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—!-*•*"

"The Eiddemic Zimotle Diseases of
ABlmlR lod lioi they an Com-
luieated to Ian."

J. A. GRANT, M.D., F.R.O.P. Lond.,

Ooiira|tiil|f FhT^cian G^enl Hoapitad.

and to Ocranty of Carleton Pro-

teniaut Hosintal, bua.

Ottow».

Ammal Address read be/ore 7 he Medico-
Chirurgicai Society ^ Ottava, Nat>. /iSj.

,^„.v-

Reprinted from "The CanaJa Lancet"
Toronto, Dec, i88j.

,H'

THE EPIDEMIC ZYMOTIC DISEASES OF ANIMALS

AND HOW THEY ARE COMMUNICATED

TO MAN.

{

BY J. A. GRANT, M. O., F.R.C. P., I.oNii.

CoHsultim; Physician General Hospital, and to County of Carkion Protestant

Hospital, iSr'c. Ottawa.

Gentlemen, — With your kind permission, I will digress from the
usual path in delivering an annual address on the progress of medical
science, and confine the few observations I have now to offer to "The
Epidemic Zymotic Diseases of Animals, and How they are Communi-
cated to Man." For many years, while directing some little attention
to Natural History, I have noted points in pathological anatomy closely
allied with the diseased manifestations in the "genus homo," and being
a wide field for the practical exercise of pathological research, I felt
confident such would not be uninteresting to the members of our
Society. The .subject is one of vast importance to our common
country, inasmuch as it involves millions, in our live stcjck, irrespective
of its scientific aspect. Endemic and epidemic diseases are not alone
confined to the human species, but extend alike to animals, and the
manifestations are doubtless of peculiar interest. The analogy is so
close that they are designated by the same names. Several are
propagated in the human organism, and many present pathological
information of great importance. The late Dr. Farr, of England,

.# . .* 1

^|u^Ui«j||^

'J*,-^

$«5
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DISRASES COMMUNICATED FROM ANIMALS TO MAN.

specified these as diseases which distinguish one country from another,
and whose occurrence form epochs in chronology. The exact cause of
these diseases, although not positively known, is supposed in the animal
organisms to act like a f^irment, hence the term "Zymotic." According
to the most recent enquiries the generation of " organic germs,''
originate in the individual, or by fermentation in the diseased excretions
of tiie organism, and thus transmitted through various media from body
to body, at sensible and insensible distances.

It is a well recognized fact that the death rate, in almost every
country, from such sources of disease, is very considerable. The result
of literally packing animals together, which can doubtless be scarcely
avoided, as in the trains of our various railroads, cannot escape the
attention of the most ordinary observer. The atmospheric signal is
perfect in its way. Thus infection rapidly spreads, where diseased germs
exist, and the consequences are frequently most serious. According to
Prof. Law, since 1842. England has lost over 450 millions of dollars
through the contagion of cattle imported from the Continent. The
stamping out process by slaughtering all the diseased cattle, and thorough
disinfection afterward.s, and the exclusion of all diseased animals from
the country, has been productive of the best results. Diseased germs
are doubtless the very foundation of the diseases of animals, and the
early recognition of incipient development is of vast importance. Dis-
eases in animals are divided into two classes : the Exotic or uncommon^
and the indigenous or common. Of the first class, we have small-pox in
sheep and birds, Pleuro-pneumonia of cattle. Rinderpest, Malignant dis-
eases of the generative organs of the horse kind, Malignant cholera of
animals, Apthous fever, known as foot and mouth disease, -^f the \\^
second class, or indigenous diseases, belong Glanders, Rabies, Contagious
foot rot, Tuberculosis, Malignant Anthrax, Hog cholera, or intestinal
fever of swine. Influenza, Strangl'^", Canine distemper, and Horse pox,
seen in tlie cow, goat, and pig. In each of these diseases there is a
zymiitic influence at work, precisely as in the development of disease in
our own species, Hippocrates, in his time, enunciated clearly the
influence of impurity in air, soil or water, as factors in the development
of disease zymotic in character. The impurity of soil has much to do
with the production of disease, in both milk and meat, thus influencing
the human family and spreading the germs of disease of a most serious
character. The death rate in man and animal, from foul stock yards,

