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 1 
 
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THE 
 
 AMERICAN MAGAZINE. 
 
 Vol.. VI. 
 
 JULY. issr. 
 
 No. :{. 
 
 METLAKAHTLA. 
 
 I!Y Z. I,. WIIITK. 
 
 FoHT SlMl'sox was ostiiblislicd as a Catholic missions i-pceivcd. perhaps, ono- 
 tradiiifrposl of (lie lltulsoiis Hay Coin- half as much. Thcro was at that timo 
 pany alntut 1821. It was planted witii no Protestant missionary on the north- 
 fear and tremhlin^r. al'out live hundred west <'oast, and the iiear(>st Roman Catho- 
 miles north of the station on \'ancouver"s lie one to Fort Sim]>son was at Victoria. 
 Island, near the boundary of Russian In these thii-ty years the Indians hecame 
 America, and in the midst of the worst more deji'raded. more superstitious and 
 Indians on the northwest coast. The more hloodthirsty tiian before. The 
 natives, who were divided into ilitferent Hudson's Hay Com])any did not .sell in- 
 tribes or l)ands, lived in sei)ariite villajfes lo.xicatinir li(|Uors tothens. i>ut otlu'rs did, 
 built alontf the beach near the fort, .just and in their contact with the traders, a 
 above hitrh-water mark: their dweilinjrs majority of whom, says a resident in the 
 ')ein<r ru<le huts, each with its totem North I'acilic counti'v. writintf about 
 
 pole in front and its canoe hauled u]) on lifteen yeai-s a^ro, 
 
 the sand when not in use. The white 
 
 men, who wei'i' there for the ])in'))ose of 
 
 buyiny furs of the Indians, shut them- 
 
 ■selves up in their stockadt; at nijrht, and 
 
 never ventured out sinfjly in the daytime. 
 
 have ii lower status 
 than the veriest unconverted .sav.ifre." the 
 natives learned none of the virtues of 
 civil i/ation while they became inil)ued 
 with many of its worst vices. 
 
 In 1S5;{ the attention of the Church 
 
 Once a year one of the company's vessels Missionary Society, of London, was first 
 
 visite(l the i)lace, briuyinji' the mail and directed to the deplorai>le condition of 
 
 a stock of provisions sutlicicnt to hist the Indians on the I'acilic coast of Rrit- 
 
 twelve )nonths, and took away the furs ish .\merica, .and three years later u 
 
 that had accumulated. series of meetinjrs »v;is held for the jnir- 
 
 For a full third of a century no st<'ps pose of arousiny; an inti'rest concern- 
 
 what<'V<'r were taken to eivili/e these in;r them in the CluuH'b. At one of 
 
 Indians or to ameliorate in any measure these t,fatbei'in<rs. the eveninjj beinyf 
 
 their physical, intellectual or moral con- very stormy, only niiu> persons at- 
 
 dition. At their interior tradiny-posts tended. Amouij: those ])resent was a 
 
 the Hudson's I?ay Coni|)any did contrib- younf^ mercantile clerk, William Dun- 
 
 \it(> .somethinsr towards the su))])ort of 
 missionaries, its a|)propriation in lS.">4for 
 eighteen Protestant missions and one 
 school beiny alxnit ?tr>,0()(t. The R(muin 
 
 Entered, ncconllnir ti> Act "f Coinirt'sH. in llie yeiir ISST. liy K. T. Hiisli \- Sun, in tlic i ifflrc of the l.ihrnrian 
 of C'onirress. al Wiisliiniiton. .1/' ntihti' rmiirfd. 
 
 can. who becanu> jfreatly interested in 
 the projios^d work. From his child- 
 hood he had cherished an and)ition to be 
 a heathen land, and 
 
 a nussionarv ni 
 
 8fi«58 
 
Sf.d 
 
 METI.AKMITl.A. 
 
 Ii 
 
 at tliat timo lliinkiiisr of "-d- toria was tlion a villatr"' '>f alioiit two 
 
 iiiy III Soiilli Ainri'ica as mwim as lie Ininilrrd |)t'o|>li'. wliosc iiriiicipal luisi 
 
 tshoiilil liavt' 
 
 •iiiiiiilalfd siitliciciit iicss was li-adiii}; willi Indians for fmv 
 
 KlllIT KIMl'MON. 
 
 funds. For li(> Lolicvcd tliat such a AVliilc tlicrc. Mr. Duncan was stronjj- 
 Id cstalilisli ouylil to 1\ advised not to yo to Fort Sini|isoh. 
 
 mission as lie won 
 
 '»o self-support iiiir. and tliat lie could which he iiad already tleleniiined upon 
 
 accomplish tar iietter results if he eii- as his destination, lie was warned that 
 
 tered the Held reiving;' solely upon his he woulil certainly he killed hy the In- 
 
 owii ellorts, than if he was allied with diaiis. and he was cordially invited hy 
 
 any missionary society. Ihit the appeal the ( tovenior to estahlish his station in 
 
 made that stormy ni<i:hl, and the arjru- or near N'icioria. Hut he wa.s not to he 
 
 nients i ihsecpieiitly used, induced him turned aside from his settled pnrjiose. 
 
 to, join the Church Missionary Society. He said to the < Joveriior: ''You li!>ve a 
 
 and he went lo lliyhhiiry ('<dleye. Lon- stockade up there fur the prutcction of 
 
 don. for some insti'uction in his wor-k. the people who huy furs. If you will 
 
 That same year ilS.Mi) the I'nited permit me to live in that stockatle until 
 
 States and Kn^land agreed to send a I can speak the Indian lanjrua',''e, 1 will 
 
 joint commission to \'ancouver"s Island lake the risk." The permission was I'c- 
 
 to adjust the San .liian houndary <lis- liii'taiitly yivi'ii. 
 
 put) 
 
 d (' 
 
 iiptain ' now Admiral i .laim 
 
 I'l arrivintr at Ff)i't Sim))son ii 
 
 C. I'revost, of the l\(iyal Navy, was ap- Octoher, 1S.")7. Mr. Duncan landed and 
 )iointcd 1<» I'epreseiit (Jreat Hrilain on walked up to the stockade to se<- the olH- 
 tliat commission. He went out in tin- cer in command. In pa.ssinj; alon;;- the 
 war steamer " Satellite." and olVered heach he came to a place where llii' re- 
 Mr. Duncan a free passatfc. They sailed mains of a numher of human heinifs 
 ill Decemher, and arrivi'd in the liarhor were scattered ahoiit. and was tohl that 
 of F.scpiimault. the port of Victoria, Van- there jiad heeii a li'^lit het ween two hands 
 
 con 
 
 vers Island, .luiie l:ilh. 1S57. 
 
 of India 
 
 US a 
 
 few (lavs hefore, and that 
 
Mirn.AKAJITI.A. 
 
 2«1 
 
 In- 
 
 tlic liiitlifs lie saw liiid Ihtm liackcd ti> 
 pico's anil tlii'iiwii ii|m>ii tin- sand. Siirli 
 a y'l'i>«ll>' si;;'lil iis tliis. wlim lie lirsl set 
 ills toot iipun sliDi'f, must liavc made a 
 liorrililc iniprrssion iipo'i tlir yt>nn;>' man 
 will) liad (Mini)' to makt' liis lioinr anmn^ 
 those pco]ilc. 'riifiT wcrr then livin^f 
 ill till' stockade t Weiil.V-t \Vo wliile men. 
 wliose principal duly was to protect the 
 |ii'operty there. The ji'ates were careful- 
 ly watched ill the daytiiiie. only a few 
 Indians lieini:' allowed to eiitei' at once, 
 and at niyht liiey were closed and strong- 
 ly liarred. 
 
 "Ahoiit the second day after my ar- 
 rival, "savs Mr. l)uiican,'" we were alarm- 
 ed hy hearing that an Indian had heen 
 killed close to the stockade. We hur- 
 ried lip to the jiiillery, and. looking over 
 the ]iickets, we .saw :in Indian lyiii;^' on 
 the li'roiiiid dyiiiy. We did not dare to 
 do anything-- for him: we should proh- 
 iihly have lieen lired iiiion if we had in- 
 terfered. While we stood there, two 
 Indians came out of a house not far oil', 
 iiiid hotli ivf them lired at the ]>oor man 
 «s he lay there dyiiiy. Then we saw 
 the canoe of a frieiidl> chief and jiart.v 
 come a<'ross the hay. Tiiey |)roceeded 
 to wrap the hody in a mat. and look it 
 over the hay. and hiirned it to ashes. 1 
 saw the smoke asceiidinn' from the lire 
 that was consuming the hody." 
 
 This was only a sample of many lior- 
 rilde scenes which Mr. l)iincan wilness- 
 1 diiriny: the lirsl winter he spent at 
 Fort Simpson. One day he was told 
 that there was to he a sacrilice of a slave 
 woman in the camp. Two or three ri'a- 
 sons were assigned for it. ()ne was that 
 it was to take away di.syrace from the 
 dailyiiterof the old chief, who hail heen 
 siilVeriny some time from a liullet wound 
 ill liei' arm. Another was that he did 
 not expect his dailiihter to re<-over. and 
 so killed his slave in order that she misilit 
 prepare for the coinin;:' of his daughter 
 into the unseen world. A third was that 
 it was tocelehrate the conferriiii^of some 
 hijrli rank upon his daiiyhter. Mr. nun- 
 can <lid not see the iniirder. and had no 
 o|iportiinity to remonslrate or jirevent 
 it, hut 1 will repeat his account of what 
 he did see. in his own words: 
 
 '"We heard a noi.se in the camit." he 
 says, "and upon yoiny uj) to the e'al- 
 lery and lookiiij;- over the stockade, we 
 
 saw two Icinds of men leaviui," ditVereiit 
 portions of the camp, each hand headed 
 hy a naked man who was tossiiij; hiin- 
 si'lf around aiid assuming the most 
 lleiidish attitudes. The ))eople living in 
 the houses near where the co'pse had 
 heen lluii^r into the water had alrejidy 
 run out and formed themselves into 
 H'roiips a yood (list. nice away. Kacli 
 hand also made peculiar noises with in- 
 struments which they carried, until they 
 came to the hody. Then they surround- 
 ed it so that I could not .see what was 
 yoiiiLron : hut after a while the two hands 
 airain divided, and I saw each of the two 
 naked cannihals with half the hody in 
 his hands, walkiny; away, followed hy 
 his parly. The two cannihals sat down 
 ahoul a, hundred y.ards apart, and the 
 hody was devoured, or at any rale dis- 
 iippe.'ired.'" 
 
