CIHM Microfiche Series (Monographs) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographles) Canadian institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques ^/gmmrj-wi Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. D D n n n Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur □ Covers damaged / Couverture endommag^e Dr.^;ers restored and/or laminated / -.ouv',rture restaur6e et/ou pellicul6e Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps / Cartes g§ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material / Relie avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge int6rieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutees lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas et6 filmees. Additional comments / Commentaires supplementaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6X6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-§tre uniques du point de vue bibli- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^tho- de nonnale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. Coloured pages / Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged / Pages endommag6es D Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaur6es et/ou pellicul6es Q Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / Pages d^color^es, tachetees ou piquees I I Pages detached / Pages d6tach6es I /[ Showthrough / Transparence I I Quality of print varies / n Quality inegale de I'impression Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel supp':^- '• - >- Pages wholly or partially ob ,. . *- J li; errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilrr, :' ,o pnsu e the best possible image / Les page. ' 'a'ement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmees a nouveau de fagon a obtenir la meilleure image possible. opposing pages with varying colouration or discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont film6es deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. This Item is fiimed at the reduction ratio checked below / Ce document est film4 au taux de reduction indique ci-dessous. 10x 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x n/ 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x V The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Harriet Irving Library University of New Brunswick L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce i la g6n6rosit6 de: Harriet Irving Library University of New Brunswick The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont film^s en commengant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derni^re page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autros exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole '-»- signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche i droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST CHART lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No, 2i A APPLIED IM^GE 1653 [05! Ma.n btref Rochester, New York U609 ijSA (716) '•»: ^ 0300 - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - fa» HODGSON'S CONXRACT for f^\}^mpel,l,ve W^Hp^ing in brief and form Iffe methJdsyfenera/ly employed ine most succh^ul contractors ]r.,VING FULL DETAILS/f OH ESTIMATING COST BY COST PER CUBIC FOOT OF SIMILAR BUILDINGS ESTIMATING BY THK SUUARE. ESTIMATING IN Rom u QUANTITIES, ESTIMATING PER UNIT OP ACc^oMMn„''" TION, ESTIMATING BV ACCURATE ^^ A NT, t , ^T E Pc: With Many Tables, Rules a»d Useful Memoranda By FRED T. HODGSON MEMBER OF o. A. A. Author of- Tr.aUs^ on Uses of The Sicel Square r "Modern Car- Pf ood-worter and Vf-to-dalc Hardwood Finisherr etc. FREDERICK J. CHICAGO DRAKE & CO 1904 PUBLISHERS coi'YRKiirr, M04 BV FKEDKKU K J. DRAKE & COMPANY CHU Alio PREFACE The man who undertakes to build a book worth .n • urarain^t'^a'r tl'^ '-' °^ ^^Po-^ ^ u^! Ij su.h III P'"'"^ '^•■'""^ proposition. Not thit to builders, but because of the ever shiffinl ^f .''''' of labor and materials anri il ^ °^ P""""" m«^'urL'el'Z"Y- ""='" '"'^ -<< cons.an.s of upon as being correc, and in this work I h,v J '' n.y effort, have no. been fln'res '°"'' '"" ' '""^ of. if he has not experie^eTn buTdinrit! ""'!: mature Judgment to guide nim he can h.k" ""'^ a reliable estimator A IT' ^ ''^'' ''^*'°'"^ departments of science and art tZe 's/ f road" to estim;.t,n„ i • . ' ^ '^ "^ ""oya lo estimatmg, unless it be that which I^^^ic ♦ guess work and financial disaster fh.f , ^"^ Drp« of fK . ""i-idi uisaster, therefore, et me press, at the outset, on the minds of all ownei of tWs 3 4 PR K FACE work that an expert estimator can only become ,o by tudy and by a mastery of all the details that enter into the make-up of a building, added to a keen judg- ment and a comprehensive knowlcdfje of the markets, labor, and materials employed on the proposed works. Many an honest builder, good mechanic, and clever construct.on.st. has come to grief by taking contracts too low because of his lack of knowledge in estimat- ng. and thus not only does himself a great wrong, ^ut he also disorganizes the whole building business in us neighborhood; for if he undertakes to do a certain job for a given price, his neighbors will expect to get s.nular work done for similar Vices, and rival con- down"? '^'\'''T ^'77 "^""•^- '°g^^t their estimates down to his level and in doing so inferior materials are used, ■scamping" is resorted to. and labor is crusheu and cheapened to meet the conditions. In the fcllowing work I have made an endeavor to place within the reach of every workman of expe- nence an opportunity of qualifying himself to under- take the preparing of figures for work, so that he can make his tenders within the limits of reason-not absurdly high, or ridiculously low-so that only with a pen or pencil and this book he may be able to figure out and price a set of quantities in short order Great pams have been taken to collect such exact • normation as may be found useful in estimating e ther in the office or on the building, with the obje^ of forming what I believe will prove a valuable addi- tion to building literature in other directions than that of simply being a price book. nr^"-'l!^^'\' '^'' ?"'' y'"^"' '""^^^'^'^ °f ^H ><''nds. raw or finished have risen in price from 25 to 50 per ^ent and labor has gone up in nearly the same proportion' PREFACE J and the end is not yet, and artificial values have been created, and this continual fluctuation must always Le considered when estimating, because no rules can be so dev.sed as to be as elastic as price, and mate- nal men s quotations. This fact, or facts, only go to show that u.a-rever prices are given in bo-'c of this sort, they should be accepted with s.- otwith- standmg this, however, the principles ..mating, as here,,, set forth, still hold good in so .ar as quan^ titles and methods arc concerned. Collingwood. Ontario, May i, 1904 Fred T. Hodgsok. I* k HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR AND CONTRACTORS GUIDE INTRODUCTORY Estimating the cost of a proposed building of any kind IS not of a nature to attract the young workman, as It IS a dull, dry, and methodical business and only the requirements of a sordid and money-making neces- sity compel the builder to wade through mazes of fig- ures to attain the desired result. If the writer had consulted his own pleasure and followed his inclinations he would not have written at all, or on a subject more congenial to his taste; but from long experience and observation -and more or less practice, he has witnessed so much ignorance and maptitude on the part of young men who have essayed to be builders and contractors that, with the advice of his publishers, he has undertaken to prepare this work on estimating, because it has been thought that a work of the kind may prove useful and of benefit to the young man who aspires to be a master builder or a contractor, and who »my, if he chooses to go to the trouble, make himself fairly competent to arrive at the cost of any reasonable sized building. It may as well be understood at the outset, however, that there IS no royal road by which eminence as an estimator can be attained. No matter what system or method may be adopted, correctness can only be reached through an avenue of labor and sound judgment. The best and most ingenious writers on the subject of esti- mating have never yet been able to discover or devise a method where the .usl of a building may be "jumped 9 10 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR at at first sight. The system of cubing is, perhaps the eas.est of all methods, but is not f system the exper,enced builder would care to follow altogether woTa: '^b' '^ '"r"'.'''.^ ''' '"^ ^° - P-P-e this work as to be as entertam.ng as a nov.l, I will to y thr ^e ;Lf' ■"'T' ""'''■'' '' '-y to'und:;!Ld oy the eNcry-day workman as it possibly can be Estimating ,s the most difficult task the builder has o deal w.th. and too much care cannot be taken even wanted. Many who tender make up their orices In . haphazard manner, often depending on tr^ade c ta logues, pnce lists or newspaper quotations for da a' w« hout a full or even a fair knowledge of the scientific n.e.hod. which underlie the proper^formulat ng o a tr'c'trr^^- ^'''''' -hich'enable succS n! by dis ectint" 'f- "'"" '^^ ^'^"^^^'^^^^ -^ -^---d various f^' '^r^ '"""^^'- ^"d examining the P e e es l/tr .'' "° •'' "^'^^ ^'^^"^ "P' ^^e com- It will be impossible to make this work a nere hand-book of builders' prices, as what may be the ru" g change there can be no such thing as -constants" in prices. I can g,ve quantities, however, and describe lo the student the prmcipics upon which correct esti lX"aV:'^"'- '"' ■''"' '^'^ ^"' ^'-^ ^'^ P ''ces of airrau m ihc iargcr citie s, not to be fol- AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE ii lowed, but simply to give an idea of the cost of various kiuds of work when no other data is available. No man can be a successful contractor who does not attend strictly to his bookkeeping, so that he can tell m a moment, by reference to his books, the exact amount of profit or loss on the various job'= of work he has completed. This is important, inas. uch as the mistakes in estimating may be traced to their source, and thus be avoided when similar jobs a- being figured on; and much trouble and disappointment may be avoided by having the accounts on every job itemized and kept in proper order. I will have more to say on this subject later on. All estimates should be retained, properly labeled, and put in some place where they can be found when required, whether the work for which they vere pre- pared is secured or not, for they will often prove of great service for future reference; and th_- estimator should make a note of each particular en n-hich he may have priced too high or too low, if his tender is not accepted. If the work is secured, the cost of each par- ticular Item in the building should be compared with the estimated price, a-A a note should be made on the margin of the original estimate showing the discrep- ancy, if any, between Cb.imated and actual price A correct account of all labor, how employed, should also be kept, so that the contractor may know -.m actual facts exactly what a piece of wo'k costs, |,e number of days or hours it required to perform such and such work, also amount and cost of materials on the same work; then, in preparing other estimates, he wiL have something tangible to base his figures on It IS better to estimate on .lavs or hn,,rs for time and on quantities for materials, because of the continual 12 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR fluctuations in price of labor and mati als of all kinds. It" it takes 2^ days, of 9 hours each, to execute a piece of work, the figuring on this is quite simple, for all we have to do is to miltiply the number of hours by the price per hour for labor; suppose this to be 30 cents an hour, then we have 23^ x 30 075. Tha; is, in ^ days, at 9 hours per day, we get 22^ hours at 30 cents per hour, which will make 075 cents, or Of do'lars. Quantities may be figured in a similar manner. If the work requires 150 feet of material, then charge that at current rates, whatever these maybe; then add cost of labor and material together, and you have the bare cost of the work. To these, of cc arse, must be added cartage, profit and any other materials that have been employed On the work, such as nails, screws, glue, paint, or anything else. By following this course, a record of all work done and estimated for will always be at hand, and it is surprising how much the labor of tstimating may be reduced by a strict adherence to this system, as a comparison with work done and work to do may be made in a few minutes, and the differ- ence in prices of l.ibor then and now adjusted so that no loss will occur to the contractor. The variations in tenders for the same work are often surpr= ing. I have seen estimates, particularly in car- penter's and joiner's work, run up to as much as jo />cr cent above the tenders of competing contractors, yet the lowest bidder made money. Competent esti- mators never make such wide errors as this, though often they do not keep close to the wind; and while mistakes will continue to be made, even by the very best estimators, by omissions, "doubling up," and using wrong dimensions, the mistakes may be nar- rowed down to a very small area if system, care and AND CONTRACTOR'S G^JIDE 13 juclgmnt be exercised when the estimates are made . . will be the object of this little volume to narrow this area of error to the smallest possible limits, and to show the estimator how to avoid grievous errors and make his estimates more satisfactory and reliable. CATALOGUES AND PRICE LISTS No builder's office can be well equipped except it contains the latest catalogues and price lists av.r jble for on these the estimator must, to some extent, be dependent in his figuring on the cost of most of the material that goes in the work. Bricks, stone lime cement, lumber, hardware, and factory -made stuff may have their prices approximated from these publi- cations, but the shrewd estimator, while making use of these aids, does not rely upon them for serious pricing They help considerably, as they contain a lot of con^ densed information regarding prices and building- but they are not always to be depended upon, as they are not always compiled in a scientific way For example, some of the prices include trade discount some do not, while others are merely the ordinary l.st prices of merchants' catalogue,. The discount in Uself largely varies, and there are two. and often more, discounts-a trade discount and a cash dis- count-and other mysterious discounts, such as 30% and 0% which means 30 per ce«t off and 5 per cent off the balance; and again, the percentages are not uni- form; one merchant may have one discount, another another so ,n all cases it is best to get prices and dis- counts direct from the merchant wherever possible. The diversities m discounts are innumerable, and it is the estimator s duty to g , definite information as to M HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR prices and discounts as prevailing in the locality where the work is to be done. Builders' prices are broadly made up of two divi- sions, labor and material, to which may be added a third, namely, profit. The cost of labor and material vary from time to time, and from place to place, and do not fluctuate similarly. Sometimes labor may be high and materials low in price, and at other imes materials may be high and labor low, so that no given rules can be formed to meet these conditions and be constant, and this fact rules price-books out of the race of accuracy for any length of time. Such things as closeness or slackness of supervision, misunderstand- ings as to quality of workmanship or materials, worry- ing by the architect, delay in furnishing detail draw- ings, differences in locality and site, frost and bad weather, sudden and unexpected rises and falls in the market, etc., will all help to alter the conditions of profit or loss for the contractor, and the extent of which IS almost impossible to measure. When, however, the contractor has worked out a series of prices for himself, to suit both time and locality, he must be on the alert for parallel cases to avoid the great labor involved in making calculations afresh every time a new estimate is required. In fact he should carefully prepare a sort of price-book for himself, suitable to the conditions, and so arranged that It can be revised from time to time. Thus a con- sistency in pricing would result, which is of consider- able importance. As already stated, the builder will be confronted with several grades of discounts, and among them will he ^ cash discount. This may be more or less or any- where within the limits of from 2 to 5 per cent, and 'it AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 15 "p to the stanirr^r^-jiira^'Ucr^^^ Somefmes it may happen that on specTa, ' f'^"'' some particular make of hardware or n.K ?°°'^' °'' discounts are allowed Th k °^^" ''*^'"«' "o ciiiouea. ihis, however nn r,r,i u pen when a dealer has the sole control ^f^h ^ "P" goods, or when there is a scarcitl nf ."' 'P'"^' market, or when a sudden del' J f ."" '" '^'' These conditions, however seldom or "" ''''''■ they may hardly be cons de red ^ k"'"'"' °''"'"' ^° shrewd contracl^r. the " u/stl o"f r' '"'^"'^^ °^ ^ largely into the make up of an est m.t'^'^ ^"^'" ^^ here close competitionl^Ldy Zr^^^^^'^'y The queslion of profit is one ih,. m '"""'"■ sidere<1 „he„ cs.iLting 10 p re™, i. ^^'^","°- profi. a. .he e„'d of a Jl T^llLlTuZr Lri;rwLr.htp?:fi:ifr-— --oTo? expenditure in such a case is much 1 *''*^' .J«e,o.e .he pe„e„.a.e or;?ofitsLT/„rrT;::' than lo per cent on work costing ud to *o «nn u i6 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR h- and rapid-working labor appliances of all kinds, can naturally turn out work cheaper and more expeditiously and at a greater profit to himself than the small con- tractor who possesses none of these appliances and aids. Often the latter, in order to save himself from loss, IS obliged to scamp the work and use inferior materials, which he can frequently "get in" without the architect being able to detect it; he is often obliged to do this in order to keep himself afloat. My advice in cases of this kind is, that the lower contractor should confine himself to certain prices-that will pay him- and if he cannot win the work for these prices he had better leave the work for the larger contractors, and thereby preserve his reputation and his money. The small contractor can always find plenty of work to do if he but gets a good name for doing his work well and according to specification. Where there are dozens of doors made from one pattern, as many window frames and sashes, and bun- dreds o{ feet of mouldings in wood or stone of one shape and size, they can be rattled out by machinery in short or_ • and at a comparatively low cost, and this IS an Item the estimator must consider, as it will aid materially in keeping down the total amount of tender- in any case, however, experience and judgment in such matters are required before a definite amount can be decided upon. With reference to terms of payment, it is always better that the contractor gets his money often, as'it enables mm to push his work with greater vigor, and gives him a chance of making the best cash discounts when purchasing materials, and, on these several accounts, he will, bo able to make a lovv-r bid for the work than otherwise. The reserve to be deducted AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE ,; fromj^ach pa,vm,:nl should ntvor exceed 25 ner en, w .ch ,s c.,„sKl„e.l .-.m,,:,.. ,o cover any la.„/„7„„" ! o" ir T "'■■" """ "'"' '■"^■'•"'-" ""■■ in.erc.s„ of The contracting that must not be overlooked Ti,.. con,., of salaries, d,.„recia,i„„ o "„ , ', ['"," mach,„ery rent o, pren.ises, li„h,s, „a,er, . d „" I "t m ca,.„al n.ves.ed. of uhich the new work mns, pay Its proportional share, and these ch-,,,,, . .K -c U.p, separate and added' ,o thl e^„ .,;:; 1, ™ I i.ced at (, per e.nt interest on capital invested and t P" cent for depreciation of plant etc if' ? they are classed in iwo catecor^es r S°"'ctimes done on the l,uildinB.°,n ^pe ce t oT ""i T "'"'' tlle contracor's fact' rv o sh"^, , The ''""" '" iu,„ever arc so.ewiiat ar.i.^r;, ,::d":h :rr;^::e ny L d 'r^^efrd"::";"' ••""!' '""' '-"•™™' '^- £er as rejnrs'lal-r- Z*r-^-- :arIeryr;rrc'o'srr:?^"";; z "T" ^'""' atc.nearh,.,^^„^ J'^,j;j^^;^w.*^^ w,,erethe„„rUsa,adist,aL,,he':™:io;'.,,t' gra"r Wh°" ""^S"""" »'>' "-essarilvlJri h' betlr H h ='""'""'"= <"■" aJmi, of it, i, is always :s-;"ai^t^:;h^:r^:--rsd; i8 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR li should make himself familiar with all the ways of communication to the spot where the building or build- ings are to be erected, and should get a schedule of rates from all the lines running to that point. A good idea is to get a map of the district which shows all the railway and water communication; then the shortest and best routes can be chosen, providing the rates are satisfactory. As I stated before, it is much better, when It can be done, to ship by water than by land, as because of the absence of vibration, fine work will be less likely to be injured or scratched during transit, and. as a rule, rates are always lower by water than by land. The average rate for the shipment of goods in this country is about Ij cents per -^ije for short hauls, and something less for long hauls.* Rates however, vary with the different roads and at different times, the highest rates being in winter, in the north, v.-hen the waterways are frozen up. Classification, also, has something to do with regulating rates. All goods should be insured or shipped at the carrier's risk, then losses or damages will be covered. If goods have to be packed, or put up in crates or boxes, at least la per cent should be allowed for this work and material, and should be charged on the special goods boxed or crated only, but added to the esLimat'^s. Goods sent at carrier's risk that get damage i. should be returned by the same carriers free of -est and when repaired or renewed should be delivtr-d at the point where first destined, at the cost onlv of the first shipment of the same goods. That is, the shipper should pay for one shipment only. Where a quantity of goods 'of a similar kind is required, a special (}uo tation should be given the con- *Per ton. ^ %: AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 19 .rac.or by ,hc. dc-.k,. and .hi, ,h„uld „cv„ 1... „,„. s ^a ur LirLuidrs, they can bi- nhMin.^,1 <>" y on pr,va,c applica.ion. Thcfr an,„u, ,s ' ^a, 1 Ic-pend on the ,|uanti.y „( K„„d, ordcr«l a^d .S '■■■:«" •'"-• ""'» 'ho 1-S.r ,hc. pcTc.„,a«,.^tr The forcBoing r,-n,ark» arc offered as 1,1, .'.f l..n.na,y and shonid be w„„ c„„si< l"b; ' LZ •ng c.„„,a>or, a, ihcy conlain much .hat Jill , 1 , r„rar T^rr —^ '- "■"^''. ". e.i.:;p4'; wirit. ;r '.;:;".;;:': c: a?: resnU ,hae will be nearly correct and satisfacl' "' ' SYSTEM IN ESTIMATING ovcrioCed anylh.^gt: 'L oV Zd .i'^is ^h:."o1 omission. To overlook the roof --p. t h? or,e instance of the kinC-the Zors. tl Jdots! or^n^ h ng else, is a serious matter, and in order to prevxnt ^h^ as rnwch as possible I have prepared a list oHten" in r^nA u ^^'^'"'"^" «f What will be required to consider when making an estimate of -, kTJ complete. t^^nmate ot a building co™^:.:cT:;Th^e\:r7h':o%"h' 7 ''':'■ -"" ^"o"'" «nar. drainage, foundations, trenches Tnd o.h ' ar work then th« .' '"="^nt.s, and other simi- work, then the preparing and the laying of the 20 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR I.-, !> : foundations, whether of stone, concrete, or brick; and the same order should be followed throughout the whole building, until the whole is fully completed, from turning the first shovelful of earth until the last .piece of finished work is put in place. The following items will remind the estimator of the things to be figured on as he works his way upwards: Inspection of site Kx.iiiiinatioM of soil Note if j;r:ivcl, soil, or .sand Kisuri' jicconlinfily Get nuinlxT of cuhic yards The distance to he removed Where to he deposited Pumping water How drained SeweraRO What depth of drain.s Depth of cellar Depth of foundation walls Width of footinj^s Iiock hlastinn; ShorinK h.ank.s Piling for foinidations Sheet pilinj; Kxcavation.s for piers Cesspool Cistern Trenches Cuttings for water pipes (iradinK l.evelinK cellar floor \\ . C. for workmen l!emo\ in}.' fences ne walls, field stone Stone walls, quarried stone Stone walls, dimension stone Brick Willis for cellar Amount of stone Amount of bricks .Amount of concrete Cellar steps Cellar windows Cellar iloors Cellar partitions Cellar coping stones Cellar sills and lintels Hond stones m^^^fs^^. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 21 Colin r water closet Water taps, etc. Concrete and cement floor Plank floor Earth floor tamped Wine cellar Vegetable cellar Coal storage bins Coal chute Ashes receiver Cellar stairs Prescr\c closet Shelving Plastering walls and ceilings I>:Mnp courses in walls Double sashes in windows Doors, what kind Fireplace and chimney Laundry tulw Hot and cold water supply Furnace and attachments Furnace, hot water Furnace, steam water Furnace, hot air Gas jets, how many Electric lights, how many Laundry table Clothes drying device Mangle Chimney piece Stove rings Hegisters Cellar finish Wardrobe hooks and pins Cupboards and drawers Tool room \\ ash bowl and stand Kind of hardware Ground floor Numi)or of ronnis Number of doors Number of windows Style of doors Style of windows Sizes of doors and windows Thickness of doors and windows Kind of glass How windows are hung Hardwood or pine finish Outside walls, stone, brick or wood Thickness of walls If stone, rock face Tooled, rubbed Cross tooth chiseled Crandalled Brick wall Thickness of brick walls Common bricks Pressed bricks First, second or third quality Mixed, brick and stone Walls ornamented Walls left plain Window finish Urinals Slate slabs Exterior window finish Interior window finish Exterior door finish Interior door finish Betting courses Sailing courses Laid in cement or mortar Front steps, stone Front steps, cement or wood Hall entrance Double floor, pine Hardwood floor Parquet floor in some rooms Tile floors Dimensions of joists t.yiknm -.■^tmr^*- HURWWPRBSBffrsi 22 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Thickness of floors Height of ceilings Stairs, straight Stairs, winding Stairs, phitform I'ine or hardwood Kind of lia.-dwood Styles of newels and balusters I'lainfinisli in rooms Ornanieiitai .Inish in rooms Fret and grill work Arciies, plain or otherwise Styles r/ plastering Stucco cornices Styles of cornices Sliding doors Fireplaces How many Mantelpieces Mantelpieces, plain or ornamen- tal How finished Dther wood finish Pil.'ars, columns or brackets Ba^c and plinth Style of trimmings Style of hardware '^"ost of hardware Grates •iii'! tiles Mirrors Gas ligliting Jets and gaseliers Klcctric light ii.g IHcctroliers and biarkets,' Fiping for gas ^^■iring for electric l.^htu Fitting clothes clo:s<-ts Fitting up den Fitting up closets Fitting up cellar stairs l"itting up diiiin;; rnrsm Fitting up other rooms Kitchen finish Tubs, sinks, dresser Cupboards, china closet Butler's pantry General pantry Range Steam cooker Chimneys Wntilation Painting V'arnisliing Wainscot Panelings Washstands Marble facings for walls Double windows Sashes, weights and cords Box frames Plain frames Window stools Inside shutters Inside blinds Splay boxes Tiled hearths Sash locks Tiled facings Back stairs Servant's room Bay window Oriels Veranda Front porch Rear porch Stoop BacK areas Front areas Iron railings Stone railings Balconies Window hoods I AND COxNTRACTOR'S GUIDE Door hoods Door stops Door springs Plate glass Stained glass Xiches Closet fittings Provide for heating Conservatory Corrugated glass Skylights Handrail, oak or nialiogany Bracketed stairs Anchors and tie iro's Vaults Angle irons Bond timbers Carving, if any Scaffolding Temporary enclosure Iron beams Iron columns Gas pipe pillars Water oi: main floor Taps, nickol plated Taps, plain Glazier's work Meters, syphons Elbows, pendents Painting Paper hanging Iron pipes Lead pipes Brass pipes Washers, wastes Plugs, grating Pumps, suction pipes Wall hooks, supply pipes Cast iron work Wrought iron work Stucco work generally Stucco friezes, enrichments Stucco patcras, panels Stucco moldings Stucco beads, straight Stucco beads over arches Stucco arrises, quirks Stucco reveals angles Stucco centerpieces General plastering Two coats Tlirce coats I-athing Quality of latlis Sand, lime and hair Plaster of Paris Clean water Sound story joists Studding for partitions Beams Trimmers for hearths Trimmers for stairs Trimmers for chimneys Strapping walls Dimensions of strapping Wooden bricks Plugging walls Nailing strips Temporary sashes Lanterns Louvres Thresholds If metal ceilings If metal cornices Metal centerpieces Bridging joists Bridging studding Dimensions of studs Double partitions for sliding doors Lining pocket of sliding doors Hanging sliding doors 24 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Framing wooden liouse BoiirdiiiK inside Boarding outside Boarding both sides Papering one or Ijoth sides Horizontal boarding Diagonal boarding Tar paper or plain paper Outriggers Towers Two-story bay windows Two-story oriels Two-story baleony Two-story porelies Two-story verandas Three or more stories of same Iron railings for balconies Wood railings for same Ornamental iron column Ornamental brackets, iron Iron supports for platform Iron trusses for balconies Iron plates for piers Other iron work Siding frame buildings Half-timbered building Rough cast building Brick veneered building Wood cornice outside Metal cornice outside Siiingle cornice outside Brick cornice outside Stone cornice outside Attic floor joists Rafters Collar beams Trusses for roofs Framing for dormers Framing for eye-winkers Dormer windows Chimney stacks Framing roof Boarding roof Mortar under shingles Mortar under slate Asbestos pajjer under covering Common paper under covering Siiingle roof Slate roof Tile roof Composition roof Tin roof Galvanized iron roof Roofs painted Flashing of all kinds Tin flashings Zinc flashings Galvanized iron flashings Eave troughs Conductor pipes Size of conductor pipes Mansard roof Saddle roof Hip roof Flat roof Tower roof Square tower roof Conical roof Steeple roof Polygon roof Bay window roof Porch roof Roof over balcony Veranda roof Framings for veranda Chamber floors Attic floors Bedroom fittings Number of doors in bedrooms Washbasins Closets, Drawers and fitinenla Servants' bedrooms m^^mi'mr^^'^^^^s^r^iW AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 25 Hall, sewing room ('()iitinuou.s stairway Hatiiroom and fitments Water closfit, in what style Hatlirooni washstand Linen closet N iirsery Fireplaces Mantels Tiling for fireplaces Base, style of finish Hiiilt in seats I'inisli in main bedroom I'itiish in mirserv Finish in servant's room Finish in bathroom Finish in hall Finish in closh. base- „f ,' uidinf -ions. «n., ,_, a;, i -1 -':-^-:t!; For general purposes, however it is m«r« -n. .0 scpara.e ,he diff„c„, floors ^(TuMi^cro"; .™Lf„;r"^- ^'-^ '" "^-i^h' -" Price eltrL"; When this course is adopted for two or more stories Ou. grouud floor is taken to iuciude foundations flo"' *,s. the top flo^or incM^ 'l^ .^rt-rTn Sometimes two-storv huiM-'n-s havf^ • ,u n pnced an the sante rate, as i, is f^L, X. ^"faverr "SI of the ,rou„d floor, includin,, the foundatiols^l: 32 IlUlXiSON'S KSTILATOR about the same as that of the first floor, which includes the roof cover! lit,'. It is also useful tf> remember that the floor area of a certain des-jriplion of buildinffs affords some indication of the amount of accommodation provided. For class rooms in scht)ois. the floor area accommodates from seven to ten scholars per sijuare, being an allowance of fourteen to ten superficial feet per child. Ordinary churches accommodate from nine to twelve persons per scjuare, corresponding to a total floor area of eleven to eight feet superficial per sitting respect- ively. In mission churches, etc., the floor space fre- quently averages about seven feet per sitting, or at the rate of fourteen persons per stjuare. These figures include the floor arU •%il^A^ '6 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR DEFINITIONS ig st.?ce [;;';7'"^,^^'^7''''«"^. which are similar in sub- ance to those found .n Kuclid. are here inserted for the convenience of reference. I. Fo»r.su/cd figures are variously named, accordin t- their relat.ve position and lonj,.th of their sides. 1. A h,u' IS length, without breadth o. thickness. /. laralldhncs are always at the same perpendicular distant and they never meet, though^.'er so^t having dl^f^^' '! ')" '■"^•'■■"•^^'•- «■- op-ins of two lines, hav ing different directions, and meeting in a point. equal *^''''''" ^'' '^^oPI>«^ite sides parallel and A!" "'T''^^': ": ''i^^''/>"''^^^^k^ra,,r, has its opposite SKles equal, and all Us angles right angles '>• A s^^mr, is a figure whose sides are of eaual length and all its angles right angles. ^ ' angi^o;;:;;^:^' ''' '^ ^"'-'' ^'^- ^^-'- -^ <- its^iL'''""^T ^'" "■' ^^""■^'^'••'^' rhomboid, having all Its sides equal, but its angles oblique twoc:^i:^;:r;::;;,:r^^''^^^^^'«--^-''"^-'v n. When figures have more than four sides, they are classed under the head of Po/_y^o»s as their sides and angles are equal or unequal and they are named from their number of sides o g"s equal/ "' " P^'-'^"" ''' ''' -'^^ ^■^- -'^ -'gles -jWi'^«ig®3 .4."'*^».i*"^ AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 37 A pontapon has five sides A ho.vagoii A licptaKoii An octagon A nonagon A decagon An undccaKOM " dcvei SIX seven fiplit nine ton A dodecagon " twelve e thti 7 ""-I I^^''^"-"''-^'- cJcnominations from ^iic relations of its sides and angles equal^" 'V'«/^^/m.//.^.,./. is that whose three sides are 2. The /^..:^/,/of a triangle is the length of a pernen d.cular drawn from one of the angles'to the o'ppo'sUe" J^/^J^^^^^s ^^ i3 that which has only two nit J^^n'^f'f ' '^"'■"'■^'"' ^^'"■^" '^ ^he perpendic^ ular distance between two of its parallel sides. OF FCUR-SIDED FIGURES rhomboid P^'-''"'^l''Kram, square, rhombus, or -'r7th-r,i':,'?'=/r,.°'/c'.~Th*, wall of a building. <5 r, on the bank of a river, ad, is ]■>(. feet high, and the breadth of the nver 210 feet: what is the length „f a line, a r, which wdl reach from the top of, the wall to the opposite bank of the river? I20'X210'=58500 and v/58500=241.S6 ft Ans. To find one of the legs when the hypotenuse and the other leg are known. ^«/^. -Subtract the square of the leg whose length is known, from the square of the hypotenuse, and the square root of their difference will be the answer Examp/e.-Th^ hypotenuse, n c, of a triangle is r,:i yards, and the perpendicular, 6 c, 45 yards: what is the length of the base, a bf 5?-45'=7S4 and v/784=28 yds. Ans. 28 yds. OF TR.APEZIUMS AND TRAPEZOIDS R-oblem III.-To find the area of a trapezium ^«/^.-Divide the trapezium into triangles by draw- ing diagonals; and the sum of the areas of these tri- angles will be the area of the tra- pezium. Ajv7w/A>.