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[Hcimntcd from the Eighth Chapter of Dn Lees' Text-Book of Trc; lEMVEUAisCE, published by Triibner (C Co., London.-] MANCHESTER: UNITED KINGDOM ALLIANCE, 41, JOHN DALTON STREET. 1871. PRICE EIGHTPENCE. 1'^. Butler i Tanner. The SclHoud I'rinting Work., Frome, ami Lomion, V, NATIONAL INTEMPERANCE AND THE REMEDY. § 120. The Ujiitcd Stjitcs of Xortli America liave tlio uii- luestioncil honour oi' ori^'inatiii*^ tlio fii-st sijsfeninllc and (i/v/«n »//;.';'./ ])lan for 1 ho suppression of .hiteni])eranee amongst the Western nations, in modern times. Here, as in the motlier land, it had been considered, by lej^islatoi's and Chri.stians alike, that tlie licence nnd supervision of the di-ink trallic, the pimisli- nent of drunkards, and the fining of transgressing pulihcans, hvere all thjit could bo done to repress intemperance, beyond the appeals of the moralist and the preacher. The people of the States, liowever, iintrammelcd by tlio [consei'vativi! and conventional habits of the old country, — un- Iburdened by the dead-weight of enormous pecuniary interests, -unvitiated as yet l)y the despotism of fashion aiul the reign [of an 'upper ten thousand,' — uncorrupted by the influx of wealth and luxury, of war, speculation, and the love of pleasure, j (which are more recent developments) — were not disposed to accept the great curse as a tiling absolutely necessary and in- evitable. Un the contrary, as a practical people, engaged in hewing out a new form of society and civilization, they set themselves to ascertain the rrd.sou of lliings being as they were, and fhtn t^trdiyhfinn/ began the Avork of reform. There vi re, [of course, great difficulties in the way, — of interest, prejudice, [appetite, and even fashion, — but these Avcrc neitlicr so inveter- late nor so vast as in Great Britain, where a new truth has to Ifight its way over strongly entrenched interests, and the social Jt'i/;//*' of a thousand years. Besides, "vvliat were difliculties to [the genius of a people who had just emerged, not only safely, Ibnt triumphantly, from a long and tciTible conflict for political jindependenee, and had become a nation of sturdy rejiubli- cans in spite of English king and oligarchy? So the notion of la needed refomi, cf a work to he dciic, liaving once been fairly linjected into the minds of the people, they pursued, and are JBtill pursuing it, -with unfaltering purpose, and it is to be jlioped, Tvith the steady, invincible zeal of their puritan fore- fathers. The occasions, rise, and advance of this remarkable 4, TEXT-BOOK or TEill'KUANCE. movoinont wc havo now succiticilj to rcoonl. Tlio enterprise lias had its six staj^es,* and is destined to its seventh, ere it reacli tlie culminating point which shall usher in the crowning epoch of civilization. I. § 127. There Avns the period of chaos, when darkncs> l^rooded over the elements of social lifo in the States. Thi freedom which the people exercised, at a period of gi'eat political and warlike excitement; the ahundanco of their means ; the cheapness of liquor, witli an almost open trnffii and other facilities for its ])urchase, — had produced their inevitahlo fruits. Notwithstanding national education and religious teaching, the country was overrun with intemporiince. the cities "were overllowed with disorder, the poorhouses lilled with paupers, the jails crowded with criminals, — armj, navy, and populace alike cursed with rum. Yet from the earliest period of the history of the States, the sale of li(juor had been looked upon with suspicion, and some of the worst forms of it absolutely proliihiti'd. In tlie town records of East Hampton, Long Island, foi 10.51, is an order of a town meeting, '• That no man shall svl' anil liquor hut fiv.ch ((s arr Jcpntcd thereto hij the town ; and sucli men shall not let youths, and such as arc under other men's management, remain drinking at unseasonable hours; and sucli persons shall not have ahnn' half a jtint at a time among four men." In l('»">r), the authorities "ordered, for the prevention of drunkenness among the Indians, by selling Strong AVater. i'V/-.s7, That no man shall carry any to them to sell, nor seiul tliem any, nor employ any to sell for them ; nor sell them any liquor /// the to^cii for the present drinking, above two dranu at one time ; and to sell to no Indians but such as are sent by the sachem, and shall bring a written ticket from him, irhicl shall be r/i'roi him hij th<' toa'ii, and he shall not have above a quart at a time." Bancroft, under the date of 1G7C>, has a summary of a nev constitution for Virginia, in place of the tyrannical one of tbi *1. A confiiPod i-iorceptiou of llic Evil. 2. Attempts nt rrpiiladun tli^ machinery of mischief. 3. Era of vapue Temperance, -i. That of .I/'.s^i- vence. 5. Tlio No-Iicencr Rgitatiou. G. The break-up of party-bomls air' tlie epoch of Prohihitire State Law. 7. Ahsoluto aud uuiversal prohibition of the manufacture and sale by the National ll'iU. Tlio onlerprisc scvontli, ore il 1 the en )wniiif: t'hcn dai'kiies> States. Th( >riod of j^i'cai lance of their st open tra!li( )rodnccd their education and ; intempcrnnco. orhonses filled ,— arnij, nary, )m the earliest i(luov had been Di'st forms of it ug Island, foi man shall sd' '■(i-jt ; and sncli r other men's •urs ; and sncli le amonn^ fom :ho prevention •^irong "Water, sell, nor send Isell them any |ve two dranii- LS are sent by |m him, ir/iicl- have above n [ary of a ne^v al one of tin rcfjulatint/ ih Tluit of Abstl- barty-bonds an'. [rsal proliibitioi: NATIONAL INTEMPEKANCE AND THE REMEDY. . firistocratic-proprietary. "NVc quote the last sentence and the jippcndcd note from Ilenincr. " 'Tld' yiilc (if iui)u:s II ltd anlnif {ijiirils vaf^ filn^nlnfi'hi pruliihiled ((f V'lt ill Jaiiii'xfiiit'ii, y I (illiii'ii'isr) Hii'oiiijhoiit file ivliolc coiudrij.'''' lleninfr, ii. I3G1 : "* OrdiiKini'i's to t^rll aud idler mans meafe, :^io}'se mcalc, hcer, and cyder, hut no other stroufj drinh whatsoever.''^ The ' History of Portland,' Maine, records that, " In Sept., ir.-^l. IM Scacomb -was licensed to keep an ordinary in Fal- mouth.' The order of the court is as follows: — ''In answer to the d(>sire of the selectinen of Casco, in Mr Seacomb's bc- lialf for licence to keep an ordinary there, the court, consider- iuLT tlie necessity thereto, do (jraiit a llbertii and tleoice t<> be iiriudid unto said Seacond) to keep a public house of entei'tain- meiit for said town /(*/• the i/ear ensuhig ; ho providint^ for it as ilie place requires by suitable accommodation, for stranf. " Select- men to cause reputed drunkards h> he poafcd ?'/)." " Any person convicted of cntertaininL;' any person named in such list, to drink or tii)i)le in his or her house, shall forfeit *J<>.<.," one moiety to the informer, and the other to the pool' of the town. Actft passed May, IGOo, h> Novc lahe r foUou'l u ij : — Ch. X. "Persons unable to pay the fiiu% In hr lehipf, pmrrr (,, Kelze drink fouiul in unlicensed houses;" and to forfeit, if more than reasonable for /"''/////// vse ! 1G08. Winiam III (lOtli year). Ch. viii. Penalty for cntertainiui^ nr'rvdiif.'i or vcrjrops. "Xo itihahitanf to continue in public-houses above onu linin', to sit drinkinij^." Penalty, lOo-'. on publican, 8.>\ 4'.?. on drinker, or stocks for four hcjurs. C>'rh'jic(if'' for one yijar; no person hi tipjjh' iiflvr 9 '/ ihe rhicl- in the u'njht tune* Tijlldixj nieu, to inspect, and be annually appointed. 1711. Anne. An Act against Intemperance, Immorality, and Profancness, and for Reformation of Manners. " For reclaiming' the n/vr (jr-'dt ininihr,- of licensed houses, many of Avhich are chieily used for revellinq' and tippling-, and become Nurseries of Intemperance and Debauchery indulged by the masters and keepers of the same, /(/<• the sake of gain." "List of names (of licensed pci'sons) to be transmitted to the selectmen, tnnJ ninie t<> he yi'iien-ed vho hare nof kept >/Oi>d order. Complaints to be heard and judged of before renewal. Common drunkards to ho j^osted up at retaihu's. * It is 173 years siiiL'o tlicse whimsical and absurd metliods were adopted in New England and failed ; and behold, in Old England, in November 1871, the Lnndon Times has still to talk after this fasliion : — " It is AX AI5USK that any public-house should be kept open for the sale of liquor after the hours at which honest people go to bed, or before the hour.-^ at which honest people can icant stinmlants." 4 NATIONAL INTEMl'ERANCE AND TUE REMKUV. sit (IrinkiiiL'' ICO, firo yt«t S(j i sell witlnjiit ; uul otlicr (Ic- iind to pi'vurul rccciviiii^ any 'l:<. " Seloct- " Any person 1 such list, <(» I'it -JO...," o,K> • of the town. 'liipf, pnirr,' to to Ibrfcit, if i<: /iiii'i', to sit drinker, oi- no iici'soii id '//ii'iKj men to poralitj, ami tscd houses, |i])pling, and [ry induln^cd \-c of (join." iismitted to '/ liCpt f/0(lij |re renewal. [were adopfed |vemberl871, n- the sale of bre the hour.-i 1720. Ccot'tjr. I. Tiivcrnrr fo forfeit debts for victuals or drinic I'lif nUu'e l/n'ii \i){>. 17iit). Taverner.s not to ^ive entertainments to h1', the distil- lation of irhidki) fvomvyc commenced in Western Pennsylvania. The same story is to bo told of the States of New York and Pennsylvania. A popular superstition aggravated the evil of social temptation. In 1805, the ' Evening Pireside,' published in Philadelphia, contained a series of papers on this topic, by John Watson, which were republished in 1810, in two volumes : entitled — ' Observations on the customary use of distilled spirituous liquors, particularly addressed to the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, and also to the people of the United States generally.' From these volumes we jot down a few facts : — 1700. In the autumn, fever and ague prevailed. "Nurses and attendants were recommended to use drams, either raw or sweetened, or mixed with bitters, as antidotes against otlensive and infectious smells." Once admitted as medicine, the use established itself as a ciisto)n. It became a symbol of hosjji- tality, indispensable at weddings and ' vendues ' (sales). "And as it had been customary in the parent country to give hot spiced wine, or ale and cakes at funerals, so hot rum and water, sweetened with sugar, became the substitute" (p. 7). " Actual drunkards and sots were alone considered as trans- 8 TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. i^'vessors, a)td tvcrii ivfcr'nn' (li'fjreo. was tleomod only as tlu; itcccfifdri/ nso " (p. 7). Li'^islaticju was then tricjd. 1710. No public-liouso to bo kept except the publican be llrst reconimendecl by the Quarter yessions to the governor for Ills //t'C ??(•(,'." 1721. ^Minors anil scrvanis protected against publicans. A meeting was called in tlie city to t:ike into consideration " the jiixcLid'niH. of tlie sale of spirituous liquors." Beer was pro- posed as a substitute ! 17-3. Bill introduced iu the House of Assembly for the I iiCdvriKjihtod of fUh'i'irs. But tho governor (Sir W. Keith) refused his consent. 1737. An eceenti'ic, illiterate, but earnest 'sailor,' Benjamin Lay, having seen the horrid eirects of rum in Barbadoes, jHiblishes a jjamphlet against it, as a thing tending "to destroy the people and ruin the country." 1711'. Grand jury present the enormous incrrasc of public- houses as ' (I, (jreal nnimaci' ' (Watson's .(?l*/ao?s of l*hihnhljj/iui, i. p. 4t]3). 1750. Tho largo quantities of liquors distributed at vendues hccamc an 'iiifuiifcsl an evil in its conscqueucv^', that pi.'titions "were presented to tho legislature, and an act was passed to prohibit the giving of spirits, under a penalty of £4 l\)V the first ofl'encc, and for the second and every subsequent offence, JE5. In ono instance, twenty gallons of rum were In Jisfill'ltinll lllfniji f/in'. Jn 177H, a tract of twelve pages appeared at Philadelphia, entitled ' Jteniarkson the Nature an I liad Elfeetsof Spirituous Li((U()i's, collected by Anthony J'enezet,' which l-'uvo the Mjtiuions ol' l)r (leo. Clieyne, and other J'lnglisli physicians. Alter detailing the evils ot" " these ////"'■/•;/"/ spirits," he asks — •JIow much, then, is it the bounden duty of thos(? wiio have it in their jiower to irUhJuild this destructive ^Man-bane, either ,;' .ispai-i'uts, masters, oria:Li:HS Of the peoi'LE committed to their ti'ustr" As the mantle of good illiterate Uenjamiii Lay fell on pious Anthony lienezet, so, in turn, his mantle descended upon that ILj'ood physician Jind patriot, iieiij. Uush, who hiis been right I3' called ' The ^lorning Star' of the Temperance Kelormation. AVatson puts the; ease thus, in reply to " the deleterious leasuuiiig with which self-interest endeavours to defend itself" " If nil tlio rjf'ccts that Imd arisen from the nso of a single hof^'shoad of ■iiirits Cduld he brminlit, to pass in rrricw, the spectacle woiiKl bo buUlcieut •jj PC t tie tlie point oi riglit or wronj^ " (p. '2'.)). " Tiio moKt powerful ohxtaclc to tlie propress of this good work Tof reform] i-i tlio coiitiiiuiti/ of a Cfrtniii description of storcH and taverns, culled diam- sliiips. The (pinntity of liquor dnuik by those who have a jirnpi iisity for it, ;•('// (iliraiitt In'ur koiik' proportinn to the j'acilHij of (jcttinj it. Tiiia fact is 'Uflicitntly proved by daily experience." Shortly before the declaration of Independence (July 4, I 1"~<">), the evil of dislill(ifio)i attracted the notice of the patriots. At their first Congress in Philadelphia, February 27, 1777, the . !bllowing resolution appears to have passed unanimously : — '' lii'solved, thai it bo recommended to the several lefjislatium in the jj Lnittd States immediately to pass laws the most etTectual for putting an v" immediate stop to the lurnicious practice of disHllinii uniin, by which the most extensive evils are likely to be derivv.;!, if not quickly prevented." Dr 13. Franklin, Dr Benj. Rush, and other signers of the Declaration of Independence, were members of tliis congress, in .March, 1788, an act passed the Legislature of New York State, entitled "An act to lay a duty on strong liquors, and for till' hviter rcijiddt'ton of inns and tavenis.^^ It provided that the Commissioners of Excise should not grant permits to any person to sell strong drink and spirituous liquors for the pur- pose of keeping a tavern, unless it should appear to them that such inn or tavern was necessary for the accommodation of i\ 10 TKXT-BOOK or TEMPERAXCi:. 1;: :U: travcllurs, and that tlio person applying for the permit was of ffO'id cli(iraclfr ; and that no person should sell strong drink, or spirituous liquors, to h<' drank in Itin laiusc, irifhont j!rs( enleri)"i 'tido a recoiju'i-^ancc not io l-ri'p d d(,ranee Soeiety of modern times. TIu Ffdcnd ][i'r
<\), ])rinted ut Lansingburgh. New York, notices the fact in these words : — " Upwards ot" "iOO of the most respectable farmers of the county of Litehiield, Connecticut, have fo^'uied an o.<,\ which idtiinately bectnne the btisis of a radical reformation. After combating tho errors of poj)ular oj)iiuon, and enumenit- ing some of tho chief discjises engendered by tho vsc of ardent spirits, lie snys : '" it would take ti volume to describe liow much other disorders, natural to the humioi body, are inci'(\ased and complicated hj them. Ecery ttjivcicn af uijlaiiihiaturij (unl pidr'nl j' C' r i.< rendered more frequent eoid more dedu/erons bij flie use of ■■le. About three years afterwards it was read at n ministers' ineetinj:;. In deferi.neo to tlie jud^'nunt of my brethren it is now piven to the inihlie." Isaiah V. 11. "Tlie censure of the text falls upon every excess which tra(h to this shameful vice. Many who have never been seen to stag;^er with strong; drink may truly be dennminated dnnilmrds l)cg\ni "' (p. o). " There are some whose foiubnss for strong; drink is kejU under such exact restraint as scarcely to be perceived, even by their iutiuiatc acquaint- ance. 13y d(.,i,'rees this InrkinLT ]iropensity prows into strcii^ith " (p. 4). "A mail who had establi.-hcd a tippling-house, was about to erect his * Hope, too, in the shape of ]u'ohibition, at last came to the drunkard. The followiiif^ was advertised in the papers of the day. We may hear in it the heart-voices of thousands of victims, crying to society, as all men cry to God: * Deliver u^ frniii tiinptation!' " Whereas, the subscriber, throufjh the pernicious habit of drinkiui:, has preatly hurt himself in purse and person, and rendered himself odious to all his acquaintance ; and tindinfr there is no possibility of breakinp otTfroni the said practice hut throiKjli tlw iiiiji'^xaUiililn toiiiidttie Uijiior, tie therefore begs and praijit tliat no j^ei'son will sell him for iiionei/, nr on trimt, any Kort of xiurituuu:^ liiiiiors, as he will not in future pay for it, but will prose- cute any one for an action of damaj^'o apainst the temporal and eternal interests of the public's humble, serious, and sober servant, " Jamks Ciialmehs. " Nassau, June 2Sth, 1795. "Witness, William Andrews." NATIONAL INTEMPERANCE AND THE ItEMEDY. 13 Dfossion, and, 'otluccil tlicsc ■irculalioM.) Joid'creucc of ition : — )iii"(,'rcnco, do ians, not only ■stives, except uco others to od, that ilielr n])eranco and i i'oUowing is Ly Ehknezei; 'ii'lii)ii, Conn, IS12 ; p. IG.) )w, v:ith a bottle II tliis place. In nviii^f discouiso aids it was read ly brethren it is •y excess which sei'ii to stagj^'er " •' (p. ''). icjit under sucli mate acquaint- ' (p. •!)• )Ut to erect his the druidiard. may liear in it all men cry to t' drinking, has uHtlf odious to •aking otT from ir, Jw tlirrrfore • on tntat, any hut will prosc- al and eternal ClIALMEns. Andrews." f pign. and requested his neighbour's advice what inscription to put on it. I The man roj'lied, 'I advise you to write on it, BKar.AUS madk IIkue.' " Si'ii'-cd lung ago [before Shakespeare] asked, ' Why let in a thief at the mouth to steal away the brains?' Vain arc sermons against tippling, while it receives countenance from the prdcticc of sober and respectable men. " In the healthifst parts of Connecticut, the average number of deaths is till,' (lut of 100 annually. Assuming one-fifteenth part of the deaths is occa- i-i'ined by .s7)/;v7>-, 170 die every year in the State from this cause ! What other single cause is so destructive ? Probably no other nation, ancient or modern, in proportion to its whole population, ever had so many male and female drunkards as this. Certainly, in no other have tlie means of iiito.rieiitiiin heen procured vith f!o iinich facility/, and used with so little restraint by all sorts of people "' (p. lo). "Where arc our sister Roiuiblics of ancient and modern days ? They hav<' all perished by one fatal disease — the moral corruptimi of their citizens. Do you suppose that our safety is suspended on the intervention of miracles? Do you hope that the stated course of human events will bo in- verteil for our preservation ? Be not deceived. We are rushing into the ^anle gulf of licentiousness where other free governments have expired. Alriadif vice 'lilts its head' without shame or fear, and /n'J.s' (/<;/i(mfe ^> ei'Utnil. Already the laws which were provided in better days, we are <;r'.n\]y t(M,ra)niot he executed.' Our executive officers shrink from their high beirustments as guardians of the jiubHc welfare, and yield to the preva- lence of iniquities which they have not fortitude to withstand. You know llmt this is the language of truth and fact. " Where are those venerable ma[.'istrates, whoso purity in principle, and ; decision in action, gave dignity to ollico and energy to the laws ? i I *• These suns are set : Oh, rise some other such ! or all that's past Is em]ity talk and old achievement, '- And despair of new."' I'Sll. Tl>i' Si'h.-tl.nici' of Tti'i) 7)/>v'/>?//ww 0)1 rnf''riipnmvr'\ de- livered at Xatiek, by the late P»ev. Stki'Iiex BADiiKi;. (Boston: S. T. Annstronrr, 50, Cornliill, 1^11; i)p. 21.) Kpli. V. Is'. ''Let it be your ])i-ayer to be fdlcd with the ■ '""/ .■^j)i'rlf -whicU tlie Tiospel Ijrcallics, to abound in those iruits whieli are produced by the Divine Spirit, for /// fhr.-^f III' re is HO (hiiiiji'i- of c.ece-^.^ : tlie influence of this spirit will eiiuble you to restrain your animal propensities, and to keep tlirin ill proper subjection to the liiirher power of reason, and b) the precepts of Cod's word." lie asserts, liouevor, that ilic text does not rciji'irc total jd)stiiience; but "innards ai^ainst usiiio' iluMu if) such II thijrci'u^ to injure health, inijiair strength, and III inii/iitcasiir<' indispose and unfit us for the conscientious disclifiro\. of the duties of life and relio'ion. Let us renieni- btr that the exact boundaries b,'tw(>en sobriety and intern- pevancc arc so iniprrccjiflhlc, like the shades in a pictur(; or the Colours of a rainbow, that it is diilicult precisely to determine 14 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMrERANCE. wiicro tlic one fiuls ami llic oilior hccrins ; find tliai, tlirrcforo, it Aviil be ilio vi.-mperancc Society was instituted in Moreau, Saratoga Co., N.Y., on the ISthof Api'il, 180S, under the a])])ellation of 'The Inion Temperate Society of ]\Iorcau and iS'oi'thumberland.' ])r IJilly J. Clark (onlj^ lately- deceased) Avas the originator of this t^dcial v.ii'niu for suppressing the tyrann}^ of ttnciol cnsiom. The eflbrt, however, remained local, thouixh indicating the wholesome fermentation going on in the juildie mind. (See note, p. ir)l>.) President Jelferson said, a little before his death : — " "Wtvo I to commence my fidministration n{:^ain, vitli the knowledge \\iiicli, from experience, I Inive acquired, the first question I would ask witli reirnrd to every jniblic candidate for public oilice should be, Is lie addicted to tin' use of ardent spirit:^ f " The late Mr E. C. Delavan gave this testimony : — " I know of two liisliops who fell through wine, both brother?. I know of one drink; wliole goblet of sacramental wine as his part, and then going from imunion table and disgracing himself with women ; for wliich he wi, ._cd and unseated." Prof. Leonard Woods, D.D., Andovcr, said, in 183G : — " I remember that at a particular period, before the temperance reforma- tion commenced, I was able to count up nearly /orfy ministers, and none of Ilk il "l d % NATIONAL INTEMPERANCE AND THE REMEDY. 1. af, til ore fore, istaiico from it qr) to sc /• ('(1 liquors of vooords that rest (M I in the • tlio purpose ion of I'-nrt/n/ latter ohjcct '" iiu'srri/ any other social law. In 1818-10, the authorities of Xc\v York larg'cly reduced the numher of rrfai'l grog-shops. Il 1820, the report of the Society lor the Prevention of Pauper- ism in New York cites this testimony of the mayor: " Tlu elfect is very ol)vions ; drunken people are mucli seldomci seen in our streets. It has had a very important influence on the morals of the comraunity, and lessened the number ot crimes. Crimes have numerically decreased, and com])ara. tively have very greatly diminished. Tliis great hencjlt /o ///■ cuiiiuivniti/ is chietly to bo imputed to the suppression or ^^ MANY OK THi:si; poison-shops, where a man might buy nm. onougli to make himself beastly drunk for f no e.a'i'ptional city at that time; it was a type of the wholi country. The curse had eaten into every department of life; — the church, the college, the camp, and the 'change, the marine and the civil service, were alike infected. The ]iolitieo-eeonomical relations of the question just befon the birth of the national movement, in 182('», i^iay be gathered from calculations published, in 18"27, by Judge Cranch : — li' UNrrr.T States. — " Annual ciMisnniption of i-qtirits, 72,000,000 gallons: cost t(i consumers, !?18, 000. 000. The number of drunliiuds, 375,000 ; at least I'M) (lavs of their work annually lost to the St;ite, v.hich may be ostiniated at I?-"), 000,000. 37,500 drunkards annually die, their lives abridged by ten years on the average. Loss to the State (reckoning the ])rolit ol their labour, liad they been Boher, at 8"0 a year), 81:5,000,000. Tli.' ox])cnses of criminal justice amount to ."^7,000,000 a year. Drunkenness ]irouuces three-fourths of the criminals, hence ,^5,000,000 more to tlio debit of intemperance. Pursuing these calculations on the same princiiilc as regards tiie poor, \vho liecomc so thnaigh drunkenness, the loss of tin- labour of the criminals shut up in prison, etc., probably 8100,000,000 sterling is the total loss suilered by the ccuntry ia couscqucucc of tho uso of strong drinks." XATIOXAL INTHMI'ERAXCE AND Tlfr: KKMKDV. 17 c is a licensed 'o dniiikonness. on as certain a> uritios of Xcm (•rog'-sliops. L. tiou of Pauper % Tlic popiiliiiion at tliis time did not exceed 12,000,000. Wine, cidi r, and beer were not included in tlies(( estimates. § l:!f. To sliow how education, nnd other social }iii.narp(ift, hiivc failed to cure the evil, it nuiv be well to compare these fiic;s with tlie eonditiou of thiijo;s iinii\ after -lO^'cars <»f temper- ance aLritat ion, and It) years of prohibition in several States, mayor: '■' Tlu TlinULi'li some districts possibly drink as much now as then, and others certainly consume far less, yet the result is not nat ionally satisfactory. As to the consumption of lirjuors in the United States, Dr. Ei'\\'Ai;ii VoiNi!, chief of tho bureau of statistics, has written as I'lillows : — WAsniKGroN, Aufjust ICdIi, 1871. 31 V m:aii Su!, — I have tlio honour to (icknowledpo tho ivccipt of your letter (if tho Ith iiist., iiMvhic'h you rcqaost a stiitoiucut of the iif,',i,'rof^ati' animal vahio of tlie sah'S of liquors in tlio United States. Tal)los lu'cparcd b;. i;io on tlic suhject wore i)nl)Iisho(I in tho Appendix to tho Ittiiort of the 6l'< ciiil Coniniisisionor of tiio Revenno An- ls(>7. In tho ahsonro of accuititc data, tho fdlkiwin-^ is an estimate of tho sale ai liquors in tho United States durincj tho liscal year ended .June '60, 1871 : — much seldoraci mt influence oi, the number ot and com para- at henojit to th> 'PRKSSION 01' Si' lig-ht buy vm\\ ntsr ButsucJ! >• whim, moral id -was itself .S( demoralizing 1^ upon its iierv prosperity. It le assaults and S^ew York, and 1 from tho do- sue proclaimed 'ew York ■wa> of the whoK department ol e "change, tlu on just before y be gathered ) ranch : — 000,000 gallons; Ills, .H75,000; at , v.hich may be eir lives abridged 1^ tho prolit of :5, 000,000. Tli>^ r. Drunkenness DO more to the e same principle tho loss of the ly .SI 00, 000, 0(10 ucnce of tho us: J\-l,islcv-r)0,OnO,0!M) rrallons, at -^G retail Inil>()rt.(l spirits— 2, .",011,001) rrallons, at .-^lO retail Imported wine — 10,700.000 fjallons, at •";f5 retail Alo. beer, and portor— r,,;j00,0ii0 barrels, at •'^20 retail ... Kative brandies, wines, and cordials — quantity unknown ; estimated value ... Total .-~;ir>i),ooo,ooo •J.",.00(),Ono ;';5, .100,000 1:50,000,00 J 31,500,000 $=(;oo,ooo,ooo A^ a ]ironf of tho correctnosg of the above, it may be stated that, during,' Iho last tiscal year, the receipts from n fail liquor-doiilers who paid -25 each ■for jioonce, amountod to •■?:}. 050. 0(H), indieatiii.L,' that there wore 11(1,000 jtt tailors of liquijr in the United States. By includin;:? those who escaped Jjii.vin^' licence fees, estimated at 4.000, the number is increased to 150,0()0, *'!i'>. (Ill iui avoraf,'e, sold at least ■-'i.OOO worth of liipiors each, making ^i'i(i(l.Oi)ii,000. These lif:;uro3 arc sulliciently startling, and ncoi^l no ex- :trati()n. .S'/,r JniiKlnuI ;j((7//o?i.s nf (lilldy.-i! The minds of fow persons ^;m coniprehond this vast sum, which is worse than wasted every year. It; mid i)ay for 100,000,000 barrels of flour, averaging? 2?, barrels (jf flour |u every man, woman, and cliild in the country. This flour, if placed in fau'rrona, ten barrels in each, would re(piiro 10,000,000 teams, whicli, "' 'wiii;,' ei','ht yards to each, would extend 15,155 miles, iif arly twice round |lif eartli, or half way to tlio moon ! If the sum were in -^l notes, it would ikt 100 persons one year to count them: [or 1 person 100 years]. If Ipread 011 the surface of tlie ground, so that no spaces should lio lefc between llie note?, the area covered would be 20,110 acres, forming a parallelogram Y liy a little over 5.