 The two hands of savajres mentioned 
 in this narrative were the '"mediciiu'- 
 iiien." There were three r.aiiks: those 
 who lore with their teeth, or .-lie, hiiinaii 
 hollies, the (loy-eatel's. and those who 
 had no ciistoiii of the kind. The initia- 
 tion of ))upils into the mysteries of the 
 medicine men was the most iniporlani 
 ceremony of the Indians. l)urini:' Mr. 
 huucan's lirsl winter at Korl Simpson, 
 there were ei;rht <U" ten of these initia- 
 tions, each i»arty rarely instructinj,'' iiior(> 
 than one pupil at a lime. ^Ir. |)uiicairs 
 description of this cereniony, so f;ir as 
 he was permilled to see it. is as follows; 
 
 " Karly in the inornin'.'' the pupils 
 would he out on the heach. or on the 
 rocks, in n sl:ile of nudity. Kacli had ;i 
 place in front of his own trihe; nor did 
 inlense cold interfere in the slinhtest 
 decree. After the ])oor creature had 
 crept ahoiit. jerkiny: his head and scream- 
 in'j: for sometime, a party of men would 
 rush out, and. stirroundinu- him. would 
 heirin siniiiui;'. The dou'-eatiiij:' p.irlv 
 occasionally (•■•irried a dead ilou- to their 
 pupil, who forthwith heyaii to tear it in 
 the most doi^-like manner. The ))arty 
 of attendants kept up a low. ffrowlinu' 
 noise, or a whooj). which was seconded 
 hy a screechino- noise made from an in- 
 strument which they helieve to he the 
 ahode of a spirit. 
 
 " In a little time the naked youth 
 would start ii)) ajrain. and proceed a few 
 yards in a crouchiiiy posture, with his 
 
^C.'J 
 
 mi:tl.\kaiiti..\. 
 
 iiriii |iiin1ii'(I mil hcliiiid him. ;mil tussiiiy in life. 'riii'f;iiiiiil>iil. on siscli ncciisiniis. 
 
 liis llciwiii;;- lilacU liiiic. A II I lir wliilc lie is yciiiTjil 1 y Mi|t|(lic(l willi I wo, three in- 
 
 isciiriicslly wiilclicdhy the li'miip iiri)iiM(l I'diii' iimruiii hodics, whicli lie lears to 
 
 hi' |ilt'iis('s to sit down picci's hd'ori' his ;iii<lii'iH'i>. Sfvci'iil prr- 
 
 II1II. alio u'lieii 
 
 1 
 Ih 
 
 aiii siii'i'oiiiid him iiiid hc<riii sin 
 
 sons, cillici' I'rom hravadoor as n cliarm, 
 
 in;,"'. 'I'his kind oi lliiny yocs on. with presciit their arms for liiiii lo hile. I 
 
 several lillh- additions, for some lime, liave seen several whom he has liiiis hit 
 
 IJefore the noviee linally retires he lakes ten. and I iiear that Iwo have died from 
 
 ii run into everv lioiise heloiminy to his liie ell'ecls. 
 
 ■■()iie very dark niuhl 1 was lojd liiere 
 as a moon to see on liie jpeaeli. ( >n i^o- 
 
 Irihe. and is followed iiy his train. When 
 
 this is done, in some <-ases. he has a ram hie 
 
 on the lops of llie same houses, diiriiii;' in;;' lo see. ihi'i'c w.is an illnniiiialed disc, 
 
 \\hi<-li he is anxiously walehed iiy his with the liv'ure of a man upon it. 'I'Ik 
 
 iltelidalils. as if they exjieeled his IliyI 
 
 l>y and liy he condeseeiids to eonie down, <'oiijiirili<r parlies h.iil hi iiplhisdise at 
 
 water was then \ er\ low. and oiieol the 
 h' 
 
 d Ihev llii-ii fcdiow him to his de 
 
 t lie water's edye. Tliev lna<le it ilierease, 
 
 .liieli is siuiiilied h.v a rope made of red and |ireseiilly it 
 
 I'k hi 
 
 )ver the doorway, so as an imposiiii;' si 
 
 to ]ireveiil any person from i<:noraiil!y seen around it: ImiI liie Indians siipposi 
 
 -ht. .Noll 
 h 
 
 full moon. It w as 
 I 1). 
 
 WW'j: eoiih 
 
 violatin;r its ]ireeiiiet;- 
 
 N. 
 
 are allowed that the medicine part \ are then hold i no- 
 
 lo enter llii' house hill those eon neeted converse with the man in the moon. In 
 
 ivilh the art; all I know, therefore, of deed, there 
 
 IS no cause 
 
 ir wonder that 
 
 their further proceediiio-s is. that they the poor creatures are deluded, for the 
 
 keep ii]i a furious liammerinu', siiiuin;;' peculiar noises that were made while ail 
 
 and .scree<diino- for hours diirinj,'' the day. around was )ierl'eclly still, and the ;i'oo(l 
 
 '■(>f all these i);irtics, none an" so imitation of the moon while all aroiiml 
 
 niui'h (!rea( 
 
 morn 
 
 l.'d 
 
 ill"' I 
 
 th 
 
 died t. 
 
 iniiihals. () 
 
 lie was eiivelo 
 il 
 
 III ilal'KIK 
 witness a stir in calculated to i'reate weiri 
 
 ped 
 
 seemed just 
 
 I and 
 
 siipersli- 
 
 tliecani|) which had heeii caused hy this tioiis notions. After a short time the 
 
 set. 
 
 Wli 
 
 I 
 
 d th 
 
 ill< 
 
 I 
 
 moon waned Jiw.av. and the con.juriny 
 
 aw hundreds of 'I'chimpseans siltiny in |)arty returned. whoopinu. to their house," 
 tlieir canoes. whi(di they had .just pushed Whcpi Mr. I )uncan lirsl arrived at l''ort 
 
 away from the hea(di. I was told that Sim|)soii h 
 
 Ii 
 
 le canuilial jiarly weri 
 
 III 
 
 sear<di of a the hid 
 
 Id not speak a word of 
 
 laii 
 
 Ian- 
 
 u: 
 
 tl 
 
 lere was 
 
 hod\' to devour. 
 
 d if thev failed tl 
 
 (I 
 
 III one who wdiilil teai 
 
 h h 
 
 'I'l 
 
 di 
 
 me. it was prohah 
 
 le thev would tradei 
 
 s lisei 
 
 I tl 
 
 le 
 
 ■ ( 'hiiiook jariron." a 
 
 seize the lirsl liviiiLI' one that c; 
 
 their mixture of Kny'lisli. Kreiich and Indian 
 
 way; sotli.it all the people liviny near wo 
 
 irils. verv limited i 
 
 II Its vocahi 
 
 ih 
 
 to the caniiihars house had taken lo llieii- conlainiii!.'' no terms for the spiritual en lo- 
 
 <'alloes to escap 
 
 'llio' lorn to pieces, 
 hid 
 
 Jl 
 
 lions, and wiioll v unlilli 
 
 irteachlliu- re 
 
 IS the custom aiiiont;' these hidiansto hiirii Iiyion or industry. I he task ot Icariiiii;,'' 
 tlieir dead: liiit 1 siijipose for such occa- the l;iiieua.u'e was a vci'V dillicult one, 
 sioiis they Like care to deposit a corpse 
 
 somewhere. I 
 
 n order to satisfv tin 
 
 hni 
 
 nan wrelidies. 
 
 Of 
 
 liiiii 
 
 II 
 
 course 
 
 then 
 
 were no hooks lo aid 
 
 tl 
 
 lere was no white man who knew 
 
 loiinue, and no 
 
 hid 
 
 1,111 who snoKe 
 
 These, then, are some of the things Kimlish. His method was to lake an in- 
 
 aiid .scenes which occur in the dav diir- tliaii lo Ids n 
 
 and coiiimiinicate ideas 
 
 ill"' the winter inoiiths. while the iiiy-hts to him hv |ianloiniine. reiiiiiriiiir him to 
 are taken up with amusements— sine-iiie- speak the words or sentences represent- 
 
 :ini 
 
 Id: 
 
 inciiiir. Occasion!! 
 
 Ilvtl 
 
 le medicini 
 
 iii'l 
 
 lis action in the I ndi.in l.-i 
 
 no.iiaji'e, 
 
 parties invite jieople to their several These words, heiiitf nuiiiy limes repealed. 
 
 houst>s. andexhihit trii-ks hefore them of were wi'itten down. In this w.ay detached 
 
 various kimls. Some of the actors ap- sentences were ohtained. From liiese tlu; 
 IH'ar as hears, w 
 
 iliile others wear mask 
 
 inyiiaife w 
 
 as (li.ssected and its slriK'tiire 
 
 Ihe ]iarts of which are moved hy striiiiis. learned, and then pro^-ress was coinpar- 
 
 The yre.'M feature of their proceedinjrs is alively raj-id. 
 
 to i)reteiul to murder and then to restore At the end of eiirht months devoted to 
 
Mirri.AKMITI.A. 
 
 •iiW 
 
 Til. 
 til. 
 
 was 
 
 iliiijr 
 
 111 
 
 tiiiit 
 
 Hill. I 
 
 Just 
 
 rsti- 
 
 tli<^ 
 
 irintr 
 us.','" 
 K..i't 
 
 r.i ..r 
 
 Til 
 
 kIimm 
 
 nin< 
 
 > aid 
 knew 
 
 i.l.'as 
 ill) t.) 
 ■scnt- 
 iiajrc 
 ■at.'.l. 
 
 S." tlu! 
 
 ivture 
 inpar- 
 
 ted to 
 
 iihi'iMiiittiiii,'' stii.ly .if this kill.], Mr. I>iiii 
 ran lia.l ai'ijiiiri'. I i'iiuii<j'li .il' I lie laiiLi'ila'.''.' 
 Ii' writ.- all.! s|>('al< it t.is.mi.' cxl.'iit. Ilr 
 I'.iiiiiil it a v.'i'v .'iipiiitis an. I li.'anliliil 
 lon^ni', lull .it' iinatr.'i'.v. an. I capalil.- 
 <it' j^i'cat d.'li.'a.'V .>!' cniu'.'s- 
 si.iii. It is not ditli.-iilt t.> pr.i- 
 ii.Miii.'.-. altliciiiu'li II. >t .'as\ 1.) 
 
 hiin.'aii was all].' t.> Icafii s.inw'tliinL'" ''f 
 till' nii'iital lialiils .if ||i.' In.liaiis. tli.'ir 
 Mip('r>l il inns an. I li.'li.'l's, an. I t.> uiiilir 
 siaii.l I 111' niianiii'r .'I' tlicir .•.I'cin.piiii^. 
 Ill' l'.>ini.l til. 'Ill t III' slaves ol' tli.'W.ii'st 
 
 I'.'nii'inlM'i'. 
 
 II 
 
 .' .-an spca 
 
 k it 
 
 M.>\v III.).'.' lliii'Mt l\ than i'lli;:'- 
 lish. 
 
