^dfunk as drunk- 
 ards.they shallbedevouredasstubblefully drf.'^ H^sea iv, 
 i8.«Fortheir drink is sour:.they have commiited whoredom 
 continually.' Isaiah i, 22, * Thy silver has become dross, thy 
 l^e mixed withwater.' ^In the Septuagint^tmnslatipn^l^ 
 passage has been rendered. « Your silver is become dross, the 
 Lernkeepers have mixed thy wine with Wter/ Thistends 
 to remove the difficulty which has been /irged against the 
 Prophet for condemning the practice of iriixing water with 
 ^ wine. Professor Stewart refers to this paabge thus, ' He was 
 notspeakingof win© to drink, but wine /to sell.' It will be 
 ' discovered from thfese quotations, that th^ term is not employ- 
 ed in connection with the recommendation of an article ot 
 diet, but always in a condemnatory sentence. 
 
 *Hmer>m «fiamra'-this seems to cbnvey a two-fold meaii- 
 ing. First, In reference to the stireni/th and quality of ?ntoxi 
 eating wine, which was red in its color. The red wine of 
 
!FJ«??«i" 
 
 r:" 
 
 
 the aoolents, though intDXioqitlng in Its natafe, wat not oIh 
 taiaed as the wines are of this day. White add red wine may. 
 he obtained from the same grape. The coloring matter, which 
 is contained in the skin of the grope is not solnable in watAi*,' 
 and will hot color the wine until they have been poWerfhlty 
 fermented. And, owing to this fact, the red wine is gene'roUy 
 spoken of as highly intoxicating. This wine [or Hamra} Is 
 referred to in 1>aniel v, i, * Belshazzar made a great feast, and 
 drank wine beibre the thousands.' ! ^ ' , ; 
 
 The Psalmist susooiates the idea of deStructiveness with the 
 red wine, which he declares to be in the cup which is in the 
 hand of the Lord. Psalms Ixxv, 8^ < For in the hand of the 
 Lord there is a cup, and the wine is red [Hamatl — it is full of 
 mixtures, and ho pcureth out of the same j but the drug's 
 thereof, all the wicked of the earth, shall wr^dg them out, and' 
 drink thcdi.' Solomon expressly warns l^gainst this wiuo, 
 < Look not thou upon the wino when it is/ed, when it giveth 
 its colour in the cup.' 
 
 * Herner*—Mam vroii. is employed to represent an article of 
 a very different quality. It is used in the following passages : 
 Isaiah Ixv, 8, <" As the new wine is found in Clusters, and one 
 saith destroy it not for a blessing is in It, so will I do for my 
 aervants sake, that I may not destroy them.' This passage 
 coBpares well with the following, in which the word Hemer 
 is'cmployed, Mn that day sing ye unto her, a vineyard ,of red 
 \Hemer\ wine. It is generally believed that red W]|i6 is ne- 
 cessarily fermented j' but We are informed that, in some parts 
 <^ Africa, there is a species of grape, the juice of which is 
 dark, and crimson like blood. Forbes, an author of consider- 
 able repute, thinks that, from its color, it was used in sacra- 
 mental purposes.' In Deut. xxxii, 14, Moses assoeiates this 
 term with the blessings which the children of Ismel received 
 ftpm the Lord : < Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with the 
 fat of lambs and rams of the breed of Bashan,and goats, with 
 the fat of kidneys of wheat, and thou didst^drink of the pore 
 blood of the grape J Dr. A. Clarke remarks upon this passage, 
 
 Jtlk, 
 
 W 
 
 ^'' 
 
 
 + 
 

 
 i:vv 
 
 T,i "i K«,« 4, synonymous with juice.» Therefore, we con^ 
 . Blood. >efe,is^8ynonym i.^^t^^auhqugli the term i. 
 
 '^"^r I'd V^rourl" ^^^^^ have rendered wine in con- 
 '""^Twi^^^ Vrea of fermentution-.it does not express an 
 ncolion l^^'^^^ Thi. same idea is brought forward m the 
 intoxicatmg liquor. ^/■~ . ^^ ^y Christ himself in a 
 
 figure, Matthew xxv,. i», ^^.^.^^ ^^^^^^, 
 
 Also, J^pfeO XXU, *V| ^K^r» -* ' 
 
 i blood.* 
 
 • rKU._thi8,.o,d may fc rendered, master new winoi 
 
 N?h!m xii 5 "Ind he had prepared for him u great cham- 
 wX^^^reU^es,jaxey Iddlhe meet ofierings, the frank- 
 ber, wli^re, aioreu ^ j of corn, the new wine, 
 
 Nohemiah xui, 12,' men orougii-^ - < And tho 
 
 and the new wine, «««<> the '«»=""'^;,^"' "'M^Vh ;V 15, 
 fiiM shall overflow witU nlw wine, and oil. aiican vi, y 
 SushaUsow.bat Ua^thalt not reap ; .hot, sl.alt tread Ao 
 o^ve bui ho» Shalt not^oint with oil i and sweet wine, bnt 
 tr»^ drink wine.' In the foregoing passages, where he 
 ^"««,*is^ployed,whioh is rendered wine, we think 
 
 « article of inebriating quality is represented. Th s wora 
 
 ;::,r:Lf tSr^imo-s ilconJeotion with <.», o^o^^^^^ 
 
 article highTJiesteemed for its nutritious quality. Therefore,, 
 
 .;\ 
 
 ■•>. 
 
 il .' 
 