^ miles, the walk round it being more than 22 i miles ! The iiilhix of Chinese has introduced a new luxury, viz.: Opium, pre- pared for smoking, the importation of which for tho last liscal year was* p,121 lbs., of tho value of ^1,02G,'J15. B 18 TEXT-BOOK OF TKMI'ERANCE. \l m Til lf^»!7, not less than 000,000 kegs of lager-beer wck brewed in Mlhi'tmh-rr^ ^liehigun. Nkw York Stati:. — The carefully prepared statistics of tin Prison Association show that there were, in I8G0, 21,'Jli licensed li(pujr shops, and al)out ('»,riiO churches. SiATiSTK's or Ni:w Yoi;k ('hy, 18(jS. — The whole nuinhf of ])laces where liquors arc ])ubliely retailed in this city i 5,'Jo:;. Each rum-hole receives a daily average of lot visits, making an agun'cgale of 01)7,20*2 j^er day, -l-jHSU, 1M< per week. or 'J.l»:»,7n1,''j2S visits in one year! ]"]a('h visit averages a least l-"* minutes. 7'A/,s' (jira^ kx .5,4>')-"'>,()n.'') (Jui/.'i of lO hour- each, or IH-IS years, the whole value and life of a man from tli- birth (»f the Saviour up to noAv I At ])resent wages, each oik if sober and industrious, would earn v^l ])er day, or .S-""),!-^,*!!!.' in one year. JJut this is not all. The time of at least thrii persons is occu])ied by each grog-sho]) to do its work. Thi> gives us 15,001) persons, — enough to nuike a c'ity. At il per day for each, we have (excluding Sundays), Si-, '^70,01 'S, or an aiifn'reffate t)f !i^li>.o2-"j.0lo of wasted time bv seller aiiu driidver, — a sum suilieient to carry on all the Sunday-school. jNIissionary, Tract, and Jiiblo societies in the land. J Jut thi^ is a mere fraction of the cost of rum. J-lach rum-liole rcccic» in nu)ney a daily average of i? Ml, making an aggregate 0! S70;],'J8O per week, or ^o'-'j'JStl^.yjU per annum, —to which add the value of lost time, and Ave have ):i!l8,01"J,ll'2. — The total number of arrei^ts by the police for the year ending October. 18(iS. was 98,8(51, of wliich -50,844 were for intoxication ami 11 sore lerlv com luet. in. § loo. At the opening of the century, the social conditioi: of the States was gloomy enough, but still the friends ol morality and order worked on. Trum]iet notes were lieani over wide districts of the country, indicating the existence oi a hope and a purpose, Avhicli only needed to be known in order to become mighty by association. 1811. Dr Hush presented the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Clmrch convened in Philadel])hia, with lOOi' copies of Ivis 'Inquiries.' The synod, in consecpience, passed re m I'; I I'! I * Since the passafjo of the Metropolitan Excise Law, Vihich prohibits tin Bale of litpior on Sumlaj', the Siuulay arrests for drunkenuesa have been reduced nearly one-half, and about 300(J of the Avorst rum-holes closed altogether. NATIONAL INTEMl'EKANCH AND THE KEMKDV. ID {Xer-bccr wen L'ltistics of i]\< 1803, 21,24. Avliolo imin1)(" II this city i- •(.[' Hit visit> III pel' Avcek, it avcnitj^c'S a '_;/>' of lO liiiii,'- I, miiii from tli' nu'cs, (>acli oiH, , or .S'lj'l-M,*"''-*' at least thm s Avork. Ilii- city. At 5>1 s), 8-t,«ru,0n-. hy selk'i' am; Siiiiday-scliool. iiul. -Hut tlii^ lu-liolo l^l'(^c!i^> I nn^fi'ivcatc c: -to which add fj.— Tlio tota! ding October. Itoxieatioii and |)cial conditio!; Ihc friends ol L's were heard e existence ol liown in order Mubly of tlif L with lOOi' hence. passed ell prohibits the luesa have beeu im-holc3 closed iiresohitiiin aiitliorizing a coinniittco to correspond and act in Ooncert with any persons wlio niiiy (i. purpose ol avert in'.: " tl"' threatening niisehiel's expi'rii'Mced thi-oiighout our eiiiintrv by the excessive nso of spirituous li(juors," and to leiiorf. Ill 1-^12. a report was a(h)pti'd, wliieli \'eeoniinen(kHl a// jjinisters of the; Presbyteriiin Church f" ilrUm' pidilic (//s^vih/wx SB ol'te liabits whicli may have a h itil> m-ij to proiJiicr'" intemper- iiticf. and to circulate sermons and tracts against the "-•'' ol" isrdent spirits. J[ei'e we ])erceive the importance of associated fjliirt ri-inu'' into view, and the cini. J h,-ti'ii>(j;oi;i;, ]Ministcr of that ttlace. (Hoston: ]irinted for the ^lassachusetts Society fur I'i'omoting Christian Knowledge, 18 11, ])p. 21.) " 'J'ln' text is, ' Be not drunk witli iriiir, irlii'rri)i is excess' (Epli. v. LS| ; pit the jinaclicr foolishly ai)i:lies the ir In re in to the ' vi rl) ' insteiul of the ♦Vi.'un,' iis it' excess and drunkenness wen; not one and the same ! Yet lir kys down a rule, which interpreted bij the fact, as in l)r E. Sniitli's mperiuients, brin;j;3 ahatinence from int'oxicatin;.,' liquors with it— namely, 4 u-iiifj them in such a deforce as to obstruct the regular, free. lull exercise of reason nnd understanding." lie entreats the ifoxDin ho ket']) at a distance from the intoxicating cup; to avoid all cmnineree jaul xneii'tji with those who show a love for strong drink," but imnie- Battly afterwards sinks into the idatitude which it is the object of the txt to overturn. He says, ^' abstain fi-on). the pernicious /•/(•('," instead of ^tain from that pernicious liqnor (wlierein is the very princii)le of excess) which slowly, insidiously, but siu'ely creates the vice, lie says also to De Citizens, " it is your duty to prevent your children from freiineiitinii irir)i.<. Tavern>i tcere never drsiipied for tdirn-diciUer.i"; and to the lul'iican, "you do not keep close to the original design of your appoint - Viit to this business, which is almost entirely for the refreshment and Jcomiuodatiou of those who are journeying." l'^12. A J\>\formaii(m of 'Mnnd.-i rracHcallc and Indi'ft- j(/(>"/7»?. A Sermon delivered at Xew Haven in the evening ^ Uetobor 27, 1812. By Lyma.v ]}Et:ciii:K, M.A., Pastor of 10 tir.st Church in Litchtield. (Andovcr : Flagg and Gould, frintirs, 181-1. 2nd Ed., pp. 32.) This is a vigorous sermon, only incidentally, however, 'fLiring to the drinking system. The preacher s.iys :— 20 Ti:xr-r.ooK or ti:mi'Ki;.\nck. ki *' Otlicr «H(»r)if!. . . From their vi^'ilance and iirnnijititude tlie <,'ro',vin^' vice? of tlio day Were cIk eked, insomuch that it was so(in found ditiicuit to detect ii siii;,'!e crimiiiai in the streets and markets, where a little before lioriiJ oaths, cursis, and ini];recations niii,dit be heard diiy aiiil ni;^'ht. Multitude of druid^ards, iirofaiiers of the Lord's day, besides hundreds of disorderlv iionses, /(•(/•(• hiuuiilit ti) Ju.tticr, niid xU( It oyicn rici's KUpjirifiscd. Tlici^'. ussociatioiiH soon extended to most of the jiriiicipal towns and cities of tin nation, to Scotland and Ireland, so tliat a f,'reat part (jf the kingdom hnve lieeii awakened in some measure to a sense of duty, and tliciflj!/ a vinj Jiopt'j'itl pidiircsn in iiiiuli' towarda l hiorul viilitid, prepared to act upon every emergency, and repel ever encroachment uiuni the liberties and morals of the Ktatc. By tbel' numbers they embolden the timid, and intimidate the enemy. " Our rices arc diijijiuii the ijrave of our liberties, and preparing to cntoin': our glory. "NVe may sleep, but the work goes on." 1813. Cousti'fnfion of the ]\[assac7iiiscffs Sociefj for tl Supprrssioi of Intempcraiicc,iind Reportof tho Board of Counsel prepared for the Anniversary of tho Society, INIay 28, 181o (Jjoston: Printed by T. Armstrong, 50, Cornhilb) Part H runs thus : — " The object of the Society shall be to discounte- nance and suppress the too free use of ardent spirit, and it:i kindred vices, profaneness and gambling." NATIONAL INTEMPEUAXOU AND TIIU UKMi;! Y. 21 crownod ultli jil)i)iit ltJ'.*7, ti' ' laws." (Sim i\v( r, iit 11 tiiui nll:iMlry to Ix lr>|)is(' scri'iii- s, niul till' iniliin. Iiiir ;_'r<>mi(l, Inr ;iety, coiiiUHUcii:; s nl' finiiiciicc iu ■3 Wire loniuil ii. cvtry i)rol'tHsi(/ii. till' iii'i--^t Kiiiiiinini tlio «,'ro\viiig vice? 1 aiHuMilt tij tlftic; ttlo bfl'i)VO homl li^jlit. Miiltitiiik' mis (if (lisordiily 'Ijqinxscd. The?': 1 anil cities of tlu tlic kingdom have ud (lirii'hii a unj lin)i." (Sec tl: Ciiitf Justice c Y must 1)0 brouf,'!.; !uul tilt' l)Oiulaf,'e. )ii (if ]iublic pui'.: Till y are initch 3 the; approach c. iiul (lifl'nsc inor' f puli'.ic opini':. 11 ns clangoi'ou- (1 accn?tom tl;c:- Hdit of discipliiU' iuul ropel ever State. 13y tbci; my. .'pariuKtocntom' ociefy for ^/ ard of Counstl May 28, 181o ill.) Part II c to discounte- spirit, and it; The i'l'ii \v;is not 3-(^fc gotici'ally i,^ra>p mI, tliiif ll'O oporallon 1)1 1 1 it wa ©f tlic (li'ink was tlu' () ol \\\r. Mno li'('(> use l)t'L'"iii!iiiiu" '" '"' P<'''^'''i^''''l- '''"' lIouS. I)i'vU'rw;is L'ft'>idi'nt , Uti'l Dr.li'liii Warren V'icc-Prcsitlciit. Aimoiil;- tlic comisi'llors Vciv .Inliii liiitlirtiji, IJ.I-)., Saimu'l Woi'CM^stci", D.l)., .Icvi'minli J"^\;n'ts; liiii'tiiirst tlio itiL'inhcr.-^ wo liud the riiiiiics of W. I'L Cliaiiiiiii'j', iil'terwards so celebrated; ])[• lu'iih;-!! I). Miissey, of .^aliiii. .loliii TapiJan, and Dudley A. Tyiin". 'I'lie aim is tlm> >t;ited: — '''J'o render it rrpufuhh' lov \ii\>n\w\i\<^ pe()[)le,and tlmx' wii'i riiiploy l:d)i)iirers, to substitute I'm' daily uso ^ood anil wlmlesonie drinks in ' of pei-iiicious liipiDrs, atid fdi' .'ill elii^ses of p;M)pl(! to /■r/'/v'/zt I'roiii the j)i"U'tiei' di' dllerin'^ nnlenl spirit to all who conio into tlieir houses; ^•I'adiially, in in W'li'il. •-'' /" .7 "'' >'p'>ii inihlic iijiitiiiiii I'liil I'ji^iii iji'.iK'i'iil Ifihil-i, s, ci'e Ioiil;', to array them ai^ainst inleinperanci' and its kiu- di'nl vice-;."' The following,' inlornrition oeeurs on p. 7: — f " Otll'inl iiitclli','onco has h^^oa ^ivcu to tho hoard of tlio oxiston:;i\ i:i ftliis coininomvi-altli, of two sociotiorf, one at l*(>rtl!iiid, tliu otlu^r at Saco :i(Mai;iC'), instituted for purposo^ in accordance witli tlio desii^'ii of thi^ , Institution. Till) society at Purtland was at tirst de.-ii^ned hy way of 5 cxperiiueiit f'lr one year. Durln;,' tlio year it operated with coiisidLi'ahle. '\ ctl'ect ; and at the closo of the year, a few weeks a^o, its contiimaiico was ; iiiuiiiiino;i-ly voted. The operations of the society at S;ico have hoeu ; vi^oi'iiiis and siici'issful. The IJoard has also been informed of _//rc vr sir ^. otiii'r siici( tics of a similar kind, respectable in nunihcrs and character, ainl i of Very ( iico'.ira;,'in^,' proini?^e.* In Coiuict'ticiit a j^riieral society similar to ] ours is fui'niin^,' ; and in the ini])ortant statu of New York a similar institii- jti i!i is in Serious contemplation." Ill this year !^[r l']varts, as editor of Hn' Vinioplld (Boston), |]MiblisIied six ex'jollent articles on ih(! fojiieol'the new relbrni. I Ail A'l'/rr--'-^ fi) tin' Churches (iiiil t'iiinji-c'j''li'iii.-^' nf fhi; lV'y/» /,t ihislrirl n/ F„!rj{rJ,l Cnnitij. (Xewllav'on: IS]';}, pp. :}2.) 'riiis address was chiefly written by tho ilev. l[eniaii Jliini- iilirrv, iiud ei)nt;iins the ctirliest distinct oniinciatioii of the (loL'triiiu of total abstincuco IVoni all intoxiciints, and of tin; (■ i;n|)leiiiontary remedies for intemporance. I'ho whole (pu'stioii. , is lucidly treated, as a few pussti^'os will show : — . "■ Ih IloweU Gardner, in the New York Ohsn-rn- (Marcli '.). istl), states |t!iat iie and a lew other friends orrtani/.cd, on the principle of total abstinence; Ifriiiu spirits, tho Society of Gn'fiijirlil, Saratoga Co., N.Y., on tl.o third hVednes.liiy in April, LSOit. Ho states, tliat in isll, they republished a |paiii]i!ilet advocatiuj^ that i)rinciplo ; that in 1S1."> \\u built tho dwolliiif.'- IhuusL' iu whicli he resides, by sjiecial contract that no ardent spirits should jbc- furnished to the men ; and that ho has worked his farm on tliat principle ! since ls08. 00 TKXT-IJOOK OF TKMPEUANCE. •A *u i •' Tiic ravnfTfH nf tliin sin nro niily strcniiH — linMhiiil iliinkiti^' i« tlip f iimfiiiii : mill wliilc the fuiiiitiiiii iciimins, tlic Ikiiu- of sf(i)i|iiii'„' tlic stroniiis \a viiiii — tlic lidpi- of nil iil( 111. \Vi re the |>i( sent rare nf ilninl;;irils nimilii- latfil T'oiu tlic ciirtli, wniiid not our hn'iil.i iiiiikc iiii'Vc? liow jmii,' Idfuic iiiiotli( r c/op woulil sprint,' up to biinUii our lainl, liliisl our welfare, mul (iiultiply widows (iiid orpluiiiH anion;; us? Tlicsc rnva;,'cs tlio world liiis seen— lias looked on witli astoiiislinK nt, iind despaind of a rniu ily. Citizen afhr eilizeii lias liefoiiie intected- and ni.tlijn'^' is done. J)rinkin;4 has rapidly iucreaHcd, //// //'/»«/• /s m ryirlii'n'. No otlier jnople ever indul^ied sn iiriiverHally, from the lii;,diest to tlie lowest, in tlieir use of ardent spirits, ns tho jieoplc of (lii.'i coiiiitrv — /.<•. tlie free, educate.], nnd rdi^'ioiisly dis- ciplined citizens of New Kni,dand. l)rnnisliops arc multiplied, so that, in a Cliristiiii. land, tlicsc nltavs of Dacidms iuinu asunilily outmimltir tin- tiiuples of tlic living,' Clod, Not only do »((» drink, liut »-i)»/(H also ; and even fhililn ii arc early itiitiiitcd into the schools of intemperance. Their natural antipathy to spirits is (dieated anil overcome iiy a plentiful ndmi\- tiu'c of sweet, 'i'hus the harrier which nature hascroctcd to keep them frmn drunki'iiness, a i>arent's iiaiid icmovcs. If present curses are continued, is it not evident tiiat drunkiiiness will spread and proj^'rcss, till nouu cuu out- ii'unher ita victims, imr mensurc its mischiefs?" Uiuli'i* Part ir., vww is shown to l)o dcstitiitt' ol' iiuiiiisli- incut, biul ill Wiinntli, uiid daiif^crous in ext'-einc cold. *' Sonio few scattorinp individuals nro still loft that use no spirit; ninl thoy arc noted in their neijihhouihonds for tiriiiii out all tlnit lith'iur irith thfiii. . . . Jiook hack to the third !,'eiieriitioii, when liijuor, in the liehl of lahonr, was utterly unknown, il'lutt wan then the work »f oiir (hni,noio rrqairi'^ lira fur its porfonxaiwr. The w(dl attested accounts of what their ^'randfat hers dill, the present i^'eiieratioii re;,'ards as the mere fahles of doting old aj^c. Let them attempt tho i>iecc which was their <,'randfatlicr"fl day's work. At night, while they looked round with vexation upon wiat was not tinished. they would find whether the present j^emratiou had heeii made strouj^ or weak hy rum. If ardent si)irits assist in study [brain- work |, why is it tliat in tho Colle;_'es of New Kii;,'land, ardent sjnrits aro /()^(////;';'o///7>/V.'(/ hy a permanent lav,'? . . . l»riiikini: s]>irit is a t,'radual descent, where every inch increases the deidivity, and (juickeiis the progress, so that none turn again, neither take they hold on the ]>aths of lite. Look to the whole history of drinking, and if it does not give to these conclusions the clearness and force of demonstration, what could?" Part 1 1 r. cxponnds tlio ravao^os of .s'//-oy/'/ (Irinl- (both wiiic and spirits) in rci,'ai'd to lieidth, tciiiper, iindcrstiuidino-, pro- porty. and perdition. In ISlO, not. loss tlian thirty-three and a half millions oi' gallons of distilled liquors, Avere consumed by seven and a quarter millions of people — or nearly four and u half <^allons of spirits (to say iiothinLj of beer, wine, and cider) to every man, woman, and child in tho nation ! This distilled and bnrnino- spirit, would till a canal forty-two miles long, ten feet wide, and two feet deep ! Hcnv deeply must such a beverage have drained away the vitality, and dulled the moral sense, of the people. NATioN'Ai. iNTi:Mri:i;A\ci; and tiii: imimmdy. 23 ilriiikiii;; i-^ \]\o <]'\t\:: till- sfnntii-! niiil;iirilH nniiiln- IliiW lilll^' lllfiHV our welfare, mi(l World lilM seen — ly. Citizen iit'nr kiii^; lins rnpidly ■vcr iii«liil;.'(il ti) iinlciit s|iirits, ns rilij,'ioiisly (lis- Iiliid, S') fliilt, ill oMtiiiiiiilK r tlk- rmiir)! also ; ninl i]KTniu'o, Tiicir ]>lriitil'iil admix- ) kei p them I'ldiii nvv eoiifiiiued, in ill none can out- c of nouiisli- .-old. ■> no Piijrit ; niid lint liihniir irith luor, in the llild of mil' (tint, >iiiii' ,ts ot' what tlieir fnliles of doting idfiither's diiy"H Ml wiiut was not ad been made study [braiii- eiit sjiirits aiv rit isa<,'radnal the in-o;:;rosg, ^ of lite. Look so ctinclusions n,, ■;n I I\'. pi'iu'ccils I » consider ''wind ciin be done lo I'cinovi' he evils iili'iit'l'i i'l'If ; lo check the torrent tliat is s\vce|)inof us cfc is H lliwiiy. !iiid i\vy iij» tht> stre:inis by wliich it is fed il!ie >i!.'iiitie!int juid io lis insti'iietive I'jiet, that insteiid of tlio |f; ciilai* ;nnl rcH^'ioiis ('(hicMtioii of Xew Mno-lnnd havini; /*/•«'- •■ /,/. / iiiteinperancc, it was the most liitjfhiy ediicate(l States of ill the world, that, eighty ye.ii's jej^o, lii'st perceived the ^^ v, y. f I lie tenij)eraiic(> reroriiiation, and lii'st. est:d)lished Mcii'ties lor the pni'pose ot' (virryini,' it on. Tho tbllowinf,' lussuires open out the whoh' (piestion, and for the fu'st tinie in inoilei-n times, |)r()[)uiind tho true remedy : — "Defore wo venture to iiroposo remedies, it seems necessary to investirjato tie ii'ituri and (•((/(■.•('.•>• of the disease. Whence is it, then, that drinking' has |l cooiue so Common? ((() Multitudes learn to drink, first moderately, and then to excess, liy liniii;,' spirits (IK (t iiii'diciiK'. ' I have known,' says Dv Hush, ' many (iiiiii and women of ixcclli'iit characters and ]iriiieiples lutniij^il hy uc- |< (.v/ii;i((/ (h)!i('n of <,'in and brandy intD a lort' of (liosc liiinorx.'' {h) Domestic trials, hypochondriacal alYections, loss of jiroperty, and tlio flikt , prmluce disjiondeiicy in many. Under these eirenmstanct s, not a few i;i:iilly attempt to drown their sorrows in the wide, troubled sea of intoxication! ((•) To the unfaithfulness, timidity, and tempori/inj:; policy of Jiifonniiirf \(^fii'i'i\i and .l/(////.s7n(f('.s', may be traced many of the evils we deplore. JTad :hc /((ics been faithfully executed when hard ilriukiiif,' berjan its desolatin;,' avecr, the llood would never have risen to its present heiu'ht. It i-^ Inj \l"irlrijiiiif and ti'i)ip(>ri:iii!i, that irc (tiw. hronijht to tlie brink of rnin. It is ucaiise so many of our Scntiiicli^ liavo slept at their posts, or would not liiiaiii'iiiin them, that the ciicnni has been able to break into the camp, and is oiuTyin;,' on the work of death in every part of it. . . The inforniinj,'- ollici r excuses himself, by sayinj^ that he does not see the men drink ; and ;:k' iua;,'istrato by sayiiii;,' that no j>ri'sc)itini')its are made !* Ilarddrinktrs vviilk or staf;;,'er on every side ; they lie at the corners of the streets at noon liay, and nobody complains or prosecutes. ((/j To the Ki'oat and increasiiifj number of tavrnia and dram-fiJiiip.^, may 111 'traced many of the evils of intemperance. Tltcij (/)•<■ (tt onc(' (v/^ixcs- idkI .//'('c/x of tJirse vtiscliicfii. "While they stronfjly indicate, they t,'reatly in- :va?e, the disease. It cannot be itdfc to provide so many ;Wf//(7/('s for hard I ilrinkiii^'. . . It is an undoubted fact, that at least ^/nYV'-/o»;7//x of the I'lacos where liquor is sold nvo fnintdiiDf of coyruplioii, whence tlow in very direction streams, not to fertilize and cheer, but to curse tlie land with lanciiness and death. (') />/(/)(('.s\s' is another legitimate parent of intemperance. 'An idle man's luiiul is the devil's workshop.' (/) The countenance which has been incautiously given, in worthy and * The failure is with th nen not the law ; but it is absurd to put the ^'ork of conviction on the i)e(q)lc, if they have not the power to act ou their knowledge and convictions. — Ed. 24 TEXT-COOK OF TEMPEHANCE. ItUi Borious fnniiliop, to a ' friendly use' of spirits, luis contributed not a little- to swell tho tide that roars aroiuid us. ' Coino.' tlicy sny, 'do tastf a little ! ' I'liitlior than be thouj^'ht guilty of an nii]inrdonable brench of polite- ness, those irho (it jirsl (Jiclitic, i]i viaxt ca.v s jiiuilh/ yield. Thus arc tin temperate oftentinies over-])crsuadcd, till they come, by degrees, to love iLc slini.', or the cordial, much too wi'll, (//) A larf.'e i)art of tho woi s and Avaste of intemperance may be distinctly traced to the tlistiUcrirn, with which our whole Innd is burdened. . . AVLi^ is so ifjnorant as vot to know that wherever a .^7/// is set uj), it soon fonu- around itself a kind of intoxicntin^' atmosphere? How do the tiery stream •\>l;:clj issue from it, like the melted lava from the llaminfj; crater of a vol- cano, spread desolation and death wherever they How ! Thousands e: bodies and souls arc annually destroyed. What are the benefits which ciiii compensate the C. NATIONAL INTEMPEUANCE AND THE REJIKDY. '^5 mtecl not a littli say, ' do taste a b'rcnch of polite- /. Tims arc thi ;reey, to love tlu' :iiay be distinctly lod. . . ^Vll. ij). it soon fonur the fiery stream^ ; crator of a vol- Thousands o: }ncfits which caii )•( it'jfli, and sikI. ndulf,'od for one ers of the coiu- iit once cun\ tLr losc appetite for THE USK OF AI/ rtniedy, but tl.i no so, Avoin am. irdent spirits ari tato, promises U> t the proj,'rcss r! learinj,' the inos; |l would he saved dd bo an invari- (■;• ^> nnrir tlu- s privili'^'o. • . on can go inte orrupt and dis lil and all <'i( |pany. ^ht do much t' lioi<:;hbourhoo(l? [o provide tlur.i fovide palatal'iL [on tempted t. Insc it is chea]'. |cr. The swt t le : lit to nial. gay whisky i~ tratVic, whicli pood? OilVr it then to your (/(k/. Will hunger make him taste a little ? ^Vill thirst:' Will heat?' Will cold.' Will weariness? Will sickness? hi every ciise, the siij,Meions (xninud t^ini'll.t tlir y/u/.-.u» und abhors it. s. Let Miiii>itci:-i of tin' d'lj.sy/r/ act their i)!irt with all faitlil'ulness. Will i.it the iiliiiid of suuls be found in their skirts, if they let their llocks j^o unwarned?"' L-'roni ' All Address of Iho Westi'i'ii A>s()('I:d ion of Xuu' iiuvcii Cuuiity,' published about this lime, Ave h'arii that "31\'u <>i' eliaracter arc^ extensively uniting' tlieii" exertions to e.ieek thu 'growing- evil.' This ajipears hy the docuineuts publislied, and the measures adopted, by the (ieneral Assianbly of liie i'resbyterian Church, the Convenlion of .Ministers in Wriuoiit, tlie General Association of .Massachusetts, of Xuw Ihuupshire, and oi' this state (Conn.). A eominittee has i)L'('U ajijtointcd by the Mn I ii:ii I, (Jonrcntinn of Connecticut, to iiapiiiv and re})ort on this subject. . . Innnense evils alllict {•unmiunities, not because they are incurable, but because; they inv lnl> rd'-il ; and o-roat good remains ol'teii unaccomplished, merely hecauso it is iu)t attempted" (p. 11). iS<-i'ii((ni (I'li'rcrcil Injure the Md^'-ii'e/n'srll.i t^nrirhj jui' ill'' S"jipir.<.-^i\iji- <>/ Litruijirrdiici; lit their Annual ^Meeting in JJe)>ton, ]\[;iy -27, 1811. JJy John T. Kii;ki.a\is l).\)., President of the University of Caiubridge, (Boston: printed by John Klint, 1811.) Tassages in this sermon almost anticipate; Prof. tSen'K'y's .V'',' ■ JLuuD. AVhat will education-mongers say to the follow- iiii'? — ' We naturally ask, how it happens that an accmaulated moral vipaii.'', aiil especially Christianity, fails to do that for us, which a false system I't eligiun, or the exercise of reason, or the power of opiiii(m ami law, /'■"■ betn able to dc for the Greeks and riomans, the Asiatics generally, an I ti.c'olloweis of the Arabian i)retender? Do ici; not believe onr relin'ioii n'ltitluit stajicient fiibic.-^s of asuctit (nul iMJicer <;/' cunrietion to render it e'eetmil ; Do we misapiirehcnd its nature and design; viewing i* t'lo uicU ((X a thcorn "./ artiele,-< of faith, and grunt of privileges, and tiio li*l(.- iis a code of laws, and a guide to virtue ? . . . a disposition ^ii'l Ihaviour suited to every cireumstance, ^//.\■»// cuiiniraiife (f tin' d-Imle nan, and sup}ilying the rules and habits by which we proceed in our da'y concerns ami animal indulgences ? Is the progress of i)itellec> •itleiule' irith danfjrr to morals ; and have suiierior knowledge anel ncuteness .-trvcd ) furnish ingenious apologies for vice, and helped nn ]i 'o a lati- 'nde if 'nterprettit'u)n on the subject of their duty, and resulted ni ini- liartiiig oly sutlicient light to enable them to wander out of the way ? " So i is, that in one of the adjoining States, distinguished for the .-table chracter of its institutions, and the general good habits of the I'l'iplo, th prerailin;i luul increayiui!■•^rteJl)l■<■|^f^f< S'X'ii'fij fur i^i'p- prrssiiu/ Tiil<)iiperanei\ Jniio "J, ]HI.k r>y Abdicl Ar.r.or, ]\r..V.., Pastor oi' the First Cliurdi in Jjcvorly. (Caiubi-idgc, iHlo.) Tlio prcac'lici' lays stress upon tlio cure and pvcveitilon of this physical and moral evil, especially the iwsslh'dU)j cf reforrainfi" drunkards. "There is much wroni'-thiiihiii^' on this subject. Many refjard the wretched victims of this disease with !i contempt wliich freezes their compassion. They lix their eye upon the nailt of the vice — declare him an outlaw, m man no longer entitled to jiity. It mi},'ht soften this rif,'orous decision, if the tem])tations he feels were known, and the i,'radnal and insidious manner in whicli tin; chains were drawn over the uiihai>py m;in and riveted upon liim. Were the remote <-tii(yi's of Ids ruin better uiulerstood — the predis- position in some cases derived from _;W»//// 2>((n'«/>'— peculiar temperament the dis- tillation of ardent sjtirits from the necessaries of life '.' Tlie selct men of our towns should recommend no more (persons for licence) thaniro neces- ear}'. The laws make it their duty to post all coumion tippU's, and to 1 NATIONAL INTEMrEIIANCE AND TIIK REMEDY. 27 t of pithlii' bo turmoil ,y has been pocictios iv i"(r. 11). // fur l^iip- lg(>, l'^\'>.) Hon of this ' reforming: 1 the ^Yl•(•tchc^1 • compassion. an outlaw, i' us decision, if idious manner rivitnl upon l_the predis- tempoiamoni .sfortuncs, the insinuate and —these thm^s I of pity. Intf.' Thou- tcmperate, are [•y ^Meetii't:', istor of tlK' t-) k is cite J: — .x\ , savs— "I :„a to ivutii. ifd in tie ad- rial I'o nuin- fow tjals^ tor cause ' '1'"^ horit- l']forc fhe ^[iy.'i.'^iirji)'.'/(/»/»/•(■.■///_'/ Ldenrprranri^ May ol, 181G. By Jesso Aim'LETON', D.I)., President of ]]o\vdoin (Vdlege. (l^oston: L^lti). This is fi thoughtful })i'o(Uictioii, full of just and eloquent ^tiiteinent ; and wo shall here endeavom* to rescue from ubhvion some of the preacher's Aveiglity sentiments : — " On the subject of intemperance, obvious factfi first excited alarm ; .ilarni ^iroduced inquiry; and imiuiry served but ta increase the alarm. i'litse facts, tof^'etlier witli calculations founded u])on them, have been, in \irions ways, laid before the public, that the excitement, so justly pro- iiiccd, nu;,'ht not only be maintained, but lead to such counsels ami syste- iiiatiral etl'orts as the occasion demands. All mention of these facts, i' it withstanding' their present notoriety, I know not how to avoid. Like •!ie f:;reat disclosures made by revelation, they iiiH.^t bo perpetually dis- played, as motives to action and perseverance. Tiiey arc amou;^' the icasoiis which led to the establishment of this society. Tiiey are of such ;! kind as to justify us in what we have done, and to condemn us, I fear, : ir what wo have nef^'locted. Fact-< arc of a nature impcrisJoihli' and iiiuniital)l(' ; then can lu'itlwr Jie aiiiiiliildtrd nor elninijed. Wiiatever iu- ;• rences fairly result from them, may, under the like circmnstancos, bo a iiiDtisainl times drawn, and will for ever he entitled to the same rej^'ard. " lic^'ardiuf: the subject merely in relation to political econcnny, tho ■iipiu-ession of intemper.anco imperiously claims the attention of tho statesman and ^latriot. " Ihit this diminution of wenUh, vast as it really is, may he rep;arded, 1 ri'liaps, as amonj:; the most moderate even of the political evils resulting :i>iia tlie vice whose suppression we are attemptiuf,'. If we estimate this ' 'lormous sura merely as a loss, our calculation will be materially incon'oct. Tliat mass of ardent spirits, for which it is iiaid, }ieeo)ne:< a .