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ALSO j RULES OF THE PR0P(3SED AGRICULTURAL I LABOURERS' UNION. • By Edward Amey, VVRITEK OF NUMEROUS ARTICLES ON FARM LABOURERS' AND SERVANT girls' GRIEVANCES, PUBLISHED IN THE CANADIAN PRESS. #1 TORONTO : Printed by Ellis & Moore, 39 & 41 Melinda Street. r FARM LIFE AS IT SHOULD BE; AND FARM LABOURERS' AND SERVANT GIRLS' GRIEVANCES. ALSO RULES OF THE PROPOSED AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS' UNION. By Edward Amey, WRITER OF NUMEROUS ARTICLES ON FARM LABOURERS' AND SERVANT girls' GRIEVANCES, PUBLISHED IN THE CANADIAN PRESS. TORONTO : Printed bv Ellis & Moore, 39 & 41 Melinda Street, :a^ ' I CONTENTS, I'AGE. Farm Life as it should be ." 3 Farm Labourers' Grievances 25 Rules of the Proposed Canadian Farm Labourers' EUUaTa. Page 29--Plougiiing till 7 or 8 a.m., should be 7 or 8 p.m. Page 29— Attend to horses or cattle between 4 and 5 a.m. and between 7 and g a.m., should be 7 and 9 p.m. Page 31— In sonic parts of England and Scotland, day farm labourers work from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., should be from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. Pa^e 34~Members may turn out horses to pasture immediately after supper when not done rating by 9 p.m., should be 6 p.m. Page 42— In 1883 an English draper was hned nineteen pounds for keeping seven di ess- makers at work after hours, should be 1884. CONTENTS. I'AGE, Farm Life as it should bo .' 3 Farm Labourers' Grievances 25 Rules of the Proposed Canadian Farm Labourers' Union 33 Servant Girls' Grievances 36 Wages of English Farm Labourers 4;" A writ 1 farms rable a 5 good : 5 in lari ore exp Most 'oduced forded 1 ied by 5wly lai idly ran large t the ye lire. I id fall 1 compai 1 FARM LIFE AS IT SHOULD BE. INTELLIGENT READERS, It is our duty to strive to lighten one another's bur- dens, and to leave the world better than we found it. A says : " Wc cannot all be heroes, And thrill a hemisphere With some ^reat daring venture — Some deed that mocks at fear. But we can fill a lifetime With kindly acts and true ; There's always noble service For noble souls to do." '^_ FOOD ON FARMS. A writer says : — Many men, and more women, object to living 1 farms because the food offered in farm-houses is not as de- rable as that found on tables in villages and cities. There is ) good reason why as excellent food cannot be afforded on farms } in large towns. Most farmers might live well and be at no ore expense than they are at present. Most of the articles that pertain to good living are or can be 'oduced on farms with very little trouble or expense. The water forded by springs and deep wells is often superior to that sup- ied by the service pipes in cities. Fresh butter, pure milk and m\y laid eggs can at all times be obtaine«l, and these deser- '.dly rank among luxuries. They are articles difficult to obtain large towns even among persons of wealth. At most times the year there are fowls fit to be killed as occasion may re- lire. During the spring there is veal, and during the summer id fall lamb for fresh meat. If a farmer has an ice-house, it comparatively easy to have a supply of fresh meat of home FARM LIFE Ml raist ''raise production a large proportion of the time. Fresh fish arc, course, difficult to obtain unless a farmer has a fishpond lives near a lake or river. He can, however, have salt ai smoked fish as often as they may be desired to form r change t"'^' the ordinary bill of fare. As to flour and meal and all kinds . prepared grain, they are as easily obtained in the country as the city. Tlie like is true in relation to tea, coffee, sugar, a: t all other kinds of groceries. The articles above enumerat r ^■ constitute nearly all the substantial things that pertain to go_ _,.„ livmg. ^ [jj^^ Fine fruit, fresh from the tree, bush, or vine, is also on-'^i •, the most essential elements of good living. It can be P^'oduc as cheaply as any kind of food, and is vastly more wholesci ^j and nutritious as well as more palatable than most of the articl ^ found on farmers' tables. A small plot of land will produce r a'o the strawberries, gooseberries, red, white, and black currai that any family can consume during the season of tli ripening, and enough to supply them with canned fruit rd-boiledeggs. or. Jiy talvi: <, jjo^t^^g^" j^ Farmer's Revicir, says : — " It is really surpris- in a i^ssn stiijj^g jjQ^Y j,^^ many farmers are content to live year after year tario the pea^^ithout the comfort of a good garden, with its health-giving to apples, thfy^j^g^ ^^^ wealth of vegetables, more than half the living of •"^.*^]"^ ^fi t^® family." Choice pear, peach, plum, cherry, and apple trees iisert witli vigjjQ^j^ adorn every lawn and garden, because ripening fruits t ms comma:^ppgj^^. }^t;autiful and impart health to the eaters. Old or worth- , . less trees should be cut down and the best kinds planted in ^f ^'^y'^^' their places, because there is always a demand for good fruit, ;ular, howeVg^Q^j j^ ipiiyfi better to grow large, firm, winter -keeping apples in towns a^jjg^^ generally sell at two or three dollars a barrel, than common 01 even wtQ^gg -^yhieh are only fit for makiog cider. There should be ers 5^196 ^'^ grapes, asparagus, strawberries, and plenty of thyme, sage, Ihe list of ve^jjjjj^l^ parsley, rhubarb, spinach, gooseberries, raspberries, red, |ave no aspaijjjj^gjj g^^^l white currants in every farmer's garden. pie-plant. Tl [ing beans, I hours of worf and meals. during seve: no good bi: if y^.g would be healthy we mu.it avoid all excesses. It has cucumbers, ijgen said that men are what the works of their hands make \ 1 6 FARM LIFE \ \ i' them. If they do nothing but eat, drink, work and sleep, atween many farmers and labourers do, they become brutal in theithey natures ; and when a man beco^ies so much engrossed in wor Th< and the love of it, that he has i' either time nor iuclination focattle reading and study, and mental improvement, he has submittefor b] himself to one of the most degrading slaveries, and will ncvenoon be above a clown in manners, feelings, aspirations or thoughtsThose The man, a writer says, who knows he has to work but a reaunab sonable number of hours will usually accomplish more by bias so briskness and heartiness than one who is all the time anxioiifor dii to save himself from the over-fatigue which he knows he wievery otherwise suffer before the hour of release. We are inclined t La think, too, that if some of the owners of large farms should tr ing w the experiment of the ten hour system, with extra pay for ovtgrain work in special emergencies, they would be agreeably astonish these ed at the results. It is evident they would soon be able to sc Lai cure a better and more intelligent class of assistants at lesing tii wages than under the present system. Men feel naturallabiy enough that a life which has no room in it for aught but to ea Far drink, work and sleep, is not worth livmg, and will prefer evehave the railway for the sake of an hour or two to read and rescakes But the man with brains is worth more on the farm as well athey o everywhere else. The There are very few people indeed, who like continufkeepin work, and the right to a certain amount of leisure every daved ani after the regular stint of labour is fairly performed, has morfood a charms for many than good wages or increased physical comhunge forts. " longer Mr. Brassey, the famous English railroad contractor, saj _ Far that while he was building a railroad in Russia, the Enghsldinnei men who worked eight hours did more work than the Russiai; times who worked sixteen hours a day. Mai Another writer says : — An existence of joyless drudgery seen with t to drain the springs of life. Body and mind require a liber; mer's supply of fertilizing recreations, and we cannot be healthy an asked happy, without the stimulus of exhilarating pastimes. the fa Good King Alfred the Great used to say ; — Eight hours f( becau sleep, eight hours for work and eight hours for play. sugar Farmers should endeavour to be cheerful. Cheerfulness give 1 just as natural to a man in strong health as colour to t\ farmi cheeks, and whenever there is habitual gloom, there must I ^ Ho: e ther bad air, unwholesome food, improperly severe labour, i in the ' rring habits. Laborious work promotes health provided peep to pai do not keep at it longer than eight hours a day and always ha^ day, < substantial food. Farmers and labourers should go to bed b could '1 AS IT SHOULD BE. and sleep, atween 9 and 10 p. m. and not rise before 5 a. m. except when rutal in theithey attend markets. •ossed in wor The hours of labour for those who do not attend to horse or inclination focattle on farms should be from Ga.m. to 6 p.m. with a half hour has submittefor breakfast and one and a half hours for dinner and rest at md will ncvenoon every day, except while drawing hay and grain into barns. 8 or thoughtsThose who have breakfast before 6 generally feel exhausted and rk but a reaunable to work before dinner-time. Breakfast should be ready 1 more by bias soon after 6 as possible, and men leave the fields at 11.30 I time anxioufor dinner and rest till 1, and have supper a few minutes after 0' knows he wi every day. ire inclined t Labourers should have lunch at 0,30 a. m. and oatmeal drink- ms should tr ing water every day from the beginning to the end of hay and •a pay for ovegrain harvest and at all threshings, because those who have ably astonislithese things are able to work briskly and seldom feel exhausted, be able to S( Labourers who have lunch at 9.30 in hay, harvest and thrcsii- stants at lesing time, generally do more work than those who drag miser- feel naturallabiy on with empty stomachs till dinner time, ght but to ea Farmers who have tea at 5 should not drive labourers who ill prefer eve:bave not had tea till 7 or 8 p.m., and men who eat pies and 'ead and res:cakes between meals should not keep labourers working when arm as well athey ought to be at dinner or supper. The farmer who compels labourers to suffer from hunger by ike continufkeeping them six or seven hours without food is both shortsight- re every dayed and heartless. No labourer should be kept so long without aed, has morfood as to be forced to eat turnips or suck eggs to satisfy his physical comhunger, and no sensible farmer will keep labourers without food longer than five hours, itractor, saj Farmers and labourers should have moat for breakfast and , the Englisl dinner and good hot tea or coffee with new milk and sugar three I the Russian times a day. Many