*'r

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<"t

DISEASKS COMMUNICATED FROM ANIMALS TO MAN. |J

and filthy alleys in towns and cities, is much greater than the public are
aware of. Disease may remain endemic, or spread by animal transpor-
tation, hence the vast importance of strict cleanliness and quarantine
measures, so as, if possible, to stamp out individual cases. The chief
epidemic which has occasionally influenced Canadian cattle trade is
pleuro-pneumonia, and the rapidity with which such has been checked,
through isolation and disinfection, is creditable to the c icultural
departments in the Local and (General Governments. Until recently
there has been greater attention bestowed upon the arrest of disease in
animals than in man, as far as Governments were concerned. Happily
now, however, matters are undergoing a change, and sanitary legislation
is attracting a greater degree of attention from the powers that be.

" The Contagious Pneumonia of Cattle " has been noted several
times in Canada, although not to any great extent. It has on several
occasions been introduced into the United States, by the importation
of foreign stock. In order to avoid any such dissemination of disease,
a most careful system of quarantine is now adopted by the Canadian
authorities. The period of latency of the poison of pleuro-pneumonia
in the system, is from two to six weeks, at which time it is developed
with all the well-defined symptoms of pneumonia. The death rate
averages between 50 and 60 per cent. In this disease the poison is
exceedingly subtle, virulent and most readily communicated. I have
more than once noted epidemic pneumonia in the inhabitants of this
district, most rapid in character, and arrested with considerable difficulty.
Treatment in either case can only be undertaken with thorough seclusion
and disinfection. The early recognition of this disease is important, in
order that animals thus aflfected should not be slaughtered for sale.

Rinderpest, or Russian Cattle Plague, is a most contagious disease
amongst animals of the same species. Its chief characteristic is the
manner in which the mucous membranes assume a congested state,
involving also the lining membrane of the stomach and bowels,
associated with a high temperature and extensive desquamation of both
skin and mucous membrane. So far, little indeed is known of this
disease in Canada, the protection against which is strict quarantine and
destruction of the infected animals.

Foot and mouth disease, or Apthous Fever^ is a species of
contagious eruptive disease, confined chiefly to cloven-footed animals,
and has been known to extend to man. This disease is usually ushered

4 DISEASES COMMUNICATED PROM ANIMALS TO MAN.

in by a rise in temperature and a general feeling of discomfort, and
within a day or two is followed by large blisters on the mucous mem-
brane of the mouth, tongue, fauces, udders, and the parts in and about
the clefts of the hoofs. It has been known to follow armies, and is said
to be exceedingly communicable. The contagious disease is spread
much more by contact than by the atmosphere. Milk from such
diseased animals is often carried to individuals, the infant most
frequently coming in for its share of the diseased influence. Soreness
and otherwise unaccountable lameness in cattle, is a most significant
indication, when associated with an apthous state of either the tongue
or fauces. Thorough disinfection is here also necessary, and ablution
with carbolic acid lotion, with isolation for lo or 15 days after the
disappearance of the disease.

A case is recently recorded in a German veterinary journal, where
a veterinary surgeon contracted foot and mouth disease from a pocket-
handkerchief he had used while examining beasts suffering from this
disease. The next day he was seized with a violent headache and pains
in his lim high fever and a feeling of irritation in his hands and feet.
On the third d?^ the fever subsided, and there appeared an eruption of
an apthous character on the tongue, lips, mouth, and edge of the nose.
After eight days the various symptoms subsided without any serious
consequences.

Epizoo, or epizooty, otherwise known as influenza or horse epidemic,
has prevailed to a considerable extent on both sides of the Atlantic,
extending at the same time to man and beast. In 1881 quite a severe
epidemic of that character was experienced in various parts of Canada,
and many fine animals fell victims to the subsequent pneumonic action
which frequently followed. Sucn epidemics are not of frequent occur-
rence The exact cause, although attributed to atmospheric, electrical
and other agencies, is still a matter of considerable doubt. So far the
two freest portions of Canada from this disease, and chiefly owing to
their sequestered character, are Prince Edward Island and Vancouver
Island. Absolute quarantine, across large bodies of water, is said to be
one of the best means of preventing the spread of this disease.