■y tho iiev. ,loh]i Wiim: ; with the anmnil report of tho Society. This document is (.'xceedino-ly instructive, and from its survey of the historical attemjits to deal with the vice, wc pfivo some ext racts : — "Before wo can act vdtli the rerpiisito cnei'fiy onrselvcp, and be sulll- ciontly sujiported by others in what wo do, to have onr acts produce the desircil ettect, it, is necessary to convince both ourselves and others, that the ol)ject is worth the means wc use, and that those nit ans are (idfiiiiati to its accomplishment. There is, perhaps, no bet'.er way of producini: this conviction, than by recurring,' to tho oi)inions and conduct of our fori'fathers on this subject; those wise, and moral, and pious, and vener- able men v.lio founded and settled that admirable system of social repuiti- laHons, under wliich wo enjoy all that is kit us of order and security in our civil state. Hij conslantlij kiipiiifitJu'jicrvddiiifi iiijinciicc of jni' li' opinion, uml the ainii of civil (lutlioriiij, on (lie xide (f cirtiw, and actiir in it^ Lunisc, tJici/ prodnad a atntc of uncial sccuritij and oijoijincntficliich hax hardlii c.ri^tcd, pcrliapi^, in any other conunuiiittj. ^^ Dniiiucnncss stands hij^^li anmnf^ tho immoralities, to suppress whicli tlioy made many legislative regulations. They ])unish(il it l)y tine, li> imprisonment, and even by corporal pains, according to the aggravatinu and re]Htitii)n of tho ofiVnce and circumstances of the otTeiider, ami liv requiring Iht- ' iniiscriiA ot' riri' aiul debit ncJicr>if •,1-i is tiio fiii|ueiitly jirnctised by some, to tlie hurt of many persons, by niis- t^iHiiiliii;,' their time and money in snch lioiises, to tlie ruin of ruuilies.' " This stiito of 1hin;.':s coiitimu'd, ^vith little abatLnient, liH tin' cnntrst iiroi^r iritlt tlir pdri'iit cmDitni, irliich. tDiscttlcd our civil i)i^tilut!i)]!.-!, iii- trodiirrd (imiiin »•< foi'i'i(jn (innlcx, iiunh' our citizens Utiiiili'ir iritli the rirr!' of einiiji<, (Uid hrol;e d urn thoxe soher luihittf n'liicli Ii'id he/ore been the oriianti'id and secnritii of soeietij. This lax state of society has con- tinued and increased, till the more considerate of the sober i)ortion of the (■Mniiiiniii;y have beeomo seriously alarmed, and have turned, and aro luriiin;:;, their attention to the means of checking,' its proL'ress, and, if possible, bringinjT back the public morals to tlieir ancient standard. Tho (iiilv question on which there seems to be any remaining doubt, is, whether :! reniedv be practicable, and what are the means? Is not this the obvious niiswer? — If we use the means which our forefathers used, wo liave every nason to (xpect they will be blessed with a ^Teat degree of success. Let iis, bv ennversiitinn, by writini;;. by example, endeavour to raise the standard of public sentiment, to draw ]mblic attention, to enlist public opinion ; and !. t us, according to the pledge we liave given in our constitirioii, 'promote liie execution of the flood (ind whole.'^oine /,nt,'s of t!ie Coiiuuonwealtli on the suliject.' '* K.rprrieiiee hus erittced that iuich assoeialion.'i Iiave been productive of ■.■••nj hrneiicial ('//"cr/.s". '• // is til mnlliphi and iiri\ EJf'i'cf^i, Origin, and (hivi' of Infi'Mprrancc. A Sernioii ])i'L'acli('(l in ^Fcdway, Doc. It, lsl7. By Jacob Ini:, A..\[., Pastor of tho .Second Clitirch. (I)odliam: Alleync.) This disetjurso evinces, like the ])recedinor, ti coiiipi-ehensivc grasp of the std)jeet, as several extracts Avill shcnv : — "Drinking to e.reess is intempcrale ; and drinking mure titan is cnn- ditcire to healtJi is drinking to excess, A jierson is not less intemperate lucauso he has a strong head, and is able to bear what he has taken without atfecting his limbs. Ilis sin consists, not in the etfects which follow, but in the excess of which he has been guilty. 'Query tho inntire?] Every degree of intemperance is iujurious and criminal" " Tlie Ouir.iN' of intemperance. Very few, if any, have a nat'iral native] appetite for strong drink. It is frequently ojD'iisice to children ; and they seldom, if ever, manifest any ))eculiar desire for it. A propensity to drink must be considered as acquired, not natural. " Mankind do not become drunkards at once. They generally begin by taking strong drink in small quantities, and on some special occasion. The habit is perhaps gradaalUj forming for years, before the unhappy subject 'jf it considers himself, or is considered by others, a drunkard. 30 TEXT-BOOK OP TEMrERANCE. ♦' TIio course of drinking,' ■\vliich, in any instaiicp, loads to a liabit of in- toxication, vs (it fu'At jniriiiii'd for suiiic ]il(itisihlc reaxnii, and f:;c'norally, it not alwavs, without any approliension of its ultimate coiisi(iuonces " (p. KJ). " 1. Some become intemporato, by takiuf; spirituous liipiors first ax a medicine. The quantity they at first took, after a while becomes liiKiijIiclevt to jtroilitcc Itif fiinitcr cjl'rrt. Many amiable and i)romising characters Lave been ruined in this way" (p. 17). " We should be cautiors how we use spirituous licpior as a medicine. In most cases a substitute n^ay be found, equally ellicucious, and )nnfh more safe. A piivsician of ^'reat eminence, who died in London towards tin close of the last century, in taking' leave of a ynuni,' physician of Philadel- phia [ \)y liush], who had finisiied his studies under his patronafrc, lanu'ntcd 'that he had innocently made many ^.uis, by prcacribtiii/ brand i/ and ic(th'r hi Ktmndch coiiipJaiiits^^ "2. There are, amonf^ those who use spirituous liquors in i\\w dall'i labour, many respectable people who mean to be teniiierate ; but their con- stant use of it often creatis an appetite which cannot be siitislied with theii usual quantitv. This prompts them to take more, and to take it Htojv freqnentlii" (p. 18). " ;}. Many become intemperate by being often in cnmpmvi with other who make a free use of s|)iritu(jus licpior. A young man of social disposi- tion readily makes himself one of the company, ilv feels no inclination to drink; leaves the conqiany, perhaps, without being ' disguised.' [At last begins to rellsJi it. The appetite now created increases by indulgence , until the unhajipy man ilnds himself a shire '' (p. 20), "1. I\Iauy become intemperate by taking ardent spirits to dron-n thei, trdublcx. . . . They do not mean to become drunkards; their object is mi-r< Iji to excite their i^pirits to such a degree that they can fonjet theii borrows " (p. 2t)j. u § IOC. In May, 1.^18, tlio sixtli report of tlic :\rassaclmsotl^ Socit'tv tendered its tlianks to the Hev. W. 1']. Cliannino' (after- ■\vards tlu> famous Doctor Cliannino- associated with the Anti- Slavery iiioveiiieiii ) for liis iuhnirable 'Discourse on Inteni- jx'raiice.' wliieh is now world renowned. It was not, howev'er, ])ul)lished ;it thtit time. Tlu; Leo-islaturc of Vermont issued an atldress on the subiect to tlie inhabitants ot'tlie State — a strikiii"' contrast to the conduct oi' ]5i'itish legishitors. The inhabitant> of Yurmoutli, in Ijarnstaple County, ^[ass., formed ii Society. and exhibited prompt and patriotic action. •' The measures of this fraternity have been pcculi;u' and energetic, but not ill ap]>lied, in tiicir social condition, if we may judge by tiie result. Tlii- secti a Societv. gctic, birt not result. Thi^ rest, as bein;.' active, brave, Inch fell with ) reformation, imple style ol ral towns, in selectmen not ti) recommend ani/ retdiler.'i to the Court nf Se^^sion.'^ for lieencei^, andlnt one or tiro in citch ton-n for Inuliolders, and these luidor strict limitations. From tiieir report the following; extracts arc made with lively emotion. ' A number of the inhabitants of this town,' say they, ' who have been accustomed to use ardent spirits freely, have wholly laid it aside ; nud uhetlier journeyinr,' or lalxmring, by sea or land, havi; experienced no incim- vtiiiiiii'e iViiiu tiie want of it. ' Siveral vessels have the year past performed tiieir Vdyaf^'cs without any s]i!rit ; and one of said vessels, a lishinj,' vessel, made the most successful vovaire of any in this vicinity. ' The v.ndint,' of ardent s])iiits, taken in all its bearings and etYects, is uiuloiibtedly a prolitable business. ]]iit wu have the pleasure and pride to stiite tliat our retailers of spirituous liquors, [ireferrinij the imhlic (jood ti> tlh'ir immediate intere.'it, have not only vnlmiturily j^'iveii up the business, but juiiRd our society, and taken an active and elliciiut ])art.' A medical gentleman, Dr Torrey, has exerted himself in this cause, and favoured us witli his ]n'oduction, reprinted at IJallston Spa in Lsl7. From biiii Ave (piote tiio following; ojiinion. ' It is an int'allihle axiom in tlie physical or;;anization of man, that ereri/ e.rciteuient of hi.-: vital poirer.-!, hri/oiiil the point to icliieh ///.>• Creator lia.'i adaptrd tliem, diininislien Jii.t rdp'icitij for ri'peatinif like motions fro)ii lil;c mraiis. Hence it may be safely inferred that every diam of spirituous lirpiors of any description is a check upon the cajiital stock of streiii^'th and life, and hastens the approach • if the hour of dissolution, in ])roportion to the indul^'ence. K-.irh dram in- creases the appetite for another ; and tlw ncerssiti/ of on inereasi'd (ina)itit!f ti prudiice (1)1 iqiial cj/'i et mnllipliis in a ]iro;ircssire ratio. Thus it fol- low-; unaviiiilably that tiie hahitaal hinpcritlf use of ardent spirits is a per- nicious and vicious practice.' The followinj,' anecdotes of disinterestedness and sacrifice we state on the uutiiiirity of iJr Torrey. 'A merchant of Virginia, by the name of Schol- fuld. listened to his conscience, and burnt all his distilled liiiuors publicly on the summit of a mountain. Another, in Delaware, beat in the heads of his casks. A respectable French gentleman, having purchased an estate at biitTaht (X. Y.), on which was a distilling establishment, demolished it iiunicdiately on taking possession, saying he liad done one (jood decd.^ ' In Swit/.erlfind, a new mode has been adopted to prevent ]iaupcrism ; fuaon^' the artiv Jos is the following : That all wlio obtain relief from beuevo- li lit institutions, in any wise, are forbidden to frequent tarrriis and tipplin•, s, under severe peualties.^ ' This is a ie;iul;ition,' as judiciously suggested by a respectable gazette of this town, ' well worthy the attention I of the American public' " fl^l'.'. Ati A(hlri':-.) Pp. r.G. 1 t (i:i, 32 TKXT-rooK or TF.MrEltAXCr. 'I j\[i" llcilicll (Iciiio; iliiit iiivrnis arc tlio smirc.^- oC tlic evils. Ilionu'li llicy cxlii!)!! llic clVccis; but Jidinits "ilic i\ifrrr.-■. /ni.ln'/>\ cn.^ldni.-', ;iiid C' • iii,ipl<'.< of tlie iijijicr rh'.<-:r.-\ I iicbiiiit iii'^' li(|Uovs liJiVf beeoiiic tlie iiiediuui l(»r ]i\:\\\\[\<,\\}\'j: j'rii inJ.-ln'ji and iinniJ./ri/l, 1'liat is. ilie /•/'•'■ el' iiiteiiii>erate tlriiikiiin' is iiiu'Tiiried on tlie rirh"' '■!' i'ospitality." "Tlio iiolicy of fiov( innioiit is but ilio ii^L's^rcpato of llif jioliry of tlin=-r ■\vlin !i(liiiiiiist( r it, ('an any one bciiivc that n lax imiuiscd on lioiiscs (,f lewdness wonld operate to (liscditrniic llieni, and h'.--xi n their nundxr'.' Tl'c lan<;'na}^'o of siirh a measure would be this : ' 'J'lio (vil is admitted to exist, liut the tax is the itiice of forfjiveiicss and al)sohition.' The intluence they f,'aiu hv heeoniin;,' useful in ]>oint of ])ecuniary ]n()iit to the iiHlJinrit;/ Inj which th'ii ore rrcdicd, serves to increase their nundxr. The introduetioii of intoxie'atin;,' liquors into our eouutry, so far from hein;,' deemed a j;(/>- hirtidir, lias been exidtinj.'ly (|Uoted as evidence of the f.'reat ('(immrrcial ■proxprrit)! of tlie nation!* So inconsistent are nun, otherwise distin- j,'uished for tlieir wisilom, that as philanthroinsis tliey will dej'lore tl.i' increase of drinking as a public calamity, and //( thr in'.rt breath rejoice it-< jiitriotx (it tlie iiicrcdxe of tlie iiieann (-f intemperance as evidence of in- ereasinj:; national felicity! ]f'liile tif ennxe exixfx, and frroj:;-sho]i.s contimn' to be licensed, the fiililitij of the hope to reimlatc them is pioved by the f((ilure of evenj ottruqit heretofore, made " (p. 10), A passaQ;o occurs ou pao-o Do, "vvliich is tipplicablo to !^^r Gladstone's l)luudei' of ' occasional licences.' " V>\ this hawkin;:' and peddlin,^ of liquor maini people are induced ti drink when they would not or ccuild not f^'o to the tavern ; and tumult aii'l confusion too frequently follow. I have taken no pains to ascertain tlir authority by wiiich retailers arc permitted to iix stands and l)ooths at tin park and other i)laces. These ]>laces nf)t only temjit men to indule;e, Inr ^()//.s' are often seen in tlieiu followinrf the example. It would essentially benefit the community should the indiicements to frequent taverns be les- sened. It is a little remarkable that the sajiracity which jirompted the inter- diction of ntilitar;/ paradrs on the days of election, did not foresee aiiil ^'uard aijainst the evils consequent on locating the election polls at public- houses " (p. 3'.)). The cio-litli Kepovt of the !^^aspacllusctts Society (Juno. 18'20), Avritten by tlio lion. Nathan JJano, contains some ad- mirable matter, refutiui^ the fallacy tliat education -will j^/vr*. ' intemperance, ov that poverty rnuscfi it; or that tlio f[uackerv * This reminds us of the impudent attempt of Mr Bass and Prof. Lev; to magnify the British traflic. Ih I NATIONAL INTHMPEnAXCI:: AM) Tllll KKMKDY. of the evils, i//^'/v.s7 ^vlli(•ll lii'iits to lure niii!f, ;ni(l r.'- li;ivc l)('('i)inr ;//. Tliat is. tin; cirli"' f'l' ■' jiolicy of lliosi' ;((l (111 lldllSCS (.f ■ niiiiilxv? T! r Iniittcd to fxist. ic iiitliiciice tlicy //(• (tHlliiirit;i I'll riic inti'dduction ^' (IcciiU'tl a ini>- rout cininiifyriii' itlifi'wiso distill- will (Ici'loro tl.<' hrcdth rejoice (t-< s ovitlrnce •'!' iii- r;-slin]i.s oontimif is pniccd by tli' iea1)lc to ^Ir • (ire indttcciJ ^' mill tiuunlt aii'i to asci'vtiiin tln' 11(1 llOdtllS fit til' to iiululfic, I'll' would csscMtiiilly lit IdverU'i he /r.<- nnptcd tlio inter; not foresee nii'i u i)olls at public- ocicty (Jniio. tiiins sonic lul- on Avill irrevei,' t the c[uack on tii]) its jirr/i'hidi f^ciicration. •• Our iiiic(st(irs in the (V)l(iny, in their preamble of a law enacted to suj)- ]ii->^ iind punish inteiiipd'aiicc, derlarcd that it was 'a vice to be alilioired ct' nil nations,' esjiecially by Cluistians. Also, by an Aet j^assed in 1072, ///-// furliiiile tho.'ie irlio emiiJoijcd n'orhiiicii tofiivc them din/ nine, or xlroii'i li'jiiir.<, I'-rci I't ill ci/.-v.-t (if )ieccssil[/. " In tcstinK'iiy against this viee we tal;e jileasure in eitin^,' a httci" from m •litr President of the United States "John Adams], as lately publisiied in a ftivsiMctaiilc ^'Hzette, in which ho says, 'A drniikavd is the iiidst selfish .'hi iii^ ill the univeise. II(; has no sense of iiuxh sty, shame, or (lis;,'i-ace ; ;],r has ill) sense of duty, or sympathy of atTeetion with his father or mother, 'jiis hr.itlier or sister, his friend or iiei;,'hboiir, his wit'e or ehildrcii ; no reve- Jiriice for his God; no sense of futurity in this world or the other: all is ^swaliownl u]) in the mad, selfish joy of the moment. Ix it not liiiinilidliiiii ^tli'it Mdliiiiiieddim diid lliiidooK sJioidd put to Klidiiie tlie irlioh' Cliri. !v y)'(W(»((/)7/ interests and equal ri^dits anions; fellow-citi/ena ; what is V]P"luced by it but extreme injustice and a miserable waste uf property that liiitiiiiately falls on the prudent and industrious? as they, <,'enerally and .^iiiiiiiist of course, acipiire and jirescrve jjrojierty. and ]>rincipally sujiport the |]' I'l' and bear the public burdens; and as the vicious and intemperate, Ijjiirrally and almost of course, are poor, and ])ay but a trillinj^ jnirt of the n^il'lic expenses. Besides, the latter are always drawinf;; on the clidritij of ;;1:;<' former; and if some in fact do not ask it, yet their wretched condition, i.'ind (Specially the nnmerited sulTerinf^s of those they oui.dit to provide for, _!ffl-u it. ill a manner which neither reason nor the best feelings of the vir- :>taiuis can resist. •• If this, upon the whole, bo a true representation of the state of things in ar country, and certainly it is in many ])arts of it, where is reason or jus- ire, where are eipial rifihts or correct feelinj,'s, when the hiirx scdrcelij i"tii-r iiitiiiipcrducc hut in //s Idst ntdfjes, and ic]u'n refoniidtinu /.s iicdrh/ ■• Can any more effectual means be adopted to check and restrain this vice ? lid must not these means be efficient laics xoell executed, public opinion, ''■'\ ijiiod example^'! Certain it is, these were the means our ancestors |{i I'lpted in the days of our colonies and provinces, when there was much y --^ intemperance than there now is. One reas(m, also, was public opinion ; ;s and Pro f. Le^' vs;ti:i'l public otHcers had much more influence than they now have. Perhapx ii/'^ll laid less fear of the injlnence of the vicious in popular elections. c 34 TKXT-DOOK (»F 'JLliriUJANCH. Mi 1,1 :'f : " Oiiv aiicOKtors (IoohkiT itwiso. niid iifrlinjis wo sliull on I'lU'lIur oxpori euro, to iiiiiki' iii/(iniiiiiii \\\('. olli-iul utiil iinsitivc duty ol' (•I'l'tiiiiijiidicioiiH mid (liscroet iioisoiis. Wlicii men t'cil imi'iUnl \)\ duty niid tlio i>()silivi; iiijuiii'- tioiis ot'livw, they nil- lint SI) tViulul of biiii^' tli()ii;.'ld turwiuil, iiitrusivo, oi nssuiuiii^.' ; iiiid tlioy iirc iiiucli Ii'ss obnoxious tlmn nicro roliiiitrir int'ornicrs. Mdhc il (t iiii po.^itii-r iluti/, 1)11 Idir, to dct in iii'f. fur ol)viuu-( i( n Hoiis : one, tli;it tiic law is 'jiii: mi or iiii; wuoi.i. tkuI'Li:, unil liu.s :i solemn f-ani'tion in all iisiu'ids.' " Some may ask, NVlnit were tlie effects of the colony and ]>roviiK'o laws nnd tlieir stricter execution '.' ^W- answer, They were a stable and firm charactei in all alVairs, civil and ecclesijistical ; tiiiijiirdiwr dtid jriKjdlilii. dinmnj itthn- cditxcx, jd'ixliiri'tl Unit siihstdiitidl diitl ciccdtcd rhdnu'ti'f hd cuii.'fjiiciKim^ in dur Aiiifiiriin llcrolntinii—'A. character for steady perseverance, moral Intel- lif.'once, a jiious trust in (lod, and a sen- e df liiw and lii)erty, hajipily com bined, never before dis]ilayed in a ;,'reat levolution. " Numerous publications e\i>tin^' show how much has been done in tin last seven years to excite jiublic opininn, and how mueh it has been excited a^,'ainst intemperance in manv jiarts of the United States ; of which facts sonu.' fiutlier evidence will Iks found in this lit pdrt. Ten years a<.'o, but few rfllected that this vice ]irodnced in the United States several tiiousands oi deatiis in a year, half at least of the ]ian]ier expense-;, and probably a mnj THi: i;i:mi;i)y. ivtlier cxpori juiliciiMiH mill isilivo iiijmii- , intrusive, oi '(■(• iiit'i>nii(rs. itiinnii'r, uml ywlK'Vi'.it will r (ilivimi-* i( ;i :, uiiil 1ms ii ,illCO l:\WH aiiil tinu ohiiractii I, aiudin.l olliii' •(.);>■/»/(■»(»((.>• /')/ r. iiioinl iiitrl- , liapiiily com eu (lono ill tin IS bi'cn cxciti'il (if which facts [•s aj,'o, hut tVw il lliousands el oliably a niajn- thiPi! evils iiif Ten years aso, itciniicrauco in iro active, and s. These ad- sciciicc. OiH ranee in ilitTcr- cited. nithtallil u-iiil iiiu prtxU' that n the Hcope of hil etYorts (if il S but will al- which novir luul a general work t)f tiinr, rue anil oxteii- ressions to hi^' "Immiii the Very (,'reat nunihor of persons in tlif> State lieonscil to poll nnli nt sjirits in very small quantities, there result tlireo kinds of evils. 1. .1 mil iiriiit I'ttrilitii in Intiiiii'i tlinit iw any iiuantities ; also in ohtain- iii;,' them, dl'teii in exehan<,'e for tlio bread and scanty necessaries of n poor fiuiiilv. And the more numerous tlieso licensed jilaces are. tlie more easily aiT tiiev resoiteil to in nil hours and in nil kinds of wrnther, and the more j.nilialilc it i~< that such a wretched barter trade will lie carried on. 'J. .\niiiiit,' so many thniisuutls of tiiese lic( used ]ursons, there niu,(HI(» in the L'liited States, II liii-iir purl (if irhiiin (ire iiKhhiih I'l' iilli'i's, if iiiithiiiii iri)i: liiivf had the ascendency; and no oiii- ot'lener than the t( iider and wounded fitliiiL's of fiiends, wisliiiif^ to conceal their own atllictinns and the disf^race of the olVi'ndcr. ^lany wise and podd men have relieil mainly on /(ncs ti> prwiltice the reformation we aim at; many on jnihlic apinioii ; others on iiinr.ii iii.^inii'll'i)! ; others on re 1 1 III 11)1 ; and not a few on the workings of I shiiiiie and niortilication ; and some on excitiiis a sense of character : but hlic !!n;ird, believing it to bo the ]i!an of this Society to rely on all these nvMvs Kill nuans of reform, and to make its annual publication its jirincipal iii-'.nim. lit, have endeavoured to collect and remark upon various kinds of ;i:ifiirmation, some eminent opinions, and a few of the best laws on the uhjtct.'' {^'2'-K Till' Criiiiniiilih/ I'f liiti'iiijirriDirr. All Atldrci-S df- slivcrcil ;it, tlio olcvcntli iiimivorsavy ol' tlii^ ^Mtissaelinsetts i^Sdeicty Inr the Siipiu'cssioii of Iiilt'inpuniiice. [*y ilvnvy pj \\'.\i;i'. Jtiii., Hdston. I J, A Avcll-writtcii ap|ieal, ^vitll two of llii'te passao-cs worlli ||]ireM'i'viiio'. Till' iifst coiicoi'iis tin; iiiii'ihu'ss of i'ccliiig dis- ilaycd l»y a t'orruptccl comiuiinity. 1-irct answer •(> the value ilUo ; for, in ho bio'U'er is Ihe rcrmixsivi' 1 being adopted "It has accordingly liai>pened amongst ns, as it happens in a city where liipostilence is raging. ^Vhile Iho deaths arc few and rare, tlure is a pre- railiiig alarm and sadness, but as the destroyer advancts and deaths niul- |t:i''.v, there is jiroduced a dreadful stupidity ; so that as horrors accumulate, |i iulgence and disorders increase also, till you cannot say whether the wide |i';iii (if death be more terrible than the riotous unconcern of the living. So is amongst us. 'J'lir moral jx'stilciirc, irhlrli ."futtcra xujl'irhi/j von'i' ^t'liiii ih'iith, spreads itself evcn/irltcre around us, hut ire are uiiajl'eclrd hij il' tcrrljie inaij}iitude and fearful devastatiini. It would bo comparatively '■i'ltle thing that the ]ilague should s\vcep these thousands from our cities; p \vouId be a comfort tiiat they perished by tiic hand of God. But now 36 Ti:XT-I300K OF TKMI'KllANCi:. in II' :■! i. ii tlu'y fall iiy tlK'ir own Imnd, find rush iluwnward of tluir own will to tlu corruptint,' ^'lavc. And wo stivnd-hy, unmoved ! We luiir with uinii/.cnKiit ii;id iioiTdi' (if tliDsc on II distant ciontim nt, wlin. in the infutnntinii of iilj. {,'inuH sniii'i'stitinii, ciist t licnisolvc'H (111 (lie liurnin;,' jiiJcM of tin ii' Imslninils, or tlin^' tlicir liodics lici'oro tlio rollint? car of a nionstor idol, lint tliia 5^Ildd( r int'iitnntioii of tlic nniltittido iit lionic, wlio arc saci iliciii;,' tlunisi'lvos iKiicatli till! oii> ration of a slow iind linitisli jidi.idii, haidly niovc ns to n nioincntary consideration. Wo nii),'lit sncoocd in i)r('afliin^' U|> a crnsado tn India, while wo can hardly f^'ain a hoarin;,' for thoso wlio arc iicrisiiiii;^ hy onr side. " And it must truly In"" oonl\ssod that thoro nrc few iiroolous of more dilll- cult and discourau'in;^ solution than this. Zial and iiitcriiri/c have hithcrtu Itoon batUi'd, and the most intrepid arc ready to retire from the Held. Ndlliinif Ikik lilt hcni fmuul to ri'iich tin' root tif tlir rril, Tiie nndtitiidf of tracts vliich have lieen S( nt ahroad Peem to have passed throu;^ii tiie lur like a thick tlij^'ht of snow, which loaves no trace of its jinssuf^e and dis- ai>|>ears where it falls. Sermons have Iieen ])reacheil ; hut the exhortation of tlio ])ulpit sinks inio drowsy ears, and the sinner strai^'iitway for^'et.i wiiat manner of man ho is, Kvcn th forth the pn)gramnu! of the LJiiitcd Kingdom Alliance lor tin Prohibition ol" the Liqu(»r Trtidie. "Two things only appear certain. First, that a principal object must bi' to draw the public attention freijuently ami earnestly to tin' subject. In the second place, it seems at the same time ocjually clear, that tlirir is no iixiii, nor bod;/ of men, who can strike at the root of the eril, hitt tiie LeffiKlatiiit' of the nation. Exhortation, tracts, preaching, and personal imluence will ofl'cct but a partial and imperceptible remedy, while it remains so easy aiul In • Si.v inc'ivi Aiiier L'xcitu NATIONAL INTKMIEKANCE AND TIIK IMIMKDV. 37 clicnn n mutter t'> imlulpo this pnrnioiou'i Imbit. It h ihc ftici J ity oi (A)- taiiiiiiu' ppii'it"' '^ ''^ ''"' i^'U^'iiiill tlir trwiitntiou to lir i)i tlir jKitli and at III,- dni'i\ mill to lu! l)ri)ii<,'lit to tliu very liprt of ('Vtry iiiaii, wluicvir lif )4oc'S mill wliiitt vci lif (lots, which is the nal occttHin}! el' thr f.rtriisirt' ritiu. ^Vl iiiiiv !«tril;"' ilowii a few of the Icjivch, mid li'j) otT lu re mid tlirro n liltli- IrMiiili. I'lit ^*l'!'ll '"' iiiiiiMo to ffll tlic triiiik or distroy the \i^,'imr of tlic III, .t. NVf iiiiiv, inri'lmiico, drivw nway a fi w of tliosu who liave hern fns- ciiiiitdl liciii'iitli it-t stiiid(»\v, mid di'trr a f i w more from !ii>|>roiicliiti^' witliiii its dfliti rions iiitliu'iicc ; Imt tin' trif //>(•//" //■/■ .s/(((// ."till In huld, lifliiiii idiii'iid it.^ dfiiillij liiiilin, and jliviiiii;! anaDid it.^ ])(nsii)i()iiK atnnisphcrc, iiifirliii;,' and blastiiif; the whole luoriil vc;,'L't:itioii wliicdi its lircutii may nat'li." ,li»!iii Ware, ^^^.D., in uii adilrcss at IJustoii, guN't- this rcstimoiiy : — " Niiiiiii'rf'ssion can ho more niifonndtd, no opinioii more fatally fulso, tlifin tlmt which attributes to f<])iritnons lii|nors an;/ ]>o\vir of jiromotiiij,' iKhlily strt'iurth. I'Apiriciico has in ail quarters aliimdmitly ]>roved tin- contrary. None lalioiir bo constantly, so ehierfully, and witli so little (xhaustion. ((s tliosc n-ho cntircli/ .iiosiire, tin.' iiudemency of weathtr, and the vicissitudes of seasons," ^ ^ 1;;7. Ill 1'^--, till' (Icalli of a teanistcr, ci'iisIkmI to death 'ic iiilliu'iico (>{' liditof bciu'atli tlio vvliccls WhlH' llllllf)' of his wagon, and iho burning' to dcatli of aiiothci' luiiii, occiisioiicd till' (h'llvcry of two disccjiu'scs (^\v l)t'n('\(' by l)r .Instill I'Mwai'ds), which attracted iiiueli attention by tlie reiiietiv ].l-ol )OS v±—Ab^l llli'ltC(.' It'll, il t/n use if mil n.'iih inf InjiKir.^. Tliis iinU'i'd nltimately kd to tlie forintitioii of th(! Aiiicrienii Tt'iupci'iiiice Society, of Avlioin J)r J^lwai'ds was the; lii'st secretary, and "wlio "\vrot(! those early and most Jible reports, thi' reprints of vvliich did so iimeli in excitino- atten- tion to the std)ject in I'hirope, e.-iieeially in JJrilain. Jn ls2"', Di' I'Mwards wrote 'The AVell-('onducted i'arni ' (which. |tnb- li>h((l by the .\nierican 'J'l'act Society, Inid an iinniense circii- latioii ), exhibiting the results to the Avorkmeii of an e\]ieriiiient niuile iinon an extensive farm in AVorcester Count v, -Ma i >)h. rvo, shadows liOfore tutii'iu Tlif y ii:id a hrttcr appetite for food, and in'vc iiinrr vnitri^hrd hy it than had iiri'dlcr riiioiir af hodij and mind ; did ninrn /((?>o»r witli less it rid of disorders tliev had hel'ore ; s:iv((l more moi ley ; n'l'i'r i-i lice for the ^B '""''"" ^I'liip'^i'i'i^^ ""<^ Injtpii'r ; and so more u.-eliil to themselves and Ot.li.VS III ]ft2(», also, the Rev. Lyman Beecher, D.D., preached his "Six Sermons on Intemperance,' at riitchlield ; but they had merely a local intluence, until republished al'terwards by the Aiiieriean and the J'higlish societies, when they did much to excite attention tt) the subject. 38 TKXT-BOOK OF TEMPEKAXCE. IlL:, 1 iVt tlio fonrtccritli nniiivcvFRry of tlio !^[assaclinsctts Sooiety CJuiio, iH'Jd), CJamalic'l JJi-adlord, ]\[.l)., delivered nu excellent address. AnK)iii»'Ht other tliiiii^'s, ho anticipates all that can ho said conceniinj^' liiehriale asylums: — "Not to f;o Dvcr tlio oln'idus fiml <:;onpi'nlly ridinitiod u(lvantn<;'OR of Snciitic^ ill coiiipiii'isnii witli iiidiviiliial cll'orts, it is s^utliciciit to olt.