 Ti) illn-lrat.' tlii' .Icli.'al.' 
 sha.l.'s .it' in.'aiiini:' w lii.'li lli.' 
 Iiiiliaii laii'^'uav.' is .'apahl.'.il' 
 f'xpr.'ssiny. Ml'. i)Miii'an r.'- 
 Iiit.'s the f.>liii\\ iiiii': One 
 Siiiiila.v iniiiiiiiii:' i.n.' of tlii' 
 <-aliiiilials. w lioni li.' ha. I seen 
 t.'ariiiL!' til.' wdinaii. .'am.' t.) 
 liis sci'vicc an. I sal apart I'i'.mi 
 the olh.'is np.iii tli.' ritihl .il" 
 the .speak. 'r. I )iii'iii;f IIk^s.'I-- 
 
 1M.>M he saw a 
 
 II t 
 
 1." e. inirrejra- 
 
 ti.in turn tlieii' t'a.'.'s t.iwar.ls 
 til.' eannihal aii.l Innk alanii- 
 ed. 1 Ic tiiin.'.l and saw the 
 caiinilial with his haiidsnv.'i' 
 
 h 
 
 as if he was hidinir 
 
 111. '111. hut iiiithiiij,'' 111. ire liap- 
 
 1' 
 
 'lied. T 
 
 us ni.ivi'iii.'iit was 
 
 'pea 
 
 ted t 
 
 wi.'.' .liii'in 
 
 th.'.l 
 
 IS- 
 
 c.iiirse, and at its elose Mr. 
 I)iinean aski'd .me of the e.)M- 
 e-reiiation why they all looked 
 ;;t the .'aiiniliai. 
 
 WI 
 
 IV. 
 
 ~ii'. 
 
 lie 
 
 •plii'.I. 
 
 ■ you iiia.l.' a nustaU.' : it is a 
 woiid.'i'tliat h.'.lid not y.t ii|> 
 and liite y.m. or soni.'h.idy. 
 The fa.'l is. if ii-r had said 
 hat x'oii did to-dav. he 
 .1 ' 
 
 ^^ 
 
 w.Mil.l c'rlainlv liav.' Iiitt.'ii 
 
 s.tin.'iiod \ 
 
 •■ What did I .say that 
 ask.'d Mr. I)uii.'aii. 
 
 was wr.>ii<. 
 
 wii.i.iA.M iirscAN. Tin: mis^mnaiiv. 
 
 siipi'i'st itions. 
 
 V.iil sai.l the w.ird "^ihost. 
 
 "hey hi'lieved that sick- 
 ii.'ss arises from two causes. Sli'.jlit in 
 wasthe .iisposil i.)n tiii'V supp.is.'d to 'ic dii.' In 
 
 waiiil.'riny' .'I tl 
 
 mil Iroiii the It.i.h', 
 
 Mr. |)iiii<'an si 
 
 ipp 
 
 .1 h.' had iis.'.l the .\t tli.' lirst d.'parture they said the liod 
 
 w.>rd that was tli.' i'i|iiival.'iit .if " spirit " hciiins to si.'k.'U. and if th.'soul isti.it 
 in Kiiy ish. an. I .li.l not tli.'ii kii.iw that eaptiired. hr.iuiiht lia.'k and r.'il.'p.isiled. 
 thev liiaile th.' sani.' distincli.m lielw.'eii the h. iih' will di.'. Il 
 
 ■^lurit 
 
 .1 •• j^host ■■ that we do. Tl f tl 
 
 vvas 111.' Itiisin.'ss 
 I.' inedi.'ine-niau to iT.leli siraviiiir 
 
 word "lih.ist" was not to h.' spok.'ii in souls and liriny- tli.'in lia 
 
 III 
 
 I'i.'d 
 
 the]iresen<'.'of th. 'eannihal. l.'st h.'sli. Mild .m his pers.m a holl.iw h.m.'. .'arve.l in 
 
 hite the .me who utters it. or s.mie on.' a p.'.'uliar w.iy. in which h.' was sup 
 
 near him. pose.l l.» . I. 'posit the souls wh.'ii capl 
 
 . Ilaviiiy aci|uir.'d the laiii:uaii<'. Mr. ur.'d. 11.' was li.'lieved also to kn.)W 
 
'.'•', I 
 
 mi:ti..\k.\iiti..\. 
 
 wiliiM' vnlll lie IkicI iMilLlill. ;illil III' :il 
 nlii-i' aillioillici'il 111 llir Milllli'ss liiidy 
 \vli;il 111' liMil iliiiii'. Ill' \'i:i^ iimiii'ili.'iti'l >■ 
 M'lll fill' ill i':iM' 111 illlii'>-.. ;ili<l lIliiHi lii> 
 iiri'iv.ii III' si'.ili'il llii'Nick iiiMii 111" v\ iiiiiim 
 \i|iiiii ;i Hint ami lii'Li'aii lii> iiiraiital iiiii-<. 
 sliakiiiy his I'allli'. Wiii'ii hi' liail rrilc- 
 |iii>ili'(l llic raplili'i'il Mini ill ihi' Im'MiI iif 
 il-. iiwiii'i'. hi' was wi'll jiaiil U'V lii> m'I-v- 
 iii'-. 
 
 Miii'i' >ii'i(iiis illiii'ss. ill!' Iiiiliaiis 
 tlnMiL;hl. iiiitjlil 111' llii' I'l'siill III' llii' spill' 
 • il' evil ilispiisi'il iirrsniis. Tlii'V saiil Ihal 
 Miiiir iiiilivitlnals hail llif su|H'i'iia;ural 
 (Kiwrr lit' i'iili\ r\ iii;^' a |iiiisiiiiiiiis siili- 
 slaiici' iiilii till' liiiily ill I'arl. llii'\ 
 siiiiply iii'lii'Ni'il ill \\ ilrhii-at'l. Il was 
 lliiTrriii'i' (laii;ji'rniis to '/wv ini'ilii'iiii', 
 liiml nr ili'ilik 111 an lliiliaii. l"s| a siiiisi'- 
 i|iii'iil sirklii'ss 111' 111 lii'i' I'alaiiiil y shiiiihl 
 111- all I'iliiilfd til il. ami llir hi'iirrai-tui' 
 |iay fur his kimliii'ss with his lit'i'. 
 
 'Pht' JMiW ('!• Ill' till' imilicim' llirll nvrl' 
 
 llicir (Icliuli'd riilliiwcrs was itlisoliilf iiiid 
 (lcs|)i)tic, and was t'oiistaiitly cxcri'iscd 
 fur llifir HUM au'ji'raiKli/ciiii'nt ami iin.lil. 
 Ml'. Itiimaii ri'lati's tlii' fnlluw in^;' iiu'i- 
 
 .«K11..\K.HIII..\. 
 
 diiil 111 illiisii'ali- ihis . hiii'ini,'' 
 mil' 111' his jiiiii'iH'ys hi' visited a 
 dislaiil li'ilii' and pi-i'.K'lii'd tii 
 tliiiii. (iiial inti'i't'st was niaiii- 
 I'l'sli'd in liis trarliiiiL.''. iind lli<> 
 nicdicinr-nicii wen- alanncd lest 
 liii'ii' |iiiw I'l-aiid aiitliiii'ily sliuiijii 
 
 he di'sll'iiyi'd. 'Pile lli'Xl inol'll- 
 
 iiiu' Mr. i)iiiu'an was calli'd |i> 
 wiliii'ss •' slraiie-i' si'i'iii'. < hit 
 iipiiii till' liearh was a riiw ul' 
 Indians Muniliiie' as thniieli 
 lliiy wiiiilil ihi'iiw nut ihi'ii' inti'i'mil 
 iii';:aiis. 
 
 Mr. I»iiiii'aii iiii|iiiri'il nf siuiu' nl' Ids 
 Indian I'l'li'iids as in tiic caiisi' nf this 
 I'pidi'inir sirkncss. and was tnld that tiic 
 
 1 iii'ini' iiii'ii had I'l'assei'lcd their aii- 
 
 tiiiii'ity and had assiii'eil liieir dupes that 
 siiiiie ii'i'eat siekliess iil' iilliei' ralalllitv 
 wiiiild I'l'i'tainly ciiiiie npnii liii'in as a 
 result 111' lisleiiin^' 111 Mr. I )iim'airs wnrds. 
 and that tin' only way ol" escape wmild 
 he hy Miiniline' <iiit what they had ah- 
 siil'lied. So the ei'eater part dl' the tl'ihe 
 had taken an eiiielii' and ;:'iiiii' mil ii|iiiii 
 I 111' lieaeli til spew the inissii mai'v's wiii'ds 
 mil 111' their imnil hs. 
 
 The wild Indians iil' the Nurtliwest 
 had smiie heliet's that Jiaved the wa.\' fur 
 the reieplimi {\'i ( 'lirisliaiiily. In tlii'ir 
 liM-enils ihey made t'reinieiit meiitimi (it" 
 the " Smi III' (liid." and he was always 
 spiikeii nf as a lieiiel'aeliir. They had 
 alsii many remarkahle leec'mls ahmit 
 Satan, and his iianie in their lanj^iiafje 
 means "The Father nf I.iai's." They 
 lielieveil him In he all avarieimis heiiie', 
 always pniwliiiy ariiund seekiny some- 
 

 Mirri.AKMITI.A 
 
 •.'•;:. 
 
 lliiiiL' to siili>fv lii^ iiiitH'tilc, ;iiiil full 111' 
 (Icci'il. 
 
 Tliry liail !i linn liclii'l' in a rnlnri'cs 
 islcnrc. 'I'lic Indiiin unni I'dC "dciilli " 
 lines niil ciinvry llir simir iili'.l iis it iliii'S 
 
 ill I'lii^'lisli. It is liii- i'i|niviiii'iit of 
 "si'imi'iitfil," 111- piirli'ii iiiti) twit, ;is a 
 riipi' tliiit lias lii'cn lii'iikrii \>\ lirin;^' siili 
 ji'cti'il til tun Miiii'li strain. 'i'lii',\ saiii nl' 
 an liiiliaii wlin liad Just dii'tl tiiat lir 
 '■ iiad pai'trd." " liad sc|iaral('d." 'I'lii'V 
 luid a tradi'ioii, nisn. tiiat *>iirt)i and 
 liravi'ii wi'i'i' niii'i' in rlnsr pi'iixiniity ti> 
 cacli iitlii'i'. so that rvcr.vlliiny tliat was 
 said ill lit-avcii ciiiild lii> JH-anl upon tin' 
 
 cartii, and all tlir nnisi's ul' tl artli 
 
 were disliiicliy iicard in licavrii. I''inaily 
 till' riiildl'i'll iiT liii'll nil cai'lll lii'i'anii' sn 
 tiii'lMili'iil and causrd siicii a I'ai'ki't tiiat 
 till' I'liirl' in iiravi'ii ciiiild nut sleep, and 
 sn lie just tnnk tiieeai'tli and |iiti'lieii it 
 as far as it iinw is fniiii lieaveii. 
 