— What is the area of a trapezium whose diagonal, ac, is \-l feet, and the two perpendic- ulars, d i and I) J\ IS and IG feet? AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 41 42X9=378/ -,, .^ ^ 42x8=336 ) — '1 *8q- It- Ans. Problem IV.— To find the area of a trapezoid. ^///^.-Multiply the sum of the two parallel sides by the perpendicular distance between them, and half the product nill be the area. Krampic /.—Required the area of the trapezoid, ^r l> c d, having given a b = 321.51 feet, d r =214.2-1 feet, and whose r ^ height is 171. IG feet. / \ We first find the sum of Ihe sides, "" ^* and then multiply it by the perpendicular height; after which, we divide the product by 2 for the area. 321,51+214.24=5.35.75=tl.e sum of the parallel sides. Tlicii, .W.'). 7.5X171.16=01698.97. And, 91698.97-5-2=4.5849.485. Ans. OF REGULAR POLYGONS Problem V.-To find the area of a regular polygon or ?ny regular figure. ' Rule /.—Multiply one of its sides into half its per- pendicular distance from the center, and this product into the number of sides. It is evident, on inspection, that a regular polygon contains as many equal triangles as the figure has sides. Thus, the adjoining hexagon has six triangles, each equal to a h c. Now, the area oi a b c is equal to the product of the side a b into ^ of ^ ^. The area of the whole, therefore, is equal to this prod- uct multiplied into the number of sides. Example.—!. Required the area of a regular hexagon, each of whose sides, a o, etc., is 45 feet, and the perpendicu- lar, c d, 24 feet. W^j^ff^M i Mil -^ : li 42 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR -a , W. first multiply one side by j of the per enclicu- lar, c d and that product by the number of sides- this gives the area. 48X12X6=3240 ft. Ans. To facilitate the measurement of polygons, the fol- ow.ng table is constructed, showing the multipliers of the ten regular polygons, when the sides of each equal to 1: are 21 ^^l^l |-'«-|«.:;[lM;J^i;,i;^. I Triangle Square. . , j Pentagon I Hexagon. I Heptagon . Octagon Nonagon IJecagon Fndecagoi Doilcciigoi 0.433012i2. 1- 1.41 1.720477 1.238 2.598076 1.156 3.633912 1.11 4.828427 1 1.08 6.18182411.06 7.694208,1.05 9.365640 11.196152 1.04 1.037i 1.732 1.414 l.r75 .8677 .7653 .6840 .6180 .5634 .5176 .5773 .7071 .8506 'l«tli uf 8lde 1.152 1.3065 1.4619 1.6180 1.7747 1.9318 Now, smce the areas of similar polygons are to each other as the squares of their homologous sides if the square of a side of a polygon be multiplied by the multiplier of the like fig, ,e, the product will be the area sought. And hence we have, 1= : tabular area : : any side squared : area. To find the area of a regular polygon, when the side only IS given. >?«/r.-Multiply the square of the side by the multi- p..er opposite the name of the polygon in the above table, and the product will be the area Example. ~.\Sh^, is the area of a regular decagon whose side is 87 feet? "^^^gon 87'X 7.694208=58237.46. Ans. •^ -'^m:m!m:.fmsmM,ri&. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE ADDITIONAL USE OF THE ABOVE TABLE 43 The third and fourth columns of the table will greatly facilitate the construction of tho^ fl^ ' J^ ' he a.d of the sector. Thus, if it is required to c e cWbe an octagon, opposite to it. in the third column L t • hen wuh the chord of CO on the sector T'radius' descr.be a crcle. takin, the length 45 on the same t ' of the sector; mark this distance off on the circum ference, wh.ch, being repeated around the c re ^i 1 give the points of the side. The fourth column gives the angle which anv two ac,om.ng ^s.des of the respective Igures m^kTwt Take the length of a perpendicular drawn from the thtrthe'": ^', ^'^^''^.^^ ^ p°'^^-' -^^ -^.-^y the r.^ Tu^'" '" "°'"'"" A' ^he product will be the rad.us of the circle that contains the figure The radius of a circle, multiplied by the number in column B. will give the length of the side ofTheo^ responding figure which that circle will contain The ength of the side of a polygon, multiplied by "he cor responding number in the column C. will give the radius of the circumscribing circle. OF IRREGULAR BODIES To find the area of an irregular polygon. /C«/^.-Draw diagonals to divide the figure into rapeziums and triangles; find the area of each eo arately. and th. sum of the whole will give^' 2l ^ What is the area of the adjoining polygon, a l> c d e u*t*^ "^fii^^S- >.i-fe3c1- 44 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Lei a r=20 rods " bp= 4 " " a r=2() " " hp= .. " ce=2!i " " rfn= 3 " " /^=2,S " " . f.,r ,|„. „„.an I.ro.ulfi , ' '""■,''"•» ''V »''« "umber ;;;;;;;;;;;;..H...,...,,,.uu..wil.eu:S: area not far from OF THK cmci.i.: and its parts DJiTIMTIONS c-.u.illvcli.'.ntf ^^'^^'. every part of which is -]Mall> cl,s ant from a ccrta.n point within, called the ti-n.;^:t:'t:t; '^\ ' ^ ^^^^'^^^ '-- p--^ ference termniat.ng at the circum- J. A „.,„ ,,>,A. i, „„, |,,,|f ^i ^^^ circumference ... A ,„„..r,„„ ,s one ..uarler o( the circumfcre„: • <.. An ,„.,., ,,„y ,,„,„„„ „, „^. circumference J\rc.Zr.t"' ,'"""' i' "■■'^ =P'^« "■«^i"«^ •^•'^' ''"J 'I'vide the product \oTE.__TI,.. lattcrnil,. is., Ii„i fxpres.sed in small unmWrs. ' '"""" '""^"'"^t^ t''"" a"y other >^'>'^'«/A-.-l. What is the circum- f-rence of a circle whose diameter. ^ ^, IS 40 feet? ' 40X3.1416=125.66. Ans V c. -Ans. 231 6922 ^^"''^ -«-« Table of Circumferences of Circles 09.115+3.1416=22 yards The same result mav be obtTin^^w ^^ by exchanging, the ^'4" " ' ""^'^ '^""^'^"'^"t'V: AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 47 '«.., ,„ ,h. (,.||„„,,„,, „,,,„|,,,.. ""'*'/"'"•. - will l,c. " ■ l,S31=15.ni.W0. multiply the circumference bvth ^..•"'^^^- 0^ inchcJd a^c':;. tZ "'"'"'" •'■"'''"' """- - '^ ^^.__^ meter, how many square inches doe, it con- •p-i' 11), ,„„i , „f „,i, .,i, ,;;'„'; ■« ■"•■■"•>" «-iii.o.3,,,.-„ =are;i. rspp T..1 ! f , '"""'^'^ "Ho tlic nrpuniforenco i« o TO-yj ' r!-.-.f ui Arcu.-, of Circles ) Pr.bU.Iv.-,. Tom,d,he,e„Bthof.a„ar.ofa I** ■»:ti«sw*'-.' 48 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR circle, when either the number of degrees which it contains, or the radius, chord, and height are given ^«A,_MultipIy the number of degrees in the arc by he decimal .01745, and that product by the radius of the circle. Or, from 8 times the chord of half the arc subtract the chord of the whole arc, and ^ of the remainder will be the length of the arc, nearly Or as ,i IS to the number of degrees in the arc, so is .05-^36 times the radius to its length. Exa^»/,/e.-l. What is the length of an arc of 40 degrees, m a circle whose radius, a c, is 12 feet? .0745X40X12=8.376=length of the arc. 2. What is the length of an arc whose chord, a b, is 120, and whose height,/^, is 45? 120+2=60=1 chord of the arc. And 6O-=36O0 " 45'-=2q25 56 25=aum of the squares Then %/5625=75=el.ord of § the arc. And 75X8-120+.3=160. Ans. Note.— The chord of half the arc is equal to the .square root of the sum of the squares of the height and half the chord of the whole arc. II. When the chord of the arc and the chord of half the arc are given. AVc-.-From the square of the chord of half the arc subtract the square of half the chord of the entire arc- tlie remainder will be the square of the versed sine' 1 hen proceed as before. Note -The squ.ye root of the sum of the squares of the versed :i;:Lfh^!f;i:ir^^'"^''''^^"'"^'''^-^'--^'--^-^^e AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 49 Jiu/e.-From CO times the diameter subtract 27 fim.. TABLE OP THE HKL.TIVE PROPOHT.O.VS OP THE crHCLE ,T« KQUAL AND msCHIBED SQUARES ' "' 1 • Thp diameter of a cirrle x 8862 ) 2. _^ circumference " x .M^f ^^sW^of 2 3. 4. 5. C. 7. 8. 9. an equal square. X .7071 I .. , X .2251 \ -side of an inscribed sq eircumference dianicter eirruriiference side of inscribed square Jl ffjte"*™*^ "^ inscribed sq. side of inscribed sauarpvili^ •'^''""- '""•funiscril,V eir side of a sqilare ^ J^?te^;;"'"^-i••^u^Kscrib•gcir. side of a square X3 54^=PiV °^ ?" ^'l"'*' ^'^^-le. X J.a45-circum. of an equal sq the circumference by.2251=side of the mscribed square. Examplc.~\. The circumfer- ence of a circle is OS inches: what IS the side of the inscribed square? 6SX.2251=.15.30 inches. Ans. 2 The diameter of a tree is 37A -* -— ^^^^^-^^i „ - I.UII ijc oaw-ed from u? 37.5X. 7071=26.51 inches Ans. 50 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR sg^elr^ntTZ Tf'' r *° ^'"^^'"'^''^ the circumscribed s to } If the roador w.ll examine the al.ove figure he will see that the square. .1 BCD, which is circumscribed about he crcTe i« equal to the square of the diameter of the circle since fh! . Z::::':Vcb'tv "' r' ' ««nuar::SiThrji ;x t..e inscribed square'is divid!:irprcLlv II TeS T, T' squares into which the circumscribed squarely ct ^S:^ That ,s, he mscribed square contains only 4 right^anded tn' angles, wh.le thecircun.scribed square contaLs 8 Ins q enUv" ^cX; wIZt :? Within a Circle is precisely half of t^^ll^^^l^^ 2 tTt . ". ?' ''"^''^ °^ ''^^ ^^^ '^y P^^blem vil. the 1 K^ J' 'u' ''"^^'^ °^ '^' ''' ^hus found, by half the length of the radius, and the product will be the area. Or, as 3.50 degrees is to the number of degrees in the arc of the sector, so is the area of the circif to th^ area of the sector. of Sti^^iJd oir:::;';! r^^^f r^"' ^i '''''^-^ ^t:rdr^;;:---'^^-=-rr^^^^^ r.tio'r?hf"' '''V\' ''"' "' ^hc sector has the same ratio to the area of the circle which the number of ^e^ces ,n the arc has to the number of degrees in the whole circumference; and the rule for findfng thl area - — - of the sector, is the same as that for find- ing the area of the whole circle £xa»t/,/e.-\Vhat is the area of a sector of a circle, a c f,, in which the radius, a c IS 25 and the arc of 2G degrees? By problem vii. Rule 3. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 51 As. 3 : 26 : : 25X.05236 : 11.344; and 11.344X121=141 8 Ans ^. Problem VII.-T0 find the area of the segment of a ch^7ha.f^t;:tf ^^' '' ''' -'^^^ -^ ^'^ * of the hethroTthT':;tr'r.v,Vt^h^ -r '-' - the area of the s!,..^^^^^!''' ^^^^^^ ^'^ '^ versed s,' t' ' Sef" 'bt) ' Th""'/; ^'^ ^°'"'"" °^ responding area^in^L ntt^o'ut n" o'te^tllJLT and multiply it by the square of the ^ * ''^"''' diameter for the answer Example.-l. Required the area ot a circular segment whose chord « *, = 24, and whose radius, «: «. = 20 feet? ^-^=F?=v/ 400=144 = 16 = cp -S-'';''^-='«-^«=4=height of segment. «P +P^ =c '^7^r44Tl6=12.64911=chord a A 12.64.J l^chord of \ the segmc.t. 4:^'7=ioft,,eehordofltheare. 163.46192x4.10=65.384768=area of the segment. An. (See Table of Area« of the Segn.entH of Cireles.) OF LUNES Problem VIII._To find the area of a lune or crescent ^«/^— Find the difference of th^ , "*''*=^"*- which are between the arcs of th. ''^''"""*^ chord for the area "^'^^"* ^"^ ''^s 52 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Example.— The chord of two segments, a b, is 72, and the height of the greater segment, /-! d, is 30, and of the lesser, h ^b^< -(*: what is the area of the crescent? 3oy36»=2196 and v/2r90=46.8=chorcl of l.alf the arc And 46.SXi=62.4 : Then. 62.4+72X3()X.^ - fi •> T ^ segment, aW. •*-^'-X JUXi,-]612.8=area of Th"'"'.^"^^^'''' '^"'^ v/l696=41.2=ol,ord of i arc. j::::::-'''^ --^^ ^««+^2x2oxA=9.2.4=aL of .«. The difference of these areas is (>30.4=the area of the lune or crescent. NoTE.-If upon tl.e tl.rce sides of a right-angled triangle as duu..eters semicircles he descrihed. twolunes wil ,e "onne^ ^M.ose un.ted are.us will he equal to the area o, the triangle ' Problem IX.-To find the area of a circular zone. th /T '^'"'"^ °^ '^' ^hole circle, subtract the areas of the two segments on the sides of the zone If from the whole circle there be taken the two segi ments..,^r and ^/^, there will remain the circular zone, a c f d. Example. -Y. What is the area of the zone, acfd, if « r is 7.75. ^//6.!t;j, and the diameter of the circle 8? 50.26=area of tiie wiiole circle. 17.2.3=arca of the .segment, n 6 r. 9.,S2 =area of tiie segment, d^g. 27.0.5 And 50.2G-27.05=2;}.21=area of the zone. acfd. Problem X.— To find ih.- -nre-. ->f . .:-^ ■ ^ a a between the r-rcumferences of tw """• ' '-'"f iv-uiuiircnccs ot tw;j concentric circles. 3fcif;-;'»'^« AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 53 ^«/^.-l. Square the diameter of each circle and subtract the square of the less from that of the g^ter mal .7S54, and the product will be the area Or, multiply the product of the sum and Mra^e of the two diameters by .7854. -^ Example.~\i the diameter of theoutercircle,^^, be221, and the mner circle, ^ r, lOG. what IS the area of the ring? First, 22Px. 78.54= 38359.72 And, 106 X. 7854= 8824.75 Ans. 29534.97 plied by .7854 ^""''''' °^ ^'^^ *^° diameters, multi- OF ELLIPSES Problem XI.-To find the area of an ellipse. J?«/..-Mulfply the longer axis by the shorter and he product multiplied by the decimal .78541;]] be the area required. ' ^ axi^""~i.i;::'ru.:';' """ ^^'■"^''^'' "«"- ^- ^^^^ •-«- t'K..o./„.«.;oT.;w '^''"■^■"~ -'/-.-I for the shorter. Example. -\. What is the area of an ellipse whose longer axis, a b, is 70 feet, and whose shorter, dc is 50 feet? o6xrf<'=70x 50=3500. Then. .X'Sf)Ov 7,s;54_o74c q_^„ q ,,M . , . .i,ai '^S.y— urea. and m " "■'" °^ "" "'"P^^ ^^°^^ ^^«« are I« 150.79. Ans. 54 HODGSON S £-T'.MATOR ^oblem XII.-T0 find the circumference of an ellipse Tlieii, \/290X3 14150— '-.•1 jov S. Vf H fh' ' PfP^"^''-''-^'- to cither axis, mf ha^^" th;'""'^^T"'^P""^'"^-■-"'--g- axis ;r d nfetcr T^' ''' ''"' ^'^' ^"^'"^ -^^'-' :Eret^^irSr-^-----area lolaJ! ;;V,1 '■^^P^^^^-^'y-- -hat is the area; Tl.on, 25: 35:: 249.98 :349.97=area. ;^///^.-MuItiply the base by the hcirrh^ .n^ . th.rds of the product will be the area E^a^e.-What is the area of a para- bo a whose base. . 6, is 26 inches, and height,^,-. IS inches? 40SXi-3I2=arPH m s,,„are inches. Then 312^144=2i square feet. Ans. Problem XV.-To find the area of f^u.tun^ -f parabola, cut off hv •> i,„ . 1 , •'^"^'^""' "i a . lit on by a line drawn parallel to the base. imimS^ ^'a^m'-riysJgsk'jSo' AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 55 .nf '"''V;?^"'/'"'''-' ^''' ^''■'■f^'-*-"^-' Of the cubes of the two ends of the frustum by twice its altitude, and divide *he product by three times the difference of heir squares. mtir ^^^^;./, What is the area of a frustum of a parab- ola whose height. .^. is li feet, and , Its upper end, a e, Vi feet, and its base, /H\ ^/ 20 feet? ' / \ -— ll?=1728 256=diff. of their squares 6272 3 768 ^4=twice the height. 25<)8S 12544 •0528-i- 768=196 ft Ans. OF HYPERBOLAS 'c- -To five-sevenths of the abscissa, t' c add the "d"^':;;:ct ':r'^"'' ""''p'^ '^^^ -■" ^>' ^^-^t -st and e. tract the square root of the product Then multiply the transverse diameter, r> ^, by the abscissa' e^^.. and extract the square root of thf; product T^en mu ioi::he'' '? 'T ^'^ ' ^-- 'he second rooi- multiply the sum by double the product of the coniu vese"h:s ir"''"' ''"'^^ ''' ' ^ '-- ^he tra . ^ erse, this will g.ve the area, nearly. ^^«;«;./.._What is the area of a Hyperbola df. whose transverse diameter z. ^ is unl^J'^' ^/" no ^.,A u , . "-'^' ^^' 's SO, and conjusrate. a/, 50, and whose abscissa, v e, is 45? ? of45=32.14 and v/32:iiq:8(J3<45=71.03 ■v^ 80X45=60 71 03X21=1491. a3 60 X 4=^40^ 1731:63 173l.63x(50x45x2) + (80x75)=1298.72.An8. 56 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR' TABLE OF THE AREAS <,FTn,.;sEGMI.-NT8( CIRCLE, WHOSE DIAMETER 18 Umtv )F A A.M. H.I.,-(.SKD T,. I.K ,„vil,Kl, FN-TO 1000 EQI'AL PAHTS Sine Segmeni Sine .001 .()()()04 .002 .(HX)11 .003 .00021 .(K)4 .00(«3 .005 .00047, .006 .00061 .007 .0(K)77| .008 .000951 •009|.00113 .00132 .00153 .00174 .00196 .00219 .0024.1 1 .0026.SJ .002941 .00320 .00347 .00374 .00403 .00432 .004611 .00492 .039 .040 !~!l'H^:::'te,:;f,fe. Ali-acif I "Knii.til .01014; .01053 .041 .01093ii •042 .011.33 •04,3 .01173 •044 .01214 .045 .046 .047 .04S .049 .050 .012.55 .01297 .01339 .013.S1 .01424 , .01468 •051 .01511 •052 .01556: 053 .01600 054 .016451 .055 .056 .057 .058 .025| .00523 .00554 .00586 .00619 .00652 .00686 -- .00720 .032 .00755 .0.33 .00791 .034 .00827 .035 .00863 .036 .009(K) .0371 nno3.s .0381 .009761 0169. .01730 .01783 , .01829 •059 .01876! 060 .01923 .061 .01971 .062 .063 .064 .065 .066 .02019 .02068 .02116 .02165 .02215 .067 .02265 •068 .02315 ■069 .02365 .070j .02416 •0711 .02468 •072 .02519 ■073 .02571 I •074 .02623 075 .02676 I .0761 .02728 .02782 .028.35i .028891 .029431 .02997 .03052! , .03107!; •0H4 .03162! ■0851 .03218! •086 .03274' •087j .0.3330; .088 .0.33871 .0891 .J3444i 0901 .03,501 1' 091 .0.3.5,58' 092 .03616! ■ 093 .03674 094 .03732 . i»5| .03790I . W6i .038491 J97j .03908! . >08 .03968' . )99 .04027i 100 .04087, •*L .04147 .] 02 .04208! .] 03 .04268 ] 04 .04329;!. 1 051 .04,390,'' .1 06, .044,52!' 1 "" .04513!' .1 ^S; .04575 1 .1 W;. 04638!.! 10: .047001 j .1, H| .04763 1 .1. 2; .01826'! .IJ •'ij .04SN<)ii j; 4 .04952 ! .1,' ).5016 , .0,5080 I .05144 .05209 .05273 .05338 .0,5403 .05468! .05534! .05600! .05666J .05732 .05799! <{ .05865'.' » .05932!! » .05999 ; .06067 i I .06134! .06202 .06270, j .06338 I ! .06407!! .06476!! .06.544 i .06614;! .066,831 , .06752;! . .06822!i .06892 . .06962 ; . .07032; .07103 .07174' .07245! .07316; .074,58;i 07,5.30il V'rs'dj Arvn of Sine SoKinint •IW .07602 •L54 .07674 •Lio .07746 1 fr*. .07819 I .07892 ' .07964 .08038 .08111 .08184 .08258 .08332 .08405 .08480 .08554 .08628 .08703 .08778 .08853 .08928 , .09(M)4 i 173! .09079 j .174{ .091.55 i 175 .09231 •176 .09307 .1771 .09.383 • 178 .09460 • 179 .09,536 •ISO, .09613 ■I'^l, •09690 .182; .09767 .183; .(;;)844 •l>i4; .09922 1S5; .09999 10077 .101.55 ■ 10233 .10311 .10.300 .186 187 .1S.V .189 190 'it^W AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 57 V'rs'dl .Arciiof liV Hin» ISr^iiiBiii Sim. Si'irnivnt Blue Si'ifnient Biiio .191 .1!»2 .1!»3 .l!t4 .I'.tti .l!»7j .Ids' .2401 .241! .242 .243 .244 .245 .24() .247 .24,h! .249 .2.J0 .2.'J1 .2(M) .207 .20S .209 .210 .211 .212 .213 .214 .21.'; .21(1 .217 .21 S .219 .220 .2211 .222 .223 .224 .2.52 .2.53 .2.54 .2.57 .2.5,S .226 .227 .22.S .229 .230 .231 .232 .2.33 .334 .23.5 .236 .237 .23K .2.39i .104(i,S .10.547 .10626 .1070.5 .107S4 .10X63 .10943 .11022 .199; .11102 .2001 .11I,S2 .201 .11262 .202 .11,342 .203 .11423 .204 .11,503 .20,5 .11.5,S4 .1166,5 i .2,5,5 • 117461 .2.56 .11,S27' .1190,S .119,S9 .12071 .12152 .12234;! .12316 1 .1239Sj .124.S1 j .125(i3:j .1264.-, . 1 272.S .12N11'; .12,S94 .12977 .1.3060 .13143 .13227 .1.33101 .1.3,394 .I.547.s! .1.3.562i .13646J .137.301 .1.381 51 .138991) .1.3984 .14068 I .141.53;^ .142.38 .14323 14409 .14494 .14579 .14665 .14751 .148.37 .14923 .1.5009! .1.5095! .15181! .15268; .1.5,3.54; .1.54411 .1.5528 .1.5614 .15701 .1.5789 .1.5876 .1.59(J3 .16051 .2.59J .161.38 260 .16226 .16314 .16401 .16489 .16578 .16666 .16754 .16843 .16931 .17020 .17108 .17197 .17286: .17375! .17464! .17.5541 .17643! .177.331 .17822! .17912! .18001! .18091 .18181 .18271 .18361 .18452 .18,542 AHKi2 .18723 .289 .290 .291 .2!)'> .29.3 .294 .295 .296 .297 .298 .18814 .18904 .18995 .19086 .19177 .19268 .19359 .194.50 .19.542 .196.33! 2<»9! .19725 .300 .10816 .301 .,302 .303 .304 .305 .306 .,307 .261 .262 .263 .264 i .265 ' .266 .267 .268 .269 .27(1 .271 .272 .273 .274 .275 .276 .277 .278 .279 .280 .281 .282 .283 .2,Si .285 .286 .287 288 ,314 .315 .316 .317 .318 .319 .320 .321 .322 .323 .324 .325 .326 .327! .328 .329 .3.30 ..331 ..332 .3.33 .334 ..335 .19908 .20000 .20092 .20184 .20276 .20368 .20460 ■308| .20552 .309 .20645 310 .20737 .311 .20830 .312 .20922 .31.31 .21015 .21108 .21201 .21294 .213.';7 .21480 .21.573 .21666 .217,59 .218.53 .21946 .22040 .221.34 .22227 .22321 .22415 .22509 .22603 .22697 .22791 ! .22885 .22980 .23074 3,36j .23168 3.37| .232631! ..338 .,339 .340 .341 .342 .343 .344 .345 .346 .347 .348 .349 .350 .351 .351 .2.53 .354 .3.55 .356 .357 org 359 .360 .361 .362 .363 .364 .365 .366 .367 .368 .369 .370 .371 .37" .373 .374 .375 .376 .377 .378 .379 Area of I V'r.'d Area of Seifmeni Nine S««inent .2.33.58 .23452 .23547 .23642 .23736 .23831 .23926 .240211 .241161 .24212! .24.307 .24402 .24498 .24,593! .24688 .24784 .24880 .24975 .2.5071! .25167! .25263! .2.5359 25455 .2,5.551 .25647! .25743I .25839! .2.5935i .26032, .2612811 .26224 .26321 .26417 .265141 .26611! .26707! .26804 .26901 ! .26998; .27095 .271921 .27289! .380! .27386 .3811 .274831 .3821 .27.580 .3831 .27677 .384 .27774! ..385 .27872! .3861 .279691 .28066 .28164 .28261 .28359 .28456 .28554 .28652 .28749 .395 .28847 3961 .28945 .29043 .29141 .29239 .29336 .29434 .295.33 .29631 .29729 .29827 .29925 .30023 .30122 .30220 .30318 .30417 .412 .30515 .30614 .30712 .3081 1 .30909 .31008 .31106 .31205 .31304 .31402 .31501 .31600 .31699 .4251 .31798 .426 .31897 .427 .31995 428 .429 .430 .431 .432 .433 .434 .435 .32094 .32193 .32292 ^32391 .32490 .32590 .32689 .32788 .^mi- 58 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR ■■<<'|flIH-llt ..'HITS ..•1427s .14377 .•14477 .•14.57(i .■14(i7() 3477.5 .34,S7.5 34975 3.5074 ..3.5174 .3.5274 Area (»f IIvVh'iiI *■■»» * [i... ■ — .35473 ..'1.5.573 .35<)73 .35772 .3.5S7:> .35!)7l: .36171 .3()271 30371 .36471 .36571 36671 .475 .476 .477 .47S .479 .3b/. .36S7() .36970 .37070 .37170 ■■im .37270 •^Sl -37370 ••1H2 .37470 •4S3 .37570 ••1.S4 .37670 .4S5 .37770 .4861 .37S70| .37970 .48S .4S9 .490 .491 .492 .493 .494 .495 .496 .497 .49S 499 .3S070 ..3S169 .3S269 .3S369 .3.S469 .3S569 .3S669 .3S769 .3SS69 .3S969 .39069 .39169 •am] .39269 To fi . .u ^^^ °'' ^""^ ^»*^^E TABLE diameter 0/"': wtl'Z'd'.Z :7"'^ ''^!^^' ^Y the column of versed sin js ^ "''-' '1"°*'*^"^ '" the coi'umn on\TrlX hlT'^a^nd'"^ T^^l '" ^^^ "-* square of the dian^eter this '?m "'""T'>' '* ^^^ 'he segment. ' ""' ""'' S'^e the 0- a of the circle 50 feei? ^ ^''^' ''"^ ^^e diameter of the .^«/^.— MultipNr the chorW »f fi, versed sine, divide the product bv/ ''^""'"y^y the . remainder by 2 ^'^oauct by 3, and multiply the th?re'nVt!;*^o^te^ch^dT cit\-; 'd"' '■''- °^^- ^-i- quotient to the former product fh^ '">'/' ■^"'^ ^^^ the of the segment, verv nearly ' ""' ^'" ^"^'^ »he area £-^v7w//r.— Rccjuircd the area of th circle, the chord being l/ind^h. . f^'&'"ent of a l.,^o .,, ^; ' " the versed sine 3. i.X .=24 ; 24+^3=S; a„d 8x 2=16, Hence .a+.^-.C^SaT ...faS .„e .,„.„„„.„, _,^. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 59 TABLE OF THE AREAS OF THE ZOXES OF A CIRCLE Vr,'u Him Area uf SrKmcnt .00100 .00200 .(M)3(K)! .004(H)j .(«)5(K) .OOfiOOJ l .01S99i •OlOOOl .020001 .02199 .022{»9 .02390 .02190 I .02-)0S , .()209S I .02708 .02,SOS .()2«)0S .0300,S .03197 .03297 .03397 .03407 .0350« •0360G .03700 .03S96 .0399.') .04095 041951 04294 .04394 .04494 .04503 .04(i93 .04702 .04S92i .04901 .05001 .05100 .05290 .053X0 .054X0 .055,S,Sl .057 .050X7 .(m .057,S7 .05X86 .050X5 .Of>OX4 .061X4 .002X3 .063X2] 064X1 .0(i5X() .06679 .06770 .0687X .06077, •OTO'C'I .114 .07 c /• .07274 , .0X372 •075 .07471 •076 .07570 .077 .07669 •07X .0776,H •070 .07867 ■080 .07065 .081 .08064 .082 .08163 .083 .0X261 .084 1 .OX-ifin i - .0X5) .0X45X11 .'lis ^0X61 .08 557i" \») .08655 .0X754 .08X52 .0X051 .0<)040 .09147 .00246 .09344 .00442 .09540| .00638 .09736 .09X35 .09933 .10030 10128 .1022r .10324 .10422 .10520 .10617 .10715 .10X13 .10910 .11008 11105 11203 .113')0 .11397 .11495 .11.592 .116X0 .117X6; .11X831 .110X0 .12077 1-'174 12271 12368 124651 12.562; 126.58 •12X521 .173 .1204X .174 , .13045 1 .175 133 .13141 .176 l-'^-l .132.37 .177 .127.55! 13.334 .134.30 .13.526 .13622 .13718 , .13814 141 .130101 142 .14(K)6i 143|. 141021 .14198 .14294 .14389 .14485 .14581 140 .14676 1-^0 .14771 l-^ll .14867 .J4962 .15057 .151.53 .15248 .15343 .1.543X .1.55.33 .15627 .15722 .15817 .1.5911 .16006 , .1610' ■ 16.5 .16195' • 166, .16289i • 1671 .163X41 .16,8 .1647X1 169| .1657211 .212! i7ii\ .1666611 .2131 171; .16760: .214 172 .168.54 1 .215 .16948 .17042 17135 .17229 17323 .17416 .17510 A7(H:3 .17696 .I77,S9 .17X82 .17975 .18068 .18161 .182.54 .18347 .1,8439 .1.8,532 .1.8624 .1.S717 .18,809 .18901 .1.8993 .10085 .19177 .10269 .19361 .194.53 .19.544 19^36 .19727 .10819 I .10910 .2(K)01 .20092 .201X3 .20274 .2()3(>5 .204.55 .20.546 .20637 .20727 .20817 6o HODGSON'S l.STlMATuR Hlu«» |Hi'ifiiient| .2(«»!)Si .JU)S\ .1.M17.K .->r_'(is ! .21447 I .21(Jl.'(!! ! 2171/5 : ..'ISO,-, : JIM!) I .22072^ .2-;n;i|; 2^i;w .224:^(1 .22.'51- .22(;( .22(if)l .2l.'7S(i; . .22,S(»S! ■ .22<)5-) .2;.,i|;i .2.{1,}I .2.'J2I,s .2.'il()« .2.{:{93 .2;{4SO .23.5fi,S .23«.'>.-) 23711 Blllf ;.Sl'|r|||4t|t| 2(i.'5! .2.VJ01 • 2««, •,-,L«,s.'-) .207' ..'5370 ^ •2(is 25454 ; ■ 2<1<» .'553!li -T" .2501':} ■ 271 .L>57()7 .272, .257!H .273! .25S75J ■27 r .2.-.<)5f>l 275 .?t,((42 '"'■> 2tn.'(l ■ 277i ..'(L'OO i 27s, .J()2!(2i .27f» ._'(i375'| .2N^i .JtJ45,S; .2S1 .2(h54li|. .-'H2| .2';<;2i| 2s3l .i;.:r()fil ., 2,S4 .2I.7HS ' ■ .2S5 ,2ti.s7i .2S(ij .j(i!)5;jjj .. 2S7i .27n:{5' ,; 2SS|. 27171^ - 2S9 .27in.S , -■•W)! -'!»2 .>744L ■ 203 .'7523 •-"M: ;7im ''•'>i .27fiS5 !'7027 .29!t .'S(M)7 .300 .'siivr .,.. I, 30]| ..'M(,7 ■ 242>U)l 30,3; .2.s3'(, •^J'^"- .304; .2M()(; .305! .2S4S ■30fi .2,v-)(, .307 .2H()4, ■^Oh .2,"S72 3()<» jNHOi 310 .',s.S7 311 .2Ma- 3 1 'J v^Hi •ii.-j 2f»i .2<)i!»:' .2!»27< .2!»317 • 2! (1 25 .2r».")(t2 ■2' ;(» .2'i(;.-)»i .2!»7.Ti ,2«)S(«»i ..it s ..•if-- 1 30 'to, ! .m.r.r,] '.3ii..lll .3()4;(;l .3{i.-.'.(i!| .3()(,i| i ■.•i0715' .3'»7S!>" .3(*.S64 : .30937 .31011 .3iOS5 .3ll5.Sij .31231 "•"< -2793 'it .32.S02 "■' 32't3l '• 32l»!»«t ■" .33(>f,7 i^ ..■*.•:,• ■||| .3a r" 1 1.3333," I 2 .33404 3 .33470 1 1 ■335;{7' ' .33«>(i<)| ■ 33735 I . ^ 33,S01|j. >i .33,S(i(J »l .3.3931 , i 33990: ' .34000 . i.34U-, ' ■- i Miy* ' 1253 1317 .-J ..■i43.s() 4 ■3 : 143 4 *** > lent ■35,S«2 35939 i\ .359<>5 ■>: .3f5051 '>! .3(il07 n .301'. ' <\ .3(i21 >l 3027 ' 3a32t, •<>:iHO ) 134 .-1.S7 .3(i.-,n .30.'!. ! .32024,i 3.'J3 .3209511 .354 32100 .355 •-:i7 350 .i2307 ^■", 323771 ■i^^' .32447: 3.59 325! ' ',im >:'5s ■'''■ ■'•5.5 •50. .i.7->^i .3S9; .31500 .390^ .34509 AND CONTI? \CTOiVS GUIDE 6i I. innefi[|| Min,. Kini-nt ^|s;;r;A,j^;-'„i-- — — — — — I ■ ■-■■noin|j nine •4";-' '=* i^'s than a semicircle. ic ionpcst chord, and seek the of versed sines. Take out the ti f the zone. ■^oiic, whose long- .2SOH7. tlie zone. i-micircle, take - r of the circle, -herd; the product' will be the an- ^'■''■''"'/^'••-Rtquired the an est chord is .■.(), and height 15 1.5+50=.3O0; a,„i .300, as ,, ". M.-P, .2,S0S7x.50^'=702.l9, t), ■ill- 3.—\\'iig„ the zone isgra'rr t h«-'ight on ( Moh side of th.. r . . ' find, bv Rule 1 fht.V ^' ' °* ^'^^ *^'^*^''^. '-•ach si.Ie of the line which rnsse! fh f ' '°"'' °" -er of the circle .0 and . tl^pTctiJeir' '" "^*'"- 87S:'"^-'""= •^""- - P- -^>.>e=.35,82; and .3.182X50^= n,,.,"^,;"'***'^''^""; ■•'^f'O. a--* per tal)Ip= 9*«)S7. „ . oe„„_ _. Hence, 879.56+702.19=1581.75. :mim. 63 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR ""^^"""■^^cssr.^^-— OK • N4 1.0.')44 •H5 1.0.5.'-)2 •H« 1.055!»i H7 l.()5 1.059<» 1.0.W7 l.(»W)5 I.0fil3i 1.0621 1 .0029 1.0f).-}7 1.0645 I 1.065.-Jll 1.0661 l.r)669 1.067.S 1.0686 1.0694 1.0703 10711 1.07191 107281 1.0737 1.0745 10754 1.0702 1.0771 1.07.S0 1.0789 1.0798 1.0S()7 I.O.SIO 1.0,S25 1 .0834 1.0843 1.085: 1.0S6I,, 1K3| 1.0X7011 ■ 1X4| 1.08801 .1.S5 1.088»i IW 1.0,S9,s!i 187] i.m>08l! ■1^1.0917 1X9 l.(M)27 , .HK)| I(H>36l{ , 1.0946 i ■192| 1.09561; .l!>3j 1.09f>.5!| ■•9-1 1.0975!! IffS l.(H)85i •196 1. 09951 •197 1.100511 •198 1.1015 •HW 1.1025i •-'•)<) 1.1035 ■'"'' 1.1045 , 1.1055 203 i.ioe."; •204 1.1075 .205 J. 1085 •206 1.1096 .23'> .'23.S "i^;^ P.'^J -^T;- 1 1379 1.1390 .2.34 1.1402 .2.3.5 1.1414 „ -2.36 1.1425 1-237 1.1436 .23,S 1.1448 •2.39 1.1 4«i() •240 1.147II 1.241 I.HS3 .2-12 1.1495 .24.3 1.1507 .244 1.1519 .245 1.1531 •246 1.1543 .247 1.1555 .2481 1.1 5«7 ..249 1.1579 •2.50 1.1591 •251 I. urn •2.52 1.1616, •2.53 1.1628' .254 1.1640! •2^5.5 l.l6.r,3 •2.5<) 1.16(),5 •2.57 1.1677 •2.-.S l.ifijx) •2.'i!»i 1-1702 •2W) 1. 1715 •261 i 1.1 72K •2621 1.1740 203 1.1753 204 1.1766| 20."; 1.1778' •266 1.1791 207 1. 1804 1 1 208 l.i.sio )•>' .269 1.1829 •270 1.1843 •271 1.1856 -272 1.1869 •2731 1.1882 •274i 1.1897 .275! l,!9i).sil 1.1921 1 1934 , 1.1948 279; 1.1961 280| 1 ' -4 1 , -282| 1.2(K)i' •283| 1.2015 1. 202s , 1.2042 •286 1.2056 287 1.2070 •288 1.2083 .289 1.2097 .290 1.2120 •291 1.2124 2<)2 1.2138 .293 1.2152 .294 1.2166 .295 1.2179 .296 1.2193 297 1.2206 2!)8| 1.2220 299! 1.2235 .3001 1.2250 ""' 1.22(54 .302 1.2278 •303 1.2292 •304 j 1.2306 ""■ 1.2321 •306 1.2335 307 1.2349 •308 1.2364 .309 1.^378 •310 1.2393 .311 1.2407 •312 1.2422 31.31 1.2436 •314| 1.2451 •31. 5j 1.246.5 •316 1.24SO •317 1.2495 •318 1.2510 3191 1.2.524 AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 1.2539 1.25.54 1.25«9 1.25X4, 1.25()0| 1.20141 1.2629 1.26441 , 1.2a59 1.2674 1.26.S9 1.2704 1.272() ' 1.2735 1.2750 , 1.2766 1.2781 ' 1.27S6, ' 1.2812 ■2X27 1.2843 1.2858 1.2874 1.28901 ' 1.2905 1.2921 ' 1.2937] 1.2{)52 , 1.2968 1 1.2984 , 1.3000, I 1.3016, 1 .3032 1.3047 1.3(»a3 1 3079 1 .3f)95 •3571 1.3112; •3581 1.3128 .359| 1.3144i •360 1.3160 •361 ! 1.31 76 •3621 1.3192 •3<« 1.3209 ■364 1.3225 5 1.3241 6 1.3258 7 1.3274 ' 1.3307 ) 1.3323 I' 1.3340] ! 1.335« !| 1.3373 1.3390 1.34061] 1.3423 1.3440, ' i.34.-<;! 1.347,j 1.3490 1.3.507 1.3.524 1.3.541 1.3.5.58 1.3574 1.3.591 1.3608 1.3625 1.3643 1.36601 1.3677 1.3694 I 1.3711 1.3728 , 1.3746] !j 1.37(53 ■j 1.3780 I.3797I I 1..3815! 1.3832, ( 1..3S.50| 1 .3867 1 .3885 1 .3902 1.3920 1.3937 1.39.55 1 .3972 1.3990 1.4(M)8 1.4025 \ 1.4043 ! 1.4061 1.4079 1.4097 1.4115 1.4132 , 1.4150, f 1.4168 1.4186, 1.4204 1.4222 , 1.4240 ' 1.42581 1.4276, 1.4295 1.4313 1 .4.331 1 9| 1.4349 01 1.4367 1 1.4386 2 1.4404 ii 1.4422 I 1.4441 »{ 1.44.59 li 1.4477 I 1.4496 1.4514 I 1.4.5.33 I 1.4.551 1.4570 1.4.588 1.4607 1.4626 1.4644 1.4663 1.4682 1.4700 .476 .477 .478 .479 .480 •449 1.4719, "" 1.47.38 1.4757, 1.4775 1.4794 1.4813 1.4832 1.4851 1.4870, ■458j 1.4889, 1.4908 1.4927 1.4946 1.4965] 1.4984 1.5003, •4().5 1.5022 •466 1..5042 467 1..5061 •468 1.50X0 469 I..50f)9 470 1.5119 •471 1.. 5 1.38 •472 1.51.57 •473 1.5176 .474 1.5196 •47.5| 1..5215 1.5235 1.52.54 1..5274 1.5293 , 1 .5313 •481 1..5332 •482 1.5352 •483 l.,5371 1.5.391 1.5411 1..5430 1.5450 1.5470 1.5489 1.5.509 , 1.5.529 492 1.5549 493 1.5.569 •494 1.. 5.585 •495 1 .5608 •496 1.5628 •497 1.5648 •498 1..5668 •49f* l,.5ftS8 •500 1.5708 .484 .485 .486 .487 .488 .489 490 491 'i *"tin bi^th'ci^h.lf ;„''?■ '"■%•""-. -d 'he quo- unity. Seek ,„ (he t" bfe for » „' °' *''.ch the base is o the quotient, and laL ,ht T"'''^' ™™Pondin<; from the n,.,, ri;K,? "'"' '"<: lilKth of that hei4f H;. thus Vou 'Jtt't'h ."base"of";h- ""'"i"'' "« "^- -" b. the 'ength'^fTh^a" o'r'ctvTp/ii'.'i: """""^ 64 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR the middle arch is 1.50 fee? aTd"ft''''r'" i^' ^P^" "^ required the length of the curve "^''' ^^ ^""^^ H'Kht I Length ■ HK) 1. .10l| 1. .1021]. .103 1. 1.0410 1.0420 1.0436 .0440, 1.04.56i' 1.04001! 1.05101 1.0567 1. 06 IS 1.0009 1.0720 1.0773 1.0825 1.0879 1.0933 1.0989 1.1045 1.1100 , 1.1157 •17.5! 11 213 1.1270 1.1327 1.1384 1.1442 1.1501 1.1560 1.1620 1.1080 1.1741 I.I8O2II 1.1864 1.1926 l.l!>89'' 1. 2051 I.2U4 1.2177 2241; Lenirth or Arc 2.0971 2.1060 2.1148 2.1237 2.1326 2.1416 2.1505 2.1.'>95 2.10,S5 .3.1775 2.1806 2.1956 2.2047 2.2139 2.2230 2.2322 2.2414 2.2.506 2.2597 2.2689 2.2780 2.2872 2.2964 2.3056 2.3148 2.3241 2.3335 2.3429 2.3524 2..3019 •^37 14 .3810 2.3906 2.4(M)2 2.4098 2.1104 2.-1291 i^«r ?^ AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 65 To find the length of the curve of a right semi-ellipse. Kule-lh^ rule for circular arcs in the Drer-rUn^ table is equally applicable here Feeding vvhT^h '"" ^T ''•''" "■' "°^ ""^'■'•^'y ^^nfined to works As the tables, however, do not afford the means of finding the lengths of the curves of ellinf-- ^r.T L- u are less than half of the entire figuei^.f n "'•''' treomefnVal m«fK a ■ ■ "gure, the following of an elliptic curve, which is less than half the figure. Let the curve, of which the length is required to be found, be a i c. thfrun^in? T^' f^'.''''^^ ""^^''^^ -"t-of e te ";.;• .^T l""' '•'^'^^ ''■-.... and from the center, ^ with the distance. ^ '^^.'^^ZS!^^:::;^'JL!:^}, <^r- - tl.e ooh.n,n of •.'■.; "niltipIvthenuX^^ri.vflnn *''^;^o » ^litest hoiRhts l.y tabular area of the lea^t l.e^ht ' "^ ^'^ "''^ «""' '« »''« Tims, if tlieJieiglit is 118 ■120, p.r tal)le,= 1.0618 ••'•'' '■ " =1.0567 :^rh.^e.l to l.(»567SU7Mi;!"K//o?n;''^ = •^^«' 'UMweU. '^T^^iwifmmm .^ 66 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR OF SOI.IDS BOUNDED BY PLANE SURFACES The rnensuration of solids is divided into two parts I. The mensuration of the surfaces of solids ' n. 1 he mensuration of their solidities. The measure of any solid body is the whole caoacitv or contents of that body, when considered undTr the tr., Ic dimensions of length, breadth, and thickness scJiditv of i 1 "^^-^^I'nngnnit; and the contents or solidity of any fijjure is computed by the number of those cubes contained in that figure. DEFINITIONS 1. A «//5^ is a right prism, bounded by six eaual 2. A p^a!Uhpip,d is a prism bounded by six auadri ind plat"- ""^ """"'"^ '- "' "-i'" -";„", 3. A/ri:.;« is a solid, whose ends are parallel ^im,- thfsolidThr " '""'^"' = Py^^id is a portion of t^^'^uX:::^ ^"" ="^ •"-' *- "-" en. off rhLboidtfaiyrnraf;:]"'"' '" "'-^'-^ -= and .„o iriangnlar ends ^'=' ' '"'='"«'"'" ''"-■ a"=l, but „„. s,™,iar, and »hose sides are quadrilateral. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 67 OF CUBES AND PARALLELOPIPEDS ?./"'"'m 7-^? '^"^ '''' '^^^^^' ^"^f-'^e Of a prism ;2;;.". - ,. ... ...,,. ..'r..V':.r:,-.^ /;><7/«//^.__j^equired the lateral «.,rfo. r Then, 132X162=21384 square incl.«,. 21384+144=148.50 sq.ft. Ans. Problem H To find the solidity of a cube or right prism. /?«A'.-Multiply the area of the base by «—— 6 the perpendicular heiirht anH th^ j, the solid contents. ' P'"^"'^' ^'" be contents i„ inches ZtLS^H '"'''"'* ' •^' ''»'<•"'-""« 'ta ofouhic inches ... '.J^^Z orSfel ^"""^ '^ ^"^ ""•"'^- £.tr^/«//.5.-l. Required the number of ^/. gallons there are in a m..r« which is 5 fee ! '"^ '' '''"''• '"^ "''°^^ b^^« '"3 teet 4 inches square? 9 ft. 8in.=80in. T'.ei.. 64^=4096, and 4(r XxL-.^ollm- T.: ■ AnH -lOTrsn .^o "^^'^^ol'd'ty m inches. And 327680+282=1 162 gal >- 1* mcncs side dimension, and 68 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR d wha. will be its weigh., reckoning 10. ,bs. .„ ,he cubic 12.22xlO!J=aJ0.5]l„. A,,.. --""'""•*"»■ _ ., "P PYRAMIDS P.v^:"r "'-^^ ^"^ ^'^^ '--'^' -^^-^ of a regular lant h.,ght. and half .he product will be he surface. If the whole surface be re- quired, add to this the area of the base ^^«,«//. What is the lateral surface of a regular triangular pyramid, a b c steTof .''"?'' ''''•'^''^^-*- -d the sides of whose base are each 8 feet? 8x3=24=perimeter of the base. 20=slant lieiglit. 2)480 240=lateral surface. of.He, rrg„^-^---.-.,s..ce Rulc-l,U\U^Xy the perimeters of the two ends bv ;wr^:.:-^t:'4:il-'"r;^.-vi-r A^^w;,A.__VVhat IS the lateral surface of mid ^Tr'L'^^"'"°^^^^-^'Py-- m.d ^\ B CD, whose slant height, a A >s U feet, and the sides of the lower base' f^f'/fe:rrct;^"^^^^^-'pp-^-: First, J>< J=40=peri,neter of lower base. ^~ ' upper " Then 64-j9'*;!t"1'.1'.?^ '''^ t*" •'"tls. "' «4-42+2=l344=aroa of lateral surface. '^•S AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 69 ^/^/r.