^oivo fliat tli ■ members secure tliemselves. fit least in a fircat lueasiirc, from the evil, by tlius publicly iilcil^iu^' theiusolvos to a particubn- course of Cdnduct. 'I'linj add to tin' tidiictiDii of it'dsuii (titd coitsciotci', tliat oj tin- iiiiittiin of the lOorld, v:]dcli lum too often more power than cithrr. Tiie ]irnctieal moralist, however, must take man as ho finds him, and will act most reasounbly and successfully liy takinj^ into consideratiun, not merely the motives by wliich men ou<,'lit to bo directed, but also those by Mhich tluy may and will bo governed. " A confirmed drunkard is to bo looked upon as an (n.-^aiir person; for such he nii(juestionaV)ly is. He may have lucid intervals, in connnon with many other unhappy individuals of this class; but there is no reason why he should not, on the whole, be considered and treated ]irecisely like these. But we build public hospitals and establish private asylums for the insane, and they arc contnied and caused to exercise, to work, or take medicine, as the judj^'uient of the superintendents may direct. Tlic xa)iu' jiractice niight lie pursued with the iut('}uperate. A hospital or asylum for this class of persons would bo a nfible charity. It ou'^ht not to be a l)ridew(ll, a work- house, or a place of punishment, for this v/ould defeat its own olijeet. The l^atients mii;ht indeed and ought to engage in some work, for the sake of exercise. l!ut the establishment should be considered, and regulated, as a receptacle for unfortunate persons who are unable to take ]iroper care of themselves. It is suilicient to observe that many would be willinrr to semi a friend to be cured or protected, who would never consent to have him punished. And the iiublic, moreover, would gradually learn to ciuisidii' intemperance an a dit^eaae or misfortune. A view whicli, 1 am iiersuadcd, would be more effectual in the way of in-evention, than that which regards it merely as a fault. Many a man will dare the ccu.-surc, few are williii;,' to incur the pltii, of the world. " It has been taken almost for granted, that a limited quantity of spirit was necessary to the hiborious, and useful to the iVible, and under the form of lluxham's tiiicture, Stoughton's elixir, and the like, uiaiii/ 2)i has oecasinunlhi bee)i cncottraaed It)/ ph}is>e!ini<. vho Itare therehij done much injurij to the connnuniiij. Tiiis indeed is nut to be imputt'd to them as a criiiie, since it is only a mistake in judgUK iif. and ono for which there is much autliority. Tlie progress of science an i observation, howevir, is fast removing this ]ireiudice, and physicians now are much more cautious in recommending articles of this sort, and confine their use to particular states of the system. " On this iioint of the use and necessity of ardent s]iirits, I am hapi\v to be able to p.'odnce evidence which, whit it shows the falsehood of jn-evailiii? opinions, is uncommonly free from any suspicion of ]iartiality. I refer to the practice of the trainers of Great Britain, whose business it i.s to prcfnre men for pugilistic combats. " Piiysicians in their reci/mmendations arc liable to be biased by regard to x.vTioxAi, inti:mpei;.\xci: and the kemi:i,>v. :^.9 Ihe prcjiulicos of their iiatients and to be deceived by tliiir representations ; wliilc iiiiliviilnals are still more liable to deeeive themselves eoncirnin;,' the t fleets ot' medicinal C)r dietetic courses ot' conihict. These trainers, on the contrary, arc troubled with no scruitles. Tliey treat their snlijects as they would horses, cows, or even steam en;:;ines. Tastes and feeliiif^'s are nothiiij,' to tlieui. Tlieir sole (diject is to ^'ive the ;;;uc/(/;/cx njion which thtv art! .!])( rating, the greatest force and jtower of endurance, ]diysical and mental, III' wliich their constitutions are capable. They never deceive themselves with the idea that bark, cordials, or spirit can f,'ive muscular jiower. J'^.rpc- liiiici' //'(•■■• tiiiifiht the (linct c(nUronj, and they ripiidly interdict the us2 of these debilitating agents. " I!ut the great obstacle to any elVectual suppres^iim of intemj'erancc is ID be found in the encouragement atVordi'd hij the huuiudih' and ciixtivii'^ of -iicirti/ in general, to the limited use of ardent spirits. Notwithstanding, :is 1 have observed above, tiiat the feeling of the community in general is iiostile to drunkenness, wo are apt to hold language in ri'giird to the iirac- rice of drinking' spirits, whi(di is very different from what would be dictated liv re.'ison and j^'ood judgment. " We go still farther, and encourage it by example ; lor there are perhaps trw who now hear me who do not occasionally take a glass of brandy, or Mime other liquor, either alone or with u friend. Hiit cvcnj art nf //(/.s l^iiid is iiijniiiniti ti) socicti/, since it goes, to a certain extent, to intliU'iice pul)lic ■ ipiiiion in fixvour of this practice, and it behoves every man to remendier that in so doing ho is helping to break .U ui the most eilicient barrier ;ii.'aiiist this vice. '• Ydii (irr citllcd on virrcli/ In n-itlnlniir i/nur irit in any form, as an article of diet, or to offer it to his werkinen or friends as a refreshment ; if he were, moreover, to abstain from treating the use of it as a harmless luxury, and was careftd mner to sanction, hy his aci]uiescence, any o])inion advanced in its favour, — if, I repeat, every iiKUi in this assembly were to pursue such a course, if he did fir said nothing uinre. the (tlect upon society would be very considerable. Almost kvi:i;v ri'si.-it. If such u jiniject should be acted Upon, it wciuld ^ouu otiiiieto be a master of course among professors of religion to abstain from all drinking as scrupulously as they abstain from profanity, lying, or gaming. The distinct object to be held up is gradually to make even the moderate habitual use of ardent spirits not respectable, not decent. It />• to hr pi'v^nibrd anoii'i inonil diid ri'li;iious jhojiIc as /re n-oiihl jirosciihi' .• disrelish for ardent spirits is done away. "As ro^nrd^ (Iriircc of intcm])i'r(inc<', it may be safely said, that one out of a hundred of the inhabitants of this part of the country is a common drunkard. By a common drunkard is meant one who is habitually intern- ])crat{', Avho is often intoxicated, and who is restrained from intoxication neither by ])rinciple nor shnme. Of such there are from ten to twenty, and upwards, in every town. There is another class which is intemperate, and many of them are occaaUnutl drunkards. This class is more numerdus than the fornu>r, and one out of about forty of the inhabitants belongs {<> one or the other class. Is not this a horrid state of society ? But any one can satisfy himself of the truth of the statement, by making the oxamii;iitiiin himself. '•If, then, ardent spirits are not necessary in sickness; if they do not prevent the eifects of heat and cold; if they do not add to our strength, and enable us to ])erform more laboTU', wliy are they necessary ? ^Vhy, l)eoplein health say they want to drink them now and then— they do them good. What good? If they are well, why do they need them 1' For nothing but to gratify the taste, and to jimdncc a fcclhifi of intoxication and drran'K'incnt, slight in its degree when modirately used, as they an' by such jHople, but the character of the iVeling is no less certain. It i- the same IVeling that induces the drunk;nd to drink. One man takes ii glass to do him good, to make him feel better ; another wants two; anotlifi three; niK.tlier six ; and by this time he is intoxieatid, and he never fiil> well till he is so. lie Jms tl/c sanic feeling with tlie ntan who diinh^ oiif .//cf.s'x, hilt more (f it ; and that man who in health drinks one glass to make him feel better, is just so much a druidcard ; ont^ sixth, if it takes six glasses to intoxicate him. He lias one i il, tliat one out is a comnioii [)itnally intern- intoxication twenty, and niperate, ana )re numerous its beloni^s tn ? Lut any maldng thi tliey do not uir strent,'th, ^siiry ? ^VilY, they do thoiii them? For iiitiKrictitioJi d, as tliey an' rtain. It i> man takes a two; anothf'i he never IVcIs III (/m'/;/.-s oHf one >,'lass tn h, if it talccs alter tats of « ini.ri'sliu'i ni'tifle cnUthi}, ^ Ii>'j''ir)nafii)n in fJu' HIkhJc Jdniid Cual Com- j"hni,' In- the Superintendent, Mr John Clowes, of -which the luUowinj,' is the pitli : — "When T came to R. I., in the last part of l!-!2(l, I found that the wnrknian who could not and did not drink liis pint of wliisky per day ir(i.< lint (illoircd to icurk." Not a week passtd without a {general row of Ipnii twenty to thirty, eiiKafjed with various implements of labour, to the (lander of tiieir lives and the ruin of the works. " All this was tlie effect of the usual allowance of f,'roi,'. Early in ls'27 I commenced with a deter- mination to do away with tlie worst of all evils, and the (jreatcst curse ever intliettd on a workman, that of allowinj^ him licjuor while at work, and pcr- iiiittiu;,' him to have it in his house. Kee])ing sti'ady to this, I had tlie satis- faction to see my ])lans ^'radually bearing,' down the lon^' cherished habit, and (I rrrij pircrjitililc hiiprorcincnt take place in cveri/ faiitilij. And, on the fust Monihiy in October last, every man came up to the countinf,'-liouse, and icith one voice, of their own free will, desired ine to cease, ijiriinj out any iwre .'.>' (h'li'rrrril lii'i'di'C tin' .lA'/.•''//.>• S"i'i<'t'l foi' II' Snppri'ssuhi I'j' Iitli'iiipcnnicc. V>y Josni.'A JJ. I'l.ixr, 3[.D. The speaker sets his faee as a Hint agtiinst all shams : — " A f,'ri at part of the unnecessary driiddng anion,'^ us takes place without any consideration of its etTects on the health, merely in conformity to eitstiiiii, or at the sug<:jestion of a deprared ajipetite. Indeed, I believe, iiotwitlistanding the numy pretences to the contrary, that this last-named piirtioular nnist be set down as the principal reasan why spirituous li(iuor.s :v.v used at all. Men are not content with the ordinary llow of healtiifiil ;uid temperate sensations. Thiy prow tired of this salubrious tranquillity. Sdiiuthing more brisk, sometliing that gives them a stronger sense of exist- ence, must he felt. Unhaiipily, the mnral sentiment of the community wliioli at ]n'eseiit stigmatizes the ojien induig( nee of otlier lasts, sanctions the L'ratification of this, and even tempts to it by encouraging a thousand sidui-'tive practices" (p. is). '• The cup, which was at lirst carelessly sippeil as a matter of courtesy, or in conformity with custom, is soon (jiiatVed with the eager relish of impor- tunate appetite ; and the harmless exhilaration which occasionally sur])rised a man in the unguarded moments of sucial f^'Iee, has been repeated and i>ro- lniit,'td into a habit, which hurries its victim onward to ruin with an iiifatn- (ition and certainty that has no parallel among tlie weaknesses or vices of Imman nature " (p. IDi. IV. § l^N. Tims, all these vnrioiis influences r.'ipidly ,i;-athered to il lu'ud, and the era of Trnqn eauei; ( )rijnai::iitinii was fully iiuiugurated, — an oi-o-miization destined to confer nntold hless- I ings u{)(»n mankind. On February l:j, 1^'^tj, the American '\f r ! I. 4J Ti;XT-J!UOK OF TEMPnilAN'CK. Tcmpcraiifo Society liad boon formed at J3ostoii,nn(l in ^Favcli. the lOxociitivc ('oiniiiiUco, consist iiii;' of liConard Woods, ].).J.).. Jnstin J'Alwards, IJ.I)., and .M<'ssi's. 'i'ap]);in, Odiorno, and Wildci-, issued tlieir fiiiiions nianil'eslo. Various papers advocated tlio niovement in 182G. '^J'lir Tlev. Dr Cliapin, in tlio Jlarf/urd Jinirnnl ( Conn.), ])nl)lisiicil t liii'ty-tliree articles, i'nll of elo(]neiice imd ])f)\vei', sliowinti' tiic advantages oi' absiineiic(>, and deinoii>trat inn" tliat it wsis tlic s(,le mmthj for tiie evil. Tliu Jiev. W. (Inodi'il. in J S J',l-3o. edited at Boston the Xiiliu/ail J.'lii'lcDillircjii.^f, \vliieli lie con- secrated to the n()l)lo cimse of sobriety, and it Avns n powerful auxiliary, until it \v:is transferred to other editors in Xew York.* " The Jiev. Dr Hewit (who visited Knulnnd in Is:',}, ai tlie I'oquest and expei.si! of Mr K. C Delavan), Avas now happily associated with .Instin jMlwartls — the first and greatest secretary Avhich the American society ever had. Jn tlui hitter ])art of this year, Pi'olessor I'allrey's ' S\ rnions.' and Dr ^Fnssey's 'Achb-ess belbre the ^^[eilical l"<»nvention of Xew ilampshire,' successively appeared. Jn all these a))])eab. fufal absfuiciici' from (irih'nt-siH'r/t was the doctrine enlbrced. ii^ interest and as duty, on the ground of health, social, and indi- vidual safety, and religious feeling. 'J'he people accei)teil the teaching as a new gos])el to them: its necessity was feh ; and it specibly became regarded by the churches as immoral to drink s])irits. For ;i Avhile, the ti'ium])lis of moral-a})j)cal were \ery great. Tho enthusiasm pass(Hl on far and wide. Thousands of di-nnkards were icclaimed, and ihe facts con- cerning driidv as a source of pau])erism and crime, attractint;' the attention of several of lh{> pivsidents. and of leading stato- men, led to ajjirinl action in the army and navy. One-seventli of tlie army (d,(HJO in all, at that lime) deserted through driidc, and one-bmrth were inca})al)le of regular duty. Tlii' soldiers, in many parts, })etitioned to have the grog stop])e(l. which jtroposal (u'ueral .b)nes find otlier ollicers supported. and on Nov. 2, Iboii, Cieneral L{>wis Cass issued i\\o oriler from the AV^ar Department substituting sugar and colfee for gi "]b>realter no ardent spirits will be issued to troops of tl United States. No ardent spirits shall l)e introduced into any k: 10 fort, camp, or garrison, nor sold by any sutler to the trooj N(n' will any })ermit be granted for the ]uircliase of ardoit spirits." Shortly, a thousand sliijis went out of American * lie aftonvanls, in New York, edited the Cicnius of Temperance, fioin 1830 to 1833, in •vvhicli he objected to the luedical-use exception us pernicious NATIONAL INTEMPEKANCE AND THK REMMDY. 13 in ■eh. Max Is, ]).l.).. )(I(IS ioruc, ami .^•20. Til.- , published lidwiiiu," the it was llic 11 ls2l'-;j(i. cli lio coii- ii. power I'll I vs in New in is:)!, at , Avas now nd o-vcato; ' St rinons." invention t»l esc ai>])eal>. (.'iiioveeil. :!■> \1, and iniii- ccepted till' ^' was fell : IS innnoral loral-appeal and -wide. Tacts C( di- al traeliiiL;' ling- state>- )ne-seventli d llirouuli luty. Tlu" oo- stop])e(l. supported. (>rder Iroin e for n-ro^-. oops of the cd into any the troops. e of anh'iit I: American )cmnce, from as peniicious ]((irts Avithont any irrop', and this eventually conduced to its ishnieiit from the navv. At a CJeneral Ass('nd)lv ot! the haul.' |'r('sl)Vterian (.'liurcli, attended by above 500 ministers, it was cclaied that "among the means graciously blessed and owned specially n 1 (liiviii? this year of jubilee, many of your reports spe euiniiieinorate the intlueneo of 'J'emperance (Societies, various places the reformation lias been a harbinger, ])re))arinjnf the wiiv of the Lord." Jii the next year a Coni;re.-sional Teinnei'anee Society was formed. Above 7,^*00 temperance -oeieties were now in active operation, com])rehendinn' u mill ion .i.nl ii qiiiii'fcr of members, and including* above 10,000 reclaimed drinikards. § \'.)[K An able literary oi-ccan, T/ie (!Jtri.(7)>// Fonxtalli'd and RL'shtcd ; or, Lectures on Diet, Regimen, and Employment; delivered to tilt studeiits of Amherst College, s]n'ing ter)n, l^'M. Ly Kdwaki) Hitchcock, Professor of Chemistry and Natural History. Amherst : ls:{(l." In tlu! following year a second and enlarged edition was published, with a 'Reply to the Pieviewers,' especially to Tlir Clirixtidii E.noiiincr for Nov., l,s;50, that had ably reviewed the book. A passage in these lectures shows how unlit even good men are to judge of the efl'ect of proclaiming truth ; liow they violate duty when they timidly hold it back out of fear that it will not be acceptable! "I should consider xt twtrcinely iiijiidiciuiis, 41 TEXT-LOOK OF TKMPEKANCE. i' The ovciil, liowcvcr, which liad tlio most oniincnt and wide-spread influeiiee over tl»o Slates and the workl, happened in 1830. It was the establishment in the capital of New York State (Albany), of a State Society, of whom the President was Chancellor Reuben H. Walworth, and the Secretary, E. C Delavan, a citizen of Avealth, and of wonderful executive- talent and persistency. ]ie established cijunty agencies, a stafi' of no'cnts, Tin' Auuu-inni Qnnrlcrh/ TeDipcrancG Ma(ja:'e number of able and salaried acrcnts Avere engaged in the agitation, while an innumeraljle band ol voluntary missionaries went forth amongst the people, includ- ing tlu! cliii'f professors in the colleges, and othei* public insti- tutions, during their holidays. Above 12, "UO ministers of the H.i;: I »'* and I'voi (}iiixi)tu\ for any tonipcranco society to require inhil dhxt'tnenci' from lilt' iiiildir KliinuidiilK.''' Yet this very ductrinc, two years later, siiread like wildiire tlivouf^liout Great ]5ritain. When the Kxamincr selected tlie professor as the representative of * over- zealous partisiins,' our author thus mildly disclaimed lor the societies (as. indeed, lie had done in his original le 'tures) all responsiljility on their jiart. " At the time they were puhlished, / hnmo nut that one iiKUiiduiil in tin- United States would coincide with me in my views, because I had no; consulted an individual." Yet these views -were not ainnnhir; they were, in fact, truths which ha^'. ripened in many minds in many distant places, — views so ripe that thty could not fail to drop down upon the social ground ju'epared for them, ainl be I'lniirh/ accepted. ■*' Here we cease to jun'sue the minute history of the early movement : but the fiicts and statements f,'iven seemed to us wortliy of Lein;:; rescued from oblivion. Tiiey have been disinterred from old books and for}:;otten but original sourci'S. After-events may be read in the Jlev. 1\. BairdV JliHtdirc di'x Soci('t('x dc Tcmpinutnn' (Paris, is;!!',), and the details of tlu rrohibitioii movement (from ISKJ to iMo?) can lie found in the Prize Ess;iy of the Author, etititled An Arfiiniuiit for tlie SHjijirfi^sion of tlw Tjiijiitu Trtijlir, chap. 7, of which some oO.OOO copies have been ]n\t in circulation. and as many more of the 'Condensed Argument,' witli that chapter omitted. Mr Delavan, full of j-ears (above 77), and dee]dy grateful for the triumph;- of the cause he had lived to see, died in 1871. He was converted to th' doctrine in 1S;}(), by ]\Ir Kittredge's tract being placed under his plate at dinner, and by an address in Albany, given by Dr Hewit. Of tlie first report of the Society, Mr Delavan circulated o8,U00. <;ia.\i iliis n nf In iiatroi I iritis uf n-()( luidillt ;''■' '■'•// ■llilt, () ■t'OIll liappl •vine, ■iilv(jea I jieople .•lf'l/,n '" lit, II iiiistry 'va.s tli NATIONAL INTEMI'KIIANCE AND THE RKMKDY. 45 s it and ppencd ,v York csidont ary, K. ■cut i VI'- icics, 11 'aijazuic ich "Nvas mdreds my and pursued turu tlic 1 apfcuts l):ind ()!' , iiudud- lic insti- rs of the (ih!]). Vi>. Jit'iinrt ('/ Gerrit Hiii''fJi, of J?etcrboro', N. Y., upon tlu^ >uppression of more than thirty drink-shops in that town — which state continues happily to this day. § 110. The unwonted intelligence from America, naturally • xc'ited great interest amongst the philanthropists of J'Jurope. iJotween 1828 and 18o0, — chiefly through the earnest etlbrts ((*• ■ '/ ///'(/ fJtr pli'dijii iiiHst he cvtended' to cvnj (I'ji'id'ij of enslave- ■" id, (ind iticlnde ahstlnence cdllce front sj.)irits, irim', nitdt-liqaor, 'ii'l cidi'r. This social necessity led to inquiry into the; che- mistry of the question, which revealed the fact that 'Alcohol ' was the real agent of mischief in all these driidcs, however 5? 40 TEXT-UOOK UV TEMl'LUANCE. disguised iiiidcr various mixtnivs, fiduK orations, and names. Bolicl' ill llio dick'tic virtues of slron*' drink of course stood in tlic way of tlie now doctrine and the practical reform it aimed at, wliieh com|)elled its advocates to look into tlic statistics of vitality, as well as iido cliemistry. ExjxM'ience raj)itily accumulated, demonstratimr not only the needless ne.s.s of fei'mented liijuors, but the heneiit whicli generally and un- expectedly f()ll()\ve(l a1)stinenco from them ; and search into the (tpinionsof learned men who had written on this point, yielded an astonisliini;' (•^/^^•/',^sv/.^• (d" autliority in i'avoui- of the vicnvs whieii had been erroneously su])[)()sed to b;* novel.* In the list of dejiarted Avorthies stand pronunently tho names of ]3aynard. ('luyne. Darwin, Ti-ottei'. Garnett, Ja(d was the lii'st; l']uro]ican country in Avhicli the Tem])ei'ance doctrine took root, as it is the one in Aviiich its greatest, though transient, trium])lis Avere exhibited. In lISlT. one .lelfery Sedwai'ds, a nailer of Skibberi'cn, Co. Cork (he died in 18(>1, aged 85), having probably heai'd of the American movemeid, became an abstainer.;]] lie induced Denis 3!ara. carpenter, and James White, nailer (both of whom Averc living in 18(!2), to join him and nine other persons, several of Avhoiii bad l)een heavy drinkers. At a, teti-party, it Avas resolved '"that a^ Socifh/, to be calknl The Abstinence Society, be fornu'd ;" t(> be governed by Avritten rules, and to assemble monthly. In ISJl, the members built a meelingdiouse foi' themselves — probably the first Temperance Hall in the Avorld. It Avas 501't. long by "JOft Avide ; and KU't. high ; and completed in eiv Ml" Elavil, shows tliai tlici'o was a sick atul sinking" I'iiikI coiuu'C'ti'd with tho socict}', and records the Ibrni of the iKmI Lie O j;''/Vi)/A Cilil 1 fill- hill II I'l ttjii I'll 1(1 III ■■^' I iij'itdi:-!. 01' tli'slill'-l i''iih'i'.-\ nr iiiiijlhiiiil Im'hi'iilti iiij^ r.n'i'jil ^iri'!^, to (icorgc's-town (a snl)ni'l) of Wjishin^-ion ), iunl t'r.ini l8iS 1o l8t'»l regularly transnutted to Mr Scdwards .L'"^ annaallj. 'J'liis society ^vas al)sorl)i'd liy the gi't'utcr niove- iiicnt of l''iither ^Fatlicw, conmiciiced in l^oS. hi I^l!'.*, .loshna Jlarvcy, .M.I)., of DuMin, requested Dr .Idlni ('luyne. l^hysiciiin to the J-'orces '*•: Ireland, to assist him ill the I'onnation of a Tenijierance Society in that, city. On the I -Mil of August, Dr Ch(yne re])lied in a characteristic Iciii'i'. ]iul)hshed anonymously, as ' In' a Physicijin,' entitled 'A Matciiient of Certain Ell'ects to be ApjtreluMided from T(.iii[H'raiice Socit't i(\s.' ••Have yon no ('■y the same. 1S-2I>. No. '2. Price («/. '■'>. roliticid Evils of Intemperance. By J. II. [.Joshua Ilarvevl. No. 3. I'riri. '.],i 1. Remnrhs on the Evils, Occasions, and Cures of Intemperance. By 'V. L'. No. '1. Price id. 18 TEXT-];OOK or 'I'l'.MI'KnANCK. Hccoiid. To show the mlvautago, in point of ccfmoniy, of laving' tliom aside. Thirdly. To provr tliat to use tlicin for tlioir own nako is irrcconcilabii; witii rt'ligioiis iirinciplc." As a pliysioinn lio ]")i-opnso(l to ircai of tlic lir.st proposition, and most adniii-iihly lio did .so. " Tho LonfTita supjwsnl to llow from tlioir liboral use in modicino, mid ospccially in diseases once univcrsnlly, and still vulfjurly, sniiposed to depcn 1 on mere weakness, liave iiircxti'd dii'sc niiersoiiijiepear as a bloated giant, while the rest might be represented as obscene and deformed pigmies." Dr Cliojiio Av:is far in advance of liis profession witli rep-artl to tlio incdical use of alcohol : vet ho Avas not sino-ular, fur. even at ilint very tinu', ^fr llio-ginhottom. F.]{.S., a snrijeon, of Nottingliani, was carrying on an extensive practice without alcohol. The second letter connnenc(>s with an attack npon tlie traflTic. The enemy, h(> says, has '' .ly.sr'/a/7.5 in iii<>.-m1 fni'lli in Xo. 1. AV. U. was tlir laic IJcv. \V. Urwick, D.I )., a ccIclTalcd and lii^lily cstct'iiu'd ('()ii<,t('- tratioiKil iiiiiii.-tci', (if Duldiii. His iL!l*.' was dedicated to I)r Clicyiu'. It is amoiiLTst the earliest jiiid clearest stalcmeiits of the new ])ro|»liyIiiet ic that we liavo heeii alile to discover. After a t:'i'ai)hic description of the evils, he fui'tlier ]trocecds to consider tlie causes, incliidinLT (1 ) niis- eoiiccjitiuns of the nature of the li(|iior as L,''ood for heallli. and as an aid to t houu'ht or convei's itioii, undcn' which he asserts that alter the use i)[' wiiu; '"our modes of thinkint,'" will not bo marked hv cither depth oi" accuracy : we shall be incapal)le of that haiauciiin' of facts insej):tral)lc from rt'al wisdom." (2) Tlu! (h'sii'c to relieve care, or abate anxiety, by numbinnf the .seiisil)ilities. (:>) Thi' fasliions of lios[»itality. (1) 'J'he j^n-ati- iication of appetite; enu'cn(h'i'ed by stroiiLj (h'ink. (o) Evil modes of recrcatiini associati'd witii drinking;'. ((5) ivvcesses of the table, leadinu," to the nsc of alcohol as an ana'sthetic to make one feel condbrlable, dis^aiisini^ the disease by silencin*;^ the monitors of the norv(ms system. (7) The oxamplo of iip])arent impuinty in a few, who serve as decoy ducks to en- snare the less stroni^ and cautious drinkers, who perliaj)s have finer susceptibilities, and wai'iner tenij)eraments. Dv Urwick then proceeds, the italics bein^' his: — " The pvcsciiption I have to offer is simple, -within the reacli of fill, and anil invai'iiilily ciliracious, if it be api^Iied. It in the totnl, prompt, and ])i'r.«'Vfriiiri ahsfifit'iicc j'i'oin all hito.vicfitiiiii 11(1110):^, It has been proposed by some to chan;^e the Iciiul, or to (Uiuiiiish the quantity, or to lessen the frequency of their use. But the prol)abiHty, I had almost said the certainty, is, that if indult'eiice in them be allowed at all, the ifrn^dtimi protlKcrd by them will coiitiiiiii', the desire for them will be sustained, and the door yet left open by which temptation may return, and again lead the half- emaucipatcd victim captive." In If-ioS, there resided in Cork, a humble, largo-hearted f?-Iar, Tlicobahl ]\rathew. In the same city, lived a simple, eaiau'st, and ])hilanthro])ic qnaker, W. ^Martin, who was iinj)ressed with tlio idea that ' lather ^ATathew ' should take up the question I'f abstinouco, and attempt to redeem the people from their i^Toat bane — whisky, liy persistency, he at last sueeeeded in [ii'isuadino^ Father Mathcw to administer the ])ledge. Jlealtli iind comfort came to nmny families, and diseases were truly lic'iiled, A singular furor, a kind of social wild-fire spread amongst the Irish, and this excitable people became ab- .'■fainers by mlUions. The reformation daily grew in power, until, from 1840 to 18-17, it drew the atteutiou of all Europe to D * It niiifornily li!iii])ons, with fsroni mnvonionts in ]iliilosn]iliy, mornls, rolif^'ioii, pnlitifs, liiui I'Vi'ii ]>li_vsiciil ilisfovcriis, Unit a coiinunii tliini;,'lil, - tlio outi^rowth of a coiuinon tciultiu'y, tlio ript'iiiii^', us it wcif, of tlio human niiiul -arises and socks cxjucssidii in many placos or ]>frs(ins at the samo time. Trolessor Krnan has noted this sin^uhir I'act in iiii eioqiu'iit jiassfij^o : — " There is no mw so slnit in as not to rocoivo soino inthioncc from without. The history of tlie human mind is full of stranj^'o coincidoncos. which causo very remote I'ortioiis of tlio hnmaii species, witlioiit coinmunicition witli oacli other. t<< ted scholasticism, from York to Saniar- (•and; in tlie fourteenth century, every one in Italy, Tersia, and India yielded to the taste for mystical allegory ; in the sixteenth century, art was developed in a very similar manner in Italy, at IMount Athos, and at the Court of tlie Great Mo^^'uls, without St Thomas, r)arhehra'us, and tlio Rahbas of Narhonne, or the IMdterallemin of ]iaj,'dad, havin;^ known each other; witiiout Dante and Petrarch h;iviiif^ seen any Soj'i ; witliout any pupils of the schools of Perouse or of Florence liavin;^ been at Delhi. ^V^ siiould say there are .iii'( h lij-ii liur ./■/;• C! '11. 1/ f p 3 r; ...i:.., I ti NATIONAL INTRMTKRANCE AND TlfR IIKMFIDY. 51 IS t;liaii|^i' I'l*, iliiii it. the initlis it sIhiuM liiit iiwiiits 1 they svlit) tli"ii' skill, I'COlIU' llic ;I<»ry luiist cnipcrniipc <»'. witlittut rioil. 