 
 # * 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 •■ \ 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ' -■" ' .'" '"' ' '■ [ ■ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^M 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 ■ I 
 
 * * 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 . .'■ .-■ ■ ■■ V- " •■'"" 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 * 'tf^K 
 
 -V 
 
or 
 
 |.'A 
 
 if the word bo correctly roiulored here, the chnrgo must be re- 
 moved from these passages of recommending fermented wine. 
 *if«/iM/t«'— this word properly signifies cakes of grapes, or 
 baked wine. It is frequently rendered flagons of wine* 
 Parkhurst supposes it simply to refer to the" vessels in which 
 wines were kept. But this is not very probably the significa- 
 tion of the word. But, bo this signification what it may, it is 
 quite evident, fiom the following texts, that it does not refer 
 to a fermented wine : 2 Samuel vi, 19, ' And ho dealt among 
 all the people, oven among the whole multitude of Israel, as 
 well to the wo^en as men, toevei-y one, a cake of bread, and 
 a good piece of fiesh, and [jxn EshesJia] a flagon, of Wine,'— 
 1 Chron. xvij 3, 'And he dealt to everyone of Israel, both 
 inen and women, to everyone a loaf of breiid,and a good 
 piece of flesh, and a [an Eshcsha] Hafr^n ©f wine.' The tes*- 
 timony of Buekingham, a modern traveller, among^lhe,Arabs, 
 tends to throw light upon the subject. ^By way of desert,* says 
 this Author, 'some walnuts and dried fig.'j were afterwards 
 served us, beRides a very curious nrticle, probably resembling 
 the direct wines of tho ancients, wl» loll Jhoy are said to have 
 preserved in cakes. And it would keep, it jr. said, for many 
 months, forming' a wholesome di^t at all times, and being par- 
 ticularly well adapted for sick or delicate persons who might 
 require some grateful provision capable of being carried in a 
 small compass, and without risk of injury pn a journey.* 
 
 M?<s2y— this is generally rendered uew, fresh, or sweet 
 wine; and consequently it must refer to unfermented wine. 
 In some passages it is doubtless figurative, as in the following: 
 ' They shall be druDkcQ with their own blood as with new 
 wine.' :.-■■•-,.■■.:'.:'■■. ^■'-, ■;■■;■:,:.■ .■;::■ 
 / But, in this passage it cannot be supposed that the word 
 here rendered, druukonness can possibly mean intoxication. 
 From the fact, there would be an inconsistency in the idea of 
 persons becoming intoxicated or inebriated with their own 
 blood. Wo think the true meamrig of this passage is. They 
 shall be filled with their ©wn blood as with wine. In Amo« 
 
■. /■ 
 
 la, 18* It taaUuded to Mfol 
 
 ;■ i •.-■ ■••.1 ... 
 
 : . ' ••. ,! 
 
 \ ' . .^.- ..'■ . ' '. • . .< 
 
 . *»(('• 
 
 
 -:t 
 
 t,i.;IJwin..«a A.WU..1-11 melt' P—g.. T *- , 
 
 . «ll«iM««i»'-»o xmtnt, to keep, to keep wife. It U B^ 
 iJ^STXy BibUo.1 «.ite«. lh.t thi. woM elwa,. «.fe» 
 
 « leee of •iltot fermeBlea «t unfermenled wine. It u quite 
 M»t U.S to I«Wi XXT, «. totoxieaUog liquou Me not le- 
 
 tS^ilipeoplea fcastof fat things, of wine on the lee. 
 
 ^ retoed.' To eappoe. that a feast, having teferenoe to the 
 
 •^^^.Ut of C.SS?. Kingdom, and «» >« "'«''"'«:^» 
 r^Tzlamid the halo of divine display, would he cl^U 
 
 •J^ h. the verv dregs of fermented vraie, wonld he highly 
 rrmn^bUwTthe Divine Chamcter. And « the juice of 
 
 to itafementation, therefore fermented wine, even though ,t 
 w^repSrto refine it on the lees, conld not be «nsldered 
 n^SJlishmentto a feast of fet »«"«!^- "-^^""f^ft 
 tome that the ideaof merriment.as alluded to .n J« B^%» . 
 S^YS associated with fi.mented liquor, ; and, l«^u" JH 
 
 ^Zn-t is.»»ci»ted with tferrime»V*oy~»°'»«« '»"5"» 
 !«S* express an totoiicating liquor. But. in these tre- 
 mSmCwehave hut nvery incorrect knowledge of th. 
 ]^lt;Sutie. of the grape sand, co«,.q»n.lK«^ h^^ 
 «„ incorrect noUon of the nature of lU jnice. It is states 
 S 1^ authority that,in th^grape ibelf, the w.ne new^r 
 