wealthy farmers say they cannot afford to use sugar rudgery seen with tea and coffee, but that shows their penuriousness. A far- uire a liber; mer's wife says si^e never liked a certain hired man, because he e healthy aii asked for sugar to sweeten his tea the first day he worked on mes. the farm. Farm labourers should have sugar if they want it, ght hours fi because cheap tea or coffee mixed with skimmed milk without ay. sugar is a very poor beverage. Farmers who cannot afford to leerfulness give labourers meat, new milk and sugar every day should quit jolour to tl farming and go into more lucrative buHiuesses. lere must 1 Horses should be unhitched and taken to the stables at 5.30 ere labour, < in the evening, and be fed, watered and bedded, or turned out rovided peop to pasture, and labourers have all work done by 6 o'clock every d always ha' day, except while harvesting hay and grain crops ; then they go to bed b could work after supper, but should be paid fifteen cents per 8 FARM LIFE V hour for over-work. Threshing machines should be started atj^j^j. 7 a.m. and stopped at 11.30 till 1, and never run after 6 p.m;iieir e Farmers should not rise at 4 a.m. and sit near stoves anc jjg^^j wait for daylight, nor bolt their food or rush off to work withou^agjjgf. resting at noon, nor make labourers saw or split wood whilt ^gg^gj horses are eating, just to get all the work they can out of theni)^ ^ because nothing is gained by such meanness, and those wlii)ecaus have no rest at noon generally do as little work as possible iiolj jg the afternoon. Farn . Labourers should not be forced to clean grain by lanteri,ajygg^ light at 3 or 4 a.m., nor after they have done a fair day's worl{j. j-q^^ Farmers should tell labourers before they hire them hovt g^^ many hours they must work each day, and then they would noome Ji be deceived. Farn FARMERS AND FARM LABOURERS. bem W 3 subs Farmers and labourers should endeavour to behave as gentlor tea men. ]\[any persons think that none but the wealthy can Irimina ladies and gentlemen, but that is an erroneous idea. 'M.vn ^ Piuskin says : — We want one man to be always thinking, ant taver another to be always working, and we call one a gentleman aii.ieh aci the other an operator, whereas, the workman ought often to 1 Those thinking and the thmker often to be working, and both shoiilien ser be gentlemen in the best sense. The mass of society is maiijeir m up of morbid thinkers and miserable workers. It is only 1 lould c labour that thought can be made hoalthy, and only by thougl.fter the that labour can be made happy, and the two cannot be separatuaster's with impunity. Labou People should observe punctuality. The late Duke of Welliiijgagem ton used to say that he owed all his success in life to a habit of bours or ing always ten minutes before the time. On one occasion hive wor private secretary was three or four minutes late for an appoiir.relings ment, and on the Duke expostulating with him he excused hime beast self by saying his watch was five minutes slow. " Tht-n, sir, the soi said the Duke, "either you must get a new watch or I must gi hones a new secretary." Farmej Farmers and labourers should have good watches, and there othej they could be at work punctually, and would not require to ihom the called to meals ; but if farmers had bells to ring or horns lired, n( blow at dinner time, women would not be forced to strain thtid fault voices by calhng loudly to men in fields. hers for Employers should give married labourers half their wagmerally every month, and then they would not be forced to get thiii.ere sho on credit and pay the highest price for everything they buy ages, be( stores ; and all married farm labourers sliould have gardeiijiist. AS rr SHOULD BE. 3e started a*^eg,f their cottages and board themselves when they live on after 6 p.m;heir employers' farms. ,r stoves anc Labourers should have good single beds and their clothes York withou^aghed and mended on employers' farms. ; wood \vbilt Back doors of farm houses should not be locked before 10 out of theiH)^ m^ when servants are out visiting their relations or friends, d those wliiiecause returning and finding doors locked when one is tired or bs possible Uold is very aggravating. Farmers who smile at or speak kindly to labourers just before in by lanten,arvest time, should not refuse to recognize them on the streets r day's worky roads when the harvest is past, because they may need help I'e them hovt gome future time and not be able to procure it if they be- ley would nuome haughty. Farmers who hire immigrants for low wages should not make hem work from 4 or 5 a. m. to 8 or 9 p. m., nor compel them 3 subsist on rusty p' rk, tough pies, stale bread, cheap coffee live as gentkr tea without sugar or new milk, because such actions are ealthy can Lriminal. ?a. Men who push and grind labourers, should not treat all hands thinking, ant taverns just to make people think they are jolly good fellows ; entleman aii.ich actions are deceptive. ht often to 1 Those who need help should advertise in newspapers and both shoulien servants would not be kept in suspense or cheated out of bcifcty is maiiieir money by unscrupulous employment agents. Farmers It is only 1 lould not hire tramps who ofi'er to work for low wages, because V by thougl.:ter they have worked a few days they may put some of their be separatciaster's best clothes under their own and decamp. Labourers who become dissatisfied or desire to break their e of Welliii-igagements with farmers through being forced to work long a habit of bours or eat innutritions food, should be paid for the time they occasion hive worked and allowed to go. Those who have the wages of i- au appoiir.relings rusting in their pockets generally have the mark of exi-used hiiue beast on their foreheads. The face, it is said, is the mirror " TbbU, sir. the soul. It is almost impossible for a rogue to appear like or I must gi honest man. Farmers who engage labourers to work for them should not les, and there others who may offer to work for less wages, and tell those equire to Ihom they promised lo employ, their services will not be re- g or horns lired, nor hire them by the year, and when summer is past |o strain thtid fault with their work just to make them leave, and hire hers for less wages, because such doings are criminal, and their wagmerally end badly. Labourers who promise to work for far- to get thin.ers should not work for others who may offer them higher they buy ages, because making promises and not fulfilling them is very lave gardt ijust. 10 FARM LIFE m Farmers should not ask labourers to chop hard wood for 1. than 75 or soft under 65 cents a cord. Small active men should not be refused employment, becau they generally do as much work as tall strong ones. Napole the Great and Lord Nelson were not tall, but they achieved grt victories. Farmers should not borro money to build large, sho houses or buy costly pianos, because such things often car them to mortgage or sell their farms. Keeping large, slir houses and pretending to be millionaires is the bane of civiliz life. Landowners should not charge tenants five dollars an ai for land on which they could not make a living while tL tilled it themselves and had no rent to pay, nor seize or s horses, cattle, implements, or furniture belonging to tenai who are unable to pay the rent through bad crops, or circu stances over which they have no control. A few years age wealthy farmer seized and sold all the furniture and two pi belonging to an unemployed labourer who lived in one of : cottages and was unable to pay the rent in mid-winter, wlii so exasperated the labourer's wife that she said, "I hope may die of starvation," and it seemed as though her curse v fulfilled, for in less than a year after the words were uttered incurable cancer formed in the farmer's throat and he d through being unable to swallow food. Men who accumulate wealth or add farms to farms by mak: labourers do a day and a half's work for a day's pay, act v unjustly, and are seldom happy. Farmers should not make themselves appear like tramps wearing ragged clothes, nor drive to markets with old harii tied together with string, which show they either lack comn sense or are too fond of money. Nor should men who pres preachers with loads of cordwood give them knotty sticks wL they would not like to use themselves, because giving pci worthless things is only sham liberality. The foohsh custom of calling every Tom, Dick or Ha " Esquire " should be abolished. The first time I receive letter addressed to " E. Amey, Esquire," I thought the wi was trying to make me appear ridiculous. A writer says ; — In this country nearly everybody is esquire. Why people should call each other esquire in a roi raw, and democratic country like this is not easy to understa An esquire is literally a man who carries a knight's sin What can be more absurd, for instance, than the dubbing of butcher and baker and the candlestick maker ab esquii Plai who Fi exac ed. theii is Iv F{ girls fast brea or Of in w: Fe beca work toge them farm their perec than Fa the e condi at th inga W Was] days hand E^ sorul pies, W( pleas womi and i keep AS IT SHOULD BE, 11 rd wood for )yment, becau mes. Napole ly achieved grt Id large, slio ings often cai: ng large, sIk bane of civiliz dollars an ai i^ing while tl lor seize or s ging to tenai irops, or circu few years age ire and two \n ed in one of : id-winter, wlii lid, "I hope ;h her curse v were uttered oat and he d farms by maki y's pay, act v ir like tramps ivith old ham er lack comn men who pres otty sticks wL se giving pd Dick or Ha ime I receivi iought the wr everybody is quire in a roi y to understa knight's shi le dubbing of lev aa esquii Plain Mr. is good enough for any of us, except, of courre, those who are entitled to be called by some more distinctive title. OVERWORK. Farmers should not put clocks fast nor slow, but keep them exactly right, and then visitors and servants would not bo deceiv- ed. Patting clocks nearly an hour fast and arousing people from their slumbers by saying it is 5 o'clock when clocks strike live, is lying, and should be aboHshed. Farmers should not compel their wives, daughters, or hired girls to rise at 4 a. m. and then lie in bed themselves till break- fast is ready, nor make labourers work two or three hours before breakfast and then chop wood all day in the bush, or thresh peas or oats in barns till dark and feed and bed cattle till 8 or 9 p.m. in winter. Farmers should hire plenty of help in hay and harvest time, because it pays