'I'lii; ilii, awaited jiiiiilii. In I |ii('(lLr(' III was aij^ain liiclmioiHl. IVaiiicil II ililiy, moviils, 111 tlmui^'lil— well', of tlio icrsiiiis at tlif 1 an L'lu(HU'iit irom without, which cause iiicitiDii witli Is- ami utKVl'i- It 111' Syrians, |vk to Saiiinr- ,, and luilia Itnry, art was ami at the lis, and tlio hnown C'lieli Iwithout liny Drlhi. ^V.' hi; World lilu' tcrchan^'i.' nl' or by direct Ilackwortli, liot rivals or >, of a com- lucut of the |i1('(1l'i' of !i siiiiilai* cliai'actrr. A little later we liiid an assn- (•'•.tiiiii ill St .loliii, X.IJ., united (HI llie same i>:isis. Nune of t Imwevei'. lu'eame liie eelitl'c nl'tlie liioV( iiieiit . The iil'O 111. i'oi'ce iieedful t(» t lie Wni'kiiii,'' of t lie liiaeliinery — that iimral ;i!id social steam wliieli men name 'enthusiasm' had not yet hceii t,'eiiei'ated, I Ikmiu'Ii its elements wefe heiuL;; slnwly hut sui-elv collected, in a district, and aiiionj^si u (dass of perscuis, :'h >t (if all suited Cor the work to l)e done. Ov to chatii,'e the .Ui-Tin'c Coi- one e(|ually apt, llu; torch of truth which had faintly 'hni'iied ill isolated |»laces, unsustained liy a IVee and liltiiiLf jit!ii(is[ilieiv, and thereloro I'adiatinn' Jio steady wide-sj)reail 4ctri'CtS, /''i'>i' illii'nl h> III' I'l I iijllliil III l/n' ltlnli)]ilectic fit, or meets with a serious acciihnt. a biukeii rib !i)rliiiili. there is no hesitation in abstractiii!,' at once ii IS wonted lintatlolis. Alliidu^'h siurits arc tho most ]iernicious li(iuors, beinj,' the stroiif,'ost ^iiil most concentrated ])oison, all ullicr li(iii(ir-<, iriiir, lucr, ridrr, i-tr,, nrc •ijiiriiiUK ill prtipiiiiidii tl) Ihi ir tftrcinjtli, or thr ijiiiiiitili/ of alcohul flwij 'I'l'iiii. " It will, 1 fear, bo found diflicnlt to persuade the workiiif:; classes that ^tmiic,' li(|uors, of some sort or other, arc not absolutely necessary to the iifiniiaiice of their labour. An anchorsmith, a sawyer, or a coalheaver, 'Ukl deuui it impossible to do without them. This, however, is not true. I'h're arc iclioh' natioits ichcri' xpirttitox-'^ or fernimti il liijitor-^ art' itnknoirn '' 'iniisi'd ; vet in those nations there are Ial)orious occupations, am; I Itrniir and healthy people — an uuiksistible rnooi' tuat sn h i.k.icous \y.i: NOT NECKssAitY TO MAN. The unnatural excitement of the muscular lOtioiis by means of stront; liquors occasin)i^ a propnrlinnntc I'.rhniistiDii of ft'' villi! piiwi'r!<, (I (liiiiiiiiKjud ciipdcitij for sHlisr(in,iit crcrtinii, a prema- old age, a life of sutl'criug and an early grave." (See § yi, p. 72.) Those sentiments of tlie Bristol physician — who bad perhaps Ntt'iiod to similar observations from the jxreat i)r IJeddoes, 52 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEKANCE. ■U I ;■ .F f OTico a rosidoiit of lliat cifj — avpi'o printed nnd circnlafod by a few ([uic't, Avcaltliy ' Frit^iids,' avIio had joined tlie temperance society ; and very shortly tlie tracts found their wiiy to Preston, in Lancasliire, wli( re ihinu's were i-ijicnin^' to a h(>ad. Here lived a "well-known local Franklin, ^Ir J(jse))h ] ii vesey, avIio, risen by self-denial, cull are, and industry fi'oin the woi-king- classes, sou', thai, since the commencement of I80I, 1 liave never tasted ale, -wine, or ardent s])irits." hi the nund)er for INFay. 1S:JJ, the same doctrine is advocated, and the experience of l)r Fraidclin r^iven at largo. ]\[c>anwhile, January 1st, l!^:>2, a tem])ei'ance society had been formed amongst sonu' young men in connection with a school ho had established for their gratuitous instruction. ]\lr Thomas Swindlehurst had jirocured some of the Bradford tracts, Avliich ■were in circulation along with the JJristol one. Conversation and discussion rapidly ripened opinion "within the little band of reformers, who at last took courage to constitute a provi- sional comndttec and call a ])ublic meeting. This came off 011 the 22nd l\btvcli, when ^Iv ^V. Pollard, of Manchester, ai; ct^'ective and hranorous s])eaker, (>x])laiiu'd the machinery f: acticn, and at the ch)se, Edward Dickinson signed the pledae of abstinence from s}n'i'its. Put this Avas soon found to be ti" short and too narrow for a state of society wherein the use I'l fermented li(|Uors was the chief source of the evil; and hencr. with the mental and social preparation going on, the next stcr was at once easy, natural, and inevitable. ]\lany of the earner' men of Preston, in fact, were already abstaining fi-oni evtiv kind of alcoholic liquor; as were individuals in other parts i' the country. Several of the I'reston men had already advn- cated the doctrin(> in the meetings, and even Mr Livescy and Mr Harrison, surgi on, had written in favour of it in the public papers. Who Jirsf advocated it in the public meetings, it i- now utterly impossible to prove — though we can very conti- dcntlj negative the claim to origiuaUty that any particular NATIONAL INTEMPEKANCE AND THE REMEDY. 5" ■culatcd hy ;i ; tomperancc yto Preston, lu'iid. Here jivc'scy, Avlin. tlio workiiiLr- )C education. m iiisi,iz:lit, lie )us, ])('rsov('r- A wcll-to-du of a printing ff> ed The Mn,;<\ ' , falling into o power and Mr Livosoy. ,dnccd (if the ininiencomciit s])irits." In dvoeatcd, and P ^Meanwhile, been formed cliool he liad :Mr Thonm. tracts, -svliieli Conversation le little biuii! itntc a provi- s came olf on nieliester, ai; ; niaeliinery o; d tlie pledge |und to be too in the use o' and hencT. It he next step bf the carnes! from every ther parts I : d ready advi^ Livesey aiui in the pnldic] eetings, it i- n very coiit'i- liy particula'l person might unwisely put foi'th. ^Messrs Bradley, Dearden, hivcsey, Stephenson, SwindU'hui-st, 'iV-are, Touhnin, and others, iii'e foinid in a glorious fraternal I'ellowship in the gooel work that was destined to sjM-ead so fast and lar, and achieve such l)le'ssings for the nation, hy stemming the advance and resisting tlie encroachments of the direst and most potent of all the foes (if civili/atioii. The ^lov^\ of August, 183'2, is memorable on account of a full n!i4hi"nci' i)lt'iliji; drawn out anil signed by .Joseph Livesey and John King. On the 1st Septinnber, a second ami similar i)ledgo was subscribed by Joseph Livesey, John King, anel five others. The famous 'Dicky Turner' was reelaimeel IVom elruidvcnness about this time, and he it was who, a year latei', lirst a})p!ied the W(»rd 'Teetotal' to express that entire abstinence which had heen proveel to be so necessary to his own safety and tiiat ol: his class (§ H). On the 2v5rd ,March, 18;5;), the new pledge was addeel to the old one, as an ullt rn'ilirc pledge, anel part of the constitution of the Temperance Society — a plan afterwarels adopted in many parts of I'hiu-land, until, in elue time, this Aai'ou's rod bourgeoned anel overshadowed the original declaration.* In April, 1834, the more 'ardent spirits ' of the nu)vcment rstablisheel an exclusively Ahstine'uce Youtlis' Society. At the lirst meeting, about one hunelreel persons signeel the plcelge, a fact which inelicates the enthusiasm that was kindled. An active missionary spirit was brought into ])lay; the Preston tViends made I'aiels into the towns anel villages round about tbeni. with the most Avonelerful succi'ss. I'iVciywhere the Wdiking men throngeel arounel these apostolic men. Per the Wdi'k of this pregnant time, slundel be honourably distinguished, in adelition io their prude.it leader and adviser, lleniy Aiuler- tiin, a brilliant orator anel popular p(jet ; Tlidinas Swinellehurst, 'the King of the Reformed Drunkards,' a man of true power; •lames Teare, a native of the Isle of Man. resieling at Preston; hdward CIrubb, an arelen*". tribune of the ])e(iple; l^hvard ^hirris, afterwarels so usefully associated with the cause in (HasgoNv; anel last, not least, John linch, to whom both Irelunel * In a few years, indeed, tlic old societies liad alto<,'ctIiei' disappeared, liaviiif,' only been kept alive, in a ])iiinrul and lin^^'friui,' state, by the ellbrts of one man — the late Itev. Owen Cliuke, who was at once ' secretary ' and ovtrvtiung else, of * the British and Foreipi Ttauperaiice Society' — an as- sociation which, once patronized by royalty, had too little practical truth within it for the needs of the populace and the ucccssitics of the times. I 54 TEXT-BOOK OF TE3IPERAXCE. I V '1 i1 i \ ; and Scotland owe the early introduction oP tcetotalism by popular advocacy. The Preston men, zealously eiii2;ag'ed in a momentous pi'actical reform, never troubled themselves with the senseless I'cruujmonts of a later school concerning,' ' moral- suasion,' but nsiiif]^ the weapon of persuasion ah'cady within their reach, zealously soug'ht every other lawful ngx-ncy whereby to reniove out of their ])iith the real obstacles to progress, amongst which, badly and boldly pre-eminent, stood the traffic in strong li(|uors, })roppcd, approveil, and privileged by mistaken law. This year the able Parlinmcntary Report of James Silk Buckingham, M.P. for Shetlield, furnished an arnuniry of facts, hi lHl).j, a public debate took place in the ]\[usic Hall, Leeds, as to whether the teetotal pledge* should be the cxdnsiri) pledge of the society for the fulure. ]Jr William- son, ^\v Thomas Plint, and Mr Edward Paines (after- wai'ds, j\[.]'. for Leeds), took the negative, but alter speeches from ^Iv B. Crossley, ]\[r John Andrew, jun., the Rev. P. Beardsall, and ^[r P. R. Lees (then a young man of twenty), the tijjiriiKitirc was cai'rii'd. Shortly aftcrvvards, the country became extensively agitated, anil controversies and discussions took place in various parts.* Amongst the first missionnries of this time, should also be named, with uU honour. Gray Mason, Thomas Whitaker, Jolni Cassi'll (afterwai'ds the cek>bi'ated publisher), the Rev. Jabez Burns, John Addleshaw, and William I'oUard. Amongst the tirst medical men who sustained the movement, we cannot forget I)r Beaumont, of Bradford, and John Pothergill, of Darlington. § 111. Wo arc not, however, attempting a liistory of this unique mov^ement, so pregnant with issues which no human foresight could discern; we have merely desigiu'd to indicate a few leading facts concerning its urnjiu. ^,\e cannot detail t1 sion (1H;}()), botwocii F. K. Loos and tlio Rev. T. F. Jordan ; JiothcrJun Dixcunsio)! (IHIO), between F. 11. Lees and Rev. James Bromley ; liamKjiat * Amonj:;st tlio most influential wovo tlio followinjT :_,Vr7s7;(7m Dhcus- im (jatc Discusxlon (1811), between F. R. Lees and Rev. Mortlock Daniel ; and the Framlhujham DiscKKniou (ISl;?), between Dr Lees and Mr Jeaffrcson, Burgeon. These were widely circulated, and opened out the entire ques- tion, physioloffical and biblical. After the year 18B8, the Prize Essay Bacchus, by R. B. Grindrod, Esq., and the unsuccessful essay, Anti-BacchiiK, by the Rev. B. Parsons, of Ebley, contributed much to advance the cause ; the lirst by its elaborate collection of historical aud social facts, and the secoud by its touching and trenchant appeals. NATIONAL INTEMPERANCE AND THE REMEDY. 00 lism by ;-C'd in ii res witll ' moral - T Avitliin vlieivby rogrcss, le triiffic iistakcn ics Silk oury of nc Hall, bo tlu' Villiam- (after- ^peeclics Rev. F. weiity). country cussions also be 'r, John \ Jabc'z Lniongst cannot j-gill, of J of tins I human Indicate detail thcrJtdm iimxpatc land the liffroson, |e qucs- Essay hicchus, 1 cause ; Incl the the hard and often dangerous Avork of its first fearless advo- cates : that task we leave to the future histoi-ian of the enter- prise ; and close "with a sketch of two or three of its most striking figures. Foremost, as chief antl propagandist, stands Joseph Livesey. rt Avas he who, by his admirable nialt-lif[uor lecture on ' The Gi'cat Delusion,' and his plain Saxon speech, fii'st planted the teetotal standai'd in London, aiul in the great provincial towns of IJii'mingham, Leeds, Bradford, Darlington, Newcastle, and Sunderland. It was he who, through the might of the press,* iii'mly fixed the new ideas in the intelligence of thoughtful disciples throughout the em})ire, ami who laid those goodly foundations on wOiicli many later minds have built noble struc- tures of art, elorpience, and science. Of the name of ' the Patriarch of the ^lovement,' he is surely most worthy. Pages might be occupied in describing the labours of the first mis- sionaries. After the year I800, one comes prominently into view, who continued in the field to the year of his death, 18G8 — ' honest James Teare,' so called from his consistent, courage- ous, and uncompromising advocacy, characterized by great ethical plainness and sound argumentative sense. He visited almost all parts of England and AVales (notably Cornwall, in I808), some parts repeatedly; planted teetotalism in many obscure and distant places ; defended it Avhere it had been assailed, or asserted it where it had been betrayed ; and this with an earnestness and devotion that may well cover any slight failings of judgment, and earn his ccmntry's warmest fjratitude.t Another of the original Preston men especially claims the tribute of out' admii-ation, Kdward Grubb. A man of peculiar insight and accomplishmenis, of uiuh)ul)ted honesty, of dauntless courage, find gifted with a singularly fervid elo- tjuencc, ho seems to have been providentially fitted for the work he so ably performed in the first days of the agitiition. Over a wide surface — in fact, from Cornwall to Caithness — his labours have extended, imparting to thousands of youthful souls something of his own fire, energy, and truthfulness. If, then, * He established and conducted the Tnnprrance Advocate from 1834 to 1838 : when Dr Lees took its management, and publialied it in the Isle of Man for several j'ears. In this little isle, the late llobert Farj^'her had established the Tcmpevance Guardian, which was absorbed in the Advocate. t Mr Teare, in his will, left £100 to be devoted to two Trize Essays on Temperance ; the first premium has been awarded to Mr Powell, the second to llev. Dawson Burns, M.A. I I! \,i 5G TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. I' i ' 11 Preston (lid not orir^inato tlio doctrine, it liad tlio p^reat and unquestioned lionour of beiiif^ tlie cradle and nurse of teetotal- ism — of tliat livint^ cliild of trutli aiul virtue wliicli has f^jrown into tlic stronj^ giant tliat now treads with assured steps the pathway that leads to conquest and victory. V. § 1 15. Wc return to the United States, where in ^fay, 18o3, the tirst national convention Avas liehl in l*hilack'l[)hia. Five nu)re yeai's passed away, aiul hchold another chaiigo ! Wliere were thcnisands of tlieir i-eiorined drunkards? AVherc their promising young men? Drawn partly into the voi-tex of tiie ohl trallic, and partly into a new form of social drink- ing. Both in ])i'ivate circles and in public-houses, artiticial mixtures and wiiu'S, but esi)eeially cider auol lager- beer, were found sii])planting rum, Jnd Joiitij /vnu's ivorl'. The temper- ance army, then, must move up higher— must outflank tlio enemy — juust establish all round him the lines of investment. In very truth, this was attempted ; nay, the fi-iends fancied they liad (htnr it, in hoisting a broader banner, and in altering the watchword of the old one. In 18:3r», at a State conven- tion, the fci'foltd pledge was adopted from Kngland, and the system made solid and consistent. Tnhd dht^tiiicucc j'nnii ALL fhat ('(III iiitii.cicii/i', becanu' the motto. Once more, with I'c- ncwed hope, the temperance army cv^mmenced a fresh cam- paign, as they imagined, with dll the appliances and the munitions of Avar that were nei'ded.* It was a mistake; they fought the enony, indeed, but tluy fouiiht him with unc([ual wciipmis, for they tlid not even assault his Ici/al entrench- ments, ami so, after every victory, they really left the enemy i/iirri.«iiieil in the country. ]'!iit/ii(-'^i((>!iii is not a niu'uud state of any society, and therefore cannot possibl}' destroy an established and permanent iiifrri'^l. IJut the campaign was nobly fought from the year ISo3 ' ^hc year 1815. 'j'lie plan was fairly tried, and failetl only from essential defect. The noblest leaders of the movement in Church and State gradually * At ono meeting at riiiladelpliia, •*1((,7.")() were raised ; 215,000 Rc- cordi'rs wore circiilated— l(),000in Gorman ; ;50,00()Temi)iiaiice almanacs ; and the Jounuil of the American Tomperanco Union was lirst printed Iiere. In Monroe County, (Mi farmers abandoned the use of li(|aor ; merchants abandi ned the sale ; two-thirds of tho diatillcrs closed ; taveru-keepers augi bcgau to serve out coliee. and agai era.'' NATIONAL INTEMPERANCE AND THE REMEDY. 5/ tlu" AM. 11 re- furn- tho tlioy ([UUI nicli- lujmv stato • an was jilau The ually Re- lierr. Hiants nepers opened oufc tlio Iminoralifu of the tralVic, and an irresistible public opinion was formed in tlio rig'lit direction. In 18o7, a memorial, drawn u]) by Albert Jiarnes and presented at a threat convention, denonnced the lirrusnl Iruflir as "contrary to the very desij^u of le^'islation," and wliicli " make.-; the State the putroH of all the consL(|uences that How from the business it authorises." § 140. In 1840, the Waxlumitimian movement was in- aui^urated at Chase's Tavern, Baltimore, by a few earnest spirits, resolved on retoi'iiiiii!.,'' themselves and their fellow- victims of the traflic by stiirini^' moral appeal. John H. W. Hawkins,* J. Hayes, of ^Main(>, and subsequently J. 13. Cough, were amongst the most celebrated agents of this remarkable movement. For some years, the enthusiasm raged like a prairie tiro. It was an inspiration of philanthropy to con- vert druidcard and druidrii>nj nrninid iitp t " The rrr..b,jl,'r;im Sijiind nf Alhnmj, in 1833, declared, "that the trafllc is an immorality, and ought to be viewed as such throughout the world." In J8:>;5, the (p;estion was publicly debated, in the city of New York, " What rifc' of the in- ritiiip fdcilificn for getting it ; and so it is, that whilst these facilities exist, our direct efforts to promote total abstinence will be measurably, //' not fatalhj, counteracted hi/ them. Such views we must certainly admit to be just, unless wo deny what the Bible, our hearts, and daily observation nliko teach us, of the power of temptation." Tlic cry of ' No licence ' was first heard in the muni- cipalities. The popular voice electing its rulers, this battle was attended with varying fortune in various districts, and in many was annually renewed. The contest, however, was of immense service. In it the 'Ironsides ' of the Temperance Commonwealth were getting disciplined. Proof of the anti- social, pauperizing, crime-breeding character of the traffic became matter of clear arithmetic, and created that feeling and conviction which afterwards cuhninated in the State Law of Maine. In some parts of the country great success attend- ed this preliminary agitaticm. Througliout the ' Old Colony,' where the Pilgrim Pat hers first settled, the iio-Iictiice princi- ple triumphed so far back as lSo2, — a district com])rehen(ling two counties and sev'cral considerable towns. "In IJarnstahk' and Duke's Counties, in LSoo, after vacations of three, four, and seven months, the jiulges had to preside over two criminals only, and these for a petty larceny of less than two dollars." In 1834, the State of Georgia was greatly agitated. She expelled the traflic from the seat of her University, and tested in tii'o couutif.^ the authority to grant or refuse licences. In Liberty County, with a population of 8,UUU, not one dro]) could be purchased. In the County of Suffolk, ^lassachusetts, licences were reduced from OLi to oI4 ; in Hampshire County, from 8:3 to 8 ; in Plymouth and Bristol Counties, and in numerous towns, no licences icere jifcii, and in many of them no ardent m iiii ^ ill ii •.r ■ I f' !l' 60 TEXT-BOOK OF TKMPEIJANCE. spirits sold. " Ta smiin of l]ii<.'«' fmriis-^ liowevcr, Dicu who lovo tlic j)f)isoii liavc sent Tor it to JJostoii." Ill IHII., ill C(Jimcc(i('ut, t('iii[)C'iiiiu*o conniiissioncrs "Nvcrc elected in -JtJO out; of liiiO towns. On tlio ll'tli May, iHir^, fnur-ji/l/is of tlio cities iiiid t(jwiis of JS'cw York Statu ^'avo a stroug vote aj^aiiist licoiico. 'J'lio Statu votus cijlluctively wore, — pm, 1 IJ,'~«''^ !• ; riiii/ni, ir7/)8;>. Jii tliu County of Ontario, uikU'I' tlio operation of im liccnci', the innuitus of tlio jail were reduced from \:2~> in IS lo, to '»'•'> in 1840. In 1847, licences wen- again grant t'd, and the inmates of tlie jail in- creased to 1:!-. In ISI'), the ell'ects of jjrohibition in Massa- chusetts were thus stated: — " I'rom more than lOU towns the truflic is entirely removed, and a reduction is already visible in tlie j)ul)lic taxation. In one town, with a po[)ulation ol' 7,00t), there were, four years since, liJ'J paupers; 'no licence' has reduced them down to 11." In Potter County, lY'iui., where the judge refused to grant any licence, "///<' jirisou hat^ Liujuiin' fruit iit/i:<^' ; t/icrc /.v //'// tt> sDlitdrji pitiijirr ill till' nniiitij ; the busiiu'ss in the criminal court has ci'ased, and taxes have been reduced one-half." It was evx'iitually discovered that lni'nl experiments admit- ted of smuggling from neighbouring' districts, though the results of tlu' law Avere still u'ood. iJut its fault was its limit- utioii, — they hadn't I'lKHdj/t of it. It Avas Avith this measure as it has lieeii witli our laAvs ibr the s/ijijirr.'t.^idit of the slave-trade. The league to put it down was not at lirst xiitjicieiitlij crfrnsiff. Nevertheli'ss, it Avas a great boon. ' W/uit an' flu' /nets /' says an ap[)eal of the day. '" Ftitw fimr.-i ((s vmmj crimes aro citiii imtfiif III j^tlari'ft in ir/ni-// lij. is thus a rontlcmcn (lition ol lie trade, )ined the •10 persons vice.' hule popii- Iiitinn, — or 1 in ovory 11, oxcludiiii,' tlio ah.staiiiors. Many others are free drinkers and omixiDiutl dnuiluiMls. Already inebriates, or advnnrin;,' to that condition, 2 in every 7 of the drinkers. In (Ireone Connty, of 1500 criniinfilH imprisoned dnrinp 7 years, nil, save ;5, were intemperate; of riO(ltl)'()rs, evciy one. Of those wlio liiid rrecivcd aidat the county ))oorh()nse, dinin;^' '.'i ycars.o;/* -///VA were juveniles, of wiiom seven- eji^'htiis were children, often oriiliau:- of t!ic int(iii|t(rafe. Three-tiftlis of the females v(re intemiu rate ; om-li th di pt ndi-nts on mtemiierate hus- hands, etc. Each year itl.uvc JidO such jmupers. lUit for intoxicatinf,' liquors, therefore, any juililic ]iro\i>ion for the support of the i)Oor would scarcely have been necushary. Tn Columhns, Oliio, of fnrty-fi)ur pci'sons found dead, tlic coroner's in([uest was, that thiriy-ciglit of tliem eaiiie to their death by drink. The J'hiltiilrliJiiii ^Ldii'ti] S"''i('/ii testified, after full in(juiiy tliroug'h a spt'cial committee, that out of •1,"J1'2 deaths in that city, above TUO (o/' mic in ,s< rvu') ^vcre occasioned b} drink. vr. § 14(S. State. acfinn 7i'as iho natnyal ormilt of rnn)iicij)aJ, licim/ the rjrou'th and I'xtcnxinn af fhr t^nnn' idea. State conventions were held all over the Union foi' many years, sometimes attended l)y r>0(> deleijates, thus laying- the I'oundation for a change which, some day, would astonish the nu/re Jioliticians. A\'rmont Avent in for a Statt> nnJicrni-r law; in IS 1-7, the votes for licence were l:j,7t»7, for na licence, )li,7i)o ; in l,S-ll', far 11,205, against •2;3,8S-k The State of ConiuT'ticut, since lf-!;34, had made, 'licence' or 'no licence' one of its ])oliti('al issues; and frecjuently carried the negative by overwhelminL;' majorities. She guarded her.self against the ti'ailic by ereciing some addition.'il fences around it. The Legislature reported a fact of great moment, showing that licence is vasth- nioi-e easy of evasion than prohi- bition. " From a recent e.i'aininafidn in Xen^ JLiren, it wax j'onnd to contain, si.i'ti/ (jroij-f^liojisi where fiijnur vii.-^ sotd coidrarij to lair.^^ In 18G2, a new licence law was adopted ; but a single trial of a 3'ear disgusted them with the experiment, and the agita- tion for a State prohibit inn commenced. In other States the same battle, with the same weapons, — the ballot-box, — was waged with varying success. During the presidency of General Andrew Jackson, in 18o-l, i I F G2 TI'.XT-IJOOK OF TEMPERANCK. tJio priiu'i|)l(' of a ]m)liil)itory lifjuor luw uns distinctly fid- mittcd liy tlic li'ovei'nmcnt in rdi't'enct! to one portion of its .sid)j('('ts; ;iud tlic ])i'ec('dciit, at any i-iitc, was cstablislicd for its i!|)j)li{';ition to "//, We allude to tlic law '\/"'' //"' I'l'i'lrrlimi nf llir India II 'rrilii'!^,'''' Aviiicli, pi'oliibilin;^'' the side of all sti'ont^ liqn(jrs to tlic rcd-incn, enforced its coininands by instructin*:^ and antliori/,in<' tlic Indiiin an'ciits siunniiiiilv to x'/.v and ih.^lroi/ idl such liijMoi'H introduced for sale into tlie liulian territory, — a ju'ovision Avliicli "was rigitlly anil I'iyhlcously eid'orced. In JM'hruary, ].S;}7, an able ripurf was iiuido by a connnittcc of the Legislature! of Elaine, foumled on very nninerous peti- tions wliicli liiiil lieen presented, cliiinnnLi' pi-oteclioii against the issues of the ti'iiHic. 'J'lic coniniiilee trained a /irnliihihiri/ liill, which, tliou^'h lost in the Leji^islature, was taken up by tin' peoj)Ie.* 'i'liey cluntic tcnnciously to the conception, carried the ])i'oposil ion to tlie l)allot-box, niul, three years later, electinl a Leu'islatnre that passed the bill, only to be vetuetl by the y-overnoi'. Jn 1>^1"">, however, after iiei'cc struun'linix and leyislativo debates, Elaine liiid the lionour of tii'st ])Iacinii' a ])rohibitivc li([Uoi' law n))on its statute book; but, as rniuht hiive been predicted, wliiK' the l;iw was correct in its j)rinciples, its adver- saries took care to mar it in its nictliodsand siuictions. A law of the nnture of the one in question — o])))osc!d to the interest, a])petit(>, iind custom of a larg'o minority — could Inirdly bo e.\|)ected to esciipe evasion, nidess it orii^'inated a string'ent cxei'utive machinery, or had some pi'culiarly eifectivo sanction; nay, even in tlu' best of cases, such a law would have an ordeal to ])iiss throULi'h. and to starve out the established forces of the old systcMii. This lirst ])rohibitory law cave no ])ower to ai'rest the real oifender, — f/ic liijimr, — but sought to sustain its pro- visions by till! old aj>paratus of linos. Tho rum-sellers sold secretly wliero the^- could, but at all events sold, and when * It wfis in is;')? that Nenl Dow bocfimo ]iroinincntly ooiincctod with the jii'dhilritorv inovfiiunt. This gcntli'Uian was born at rovtland, .March 20, ISO-i, ]Iis I'ainily wore lueiubors of the Society of I'rieiuls, hut lie himself is a Con}:;r( nationalist. Blaine contains a very earnest and homogene- ous population, intent on their own business, careful of their estates, sober, moral, and relif^ious in their habits, and of preat persistency of character. Blr Dow is an excellent typo of the men of Maine, and worthy of their coniidence. lie became a Sfaeral in tho war of the luhellion, and has twice visited Britain, gratuitously, iu the service of prohibition, effecting vast good. NATIONAL INTFlMrKRAXCE AND TIIK HEMKDV. on lu'lly nd- im of its shed for 'roffi'lldit II stroTitr ^ll•llC'tiIl<;• ''/;.(' and ' riidiiin ;litct)U.sly )mniittcc )us peti- a^'uinst uhihiliii'i/ 11 iij) by I, carried ', cK'CtlHl l)y the ti'lslafivo iiliihitivc Lve Ik'CU s adver- A law lit crest, irdly 1)0 i'iii<>'erit iietion ; ti ordeal fs of tlio ) arrest lis pro- 'I's sold "Vvlien witli the arch 'JO, himself luo^'fiie- s, soher, "lanictor. of their (as twice liig vast deloctod piiid llir Jh)i'^ (iiif of 111 o prnjV.-t of fhi' nlfiiirr. TJio law did not yet allow tlie liquoi- itself to be its own evidence, and so ^'■avc; room lor the iiiinioral triilUckers to evade conviction hy pcrpetratiiiu'" p<'i'.j'i''y- 'I'l'" lii^v. it is true, was vindicated by penalties; but it did not seeiirtj res|»ect ; lor llie li(pior was leileMtreiiclied witliin the boi'ders of the trallic. T/tr hur j'ltllnl hrrniixi' if //•//•f iiol i'< f/ini'iixijli til ^/.