 ../ Ifp^d from 4e grape, and even in *««>"».• «^!^'^ 
 LawondeifhlexhilaraUng quaUty. And it » in *" ""» 
 SmtCmust constme man* texts of Scripture, .nchj» U» 
 Suowing: Genesis riiu, 3», 'And lie took «d«nt «e«e, 
 Ito them torn before him , but JW"'"''*?" '™°" 
 Z«, a. much a. »y of tljein. And-they f '^k. "id^w*" 
 menr with him.! How, it would be mconsistent to suwose 
 Sm^^ sent five time, asmuch fermented wm. to Ben- 
 :^i^t She* of his brethren, and ttot they d^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 /■ 
 

 .( 
 
 / 
 
 
 one hit Ben. That ihe worJ merry wu not always aaneiatei ' 
 with the use of fermentation of any kind, may br farther shown 
 by the testimony of L«igh Hunt He says that London waa 
 9Dee called merry London— the metropolis of merry England. 
 This idea of merriment was not always made to, nor does not 
 now imply what many wish it to. Chancer talks of the merry 
 organ at the moss. But it seems to have a signification still 
 iaore deairoble — to havo meant the best condition in whidh 
 anything could be found, with cheerfuhiess for the result. 
 * Gallant soldiers were merry men. Favoiable weather waa 
 merry ; and London was merry because its inhabitants weis 
 not only rich, but were robust.* 
 
 This investigation, which tends to throw some light upon 
 the history of the grape, the wines of Palestine, and the 
 customs of the Hebrews, cannot ihir to aid the temperance 
 cause as^connected with the Bible. One difficulty, which al* ^ 
 
 "Ways presents itself, and is not easily removed, is, that the 
 wines of Judea possess the same strength and quality, that the 
 adulterated winea of Hie present day 4o. The notion, that a 
 similarity Of terms necessarily implies a similarity of quality, 
 has long been a prevailing opinion ; but is, however, widely 
 difierent from the fact. That, fermented wine, and that, too, 
 which was highly intoxicating, was used by the anoients, is 
 beyond dispute ; bat that the Bible recommends its use as a 
 beverage, is false. And it is highly probable that those wines 
 which .were fermented, did not possess those destructive elc" 
 ments which are contained in the wines in common use at the 
 present day. The wine that was used by the Hebrews waa 
 luade of the grape ; and if, in their degeneracy, they wished 
 to increase their strength, it vmsgenerftlly done by the addi- 
 tion of spices. But even this Wine, though adulterated, form- 
 ed a striking contrast with our modem wines. Few individu- • 
 als think, when they are so eagerly quaffing the sparkling cup, . ; 
 
 that, in ninety-nine cases in every hundred, they do not ob- 
 tain one drop of the juice of the grape ; and yet, it is a fact, 
 that very little, if any of the wine in common use at^tke pre- 
 
■\vv 
 
 !,■ 
 
 W' ■ ' ■..•'■' ..■.■■■■■■'•'.;* 
 
 sent, contains a -m^lo drop of the julc^ of the ^[Ap*. t«r- 
 hani it. rnf»y not^o out of pl-^co to ffivo n pmotical rcco.pl for 
 mnking port wine It i» as follows : Take of good cder four 
 Kallons.of thr jmco of nnl beet two qaarfi.-brnndy two quart., 
 Lwood four ounccn. r-Jany root brni^od half a pound. First 
 infu«o the logwood and ratany root in brandy, and ono RaUon 
 of cider for ono week, then «trnin off the liquor and mix the 
 othor ingredient... Keep it in a cask lor o month, when il 
 
 will bo fit tobolUo. . 
 
 This is one of ll.o practical tccoipls, whiclr may .*o fonnrt m 
 ♦he ' Wine Guide,' lor tho production of port wiuc..ttThi9_i« 
 one of the many.whichoro cmployod. In fact, it is al^'osUn- . 
 credible thp extent of adulteration in Iho production of eom- 
 
 mon wine, on,\. 
 
 An cxtnct from the ' Drnmy AduUerations,* pafjo -Otji, 
 moy he of service here: 'The Capo wine gcnmally soldby the 
 pnblicis composed of the drippiup;. of the cocks from the 
 various casks in the adulterator V. coll»r,tho interin.nis of the 
 lees of the different wines in his cellar; n.r.y description of 
 bad and spoiled white winn,'wi>!i tb« P.tlditioa of brandy of 
 lum-cowe, and bollod older. The del icai o] y v^\<i C. ptv Sherry, 
 or Cape Madeira, at astonis^iin-ly low prices, and, of course, 
 for r^ady money, is compo^od of the same delicious msredi- 
 ent», with the addiHouof rxiract of rvlmnacako.and nlittle of 
 delectable liquor, lamb's blood to decompose it* color, or, m 
 cant phraseology, to -iyo it complexion.' Another quality, 
 Irofa the same place, is made by allowing a portion of water 
 to soak in ft brandy puncheon, by which the refuse spirit is 
 ': extracted. Gf course, a litllo alum andlamb's blood may be 
 added to give taste and complexion. - 
 