-tnul the area of the base • I multiolv fh,. area by J of the height. multiply that NoTE.-TIus rule follows fro,,, that , , , 1,0 sa,ne,a..an.I altitude. It i.s„.a..ifcst. tl.erl i2or nl '^"•' "' '' ''•"'""••'• "'-ther ae o °fj-'-'\-l"a' to the product of the j.rea of „.e l.ase .„to J of the perpe.ulin.lar £xa»t/,/c.~.\Vhat is the solidiiv of a square pyramici, a fi c d, the sides of whose base are each :}(. feet, and its per- pendicular height, .'/ 25 feet? First. 30x30=900=area of the ba«e. 7200 300 7500=solid;ty. a py'^^d.^''-^^ '"' ''^ -"-^'^^^^ ^'^e frustu. of add t~^° '''' ^'■'^' °^ '"^^ ^«'° ^'"d^ of the frustum add the square root of their product; and this sum." mult.phed by J of the perpendicula; height, will g,ve the solid contents. \oTE.-Thi.s rule holds equally true to a pyra- nud of any fonn. For the solidities of pyraSs are^e<,ual when they have equal heights and ba«^ whatever he the figure of their ba«es. £xamp/e.~\\hat is the cubic or solid coritents of the frustum of a marble pyra- mid whose lower base, a d c d, is 20 . , inches scjuare, and upper base e f ^4. .none , „,„,^ ^^.^^^^^^ ,^ ^ ^PP ^ ase . y,, wha. w,ll be ,>s wdght, reckoning m lbs. ,„ ,he cubic 70 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR 20'=400=art.a of lower l»we. « f. 4_,,^ And,. -■,<)«+ 2,S()x33i=r2i»2()0 lo find tl,e we.gl.t, iG.Ox l(i9=2,S5(i ll,.s. Ans. sJ:^yZ!!l^^i:r'''^ T'^'-^ -" -iiydotc„ninc the OF WEDGES AND PRISMOIDS be the solid contents. * ''^^ P''°'"^^ "'" Examp/e.-R^duhiid the solidity of a wedfje whose base, ^ ^, is 27 feet. ^ ^, h feet, and whose edfje, c fi, is ,}(] feet, and the per- pendiciilar height 22 feet? Fir.st. 3fi=lenKtli of edge. 54=twi,e the length of the base. 90x22x8+0=2660 cubic ft ^_^^^bl»VTn.-To find. He .„Mi., „,.,,,,„,„,„ Rule.—To the sum of the areas r.t ru^ ♦ abc def nH,i f^ .• 7 ^ "*^ ^^^'o ends, ^^^.^^/. add four times the area of a section ^A parallel to and equally distant from the parallel ^ndt and this sum, multiplied bv 4 of the h!-" h^ n ' the solidity. * ^"*^"^' '^'^'^ K'^e AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE Examf>ie.~\\hat is the solidity of a rectangular prismoid, a b c d ihc len!,'(h and breadth of one end beinfr H by 12 inches and the other (> by 4 inches, and the perpendicular 30 feet G inches? ;i First. 14X 12=ir,8=area of lower t,a«o OX -1=^4= •• upper " 192 i--t-i-t-^_j< / of middle section 80 4 320=areaof 4 timw middle section. And 31232+1728=18.074 cubic ft. Ans. 192 320 312 _61=J 512 3072 31232 li eight OF THE CYLINDER, CONE, AND SPHERE DEFINITIONS Circlet iorT H ' '^'•^' ''^^''"^ ^^"^' ^"^ P^^^'lel c rcles for , s ends, and is described by the revolution of a rectangle about one of its sides ^^^o'^t'on 2 A coneh a solid body, of a true taper from the c;::^err Tbte^^*-^^ '"^ "''^^ ^^---- -^ '^^^^^ 3. A frustum of a cone is what remains after a oor- t.on ,s cut off by a plane, parallel to the base ^ a ntrnKT""^^' ' 't"''' ^^'"^'■''•t^J by the revolving of a parabola or hyperbola around its axes J-J^'f^rdd is a solid, generated by the revolution of an ellipse about either of its axes face allTr '' '. ^"['■^•J-'"'-»-'d by a curved sur- dj^^ by the revolution of ^asi;S:SSe^: L i,M^^ 72 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR ! : 7. radius of a snhjn- ;« •, r • f^. Inc (iiarncter of a snh.-ri. ;« .1; 1 from .h,. middle „ Usi sw .J" "■'" " """i '"^'-■-- 10 A -n.,- ■ "^ convex surface base. If thcbasn.*^ n "'"""■ "'"'-''' '""" '" .cr. it is called h L^/r ^' Th '■'"' '/""; '^-= """ the perpendicular disl I'c .e, Jc^^T ,"' ■"''r' '' which form its bases ^^ '"" f'""" cynnd:\trt;;,zJ:, r ":; '°™"' ^■^. '-'■■■•^' = ends meet each other """• """' ""■■ '"" pia";^.i:^;:fti;;-sidr'''"°^^'--"'--"'va .hat'ca'XdriZirpsf' '°"'=-' ^'"^^'^' ''- Betweerit:t:::Lrdr;i:2z^'™^'"-"-- or£nap-^:i;u--tt:?;;-«-ethc ft.bl.mI.-To find the convex surface of a cvlirder .■.-.-Muu.plythe circumference of the base by the ^^^ 73 AND CONTRACTOR'S GVll^l length of the cylinder, and the product will K- the convex surface re.juired. To this add h.- areas of the two ends when the enti.e sur- tare is required. /^ran,^A:-Wh^t is the conv.x surface of a r.K'ht cyhnder. whose length is •.>:} feet, and the tliameter of its base ;{ feet? •"^X.J.UI.W^i). 12477 TI..'.,,!».4LM77x2:}^216.7(M)7I=8urfa<-e Problem II T., fi,^ .^e solidity of a cylinder. A'/.A—Mult.ply the area of the base by the he.Vht and the product will give the solid contents ^ ' /:.,v,,«y»/,,._l. What is the solidity of a cy i.uler, the diameter, a 3, of whose base 's 10 feet, and its height, e/, 28 feet? First, find tlio nroa of tJip h^se by T6*=256 Then, 250x.7S.54=..,„.u«24=ar;a of the bano Then. :.'.)1.0624x28=562«.7472=:«olid contrt;. 'i. The Winchester bushel is a hollow cylinder. 18i mches in diameter and 8 'nches deep: what is its capacity? First, to area of the l..i«e=TO^x .78,54=268.809.5 n,on. -■...S.8025x8=215O.42=,.apa..ity i„ .ubi. n.L. . »n«i aiMUuiK In the number of . ,,bic inches roi.tii., i :. 3. How many gallons of r.\\ ,.,:ii - -,„ -t ,. dricn, f„n„ hold, whose .Ha.e^e;' i In ^LL:'^ »hosf he,ghl is 4 feet 3 inches? "cnes, and 74 HODGSON'S KSTIMATOR lKallo..=22I.I,vi,.„l.„.in,.lH^. H m|„irc.d ' "" '""'' "'"■■" 'h--' <--".irc surface •s the convex surface? ^'-■'-''•" "^^^^ l^oblen W.-To find .he- solidity of a con,. AW. -Multiply ,h,, „,,, „f t ba„ bv i , ,. 1<'H.... and .h. circu„,(er..„.,>of '.ht. bl ' We here multii.iy the ar..;i of fk . by J of the he.Vh .nd fh i ''*^ solidity. ^ '*'"■ P''"^"'^^ '^ the Fir«t.9^^,Sl.a,unO}-.3=3»=J height -Now, Klx iS-la— K-j Ri-i " ''"^'K"'- Tlio... fi.ir,174x,SJ=222.6»)9. A.m. A cone ^Pr.bf.„y._Tofi„d.be.urfaceofaf,u,.un,of ^///f.— Add totrether fh,. .- r ends, and nn.Itipfv ttsl In iTh T"" °' ^''^ ^^^° turn; the pnxh.ct' will 1 " h ^ * ' ''""' °^ ^''^ '^"^- add the areas of hT two b' '°r^ '"''^'^^'^ ^° ^^'^^ is required ^''"' ^'^"" ^^^ -"»'>- -'rface AND CONTRACTOk . GUIDE 75 .\„TB.— Thif. rulfi m proriH,.lv tlie ««!., . .1 .. r ->*. be-in, 7,;. ,,:;'':""""■,?' ""^ «"""■•' ''^-' p~^.winN,*;Vstii.';';r"'"^-'''''' -■'•''= f-t. and thc.!..pth.r .,./.., feet? ^ ' ~I±ll2= upper " Then, 63.61 viu io_on- " -l«u«' , ^"""♦'^3=454.05 cubic feet. 454.6ox,72S^7,S.5a3.5 cubic inches. 785635-.282=:2785gal. Ana. a» 7^ HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR OF SPHERES Probl.. Vn.- To fin, ^ ,, , ^^^^^^ ^^ A;/A-.-MultipIy the diameter of the sphere by its circumference, and the product vv,ll be the surface. Or. mul- tiply he square of the diameter bv j£>^,^/A-.-What is the surface of a sphere whose diameter is 7 feet? First. 7X3.1415»=2I.(,.„l;i=Hrn.,nfo,.„o.. Then. 21.00113X7=15.T.,37,„ s., ft.=.surLo Problem VIII. — To finH »k «phc.ric.-,l .one o, se.m!™. ' '""'''''' ""'""^ "' ^ iV///c.— Multiply the heirrht ^f n, by the whoi. oLun f eren f of , ' T" "\ '''*^"^^"^ ■s a part, and .he product v be h' "" "'"'"' '' Example. ~\i the axis n \ ^ '*''"'''^ ^'''^''''^^ whose height. ../, Is :. inches:-^ "'" '""*^' "" * ''' Fir^t. 42x3.i41o9=,.„,046N=,,r...,nfere,K.e Example VVhif Ic fK„ i- i- AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE „ RhIc.—Io three times the sauare nf »», i- '>f its base, acid the s,,uar oT ts ;,ei' ht " "'th '' multiply the sum by the heieht an h J ^^" •-^•■•5'i. for the contems. ^ ' ^ '^" P'^^"*^^ ^^ /:.v,,wy./,._V\'hat is the solidity of thesej,munt, ,,,/^(„f the sphere ^^ ^■). whose heijrht, <^r. is S feet, and " - th»- diameter of wh„se base, a d, is U feet> -^ "'=49X3=147 ^'~ 64 211 X 8= lassx. 5236=883.836. Ans. NoTK -The solidity of a .spherical seirment i, pr.Kl„c, l,v ,lK. ,lecim.,l sSr '"""• '"" "■= OF SHHKKOIDS ^^^^"^^71' 5'" ^'^ ^^''"^''^y «f '^ spheroid, the ^t:;;' :' "';:.?:;^'"^^1 ^^ ^'^^ -->' -n. axis by /:.../,;,//,,__ VVhat is thesolid- 'ty or an oblon^r spheroid, whose \<,n. -d ,:;:;r; ,::-,•: p-;;-, , ,,„';',;^^; '""inches? ' ^ '^' «^ 'ts base • — •■:LJ<' - — , '<^' =10000 f^-xamplc ^\vu , ^"^^"n tents " * "^ /'-.I^ inches?"''*- '^''•^"dhe.j.ht. ;,;;,-; ^••*»— *JS.3.82. Ann. Problem Xjv — t r . spindle. • ^" ^"d the solidity of a , . VIV//,- ^f , . X ot a parabolic f ''• iVfliltij)|v th.. c ^ '^' ^v the Icnjthorth '"'•'■'-' "^ '''^^ ""ddl. dian, . ?*. ;> 'jY- .' - AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 79 by .41888 (which is « of ~!i»;i\ i ■ solidity. '* -^ ^^' -'"^ " ^'" Siv^ the /:4:tf/«/>A>.— Rcquirid th'> solidity of the parabolic spindle, / ,», c d whose length, / /«, is io„, and ' diameter, c d, 4(i. And 4<»'=-iooo. l«0()x 100x.41,S,sS=-r,7020.S. Ans Problem XV.-T<, find .he soii.li.v of ,he „uddle frus- tum ..f apar.ibolic spindK-. ^'i*- rrus AV..-Add to^re,h,.r s tinus (he squar,. nf the rjrent- diameter,/.. ,,nd 4 times th. pn^luct ..f these two |i.ameters, "udtiply th. sum hy .he l..„gth. . ^ ^J '•^^ 'r'"^; •;>' -''^-'M-hich is ,., of :; ,,no; thi^U give the solidity. ^ ExampU.~\\)^;yi is the solidity ^nf the frustum of a parabolic spin- die, whose dimensions are as fol- ''^"'"^ '^ ^. "•'.'- 'A i< ',/.., 30 inches? 4<»'= IWK) H __ I 2H(M) .•{(rrr-c)0()x-3=270() 3()X4()X4= 4s(M) 2(««H)xO()x.0.5L™-.ft3774.4H, Ana. o. Hv..rR„ou„r>s am, hvpkrbcmc con.,...s Problem XVI.-To find the solidity .,f a hyperboloi'>'. 8o HODGSOX's ESTIMATOR At/7w//,-._VVhati.sthes,>li inches :- 2r)-=400 '■""' ■' ■™x--<"x.ra,i.,T..s=„.,r,. e ,,,.,. ^''^'•— Acid together the s.juares of h,. r.re.te -^ i least semdi.imeters / <• .„ t y , ''^ ^^'^^.ate^t and 2n'=r4f)0 10'=10() '*i" Tl„.„, .«>X..oxX,i-,6.,r.N=,.-,2„,„„„ ,,,„ A';,/,-. -To ih,: ihicknoss of il,c ri„„ „ ,, , '".K. ciian..,,.r,H.:„ „„,,,,•,,,, «-,7';:'.''' "^■«, a,„I ,h,. ,„.„,,„,, I,, , „,,„^ '! > 'I"-- ll-k. AND CONTRACTORS GUIDE 8l £^^;«;./..__The thickness.^. cyl.ncincal n„,. is 4 inches, and he '""er d. .meter. . j, ;, ,' ,•„; J^ re<,mred the convex surface. ' — „s. and so , n, „ h^'^.h 1 ' '""""■"■ ""■" '"""■ and I would like ,1,1 I r '''-''''''■'''*'''''''•■■''• doub. as ,„ .h. clrtc.^:;: IT' """i" ""." '' "">■ or ".an/,.,.. ,a:: i; ■:,:;2- -;•'• .^y- ••'. i" o,d„.„ fi„d <:„. ;,:.;; Vh r: :;,::"■ :«^"" Ih.- 1 rice- , f r • ''■' ''■'""'•' » k"""l..l»:.' of bea Is, c,„;er ;„,"';:Ts """■"'" -I'-". ^''-M of labor as „„t (ij 4 " . ""i ""''"«'■ '"•'•■- P" hoar ow (l»»4) gaihiTcd from a iiui„l,„of labor 84 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR circles throughout the whole country. These prices however, are only given merelv ns-gui "ts Kx.ava.or.. --om .|o ,„ 5,) ,...„ts Hri,klav,.r. I""" ''^ '" '--' ««'"t« Carpenter [""'' ^'"^ to 45 eent« Pl,i..terer ," •^''^ «»•'"•" <<-"t8 Slater '" '^^ •" •*" ••»^^"t» Painter. from 40 to 45 cents PluM.I.er. ;■■""' -'-' 'o 35 eents Hoofer [■■"'" •*•■■' '"-W cents .V,. , , from 35 to 45 cents ther trades run in about the sa.ne proportion so hat. know.ng the number of hours the 'work .'v II r..,u,re for completion, a fair estimate of the whole cost of the work may be arrived at A f.-w of the things necessary to know ,n conn.-ction w.th est.mat.ngon excavation are the opacities or the All oniinar- "«l"-l. or 1 '21 enl.ie vard. 7 '""-row loads make a roo.I wagon load A ..one wHKon will earrv fron, 2} to « ,ons. A doul.k load of earth e.,u,U.s about 50 cubic feet ri^r^j3«&---- AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE A sincl. loa,I oq„aI. .^,,,0 27 or 2K ..„hi, foot -"t:L:::;r':-i:;;:'i;--'-^-e.,,He..w. << |.amroo(.,..,il..s...k..,,i,,^,,,„^j . KM) f..,. ,ir,,s.s.Hl lun.lM., nK.ko a sixRl.. load :;''''< ;.v;.rd of „,,H n.onar n..k^. .sii ,o,d K' Lusla-ls of li„u, ,„ak.. „ ,i,„,,, j„„j '^'*- '«"'*• Karth in excavations weighs about as follows- ou, ..■ yard „f.. lay oar,l,2.7(K),K,u;Ki; I <-ul.u- yar.l ,lry .an.l ..art)., JJ.H) po.Mul. -. ..c yard wo, sand oarth. .MKK) ,.'u cu ,K. yard of sar.dy loa.n . arth. I'.UX pound. '•U,K-yardof,„ud,.ar,l,...o(K,,;.„;,|, '"''"•*^- <•"'"• r-.l of ,^rav,.l ..ar.l,, ;,.,mk) .K^Mnds ~;!^ix^L;;:;;r^^^^^^ -^^ -.,.., «.„d. , Increase in the bulk nf #^. .r»i, r i:artl, and day "^roKK o,o„,.v„ Sand and Kravcl . Broken stones Free .stono UtK'k ifeiieriilly j STONK-woKK DRAIN Til ES 24 niece:. > ' '"'''"• *^'«'' » ^n. Pa^e« . feet long. 12-,nel. pip,, weigh 1 ton. 85 WltKN DUO 1; 1 1 1 1 ^ n()D(iso>,s KSTIMATOR COST OK ,.,.„.„ ,.. ..„„,n,,M.M, .U.r.MOKK. CHICAGO ANn OTHKK ..K...: . KN.KK ^r r„K T.MB • Oi-- COM1.M.ATION OF THIS WOKK a u r s 3 c C >• I>K^' ' IPT|„N '- ^ 3 ^''''•..Ih7' ,"."•; '."J irP'T'- for ..on- I I ^-J I'.K«inK and, l.r„„in« ..,„„;,...,. rnor.. '^ '" '" Spn-«.liM« an.l l,.v,.nnK in lav.Ts not "^ ^ J;a...ro„lv.f„r.,it,„.,K.r.:....i,.vard ■ J" w IJ i :;;"pi,.r' I • """i« '•"'^'■■-'»-- nda. t.uk. p.r,.ul,ic-.vard .' . ,, „„ •^of lal,or only, in «|,ovp ••»-'. 00 Clay t..m,K.re outMido of a l.uildinu. a„v floor ^ |Mr cubic vani . . in Tien.ovinK to « di.sta,.cc. ..ot cxcoHinK 1 ,„i|e "Hliidii.g loa.e. and cart, por hour . . . 35 CoHt of wheel), arrow.s. jht hour T. Co«t of tea,,,. waKon, and .Iriver. ,K..r hour. . . . 35 Other appliance., cost „,u«t be a«,ertai„ed before ' puttuig ill the tender for work. CONCRKTK WORK Concrete should be composed of pttre clean water a proportion of sharp sand as will fill the voids betwee the stones or gravel; and this latter sho Id not be larger than such as will p..ss through a ring U m,h,, m diameter. The proportion should nevefbe 87 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHAR' (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2l 1.0 I.I 1.25 I 5 C 1""== Warn *^ m 1: 1^ 2.5 2.2 2£ 1.8 1.6 jS /IPPLIED INA^GE Ibb}. tost Mont, moulds included, per euhic vard. r on Foundations for paving on with l.rick or stone 4 Indies thick, per vard super ' n. Ditto. 6 inche.s thick, per vard super on Ditto, 9 inches thick, per vard super ,0= Duto, 1 2 inches tliick, per yard suoer .' . [ 7n i-Ioating surface of concrete and bringing it to a '" fair face, per vard super ,,- Add for work if executed between high and low * ' water mark, including full protection against tides, or streams, per cubic vard .... 1 on Add for every 10 feet hoisted above the level of first floor, for each cubic vard rn 100 cubic feet of ,s„lid stone, when broken so that the "hraest Through a 2-incli ring, will equal 182 cubic feet. Through a 2}-inch ring, will equal 170 cubic feet. CONCRETE FLOORS AND ROOFS roJfs'shoHH'K '" ^°""' P^^-^--^^. roof-gardens or roofs, should be made m the proportion of one part AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 89 Portland cement, four parts of broken bricks, slag or other porous afjgregatc. and should be small enough to pass through a i-i„ch ring; but no sand should be used iMne ashes from the smith's forge make the best ma er.al for th.s purpose, but it should not exceed in bulk o„e-th,rd of the whole mass. The concrete should be ia,d ,H position gradually and continuously, until (he whole work is done, and should be tamped concurrently as laid in place. Concrete under boarded floors ti e or brick pavements should be as above described, but m the proportion of one part Portland cement to five parts of aggregate, which, after being hrown ,n place, should be leveled off n.cely and tariiped down with a wooden pounder until it becomes pulpy and the "fat" or cement portion is brought to the surface, when it should be floated or finished to a hne smooth face with a wooden float. PRICES FOR CONCRETE FLOORS AND ROOFS Concrete floor, as l.eforc described. 4 inches thick. laid complete, per yard, super. . . jj on Concrete roofs, per yard .super. .. " j qq Add for each inch in thickness above 4 inches 18 Add If surface is finished with granite siftings', i nidi tliick Add to floors or roofs, when the under side is oxposed and rendered fair with lime putty for Innewhiting -„ Concrete bed under wooden floors, ground level" as described, 4 inches thick. ' i nrt Chases left in floors or roofs for expansion by ""sertn.g battens, including u.se of same fixing and removing, and filling up cax itv with con- rrete, and making good surface after remov- ing battens, per foot run .... ^S Forming channels in concrete floors or roof.s not ' exceedmg 6-inch girth, per foot run. ij 90 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Extra to forming 4-inrh projection to 6-inrh flat concrete roof, and tl.roating on under side, per foot run To these figures add for lioisting every 10 feet in height, after the first 10 feet, per yard super .10 .05 "'"'''^'KnnT'iS.c''^ TRENCHES. DRAINAGE. FOOTINGS AND SIMILAR WORK As before stated, the prices given in this work are not to be considered good for all time. The prices given to-day will be found cjuite unreliable in a month or two, ' r when applied to another locality The pnces, however, I do affix to the work specifie' measured Torn outer face of br.ck work to side of trench by the depth Pri: T:r\ "•' '^^^^^ *^'"^ ^^°- ^-^-' excavft on Pr ced b.lls do not help the young estimator much To take two or three priced bills of quantities for the same budding will reveal extraordinary differences tau .ties of the contractor, his nearness to the work 1 al:: of '" n'"^^^ P''^"^ ^"^ ^^^ff °f workmen o; IS a man of small capital without resources; the prices t\77i ^"-^^'^^^^'^ ''' -^-^^e is pr;pared'w th the aid of drawings or specifications, or simply from a b 1 of quantities, from the items of a day or'm^easuTed account. A man may be an expert quantity taker who has not mastered the fundament ellments'^of '"0^; the two processes are different. The expert in pricfs' be a man naturally addicted to study and com". ni 94 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR pare values, to analyze the composition of items- he must be able to arrive at a price by a calculation in detail. A mind so trained will be able to trace analo- f(ous conditions, will be able to generalize and com- pare. We should recommend the young estimator to master the contents of every trade Tst of materials and goods, and these sho,' be kept, classified and indexed, on some sys' ror easy reference. The trade and cash discou a, railway rates, cost nrices etc should be collected and indexed for reference and for this purpose an alphabetical index or common- place book ought to be kept. A book for each trade should be kept to enter prices, data, a^ 'nformation, always giving date. Note especially the ...ne expended on every kind of labor, as, for example, the time taken by a laborer in digging a yard cube of clay or other material, how many yards he can do in a day ^he time It will take a joiner to frame a door of a certain thickness per foot super., or the time it takes to do any unit of work. Large quantities of material, like sand or ballast or bricks, can be procured at a cheaper rate than small supplies, and a difference of at least 10 per cent in the cost may be made; but in every particuar instance it is better to make inquiries and obtain quotations from reputable dealers and contractors. The presence of sand on the site will often save much carting away, as the sand and ballast can be used for concrete and brick work, and before pricing items ot excavation inquiries should be made as to the depth of the sand below the ground level All above the sand has* to be carted away; it may be half or two- thirds of the whole depth excavated. When sand • occurs in the trenches and site considerable saving is AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 95 ascmamcd befcre prK,,,^,. so tl,,„ ,,„ allowance can be made. Thus. ,„ ,re„chts say halt full of g„„d sand ;;i'::'brL,:/L;'r"'ir".i"'""^'-^"""''i ''.■s.inc, .aiu. Tber-i sbou 1° j; .liraVio'.'::: .'!::ro:irb;.:'i:^:'a;sX^-7«-"--^^^^^^^^ At Fig. A, I show a section of i sif.. fk.f is shown to be re- moved and terraced in front of the house. This will give some idea of the proper method to figure on excavating of that kind and how the material may be dis- posed of. Before proceeding may not be out of place few examples of deep for drainage or other purposes, cut in various sorts of ground, and 96 HODGSON'S KSTIMATOR the methods employed of holding the backs or sides of trench in place until the work is completed. Fig. 1 shows a trench, 3 feet (» inches deep and 3 feet wide, that is prevented from cav- ing in by the use of cross sf ruts and planks placed at a distance of about G feet. This trench is supposed to be dug in good solid ground. These struts and planking will require about 10 feet of material for every G feet in length of the trench, and about one-half hour's time Fig. 2 in putting in place and preparing stuff. Fig. 2 shows a "heading" for good ground. This, it will be noticed, is sheet- piled on top and two sides. These tim- bers must be sized to suit the size of cut- ting, and character of ground; so price must be gauged ac- cordingly. Cost per running foot, about 65 cents. Fig. 3 shows an- other heading. This is for very bad ground, and is supposed to be made AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 97 very strong. This is an expensive affair; but .he niater.a s for use in the framework, when carefully removed, may be used a.^ain for the same o sTmHa^ purposes This style would cost about »l.5o pi Z a method of shoving a ditchorirench for loose earth. This may be built with the sheet piling in two lengths. shown. The cost of tl style of shoving would considerable and depen somewhat on the depth cutting. Supposing this be about (J feet deep, tl cost would be from 75 to i cents per running foot, whic would, of course, incluc both sides and cost of plan! ing and poles. Some allowance would have to be be used agam for a s.m.Iar purpose. The prices given do no MK-lude digging or removing the loose earth but s.mply the shoving and the material used bui laXi^lT^lIl'lr^ ^^''^^ ^^^ '-^^^^^^ The trench shown at Fig. 5 differs from those previ- ou.!y shown inasmuch as this exhibits a trench with slop.ng or .nclined sides. This is arranged foT a NCS MCS 98 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR trench cJuj,' m loose or treacherous ground, and if made about i; feet deep the labor and materials required to complete the shovin- u„iild cost, in round numbers, i»ii»»* Fig. 6 $1.00 per running foot, including the removing of planking and polin;,' of the work when com- pleted. The illustration shown at Fig. G exhibits a method of sheet pilin"' for a deep cutting in bad ( AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 99 or loose ground. This i, an expensive necessity wher- as 't ^verc of shoring and an extra widening of th^ "e in h t J°'. ^''' ^''^^^ P'""^ '' «^ P'-'^ two o three mches thick, .s may be required, and each ,.-n.u ■s pointed at one end and is driven into the soi' bottom of the wide trench as shown, and Is d and made secure, after which the lower trench i. .xcv Tl.'s .tyleof planking and securing the work is very trf"?:' ^"f.^^'^V"- --' be figured out f;^ "tsclf. the cost depending largely on depth and width of trench and quality of earth to be supported I have known of such work as described costing «. 5o per -nn.ngfoot for labor and materials for the p rpo'" the trench being about U feet deep on an aver"^ This was exclusive of digging and r^noving the afth from the trench. Under the circumstance', t wo d be folly to give any stated pr" for this work A„ ng on the particular wo.k- to be uone, and it is always the surest way. n case^ 'iL^ fj,^ . " '" '♦'^^ys mak*. n« .11 "f^^J*^^ the one under notice 10 rnake no alowmce for , .'urned material, for. when ny'othe ' ""*^'' " ' "" '^^^^ ^"^ ""le va ue for any other purpose. A FEW THINGS WORTH KNOWING RHGARDING EXCAVATING The following items should aid the estimator in NatZ'T P"r-'"' "^^"^'"^ ^- ^P-«. etc Natural slopes (with horizontal line): Chalk .... eco Hubble. X Moist sand oo r)ry sand . . ZZ Vegetable earth' .. ; os Shingle f^ Compact earth .50 Well drained ciay ' 4R. Wet clay .. j- Loo.se peat JV^ Firm peat . . 45 100 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Height of perpendicular face which .arious soils will retain for a short time without failing: f'''^,, 9 ft. to 12ft. Drained loam ^^^^ ^ ^^ Ordinary earth 2 ft. to 3 ft. Dry sand or gravel j ft j^, 3 ft. In trimming banks for a permanent surface the slope should not be uniform, but flatter at the lower than the upper part. For instance, in the same soil (clay) a bank 5 feet high may stand at a slope of l^o 1; eet h.gh, 2 to 1; 20 feet high, 3 to 1. with prac- tically the same permanency. The most economical section for a deep cutting or hillside would be a slope ranging from 3 to 1 at bottom to ^ lo 1 at the ton Equivalents of slopes: } to 1=63' 30' i to 1=53 1 to 1=45' IJ to 1=31 40' IJ to 1=33 42' IJ to 1=29^ 44' 2 to 1=26' 44' 3 to l=ls' 25' 4 to 1=14 12' Increased volume of earth in embankment over the same unmoved: Sravel.. ) more. | Clay. .. . j ^^^e. Chalk...... ■.■.'.■;.■. V.V.Y '. I L**'-Ke™'^k8 J " A usual allowance for settlement is one inch for every foot of height, but the settlement is sometimes as great as 3 inches per foot. A good excavator will dig and throw into a barrow in a day of ten hours: In common ground r o ^ ,,, ■ T„ «fiff 1 r from S to 10 cub. yd. In stiff clay or firm gravel .. ^ ^^ g .. In hard ground (picking required) " 3 to 5 •< In excavating, a vertical throw is taken at <\ feet, and when a trench exceeds that depth, stages mu.t be pro- AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE ,oi vided. In practice, stages are usually set at somewhat closer intervals. Clay invariably swells on exposure of the face in an excavation, and allowance must be made for this in certain works, as in well-digging and tunneling. In calculatmg the quantity of excavation in a trench which tapers in depth or width, the prismoidal formula should be used, v,z., area of two ends plus four times middle area, and the total multiplied by one-sixth of the length. For an irregular site take spot levels, join all up into triangles, then multiply the mean depth of each tri- angle by Its area. A run is a certain distance for wheeling excavated material. With a length of one run, two Lr'rcan cnr^T r?l "^''^T ''"'''"^- ^^"^ ''-•"gth Of a run is commonly taken to be 20 yards, but according to some IS only 18 yards, while in some districts 22 yards ^allowed, and in U. S. government work 25 yards make one run. If ^-heeled more than three runs, a higher proportionate price has to be paid. WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS 54 cubic feet = 1 double load 21 cubic feet of -i ver .sa„d (as filled into carts) weigh 1 ton 22 cubic feet of p.t sand (a« filled into cart«) .. ^"• ^2 cubic feet of common ballast .... 23 cubic feet of coarse gravel 24 cubic feet of clean shingle 28 cubic feet of stiff clay 28 cubic feet of marl 29 cubic feet of chalk (in lump) '..'.'.'.', 33 cubic feet of earth (niouldl A tip cart will hold about i yard cube 102 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR v. n !! 'I A wl.oelharrow pontains ,V yard rul>o. A small earth waRon ^^ 11 hold l J ,.„|,i<. yards A large earth wagon will hold 3 cubic vards ' '"'ifeJote'r^ ■•""'^ T'' "■■ ^'■"^"' ^"""'"'"^ 27 striked bushels Lefore digging, and 27 heaped hushels when dug 49 square yards = 1 rood of surface digging in country. J have shown some of these tables in different forms .n order to meet the several local customs of dealing wi h the same conditions; a method which, I think w.Il g.ye this little work wider range than it would otherwise have. I now offer some short rules on excavating that may sometimes be found handy: wi^ ^"I'f " loconiotive s'team crane excavator, fitted w. h a l^yard cube digging bucket, will excavate and deliver into wagons from SOO to 1,000 cubic yards per day of 10 working hours according to the nature of the ground. Work in trenches costs 20 to 30 percent more than diggmg over areas where the labor is not cramped rhe SOI IS merely deposited at a sate distance (of say ^ fee ) from the edge of the trench, from whence it is wheeled or carted away. Take common ground, a man would here be able to manage only 8 yards ctibe >n one day, as there is a limited space to work in and he so, has to be pitched out one "throw." Earth that IS loose enough to shovel out without using the p.ck, and where only one "throw" is required, may be emoved or about U cents per yard cubic, or for less, uhere a plow and scraper can be employed. With the a.d ot plow and scraper, earth may be removed any- Tard Tn T A"' ^'"^^ ^"^ ^^°"^ '' ^^"^^ P- cubic yard. If loaded m carts or wagons, 't will cost from 20 to .1.. cents p,,r yard. Very hard clay, gravel or hard- • • I AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 103 pan may cost from 40 cents to gl.OO a yard to remove Kock will cost from Sl.oo to S5.00 to remove, depend- >ng on the kind of rock. Old foundations, when stone brick, old timber and lath, etc., are buried in mortar and other debris, will cost from 5() cents to $:i 00 to r'-move a cubic yard from the ^rround to a distance not exceeding 100 yards. This includes digging, loading i;hopping and unloading. SOME ROUGH APPROXIMATE PRICES Digging in ordinary soil.s, not more than G feet in depth, per eui)ie yard $0 18 Ditto, above 6 feet in depth, and not exeeeding 10 feet, per cubic yard .>) Ditto, above 10 feet and not exceeding 14 feet in depth, per cubic yard 05 In hf-avy soils, allow extra, per cubic yard 05 Preparing for foin>dations, including fiHing in and rannning, per cubic yard 25 Reducing the ground to tiie re' barrows, 20 yards run, or less „„ Ditto, for every other 20 yards, or part of a'run beyond the first 20 yards q^ Carting and shooting, or delivering dittoi not exceeding 1 mile -, Ditto, for every additional mile or part of a mile . . '25 (Tolls if any, to be charged ) Calculate wells, not exceeding S feet in depth, at pt^r foot run— i.e., on the depth. Digging and staining dry, in half a brick 4 feet 6 inches in diameter. . 9 ^, Ditto, 5 feet .3 inches... ., , , ^ . 40 While the foregoing on "excavating" does not cover the whole ground, sufficient has been advanced to enable the estimator to get a good idea of the require- 104 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR ments to make a tolerably fair estimate of the cost of u7 Tltr^Y '' ""^ '' ^^"^'^ "P- ^« "Jure up. As I have before stated, the thing in estimaiinL' o .nsure fa.rly correct results is "sound judX"' added to exper.ence. The rules and methodl pub- shed .n th.s and other work, on estimating are simply the tools with which the estimator works If he7,e a good Ob; ,f not. no matter how good the tools may feel hL ;? "^" ''"" "P '^^^' "'^ ^he contractor w 1 1 LAVING DRAIN PIPES, WEEPING TILES, ETC. The size of drains are determined by the'quantitv of sewage^ be conveyed and the velocity of /hcsX How. No house dram should, however, be less thtn 4 nches • d.ameter. They should be la d in pefec' ^ DoTn'f h " "'^' ^" ^•^"" ^-^'-' f-- point o beng^rh.-n""""^""'^'^"^ or changes of d'ir.c ion be.ng w.thm convenient mspeciion chambers or man- per m.nute) when flowing f'u.l. so^Lt th^y^'n^^t elf-cleansmg when only a normal quantity of sevva^e 's passing through them. sewage The quantity of sewage and waste wif.T tr. i sr« ';?"■ ''^""''"''- '- =" p- oses"::L';„t; :t 1 f° ^^"°"= ?"-•■■ P"»on per U hours. The drain should be large enough to remove one-half the esri JS I- me district, the average annual rainfall for AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 105 which can be ascertained. Rain-water drains must be sufficiently large to conveniently remove the whole of ihe water which may be expe<-^ed to fall during the prevalence of a heavy storm. The average ramfall from roofs in this country may be taken at 16 inches per annum, after allow^-^g for loss by evaporation, ibsorption, etc. Provision should be made for removing rainfall per hour as follows: From roofs (measured horizontally) 75 inches In depth. t com paved surfaces 75 „ From gravel surfaced 4 <• From meadows or grass plots l " For ordinary houses, drain? having 4-inch branches and G-inch mains are generally sufficient. Villas and larfje houses usually require larger mains but pipts of the smallest size which may be considered adequate should be used, as being more self-cleansing than larger pipes. An easy rule to remember for the purpose of deter- mining the gradients of drains so as to secure good, self-cleansing velocities for the sew?ge, is the follow- ing well-known -decimal .u!e." Multiply the diam- eter of the pipe by IC, md the result gives the gradient for the drain, viz.: Diameter of Drain. g^^jj^^j ^, ^^^ f '"'='>«« lin 40 J .. lin 60 '"^ lin 120 The maximum velocity and discharge of sewage from ordinary drain pipes (i. e., when running nearly full) as calculated by the Etyelivein formula is as follows, viz.: ^TT»**lrafflBBic» io6 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Diameter of Pipe. Inches. Tall. Keet. 1 ill 40 i in 50 I in 60 1-'. in 60 in 70 III 80 in 90 II) 100 111 110 in 120 in 150 1 n 200 Maximiini Vflocity per Miiiiile. Feet. 2S1 254 232 2S7 265 249 284 270 257 285 255 221 Maxi im Uischarse )>er Minute. Ciallon.s. 146 131 120 328 , 303 284 742 705 670 1318 1177 1021 Generally a ,Xi,v„^ V 7,""" ""'" '"' '"'■■'<''■ 180 feet tr „,i, u^.Tl V '""' ^" '"=""'' C^" '<> nary du,ra„T ' . ' '" "''''" "'»' ""= °""- ni>.s, be allowed 7 Th , ""'°T'' '" ' ''''■'" '™^- jncon ., :--:;- disturbed. • """"'■■■■ ""^>' "'" '•'"^'y '" be Drains should be keni is fnr . buildings so thif ,h ''■'^' ^' P^'^''^''-' f^o"! injured or dIurtM '"''" '"' ^""^^ "'''>' "^' ^e By this n ea ' risk'of'T "''^■""^"' "' ''^ ^^•^"^■ trating within .hM r "'''''^'" ""^ ''''''''' ""''' ^^''^■ ng uithm the bu.ld.nys ,s mmimized. For similar AND CONTRACTORS GUID^ ,07 reasons the drains should not pass under houses except when absolutely unavoidable, and in such circum- stances heavy cast iron pipes with caulked lead joints should be used. An unyielding bed on which to lay the drains is necessary to ensure sound and permanent work A layer of concrete should therefore be provided under the pipes, unless the ground is nacurallv very hard and compact. Branch drains should not join the main or collect nu drauis w>th level inverts. The junction should be ettected w.thm an inspection chamber or manhole, aiid the branch channels arranged to discharge over the channel of the main drain. Care should be taken that the branch channels are placed so that they do not discharge immediately opposite each other when entering the main channel. Stable drainage should be kept separate from the house drainage in all cases where practicable Covers to inspection chambers should have a clear opening of U by 18 inches, so that a man may con- veniently pass through them. The materials of which drain-pipes are made varies considerably in different localities. Well-burnt stone- ware pipes of good quality are thoroughly vitrified, and when broken present a fine close grain with a somewhat metallic appearance. Fire-clay pipes do not absorbent than stoneware pipes. Earthenware pipes are quite unsuited for use in house drainage Stoneware drain-pipes should be of the description known as "salt-glazed," so as to obtain an imper^io s and lasting surface. For ordin-ry house drainage pur- poses the pipes are usually ma. e in 2-foot lengths io8 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Specially selected and tested stoneware pipes in a ith :;.? -^ "f '^' °'^^'"'^'' ^^^"^ n.anufacture:s a slight additional cost over ordinarv pipes. "Tested" •^'flitheTd''^ r^^^'r^--^^^tandl^.'a pressur^ f Neat P .? T"' ""''°"' ^'^°^'"^' ^'^^"^ «f -^'--^fing- Neat lortlandcementis generaliy used for jointiiv. ord nary spigot and socket pipes, or cement and sand sani P'°P"^''""^ °f «-' P^^^ -^-•'"-t to one part Cement joints must be very carefully formed and wpcd out as the work proceeds, so as L avoid bur^ on the inside of pipes. sevtal'^-irr"''' % "'^'"""'^ '^^ ''^^"P''"^ «- °f the made bv h r? "'""' °^ P''^^'''"' ''^''y J-'"^^ "«w made by the leading manufacturers. They are more P mt,, but the advantage of obtaining a stronger and safer connection more than counterbalances the addi- lional cost. enZTr'"''' '^.'