 Tiie Indians liad smiie very reniarli- 
 alile tradilinlis almllt tiie d'eatimi. Till' 
 I Yiili'i rriiw. tliev said, was tiie niiiy 
 iiviny liiini,'' in tiie eminlry, wliieli was 
 a siinle.ss. ciiantir waste, cnvered wilii 
 water. Tliat lie iiiiylit iiave rest fnr tlie 
 sole nf his fnnt. lie liade tiie waters re- 
 rede and snininnned tlie sun frmii liis 
 liidilie'-]iia<'i'. (>iit nl tlie mist tliat 
 arnse frniii till' ('(intact nf the sun's I'ays 
 witii till' ninist eartli, tlie ernw created 
 saiinnii. and (tlaced tlielii in the lakes 
 and I'ivers. Heasls and hirds were aisn 
 made, and each iiiaced in its prnper 
 hahitat. Hut tiieraennii wa.. dissatislied 
 witii the ari'ali;;ement it( the wnrlil ; he 
 was la/.y, had fnnd eimiejli fcr a Inii;^- 
 winter, and denianded that that seasmi 
 should lie live inonths lone', Tiie ci'ow, 
 out of consideration for the lU'rr and 
 mountain slieep. refused to leiietiien tlie 
 winter heyond four inonths, Sei/iny 
 one (d' the ('aeonn's claws, he twisted it 
 oil', and said, "the four that reiiiain 
 shall he a siirn to you forever, liiat from 
 till' period when the sun leaves a certain 
 
 house, to make rnpe fl'olii the hark of 
 I rei's, and to i\v\ salmon, 
 
 I'erhaps the most curious of liieir le- 
 gends was tiiat wliicli aicomiteil for llie 
 raven coat of tiie crow, ( >iie iiii.''iil, 
 while niakine' ,'i tmir throiieii his do 
 minions, lie stop|ied at I lie iionse of ( 'an 
 iiool<. a I'liief. and iieiryed for lodijini;' 
 aiida drink of water, ('an nook oll'ered 
 
 liim a lied, hut, on a( iint of the .scarcity 
 
 of water, refused to yivc him anytliin;,'- 
 
 to (ll'illk. When all the rest were asleep 
 
 till' crow {.'•(it up to iiuiit for the water- 
 iiutt, lint was heard hy ('an nook's wit'e, 
 who aroused her liusliaiid, lie, liiiiik 
 iiiir tiiat llie crow was aimut tn escape, 
 piled loys of e-um Wood upon the tire. 
 Tlie crow made desperate etl'ol'ts to |iy 
 tiiroimii tile linie ill tile I'linf where tile 
 Miinke escaped, hilt Can llnnk caused the 
 smoke to he denser and denser, and 
 when the crow liiiall.v retrained the outer 
 air he had hiack |ilnniae-e. It was pre- 
 viously while. 
 
 These Indians were vry proud and 
 treaciiernus, heath ainlie could wipe 
 out an insult, and lliey lived in ennstant 
 fear lest their character or reputatioM 
 siinuld lie ill the siiylitest deeree tainted, 
 .Mr, iMincaii relates a story illustrative 
 of tills, wilicll he heard fl'nm sniiie nf 
 his Indian friends, A wnmaii was in- 
 siilled liy Slime t wn nr three jiassini.'' In- 
 dians, w'iin used iier name in an indecent 
 way, Slie told her iirnther, wlin was a 
 chief. He kept the matter secret fnr 
 awhile. Iirooded over it. and then called 
 his youiie- men. and without stating; 
 what he inleiided to do. oi'dered them to 
 yet liiiii a (pialitity of lire-wood. They 
 ohcyed, and a iaree tire was made in tlie 
 lioiise, lie had tile door walciied, so 
 tiiat no line should come near tlie idace. 
 The insulted sister of tiie chief then 
 seated herself iipoii a hoard, and was 
 dressed in her hesi rohes and trinkets. 
 When tlie lire Was hurniiiL:' very lierce- 
 ly sill' was lifted with the hoard upon its 
 
 ))oint in the heavens till he returns, top, and there, in the pres('iic(> of all 
 there shall he four mnliths nf siinw, her people, was coiisumed, Tliis was 
 
 four of 
 weather. 
 
 ram 
 
 lid four of summer dniie with her own consent. 
 
 \V 
 
 Then till' Iirnther ]>iiitted to destroy 
 
 leii the winter came the crow iiini- 
 or he iiad no siiel- 
 
 tlie pr 
 
 liicipa 
 iieh 
 
 1 men of the trilie to wiiich 
 
 oiiyeil will) 
 
 self was in trouh 
 
 ter. and no store-honse for liis ,saliiioii, sister. Inside tlie lions 
 
 had 
 
 lisulled ills 
 •ai' the door, 
 women out of a shower he caused a i>it to he duir. The dnor- 
 (if rain, and tauyht them how to l>uild a way was low, and there was a liitrh step 
 
 Sn 1 
 
 le (Tea 
 
 ted I 
 
Mirn.AKMri LA. 
 
 lit tlio t'liti'iiiii'i'. Ill' iiiv'iti'ii till' it'ilii' In 
 
 II I'l'il^l, mill ilN llli'\ r.UlH' ill. iilir li\ 
 
 mil'. .'<ti'|i|iiiiL:' lii'.:'li iiiiil lii'iiiliiit.'' \i'\\. 
 
 llli'V |>Ml llir|lisii\i'-. >in'jl.\ illlii till' 
 
 liiiiiiU III' till' ii>*:i»iii iiiNiilr. wlm. uiiji 
 II (lull. NtriH'k I'iii'li iiiM' MM till' liai'.. Ill' 
 till- lii'iiil Mini pitrlii'il liiiii iiilii llii'|iil 
 tliiit was fi'iiily In I'l'ci-ivi' liiiii. IT li 
 
 llilil Mill lii'i'li I'lil' till' i|i'>il I' llii' rllii'l' 
 
 tn NM\'i' nlii' lllilll. .'Ill nlll Iril'lnl. Ill' {il'nii 
 lllily Wniilil li:i\r .'li'i'n|ii|iii>lli il Ills |iiir 
 |insi' ;iimI ilr>tl'nMil llii' \\ Imlr ll'il"'. 
 W'lu'll III' >-:l\V llllll IIKlll I'nIllillL''. ill' 
 lii'I'UnllI'd llilil tn I'lili'l' l!li' liniiM' liy till' 
 
 liiick ilnni- iiiiil lii'lji lliciii sin::'. Ih- liml 
 till' ilriiiti Iii'mI in::' iiiiil tin- uniinii '^in^' 
 Iiil:' .iihI i'l.i|i|iiiiLr lin'ii" li;iiiii> tnilrnwii 
 
 till' imisrs iiiMili' liy till' (l.\ iiii;' | |iii'. 
 
 Till- w itliiirMUiil III' this nlll' man rsi'ii.il 
 
 till' Ml»|lil'inlis III' ll|n-,c wlln Wl'l'l' I'nIlnW 
 
 iiii;', ami tin' im'SI mtr >ii«'ri'i'(li'il in ir<'I- 
 tiny a |M'i'|i nl' wlial \v:i> ^iiilii;' nil, iiavi' 
 II wariiiii'j' In till' nilirr-., ami tliry I's- 
 (•api'il. 
 
 Till' I n(lian-< aJMi faniiil tln' linfli'iiii' 
 nt' I'l'l.ilialinii In till- ntnin-t i'\tii'iiii'. 
 It' an Imlian wa'^ killiil. linn' rii>tniiis 
 I'i'i|iiii'<'(l thai lii'> ■•Ja.Ml'. ami |Mi'|ia|)N liis 
 family ^lllllllll pay I'nr ilir mni'ilir willi 
 
 tlirir livi's. 'I'lli'll I III' I'Xri'Ulinlii'l' liill'>t 
 
 111' Uillril liy till' ri'ii'iiilMit' Ills virtini. ami 
 sn nil. (('/ i iitiliit mil. 'rili"^i' |ii'l'snliai 
 
 I'l'iiiK iiil In almii^t I'lintinuniis li'^liiinv. 
 
 Tiny ll.ici lln tn|||;||l;| wl<S. Illll U>i'li a 
 ^ilal'|ll'm■ll linlii' with wiiiiil liiry rnlliil 
 .''>|iiil njii'ii a man's lirail. Tiny alsn liail 
 .stnnc wrapons, maili' mi as In In' yraspril 
 rasily in tlif liaml. Winn tiiry wi'iit 
 into liattli' liiry prnii'i'liil llii'ii' lirails ami 
 <'li('sts liy |)ii'i'i'> 111' >lillly riii'i'il liiilr. 
 
 Kfnlil lliis lirii'l' ili'M'riptiiiii nl' tin- 
 'i'cliimpsi'an Imiiaiis wiii'ii Mr. jdniraii 
 liist wi'iit aniniiL:' llii'in. il is cviiji'iit that 
 no missionai'.v rvi r i'iiIiti'iI a li'ss pi'nni- 
 i.'^ill•J• lii'M. ( ttli'T nun, ial"ii'ini.<- aiininy' 
 siniilai' Irilii's mi liir Nm'tliwi'st <nast. 
 lii'cami' (lisi-nura'^i'il. Wlii'ii Mr. nun- 
 can arrivctl at \'irlm'ia. in .lunc. |.s."ir. 
 Ill' fnumi till' Unman ("allmiu' missimi- 
 iii'ics already cstaliiislii'il tlii'iT. In Isfi.-i. 
 Maclic. all Knyiisli ri'.sidcnt in N'irtnria, 
 wrnti': "Sk linpi'li'ss dni's (hi' iiinrai and 
 rt'liiiimis imprnvrmciit d' thi' aiinriiiinrs 
 in till' cnvirmis nl' X'irtmia aiijii'ar tn thi' 
 Catlmlic inissimiarifs, that tin- Li'und 
 hislidpof that faith in ^'all(•nuvl■r's Island 
 as.■^ur^'d iiu- lii' filt cninpcllrd tn •.nvi- thciii 
 
 up In ihi'ir I'lpi'iiliali' rmirsrs. TIu'si" si'lf- 
 ili'iiyiii'j' mi 11 iia\'*- Inih'd lmi<j'i'r and 
 iiinri' assiiliimi-ly than tiu' a'ji'iit". nf any 
 
 ntlli'l' ri'i'i'd III!' thr a llli'linrat Inn nf the 
 
 Indian^ iniiiliiiiiii. and lire rrlnrlaiil to 
 aliamlnii thr liild nf missimiary oprr- 
 
 ,ll imis w iiili' till' Il ;i»t pl'ii'^pirt nf sIK'i'i's.s 
 
 ri'iiLiiiix. 
 
 "Till' iii>l|iip nf till' KlILllish I 'iiurrli 
 ■•mni' \i'ars x\\n\. vVi-v\\-i\ a .sriinni to Mr 
 siruil. I'lidaini, and I'li'valc iIm' nativi's: 
 all alili'ami /I'almis <'iii"jyma I was ap- 
 
 pnlllli'll as Mlpi'l'lnti'lldi'llt nf I III' llli>sin||. 
 
 I In;, as mi 'J ill hi- cs prrli'd. thr n 'turn fnr 
 tiii-r wi'li inli'iitiniii'd applialii'i's has 
 lii'i'ii sn Lii'ii'ViiU'-iy di^prnpnrtimicd as to 
 ill' i|iiiti' inappri'i'iahli'. ' 
 
 Mr. Iiiinran hinisrlf was in V'irtnriii 
 in ( ii'tniiir. ism;, and tnid iii<- that tli«' 
 imprnvi'miiit had Im'I'Ii \i'V\ sliiiht in 
 till' last third nf a ci'iitiiry jimmii.'' thr 
 Indians tiii'iT. with wiimn iir was invitt'd 
 In hi'iiiii iiis lalinrs thirty yi'.-rs ayn. hf- 
 raiisi' tlii'y thi'ii were hi'ltrr than llinsi' at 
 l'"n|'t Simp>nli. and tin- pin>pi'i't nf Mll)- 
 slalilial ri'vults w ,is ;:ri'ati'r. 
 