 Another.quotation from an American editor, though of con- 
 siderable length, will servo to elucidate this subject.—' It is, 
 perhaps, not generally known, that very large establishnients 
 exist at Crete, and Marseilles in the South ofrranco^ for the 
 manufacture of every description of wines— the natural pro- 
 duct not only of France, but all other wine growing aod wme 
 
 ■ J ■ 
 
♦, •, 
 
 
 ■::■U.-:^ 
 
 
 h • ' . > 
 
 It 
 
 f f 
 
 
 exporting countries. Some of Iholr eutabliihments or© on in 
 largo a ncalo as to give employment to an e<iual, if not greater, 
 number of persons than our largo broworios. It is not uncom- 
 mixi for spj^ciilutora engaged in this elicit tratto, to purcluyio 
 uiid ship imitation wines, fabncatiHl in tho placo noraed, to 
 Mttdoiru, where, by collusion with persons in the Custom 
 House dnpartnicat of tho Island, tho wines nro branded in tho 
 entrepot, and thenco, after |j«ing branded with the usual mark , 
 the geuuiuo Madeira vint.ige, re.8hippod,principiilly, it is be- 
 lieved, fur tl%» United Statfes. Tho scalo of grotuity for this 
 sort of work, to tho olficials interested, n»ay be estimated from 
 ihc fict that, on ono octasion, seventy pipes w«ro thus surrep- 
 titiously passed at u ohurgo of ono thousand dollars. It Is a oir* 
 cumstanoo not loss singular, that tho samo raanujuvre is said • 
 to be commonly carried on with counterfeit wines made up in 
 Crete and Marseilles, uud thence dispatched to Oporto, where , 
 tho samo process of branding and ro-shlppingas genuine port ^ 
 is gone through— tho distribution of this spurious article being 
 mo:,t generally to the United States. Suoli is tho extent of 
 this nnfariwis commerco, that \ono individual alone has been 
 pointed out, in tho Franco ports, who has been in the habit of 
 dispatching ibur times in the year twenty-five thousand bot- 
 i]or. of champaign, each shipment of wines not tho production 
 of the champaign districts, ^jjut iuibricatod in tho wine facto- ; 
 .. ric3.* ■/ .,;•:■-. ■ \ . 
 
 This practice of adulteration has becomo so general, that; 
 thera is very little secret connected with it. Upon this sub- 
 ject Dr. Lee, an American author, remarks, » In this country 
 tho manufacture of port wine is no longer a secret, Tho 
 drinkers of it seem to care so little whether the article be 
 genuine or not, that it seems to bo an act of supererogation to 
 attempt seciocy. All that it appears to Tequire, is to bear a 
 good color, and con tttin sufficient brandy. A red wine is im- 
 ported from Marseilles, or Brodeaux, at about forty cents a gal- 
 lon, called French port, which ig made into first rate Oporto 
 by adding a litllo burnt sugar or decoction of Brazil wood,an4 
 
 ' M 
 
■"i^^^^^p^ 
 
 ''iH" 
 
 ' IP'' 
 
 ■V 
 
 ■■)s 
 
 port. oir.,i.g .„„,„,. ,,„fl, to,h. d.«l.,. Dot "h^ 
 portion of whM i. J-n, ,o thi. oo«m,y. „d con«nSll „X 
 
 ih. «.». of port wy., i. „u„iy , fl„i,i„„ p3„.,j, „"."*•' 
 
 Anolhor Antriafa editor •(.(« tlut, < It j. no* nntiv »<n 
 >nd.niood th.. .u< h . thing „ ,h. pa« juibo of th. JlT ta 
 «o. k«.w. I. thi. . ,„.t.y , .„d th.. , l4 proportio^nu 
 
 M.^ of tl.. wh„l,.y p«l„„,j by ,h, aft„. ji,,j J,.^^ '«^ 
 
 of wioM.' A chomioml .nalr.ii oj m.ny ofth. oh«.n whw, of 
 
 old.,, four oaD«.i,„g.,,o„,„d,h.lf ounce, i.lum tJo 
 
 ^^'rfLZ?h..1 '.""J^ " " "«"'y~«i!ht .. th. . 
 inneiorthoi:a.tbythebacchan«liaMofBabvlon And ih. 
 