better than wasting grain and making over- worked laborers curse farming ; nor should they compel labourers to get horses ready at 3 or 4 p.m. on market days and then keep them working late at night. Such treatment makes them hate farming. They should adopt the ten hour system, and then their wives, daughters, sons, and servants, would be good tem- pered, and there would be more smiling faces and light hearts than under the present accused all work system. Farmers should not get off mowing or reaping machines in the evenings, and push tired labourers till dark, because such conduct is inhuman. There should always be plenty of men at threshings, and then there would be no cursing and swear- ing about one man having to do two men's work. farmers' wives, sons, daughters and servants. "When the Marquis Lafayette was introduced to George Washington's mother, she was at the wash-tub. But now-a- days people must wear silks and satins and display soft white bands on such occasions. Every farmer's wife should know how to knit, sew, wash, iron scrub, milk cows, make rugs, quilts, preserves, bread, cakes, pies, puddings, butter, and cook meat properly. Women should always have a few dollars to spend as they please. A writer says : — Nothing is commoner than for a woman to be obliged to explain why she wants more money, and to tell how she has spent what she had last. Many men keep their wives and daughters either intentionally or thought- ll I 12 FARM LIFE lessly in such a state of pecuniary dependence as is simplTQore slavery. Of course it is well for the members of a family ttrreate consult each other about expenditures of importance, bat for injury man to limit and question his wife to an extent he would nomd endure himself is tyranny. Thd Farmers' daughters should not be proud, nor afraid to soi.wo o their hands when they possess pianos or organs, and womerChe should not take drugs to makethemselves pale or slender. Senisn her ible people admire rosy cheeks and robust constitutions. ler. Farmers' wives, daughters, or hired girls, should not rise beiears( who would be glad to work and board themselves even for ■ A \ dollars a week. auriec People who are doing well should not break up comfortaminst homes and migrate to other places. Avarice often leads pine I ruin. panie( Children should not have pies and cakes between meals, ihe w: cause sitting at tables and having meals with over-fed restl Wh children is very annoying. A piece of bread and butter betwoase o meals should suffice. jaid i People should not injure children's minds by sending theLt3hara< school before they are seven years old. The cramming syskties o or trying to teach children more than they are able to learn, aical r home lessons should be abolished. Spelling, reading, writiilread AS IT SHOULD BE. 15 ling themselvg^yi^ljmgjjic^ grammar, and geography, are the essentials of a account. WligQ^j education and should suffice. 3rs. An Austria as an Englis marriages and funerals. a German, a ,s passionate ;i Spinsters who have seen thirty-five summers should not bang ame of the uio^jj^jj. j^f^jj. or cover the wrinkles ontheir foreheads just to deceive lerica. inexperienced young men, and draw them into the paths of mat p all night witfjmony. Such marriages generally make people miserable. Be in unguardt.pgQpie should not marry in haste. A celebrated writer, in ad- Girls who liaising respecting the choice of a wife, expresses himself thus: — i not be turiitjiijig bear always in mind ; that if she is not frugal, if she is not a,use such troa^Liat is called a good manager, if she does not pride herself on lys : — " Bless'j^ knowledge of family affairs and laying out her money to the We should [jest advantage, let her be ever so sweetly tempered, gracefully ve do them iri'nade, or elegantly accomplished, she is no wife for a man in ^ as we live. ;rade. All those otherwise amiable talents will but just open so a foolish acti/nany roads to ruin. The man who marries a fashionable woman is seldom happy, ocked for twel^jen need loving, frugal wives to help them tight life's battles Qv would retuiind achieve victories. le poor creatu: Girls should not marry habitual drunkards, or lazy men. :. Many inco'< The drunkard shall come to poverty, and drowsiness shall \r self, and tlijlothe a man with rags." Those who marry for position or rouble the btjyealth generally discover that marriages are not made in heaven, orld would 1 People should pot go into mourning, nor buy handsome cof- dth poor erri'ans, nor hire showy hearses when loved ones depart this life, because such things are not needed, and the custom is both 3ck to cities, Ltoolish and expensive. Ordinary coffins and a little crape worn re light emplcon the hats or arms of the mourners show just as much respect erroneous ifl;or the dead as costly black clothes, beautiful coffins and grand oyment in citaearses. res even for - A writer says: — The remains of the late Lord Grosvenor were buried after the simplest manner, his father the Duke of West- up comforta minster taking charge of the ceremonies. Enclosed in a plain often leads pine box, the body was carried to its last resting place, accom- panied by only so much of ornamental display as consisted in ween meals, the wreaths and crosses of flowers which covered the coffin, over-fed restlt While some degree of ostentation may be excusable in the d butter betwtjase of the funeral of a public personage, there is nothing to be 3aid in favour of the practise in private ceremonials of this sending tlieojjharacter. The occasion calls for a relinquishment of the van- amming syakties of life, from which the deceased has receded. In itsprac- ble to learn, iiqal relations the custom is still more reprehensible as we have ending, writiilready suggested. It is a sensible movement on the part of 16 FARM LIFE these Englishmen who have undertaken to do away with tall o fashion and it may well be imitated amocg ourselves. »okB RECREATION. Agriculturists should not foolishly think their wiv Far daughters, sons and servants need no recreation, hecause it '6 sh a well known fact that all work and no play generally cuiQ© a people to become dull or worthless. Farmers wives, or dau.'^ing ters should read good books and newspapers in the eveuii/Pt d instead of making their lives miserable by sowing till li nseq time. the Farmers and labourers should subscribe for daily and we. :clud( newspapers, and read in the evenings instead of making sbtvg coi of themselves by working among cattle till 8 or at night; insiti^ they should not ask proprietors of newspapers to take cordw sucl or ])otatoes as payment for the papers they receive, beciuP^^Gs^ printers need money as much as other people. tbel A writer says : — The love of reading, of art, or of music is i'^ co best safeguard against social vices of all description. He \\^ 'oo has once tasted the sweets of literature, is almost safe on ^v ^ way through life. ^y ai Another says: — What a fascination there is in really ;,'i^ war reading ; what a power it gives one ; in the hospital, in M ^^ chamber of the invalid, in the nursery, in the domestic li^P^® ^ in the social circle, among chosen friends and companions, L^ ^^^ it enables you to minister to the amusement, the comfort. '^ ^^ pleasure of the dear ones, as no other art or accomplishing®* ^^ can. fk in People who sew or read at night should always put shade-*" *^^ lamps to prevent their eyesight from becoming impaired. ^° ^^ Lovers of music should ))uy Bell's sweet toned Canadian ^^^^ gans, and then nice tunes could be played on Sundays. '^^^ ^^ Farmers wives, daughters, sons and servants, should att' ^^^y picnics, fairs, church socials and evening entertainments oc^^^^^ ionally. ^ ?j i Farmers should not get up at 4 a.m. when they attend cv*°\"*'^' ing entertainments, because those who rise early generally y;^8*'iJi: or sleep and lose all the fun. A farmer's wife — whose br:'^fl»to- husband called her at 4 a. m. all the year round, attendt *®/? Christmas Tree entertainment in a village in Ontario and ®**ble poor overworked creature slept so soundly and snored so loi'^''^®^* while the entertainment was going on that the audience imaX "® ^' ed there was a threshing machine near the hall. sumn Farmers and labourers should play Cricket, Lacrosse, li*'*^ *® AS IT 8HC9ULD BE. 17 awav with tall or Quoits, in the evenings, and then long faces and cross lelvefl. ^^^ would become things of the past. I THE HOUSEHOLD. )n, BGWlUg laily and w( their wiv Farm houses should not be made like sepulchres by keeping because if e shutters closed from morning to night. A writer says: — generally ciu.ti® cause of the extreme nervousness of American women is ves or dau 'iofi *oo much in the darkness when indoors. The rooms are 'n the eveuiv.'Pt dark to save the carpets, and keep out tlio Hies, and as a ^ till li nsequenco both the houses and the occupants lack the benelits the fresh air and sunshine. Houses Irom which the sun is eluded are not wholesome. There is always a damp, depress- f'^^'^ikinVslrS condition in them, that makes itself evident at once to a o"^t nisht- 1^^^*'^^^ temperament. The minds and bodies of all who live , ' .\g cord\v ^^^^^ houses are affected by it. Both health and spirits are ive beciuP'®^"^''^- Their occupants have not only the depressing effect ^^^^ ' ' the lack of light, and seem to contund against it, but the reac- f music is t'^^ consequent upon living in unwholesome conditions. All J. ?. jjg ^^B rooms in the house should have both light and sunshine '^^ T safe on ®^y admitted at all times, whether they are in daily use or not. ^^^ ' ey are thus kept sweet, and are in good condition when they ■ ' reallv "'^ wanted. Nelson Silzer once said when making a phrenolo- ^, ^^ 'tal in '^^ examination : Be as much as possible in the sunshine, l^mes'tic ^P^® ^^*^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ rooms and wear black are pale all through, *^ *^ nions l^ cannot have too much of light and sunshine, either in your compa ^^^^. '^^ ^^ .^^ ^,^^j^ houses, for '^ood health. You may live; but it ^° lishm^^* ^^^ ^^^" ^^ ^^^^' ^^^^'^^y *^ ^^^'^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^ small part of our accomp ^j^ .^ ^^^-g world. Wi should so live, that body and mind are I . QUo(J^,,all times in their best condition. We are then ready and able ^ys pu ^ j^ whatever duty may be required of us, in such a way, that impair . doing merely shall be pleasureable, and the reaction on our- led L/ana ^^^ ^^^^ others be beneticial. It should be, in fact, the religi- unaays. ^^^^ ^^ every one so to live. Many a woman and child has s, snou ' 'In sacrificed to save the carpets and keep out the tiies. Many tainmen l ^ ^^ illness has resulted from the same cause. Many a dis- , LL A .