 I If thiiM' w lin |i\i' inimi'diati'ly iini'lh 
 nf Mr. |>iim-.ins liiid ttl npi'ratiniis, Mr. 
 Iliiir\ W. K.ilinii, w iin has piihlishi'd hy 
 
 i.irllii' iirsi i \i nil Alaska tiiat lias yi'l 
 
 appi'ari'd. u rililiLr niily last yrar. says : 
 ( 'miti'mpl.'iliii^'' this Imlian I'liiircli at 
 Sili<,i. wiiirii has stnnd Ini'i' fnr lliai'ly 
 I iirii' i|uaili'i's nf a crntury, and tlifii 
 Liiamiiii:' nvi'i' it and iiiln tin' savairi' srl- 
 tirmi'iit that iii'sth's in its sliadnw, it is 
 impnssiiili' tn ri'fi'.iin fmin cNpii'ssinjr ii 
 frw tiimiLjlits whirli arisi' in my mind 
 nvi'f I ill' suiiji'cl it'i till' Indian in rryard 
 In his rmivi'i'simi tn till' f.iitii and prac- 
 tiii's nf niir liiLilirr ri \ i i izat inn. Ni'arly 
 a wiinii' I'l'iiliiry lias lirrii cxprndrd licrc 
 nf uilllaL''U'inir rildraviir In liitlrr and tn 
 i-iialii:!' the iniii'i'i'iit iialui f tlicsi' In- 
 dians its full rt'siilt i.-r ht'l'm't- niir eyes, 
 (in down with nil' liirmi^rh tiic smoky. 
 
 I kiiitr. liltliy raiidu'rii's ami imti' j-are- 
 
 fully till' atliliidi- and occupatinns of 
 thi'si- savau'cs, and cmitrast yniir ohsci-- 
 vatinii with that so vividly rrcordi'd of 
 liiiin iiy Clink, X'anrniivi'r. rnrtlock and 
 niNon, and many otiii'r early travelers, 
 and tell me in what manner luive thi'V 
 advanced one step liiLiher than when lirst, 
 seen hy white iiieii full a liiiiidred years 
 ae-n. Ynii caiiiint escape the cone'-.' ion. 
 with this taiiiriide evidence ,\\ \ oui' 
 
Mirn.AKMri i..\. 
 
 •2f>7 
 
 (rrasp. tin, I in ;ilt«'iii|ilii|w' to civilizr tin- hinnis up iilmvc tin' Miiallir liiiil(lili;,''M, 
 Aholi^n lii<li.'iii. till' I'i'Mill is iiiiirlMiiiii-i' iIm- must iiiiiiiiiiii'iit nlijci'l in lln- placiv 
 
 likf cxIrrniiMiilinn. cr lin'ji'rinLT. ilrfpr 
 
 I r t ill- sli'iiniiT i'iiMM> In aMi'lmr. a lannc 
 
 
 TIIK "Ml'MKciIlD ('I.IMIII.vi. A UIKKI.K ON 
 
 iKi;i:x l(ivi;ii. 
 
 (Ii'uradalion In iiini. liian llial w liiili ymi 
 Ml carni'sl l.v ili'sirc." 
 
 Tiir iiistoi'v (iC till' Indiiins nn tlir 
 N'oltliwcsl (.'oast, nn iinlli sides nt' l''nrt 
 Simpson, fnf llir last thirty years, is tno 
 truly yivi'n liy ( 'atiiii's fiirinnla : " W'liitc 
 nicii wliiskcv tiiMialiawks -sralpinir- 
 knivcs yiiiis. pnwdci" anil l>all sniall- 
 ]ii)X -ilcliani'lii'i-y -I'Vlrrininalinii. " 
 
 The Alaska tnnrist. straniinn' alonir 
 till' i-niist iif lii'itisli ( 'nliMnliia this siini- 
 
 nii'l', alinilt si'Vrnti'i'll inili'S snlltll nf Kni't 
 Sinipsnii, may. if llic wi'allirf is clear, 
 pereeive npiiii a lieanlit'iil peninsula wiiat 
 appi'M's In lie a tlirivin^' New Kiiirlanil 
 villaye, I'lilike til" Inilian settleinents 
 lie lias seen, wliieli are stfliny nlnii!.'' Ilie 
 heaeli willi nn alteinpt at reo'iilarity nf 
 aiTanoeiiient, tlie neiit I'l'.'iine limises are 
 liuilt upon rej^ular streets. A larjre 
 saliiinn cannery slaiiils upiin tlie slmre. 
 anil a clmrcli. nt' iinpnsini;' arcliitectnre. 
 
 will pi'niialily snnii put nil' In il. lint 
 wllile the (lecnp.ints u'wf evidi nee hy 
 their ilnsky laces and well-in.trkeil feat- 
 ures that they are full hlnndeil Indians, 
 thelilanket has yiven pl.iee In u Kurn- 
 pean cnstnnie : their h.iir is cut slinrt, the 
 paint and sava'/e nrnaineiits lia\'e disap- 
 peared, nnil tlii'X' will priili.iMy hail the 
 captain in ynnil Kiiolish. instead nf in 
 the Chiniink jai'o'nn. If the tmirist M-nes 
 
 ashnre. lie will see nn every side evi- 
 dences nf thrift, iiidiislry, and a liio'h 
 st.ile nf civili/alinn. The liniises are iie.it. 
 
 eive evidence nf liavine- I n cnlislrnet- 
 
 eil l>y i";pei'l nieclianics. and each has 
 its little c^'r'rdeii attached, in u liieli veiret- 
 ai)li's fur family use are s-aised. These 
 dwellinH's are ciiinfiirlalily fiirnislied. 
 and supplied with tlie cniivelliences nf 
 civili/alinn. I'lintntrraphs. chrnmns and 
 iirnamenls nf linnie inaiiul'actiire adnrn 
 the walls. 
 
268 
 
 MKTLAKMITLA. 
 
 Tlic lumber from wliicli tlic villatic 
 has Ix'cii cnMstriiclfd is siii)i)liftl l»y a 
 saw-mill situated a few miles out in the 
 couiitrv, ami cniinei'ted with the villafre 
 hy a telephone line. In a i)lacksmitli 
 shop the iron implements used in the 
 villa^fe are made; a i)i'ieiv-vai'd su|)|)lies 
 an exei'llent huildinj;' material, and a 
 ])laninj,''-mill and sash-an<l-(h)oi' factory 
 furnish liiiished lumher. doors and sashes 
 ready for "i'lazinj,'-. Tiie cannery has a 
 capacity of 10, (Mid cases a yeai-. and is 
 niarUetiiiR' about (i.Odd cases of salmon, 
 beside that which is salted. The lish are 
 can<rlit in the Stickeeii rivei-, where they 
 ar(> found in inexhaustibh' abundance. 
 A steam-launch is used for communica- 
 tion lu'tween the villaj^e and th(» flshintr- 
 fjrounds. The cans used ai'c made, filled, 
 soldered, varnished, labeled and ))acked in 
 the villajre, and the barrels in which the 
 salt-lish is marketed are also made there. 
 
 Skins ai'c tanned into leather, and 
 that is madi' into boots and shoes. 
 Ropes and many othei- articles are also 
 manufactured. Tlu^ women spin and 
 weave the Heece of the motintain jroat 
 into shawls, blankets and heavy cloths, 
 for which there is a ready market 
 anioufT the surroundinj;' tribes of In- 
 dians. There is a coojierative store in 
 which all kinds of groceries, dry-fjoods, 
 etc., are sold at a slight advance above 
 cost. A small vessel takes the produce 
 
 of the villaj;'e salmon, oil. furs and 
 
 manufactured jfoods. to Victoria, and re- 
 turns with such articles as are iieede<l. 
 Rcfjular dividends are declared from th(> 
 profits of these voyages. On one oc- 
 casion when the vessel i-etui-ned from 
 Victoi'ia they termed her "AIkiIi" (the 
 slave), sifrnifyinji' that she did the work. 
 and .the owners reaped the beneiit. 
 There is uo liipior saloon in the village 
 and Hit whiskey is sold or dniidc there. 
 
 The church, which will .s(>at one thou 
 sand ])eople. is the lart>'est and best in 
 British Columbia. It was built by the 
 pooi)le of the villajje. entirely from ma- 
 terials of douK'stic ])roduction. except 
 the K'l"*^*' i" ""' windows, and it cost 
 $<12.0(l(i. The church is paid for, and 
 the society is not in debt. It is well 
 filled every Sunday, all labor beiny: sus- 
 pended and the Sabbath beinjr most re- 
 lig'iously observed. Near the <'hurch 
 is a lar<,''e guest-house. Entering', the 
 
 visitor limls himself in a spacious room 
 in the centre of which is a i>lace for a 
 tire, with a hole .above for the smoke to 
 escai)e. Indian fashion. Opening out 
 of this central hall are four lodffin},'- 
 rooms. siiiiplied with beds and furniture, 
 which visitors are invited to occupy 
 free of cost. The sciiool-hou.se is a 
 commodious buildinif, comfortably fur- 
 nished, and suiiplied with the neces.sary 
 liooks and a])i)aratus. C'oniiH'tent teach- 
 ers are employed ; the attendance in 
 the sunnner is two hundred and fifty; 
 in the winter it is trreater. .V Jail is 
 ]>rovided. and other public buil<lin<js 
 such as would be found in any thrivinjj, 
 civili/cd village. 
 
 Th(5 young men of the village are 
 formed into a fire comi)any. uniformed 
 in red shirts and a])propriate hats, and 
 armed with patent tire «'xtinguishers. 
 The ohler men constitute a town council, 
 and administer the jjuldic afrairs of the 
 village. On holidays they wt-ar green 
 sashes as badges of their ollice. A brass 
 liand of fifteen or twenty pieces has been 
 instructed by a teacher brought from 
 Victoria forthat ])urpose, and they make 
 very creditabh' music. The laws are 
 executed by a magistrate and ]>olic(! con- 
 stabulai-y, and there has never been a 
 murder in the village since its foundation 
 twenty-five yeai-s ago. 
 