•"'* ^'■'''"'■" ^"" ^''' be obtained by entirely surrounding the pipes with concrete. A thick- purpl '"'''^' ""^ '°"'''*'' '"' "'"^"^ ="'^'='^"t ^°^ 'his The average thickness and weight of glazed stone- ware drain-pipes per 2-foot length is as follows, viz.: Diameter of Pipe. I-ength of Socket. Thickne.s.s of Stoneware. Inches. 4 6 9 12 Inches. IJ IJ 2 2 Average Weight per 2 ft. LenKth of Pipe. Inch. i Lbs. 18 32 58 90 The cost per foot of these pipes should be obtained AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 109 from the deali-r, along with the extra cost of Wys, \ "s or other connections that may be required, before any estimate is made. If the drain-pipes are to be laid in concrete, the cost of the concrete and labor of put- tin},' it in place must also be added. The digging of trenches has been dealt with before, but in making an estmiate this item of digging and removing the soil must not be overlooked. It is not possible to give a price for work of this kind unless the size of pipes, depth of trench, if or if not bedded in cement or con- crete, etc., are given; then a price per foot in length may be arrived at. Cast iron pipes are largely used in high-class drain- age work. The cost is not much more than that of good glazed stoneware surrounded with 6 inches of concrete. The advantages obtained by the use of cast iron pipes as compared with glazed stoneware are as follows: 1. The pip(;s are of greater strength. They are consequently not so liable to become fractured or broken. 2. Air and water-tight joints can be readily made by running with molten lead and caulking. 3. Fewer joints are required, owing to the longer lengths of the pipe. For substantial work the iron pipes should be of similar thickness and strength as those used for ordi- nary water mains. They are generally laid in 9-foot lengths, with spigot and socket joints run with lead and caulked. Whenever a drain passes under or through a wall it should be of iron, then if any settlement takes place the iron will offer a much greater resistance to the consequent pressure than glazed earthen tiles would tto HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Weepmg tiles may be common field tiles, or they may be ordinary dram tiles uf small diameter. They are made use o occasionally to drain around a foundation wal or to dra.n under the concrete floors of a cellar. U hen field t.les are employed they butt at the joint^- wh.ch are not made ti«ht. as water is intended to ente; larv tile,' fh ""^' T"'- '^^' ^'■»"^' ^'^"' -'^h ordi- na y tdes. the joints bemg left loose so that water may enter at every joint. ' The cost of laying weeping tiles is very small, as a man will lay 3(, or ,0 feet per hour, but th^cost o th • t.Ie themselves must be considered. There will be no excavating for these tiles, as. in the case of a ce lar he tiles are laid on about the same level as the foun! elation; the tiles are laid on a level, and agains the ootings. Of course, the tiles in both cases must lead into the mam dram, and this may necessitate some extra digging. FOUNDATION FOOTINGS In placing footings a special rate should be made, as much more c and time is required in getting good flat s =nes of the proper thickness, and l!velin| them on their beds, than in laying an ordinary wall I^ n^y own practice I have usually charged up 50 per cent more per cord for footings than for the other por- tion of stone wall, and this additional charge has been found not a bit too much in most cases. If the foot" .n.'s are of concrete, as is generally the case now, hen tnis must be charged in accordance with the rules g.ven under the head of concrete. Concrete footing may be flat or they may have a broad base and narrow top, just wide enough to take the walls, whether of brick or stone. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE III The three illustrations shown at Fig. 7 fjive an idea ', '" ^"""'" «" rig. , give an idea «'f I"'!!, concrete and stone footings. The first is cc ,- Pig- 7 Crete having a rectangular section, or it may be inclined from the outs.de. The second is formed of five thick, nessesof dmiens.on stones drawn in towards the top This ,s intended to carry a very heavy wall. The thi d .s forned of two thicknesses of dimension stones but .s not drawn m. All three of these a. • good examples 1 f * foot ings, but they do not by any means cover the whole ground; an- other example is shown at Fig. s. jf 1 ^ 1 i Th IS IS a section and is intended to carry a high and heavy wall. The concrete is IS inches thick and fully 5 feet C inch -«w Concrete Footings. \ ■i Fig. 8 es across. In esti concrete must be figured at so much full bricl mating for this, the per cubic yard, and allowance made for wheeling and dumping Th 1< or stone work above, until the level of th ground is reached, should be charged up about cent above th 10 i-' leguiar rales. per If footings are laid m with ordinary quarried stones 112 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR without clrcss.n«. the cost will I.c ..bout $r>m a cord of 1(H) cubic fcft. .xclusivc of all materials. Cost of materials, stone and m..rtar. to be added, and if lai.l m cement the cost will he a trifl.r more. Ordinary quarried stone laid in the wall, set in irood lime mortar, is worth at the present time $.5.0(1 per cord of 100 f.et in the wall for setting. In buyintj rou^^h ! .■L'.v—v'.v;^ '"^' ^"""^'"^^ '" 'concrete ##g^^#^ and a double wall for a ^^^.o^,Z^/ portion of the height. Fig. :o There is a damp course of wall and level with th. finish'If '' '"''^ " ^ '" '^' •""'■" the cell;,r fl^ V ^"'Sh-ng cuac 01 cement, M, on C*'' 114 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR space between the walln for air and to avoid damp. Concrete is thrown in between the walls below to a thickness of 8 or 1(» inches, thus preventing any damp from attackinjr the main wall. The space between the two walls is covered over at the top with a stone slab, J, which prevents any rain or other water from gaining entrance. Here we have several new items to figure on. Extra bricks in outside wall, covering slab, concrete in air space and damp course. Figure the concrete by the yard cubic, the slab by the running foot, the extra bricks in the usual manner and the damp course same as before mentioned. We are now in a position to describe some of the methods of estimating as mentioned in previous pages, and will endeavor to do so before entering into detail* estimating. As I have stated before, there are five distinct methods of estimating, namely, by rough quantities, by the square, by the unit of accommodation, by cubing, and by itemizing details. The two latter may be considered the best methods of the five, and the last the best of all, though the most troublesome Oi the first three I will say but little, as they will be apt to lead the ordinary contractor into a maze of diffi- culties that will eventuate in loss of time and money; besides, a fairly correct description of them and the' method of using them have been already presented. It may be well, however, to make a few remarks con- cerning them. The cost of buildings is constantly changing, so it must be remembered that no matter what prices are given in this bi,uk the . siimator must in every case use his own judgment and true knowledge when mak- AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE ,15 ing up his tender, and add or deduct whatever percent- age niay be necessary to suit the fluctuations in prices cos rK"^"'''^"'''^- ^^'^'"^^ ^h'^ '-^ decade the M to 40 per cent; stone and the more elaborate build- cheaper k.nd, owing perhaps to the greater co.t of dea of the cost of a proposed btulding may be derived on. a , ,,„, the proportional cost of'the various the bril r "?• '" "'^''"'^>' ^""^^^^'^ buildings h.rH "^. ,.'"' n,asonry will represent from one- s a fr in "V': ^°^^' '^"^^' ""'-^ '^^ building ho h\ ; '" ^■'^'''^ '"'" ^'^^^ ^°°d ^"'■k. including abo and hardware, will represent about three-fifths of e total cost. The following figures show, from actual expenerce. about the average ratio of costs of the var,ous trades for the erection of brick or one dwellmgs with slate roofs. Perrentapp of Excavator and drainage """' '^"*'- Hrioklayer and mason '^'^ Slates and roofs " '^^-^ Carponter, hardware, etc '*''' Electric wiring, hells, and fitments [ ^^'1 I last«rer, stucco work, etc. Pluniiwr, heating, etc. . . ^'^ I'ainter, glazier, pajx-r hanger.' ..'.','..■',■.■ f " ».o lotal loyo ^milar tables may be constrnm-rl u ■ -rage, ratio of cos. /or ,.„:"" ,,.;r.r '"' mfm 116 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR the estimator when figuring up for buildings of a simi- ar nature. Having the total cost of one building of this kind, with the cost of each of the trades named on the same building, the rest is easy, the difference .n size and character of the two buildings being consid- ored. Th.s may be considered estimating by compari- son. If the bric. and stone work of one building costs say 10 cents per ,^ery cubic foot of the building, then the wood work will cost, according to the rule given about H cents and a fraction for a foot cubic of the whole bu.ldu.g, and the other trades in proportion as laid down. This method is rather arbitrary, and, while given here, is not supposed to be quite correct, but when properly understood will be found quite useful _ Ou the same lines I give another, which may some- times be employed in determining the cost of labor where all materials are furnished. This is a rough and ready means of making a comparison, but is pretty nearly correct and may sometimes be used to ad- vantage: Percentage to Exravator '"'*' "'^ Draiii.igp, etc Bricklaypr Ma-soii Slater or roofer Tiler • Carpenter Joiner and hardware Pliusterer Plurnl)er ' Painter Here, then, by this rule wc find that if the material for the painter cost one-third of any given amount. iti^siAi ' "iirr'Ti — ^iTMiTiirniwimTir 'ir~ IPi! ':«W3««B5jwF™^-j^-<(rf Table showing rate of Wages paid per Hour in the Rvildino Tradeb, in Twentt-nini Name of City. Buffalo, N.Y. .. Baltimore, Md. . Cliicago, 111 Cleveuiid, O . . . Columbus, U . . . Cincimnti, O . . . Denver, Col. Duhi'h, Minn. De* oit, Mich. Erie, Pa IndianapoliB, Ind. Jackaon, Mich. Kansas City, Mo.. Minneapolis, Min. MUwaukee, Wis. New York, N. Y. Newark, N. J. . . . Philadelphia, Pa. Providence, R. I. Portland, Ore. . . . Pittsburg, Pa St. Louis, Mo Scranton, Pa ... . 8. Francisco, Cal. St. Paul, Minn. Toledo, O Topeka, Kan . . Masons. 45 55 60 50 to 55 50 60 62) to 68} 45 53 45 45 to 60 50 50 to 62i 60 60 661 67} 60 46 68} 60 60 33i 75 45 to 50 Brick- layers. 65 45 Tacoma. Wash. . . , Washington, D.C. 68 56 I 50 56 60 60 to 65 55 60 62} to 68} 60 53 50 45 to 60 50 50 to 62} 65 50 65 67* 60 46 68} 60 66 50 75 50 56 55 to 62i 68} 56} Structu- ral Iron Setters. 60 43} 66} 47i to 60 40 50 50 35 35 Ornamen- tal Iron Setters. 50 52J 31} to 43} 40 50 2.50 to 3.50 p. day. 36 30 40 60 40 40 56} 60 50 47} 60 65 45 50 36 40 60 40 40 66} 40 62} 50 46 66 46} 40 40 60 50 56} 60 50 62} 65 56} 50 33} 46 40 62} 56} 40 68} 67} 60 Lathers. t2 p. M. 50 »3 to 3.75 p. day. 46 2.25 P.M. 3} to 4} p. yard. 46 43} 3c. p.y'd. "I 43 37 56 35 30 37} 37} 30 30 2}to2f per yard. 4.00 p.dy 35 46 62} 62} 76 37} 66} 30 50 66 43} 13 p. day 62} 31} 32} 66} 40 62} 37} 60 47} 50 42} 35 62} 45 3c. p. yd 37} 40 271 to S5 47} 37} t< 25 50 441 56} 43} 65 50 56 36 50 55 40 35 I 56} 50 60 62} 60 46 50 66} 55 56} 50 62} 35 to 45 .10 to 46 37} 75 .">(•)} 42} 46 66} 60 40 3.60 p.d 63} 66 44 30 to 35 44} 33} 60 60 43* 56} 46 40 43} 66} 60 62} I 21 42 31 66 44 36 41} 63} 60 44 30 to 35 46 to 60 38 60 60 a 62} 60 43} 40 66} 60 37} 66} 60 37} 31} 66} 60 08} 40 62} 46 37} 40 4^1 16 28} 26 16 26 20} 26 20 26 16} 21} 25 Gas Fittei 33} ■36' l»t 26 26 31* 21} 26 22' 20 40} 40 66} 43} to 37} 43} 63} 66 44 30 to a 30 26 80 60 37} 66} 46 42} 31} 47} 60 60 37} 40 66} 43} to 61 NOTE.-New York, water proofers, 34}c, ; bluestone eutter-., nfic. ■ hoi!«r ar.i nit.^ .-.-..,.....„ .,-„ - ■,,,^ , ,..;^ NoTE.-St. U>u..s slate roofers, 62}c. ; foremen. 87}c.: composition nx.fer8, 60.. ; ^nitoid finishers. 60c.: panitoid U "7 EKTT-KiNt Cities of thr United States. Compiwd by E. M. Cbaiq. Chicago, III.. January, 1904. •3 do IS 28i 26 15 2S 2»| 25 Gas Fittwa. 40i 40 56i 43{to50 37* 43f 63» 55 44 20 30 to 35 25 30 161 25 211 25 33i ■36' l»t 25 25 81} 25' 22* 50 60 37 a 5 35 37i 60 37} to 40 35 37» 46 42f 31* 47* 50 45 37* 36 25 to 30 30 to 37* 28 40 37* Stone Cutters. 60 37* 40 8«* 20 43* to 60 35 56* 41 40 35 •3 to 3. 75 per d»y «f 56 30 50 30 to 37* 30 to 35 30 to 37* 46 43* 50 40* 60 50 to 56* 60 60 56* 50 66* 40 45 50 62* 50 50 62* 56 60 37* 62* 50 56* 40 56* 50 50 46 60 45 Marble Cutters. 60 37* 31* to 40 31* to 60 11.50 to 2.00 per day. 12.50 to 3.00 per day. 35 40 65 Marble Setters. 50 60 50 31* to 60 11.50 to 2.00 i>erday 9P 37* 40 37* 30 35 13.00 to 4.00 per day 36 43* to 46* 50 60 41 62* 60 33* 3J * 20 to 30 46 40 65 60 45 43} to 46* 50 37* 62* 66* SO 45 62* 60 66* 431 S5 32* 25 35 26 to 28 22 £' ^ 35 30andup SO 37* 36 25 'H 46* 37* 32 25 to 30 32* to 40 1tto 37* 42* 37* 40andup 50 35 20 to 30 45 36 60 35 37* 31* t3 to 3.50 pa day 42* 46 34 43* 35 31* 35 66* 40* p. hour M p. day 35 34f 46* 31* to 37* 36 30 35 REMARKflL 17 to 20 37* 37* 35 50 46 40 31* 47* 42* 60 50 45 37* 37 1 66* 40 30 to 45 35 43* 37* to 30 50 60 40 31* 37* 50 62* SO 37* to SO 31* 60 30 to 37* m 30 25 to 30 28* to 31* 20 to 37* 31* to 37* 26 25 17 to 26 3U 22* 17* to 30 20 to 25 Slag Roofers, 28e. per hour. Planermen, 42*c. p« hour. Electrical Helpera, tl.SO to 12.50 per dur. Electrical Helpers. 15 to aOc. per hour. Electricians asking InerBaw in wages on Jan. 1, '04. Marble Setters, •S.ltO pet day. 9 hrs.. Cutters lObnT Plumbers' Apprentlcee. •} to •3 per day. Plasterer's work, 4 hrs. Sat. Laborers, tl.28 to 1.76 p.d^. 25 to 30 26 to 40* 30 36 18* to 26 t3 to 3.50 per day. 35 42* to 45 20 50 17* to 25 25 to 28 18* to 21* 25 to 28* 15* to 25 Plumbers' J^b<»«T8, l3.S0to 2.75 per day. Hoisting En- gineers, t4.00 for boun WOTk. Mason Laborers, 27 *c. p. ta. See note below. Plumbers' Laborer*. 8Se. mf hour. TUe Setters' Helpers, 2fe. par hour. Electrical Helper*. (2 toi«Mr day. See note below. ' Hototing Engineen eu. .„_ 5« hours per week for •». Laborers wwk 10 hours. Lathers and Paintcn work 8 houn per day, an other trades wcvk • hours. Electrical Helpers. II to K per day. s. 34*c. ; cement maaona, SSc ; elevator constructors 53*c. ; door layos, ST |e. ; atone aetten. 63*c. granitoid laborers. 36c.; granitoid frame setters, 40e.; (ranitoid block men. 40e. "7 After Majr 1. 180«.QS|» ^^^''-■. ^"P-^W^^/J^IWR- LlJ V> -""i.v.&- AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 1 19 the labor will cost two-thirds of the same amount to do the work; and the same method may be applied to other trades. The figures must be filled in to suit the current prices. The average wag<>s paid, at this writing, March, l'»f|4, according to E. M. Craig, Secretary of the Huilding Contractors' Council, Chicago, 111., in 29 leading cities in the United States, are given in the foregoing table. The rates given are in cents per hour, with a few exceptions, which are given in days of nine hours each. This table will aid materially in determining the cost of work in and about the cities named. In estimating by "rough quantities." the amount of materials and workmanship are first ascertained from the drawings and specifications in a broad an ' com- prehensive manner, the work being concentrated as much as possible, and the whole dealt with as shown in the previous paragraphs as this method, which see. Estimating by the square has been discussed before, but it may be briefly referred to again, as this method is quite common in some localities. This method is recommended by some authorities as being superior to cubing, as it gives a better idea as to the character of work and quality of materials, though, I must confess, I do not see where the advantages come in, for the expert "cuber" must take both those con- ditions into consideration when deciding on his "con- stant" for the cost per foot cubic of the building being estimated upon. In addition to what has been said on this method, I add the following: "The mode is to take the constructional shell only, pricing it at so much per square; walls, for instance, are taken according to their thickness and manner of finishing, 120 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR whether they be wood, brick or stone. This must iiicuide all excavating, concreting, plastering, painting and paperhanging. The floors must inchide all joists, bridging, ceilings and ornamentations of all kinds. The roofs include ail that is reiiuired to complete them, as shown on plans and described in specifica- tions, and are measured on the slope of the rafter; and all the other work, partitions, stairways, and every- thing in the building, must be treated in like manner, and all reduced to S(juares of loO feet super. A price is then placed on each, and the whole added together. Such a system of superficial measurement certainly has some advantages, and should be fairly satisfactory, as it takes into account the materials and labor in a fairly exact manner and form. Of course, as before stated, a special list of prices must be compiled for each set of squares, the outside walls having one price per square, the floors another, and so on until the whole of the surfaces have been priced per square. It will be seen that care and discrimination are requisite for estimating by this method or serious errors will occur. As an example of this method of estimating I submit the following, which is for a balloon frame building put up in the usual manner, and for conven- ience a space in the building is taken for a basis of 20 X 20 feet, making four squares. This basis may be taken for any portion of the work, i. e., walls, roofs, floors, etc. The studding employed is 2x4 inch, sized on one side and one edge. The studding is placed 16 inches from centers and covered with dressed and matched boarding. Building paper is next laid on, and then first or second clear siding is usj-d. Plates are included in the cost and are put on double thickness. ^^i T^yfm^ScE^J^MJMS^i AND CONTRACTORS GUIDE 121 ANALYSIS OK OUTSIDE WALLS 19 piopps, 2x4 incli, •_'() feet loiij;^247 feet, iit *-" [XT M '1 4 04 4(H) feet dressed and iiiatclied feiiciiiji, at §_'."».()() 1 1 (',5 47') feet siding, at •?:}() 14 . 25 J 1 pounds n." ' r^^^ 30 j)OUnds J, t 2 J ecu Is per pouml 75 FraniinK an. _ .;; in place 247 feet of seantlinR, at $S per M 1 (,>^ Laying 4 stpiares of flooring, at '>') cents per sipiare 2.00 Laying 4 s.iuares of siding, at $1.12* per scuiarc. . 4.50 Laying 4 s.piares, at 12J cents per sijuare 5() $41.07 DividinjT this sum by 4 gives the price of a single square, Sl(t.-^7. The analysis of cost of four S(]uares of roofing, the rafters being 2x4 inch scantling, set 2 feet between centers, covered with dressed and matched fencing, and the best quality of cedar shingles laid 4>^ inches to the weather, is as follows: ANALYSIS OF ROOF WORK 12 scantlings, 2 x 4, 20 feet long— 150 fe'-t, at $20 l^fM $3.12 466 matched (feet) hoarding, at $25 per M 11 .65 3i M. shingle.s, at $3 per M jq.oO 10 pounds nails, 3d go 14 pounds nails, 8d and lOd 39 Framing and putting in place 156 feet 2x4 scant- ling, at $8 per M j 25 4 squares of roof hoarding, at 50 cents per square . . 2 . 00 4 squares of shingling, at $1.25 per square 5.00 Staging g3 $34 . .58 This sum in turn, divided by 4. gives as the cost of a shingle square, gS (J4>^. 122 HODGSON'S ESTLMATOR The followinfr is an analysis of cost of four squares of flooring, laid on joists i y H inches, the flooring being selected from No. 1 fencing, and the joists being placed IC inches between centers. Allowance is made for doubling where necessary. ANALYSIS OF FLOORING 17 joists, 2.x S inche.s, 20 foet IonK-.1.59 feet, at S20 p«>r .VI « () I s 460 feet pi flooriiiR, at $.{0 per .M . i', ny 5 feet of 1 X 2 inel. l.ri.lKinK. at 2 eer.t.s. .' . .' ' 30 10 rwuiids of S(l roiiimoii nails o 3 pounds spikes "' ' Laying 4 sguares of flooring, at 50 rents per square 2' 00 !• ranunK 4.59 feet of joists, at $.5 per square . ' o " Bndguig "; * ■ ■ ■■ - -^ $28.frl Dividing this amount by 4, as in the previous cases, gives S:.18>^ as the cost of one square of flooring It may be remarked in this connection that these figures are based upon present prices in Chicago. The following is an analysis of the cost of an inside door, 2 feet 8 inches by (J feet 10 inches, m inches thick, cased and finished complete except the one item of painting: ANALYSIS OF COST OF DOOR Frame, 2-set nusing and Rtoi)s «o m 18 feet of nioldiuK, 2i inches .... '" ' X^ 1 threshold, hardwood 7% 1 first quality door, size .a.s given alio ve .' , .' 1 " 95 3 J-nich mortised lock, bronze face, bolts and strikl ' mg plate „ Porcelain knobs, plated roses and eseutclieons 40 1 pair of Si Japan butts and screws . . ' ' 'o^ Setting frame ^'^ Ca,sting up, 2 sides 2n Putting down threshold . . ,= Molding 1 side " ' ■ ^^ Fitting, hanging and trimming door . . . .' .' ,' ' ," ,' ' ' ' 75 $7.41 t^r- AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 123 The fDllowing is an analysis of cost of a foiir-light window, with sash 14 x ;J0 inches, 1^ inches thick, check-rail, the window set, cased and finished com- plete: ANALYSIS OF COST OF WINDOW Window frame propflred for wciglits 12. 15 Sash xlazod 2 in 2() feet 2jl-iii(h molding 3q 25 fcft iii.sidc cane and window sill 75 28 |)oiind.s of saali weights 5g Sasli cords .0 Grounds for plastering and putting on 30 Setting frame 2o Casting up 'gg Fitting sash ig Nails ,Q Sash locks oc _ .iii Puttmg on sash locks 10 17.74 This example gives the key to the method of esti- mating by the square, also how to estimate the cost of a door or window in place. The prices given may not be correct for any other place but Chicago, and even then the prices may differ in each ward; so the estimator must in this, as in all other cases, be sure of his prices before closing his tender. I have known the prices for door and wmdow frames vary as much as 30 per cent in fac- tories not a quarter of a mile apart. Later on I will give other examples of estimating by analysis. ESTIMATING BY UNITS OF ACCOMMODATION This method of estimating does very well for certain descriptions o* buildings, such as churches, schools, prisons, hospitals, asylums, stables, and buildings of a 124 HODGSON'S KSTI MAJOR similar kind, l)ut apart from these it has no val ic, and its value in the cases mentioned is not by any means a fij»«d factor. The system is based on the known cost of biiil five years. I have add c. 10 Mr. Ki.- er's list a few others, but as I have bee . j -.able to g..t the most prominent build- ings that hav -,• on crect^-d within the last few years, this table is not complete up to date, so far, at leasti as the cost per cubic foot of the more recent buildings is not included. TABLE SHOWING DATE OF CONSTRUCTION AND COST PER CUUIC FOOT Date 1882 1883 18S;? 18.S4 18S4 I880 1887 1887 188S 188!) 1891 1891 1891 Cubic contents 1879CVntral Mu.sic Hall, Haiidolpli and State Sts 1881 Horden iilock, Offices, Itandolpli and Doarhorn Sts ,00, I!"""""'' "^ '^' '^""^«' F"Pt'y. Superior' St icoolJ '■".V""""'!> ,* '^""^'" '■"••*'■''>'. Huron St.. 188J L. Kosenfeld, Store.s and Flats, Wasli- nigton and Hal.sted Sts Hammond Lihrarv, A.shland Ave \\ riglit & r.awtlier, Oil-miU, Polk St. H. Knisely, Stores and Flats, MadisonSt .•\. Knisely, Factory, West Monroe St. . J. W. Scovillc, Factory, Desplaines St. ^loii leniple, Synagogue, Ogden Ave Auditornim Huilding, Congress St Standard Club-jiou.se, Michigan Ave. .\.Loeb & Hro., Warehouse, Michijian St Jewish Training Sdiool, Judd St A. Loel, i<: Mro., Flats, Randolph and Elizabeth St.- Meyer Building, Store, Franklin and Van Buren Sts J. W. Oakley, Warehouse, La Salle and Michigan Sts Cost per cubic foot 1,248,000 840,000 1,219,200 565,(K)0 14.4 cts 14.9 " 5.4 " 6.2 " Schiller Building,' Randol|,:: St. 1891 189:j|Sto(k Exchange Building,^ La Salle and I " iisliinglon Sts 88.5,456 10.7 18.3, .300 19.0 520,000 6.8 138,320 11.2 1,412,640 6.1 697,0(X) 6.4 478,400 7.9 9,128,744 .36 916,917 12.9 123 ,.300 12.9 447,854 10.0 499,531 2,099,700 1,390,313 2,433,440 3,493 ,.500 10.4 9.6 6.9 30.8 33.2 Note: ' Sometimes called the German Theatre, 17 stories skoleton construction, faced with terra-cotta. Rich marble work' In^^atre o.cwpir,. about 4 >iories. Office.s above. ' 13 stories, flat root, skeleton construction, rich terra-cotta facing. 128 1886 ! HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Cost per cubic foot The Uookcry Huililiiif;, Chicago, III., Rurii- liaiii it Hoot, Architects 32 cts. Monadnock Ikiildiug, Ciiicago, lUiriiliatii & Root and Hollahird & Hoche, Architects 42i " Hialto Huihliiig, Chicago, Burnliain & l{oot. Architects 27 " Masonic Temple, Ciiicago, Huridiani & Root, Arcliitects 58 " Chamber of Commerce Huihiing, Hoston, Mass 29 " New I-^nghind I-if(> Insurance IJuilding, Boston, Mass 60 " Tiie Hemmenway Building, Boston, Mass. . . 43 " Ten Story Office liuilding. New York City. . 60 " lioard of Trade Building, Montreal 20 " Ten Story Office Building, Xew York City. . . 50 " Seven Story Office Building, New York City. 37 " Six Story Office Building, New York City. . . 26 " A similar building, one front 24 " Two Four Story Office Buildings, one front, New York City 47 " Herald liuilding. New York City 46 " ChamIxT of Commerce, ( mcinnati 26 " Wainwrigiit Building, St. Louis, Mo 24 J " Union Trust Building, St. Louis, Mo 27 J " E(iuitat)Ie Life Insurance Building, Denver, Colo 42 " Ernst it Cramer Building, Denver, Colo 17 " Ma.sonic Temple, Denver, Colo 19 " Crocker Building, San Francisco, Cal 63 " Kndicott Buikling, St. Paul, Miim 29 " Four Story Office Building, Rhode Island. . . 38 " Three Story Office Building, Cotmecticut.. . . 50 " Tliree Story Block, Denver, Colo 8J " Fourteen Story Hotel, New York City 44 " Brown-Palace Hotel, Denver, Colo 30 " Denver Athletic Club liuilding, Denver, Colo. 18 " I)eri\-er Clul) Building, Denver, Colo 24 " Public Library, New London, Comi 36J " How.Mnl Meinoria! Librarv. New Orlean.s. ... 44 " Public Library, Toronto, Out 22 " >\'W^mnmjff% •' AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE ug Fire-Proof Hospital Ruilding, Xew York 40 ots. Six Story Ho.spitiil Huildiiig, Xcw York 32 " Hill Thcf Vfrical ScMiiiiiary, St. Paul, Minn. . . 11 " Wiiifratc 1. ill, St; . CoIloRc, Owiio, Me 10 " Graniniar Scliool miildiii-:, Denver, Colo. ... <»J " Grace M. K. Clnireli, Caiiilirid^report, Ma.ss. . SJ " riirist M. K. Clmreli, Denver, ("olo 20 " City DwelliiiKs (of brick) in Chicajro 17 to 20 " City Dwellings (of wood), Kasteni towns. ... 11 " P'irst-class Stone Homes in Denver, Colo. ... 27 " Brick Houses, Mo(icrn Improvements M " Cheap Prick Hou.ses, S-roomed, almut 10 " Cheap Wooden Houses, ,S-roonied, ahout .... 7J " "Veneered" Houses, Two-story S " RoUKh-cast Cottages, First Class fij " RouRh-cast Cottasres, Second Class 5| " RouKh Wooden Sheds, Parns, Stables, etc. 3} to 5 " From the foregoing table the average cost of build- ings of any description may be approximately deter- mined. The highest figures shown are those for the Crocker building of San Francisco, Cal., the cost per cubic ft :.t being (i:5 cents; the lowest amounts given being for rough wooden sheds, barns, etc., which are put down at from ;5>^ to 5 cents per cubic foot. These last figures seem a little large for the kind of work mentioned, but they are handed me by a builder who has had a large e.xperience in these kinds of buildings. While the foregoing deals altogether with the cubic foot, the same principle may be applied to yards or perches or any other fixed dimensions, and as an example I give herewith a table of miscellaneous mat- ters that will be found very useful when estimating: TABLE SHOWING PRICES OK WORK OF VARIOUS KINDS Spruce lumlior per U. in place on roof or floor $25.00 H. P. per .M. matched, nailed and finished on roof or floor 35 QO 130 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR 5.00 it 7.00 2 00 il 5.00 3.2") t< 5 20 9.75 a 13.00 7.20 " 10.00 4 50 COO .28 .38 4.00 7.50 5.50 800 175 2.25 .25 .30 .50 .52 H. P. per M. matcliod rafters and joi.st.s fini.sheil on roof or floor $30.00 Slate roof, no hoarding, per square, from S7.25 to 12 50 Slag and gravel roof, no hoarding. . . " Composition roof, no hoarding, per square " Wood sjiingle roof, no hoarding, per square " Tin roof, with hoards, per square .... " Corrugated iron roof, no Ijoarding, per square " Steel stamped sliingles, no hoarding, {KT square " Common hriek work, per cuhie foot . . " Puhlie r asonry, per euhie yard " Conerete, per cuhie yard " Cut stone pier caps, p<>r cuhie foot . . " Piles driven in place, per lin. foot ... " Eartli excavation, per eul)ic yard. . . " Steel truss a/ul column frame in place 48|c. per lb Steel beams in place and secured in place 3|r per Ih Plain castings in Sit ojp' p^^ Ib^ Corrugated iron No. 22 gauge, in place, per super foot .07i Galvanized iron flasliings, jK-r square foot \l' Door frame and doors, finished, per square foot ,52 Window frames and windows, per square foot .'il Sash, glazed and painted, per square f°°^ from fO.16 to $0.2'; Gutter and conductor pipes, per lin. foot " Wood stairs, 3 feet wide, straiglit, per step " Iron stairs, 3 feet wide, .straight, per step «< Steel .shutters, rolling, per square foot. " Louvres, fixed, per square foot " Louvres, movai)le, per square foot . . " Sheet iro!i doors and shutters, per squ.nre foot " Skylights, J-inch gla.ss, per square ft. " .25 ft .30 3.00 H 3.25 7.00 It 10.00 .50 II .55 .45 It .55 .70 it .80 .35 It .45 .20 .30 x^^, AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 131 Skylights, white glass, per square ft. from $0.18 to $0.20 Pipe railings, per foot in length " .45" 55 Ventilators, round, per foot in length. " 4..50 " 10.50 Metal cornice, per lineal foot " .12 " .30 It may be useful to my readers to know in a general way the cost per cubic foot of a few buildings other than those already given, and to this end the following are presented: Public abattoirs, brick, per cubic foot.from $0.14 to $0.16 Small cottages, brick, per cubic foot. " .13 " .17 Country court houses, brick, per cubic foot ir foot . from 10.00 io $0.12 Stores, dry poods, wood, per ciii.ic foot " .13" .15 Stores, dry poods, hrii-k, per (Millie foot "' .1') ' .17 Stores, dry goods, first-class fiiiisii, hriek, per eiitiie foot " .20 " .28 Stores, dry poods, .seeoiid-cla.ss fiiiisli, tirick, per cuiiie foot " AS " .24 Stores, dry poods, tliird-elass finisli, i)riek, per eul)ie foot " .hi " .20 Stores, proeeries, wood, pood fiiiisii, per eiii)ie foot " .14 " .16 Stores, proeeries, hriek, fine finish, per eiiliie foot " .16 " .13 Stores, proeeries, iiriek, first-ela.ss fin- isli, per euhie foot " .18 " .22 Country or town halls, in hriek or stone, well finislied, ehi.ssie .stj-lo, with all neeessary api)oiiitiTients and fittinps, niarlile wainseot and other eorre- pondinp finisli inside and out, per culiie foot " .32 " .40 For eountry, per cubic foot " .30 " .,38 For cities, per cubic foot " .36 " .42 For states, per cubic foot " .45 " .55 For states, with towers, per cubic foot. " .46" .57 Water towers, brick, per cubic foot. . " .16" .20 Water towers, iron, per cubic foot. . . " .17 " .20 Water towers, stone, per cubic foot. . " Si ' .22 Model cottapcs, stone dressing, brick, per cubic foot " .13 " .16 Model cottapes, stone dre.ssinp, sec- ond class, per cubic foot " .12 " .14 City fljits, brick, per cubic foot " .28 " .30 City flats, stone, per cubic foot " .30 " .32 City flats, stoM" and brick, per cubic ft •< .29" .31 Street arches for gala days, if of rough wood, covered with bunting, mottoes, evergreens, and similar uiaienal:-., and are only tempo- rary, per cubic foot " .04 " .08 MJ AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 135 Better-rlass arclics, plastered, etc., IHT luhif foot from $0.07 to J0.I2 If made witli .stalT and moulded, and liave .statuary, per cuhic foot. . . " .10" .25 Permanent arche.s, in stone, per eu. ft. " .55" 1.00 Permanent arclies, first cla.ss, in niar- Ijl'', per c'lbie foot " j.os " 3 00 City parks -exelu.sive of land— walks, drives, lakes, buildings, roads, pates, walls, rustic bridges, and other tliiiiRs in eonneetion with well-appointed parks, per acre— ^'''■'^' '•''»''s «3,000.00 Second class 2,500.00 "TI'i^J '''"s-s 1,800.00 Fourth class 1,000.00 ^^'f^'' '•1"'*'^ 600.00 Parks in country towns, or large villages where exiiibition buildlnRs, offices, and stables are kept, in conjunction with a race-course, and the area not less than twenty-five acres! the total cost of artificial work, including rough buildings, siiould not be more than, P^"'" "'•'■« .' $575.00 Cost of ex!ul)ition buildings, of wood. First cla.ss, per cubic foot .'from $0.09 to $0.11 Secoi. lass, per cubic foot ... . " .06 " .09 Thin! cla.ss, per cubic foot " .05 " 07 Fourth class, per cubic foot. .. . " .04" .06 Fifth class, per cubic foot " .03 " 05 Exhibition buildings for pigeons, cows, horses, sheep, poultry, etc. First class, wood, per cu. ft. .from $0.08 to $0.10 Second class, wood, per cu.ft " .07" .09 Third cla.ss, wood, per cu. ft. " .06 " .08 Fourth class, wood, per cu.ft. " .05 " .07 Fifth class, wood, per cu. ft. " .03 " .05 These items cover most of the ground for ciibing and are taken from the best authorities on the subject 136 HODGSON'S KSTIMATOR and from actii.il cxiujriiiiici-, and arc (jiiitf sufficient for the ordinary purposes of the estimator who is likely to purchase this hook. As I have stated before, thtf cube rate cannot be relied upon for work of exceptional elaboration. The cubes f,'enerally published are intended to apply chiefly to buildin},'s of a plain character in their several classes, and it would be of value if this circumsta ice were taken into account ii. fixini; upon the rate. Precision can, however, only be attained by a general- ization from extensive experience. The rates must be taken as general guides in forming an estimate of cost, and in ail cases the experience of the expert estimator can alone give value to the system. There can be no comparison between a largt- block of stores and an elaborate! 