Intestinal Fevef of Swine^ misnamed Hog Cfwlera, is a disease
which, to a moderate extent, has visited this neighborhood during the
present season, and several fine animals have fallen victims to its
influence. According to Prof. Law, "this disease is attended by con-

10.

IMSKASRS COMMUNITAIKI) KROM ANIMALS lO MAN. J^

gestion, exudation, blood extravasations in the mucous membrane of
the stomach and bowels, by general heat, and redness of the surface,
and by the appearance on the skm of spots and patches of a scarlet,
purple, or black color. The animals had not been dead over ten or
twelve hours when the whole mucous and muscular coats of the large
intestines became black, and easily lacerated from incipient mortifica-
tion." The chief cause of this disease, is supposed to be sn>i// stuff of
breweries and distilleries fed to these animals, crowded together in a
crowded space, and pn exceedingly impure atmosphere. It is said to
be infectious, and spreads rapidly from animal to animal. Much good
could be accomplished by the most thorough investigation of this
disease.

Pork, in its various forms, as an article of diet, is in very general
use, thus the diseases of the hog play an important part in relation to
public health. Parasites, although not zymotic in character, infest the
flesh of this animal, are exceedingly important, inasmuch as they fre-
quently produce very serious disturbances of the system. The parasites
are the Trichina Spiralis, the Cysticercus Cellulose, and the Echinococcus.
Very few cases of Trichinosis have, so far, been noted in the Dominion,
and up to the present, only number sixteen. We are more fortunate
than in Germany, where epidemics from this cause are of frequent
occurrence, chiefly owing to some forms of sausages largely used by the
masses in a partially cooked condition. Trichinae, as a rule, are killed
by perfect cooking, the safest plan by far, when this form of meat is
used. Measley pork contains the immature form of one of the tapeworms
of man, which originates in the parasite known as the Cysticercus
Cellulosee. This condition of pork is frequently seen in our markets, but
it is not as serious in its consequences as trichina. The two most fre-
quent forms of tapeworm in Canada are the Taenia Solium and Taenia
Saginata — the former from measley pork, and the latter from measley veal
or beef. Tapeworm from beef is generally the result of partial cooking,
just as in the case of pork. Raw material in either instance favors the
life of the parasite, and hence the subsequent trouble.

The appearance of Echinococcus disease in man is, according to
present records, exeeedingly rare in Canada, as up to the present time
only 8 or lo cases are known. The liver with these cysts is unfit for
food ; not, however, the flesh, from which they may be removed when
not numerous, and the carcass be still flt for use as food.

t'r

f DISKASKS COMMUNICATBO KHOM ANIMALS lO MAN.

Glanders, or Farcy, requires more than a passing notice from its
importance, and the fact of its fatality wh 'n communicated to man from
the horse, marking its contagious feb .e character. Its chief specific
peculiarities are inflammatory lesions of the nasal and respiratory
mucous membranes, lymphatic vessels and glands, marked constitutional
depression, and frequently accompanied with a pustular cutaneous
eruption. Glanders and Farcy are really one and the same disease, the
affection of the respiratory mucous membrane is followed by implication
of the lymphatics. Glanders in man is very rare. Last July a case was
riecorded in the Montreal general hospital, under Dr. Geo. Ross, which
was well defined, and terminated fatally. So far we have no positive
case originating in man, and it is always communicated by direct inocu-
lation of virus from the diseased animal. It is somewhat common with
horses, and is known to spread rapidly, and, by some, it is maintained
that it possessec " a volatile infecting principle," the period of incubation
varying from three to eight days, and sometimes even to three weeks.
The longer the incubation, the less acute the disease, as a rule. Its
symptoms, as a whole, frequently simulate acute rheumatism. Some
cases have ended fatally in one week, but, in the usual acute form, the
average duration is about sixteen days, but, occasionally it will be pro-
tracted for several weeks, and even months, under which circumstances
the prospect of recovery is favorable. The wound through which the
poison is admitted becomes inflamed, tense, painful, and usually has an
erysipelatous circumference. The ulcer enlarges, presents a chancroid
aspect, discharging sanious, offensive matter, and the lymphatic vessels
around present a knotted, cord like, irregularly, nodulated condition,
known in man as the/fltr<ry buds. According to Virchow, resolution and
absorption occasionally take place, but more frequently deep-seated
abscesses form, and constitutional symptoms, indicating a low type.
Within the first or second day of this disease (and sometimes longer)
scattered collections of red spots appear on the skin, small, and resem-
bling flea bites, subsequently they become papular, ',xiA elevated above the
skin like small shot, and assume a yellow color. They are considered
as due to the deposit of some neoplastic material, which gradually softens
and becomes disintegrated. They subsequently become vesicular, or
sero-purulent with inflamed bases. Otherwise, various modifications of
character have been noted, of minor importance. The mucous mem-
branes, particularly that of the nose, become affected, and, in fact, sub-