 The village I have described is Metla- 
 kahtla; its pojmlation is about eleven 
 hundred, and the ]ieopIe are full-blooded 
 liulians— the once degi'aded savages that 
 Mr. l)uncan found at Fort Simpson in 
 IS.")T. They have had no assistance from 
 outside exce|)t a little voluntary aid, 
 which, in the aggregate, would not pay 
 the cost of theirc'hurcli. Theonly white 
 men living among them during the 
 greater ])art of the time have been Jlr. 
 Duncan and the assistants who were fic- 
 casionally sent ou' to aid him. For si.t 
 years he has not received even the small 
 pittance of a missionary's salary, and he 
 has been obliged to depeiul for his sup- 
 l)ort ui)oii the industries which ln^ has 
 t.augbt his |)eoi)le to establish. Metla- 
 kahtla to-day is the pi-oduct of a (piarter 
 of a century's unselfish, devoti^d. well- 
 directed labor by one man for the civil- 
 ization and christiani/.ation of a tribe of 
 the most un])romising savages that dwelt 
 on this continent. 
 
METLAKAHTLA. 
 
 209 
 
 How lias it Ix'i'ii (loiio ? 
 
 As soon as Mr. I)iiiicaii liad inadp suf- 
 ficient progress with tiic lanyiia<,''(', cij^'lit 
 nioMtlis af;t'i' liis an-ival, lie wr(itc out a 
 sci'iiiou in tlic Indian tonijut'. In tli(^ 
 mcantinic a r('])ort liad been i'ircuiatcd 
 widely ainonjf liie triiu's tiiat li(> had 
 hroujrht tlicni a. letter op pajier wliieh 
 was from (rod. They liave no word for 
 '"Ijooli." They were anxious, therefore, 
 to linow what ho had to say to tlieni. 
 H(> went tiie first day to nine dill'erent 
 camps or tril)es, for tliey were all solios- 
 tile and .iealous of eacli otlier that lit^ 
 couhl in(hice no two tribes to come to 
 tlio same meeting. Tlie Indians showed 
 preat interest— i)erhaps as much in. Mr. 
 Duncan's ch)thin<r, his ]>uttons and his 
 hair as in wliat he liad to say, and were 
 very attentive. 
 
 After he was able to talk to them, 
 Mr. Duncan very soon {i^ained the con- 
 iidence of some of the Indians. His 
 whole manner was calculated to win 
 their love. His face alon(>, as a visitor 
 to Jletlakahtla wrote not loiifc a<ro, is a 
 ])assi)ort for i)iety, f^oodness and benev- 
 olence anywhere, and his honest blue 
 eyes, his kindly smile and cheery man- 
 ner, p) straijrht to the heart of the most 
 sava}>-e Indian. But his work was by 
 no means free from obstacles. One of 
 these arose from tli<^ seltishne.ss of the 
 Indians. They desired to Ik! paid for 
 atteiidin<^ his services, after tlu; novelty 
 of his ])reacliinif had a little worn oti'. 
 It took time, of course, to convince them 
 that they had nothiiiff of that kind to 
 exjicH't. 
 
 Altli<)U<rli very few went refrularly to 
 church, and .some would not ffo at all, 
 Mr. Duncan alwa.vs found them ready, 
 with f -w exceptions, to listen to him in 
 their i >vn homes. \\\ fact, lie was a 
 welcome {ruest, and when he enttM'ed 
 they '• ould jilace a box for him to sit 
 upon and a mat for his feet, stir up the 
 fire so as to jiiake a blaze, and some- 
 times they would lifjht a candle (which 
 was often a lish), and show him an.v- 
 tliiiig' he wished to look at. He was not 
 formal in his talks with them around 
 theif firesides. When he was in a house 
 the news would very soon s|)read abroad, 
 and in other houses in close |)roxiniity 
 there would 1)(> silence, so that the in- 
 mates of the other houses on e;icli side 
 
 could also hear throuifh the chinks in 
 tlu! wall. Ill this wa.v he was able? to 
 address from twent.v to forty jieople at 
 onc(^ 
 
 Of course the medicine-men who pro- 
 fited by their heathenish customs did not 
 like to see their peoph^ Ix'come interested 
 in Mr. Duncan's tt!achin<r, and tlie.v 
 sometimes maiiaj»'ed to stir u]) trouble, 
 but lie never received bodily harm at 
 their hands. Forexamjile: He was ad- 
 dresy.iiijr a jyatherintf of Indians one dark 
 nifflit, while the cannibal ])arty outside 
 W(M'e yell iiijr and l)itin<?and teariii<j. The 
 l)eo|)le in the house were very much 
 alarmed, not so miu^h for their own safety 
 as for Mr. Duncan's, and th<'y offered 
 him a mat with which to cover himself. 
 The.v said that one of the cannibals would 
 b(> sure to come in and bite an.vbody he 
 could fj^et hold of, if not covered up. The 
 other inmates of the house took their 
 mats and covered themselves. Mr. Dun- 
 can did not can; to do that, and said he 
 would ffo out. They warned him not 
 to do so. But he took his walkinjjf .stick 
 and went out to po home. When ho 
 a])i)roached the ])arty ther(i was suflicieiit 
 lijjfht to see the fijrures movintr about. 
 The noise of his feet was heard because 
 he lla<lshoe^ while the Indians wore none. 
 Innnediately the word was |)assed among 
 them that the white man was there, and 
 they stopped tlii-ir noise and allowed him 
 to i)ass unmolested. 
 
 Mr. Duncan next oi)ened a school in 
 the house of a chief in June, 1858, with 
 twenty-six children and fifteen adults, 
 and in a few months lit* had in it one 
 hundri'd and f'ort.v children and fifty 
 adult ])ui)ils. B.v the time it was found 
 desirable to build a schoolhouse, enoutrh 
 of the Indians were interested to supjil.y 
 the material. Some of them brou^^ht 
 bark for the roof, others planks for the 
 floors, and a few even took bark from 
 the roofs of their own dwelliii<>-s and the 
 jiieces that formed jiarts of their beds. 
 A ])iece of steel was hung up to serve as 
 a bell. 
 
 The most serious ti-ouble that Mr. Dun- 
 can had at Fort Siniiison was in c<tniiec- 
 tion with this school. About six month.s 
 after it was opened, a principal chief of 
 tlu^ Tcliini])seaiis, Legiac, undertook to 
 close it U)). He sent a messajre to the 
 missionary directing him to stop his work. 
 
270 
 
 mi:tl.\kmitla. 
 
 Th 
 in;, 
 tlicr 
 
 ■liicf saitl tliat liis daiiirlilcr \va> 'jn 
 
 liis licad oil' ami ".'iv*' it to iin'. and 1 
 
 ti) 
 
 icavi'M. aiK 
 
 1 llial sli<- 
 
 d lie will kirlv it im mc beach 
 
 iMtli. and tliat wiicn >lif- canu 
 
 Tliat 
 
 to cncoura 
 
 !r«' 1 
 
 inn. 
 
 l)aclv Mr. l)un<-an niiu'lil iT" "n witli Ills fuaniini:- will) rajx'-. lie dashed at ll 
 
 i-U 
 
 niissionarv. rais 
 
 nj; his liand with 
 
 iniii'(U'r(His - loolcinjf knife, 
 .lust as ho was apid'oachiiijr. 
 instead of htokiiiff his in 
 tended victim in tiie fa<'e. 
 liis ey<^ {.'■lanced i)ast. and 
 Mr. DuMi'an tiieu thoujrht 
 that lie was }i-ivin<f the sijrn 
 to somebody to stab )!im from 
 behind. He turned around 
 and saw an Indian standinjr 
 with a little vi\\)v over liis 
 shoulder, kee])in<r liis eyes 
 fixed upon the iiiaii with the 
 knife. Mr. ])uncan did not 
 know it at the time, but he 
 afterwards learned that the 
 
 man wi 
 tol 
 
 tilth 
 
 •P 
 
 had 
 
 I' 
 
 KI.AHOWYAII. A KTK-KEEX W^fAW. 
 A!lirr • SkrKb I.) ||. W. ».lll>ilt. 
 
 (1 that he had UM the 
 Indians that he would sh<Mit 
 the man who kilh'd the white 
 man. That Indian was the 
 one whom Mr. Duncan had 
 employed to assist Iiim in a<'- 
 (piirintr the lanfi'uaire. Lejriac 
 himself afterwards became a 
 (.'liristiaii and ii very zealous 
 ])reacher. 
 
 I)urin<r the first year of his 
 ivork at Fort Simpson. Mr. 
 
 Mr. Dtinoan re]ilied that he could not T)uiican became <'oiivince(l that satisfac 
 
 possibly stop his Wo 
 
 .rk. 
 
 torv results could not be secured under 
 
 Le<ria<' ilieii asked him to .suspend for such surrouiidin<rs. althoujrh the «'tt'ect of 
 
 fortniirht, and wh<-n he would 
 
 not 
 
 is teachiii"' was alreadv to be .seen in a 
 
 iijrree to that, re(piested that he close up cliaiij.''e and toiiiiiir down of the jierfonn- 
 
 for a siiiyle day. and at la>l siMi|)ly that aiices of tli(^ medicine-men. Two thinjrs 
 
 he would not strike il:e JM-II of thex-hiMd- retarded his jirofrress: lii'st. contact with 
 
 house when his dauu'hter was cominif the white ])eople was demoralizin}.''; mx^'- 
 
 back. Mr. I>uncan refuM-d to <-i.nipi'o- oiid. and wor.se, it was impossible for the 
 
 luise even to that exlenl. 
 
 ('hi'istian Indians, howevei 
 
 imu 
 
 \\ th 
 
 That aflernoon alwiut ei^'ht or ten of miirlit desire it. to chanji'e tlu'ir mode of 
 the ludiaiis went to iIm- x-hoolliouse life ;m(l a<lopt the customs of civili/.atioii 
 
 so loiiy as tliev lived with the heathen 
 
 UjKUi tl'.e (loul)li'<pili 
 
 rii->lied in. i\vi 
 
 all the children out. an<l baile Mr. |)ini- bands and were daily subjected to lh<'si}rhl 
 can <ret out. TIh'U the one who had and inlluence of their ancient customs. 
 
 killed the man at the furt tr^'te. so 
 
 If vou <lesire." savs ]^lr. Dunci 
 
 •t. 
 
 after Mr. Duncan's arrival. >t<MMl over train iiji your child to be a moral, refined. 
 
 him and said : " You le:iv<' this house ; usef 
 
 ul man or woman. \un 
 
 look 
 
 I have killed many a man. and I will carefully after his associations in youth. 
 
 kill you. 
 
 while his habits and character are form 
 
 Mr. Duncan stood <piieily and kept hv^. Vou would not e.xpect {rood results 
 liis eye u])on him. He seemed to waver, from your teachinir if after {fivintr hini 
 Then auother man shouti->J out : '('ut instruction you allowed hiiii to s|K'i)d 
 
METLAKAUTLA. 
 