^.)oidted, cheerless life can be traced back to sunless rooms as hey ^^''^^ ^ eginning. Multitudes of women and children are only half y genera y^y^g^^^^y jjjecause only half fed. Sunshine and light, and air, "^ \i n li *^ much food for body and soul, as the fruits and grains and ounrt, at e ' ^Q^^jj^gg ^.j^g^^ ^yg ^^^1^^ into our stomachs ; and we cannot get Ontario au'i ^^.^ ^^. ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ rj^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ j^ snored so ioi y be considered but a trifling matter to close the blinds on a summer's day to shut out the sun; but trifles are by no , jjvns to be despised. Once doing might do no appreciable lauuience ll. 18 FARM LIFE harm ; but is so easy to do a thing the second and third time, that any act that would be harmful by repetition would better not be done at all. You may keep out the flies by darkening the room, but the darkness which seems so cool will breed other vermin ; and besides, the pestilence that walketh in darkness, and, iudeed, ever remains where the darkness is. Open your windows wide, then, my sisters, and let the sun, that always carries health in his rays, have free access to every part of your homes. Screens will keep out the flies, and if you have occasion to temper the heat of the sun, use a white curtain that can be rolled up or down at will. As for preserving carpets and furni- ture from the effects of too much sunshine and light, I have nothing to say ; they bear no comparison in value, be they as expensive as money can buy or human ingenuity invent, to the well being and happiness of one human being. They are luxur- ies, and as such would better be dispensed with entirely than that one human being be deprived of health, or healthful condi- tions on their account. If the body be more than meat, and the life more than rainment, we cannot set too high a value on the temple of our soul, or whatever contributes to its welfare. House floors should be covered with rag or other carpets and home-made rugs, to make rooms warm and comfortable. People should not commence " hou.se cleaning" before the Ist of May. The weather is generally cold and unsettled up to that time. The walls of ground floor rooms should be nicely papered and the wainscotting well painted and kept clean. Farmers' wives should make plenty of preserves for use in winter, and farmers should not grumble about ten or twelve dollars' worth of sugar being used in making these delicious eatables ; and plenty of red cabbage, onions, cucumbers and green tomatoes should also be pickled every year to eat with fat pork, and prevent people from becoming bilious and cross. Beef or mutton should not be cooked so much that gravy will not run when carved, because it is flavorless and innutritions when overdone and does not impart strength to the eaters ; but perk should always be well cooked. A writer says: — "Sour tempers, scoldings, dyspepsia, with its indescribable horrors, and even death itself, not unfrequently result from bad cook- ing." Farmers who sell all the lard should not grumble about the pies or cakes being tough and heavy, because no person can make good pastry without using either butter or lard. Meat ana poultry should be kept from freezing, because frozen eatables become flavorless and innutritions. Farmers should use anodyne, magnesia, castor oil, mustard, A8 IT SHOULD BE. 19 black currant jelly and raspberry vinegar when troubled with little ailments, and then they would seldom be bothered with doctors' bills. The men should light stove fires and put the kettles on before they begin stable work, and then the women need not rise early and breakfast could be prepared in a very short time. Enough wood should be cut to last till winter, and then labourers would be able to rest while horses are eating at noon, and women would not be continually grumbling about not having enough wood to cook the meat or bake the pies, cakes and bread. Chimneys should be built on ground floors and then stove pipes could be easily fixed. Those who can afford it should keep stove fires going all night in winter, because people do not dread leaving beds when houses are warm. No stoves less than No. 9 should be used on farms, and there should be an elbow among the pipes, because houses are warmer when elbows are used and stoves do not consume so much fuel as when pipes go straight up the chimneys. People who burn wood should not buy coal stoves, because the ashes fall through the grates and fires cannot he kindled so quickly or easily as in those made for burning wood. Peopl^ who put knives in their mouths while partaking of food, should not cut and make dirty marks on the butter which others have to eat ; such actions are unmannerly and disgusting. Batter knives and bone mustard spoons should be put on tables every day. Good cutlery and silver-plated or nickel silver spoons should always be used. They are more easily cleaned and look better than leaden or iron ones ; they make the eating of a meal far more satisfactory, and are cheaper in the end. Stove pipes, kettles, saucepans, lamp glasses, coffee and tea pots should be kept clean, because dirty ones hint at careless- ness on the part of mistresses. Smooth cups, saucers, plates and dishes should be used on all farms, because they are more easily washed and kept clean than those impressed with flowers. Housewives should endeavour to do the washing on Mondays- or Tuesdays and then the ironing and mending could be done before Saturdav night. Farmers' wives shokuld have clothes wringers and sewing machines to make their work lighter.. With ^ little constructiveness the drudgery of kitchen work could be reduced to a minimum. A whole book might be written on the different ways of utilizing the common windmill machine. Either directly or by the stored power of a hoisted weight it could be made to grind, c ' ^"^ ^ "^ 'I ' !• 1 ' rt-'.i -Jto - x ' s^ f wifr'ai ^MM i mi i ii. 20 FARM LIFE the coffee, to churn the butter, to turn the spit or crank of a hash mill, and even to operate a revolving washing machine. Good summer kitchens should be built at the end of or near all farmhouses, because having meals near stoves in hot weather generally makes people feel very uncomfortable. ' Farmers' wives should not use coal oil to kindle fires. Many persons have lost their lives by such unwise doings. FARM BUILDINGS AND IMPLEMENTS. Landowners should not compel tenants or labou. ev6 to live in thin unplastered frame houses or in dilapidated log shanties, where the star? can be seen through the shingles, and people have to cover their heads to keep them from freezing and shake enow off the beds occr.sionally. Frame houses should be plas- tered both inside anJ outside to make them warm and fit to live in. Barns should be built with stone stables underneath, because the cold winds and sharp frosts cannot penetrate stone walls, and cattle are more easily fattened in warm than in cold stables. Granaries should be made wide enough to take fanning mills in and work near bins, and there should be two-wheeled trucks to move heavy bags of grain, and good brooms in all barns. There should always be good fastenings on barn and granary doors, to prevent horses, cattle, pigs, or poultry from entering and spoiling the grain. Cellars should be ventilated to let out the bad odour that arises from decomposed vegetable matter, which when confined is apt to cause sickness in families. Good implements should be kept on all farms and then there would be no need to borrow from neighbours. It has been said that those who go borrowing, go sorrowing. All implements not in use should be put in sheds where the sun and rain cannot injure them ; and buggies, waggons, cut- ters and sleighs be re-painted and the harness oiled occasionally to make them durable. Good ploughs and sharp shares should always be used, and no man should plough more than one and a Imlf acres a day, because skimming two acres a day with dull shares makes farming an unprofitable business. Cutting knives, scythes, cradles, hoes, spades, shovels, axes, and saws, should be kept sharp, because people cannot work with blunt tools. Farmers should not make labourers mow hay with old, soft I lid Ind a tes les, )rk ioft iV AS IT SHOULD BE. scythes that need whetting every five or ten minutes, because such work is both disheartening and exasperating. Hay racks should be made in pieces, so as to be taken apart while being put on and off waggons, to do away with heavy lifting. Check-straps should be ioose while horses are ploughing or drawing heavy loads, because tight checking is apt to make them balky. FARM MANAGEMENT Farmers should endeavour to do their work well. says: — Do one thing first and do it well, That you in all things may excel. A poet Even if it be only driving oxen, it should be done well, because there are too many Jacks of all trades and Masters of none in every country. Men should put plenty of labour on land, be- cause it pays better than slipshod farming. The penny wise and pound foolish policy does not suit the farmer. Shallow ploughing and thistle growing never did and never will make farming a lucrative business. It has been said that if good farming does not pay, bad need not be tried. A writer says : — Farmers should plough deep, manure well, keep the fences up, and chain up strong bulls. Another says : — In sowing oats or barley, it is advisable to use a dressing of salt, because it helps to make the straw bright and the grain plump, especially on mucky soil where weak straw, rusty and light grain are expected. In casting salt upon lands, tin hoppers and suspenders should always be used, because walking over newly ploughed ground with bag strings cutting one's shoulders is very tiresome work. "IJiere should be a place for everything, and everything should be kept in its place, and then implements could always be found without having to ask Tom, Dick or Harry where they were put. No work should be done in the fields on rainy days, because wearing wet cloths often brings on rheumatism ; peas or oats should be threshed in barns. Farmers and labourers should do no work, except attend to horses and cattle on Sundays, Good Fridays, Thanksgiving Days and Christmas Days. The truck or trading system chould be abolished. Both farmers and labourers lose money by it. Four horses should be kept on all