< il jii>il rnfliK ii.< iii I'/s lu'i iii-nih', AN^as the case, then, Iio[)eless? Must society, witli the kiiow- ledL,'i' and sutreriu^'s of a prodigious evil, sit down in despair of ever reiiioviiiii" it ? Not so. "ll'thislaw is a Tail lire," said the JIoii. Nc;il Dow, of i'oi'tiand, "• t here must he a reason for it." Like other prohibitory laws, he argued, it deiiouneed the wrong — /"'/, liiili/:i' lln ni, il InU riilfd tin' iiislrii iiirnl I, J till' irrmii/. A ])arallel to such legislation would liave been to jim/iihif lot- teries, ganihling, and forgeries, — and respiuit as 'lawful' ])i'o- ])ei'ty, the lot t cry-ticket, the gambk'i''s-dice, and the forger's die. Henceforth, with that directness and earnestness which distinguished him, he pi'oclaimed C0NKlS(.'.\Tio\ of tin: i.kjicji; as nil': ju-iirlli-itl ((Hir'iii.ATivi; OK 'I'lti'; ri;i.\cn'[,K oi- I'lionimiioN,-— a guarantee, Avithout which any licpior law must ever jirove a di'ad-letter. 'JMiis, and no other, i.-i the jioculiarity of what is called, by way of eminence. Tin' ^Ltiiif Lii/nor Lin'\ As ])irated books are now summarily burnt by our custom-house ollicers, so C()nfiscate(l litpior was to be spilt or otherwise destroyed by tlie State ollict'rs, whenever discovered. 'J'he •rummies,' as they are calkHl, strnggknl with desperation, and strained vvcvy nerve, but were utterly routed. Thi' temperance j)afty carried the elections of 1SI1», and in ^Fay, 1851, by an average! vote of /"■'* fi) oiii; the bill passetl the Senate and J louse of Keprcsen- tativcs, and on the second of June liecanie law, by receiving the signature of the governor of the State.* ()])[)ortunity Avas allowed for diverting licpioi* to legitimate uses, or disjiosiiig of it beyond the State. Preparation was generally made to acfpiiesee in the demands of the law, showing tliat law is a l)i)tent instrument in c o at t)ii)<>iiitiiiciit af a district mtoiit, under liniidx, diid irith a ji.rcil sdhirii. It drn'S not concern itself with the private acts of home-brewing, or importation (indeed, the laws of the Federal Union jj/'o^'Cf importation) in tlie 'orii,'inal packa^'c.' It re- f-'ards every man's liomo as his castle, and only seeks to meddle witli the ori'rt act af sole ; CDiiliscating all stores of liipior of which a jnirt has been sold, just as revenue ollicers would seize a whole bale of goods on proof of any part of them having been smuggled. 01- TKXT-nOOK OF TI'.MriniANCE. !! lb uicTii. Hero nnd llici'c, liowc'vcr, scvci-nl ])nl)llf'nns liad llio <('iii('iM<3' ^" '■'*'''" lln'ii' stofcs (»r li<|Miir. The lirst, sci/iiro wns iiiiuli' al. I!!iiii4'()i' : iitid on llic irloriniis Itli of .Inly, ls.'»|, tlit; city iriJivsliiil i-dllcil oiil IVoiii ilic liasiincnl df tli(( C'ily llull ton ciisks of cniilisciitcd liinior, niid dcslroyod the wliolc in tlic pi'csciicc of llic ])('.i|)lc. SdMii fd'tc!', Ml' Dow, iis ni;iyoi' of I'ortliiiid, a city wlicrr ^^rcat wcaltli liad hccn made by distill- iiiL,'', issued liis scai'cli-wari'aiil nn accicdilcd suspicion of sale, and !^-,on() wditli ol' lii|nnr was sci/t d und dcslroycd. On both oc(!asions llic po]>nla(H! witnessed \\u' destruction in respectl'wl silenci'. Oilier seizures I'MJIowed, and nowlioro did llie law meet, with any <^'rave oj)positi(in. liiipiors sinuLTLjied fVoni iiei^'hbonrin^'' non-Maino Law Slates, by various and often ridienlons devices, (puekiy lell into the n'rasj) of the marshals anhed; disoi-der disappt'ai'ed ; almshouses <;rew desolate; houses of correction and Jails thinly itdial)ited or entirely closed : while external signs of moral and social [>rosperity wei'c cverywhei'c visible. In ^lai'cli, ls;;s!, -i K'n-islative committee? of ^Fassachusetts reported, reeomniendinu- ///■<'////////(///. On the loth April, a bill was ])assed prohibiting the sale of spii-its in less quantities than lil'teen gallons. In JS;11>. Mississippi eiuu'ted the one-gallon law; wlnle Illinois granted j)ower to towns and counties to snpi)ress ihc retail traillc o)i iu'lltiini siij/irij In/ a miijorifi/ of adult main i}ihahili(nh. These laws occasioned the moiiling of a legal point ns to their 'constitutionality,' in the Supreme Court. In January, I81'7, tli'j licence causes of Tliurl"ir v. }l(i!^etls, Fbtcltcr V. E/iodc Txhtnd, and Pii'rci' v. Nnr JLmiji.'^Jn'tr, came on for hearing. It appeared that the town of Cumberland, llliode Island, had refused licence. T/h'. JKili/unul of tlic court l)rtoii\ in ruck Cdsi', v'(i>^ nttau'inioii^lii (ii'i'i nrnd ^ to wit, that tliesoVlaws "were 'tiot inconsistent Avitli the constitution of tlio United States, nor -with any acts of Congress." § IIO. The position and feelings of the temperance party, immediately prior to the passing of the Elaine Law, "wcro tbose of mingled disappointment, hope, aiul despondency. Notwith- standing a mor.al-suasion movement carried on for twenty years, "vvitli a machinery un})recedented for its magnitude, and with a success almost marvellous, — a movement that had gathered into its ranks the successive rulers of the republic, the highest teachers, the most distinguished popular leaders, NATUJN'AI- 1NIKMIM:F:ANCI; AXI) llli: UKMKDV. 65 liad ilio '.nro was s:.l. the Hall leu • ill llic inavor <»1" y (lisiill- i' of sale. Onbotli tlu> lilW led (Vom 11(1 often inarHliiils iiikfinicss isos j^rew al)ite«l or nd social sac'lmsctts pril, ii l>ill quantities Avliile the Av; ]iress \illllt iiitilo >oint as to January, IS, FIrtchrr ic on for 111, llhode liesc"^ hiAN^ 10 United |icc painty, ,'crc those iKotwith- |v twenty tudo, and Ithat liad republic, leaders, tlio preat origans of tlio press, and the almost universal eliureli of the West, — a nioviMiirnt tliat had manifested its jiower in redei.'minu' tens of thousands, in nionldini,' lashion, in ei)n(|uer- iuLf appetite and interest, and in penetrating^ and pei-mealinfj; with its oinni'oiitt ])hitf()rm and pi'ess, jmlpit ami foriiin, tin; school, the colk\i,^e, and the lialls of lei^isiation, — notwithstand- ini^ this career of ])ro'_,n"ess, which, amoniist mnral and social ori^'anizations, is peei'K.'ss in the history iif niodi'i'ii times, in- temperance was scarcely visibly diminished, hul, in tiie <^reat towns, rolled ill like a di!vastatinfjf Hood. Ti'ue, there was u nn'i,dity dilfeivnce between l^ll* and ISDI, and, in st'iitiment, between LS:J1 and Is.'il.. The tifleenth report of the Temper- ance L'nion says : — " The conmultoo feel no ilisposition to jisiss li^'litly liytlm rvil, or to nvrr- ratc tlio work accoiiiplishi'il. Iiiti'iiiiKTiinco is niosl jiiipiiUiii^; in our liiiui. Its ciij^'imry is treuifudous. Tlio enpitiil invested in tlio tralUc it ia inipoK- sililo to (stinmtc. Moral sita.^ioii linn iccll-iihjJi done itn (Co/'A"," — i.e. we mill, all that it is roiiipctciit to do. ^^ Lilllc more coi'lil he (/ez/c," saiil a veteran n^former, S. C. Allen, in addressing the legislative society of ^Massachusetts, " wUhuul hiorc. cjjicicnt h'l/al acfimi." The Kev. T. lirainard, D.O., of I'hiladelphia, at the sixteenth anniversary of the Temperance Union, expressed the same truth : — " Wc liavc conic to a class of nun who love money better than tho ripiht. The i>r(siiit laws have never been executed. They never can bo executed. Wi; jiAvi; usioD up tub consciknck of tup, coMMUMi'v. Tho men that have a conscience have abandoned the trallic." S 1:")0. T'".f,ifij .^Jiuir.-^ the uller Jiustiliftf of fhc trajjic to all III follij of conqyt'oniiscs. The following illustra- ihe American law-reports, show that the trailic is ss ler every restraint, impatient and I'vasivo under ev y re<:ulation, — that it not only engenders detianct) of law ii Its supporters and victims, but is iuveterately defiant ot' c idrol. Thas all concessions of contidence have been blunders of policy. ((/) The demand o!" moral character ' in the conductor of a grog-shop v,;)s souj^ht to be evn .'y an (itiaiinumiit of licence ! The judges properly ruled that ' character ' is not transferable. {b) Tho demand tl. sales of liquor should bo in quantities of five gallons, and not for tij^pliu(j i)urposes, was set at nouj,'ht Ity selling al- together, and delivering by instalments. The judges ruled against the impudent fiction. ((■) The decree that the distinct and double offences of selling into.\icat- E I- 6(j TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. ing liquors in illopal quantities and at illegal times, and doing so ivitJicut a licence, had stpariitc penalties, was attempted to be argued into one offence vith a single penalty ! — so that conviction on one point would be acquittal on the other. The judges ruled against this modest plea. ((/) Tlic demand that liquor sliould be sold only under tlic authority of a licence was sought to be ignored by calling upon the prosecutor to prove the negative, — viz. Iliat the seller ]ia(I no licence f (e) The law that placed the power to license in the excise, on specified conditions, was attempted to be quashed by an apjilication to the Supreme Court to compel the granting of a licence, — thus really vesting the power iu the applicant ! The judges of course overruled this ])len. (/) When the community sued by its overseers, it was argued that, as the penalties went to the ])oor-fund, iiohodij in that i)arisli could sue, because evci-ijhodii was interested in the line ! (;;) The trailickers at last declared that any restriction of the trade was ? secure to tlic trallic, not only the monopoly of driidc-liccnce, but also the exclusive privik gc of ofltring a safe acconmiodation to the traveller. The court dLci(led that "no licence is necessary to authorize the business of tavcrn-kcepivrj, tlic riijld to do so hcin/ evil vonld ' of the Nile, Avhose blessed waters should convert the parched earth into the fertile iield. On the lilst January, 1852, in the Tremont Temple, in l^oston, the citizens assembled for the presentation of their })etition, to which loO,000 n-rll-ic'dten signatuivs were attached. Jt Avas borne on a double sleigh to th'> State House, over a rich banner^ on Avhich was inscribed, "Tin; Voice of !Massa- ciiusETTS, — 180,000 Petitionehs jn F.wori; or uii: jMaixe Temi'EEAXCE Law." Seven days later, a ' grand ilenionstration ' Avas made at Albany, the legislative capital of ' the J'hnpire T NATIONAL IXTEMPERANCi: AM) TIIK IJKMEDY. G7 withcAit a nc oft'tncc I acquittal loriiy of a prove the 1 ppccificd 3 Siipi'emc c power ill A that, as could KUC, 3 trade was led the two iss quantity ; cannot be tion of the tide, was in !! only inno- ic, not only of olYii-ing a "no licence ght to do so 1 imnicnso yiiods and liittri'unccs Id declared val (•!' the tliat this iFtc'UVC the huiL'-uaii'e, d (if ijiiiiil advent as ■ the Nile, ailh mto [cniple, in In of their I; attached, ise, over a MF ;massa- lustration' lu Kmpirc State.' Tlio artillery compariv, gorgeous f-lciglis tilled AviJli ofliccrs, guests, and ladies, nujuster rolls of petitions, Avitli 300,000 signatures, and half a mile of teetotalers and Sons of Temperance, with splendid r(\galia and hanners, assembled near ' the J)clavaii-House,' and after filing throuirh the chief streets entered, by permission, the Assembly Clianilx'i', -vvliero the meeting was called to order by the veteran Colonel Camp, and the claims of the law enforced by Dr John Marsh and others. The law asked for was, " a hnr to prrrcut ])ni(2^crism and crimc.^' The petitions Avere referred to select committees, which reported acceptable bills, and assigned reasons. The Senate reported that a. greater number of petitioners hnd united in the request- than had ever before been presented in behalf of nnij measure. From ]\Iaine the impulse spread to Minnesota; this territory arriving scrntul at the goal. 'JMie law passed both houses of the Legislature in March, ]S.VJ, with the proviso that it be submitted to the people. 'J'lie people at once gave it their imprimatur, and it became the law of the territory. (Singular to say, the Supreme Court pi-onounced it to be 'nu^onstitutional for its having been submitted to the people ; but the Legislature did not repeal it.) In Ehode Island, the spring election returned a Legislature that (March 7th, LS.'')^) enacted the law in the Senate without a count, and in the Asseml^ly by forty-seven votes against twenty-seven; being the iliird in this race of social redemp- tion. In Providence, a ^Eaiuo Law mayor was returned by a majority of a thousand votes. The struggle continued in the Legislature of ^Massachusetts. 180,000 petitioners prayed foi- the law, and the select com- mittee to whom the matter Avas referred, gave the ])etitioncrs a hearing, and were aildressed in public by the lion. Ncal How, til',' Rev. O. E. Othmaii, Dr Lyman ]?eechcr. Rev. John Pierpont, and C'-. AV'^. (loodi'ich. The committee reported a bill containing the essential lectures of the law, but stipulating for the manufacture and use of alcohoHc licpior for all necns-sni-i/ and usrfid purposes. Though j\Lassachusetts is, perhaps, th(? Iii'4-cdu.catc.d state of the whole federation, and i»nssesses great industry and Avealth, it had not, //// Ihef^e s<>c't(d- rnrnui^, even aided by the most remarkable temperance movement the world has ever seen, succeeded in preserving the Commonwealth from a IVii^-lilful sum of intemperance, paup?i'ism, and crime. Above .SS,-')(Mi,000 were annually expimded on tlio /•'/,/// traflic, which involved a i'urther cost lor ])auperism of .'i?^, 000,0 JO. There were nearly a thousand idiots, tlio 08 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMrEKANCE. T 8 ■, i ' i ! It r ■If. cLildren of the intompoi\ato. The Bill finally passed botli houses by hii'i^e majorities, and was sif;*ned })y the governor, IMay 22, 1852. In January, ly the doubting-, the season for preparation is never used, as that of success never comes. Gallant V'ermont, the ' Green .Mountain State,' in December, 1852, came Jlj'fh in the realization of this protective law, — tln^ Legislature submitting the time of its action to the people. On the oth January, IH-VJ, at liuthland, in a State convention, the people exjjressetl their cica voce satisfaction in the law with immense enthusiasm, and on the Gth February, atlirnied the la\v by their ruh'.<. Michigan came .«/,'//< ; and on the law being submitted to the people as to the iiuie of its operation, they voted, for its im- mediate action. The liquor party, of course, made Avhat resistance they could, — feed the lawyers, bribed the legislators, and ap})c>aled to the judges. In 185('), S' rrii out of tlie ciglit judges of the Supreme Court allirmed the 'constitutionality' of the law.* § 152. On the 10th of March, 1853, in answer to attempts ♦Allow ]fi\v Iiiis just Ijccn ciiiictcd in Micliipau, ]n'ovi(ling that all pay- ments lor liquors liLrinftcr sold iu violation of law, sliall be considered as liavin<,' been received witliout consideration, and may be recovered back, either by the party having,' paid the same, or by the wife, children, parent, guardiiin, husband, or employer. Jhurii icij\-, child, parent, etc., vJio sltall he ill anij irai/ injured in person, propcrtij, means of support or other- rvi^e, hij aiiij intD.vicnted ^^cr.so/i, or by reason of the intoxication of any ))erson, sJiall hare ri(jht of action and damages aon his wile brought suit against the man wlio sold her husband the li(inor, and received 2-30L) dollars damages. — Keijstone Good Templar, May Dth, 1871. NATIONAL INTEMrEHANCi: AND Till] KKMEDY. GO both }rnor, V was ' cou- liiicj a Df the of the idc of wcnty \W the that of oinbc'i', ,-,— the pt>ople. eiitioii, w with cd the 1 to the its im- what slatoi'S, ci,L;'lil uahty ' [tempts mficlc by the tradlc to inisrcprcscnt the law, the people of ^lassachusctts held the lai'i^cst teniperaiieo convontiuu which had ever assembled in Uoston, anil passed some expressive resolutions of approval without a siny'le dissentient. One was, "that this law is to be reirarded as the ttifal ahsthience 2)leJS, the number increased to l:5(). The chief constable roportcii, " drunkenness is on the increase to a melancholy extent." Tlie increase in the first quarter for 1808 was 791 cases of drunkenness. " Tlie rar)id increase of crime and violence durin; in Clarion, Alabanin,to .^o,0U0. Li I'enusyl- * How this nifiv bo mailo to -work, tlio following will show, extracted from the Cln-rl(in>l I'ia (Oliio) of Jiiiu! 1st, 1871 : " One linn in Zruiosvillo that has been engaf:;c(I in retailing liquor for years hns nbandonoJ the l)usiness. Otliers liave (juit celling whiskj-. Oa^it. A}'cr3, who owns the American House, has closed tJ> ^aloou in that building, and refused to let it to be used for that pnr])ose. Mayor lluth has at last soon that the law in relation to the closin;; of grog^cries on the Sabbath-day has boon violated, and has taken action. On last Monday two of these recalcitrant saloon keepers were arraigned before his honour, and lined 8"2"i each and costs. " On two squares in this city, where two weeks ago tliere were eleven saloons, only tln-i c are now in operation.'' — '/inu, of the Connecticut liquor law. Tho dimimition of in- temperance, tho reduction of crime and pauperism, the better observance of the Sabbatli, etc., are the tlienie of rejoicing from every quarter. Mi'ii who voted ag.iinst the law, and wlio have been its bitter opponents, are now its firm frii-nds." On tho Sth February, 1855, Indiana placed herself rnjlith in tho race of prohibition, by overwhelming mnjorities, appointing tiie law to commence from tho liith June. Th(> decision was welcomed in tho capital, Indianapolis, by rounds of artillery, and otluu* tokens of public joy. Imliana has had tiu) full opera- tion of the law arrested, through the indecision and ind)ocility of her courts. On tho 20th of February, 1855, little Delaware (by a vote of 11 to 10 in tho House) promptly ])assed a protective law, the iihiih star in tho banner of ]iroliil)it ion : tho Viri'/o to tho tardv South. In .lulv, l''~^5i'), ^Ir T. I>. Coiirsev, in announcing that the jutlges had unaninu)usly sustained the law, says : — " Our law, which has not been more tlmn /ml/ executed, lias (/rriilJi/ diiiiinislnil dri'iilii iiiii:sf-;inn\ almost entirelv stoppc'd the sale."' § 153. On tho l"2th April, ls55, completing protection to the four great free States of the West, came Iowa. Though tciifh in the raco of prohibition, Iowa was one of the iirst to declare tho tratVic a nuisance. Tho constitutionality of tho law has been >ustaincd by tho courts. It has been vigorously 72 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEIIANCK. enforced in Keokuk, Towa City, Council BlufTs, and many towns and counties. On the JOtli jNlai'di, 1855, tlio Assembly and Senate of Wisconsin passed tlio law, but: tlio iffovcrnor vetoed it. The political party ■which liiid been doniinaut lor forty years in New Hampshire Avas this niontli tf)tally anniliilatcnl for its opposition to the law, o-ood men of all parties (includinq- some of its own) unitiiii:' in the defeat. J'jioriitlli in the race was the territory of Xebraskn, which passed a IMaiiic Law, lest the tipplers and tratlickers of Iowa should bo induced to cross the line, and overrun their territory. rt works -svell in nianv places, though notevervwhere enforced. § L>l'. Next, not least, four years' labour of the ^Maine Law party in the l']iii)»ir(.> State was now to be consunniiated. fn April, l)-ior), a prohilntoiy bill (somewhat marred) passed the Senate by 21 votes to 11, and the Assembly by SO to lo ; and on April 7th, received the sig'nature (jf the "'ovei^nor. New York .State, therefore, arrived iiA-([i'lJi at the g-oal. An idea may bo formed of the inveteracy of the opposition, from the fact that on tlu^ day of the bill ]iassint^ the Assembly, points of order were called-to for nearly three hours in suc- cession, in order to exhaust t]u> patience of the House. § lo-j. On the loth of August, I'^o-"), the last of the New l']n;4'land States, Ni'W ILampsliire, placed herself iliirteeuih in the race of prohibition. ^J'his was a crowin'no' victory, Avhich tended at once to sustain the law in the adjoinini!,' States, and to t(>mper llu^ reverse of the f jllowinii' year, to wliich we shall presently alhule. Governor ]\fetcalf, elected for a second time, in his annual messar^e to the Ijegislaturc, 18-jG, said that "the act is having" fi salutary elfect. If is more ftdhj rcganled mid pnicliciilh/ .^ II -^1 (lined than any licence laAv we ever had in the State. Jn many towns the sale of intoxicating liquors is wholly ab.'indoned, and in others liquor is sold mdij cs oilier poud iiffriici's lire ciiiiiuii/tcd, in sccrii.^' § 15(1. It is im]i(n'tant to understand that the legislative opponents of the Mnim' Lavj nev(>r propose reverting to the ol(l system of irrr^pniitiihUitij, The Kev) Yorlc Herald thus records a debate in 185;j : — " Tho tcmpprnnco oxcitoniont Ims ncnvly ronoliod its ^onith. TIio friends .ind o]i]ion{'nts of tlio ^[aiiio liquor law lifive each pnsciitod tlieir reports. Messrs Do'.vey and Odcll ]iropose to repulate tlio sale of liquor by clectin;^ a J3oard of Excise, with power to issue licences ; retailers in towns and villngos containing over one thousand voters shall pay for licence tho sum of SlOO; in places containing two thousand and upwards, •'#200, — to sell nothing but ""^^■•"'•^'Tirirrinfii i rtti NATIONAL INTEMPERANCE AND THE REMEDY. /'J nifli in Avbich ;s, and si I all 1 time, t "the d a lid in the wholly JIVlU.ll tlativc Ito the ilras iriomls ?]iorts. ?i\n?, a lillnges IsiOO; \i«: but Jiqnnr, and ilitit to inlults only, in t(trcrn.'<: not to In' soJil to aiiij citirrm^, but to travellcrii alone, — rctaih'rs to be anhjcct to pdii all danuujit^ irh'n-h nia]i occur from into.rlcutcd pi /■ions, — ami punishmoiit to bo iullictcd for .^ellill;,' to JH/Hri/'.-'."* It is clear, that thtse penalties, if inflietod, would ruin the business. AIUt the passinp; of the law in Xew York, the rum party are l-unirn to have paiil 8lO,(»i»0 to two leadiuof journals for space to oppose the law, and lawyiM-s were employed to carry liquor cases to the minor courts, f When the verdict was in favour of tlie law, the case was moved to the ' Court of Appeals.' Yet, such was the respect of the f^enuine American ])opulation for "the States' collected will" — that, over //'•<> lJiir(h of the vast area of Xew York State, the law was im- plicitly ol)i,>yed and honoured. ;J: AVliat the state of thing's was in the fail of IH.")."), the journals of the day witness. Tlie Ncio Yur/i L'l'foi'iiii'r says : — " Tlii? ];uv li:i-: dotio n, woiulerfnl deal of I'ood since it wont into oltect, notwitlistiiiidinc: the Ilivculcdu i'jfort.'< of it.^ foct to rcndfi- niKjntuvii its hcnrjicoit prori^ions. "We advocate a 'fusion' of the virtuous and order- lovin;^ of all parties to sustain it. Un]n'incii)led political leaders may tle- nounco the 'fanaticism' that labours to ameliorate the c(mditi(ni of Innnanity, and v.ill seek by evrry means to cliaiu the wheels of reform to the /»,V-gernaut of conservatism — in vain !" On the ]t)th January, ISoO, Governor Clark, in his mcssao-c to the Leg'islatare, thus manfully referred to the law : — " Notwithstanding it has been subjected to an opposition more prr.-fi.-itrjit, un^cnipulon.^. and (ifjidnt than is often incurred l)y an act of le^'islation, — aTul thougli legal and magisterial inlluence, ^>Jt^'n (ictiii;i xinojjlciallu and * Gov. Pollock, in liis message to tlio ronn=ylvania Legislature, 1S50, shows that no one believes in the old system. " That tlie laws in existence were imperfect, and fail'd to check or control the <•(//.■>• of intemperance, is a i">roposition too ]ilain to be doubted.'' t No one need be suiprised at the mendacious statement of the T>ailij 7V?(v;ra/>/Mn 1871 (made the day of Sir ^Vilfred Lawson's motion for the second reading of the Permissive Bill), that the New England State.'^, one and all, had repealed the Prohihitoni Law ! ! ! The fact is, that onlij one of them has repealed it — the little State of Piliodo Island. Tlie iiiterence is, ' Have a wholesome scepticism in regard to the veracity and intelligence ofthe Opposition.' (See § ITi'i.) I It is a significant incident, showing how tlio most respectable classes regard the sale of spirits for tippling purposes as a social nuisance, that when bands of women in tiie "West, and even in Cattaraugus county. New York, — not drunken, noisy wonif^n, sucli as led the Exeter-bread-riot, but quiet, well-dressed, persistent ladies, — have gone to the grog-sho)is, broken the kegs and demijohns, and poured out the liquor, a saeritice to tlie house- hold gods,— juries have, upon prosecution, invariably acquitted. M rj p t h 74 T TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. extra-judiciallij, Imvo combined to render it inoperative, to forestall the decision of tlio courts, wrest tlio statute from its ol)vious meaning,', and create a general distrust in, if not hostility to, all legisiativo restrictions of the traille, — it has Ktill, outside of our larf,'e cities, hrcn finirruUij ohvijed. Tlir. injlncnce la visible In ti marked diininulinn of tlir evils itsouijht tu reiiwdij.^' Tlio rnuyor of Albany intimated to liis police, that if tlioy meddled with the law at all they should Ik; dismissed! The Reeoi'der ol' Xew York told the Grand Juiy not to entertain any complaints ! Yet the parties who initiate such pruceedinj^^s puhlisli to the world tlia failure of it. Inn' iv/n'cli tki'ij nri-cr tried! — wishing the peopU; to forget that a lam can no more icor/,: /7.sv7/"than can a physician's prescription. That some members of a. family jtrccni the sick member from taking the ])hysic, is surely very absurd as an argument against the wisdom of the medicine. § l-")". At last came the anxiously looked-for decision of the Xew York Court of Appeals at Albany. ^J'his court is cora])oscd (jf four judges I'Icch'd to it, and (jf four Justices of the Supreme Court. The judges on this occasion were, Denio, Alexander S. Johnson, Comstock, and SeUlen. The cui-i-ent justices were, Mitchell of the lirst district; Wright of the third; Hubbard of the iifth; and Thomas A. Johnson of the fcmrtli. The cases were entitleil ' People c. Wynchamer,' and ' Peo])le c. Toynbee.' No doubt the New York act had several legaHlaws in it; but its legislative oiuccr and riMXcri'Li; was admitted to be constitutional, only requiring to be amended in its expression and process. The duty of the judges was to carry out the obvious intentions of the law, under such limitations of ih (/cncraliti/ as constitutional rights might require and fix. The only two points of importance, then, are these: — ■ {a) Can the Legislature 'constitutionally' decree that j>/'(<- pcrtij an. hau'.l, at a given time, is contraband ivheti used in a (/ivcii lean ( (b) Did the New York Act .s'O 'constitutionally' decree liquor on hand to be contraband for certain uses? To the first (a) the court unaxi.mously answers, " It is com- petent." To the second (A) some of the judges reply, "The act does not exjircss ilf>elf with sulficient sjiecijicness and cliscriniinatian..^^ One thing, then, is certain: //;((/ tJic Ian: is not unconstitu- tional because it is a Maine Lav), or becanso it forbids the sale of liquor (on JuduI, or otherwise for certain purposes^ but BECAUSE ir nni:s not do this with sufficient I'RECISION. Let NATIONAL INTEMPKUANCH AND THE KEMLDY. 40 foVostall tlift f,', and Croat ;;tiniiH of tlie In'in'd. 'Hie. ■ tu rrmcdij," lat if tlirj sed! The 3 entertain roccedini^s icvcr irlcil ! luoi'o v:orL: e members 3 physic, is lom ol' the lecision of is court is .Justices ol.' ere, JJenio, lie cui'i'ent L^'lit ot' the son ol' the -nchamer,' iws in it ; ted to be 'xpression y out the nns of il-< lix. 