 271 
 
 fii-t flay-i ;m(l nii,''lits in dens of infamy, 
 r.h<^ nMHfK-iatc of criminals. Tiu' Iniiiaii 
 in Iriis savatrc stale is a cliild. In tiic 
 ftfliiir, tilt- (Ic^-radation of liis sniToiind- 
 ihi:--* lias already dom^ its work ; in tiie 
 child it. is sui'e to do it. unless Imms r<'- 
 ri'x-fVfd from them." Tlie <i-eneral failure 
 of missionary work amou<i' Indians Mr. 
 F>Tineaii atti'ihnles to tlie causes liei't^ in- 
 rti^affd. Tile work of the cliureli and 
 ^'■hfn')! is nentrali/.ed hy the home life of 
 flif- savaire. 
 
 fn JsHI Mr. Duncan heyan to talk to 
 rhf rndiaiis about the estalilishnient of 
 ariirisfian villay*', and for a whole year 
 improved every oppoi'tiinity of ])repar- 
 insr their minds for the chanyre. lie se- 
 Ic^rted a site ahout fourteen miles from 
 Fort, Simpson, and in ^lay. ISCi'i, tin' 
 Y\\"*t. company (lei)arted for the future 
 Mfflakahtla. Mr. Duncan did not re- 
 cpiipf that thosi! who accompanied him 
 ■♦liould he Christians; lu^ only made them 
 ai/ree that they wauld drink no Jiciuor, 
 rhar tiiere should he none of the ])erfoi'm- 
 aii<':esof the medicine-men over the sick. 
 *i>r any of that heathen folly, and that 
 llhi^ would not work on 8unday. 
 
 The. followinfj is ilr. Duncan's de- 
 »<"riprii)n of the removal : "The liulians 
 carrif out of their lodijes and sat around 
 m a .<ienii-circle, watchinn: the ))roceed- 
 irio-s. Tliey knew somethinjj was fjoi'iJ? 
 Ut happen, hut they did not know what. 
 When an Indian v.atches, he sits u|)on 
 nhf- trround. hr'iiys his kni-es up to his 
 'hin. \vra|)s his mantle round him, puts 
 hi.-^ liead down, iind, mute and motion- 
 If-*-*. looks at a distance like a stone. 
 Tinis they were seated, and the (luestion 
 WA.S : Will any one standout in tiie 
 rniflst of the scolliu};' heathen and de- 
 clarf him.self Christian '. First lhert> 
 c",*m<» two or three, tremhling', and said 
 lilWy were willinjjf to ffo anywhere, and 
 III')' jj-ive up all for the hiessed Savior's 
 •«i*kf. ^^>thers were then encouraj;ed ; 
 ■M\A that <!■■ • •:'■;. .ioo(l forth, and^jath- 
 *iM»rl to<r, ..iiersuch thintrs as they needed. 
 (I«Tl! them into theii- canoes, and away 
 nBw^y went. On that day every tie was 
 IWiken : children were sejiarjited fi'oni 
 rhwr parents, hushands from wives, 
 I'lVi'rfhers from sisters ; houses, land and 
 »lii filing's were left —such was the ])ower 
 *ll vTftrk in their minds. All that were 
 fr-fn\y to <rit with me occuiiied six canoes, 
 
 ami we nundiered ahout lifly souls, — 
 mi'U, women and children. 
 
 ".Many Indians wei'c^ sealed on the 
 heach watchinj,'' our departure with sol- 
 emn aiul an.vious faces, and some prom- 
 ised to follow us in a few (l:iys. The 
 ])arty with me seemed tilled with solemn 
 ,joy as we jjushed oil', feelinif th.it Ihi'ir 
 lonj;-looked-for Hit h;id actually com- 
 menced. 1 I'elt that W( weri' l)e;;-innin;f 
 an eventful itaye in the history of this 
 )>oor ]ieo]tle, an<l earnestly si'^hed to (rod 
 for his hel]> and hlessiny. 
 
 "The next day. the 2Slh of May, we 
 arrived at our new home ahout two l'. JI. 
 The Indians 1 had sent on hefor(> with 
 the raft, I found hard at work, clearing 
 ground and sawin<; ])lank. They had 
 carried all the raft uj) tlu^ heach, excejit- 
 WiX a few heavy lieams, erected Iwoleni- 
 l)')rary houses, ami had ))lanted .ahout 
 foiu" bushels of ])otatoes for me. Every 
 nijiht we assemhled. a happy fai'ily, for 
 sin;i'in<; and i)rayer. I e'ave an address 
 on each occasion from some ])ortion of 
 sci'iptural truth suf^g'ested to me hy the 
 events of the day. 
 
 " On the (ith of June a fleet of ahout 
 thirty canoes arrived from Fort Simp- 
 son. They formed nearly the whole of 
 one trihe, called Keetlahn, with two of 
 
 mu 
 
 
 V^^. 
 
 -5" 
 
 KddTZ. A KTICKKKN SH.VJUN. 
 Afli'l nSlii'l.li l.y II. W. KIM. ill.' 
 
MIlTLAKAllTLA. 
 
 TOTKSI Piil.KS IX KllnNT '<¥ IIIIKK's Iln|-SK. MASSI'.T. IJ. <'. ISLAM). 
 
 tlicil' cliicfs. AVc MOW lillliihiTcd lie llicir 1 ii ^';;; i l;'i ■ ill iiliil out of I licir caiioos 
 
 Iwccii tlii'ci" iiiul t'oiii' IiiiihIi'imI siiiils, and casilx. and parlly hccaiist' tlicy ciijiiycd 
 
 (Ull" <'V('iiiii;i' liii'i'tiims Ix'caiiic truly dc- llic iiiiIm' uI' the waves. Tlic lil'st cliurfli 
 
 lijilitl'iil." was liuilt lit' litys, and would scat al)ont 
 
 Tlicy had to start at the vci'v l)c;;iii- si\ liiiiidi'cd people. It lia<l a ]tlaee in 
 
 iiiiijr. Tliere was tlie forest to elear. t he middle I'oi' a lire, alula hole ill the 
 
 liouses, a clnireh and a sehoid to huild. roof lor the escape of the smoke. There 
 
 roads to lay out and industries to oryaii- were no lamps. So impatient were the 
 
 ize. It ri'(|uircd a jii'cat deal of jicrsua- Indians to see and iisi' it th:it, altlionirh 
 
 sioii to induce the Indians to uo hack it was not linished until ciii'lit o'(dock in 
 
 from the licach and huild their houses in the cvcniiiii-. they insisted upon havinjr 
 
 a row, leaviiiya roadway hetweeu. They a meetiiiLr there that niyht. 
 
 liked to have their houses on piles, on To )tay the cost of jmidic works, ^[r. 
 
 the shore, partly to iMialile them to ;i-et ])uncaii instituted a svsicm of taxation. 
 
MKTLAKAIITLA. 
 
 lie ciilli'il tlic liidiiins tuycllicr ;iii(l I'X- 
 l)l!iiiiiMl Id lliciii its priiiciplt's. iiiid !•»■- 
 (|iH'st('il cMcli iiiiiii 1(1 coiitrilmti' ii lilaiikcl 
 iiiid ciicli hnv a shirt us liis first tax. Kr 
 dill not tax tlic wuiiicn. Tlic jjroduct of 
 the lii'sl levy was more tliaii iiiiicty 
 i)iaiil\fts and a j^rcat nnird)ci' of shirts, 
 d('i'r-sl<ins and i'urs. ht-sidcs ))o('lvct-liaiid- 
 kcrrliicfs and tlic V\\n-. Tiicsc artiidcs 
 ■were paitl ont to lliosc cniiiioycd upon 
 thf ]iui)li(' works. 
 
 Tlic v.irious iiidiislrics tiiat I have 
 already mentioned as now hein;;' carried 
 on at -Metiakaiitla were he^rnn from time 
 to time. Mr. Dnnean himself yavc the 
 Indians instruction and was, and is. a 
 ])artiier in many of their eiiterju'lses. 
 These have heen i)rolitahle. hnt ^Er. Dun- 
 can has invested his dividends, as fast as 
 
 lie has 1 eived them, in new ventures, 
 
 and has maile a will for tli<" disposition 
 of his interests, after liis death, for the 
 henelit of the community. His house is 
 like the others and no hotter furnished, 
 and when he is at home heisthe husiest 
 man in Metiakaiitla. 
 
 ()ni' chief source of anxiety in the 
 curly days was tlu' ([uestion of govern- 
 ment. When the Indians left Fort 
 Siin))son to found, or to .join their 
 friends in the Christian villa^'o, all 
 tribal I'clations were hroken and the 
 authoi'ity of the chiefs renounced. In 
 fact they had really had no law hut 
 their own wills, ami their violent i)as- 
 sions were unrestrained. This could 
 not he <'haii^'ed at once, and someitf the 
 host of them, in a lit of temp(>r, were 
 ajit to seize a knife and attempt to take 
 life. Mr, Duncan dri'aded a murder 
 above everythin"' else, for he feared 
 that it would he followed hy others. He 
 selected, therefore, some of the hest men 
 to av't as a police-foi'ce, and when he 
 procured them caps and helts, they were 
 very proud of their distinction. He 
 drilled them a little, occasionally. He 
 himself was appointed a mauistrate hy 
 the (rovcrnor of British i'olumhia, and 
 lie made his ]iolice the ellicieiit instru- 
 ments for the execution of tli(> law. He 
 impressed upon them the imiioi'tance of 
 doiiiu' their duty fearU'ssly and impar- 
 tially — the necessity, when he put a 
 wari'anl or a summons into their hands, 
 of .serviii}.'' it upon the jierson named, 
 even thouf-'ii he he a hrotlierora friend. 
 
 Vol.. VI. IS 
 
 They soon i)ecaine very ellicient. He 
 m.ide tile sweai'iny-in of tliese con- 
 slaiiies an occasion of iire.il puhlic sol- 
 emnity. 
 
 Tile suppression of the ijipior t rallic 
 was the most dillicnit l:isk of all. for, iu 
 s|)ite of Mr. Duncan's endeavors, white 
 men Would occasionally smiio'Li'le wiiiskey 
 in. and some of t lie weaker natives would 
 drink it. \\n\ so determined was lie to 
 stop this, that his murder wascontideiitly 
 predicted, as the only mauistrate in the 
 country, stationed ahoul two hundred 
 miles south, had been killed hy a 
 whiskey seller. liut he liad the ad- 
 vantage of heiiiy surrounded hy people 
 who almost unanimously sym|)atlii/ed 
 with him in his elforts to ln-eak iiji the 
 Iraflic, and of liavini;' the assistance of 
 a constahiilarv fori'e that, when they 
 swoi'.' to execute the law, helieved it 
 theii' duly to he true to their oaths, and 
 in a few yeai's there was not a vesli<fe 
 of the trallic left. 
 
 There was one Slavonian who for a 
 a lony time managed to evade the law, 
 hut a* last he was cauylit, and he was 
 shown no nie'ry. His vessel was sei/.ed, 
 and, after the nails and iron in il had 
 been sav(>d. it was burned. When the 
 owner ji'ot hack to Victoria he iiurchased 
 a new vessel and threatened tomakean- 
 other voyaye to Mr. Duncan's dominions, 
 and. out of spite, named his ship "The 
 Duncan." But he never ai)])eared in 
 the neitrhhorhood of Metlak.ihlla ajraiii. 
 
