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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmto en commengant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le CBs: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre fiim6s A des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, 11 est fiimi A partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de ha'Jt en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent le method* 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 —!-*•*" "The Eiddemic Zimotle Diseases of ABlmlR lod lioi they an Com- luieated to Ian." BT J. A. GRANT, M.D., F.R.O.P. Lond., Ooiira|tiil|f FhT^cian G^enl Hoapitad. and to Ocranty of Carleton Pro- teniaut Hosintal, bua. Ottow». Ammal Address read be/ore 7 he Medico- Chirurgicai Society ^ Ottava, Nat>. /iSj. ,^„.v- Reprinted from "The CanaJa Lancet" Toronto, Dec, i88j. ,H' THE EPIDEMIC ZYMOTIC DISEASES OF ANIMALS AND HOW THEY ARE COMMUNICATED TO MAN. { BY J. A. GRANT, M. O., F.R.C. P., I.oNii. CoHsultim; Physician General Hospital, and to County of Carkion Protestant Hospital, iSr'c. Ottawa. Gentlemen, — With your kind permission, I will digress from the usual path in delivering an annual address on the progress of medical science, and confine the few observations I have now to offer to "The Epidemic Zymotic Diseases of Animals, and How they are Communi- cated to Man." For many years, while directing some little attention to Natural History, I have noted points in pathological anatomy closely allied with the diseased manifestations in the "genus homo," and being a wide field for the practical exercise of pathological research, I felt confident such would not be uninteresting to the members of our Society. The .subject is one of vast importance to our common country, inasmuch as it involves millions, in our live stcjck, irrespective of its scientific aspect. Endemic and epidemic diseases are not alone confined to the human species, but extend alike to animals, and the manifestations are doubtless of peculiar interest. The analogy is so close that they are designated by the same names. Several are propagated in the human organism, and many present pathological information of great importance. The late Dr. Farr, of England, .# . .* 1 ^|u^Ui«j||^ 'J*,-^ $«5 cia) a DISRASES COMMUNICATED FROM ANIMALS TO MAN. specified these as diseases which distinguish one country from another, and whose occurrence form epochs in chronology. The exact cause of these diseases, although not positively known, is supposed in the animal organisms to act like a f^irment, hence the term "Zymotic." According to the most recent enquiries the generation of " organic germs,'' originate in the individual, or by fermentation in the diseased excretions of tiie organism, and thus transmitted through various media from body to body, at sensible and insensible distances. It is a well recognized fact that the death rate, in almost every country, from such sources of disease, is very considerable. The result of literally packing animals together, which can doubtless be scarcely avoided, as in the trains of our various railroads, cannot escape the attention of the most ordinary observer. The atmospheric signal is perfect in its way. Thus infection rapidly spreads, where diseased germs exist, and the consequences are frequently most serious. According to Prof. Law, since 1842. England has lost over 450 millions of dollars through the contagion of cattle imported from the Continent. The stamping out process by slaughtering all the diseased cattle, and thorough disinfection afterward.s, and the exclusion of all diseased animals from the country, has been productive of the best results. Diseased germs are doubtless the very foundation of the diseases of animals, and the early recognition of incipient development is of vast importance. Dis- eases in animals are divided into two classes : the Exotic or uncommon^ and the indigenous or common. Of the first class, we have small-pox in sheep and birds, Pleuro-pneumonia of cattle. Rinderpest, Malignant dis- eases of the generative organs of the horse kind, Malignant cholera of animals, Apthous fever, known as foot and mouth disease, -^f the \\^ second class, or indigenous diseases, belong Glanders, Rabies, Contagious foot rot, Tuberculosis, Malignant Anthrax, Hog cholera, or intestinal fever of swine. Influenza, Strangl'^", Canine distemper, and Horse pox, seen in tlie cow, goat, and pig. In each of these diseases there is a zymiitic influence at work, precisely as in the development of disease in our own species, Hippocrates, in his time, enunciated clearly the influence of impurity in air, soil or water, as factors in the development of disease zymotic in character. The impurity of soil has much to do with the production of disease, in both milk and meat, thus influencing the human family and spreading the germs of disease of a most serious character. The death rate in man and animal, from foul stock yards, *'r > itVfl I Willi lllllB flMlMIM llll <"t DISEASKS COMMUNICATED FROM ANIMALS TO MAN. |J and filthy alleys in towns and cities, is much greater than the public are aware of. Disease may