farms containing a hun- dred acres of cleared land, because making two horses do four horses' work and keeping them ploughing till they are exhaust- ed is cruel treatment and should be abolished. ■~t — 22 FARM LIFE Newly mown hay should always be made into cocks to pre- vent rain from spoiling it, and enable people to put it on and olT waggons as easily and quickly as possible. Farmers should not put large sheaves off reaping machines, because fair-sized ones are more easily handled and the work is less fatiguing. Lands should not be harrowed immediately after being ploughed. A writer says : — " In harrowing lands, after the first ploughing the land should be permitted to remain exposed to the rays of the sun and the influences of the atmosphere for a suitable time prior to the use of the harrow in pulverizing the soil. Thorough tillage then demands cross ploughing, with a second hairowing before seeding the land." Michigan Amber or Clawson fall wheat should be grown on all farms, because it is more hardy than other wheat and gene- rally yields irora twenty to thirty bushels to the acre on well manured lands. Fyfe wheat should also be grown, because it always yields more than other kinds of spring wheat. Cows should not be milked by lantern light, nor before the stables have been cleaned. Choppers should use sharp axes that weigh about four and a half pounds, because they are more easily wielded than those that weigh five or six pounds, and the work becomes less fatiguing. Good axe-men generally average one and a half cords of hard wood a day and lose no time except on very stormy days. Those who boast of chopping from two to three cords a day generally leave the bush with empty pockets in the spring, because they over-exert themselves and are unable to work more than two or three days a week. Chopping cordwood is hard and healthful work, but dangerous, and inexperienced men should not chop alone. The winter seems to pass more quickly while chopping in the bush than at any other occupation. Pigstyes and hen houses should be well made and kept clean, because keeping animals or poultry in dilapidated buildings in winter shows that the owners lack common sense. Thistles should be spudded or cut close to the ground in June and then grain could be handled without gloves, and people would not have to stop working ev^ry few minutes to take them out of their hands. When people have to go among ripening grain and cut off the tops of thistles with scythes, it is time to quit farming and go into some other business. There should be good hives of bees on all farms, because honey is delicious and sick people often need it. Farmers should always use bells when driving on public road-, in sleighs and then accidents would seldom occur. a AS n SHOULD BE. 21 FARM STOCK. Horses and cattle should be fed beiween 5 and 6 a.m. from the beginning of April to the end of November, but not before 6 a.m. the other part of the year. Horses that plough should each have three gallons of oats a day and not be turned out to pasture without being fed in the stables at supper time. Enough oats should be kept to feed horses well while ploughing, because those that have nothing but hay are spiritless and unable to work many hours a day. Horses should be watered and fed just before people have supper, and then they could be turned out to pasture immediately after supper, and labourers have time to play games or visit relations or friends. Horses and cattle should have all the salt they need, because it conduces to liealth and often saves people from sending for veterinary surgeons. Animals should be housed every night in winter, because leaving horses or cattle in uncovered barnyards in coldweather shows that the owners are dead to feelings of humanity. Cattle should be allowed to run about barn yards one or two hours every day in winter, to make them healthy and enable people to clean stables thoroughly. Stable doors should be left open a few hours every day, except in very cold weather. There should be two or three shade trees in every field, to shelter cattle from tht burning rays of the sun, Men sometimes erroneously think that shade trees tempt cattle to lie dotVn and doze while they should be up and eating. A writer says that milch cows should have plenty of shade in summer and a warm stable in cold weather, and recommends the two-meal system. Farmers should raise heavy draft horses, because they can do more hard work than light ones, and generally sell at two or three hundred dollars each. It does not pay to feed common colts three or four years and then dispose of them at a hundred dollars each. Poultry should bo well fed, because hens that are fed every day generally lay more eggs than those that are half starved. Poultry should not be shut in houses, except at night, because confinement makes them sickly. FRUIT TREES, &C. Few farmers now make the mistake of piling manure for apple trees around the trunks. This is about as sensible as it would be to place food for a man around his feet rather than 24 FARM LIFE. putting it into his mouth. The feeding roots of trees which are their mouths, are at least as far from the trunk as the top of the tree would be if it were blown down. In bearing orchards the roots meet, and more mouths would be fed by spreading the manure in the centre, between the rows. Professor Beal, of the Agricultural College, says : — If you have money to fool away, seed down your young orchard to clo- ver and timothy, or sow a crop of wheat or oats. If you want trees to thrivp, cultivate well till they are seven or ten vears old. Spread ashes, manure, or salt broadcast. Stop cultiva- ting in August, weeds or no weeds. This allows the trees to ripen for winter. He adds that the question whether to cul- tivate old orchards or not must be answered by manuring the trees. If the colour of the leaves is good, and they grou well and bear fine fruit, they are doing well enoughj even if in grass. But if the leaves are pale, the annual growth less than a foot on twelve year trees and the fruit small and poor, something is the matter, and they are suffering from a want of cultivation or manure, or both. Some seeds should be soaked before being planted or sown. As a rule the large, heavy seeds, as corn and beans, sucaeed best without soaking, especially if the ground is cold and the weather damp. But onion, carrot, and other fine seeds should be soaked until nearly ready to sprout, and when planted the soil should be well stamped over them. In this way the young plants get a start ahead of the weeds, and the labour of first weeding is greatly lessened. Grape vines should be pruned, and dead wood cut from all fruit trees every year. Every agriculturist should possess a flower garden, because roses, fuchsias, geraniums, hollyhocks, dahlias, asters, forget- me-nots, and other beautiful flowero help to make farm life attractive. FARM LABOURERS' GRIEVANCES. HMWD* " ?■ " 's (!^ r>~—'i< i' < Ml!8°~ |]ILLING the soil should be raan's noblest work, but unfortunately avaricious and short-sip;hted people have made it slavish and degradinfj. Horace Greely says : — " Our farmers" s )ns escape from their calling whenever they can because it is made a mind- less, monotonous drudgery, instead of an ennobling, liberalizing, intellectual pursuit." Alvin Morley says : — " There is an aversion to farm labour caused primarily by the pernicious custom which is quite uni- versal among farmers of working from sixteen to eighteen hours a day, beginning at 4 o'clock in the morning and working, toiling and fretting until 9 o'clock at night, from month to month and from year to year, taking little time for any pleasure or recreation, ov- for posting themselves on the general issues of the day, or to qualify themselves to elevate the calling of which they are representatives. This, brother and sister patrons, I know from experience and observation is not misrepresented or exaggerated. Then is it to be wondered at that those boys pos- sessed of the brightest intellects and highest aspirations are leaving the farm and searching for some other more pleasant and elevating occupatiou? No wonder, I say, that agriculture is 80 illy represented in our State and National Legislatures, Do- minion and Provincial, etc., when the farmer will not make an effort to qualify himself to honourably discharge the duties and responsibilities of the position. If we, as farmers, would add dignity to labour let us at once abandon this slavish and inhu- man custom and endeavour to elevate ourselves and our calling to the position to which they rightfully belong. Let us adopt the ten hour system, commencing and quitting at six, with about two hours' rest in the heat of the day. There would also be from two to three hours in the evening that might be appro- priated to education, rest and recreation. This would give us time to think, as well as toil, how we could best improve the mind and fertilize the soil. If this plan was followed the aver- 20 FARM LAB0URER8 GRIEVANCES. s*. sion to farm labour, I think, would disappear, and tilling the soil would be looked upon and sought after as the noblest calling known to man. May God speed the day." It is not surprising that many agriculturists are continually wanting labourers, because the accursed all-work system in vogue in this country is enough to make auy man turn his back on agricultural pursuits. When the crops used to be cut by hand, labourers had lunch at 9.30 a.m. and nearly two hours' rest at noon and tea at 5 ; but now-a-days they are expected to go without lunch, have no rest at noon except a few minutes to bolt their food, no tea at five, and have to work till dark. Many agriculturists look like a thunder-cloud when tired labourers (]uit work at sundown in harvest time. Farmers should not foolishly think that labourers who begin work at 4 or 5 a.m. and quit work at sundown are lazy, because even that is too long to work for a day's pay. While agriculturists compel labourers to work fifteen or eight- een hours a day, they will be forced to hire any Tom, Dick, or Harry that tramps through the country. The slavish custom of toiling an unreasonable number of hours on Canadian farms is the cause of many men going on periodical drinking sprees, young women leading lives of shame, and promising youths fill- ing premature graves. Many agriculturists say there is a diflficulty in having a fixed time to begin and close work on farms, which is a poor excuse for stealing men's labour. In the Old World, Australia, and New Zealand there is a fixed time to begin and close work on all farms, and labourers do not work more than nine or ten hours a day, except in harvest time, when they receive extra wages for over- work. While Canadian farmers are able to say to labourers you shall begin work as early as we please, and be kept working as long as we like, hired men will never be anything but slaves. Every farm labourer should have a fixed time to begin and close work. Some labourers become so disgusted with the drudgery of farm life, that when their term of service expires, they exclaim, ** Thank God, I am out of gaol !" The accursed push and all-work system is causing hundreds to fiock to cities and swell the ranks of pauperism and crime, who would have been ornaments to society if they bad received fair play. Agriculurists have no difficulty in hiring good servants in the Old World, because they have adopted the nine or ten hour system and are satisfied with a fair day's work for a fair day's FARM LABOURERS GRIEVANCES. 