 :.^^£.irr:^.'^:;:r::^-^^^^^^^^^ 
 -^of.oho...nd.;^-r::rrrz^^ 
 
 And it it but d„e to our .ubjoct ,nd theVolome of Inmirition 
 that^w. emphatically remark, a. .hi. pointrAa, W J* 
 gr«.tar proportion of the Hebrew te,t., wh er,Lr E^LlUh 
 trandator. hay, rendered wioe.do, in the originalTfe, to A* 
 mrfennented juice of th. grape, .'.^ „„,, Z^t^LV^ 
 P«»ge. wh.ro it i. r«»mm„ded ,. an article of d"tthr 
 
 M ta««ht by th. Bible *• ■'T"' •' '"»««■««• 
 
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 ition, wd reply, that in no single initanoe in the Bihle are 
 the>p ternu employed where the neture of the oceeaion would 
 elloi^tho uio of an intoxioating liqaor. There is one paainge 
 in thk Hebrew Soripturea among the aany whioh haabeen 
 * baaelyXneiprerted : and to thia we oall attention. In Proverba 
 ^ . xaxi, «Iit veada thua, * Givo atrong drink to him that ia ready 
 to perialLand wine untothoeo that bo of heavy hearta.' Thia 
 passage of Scripture haa been made to convey the idea, that 
 atrong drink' waa peculiarly exhilaiatiag to thoie that were 
 ro^dy toperiah,and that tlie Bible, in auah inatanoea if no 
 otK^ra, recommended the uae of ardent spirita. And, aIao,that 
 wine ia expreialy culoulated to eheer the heart of the lonely. 
 I We are satisfiod, howovcrrthat a knowledge of ancient oua- 
 toma will relieve thia Sorinture of thia unjust charge. It waa 
 a custom among many of llio aneient nations to preaent to cri- 
 ninalp, as the lost act of kindneas, as they were on their way 
 to the place of execution; a bowl of intoxicating liquor (gener. 
 wly termed wine or strdnfe drink,) for thepurpose of rendering ' 
 them loss susceptible of the anguish of the moment. Thia 
 preetico is alluded to by Dr. Adam Clorko, who remarka, < Ine- 
 . biiating drinks were given to criminals to render them lesa 
 ■ensible of the torture of dying. This onstom of giving stimu- 
 lating portions to coudomued malefactors is alluded to in Pro- 
 verbs xxxi, 6, Give strong drink, (Shekar, inebriating drink) to 
 him that is ready to perish, or who is condemned to death i/W 
 and wine to him that is iieavy of soul, because he is just goins ^ 
 to suObr the punishment of death j and thus the Rabbins under* 
 atood it.' In the Talmud there is a passage that statea, that 
 this drink consisted of wine mixed with frankincense, and was 
 given to criminals immediately before execution. Thia ia 
 further iUustiajted in the. circumstance of our Saviour on the 
 cross — Maik^kv, 23, < And they gave him to drink wine min- 
 gled with myr^h, but he received it not.' A very remarkable 
 circumstance, jllustmtive of this oustotn, is said to have occur* 
 red in York aome years since, whioh gave rise to. the proverb, 
 that the sadler tof Bawtry was hanged', for * leaving his liquor.' 
 Itis atfited thatihad ho stopped as criminals wore accustomed^ 
 to' do, a reprieve, which was actually on the way, wonld have 
 reached hun in time to have saved his life. 
 
 Another text in the Greek Scriptures, and perhaps of equal ^ 
 importance with the one we have-just quoted from the He- . 
 brew Scriptures, is not less ba^ly perverted. We refer to 1 
 Ti»othyi V, 23, * But use a little wine for thy itomach's sake; 
 
 •/^ 
 
 i.»^...i/lii.aAiAi 
 

 .■':;••■.^.:■■-v^i .:v.j;,..i*'"/;:v,.:;;: ,.v^/V ■•>'>■''■■:' 
 
 and thine often infirmities.* The idea that as genemlly »«<>. 
 ciated with this text is, that moderate drinking is recommend- 
 ed hy St. Panl j or.at least, that fermented wine is beneficial 
 to the stomach. But this idea can hardly be compatible with 
 the ohject which the Apostle had in view. He was civinir 
 Timothy advice, by which he could render efficient labor in 
 the service of Christ J and. ulso, might preserve hia health. 
 •^"'^.^•De^e^e.i' cannot be no longer a question as to the 
 effect of alcoholic luluors upon the human system. There 
 was a time when it was believed that liquor of an alcoholic 
 nature was beneficial to health, but that lime is past: and it 
 18 ^now an established fact, that Jt, tends to destroy the vital 
 pnnciple of life. This fadt is established by the testimony of 
 many medical men. Dr. Short, ia speaking of the greatlever 
 
 Z^''5**?V"^^^'*y''':^*^«"''«^»« the fate of all tiZs! 
 ISf T?u- "' ^'^^^ P""°^ ^*'«^**^*«- Scarcely any other 
 died of this severe fever. » Br. Hush also remarks, • It would 
 take a voliime to describe how much disorflers nutural to the 
 Human body are increased and complicated by the lise of 
 
 JSKtrS^^^"'' ,IV»i»it«needle8i to mnltiply evidence, 
 upon this tbpioj and If ihe above statements be facts, [and 
 
 direction,] It is quite evident that the • Great Apostle* did not 
 jecommend a fermented liquor to Timctfhy." We will leave 
 this pomt with one quotation froa Professor Stewart: The 
 Bcriptures forbid all intoxications in any degree. The laws 
 
 SniTi^^^'*^^ andmental natures equally forbid it, because 
 both body and mmd are injured by it.» Mv»,a«»o 
 