remain endemic, or spread by animal transpor- tation, hence the vast importance of strict cleanliness and quarantine measures, so as, if possible, to stamp out individual cases. The chief epidemic which has occasionally influenced Canadian cattle trade is pleuro-pneumonia, and the rapidity with which such has been checked, through isolation and disinfection, is creditable to the c icultural departments in the Local and (General Governments. Until recently there has been greater attention bestowed upon the arrest of disease in animals than in man, as far as Governments were concerned. Happily now, however, matters are undergoing a change, and sanitary legislation is attracting a greater degree of attention from the powers that be. " The Contagious Pneumonia of Cattle " has been noted several times in Canada, although not to any great extent. It has on several occasions been introduced into the United States, by the importation of foreign stock. In order to avoid any such dissemination of disease, a most careful system of quarantine is now adopted by the Canadian authorities. The period of latency of the poison of pleuro-pneumonia in the system, is from two to six weeks, at which time it is developed with all the well-defined symptoms of pneumonia. The death rate averages between 50 and 60 per cent. In this disease the poison is exceedingly subtle, virulent and most readily communicated. I have more than once noted epidemic pneumonia in the inhabitants of this district, most rapid in character, and arrested with considerable difficulty. Treatment in either case can only be undertaken with thorough seclusion and disinfection. The early recognition of this disease is important, in order that animals thus aflfected should not be slaughtered for sale. Rinderpest, or Russian Cattle Plague, is a most contagious disease amongst animals of the same species. Its chief characteristic is the manner in which the mucous membranes assume a congested state, involving also the lining membrane of the stomach and bowels, associated with a high temperature and extensive desquamation of both skin and mucous membrane. So far, little indeed is known of this disease in Canada, the protection against which is strict quarantine and destruction of the infected animals. Foot and mouth disease, or Apthous Fever^ is a species of contagious eruptive disease, confined chiefly to cloven-footed animals, and has been known to extend to man. This disease is usually ushered 4 DISEASES COMMUNICATED PROM ANIMALS TO MAN. in by a rise in temperature and a general feeling of discomfort, and within a day or two is followed by large blisters on the mucous mem- brane of the mouth, tongue, fauces, udders, and the parts in and about the clefts of the hoofs. It has been known to follow armies, and is said to be exceedingly communicable. The contagious disease is spread much more by contact than by the atmosphere. Milk from such diseased animals is often carried to individuals, the infant most frequently coming in for its share of the diseased influence. Soreness and otherwise unaccountable lameness in cattle, is a most significant indication, when associated with an apthous state of either the tongue or fauces. Thorough disinfection is here also necessary, and ablution with carbolic acid lotion, with isolation for lo or 15 days after the disappearance of the disease. A case is recently recorded in a German veterinary journal, where a veterinary surgeon contracted foot and mouth disease from a pocket- handkerchief he had used while examining beasts suffering from this disease. The next day he was seized with a violent headache and pains in his lim high fever and a feeling of irritation in his hands and feet. On the third d?^ the fever subsided, and there appeared an eruption of an apthous character on the tongue, lips, mouth, and edge of the nose. After eight days the various symptoms subsided without any serious consequences. Epizoo, or epizooty, otherwise known as influenza or horse epidemic, has prevailed to a considerable extent on both sides of the Atlantic, extending at the same time to man and beast. In 1881 quite a severe epidemic of that character was experienced in various parts of Canada, and many fine animals fell victims to the subsequent pneumonic action which frequently followed. Sucn epidemics are not of frequent occur- rence The exact cause, although attributed to atmospheric, electrical and other agencies, is still a matter of considerable doubt. So far the two freest portions of Canada from this disease, and chiefly owing to their sequestered character, are Prince Edward Island and Vancouver Island. Absolute quarantine, across large bodies of water, is said to be one of the best means of preventing the spread of this disease. Intestinal Fevef of Swine^ misnamed Hog Cfwlera, is a disease which, to a moderate extent, has visited this neighborhood during the present season, and several fine animals have fallen victims to its influence. According to Prof. Law, "this disease is attended by con- \' 10. VI IMSKASRS COMMUNITAIKI) KROM ANIMALS lO MAN. J^ gestion, exudation, blood extravasations in the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, by