27 pay, and lapourers generally stay many year;^ and very often a lifetime with employers. Many selfish persons say short hours demoralize people, but experience has proved to me that those who work a reasonable number of hours are happy creatures, and that those who drag on fifteen or eighteen hours a day are miserable, degraded wretches. , People talk about toll-gates being relics of barbarism, but what could be more barbarous than working fifteen or eighteen hours a day ? There are hundreds in cities who like tilling the soil, but dread the long hours so much that they could not be induced to work on farms even for the highest wages. A liberated American slave who left farming on. account of the long hours, says he worked more hours on Canadian farms than while in slavery. We sing " Britons never will be Slaves," but where can we find greater slaves than the Canadian farm labourers ? " What are your hours ?" said Joseph Arch to a farmer wbo intimated his desire to have an English labourer sent out to him. " From sunrise to sunset during five months, and from six to six during the rest," was his reply. ** Then, all I can say to you," replied the outspoken Warwickshire man, " is that I wish you may get him." " But our pay," continued the farmer, "consider how good it is, a dollar and a quarter a day with board and lodging." " Can't help it," responded Mr. Arch, " what you want is a slave, and Britons never will be slaves." Mr. Arch also says : — Never have I seen during a forty years' residence in rural districts at home, such miserable -looking, lank, and hopeless labourers. In 1884, while hundreds were out of employment in cities, there were six hundred applications for farm labouiois on the books at the Immigrant Office, Toronto, which plainly shows that farm life is not what it ought to be. If the unemployed in Canadian cities are asked why they do not work on farms they reply, '* We have tried farming once and that is enough for us." Some time ago a farm labourer called at a house in Toronto to see a friend whom he had known in the Old World, and I re- marked that he seemed miserable. I was then informed that although he appeared to be forty he was not more than thirty- five years old. Ten years of Canadian farm drudgery had so shattered his constitution that he looked as though he lived merely to save funeral expenses. A Scotch immigrant who worked a month on a Canadian farm mm FARM LABOURERS GRIEVANCES. became so disgusted with the long hours that he swore he would never work for a farmer again. Another says : — " The Canadian farm labourers have a dog's life." An immigrant sent his boy three different times to work on Canadian farms and the poor fellow was over-worked so much that he deserted his employment at each place. His father told him not to try farming again and found more ennobling employ- ment for him in a factory. When an ex-farm labourer was told that a farm boy had hanged himself on a farm near Hamilton, he replied, " It is a wonder more farm labourers do not hang themselves." Agriculturists should not complain of inefficient help while they compel labourers to drag miserably on fifteen or eighteen hours a day, because working long hours generally causes peo- ple to become careless or lazy. Some people say working fifteen or eighteen hours a day is customary among Canadian farmers. But a poet says : — "Custom does often over-rule, ' And only serves for reason to the fool." While Capital oppresses Labour there will be Nihilism, Com- munism, Socialism, incendiarism, and strikfis. "Man's inhumanity toman, Makes countless thousands mourn." In Great Britain farm labourers commence work by feeding and cleaning horses and stables between 5 and G a.m., have breakfast between 6 and 7, and at least an hour for dinner and rest at noon, unhitch horses at 5, and have all work done and leave the stables at 6 p.m., every day except in harvest time, when they work longer, but have bread, cheese and heex, or cider, at 9.30 a.m. and 4 p.m. every day, and are paid sixpence per hour for over- work. Farming would be the most healthful work that could be had if the ten hour system were anopted. The Canadian Labour Union newspaper says : — The greed for wealth is taxing mankind from the cradle to the grave. A poet says : — "Look we where we will and when, Naught we see but bitter strife ; Man condemning fellow men, Crushing out each other's life. Charity is but a name ; Grim and ghastly Honour lies ; , Virtue bows her head in shame ; Vengeance rules in Mercy's guise." In 1883, while hundreds of newly-arrived immigrants were FARM LABOUREIIS' OniEVANCES. 29 seeking employment in cities, the all-work system forced farmers to pay $40 a month and board to harvest hands, and F• 10 a.„. shall ,uit and not r^Z^f'S'^tS'^^^^^^''^.^"''- "^^ 7. Members shall unhitch and take horses to the stables at 6.80 -""I— — ~T~ SOTtact 84 RULES OF THE PROPOSED I and have all work done by 6 p.m. every day, except in hay, harvest, and threshing time. 8. Members may turn horses out to pasture immediately aft^r sup- per when not done eating by 9 p.m. 9. Members may work after supper in hay and harvest time pro- vided employers agree to pay them fifteen cents per hour for over- work. 10. Members shall always quit work at G p.m. at threshings, even though machines should run after that time. 11. Members shall unhitch and take horses to the stables at 6 p. m. in haying, grain harvest, and threshing time. 12. Members shall not work in fields while rain is falling fast enough to saturate their clothes. 18. Members shall draw half their wages every month if needed. 14. Members shall do no work, except attend to horseii ano cattle, on Sundays, Good Fridays, Thanksgiving days, and Christmho uays, but those who do not attend to horses or cattle, or are absent from employment on the holidays, shall have money deducted from their wages or put in the lost time afterwardp. 15. Members, before making engagements to work by the month or year, should read or show the above rules to farmers, and not work for any who refuse to hire them on these terms. 16. Members shall not chop hard-wood in the bush for less than 75, or soft under 65 cents a cord. 17. Members shall not thresh peas or oats with flails for less than five cents a bushel with board and lodgings free. 18. Members shall contribute twenty-five cents a month, and shnl' receive two dollars a week while suff'ering from natural sickness, after the secretary has received certificates from attending physicians, bear ing the signatures of two of the brotherhood who reside near th applicants, 19. Members shall not receive pecuniary aid before paying six months' subscriptions. 20. Members shall not discuss religion at any of the Union meet- ings. AGHICULTURAL LABOURERS' UNION. ' 35 two-year?''"'' °'"^' """ """"' """' "■" =''< »'"'"'«' "i"^ m in 22 At the death of members, their cases shall be recorte,! to tl,„ 24. Those who are unable to procure einiiinvmpnf fi,v i i. • and be expelled from the Society. "moneys paid into 26 Members who are discharged without being paid for the timp hey have worked, shall report their cases to the sec ^tarv and .^! for non-payment of wages in the courts. ^^cietaiy and sue 27. Members who remove and change post office addresses ^hnll inform the secretary of their whereabouts as soon as possible .s 'fr i^iT^'"' ""^^ ''*"' °" ^'^«° S^^"t 1^^^^^«. and occasionally work oi- theliif "' ""'' "*"^^ ""'"• ---^^--1"P ""til receivinTSt 29 Members who are permanently incapacitated for work thronph 30. Members who are in arrears more than four months sbnil nnf forfeit all moneys paid into and be expelled from the Society m^mbe^sMp'"' "'"*"'" '"'" ^''""'" "^^> "'^^ '''^''^^ f- n-il'If infi'^'^M'' ''^''' n''f ''. '^'''^ "^' *^^^ ^'"^^^ «^^^^J1 forfeit all moneys paul into and be expelled from the Society. i^oneys SE^Y^I]T GILLS' (5^IEY^I]6ES. ►«5I!K>— "}'■ 3(^C -4" — «ffi!i» POET says How can I make this busy \^•ol■ld The better for my living ? How can I make some slight retina Foi all it is me giving ? The fittest answer to this quest, Millions have sought around it, Is this : To leave it by your aid Some better than you found it. To few 'tis given, by heroic deeds, Whole peoples to be lifting, Or to point out the dangerous reefs Towards which a nation's drifting ; But each may do some simple act (Its praise no one to sound it) By which the world may yet be left Some better than he found it. It may not be a work 30 great Men gaze at it with wonder. Nor that the powers of Church and State Its praises loudly thunder ; And yet its influence be so broad The future cannot bound it. And leave, perhaps, this dear old world Much better than he found it. So let us seek out simple ways Man's daily life to better. From every slave of fear or ill Strike all thpt seems a fetter. Till, free to thi.ik on every theme With which man's thought has crowned it, The world will surely come to be Much better than we found it. Give woman, as you would to man. Fair wages, power, position. The right to wield voice, vote, or pen To better her condition. s. SERVANT curls' GRIEVANCES. By lifting her, man lifts himself, Through all the earth resound it, And you will help to leave the world Far better than you found it. Set pride and fashion both aside. Let justice rule your actions ; Together let all work in love, Knowing no creed or factions ; Strive here to build a bit of heaven, And when success has crowned it ; The world will learn to help you make Earth better than you found it. Not through a selfish home wherein We only think of ours ; No care for others, weal or woe. Through all life's sacred hours ; But let us strive that all may have Peace, plenty, hope, around them, And we shall surely leave them all Much better than we found them. . Men long have taught the way to reach A selfish, distant heaven. But how to make one on the earth To mortals should be given. So change our daily life, 'twill have Heaven in it and around it. And you will then have left the world Far better than you found it. A few hours before Mary Queeu of Scots was executed she asked her servants' forgiveness it ever she h.