 Altliou^rh Mr. Duncairs whole course 
 has been calculated to win llie love and 
 conlidence of the Indians, his rule has 
 heen firm. One of the first iiuhlic 
 huildinys erected was a jail, and the 
 whippinu' post hecami' an established in- 
 stitution for the punislinient of tlio.se 
 who threatened to take life. On one 
 occasion it became necessary lo whi]) a 
 desperately bail man, and the constables 
 were afi'aid that he would afterwards 
 kill the one who ai)i>lied the lash. Mr, 
 Duncan told them lo blindfold him so 
 that he would not know who did the 
 whipitiii},''. A handkerchief was tied 
 ahoul his eyes, and the eonstahle took 
 the ])iece of rope, hut he was so nerv- 
 ous that he hi'^'an to talk. Of cour.se 
 the man reco;.>ni/.ed his voice. Tliere- 
 uixm Mr. I)uiican took the jiiece of roi)e 
 from the constable, and yoinii' I'l' to the 
 
274 
 
 METLAKMITLA. 
 
 criminal said : "l will tell you wliu is 
 {i'oinfr to wiiip you : I am ti'tuii^'" to do it 
 myself; do you iiMdci-staiid ,'" Tlicn he 
 \vlii|i|i('d liim. Tlic culjirit is now oni- 
 of Iho best men iu Mctlakalitla. 
 
 Aiiollu'i' mail was Just on tlic \r.<\\\\. 
 of sliootiuir one of the <'oiistal)ii's. Mi". 
 Duncan tied him up in llic middle ot" 
 tlio i)ul)lic sijuarc and \vliip|(cd liim. 
 That man is still alive, full of s])irit, 
 and one of tho most us(>ful citizens in 
 the village. In a, speech which lie mado 
 to the Indians not loiiji' aj^o. h(^ said: 
 "I owe evei'vtliinu' to Mr, Duncan's 
 whii)])infr. If he had not wliipped me 1 
 wt)uld have been a dead man lonjf ai;o, 
 becau.se I should have been sure to nuir- 
 dcr somebody, and then I myself should 
 have been killed," In another instance, 
 when .Mr, Duncan liad linished a tloy:- 
 gint,--, the recii)ient of the lasli tui'ued 
 around and said: " Thank you, sir I " 
 
 A more unique mode of ])unishmeiit 
 has been found to be very etfective. An 
 Indian was doinjj;' jfreiit harm by calling" 
 to;>-ether secret meetiuf^s at nifi'ht and 
 tryinjf to jjcrsuade the Indians to return 
 to hcathcMiism; exaltinji' the ways of 
 their fathers, te]lin<r tlu'Ui of the pfood 
 old times, and so on. This was hardly 
 a crime to be ])unishe<l with the lasli, 
 and so ^Ir. Duncan hoisted a black flat;' 
 up(jn the staff that stood in the s(iuare. 
 As soon as it was seen ajjloom api)eared 
 to si)read over the entire i)lace. In- 
 quiries wei'e at onc(> made as to what 
 was the matter and why that Hay was 
 there. The otl'ender was jjointed out, 
 and so odious did he become that it was 
 simjjly impossible for him to stay there. 
 This was afterwards found to i)e a very 
 convenient means for fretting- rid of ]»er- 
 sons whose ])resence was a disturbing; 
 element. 
 
 The re.sjiect of tliese Indians for the 
 majesty of the law is well illustrated by 
 the following incident: Not very lonji' 
 afro an Indian called at Mr. Duncan's 
 hou.se to makea comiilaint. The Indian's 
 brothel', who lives on (^)ueen ("hai'lotte 
 Island, about eiyhty miles from MetljL- 
 kahtla, had taken his blanki 's fi-om him : 
 and he re(|uesled the missi(inary to '^v\ 
 them l)ack. Mi'. Duni-an i'e])lied that if 
 he sent a constable .so far it would cost 
 more than the blankets were worth. But 
 lie gave the Indian a jiaper and told him 
 
 to hand it to the captain of the lirst ves- 
 sel that came to his village, thereby iii- 
 tendiiiL!' to call up the brother and <'ause 
 justice to be done. About two weeks 
 later the Indian returned and re|)oi'ted 
 th.'it he had r<'Covered his blankets. Mr. 
 hiinci.n .'isked liim how lie had done it, 
 and III' replied: " I showed the letter to 
 my brother and he yave me tlii' bbink- 
 ets." 
 
 The town council of .Metlakahtla has 
 already been mentioned. Its members 
 are elected by ballot, and the care whicii 
 Ihe voters exercise mijilil well b(> imi- 
 tated in more advanced communities, 
 Mr. Duncan relates this incident : A 
 man who stood well in the village, ami 
 who had always borne an excellent char- 
 acter, was iioniinated for councilman. 
 When the ballots were counted one neg- 
 ative vote was found. Mr. Duncan was 
 surprised, and thought that this ballot 
 miylit have been cast for spite. At any 
 rate he thfuiyht it would be best not to 
 declare the result of the election until 
 the next day. and said that he would 
 like to se(^ the man who voted no. 
 
 The next moriiiny. early, he saw a 
 man watehiny for an opportunity to 
 enter his liouse without beiiiy seen. Mr. 
 Duncan asked him what he had ayainst 
 the candidate, lie replied: "1 was in 
 his company in a shop, and in transact- 
 ing business the slio])maii ]iaid the can- 
 didate a dollar too mucli : he turned ti> 
 me, showed me the money and said: 
 'Shall I keej) it ^ 1 rejilied, 'No; if you 
 do 1 will tell the shopniaii.' Then the 
 dollar was handed back. I don't think 
 that any man is tit t«i be a coiincilinaii 
 who has to ask whetiier In oiiyht to be 
 honest or not.'' 
 
 Slavery, polygamy. wif<'-b<'atiny. all 
 of whicli were ])revaleiit anionjf the In- 
 dians, were abandoned at Metlakahtla 
 and it would be ditl'cull to liiid a more 
 moral people than these Indians are. 
 
 The civilized Tchinipseans havedevel- 
 ojied yreat aptitude for ]ireacliiiiy and 
 teachinjr. .V sentence or two from their 
 sermons will <rive an idea of the rich im- 
 agery they employ. ( )iie of them .said: 
 "Ih't'thren ami sisters, we all know the 
 ways of the eayle. The eajjle Hies liiKh; 
 he rests hijih; he always seeks the top- 
 most lirancb of tlu^ highest tree. And 
 why. P>ecaiise he knows that there he is 
 
 
METLAKAllTLA. 
 
 3*-:, .3. 
 
 safo f roni all liis ciifinii's. 'Rrcflircn iiiiil 
 sistt'i's, .U'SMs is liic tupiiiDst liriiiK'li nt' 
 (lie liiylicst Iri-c. Let lis, like tlic cjiyl"'. 
 rest iipoii tilt! toiiiiiost hritncii of tin' iiiyli- 
 cst ti'i'O — oil Jesus: (hen we, like (lie canic, 
 can look wilii ('oiitciiipt upon all our 
 ciiciiiics and aii oiii' troiiliit's ixMii-atli ns." 
 
 Aiiotlici- man wiio iiad liccii vcry 
 vicioiis and iii;i'ii tmipcrcd, reformed and 
 liecanie a preaciier. Speakinji' of liim- 
 seif, one day, lie said: " 1 will lell you 
 wliat 1 feel myself to lie. 1 am like- a 
 hiindie of weeds lloatintr ilown the 
 stream. I was {■oinj; down witii ail my 
 sin, like tlie weeds covered witli eartli 
 and tiltli ; hut I came to tlie rapids, wlien, 
 lol tliero was ii ]iole stiu^k fast and lirm 
 ill the rock, and 1 clutched at the )iole, 
 and tiiere 1 am now. Th(> stream is pass- 
 ing,'' ity and washing!; away my liltli. 
 ("lirist to me is the jiole. 1 hold to Ilim, 
 and am safe."' 
 
 This is the stor.v of ^fr. DnncaiTs re- 
 niarkahle work of the last thirty years, 
 lar^i^ely drawn from his own lips, from 
 his ,iournals, aiitl from the ejirly rejiorts 
 he made to the Church Missionary So- 
 ciet.v, corroborated by the testimony of 
 a score of visitors to the Northwest coast 
 who have heen to Metiakalitla, or learn- 
 ed of it from those who have lived in its 
 vicinity : hy th(! rejiorts of memliers of 
 the expedition that undertook to lay the 
 extension of the Western Union Tele- 
 praith line through British (/olunihia 
 and Alaska to J-Jehrin;,'' Strait, in ISd,') 
 and ISdt;. 1111(1 wiio em])loyed some of 
 the Metiakalitla Indians; liy ollicers of 
 the Royal Navy and the Hudson's Bay 
 Company, and hy recent American tour- 
 ists to Alaska, who have landed at this 
 model Indian villa^ic. .\s an Kno'lish 
 author has said, the tale is slr,'in}.''er than 
 lictioii; hut it is true, and is chietl.v val- 
 
 The tribal irovernment isan instrument 
 of savaye. and not of civilized life; it is 
 an obstacle to the advancement of tin- 
 Iiidi:iii. Shall we not break it up and 
 briiiti' the red men under a deiiHKnUic 
 form of government, such as exists in 
 New England towns, in which all In- 
 dians, of whatever tribe, liviiiu' in the 
 same settlement, will lie et|Uals .' Self- 
 yovernment is w<iiiderfull.v eH'ectiv(! in 
 calliiiii' forth ihn manly <|ualities. It lias 
 solved the jierplexiiiK' pr<ililem of colle<re 
 disciiiline, and, I lielieve, may be made 
 to assist in the solution of the Indian 
 (luestitiii. 
 
 The se]iaratioii of tin; Indians who are 
 williiiyf to adopt the ways of civilization 
 from those who ariMiot, has been deiiion- 
 strate(l by ,Mr. Duncan's ex])erieiice to be 
 almost essential to the inakini,'' of satis- 
 factorv iirojrress. The three hundri'd 
 men, women and children, who lirst went 
 to ]\Ietlakahtla with Mr. Duncan, frot 
 farther away from their savajre life in five 
 years than any of the Indians of Alaska 
 who liav(! been converted to Christianit.v 
 have done in three-ipiartersof a century. 
 As others ,ioined the jiioneers they fell 
 into the ways of those ainonji' whom they 
 lived as naturally as a Kuroiieaii immi- 
 H'rant adopts American customs; but 
 eveiy Indian who left ^letlakahtla and 
 returned to his tribe very soon lapsed 
 back into savajjeiw. 
 
 Finall.v, the Indians oufjht to 1m> tauj;ht 
 to be self-reliant. While it is the duty 
 of the (iovi'i'iiinent t<i see that the red 
 men who are its wards shall not be left 
 to starve, it is still more itsdut.v toi)lace 
 them as soon as ])ossil)le in conditions 
 whei'(> the.v AVill be able and <ibli^('d to 
 support themselves. 
 
 L'iif<irtuiiately for tiie Indians of tliis- 
 countr.v thei-e are very few men ca)>- 
 
 uable for the sutryestions it {I'ives of able of such .self-sacriti<'iiiir and wisel.v 
 methods tfi be adopted els"wliere for tho directed devotion as Mr. Duncan has 
 
 civilization of the red man. 
 
 displij