general heat, and redness of the surface, and by the appearance on the skm of spots and patches of a scarlet, purple, or black color. The animals had not been dead over ten or twelve hours when the whole mucous and muscular coats of the large intestines became black, and easily lacerated from incipient mortifica- tion." The chief cause of this disease, is supposed to be sn>i// stuff of breweries and distilleries fed to these animals, crowded together in a crowded space, and pn exceedingly impure atmosphere. It is said to be infectious, and spreads rapidly from animal to animal. Much good could be accomplished by the most thorough investigation of this disease. Pork, in its various forms, as an article of diet, is in very general use, thus the diseases of the hog play an important part in relation to public health. Parasites, although not zymotic in character, infest the flesh of this animal, are exceedingly important, inasmuch as they fre- quently produce very serious disturbances of the system. The parasites are the Trichina Spiralis, the Cysticercus Cellulose, and the Echinococcus. Very few cases of Trichinosis have, so far, been noted in the Dominion, and up to the present, only number sixteen. We are more fortunate than in Germany, where epidemics from this cause are of frequent occurrence, chiefly owing to some forms of sausages largely used by the masses in a partially cooked condition. Trichinae, as a rule, are killed by perfect cooking, the safest plan by far, when this form of meat is used. Measley pork contains the immature form of one of the tapeworms of man, which originates in the parasite known as the Cysticercus Cellulosee. This condition of pork is frequently seen in our markets, but it is not as serious in its consequences as trichina. The two most fre- quent forms of tapeworm in Canada are the Taenia Solium and Taenia Saginata — the former from measley pork, and the latter from measley veal or beef. Tapeworm from beef is generally the result of partial cooking, just as in the case of pork. Raw material in either instance favors the life of the parasite, and hence the subsequent trouble. The appearance of Echinococcus disease in man is, according to present records, exeeedingly rare in Canada, as up to the present time only 8 or lo cases are known. The liver with these cysts is unfit for food ; not, however, the flesh, from which they may be removed when not numerous, and the carcass be still flt for use as food. t'r i f DISKASKS COMMUNICATBO KHOM ANIMALS lO MAN. Glanders, or Farcy, requires more than a passing notice from its importance, and the fact of its fatality wh 'n communicated to man from the horse, marking its contagious feb .e character. Its chief specific peculiarities are inflammatory lesions of the nasal and respiratory mucous membranes, lymphatic vessels and glands, marked constitutional depression, and frequently accompanied with a pustular cutaneous eruption. Glanders and Farcy are really one and the same disease, the affection of the respiratory mucous membrane is followed by implication of the lymphatics. Glanders in man is very rare. Last July a case was riecorded in the Montreal general hospital, under Dr. Geo. Ross, which was well defined, and terminated fatally. So far we have no positive case originating in man, and it is always communicated by direct inocu- lation of virus from the diseased animal. It is somewhat common with horses, and is known to spread rapidly, and, by some, it is maintained that it possessec " a volatile infecting principle," the period of incubation varying from three to eight days, and sometimes even to three weeks. The longer the incubation, the less acute the disease, as a rule. Its symptoms, as a whole, frequently simulate acute rheumatism. Some cases have ended fatally in one week, but, in the usual acute form, the average duration is about sixteen days, but, occasionally it will be pro- tracted for several weeks, and even months, under which circumstances the prospect of recovery is favorable. The wound through which the poison is admitted becomes inflamed, tense, painful, and usually has an erysipelatous circumference. The ulcer enlarges, presents a chancroid aspect, discharging sanious, offensive matter, and the lymphatic vessels around present a knotted, cord like, irregularly, nodulated condition, known in man as the/fltr ment of intellectual activity and vigor. Years are rapidly passing on, and the connecting link will sever. We have the pleasing gratification of knowing that our efforts have not been altogether unsuccessful. Genius will raise one man in a million above his fellows. But, alter all, " genius is an^infinite capacity for taking pains." Whatever the advantages may be, whether at the rural fireside or the city hospital, there are rare opportunities of doing good. Let the work be carefully and conscientiously performed, with painstaking application, and, rely upon it, the reward will come. Thanking you in an especial manner for my reappointment to the presidency of the society for the cominji; year, let me invite your hearty co-operation in the noble work placed i.i our hands. ki 1 I U'