'Ued up hotel. The one is comparatively simple to . other; the decoration to the hotels in an avenue would alone increase the cost per cubic foot. The materials may be the same, brick or stone, with the same kintls (A materials for finish, but tht; cost of labor, sizes of rooms, difference in walls, in heating, in plumbing, etc., would make a vast difference in the cost per foot, as an authority says on this subject: "I think the probabilities are that the cubing of a building 100 feet high would be higher than that of a building 50 feet high. It altogether must depend upon whether the larger building and the higher building has rooms of nearly the same size as the smaller building. No doubt the higher building would require thicker walls, but immediately you get away from comparatively small rooms into very large cubic spaces, then the difference in price is not great." In fewer words we may say that the cost per foot cube of a building depends mainly upon the divisional m ;-V:. AND CONTRACTOR'S (.UIDK '37 internal walls ami floors; the more numerous the rooms int(j which the sp.,.j is divided, the (,'reatei the cost. Height is certainly a factor of cost, as a hi^h building re(|iiires thicker walls; scaffoldinjr and labor become expensive. Hut if we take two buildinjjs, one twice the superficial area of the other, but of the same heit,^ht, the difference per foot would entirely depend on the interior division and elaboration of plan. Hut to say that the cubinjr of a bifrfr,.r and hifrher buildini,' is/ww/^/ higher than for a smaller and lower one is a proposition that does not always hok' It is so only when the rooms are about the same dimensions in both cases. It would, for instance, be absurd to cube a large public hall with the usu.J rooms at a higher ratio than a small villa residence, because it was larger or higher. In plain English, the greati-r internal space and vacuities the less charge must be placed on. the cube foot. With regard to ornamental facades of wrought stone, a considerable addition per foot must In made upon the cost of a plain brick front. To cube both at the same figure would !)e wrong. It may be asked, then, would any successful builder take a contract on the figures derived from cubing? We may answer that :ia!f (he estimates now made by architects, in their private and public cai)acities, are made by cubing, and that contractors are to bo found who would willingly take the risk of carrying out work m that manner. The two most perilous rf>ck5 upon which the cuber comes to grief are those of taking a figure without the verification of experience, and not making any allowance for internal elaboration of nian and decoration. '3S HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR i;sriMAriN(; nv dictaii. iji'antitiks Wc now come to the only iintliod on which the small contractor can di-pcnd, and which is always reliable if the estimator only docs his dutv proj.erly and refrains from "jimii)in^,'" at th.' prices, a trick many estimators tniploy to evade a little work in fit^'.irinjr. I have },'i\i-'". in th(; first i)a;^a:s of this work, a detailed nujthod ot estimatinj,' for e.\cavatin)^^ ditch- ing, rouj,di walling, concretin!,^, and other like m itters, to which the reader is referred when he is calleil upon to estimate on such work, so I will now make a depart- ure and reproduce a system, corncted and brou^dit up to date, which I published in Tlic Ihdhkr niul Wood, worker ui New York, in February, isrit, and which, in my opinion, has never been improved. The system was quite popular and many thousanti copies of it h.ive been sold. Insurance ai)praisers and others have made it a "text-book" to some I'xti'nt, and used it with the adjustment of prices, of course, to suit the time and locality. The list of items given in former pages must be fol- lowed, but there will be many others that will crop up which the estimator must provide for when preparing his tender, and these he should make a note of for future reference. It would be well to copy the items 1 havi given in a good-sized book, leaving a j;enerous margin for any remarks or notes it may be necessary to make, and new items should be entered as they appear. We will suppose the buildin.. to i)e figured on is to be a balloon frame: the total cost of it can be closely calculatetl when t ■ jirici of material and wages per daj- or hour are knuwu. First, mark on the plan, in plain figures, all the -.»•.- 't„„?lV PP AND CUNTRACTUKS GUIUK "39 (limonsions and nu-asiinnicnts in tht- building on which ><>u arc to estimate. Next, get the lintal mcasiirc- m-■ building by the first, second and third |)rocesses, cost for labor about ;!, 5 and 7 cents per lineal foot. Sills, 1'^ x 16, double above prices. The intermediate sizes can be approximated from the al)ove figures. Joists are ordinarily placed Ki inches from center to center, and when so placed the number of joists on a given floor can be found by taking J of the length of the building and adding one joist where they are placed on top of the sill, and deducting one where the end sills are used in place of joist. First floor joists usually are i x 8 to -^ x 14. Second floor 'i x 8 to 2 x 12. f\:iling joists, where no floor rests thereon, are 2x0 to 2 X 8. Two men will frame and place in a wood building, not exceeding three stories, 000 lineal feet of joists, in size from 2 > tl to 2 x U stuff, in one day of 8 hours. In brick buildings not exceeding tjjree stories, including anchoring and leveling up, 400 feet. Fourth story work, ;!50. and fifth story, 275 lineal feet. The cost per lineal foot can be had from the above figures. 140 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR When joists are doubled under chimneys or parti- tions, the number of joists so used must be added to the result above named. In balloon frames no braces are used. In timber frames they are made as follows: 1st. Cut off plain, spiked in, or "flat foot." 2d. With short tenons, and :kl, with long tenons and pinned. Braces vary in size from 4x4 to (I x C. The cost of labor will not vary on account of difference in size. The first pieces will cost 2 cents, the second ;J.} cents, and the third 4^ cents per lineal foot, framed and placed in the building. The plates in a balloon frame are made of scantling of the same size as the studding, and are worth to get out and spike to the frame 1^ cents per lineal foot. In timber frames the labor on plates is: (1) framing without braces or gains for rafters; (2) framing with braces and no gains for rafters; (:}) framing with both braces and gains. An average price for labor on plates in sizes from 4 x G to (! x 10 would be: first process, 2^ cents; second process, 5 cents; third process, 7 cents per lineal foot. From 8 x 12 to 12 x l(j, respectively, 4. and cents per lineal foot. This includes placing them in the building. Plates laid on walls are worth the same as plates spiked on the joists. Posts in balloon frames are merely double-studding. The cost of placing them in position is the same as for studding. Posts for timber frames are framed, first, with tenon top and bottom; second, the same, with one set of braces with girth or beam mortises; and third, the same, with two sets of girth or beam mortises. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 141 By the first process posts from 4 x G to 8 x 10 would cost 4 ents. Second process, (», and the third proc- ess, Cents per lineal foot to frame and place in the building. Studding for balloon frames is usually placed 16 inches from center to center. They vary in size from 2 X 4 to 2 X G. Occasionally odd sizes are used, as -i^xi, 2x5, or 3x4. In an ordinary size frame building two men will lay out and raise S(io lineal feet of 2 x 4 studding per day, or 750 feet of 2x 0. At S3 per day, the first would cost 77 cents per 100 lineal feet. The latter, 86 cents. The labor of spik- ing of joists and plates being considered under their respective heads, the work on studding is simply con fined to tenoning and studding on end, or spiking them to the sills. A short rule for getting the number of pieces of out- side studding, including plates, and allowing for doubling at all corners, and for windows and doors, is simply had by allowing one piece of studding for every foot of outside measurement. This rule for buildings having many angles, where studding must be doubled, appro.\imates very closely to the true result. In smaller buildings, without any angles, it will somewhat overrun. The exact number of pieces of studding on the out- side of building may be found by taking three-fourths of the number of feet in the outside measurement of the building; add one stud for each corner and angle, and one for each door and window. To this add for plate and gable studding. Three-fourths of the number of lineal feet of all partitions will give the number of pieces required. 142 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR II Their length, of course, depends upon the height of the rooms. The cost of labor is the same as for outside stud- ding. It frequently happens that the studding is not double for doors and windows, and occasionally th- extra stud for the corners in omitted. Ribs for studding are usually made from 1 to U inch stuff, and will cost to lay out and nail to the studding about 1 cent per lineal foot. The purpose for these is to support the upper joist. Three-fourths of the .width of the building, less one, gives the number of pieces required for gable; the average length of each piece is the distance from the plate to the ridge of the roof, or what is termed the rise of the rafter. Rafters are desii,'nated as main or principal rafters, hip, jack, and valley rafters, and plain rafters. The long rafters of a hip roof are called the main or principal rafters. The shorter ones are called jack rafters. A plain rafter is the ordinary rafter used in straight gable roofs. The projection of a rafter is the distance it extends beyond ^he plate, or the length of the look-outs. The rise of a rafter is the height on a perpendicular line from the plate to the ridge of the roof. The gam of a rafter is the difference between the run and its length. The run of a rafter is the distance from the outer edge of the plate to a point immediately under the ridge of the roof, or one-half the width of the build- ing. For a common rafter, to the square of the rise, add 3&^'£>f AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 143 the square of the run. The square root of their sum is the length of the rafter from the outer edge of the plate to the ridge of the roof. The rise of a rafter is found by multiplying the num- ber of inches rise required by the run by one-half the width of the building. The rise in one-quarter pitch is one-quarter the width of the building. In a one-third pitch, one-third the width of the building. In a one-half pitch, one-half the width of the building, etc. A common rafter can also be found as follows: If the roof is one-quarter pitch, to the square of one- quarter of the width of the building ad^' the square of one-half the width of the building. The square root of the sum will be the length of rafter required. If a roof IS one-third pitch square, one-third of the width of the building. If one-half pitch square, one-half the width, etc., and then proceed with the balance of the rule. Required the length of rafters for a building 24 feet wide, gable roof, and one-quarter pitch. One-fourth of U equals (J; a of 24 is 12. Squaring both gives .30 and 144, or 180; (he square root of which IS 1.1.416 feet, or length i rafter required. Rule for estimating ti e length of rafters for hip roofs where they are of equal lengths: Get the length of the main rafter by using the rule for common rafters. Then divide the length of the mam rafter into one more space than the number of rafters required. The length of the space is the length of the shortest jack rafter, and the length cf each studding rafter is simply the space added to the length uf the preceding une. Examfile.-Ua\n rafter, 24 feet. Number of jack • ( 144 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR rafters required, 7. Hence the number of spaces would be 7 + 1, or 8. Dividinfj 24 by 8 gives 3 feet as the length of the shortest rafter. The next would be C feet, then 9 feet, l"^ feet, IT) feet. 18 feet, 21 feet, and then comes 24, or the main rafter. Common rafters on shingle roof are placed from IG to 24 inches from center to center, according to the length arid weight of roof required; generally 2 feet is the distance. The number of rafters in a plain gable roof is found by dividing the length of the building by the distance the rafters are apart from center to center, to which add 1; the result is the number oi pairs of rafters. Cost of Framing Eafters.— Two men in one day will frame and place in the building GOO lineal feet of 2 x 4 or 2 X 6 rafters— roof, plain gable. In a hip roof, including framing for deck, if any, 250 feet is a fair day's work. The former would cost 75 cents per 100 lineal feet, .Mid the latter SI. 75 per 100 lineal feet. The contract price for framing one and a half, two, i;ul two and a half story houses, in many of the West- ern states, averages 85 cents per 100 lineal feet of all Ihe bill timber. In all the framing labor ♦hus considered, reference is had to soft wood only. If hard wood is used a fair -iddition to the prices would be ;}n per cent. If any of the work is circular, segment or octagonal, an addition must also be made, varying from two to four times the prices herein charged. Lookouts for Hip Roofs.— An average length would be 20 inches. These are made of inch stuff and nailed to the rafters. They arc worth, to get out, furnish mate- rial and place in position, 22 cents each. i-nfflr AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE M5 The siding to a building is either drop siding, lap siding, dressed barn boards, or rough barn board; The number of feet of drop or lap siding is found multiplying the outsirle measurement of the build by ing by the height of the posts, to which add for gables, if roof is a gable roof, the product of the .vidth of the building by the height from the plate to the ridge of the roof This gives the number of surface feet, to which add one-fifth for I number of feet board measure apping, and you have the T wo men w ill put on TOO feet in one day of drop Sibling when the window-casings and corner-boards are placed over the siding. Where joints are made against casings and corner-boards, 400 to 500 feet is a day's work. Of lap siding, OoO feet. This includes putting up staging. Making the prices per square: Drop siding by the first method, SO cents; second method, $1.20 to SI. 50. Lap siding, !i.5 cents. Two men will put on 2,()(i() feet of rough barn boards, or 1,500 feet of surfaced barn boards in one day, and will put on 2,000 feet of dressed batt-ns, or ;5,000 of rough battens. Hence the price would be: rough barn boards, ;)() cents p'-r loo feet or one square; surface barn boariis, :55 cents per 100 feet or one square. Dressed battens, ;iO cents per loo lineal feet. Rough battens, 18 cents per lOO lineal feet. Roofs.— The 'area of a plain gable roof is had by multiplying the entire length of the rafters by the length of the building, including the projection of the cornice This gives one side; doubling it gives the total square feet of roof. Hip Hoofs.— Get the entire out.; • measurement of the building, including the projections of the cornice. «»•»' ?1W«"VTS*BnG«iJ«B?, 146 HODGSON'S ESTIiMATC R if' -I ■ a I. Ill Multiply this by the length of the principa: raUv.-t and take one-half; the result is the area of the roof. Hip Hoof with Deck. — To the outside measurement of the deck, add the outside measurement of the building as above. Multiply this by the length of the principal rafter, and take one-half for the area of the roof. Roof boards for plain gable roofs are worth 40 cents per square to put on the building, and for hip roofs GO cents per square. If roof boards are matched stuff for tin or slate roof, charge SI. 00 per square for gable and SI. 25 per square for hip roofs. Shingles.— The average width of a shingle is 4 inches. Ilonce when shingles are laid 4 inches to the weather, each shingle averages Ki s it S P 400 480 266 192 170 138 115 98 79 - 36 - I 25 - I 25 CWl. 6 6 5i 6i 5S 5i 5i 5§ fil 8 9 9 Nails rwiulred l)er Square. No. 800 960 532 384 340 276 230 196 158 72 50 50 p. o O lbs. 5 6 3i n 4 3i 3 3 3i 3 3J 3J A. — S(|uares covered l)v 1 ton. The .above sizes sometimes slightly vary, according to the quarry. Slates are classed according to their straightness, smoothness of surface, fair even thickness, presence or absence of discoloration, etc. They are genera. ly divided into first and second qualities, and in some cases a medium quality is quoted. Slates of first quality are thinner and lighter than those of inferior quality. Rule to find the number of slates required to cover one square: One square in inches + width of slate in inches x gauge in inches. The weight of slating on roofs is 8 pounds per foot super, for all sf^es, except rags or queens, including a 3-inch lap and nails. •^jm^m-\'^:'^?m^mms^mi. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 149 As there arc two nails per slate, the number required per square will he found by doubling the number of 1 'm . ?' '■'"'^" "thousand," or "long tally." equals 1.^00 for buymg and selling. Ifails.— Composition nails are best for all good work as th<,y are stiff and Ough. They are cast from an alloy of . copper to 4 zinc, and have a vellow, brassv ai)pearance. Copper nails are either cast or wrought- but they are soft and dear. Malleable iron nails are frequently used, dipped while hot in boiled linseed oil to preserve them from corrosion. These can also be pamted or galvanized. Cast-iron nails are only employed for temporary work. Zinc nails are very soft, and liable to bend, and as their heads come off in drivmg, they make a good deal of waste All these nails are sold by weight, and' the price should lessen with the increase of length. Allow 5 per cent for waste in reckoning the number to the square. Nails for small slates, such as Doubles, etc. should 1)0 ahout ' ji- ■ Nails for mediun. slates, .,uch as' Countesses, '"' ''"'^ etc., should l)c almut ' 1 1 ;„ j Nails for larftc slates, such as Duchesses, etc. '' ""^ should be about . ' o • i ■£ in. long SLATE NAILS Galvanized slate nails, per keg, 3d. . $5 =0 Galvanized slate nails, per keg, 4d . . . 5 qo Tinned slate nails, per keg, 3d 575 Tinned slate nails, per keg, 4d . . 5 ' o-^ Polished steel wire nails, 3d and 4d . 4 qo Copper slate nails, per pound .... '90 These prices vary with time and locality. Labor.-The labor in holing slates, any size is' usually estimated at SI. 50 per thousand; but if a single ISO HODGSON'S KSTIMATOR slate-holing machine is used, a smart boy, at 15 cents per hour, will be able to hole from 3(/(J to 400 slates in an hour. The following statement shows the labor required I HT square, which will be less for larger surfaces, as the slating will be performed more quickly. The differ- ence in time for the various kinds represents the extra trouble in handling, greater areas being covered with larger slates in a given time, and the labor in holing is the same for all sizes. A slater and assistant will lay: — 1 square of l)oiii)les (with two nails each) in 2i hours " Ladies " Countesses " " " Duclies.se8 " " A slater and assistant will prepare and lay: — 1 square of Doubles (with two nails each) " Ladies " Co\intesses " " " Duchesses " " PlastcrinK apainst underside of slating, per yard super " li " 1 " 4 "2i " 2 "li " J Cost per Square.— Taking Countess slates, 20 inches long by 10 inches wide, the gauge, if center-nailed, would be- ^-^^"^^th of slate - lap _ 2() in. - :i in. ., _ _ = H inches. In estimating, therefore, the number of slates required per square of 100 feet super., the width of the gauge in inches, multiplied by the brradth of the slate in inches, gives the margin or exposed surface of a single slate. This divided into the number of superficial inches in a square (100 feet super, by 144 square inches = 14,40() super, inches per square), will give the number of slates to a square— -^Sj^. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 151 e.g., 8i inches gauge by 10 inches breadth of slate = 85 square inches margin, and ^'iiif^iLP^rii?- PilligH^' H5 sq. in. margin p r slate ■ 170 Countess slates per square. Allowing .5 per cent for waste, this would give roundly ISO slates to the square. As there are two nails per slate, the number of nails required per square will be found by doubling the number of slates— i. e., in this case, 340 nails. Also reckoning 5 per cent waste for nails, the number for estimating w-nild be some 3(J0. Using U-i.jch compo- sition nails, 1-14 of which go to the pound, this latter number would give exactly 2^ pounds per square, as they are sold by weight. A slate. roof is laid by first placing a course on the eaves. All courses above this one must be laid with a lap of more than one half the length of the slat" or the vertical joints which are not close will not be covered. The lap of the slate is more than one-half its length, so the more lap a course is laid with, the better will be the roof. Manufacturers allow 3 inches when selling a square of slate, and architects and consumers should see that the roof is laid with that amount of lap, as a less one is a considerable gain for the dishonest roofer, w'iich he takes advantage of to t!.o permanent injury ot tne roof, because any less lap than 3 inches greatly endangers the weather-proof qualities of a slate roof. Slate, before it - laid, should be carefully sorted, the thick ones .is.. .0 start the roof at the eaves and I le thm ones to finish with at the cumb. In nailing slate do not firive the nails too tight. The top of the nail should be just even with the surface of the slate. 'f 15a IK MHrSOWS ESTIMATOR Li o« en O :=i Z o u. of u < to O ■J C I . X .5^ 2 '- •* — n « :^ zr.'n J ^ 7i c Jy i_- i li IS i5 rt 4 ^ 5 ^ 5 ^ S 7 . __»-lii £^ IIS I - ~ — / 2: Z — < h O u CQ -■/. " 7. meg Mi — r^ — ir — fo ?4 =•.?.?-' ^ Jl -r ,. y: P ?5 ir ?;i':.- ass .vJSia -.i i« ri ill "5 '-i 3 ~ 31 — ^1 (if - 30 S^il ■3i-y i:?r. = rty:Si»2. a7,">'2 — — — — -, — ™^_»i S - 1 ^47'^ 3 v3 ."I L-, :::. S S 5 S " g 1 = 3 53K3 'i|??5:^ ^^St'/^ CI -f .? i T "*• -^ lA u* ^ -^ ;^'l?5S 3SS c '^'t c*^ »c xcic — -r *2 :£ ;j^ fS ;t' ^l y i^ if ip 4?. 5il 1:135 •; 5Si' — — 'M *N| r- ^S3 5l§ 335 7 ?r'-»'C^ ■*"M— « — — w t* -*o ■?'»©5'. 'MC'asx "t--!*- ^ JT^NS -J^ t/ ANb Li)N'l .A^ lOR'S GUIDK 153 Cornicw \i •■ bcrs, ■ fri' Th. ti :;/ of the 1.1.,:;. The loffit is (; The f„ is <' >r l( It. »Wl. Ml id! . '.l iii(. in. tin- icz<.' ai s I. 'Si, mating f "■111 foi <]uai '"• '-^ Tnci ih( ot soffit /,c , o 1) iiicasuic. or ^'a: >ofs, to the I(.'ii<,'ths of the two si-' s of •he bu idi 'add the end projections and Icn; ' on 1 ifters an multiply as before. Tabl<; ibor account on cornice work. ^■'" ^ f' et two men will put on per ' pric ,,t: sna \' plain > ornice h three mem- M an I f i-cia. iiari nailed or fastcm . to t ;e side ' trt attach. to th 'ind-r side of r, or ji.r ,^oiit. ' -T 1 to the end ut the raft- ■ ni liii;^r ,,n the fascia iinj,' 1 the an;,'!. re 'f irial in a \ en ultip IV entire oiiiside idii^^' by th. sum of th.- width fas> a; the rt -.ult is the 1 umber V11.T11 S.st pi ,)t 8 10 12i The above is for gable roofs and includes cost of scatioldiasT. p Roofs. — Soffit Fascia No. Feet Cost per Foot iirii. lO-inch. 4-inch. 75 s ...: •; -« " 4i " r.t »i -» - 24 " .5 •• 32 2S " ,51 " 34 " 32 " 6 " 40 32 12 15 20 ll I 154 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Cornice Mouldings. — Crown moulding, flat, 2-inrh. SOO feet per dav.or 80c. per 100 feet " spring 4 it 500 " 81.20 *t ti 5 it 445 1.31 a ti ii 365 1.C2 a n 7 ti 300 2.00 tt ti 8 it 250 2.40 The cost of cornice moulding is ordinarily 1 cent per lineal foot less than the number of inches in work — 2-mch mouidin},^ 2 cents; 3-inch, 3 cents, etc. Bed moulding, flat, Ifinch, 800 feet per day, or 80 cents per 100 feet. Bed moulding, flat, 2 inch, 750 feet per day, or 84 cents per 100 feet. Bed moulding, flat, 3-inch, 700 feet per day, or 88 cents per 100 feet. Bed moulding, flat, 4-inch, 500 feet per day, or $1 20 per 100 feet. Cornice Brackets.-Price per bracket, soft wood, all well worked— cost to put on building: Perpendicular Horizontal Thickne.ss Ccsf Plain Moulded Size, 16-inch. 12-inch. 2J-inch. $0..35 $0 42 ;; 20 '• 16 " 3 '. .70 [go " 24 " 20 '• 4 " .70 .85 " 28 " 24 " 5 •' 1.00 1.20 " ^^ " 28 " 6 " 1.50 1.60 Plain pane! moulding, two men will put on 300 feet per day. Foot moulding, two men will put on 400 feet per day. FLOORS Cost Soft wood, 6 in. wide, without bridging, per joist, 800 sq.Tt!^|0 si) '„ ^ ;; ^''t'' " " 650 " .90 4 witliout " " 600 " 98 ", ^ " ^'f' " " .500 " l!oi 3J " without " " 4(x) " 1 25 3 J " with " '< 300 " 150 Two men will dress six squares of flooring after lay- ing per day, or at a cost of gl.OO per square. Plain Moulded $0.15 10.20 .20 .25 .14 .20 .25 .35 .35 .45 AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 155 If flooring is of hard wood, estimate per day two- thirds of above. The number of feet, board measure, in a given floor is had by multiplyin},' its length by its width and add- ing one-fifth for lapping. For flooring not matched omit the lapping. Two men will lay 1,333 feet of plank flooring per day, or 45 cents per square, or will lay 2,000 feet of common rough flooring, 1-inch stuff, or 30 cents per stjuare. Outside ceiling for wood buildings, average width, including beading and scaffolding, is worth, to put up, SI. 25 per square. An average day's work for two men is five scpiares. Two men will dress, after laying the ceiling, nve squares per day, or SI. 20 cents per square. Ceiling overhead is generally of .wider stuff than out- side ceiling; as thci is no beading, and the workman- ship is not so particular, two men will put up the same amount as of outside ceiling, inclu ling putting up and taking down scaffolding, or five squares at 80 cents per square. Wainscoting.- Wainscoting 2} to 3 feet high, beaded, with ordinary capping, including dressing after putting up, is worth $3.00 per square. Two squares is a day's work for two men. The same, 3 feet to 4 feet high, is worth, to put up, S2.0() per square. The same, with shoe and heavy caps, is worth $2.00 per square. The capping to wainscoting is ordinary moulding from 1.^ inches by i to 2 inches by 1^ inches. Panel wainscoting, mill worked, ready to put up. including capping, shoe or base, is worth, for labor', 83.25 per square. Hand-worked panel wainscoting is of so various a kind that definite prices of labor cannot well be given iS6 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR without specifications. In a general way, the price per square for getting out and putting up will vary from S;}.0() to $-iU.{H) per square. The above prices are for soft wood. For hard wood add 40 per cent. Baseboards.— Plain base, (J to 10 inches wide, put up before plastering, is worth l.J cents per lineal foot for labor. Two hundred feet is a good day's work for a man with mill-dressed lumber. The same, put on after plastering, including putting on grounds, is worth •> cent^ per lineal foot. Plain base, after plastering, with moulding, leveling or cappmg by hand-miU-dressed stuff-is worth 21 cents per lineal foot to get out and place in the building. Stairs.- The wall string is the board with which the ends of the steps are fixed next to the wall. The face string is the board that carries the oute- end of the steps and risers. The tread \% the horizontal board of the step. The riser is the upright board of the step. The nezvd post is the upright post at the lower step to receive the hand rail. The hand rail is the rail supported by balusters lialusters are small columns or pillars to support the rail. The number of risers is founc' by dividing the dis- tance from floor to floor by the height of the rise. The height of each rise is found by dividing the dis- tance from floor to floor by the number of risers. The number of treads is one less than the number of risers. The width of each tread is found by dividing the risers by the number of treads and adding the projection. ^T^WIi \'»^tC^-"^l?'"5T*W^' AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE »57 Risers vary in height from 4 to « inches. Treads run from 8 lo U inches. It w'il be impracticable to give detail prices for all variety of stair-work on account of the diversity of designs. We simply give a few as an illustration. The labor on rough, open stairs, for cellars or stables, when no risers are used, is worth 16 cents per tread. Straight stairs between partitions, 2 feet inches to 3 feet G inches long, with 0-inch to 9-inch tread, and 7-inch to 8-inch risers, are worth 3.5 cents per riser. Winding stairs, same dimensions, 40 cents per riser. Open straight stairs, risers G^ to 8 inches, treads G to 11 inches; housed in wall strings, mitered to face string; moulded nosing, i- jluding putting up turned balusters, and plain round or oval rail, with 6-inch to 8-inch turned newel post, are worth for labor $1.10 to $'>fOO per riser. The same stairs, winding, charge S2.50 per riser for the winding steps, and $1.25 for straight steps. Put- ting on brackets outside of stringer is worth from 5 to 12 cents per bracket. The following is a list of the approximate prices of stair material: Newel Posts.— A turned newel post of cherry or black walnut, h inches in diameter, with cap, is worth $3.50; G inchc-s, $4.(10; and 8 inches, $5.50. Octagon newel posts, walnut, oak, or cherry, with ornamental cap, 8 inches, $8.00; !) inches, $8.50; and 12 inches, $10.50. Newel posts veneered with fancy woods, with carv- - f on plinth and cap, and moulded sunk oanels, will .y from $20.00 to $G0.(M) each. Balusters. —Turned balusters, walnut or cherry, from 2 feet 4 inches to 3 feet, are worth, 1 J inches, 10 cents; ICJ-' HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR '^ incl:."3, U cents; and ^i inches, 20 cents each. Oak and ash 20 per cent less. Fluted or octagon balusters, walnut or cherry 2 inches. 18 cents; ".'i inches, '"o c.-nts; •>! inches, 30 cents each. Fancy balusters for high-priced stairs may run from 40 to (JO cents each. Rail..-Walnut or ch cents per meal foot. Raised back rails, walnut or cherry 4-nch. 25 cents; 5-inch. :J0 cents; Scinch. 30 cents! and G-mch 40 cents per lineal foot. Fancy raised back rails from fi to 7 inches will vary from 50 to 70 cents per foot. Door..-The price of doors may be had from any dealer s catalogue. The labor account is as follows: A fair day s work for one n,an is setting 5 door frames a day, and putting on ordinary casing. He will also hang and finish 5 doors per day. or S1.20 a door com- ^T^. ! f °'' '' ^"^ " ^"'"^ ^« ' f<-*«^ " in'^h doors, and If mch thick. From 7 feet .1 inch to !) feet doors and IJ mch thick, a day's work of setting and casing 3 frames per day. or hanging and finishing 3 doors per day, $2.00 per door complete. Mouldingr Door Casings—For .! feet to 7 feet r. inch doors, and 3 inch mouldings, one man will mould fi door casings, two sides, per day, or 50 cents per door- with 4i.mch mouldings. 5 doors per day. or 60 cents per door. Mouldings with two members about one- half above number. 7 feet C inches to 9 feet doors single moulding two sides, 5 openings pe. day The same, with double members to moulding. 2i openings per day. "^ *• Door frames when had from factory are cased both sides for inside doors, and one side for outside doors. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 159 Sliding Doors.— The frames for a pair of sliding doors With double joint, including casings each side, are worth from g:5.50 to S4.()(» per frame. The same, with segment top, will vary from gG.OO to S!».oO; setting either one of the above frames, put- ting up the track, an-l lining the pocket is worth from S:j.o() to S4.()0 for labor. Setting, hanging, and trim- ming a pair of sliding doors will take a man about IJ days, or So.T.t per door. Folding Doors.— The frame for a pair of folding doors with opening 5 feet by 8 feet G inches, with single joints, including casing each side, is worth from $3.50 to S4.2o per opening. Segment top, same size open- ing, gfJ.uO to gS.OO. Setting Uie frame for a pair of folding doors will take a man three-quarters of a day, or $-i.'io per frame. Fitting, hanging, and trimming a pair of folding doors will take one man a day and a quarter, or «3.75 per door. Moulding, sliding and folding dooi* casings, square top opening 5 feet by 8 feet G inches on both sides, single member; a day's work is 4 openings per day, or 75 cents per door. If moulding is double member, two openings per day, or $1.50 per door. Segment top with same size of swing, the moulding will cost $:i.m per opening. Over the face of a s.juare top, one man will put on the moulding with a single member in one- half a day, or S1.5(» per opening. Double member one day, or 83.00 per opening. Setting door frames in brick buildings will cost the same as for frame buildings. Common Door Pramei. -Outside fram s. with casings on one side for doors, from 2 feet G inches by G feet'^G inches to 2 feet 8 inches by G feet 8 inches, are worth ii ^^^TB i6o HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR from $-i.2r> to S;j.5(. each. The same for Inside doors, with casin},r on both sides, are worth from glJ.Ou to Door Trimmings. -Butts 3 x :) inches, for cheap trim- mings, are worth 1() cents per pair, and a common mortise or rim lock, with brown knol), :}() cents each; 3 X :{J butts, l(t cents, and .'JJ x :^, 10 cents each; 4 x 4,' IT) cents. A good mortise lock, with brown or white- knobs, brass key, face, and bolt is orth 4.') cents. Outside door locks vary from 50 cents to $2.00 a pair; average price would be Sl.oo. Sliding door locks 4 x o, brass kev and face, $\ 50 each. Iron track for door, 3 cents per foot; brass track. 25 cents. A very good rabbeted lock, without night works, 81.50; with night works, S-.>.5o to 84.00 each. Screws for putting on above trimmings, 30 cents a gross. The labor account for trimming doors will be found under the head of doors. Window8.-The price of the sash, including glass and glazing for all sizes of windows, may be had from the dealers' catalogues. Window frames, factory made, simply have outside casings and jambs. One man will cut the openings and set five frames per day, of an average size, say •> feet (I inches bv C feet, in a frame building, and can set the same number in a brick building, or r.O cents per opening. As the brick-work goes up the carpenter must plumb up the frames occasionally, so that a fair estimate would be both alike. In larger openings, setting from two to four frames per day would be fair w..rk, cr from CO cents to S1.-J.5 rtf* r w i n f ! i^^. w One man will case !-.> wind, ws per day of windows 2 AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE i6i feet fi inches by C feet, or IJ cents per lineal foot of iht; casing. Moulding window casings, same price per foot : door casing. For wc d buildings, plain rail sash, 8 or 12 ligh s. with outside casings, an average price would be a:! follows: $2^20^'^'*^'^"' ^^^^"'^•*^-^^: K'xH, 81.80; 10 xl.i. With check-rail sash outside, casings: 8x10 $1 80- 10 X 1-J.J82.00; 10 X 14, $2.20; 1(. x Hi. $2.40; 10 x KS.S2.(iO.' Plain window frames for brick buildings: 8 x 10 $2.00; 10x12, $2.20; 10x14. $2.50; 10 x in, $2.60- 12x24, $.3.65. Box window frames: 8 x 10, $2.85; 10 x 12, $;3.00- 10 X 14, $;{.20; 10 x 16, $.{.50; 12 x 24. $4.:}0. The same frames, with segment outside and square mside, are worth 50 cents more. Pantries and CloMts.