^d failed in any part of her duty towards them. But now-a-days mistresses think it humiliating to apologize when they fail in their duties to serv- ants. Servants should be treated kindly. It is said that when the Duke of Wellignton was dying thelast thing he took was a little tea. On his servant handing it to him in a saucer, and asking if he would have it, the Duke replied, "Yes, if you please." How much kindness and courtesy is expressed by these words! He who had conmanded the greatest armies in Europe, and had long used the throne of authority, did not despise or over- look the small courtesies of life. It is not surprising that intelligent girls prefer working in factories even for two or three dollars a week, to being cooks, housemaids, and general servants, for ten dollars a month and board,because servants' duties are so heavy that none but those who have strong constitutions are able to stay many weeks in 38 SERVANT GIRLS GRIEVANCES. h^ a situation. The push system is practised so largely that it would be difficult to find fifty places in Toronto where girls would like to stay longer than one or two months. A farmer's daughter who left the farm and became a servant says service is not what it is represented to be and that she will get married as soon as possible. Another says she left the United States and went into service in Canada because she heard that Canadians were exemplary Christians, but finds the Christians of Toronto make servants work more hours than tlnse who do not profess Christianily in the United States. Many girls answer advertisements and promise to work for mistresses, but afterwards hear bad accounts of the places and refuse to fulfil their promises. Mistress who under-paj' or over-work servants should not con- tribute to the support of churches or charitable institutions, beceuse people must be just before they can be generous. Many mistresses profess Christianity and think they are on the way to heaven, but while they steal servants' labour and make their lives burdensome by over-work they cannot be Christians. Many servants are pushed and watched from 6 a. m. to 9 or 10 p. m. every day without having rest at noon except a few min- utes to partake of food, yet mistresses wonder why they dislike service. If service were what it ought to be girls would stay a longtime in situations and mistresses would bo able to procure help at any time. To compel servants to work fifteen or eighteen hours a day without paying them extra wages for over-work, is a crime, and should be punishable by imprisonment. Servants whose duties compel them to rise at G a. m. and finish working about 9 or 10 p.m. shoulc" 'iave two or three hours' rest every afternoon. Mistresses should not dismiss servants without giving them a few days' or hours' notice, nor turn them on the streets or roads at night, because such proceedings are both unchristian and cruel. Girls whose term of service expires on Saturday night should be allowed to stay at mistresses' houses till Monday and have meals and beds free. Servants should know their duties and do them, and mis- tresses ought not to make more work for them to do, nor keep them working till bed time, because such actions make them ill-tempered and often cause tlicm to leave situations. Servants who are pushed and watched from morning till night, generally shirk their duties. Some mistresses are so suspicious that when they see ser- vants talking to coachman, policemen, butchers, or grocers, they imagine them to be doubtful characters. SERVANT GIRLS ORIEVAI' JES. 89 Many mistresses keep the provisio iS under lock and key ^vhich is very aggravating and apt to cause servants to use ex- travagantly or waste the eatables. Inconsiderate mistresses think that servants should do noth- ing but eat, drink, work, and sleep. When there is a circus or procession in town they will not allow them to see it. When most people take pleasure on public holidays, they compel ser- vants to cook, wash, iron, or scrub. No wonder mtelligent girls consider service both monotonous and degrading. Going into service nowadays is simply going into slavery. Life is a blank to those who dc nothing but eat, drink, work and sleep. Many miatresses make servants nervous and cross by poking about the kitchens and finding fault with their work. The poor Irish girl is happier while subsisting on potatoes and butter milk in Ireland, than while receiving ten dollars a month and board under a greedy, life-crushing mistress in the New World. Servants who faithfully perform their duties should be treated well. Mistresses who compel servants to work an unreasonable number of hours are dishonest, because they steal servants lai)Our. Servants' duties should be made as light as possible, because they cannot work briskly or well while they know that mis- tresses think of nothing but how much work they can get out of them for the wages they must pay them. Many unprincipled mistresses persuade girls to become tale- .b'^arers, but true ladies will not listen to servants' tales. Servants who are over heard talking of mistresses' faults, should be admonished and told not to speak so loudly while talking disrespectfully of others. In Toronto, the boasted city of churches and civilization, the police have been sent disguised as civilians to tempt women to so- licit prostitution and then arrest and imprison them for yielding to the temptation, while they are driven from the paths of rectitude by the drudgery of service, or by not being fairly remunerated for their labour while working in factories and shops. To dis- guise one's self and tempt unfortunates to solicit prostitution is both unchristian and contemptible. While mistresses compel servants to work from 6 a. m. to 9 or 10 p. m., no unfortunate should be arrested for soliciting prostitution. If we would lessen the social evil we must shorten the hours of labour, because it is a well known fact that hundreds of poor girls become prostitutes just to avoid the drudgery of service. The old story of, — •iO SERVANT girls' GRIENANCES. '*» Man's work 's from sun to sun, But woman's work is never done, is obnoxious to the enlightened people of the nineteenth cen- tury. Some mistresses walk about the house with thin slippers on, just to see whether girls shirk their onerous duties. Merciless mistresses generally procure help from the emi- grant sheds or employment offices, and always want those who are not afraid of work, or are willing to do a day and a half's work for a day's pay. Many mistresses wear costly olothes and then attempt to economize by making servants eat the stale pieces of meat with- out mustard or pickles. Others attempt to economize by pat- ronizing second-hand stores, and tell untruths by saying the things they buy are only for the servants. Servants should be allowed to read newspapers and books or do their own sewing in the evenings, then they would stay months or even years in situations. True ladies can procure help at any time, and servants are glad to work for them even for moderate wages. The hours of labour for the inmates of the Mercer Reform- atory are from 7 a. m. to 5 p. m., with an hour for dinner and rest every day. The hours of labour for the vast majority of servant girls are from 6 a.m. to 9 or 10 p.m., with ten or fifteen minutes for dinner and rest every day ; yet, philanthropists say great reforms are needed in gaols. Now, I maintain that no people need reform so much as the over-worked Canadian ser- vant girls and farm labourers. While the inmates of reform- atories and gaols do not work longer than nine or ten hours a day, no master or mistress should be allowed to exact more than ten hours for a day's work from servants. Surely honest, well-behaved people ought to be treated as well as inmates of gaols. There must be something wrong about service when in- mates of gaols only work nine or ten hours and servants work fifteen or eighteen hours a day. Many mistresses foolishly think that washerwomen sliould work ten or twelve hours a day with bread and butter break- fasts and poor dinners, but sensible people know that eighc hours is long enough for any woman to be at the wash-tub and that she should have meat for breakfast and dinner every washing, day. Many people say Canada is a Christian civilized country, but I maintain that no country is Christian and civiUzed where servant girls and farm labourers work from fifteen to eighteea hours a day. SEAVANT girls' ORIEVANCIiS. 