 But this does not explain the text which says, « But use a 
 ilolTn- /"' ^^« »tomachVsake,' &c. The terVwine is em- 
 S»V.7i°*'"-f.^u^''^^y.^*'*°^^^»^s «»'^ attention J and WA 
 thmkihat this will be no difficult matterVexplaita, when we 
 ^Wof thA^n'^Z***^''' ^^^ ^ym of the Hebrews,and the 
 ThT,.l.«* ^'^^'"' "^^^"""y"^'^"^ te™^s, or nearljr so. 
 thafit u^t was recemmended, wedo not wish to dispute f but 
 thaVitwas^fermented, we cannot credit. As has been previ- 
 "S^^' "^r^ orthe Hebrews, or unfermentedju^o if 
 tnr«^^^n^T^ 5^ghlv nutritious and strengthening ia its ua- 
 te 5? '' " •^^»^i?ess to this article that the AiK>stle refers. 
 lYo A^,fi ""'^"^ "^ the subject, it Will excite no surprise that 
 iee XL TrTf'\^. t. Timothy as an healthy bever- 
 age. This %;« of the Hebrews, to which the Prophets so 
 fiWontly refer with approbation/and Vinum oS thS^ ' 
 
 .M 
 
 m . 
 
 ^ 
 
S5 
 
 'to which th« Poets sb freqtiently alhido, and rtreet whi«,aa it 
 is rendered in pur translation, would seem to be in muchbet- 
 ter keeping with the wholo tenor of the Sacred Rooord, than 
 to suppose thattho Apostle, as month for God, was recommend- 
 ing a liquor which cannot be habitually taken without tho 
 dani^er at least of forming a habit which may sap tho founda- 
 tion of the fondest hope, and sooner or later prostate all that 
 is. noble in man, and wrap his hope in perpetual despair. Such, 
 in fact, would bo tho case if tho Bible, as many fain would 
 have it,did recorniiiend the uscbf fermented liquor of any de- 
 scription as a %^hoIesomo bovcrni5o. And, m tl^is day, even 
 though the Bible should favour the use of intoxicating liquor 
 of any quality, the experience of thousands, and the melan- 
 choly history of tho rei^a of Bacchus, wonld contradict its evi- 
 dence. Tho voico of tliousauds from tho druukard's ioath- 
 flomo tomb— tho preedy jfjrave already bpenin^'j for its untimely 
 victitn, urged froin the fjociat glass by a nourished appetite to 
 habitualdrinking— the tears of tho lonely widows— the sighs 
 of tho ^orphaned innocence— and the vast catalogud bf crimes 
 which the wily foe has fqstcrect in their incipient stages by 
 moderate drinking, would array themselves against the Sacred 
 Volume in tmtimely self-defenco. 
 
 -^ • CHAPTER III. . ,.. 
 
 ThH I^OHIBltlON or THE BlBLB.- 
 
 In the preceding pages, we haye been calling nttention to 
 the Customs of the Hebrews —tho Wines of Palestine—- and 
 fiome facts relative to their nature. Although the subject maT" 
 bo veiled in some degree of obscurity^ yet wo think a care- 
 ful reading, and comparing of those Scripture texts, and tho 
 quotations illustrative of their meaning, will at least' throw 
 some light upon this subject, and will cciifirm the student who 
 is Ipoking after truth, in the idea that the Bible is in the high- 
 est sense a Teniporaiice Book. Yet, there are Soripture texts 
 which have not been brought forward,which will present this 
 truth ia a still stronger light . In this chapter we shall notioo 
 the Prohibition of the Bible, and some Biblical reasons for it. 
 And as one text of Scripture, if it refer to the subject, is just 
 as conclusive as many, we shall refer to but few under eaeh 
 head, and thereby render the chapter brief and concise. 
 
 ^ 
 
•»» 
 
 We shaU Hinl noUoe Uie lestriotiolifl laid upon the FHests 
 who offioiated before the Lord. It appears that, in aoine in- 
 atancee, ^ven the Priesia of the Moat High had been overooine 
 by the «deatroyer of thouaaadsi' and had profimed theirltol^ 
 office. By many commentatoiB, suoh an instance as this la 
 belieyed to be leferred to intheoase ol Nahab and Abihu» who 
 offered strange fires before the Lord, which he commanded 
 them not: * And there went out fire from the presence of the 
 Lord and devoured them« and they died before the Lord.' 
 And immediately, in connection with those referred to, we 
 find the fdlowing interdiction, < And the Lord spake unto 
 Aaion,8aying, do not drink wine nor strohg drinki thou, iior 
 thy sons ¥^th thee, when ye go into the tabernacle of the con- 
 gregation, lest ye die : it shall be a statute forever throughout 
 your generations ; and that ye may put difierenoe between 
 holy and unholy, and betwcfCn dean tetnd unclean, and that 
 