- In ordinary work of this kind one man will get out and put up 5o to 75 lineal feet of shelving 12 inches wide per day, or will make and put up five drawers 15 inches wide by 18 inches deep including racks and fitting. If the drawers are dovetailed, four is a day's work. Strips and hooks: one man can put 50 to 80 lineal feet of strips, and put on closet hooks, about 12 inches apart, in one day. Porches. -These differ so widely in design that prices per fo,.t lineal cannot be given without spccificaHons as they will vary from $1.25 a foot upwards. In an ordinary porch, figure the sills and joists as in framing- also roof, labor, celling, and CMrnicc the same as in other parts of the building, and charge for whatever extra work the design may call for. I 162 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Blinds. — These are made and sold by the foot, meas- uring height of the window on one side only; 60 to 70 cents per lineal foot, including trimming and hanging, i'j a fair price. Inside blinds, O. G. panel or rolling slats, ordinary width, are worth $1.25 per foot, com- plete in the building. If inside blinds are of hard wood, they are worth from one and a half to double the price of pine. Plastering. — The number of yards is simply the area of all the walls and ceilings. One hundred yards of plastering will require 1,400 laths, 4^ bushels of lime, IS bushels of sand, pounds of hair, and 5 pounds of nails for two-coat work. Three men and one helper will put on 450 yards, in a day's work, of two-coat work, and will put on a hard finish for 300 yards. Retail cost of three-coat work for 100 yards of plastering: Se^en bushels of lime at 30 cents $2.10 Four-fiftlis of a load of sand at $1.25 1 .00 Nine pounds of hair at 2 J cents 24 Five pounds of nails at 4} cents 22 .Lathing, 100 yards at 2 J cents 2.25 1400 laths at $.'?.00 per 1000 4.20 Plastering, 2 coats, 1 man 3 of a day 2.00 Helper, J of a day 33 Hard finished, one day '.s work 3.00 Making mortar and scafTolding 1 .50 Total co.st $16.84 Or, say seventeen cents per yard. Painting. — Painting is done by the yard, and at ti present prices of lead and oil, house painting in plain colors will cost on an average: For one coat, 8 cents per yard; two coats, 15 cents per yard; three coats, 23 cents per yard. '^Ef'imSi^' AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 163 One coat, or priming, will take for 100 yards of painting W pounds of lead and 4 gallons of oil. Two- coat work, 40 pounds of lead and 4 gallons of oil. Three-coat, the same proportion; so that a fair esti- mate for 100 yards of three-coat work would be CO pounds of lead and 12 gallons of oil. A day's work on outside of a building is 100 yards of first coat, and «0 yards of either second or third coat. An ordinary door, including casings, will on both sides make H yards to 10 yards of painting, or say, 5 yards to a door without the casings. An ordinary window ^Mo :{ yards. Fifty yards of common graining is a day's work for a grainer and one man to rub in. In measuring up outside work, use the rule for plain surfaces. In common painting run your tape-line over all the mouldings in and out, and this, with the width of the cornice multiplied by its length, will give the area. It is customary to add from one-third to one- half for the bracket painting. In painting blinds of or- dinary size, twelve is a fair day's work for one coat, and n pounas of lead and 1 gallon of oil will paint them In measurmg up inside base, it is customary to reckon 9 mches m width and upwards to 1 foot as li inches. Naa«.— One thousand feet of inch stuff will require 10 pounds of 10-penny nails; 1 square of siding or ceil- ing. 2} pounds 8-penny, and the same for a square of roor boards or sheathing, and 1,000 shingles will take 'i pounds of shingle nails. Brick and Stone Work.-A day's work in excavating and fillmg into cart or wheelbarrow is 11 orl2 cubic yards of common earth, or 7 to 8 yards of clay or coarse g.avci, or 14 to ].; cents per yard. In limestone or sandstone a day's work in quarrying will range trom one-half to on-- cord of stone. i64 HODGSON 5 ESTIMATOR Stone Work.— A perch i. IGi feet long, U feet wide, and I foot high, and contains i4\ cubic feet. In esti- mates •2.'» cubic feet is figured as a perch. A perch in the wall contains about 2'2 cubic feet of stone and 3 cubic feet of mortar. The waste ordinarily allowed in laying stone walls from the rock measurement is one-fifth. A cubic yard of rubble masonry laid in the wall con- tains 1', cubic yards of undressed stone and one- fourth of a cubic yard of mortar. Four perches or 100 cubic feet of wall will contain ordinarily 1 cord of stone or 128 cubic feet, 1 barrel of lime, or say 2\ bushels, and 5 barrels of sand. A day's work for a mason's helper is moving I to 5 perches of stone, and mix and carry to the mason suffi- cient mortar to lay them. A man will lay in one day from l to 5 perches of rubble masonry in sandstone, or .3 perches in limestone. In many locations sandstone is delivered for |!1.25 per perch, and the labor for laying in ordinary walls, in- cluding lime and sand, from 95 cents to $1.25 per perch. Stone Ashlars. — These are ordinarily 3 feet to 5 feet long, 1 foot high, and 4 to O inches thick. The price of the rough stone will vary according to locality. The labor on ashlars, including setting, is per square foot as follows: Fine posts, hatninerwork, limp.stoiie, 30 cts.; sandstone, 25 ots. Mi'diuin " " 2S " " 22 " Kough " " 20 " " 17 " Freestone ashlars, sawed, are furnished at the mills for 25 to 35 cents per square foot, and caps and sills for ordinary windows and doors from $1.35 to Si.?0 each. Brick Work.— The labor and material of brick work 1MW AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE ,65 are estimated by the 1.000 brick. In measuring „p br.ck walls ,t .s not customary to deduct for openings To ascertam the number of bricks in a wall: First" obtain the number of superficial feet, and multiply this by 7 for a -,nch wall, by U for a O-inch wall. Lfor 4-mch wall and 2U for an 18-inch wall. If thicker than 1 s mches for each additional 4J inches in thickness aau , bricks per scjuare foot. One thousand five hundred brick is an average day's work for oMtside and inside walls, and we take three! quarters of a barrel of lime and bushels of sand to J.a ethe mortar. The number of brick a mas^n will ay n a day on a plam wall depends largely upon its thickness. On f,-inch work. 1,-^00 to ijo; on Tlin h wor^ 1.500 to -.000 and on is-inch 'work. ..OoHo 2.500, veneered work or single-back walls attached to rcgar.ed a day s work; this includes tying the brick with nail, to the fram. work, or sheathing. of]^,rni h"""""?!'*--''"" "'•''" '""^tration of the cost of furnishing and laying 1.500 brick, or one -lay's work. 1500 l)rick at $fi per M . „, _- i barrel of lime at tl *' r? 9 bush.ls of sand at 5 cent . .', ^ 1 day'.s work for n i^on . . ' „ T^ 1 day's work for li- ,K>r . o'^ «6. in) Total —— — Or, $10.14 per M. "^^ Chimneys. -Common Hues and ordinary chimne. , are Tabor :Z '" T ''r\' ''' ^"""'"^ '-^' '-'^'d'n" labor and material. In large chimneys with fire rn"L':r "-t""' '^'■^'' '^^^^^^ ^- '■"- -^ at dn M ?K '• '" ^'"'^ ^'''"'' ^"^ «*'"^^'<-' the labor at double th^price of plain walls of same thickness 166 HODCSOX'S ESTIMATOR Plumbing.— In |)linibinjr for l).ith-rnoms and closets IJ-itich |)ii)ci, u«.cd fur n.iU-r, J-inch for supply, aiul •t-iiich ron pipes for swil-pipr. An avcra^;.' prin- would he for material and jjuttin},' in the huildinj,': li-in. h pipe, lead, I" cents per foot; j-inch pipe, lead, :il cents per foot, and soil-pipe, :!:» cent'^ per foot. Hath-tui)s will vary in price from Sl.'>.(»0 to S-VIOO; double bath-cocks, §12.00 to Slo.oo; sinj^de, Sl.UO to SM.OO; wash-bowl cocks, from S'i.Oi) o $:).(»). A fair price for a corner wash-bowl, marble, with stop-cocks and enclosed with casinj,'s, includinj.,' con- n<'ctions with jjipes, will vary from S12.00 to Sv'O.OO; water-closet basins and connections, SO. 00 to $.S.0(). It must be understood that the foregoing prices are only approximately cornet. soMi: I'Aintkr's extras In estimating th.< painter's work, a few facts and data as to the quantity of paint required to cover cer- tain areas of surface are necessary. Thus it is useful to know that 1 pound of mixed white lead paint will cover about 4^ superficial yards the first coat, and about ("4 yards each additional coat; that 1 pound of mixed red lead paint will cover about /ij yards super, of iron. Some authorities say 45 yards of first coat, including stopping, will require 5 pounds of white lead, 5 pounds of putty and 1 (juart of oil; and 4') yards of each succeeding coat will require /i pounds of white lead and 1 quart of oil. These quantities do not exactly agree, but they are approximately correct, and we may take about fij to 7 yards to be about a fair allowance for 1 pound of paint; if the paint costs, say, 15 cents per pound, the cost would be about 'i^ cents per yard for material; 1 pound of mixed white lead AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE ,67 paint will covtr 1 yar-i super, on Portland cement first to.it); Kood oil varnish rccjuires I pint to 8 or !) \ rds sup rficial, one coat. In measuring the painting of iron railing, the two sides are measured as flat work. Imth sides plain, and charged as sr h. unless gilded; if the railing is delicate and ..rnamenial. the charge is once and a half, or twice IS taken for ea h side. The rotation in taking the items arc generally the windows, base dades. cnimney pieces, doors; but this rule IS not strictly observed, and in th • abstracting the -ne-coat work comes l.-fore the three, four, or five ...nesinoil; flatting and ornamental work follow the plain painting. It may be useful to reme nber that the decimal .27 multiplied by the rate of wages for a painter per hour w.ll give the c, , t per yard for common work, including stopping, knotting, --t and the decimal .15 for second and following coats. Staining, sizing ar. - ^ng taken at per yar ! superficial should be . , ,- ,, to stain and the nun. ber of coats of varnish. - . varnished work, st-.^^^ if on natural a-ood or painted. Graining and v. ; .,h - at per yard is similarly measured to plain paintinn. and should be described as "extra"; state if "embed " once grained." and varnishe , and the w d to >-.» .mitated as oak, aalnut. <• ,f once or twice var- n.shed. and if with spirit 01 c'>:,J, if the wood is to be WOOD AND IRON WC^k 96 yards .5 feet s'-n." and pai Knotting, su,, ..ng, priming, ng wood wf-rk three times i:i oil and lead color. laking the decimal .i7 and multiplying by I I i 1 •* 1 i' * ' i i I^Ml i68 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR rate of wages per hour would give the cost per yard. The price-books give 20 to 25 cents per yard for three-coat work. 103 yards super. Dit^o four times on cement work. Add to the above 5 cents per yard, say, 22 cents per yard f ^r a large quantity. 54 yards super. Painting four times balusters of staircase. These are ornamental and close, and the quantity given includes double face. Say, 25 cents per yard. T5 yards (! feet super. Ditto five times iron railing. About 5 cents per yard more than last. r5-foot run. 4^ inch reveals in five oils. Worth about 8 to 12 cents per foot. ;3C-foot run. Tainting r. w. \ pes in four oils. Put this at 10 cents per foot. «(;-foot run. Ditto eaves gutters. Same price. 35-yard run. Painting bars to skylights, four coats in oil. This is worth about c. nts per yard. 120-foot run. Shelf edge, three coats. 3 cents per foot. 18-foot run. Painting in three oils, cornice 12-inch girth. About 8 cents per foot run. 62-foot run. Painting in four oils, window-sills about 12-inch girth. Price about 8 or cents. Painting in approved tints wood and stone chimney pieces, four coats. If of ordinary kind, the cost mav be put at about 75 cents to $1.00 each. Ditto ditto, e.xtra coat and flatting. Add, say, 30 cents each. 30 yards super. Painting four times in . ,1, including knotting and stopping and flatting. Say for four-coat work on wood 10.25 For flatting add qo AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 169 In some price-books this would be put at 4a cents per yard. •in yards super. Ditto ditto finished in party colors. Add 5 cents to the above. 5 yards super. Ditto finished in shades of Indian red. This is rather a dear color, and may be priced at .s to 10 cents in addition. fit > foot run. Paint in three oils, reveals 4J inches wide. Add about ti cents per foot. 5S-foot run. Ditto three and flattin},' to skirtinjr not more than 1(» inches wide. About 7 cents per foot. 10 yards super. Painting in three oils, enriched cornices and flattinjj. Price about 75 cents per vard, and add '2(1 cents per yard for ilatting. No. I'-i. Sash frames not e.Nceeding 24 feet super., four oils. These may be priced at about S(» to !»('» cents each. No. 4. Ditto large size ditto. Add 25 cents to each. No. Vi. Dozen sash scjuares, about 2 feet super, each. Worth about 5.') cents per dozen. No. 4. Dozen ditto large. About SO cents per dozen. r2-fo()t run. Painting base, four oils. These would be about 7 cents per foot. 72-foot run. Ditto finished in grayish-green. Add 1 cent per foot. :J2-foot run. Ditto narrow base, four oils. About 7 cents per foot. GRAIN'NG AND VARNISHINc; IMoot run. French-polishing handrail. Worth about 20 cents per foot. 50 yards super. Varnishing doors and fr.uning. two coats copal varnish. Price at 2o cents per yard super. If \i t 170 HOD(iSO\'S KSTIMATOR 4.-. yards super. Painting in foi,r oils, doors finished in buff and gray of approved tints. Price in .0 miiio.i colors, four coats, it..-hulinK ki.ot- tiiiK and stopping, per vard jo or, Finishing in fawn tints, per yard '. qq f'-i yards super. Graining extra in oak and twice varnishing. This may be priced at oo cents per yard tor best work, and for twice in copal ;!U cents. 105 yards super. Graining wainscot and twice var- nishing. Extra over common. Graining cost per yard $() :in Copal vanii>liinR, two coats . •>() 320 yards super. Varnishing matchboard partitions etc., in two coats copal \ rnish, and sizing wood. Sizing wood, say j„ ,^, 1 wi< (■ in copal, say ., 3-i feet super. Painting c.irv.-.l p.diments and trusses four coats :n oil. finished in two tints to be approved. Say co.^t of foiir-) Modeling of rnrichm, Its to be, if special, so stated and the models to 1.,- the property of the designer! (1-H Ceilings or walls cover, d with panels, formed by small mouKis, to be measured super., with illustration or drawing, for 'extra price ov.r plain work"; larger panel mg or special d. . , ,r.,tiv, f.atures to be measured HI detail. (14) Angles to pilasters, etc., if specially ' mt '^il s 11 172 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR formed, meal and extra to plasterin^r. (15, Door and wmdow frames, bedding,, and pointing', to be counted, and state material to be used; also (lushinfj to inside of frames after fixing, or behind casin^^s. window backs, or other work to be given, (iri) Making goods generally, and after plumber, gas-fitter, bell-hanger etc and ch.mney pieces, as in item, stating numbers.' (1.) Coloring and white-washing walls, etc.. to be in super, yards, measuring over all openings under loO super, feet; ,f the work has to be pointed bv the nias- crer state so. (IS) Painting to include stopping and knotting, and to be given in s,,uare vards. I'rii^^ing o be separate, if on work painted before being fixed lamtmg to be girth.d round all exposed surfaces' except as below, (l:., iialusters. if ordinarv square.' and girds gates, and other metal work painted on both sides, with bards about 5 to .i inches apart, to be meas- ure, one surface only; if closer orslightiv ornamental. U surfaces, uul for very close or very ornamc.„tal work. ^ to -n surfaces. (•,'(.) Windows to be meas- ured each surface over full si., of op.ning for painting frame and sheets, or ,.|s-. the frames counted, and the shee s ,f large squares, counted; but if in small squares (as old-fash.oned crown glaring), then count the squares mstead of the sheet. (-.1 , Fa„cy or ornan,ental p.unt- .ng to be measured in detail, with lengths of mouldings picked out, g, t. etc. All work in parti-colors to be kept separat*' from plain work. The cost ,.r internal plastering largely depends on tHv number of coats; the second or floating coat mvolves four processes: running the scre-.ds, fillin-r- in, scouring with a hand-fl.)a(, and "keying" the su'r- face for the^finishin^ coat. 1 ius coat costs about a W more than the two c.-ais and s.t. The third or finishin ' \t) « ldl_ iFWS^' r AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDIC i;3 coat also entails extra care and trouble. It involves laying, scouring, troweling, etc , and it requires "fine stuff," consisting oi pure lime, slaked, saturated till semi-fluid sand. If "gauged" with plaster of Paris in the proportion of three or four to one. the work dries quicker. This is .t!so used for cornices and enrich- ments. Gauging with plaster costs about 8 cents each coat per yard extra, and therefore adds materially to the cost. The cements known as Keene's and Parian have <]uirk-s.'ttin;.,r j.roperiies, and gi\e a hard, non- porous surface; th< v ar.- laid in two coais, the first of cement and sand about \ inch thick, and the finishing roat of neat cement. This kind of cement finish is used for angles and arris.s, often c i Portland cement grounds, also for mouldinj,s, girder-casings, soffits, skirtmgs, and other decorativ features. Compared with ordinary three-coat work, it costs about one and a half times as much. .Some authorities give To cents per ya/d on brick, and others ;io on lath, including profits, anrl on i'ortlasid cement grounds. There are several patent fibrous plasters used on canvas, wood, and -tai for ceilings and decorations that are advertised. Thes.- vary in price about 2.S to 40 cents prr ya.-d. Th= estimator can obtain prices for anv selected ceiling, veal! filling, or decoration In estimating ifms of plaster.r'-. work, care is neces- sary in ascertaining th- .juantities, and whether for narn.w wi.iths." or ior cir.ular work If for narrow widths, an extra price ,.s necssarv, being for labor uii.ch uo-.ld come to about .! c.nts p,-r foot sui>er! niore. or . . ents if in pl.ruer of Pari.. The quantitv should also deternun. th.- price; for large quantitit^s the labor m:^du be priced at I cent less. Keene's fine Mi'ality cement takes a fin, [x.ii^h, and is used for I If • m HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR inu^nal decorations, panels, columns; on brick walls .t should be applied on a rendering coat of Portland cemen . I ar.an cement is used as a stucco, and is valuable on new-built walls, as it can be papered or pamted very soon afterwards; 4 bushels of Parian to 4 i mch thick. The price is about the same as Keene's cement. Rake out joints of old brick work to form "key" for plaster. This may be done in brick work for ;j to 5 cents oer foot super., say ;{•> cents per yard, and the price dq)ends much on the hardness of the mortar to be raked out Raking out cement joint would be about G cents per foot. Dubbint,. out 1 inch thick in tiles and cemer.t to fill hodow inwall. This maybe taken at from !. to i:{ cents per toot super, according to the kind of wall and whether a scaffold is necessary. Render, float, and finish in troweled stucco for paint May be put down at :J5 cents per yard on brick. Add for last coat finished troweled stucco for paint i:j cents per yard. Troweled stucco on lath would cost about y cents per yard more. I^ath. plaster, and s.t. finished troweled stucco in narrow widths. This would come to about J. cents per toot super. '^ Ditto sloping ceiling in panels between ribs. Say onlinnrv work -^ Kxtrii for latliiiiK, say W> -W Add for settii.K •'"•'' t^'^i" Moulded cornice. IS-inch ^'irth. Price this as In fore say. 'iH cents per foot super. AN'D CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE i;s Cornice, 5-inch (jirth. Worth about 14 cents per foot run. ^ .Aliters to ditto. Each, say, 14 cents. Ditto '(-inch ijirth. Worth about :Jo cents Mitrrs to ditto. 28 cents each. Knrichm(.'nts 7-inch jjirth to detail; at o cents for each '"ch f,nr(h per foot, would come to :{() cents per foot KcMuier, float, and set walls, gauged wilt equal lu. nt.tics of l„ne and cement. Add 13 cents per yard to former price, say. :i4 cents. Ditto in narrow widths. Price at .50 cents striighr"''"'" '^''""' ■'" '*'■' ""^ "'"'^ '^^" '^^ Hacking face of old walls to form kev for plaster Th^^ .s lalK,r o„,v. and m..y be put down at 5 cents per Ditto and raking out mortar joints. Add another 5 cents per yard. ^^Rendering chimney backs. Worth about 25 cents I'laster plain face on brick in narrow width. If this jsforl.me and hair finished with setting stuff it may tt-ring, the difference .s entirely for labor Ha.nface.n Portland cement for skirting 10 inches h.uh w.th sunk bead on top. Worth for plain face about 5 cents per foot. • Worth for pl...in f.u-.. al.rut fn- p..r foot S().OG 10 li< nrth for j)l;i '.kI. [XT frio $0.16 'I ASIKR CORNICKS A.\n KNRICHMENT.S Mouhi.d cornic,-. .,s per detail, on lath. This item may !„• pru .d ,he- same as previous item, adding lath- ing, say, 4 cents. ^ 176 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR [ Papicr-machc center flowers to drawing-room and dining-room, al)out iJ-foot diameter, according to design. It is not easy to price tins item without see- ing the design, as they vary according to the degree of enrichment. For plain designs we may price them at '20 cents per inch diameter. For elaborate designs, :5(i to 60 cents per inch would not be too much. Get list of prices. Plaster center flowers, 18-inch diameter. These are worth about S;{.5() each. Ceiling decorations, as per design. No special decoration is described; if plain, the cost would be about lO and 14 cents per foo^, and fixing, say, another Vi cents. Cornices to ditto to design. Price from 20 cents, for fixing add 20 cents per foot. Frie/e. About 'M\ cents per foot, including fixing. KKKNk's CICMENT Keene's cement, coarse ipiality, on brick walls, on rendering of Portland cement. Troweletl on brick, at TO cents per yard. This includes profit. Ditto on single-lath partitions. Price at T8 cents per yard. Ditto circular ditto. Add 14 cents per yard. Pilasters and architraves ditto. This item depends on detail; 14 cents per foot for plain work would do. Skirting !• inches high and moulding 3-inch girth. About 20 cents per foot. Miters to ditto. .About the same price each. Enrichment. 12-inch girth. About 12 cents for every inch girth per f»*ot run. Moulded coriiio. , i:>-in>li '^\Tlh. Price at 50 cents. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 177 Angle fi-inch girth, and arris in Keene's cement Worth about 10 cents. Staff bead '-i-inch girth and (juirks. About 14 cents per foot. Moulding on ditto 4-inch girth. 1.; cents per foot run. ' Keene's fine <|uality cement, on I'ortland cement grounds, polished face, in narrow widths. This is priced at 75 cents, incluriing profit, per foot. Ditto (xilished. plain face, on lath partition. This may he put at about the same Ditto to pilasters on brick. More labor is necessary in trowelmg and floating the surface of diminished pilasters, and the cost would be about 75 cents per foot. Ditto to columns. Add 14 cents to last. Ditto in No. -2 spherical heads of alcoves feet wide each The price for these would be about the same per foot super. There would be about 2S s.uiar.- feet 111 each head. IX feet super. Moulding to riv,- some idea of the character of \\,>rk ( ^tina'"! on in the for< - going analysis, and aid the estimator in working out his figures. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDK Fig. II. u^.< «>/.«/«. ./ ,.,.^ Fig. 12. MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2i <^-'^- 1.0 2.8 I.I .^ IK I: m 2.5 Z2 2.0 1.8 A APPLIED IIVMGE In c ^p^ '653 L.jst Mo.n St-eet r.a Rochester, New roru 14609 USA iJS (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone SBB (716) 28e - 5989 - Ta^ viife^i^' '■■'» i8o HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Fig. 13. if II 8^ llJ Fig. 14. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE I8i Fig. 15. Fig. 16. 182 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR EXTERNAL PLASTERING, PORTLAND CEMENT Work in Portland cement is costly, as both the mate- rial and labor are heavy. Portland cement is mainly used in external work. Plastering will take 3 of sand to 1 of cement, except in reservoir or hydraulic work when .t ,s used nearly neat. It is generally sold hy the bag of 1(K) pounds in place of the bushd. anr' its price IS variable according to the quality and locality nee lists should always be kept on hand. A gritted face ,s better for Portland cement finish than troweled work, as the latter is apt to blister. One bushel of cement and two of sand v ill cover 4^ yards | inch thick; one of cement to three of sand will cover about n yards of that thickness. So that practically we may say that one-sixth of a bushel of cement will cover one }-cird at the above thickness, worth about Vi cents; and three bushels of sand will cost (JO cents, one-sixth of which will be also about 10 cents; add to which labor and profit, about .'JT rents, making about CO cents per yard. The items should clearly state whether The cement is "rendered" or "plain face." or "render and float, or "troweled, "if on brick or lath. Mouldings grooves, arrises are taken per foot run if not exceed- ing l^-inch girth; if above this, by foot super.; and all narrow widths, like panels, rustics, etc., should be stated, as the labor is greater. OUTSIDE PLASTERING Troweled rough stucco, with blue lias lime and good sand, and jointed. This is worth about 60 to 55 cents per yard. Moulded cornice ditto, 2-foot G-inch girth. May be priced at 38 cents per foot super. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 183 Portland cement, weathering, dubbing, etc The labor would be about 7 cents, the material about the same, say, U cents per foot. 78 yards super. Portland cement, plain face. If l of cement to ;} of sand, the cost would be about 55 cents. Ditto in narrow widths. About 10 cents per foot super. ' Ditto H-inch thick rustics in narrow widths This may be put at the same, as these rustics are in narrow widths between grooves. This would be for the plain tace; vcrmiculated work costs more. Rough-cast made with clean washed sand and shingle and good lime in proper proportions. Say, materials per yard super. . f, no Labor.... ""^ 30 SO. 38 Rough-cast on brick, with washed sand and shingle and Port and cement. Add 14 cents to former item, for a yard of cement | inch thick will take about one-sixth of a bushel, say, 12 cents; add for extra labor 3 cents. PORTLAND CEMENT WORK 4fin yards super Portland cement, plain face on brick, floated; I of cement to 15 of sand. Say, cost of rendering (cement and sand) . . fn oi I-ahor to ditto Floating, add 14 cents ," 14 Profit, add.. ^ ^^ 03 $0.56 i84 i * ti I ■ r HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR The price-books put down for this work G5 cents per yard, which IS hi^h for a large quantity ^ Ditto in narrow widths. Price at about 10 cents per foot super., or about 90 cents per yard super Ditto plain face on brick-jointed. Tl-s m, down at above price, or may be put Plain face . . Add for jointing.' .'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'."■■.■.■ ^ ^^ 03 $0.58 This may be put down than last, or, say, 90 Price at 35 and 80 cents ror circular. Plain face ditto as plinth, at 8 cents per yard more cents. Moulding, etc., ditto, 9-inch girth, cents per foot. Plain cement face to pilasters, etc. Worth about 10 cents per foot. 4finch reveals to windows and arris. Mav be priced at 8 or 10 cents per foot. Vermiculated work according to sample for quoins Worth about 55 to 70 cents per foot. This will be extra on the plain face before taken Quoins 18 inches iong, 12-inch return, 12 inches in heigh . .nclud,ng dubbing out and projecting 1 Lh cents e'acl ^ P'^"- -d would cost "about 15 Returned and miterea ends to moulding. The cost of these may be put at the price of 1-foot run of moulding; a sketch should be given. Put at abou the same. luoui Portland cement plain face. This is worth about 55 cents per yard (see previous items). AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE ,85 labor '".'!^ ""'^'" ''''''"'■ '^^'■^ '« chiefly for labor, and may be worth from r>r> to S5 cents or more per foot, but the price depends on the lass Ot work. v-'aas be^wor^h'^l ^'""""' '" '"''■■"' ""' P^" ^^•^'-"■'- This will be^worth from 8 to 14 cents per foot, according to Miters to ditto. Worth about 10 cents each Rustic grooves, V-shaped. These are simpler ti -,„ moulded, and the labor is less sav 5 to s " , foot run. ' ' • ^"^ ^ '''-'"'' ^^^■'' Miters to ditto. Put the<;f. -,f ^ . girth ^ '^ ^^^"'5 P^^r inch Portland cement cornice, per detail. If the mould •ng .s plam. the work may be done for 38 cents p'; Ditto in short lengths. Add 10 cents per foot. Miters. Say. 4-^ cents each. Floating beds en concrete for tile paving. Say, cost of cement and sand, etc «. ^n Labor, say vu.-a) 25 $0.45 Floating beds on concrete for wood-block paving This may be priced the same. Having. Portlan cement laid as paving. '^ inches thick. The iatrTr^tnt"^^^"^^"^-^^-^'^-^-^^ Ihs cement forms a good ground, and can be worked hVmTf t "• '''^"■" P"^^ ^"^ instructions from tnc manufacturers or dealers. 186 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR PORTLAND CEMENT Angle 8-inch girth, and arris. If circular add 50 per cent to previous prices. Splayed angle, ,s-inch girth, and ar.is. This mav be' priced at the same as the other angle. inches by i inch square =i' '^^'^"'•y third or tenth course is .ailed This ,s bad, as with the decay of the mortar the t.le W.11 slip down. For walls, battens' naTledo; plugged o walls, are the best mode of f^xi^g for ver t.cal t. e-hangmg. the top of each tile being bedded in cment mortar, and the bottom double course bedded and pointed in cement on a tilting fillet In dealing with tiles as a roof covering, the first thing to be sure of is that the tile selected' capable of excluding all damp, and will withstand he d'fs^ tegrating influence of the weather Pantiles are the commonest class of tiles, and are 188 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR very cheap. They hold moisture a lon>,' time, a ui re4 decrees, and are mostly used for covennij sheds, barns, and buildings which do not reijuire a plastered ceilinf,'. Plain tiles are smaller than pantiles, but being laid with more lap. are heavier per square. They can be laid to any slope from ••.") to Go degrees. Fancy roofing tiles are similar in many respects to plam tiles and are much used for external walls of half-timbered houses in some countries. Roofing tiles are subject Kj the same defects as terra- cotta, viz.. if they .-"e burnt thoroughly many of them twist and warp and will be found to Ik untrue, and if they are not burnt very hard they are liable to decay. A good tile should be well tempered, of good color, free from stones, carefully trimmed, should give forth a clear ringing sound, and take its weathering quickly. The characteristics of a good roofing tile are density, toughness, and incipient vitrification, the last named quality producing, to some extent, that pleasing tint familiarly known as "bloom," one of the peculiarities of some makes of tiles. Among the best are Jersey tiles, the color of which varies from pale strawberry red to dark brindle (a deep reddish brown), or even to blue, through an almost infinite gradation of color, so that almost any color can be obtained. They get their weathering quickly, and are not porous. Sizes of tiles. Plain tiles, lOJ inches by (IJ inches by i inch, and weigh about 2^ pounds each, and 11 inches by 7 inches by f inch, and weigh about :) pounds each. Pantiles are l^ inches by 9J inches by i inch, and weigh about ".^ pounds each. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 189 A square of roofing requires HOO plain tiles laid to a .^.nch j.au,.e. r(K. tiles laid to a .Ji-inch ,rauge. and .;0() es laid to a 4-mch gau^.; and 1,S0 pantiles laid to inch gauK'e. ir.4 pantiles laid to 11-inch gauge, and 150 pantiles laid to l-.»-inch gauge. One square of plain tiles weighs about 15 .vvt an I one S(juare of pantiles about S cwt. Spruce tiling laths or battens are IJ inches by 4 inch to 2 in hes by 1 inch, and oak tiling laths 1 J by J inch. 100 niain tile laths 5 f(. loiii: i i m 1-' pantile laths, 10 ft. lo:,.r ,, '^ t uuiidle One square of tiling r,.,,uires 1 bundU- of laths, 12 hundred of nails. 1 peck of tiie pins, and three hods of mortar. One square pantiling requires 1 bundle of laths and IJ hundred of nails. To ascertain the comparative merits of tiles, as to their weathering properties, there is no better test than the amount of water they will absorb Most roofing tiles are slightly absorbent, except in he case of highly-fired brindled and blue tiles, and for this reason old tiles have, in a few isolated --nstances, attained to a higher market value than new tiles, as by age and atmospheric deposit they have acquired an artificial surface coating and lost the property of absorption, at least on their outer exposed surface T.les of a bright red, or an earthy red, color should be viewed with suspicion and avoided. They are invariably absorbent, and will not weather well Tiles may be obtained of almost any color Well-formed roofing tiles are straight in their width and hollow ,n their length, that the tails of each course may he close .nd tight on the back, of the under course. fill '90 HODGSON'S KSTIMATOR Straight tiles will not cl.ar th.rmsdvx-s ..ne over the other, and should therefore be rejected. Where point- ■ Mfj IS necessary, it is customary in good work to grind down some of the broken tiles, to mix with the Port- land cement as a substitute for sand, that the finished pointing may approximate in color to the general tone ot the roof covering. The gauge of tiling is the distance from head to tail minus the lap divided by ■>; thus a K-'-inch tile laid to a .J-mch lap will only expose 4 inches of its length to the view when the work is completed. FIXING Old-fashioned tiles have no nibs or stubs for hantr- .ng and must therefore be kept in sitti by means of two wooden pins or nails. When tiles are bedd-d in lime and hair mortar the tops only should be bedded, the mortar extending say not more than ."J inches below the head of the tile' When a roof is close-boarded (and sometimes felted) there is^no need for bedding, though of course a cover- .ngof bedded tiles ■, less liable to breakage when a man IS climbing about a roof than would be one of unbedded tiles. In tiling roofs it is well to cover them with roof boarding and fdting before laying the laths and tiles. Ih.s should always be done in good work. Occasion- ally architects are compelled, owing to the cost of work, to eliminate the felting, or covering with 2-plv paper, and lay the tiles on the boarding; but this practice is unwise, as experience shows, and the boards alone do iiot stop draughts. Secret gutters should onlv be used in positions AND CONTRACTOR'S GLIDE ,91 where theywi'I always clear themselves, especially if the chvellinf,' be surrounded by trees. Tiles, and tile-and-a-half. should be worked against all secret and other gutters, where practicable, alter- nately on each vourse. Tiles oxerhangirj secret gutters should not be bedded on the lea , nor should their edges be pointed otherwise rain may be drawn into the roof The lead welt should stand its own thickness above the backs of the battens, forming a tilt for the tiles so as to throw the wate, away from their edge on to the main body of the roof. Ridge tiles should be of such a section as to ad. ,it of be.ng pressed or made in one piece. Where an ornamental cresting is re.,uired. it should be made as a separate piece entirely detached from the ridge tile proper, the latter being made with a groove to receive the cresting. The cresting should not be stuck on the ridge tH-s bv means of semi-liquid clay while they are in the c sta e. Such work is more or less defective anH unsat - factory m the end. Pantiles should b^ laid on laths and a go. W oed of hair plaster, in order to secure ther . • the roc Tiles hung against vertical walls are :feated precisely as are those on roofs. *^ ^ HIPS, VALLEVS, AND RIDGES In a tiled roof valley and hip tiles should be used in preference to lead gutters, secret or otherwise, bed- ding the valley tiles at their heads to keep them in sUu and steady while laying the plain tiles. H.pand valley tiles should be purpose made, with proper regard to their enclosed angle or pitch. 