'Tiie that pro- nsed ill It y ' decree Tfc is com- ply, "The ciicds and iconstitu- h tin: sale ifsided. The Convention discussed and settled the (juestion that the trallic in intoxicating' di'inlvs, and the use of the same as a bevernn'c, "was mDrally-wrom;'. The St:(:oxD assembled ;it i>iir Convention annoiuu*ed its jud^^ment that ''licence laws," authoriziuLi' sales of li(jU(»rs, "are at vari- ance witli all true p(ditical economy, and one of the chief su])ports of intemperance." The FouiM'iE convened at Si'ru/'ija Sin-io'j^; Au^'ust, l.'^-M ; oOO deleijates, from sevente(Mi States, j^rescnt. The key-note was prohibition, and the "right and duty to bring- the trailic to an end " was emphatically proclaimed. The Fifth Convention met tit Sd-riifui/n Spriu'/.i, August, 18G5, lion. W. A. Buckingham ])residing. resulting in the establishment of a Publication House, and the creation of a sound, able, and ])ure temperance literature, which is scatter- ing its tens of millions of pages yearly throughout the nation. The Sixth Xational Convention was held in Clevdaml, (Jhii', July, IBliS. Hon. AVilliaiii K. Dodge, President. It declared that temperance, having its political as well as moral aspects and duties, demands the persistent use nj th.e tjidlut for its pru- iiiotion. It took more advanced ground than any Ibrmer Con- vention, and marks a new era in this great reform. § 15S. Let us now inilicate, by some facts and figures, and by olKcial, political, and ])rofessional testimonies, what have " '-, because initial and im[)edLd, prohibitory law. iper: The returns in the following table, illustrating the partial 70 Ti:xT-i!ooK or TEMriiRAXcr:. T oppvafion nf <1k> Xcw York low, aro I'nr the sjuno povlod, save IJtica, wliicli is fur i'our montli.s iiisti'ail tU" six, of each year : — Coniniiltiils Tur frTciifos cxcluiling (Iniiikt'iiiiL'ss. 1 Is.-.-. Decroaso in r.i\iiur ol'llu- law. Caviifja County Jail .... s.'. r><) 20 Onondiiga ,, . . . . i:jh 10:$ :j5 HoiK'ca ,, . . . . 7". '2H 47 Ontario ,, . . , . H'.l 45 44 Albany Watcli JTonso . . . . ]t»7i 1'27.S r,'.u; Syracuse (I'dlico lacordj. . . 77S .-)!.'. •jc;} Auburn „ ,, . . . 101 .'■>() 54 lloclicstcr ,, ,, . . . ir,r,2 710 812 UticR ,, „ . . . Km 80 8.J •i!»i;o L'.S'JH L'i)(;2 !; i As a contrnsfc to lliis success ol' ilie partial fqiplicatloii oi' the law in New York State, f;laiicu at the clillienlties in ;i neijxlibourinp; State arising" iVoni the presence of the li([Uor merely. This suunner (1S71), at Pittsburfi;', Penu., an ex- posure Avas made of tho currujithni of the county coinjnissioner.s of licence. It was shown that nearly every provision of the Licence-law had been evadeil. Two of the three commissioners liad received hrlhr^ from the rumsellcrs, and Xeely and ^IcGee were broug-ht to trial. They pleadeil ti,'uilty to four counts of the indictment, had to pay a line of two thousand dollars, all the expenses of prosecution, and to undero-o, in tho county Avorkhous(>, twelve nu)nths' imprisonment! Or look at the ITth annual report of \\' . J. ^liUlen, prison ni^-ent, as to tho failure of licence in rhiladeli)hia : — " There are in the city oGO churchcif, 38U t^chooJ'>',\mt 'oUOO n-rog-shops. In 1870, there were no less than ;)l,0o f mvn and women arrested, of whicli IT), '288 were committed. Of these 12,2t.iG — or four-iifths — are traceable to intempcn-ance ; alcoholic stimulants being, with fcAV exceptions, the exciting cause of all our ci'imes." § 159. On the 27th August, 1853, the Hon. Neal Dow published the Ibllowing: — *' At the time of the enactment of the law, nim-selling was carried on openly in all parts of the State. In Pdrtland there were between three and four hundred rum-shops, and immediately aflor the enactment of the law not one. The wholesale trade in liquors was at once anniliilatcd. In NATIONAL INTLMl'EKANCK AND TlIi: l.'HMLDV. 77 cvioc], savi' •li your : — l)i'iM'('ii-:r' ill ;lV(ilir of llic law. 2a B5 47 U fVM', 812 85 2()(;2 licntidii ol' lilies ill ;i tlio li(|ii()i' an c'X- iissionors 111 (if llic lissioiicis id .Me Gee counts oi" illars, all [) county c at the IS to the the city iTO, there of which •lifths— iug, with :al Dow cnrricd on tliroe and of tlie law latcd. In 1852. Decrease 14() 10(1 10 2i; '.(() 22 •JO 45 Portland, lar^n numbers of men were reformed. Toniptations to inteni- peranco were in a yreat measure removed nut of the initli of tlie young iiiul inexperienced." Dtii'iiiLC this j^entlenian's mayoralty tlu' House of Correct ion was for a tiuu> eiupt}'. " Tru MontliH' Ef.r/s (June Ls/, '01, io March 20Ui, 'o2). COMMITTALS. IR.")]. To Ainislioupo 2r)2 T(j House of CojTection t'nr ///^ /;);)('/•((/;(■(• . , i!<> linuatis (if Almshouse on March 21lli . . . . 112 (Jut-door aid to i'aniilie?! 1155 '• At the term of the Distrii-t Court, in ^Inreli, ls51, there were 17 indict- ments : at tlie term for 1S52 there was but uiie (for petty larceny), the result of a mistake." We -were ourselves in l^irtland ti few days after this was published. At several hotels we ask(>(l for stronp: drink, l)ut could not pj-ot it. Tn the spriiiL;' of 1855, th(> Hon. Horace (•rcely visited Elaine, and in the X' i'' Yuri: Tiubnuc gave ihc following testimony : — " Tlie pretence that a.s much liipinr is suld now in Elaine ns in former years is impudently false. Wo spent three tlays in travellinj^ through the State irithunt sreinrf a r/Zrth'.^ of it, or nn individual who appeared to be under its influence ; and wo were reliably assured, that at the Augusta House, where the Governor and most of tiie Legislature bdard, not oidy was no licjuor to bo had, but ccoi the ».S(' of tobacco had alinust cntireUj ceased.'" In a pamphlet of l(io pages, published at Toronto, entitled, 'Tho^Maine Law Illustrated,' being the tour of invest in^ation made in February, I85o, by A. I'arewell and G. P. Ure, on behalf of the Canadian Prohibition Jicague, we iind a vast number of testimonies to the same effect, from persons of the liighest character, including bishops, judges, governors, mayors, marshals, magistrates, ministers, ])rofess()rs, plu-sici.'ins, coun- sellors, representatives, etc. Their own conclusion is thus stated : — '' It is almost universally acknowledged to be as successful in its operations as any other penal law that ev(;r was enacted." At Calais, on the Xew Brunswick border, X. Smith, Jan., of the Executive Council, says : — '" Wliere entbrced, the results ;iro good ; the only places where it can be said to have failed are where they have had anti-]\Iaine LaAv justices, — irrcs2)on- 78 TEXT-iiOOK ov 'ri:MiM:i;ANCi:. r I; ' 'I :.ii .?/////■ for srvcn years siivo by iiiqx'iiclimoni. !^^!llly of tliosc; irliit sdIiI lifjiior liuvo tiu'iu'd their iiUeiitir/:< f'll. ' l*rof(':-s(ii' I'diul, of ]>an;;oi', says: — "I Iiavo not seen ji (b'unkeu man in oui- strei'ls I'or tlie hist six months. The Jbtnse of ( "orreetion lias been, at. tinu's, (iliiiosf cuijifi/.^^ Under (lat(! of Septeinlier, 1'S.">1., Um J'JiJinljiiri/k X('i''>< Cinu- m!'>-f>'i"iii r tlins writes of AN'ati'rvilie : — "Ten (n* eleven years a^'o, the eist of pauperism riis(! from 8700 to 81800 a year. Tiiis year, with twice the population, the pul)lic payments for the ]i()(>r will not exceed ;-^l'iO(j, T/ic i/unji'iif cf crinn; is ahn iji'i'iillil li'.<.nj:li tlie city IS wo jiassLil /■(' boarded tiiink lie re- Jandlek." neil, April we s(^lli^l^• Of llic 'S tlic fol- Dccrcasc. IfilO-')!. Inmates nf Almshouse and Ilonso of Cnrrrctlou 12,20(i 1851-52. „ „ „ IM'.CJ 1S.'0-51. Nunibtr of imblic prosecutions , 1851-5*-'. „ :uoi 101 — i:{ Tn \^^>^), tho pi'ohihilloui.strf in !^^tlillO lost tht» chflion ol' ■Li'ovci'nor. The tciiijxirary repeal of the law, and substitutlnn ot .striii_f,^ent liei'iiee, with pei'tiiiiary iieiialties, ^vas AM, idk iiii: i;kst ; making' the eiieiuics of truth to illustrato it by tho ^vorkill^^s of error. J)i(l tho striiit>'ent licence! law succeed in ri'.-ilriiliiiiiij that driiikini:", which certtiin lyin^Lj ne\vspa})ers aihrined tho prohibittJiy law had liti-i'tn.^id t Tho I'ihUkhiI JonritnJ re])()rte(l a vjist inci-easo of drunkenness, rows, bur- f^darics, aiul other crime. Tho JjaiH/dr Mircnrn .«aid ; — "Wo arc inl'orined by a person in the ex[)ress business, that the (piantity of Hquors brouj^'ht to this city this season /.v d ujahl ffl't'illi'l' IIkUI i'I /'•('.>• /".s7 //''''/'." Tho Calais Aih'riilser said : — '' IIV harr sivu luare men rrcJiii'j ih'Huk iJirnuijh tair sfrect l/m last tlu'ie mont/is f/nhi wc have tS'cii liffin'c !a fill' last tln'ii' ?/(Vov." Tho law ^vas so"n re-established, however, and those con- cerned in repealing it Averc sent to tho riyht-about. § IGO. Southward, we i)ass to .Masstichusetts. The Hon. ]T. W. Bishop, judge of the Court of Common Pleas, says : — " TIio violations of the hur it-'rJj' add to tlio criminal business. The operation of tliis now law lias diniinislied lln' ntlii-r cicss very much. Crimes of personal violonco have Jtithciio cou.stilutfd tiru-lhirds of all our criminal business." In January, ISofl, it was announced that "the law has evidently (h'iven lln' apca Itij^nnr fraJa out of three-fourths of the State, There has been a decrease of iifty criminals in tho State pris(ui/' !^[r ('ouusellor Chapman, of Sprino-field, said : — " l']vcn those who, in their own families, use their wine, give their influence in favour of tho jMaino Law. Assaults were almost always committed under the influence of drink, and already that dans I'I Cl'lll/i'S Jlll.S ili'i'i'll/ I'lifSiiJ,'' ^Iv Morton, police justice of Springfield, says : — " The city is much more quiet than it used to bo. The police boolcs 'will give no correct information in regard to drnnhcnness, because persons now seen intoxicated are arrested, iclucJi icas not the case befure, and persons will ••lii II *5 It' ill H 80 TKXT-BOOK OF TEill'EIiANCE. T H !■ !!t I • f * '," 1 now sell ill violaHon of tlio law. In tliis way tlio criminal basiness appea):'< to liavt! iiicrta -il ; but as tlio o''ier ciass of oll'uiicos which I'orinerly con- stituted the c.\-()i business of the police court lias almost entirclij dis- (ippcarcd, this .lew '"la^is will soon be worked out." Tlio Rev. ^Iv Seeloy, of Spvin[:-field, says: — ''Its heiicficial cfroets caru veiiuirkjible. It cvidciitlvinude ii very hti'al uueting, held in September, 18ot>, the Uosf'^ii TtJ<''jrajjh says : — ' We did not see a drunken NATIONAL INTEMrERANCE AN:/ THE IIEMEOY, 81 incss appear!^ tbrmerly con- cnlirclij dis- s bcnoficiaJ 'cat uliangc ■1 ai'u vcT}' unkennoss, n the same 1857, ■when ere Go pci- tors, cattle- order sur- ■ liistory ol' I'luikeimess )se, it Avas itgii to sliuv: r Hmitiiic- mber 2 2 ml, house 110 , total, 500. V came in |v driiJiken- 10; lotah ago there Is uiic now. \iiK I wat; lihe street"^ Isaie." ps drawing a it Juts been bprcssio)' of Isiich strong [iioso places Lptembcr, If drunken man on fin' (jrnnn '/ii/^ nnd took to tlu'ir lieels." — So miieli lor people riotmir a bout )rohil)ilioii § ]ulkel('y says : — "There is ///'"•// /■.--• drunkenni'f it aiiifde uinh' ju r.n in Un- work- liou.«e, — which, cxct pt for Iwo females, would imvo bef ii tiiiuitth's-f. Is there a f-aue person wb doubts for uu instant iclutt has caused this result?" In ]\ridd1etown, police expense was reduci «1 by •■^1,2'J'.> — fuliv one half. Mv Freeman, of Iladdam village, says : — '" Paupe!> reducd from 1t> to -t. (^uite an improvement in flu' fia/r i>j ncccssiirij ■ irtlrh, of lifo." ^\v !)'iy, of Ea'-t Iladdam, says: — " Drunkenness diminished decidedly. rer-oiis in idmshouse, previously, 21; nnw l'». Ae p('i.<(.ii sent til I lit sine tin' lino rnncti'd \)y F. Farnsworth, of Xurwich, Jan., 1>?5G, say Tl IC i M 82 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. 1; i( ' (UiiDii.nf of di'.'.'eriyip til poor faiiiilir^i is not oiic-tentJi vjltat it vas. Cas-HdJtli'K ar(3 lart^'-cly diniiiiislicd." Tlio Ndi-i'-icli J'J.niiiu'iicr lias tlic folloAvinu- : — COMMITTALS. (Aiiu. 1, to Juli/ '.M.) iH'i'A-oi. IS'A-oi). To Norwich Almslimisc Cil 40 To Now Londdiit'omitv Jail 22U 127 Decrease. 21 "Of tlic 220 cases, 73 were for drmikcnness, ami 4 for sellinf; ; of tlic 127 cases, 15') were for druiikeiiness, 2 for gettinrj liquor under false pre- tences, nud ]') for selling,'; and these eases must f)l)vinusly, under the con- tinued o|ieiiili(in of the law, cease. }\iiiiiti('r ii) Jiiil Aitiiit.-it 1st. Ls.")5, KJ. I'our times as many sellers have been committed the past year as during the ]>revious year; hut oiihj half (is iiimnj dnoikiirds." T]\o IFniin' JdH/riiiit, of July "tli, 1855, snys : — " Tlu> i\riiino liquoi' law lias vniiuHl the jail bnsincss completely, T'le jail at AVyndliaiii is /m hi' hi for a Ixxdiliiiri-liousr.^^ ]\ray()i' 15i'()nlss or disper.so any asseiulila^'o of riotous pcsous. It is a rare sio-ht to see a person drunk." Chamliri-.-i^ Jiiiii'iiiil, January 'J'^ l^.").";, cites as follows : — " On tlie 1st of Auu'ust, Js.'l, tlic now law came into operation in Con- necticut, and was cariied out in a very sti-in<,'ent manner. A f,'vep.t '•han<:;e was visiiile immediat ly after, in New llaveii, tlie t'nidtal. The Hoi y fjangs of rowdies disappeared, and their midni.^ht hrawls ceased; our siieet3 were quiet nij,dit and day; and tlie most violent o])ponents of the law said. ' if such are tiie (Herts of tlie law, we will ojqioso it no lon^'cr.' A few persons <:;ot intoxicated upon liquor from New York, and were promjitly arrested, and iined 20 dollars and costs, which they paid, or went to jail. As to the nrisoiis and almshouses in tiie various parrs of the State, they are fxettiiif]; empty. A lar^'e numlier of oiu' most desperate villains, wlio formerly ],■■ pt j^'rog-sluqis and {T;amblinLr-liouses, have emi^'rated, lindiii!:,' Itusiness so had. Several who ke]>t iKiiiililinii-sithio)!.-^ tttid dh'irdirhi liDiiscs, in deiianco of law, declared that m illur one luir the other edit be Kii]>ported tritlioitt li the sprinu' of \x'>Cf, contained a Jctfer, from which avc transcribe the foUovvino^ ])ai'aora])h, showinu' how the law cherishes charitable forethoii'dit : — Tl lere was less com plaint tluin usual on the part of tiie ]inor, attent'hiu iras ninre aiciihi' on the siitijecf ; more had lieen roiitrilnifid ninl doll. •() secure the relief needed. 'I'he ]>oor more economically husbanded tl icu' own rcfiource^ The operation of tlio Maine Law bad sensibly NATIONAL INTEMrEHANCR AND THE REMEDY. Q.> d It vas. Decrease. 21 nrj ; of the ■ false pre- or the con- \ \^:>r>, It). as during 'ho j\raino '\o jiiil at timony in Cnuiicil. nj) tliroo ) dispcrso . liiivc not J nig-lit, to fson.s. It iWS : — jion in Coii- |-op.t -hi\i)<:f loi y f,';iii)4S lour sucets If law said. or. ' A few ■ prom] it ly nt to jail. State, they riains, wlio 10(1, liiulins Itlicr cdii In' lilaint'd ti ii'au'i'a]>li, It :■ lioor. '"/;<' Vhlltril find lliushaiulrd Id sensibly connterficted tlie t^niircru of want. Tliese beneficial effects have been per- ceived to be increasinc; ever since tlio law bej:jan to take etl'oct. Aiiotlicr fact tells with emphasis. It is the mnrl-iul dimiiniticii of _//'/■(•■!. Since An^'ust 1st, 1>^.j1, the loss of property from this cause has been j'ttUu onc-haJf li\2. liliodo Island conios next, — Avlier(\ liowovcr, vaviniis obstacles have been placed in the way of the enact nitnit. ^Ir l^arstow, the ^Mayor t)t' J'rovidrnce, said: — "After the law liad l)een in operation fliri'' uiniillni, 1 pul)lishL'(l statistics, showinL,' that the law, in that short time, had made a redac- tion of nearly do jier cent, in onr monthly committals." Mr If. W. Conant writes, in June 1S71, as follows: — '• Ours is the nvhj State among the New England sisterhood that has so far liack-slidden as to lic,'ii>;t' the sale of intoxicatiiif,' liipiors.* Tlie ]ieo]i]e, howt'ver, are awakcnincr to renewed activity. Hundreds of refornud nun walk onr streets (in Providence) erect, who have been slaves to rum. AVo cxiiect to bring back the State t(^ prohibition. About one third of our towns only grant licences, but a sutlicieiit nuinl)er do so to curse the whole State. The morality of those towns that do iiat grant them, is proverbial.'' jii Yermont the hew has ])et'n successful. In .Inly, L*-^-"*:*, ]\[r L. Uiid('rw(^od, States' Attorney of Chittenden County, Avroto from linrlinu'ton : — "The law has jiut an end to drunkenness and crime (ilinn^t iDtln'hf. From Urc. 1, is.VJ. until ^larch s, ],s.");}, complaints were made to mr, almost daily, for liieaclus of the jieace. Since tlie >^th nf Marcli, tiro (•i)inphii)it.'< liai-r been made fur aiicli ojl'enccs, and only one was caused by drunkenness."' ^\v ]\r. \j. Church, said, February, l"^")-"): — '' T am very much ])le;i-ed with the law. You miulit sta_y lier( for a miuith. and you would not - e a druid^en man in the <'ity." 'J'he Crand .Imy of tlie County in their report. s;iid : — "' AYe feel hio'hjy o-i-jDiii,.,! to tind //,•■/./// iJ.^filnf. of iitnnih.-^^ — a < ircuuist;inee ;it t rilintable. in a very u'reat raeasiire we beli(!ve, to the suppi'cssion of the sale ol' intoxicatiiiu,' li(pioi-s." At the fall elecliuns of l^.jd. (leneral Fletcher, the pre- ' The Duihj Tclt'iiiiiph savs (ill the New England States havo repeaUd the law ! I:.! r! ■AiJ I ! I ^- 81 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEEANCE. ]i '. ' q 1 1 ii t if i 1 i U '. If f I ■ ' i' ; Ij ' i! ii i! i !.l I i I I sidoiit of llio Stale Tenipcrjiiico Socicly, aviis clcctod I)('i\ in (Icliveviiif,' his ines- sn^UCe, lie used ili('S(> wenls: — " CoiiiiiiL;' IVoiii all portions of the ComiHonwealt li, //"/> hurr jn ,:• (idifjilnl/nii to iici'nu'j^ilislt tlir § Id:). Last (it'tlic \e\v 1'i'n.i'lniid States, conKs Xcw iraTi,i>- sliire, so Iohl^- the 'grog-shop' lor the ' thirsty souls ' of the bordering States. In ]\lareli, ls.',("», the JnnniaJ annonuced iliat/ "the law \V(trks atlniirably in all parts of the Stale. I'dnj^irri-^m mal Ci'iiin' di'i' iinuiisl It iil,'iii"''ii.'' '\'\\c ./''//'//"'/•'/•. {)ul)lished nt Dovei', says (Sept., Iftod) : — " Tlie jail, which usually has a good suj)ply of tenants, /las hreii oitinltj < nijilij j'nr surrrdi /'•/■r/,.s- y/^'.--/.'' Another report from Stra'ilbrd County aiuiounced that "for several w<,'eks the jdil hit.< (i,'i II Ciiqili/.^^ § 1('>I. Im\va.--A letter fi'om the Stati-'s Attorney says: — " Jin' J)i''m ihi Idi'i/ li'ir ui llii-< Sl''li' i-< itniin/ i',i,ixi<(i ,'iililr i/atid. It /'V'/7,'.N' ii-rll. if vigorously carried out, it Avill eflect more than all the miu-al-rcrorm lectures that can he mustered into the service." A corresjjondent, August 14th, IS.jG, says : — " There ai'e many towns in Jowa where there is not a glass of li([Uor sold, and, if the reformation continues, all the citizens of that lovely ])rairie State will soon he free from the wiiheriiig and blasting ctlccts of the li([Uoi trallic," § I (■)•"). Mr 'W \ 1 1 i.u i;s, M.V ,, author of ' Tom Brown's School Tlays,' said in an addi'ess in London, on liis American ti'avels, in is 71 : — " IL' diiJ tint .V('(' (I .s/»///(' dnnib n pei:^, a man wouul have to po up one street ainl down anotlier ti) I'nul n ^lass (»t' li(|ii(i'' — n ;irritt iiininn fnn'iit nn Gndt Uriiiiiii. All uiaini- fju'tui'i' or side of 'iit.ixicatin;.; liijuors!, except hy nutliiiriztd agents, is unhuvl'id. Tins hnv is imt allowed to remain a dead-kttc r." So in Kngland, ihouu'h a law niay he eva'led. it is not a dead letter. The L(,n(lon Trlcijriqih, July 2r.tii, 1871, says: "No fewer than \'2 tiad(\smen in the sontl'ci'U districts of the j\Ietro]iolis weri^ punished last week for having fraudulent weights and measures in their possession.'' IJues it therefore cry oui, for the rcjir,/! of this law ? Testimow 01- THE Auinon, From April, l^t'»l>, to April, 187U, I was observing tlie Bocial condition of the United States of North America, i NATIONAL INT EM pi: RANG K AND THE IJEMEDY. 80 roYcrmiv his mcs- tioiis of plish the r Han.p- ' ul' the tlie liiw •('sill (I ltd S.jC.) : — ants, Int.^ ^v report '(,'eks //(«■ says : — 1 1 VI id. It lore tlian . into the —'•There of li([Uor s of that iun" ami 's School |i ti'avels, ^n Boston, ii aiKitlior lAll inauii- |a;^C'Uts, is It a dead •s : " No of the imdulent [heretbre liservinp Ivmcrica, travelling- dnriiiu- lliat pcM-iod over a l)elt of country (^xtondini^ fi'om Soiilli Cai'oliiia and Kentucky in the south, to ('minda, Lake Superior, and Minnesota in llie north; and tVoin tlie Atlantic to the I'acilic coasts. One matter of my special ()l)ser\at ii'U and in(pn'i'y concei'ned the li(pior laws of the various Slates, whet hei' lieensin'.:' oi- jii'dhihitni'y ; unothcr. the social au'l pnhtical conditions of the ])ei)ple as atlected ]>y (band-icnness. 1. In t lie east, ^vest. and south, in hotli town and country, in lai'ii'e cities and in small, in wintei- and in sunnner, whether amonLi'st the Iri-^h. the (lei'inans. the MiiLi'li^h, or the native population. 1 inund inlempi'rance to prevail, with its usual con- sequenci'S. very nmch as it docs at home, ?'•//<■/, /•/■,• /njim,' icis iipriiJii >:nld. Xeitlicr climat(>, nor race, neither national educa- tion, nor social rank', apjieared to make any material diilci'cnce. Even in ilu; e.\(piisite climate of California, with its lii^^ht Avines. drinkiiiLi" exhihited its foidness and its ra\a'4'es. just, as ill ■whisky-cursed Kentucky, Carolina, Ohio, and New York. '2. I visited the chief cities of the reunions named, includimr Waahino'toM, Daltimore, Phila.deljdn'a, New York, Albany, Utica, Jlochester. IJutfalo, Detroit, CK'veland, Dayton, ('incin- nati. ChicaL;'*), and San l^'rancisco, "where the li([Uor ti'aflic is licensed ov free, and in all these I noticed an al)oumlinn' in- temperance and debauchery, with the conunon and lamentable conscfpiences of such a state; and, in most of those places, fspcrnilli/ liiid^ I'/ii'i'iijif. I'lld cnsllii ■)!! II ini-i lull ijufii'ii iin nls, whci'O the lic[Uor traflic! disjilays itself not only as a social nuisance, l)ut as a vile jinlilinil fi/rnnii//, interfering with the legitimate action of ])olit ical ]iarties. ■]. In visiting many scores of smaller towns and villages, and CiirefuUy ri'ading the newspajiers from day to day, .1 nevei- saw, I'cad, nor heai'd of, a single exam])le of the eilicacy of licence, or of the success of fri'c tra(l(>, in strong drink. Every one, wha'.iA'cr his politics or [iirty, admitted miat LICENCE LS A FAILURE undor all its ])ast conditions, and every one avowed that " something must l)edone " in order to check intem])erance. No one is satislieil with tlu; existiiinf static «)f things, sa\-e the trafUckers (cl ';'lly (iernian and Irish) who live U])on the degradation and detilement of tneir neighbours. 4. On the other hand, in thirteen states and territories, [ have seen the Ini'nl or i/rmral operation of prohibitory laws; and whoever states that they are, in any sense, failures, states what is contrary to the fact. 1 have seen towns and country districts, and even Avhole counties, iu Couuccticut, Maine, I!! I 80 TEXT-BOOK OP TEMPERANCE. 'f t m ]\rass,icliusctts, NcAv llfuiipsliire, Oliio, Illinois, Towji, etc., wlu'iHj drniikfuncss is iill l)iit, unkiiowii, wlici'c i)iui])eri,sm is iiciu'iy c'xliiicl, wlicro criiiic occurs only :»t rare intervals, ii('\cr ill !iLr'_''r:ivat,c(l foriiis, and wlicrc a lunatic, oi- an idiot, will not be I'oiiiid anions^' llioiisaiids of the jiopulatioii. In tlic; ])foliil)itory district of N'inelaiid, New Jersey (lio|). I'J.'Hjo), llio taxes lor |)au|ierisni and criiiiu are one per cent., lires arc rare, and lire insiirancH; needless. In tlie univei>ity district of J'i\;tn^~to\vii. .MieliiLian, not a siiipk' drunkery exists, and inieni])eranee and crime are unknowu. It is only a type uf many other |)laces in the saiiu' state. Tn Port lanil, ]\Iainc, I foiiml hardly any criminals in L;'anl,aiid tlie niii>t serious crimo conimitted was that of transuressiiiLi' the Anti-Li(pior and Anti- Ciamblin^' Law. In New Jianipsiiire and A'erinont I spL'iit a lortiuLi'lit, travellinn' i'roni town to town, and in all that tinio never saw policeiiKiii or jtrisoii, drink, (bunkard, or beLTuar. in Jowa City, in Council l>lull's,aiid in many other towns, 1 never saw an ope!i-li(pior-sliop, nor a drunkard, nor any of the ordinary and outward si^'iis oi' inteiupuranc(! as known in JJritain; and in many of the new towns of Wisconsin, ^\m- iiesota. Nebraska, and Missouri, I was credil)ly informed that their charters excliuk'd the establishment of li(pU)r sho})S. Over vast, regions of North Anu'rica, various forms (jf liipior prohibition arc coniV'rrinL"" ui'cat blessings npon the peo[)Ie, and ciiMiriiiL;' a grand success to the emigration Avhicli is fonnding a new civilisation in the AVest, free from the taint ami I'litanglement which c(n'rupts ourselves, fimli/ Cif^i is a s[)lendid example oi" success.* Even in distant Utah, as I saw, the poor, ignorant JMormons — (^nco the ])ariahs of Britain, l)oru to conditions worsi' than their masters' horses — had, by means of the safeguard of I'rcihibii idii, founded a colony and a city, ct)n(piered the ol)>taeles (jf nature, made the wiklernc>s to bloss mi like the I'ose. and crcati'd a state ot societ}', which for v.calth, comfort, and moraliiy. the absence of lunacy and |iauperism, of corruption and erime, shames the ])roudest capitals and cathedral cities (»f so-ealled Cliristendoni;t demonstrating that a true pruiciple and law will I'llect more ypk * For particuhus of Greoly City, see Mr GoiiKVs account in the 'frarclhr for Auj,'n:-t. is? I. t 1 tiiicak of the 'ojun sale' and the clear result of it. Tluro were three Gentile hotels, where liquor was sold to travellers : for this privilege a heavy licence is levied, and the houses are jt ah)usly watclud. so lliat th' pro- prieU)rs arc careful uut to tiaubjircss very mucii tkcii' ftltiiii^cut coudiliuus of sale. V!l, etc., erism irf iitfi'vals, uu idiot, 111 \\\v. 1-J.vo- cuuililioiis I NATIONAL INTEMPERANCE AND THE REMEDY. 87 for the genuine civilisation of mankind than all the moral and material a])|)lianccs of Church and State, when underlaid hy the Hcnsuaiisim,;" machinery of tlie li([iK)r trallie. § l<>it. In CVwADA the agitation on behalf o'" the ^Faino Law has been carried on with varviuGf success, Imt witli substantial progress. After long etfbrt, the teni])eraucc Tueii succeeded in turning the attention of their Legislalin'e to the trallie in strong drink, and, as a result, in L^')"», a nroiiibitory law ] Kissed tlieir leii'islative assembly by a vote of lifty-one to twenty-nine. Tho bill, however, was obstructed in excry way, and at last thrown over, on a technical objection, referring to some omission in the forms of the J-foiise. This but increased the ardour of the friends of tlu' liill. Petitions ])oured in during the next session. The petitions in favour were signed by 1(>8,-H 7, in proportion to every foSrS against it. AmoiiLi'st others, the; Komau Catholic Dishop of ]\[ontreal, Avitli ll'^iHio of ]iis jtarish- ioners, signed a ]u'tition, praying the Canadian parliament to outlaw the litpior tratlic. Sjiecial committees of iiicjuiiy were a])p()inled by the J louse of Assembly and the Legislative Council. l)oth committees rejiorted the results of their investi- gation. The Council recommended licence, but the Assembly I'cported in favour of downright })rohibil ion, declaring i hat "no legislative reform had l)een demanded with such unanimity^" In LSoo the princijile of j)rolubitiou ^vas a])])lied to lnr,il',t!,s in which public-works wen^ in progress; it being forbidden '' to sell, barter, or dispose of any kind of intoxicating liipior >vitJ'iii a d!i'i. a new 'Municipal Act' enabled County Councils to free their districts from the tr.illie by their own ordinance. In NuvA Scotia a ])roliil)itory liquor law is steadily di - manded. In iH.")."*, a bill was inti'oduced and curried through the House of Asseml)ly, which jiassed on the second reading ))y a vote of twenty-nine to nineteen; and, on the third, with- out a division. In several counties, the trallie is siip])ressed with great lienetit. In tlie Province of Xi;w IJimnswick prohibition li;is still further developed itself, A law was adojilcd in l>"t:!, which ])roliibiied the sale of .'-■y>/'/'/7.