 Je may teach the children of Israel all the statutes which the 
 lOrd hafli spoken unto them by the hand of Moses,* Lev. x, 
 8, f , 10, 11. Had this interdiction been adhered to as strictly aa 
 it was jnioined, the^Church of God would, not have bled at 
 •very pore, aa she^ has, uom unholy profaners and tipling 
 Macheis. A message of equal force is found in Ezekiel's 
 prophecy which bears upon this same subject : * Neither shall 
 any priest dr^ik wine when they enter into the inner court,* 
 Ezekiel xliv, 21. From these passages already quoted, and 
 their parallel passages, we learn that the priestlY office was 
 .strictiy guarded against the \ common foe of all mankind'— 
 »* black intemperance.' _ 
 
 And it would have been a happy circumstance • for the 
 Church of God had the Leviticiii army acted upon this heaven- 
 laid bases, and in a mighty untecbken phalanx home down up- 
 on the insidious destroyer. But many a son of Levi, lured by 
 the social glMs to habitual drinking, has found an untimely 
 gmve in the cess-pool of intemperanccj while the Church of . 
 God, dad in sable garb, has wept unavailing tears over her f 
 priestly deadation. L ' , , . , _ 
 
 Kings and Princes nre forbidden to dnnk strong drink, and 
 yet the history of this class of persons presents a striking con- 
 trast with this interdiction. In Proverbs xxxi, 45, special re*, 
 ference is had to this subject: 'It is not for kings, O Leinuel, • 
 it is not for kings to drink v^e, nor for princes strong drink j 
 lest they drink and forget the law, and pervert the judgment 
 oftheafflioted.'^ 
 
 I ■ 
 
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 ^ 
 
 '^. 
 
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 thelen pmotioed by many ot *« "^''J^ tf o J«w». ThB 
 Siny nitions that were ««»^«.,^f J^^^^ta point } and the ; 
 Welsh, at one time, weie ^^^'J*^' J^^^ pSiibited nnd« 
 Ze of intoxicating Ikuor f^^^^^TviL^t^ were UtUe 
 
 I..B severe r«id the Cw^a^«™ feut, however hnmi- 
 
 inagistrntw dtrnngthwil^nod^^^^ "f ""^^^ ^^^u'SS 
 
 ^Onjo^^ 
 
 mighty sway than f«aaon^^ ^ ^ Nazarites. This Word sig- 
 Inother prohibition » ^hat of the Wjan^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 nifies to separate. jeneml^rund^to^^ One 
 
 lestrictions ^^^^VJ^J^^^T^vm b«found in Number- 
 article by which tl cy ^I^^XfSm Wine and strong drink, 
 ;C3.4,4eshaUscT«mteh^«^^^^^^ 
 
 and shaU dnnk no; "."^Su^r of ^pes, nor eat moiit grapes 
 neither shall he drink anjh«jior^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 nor dried. And ^lUie^daysof hasepj^ kernels even.to 
 
 ?hing that is mad? of *« ^S^' *Z!!; g~ « rise to the following 
 the husk.' B^tf^^S'^^^^J^Jl'Iurafter this the Naz- 
 
 question: I>«/<»fe^VPlX^ replTtS t^^^ 
 ?arites maydrmt ^"J^* jt^'^iiMses:^ 
 that the Nazant^s "^^^f \;^^^^y^ as Sampson, and John 
 ed Nazarites frcfm **^«« >f A^^e^r bu^^ &a special dis- 
 Baptist, who w^re ^^""^^^^^^nd were NiSrites by 
 . play of divine /mercy. ^^^Sy^ the to^ certain 
 
 5ows, roch as ^^pnrated ^J^f^JSir^toreturn to their form. 
 I^*after wK!«?h they ?;««/.^j2Sw,it knot difficult to 
 
 er&ts. Wi^^^^^^i^dXeS^han^^ 
 xemove the mystery ^^^^^^ ^^^dtmk vnne! After^the 
 «Atid after tW the N^^s m^j^J ^^ ietnm tohis hab- 
 period of his voWsbasexp^Mhen M n^ 
 
 fts and drink 7«^«7f«»^'^^SfStXiore us, the Scrip- 
 tuted a part of T^^^^^ ^„gewith Which they are souje- 
 tures are relieved of that ch««ew^^^ ^ ^^ 
 
 times nrgustly ^""^.Z^^^ the history of abstemi- 
 emte drinking. But, P^^^-^gJi^ S that of the Rwha- 
 ousness, no example is ^""'^^^r^oUeiemMi. »xv chapU 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 Viv 
 
A V ■ . 
 