192 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Where a minor roof runs in at right angles to a greater or mam roof, intersecting it at a point below he niam ndge, it is desirable to use a piece of 4.pound lead dressed to the shape of the minor ridge and the slope of the main roof, and called a saddle-piece This prevents the possibility of rain getting in at the junction of the roofs. The simplest form of ridge tile is that consisting of the two wmgs terminating in a roll at their angle of mtersection. *• Another good ^orm of ridge tile is that of a plain vertical blade rising from the angle of intersection of the wings, and with the square angle at each end of the blade cut otf at an angle of 45 degrees, and which ca^- be pressed in one piece by a simple operation R.dge tiles should be well soaked before use. bedded in gauged lime-and-liair. and their vertical joints drawn up solid with cement, not simply pointed after they are fixed. ^ When the roof is enclosed on the under side it is customary to bed in lime-and-hair the eaves courses only, for the sake of steadiness in the fixing As before stated, the cost of a tile roof will vary much according to locality and ,,uality of materials I'sed. The average cost per square, however, will be about 251<;.0() for the best tiling and about S12.()0 for the more common kinds. While these figures are not correct, they may act as a sort of guide to the esti- mator when figuring on tile roofs. In all cases how- ever wherever possible, I advise that the local 'prices be obtained and that at least 1(. per cent be added to these prices, unless the work is executed in a lar-e citv where prices are more constant than in countrv places- then only the usual percentage of profit be added '\i^A AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 193 So little tiling is done in this country (more the P.ty) that expert tilers are scarce and wage high and varied, so that nothing can be given definitely regard ing the cost of this work. ^ In measuring for tiling, take the whole superficial area, and allow extra for eaves next parapets, /inches' clnppmg eaves, inches; all hips^nd cuttings i inches, and for valleys, 12 inches. For pantiling, also take the whole superficial area and at h.ps. take the length of the hip^rafter by 1^ .nches for cutting and waste, to be added to the super- fic.a area,- take the run of hip and ridges and of mortar or cement filleting, and the plain tL heading.^ tiot'o7th^T7^ '!;' ''■''• '^^ ^"-"tity and descrip- tion of the laths and nails used; also if laid dry or pointed outside or inside with mortar or cement and charge up accordingly; get exact cost of o^ square Z7 I '" f''' ^"^" "■" ♦'^^ f--^--ng. and Then find number of squares to be tiled, and multiply the number of squares bv the rns^ ^f "'npiy cne upon. ''"*' ^'J"^''^ estimated THE SLATER The great similarity which runs through the soecifi cat.ons for slaters- work, no matter by whom d^aw " 194 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR mitered or close-cut hips are to form any portion of the roof. If the hips arc to be mitered, the angle should not be less than 45 degrees, otherwise very large slates must be used at the hip. which looks unsightly, and on no account should small pieces be allowed. Soakers should invariably be used where soft slates are laid, as flushing or bad work of any sort stains the slates and produces a bad effect. In exposed situations, where snow may be driven over the lap, it is better that the roof should be boarded and felted. If battens are used instead ver- tical ones are less liable to cause a collections of snow at certain points, and apparent leakage when that occurs. When snow may slide off main roof on to any glass below, wire guards should be fixed along the eaves to check It. Open batten show-guttering should be pro- vided to all V and parapet gutters to allow snow-water to get away. Mitered hips and valleys with 4-pound lead soakers under slates make the neatest finish to slated roofs and, if properly secured, the most satisfactory. In order to make a neat finish the roofs should be 45 degrees pitch and the slates used in such cases should be small, say 10 x 8; the slater has then the choice of such sizes as 1(5 x 0. 10, and 12 to work up the hip with. It IS impossible to obtain wider slates, and this often induces the slater to lay the slate lengthways to save the introduction of small pieces; the sides of the roofs forming the miter should be of the same pitch If additional precaution is deemed necessa-y, small rolls may he screwed down to the hip rafter, over the mitering; this is rather unsightly and not recom- mended if soakers are used. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE .g; exceeds uven.y years, and iron s'nMeJs ' """' ;.o;pr,eS;itL%:ntest:Ji.^>-r f^'W of the laff. r .-f ;r '"^"(.s, and li inches: in regular-sized work such stnnt Si visabic, as the heads -,r. I. . ""'' ^'^ '"^d- readilv into the sate Td h'^! '"'."" "°^ ^^'^^^ ^^ fl-h with the surface o t ^^sht'e^ /'^ 'r' '""^^ ^^ '■"f^'on that particular Dart will H \"yth,ng press- '^50 to the pouL resp::ti:X ^^'^"'"'"^■"^^^- ^«« -^ poS-!,,irdc4.ctXf ^'f "^" '^ ''' p^^^ '^^^ ex- si- a^d h:.nhrL^^^^^^^^^^^^ -^ an^!; inc^::" f:; ?:; ''""^ ;"-" -e^er be less Hut raiser.he 'i, !, ^f "^ ""' ""P '' » turned back bv sn^w .r '"''"V' '''■""-• "P' "<"' is will, it. '^ " "'"P'"B ''°»"' ="' "-'I a deep rafeer and flat pitch, ,t i, a wise precaution to v rvth^ ap. B.vM,g extra at eaves and for a third of he ; ' ' than n 'ch" "'1 T'' ''" '""" ="<>'■'<' no bale's i^.:: r-a^e^t-r^^^ iviercnants are onlv ahl*- f^ ^u^ ■ si^es yielded by Z '1 ' Proportion of /n-iutu oy tne rock, conseuucnflv ;«• ,v t.mes impossible to fulfil! he >^rnrral ne fi r'"'"" 20 < 10 Coiinf<'« cUf .L --^"^rai specification of .he rock to „,aVe !;.'; '^T"\'' ""' "<" ""'fi- bioci< will :: to ,'•.." °' .'"r '" ■'< "-<= woA";h' r'-'"l'""'= to do with the quality of tho ".10 :i'L' : ^4"clr:'.H'=^'°^' '"V^= --" '- round si.e H probably 10 xlo """•■• ^"^ '"' ^'l" i4:ntorti;'r,:i;rTf.rsnrT" wh: ^ ^^sS^^h'"' ^'"'":- ™^'-' "-^ '^^ - made ' ' '"'P'>"">" "^ ">'' bulk should be A good slate is hard and tough, will ive , h. fracture, no. 'tLj.'rtr'fHai:^ « .K.' ie's^'al'^f T c..nta,n no white iron pyrites (n,arcasi'e) ' '"' ''""'" holed or"t°;'::d"at'r ;':aT':;,Tr::^"' "'■'"! ;;PO". emits a clayey odor when b^t l^, n-^^r^tt iiaulc to premature decay Slate ridge rolls an. wings should be fastened with 198 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR brass or copper screws, and bedded and pointed in lead cement, one-third lead and two-thirds best o"l putty Iron screws should not be permitted, they oxidize and burse the rolls. If wings more than i inch thick are used the upper edges must be beveled. Half or checker slating is sometimes employed for farm buildings or where special ventilation or cheap covering is required. The saving by this method is in the quantity of slates and nails used; the battens or boards remaining the same. In place of the slates being butted close to one another,' they are spaced laterally in such a manner as to just cover the joint between the slates in the course below. This slating known also as open slating, is well adapted for use in farm buildings, covered yards, etc., as by its construc- tion it affords a certain amount of ventilation. In laying slate there is always an element of risk of breakage that must be accounted for, and, as all roofs must be left in good order and perfectly water-tight an allowance of about 25 cents per square must be made above all other provisions. It is very necessary to go carefully over the slating and see that the slater who does the work makes good any deficient or broken slates befo/e he leaves it; and beyond that there is the risk of breakages from other wo .men, for some men must go on the roof afv.'r, although as much as pos- sibl'! this should be avoided. Cutting round small ventilators, V-shaped on plain, and 13 inches by 12 inches.— If the ventilator itself measures 12 by 12, the flashing round It will, of course, exceed the dimension and the slate will not run close up; giving another foot ran of cutting, the slate would have to be tilted against the ventilator to thmw the water off, or a secret gutter formed. The eaves cut- AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE ,59 ting price at 1.0 inches of the Hating, the plain catting at inches of it. ** Cutting round :j-inch lees pipe (ventilators from soil- ipcs and making gc.d.-These are at Sl.OU each, including profit. ' The following prices are given herewith as being approximately correct, being taken from the price lis^ of the Slatington Slate Co.. Slatington, Pa . bu I wou da vise estimators to get other^ice list;, down han ;g'"^" ''''' '' ''' P^'- - -ntinually Sizes 24x14 24x12 22 X 12 22x11 20 X 12 20 x II . 20x10. ISx 12. ISxlO. 18 X 9. Add BANGOR NO. I BLACK ROOFING SLATE ^"- 1 \o. 1 Ril,l,on IVicc per Sir. Price per Sqr. F. 0. B. Quarries F. 0. B. Quarries 16 X 12 16 X 10 16 X 9 16x 8 14 X 10 14 X 8. 14 X 12 X 12 X 12 X 7. 8. 7. 6. . $3 . 85 4..i5 4 4 3 4 4. 3. 3, .50 .50 .85 25 00 75 50 15 per cent to above prices. 3.50 3.50 3.ro 3.50 3.50 BROWNVILLE MAINE SLATE No more beautiful slate is quarried in the world than of smooTh" r '' 'V"^-^ ""'■''^••'" -■" thickness and of smooth surface, and when laid on the roof presents a surface equal to polished .steel. For costly urvaT residences, churches, and public edificet it h^ ^o 200 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR sizes E'''9'"J*'" Square F. O. IS. Quarries 24 X 14 .?";,;, ^°- 2 24x12... *:.- -}onp- 22x 14 *' -'• *•* 95 22xi2;-22.n ::::;:;:;;::::;:;:;!;:•;; >^- 2oxi2.^3xii; 20x10 :::::::::;. SjS ^"j^ l«-xlO, 18x9 ^5o ila 1«M2. 16x11 If^. 5.^< l«.xlO, 10x9, IfixS 7 20 f .« 14x12. 14x10. ,4x9, 14. X 8...... J 45 Im J2x^i;il,%!^V''"^^-' • • «-^ ^;S 10x8 • -^^ -^ -« 3.45 9x7! ^ ^ 3.45 . •l.OO None. Add 15 per cent to above prices. GREEN, PURPLE AND RKO ROOFING SLATE For ornamental roofs these colors are in steady demand. They are also used for entire roofs in many instances. ■'^ Unfading Green. Price per Square F. O. B. „. , / ^, Quarries ^l'^ 4.24x12 $3 5,) Sizes 22x14, 20 X 14, 22x11, 18 X 11. 14 X 10. 20x10. 18x10 ... 4 16x10 22x12 3 5,) 18 X 12, 16 X 12 ... 3 .50 20x12, 20x11 ..... 3 14x9 ;::;;;:;:• I 75 75 75 00 14x8. 14x7 .... 4 12x10. .. . o 12x8 i 12x7, 12x6 ....■ o 18x9, 10x9 ... 4 16x8 ::::;::;;:: 4 Toth 4.00 00 25 25 25 00 00 Purple. Price per Squaro F. O. H. Quarries $4.00 4.00 4.00 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.50 4.50 4.50 3.50 3.50 3.25 4.50 4.50 Red. Price per Square F. O. B. Quarries $11 .00 11 .00 M .00 11 00 9 25 9 25 11 00 11 50 lese prices add 20 per cent. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 201 PEACH UOTTOM SLATE Sl7.es Price rx-r Square 20 X 10, 1,S X 10, IH X y yuarrle* 10x0, 16 xS *^ ^ 16x10, IRxll, isxll ^^ 18x12, 20x11, 20x12 '^ '^ 20x13, 22x11, 22x10 '"^ '"^^ 22x 13, 22x 14, 24 X 1-J ^ ^^ 24 X 13, 24 X 14 ^ ''^^ 24x15, 24 X 10 . ^ ^''^ 1-1x7, 14x8, 14x9, 14x10.:. i^ 12x6,12x7, 12x8. 12x9, 12x10.... '75 11x5, 2-inch lap.... ^ ^^ 11x6, 11x7, 11x8, 2-inrhlap.V.. If. 10x5, 2-mch lap ^ ^^ 10x6, 10x7, lOx.s, 2-i„ch'lap.V.' o^ Strictly 3-16 i„cl, i„ tl.ickncs.s. , t f^ Four to ti.e inch in rick. ' jl Strictly } inch in thickness . . I Z. DniliLg and countersinking. 50 ct«. per square extra'. NO. 2 All sizes above 16 inch J""' 3.40 ^!"t 3.25 12 inch 2.75 The peach bottom slate is one of the best in the country,. ,t,s almost everlasting, never loses its coio and IS non-absorbent. Add from 10 to 12 per cent to above prices. SEA GREEN ROOFING SLATE Stages' %r'''T'"^y "^^d in many of the Western andH Z u"'!' ""' P^nnanent, but it is strong and durable. For low-cost buildings it is a favorite in many localities and while the color changes, the durL- 203 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR bility of the material docs not seem to suffer It makes a good all-round slate roof. Price per Sciiiare Sizes r. O. H. Quarries 2-«xi4 $:mo 2-1x12 :m„ 22x14 3.00 22x12 3,0 22x11 3 20 20x12 3,0 20x 10 3 90 18x12 ; 3.i"o 18x10 3.10 18x 9 3.10 Price jMT Scjiiiire Sizes K. O H. guarrles >«xl2 J3 lOx 10 .00 .TCK) Hix S J 14 X 10 .", 3 . 00 14 X !» 14 X H. 14 X 7. 12 X S. 90 .90 2 90 2.90 2.70 2 70 Add from 5 to 10 per cent to these prices. To obtain the correct meast-rement of a surface of a ;.?.:';".'"'• "'" !'^^' --'-^ «f -1-res on anv so that to obtain th descriptio" required to e exact number of slates of any cover any tjiven surface is quite a simple matter. Further on i will ^.ve a rule for find.n, tli^e number of slates required f^r cover?';,!;; differe/tllrt"^ '"''' ^'''' '''' ^^'"^''^^ ^'^ ^''-«t- of different thicknesses per square foot super. Slate ^ of an i„ch thick, 2.71 pounds por .quaro foot S at« o an n,..|. thick. 3.62 pown^.s per square f" ' Sla e I o an n.ch thick, .5.4:^ j.oun.ls ..cr .s, uarc foo ' ' S^a e J ot an inch thick, 7.25 po.n.Is U h, „ I- ^ Siule i of an ua.h thick, 9.00 pound, per .. uare foo .' AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 203 Slute i of an .ml. thick, 10.87 pounds per Hc,uare foot. S ato ,n,.l. tlH.k, 14.5 founds prr .square foot. Saf,. It i.Hhos thick. lM.f,4 pounds per s,,uan. foot MHc I J ,„c|„., ,|,i,.k. 22.4K iH.unds ,.,.r .s,„.are .oot. hl.itc '. inches thick, 30.00 ,jound.s per s.juare foot. There are certain rules that are generally recognized by estimators and builders for the measurement of roofs, whether of slate, shingles or other materials and may be given as follows: For plain roofs, measure the length of the roof and multiply by the length of the rafter. For roofs with hips, valleys, gables, dormers, etc.. measure each section through the center and multiply by length of rafter, and in addition to the actual sur- face of the roof, measure the length of all hips and valleys, by one foot wide. No deduc- tion is made for dormer win- dows, skylights, chimneys, etc., unless they measure more than 4 feet s(iuare. If more than 4 feet square, and less than 8 feet siiuare, deduct one-half; if more than eight feet square, deduct the whole. If hips are mitered, charge extra. Ridge rolls, flash- ings, valleys, etc., are charged extra. The names given to ornamen- tal slates and shingles are ^'S- ^7 •n^Fi" ''V^'T''" ""' .""'■'"^" ^^ ^'-" ^"d shown used <^^^rup\.s arc among those most The expert slater, at the present writing, receives J i.' 204 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR WJJO per d.y of nine hours. a„.l he is supposed to lay h m ;i.'^""^'% »•--''•■"« --ythin,. is handy f.^ h m. Th s wape, however, may be. and is, only «iven '" a few ocaluies. Jn son,, towns it is less ^.nd i some c.t.es.t is more; - that the estinutorsZ,; whenever poss.hie. obtain local prices both for h ; an,l mater.al; then he cannot well make many cLr „ h.s estimate if he is at all careful ^ " may not be out of place, and I i^ivc them even if I risk ^^^^^^'■'^-'-'^-^ -I have given n::Hy: amc*h,ce,n previous pat,r,s; but it cannot be Ldven oooft.-n to the youn,. and inexperienced est.nn to {oMheom.ss.on of a single item nlay result in^o!^ cJm'.tfof th "' 'V'7 ''-'r ^^°— -■"« to make an cst.matc of the cost of a job of work, is to see to it thai the draw.ngs and specifications be carefully s udic!^ and remarks made for future guidance or reterenc" thf'ex"!","' B->^»y"-Take the dimensions for nferTth:"t -''"''" '''""' '"'^ sections, then PPe. o h T "''"" ""' '^'^ whatever does not appear on the drawings. Take brick work as above directed s.ons of the breasts; reier to specifications for descrip- ar Jhel ""'"'"^ '"' '""''""^ ^''''^ '^^>' ^e taken with The wood bricks and springinir nieces m-,,, K * 1 with brick arches. ^ ^ ^""^ ^^ ^^^""^ Take dimensions by the foot run of the m^k.-^-r „onH anu restor.ngs of all stone sills, after mason! etc' AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 205 BUUr.-Take from the plan of roof and section, then refer to specification and clear all off In the b.ll provide for leaving all slating p.-rfect at completion of the work. ' Carpenter. -Take from plans and sections, referring to spec.ficat.on. Take ..II iron attached to timbe.s P.nd the qnant.ty of boarding, or battening, to roof' tT laL i'f"'' 'T"^"' ^•^'^'^'^' -"'■"^-. ^^-. from thcjatter, ,f much discrepancy, there must be an rln!!rV'~'^'''^ ^'verything from specification, refer- ng to drawmgs only for lengths. Be careful in allow- round rolls flashing, etc. (refer to the quantity o boarding to flats, etc.. as a check.) Maaon.-Take from specification, referring to the drawings only for dimensions. Attend to the cube quantities, scantling lengths, etc., also to the metl d pointed out for taking labor. Joiner and Hardware. -Peruse specification, referring o drawings only for dimensions. Take hardwlr! oZ'rinrh '"/""• ''''"'''' ^°^ "^'"^ ^'-•-. -" covering handrai, to prevent any injury during the Provide for attending plumbers to sinks, cisterns, vv. C, etc., stating how many of each. Plasterer. Internally. -Lo.,k carefully to specification, particularly as to enrichments, referring to drawin- for dimensions. Whitening and coloring is taken from plastering, but appears separately. 206 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR J^rovi,,e for making good „u„d .an.els after Painter. -All taken from specification Ail wood work painted nay be collected from the jomer; one-seventh for edges; .vhen both si K^ a , Paper-Hanger.-May be taken from plasterer Summary o trades in order. Conditions of iontract to be taken from specification, and furnished in the memorandum sheet. "^ lastly.-Generally review the whole of the drawinrxs r^teTrted:^^'^"^' ^^" ""^'""^ ^^ ^^ omittedTmi^! RULES, TABLHS, NOTES, DATA, AND POINTERS USEFUL TO THE ESTIMATOR selltdlo^^^^^^^^ tables, data, etc., have been specialiv use.ul for reference and for making hurried approxi- mate estimates of work in detail or in bulk. ^ The ■terns are carefully indexed, so that anv p..rti.u!ar one AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 20; of them may be found without much loss of time- a matter of considerable importance m th u after all are not of mTchacttl •''"''"''■• ^'^''^'^ -;.but.bichareus::^;X:::i-^^:.-^ ™„X .KO X„:CK.KSS OP CAST-rKO^ okmn-hphs "' ^ 'I^j sook.H !<>f MfUil Socket 111. 11 3 A verajfe weight per pipe III. 1 ^'■ 9 9 9 ' ! 9 9 -; 9 9 9 7 . 9 9 « 1 9 9 M 9 9 '" -I 9 9 r 9 9 12 . 9 12 12 i ! 12 10 i .7 1 i § i 1 7 5 III. PWt. 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 2 41 ') 4i 4} 2 41 2 4i 3 4| 3 41 3 4* 4 4* 4 4i 4 4* 5 4 5 4 6 4i 6 4, 7 ,) ' 1 ( -•i 8 qr. 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 11). 12 20 14 7 14 24 7 24 14 7 14 14 Approximate weight per foot run cwt. 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 o 2 2 qr. lb. U 17 18 20 22 25 1 1 3 1 7 1 8 1 12 1 12 I 18 I 23 fi 15 19 26 11 18 25 2o8 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF BRICKS IN WALLS OF VARIOUS THICKNESSES ?/'"•."; „r4 pin. nrf;'"'-" 31J o;i 94J 120 '•">"* 2l'0i 252 2h:h\ 315 34(iii 409}! 441 I 472} 504 5.J5}I 567 I 598}- 630 I 945 1 1260 1 1890 ' 2 2520 I 2 3150 3 3780 4 4410 I 4 5040 5670 : 6300 12600 18900 25200 31500 37800 44100 50400 1 56700 ' 63000 -;^xr:-._ii- " " luuuvn u.iuuo 170000 Brick work is generally measurer] i.y l.OoTb^ la.d in the wall. In cons.,.,uence of vaWa ions in "L of bncks, no rule for volume of laid brxk c.n h ex^^^ The following scale is. ho^;.:!; ^ ^:: 2 :;o;;;i:::ri;±h^!"-''i-fJi3-!;;;:s 2S ,o.„ pressed l.n.-ks to a super. f,M,t |,S-i„ 35 couiprcs«ed bri.k.s to a super, foot 2'Ii,i Willi. •vail. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE ^ Corners are noe measured twice as in . Openings over 3 feef «„„„ ""^'■^'^ '■• stone work, are counted from .he ',?„!" T ""'''"">■ Arches bricks for I. Pillars ar^" I'*' ""'''' """'«<' H A cu,>ic yard o" mo trrreruTef,? h"* 'T ""'•- and 9 bushels of lime, and fiTi Oh J '"' "' """ ^'XraC.r::,^;,:^?- - --^ brS: "''""'^'=' '°°' °' «-<^^-<' arches requires 10 on''flara:r,;„rck'"o'„ ':r °' "'"''■ -^^^ ^^ "*- average. '^''^'^ P" ^-I^are vard. on an «i.l^- an'd ,. incts o r^d st' T^'-- '""^ * •"^''^ -K. a flue 8 inches wi^tTud !,• ^et^l'^"'" "''" SAFE BEARING LOADS Brickwork— ^^^'^'^ ^^^ '^'■°'''K MASONRY ^'ut\ ''!"■• V •'•'»'■'' '" J""« mortar ^*''- P^' '^l- '"• Masonry— Ptineiit inortar 15Q tJrariito, capstoiio. >^quarpd stoiipwork. 700 band.stonfi, rap.stone . 350 ^qiiare.1 stonework . 350 ' ■xiiiaro.l .«toi„.uork 500 ^«oriv, iiani(.,st i„ „.,,ivp |,,,,i Tons jx-r .sr,. foot i-4Ual to be«t A«l.lar ..Kusonry i"<>- •^ ^6-40 210 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Foundntinn Soilft — „ ^Jv|.mlt«l„vf brick Ton. por«,. foot. Clay, dry, ill thick hods. . Tr Moderately dry, in thick beds.' . .' oIa , ''^oft j_7, Gravel and coarse sand, well cemented s-fo hand, compact and well cemented ' " 4_fi Clean, dry ., _" Quicksaud," alluvial soils, etc .■.........'..'.'.," .^i EXCAVATIONS Excavations are measured by the yard (•.>: cubic feet), and irrefT„la. depths or surfaces are generaliv averaged in practice. MASONRY Stone masonry is measured by two systems, Quarry, man's and Mason's Measurements. By the Quarryman's Measurements the actual con- tents are measured; that is, all openings are taken out and all corners are measured single. By Mason's Measurements, corners and piers are doubled, and no allowance made for openings less than 3x5 feet and only half the amount of openings larger than 3x5 feet. Range work and cut work is measured superficially and in addition to wall measurement. An average of six bushels of sand and cement per perch of Rubble Masonry. Stone walls are measured by the perch (24f cubic feet). Openings less than 3 feet wide are counted solid; over 3 feet deducted, but 18 inches are added to the running measure for each jamb built. Arches are counted solid from their spring. Corners of buildings are measured twice. Pillars less than 3 feet are counted on 3 sides as lineal, multiplied by fourth side and depth. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 2„ It is customary to measure all foundation ind Him.n s.on stone by the cubic foot. Water tabl^r hT courses by lineal feet All ■•„,,' ^""^ ^^^^^ by suoerficinl f , ^"'^^ ^nd Imtels or ashlar by^s^uperfical feet, an.l no wall less than 18 inches The height of brick or stone piers should not exceed 12 tmies their thickness at the base •n ''rT";Lbic"f"1I\"""""' '' ''^ P^'-h (contain. i^^ZZ'Z;- "^"^"^ -'--^' 'y ^^^ cubic yard Lement, 1 bushel, and sand, 2 bushels will cover 'U 3^s,.a,. yards J inch .hick, and 4} .,nare yards .' i^c^h THE PROPORTION OF STOCK RRirvc Av-r. aiuuK CRICKS AND MORTAR TO A ROD OF BRICKWORK . inch! ■" •' '"'^ '"^'^•^^^^ IG '"• - 9 i"- X 9 in. Initio will hold 20 bricks Ditto, ditto i ■ abic foot of n.ortor. 129fi cubic 212 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Ditto, ditto k I -isiu-l nearly. The proportions of lime, sand, or cement required for a rod of brickwork are: Of white stone lime 26 ) Sand 78 i Cubic Feet. (Irav lirtie 36 "1 Sand 72 i ^^^^'' ^'"*'<'<^- Blue lin»c 38 ) Sand 77 ) Cubic Feet. Roman or Portland cement 4.5 / Sand 4r,\ Cubic Feet. One rod of brickwork n^iuires 12G gallons of water to slake the lime and mix tlie mortar. A load of Mortar = 1 cubic yard, and will fdl 30 hods. Mortar i)ro'c feet. 1 imperial buplicl of blue lime, unslaked, weigli- iiig 70 lbs N 2 imperial bu.shcls of sand, weighing 103 lbs [ 2.75 GJ gallons of water ) 1 imperial bushel of blue lime, unslaked \ 3 imperial bushels of sand ' 3 . 25 7 J gallons of water ) 1 imperial bushel of Portland cement, weighing, 99 lbs 1 imperial l)ushel of sand, weighing 103 lbs. .... . j" * -75 3| gallons of water J 1 imperial busliel of Portland cement -> 2 imperial bushels of .sand [2.58 5\ gallons of water J 1 imperial bushel of Portland cement j 3 imperial bushels of sand > 3.42 (>] gallons of water ; 1 imperial bushel of Roman cement, weighing 72 ■) •bs [1.125 O.J gallons of water ) Note; — The mortar produced weighed 106 lbs. 1 imperial l)ushel of Roman cement 1 imperial bushel of sand (103 lbs) [l .704 9 J gallons of water Note: — The mortar weighed 196 lbs. i7'--^V' AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 213 Conrrpto produced 1 imperial bushel of Portla„d cement '" '"'"' '**' 1 mipcrial bashe! of .s,one. l,roken small ] i imperial bushel of sand ' 2.08 ■ii Rallons of water I i'';::",:iiir:r,:r """'""•■"'»"• «-'■" «< Hnck nopgmg ref|uirc.s— P.'r yard superficial, 45 stock bricks laid flat 1 or yard superficial, 30 stock bricks on e.lge IS DEPTH OR LENGTH Half Bhick Thki NumlM r of I'.ricks I.aiil in Mortar I.aiil Ury 1 .0 1.3 l.fi 19 •2.0 2 3 2.0 3.0 3.6 4.0 4.6 5.0 5.6 6.0 6.6 7.0 7.6 8.0 8.6 9.0 10.0 28 33 3S 43 48 53 58 68 79 89 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 ISO 191 212 23 07 31 35 41 44 48 57 65 73 82 90 98 107 115 123 131 140 J48 156 174 OSK liHlIK Till, K Cubic Feet of Brick- work r6198~ 1.8145 2.2089 2.5035 2.7979 3.0926 3.3870 3.9760 4.5651 5.1541 5 7432 6 3322 6.9213 7.5103 8.0994 8.aS84 9.2775 9 . 8firi.'; 10.4556 11.0446 12.2227 Number of Brick.s I-aid nry 70 80 90 102 112 122 132 154 174 194 214 234 254 276 296 316 336 358 ! 378 I 398 438 I^id in Mortar 58 66 74 82 92 100 108 126 14;^ 159 I 176 192 209 220 242 260 276 308 326 360 Cubic I'cct of Br]( k- work 4. 1233 ~ 4.7124 5.3015 5 8905 6 4795 7.0()86 7.6577 Sr8357 10J»139 11.1919 12.3701 13 5481 14.7263 15.9043 17.0825 18.2605 19.4387 20.0167 21 . 7949 22.9729 25.3291 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR THE THICKNESS OF WALLS FOR DWELLLNG HOUSES- BRICK Maxiniuiii Heifjlit = KM) fwt. Maxiinuii; Lengtli. 45 fort. , liulics J wo storifs of 2n 'I'lirce stories of 17 j IJciiiaiiiiier. ... 13 NO fci't. Inches I v.o ;:torics of 12(} Two stories of I'l J Two stories of ITJ Keiiuiiiuier. ... 13 I'liliiiiile J. Inches One story of :Ht Two stories of liO Two stories of 21 J Two stories of 17 J Heiiiaimler. ... 18 Ma.xinuiiii Height = 90 feet. Ma.xiiiuiiii Leiigtii. 45 feet. Inches Two stories of 21 i Two storiis of 17i Heiiiaiiider. ... 13* 70 feet. rnliiiiited. Inches One story of 2t) Two sioriis of 2H Two stories of 17J Heinainder. . . . 13* Inches One story of 30 Two stories of 26 One story of 2lJ Two stories of 17t Heniainder. ... 13" Ma.ximuin Ileiglit = S' Ma.xiiiiuni Lcngtli. feet. 40 feet. Inches One story of 21} Two stories of nj Hemaindcr. ... 13" ()0 feet. Inches Two stories ot 21 h Two stories of 17J Jfcniainder. ... 13 rnliniited. Inches One story of 20 Two stories of 21 1 Two storie.s of 171 Ueiiiainder. . . . L3' Maxinumi Height = 70 feet. Maxiinuiu Length. 40 feet. Inches 1 wo stories of 17J Keniaind»>r. ... 13 .5.5 feet Unlimited. Inches One story of 2U Two stories of 17 j Remainder. ... 13 I Inches One story of 26 Two .stori'e.s of 21 § One .storv nf 17J Heniainder ... 13 i^rt ik-qk:-.;^! AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE Maximum UviRht = 00 f,.pt. ^ Muxiiiiiim Loiijitli 215 Inches no Mory ol 17J T tori.w o"f"V7A I r> . '"'^•"'s 'u<^r I. J j„.„ storifs of 17j Kciiiaiiulcr. . . . I3 30 f,.,.t Maximum Ilcipl.t = 50 feet. JIaximum Lenptli. iir I, , , Inches "all I.eiow the topmost story 13 4.5 feet. -, Inches One storv of I7i Kest of wall I.eiow' Unlimited. lopmost sforv Kl I t , , ... ., / , . Inches One story of 21 J One story of 17^ Ht'ni ainder. . '. . sj Maximum Heicht = 40 feet. Maximum -Length. ■■ir, feet. Wall l.elow ,wo topn.osr""^ storie> Two topmost stori.^s of ' " XJ iu'mamder. , . ' ' ' ' 2? "2 Maximum Height = .30 feet. Maximimi Lenfrth. One storv of '"{"ll^ Host of wallhelow topmost * storv |« Toptimst storv ui Hemainder .: J^r Wall below two topmost sto-""' ries Two lopmost stories' '" «i Iu'mamder j^f Wall below topmost stor;"''l3'' iopmo.st storv «i Hemainder. ■'.....'.'.[','.[" gt Maximum Height = 2r, feet. Maximum I.eno-th. Vmm b;i.s Inch '«e to lop of wail. . ."sT | ^y-ill bein,,. ♦^ . '"'■'"■s 2 I " ail l)elow topmost storv 13 ropmost story. . ci Hem.nitider o? fismsi-.i^ar'.^ua'^ir v^s- jff c.f'. a 2l6 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR THE THICKNESS OF WALLS FOR WAREHOUSES-«R,CK Mnximum llriKhl in int KM) 00 SO 70 ' oi^tZT"^r\ 'l^" '■""""^'^^ ^^ one-sixteenth part of the height of the story for dwelling houses and to one-fourteenth part for warehouses, in case he thick rh^tptr;;^^ ''''- ^--- ^^^^-^^ '^ss^tLt thi'^knet'L'f 1^'^" Y'"'l'' ^'^' '^■^^- ^^ ^' ^-''^^ the thickness of the wall, to diminish in regular offsets and^ to be equal i„ height to one-half of'the wid4 aj 1,. '. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 217 ROOFS GKNKRAI.LY SHiN(;MNa To find the numlKT of shinfr|es rcquirc-cl to cover 100 quare feet deduct .J inches from the length, divll th^ rema.nder by ... the result will be the exposed it^ h o sh.ngle; mult.plyin.r this by the aJera.^e width of a sh,n,,de, the product will be the exposed -xrei D.v.d.ng 14.400. the runnber of s.p.are .^ndK-s i , a square, by the exposed area of a shin.le wi give he number re.pnred to cover 100 s,,uare ftet of roS In estuiiat.ng the number of shingles required an allowance should always be made for waste perS:;:i::,r"^^'^''-'^^-^^-^ -••>'-- TABI.K FOR ESTIMATIXr. SHINOr.Ks I^nirth of 'SIllMKll'S Kxrx'suriMo Wi-athcr liirlic,'- '^"lSll.i!!!S£::-^-;vx^t^i^ 6 in. Wide 4 in. Widi- 167 9(H) •2()H 720 250 • f)(tO 2JM 514 .{.{.•J 450 SLATING A square of slate or slating is 100 superficial feet. widest pin" H^^^ "'■'/,' °' ^"^^'^■^'■^ '^"^-^^^ the wiacst part. Hips, valleys and cuttings are to he measured lineal, and . inches extra is allo'vled The thjckness of slates required is from 3-1. to 5-16 45 tor* '"^ ^h^-'^^-'ghe varies when lapped from 4.5 to Cf pounds per square foot. msim^iamE^ 2>8 HODGSON'S KSTIMATOR The -laps" .,f slates vary fr„m 2 t„ t Inches the standard assumed to be .J inches. TO COMPUTE THK NUMUEK O. sr.ATKS OK A r.lVUS S,ZF RKyUIKKI) J'KK SOUAKE Subtract 3 inches from th.,- knjjth of thr slate rnult.piy the remaind.. l>y .he width and diviue t ' will be th- number of slates required. TAM.E SHOWING NUMMEK OF SLATES ANH .-OUNOS OK N m, s RKOUIRHD TO COVEK IC« SyUAKK KEET OK KOOk' " ■ Ucqilin-il Nails liiiiuirfd S.i .(> ll>s. n t . s:i:i Wis 1 l(i') 1 33 214 1.5 1'77 •) 377 -' CO ".:{;} 3 S APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OK MATERIALS FOR ROOFS Material Av(rai,'(> wciKlu ||). Corrugated Ralvanized iron So. L'O, u.il.oarde.l "" '"' n Copper 16 oz. vtan.ii-.K ^sourn. , """O'^'-^kI .'} I'elt and asphalt, w,; ..ut slieathing \i Ghuss, J uioh thick . . ^ 2 HeniWk sheathing, 1 mihthick \^ Lead, about i inch thick . ^- l.ath-and-phi«t«r ceiling (ord'iuarv) . ^*" ^ Mack.te 1 n.ch thick, with plaster. « '" « Aeponsct roohng felt, 2 layers '" Spruce sheathing. 1 inch thick '.'. J, Mate. ,V inch thick. 3-inch doul.le lap r!| S at*. J ,nch thick, 3-inch doul.le lap'^ " " ^\ Rulfl'^f' TV"' ^ *° "•'■"t'"^'- • • • • '1^ kg ^fr4?piv^' - '" ^ "'^^'- '"'-^"^"'K f™»c. ;::::: 4 1^ ^o ■^ 4 AND CONTRACiOR'S GUIDE 219 Material Averair* welKht lb. " " ng- ft. jH-r I Teriio j, at.-. [('. without Hlu.athiiiK .;ni.. I Mat.'. ..\, without MicathhiK I Til.-H (SpanLsh), Vji- I i,,*- __ 7 . l^ *"'''" H vvi :> ■ 1 . '' 5 '4 to weutiier ui \\ h t.-p,,,.. sh.>athiMK, 1 inrh thick ni i Hlow-puio shfuthinj;, 1 inch tliifk . ..'.'.'.'.■.' 4* SNOW AND WIND LOADS Data in regard to snow and wind loads are neces- sary ,n connection with the design of roof trusses. Snow Load.-V\hen the slope of a roof is over 12 n he., nse per foot of horizontal run. a snow and acu ental load of S pounds per square foot is ample When the slope .s under 12 inches rise per foot o run. a snow and accidental load of U pounds per square foot should be used. The snow load acti ver- .ca ly. and therefore should be added to the dead load >n designing roof trusses. The snow load may be neglected when a high wind pressure has been consid! a I fh ''' "" ^T' '"T^ "''''"' '^■""''^ '-'-'y ''•^^'y remove all the snow from the roof. Wind load -The wind is considered ts blowing in a horizontal direction, but the resulting pressure Ipon the roof IS always taken .or.u^/ (at right angles) lo^S" slope. Th( le wind pressure against a vertical plane depends on the velocity of the wind, and as ascer^ VasM '^r'^M^^'r ' "'^^'-'^ ^■■^-' Service'at Mount Washington, N. H., is as follows: .Velocity Prewnrp 10 (\ A 20 , c "esli breeze. to Stiff »,-<.,.-„ 30 o fl ^^^^ breeze. 40. fi 1 Stroiij? wind. an .,,„ Hiirli wind. 60;:::::::: I^-J Storm. 80 ■ ■ ■ oVr Violent storm. 100 ; ; ; 40 S Hurricane. ^"-^ Violent hurricane. a^A 220 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR h JAl'".'"'' ^'"""'T "P^" ^ cylindrical surface is one- half ^that upon a flat surface of the same height and Since the wind is considered as traveling in a hori- zonta id.rect.on. it is evident that the more'nearly " . t.cal the slope of the roof, the greater will be the pressure, and the more nearly horizontal the slope the less w,ll be the pressure. The following tab e g ves the pressure exerted upon roofs of different slopes, by a wind pressure of 40 pounds per sc.uare sity to a Violent hurricane. WIND PRESSURES ON ROOFS (Pounds per Siiuarc Foot) Rise In. fXT J'oot of Run 4 6 8 12 16 18 24 Angle with Horizontal IS 2.5' '2() .•J.I' 3.3 41' 4.5" ()' r,:i 7' 5(5 20' 63 27' Pitrh Proport ion of Rise to S|)tin Willi! Pressure Normal to .SIoi)e 4 i IG .,S 2." 7 29 1 30 I 3S 7 3!» 