--, but licensed other intoxicants. As might be expected, a measure so ]iartial failed in obtaining a satisfactory result, and it was rejiealed in l^i-VL From the lii'st this measure has been regartled by the friends of prohi- bition as an insidious trium]>li of the li(pu)r inti'rest, which .sought, through its failure, to retard the coming struLi'gle. if-' 88 TEXT-UOOK OF TKMrEnANCE. .J. I 1! '. ,r The failnrc of ilic law of L^,':^, lin\vov(>r, did n'OT diso-iist tlic ])('()|)l(! \villi legislation, bul only mutk; llicin ifsolvc lliat llu'lr latiii'i- ]('t;'is]ation slioidd be sounilcr. At tlii' next election a sti'oiif^ teiiiixianee Jionse was ivturned, t lie most earnest of tliut I'iii'ty entering' tli(> n'overnnient. Noiliini;' eonid he more empliatic than the deei>ion ol" |>id)lic' o|iinion. Aeeovdinu'ly, in ISO'"*, a law was passed " tt>tally pi'f)liii)ilinL;' the' tiiaimrac- iiii'e, sail", and impMvial ion of all intoxicating drinks," to take elh.'t.'t IVoni .laiiiiary 1st, l-Soi;. Sent for i-at ificution to the Jiome ^ovi'riimt'nt, accom|»ain"<'d by a dispatch, containinir thirty I'laborate ))aratira|ili.-> intended to dissuade the i^'overn- ment from reconimendint,' the queen to sanction the ni(>asare, the 1)111 was rel'errcd lo a eomnuttei! of tliu i'rivv Council, and, on their report, ordeivil to go into oj)eration us fixed and de('lai'e(l. fivery eifort was directed to defeat tlii> ojieration of the hiw ; mobs wt're oi'ganized, disturbances initialed; biit these attempts of flu* tradi' onl^- stimulated the enthusiasm ol' Ihe upholders o!' th(> bill. j\lass meetings, in favour of prohi- bition, were held, and energetic stejis adoj)ted for enforcing tli(( law. Dnr'niij lln jir.-^l li<-ridij ddt/s' af Ji'iiniri/, lS-")t'), //"/. iv!lJix(iiiiiliiiij III! (lifiiftilh'i ^, llir iiiteiiii" rt'iirr I'l' i/f cih/ of Sf ,/n/ni /'■'^s• r'lhivil Ml jivr nut. At last a Avilling hand was found to deal a blow at tlie law. The lientenant-governor, on lii.-< titvji. ri'.-^jiniisiliilihi, dissnlvcil tin' A>-S( iith/i/, the nn'nistry resigned, and then, with a new ministry, the lieutenant- governor j)reci])i(ated an election. The stratagem was suc- cessful, and the law fell, undei- the ])rcssiire ol' prerogative never bcfoi'c ext'rcised in the colomes since the I'ccognition of their indi'pendent constitution, and whicdi has not ln'cn asserted in th(> nu)ther countiy since the bad days of the Stuarts. In l^'ri,a IVi'missivc Prohibitory Act was adopted in New- FOI'.VDLANI); while inthe colony of iS't;w Zi:Ai.A\lt, the liicensing Act has had the Pi'ohibitory local option clanse introduced. Isoi;i'Oi.K lsi,AX|i, also, Avhei-eto the ha])])y and pure I'itcairn Islandei's have been transferred, is under the protection of I'l'ohibition, § 1<>7. In tlie meanwhile the temperance movement achieved its pai'tial triumphs in other countries. In liapland and Nor- way it has had a saving elfect, and arrested the downwai'd ])rogres8 of their peo})le, but in other parts of the continent of JMirope, ai'ter a few spas; ;odic etforts in I'oland, in the Netherlands,* and in ueriuany, — where Pastor lioetcher, of * lu Zwolic f. teetotal society has been formed, and through the active es- NATIONAL IXTKMPERANCK AND THE nKMKDV. SO rrust tllC lijit tlirir loctioii a iU'IU'St of be more oi'diii'Hv, iiiiimilac- ' Id take 11 to tlu' jutainiiiL!: ■5 g'overn- iiu'asurc, C'()UU(;il. fix I'd and ■ration of ilod; bnt usinsni ol" of priilii- fidVii'fin^- •;/_// ('/ Sf land \vas ■crnor, an ministry utcnunt- Avas suc- ivf never 1 of tlieir Iserted in in NeW- liiccnsint^ •oduceil. I'itcuirn .'C'lion of laeliievcd lind Nor- pwnward Itinent of in tlio teller, of active ex- Kirelirode, IFanover, atl('m])ted niiicli \\\i\\ iiiililVfrcnt siicross. — the eausu has all hut dii'd out. 'I'lic hecr-driiikini,'' and wine-soakini;- of the continent seem to have killed the sonl ol' Christian self-deiiiak and to have made ' jiUasnre ' the i^'reat aim and eml ol" life.* In (treat J>ritain tlie eause has fared hetter, (^sjieeially in Scotland, tlie North of l']nf,''lanil, and "Wales. The Free Kirk and the I'A'unu'eHcal Union of Scotland liave e'enerallv jiatronized the movement, and the Sfnl/ish Tri,ij"r'ii I III >■ ortions of Adam VonSclu'Uonia, of AiiiKtcvilani, iimltlir llaroncss Ilacrpollc, till' lii'uiinini'i'i of a jiossible rct'onnatioii iii:i,v lie sicii. Tlio latter has traiislatfil and pulilislicd the caidtal paiiiiililct l)y Dr ^Mackcnzio, called Cuiiilriiscd Tiiiijiiraiici' Farts, \vhii'li lias won the adiicsiou of soiuo ckr;^'y- mcii ef note, as well as that of other t;eiitlenieii. * The fallacy of ' French Sobriety ' is now ''one to the lindio of a hundred other fallacies of drinkers. In June 1*^71, the Paris lunvspaiier, the jWitioii Suiirirdiii:', utters the tirst artieiilatc cry fnr ]>rnhihitinn :-- *' If there is a law which should he j'assed with all uri.'eiicy, if there is a law which the moral and physical health of our ]>n|iiilati"U iiu|ierioUhly de- mands, it is the law a;.'ainst drunkenness. Drunkc iiihss from ahsinlhe, and nlcolmlic iiipKirs of all kinds, has hrutalised, maddeiKd, and transformed into wild beasts all these sorrowful fiiiits-i^ccs of journalism and of the scho(ds, — all these deserters from intellectual labour, whose crimes have overwiielmed I'aris. The mamiiacturo and sale of absinthe, and ot+ier alcoholic stimulants whose etficts arc of a like nature, xlioiild In' nhsultitcli/ prdliil/ited. If this is thouj^dit too radical, let them be tolerated for exporta- tion [i.r. if other nations choose to be fools, let them I] — but these sinister jii'opinjdtiirs. (if j'nriniis Dutdiirss sheuld for ever di^-a]lpear from amidst n a people whom their effects have enervated, then ])erverted, and linally turned into beasts." Even the London DniJi/ Tili'iirnjili, in its issue of July 'JD, Is*"!, has had to record the burstin;^' of tiie bubble of I'rench temperance, which it had written-up for so many years :— "A deputy has laid before the bureau of the Assouddy a project of law re^ardin^' drunkenness, and the best means of jiuttiiij,' down that vice. Formerly all France drank merrily, clicked jrlasses to;,'eth( r, and san^' Anacreontic ditties ; but the French, as a ]>eoplc, did not {,'et tijisy. ^llome was not built in a day.] French conviviality mij^dit be Jidstili/ assumed to be due to the fact that France was essentially a wine-^'rowin;,' and brandy- producing country; but, althoui^di temperate, she was no teetotaler. TJii' Sjxmiiirds iirc all hut teetotalers; yet their coarse red wines are exported in thousands of ho^^'shcads to adulterate and ' fnrtify ' tin- French j,'ri)wths, and they continue to ma}:e Italf Kiiiiliuid stiii/id or liiliiniif iritit lirandied sherrij, Italy, herself an extensive winc-fjrower, may be quoted next on tlie list for moderation ; and only the third place could be assij^mcd to France. Spain and Italy continue to be as ri;,'idly temiKrato as ever. [No.] But la belle Fraiiee, the mistress of civilisation, the (jueen of the world, has, to the horror of her senators and the scandal of Europe, taken to drinking. There is, unhajipily [now', no denying and no glossing over the fact. The Orloauists left France as they found it, aud as the liourbous had left it — 00 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPEIJANCE. ill M ! \l'l !■ Lrrt(/)ir nnd Srnlli.-^li. I'l'niii'.^.^-n'p lli'll J !^.otli societies liavo oi'L,^'inH of tlit'ir own, — tlic tii'st-iiiiiiicd a weekly ./"/'/'//rJ, tliu .second a iiujiitlily issue, 7'A'' ^m-inl lirjarunr. In lreianu;^'h ato in si^^'n hito.vicativii [liavponin;,'; Jic butchiry. lowu diam- NATIONAL INTEMPERANCE AM) THE EEMEDY. Dl of 70O of its rniiiistera liavo joined it. Tlic WcslinniiM also have tlicir SDcitlics. TIn'cc associations, howi'Vi'i-, arc .spi'cially tioticcaliic fill' tlicir peculiarities and (heir inlliicncc. l-'irst and oldi'st, (lu; Jlrili^li Tiuijn riiin-i' Li'hjm^ inuiidcd iu J^il-'t, which employs a stall" of a<,'eiiis, and piil)li>lu'S a monthly oi'L>'an. Its pi'inciples are thoi'onL;'h on all |ioiiits; the head- qiiai'ter.s lU'o at Jiolton, LaiK^ashirc. Second, the \'il/'",i,il T' m- ji'-ri'iicr Ijiii'jiir^ tli(! Operation of wliich is chii'ily contiiu'd to London and the South. Il aims to opi'ratc hy semi-pri\ate action, especially on t he 'res[)ectal)lu classes,' a i id has done niiich i^'ooil work amoii^'st soldiers, l^ast, not liii>t, coim-s the ' ( I'ri'm/ Allii'iici'^' as Jiord lirouo'ham named it — the vasle,>t and most ellicient of all the temperance oru'ani/.ations the world has yet seen. Its execntivo mci't at .Manchc.stci'. and ils '^land aim Is exj)resse(l in its title — 'The I'liited Kiiiu'dom A lliaiic(! for the total and immediate Snpi)ression of the iii(|iior Trallic' It was established in ISo)), and has formally years issued a "Weekly newspaper of lar^'e circulaiion — I'/n- .lllnhn-r Xi ir.<. Within the temperance body, however, there is an im jiri-iiini ill iiiiiirrln — a j)ower that is destined, it' wisely worked, to de- velop(> into an invincible army of social rel'ornu i>, — we mean tlu; (liiiiil 7'' ////'/''y' organization. § Iti''^. The inferences from our historic review are too j)]awi to need further exposition. We insist, at this juncture, on one point only — the absurdity of the old ([Ui.ekeric s of cure! The i;i:.\soxs of the failure of Licence in all histoi-y. are thi'i'c- fold, and essential to the system. As, therefcjre, it iie\er was, so it never can be, a success. J'V,s7, tlu' Trallic is oiu' in ' a K.woi'.nDis art icle.' The essential operation of alcohol is to disturb the nerves, anil excite the circulation; antl thus to alter the functions of the brain. ".Moderation," says Mr G. \l. Jjcwcs, '•c>ils the hinu'cs of tho <>'ato leadint>' to excess." The feelinu's of the drinker alter with the drink, and the conduct follows the fcelino's. llenco increased susceptibility to irritation, and h'S.-i'iU'd jiower of I'estraint, and all tho misrule, debauchery, and crime con- secpient upi ;i the trallic. It is simply prepo>tt'roiis for tho law to say "sell this ili---fiir/'' ,;' but see that no disturbance l-fSII Ih! hcCDiH /, the Traflic must necessarily b(> ])ublic. It is tl U' rinLiciTV (>r the ti-ade that constitutes its temptation. Secret sale an(.l drinking' are no seductions, because they are not seen. The common and open sale is what the law must su]>[)ress, in order to abohsli the imblic temptuliun. To license the trailic IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ''" ilM IIIIM ^^ 111.12 Ili36 2.2 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" - ► V2 , ]\lr J. S, ]\Iill admits tliis, in his work on ' Liberty.' *"J'lie i\[i:i;i:si' of these dealers in promoting intemperance is a reiil evil, and justities the State in imposing restrictions and recpiliing guai-antees," to wliieh we need only add, that the justification extends only to the fficfual plan for securing the end, and not at all to iu(;lj!cii'nt restrictions.* Tims the Licence-system is seen to be utterly inconsistent with its avowed objects — ///'■ .sujipiri^siini of jnihlic crll ; since the measure of //< exti-nsion is the measure of the drunkenness and debauchery it ])rofesses co sujipress. Its iiiroiisisft'iici/ is the explanation of its failure; it seeks to extinguish a buri'.-ig city by licensing a ])rolit:d)lc trade in dangerous combustibicL', — to dry up a jjoisouous stream by paying men to dig wells that perpetually feed it, — to stop the leak of a sinking-ship by eni])l()ying some of the crew to bore experimental holes in the sides of the vessel ! * Tlie last condition is capable of boinf; modilicfl, but the two former cannot bo altered. In Gotheiibnrf:;, Sweden, the ownership and control of drinkinrj-honses is vested entirely in a Municipal Board, This Board con- ducts as many houses as may be deemed desirable, on behalf of the Rate- paj-ers, flimniili Ancnts, who are allowed no share in the />;7(;/(///-protits,but only a profit on the viduils and lodging, and on such beverages as wine, ale, tea and colVeo, Thus the Innkeeper has a direct interest in making his house comfortable and attractive, and therefore quiet and sober, but no apparent inducement in xtiiinihiti)iii the sale of spirituous liquors. This is very well in theory, but it will not prevent a profit accruing in the form of small brihcn for supplying such liquors, and from diliitiud the liquors ; and nothing can prevent that, save the absence of the drink. •' Where there's a will there's a way :" and the presence of the liquor on the premises opens the ready road to evasion. They however who have been in Gothenburgh know ■what a vast amount of tcuw and b^•<'r drinking exists, and consequent dis- sipation ; and when men are primed with the weaker drinks, they will of themselves seek the stronger. Erratum in Text-Book, p. 10, Note. For 'receives,' read 'perceives.' P. 155, for the paragraph ' Railroads and Liquor,' substitute the letter of Dr. Young, giveu at p. 17 of this reprint. NATIONAL INTEMPERANCE AlID THE KEMEDY. 93 h snare may nig as much Avhcreas tlio lo sliould be iflict. Now, ;vou(^ will be )ii ' Liberty.' euiporaiiee is trictions and idd, that tlie securing tbe r inconsistent !c en']; since drunkenness innisifttciicii is isli a buri'.ug combustibiet:, to di^' wells ikin,i,'-sliip by I holes in the tlic two former ami control of Tliis Board con- lalf of the Rate- f/)(J//-prolits,but .f,'es as wine, ale, naking liis house but no apparent This is very le form of .tmall )rs ; and nothing ere there's a will emises opens the )thenburgh know I consequent dis- inks, they will of read •perceives.' )stitute the letter Jnst as we go to press, wo have met, in tlie Fortuiifhthj Ticvicu\ with an article by Mr Justin McCarthy, purjiorting to give an account of wliat he had soon in Maine and Massacliusetts during a few days' visit in tlic sjjring of 1.S71. Had lie coiitiiicd himself to tliat jjurposo, and not min^^'lcd his isolated facts with illogical inferences and gross misriprosontations, wo should have had notijing to say against liis articlo. ^Vllatever lie sayg about the violation of tiie drink laws in New England, can be jiarallcled iiy the violation of the licence laws in I'.ritain, and by the evasion of tlie lawa against obscenity, prostitution, gambling, and other crimes. Thr Satiinldi/ lie cirir has atiid: * E'.erybody has heard of Lord Campbill's Act. Occa- B eionally the police enforce it, and irlieiwrer and irltererer A is appealed to, it answers its purpose. liut its action is interniitt( nt ; a long |)eriod of rest follows an explosion of zeal. Jnst now (]\Iay, IsHSj this Act is, as far as London goes, a dead-letter.' Did the Sdliirdai/ call for its repeal? No, but for its enforcement ; and a few months later it inis well eiitorced, and Holywell Street made decent; though no one sui)pose3 that the law prevents absolutely the sale of obscene literature. And it is the open sale, the public temptation and scandal, which the law strikes at, both in tlii' case of bad liquor and bad literature ; notwithstanding the perpetual assumption of the opponent, that the law fails if there be evasion. The law against liquor is, like the other, necessarily intermittent as to its execution. At home magistrates grow indift'cient, and in Boston and Portland political party exigencies lead to the occasional slackening of the law. It is, how- ever, bad logic to infer that if a law ]>artial]y fails this year, it must fail in every year ; or if it fails in one place, it must fail in nil places. Yet this ia the assumption and inference of Mr McCarthy. Wo were in Porthind for three weeks in 180;) and 1870, and at that time no ojjen nale of liquor was to be found ; and in above fifty visits to the city we only saw one man aft'ectod with liquor. In the gaol most of the cells were empty, and there was not a single case oi Kcrioiof crime. In the summer of this year (1871) scores of men have been lined heavily for selling drink xecrelh/ in I'ortland, and many have been imprisoned; which is a pretty strong i)roof that the law is iKit a ' dead-letter,' and that open temptation is not possible.* There are whole counties in Maine, at this moment, where tlie law is not known to be violated, and where drunkenness and crime are all but unknown. The Hon. Neal Dow, and Mr Curtis of Vineland, have borne testimony that, so late as September, 1871, the state of things described by j\Ir McCarthy was not visible. Either, therefore, he was unfortunate in visiting the city during an unlucky intermittence of the law, or he has exaggerated the ]'rivate evasions into the open sale. In 1808, a very celebrated publicist tell.s what he saw in l\Iaine ; and his testimony is, to say the least, as trustworthy as that of ]Mr McCarthy, whose prejudices have long been opposed to the law. George William Curtis, one of the wisest essayists and mo^t graceful orators of America — the editor of II(irj)er''s Weehhj, and one of fhe editors of Ilarper's Montlihf, wrote in 'Editor's Easy Chair,' August, 180*.) : '.V law, even when public sentiment is not exactly ready for it, if its intention is supported by the public conscience— if its operation naturally leads to better order, to greater hajjpiness, and lesser taxation, has a certain victory. L'nqncstUmahhj the Maine Law had it. It was said indeed, derisively, that a man could get as much liquor to drink as he liked in Maine, or New Ilamp- • MrCnscy, of Napanoe, says: " I wn.s in Portland about the time Mr MeCartliy was there, and looked ahfait carefully for hour?, to see if 1 coula flud auy open indi- cation 0/ liquor-adliny, but I lulled to do so." 94 TEXT-ROOK OF TEMPERANCE. I t k Bhiro, or vih< ~'"vor this outraceons, inquisitorial statute prevailed. And so he miglit, but not aprecably. The •' Easy Cliair " proved it upon variius occa- sions. It proved it in the State of Maine itself. A vaf;ue intimation, con- sisting of a wink and a smile, and a word, convej'ed the possibility of petting a drink even in the capital city of the temperate commonwealth. Following the wink, like a convict, the turnkey and tlie " Easy Cliair" passed througii the corridor to a door which was unlocked ; then down a narrow staircase into a cellar; — and hotel cellars do not always stimulate the imafri- na^'on ; — then to another door, which bcinf^ duly unlocked and closed, and re-locked on the outside, revealed a dark, dim room, —a cellar within a cellar, — with half a dozen black bottles and some cloudy f^'lasscs. This cheerful entertainment was at the pleasure of the convict. The turnkey poured out a glass of something, and offered it to his companion. It was better than Father Mathew. " No, I thank yon ; not upon these terms." The turidcey looked amused. " Wa'al, it isn't exactly gay !" and he swiiliowed the potion ; and, leading the way, furtively opened tlio door and locked it, and the two revellers, with the jollity of conscious malefactors, stole back again into the light of day !' A late member of theMa=sachusetts Legislature (Hon. G. II. Yibbert) shall state the results of a modification of the law, and the present condition of public opinion : — 'In li-i('»5 the Rev, Mr Clark endeavoured to convince the Massachusetts Legislature that the law was a failure, but he did not succeed. No minister pul))icly came to his aid; not one religious paper supported the attemj)t to enact a licence law. In 1H()5 the State police force began its work, " with sjiecial reference to the detection and prosecution of individual offenders against the provisions of tlie Liquor and Nuisance Acts." Tiie jioliee made visits upon the lifpior-sellers, with such excellent results, that the chief constable ollieially rei^orted that, for the year 180(5, " 1,:)47 li() olHeers made r)i]7 liquor prosecutions. In 1H()7, from .January to October, the State police made o,!5;5l ])rosecutions. Seized 1I2,<)0() gallons of li(|nor, at a loss to dealers of s20 1,0(15, from February 1st, 180(5, to September 1st, 18(;7. Up to October 1st, 1807, for the nine months, the profit to the State, after salary and expenses of State police force were deducted, was •-'lll,7ort for 1808, rejiorted that during' two and a half years of the execution of the Prohibitory Jiaw, more than 10. ")()() prose- cutions were made. A tritle less than 100,(100 gallons c^f liquors were seized, nearly two-thirds of which were declared forfeited, and were either destroyed or turned over to the authorized liquor agents. sjrSOujOOO in fines and costs NATIONAL INriEMERANCE AND THE REMEDY. 95 ci. And so he 1 vnrlTUs occa- timation, con- po8Kil)ility of oniinonwealtli. Chair" passed [own a narrow late the imaj,'i- ind closed, and within a collar, This cheerful key poured out vas hotter than " The turnkey ved tlie potion ; it, and tlie two i again into the I.Vihheri) shall mt condition of e Massachusetts d. No minister I the attempt to its work, "with ividual otVonilors ^he poliec made ,. that the chiot .7 liijuordoahrs Into the troasury, II onoui^h to pay |(;i) othcors made (d)er, tlie State li<[Uor, at a loss nd.er 1st, lSr.7. the State, after was :^lll,7<>-^. [ovemhor, IHIw, / llii' (ijii'ii i'prose- luors were S( ized. 1 either destroyed In tines and costs wore paid into the several county trcnstirics. Not far from 3,000 liquor- dcnlera alxindnned the tratl'ic. Drunkenness had largely decreased. Com- mitiuents to the State prison, Houses of Correction, and paols lessened. Pauperism rapidly decreased. More than three times as much li(iuor was sold in New Jersey, Rhode Island, Maryland, and Wisconsin (licence-law States), as was sold in Massachusetts, IMaine, and Vermont, under pro- hibition, with twenty-five thousand raoreiniiahitants. ' Tiio position of the liquor-dealers ujidor tliis efhcient execution of the law was most critical. Their trade was bcinr; seriously dainarjed, and grow- ing more and more odious to law-abiding citizens. The deiilers held a ])ublic meeting in IJoston, and resolved that tliey would raise •r'lOO.OOO to defeat prohibition, and re-enact licence. They sent agents through the State; helped to form secret societies — the P.L. L.'s (so-called) — and then secured for a large foe — 810,000, it was said — the services of cx-Governor Andrew, a most elo(iuont man, to present their claims before a legislative committee. This man, inihiential, loved, and honoured, believing in moderute drinking and in licence, made an argument, and the ajtpeal was successful. The people knew that the Prohil)itory Law had worked beneficially ; but as influential men advocated licence as a lictttT )nrtli<)if to curb intemperance, the people yielded, and elected a legislature to repeal the Prohibitory Law and enact a licence law. This Legislature, by the confession of the Sjiriiifi- Jield Itrpuhlicdii, a paper devoted to licence, was ' rank with the odour of corruption as no legislature ever lieforo lind boon.' It met in January, and soon after enacted a licence law which went into operation in April, 18(W. * What iroit the result? Crime increased 10 per cent.; drunkenness increased 21 per cent. ; and commitments to the State ju'ison increased 71 per cent. In Boston, for only three months, there was an increase, over the corresponding months of prohibition, of 71)1 cases of drunkenness, and in six months of 1,;M);{ cases. In Sutl'olk County — in which Pioston is — the gaol was averaging nearly 100 weekly beyond the average of the year before. Vagrants, or travelling paupers, increased :$0,7()1. Tlie whole increase of paupers was ;}.'J,S;)(), The Gaols and Houses of Correction were runningover with criminals. The Governor and other oflicials, and the Uoard of State Charities, reported in accordance with these facts. 'Ames and Sons, the largest manufacturers of shovels in the United States, declared of one of theirworkshops : With 400 n.en under licence, in ^Inyand June, I'SOM, they produced 8 per cent, les", goods than, in May and, June of 1807, under prohibition, they produced with 375 men. Similar testimony was borne by other manufacturers. ' The i»eople bore this trouble and loss one year, and then elected a Legis- lature wliieh amended the law, enacting a moditied prohibitory '.aw. The change for the b.tter directly followed. 3,101 prosecutions were made, and from July to December, 18(50, 1,024 lifjuor-dealers aliiindoned tlie trnfVic. In 1S7(), the Stnte jiolice made 7, '.Mi;} jn-osocutions. Decrease of the trallic, through the working of the restored law, had a beneficial etVect. The State constable reported to the Legislature of l.S70.t]iat •' 77/<' irhhncr — where the sale under tlie late licence law was open and bold — of rinJatini] tlie pvcamt hue auiointts to little viore than siixpieioii."' At this period we know of no place open on the Lord's-day, where liquovs are sold openly, either by the glass or measure ; leliile up to Maij lust, more than 2,000 lieenscd and h'ifalised places sold liqanrs openlij on the I.ord's-daij. ' Last winter, the Legislature refused to enact a licence law, by a vote of IGO nays to 45 yeas. We improved the law still more, we refused to abolish 96 TEXT-BOOK OF TEMPERANCE. t ^ the State police ; and to-day it is illegal, in all the State of Massaclmsetts, to sell wine and eiiirits, and in :J01 out of thi 310 whole number of tou-m, it it illeiinJ to sell rvcii herr! The dominant political party has elected a teetotaler and prohibitionist for Governor. At the present tune the law ia vigorously enforced. I suhjoin an oflicial statement of the chief constable : — Liquor rrosecutionn in MaxaocJniarttK, during Nine Months, emliny Sept. 'Mth, 1871 ; For keeping intoxicating H(juors with intent to sell 3,029 ,, Being common sellers of intoxicating liquors lUO ,, Making a single sale ,, ,, 001 ,, Keeping and maintaining a liquornuisance 409 „ Illegally transjiorting or conveying intoxicating liqu'iir? 42 „ Selling malt liquor on the Lord's-day 01 Total r,,232 Liquor seizures l.OOO 0,892 Total of general offences other than violations of the Liquor ") ., ,,0, Law, and including all kinds of crime ) "''*' Seizures of gaming im])lements 27 ,, obscene publications 2 9,202 Amount of fines and costs paid in 9 months above expenses ^23,748.31 Strength of Force Sept. 30th, 1871 :— 1 Chief; 00 Constables. ' This small force has proved that the law con he executed. The law is, I grant, violated ; so is every human law ; so is the Divine law widely dis- regarded. Has law, then, no efficacy ? Should human and Divine law, because not successful in preventing all crime, be condemned and discarded ns unsuccessful and failures ? Kigliteous law is an education. It helps to train the jieople to a sense of their shortcomings and of their duty. As Judge Davis well wrote : — " Laws are not useless even in communities where they are but rarely enforced. As teachers of the public conscience, the standard of which is st Idom higher than human law, their value is above all price." ' Mr. Mundella, M.l'., at the Social Science Congress at Leeds, said, — "If he were asked whether the prohibitory law was doing good or not, he would answer, — Yes, a great deal of good, and there is infinitely less drink- ing than in any other district of the same extent and the same population." The writer emphatically endorses this, adding that he believes there is just as much evasion of certain laws in Britain as of the drink-laws in New England: and that the logic for the repeal of the latter is equally cogent for the abolition of the former. Duller * Tanner, The Si-lwooJ I'riuting W'oilis, Frume, and Loudun, Jassaclmsetts, to ^ber of toicnn, it ty has elected a time the law is bief constable : — e Months, 3,929 190 001 409 ,1:. 42 61 r,,232 1,()(10 6,892 '1""^'] 2,281 .'''.''.... 27 2 9,202 ises i?23,718.3i Constables. iited. The law is, ne law widely dis- 1 and Divine law, ned and discarded don. It helps to nr duty. As Judge unities where they ence, the standard I above all price." ' at Leeds, said, — ig good or not, he itinitely less drink- same population." e believes there is drink-laws in New is equally cogent Loudun,