41 Driving, watching, and trying to make one servant do two servants' work is becoming so general in Canadian cities that girls will not take their clothes-boxes to new situations until they tind out whether they would like to stay longer than a few daj's. ?;"-^ Many mistresses tell servants their lo^f^rs must leave the house and the gas bo extinguished at 10 p.m., which is quite right, because no girl should stay with her beau after that time : but when there is sewing or other work to be done they do not care if the gas l)urns till midnight, which is exceedingly wrong. Canadian mistresses should cease watching and driving ser- vants and be satisfied with a fair day's work, and then they would be able to keep them as long as the ladies in the Old Worl.l. Mistresses should pay the servants' wages as soon as due, be- cause Scripture says : — " Detain not the wages of the hireling." And most girl dislike asking for money. J^ Mistresses who advertise for servants should not take the nanesand addresses of applicants and promise to let them know in a few days when they have no intention of engaging them, because such doings are both deceptive and unjust. Many mistresses ask applicants for situations if they can give references as to character kc, and when inquiries are made they say servants are not what they ought to be, as though they expected them to be faultless. Mistresses will never make servants angelic by driving, watch- ing, and compelling them to work fifteen or ei.'hteen hours a day. Mistresses who despise servants always get their deserts. Good mistresses make good servants, and girls who are treat- ed well seldom shirk their duties. Driving and watching ser- vants is an accursed thing and should be abolished. To think that servants should do nothing but eat, drink, work and sleep, is insanity. While girls are compelled to work an- unreasonable number of hours, or are not fairly remunerated for their labour, there will always be hundreds or thousands of prostitutes in our large cities. It is distressing to see so many miserable looking servant girls and farm labourers, in this country of churches and boasted civihzation. Another says : — Magnificence side by side with misery, altars blazing with jewels amidst homes unfit for human beings, luxury, enjoyment, and fine clothes, hustled by want, and care, and rags, have been a common enough sight since man first gath- ered in great cities ; but the contrast has probably never been 42 SERVANT 0IRL8 ORIEVANCES. HO markeil, or so vividly felt, as iu these later days. The toiling masses do not desire the destruction of property, nor anarchy, but simply their God-given rights, and they would have them it the Government were what it ought to be. No wonder that Canadians migrate to the United States, because intelligent bread-winners hate to be robbed of their labour. The Dominion Government expends half a million dollars a year in assisting people to emigrate to this country, and then the farmers and mistresses, by pushing and grinding, drive them to the United States. Sir Richard Cartwright says : — The United States census returns show that four years ago there were rather more than 700,000 of native born Canadians in various parts of the United States. Our own Canadian census returns show, beyond the loss of our own people, that of 342,000 immigrants whom we brought into this country, largely at our own expense, largely out of money contributed by the artisans and mechanics of this country, scarcely 1)0,000 were found to have remained. That, mind you, is not taken from the American statistics ; it is evi- dence deduced from our own census returns. Mr. Sackville West, British Minister at Washington, reported to Earl Granville that during the fiscal year, ending October 81, 188(3, sixty-four thousand Canadians settled in the United States. It is the Goverument's duty to protect seamstresses, milliners, dressmakers, shop, factory, and servant girls. Tiie J3ritish Government will not allow unscrupulous masters and mistresses to oppress servants. In 1883, an English manu- facturer was fined three hundred and fifty dollars for keeping forty-five women at work in a mill seven minutes after the hour for closing. In 1883, an English draper was fined nineteen pounds for keeping seven dressmakers at work after hours. The defendant's excuse was that he had a mourning order which he had to execute by a certain time. The case was characterized by the magistrates as white slavery, and an act of oppression against poor girls who could not protect themselves. In 1883, the Canadian Government allowed an unscrupulous match manufacturer to exact twelve hours a day from his em- ployees, some of whom were children seven years of age. In 1884, the Canadian Government allowed another labour thief to force his servants, some of whom were children under ten years of age, to work eleven hours a day in a cotton factory. A writer says : — The Hochelaga baby operatives are worked eleven hours a day, and show the confinement in pallor, feeble- ness, and listlessness. The same writer also says : — A well known doctor of this city tells me that the various factories of SERVANT GIRLS GRIEVANCES. 43 Montreal and suburbs destroy every year tbe lives of many children under eleven. Dollars and cents seem to be of more importance to the Canadian Government than the blasted hopes and shattered lives of the bread winners. Men of the Wilberforce, Shaftesbury or riim.soll stamp are needed in the Halls of Parliament to do something for the ameli oration of tho condition of the working classes in Canada. When AVilberforco saw the evils of slavery he advocated abolition so ably that linally the British Government liberated every slave in the empire. The English Governm Mit will not allow (diildren under fourteen to work in factories. The French Gov- ernment will not allow children under seventeen to wor'c in factories among dangerous machinery, therefore France is aliead of all other countries in the regulation of ciiild labour. Massachusetts has a ten-hour law enforced by the penalty of a line ranging from lifty to a hundred dollars for the first offence. The last Legislature extended the provisions of the act to mechanical and . mercantile establishments. This affects many women employed in bakeries, millinery shops, retail stores, and boys in groceries, drug stores and other places. It is a rellection on the Canadian Government that unscrupulous masters and mistresses should be allowed to drive people from the paths of rectitude or into exile by over-work No Government should allow servants to be over-worked to such an extent that their lives are burdens, nor pander to the demands of employers because of their political influence. The Government that confers favours instead of recognizing eights, disgraces civilization. Canada is fifty years behind the Old World in the protection of servants' lives and rights. The Canadian Government prolesses to be patriotic. But a lexico- grapher says: — Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel. Tennyson says : He is the true Conservative Who lops the mouldered branch away. A writer says : — Every man ought to be willing to pay for what he gets. He ought to desire to give full value received. The man who wants two dollars' worth of work for one dollar is no honest man. The man who wants others to work to such extent that their lives are burdens is utterly heartless. The toil of the world should continually decrease. Of what use are your inventions if no additional comforts find their wav to the homes of mbour ? Keasonable labour is a source of joy. To work for wife or child, to toil for those we love, is happiness provided you can make them happy. But to work like a slave ; to see your 44 SERVANT OIRLH (mFEVANCES. wife and children in ra^a ; to sit at a table where food is coarse and scarce ; to rise at four in the morning to work all day, and throw your bones on a miserable bod at night ; to live without leisure, without making those who love you comfortable and happy ; this is not living — it is dying, a slow, lingering crucifixion. The hours of labour should bo shortened. Witii the vast, wonderful improvements ofthe nineteenth century there sliould not only bo the necessaries of life for those we toil for, but comforts and luxuries as well, What is a reasonable price for labour? I answer : such a price as will enable a man to lay by something for Us declining years ; so that he can have the feeling of a man. I s}mpathiso with every honest effort made by children of labour to improve their condition. That is a poorly governed country in which those who do the most have the least. There is something wrong when men have to beg for leave to toil. We are not a civihzed people. When we are, pauperism and crime will vanish from our land. I sympathise with the wanderer ; with the vagrant out of employment, with sad weary men who are looking for work. When I see one of these men, poor and friendless, no matter how bad he is, I think that somebody loved him once, that he was once held in the arms of a mother, that he slept "'^eneath her loving eyes and wakened in the light of her smi' I see him in the cradle, listening to lullabies, sung soft ani ., and his little face is dimpled as though by rosy fingers of joy. And then I think of the strange and winding paths, the weary roads that he has travelled from that mother's arms to vagrancy and want. There should be food and labour for all. A rhymer says : The time will come, the happy day When vice and crime have passed away ; When fiendish war shall be suppressed And battle's din be hushed to rest ; When poverty shall be unknown, And labor claim what is her own ; When peoples shall be truly free And nations live in amity. When man shall be no more oppressed ; And grievances be all redressed ; When education free as air Shall spread its blessings everywhere, And science in its widest plan, Be fully known to every man. Then let us labour might and main — Our efforts will not be in vain — To hasten on that happy time, And rid the world of vice and crime. - " 4) inary week n district. c "§ c rt c 3 Perquisites for the year, or their value. C Total year, extras From to BKDKOkD.SHIki:- s. S. fiedford 12 — 14 Hi<;gleswade 12—16 Clapham 12 — 16 Henlow 13 — 13 Keysoe 11 — 14 Luton 12 — 16 Wilstead End 12 — 14 Woburn 12 16 BFCKK.SIilRi:— i5racknell 15— Uradfield 11 — 14 Cookham Uean. . . . 14 — .Maidenhead 15 — 20 Reading 12 — Wantage 10— 1 2 Workingham 11 — j6 BUCKINOHAM.SHIRE — Aylesbury 13—18 Ojney 12 — 14 Upper VVinchendon. 13 — 17 Whitchurch 13 — 17 Woolney 14 — 18 Ca.mhridgeshiri:-- Hassingbourne 12.13.6 Coldstream 12 — 15 Ely II— 13 Gt. Evesden 10 — 12 Littleport u — 15 March 12 Thorney n>— i6 £ 33 About £s 'OS. 50 40 47 About los. per man. 38.5,0 About 42s. 35—40 Beer equal to 40s. each man. 41.10.0 41- 1 2.0 Beer equal to 30s. 45- ' S-o Rent belowvalue, & beer £6 6s. , 36 £3- Over 52 Cottage and garden for cow- men and shepherds. 50 Some cottages; beerat harvest; milk daily. 32 i;n. Beer or milk for breakfast. — Beer in summer. — Beer and sufficient potato ground, value £1 10. 47—52 41. 12.0 Potato ground, part firin;.^, milk, beer, etc. 30 38.16.0 Ten gallons of beer, los. 40 39—52 Ton of coals, half rood potato land. m ENGLISH FALM LABOURERS. COUNTY AND DISTRICT- > in .- •' (U ^ a ^^ .E c Prom to Cheshikk— Altringham 15—18 Aston 14--I8 Hundred of Wirral.. 15—20 Northwich [2 — 20 Pluui]jley 16 18 Sandbach 16 — 20 Sandiway 15—18 Cornwall— Camelford 10 — 12 Hayle 1 5 Padstowe 14 — 1 5 Stythians 14 St. MelMon i y~ 15 CUMBKKi AMI -. Ri'ami)i()n 12 - 18 Egrcinont 18 22 High Heskett 10 12 Kirkoswald 12—14 Renwick 18 Salkelddxkcs . , . , 1 7— 1 8 CT3.S Per(|iiisities for the year, or their value. oj.i: a. (/I eg V X o 40-48 42 40-54 40 47-'o.o £s. ^ o Very few. 45 " -— Two to four shilliti;.;s per week. — All found. 40 House free, ^{,"4. 38 House rent, is. 6d. per week. 35-40 Foodand cider at harvest, some 30s. each, fuel. 27 28- 32 ■M— 32 24 Lodging and victuals. Not any. Co'.tagefor day labourers, board men in house. Ill ^ , or eek. ;k. Dine aid