3 »() weight ofr ''"*"' r"' ^"°" '°^^-^ "P- '•-f^. the weigh of the principals or roof trusses, including the other features of the construction, should be figured in over oO feet, and not required to support anv ceiling the weight of the steel construction may be taken a 5 pounds per square foot; for greater spans. , pound pe ^uare^footshould be added for each lUfej;incl^ AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 221 COMPARATT" , o«T OF ROOFS It Often happens f r,c nn esfin.a:, • is asked as to the d.rfer.nce ,n the co, ' ,. roofs, ard on 'his answer the construction of the- -,- .av depend; therefore ii necessary that he should be able to give his answer with ome degree of .ntelligence and exactness; and the follow.ng, to some extent, will enable him to do this For instance, take a "span roof." by which we mean ngth of the rafter be 10 feet, and that of the roof from edge to edge be U feet. Then it contains on each side a trifle over 7 squares of 100 superficial feet each. squares If the roof is to be slated or tinned it will require the sheathmg to be laid close, and with what is called match mill-planed timber." which is provided with tongue apd groove, and need not, as the name implies, be mill-planed, although it usually is We next come to consider the cost of sheathing, na.l., and labor required in putting it on. which approximately, is as follows: PREPARING FOR SLATE OR TIN ROOF '^'''"e;'^;;,^ '" P""'"« '«'^"-'«"-' -^ so cents*''' ^'^ Nails for fastening sI.eatl.inK boards .' .' . .' ; .' f '^ Total cost. " ■ 115.00 SLATE ROOF We find the cost of the slate roof to wit: I*or proparinK for roof, ... tin nn for 7 '^luares of .slating, i.-eluding lahor,' material. ^^ -I... .11. s.\^ per gijuurc 84.00 ^°'"*^°«* is^^ miii^^- 222 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR Thus it will be seen that the total cost of 7 squares s uare'"^ ^^^^regates a cost of g'JD.oo. or SU.lo per TIN ROOF Since the work of preparing for the tin roof is the same as for slate, we add to it the cost for tin and painting as follows: For preparing for roof. ... %}\ nn For 7 squares of ti,. work at 75 cent .s per square ineluduiK material ami laJ)or ' 50 rg For 78 yards of paint, 2-coat work, at Vs cents ^ " P^'-"'^'-'^ : 11.70 Total post. . ' $79.20 will cost S.v«.i i,, .,u per square. AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE COMPOSITION ROOF 223 Now suppose that the slope of the roof permitted the surface to be covered with eravel nr _^'''"'!"^^ roofin,, then the sheathin, ntd'Tot bT, raT:^ fully as for tm or slate, and an inferior quality of iZ ber can be used; the only requirements 'being tha the" surface must be level and smooth folL"'' a case the estimate of cost would be as 700 feet of sheathing at $12.50 per M .07= I "tt.ng on san.c at 3.5 cents per square.' [.'.y-^ 2 45 AaiLs for .slieatliiiig, etc 7 .squares roofing material etn «j\^„, * '^ " ^"'"' '-te., $4 per square. ... 28 GO Total cost . .$40.20 Making the cost of 7 squares amount to S40.20 trifle over S5.U per square. or a Slate on iron purlins Mo;alVu;ti:r 12.00 to $7.00 per sq. Metal tile, steel, lead:coated .' lo't !' ''' '"' ^^• ^*"''''- roofing I'mtVi^l'"""''- Felt and gravel f^^"" ^"^^ P^-" «*!• 6.50 ( >rnaniental tile .^ P*"" ^^■ Tile shingles ^^'^ ^"^ ^'^ P«r M- Charcoal tin plates' IC 'i-i von ! " " ' -^'-^^ *« ^^.OO per M. ..,_„ ,""P"^t«s.IC..14X20.ns. . G.OO to 6.50 per box of 112. 5.50 per box of 1 12. 11.50 to 12.(H) per box of 112. per box of 112. per box of 112. 00 per box nf II 2 Charcoal plate, terne:i:x:'20xS;;;^'l2^ per boxof 112! ,x..v.,.ux-»uia.lj.80 perboxofll2. Coke plates, tin, I.P., 20x2.8 ins Coke pl.,t*s, tin, I.X., 14X20 ins. ... , ^^ C harcoa plate, terne, I.C., 14 x20 ins 550 Charcoa plate, terne, I.C. 20X28 ins 10.75 to 11 Umr-oal plate, (erne, I.X., 14 X 20 ins f. 40 TT 224 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR FLAT SEAM TIN ROOFING Table sJiowinR quantity of 14" v on" f ;„ ,„ • i . Kiv.-M ,n„MlM.r of square feTt with fl'l ^ ^"'""'''^ *° ^'''■'*'' "* C : Z : lOi) 50 2S0 no ()5 290 120 70 .300 I.W 7(i 310 140 82 320 J 50 88 330 160 94 340 170 100 35(t ISO 105 3()0 190 111 370 200 117 3S0 210 128 390 220 129 400 230 135 410 240 140 4:>0 250 140 430 TjO 152 440 270 158 450 5 = X 5 104 170 175 181 1S7 193 199 205 210 216 222 228 234 2 to 245 251 257 2(i3 c . 400 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 h_ 269 275 280 286 292 298 304 309 315 321 327 333 339 344 350 356 .3(i2 368 o . 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 ~ 3 374 379 385 391 397 403 409 414 420 426 432 438 444 449 455 461 467 473 c 1^ 6", 820 S30 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 ! 1000 square feet 583 sheets. A box of 112 sheets I4''x20» will square feet. 479 484 490 496 502 508 514 519 525 531 537 543 549 554 560 566 572 578 cover approximately 192 STANDING SEAM TIN ROOFING Table showing quantity of 20''x28» tin rennim^ +« give,, number of square feet with ^t, ^ ^ '^''^'^'' " standing sean.s and tlTln l- "^'"^^ '''''*"' '"'""^"K. The width and r off he 1 ^" °;' '1 ''""P '"^^ ""'•"'^ 2r off the ' ' ^ ^"" ""''■ ^ «''««t w.ii cover 475 square inches f-'^y M h^i *' 1^^^ AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 2?5 1000 square feet 303 sheets. .quaV'leel'*''' ^^" ''"''' '^''^'''' ""''" '°''"" '^PP^^^i'^^tely 370 It must be understood that the figures given in the foregoing are not considered as being correct or suited to all localities; they may be taken as appro cimately exact, but )n all cases the percentage of difference in cost may be taken as fairly correct, and it ib this result for which the tables were prepared. .MJ^:SSK^-.:.JB':t-X 226 liii HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR SPFXIFIC GRAVITY AND WKIGHTS BUILDIXG MATERIALS Name of Mut.Tial ^["''v'" Z"'' Sp'cific IWck, .•oiiinion ,. '•''" -'-10 Cement, Portland '■'"* -W Cement, Hoscdal,. *^° '*" '"^ 1 ,44 Co'nmoMl.rickuork,;on.ont mortar m o'^ fomn.on brickwork, Iin.,,„ortar f f '" Concrete cement '-" 190 E-irtli, dry, shaken. ^^ '"'" 2. 2.5 Karth, rammed ■*<- to 02 1 .36 GIa,s,s, window. . ; ^" *° ^''^ 152 Granite. . l-''? 2.. 52 Granite or lin,estone,rul.l.lo work' JS ' ^' Gran.te or lin.e.stone. well dressed ' I A ' ''' I-ne.stonc.sand„mrl,les J' 2.«5 l^ime. Quick. ... ^"'^ 2.70 Mortar, hardened '^^ 85 Plaster of pari.s.. ^^^ i.gS Pre.s.sed brickwork ^^^'^ -27 S^nd 140 2.2.5 Sandstone 90 to 106 2,05 Shiiles. .. 151 2.41 Slate...."'" - 162 2.fi0 Trap Rock. ^''•'' 2. SO 187 3.00 WOODS (DRY) Name of Material „ WoiRiit Weieht n«r « Ash, American, white ' "" 00 '*'' 752 Bo.xwood ■■■ ■■ ^^ 3.8 .610 Cherry ... 60 pgQ Chestnut.. ^^ 42 "672 C"rk ;; J-4 41 .660 ^-3 15 .250 r-w^-^s^m^- ^mm AJ^D CONTRACTOR'S I;!- 2.0 Hnnlock ' 2 1 Hickory ^ , I^iKnuin Vit.T g „ Mahogany, Spaiii.sli .' 44 Mahogany, llomluras 2 9 Maple ■ 4 , '^^"k, Itvo 4g Oak, wliite. ... , \ Oak. red .'.'.'.'.■.■.■.■ 30 r'iiie, white " g 7 Pine, yellow | 2 8 Pine, southern 37 Sycamore o , Spruce ' ■ ■ 21 Walnut gr, The estimated weight of logs is one the estimated weight of the green ham kind of wood. GUIDE 22;^ 35 .560 76.1 1 . 220 '2.5 .400 5.3 .8.50 S.3 1.330 53 . S,50 35 .560 49 .790 59.3 .950 48 .770 40 .640 25 .400 34.3 .550 45 .720 37 .590 25 .400 38 .610 -half more than ber f the same THE METRIC SYSTEM The metric system is based on the meter, which a cord.ng to the United States Coast and Ge!dltic Survey Rort of 1884. is equal to .9.370432 inch " ihe xa.ue commonly used is 39.37 inches and i, meter IS defined as one ten-million.h the distance ^ir:e^;V\^.:^^^-^^-— ---eridL There are three principal units: the meter, the liter pronounced lee-ter). and the gram, the units ^f length .its n^"" \' respectively. Multiples of th'ese ^nits an obtained by prefixing to the names of the Prmcpal units the Greek words Dcca (10) hecto 7lOO) and kilo (1.000); the submultiples. I divisions? Ire *^«*!S 228 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR . 'h.-' l<.y .c ,h. entire sysL'"\, I^T',,'""""'" '"™ always be ,vri,te„ as here printed ^ '^""''^ Millimeter (mm.) ( entimeter (em.) I'eeimeter (dm.) •Meter (m.) I)e' ^'^^^ ^'ime ™nes in-^ft-r Sr .rd'E^^r'r' ^"'" -" measurement. English system of Name i>|. millimctor (mm.') = !>!. (■(■ntimctpr(cin.») = S<|. ilfc'inii'iiT (lini,''') = i^'l. motcr ,,r rcritarf (ni.'iirca.) = •'«|. lii'c.imctor (ir arc (I)in.a,ir.A.) = Hectare Si|. kiliimctpr ■*!■ m>Tianipt(T MEASURES OF AREA Sq. Met. Sq. In. ■00m\0= .001,5,50= .0001000= 1,5.5003 = .0100000= i,5„5003 = Sq. Ft. .00107fi41 .10704100 Acres 1.0000000= 1„550.03 100.0000000=1,5.^003 IO,000.0(XX)000= •3}>(il0(l<)s.).nii. 38.(il09(;30.s.,, mi. 10.70410000= .000247 1,07)1.4101 = 107,1)41.01 = 10,704,101 _ Name Ml. centiniei.T (rm 3) = 1,11. ileejnieter dim ^1 - • enti.stt-re _ MEASURES OF VOLUME .024710 2.47110 = 247.110 =24,711.0 C\t. Met. .«. , I I .1 10.. , C'li. In. or. 1025 f>l.(J2.54 fl.0.2,-|40 Cu. Ft. Cu. Yd. ..35.316 .3.5,3156 .3.'5.3156 353.156 = 1.308 = 13.080 AND CONTRACTOR'S CUIDH 229 CURRENT MEASURES 40 8 Hil. Fur. Mi. LINEAL MEASURE 12 inr;,oH(in.) = , fo„t ^••5 >''"-ii« -- 1 rod. . . ^^^-^ =1 furlong. ^^rlonnH ^i nji,^ In. Ft. Y.J. 1!»S=. 1,5.5= 5 7,il20= cm = 9.,o C3,36() = 5,L>,so =1,760 Other units of measurt- are: .'■> feet equal 1 pace. ^J feet o(|ual 1 militarv pace, fi feet equal 1 fathom. !> iiiclics ("(lual 1 .span. inches ecpial 1 euhit. '"••''••■•< <'qual 1 hand (to niea.sure liorses). • ft. . vd. .rd. fur. . tni. 5= 1 = X) = 1 = 320 = 8=1 IS 4 21.8 7.92 inches. 25 4 1(H) 66 : 80 link.s rod.** : inches eciual 1 Bible cubit. SURVEyOR's MEASURE = 1 link .... rods: J links } = 1 c feet: \ chains . . . = 1 rod. ..li. .rd. lain ch = I mile mi. 1 mi. = 80 ch. = .320 rd. = 8,000 li. = 63.360 in. SyUARE MEASURE 144 square inches (.sq. i„.) . = j f^^^ ' ■'''^''''"' f-"^; = 1 square v.ard.,.sq.^ 3 i square yards = , ,,,,„, ^^^ ^^ >^- IfiO .square rods = 1 acre . . . a 040 acres. . . _ , .. ' 1 =640 = 102.400 = 3.007.600 = 27.?78;400 = 4.01?4S,600 230 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR SURVKyOK's SOUARK MKASURK 625 Hf|uaro links (s„ li ) , Ifisquar.. rods - ' "'l-'-'n- ro.l. . . sq. rd. 1" >«l>.are cLaiMs I "'"■'""'■ •'''"'"• -^*'|"''''rc iriil.'. . s(i ..li " 'I "iiJ»'.-> {(> nil. siiiiarc) — i, ,. •'"I- "ii. 1 s.,. mi. = OJO \ _ ,i IS ^ ■; ~ ' '"^vn.slnp Tp. 1- "»u-A — o,4(KJ s(i. (• 1 =i()>4nn i The acre contains 4,84.0 scnnr,. v-.r i ™^WBAR^AND T,.:,>« „, „„„„„„ „„_^^,^^^ KraiMc ihv.'llinK Hrickilttclliiii; (■'^Illlll.'lC r(M)f I; Mnlcrial in Ullil(il'l); Urirk. j'lasicriMi,'.' .■ 1 ainiirii,', oijt.sjd, 1 iiiMliiiK, iii.si.le Siiinijlf.s . . • 'orrrcc . . \y.-a;l„.r bo'din^- .Mi.allMrij; " HiMirilK; ... , !)()<.rs. <„nip|,.ie. ,>lIll|()\V.S, ((,1,11) f«tiijr.s and iifuci In.sid,. hijniis' BiiildiiiKii'dwar.j «> itsid.. hlinds I f'llN and (ir.^t-i floor JDillt.s I wiH-iision luiiibri I'raiiif .store ''rxk .store ' nIuiii;!,. roof) P?H»*«fE 100 no a AND CONTRACTOR S GUIDE 231 HOW TO FIGUK I'l.ASTKRINO M..Itiply the distanc- around the four sides of the oom ,n feet by the heij^ht of the roo.n in feet Mul ■ply the product l,y the price per square yard nd cl.v.de th.s product by'., because there are 9 sou' re »fet in a sciuare yard I'or fh,. t , • ,^^^^^ Uncrth nf ih ' ceilme, multiply the g h of the room by the width of the room in feet nd ti en by the pr.ce per s.,uare yard, and divide by ! - before. AH. [M>r M. Feet Timbers, rou^h *"■.?;" "'^ Lu„,,„. „,.,,..,,:,::::: :::;:;; :•- .^ Luinhcr, drcss.H ., ,„,. ' '"" Lun.he,D.^M.. :;::;:::::;:;:;• • ^2 'iZ Battens, (). G. -•Jz[ ^'^^^ «.™d,oe.,,.. ■:,,::,.:..::: S ''r uof":. ^•» =•» 'JfjO 5(K) ESTIMATED WEIGHTS OF NORWAY PINE ?'-';—«'- s; 2^S, Lunihor, r«nij;i. . „ ..r-> . Ltnnher, drc's.d J'f; n V'''' Lun.ber, D. .t ,M . . T/^;^ ''^'^ 2.600 2,000 These weights are taken from reports issued by the Argicultural Department of the United States. KSTIMATIXG FRAME OR BALLOON BUILDINGS rol"h'f' 7"'"^ '''' '°'' '''^^"' "^"^^•^■■y ^" convert rough lumber into available building material, the esti- mator should divide the labor as follows: iiLJ4 AND CONTRACTORS CL'IDK .„ First, ascertain the cost of fnunin^' sills. j.„m. .u,us. '..ft.-rs. and like dimension stuff on the ground ready i<) k'f> into the buildjnjj. Second, estimate the cost of placing; it on the build- '->;,', or into the work. Sidin^^s roof boards, sheathinu' Inmnfjand lloorint^ requires no primary labor to pre- pare ,t for the bnildinu: and. therefore, this class of |n.-.terial calls for the price uf lab.,r onlv to put it on Hie budtlinff. The simplest method to estimate the labor of fram- in,,' dimension ..r piece stuff, as scantling ,,f all kinds >s by the thousar. ' ^ x-t. A f^eneral rule -.dotted bv us after a lonj,' experience and considerable ' MLMtion .s to add the entire bill of dimension stuti .ofrelher' and price it for medium work at Sl.oo pc-r thousand for the labor of framin- .,n the gr.,und. and So.uo per thousand for labor of working,' it into the buildinLr Ue base our rule on the following demonstrations- Two {rood carpenters will layout and frame oO pieces of -i X 1(. joist, K; feet Uma, i„ a dav of i. hours, or about 1.350 feet; or they will frame loo pieces of •» . .! studdinfr. 1-.' feet long, in a day, or l,2()o feet; or thev will frame 70 pieces of 'i x «. M! feet long, for rafters, ma day. or l.l-^o feet; or they will frame U pieces of S X N sills. K; feet long, or l,lf»0 feet. Calling car- penters' wages at g-^.OO per day, we f^nd that the framing of Joist. 1,350 frot, cost ^ ^^ StiKldiiiK. 1,200 fwt, .o«t 5 00 MMftors, 1.120 fort, cost. . . =',),x Wills, M90 feet, cost '.'.'.'.'.'..'.'. 5.00 armwi i ' 234 HODGSON'S KSTIMATOR Two good carpen e°s ,^. Z'^''^'"^' ^^^'s: f -^ .-n a day. ^^j 000 Z iT^f T i'^' °^ ''^P ^t'-'g-ng not included CaHin °*"''^' P^'-" ^''yj ^iay. we find that to put on ^ """^'^ "' ^•^•^^ P<-'«- SidinK, costs S7.20 per 1.000 foot "oof l,oards, cost S3.,S0 per 1 oon f„ , Sheatliing costs «•? 7n , ^ ' ^ '^*'*- *" '•""'^^ '''^•'O per 1,000 feet. One good man will lay 900 feet of 1 r floor.ng .n a day, or 700 fL of 1 °^, ' ^ ' "I'^^^'^^i 'n a day. At the <;-,m» . ^ -^ - i matched flooring will COS. »,1., pe, "Z <:':"', '''«"' '"-^ ' - •■■ n™.r A good man will rarrv .1,^ . .1 ^«00 to .,400 shingles .TrdV^T °". '"^ "°^ ^-'" same rate of wages and - <-»st.mated at the Two men wil put o„ C^T;'" W''''' ^^'^ ^•^'^'^• which being reduced f7orth'P'^^''"P^-^^'^>'' -akes it cost 30 cent's ^^, ^^^^^ ^^ -^.-. Two men will lay 500 to imll ' ce-ling work per day or av «, ^ ^^ °"'^'^^' ''""^^-^ A man will put down o ^.^ '' 'T • '•^' ^'''^ or 100 feet of moulIdVase ' " '^'^^ P^'"" ^•■'>'' A man will fit and nail 400 pieces of 1 • . • d^y, or f cent each. ^ ^ bridging ,,er Returning again to dimension ^t„ff rafters, sills, etc.. we finr T? ' '"' ■'"''^> ^^^^^ P'ace 50piecesof'2xiO i;;'T,;r,r^ """ ^^■'" or m pieces of 2 , , st.'d I > r T , "''' '" '"^ ^''y- or 100 pieces 2x0 rafters it f/, '."^^' '"" '' ^'">'- pieces of 8 X H sills in , day '' '" *' ''■''- '"• ' ' i-r the labor necessary to p,.-... ..-,,.,.•.. 1 -- .u.acriai un a 1^^- AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 235 building, some builders estimate labor by the square as follows: ^Vages S3.U0 per day. Drop siding, 60 cents a square. Lap siding, 72 cents a square. Sheatliing, 25 cents a square. Surface boards, 30 cents a scjuare. Koof boards, ^hiin, 30 cents a square. Hip roofs, 60 cents a square. Steep roofs, 6.5 cents a square. Shingles, $1.10 to $1.2.5 a square. Floor pine, 1 x 6, 35 to 60 cents a square. Floor pine, 1x1, 35 to 60 cents a square. Floor pine, 1 x 3, 75 cents to $1.25 a square. Outside wall ceiling, $1.00 a square. Soffit ceiling, $1.00 a .square. Wainscoting, from $2.00 to $3.00 a square. Cleaning off pine floor, from 75 to 95 cents a square. Tin work, valleys U inches wide, a man will lay from 1 to IJ square feet of valleys per day. In closing this series of tables upon one of the most vital subjects connected with the building profession I desire to call attention to the fact that the manner of taking out quantities in the United States is some- what different from that of Europe, and especially that of England, where the rules and methods con- nected with this particular branch of building are settle! and well defined. In the embryonic state of our biilding practice, we have no universal or general methcds of drawing off quantities, excepting what has come out of necessty. The time will doubtless come when we shall have a universal method that shall not only be thoroughly established by practice, but indorsed by the various building trades and architectural associations through- out the entire country, so that a mechanic, havfng 236 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR vor:.nr::rbrLT;:d ''' '-'-' ^-^ -^-^-^^ °^ ^e. self familiar v,th th rulefr 1 ^'"1^ ^"' '"^'^^ ^'■- St. Louis or Chicago' '"'^'^"^^ P''^^"''^^^ '" Large cities, by virtue of th.- f-, -r^ «• '•" the several branc es o ,' h M °'' '''^^""^^'°" enabled to establish ruh,nf '^'"^ '"^^•^' ^-"^ their Individ J, i?b:s,;;:^---; '^'^^ ^°^'^-" conduct of other tnd.-. h ''"°^ '°"^''«' the will be found thaTth; rX" T '''^"'^"^^^^^' '' masonry in Xew Vorl- r/ ? nieasurement for 'nee or bodV; , " t "' T"""'« ""y f^"'" =-- "If when he has n,a,l,r J ,h ^ ""•''' ''^ =">' procedure, a,i,l i, is , n . '"'"P" "'="'°d of ■nchod ,hae .hi, b ,■'?"■' '•"' "'»'<- Plni" this "f 'he men, uds best a h" .ed ^7"T ■^""''"'^ "'"''■ of the buiUler ' '" '"" '""'""= '"terests «ofn;t;;;eX::;.h^:tir;-.r'r "'^"•^'-- '-- ■"■I of reliabiliev Zt\ '""""""'^ i°'"- The systen, is a .'rigt' --»-. --iderable „„„,. I- followed, as .h^v a e 1 r','" f "" "'■'^' ""' '" -thin •« ,o :,5 per „„, ;3'"- :",J°!' "■". '"-■'•"« the larger cities Tu; ■ current prices m loon frame '''^ '^ ^"^'^^"'^"y -^'"-"ged for bal- The first is an analysis of cosf nf f^ walls. For conveniens. ^^ ''^"•"■'-'' ^"tside a^ a basis, result "V ;,.T'''''°"" ' '^'''' '^ ^ '^'^ f<^^'t Thestuddin,e:;x;:;r:;^:ri:r'-UT^^^^- '">-", sizeu on one -.^TiMi' AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 237 side and one edge. The studding is placed 10 inches from centers and covered with dressed and matched stuff. Building paper is next laid on, and then f^rst or second clear siding is used. Plates are included in the cost and are put on double thickness. ANALYSIS OF OUTSIDE WALLS ^^ ^iTfkn-'"*^""''' -" f*^' long = 247 feet, at S14.50 per M «•?«?« 466 feet dr««ed itnd inatci.ed stuff,' at $17.50. ' ' S 16 475 feet siding, at $21 2^7 1 1 pounds nails "^•7.'. 30 pounds pajxT. at 2J cents per pound 7^ h ranung and putting in place 247 feet of scantling', ' at $8 per .M ^' . „^ Laying 4 sciuares of flooring, at .50 cents per square 2 'OO Laying 4 squares „l suling, at $1.12^ per s« 460 f.-«.t matched stuff, at $17.50 per M. s IP 3 J M shingles, at $2.75 per M ... . 017 14 ix)unds 3d. nails U, 10 pounds 8d. and lOd. nails . on Framing and putting m phice 1.56 feet 2 .\'4 scantling, at $.S per .M \ .jg 4 squares of roof hoarding, at 50 cents i)er stiuare ' 2 ol) 7,r • ■ ''""'ft""S, ;u Zl.^o per square ,'> iH) ^t"g"ig . 63 Total S29.40 i I! 238 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR This sum, in turn, divided hv j. ■ a single square, $7 35 ^ "* ^'^^^ ^s the cost of S'^Iected from N^ 1 board '"'J'^' ^^"'"''"^ ^eing Piaced 1« inches betvlereSs^l,:'^^^ ^^'"^^^ ^-^ for doubling where necessary "^"^^^"^ 's made 17 J„- . o ''''^'-^^'S OF FLOORING ^7 joists, 2x8 inch 20 fo»f 1 ^a^ .^^^-^ P^'- M '"* long = 4.59 feet, at Js'irlnf^'ii"^; ^M' 5^50 per m::: *^?^ , ^ - "ich brido' nir nt o 8 15 3" KS °„; ?pikr"™' "*" ' :::::■■ fj Bridging ■'""^^' ''^ «'^ per square 2. 30 TotaJ :^ . Dividing this'amountby 4 as in th ■'''''' gives $5.07 as the cost of 7 t' , Previous cases. The following is an an.l "^"T °^ ^'^°'''"^- f oor. . feet S V.C l"/ 1^/ l^ ^^^ «^ - -ide thick, cased and finished cnmnT. '^^'' ^* '"'^hes of painting: complete except the one item P ingplat€. ' ^'"'"'^ ^^f-e. I^olts and strik- [S'74t;T,e^K «■'■', -"•''■- S Setting frame '^ ^^ '""^ screws. . . 25 Casing up, 2 sides' '. ' ' ' .' .25 Moulding, 1 side . 15 '"'"«• '""'«"'g'^nd trimming door -2" Total . Jl iy.42 AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 239 The following is an analysis of cost of a 4 iiahf „ • ojv with sash UX30 inches. If inch:' :il'^chrcr ra.l, the w.ndow set. cased and finished complete ANALYSIS OF COST OF WINDOW Window frame prepared for weigl.ts .... ,0 „ Sash glazed •^.15 20 feet 2i-i„cl, moulding . ^'^^ 25 feet in.side case and window «ill f, 2.8 pounds of sash weights Sash -m;,! 50 Groin.as for plastering and puttmg on .' .' .' of Setting frame ^" Casing up 25 Kitting sash ^^ Nails .' .■ 15 f^;ish lock ^^ Tutting on sash lock ^ .10 Total. . . . 17.64 Add to the foregoing not less than 30 per cent but bor b " V" !,'' r " '''' '""' ^-- -^ -at ial and labor be embodied in the analysis. ESTIMATINO FOR OUTSIDE DOOR AND WINDOW FRAMES For ordinary buildings, either wood or brick, the ollowmg pr,ces. which are for labor only, wil be found to be as nearly correct as possible wherllocal cond.fons are unknown. For simplv mak nV the rame ,„ ,^^^.^^ sashes' doors bfinds Uc. the number that can be made. hung, or set in a day of nme hours, is ,nvcn, as wH! as th! p.cc wh.ch will enab e the es^imitor to f„ii P '^l wnicft rn«f r.f . ^^^•'"^•^^'^'^ to tell approximate y the cost of any number of frames either in place or out. 240 HODGSOxVS ESTIMATOR Mak.nK nianc frames for weights """^ " "^"'^ .^?h Setting fnimes in wall ^ *1 00 Hanging outside hlinds ?"* -22 HaiiRnig inside blinds, .5()r"(o Sinn" 2 •"" ^ -tting sash per window "'•"•""■ 5 .60 H.u.grngsash.trinnning,loeksandlift«: H '^ Putting on stops. '0 .30 Hand moulding 35 .09 Anting stool 25 .12 I'^itting apron . . 13 .24 25 .12 Total . ^. . "■- S3. 40 i^ittinff and hanjrin,r doors on n„f^,vi c mingwith 4-inch loose pine iointhil """"'' ''""■ bronze or plated ros. . . .^*''' '"^'■"^*^ '^^k, and all comp Lt thr'e "h ""' '""'' "'^'^^ '^^<^h. If-inch thick nine' to \"^"" '^ ''^^ '^°°'-- ^oor 4 iiiicK, pine, to comp ete SI 0=; Tf ^. l- and IJ-inch door, SI 00 Ifh V /^ ^"'o binges, cent. ^^ hardwood, add 15 per no'Ltd^^ot; '"'nt's'^f '^^'°^^^" -^^y-ade, the cost osetZ " "^"'d'"^^ *« P'ant, then ^i^^ doors o:::::^:^--;;-!-p^^^^ common frames: '^''"'' ''''^'"''■'''^ ^° complete S'^'?'" jan.hs and heads, with drip on sill ^Z' iJoor jaml.s and lieads ^^ Outside ra-sing, window. .' ^^ Outside eiLsing, d,x)r. . . '^ Insi.le ra-sing. window, with'-mron '® lusjde casing, door, each side .....'....' ^ -i^V;t^:mM^ AND CONTRACTOR'S GUIDE 24, About the same number of feet in length will be required for mouldings and stops. TABLE FOK ESTIMATING NAILS 1000 shinRles require 3 J pounds 4d. nails. KKM) latli require 6§ pounds 3d. nails \Z IZl "I ^"'f '^ "''"« ^^^"''•'' '^ P«->d3 6d. nails. Z f ! ^ '"^ '■'^""■*^ -" P«""^« 8d. nails. Z IZf ''/f "*^.'"'« '•^^"'^«« 25 ,x,unds lOd. nails, om f . '•!„''«^':"'« ^•^'l"ir''« 30 pounds 8d. nails. 000 ee of floonng requires 35 poun.ls lOd. nails. 000 eet o studduiR requires 14 pound.s lOd. nails. Z ft ''!f "'^'''"« '••"""'••'« 10 pounds 20d. nails. 000 feet of Jfin.sh requires 30 pounds of 8d. nails. 1000 feet of 1 i finish requires 40 pounds lOd. finish nails. The following table shows the name, length and number of na.ls to the pound of the different sizes: NUMBER OF NAILS TO THE POUND Name 3d fine. ,, 1 »'t'h 3d common iji„p,, 4d common Ig inch 5d common ijto 1 J inch ^fi"'-* 2 inch . 6d common o inch 7d common 2), inch . ^''"'sli 2Jinch ." 8d common 2§ inch 9d common oj inch . I'^'l fi"i'^l> 3 inch. lOd common 3 [^ch . l-'d common 3j i„ch . '20d common 3| inch . 30d conuiioii 4 l^^^.]^ 40d common 4J inch '.. 50d common 5i inch .. No. to a pound 1150 720 432 352 350 252 192 190 132 110 137 87 66 35 27 21 15 242 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR ^'^^^TERS' MEASUREMENTS and specifications/an accur J, . ^' ^'""^ ^'^^' P'^ns and labor rec,uired V h tr '' ^" ''^^ '--^^-als ^ett.ng down in each ca e th " T '"'-■^' "^ ^^e work-. -^the case may be. of . h "I" " °^"'^ ^ ^-^ P-nt.n,. the %ures ob a ned o^th " '"' ="^ ^'^ joiner prove of sht be necessary to sut A ' °' '^'^'"^^'^• construction, would be verv .t,"'"'" "'^^^'^^^^ "f when getting out estimate ".sTw M ''^'■" "" ^^^^ be.ng left out. The tab ; Th" T^ "^ '"'"'■^" ""'hing •ndfcates the English praclic^ '^""^^'^ ^""-^^ly Lead, in oil o.. wl.ite work at Ornanjental railings, etc.. « . ,; " Sk'rting.s. 12-in. girth and uLler I " 'l '^^rmg^, u „ ';;'<><>r, at per foot run. Chair rails, " " Hand " " I3alasters, " Xevvols, " IJitiii pipp.s, •• Ornamental heads Ears, Slioe.s, KavRs, gutter Stopi)ed end.s, Outlets, Swai! Mccks, tt It « « :"r'w ^"4 HODGSON'S ESTIMATOR TO FIND THE „„„„, hci.iu. tak'4 out " ;rr";'r''^" ^^"^ ^-^ ^'^^ ••"Kl divide by 3(,. To find fh ■ """'' "f^^'"'"f>'. • '^-'''-ng, multiply the. IcnJ h u T''-"'' °' --""^ f- 'h^' ^•as.ly be measured. ^ ^°''^'-"'' '''^q^'^^cJ can ''or example, room 12y ij m r ^ncJ three windows: ' ^° ^""' '">'^' t^'o doors LenKtI., two walls, 14 foot each ^^ 'dtl., two wall.. 12 feet each ^8 feet 24 " Multiply by height. . 52 " 10 " Le.^s five opo„i„^,, ,,„ . 520" required 30 120 Tn fi ^ L ^^ )» yards. ""• "- '"='='. by 3, equal to al>oue the Ldl:':;^ '~;:';;^;^ f-^^ -ngle =,rip, the wid.h of yard IJde'Ld 'j'i^K: f ^ ^'"f" ^°"' "-"a" -sec ,M. .,„ ,„t',,r;^»„^ ^^, Allowing ,„r al, ''•'■ '°"™''* -'"'^- »■'" b^- --f"; .o .he estimator. I .. l> Zi xic ic 0001 ..^^ — 1^- — ^= — — pj ct 13 -7-" *■ P 1I ,! ^- I '^^ S s rT~g-T~s~8 "T ^" - ^i ^- SS ^ ^ - 5 5 g g 3 g- g 345 " ,1 a i S a 246 i/ODG^- datr rvc.r)- .J „_ '".'^.f'^""-"k' columns: 1st -here erected; 4th. short ut L T"^' '^• contents in feet; .ith cost o " ""^' ^"^'c^' -'-foot; Sth/rentrk" Th" T'' ■^^--^P'r should be classified so that pHce. ' ' '"'■'''■'^- S' ^-n and compared -,t -, ,V ' ""•' '"''"'^ ^ ^ '"■ -am,>leis he/e shown. ' "" '" ""^' -''"-' An ■Mi.irk,^ f" compntin'-- th.- ci.hT^Ti -n..onlyn.ediston^;'-:/.r7' ^' ^^''^- '"^^ '" '■" P-- ^ from the bottom of h' /""' " '^ "'^^'^■ '-'f-ay up the slope f ocTf 1 k • ""^^ ^^' ' P"'"^ ;-^- there are di/fire u L .'^ '"'"^ '°"^' P^^^ ^" '!•<— rin,. brick or stone b,; -' ''^'' ^' ^-•^^• ';-":«- or verandas T,^,''''}'''' -^i-n •^'^^'"'d b<- a uniform system -- ^'"'"^■^*- '^^^^'^ «uch items as heating ma ,1 ""'^""^ - ''^ - ex lat ; tail. iUlt, r vv .d 247 d '>f the cost of all bui 'i..^ '- ^^' ^''d 'J<- kept, atu. ,.nv .'ii'inon ,,r un^ sual should be >■«• ho know). .,re obt r-icd in ral schemes for vvs as to their '-■ examined into 1 am onfirmed in the work, I'k' can be way is to L" certain '■>{■• 111 iCaL I- cs til reli. "' m- Jiods f the lack r. ability, a uractordoeh not want to be up re.,1 t. the ijutNii fh<,' v"( \vs r mil ,_v. Ml . 'veil e^ iv ^ \>'-,n q y t' nore 1 ' .rioi v\ t" ^'^ >iiikiin' Ills t ■'lesi :\ns lu ^hown noi rust,.,^r my efforts will prove use'.:! to the younjj rogr. sue workman who has a desire to become ^ "tr.-,.. an., -hat they will aid and assist him in '" ^"nfe' and with this hope in view I close tJiij volume. ■'• he should follow the safer, if ' figuring on every item goii is about to tendrr for. A ce explained that his success as s following the rule, "First know ^i' ml then do it." So here. '" •>- one, it is ne essary for care- la ie , show what is wanteu, and id b- carefully studied and every item hem rdes ribed in the specifications should iiii ( I \ INDEX Arrhfs , Areas . , 22 na.s,sifioarfinR slate Brick anil stone masonry Building materials — weights . ]:< 1 1 2:f 107 14U l.W l.")? ll>2 ir.;i ItiS 19ti 100 200 200 209 220 rataiirglir?! . Competition 10 Cillar watir-closet 21 ('u|ilioarils, etc 21 ao xi ('iil)in': syst em . 09 Correct tneasure 100 Cliorils of circles 100 110 121 121 IL'2 122 12:t 124 145 2:i7 2.i7 2:tS 2:iH 2:}9 80 87 88 88 27 ment 35 48 Crciiinfirenci-s of circles 40 ('ul)is and other liirures 07 ('ylindcr, cone, and sphere 71 Cone and conoid 71 Cone sections 74 Cylindrical rintrs ni Capacity of casks y.-j (lay. Its wt iiiht xs Cost of lalior in various cities. , Cartiii!.' away material ' iini rite for foundation and pav 1"K Concrete for IliKirs and roofs. . Cenieiil joints 108 Cast iron piiies 109 Cii.~t of layint weeimit' tiles . . 110 Cost of mortar and other mate- '•'•'''* 112 Concrete footings H3 Cost chaniimi; j J4 ( 'ost of riK)ms 125 Cost of asylums 125 Cost of churches 125 Cost of slaliles 125 Cost of tlnalers. etc 125 Culiii flit evtiniatinir stalilis. . i:{| Cost of tciTUiK down liuildintcs. l.'t.'l Cost of exhiliMion buildings. . . . 135 Cost of parks in cities 135 Cost of parks in country towns. l.'fS Cost of halliHin franiiiiij 141 Common rafters 144 Co.-.t of framing rafters 144 Cost iMT S4|uare of slates 150 Cornices 153 Ciiiiiiie iiioiiiilings 154 i.'oriiice brackets 1S4 849 250 INDEX Cornice fablps Common door frames. Chimneys Cost of painting Cost of pJasferinK Cost of Braining Car|>enfer PAOE 154 . 150 . 165 . 170 . 171 . 171 205 f-stimatrnR flats j,^ KstimatinK water •owers. 134 Ivstimatinjf model cottaKes. . " i-j4 LstiniatinB parks ,34 KslimatuiK exhibition biiiidinRs 1,35 I-stimatinB hotel t)iiil E.,uipments of .sIoih-s „^ r ""''"" "" '"""""^ 224 KstimatinB hv 11.. „,..o„ .' ' '"'■"' "' '""okkeeping .,.« 9<> 106 110 111 147 154 159 169 188 190 206 timating by the square 120 Estimating by unit of accommo- dation Estimating by cubing E.stimating stables. .. Rstitr.aJing stofcs Estimating sheds.. '. . . Filial renmrk.s 246 247 123 126 131 134 134 Cauging < .utters anrt snoij.o Graining and varnishing. . .' i,;g Oaugmg with plaster 173 81 147 INDEX 251 PAOE OauKe for slntinR loi Cn-fti nrntiriK shitc 200 liluzier 206 H Ht'ieht of reilings 22 Manlwood floors 21 II ' ilrail, oak or mahoeany .... 23 llaiitfitiK .slidjiiB (i(M)rs 23 Half timbered huildinps 24 Hall sfwinB rcH)m 25 Halyards 26 Harilwood stairs 26 Hyperbolas .55 Hypcrboloids and conoids 79 Hip rafters 112 Hip roofs H5 Hip roofs with deck 146 Hip tiles 191 I Introductory 9 IteinizinR 20 Itemizing quant it ies 29 Inrreased volume of earth 100 lUubtrated t'oundatiun Ill J Jack rafters 1 43 Joisl.s 143 Jersey tiles 190 Joiuei 205 K Kitchen 22 Knotting l(i7 Keeiie's cement 176 L LahelinK estlmat ^s 11 I.unes 51 ].oads for wagons, carts, and bar- n>ws 84 Laying drain tiles and weeping tiles 104 I-ength of rafters !43 Lookouts for hip rafters 144 Labor, laying slates 149 hiatal meuure 229 M PAOK Mantels 22 Marble facings 22 Metriods of estimating 27 Mensuration of superficies 35 Mitered hips 194 Mason 205 Masonry 210 Metric .system 227 Measures of length 226 Measures of area 226 Measures of volume 226 N Note 45 Notes 47 Natural slopes 99 Nails 149 Nail table 149 Number of slates [mt square. . . . 1.52 Newel |H)sts 157 Nails, number i>er (mund 103 Number of bricks iu wall 208 O Of irregular bodies 43 t)f irregular figures 44 Of the circle and its parts 4S Of ellipses 63 ( irnamental facides 137 Ornamental plastering 171. Outside plastering 182 P Preface 2 I*reliniinary 10 Pews and sittings 32 I*ricing generally 33 ParalKilas S4 Problems 65 l^risms 67 Pyramids 68 Problem."! for pyramids 69 Prismoiil 71 Paraliolic conoids and spindles. 78 Portland cement concrete 88 Pavinff m'Uh bricka fiR I'ro|K)rtion of comrete 89 Prices for concrete floors and roofs. 80 rmmm^smmtm. 252 INDEX Piimpinp and hailing. .. Prifinp bills I'' Plastering externally ... j^7, Portland cement work j .Portland cement fine work. 1 PAGE 9:j 93 ;i5 no 129 l.Xi Kil lf>l 102 102 105 00 Rails PAOB Hough cast .....'.'.'.'■.'■ .f? I{re.s.s lum- ber 2:u Siding of all kind.s 2;!4 T Transiwirtation 17 Tirkler 19 Two-.story bay window 24 Towers 24 Tin roof 24 Terra ootta 25 Transom d(H)rs 20 The young estimator, ailvice. . . 34 Tables of geometrical figures ... 30 Tables of polygons 37 Tables of er f(K)t 1. Timber framing no Tin roofs 1 46 Table for slates 148 Table of number of slates per .sipiare i,'i2 Tal)!. for cornices 154 Talili- for Moors 1.54 Table for plasterer 102 'I'iling ISO Tiles for valleys, hips, anil ridges 191 The slater 193 Tables of cost of .slate 199 Tables of sizes of elates 202 Table of iron pipes 207 Table of number of bricks in walls 208 Table of brick and stone masonry 209 Table of materials 212 Table for brickwork 213 Thickness of brick walls 215 Table for estimating shingles. . . 217 Table of weight of materials. . 218 To compute number of slates, etc 218 Terne Plate 219 Tin rr 232 Table of nails to the pound .... 241 Table for painter's work 242 Table of lumber measurement . . 245 U I'se of tables 43 fse ol tables of areas 56 V Veranda 22 Ventilation 22 Veneliali blinds 25 Vestibule tIcMirs 26 \'ers«'d sines 61 Valleys 147 254 INDEX Varnishing ''*°'' Valley tiles ." '"» 191 W Wine racks Windows, lain. "^ Win.low,s. ..rnamentai.'.' l^ We.Bht of one yar.l of ear.!; clay, sand, etc WHKht of stone, drain' tlle.s.etr' 11 Weignts of materials. ,^f Work on trenches... "' Weeping tiles.... "^ Wttinscotinif "" * 155 WIndinif stairs.. '"*<'*' Windows **' W o c V N « o u C o o I l^ 1 ■* *^ k s- .il 4r i. ■■ ■* fc^ p^l ^ y t/- < t: qf A rt^" ^ t 1 < 1 N '^ - W € G > u « •o M ■a c II £ ° I II 3 M — O •o s C t* <« o ? S u « o ^ OQ C c/) rt cfl -O Qh o o u J; ul 3 * 3? c fell *^.^?-J^ .;/-- -;.f<'- - 'Xjfl»}f^a'fT ' "''ir »•' '3 '*>* I 8, I -A",- •Xy ^ S • ^ n u^ M § ^- 0- = •o 3 «*M s^ £(^ I C U u o i c u > f5 I ^^ « V V V «M - - o o e s « ~ c I: s s •3 8 • "^. T3 C ■% n e 2 t< **M a. CO •■« * 4> OJ B a. o E x: o »> T3 5 C *♦* rt o ,1 J ♦* P V) O u. u u N n in e o o * it ? -J ^^../ 8 « a -a " c e ^ o o '5 o o > c I ii u O c u O u -c H n c o > o O c f*^ ' « 8 loor e Gl SI Width, Length ^ ^ r* V ;o M c c o ■5-S o •— 5= o o " ~ XL a u o 2 g; a « C « ?j e 03 O I li S V 8 * 3 ^ E o V **-* 0) l/> a. ■*^ E S. o u P; c « « "S'S « ^•' Q. - s ^ e 2 V H til iv^ rm "^'I^^ irmxim u^ MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART lANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2i 1.0 I.I 1.25 u. 12.8 It lllllM »~ ■ i 3 6 1.4 III 2.5 [2.2 2.0 1.6 A APP LI ED \l\MGE Jr yj5 f'c.cheste', New 'Ofk ■••609 i;SA '-^S (716) 482 - 03QQ - Phone ^S (^^^) '^9S - ^989 - Tg. Ts ;c .aJ=4 \'Jl li 2 S q: u. o ^ U C uJ o W ^ o N n Rl ^ w -Bto 2 c o.'o c << o » •Si Vfnfli LP JO o O £ 2 r; = c « F m U I Q • lans ons lo «^ a, 5 •o S *^N s 1 »- Q. Cl wi o o u m u g lo *; O rt CO "O C -« rt O E a o o « S O NO. 2 c I •rj 01 C g « .r 3 M C « 1> & c o S JS 0-75 £Q 1 o o ■a "> ^ go 3 C oq n « « W o c c« o » 3 -C O =s S. o J) - o 01 U i o 1 o • i3 w lO M s .\N» > V •B S s P 1 <^^ *^ii u u V V "*"rsj N '^ - •iS..? .So S c 5 t - 8-S S." — O O. M O « CQ-ii ;0 5 T3 O S •£ IS iw > U §3 JfS o II o IN. o O I/) -a c o a: •vi a "o X G Of O O 8« N s'^. W it 2 c ^:i f4 > 15 n o !] •o c M c o s I ■3-J5 I 2 ■3£ I a- ^ ° c o -r: ■O -Q J3 — M 43 rt o s bo 6* .5 E (U 4) o '^ •♦-* 3 S i. f en a CO c O O c c V.' MS ^ o :i2 (0^- a en C u O O » S N c^S (0 j= j= T3 tfcO ^s o s V U M •o c n jS T5 O- c »- <« o . ■ A« s s * J= S2 •s.£ •o'? 2 g « .2 Mn ac i: o S o "~ c o 53 w - 2 < a. o: c « o o -1 C o o-o. u. •J e OQ .2 a o 4-1 CO M o c o *^ O c u O O — c ^J 2 0) o I » s At s ° IJ c '5 ° s. ° I n £> c « k J2 i (3 c o u u O u H n c o f c s. a O o N s s >£. CO ? r f •a So c J3 > c !H "m •a c c o c 3 M If) u U u CO C u N 8i I I o o ■5.S 2 o i-i O o I a § » ■f »J J S ^ o •a ss S 3 nt o =5 & O M o g If n S" C « '5 JB ^ E S (I c «| 8* (N O U N « If O O I o a o I I N ■si. an; roof plan set of plans. foundation pi 3ns with each >. ■o -s r . t iF ^=1 §3 J { '<• II 1 l« o 3 ^ * B =: u -|^.-,„.- -i-.J r^-f :jh g s- ^Hffi tM" ?l*^ ' ° 1 .' — li^^ 11 •' . 1 f ' s " t /T^^ ^^'" i ~~^ 8 ^ 'fl L • ' 4- ^ l^'t"'"' 1 It- J iu lue p ompl K 1 iL= — Jl =-V ffl U c (U CO C O o N ? f? 2 C ^ -J -8 s B P s "S. •a •J o cu s O 13 c I