 J 
 
 lwiii«i formed In the ftkmilT of jonadftb, and tbeir pledg© wm 
 
 ^^vtT^^^tST^r^ a/<>*« *»^« P^«^«« ^»^°y most stnctly 
 S?ei Andlbecause o/ this fidelity, they arc tet Mh ja. 
 fh- itblo as a ^ople upbn whom, the special benediction of 
 ^^1 had rested ^T WS >6ay be seen by referring? to Jeremiah 
 «*v^ 1IT9 ?And Je^^^^ said liDto the house of the Re- 
 Jh^W^J^This miUhXLord of hosts, the God of Isrhcl, Be- 
 ~:^'ySS^SeJ^tho comm«^drnent. of ^on^"^ T-! . 
 fether. and kept all his precepts, and done occordjn^ttnto^ftU 
 that he hVth commanded you : therefoio thus saith the Lord 
 orhoits;iheGod-ofIsrael,Joftadabthe son of Rcchab shall 
 not want a man to stand b<»/ore me for ever.* AnJ most stnk-; 
 fnrfJ^has that fact been verefied in the history of that pecu- 
 
 though they have been scattered and torn by the lavapes of 
 an unfosteriog Providence, yet this peciilmr family hasHret^ 
 6d -its identitv even until the liresent day ; nor do tbcy build 
 houses, nor drink wine, but retain their original simplicity. 
 This Will be farther shown by the testimony of the Kev. Joseph 
 Woolf, who travelled in Mesopotamia. -VVo hero give the 
 words of one of the Rechabites with whom he was conversing : 
 «W© drink no wine, nor plant vineyards, and sow no seed; 
 and live ia tents as Jouadab our fether commanded us. Ho- 
 bab wa. our fathei', too. Come to us, and you ^ ill find us 
 sixty thousand .trone 5n number ; and you ^^e thus the pro- 
 pheey has been fulflled.— Therefore thus saith the Lord of 
 hosts^the Godt)f Israel, Jonadab, the son ofi^hab, shall not 
 wApt a man to stand before me fore^er.» But there is auother 
 claS of Scripture which, although they may not strictly conae 
 under the head of prohibition, yet thciy may. throw some light 
 upon the prohibition of the Bible. The first ^ye shall jiotice, • 
 aie those wherein intoscicating liquors « spoken of as produc- 
 ing violence. Such as Proverbs JV, 47, Vtor they eat the 
 bread of idlenesi, and drink the win? of violence.'— Zech. ir, 
 15 « And they shall drink and make a nqise as through wine. 
 ^-Jex. li, 7, 'The nations .have drunken of her^winc ; there- 
 fore are thi nations fead.'-Jer.xxv, 15, I6. 'Take the wine 
 cup of ihis futy from my hand, and cajse all the aation? to, 
 wh^om I shall send thee to^dririk it. v^«d4herBh*l' drink, 
 and be moved, and be uiad, because of the sijrord that I shall 
 send among them.*-ReT.xvi; 19,« And^reatJBabyloncatoe 
 
 an remembiance before God, to give unto her the uwp of wme 
 
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 . ' • ^\^»T fifiripturet "which 
 
 wine ; let us eat and an , j^^^^j 5^^? ,«♦ fojtVi } and 
 going pa88a««*\^*l°Y«ari^ othTer _Scripv«^ ^^^ 
 
 
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 viiMtttbowltMidluioint thdmaelvM with th« ehiofointmeiit, 
 tmt aro not grieved for the afflictton of J«peph.* 
 Then aie oUier passage! which denounoe those that aid or 
 
 Jiromote intempennce. And one of those passages oiay b6 
 bund in Hab. u, 15: * Woennto^im that giveth hisiiei^h- 
 bor drink, (hat putteUi the bottle to him,and maketh him-dnnk ^ 
 also.* Weie thiasubjeot duly impressed upon the public mind, 
 would ^e fiunily oirole/the social gathering, and the ibsiiTo 
 nuiM, inove, as too often they do, the nursery of those morbid 
 appetites which, sooner or later, must prostrate all thatisno- 
 Ma in. humanity; and clothe the Aiture with the veil of infl^ 
 Qiy and death 1 
 
 • These texts of Scripture which are olassified'rare but a fbw 
 , (MTthe many which might be given ; but few as they may be, 
 they serve as an index to the subject as taught by the Bible. 
 And wc doubt n^ but tha,t a oarefut^enisal of those passinges 
 ' which are referred to, and their parallel texts throughout the 
 ^gpok of Troth,* will remove the charge which has been pre- 
 ^^Vwed anunst it, and has long bewildered so many of the 
 fidands of temperance. The Bible is emphatically a Temper-^ 
 aaeeBdok } and not a single page is stained with one coneea- ; 
 ■ion toblack intemperance. It $tands fj^rth as the Great Orb^ 
 of the moral universe, the transcrijpt of the Eternal mind^and 
 every temperance man.- may press it to his bosom, calmly aa- 
 ■nred that all its Itfvvs tend to his highest good. Were not tiiis 
 the case the ravenwing of despair might fan each hopeless brow 
 in undispntM triumph. But let the inebriate hrae, and the 
 philanthropist 'press with vigor on,^ for Grod's Word standi 
 pledged to his relief. -Inadequate as Uie temperance army may 
 now appear, the period is approaching when East, West, North 
 and South, with their combined energies, stimulated J>y the 
 highest motive^ shall march against the common foe, whose 
 last haggard vestige, shall disappear in the cess-pool of death, 
 or rescued ftom its vortejt,8haU. grace our noble army as tro* 
 phiea wou froQi thd ins|dioi)8 djftslroyer. 
 
 
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