I .

nrSKASKS roMMUNICATKD FROM ANIMALS TO MAN. |f

ject to specific inflammation and ulceration. Both in man and horse,
the disease is supposed to originate by the apphcation of the virus to the
nose mucous membrane. The disease is liable to extend to the bron-
chial and pulmonary tissues generally. Rheumatism, typhoid fever,
pyaemia, syphilis, and tuberculosis have all been mistaken for glanders.
Thorough disinfection — isolation — ^destruction of stalls and harness, are
ail necessary to arrest the disease. So far, recorded cases point out that
recoveries from this malady are rare, particulaily in the acute form. The
pre-eminently debilitating character of this disease indicates a stimula-
ting, soothing, and supporting treatment. Inhalation of iodine and
carbolic acid are strongly recommended, and thorough syringing of the
nose with Condy's fluid, (solution) carbolic acid lotion, or iodised water,
all of which have been found productive of beneficial results.

Dr. Kitt, of Berlin, has recently examined the material taken from
a " farcy bud " after the hair had been carefully shaved off", and the skin
thoroughly washed with mercuric chloride. The contents of the bod
brought in contact with blood serum, and on the 3rd or 4th day, isolated
yellow points appeared, which soon increased in size, that on examination
and most careful experiment, proved to be true glanders bacilli.. These
bacilli are somewhat smaller than those of tuberculosis, but are a little
thicker and color easily in methylviolet. Rabbits, inoculated with pure
cultivations of these bacilli, produced beyond a doubt, nasal and pul-
monary glanders, demonstrated by subsequent microscopical examina-
tion.

' here are various other forms of diseases which attack man and
beast much in the same manner, such as cerebro-spinal meningitis,
known as blind staggers, anthrax, and tuberculosis. As time, however,
will not admit of particulars on these various subjects, I shall now offer
a few notes on tuberculosis, as this disease is one attracting very great
interest. Dr. Bell, the able editor of the Sanitarian (N. Y.) 1877
August, published an article on "Tuberculosis in milch cows, and the
Contagiousness of Tuberculosis by the Digestive Organs." He states,
that according to various experiments performed in Germany and other
parts, tuberculosis may be induced in various domestic animals by feed-
ing them with tubercular matter, with flesh of tuberculous animals, and
even with the milk of tuberculous cows, and he concludes by the very
cogent question : may not the like effects result from the use of such
food in the human species ? Through the kindness of an offal contractor

f^jyBff

DlSKAbKS COMMUNICATKO KKOM ANIMALS TO MAN.

in Brooklyn, he made various post mortem examinations of cows, and in
several instances demonstrated beyond a doubt, the existence of tuber-
culc)sis of the lungs in these animals. He stages that the milk of cows
affected with that disease is likely to induce tuberculosis in the child,
and usually commencing as intestinal catarrh.

The recent observations of Mr. Heard, M.R.C.V.S., ot New
Port, demonstrate that the bacillus tuberculosis of man is the same as
the bacillus tuberculosis of bovines. The cultivated tuberculosis ot man,
when introduced into cattle by inoculation, results in tuberculosis.

Milk from tuberculous animals does not contain the bacillus tuber-
culosis, and cannot produce the disease unless the udder itself is the
seat of tuberculosis, which is frequently the case. There are many
recorded cases which prove that tuberculosis is a very infectious disease,
transmissible from man to man and from animal to man. Fully one-
seventh of the human family death rate, is from tuberculosis, hence the
vast importance of the most careful enquiry as to all circumstances con-
nected with the development of this disease.

Typhoid fever is well known to be promoted by impure milk, as in
the epidemic pointed out by Dr. Ballard, of Islington. The subject is
one deserving of every consideration, and in the hands of the physician,
much good may be accomplished by actively directed endeavor?, and
much practical benefit will doubtless spring from the wide-spread
thoiightfulness now to be observed in various parts of the Dominion, as
to the necessity and value of hygienic measures. According to Dr«
Bowditch, there are more than " two hundred thousand human beings
slaughtered annuallyjin the United States by preventable diseases." May
we not ask what is the death rate from such in Canada ? The climate
of Canada is certainly conducive to health, still there is ample room for
the exercise of sanitary measures in order to stamp out such epidemics
as greatly increase the death rate, and bring ruin to once flourishing
commercial interests.

As to diseases in animals, the members of our profession hold
great power in their own hands. We have ohserved how disease may
spread from the lower species to the human family, and engender
trouble and suffering, much of which, through careful observation and
moderate direction, might be obviated. The English and French
schools of the past, as well as the present, have worked nobly with a
benevolent and philanthropic object in view, giving such light to

DISEASES COMMUNICATED FROM ANIMALS TO MAN. y

science and the world as the people of our age enjoy. What illustrious
names have we in John Hunter, Jenner, Bichat, Corvisart, Audral, Louis,
Pasteur, Koch, and Sanderson, whose labors in comparative pathology
have formed the very basis of modern thought, in both physiology and
morbid anatomy. Buckle says, that " between Bichat and Aristotle ' I
know no middle man.'" As for Hunter, like the meteoric light, his
intellectual power flashed as the product of his century, and he certainly
possessed a rare genius which could not fail to impress the age in which
he flourished.

From the various facts coming under our observation as to the
spread of disease, does it not appear reasonable there should be some
degree of inspection as to both milk and meat, by the proper sanitary
authorities, in order to guard more thoroughly the public interest. In
Germany such is most rigidly carried into operation, and no meat is
offered for sale until first reported upon in the abattoir by the scientific
pathologist, ana thus a good work is accomplished.

In conclusion let me say, I hold it to be the duty of every member
of the profession in our city to connect himself with our society, to
attend iis meetings as often as practicable, and to contribute each year
a few facts, at least, to our transactions. Thus our profession affords
ample scope for the exercise of individuality. No one man knows all
minds, and delicate shadings of disease, whi».h may escape one
individual, may be grasped by another, and thus we are enabled to
reciprocate nature's power, and place on record the daily observations
of life's duty. Practitioners in rural districts, contrasting their opportu-
nities with the larger sphere of hospital city work, may erroneously
conclude that no new discovery can possibly be made in such a line of
thought and practice. A single fact, however humble, is a valuable
contribution to science, and such may as well be observed in country
as city. What a blessing it would be if some rural practitioner could
possibly define the exact cause of diphtheritic epidemics of recent origin
at Chelsea, Ironsides, and Montebello. Pure air, fresh water, and
nourishing diet in abundance, and yet this dire disease and its marked
fatality. The death rate in the Gatineau country within the past few
years from this disease, has certainly been very great.

There are difficulties to contend against in our profession, not
greater, however, than in the performance of any work, worthy of our
very best efforts. Our number in this city is not great, and there is an

-.■j)^-'-* .-li*'"

DISEASES COMMUNICATED PROM ANIMALS TO MAN.

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earnestness of work of a most commendable character. A few
remain in a measure, outside our medical gatherings, the loss being truly
theirs. The sympathetic power which unites us, assists in the develoi>
ment of intellectual activity and vigor. Years are rapidly passing on,
and the connecting link will sever. We have the pleasing gratification
of knowing that our efforts have not been altogether unsuccessful.
Genius will raise one man in a million above his fellows. But, alter all,
" genius is an^infinite capacity for taking pains."

Whatever the advantages may be, whether at the rural fireside or
the city hospital, there are rare opportunities of doing good. Let the
work be carefully and conscientiously performed, with painstaking
application, and, rely upon it, the reward will come. Thanking you in
an especial manner for my reappointment to the presidency of the society
for the cominji; year, let me invite your hearty co-operation in the noble
work placed i.i our hands.